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SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OP

ONCHOLOGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W, TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY.

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OP THE ACADEMY OF
NATUKAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Of THf A "Vol "VTT

UNIVERSITY! Voi- v- x-

HELICIDyE, Vol. V.

PHILADELPHIA :
Published by the Conehologieal Section,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. igTH AND RACE STS.

1891.

EARTH
SCIENCES

LIBRARY

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

FAMILY HELICID^E, Vol. V.

Genus HELIX, Linne, (Concluded.)

Sub-genus PAPUINA Martens.

Geotrochus BECK, (in part) Index p. 47, 1837, not o/v. HASSELT,
Algemeene Konst-en-letterbode voor het jaar 1823, p. 233 ; see also,
Bull, des Sci. Naturelles et de Geol.iii, Paris, 1824, p. 83, paragraph
9 ; and also, Ostas. Zool., Landschn. p. 245. — Geotroehus of authors
generally. — Papuina v. MART., in Albers, Die Heliceen, 2d. Edit,
p. 166, 1861. Type If. lituus Less. — Eugenia ALBERS Mss. —
Insularia TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. di Storia Nat. di
Genova, xix, p. 115, 138 ; 1883, type H. lituus. — Pileolus LESSON,
Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 313, first species H. tuffetii Less.,
H. gaberti also included ; (preoc)—Cymotropis v. MART., Die Hel.
p. 169, type " H. vitrea "=H. antrorsa Pfr., — Merope ALBERS, Die
Heliceen, 2d edit. p. 158, type H. fringilla Pfr. (name preoc. in
Mactridce, — Aeavus of E. A. SMITH and TAPPARONE CANEFRI, not
Acavus MONTF.

There can be no question that v. Hasselt's group Geotrochus was
founded on species of Trochomorpha or Trochonanina. " Under the
generic name Geotrochus, I group three little shells, agreeing with,
Trochus in form of the shell, but with Helix in the animal." The
species obtusus, turriculatus and zonatus are enumerated by v. Hasselt.
The absence of true Papuina in Java, and the abundance of Trocho-
nanina at the localities visited by Hasselt, cause Dr. v. Martens to
surmise that he had before him Helix winteriana and conus or allied
species. Svvainson and many others have used the name Geotrochus
for H. pileus and allies, and it is an unfortunate circumstance that
the change is necessary.

Shell turbinate or trochiform, imperforate or umbilicate, rounded
at the periphery or carinated. Surface smooth or variously
sculptured, not hirsute. Aperture oblique ; peristome expanded.

4 HELIX-PAPUINA.

The species are illustrated on plates 1 to 17.

No exact diagnosis can be framed for a group in which such
diverse forms occur as in Papuina. It is still, however, an easy
matter to recognize a species as belonging here; for with all its
variety, the group is a very natural one, well differentiated from
other branches of the Helix stock. The central point for the sub-
genus, geographically, is New Guinea ; the species extending eastward
to the Louisiade, Admiralty and Solomon Islands, with a few in the
New Hebrides, and northwestward into the Moluccas. The distribu-
tion is, therefore, practically the same as that of the subgenus
Chloritis (-}- Planispira, etc.)

In a previous volume the writer has separated the South American
group Oxychona from Papuina. It remains to sunder the species of
southeastern Asia and the zoologically dependent islands, which will
be discussed after the true Popiu?ia-species. The latter form a
moderately homogeneous group, in which it is practically impossible
to establish " sections " to correspond to the various names given in
the above synonymy. It seems to me a better plan to form the
species into a number of groups, each typified by its more prominent
specific type. These groups are of somewhat unequal value, and
bear various degrees of affinity to each other ; but they undoubtedly
form a basis for a natural system. It is likely that anatomical char-
acters will afford a good clue to the minor groups.

I. True PAPUINA ; including species of the Moluccas, New Guinea,
Australia, Admiralty, Solomon, Louisiade Is., etc.

(1.) GROUP OF H. BOIVINI.

Imperforate, turbinate, the periphery rounded or bluntly angled ;
upper lip not expanded or but narrowly expanded ; banded. Sur-
face smooth, lightly obliquely striatulate, sometimes having faint spiral
lines, but no forward-descending wrinkles.

H. CONGRUA Pfeiffer. PI. 9, fig. 72.

Imperforate, trochiform, rather solid, striatulate, flesh-colored,
variously painted with brown bands ; spire subcon cave-conic, apex
a little obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last irregularly
inflated, slightly descending, distinctly rib-striated ; base nearly flat,
more shining. Aperture oblique, subtetragonal-oval ; peristome
blackish-chestnut, expanded, encircled by a streak outside, margins

HELIX-PAPUINA. 5

joined by a blackish callus ; the right margin dilated, columellar
margin wide, complanate.

Alt. 24, greater diam. 29, lesser 25 mill. (Pfr.)

Admiralty Is.

H. congrua PFR., P. Z. S. 1858, p. 21, t. 40, f. 7 ; Mai. Bl. 1859
p. 14 ; Monogr. v. p. 269.

H. CHANCEI Cox. PL 14, fig. 70.

Shell imperforate, conoid, faintly striated from above downwards,
with straight striae, and longitudinally striated with more distinct wavy
striae, white, ornamented on the center of the whorls with a broad
brown band, and around the base with a broad brown zone ; spire
pyramidal, black at the apex ; whorls six, the last rapidly increasing
in size and inflated, suddenly deflected in front, and contracted
behind the lip ; aperture large, irregularly ovateiy rounded, margins
approaching, lip slightly thickened and reflected ; collumellar
margin moderately dilated and excavated, and darkened by a black
callus. ( Cox.)

Alt. 31, greater diam. 33, lesser 27 mill.

Ysabel, Solomon Is.

H. chancei Cox, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 171, t. 16, f. 5.

Resembles closely the following species in coloring, but is very
differently proportioned.

H. AMPHIZONA Pilsbry. PL 8, figs. 52, 53, 54.

Imperforate ; turbinate-conic, the spire elevated, apex obtuse ;
whorls 6?, the last rounded at the periphery, descending in front.
Surface having light oblique growth-lines, and very close, fine, cren-
ulated spiral striae. Color creamy-white at suture and periphery,
the base and a wide band above dark brown ; earlier whorls purple-
black.

This is a large solid shell ; the spire is conical, whorls somewhat
convex, the earlier three or four of a dark-reddish or purple-black
color. The last whorl has no trace of a carina. The aperture is
very oblique, banded inside ; peristome well expanded, reflexed, the
dark bands extending upon it half-way to the edge, the outer portion
being white ; the columella and parietal wall are dark brown.
Columella wide, adnate, flat, its inner edge somewhat straightened,
arcuate and deeply entering at the insertion.

Alt. 34 greater diam. 30, lesser 23 mill.

Alt. 32 greater diam. 29, lesser 23 mill.

Solomon Is.

6 HELIX-PAPUINA.

Like H. chancei in coloring, but so different in proportions that I
do not feel justified in uniting them.

Differs from H. pileus, If. lento, and H. euchroe's in being im-
perforate at all stages of growth, a young specimen before me having
the slender axis completely solid. The specimens before me are
three in number. They were presented to the Academy by John
H. Campbell Esq., of Philadelphia. Figures 52, 53 represent a
perfect specimen. The original of fig. 54 is somewhat worn, making
the upper band appear more broken and narrower than it naturally
is. I give the locality with much doubt, as I do not know the
history of the specimens.

H. BOIVINI Petit. PL 6, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20.

Imperforate, turbinate, smooth, the periphery rounded ; white,
banded with blackish-brown ; lip edged with bright orange-red.

The spire is conical, apex obtuse ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the
last rounded at the periphery, slightly descending in front. Surface
striatulate, smooth, shining. Color white or cream, conspicuously
banded with blackish-brown bands, of which one above and one
below the periphery are most constant (there being also, .usually, a
band a short distance below the suture and one or several on the
base). Aperture very oblique, banded within ; peristome narrowly
expanded, white, edged with intense orange. Columella sloping,
straightened, flattened, dilated and closely appressed over the
umbilical tract.

Alt, 27, greater diam. 25, lesser 22 mill.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 21 mill.

Bougainville and. Ysabel, Solomon Group.

H. boivini PET., Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 184.— DESH., in Fer. Hist. t.
108C, f. 7, 8.— REEVE, f. 410.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 230 ; Conchyl.
Cab. p, 433, t. 151, f. 56. — v. MARTENS, Monatsber. k.-preuss. Akad.
Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1877, p. 276, t. 2, f. 11-13 (anatomy).—
BRAZIER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1880, p. 306. — H. subrepta HOMBR. &
JACQ., Voy. au Pol Sud, Atlas, t. 4, f. 1-6. — H. colorata MOUSSON,
teste PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 174.

Readily recognized by the brilliant orange edge of the narrowly
reflexed lip, and the black bands. There are often some reddish-
brown bands also ; and some specimens have the greater part of the
base of this color.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 7

H. AMBROSIA Angas. PI. 4, figs. 75, 76, 77.

Imperforate, turbinate, rounded at the periphery, having a broad-
dark-brown band above (often split into two bands) which is macu-
lated with angular patches of opaque white ; base either, unicolored
deep brown or having a brown band below the periphery ; lips
white.

The spire is conical, apex whitish, obtuse; whorls 5 5, slightly
convex, the last a little descending in front. Surface smooth, shin-
ing, lightly striatulate. There is a narrow white border below the
suture, a wide white girdle at the periphery, and usually the broad
blackish-brown band on the upper surface is split into two by a
white zone. , The base is either unicolored blackish-brown, or is
white shading into brown below a dark band. Aperture oblique,
subrhombic, dark within ; the face and reverse of the narrowly ex-
panded lip are white. The columella is oblique, wide, subtruncate
below.

Alt. 24, greater diam. 20, lesser 18 £ mill.

Alt. 19, greater diam. 18, lesser 16 mill.

Galera (" Sava" or "Russell's Jd.") and Ysabel Is., Solomon
Group.

Geotrochus ambrosia ANGAS P. Z. S. 1867, p. 889, t. 43, f. 9, 10.—
Helix ambrosia PFR. Monogr. vii, p. 210. — DOHRN, Conchyl. Cab.
p.|571, t. 168, f. 12, 13.— BRAZIER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1880, p. 302.
—H. ramsdeni ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 266, t. 20, f. 6, 7.

The pellucid epidermis forms angular spots on the dark bands,
as in many Philippine Island Cochlostylas.

The form called H. ramsdeni by Angas is slightly larger, but has
no constant diiferences. The specimen before me (typical in form
and color), measures, Alt. 25, greater diam. 24, lesser 20 mill.

On PL 16, fig. 19, represents Angas' type of ramsdeni, and
fig. 16, the smallest specimen of ambrosia in the suite of sixteen
specimens before me.

H. MALANTENSIS Angas. PI. 16, figs. 17, 20, 21, 22.

Imperforate, elevated turbinate, the spire conical, apex obtuse ;
whorls 5£, slightly convex, the earlier 3 unicolored waxen-white,
the last whorl rounded at the periphery, a trifle descending in front.
Surface smooth, shining, lightly striatulate. Color creamy-white,
variously zoned with wide and narrow bands of dark brown and
tawny.

8 HELIX-PAPUINA.

Aperture oblique, subrhombic, banded within ; lip slightly
expanded, its face and reverse white ; columella wide, flat, its inner
edge slightly arcuate, scarcely truncate below.

Alt. 24, greater diam. 20 J, lesser 18 mill.

Alt. 22, greater diam. 25, lesser 22 mill.

Malanta Is., Solomon Group.

H. malantensis ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 488, t. 47, f. 1-3.

Closely allied to H. ambrosia var. ramsdeni, but lacking hydro-
phanous patches, and having a greater number of bands. It differs
from H. guadalcanarensis in being somewhat more elevated, and f
not angled at the periphery. Figures 20, 21, 22 and the measure-
ments last given above are from Angas. The other figure repre-
sents the shell before me, described above.

H. PHILOMELA Angas. PI. 4, figs. 66, 67.

Shell im perforate, trochiform, moderately solid, obliquely obscurely
striated ; whitish, the whorls ornamented in the middle with a broad
fascia composed of numerous purplish chocolate bands with a similar
fascia below the periphery, and crossed obliquely with close narrow
white lines corresponding with the lines of growth ; spire conical,
apex obtuse, purplish-black, whorls 6, moderately convex, sutures
impressed, last whorl rather inflated descending in front, and con-
tracted behind the aperture, base somewhat flattened ; aperture sub-
ovate, very oblique, peristome thickened expanded and slightly
reflected, the right margin a very little sinuated ; columellar margin
dilated, and furnished within with a prominent callus terminating
abruptly within the aperture; the columella and the interior of the
aperture dark chocolate-brown, the inner edge of the lip orange, and
the reflected portion white, immediately behind which is a pigment-
like black deposit on the whorl. (Angas.)

Alt. 20, greater diam. 25, lesser 20 mill.

Ysabel Island, Solomon Group.

H. philomela ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 610, t. 42, f. 2, 3.

Differs from H. guadalcanarensis in the form of the columella.

The form figured by Angas is said by Cox to be the rarest
variety of this species, and cannot be regarded as an ordinary rep-
resentative. It is found abundantly at the Louisiade and Solomon
Is. ; and the prevailing color is white, with a dark black edge behind
the reflexed lip. (See Cox, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 566, under H. re-
dempta.~)

HELIX-PAPUINA.

H. GUADALCANARENSIS Cox. PL 4, figs. 80, 81 ; pi. 16, figs. 23, 24.

Im perforate, globose-turbinate, the spire conical, apex obtuse,
brownish-corneous ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the earlier 2 or 2?
unicolored, corneous ; the last whorl distinctly and rather acutely
angled in front, the angle becoming indistinct on the latter part of
the whorl ; toward the aperture the whorl usually descends a trifle.
Surface lightly striatulate, shining. Color pale brown, having a
wide white girdle at the periphery, and (typically) numerous narrow
brown bands above, fewer below. Aperture very oblique, large,
more or less distinctly banded inside ; lip expanded, white ; colu-
mella spreading at its insertion.

Alt. 22, greater diam. 23, lesser 20 mill.

Guadalcanar, Solomon Is.

H. guadalcanaremis Cox, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 645, t. 52, f. 8.—
DOHRN, Contin. Conchyl. Cab., p. 586, t. 172, f. 12, 13.

The angular periphery, numerous narrow bands, and the dark
streak just behind the expansion of the white lip are characteristic
marks of this species. H. philomela Angas is evidently closely
allied.

Variety (pi. 16, figs. 23, 24). A color-variety having narrow
bands at axis and suture and broad bands above and below the
peripheral white zone. Form typical.

Alt. 22, greater diam. 21, lesser 18 mill.

H. HARGREAVESI Angas. PI. 4, figs. 72, 73, 74.

Imperforate, low-turbinate, spire conical, apex obtuse white;
whorls 5-5 A, slightly convex, the last rounded at the periphery,
abruptly descending in front, but not descending as far as the basal
band. Lightly marked by growth-lines, but smooth and polished.
White, the lips and columella bordered with deep chestnut-brown,
the base suffused with brown around the columella; and usually
there is in addition a broad brown girdle on the periphery, a nar-
row brown border above and below the suture, and a basal stripe.
There are some sparsely scattered, small, grayish dots, usually few
in number and inconspicuous.

The aperture is very oblique, subrhombic, white and showing the
band inside. The upper lip is not at all expanded; basal lips
slightly expanded ; columellar lip suddenly dilated, spreading in a

10 HELIX-PAPUINA.

dark callus over the excavated umbilical region ; inner edge of the
columella straightened, thickened, deeply entering.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 25, lesser 2H mill.

Alt. 19, greater diam. 21, lesser 18 mill.

Bougainville, Faro and Shortland Is., Solomon Group.

H. hargreavesi ANG., P. Z. S. 1869, p. 625, t. 48, f. 2.— PFR.
Mon. vii, p. 310.— SMITH, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 591.— "IT. Hargravesii
Cox, " PAETEL, Catal., p. 90.

The broadly brown-bordered lip, polished surface destitute of an-
teriorly descending wrinkles, and the small sparsely scattered bluish-
translucent dots, are the more prominent characters of the species.
E. gamelia is closely allied, but it lacks the dark lip, and has the
upper lip more arched forward ; H. hargreavesi further differs from
H. gamelia in having the last whorl abruptly and considerably
deflexed in front.

H. GAMELIA Angas. PL 3, figs. 44, 45, 46, 47.

Imperforate, low-turbinate, thin ; spire conical, apex light, obtuse ;
whorls 5$, slightly convex, the last either rounded or subangular at
the periphery, not descending in front; surface smooth, lightly
striatulate, color cream white, becoming light brown on the latter
half of the body-whorl, white on the spire, encircled by a narrow
dark brown band bordering the suture below, a wider band at the
periphery, and another on the base midway between axis and peri-
phery ; all visible within the aperture. Aperture very oblique, sub-
rhombic ; lip white or light brown, the columella brown.

The lip is bordered behind by a light and then a dark streak.
The upper lip is slightly expanded, notably arched forward, reced-
ing toward the outer angle of the mouth. The columellar lip is
spread in a thin brown callus over the impressed umbilical region.
The edge of the columella is thickened ; it is not truncated at the
base. Alt. 18J greater diam. 21, lesser 17* mill.

Stephen, Ysabel, Shortland and Treasury Islands, Solomon Group.

Geotroehus gamelia ANG., P. Z. S. 1867, p. 888, t. 43, f. 1-3.— IT.
gamelia PFR., Mon. vii, p. 313.— SMITH, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 591.

Thinner, less elevated than H. hargreavesi, differently colored, and
having the last whorl not descending to the aperture.

H. BRODIEI Brazier. PL 6, fig. 9.

Shell imperforate, flatly conical, thin, shining, obliquely faintly
and irregularly plicately striated ; white, with a chalk-white band at

HELIX-PAPUINA. 11

the suture and periphery, and with a spiral band of dark brown at
the base, somewhat diffused, with the white band at the periphery ;
keeled ; rather blunt at the apex ; whorls 5, nearly flat, the last con-
vex at the base ; aperture oblique, rhomboidally ovate ; peristome
dark brown, moderately thickened, margins approximating, the
right slightly deflected, the columellar margin reflected and furnished
with a straight callus. (Brazier.}

Alt. 14, greater diam. 16, lesser 13 mill.

Choiseul Island, Solomon Group.

H. brodiei BRAZ., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 20, t. 4, f. 6.— PFR., Mon. vii,
p. 301.

Varieties of this species occur in which the dark brown band is
occasionally found above the chalk-white one, and a brown band
under the periphery. (Braz.)

H. DAMPIERI Angas. PL 5, fig. 88 ; pi. 16, fig. 18.

Shell imperforate, subglobose, conoid, light brown or fawn color,
here and there minutely dotted with dark, gray specks with a broad
white band around the middle of the penultimate whorl, and two
upon the last, one above and the other below the middle, also a nar-
row white line revolving up the spire beneath the suture, and a dark
brown zone surrounding the pale or yellowish umbilical region.
Whorls 5, a little convex above, somewhat glossy, obliquely and
very finely striated by the lines of growth ; the last more or less con-
centrically striated beneath, shortly descending at the aperture,
which is white within. Lip a little thickened, edged with reddish-
brown, only slightly expanded on the right side, more dilated below,
produced into a thin, transparent callosity over the umbilical region,
united above to the upper extremity of the peristome. Columellar
margin oblique, white or partly tinged with reddish-brown, thickened
and terminating below within the edge of the lip. Alt. 19, greatest
diam. 22, smallest 19 mill. (Smith.)

Louisiade Archipelago (Angas) ; Choiseul Bay, Bougainville
Straits (Guppy.)

H. dampieri ANG., P. Z. S. 1869, p. 47, t. 2, f. 6.— PFR., Mon.,
vii, p. 310.— SMITH, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 592, t. 36, f. 5.

The specimens collected by Guppy and described by Smith are
smaller than the types ; they also have the peristome brown, and
the basal band is darker (pi. 16, fig. 18).

12 HELIX-PAPUINA.

H. WALLERI Brazier. PI. 6, figs. 11, 12.

Shell imperforate, depressedly trochiform, rather thin, obliquely,
irregularly and obscurely striated ; yellowish-white, with two dark
chocolate bands, thickly crossed with white diaphanous zigzag mark-
ings encircling the last whorl, the uppermost band the broadest ;
spire obtusely conical, apex white ; whorls 5, flatly convex, sutures
impressed, last whorl descending in front, base a little tumid ante-
riorly ; aperture oblique, subrhomboidal ; peristome very slightly
thickened and expanded, and but little reflexed, the right margin
moderately sinuated ; coltimellar margin somewhat flattened and
dilated with a straight abrupt callus; the umbilical region and the
inner edge of the lip with the reflected portion brown, immediately
behind which is a band of pigment-like deposit of a brilliant orange
color. (Angas.)

Alt. 13, greater diam. 22, lesser 18 mill.

Ysabel Island, Solomon Group.

H. brenchleyi ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 861, t. 54, f. 7 (not H.
brenchleyi Braz.). — H. (Papuina) walleri BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc.
K S. Wales viii, p. 228, 1883.

Has the orange coloring of H. boivini behind the lip, but is more
depressed, and otherwise different.

H. ALFREDI COX. PI. 6, figS. 7, 8.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, glabrous, shining, polished, black-
ish-brown, having two opaque-white bands, one at periphrey, the
other below the suture. Spire wide-conic, whorls 5, slowly widen-
ing, nearly flat, the last shortly deflexed in front. Aperture semi-
oval ; peristome white, simple, shortly reflexed ; columella dilated,
appressed.

Alt. 0.85, greater diam. 0.93, lesser 0.82 inch. (Cox.~)

Solomon Is.

H. alfredi Cox, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 323, t, 34, f. 1, la.— PFR.,
Monogr., vii, p. 311. — H. alfredi var. trichroa MARTENS, Conchol.
Mittheil. i, p. 5, t. 2, f. 8-10 ; 1880.

A polished blackish-brown shell, with strongly contrasting bands
of opaque-white at suture and circumference.

Var. TRICHROA Martens. PI. 6, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Imperforate, rotund-conoidal, subtly striatulate, shining, tawny,
the periphery whitish, bordered above and below with black ; sutural

HELIX-PAPUINA. 13

zonule white. Spire conic, apex submamillate ; whorls 5, a little
convex, separated by moderately impressed sutures, the last whorl
rounded at the periphery, flattened beneath. Aperture rhombic-
semi-ovate, very oblique ; peristome a little thickened, white, upper
margin straight, arched forward ; the lower margin shortly ex-
panded ; columellar margin straightened, very oblique, attenuated
at the insertion.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 28, lesser 22 mill. (Mart.)

New Ireland.

H. MACFARLANEI Cox. Unfyured.

Shell imperforate, thin, globosely conical, smooth, white, orna-
mented with one broad black band encircling the last whorl at the
middle, and a broad blackish-brown zone around the umbilical
region, also with dark brown or black interrupted broad zigzag lines,
running interruptedly across the last three whorls, with additional
isolated, irregularly disposed, round black spots, principally on the
body-whorl ; apex pale, denuded of color ; transversely finely striated
above and below, and concentrically striated at the base ; whorls 6,
rounded, gradually increasing in size, last slightly deflected in front
at its termination ; base convex ; aperture obliquely ovate-lunate ;
peristome slightly thickened and everted, margined internally with
white, and externally with orange, the external dark band on the
body-whorl showing through ; margins approximating, joined by a
very thin callus ; columella dilated externally, adnate over the um-
bilical region, internal margin descending, straight.

Diam. greatest 0'92, least 0'68 ; height 0.72 of an inch. (Cox.)

Solomon Islands.

H. (Geotrochus) macfarlanei Cox, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 567.— PFR.,
Monog. vii, p. 315.

It is somewhat allied to H. coxiana Angas.
H. COXIANA Angas. PL 3, figs. 36, 37.

Shell imperforate, trochiform, rather thin, obliquely finely striated,
polished, creamy- white, the lower whorls ornamented with irregular
chocolate-brown spots ; spire conical, apex rather obtuse ; whorls 6,
flatly convex, the last scarcely descending, obtusely angled at the
periphery, convex at the base, the umbilical region pale purplish-
brown, with the central portion chocolate-brown ; columella sloping,
flattened, chocolate-brown ; aperture very oblique, ovate ; peristome

14 HELIX-PAPUINA.

chocolate-brown, the margins approximate, slightly thickened and
expanded, the right flexuous above.

Alt. 22, greater diam. 22, lesser, 19 mill. (Angas.}

Ysabel Island, Solomon Group.

Geotrochus coxianus ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 889, t. 43, f. 7, 8.—
H. coxiana PFR., Mon. vii, p. 313.

H. FUCATA Pfeiffer. PI. 16, figs. 9, 10.

Shell imperforate, globosely-conical, rather solid, shining, porcel-
laneous, under the lens-obliquely striated, also but more faintly
spirally and decussatedly striated ; white with three black spiral
bands, and another faint reddish one above each of the central
bands ; spire sharply conical, acute and reddish at the apex, suture
smooth ; whorls 5, nearly flat, last convex slightly descending, base
rather flat, with a black umbilical mark ; aperture diagonal,
Innately oval ; peristome thin, right margin rather straight, anteriorly
produced and curved, left expanded and reflected, columellar margin
tinged with pink. ( Cox.}

Alt. 14J, greater diam. 17, lesser 15 mill.

Wide Bay and Marysborough, Queensland, Australia.

H.fucata PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 56; P. Z. S. 1853, p.
59 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. iii, p. 641.— Rv. f. 1029.— Cox, Monog. p. 67,
t. 2, f. 8.

H. CONSCENDENS Cox. PI. 8, figs. 50, 51.

Shell imperforate, globosely conical, very thin, pellucid, some-
what glassy, rather shining, under the lens obsoletely obliquely stri-
ated ; whitish, with one band more or less conspicuously colored ;
spire conical, colored at the tip ; whorls 6, slightly convex, last very
large, slightly deflected, with an obsolete keel ; aperture diagonal,
lunately ovate ; peristome thin, outer margin somewhat sinuated,
columella above slightly reflected.

Diam. greatest 0'60, least 0'50, height 0'55 of an inch. (Cox.}

Lismore, Upper Richmond River, Australia.

H. conscendens Cox, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 374; Mon. Austr. L. Sh.
p. 67, t. 2, f. 6.

(2.) GROUP OF H. META.

Narrowly obliquely perforated; elevated conical, the periphery
rounded or car mated ; last whorl not descending in front. Surface
smooth, lightly obliquely striatulate. Distribution, Solomon Is.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 15

H. XANTHOCHILA Pfeiffer. PL 9, figs. 67, 68, 69.

Shell obliquely, narrowly perforated, elevated trochiform, smooth,
alabastrine-white ; spire conical, apex dark ; periphery rounded ; lip
broadly expanded, of a yellow color.

The shell is rather thin, but strong, having slight wrinkles of
growth, but no other sculpture ; shining, white ; spire conical ; whorls
6, but slightly convex, the last not descending in front. Columella
widely expanded, its inner edge nearly straight and sub-vertical.
Aperture quite oblique. The axis is very narrowly perforated
throughout. Young shells are keeled.

Alt. 46, diam. 29 mill.

Solomon Is.

H. xanthochila PFR. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 192 ; Novit. Conch, p. 175, t.

47, f. 5, 6 ; Monogr. v, p. 334. — DOHRN in continuation of Kuster's
Conchyl. Cab. p. 584, t. 172, f. 7, 8.— Cox, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 567, t.

48, f. 7. (variety.)

A beautiful species, easily known by the size, form and the yellow
lip. Part of the specimens before me are marked Bougainville Island.

Variety. Lip generally pure-white, and converted into broad
crenulated frill. Fig. 69.

H. BEATRIX Angas. PI. 14, figs. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63.

Shell narrowly perforate, ovately conical, rather thin, not shining,
finely obliquely striated, variously colored ; spire conoidal : whorls
6£, rounded, narrowly margined at the sutures, the last non-descend-
ing, somewhat inflated and obtusely subangulated at the periphery
in front, moderately convex at the base ; aperture subcircular ; the
outer lip very slightly expanded and reflected; the columella
descending vertically and callously reflected over the perforation.
(Angas.)

Var. a. Rich orange-yellow throughout, inner lip white, apex
sometimes of a carnelian color.

Var. b. Bright yellow, apex orange, with a narrow black band
immediately below the suture of the last whorl, lip black.

Var. c. Pellucid-wrhite, upper whorls yellow or orange.

Var. d. Upper whorls white, last whorl light brown, with a nar-
row pale band below the suture, lip white stained inside with purple.

Var. e. Very dark purplish-chocolate color, reddish toward the
apex.

16 HELIX-PAPUINA.

This shell, like Helix meta Pfr., is subject to remarkable varia-
tions in color, but may at once be distinguished by its smaller size,
the convexity of the whorls, and the roundness of the aperture, in
which the subflexuous outer lip and diagonal form of H. meta are
wanting. The general form of the shell presents somewhat of a
Paludina-like aspect. The outer lip is much less expanded and
reflected than in H. meta, and the texture less glossy and shining.
(Angas.)

Alt. 26, greater diam. 20, lesser 16 mill.

Solomon Archipelago f

H. beatrix ANG., P. Z. S. 1876, p. 265. t. 20, f. 1-5.
H. CHOISEULENSIS Brazier. PI. 10, fig. 90.

Shell perforate, conical, moderately solid, obliquely very finely
striated, reddish-brown, ornamented with a yellow sutural band, and
two others below ; spire conical, apex acute ; whorls 6, moderately
convex, the last not descending, slightly angled at the periphery, con-
vex at the base ; aperture diagonal ; peristome rose colored, rather
widely expanded and reflexed ; columellar margin dilated and
reflected, almost covering the perforation. (Brazier.)

Alt. 16, greater diam. 16 mill.

Choiseul Id., Solomon Group.

H. choiseulensis BRAZ., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 21, t. 4, f. 7.
H. SPLENDESCENS Cox. Unfigwed.

Shell covered-perforate, globose-conic, thin, pellucid, smooth,
polished, chestnut colored, darker at the carina ; a whitish band be-
low the suture, and beneath two wider white bands ; spire conic,
apex white; whorls 6, subplanate, the last planate above, convex,
very obsoletely carinated, produced forward ; aperture very oblique,
rounded-elongate, subsinuate in front ; peristome thin, reflexed, ex-
panded at the straight columella, chestnut colored, narrowly edged
with white. Alt. riO, greater diam. 0'95, lesser 0'80 inch. (Cox.)

Solomon Islands.

H. splendescens Cox, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 696 ; Journ. de Conchyl.
1866, p. 48.— PFR., Monogr. v, p. 335.

H. BRENCHLEYI Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell narrowly perforate, conical, rather thin, very finely
obliquely striated, bright straw-yellow with bright reddish-chestnut
band on the periphery running spirally above the suture, below

HELIX-PAPUINA. 17

the suture broad white opaque band ; spire conoid, apex rather
obtuse ; whorls 6, moderately convex, base convex ; aperture diagonal,
triangularly ovate, peristome white, thickened and reflected ; mar-
gins distant, columellar margin broad and expanded over the perfor-
ation. (Braz.}

Alt. 25, greater diam. 21, lesser 16 mill.

Maru Sound or Caracoa Harbor, Guadalcanar Island, Solomon
Archipelago.

H. Brenchleyi BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, p. 3, 1875.
— Pfr. Monogr. vii, p. 582 (not H. brenchleyi Angas, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 861, =H. walleri Brazier.)

H. MENDANA Angas. PI. 8, figs. 55, 56.

Narrowly, obliquely umbilicated, elevated trochiform, the periph.
ery rounded. Surface striatulate, nearly smooth ; buff, with three
chestnut bands, the lower one occupying the greater part of the
base ; suture with a broad white or buff margin. Lip well expanded,
white.

The shell is thin, not so strong as H. meta. The upper band is
often faint ; and frequently no bands are seen on the spire. The
apex is rather acute ; the last whorl has no trace of a keel. Aper-
ture oblique, rounded-subtriangular, white inside and showing the
three dark bands. Lip white, well reflexed all around.

Alt. 28, diam. 23 mill.

Bougainville Id., Shortland Id., Stephen's Id. (and Ysabel Id.f),
Solomon Group.

H. mendana ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 889, t. 43, f. 11, 12.—
PFR., Monogr. vii, p. 384. — DOHRN in Contin. of Kiister's Conchyl.
Cab., p. 571, t. 168, f. 14, 15.— SMITH, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 591.

The shell is less solid, and the upper whorls of the spire rather
slenderer than H. meta and its varieties. The color pattern is very
different, also. The broad basal band is sometimes replaced by a
number of narrower stripes.

H. META Pfeiffer. PI. 9, figs. 59, 60, 61, 63, 70.

Obliquely, narrowly perforated, elevated trochiform, smooth,
shining. The last one or two whorls are dark olive, brown or pur-
plish-brown, or clear yellow, becoming blue or purple on the spire ;
the suture has a conspicuous snow-white border ; periphery rounded
or bluntly angular ; face and back of the lip dark brown.

18 HELIX-PAPUINA.

Excessively variable in coloring, but typically as described above,
(figs. 59, 60, 63), the dark form being typical. The spire is conical,
apex obtuse; whorls 5^ to 6, their convexity slight, the last usually
obscurely angular at the periphery. Aperture oblique, obtusely
subtriangular ; lip not widely expanded, typically dark, triangularly
reflexed at the umbilicus, inner edge of the columella concave.

Alt. 25, diam. 20 mill.

Alt. 24, diam. 22 mill.

Ysabel and Bougainville, Solomon Islands.

H. meta PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 381, t. 26, f. 5 (notf. 4) ; Monogr.
iv, p. 257. — DOHRN in Contin. of Kiister's Conchyl. Cab. p. 588, t.
173, f. 1-3.— H. deidamia ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 625, t. 48, f. 3.—
BRAZIER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1880, p. 311. — H. acmella PFR., P. Z.
S. 1860, p. 135, t. 50, f. 4 ; Monogr. v, p. 335.— DOHRN, torn. cit. p.
589, 1. 173, f. 5, 6.— SMITH, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 590.— BRAZIER, Journ.
de Conchyl. 1880, p. 302.

When' typical this form may be known by the dark brown or
olive body-whorl, purple spire and broad white sutural border.
There are, however, many variations in color pattern. One of the
commonest is pictured in fig. 60. The color is clear yellow becom-
ing purple above ; sutural band present ; lip dark. Another yellow
form lacks the purple on spire, and has the lip white ; suture
bordered.

H. deidamia Angas (PI. 9, fig. 70) is a synonym of the typical
form.

Var. ACMELLA Pfr. PI. 9, figs. 64, 65, 66, 62.

Upper portion of the outer lip more expanded ; color clear-light-
olive-yellow', paler on the spire ; lip white.

The alleged differences of form between this and H. meta do not
hold in the series of 36 specimens before me, in which some shells
with the widest body-whorl, have the typical coloration of meta (fig.
63). If. acmella has been collected on Bougainville, Ysabel, Faro and
Florida Jslands of the Solomon Group. The locality " Admiralty
Islands" originally given for the species, is incorrect.

Smith mentions a specimen from the coral limestone region of
Florida Island, which has the body-whorl of a salmon tint and the
three uppermost volutions bright red. The lip is white. A speci-
men before me has the same coloration. This form corresponds
with fig. 4, of plate 36, P. Z. S. 1856, considered by Pfeiffer as a
form of meta. I have figured it on PL 17, fig. 27.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 19

H. PLAGIOSTOMA Pfeiffer. PL 10, figs. 88, 89.

Narrowly perforated, elevated trochiform, carinated at the periph-
ery ; slightly striated obliquely ; covered with a thin yellowish-olive
epidermis, beneath which the substance of the shell is purplish-pink ;
the lip expanded and of the same color.

The spire is conical ; whorls 5?, the last not descending in front.
The upper whorls are pale purple-pink, as is the whole shell when
denuded of the thin epidermis. There is a yellowish-white border
below the suture. The base sometimes shows very fine concentric
striae under a lens and is rather flattened. Aperture subtriangular ;
outer lip expanded, thin, flesh colored or purplish ; columella
triangularly reflexed, its inner face nearly straight and vertical.

Alt. 26-26* diam. 21-22 mill.

Solomon Islands.

H. plagiostoma PFR., P. Z. 8/1856, p. 381 ; Mai. Bl. 1856, p. 238 ;
Monogr. iv, p. 255.

Allied to H. adonis, but of a totally different tone of coloration,
wider body-whorl, and the upper part of the outer lip is more ex-
panded. The locality " Admiralty Is " given by Pfeiffer is an
error.

H. GUPPYI Smith. PL 10, fig. 95, (enlarged).

Shell elevately conical, thin, pale yellow, ornamented with con-
spicuous nearly black or black-brown spiral bands, one above and
one below the sutures of the upper whorls, and three upon the last,
one sutural, the second peripheral, and the third basal ; volutions 6,
rather slowly enlarging, a little convex, sculptured with fine oblique
striae of growth, not glossy. Three first whorls livid purplish, the
last rather sharply angled at the middle, not descending in front,
having the basal band broad around the almost concealed perfora-
tion, and obsolete within the aperture. The latter is oblique, some-
what narrowed and pouting in front, banded within with three
almost black and two white bands, the central one of the former be-
ing squarely truncate at the end, only the lower corner of it touch-
ing the margin of the lip, which is pale, oblique, receding, a little
expanded and reflexed in front at the columellar margin, the upper
end of which is spread and nearly conceals the small umbilicus.
Height 22? mill., greatest diam. 19, smallest 16. (Smith.')
Faro Island, Bougainville Straits; in the higher parts of the
island up to the summit, 1900 feet above the sea.

20 HELTX-PAPUINA.

H. guppyi E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 591, t. 36, f. 4.
This species is remarkable for the striking contrast of its color-
bands and the angular character of the last whorl. ($w.)

H. MISER Cox. Unfigured.

Shell narrowly perforate, thin, coniform, obliquely finely striated ;
color reddish chestnut, becoming pale yellowish-brown towards the
apex ; spire elongated ; whorls 7, very gradually increasing in size,
the last one being subcarinated ; base rounded, aperture lunar oval ;
periphery straight ; margins slightly approximating, and united by
a rather thin columellar callus, which descends perpendicularly, and
becomes broadly dilated, concealing the umbilicus ; aperture and
interior of the lip pale, the lip shortly reflected throughout.

Diam., greatest 0'80, least 0'68 ; height 1'22 inch. (Cox.)

Solomon Islands.

H. miser Cox, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 146.— PFR., Monogr. vii, p. 383.

H. ADONIS Angas. PI. 10, fig. 86.

Narrowly perforated, elevated trochiform, the periphery carinated ;
lightly obliquely striated ; of a light orange-buff tint, the lip of the
same color.

The shell is thin, the smoothness of the surface slightly broken
by close but inconspicuous growth lines ; spire conical, apex sub-
acute ; whorls 5 J, the earlier quite convex, the last two less so ; last
whorl rather acutely keeled at the periphery, not descending in
front ; base nearly flat and microscopically spirally striated ; aper-
ture subtriangular, oblique ; outer lip thin, scarcely expanded above,
outer and basal margins expanded, columellar margin triangularly
reflexed over and almost covering the umbilicus. Inner edge of the
columella vertical, straight. Alt. 24, diam. 18-19 mill.

Bougainville Island, Solomon Group.

H. adonis ANGAS, P. 1. S. 1869, p. 624, t. 48, f. 4.— PFR., Monogr.
vii. — BRAZIER, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 805. — H. metula CROSSE, Journal
Conchyl. 1870, p. 248.

More acutely keeled than H. meta or acmella, not so smooth, and
having the lip as well as the whole shell, of a fleshy-buff color. It
differs from H. plagiostoma in being narrower, lacking a subsutural
white band, and of a different color.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 21

H. BLAND A Cox. Unfigured.

Shell imperforate, conical, very thin, translucent, obliquely finely
striated, of a pale brownish-yellow ; spire with the apex acute ;
whorls 7, gradually increasing in size, the last moderately inflated
and sharply carinated at the periphery; base flattened; suture not
margined ; aperture subrhomboidal, margins somewhat approximat-
ing, not united by a callus, subangulate at the periphery of the last
whorl ; margins simple, slightly everted, columellar margin descend-
ing vertically, joining the basal margin at an obtuse angle. (Cox.)

Alt. '92, greater diam. '76, lesser *64 inch.

Solomon Is.

H. blanda Cox, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 147.

This species is closely allied to H. adonis of Angas, but after com-
paring it with a number of specimens of that species I feel sure that
it has permanent differences ; it is a much thinner and lighter shell,
much more sharply keeled, and much less coarsely sculptured.
(Cox.)

H. MEXDOZA Brazier. PI. 10, fig. 87.

Shell narrowly perforate, conical, rather thin, very finely obliquely
striated, light-straw color throughout; spire conoid, apex rather
obtuse; whorls 6 to 62, slightly convex, narrowly channelled at the
suture, sharply cariiiated and angled at the periphery, base rather
flat ; aperture oblique, triangularly ovate ; peristome thin, white,
right margin a little expanded, columellar margin reflexed, and ex-
panded over the perforation. (Brazier.)

Alt. 16, greater diam. 13, lesser 11 mill.

Choiseul Island, Solomon Group.
H. mendoza BRAZIER, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 21, t. 4, f. 8.

Evidently allied to H. adonis, but more acutely keeled.

H. HERMIONE Angas. PL 9, figs. 73, 74.

Narrowly, obliquely perforate, thin, elevated trochoidal, the last
whorl carinated, base rather flattened ; surface obliquely striatulate,
nearly smooth. Dark purplish-brown, with a buff band a short dis-
tance below the carina, and generally another midway between carina
and suture. Earlier two or three whorls deep blackish-purple.

Spire conical, rather slender ; whorls 6, convex, the last not
descending in front. The rather flat base is bounded by an angle.
Aperture oblique, rounded-subtriangular, showing the bands within.

22 HELIX-PAPUINA.

Outer lip thin, narrowly expanded, slightly sinuous; triangularly
dilated at the umbilicus, nearly closing it; columella vertical,
slightly arcuate. Alt. 22, diam. 18 mill.

Bougainville Island, Solomon Group.

H. hermione ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 625, t. 48, f. 5.— PFR.,
Monogr. vii, no. 2672.— BRAZIER, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 805.— H. bio-
cheana CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 249.

Smaller and thinner than any form of H. meta, more distinctly
carinated, differently colored, and with a narrower lip.

H. MIGRATORIA Pfeiffer. PI. 6, figs. 99, 1, 2, 3 ; pi. 17, figs. 31, 32.

Narrowly, obliquely perforated ; trochiform periphery obtusely
angular ; very lightly striated, with traces of spiral lines on the base ;
shining flesh colored, often varying toward white or brown ; usually
having a brown band below the periphery and another on the upper
surface, but often bandless, and generally showing some sparsely
scattered translucent-grayish dots. Lip narrowly expanded, white.
Suture bordered by a narrow brown line.

The shell varies greatly in form. Spire conical, whorls 5, convex,
apex obtuse ; the last whorl is convex above, and has an incon-
spicuous angle at the periphery. The base is convex. The whorl
generally descends a trifle in front. Aperture very oblique, flesh
colored, white or banded within ; outer lip markedly sinuous, nar-
rowly reflexed, dilating at the columella, almost covering the
narrow perforation.

The banding is excessively variable.

Alt. 16*, diam. 17 mill.

Alt. 22i, diam. 18 mill.

Alt. 20, diam. 17 mill.

Guadalcanar, San Christoval, etc., Solomon Is.

H. migratoriaPFH. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 108, t. 32, f. 3; Monogr. iv,
p. 260— DOHRN, Contin. Conchyl. Cab. p. 587, t. 172, f. 16-19.—
H. leucophcea Cox, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 20, t. 4, f. 5.

This species has a pallid, faded aspect, and in some respects it
approaches several imperforate species. Ten of the eleven speci-
mens before me show the grayish dots mentioned above, although
there are very few on some of the specimens. The principal color
forms are as follows : —

a. Straw-colored without band or dots.

b. Straw-colored, sparsely dotted.

HKLIX-PAPUINA. 23

c. Buffish-flesh-colored, with dots and two faint pink bands, one
above, one below, the periphery.

d. The same ground color, with dark -brown bands.

Figure 31, of PI. 17, is Pfeiffer's type. Fig. 1, PI. 6, is the
leucophcea of Cox.

The largest specimen I have seen is figured on PI. 17, fig. 32.

(3.) GROUP OF H. PILEUS.

Narrowly, obliquely perforated ; elevated-conical; last whorl not
descending; outer lip expanded ; surface smooth, obliquely striatu-
late. Differs from the group of H. meta only in distribution, the
present group being confined to the Moluccas and Papua.

H. EUCHROES Pfeiffer. PL 8, figs. 40, 41.

Shell half-covered perforate, conical, rather solid, obliquely
irregularly striate, and very minutely granulate under a lens; a lit-
tle shining, reddish-brown, ornamented with chestnut bands and a
wider white one below the suture. Spire regularly conical, lilac-
roseate above, apex rather acute. Whorls 7, moderately convex,
sensibly increasing, the last not descending, subrotund. Aperture
very oblique, subrhombic-lunar, grayish-white inside; peristome
thin, its reverse chestnut colored, margins joined by a thin callus, the
right margin broadly expanded and subreflexed, basal somewhat
straightened, reflexed, forming an angle with the columellar margin,
which is vertical, slightly arcuate, triangularly dilated, half cover-
ing the perforation. .Alt. 35, diam. 36 mill. (Pfr.)

East Indies (Pfr.) ; Celebes (Rve.).

H. euchroes PFR., Mai. Bl. i, 1854, p. 57; Monogr. iv, p. 256;
Novit. Conch, i. p. 2, t. 1, f. 7, 8.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1346.

One of the largest species of Papuina. The locality is not known.
Only one specimen has been placed on record, the figure of Reeve
and those in the Novitates being evidently drawn from the same
shell. It is apparently allied to H. pileus, but is larger, broader, and
differently colored. Compare also H. amphizona (pi. 8, figs. 52-54),
a species with solid, not perforated, axis, and different columella and
coloring, but of similar size.

H. LENTA Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 71.

Rather openly perforate, trochiform, rather thin, very lightly
striate, grayish-flesh-colored or reddish-corneous, with opaque white
bands; spire elongate-conic, rather acutej_whorls 7i, nearly flat,

24 HELIX-PAPUINA.

slowly increasing, the last slightly descending in front, subangulate,
the base flat, radiately striated. Aperture very oblique, subtrigonal-
oval, concolored within ; peristome thin, broadly expanded and a
little reflexed, violet-blackish ; right margin lightly arched, basal
straightened, the columellar vaultingly reflexed.
Alt. 29, greater diam. 29, lesser 24 mill. (Pfr.)

Moluccas f

H. lento, PFR., Malak. Bl. 1854, p. 57 ; Monogr. iv, p. 257.— H.
pileus var. PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv. i, p. 324 ; Kiisters Conch. Cab., p.
157, t. 40, f. 5.

H. PILEUS Miiller. PI. 8, figs. 42, 43, 44, 45.

Narrowly, obliquely perforated, turrited trochiform, thin but
strong. Periphery obtusely subcarinated. Base rather flat, deep
brown ; suture margined with a dark line ; upper surface of whorls
light, with or without dark bands or lines, lip broadly expanded,
white.

The spire is high-conical, base rather flat ; surface smooth, lightly
striatulate ; apex obtuse, the earlier two whorls dark purple or red-
dish ; suture shallow ; whorls 6, the last obtusely angled at the
periphery, not descending in front. Aperture very oblique, sub-
triangular, brown or banded within. The entire lip is broadly
expanded, white. A circular tract of dark brown almost covers the
base, extending nearly to the periphery ; above this the surface is
cream colored, pinkish or yellowish, with or without brown spiral
bands and lines.

Alt. 30, diam. 22 mill.

Alt. 32, diam. 26 mill.

Aru Islands.

H. pileus MULL., Hist. Verm. p. 80. — BORN, Test. Mus. Cses. t.
16, f. 11, 12.— CHEMNITZ, Conch. Cab. ix, f. 1046-1048=edit. nov.
t. 21, f. 1-3.— FER., Hist. t. 63A, f. 3-8.— LAM., edit. Dh., viii, p.
64.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 324.— CHENU, Illust. Couch, t. 6, f. 4-6.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 493. — v. MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn. p.
323. — Helix pileata, bifasciata and Bulla ambigua of GMEL., Syst.
xiii, pp. 3431, 3609. — Geotrochus pileus BECK, Ind., p. 47. — WAL-
LACE, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 411. — H. (Geotrochus') pileus TAP. CAN.,
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 137, 1883.

Distinguished by its high, turrited form. The pattern of band-
ing is very variable. Tapparone describes a form with light colored
apex.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 25

H. LACTEOLATA Smith. PI. 1, fig. 11.

Shell conical, perforated, encircled with zones of a milk-white
and of blackish-brown blotched with white. Whorls 5, striated
with oblique growth-lines, the last whorl rounded at the periphery,
slightly convex beneath, a little descending in front. Aperture
very oblique, purplish-blackish toward the lip, blue within ; peri-
stome white, expanded all around and a little reflexed ; columellar
margin livid-brown above, broadly dilated, partly closing the um-
bilicus. Alt. 34, greater diam.36, lesser 28 mill. (Smith.)

Foot of Oiven Stanley Mts., British New Guinea.

H. (Geotrochus) lacteolata SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. 5th. Ser. xix, p.
420, t. 15, f. 9, 1887.

Bears considerable resemblance to H. plurizonata Ad. & Rv.,
from Mindanao, but has a very much more elevated spire, more
raised body-whorl, and the volutions increase less rapidly. The
colored bands are eight in number on the last whorl. Most of them
are almost black, and generally margined with brown, and more or
less blotched and smeared with an opaque cream color. (Smith.')

H. BLAINVILLEI Le Guillou. PL 3, figs. 59, 60 ; pi. 8, figs. 57, 58 ;

pi. 9, figs. 75, 76.

Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, irregularly elevately striate, opaque,
a little shining, buffish-flesh-colored ; spire conic, apex obtuse ;
suture submargined ; whorls 7, convex, the last subangular at the
periphery, encircled by a reddish line ; not descending in front ;
flattened somewhat below, umbilicus very narrow. Aperture little
oblique, subtetragonal ; peristome white, upper margin very strongly
arched, expanded, basal margin substraightened ; columella lilac
colored, short, vertical, reflexed. Alt. 22, greater diam. 22, lesser
19 mill. (Pfr., under H. gartneriana.')

Aru Is.

H. blainvillei~LK GUILL., Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 140.— PFR., Monogr.
i, p. 327. — TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vi, p. 561,
1874 ; xix, p. 129, 1883, t. 3, f. 4, 5.—H. gartneriana PFR., P. Z. S.
1851, p. 253 ; Monogr. iii, p. 220 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 402, t. 145, f.
1, 2. — Rv., Conch. Icon., f. 419. — FORBES, Voy. Rattlesnake, p. 373,
appendix.— WALLACE, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 411.— H. zoce PFR., Mai.
Bl. xii, 1865, p. 121 ; Monogr. v, p. 326 ; Novit. Conch., p. 274, t.
67, f. 16, 17. — H.pileolus PFR, (not Fer.) Symb., p. 75 ; Monogr. i.
p. 324.

26 HELIX-PAPUINA.

The above synonymy was first worked out by Tapparone Canefri.
The prominent characters of the species are its elevated spire,
angular periphery begirt with a brown line, strong, regular
sculpture, etc.

Var. a. (pi. 3, fig. 59). Shell more convex, umbilicus more open,
periphery less angular, destitute of a brown line. (Tap. Can.)

Var. b. (pi. 3, fig. 60). Shell less elevated, distinctly carinated,
whorls less convex.

The H. gartneriana of Pfeiffer (pi. 8, figs. 57, 58) was reported
from Night Island, N.- Australia by Macgillivray, but doubtless
erroneously, mistaking for it the somewhat similar H. poiretiana.
See also TATE, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, v, p. 49, 50,
1881-'82. The H. ZOCK Pfr. is figured on pi. 9, figs. 75, 76. It seems
to be completely synonymous.

JET. poiretiana, which also has a basal brown line, differs from this
species in having the last whorl decidedly descending in front.

H. CANOVARII Tapparone Canefri. PI. 3, fig. 56.

Nearly covered umbilicate, elevated trochiform, longitudinally
very closely and minutely obliquely striated ; carinated ; pale horn
colored, but when the epidermis is removed it is pale violaceous,
ftesh-colored toward the apex.

Spire high-conical, apex sub-acute. AVhorls nearly 7, a little
convex, separated by a distinct suture, margined above ; last whorl
rather acutely carinated below its middle ; base little convex, hav-
ing very delicate radiating stride. Aperture ovate-subrhomboidal,
oblique ; peristome amethystine, a little thickened, all around sub-
expanded and more reflexed, margins not approximating, the
outer lip sub-angular in the middle, basal lip nearly straight, colu-
mella little oblique, dilated, almost closing the umbilicus.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 21, lesser 19 mill. (T. C.)

Banks of the river Fly, New Guinea.

H. canovarii TAP. CAN. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 137, t. 3,
f. 6, 1883.

Allied to H. blainvillei and H. blanfordi. Also to H. plagiostoma
of the Solomon Is.

H. BLANFORDIANA H. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 33.

Covered perforate, conoid, rather thin, obliquely striated, and
ornamented with spiral minute striae ; shining, corneous-white.

HELTX-PAPUINA. 27

Spire elongated, rather acute ;* suture margined ; whorls 6, a little
convex, perceptibly increasing, the last not descending in front,
having an acute carina below the middle ; base but little convex.
Aperture oblique, subrhomboidal-lunar ; peristome white, narrowly
expanded, the upper margin acute, basal arcuate, reflexed, covering
the perforation. Alt. 17, greater diam. 20, lesser 16 mill. (Ad.)
Port Dorey, Andai, Amberbaki, New Guinea; Moluccas.

Geotrochus blanfordi H. AD., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 415, t. 21, f. 1
(preoc.). — WALLACE, /. c.,p. 412. — H. blanfordi PFEIFFER, Monogr.
v, p. 327, 501.— IT. blanfordiana H. AD., P. Z. S. 1869, p. 275.—
H. blainfordiana (sic) TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.
xix, p. 133, 1883.— H. poirieri TAP. CAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1878,
p. 270. — H. t-urbinata VAL., in schedis Mus. Zool. Parisiensis teste
Tapp. Can., not turbinata of Beck or Jan.

The variety called poirieri by Tapporone Canefri is more ele-
vated, aperture rounder, base less dilated than the type.

(4.) GROUP OF H. POIRETIANA.

Narrowly, obliquely, perforated ; elevated-trochiform ; the last
whorl descending in front ; the superior lip not expanded. Surface
obliquely lightly striatulate.

Differs from the groups typified by H. meta and H. pileus in the
descending last whorl, and simple, not expanded outer lip.

H. POIRETIANA Pfeiffer. PL 8, figs. 46, 47, 48, 49.

Narrowly, obliquely perforated, elevated-conical, the periphery
rounded ; last whorl, deeply deflexed in front ; color white, with a
narrow brown line below the middle of the body-whorl, and a faint
brown spot on the columella.

The spire is high-conic, apex obtuse ; whorls 7, scarcely convex,
the last descending in front. Surface somewhat shining, obliquely
striatulate ; pure-white above, brown-tinged beneath, with a narrow
band (often sub-obsolete) just under the periphery. Aperture trans-
versely oblong ; upper and outer lips, not expanded, basal lip some-
what expanded, triangularly dilated at the umbilicus, which it
nearly conceals.

Alt. 23 ?, greater diam. 19, lesser 16 mill.

Night Island, N. E. Coast Australia.

H.poiretiana PFR. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 254; Monogr. iii, p. 149;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 372, t. 140, f. 5, 6.— RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 418.—

28 HELIX-PAPUINA.

Cox, Monogr. Austr. L. Sh. p. 66, t. 2, f. 1. — HEDLEY, Proc. Hoy.
Soc. Queensl. v, p. 63.

A pyramidal white shell, having some slight resemblance to
H. gdrtneriana, but differing in the deflexion of the whorl at the
aperture, non-expanded outer lip, etc. The species has, in fact, no
near relatives.

(5.) GROUP OF H. ANTIQUA.

Globose-turbinate species, perforated, the spire elevated, last whorl
not carinated, not descending in front ; lip broadly expanded, the
concave columellar margin having a small tooth in the middle.

H. ANTIQUA Adams & Reeve. PI. 14, figs, 56, 57 ; pi. 17, fig. 36.

Shell covered-perforate, globose-turbinate, solid, obliquely striated,
white. Spire turbinate, apex rather obtuse. Whorls 4£, convex,
rapidly increasing, the last rounded, not descending in front. Aper-
ture oblique, truncate-oval ; peristome simple, broadly expanded
and reflexed, the columellar margin subcallus, subdentate inside,
dilated-appressed above the perforation. (Pfr.)

Alt. 31, greater diam. 30 mill.

Usang, Borneo.

H. antiqua AD. & Rv., Voy. Samarang, Zool. p. 61, t. 16, f. 1. —
RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 402. — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 172; Conchyl.
Cab. p. 400, t. 144, f. 14, 15. — v. MART., Ostas. Zool. Landschn.
p. 322.

A unicolored white shell, with rounded periphery and toothed
columella.

Var. XANTHOSOMA Pilsbry. PI. 17, fig. 36.

Obliquely umbilicated, turbinate ; composed of 4? whorls, the
earlier two very convex, the last not descending in front ; suture
impressed, margined below by an impressed line. Surface very
delicately obliquely striatulate ; color lemon-yellow, paler on the
last whorl. Aperture rather large, oblique, with a satin-like luster
inside ; lip white, very broadly expanded, and reflexed ; columellar
margin arcuate, toothed in the middle, broadly expanded above and
around the oblique umbilicus which rapidly narrows to a mere
perforation.

Alt. 241, greater diam. 22, lesser 17J mill.

Aperture (measured outside of peristome), oblique alt. 19, width

17* mill.

New Guinea f

HELIX-PAPUINA. 29

Agrees with H. antiqua in form and proportional size of aperture,
but differs in the clear lemon-yellow color. In this last character it
resembles the form described by Sowerby as H. horderi, but that
species has a far more elevated spire and greater number of whorls.
I have doubts as to whether this form and the next are actually
from New Guinea, as alleged.

H. HORDERI Sowerby. PI. 14, fig. 58.

Narrowly perforated, elevated, conical, rather solid, obliquely
very finely striated, yellow. Spire elevated, apex acute. Whorls
6, a little convex, the last slightly inflated, obsoletely angled at the
periphery, the base convex. Aperture wide, oblique ; peristome
broadly expanded and reflexed, columellar margin provided with a
small tooth-like tubercle inside, outwardly dilated, flattened.

Alt. 35, diam. 30 mill. (Sowb.)

New Guinea.

H. (Geotrochus) horderi G. B. SOWERBY, JR., P. Z. S. 1889, p.
577, t. 56, f. 1.

Differs apparently from H. antiqua in the yellow color, greater
number of whorls and higher spire, consequently the mouth is
shorter in proportion to the total length.

(6). GROUP OF H. PILEOLUS.

Subperforate or imperforate ; pyramidal, acutely carinated, the
base flat. Distribution, Moluccas and New Guinea.

H. PILEOLUS Ferussac. PL 11, figs. 99, 100, 1, 2, 3.

Nearly covered-perforate, trochiform, carinated, rather solid,
striatulate, the base minutely decussate-gran ulose ; opaque, whitish
or brownish, flamed with brown ; apex acute, liver-brown ; spire
conical, more or less elevated ; suture superficial, hair-margined.
Whorls 5, the earlier 2 or 3 convex, the remainder flat, the last a
little convex below, descending a little (rarely not at all) in front.
Aperture very oblique, rhombic-triangular, the peristome reflexed,
white or pale rose-brown ; at the outer angle it is curved over into a
beak, and at the columellar insertion it is dilated. (Mart?)

Batchian and Little Tawalli Islands, Moluccas.

H. pileolus FER., Hist., t. 63 A, f. 1, 2.— v. MART., Ostas. Zool.,
Landschn., p. 231, t. 17, f. 8-10.— PFR., Monogr. v, p. 326, 501.—
Geotrochus pileolus WALLACE, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 412.

30 HELIX-PAPUINA.

The following forms are described by v. Martens :

Form turrita (figs. 2, 3). White or pale isabelline, painted with
narrow blackish-brown lightning-streaks ; last whorl distinctly
descending., Alt. 20, diam. 20* mill. This is like FSrussac's fig. 2.

Form pyramidata (figs. 99, 100). Pale brownish ; marbled with
broader subdiaphanous brown lightning-streaks; base nearly uni-
colored", the last whorl scarcely descending. Alt. 21, diam. 24 mill.
This corresponds to Ferussac's fig. 1.

Form convexa. Subdepressed, whitish, marbled with wider
lightning-streaks of pale brown ; base nearly unicolored ; last whorl
abruptly descending. Alt. 14, diam. 24 mill.

Form depressa (fig. 1). Whitish, with rather narrow brown
markings, the base unicolored.

H. RHYNCHOSTOMA Pfeiffer. PL 11, figs. 96, 97, 98.

Narrowly umbilicated, trochiform, acutely carinated, rather thin,
striatulate and under a lens very minutely granulated; flesh-colored,
with two reddish bands, one above, the other wider and on the base.
Spire conical, somewhat obtuse, suture carino-marginate; whorls 6,
nearly flat, slowly widening, the last scarcely descending in front,
base nearly flat. Aperture very oblique, subtriaugular ; peristome
thin, margins distant, the upper slightly expanded, recurved into a
beak at the outer angle ; basal margin narrowly reflexed, columellar
dilated, concealing the umbilicus. Alt. 17, greater diam. 25, lesser
22 mill. (P/r.)

Batchian, Moluccas.

H.rhynchostomaPFR.,'P.Z. S. 1861, p. 21, t. 2, f. 6; Novit.
Conch, p. 166, t. 45, f. 9-11 ; Monogr. v, p. 328, 501.

Evidently allied to H. pileolus, but totally different in coloration.

H. FERUSSACI Lesson. PL 3, fig. 51.

Shell imperforate, trochiform, deep-chestnut, with a golden-yel-
low line at the carina, and ascending the spire to the apex ; whorls
6, completely flat ; the apex is enlarged, convex ; the last whorl has
a salient acute carina. Aperture much depressed, triangular, wider
than high, very acute at the junction of the upper and basal lips ;
peristome reflexed, sinuous at the angle.

Port Dorey, New Guinea, on trees.

Helicogona (lielix) Ferussacii LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool.
ii, p. 315, t. 8, f. 5. — Helix Fermsaci PFR. Monogr. Hel. Viv. i, p.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 31

231 — TAPPARONE CANEFRI Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix. p. 135, t.

3, f. 7. (Figure copied from Lesson.)

'This species is well described and figured by Lesson in 1830. It
has not been seen by subsequent writers. The deep-chestnut shell is
begirt with a yellow peripheral line. See below.

Var. EXSULTANS Tapparone-Canefri. PL 3, figs. 48, 49, 50, 58.

Imperforate, trochiform, rather solid, obliquely finely striatulate,
chestnut or cinnamon colored, with a carinal yellowish band and an
infra-sutural chestnut band, ascending the spire. Spire concave-conic,
apex obtuse ; whorls 7, the upper ones convex, the rest flat, the last
acutely carinated, not descending in front ; base but little convex,
deep chestnut. Aperture very oblique, depressed sub rhomboid al ;
peristome rather thin, the upper margin expanded, flexuous at the
carina ; basal margin subdilated, reflexed. Alt. 20, greater diam.
23, lesser 19 mill. (P/r.)

Dorey Hum, Northern New Guinea.

H. ferussaci PFR., Novit. Conch., p. 212, t. 56, f. 7-9 ; Monogr.
Hel. Viv. v, p. 272. — Geotroehus ferussaci WALLACE, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 412. — H. exsultans TAP. CAN., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 135,
t. 3, f. 8 (fig. copied from Pfr.) ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxiv, p.
137, 1887,

The apex is submamillar, not acute. It may be a species distinct
from H. ferussaci, but it is so closely allied that specimens of the
latter should be compared.

H. PYTHONISSA Tapparone Canefri. PI. 3, fig. 57.

Shell covered perforate, elevated trochiform, under a lens seen to be
minutely, irregularly obliquely striated and having obsolete spiral
striie ; whitish-corneous ; apex rather acute, reddish-corneous.
Whorls 7, a little convex at the sutures, sub-concave in the middle,
separated by sharply margined sutures, last whorl not descending in
front, acutely compressedly carinated below the middle, the base
nearly flat. Aperture oblique, triangular-lunate, produced into a
short rostrum at the keel ; peristome narrow, thin, upper margin
acute, sinuous, arched forward, basal margin arcuate-reflexed ; colu-
mella dilated toward its insertion, having a squarish tooth within.

Alt. 22, greater diam. 25, lesser 19 mill. (T. 0.)

Is. of Sorong, near New Guinea.

H. pythonissa T. C., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 136, t. 3, f. 9.

32 HELIX-PAPUINA.

Intermediate between H. turris and H. ferussacL It differs from
the latter in being larger, lighter-colored, and having a columellar
tooth.

H. LEONARDI Tapparone Canefri. Unfigured.

Ovate-conoid, perforate, rather solid, pale yellowish-green or red-
dish, sometimes subfasciate on the base; spire conical, apex subacute.
Whorls 5, convex, separated by rather deep sutures, decussated by
spiral and longitudinal subgranose striae; last whorl large, rather
tumid, subcontabulate above, subangular below, the base convex.
Aperture very oblique, ovate-lunate ; fauces citrinous or brownish-
red ; peristome white-edged, broadly retiexed, margins joined by a
thin callus, the upper and outer regularly curved, basal nearly
straight ; columellar margin reflexed above the perforation, dilated
at the insertion, the base forming a more or less developed tooth.
Alt. 34, greater diam. 30, lesser 22 mill. (Tapp. Can.}

Ansus, Island of Jobi, Bay of GeelvinJc ; Korido, Is. of Misori,
Geelvink Bay, New Guinea.

H. leonardi T. C., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. 1877, p. 137.

H. TURRIS H. Adams. PL 17, fig. 28, 29.

Shell nearly covered perforate, solid, conical; sulcate-striate ;
buffish-tawny ; spire elongated, rather acute ; whorls 7, a little con-
vex at the sutures, subconcave in the middle, the last not descending
in front, angulated, the base nearly flat; aperture oblique,
triangular; peristome simple, broadly expanded, white, the upper
margin sinuous, arched forward ; basal margin reflexed, with oblique
columella triangularly dilated, reflexed above the perforation and
subdentate inside. Alt. 37, greater diam. 36, lesser 30 mill. (Ad.~)

Island of Waigheu.

H. turris H. AD., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 415, t. 21, f. 4, 5.— PFR.,
Monogr. v, p. 325. — Geotrochus turris WALLACE, 1. c., p. 411.

H. FERGUSONI H. Adams. PI. 3, fig. 54.

Shell imperforate, rather thin, conical, obliquely flexuously
plicate-striate ; seen under a lens to be closely spirally striolate ;
pale-tawny ; spire elevated conical, apex rather acute, suture hair-
margined ; whorls 7, nearly flat, the last not descending, acutely
carinated at the periphery, the base nearly flat. Aperture oblique,
triangular-ovate, the peristome broadly expanded, slightly reflexed,
white, margins joined by a thin callus ; right margin flexuous, col-

HELIX-PAPUINA. 33

umella sloping, nearly straight, triangularly dilated, forming an
angle with the basal lip.

Alt. 32, greater diam. 18, lesser 13 mill. (Ad.')

Island of New Britian.

Geotrochus Fergusoni AD., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 614, t. 42, f. 14.

Nearly allied to H. turris, but imperforate, smaller, thinner, more
acutely keeled.

H. STEURSIANA Shuttleworth. Unfigured.

Shell nearly-covered perforate, acutely conical, trochiform, thin,
subdiaphanous, very acutely carinated ; reddish-corneous, covered
with very fugacious epidermis ; delicately striated, and having very
delicate spiral lines. Spire much elevated, apex papillar; whorls 8,
flat or subconcave in the middle, the last whorl flat on the base ;
suture hair-like, subimpressed, margined with tawny. Aperture
very oblique, triangular- ax-shaped ; peristome rosy, upper margin
expanded, channelled and beaked at the carina, basal margin
reflexed, callous, thickened, reflexed at the columella, covering the
perforation. Columella arcuate, furnished with a white tooth-like
callus inside. Alt. 30, greater diam. 40, lesser 35 mill. (Shutt.")

Amboyna.

H. steursiana SHUTTLW., Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 200. — PFR.,
Monogr. iii, p. 179.

(7). GROUP OF H. VITREA.

Umbilicated ; depressed, acutely carinated; aperture angular.

Moluccas and New Guinea.

H. VITREA Ferussac. PI. 12 figs. 35, 36.

Shell very narrowly umbilicated, depressed pyramidal, acutely
keeled, rather thin, closely irregularly striatulate, minutely gran-
ulated, scarcely shining, isabelline-whitish, with a very narrow per-
ipheral band ; spire conoidal, apex sub-globose ; whorls 4£, a little
convex, the suture shallow ; last whorl slightly and nearly equally
convex above and below, the keel minutely crenulated ; obtusely an-
gulated around the umbilicus, in front descending a little below the
carina ; aperture slightly oblique, trapezoidal-semiovate ; peristome
expanded, thin, pale-roseate or white, dilated at the insertion of the
columella. Alt. 14i, greater diam. 27, lesser 21 mill. (Mts.)

Islands of Moti, Ternate and Gilolo, Moluccas; Port Dorey and
Amberbaki, New Guinea.
3

34 HELIX-PAPUINA.

H. vitrea FER., Hist. t. 64, f. 4 (bad).— PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 70,
t. 76, f. 18, 19, (copy of Ferus.) ; Monogr. i, p. 326.— TAPPARONE-
CANEFRI. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 116, 1883. — H. albula
LE GUILL. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 139.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 328.—
MARTENS Ostas. Exped. Landschn. p. 319, t. 17, f. 6. — Geotrochus
vitracea BECK, Index, p. 48.

H. ARROWENSIS Le Guillou. Unfigured.

Shell trochiform, carinated, subumbilicate, white, hyaline ; whorls
5, a little -convex, the base depressed ; substriate ; last whorl having
an acute carina, convexly depressed below. Spire conical, apex
obtuse. Aperture subsemiovate, margin reflexed ; lip broad, nearly
covering the umbilicus. Alt. 12, diam. 17 mill. (6r.)

Aru Islands.

H. arrowensis LE GUILL., Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 139. — PFR., Monogr.
i, p. 327. — Papuina arrowensis WALLACE, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 411.

Known to me by the original description only.

H. LANCEOLATA Pfeiffer. PL 11, figs. 4, 5.

Shell half-covered perforate, pyramidal, acutely carinated, obliquely
striate and very delicately undulate-granulose ; above pale brownish,
obsoletely banded, below of a blackish blood-red, the keel pale.
Spire moderately elevated, apex subglobose ; whorls 5, the two
earlier convex, the rest flat above, the last whorl a little convex
beneath, descending a little below the carina in front. Aperture
oblique, triangular-trapezoidal ; peristome violet, margin at the
upper insertion slightly expanded, broadly revqlute at the outer
angle, distinctly reflexed below, and dilated at the columellar inser-
tion. (Mts.)

Alt. 17$, greater diam. 28, lesser 22 mill.

Alt. 17, greater diam. 26, lesser 21 i mill.

Halmaheira, Ternate, Tidore and Moti, Moluccas; Angate, New
Guinea.

H. lanceolata PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 386, t. 37, f. 6 ; Monographia
v,p.328, 501. — v. MARTENS, Ostas. Exped. Landschn. p. 320, t. 17,
f. 7. — DOHRN in Conchyl. Cab. p, 567, t. 168, f. 1, 2. — TAPPARONE
CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 117.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 35

H. GRATA Michelin. P. 13, figs. 50, 51.

Narrowly, obliquely perforated, pyramidal, acutely keeled in the
middle ; yellow, with a brown band above the keel and a wider one
below it.

The shell is solid, with oblique delicate growth lines, and on the
base microscopic spiral lines. The pyramidal spire is composed of 41
whorls, the earlier two shining, convex. Last whorl having an
acute, compressed white peripheral carina ; base convex ; whorl not
descending below the keel in front. Aperture oblique, sub-rhom-
boidal. Peristome yellow, broadly expanded, dilated at the colu-
mella into a wide vertical plate. Alt. 18, diam. 23s mill.

Port Dorey, New Guinea; Island of Sorong, Mansinam and Jobi.

Carocolla grata MICH., in Guerins' Mag. de Zool. 1831, t. 9. —
Helix grata FER. et DESK., Hist, i, p. 335, t. 63B, f. 1, 2.— PFR.
Monogr. i, p. 325; Conch. Cab. p. 356, t. 136, f. 7, 8.— DOHRN in
Contin. Conch. Cab. p. 595, t. 174, f. 12, 13.— TAP.-CAN., Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 117, t. 6, f. 7 ; t. 8, f. 4, 10. Anatomy.—
Helix acuta Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., Zool. ii, p. 98, t. 8, f. 1-4 (not of
Lamarck).

The sulphur-yellow and brown coloration of this species is
peculiar. It is variable in size and degree of depression.

H. PELECHYSTOMA Tapparone Canefri. PL 12, figs. 28, 29, 30.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed trochiform, most acutely
compressed-carinated, irregularly obliquely striated, under a lens
seen to be minutely granulated ; corneous-whitish, covered with a
pale and deciduous epidermis. Spire depressed-conoid, rather acute.
Whorls 5 or 5?, nearly flat, separated by marginulated sutures; last
whorl deflexed in front, the base convex, radiately striated. Aperture
oblique, depressed, ax-shaped ; peristome a little expanded, beaked
at the carina ; upper margin nearly straight, moderately reflexed,
basal margin regularly arcuate, well reflexed ; columella simple,
dilated, nearly closing the narrow umbilicus. Alt. 11, greater diam.
25i lesser 22 mill. (Tapp. Can.)

Pulo Faor, New Guinea.

H. pelechystoma T. C., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 120, t. 2, f.
21-23, 1883.

Intermediate between H. vitrea and H. carinata. It is more de-
pressed than the former, the aperture more oblique, columella nar-

36 HELIX-PAPUINA.

rower, etc. ; from the latter species it is separated by the smaller
size and simple, not tuberculose, columella.

H. PENNANTIANA Pfeiffer. PI. 10, figs. 81, 82.

Narrowly umbilicated, orbiculate-conoid, acutely carinated, thin,
striatulate, irregularly and lightly malleated, unicolored fleshy, the
apex reddish. Whorls 5£, a little convex, the last slightly descend-
ing in front, base nearly flat. Aperture very oblique, angulate-
lunar, white inside ; peristome roseate, broadly expanded, the basal
margin reflexed, columella short, nearly covering the umbilicus.
Alt. 20, greater diam. 37, lesser 30 mill. (Pfr.)

Habitat unknown.

H. pennantiana PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 67 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 432,
t. 151, f. 1, 2 ; Monogr. i, p. .325— RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 123.

H. CARINATA Hombron & Jacquinot. PI. 12, figs. 31, 32, 33, 34.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed trochiform, irregularly striated,
tawny ; spire conoid, apex acute ; suture light, subcrenate. Whorls
5i, moderately convex, rapidly increasing, the last very acutely
carinated, the keel compressed and undulating. Aperture rhom-
boidal ; peristome broadly expanded and reflexed, wavy-calloused
inside; columella sloping, obsoletely bi-tuberculate. Alt. 18, diam.
43 mill. (Pfr., descr. from figures.}

New Guinea.

H. carinata HOMER. & JACQ,, Voy. Pol Sud, Zool. v, t. 7, f. 26-
29. — ROSSEAU, text of same, p. 26. — PFR., Mon. iv, p. 254.

H. LEUCOTROPIS Pfeiffer.'

Narrowly umbilicated, depressed, rather solid, closely striatulate,
somewhat shining, flesh-colored ; spire short conoidal ; suture white-
margined ; whorls 4£, a little convex, the last having an acute, com-
pressed white carina, slightly descending in front, base more con-
vex. Aperture oblique, sub- rhombic-lunar, peristome thin, margins
converging, the upper narrowly expanded, basal reflexed, dilated at
the insertion. Alt. 8, greater diam. 18, lesser 15 mill. (Pfr.)

Aru Islands.

H. leucotropis PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 22; Monogr. v. p. 407.—
Papuina leucotropis WALLACE P. Z. S. 1865, p. 411.

An unfigured species, collected by Wallace.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 37

H. NODIFERA Pfeiffer. PL 13, figs. 34, 35.

Shell umbilicate, trochiform, acutely carinated, rather thin,
striatulate, diaphanous, pale buff. Spire conoid, apex rather acute,
suture lightly impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last not
descending, having an acute white keel in the middle, convex above
and below. Aperture oblique, subrhomboidal, the peristome broadly
expanded, margins subparallel, columellar margin narrowly vault-
ingly reflexed above the narrow umbilicus, and having a nodule on
its inner edge. Alt. 18, greater diam. 30, lesser 24 mill. (P/V.)

Island of Batchian, Moluccas.

H. nodifera PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 21, t. 2, f. 4 ; Novit. Conch.,
p. 166, t. 45, f. 7, 8 ; Monogr. v, p. 328. — Papuina nodifera WALLACE,
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 411.

Distinguished by the acute keel, nodiferous columella and light
color.

(8.) GROUP OF H. LABIUM.

Umbilicate ; depressed-trochoidal. not acutely keeled. New
Guinea.

H. LITUUS Lesson. PI. 10, figs. 77, 78.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, orbicular-conoid, apex obtuse, shin-
ing, buffish-brown or reddish-chestnut, encircled by a red or black-
ish zone ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last rather flattened below.
Aperture transversely ovate ; peristome broadly reflexed, blackish,
or rosy within ; basal margin straightened somewhat, forming an
angle with the columellar margin, which is dilated, nearly closing
the umbilicus. Alt. 25, greater diam. 37, lesser 29 mill. (Pfr.)

Port Dorey ; Is. Sorong ; Is. Jobi, Bay of Geelvink ; Andai.
Amberbaki, New Guinea.

H. lituus LESS. Voy. de la Coq. Zool., p. 309.— FER. & DH., Hist.
i, p. 175, t. 106, f. 6-9.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 433, t. 151, f. 3, 4 ;
Monogr. i, p. 326. — TAPP-CAIT., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 138.
1883 ; 1. c. 2d. Ser. iv, p. 137, 1887.— H. ardouini DESH., Encycl,
Meth. Vers. ii, p. 266. — H.papuensis Q. & G., Voy. de P Astro!, Zool.
ii, p. 96, t. 7, f. 10-13.

There is considerable variation in this species, according to Tap-
parone Canefri. The shell is covered with a thin, pale corneous

38 HELIX-PAPUINA.

epidermis, which is readily deciduous. The measurements given by

Canefri are as follows : —

Alt. 25, diam. maj. 37, min. 29 ; Alt. 21, diam. maj. 35, min. 27 ;

Alt. 18, diam. maj. 26, min. 21 mill.

Var. a. Shell whitish-gray, peristome white. (Dh.)
Var. b. Shell whitish, girdled by a red line. (Dh.)
Var. e. Shell reddish-chestnut, with a broad blackish-brown per-
ipheral band. (Dh.~)

Var. d. Shell large, whorls more convex, spire more elevated,

apex pallid, concolored ; no peripheral zone. (Tapp.)
Var. e. Shells smaller, more globose, aperture less ovate, umbilicus

more open, columellar lip less dilated, less covering the umbilicus ;

no peripheral band. ( Tapp.)

H. LABIUM Ferussac. PI. 12, figs. 18, 19, 25, 26, 27.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed, solid; spire low-conic, apex
acute ; whorls 5, the last obtusely angular at the periphery, not
descending in front ; surface shining/ the growth-striae fine, light ;
color light brown, lighter above, the periphery girdled with brown ;
Aperture transverse, wide, lip white, broadly reflexed all around,
basal lip straightened, dilated at the insertion, partially concealing
the deep, narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 33, lesser 25 £ mill.

Port Dorey, Northern New Guinea; Island of Sorong.

H. labium FER., Hist., t. 64, f. 6.— PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv. v, p.
336.— DOHRN in Contin. Conchyl. Cab. p. 570, t. 168, f. 10, 11.—
TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 140, 1883.

The peristome is very broadly reflexed, and is somewhat angled
at the outer extremity. Wallace mentions a variety having no
peripheral girdle, and paler in color. The specimens before me are
larger than Ferussac's figures, and somewhat less angular. They
correspond well with Dohrn's figures. There is considerable varia-
tion in the degree of covering of the umbilicus.

This species has a more convex base than H. lituus and its other
allies.

H. PSEUDOLABIUM Pfeiffer. PI. 12, figs. 20, 21.

Narrowly umbilicated, conoid, obliquely striatulate, shining, thin,
pale tawny, with a red girdle. Spire broad-conoidal, apex acute;
whorls 6, slightly convex, the last rather depressed, the base, nearly
flat; columella short, oblique. Aperture angular-lunar, whitish in-

HELIX-PAPUINA. 39

side, with a pellucid band ; peristome thin, very broadly expanded,
reflexed, white, the right margin angled, columellar margin half
covering the umbilicus. Alt. 23, greater diam. 38, lesser 31 mill.

Mindanao, Philippines (/)

H. labium PFR. (not Fer.) Monogr. Hel. Viv. i, p. 325 ; Conchyl.
Cab., t. 55, £ 3, 4.— -H. pseudolabium PFR., Monogr. v, p. 336.

Pfeiffer gives the locality Mindanao, Philippines; but the shell is
apparently of the Papuan type and probably a New Guinea species.
It differs from H. labium Fer. in the more conical spire and flatter
base.

H. MULTIZOXA Lesson. PI. 10, figs. 83, 84, 85.

Shell umbilicate, depressed turbinate, rather thin, obliquely
lightly striated, white, encircled with rufous zones ; spire conoid,
rather acute ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last riot descending, sub-
depressed, flattened on the base ; columella sloping, obsoletely nodose ;
aperture oblique, transversely dilated, lunar ; peristome broadly ex-
panded, the columellar margin vaultingly reflexed, nearly covering
the narrow umbilicus. Alt. 20, greater diam. 36, lesser 28 mill.
(Pfr.)

Port Dorey, New Guinea ; (and Waigiou Id. f)

H. multizona LESS., Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., p. 308. — FER &
DESH., Hist, i, p. 174, t, 106, f. 1, 2, 3, 5.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 363, t. 138, f. 7, 8 ; Monogr. i, p. 326.— TAPPARONE CANEFRI,
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 140, 1883. — H. multizonata DESH. in
Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 106. — H. tenuiradiata Q. & G., Voy. de
1'Astrol. Zool. ii, p. 101, t. 8, f. 8-10.— IT. spectrum RVE., Conch.
Icon., f. 1424.

The synonymous H. spectrum is figured on pi. 6, fig. 10.

H. TAUMANTIAS Tapparone Canefri. PI. 5, figs. 85, 86.

Narrowly umbilicated, orbiculate-conoid, obliquely striated, sub-
pellucid, pale buff or red dish- tawny, with white lines above and a
milk-white zone at the periphery (bordered with black or brown) ;
base tawny ; apex brownish, subacute. Whorls 51 (nearly 6), a lit-
tle convex, having impressed obsolete spiral lines ; last whorl large,
not descending in front, the base flattened. Aperture lunate-ellip-
tical ; peristome white, expanded and reflexed throughout, the mar-
gins not approaching, joined by a pellucid, very thin callus ; right

40 HELIX-PAPUINA.

margin regularly curved, basal margin narrowed somewhat, and
nearly straight, forming an angle with the dilated columellar mar-
gin, which nearly closes the umbilicus. Alt. 22, greater diam. 33,
lesser 26 mill. (T. C.)

Banks of the Fly River, Southern New Guinea.

H. taumantias T. C., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 141, t. 3, f.
13, 14 (shell) ; t. vi, f. 4 ; t. ix, f. 16, 18 (anatomy), 1883.

Resembles H. lituus in form, and H. multizona in coloration.
Form a. Shell a little larger, peristome rosy- violet.
Form b. Shell small, spire more raised, peristome rosy.

H. RIDIBUNDA Tapparone Canefri. PI. 5, figs. 82, 83.

Narrowly umbi Heated, orbiculate-conoid, obliquely striated, pel-
lucid, buff, variously brown banded and lineate, and having a brown
peripheral zone, which is sometimes bordered below with white.
Base convex-depressed, variously banded and lineated with brown.
Spire conoid, apex sub-acute, brownish ; whorls 5£, a little convex,
transversely sub-striate under a lens ; last whorl large not descend-
ing in front. Aperture transversely lunate, sub-effuse ; peristome
rather narrow, margins expanded and reflexed, not approaching ;
right margin regularly curved, basal straightened, columellar
margin moderately dilated and reflexed above the umbilicus.

Alt. 19, greater diam. 29, lesser 23 mill. (T. C.)

Banks of the JRiver Fly, New Guinea.

H. ridibunda T. C., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 142, t. 3,f. 10,
11 (shell) ; t. vi, f . 5 ; t. viii, f. 17 (Anatomy) 1883.

Closely allied to H. taumantias, but smaller, the spire more elevated,
the color and form of the lip different.

H. MEDITATA Tapparone Canefri. PI. 5, fig. 84.

Narrowly umbilicated, globose-conoid, rather solid, subcarinate
at the periphery ; whitish-buff, variously lineated and banded with
brown ; base depressed ; spire conoidal, the apex subacute, brownish.
Whorls 51, the last not descending. Aperture lunar rounded-
ovate ; peristome whitish, narrowly subreflexed throughout, the
margins not approaching ; right margin regularly curved, basal sub-
curved, columellar very much dilated and reflexed above the um-
bilicus. Alt. 15, greater diam. 21, lesser 17 J mill. (T. (7.)

Katau, Southern New Guinea.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 41

H. meditata T. C., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. 1883, xix, p. 144, t. 3,
f. 5 (shell) ; t. vi, f. 6 (Anatomy).

Closely allied to H. ridibunda, H. taumantias and H. brazierce ;
but smaller than either, more distinctly carinated, and with a very
broadly reflexed columellar lip.

H. AURORA Pfeiffer. PL 11, figs. 10, 11, 2.

Umbilicate, turbinate-depressed, rather solid, irregularly striatu-
late, little shining, unicolored brown ; spire short conoidal, apex
minute, rather acute. Whorls 4$, a little convex, the last carinated
at the periphery, scarcely descending in front, a little convex below.
Aperture oblique, wide, depressed-lunar, rosy and with a pearly lus-
ter inside ; peristome pale rose or lilac-flesh tinted, the margins con-
verging, upper lip horizontal, expanded, outwardly subefFuse ; basal
lip slightly arcuate, reflexed; columellar lip dilated, nearly closing
the umbilicus. Alt. 17, greater diam. 30, lesser 24 mill. (Pfr.)

Waigiou Id.; Is. of Sorong and Ramoi, New Guinea.

H. aurora PFR., P. Z. S. 1862, p. 271 ; Novit. Conch, p. 207, t.
51, f. 9-11 ; Monogr. v; p. 341. — TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genov. xix, p. 145. — Papuina aurora WALLACE, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 411.

From the localities last given, Tapparone Canefri received a vari-
ety which is larger, without a peripheral carina, the aperture wide,
peristome dilated, well reflexed, white ; measuring, alt. 20, greater
diam. 38, lesser 30 mill.

Specimens from Sorong measure : alt. 16, greater diam. 28, lesser
22 mill.

H. .EROPE Smith. Uvfigured.

Shell rather widely umbilicated, depressed trochiform, obtusely
angulated at the periphery, pallid or whitish-brown, encircled with
a narrow reddish zone about the middle. Whorls 5, a little con-
vex, rather slowly widening, obliquely striated with delicate growth-
lines ; last whorl carinated, the carina sensibly disappearing toward
the aperture, equally convex above and below, shortly descending in
front, about the middle minutely rugose. Aperture transverse,
lunate, whitish or pale lilac within ; peristome white, dilated and re-
flexed, the columellar margin widely expanded.

Alt. 15, greater diam. 23£, lesser 19£ mill. (Smith.')

New Guinea.

42 HELIX-PAPUINA.

H. (Papuina} cerope E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6th ser.),
vii, p. 452, May, 1891.

This species somewhat resembles H. aurora Pfr. in form, but is a
trifle higher in proportion to the diameter. It also differs in being
a smaller form, and in having a larger umbilicus. The young of
this species is evidently sharply keeled at the middle, but in the
adult shell the keel gradually disappears toward the aperture.
(Smith.)

H. NOVOGUINEENSIS Pfeiffcr. PL 5, figs. 89, 90, 91, 92.

Imperforate or narrowly perforate; globose-conical, solid, the
spire conical, composed of 5?, slightly convex whorls; apex acute,
pale ; last whorl rounded at the periphery, slightly descending in
front. Surface shining, striatulate, covered with a thin corneous
epidermis, white under the epidermis, variously banded with chesnut,
and with an opaque-white border below the suture, the base mostly
chestnut. Aperture oblique, wide ; lip white, broadly expanded
throughout, reflexed ; columellar margin wide, dilated over the um-
bilicus, usually closing it, and thickened within by a deposit of callus
with an irregularly nodulous edge, more or less truncated below.

Alt. 26, greater diam. 41, lesser 34 mill.

Northern New Guinea ; Island of Sorong.

H. novoguineensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1862, p. 270; Novit. Conch, p.
210, t. 56, f. 1, 2, 3, 4; Monogr. v, p. 276.— DOHRN, Contin. Conch.
Cab. p. 567, t. 168, f. 3, 4. — TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov. xix p. 146, t. 6, f. 8 ; t. 9, f. 3, 20 (Anatomy). — Papuina novce-
guineensis WALLACE, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 411. — If. triumphalisf
TAPP. CAN. I c. vi, 1874, p. 562; ix, 1876, p. 289.—? H. trium-
phalis REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1421, December, 1854. — H. mysolen-
sis PFR., P. Z. S. 1862, p. 270 ; Kovit. Conch, p. 206, t. 54, f. 7, 8 ;
Monogr. v, p. 336.— TAPP. CAN. I. c. 2d. Ser. iv, p. 138, 1887.—
Papuina mysolensis WALLACE, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 411.

A large, globose-conic shell, variously banded with chestnut, and
having a white sutural border. The following seem to be merely
varieties ; cf. Dohrn, /. c.

Var. TRIUMPHALIS Reeve. PI. 17, fig. 30.

Imperforate ; broadly trifasciate with chestnut.

Reeve's name has priority over that of Pfeiffer, and I would adopt
it for the species if the identity were established by an actual exami-

HELIX-PAPUINA. 43

nation of his type. This examination will sooner or later be made
by someone, and the nomenclature revised if necessary.

Var. MYSOLENSIS Pfr. PI. 7, figs. 29, 30.

Smaller and more elevated than the type ; sub-perforate ; having
a broad basal and a narrow peripheral band.

Island of My sol.

The specimen before me is larger than Pfeiffer's figures, but other-
wise similar.

H. WAIGIOUENSIS H. Adams. PI. 17, figs. 34, 35.

Subcovered perforate, depressed-turbinate, rather thin, plicate-
striate ; pale tawny, banded with white at suture and periphery, and
ornamented with narrow reddish bands ; spire conoidal, rather acute ;
whorls 5, a little convex, the last depressed-rounded, descending in
front. Aperture very oblique, lunar-oval ; peristome white, broadly
expanded and re flexed, forming an angle with the columellar margin,
which is dilated, reflexed above the perforation, and provided inside
with an elongated tubercle. Alt. 21, diam. maj. 40, min. 32 mill.
(JET. Ad.)

Island of Waighiou.

H. waigiouensis H. AD., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 415, t. 21, f. 6, 7.— PFR.,
Mon. Hel. Viv. v, p. 339, 502. — TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genov. xix, p. 147, 1883. — Papuina waigiouensis WALLACE,
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 411.

A large species, evidently closely allied to H. novoguineensis.

H. BRAZIERS Brazier. PI. 5, figs. 93, 94, 95, 96.

Nearly covered perforate, solid, depressed turbinate, the periphery
rounded ; spire low-conic, composed of 4? convex whorls, the last
descending in front, rather flattened beneath. Surface roughened
by rude shallow, irregular spiral and oblique furrows and mallea-
tions. Color opaque white, the latter two whorls marbled and
streaked irregularly with dark brown, the earlier whorls and apex
bluish or corneous-white. Aperture very oblique, transversely oval,
dark brown inside ; the peristome is thin, expanded, white, baso-col-
umellar margin reflexed, nearly concealing the umbilicus. Parietal
wall and a spot at the insertion of the columella dark brown.

Alt. 19, greater diam. 253, lesser 20 \ mill.

Yule Island, Southern New Guinea.

44 HELIX-PAPUINA.

H. brazieraz BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, p. 107,
126, 1876. — TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p.
152, t. 4, f. 2 ; t. 5, f. 2 (shell) ; t. vii, f. 1 ; t. viii, f. 7, 13 (anatomy).

This shell is curiously mottled with dark brown ; figures 93-95
are drawn from a specimen received from Brazier.

H. TOMASINELLIANA Tapparone Canefri. PL 7, figs. 27, 28.

Covered perforate, globose-turhinate, solid, sharply obliquely
striate-crenulate ; tawny, and under a subpearly epidermis having
a number of brown-bluish bands and minute irregular spots ; white
at the suture. Spire conoid, vertex acute, brown. Whorls 4?, con-
vex and separated by an impressed suture. Last whorl large, a little
descending in front, subconstricted in the middle and then very
obscurely subangulated, the base little convex. Aperture ovate,
very oblique, the throat brownish-pearly ; peristome white, margins
converging, joined by a pellucid brown callus. Lip expanded and
reflexed throughout, subflexuous above, the base little curved, col-
umellar margin subarcuate, its base dentiform and truncate, brown
spotted within, and expanded at the insertion above the umbilicus.

Alt, 23, greater diam. 36, lesser 29 mill. (T.C.)

On the River Fly, and at Katau, Southern New Guinea.

H. tomasinelliana T. C., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 148, t. 4,
f. 1, t. 5, f. 1 (shell) ; t. 7, f. 3 ; t. 8, f. 6, 12 (Anatomy.)
Allied to H. brazierce, but larger, flatter beneath, etc.

H. GESTROI Tapparone Canefri. PI. 5, figs. 97, 98.

Covered perforate, globose-turbinate, solid, obliquely rudely
striated, covered with a buff epidermis, under the epidermis white,
sometimes ornamented with very obsolete pale-gray bands. Spire
conoidal, apex acute, white. Whorls 4£, convex, separated by im-
pressed sutures ; the last whorl a little descending in front, convex
below the sutures, then depressed, becoming convex and sub-angu-
lar at the periphery the base a little convex. Aperture transversely
ovate, very oblique, throat white ; peristome white, the margins con-
verging and joined by a thin pellucid callus, expanded and reflexed
throughout ; basal margin nearly straight ; columellar margin ex-
panded at the insertion and nearly covering the umbilicus, its base
truncated, tooth-like.

Alt. 26, greater diam. 34, lesser ?9 mill. (T. C.)

Banks of the Fly River, Southern New Guinea.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 45

H. gestroi T. C., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 150, t. 4, f. 3 ; t.
5, f. 3 (shell) ; t. 7, f. 2, and t. 8, f. 5, 14 (Anatomy).

Differs from the preceding species in the more globose form, spire
more elevated, base more convex, aperture less elliptical ; in the
pallid coloration and white interior of the aperture ; the relative
altitude of the last whorl ; and in lacking the fine striae which in the
other species intersect the elevated stride of the surface and render
them crenulated.

H. SICULA Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressly globose, rather solid, finely
striated ; pale brown ornamented with three chestnut bands, two
narrow and one broad contiguous to that at the suture; spire
conoid, apex dark brown, obtuse, whorls 5, slightly convex, rounded
at the periphery, convex at the base, ornamented with eight narrow
spiral chestnut lines ; aperture diagonal, roundly lunate, peristome
rose-pink, slightly expanded and reflected columella dilated and
reflected, concealing one-fourth of the umbilicus. Var. With chest-
nut band on the periphery, and running spirally around the suture
to the apex. (Braz.) Alt. 13, greater diam. 20, lesser 16 mill.

Banks of Katau River, New Guinea.

H. (Geotrochus) siculus BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales
i, p. 106, 126. — H. (Papuina) sicula TAPP. CAN., Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov. xix, p. 153, 1883 ; /. c. 2d series, iv, p. 138, 1887.

Two specimens only were found ; on trees.

H. MACLAYANA Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell covered with a thin yellowish-brown epidermis, umbilicated,
depressly conoid, rather solid, obliquely plicately striated, every-
where minutely malleated, encircled with numerous spiral broken
purplish-chestnut lines and whitish opaque patches ; spire somewhat
obtuse ; whorls 4J moderately convex, the two apical whorls smooth,
white, the last large, convex, descending in front ; suture impressed,
having a narrow white line; below the suture blotches of purplish-
chestnut ; base convex having four spiral purplish lines slightly
broken up into blotches ; aperture very oblique, large, ovate, interior
purplish-brown ; peristome thickened, white, reflected, margins
approximating, the right rather thin at the upper part ; columellar
margin thickened, broadly expanded and reflected covering half of
the umbilicus.

46 HELIX-PAPUINA.

Only one specimen of this species was found. It has a thick,
solid, white reflected lip 5 mill, broad, and the interior of an intense
purplish-chestnut.

It also resembles, in its markings, Helix Brazier ce Braz., from
Yule Is., and Helix taumantias Tapparone Canefri, from the Fly
and Katau Rivers, New Guinea. (Brazier.)

Alt. 24, greater diam. 39, lesser 30 mill.

Maclay Coast, North-eastern New Guinea.

H. maclayiana BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, x, p. 841,
1886. — H. maclayana TAPP. CAN., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. 2d. Ser.
iv, p. 138, 1887.

(9.) GROUP OF H. FLEXILABRIS.

Imperforate, turbinate, the surface corrugated by oblique, forward-
descending wrinkles. This group is very closely allied to the fol-
lowing one.

H. VEXILLARIS Pfeiffer. PI. 14, figs. 4, 65, 66, 67.

Imperforate, elevated, trochoidal, sculptured with rather coarse
forward-descending wrinkles ; opaque white above, the base olive or
olive-brown.

The spire is conical, straight-sided ; whorls 5£, slightly convex,
the last bluntly angular at the periphery, rather flattened beneath,
not descending in front. The surface has rather separated and
coarse obliquely descending wrinkles, the base polished, with fine,
subobsolete spiral striae. Aperture very oblique, white within ;
peristome white, expanded, reflexed, the outer and basal lips narrow,
columella white, long, sloping, dilated into a flat plate and appressed
to the base, deeply inserted.

Alt. 22 i greater diam. 20, lesser 16 mill.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 20, lesser 17 mill.

New Georgia, Solomon Is.

H. vexillaris PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 113 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 109,
t. 31, f. 5, 6 ; Monogr. iv, p. 201.— DOHRN, Contin. of Conchyl. Cab.
p. 593, t. 174, f. 5-7.— H. phthisica PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 383 ;
Mai. Bl. 1856, p. 239 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 110, t. 31, f. 7, 8 ; Mon.
Hel. Viv. iv. p. 201.

The contrast between the olive base and white or bluish upper
surface, and the coarse wrinkling are the more striking characters
of this shell. Pfeiffer described the narrower form as a distinct spe-

HELIX-PAPUINA. 47

cies, but there is not the slightest ground for a separation. A specimen
before me has an indistinct band above, and the col umella and pari-
etal wall are of a blackish-chestnut color (pi. 16, figs. 25, 26). Pfeif-
fer and Dohrn give Admiralty Is. as the locality of the species, but
those before me are from the Solomons, and I am disposed to think
the other locality doubtful, it being taken from the Cuming
collection.

H. BOYERI Fischer & Bernard!. PL 13, figs. 48, 49.

Imperforate, trochiform, rather solid, obliquely striate and decus-
sated with undulating, forward-descending strise. Whitish and
tawny clouded. Spire turbin ate, rather obtuse, whorls 5 2, convex,
the last descending in front, sub-carinated and banded with white
below the middle ; base little convex. Aperture very oblique, sub-
rhombic, white within ; columella entering, compressed, flexuously
sloping, surrounded with rosy ; peristome white, right margin nar-
rowly expanded, basal margin reflexed, forming an obtuse angle
with the columella.

Alt. 22-23, greater diam. 27-29, lesser 22-23 i mill. (FAB.)

Louisiade Islands.

H. boyeri F. & B., Journ. de Conchyl. v, p. 297, t. 9, f. 8, 9 ; Jan.,
1857. — PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 201 ; v, p. 270.

H. PHJEOSTOMA Martens. PI. 7, figs. 33, 34.

Imperforate, trochiform, thin, striatulate, obsoletely wrinkled-
malleate, a little shining ; isabelline, painted with zigzag streaks of
blackish-brown, often interrupted ; spire conical, elevated ; whorls
5, a little convex, the earlier 2 unicolored, diaphanous-corneous, the
third carinated at the suture, the last whorl rounded at the periph-
ery and having a wide white band there ; below the middle flattened
and concentrically striolate. Aperture subdiagonal, elliptical, cut by
the adjacent body-wall ; peristome broadly expanded, basal and
outer lips white, the columellar lip brown, dilated, appressed ; throat
brownish. Alt. 25, greater diam. 28, lesser 20* mill. (Mart.)

New Hanover.

If. phceostoma v. MARTENS, Monatsber. k.-p. Akad. der Wissensch.
zu Berlin, May, 1877, p. 276, 1. 1, f. 10, 11 ; Novit. Conch, v, t. 144,
f. 13, 14.

Allied to H. gaberti but rounded, not angular, at the periphery.
Pfeiffer's figures of H. gaberti agree with this species in the rounded

48 HELIX-PAPUIN A

periphery, but they show no light zone at the circumference. As far
as my specimens or the published figures show, lambei, gaberti and
phceostoma have always a light peripheral zone. I am at a loss,
therefore, to name the figures of Pfeiffer, which I have copied on
plate 7, figs. 36, 37.

H. GABERTI Lesson. PL 7, figs. 35, 38, 39.

Imperforate, elevated trochiform, the spire conical, nearly
straight-sided, composed of 6 whorls, the earlier two convex, whit-
ish, forming a papillar or sub-globose nucleus, the remaining whorls
but little convex, the last conspicuously angled at the periphery,
slightly descending in front. Surface having light growth-lines and
irregularly developed, fine, forward-descending wrinkles. Color
pale-yellowish maculated with irregular, interrupted zigzags of
chestnut-brown, often forming an irregular band below the carina.

Aperture very oblique, streaked and spotted with dark-brown
inside ; lip broadly expanded, white. Columella deeply entering.

Alt. 25, greater diam. 23, lesser 20 mill.

Alt. 27, greater diam. 22, lesser 18£ mill.

Alt. 22, greater diam. 22, lesser 18 mill.

New Ireland ; New Guinea ; Solomon Is.

H. (Pileolus) gaberti LESS. Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 314.
— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 231. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 100. — DESH.
in Fer., Hist. p. 333, t. 106, f. 10-12.— v. MART., Monatsb. Preuss.
Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1877, p. 276.— TAPP. CAN. Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 138. — tGeotrochus gaberti WALLACE, P.
Z. S. 1865, p. 412.— H. trochus Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. ii, p. 110, t.
8, f. 5-7. — H. trochoides DESH., in Lamk. viii, p. 122 (not trochoides
Poir.)

A much more elevated shell than H. lambei and differing from
H. phceostoma in being distinctly carinated. Pfeiffer's figures in the
Conchylien Cabinet (copied on my PL 7 figs. 36, 37) do not seem to
represent gaberti. They may perhaps indicate a new species be-
tween gaberti and phceostoma.

My figures are drawn from specimens from New Britian ; I do
not know whether the last two localities given above are to be de-
pended on, but consider them somewhat doubtful.

H. LAMBEI Pfeiffer. PL 7, figs. 21-26.

Imperforate, depressed, wider than high, the spire low-conic, apex
obtuse, corneous or brown ; whorls 5J, slightly convex, the last wide,

HELIX-PAPUINA. 49

descending in front ; carinated in front, becoming obtusely angular
on the latter part ; base rather flattened. Surface sculptured with
fine, close, obliquely descending wrinkles. Color whitish, buff or
rich brown, having a light zone at the periphery, and either marked
with dark brown, oblique zigzag stripes and spots above and below, or
having a band above and one below the periphery. Aperture very
oblique, transverse-oval, white and showing the bands within, or of
a uniform reddish-brown color, peristome broadly expanded through-
out, reflexed, white or rarely reddish-brown.
Alt. 22, greater diam. 31, lesser 24 mill.

New Georgia, Solomon Is.; (and Admiralty Is. f)

H. lambei PFR., Malak. Bl. 1856, p. 239 ; Monogr. iv, p. 200.—
DOHRN in Contin. Conchyl. Cab. p. 593, t. 174, f. 1-4.— H. lombei
(error) PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 382.

Allied to H. gaberti and H. phceostoma, bat much broader and
more depressed than either. Scarcely two individuals are marked
alike. A common variation is shown in fig. 22, in which there are
two bands but no zigzag markings. Fig. 25 represents a rarer form,
in which the whole shell including lip is reddish-brown, with darker
flammules. Of the large suite of specimens before me the more
recently collected are from the Solomon Is. Two old trays (one
from Curning) are marked Admirality Is., but this locality, although
given by all writers above referred to, requires confirmation, in my
opinion.

H. FLEXILABRIS Pfeiffer. PL 4, figs. 68, 69, 70, 71.

Imperforate, low-turbinate, the spire conical, last whorl rounded
at the periphery, descending in front as far as the lower band ;
sculptured with very fine, close, forward-descending wrinkles ; color
creamy-white, with a chestnut-brown band above the periphery,
ascending the spire, and another below the periphery. Aperture
oblique, lip expanded, white.

The spire is composed of 6 rather convex whorls, separated by
more or less distinctly impressed sutures. The last whorl descends
in front as far as, or just below, the lower brown band. The bands
are continuous and have smooth, well-defined edges; they are
prominently seen within the aperture. The lip is broadly expanded,
closely appressed in the vicinity of the umbilicus, which is cqvered
by a thin white callus. The columella has a thickened edge, and a

50 HELIX-PAPUINA.

sort of obtuse fold near its insertion, which is rather deep in the axis
(see fig. 69.)

Alt. 21, greater diam. 23, lesser 28 mill.

Alt. 26, greater diam. 27, lesser 19i mill.

Solomon Is.

H.flexilabrisPFR.,P.Z. S. 1856, p. 382; Malak. Bl. 1856, p.
239 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv, p. 199.— DOHRN in Contin. Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 587, t. 172, f. 14, 15.

The locality given by Pfeiffer, Admiralty Is., is probably erroneous.
Three trays before me are from the Solomons. Figures 68, 69 are
a little flatter than Pfeiffer's type. Numerous shells before me agree
in characters ; others are more elevated (figs. 70, 71), but I am un-
able to separate them specifically. There is considerable variation in
the convexity of the whorls, but it is probably never so marked as in
H. coniformis, which is from another island group, and doubtless dis-
tinct specifically.

There is a translucent-bluish patch around the columella, faint, but
well-defined against the opaque cream ground-color of the shell.
This occurs also in H. gamelia. All of the specimens seen are two-
banded.

H. CONIFORMIS Ferussac. PI. 4, figs. 78, 79 ; pi. 17, fig. 43.

Imperforate, orbiculate-conic, smooth, whitish-brown, ornamented
with brown bands which are often articulated. Suture deep ; whorls
5, convex, the last flattened beneath, descending in front. Aperture
very oblique, large, oval ; peristome thin, white, broadly expanded,
the margins converging, basal lip reflexed, columellar lip dilated,
appressed. Alt. 18, greater diam. 24, lesser 18 mill. (Pfr.)

Port Pralin, New Ireland.

H. (Helicostyla) coniformis FER., Hist. 1. 108, f. 1. — H. coniformis
DESH. in Lam., An. s. V. p. 103; — PFR., Monogr. i, p. 229 ; Conchyl.
Cab. p. 435, t. 151, f. 9, 10.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 101.— H.
turbinata DESH., Encycl. Meth. ii, p. 265. — H. tuffetii LESS., Voy. de
la Coquille, p. 313, t. 10, f. 3.

The whorls are more convex than in H. flexilabris, and the bands
are often articulated. PI. 17, fig. 43, is one of Ferussac's original
illustrations.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 51

Var. TUFFETII Lesson. PL 17, fig. 42.

Has the contour of typical coniformis, but the color is a uniform,
intense blue-black ; lip bluish-white.

" Makakabat," New Ireland.
H. SELLERSI Cox. PI. 15, fig. 75.

Shell imperforate, trochiform, brownish-yellow, generally or-
namented with two very dark-chestnut, almost black, bands, more
or less wide, one above and one below the sub-carinated periphery
of the last whorl, having sometimes between them an opaque-white
band ; transversely rather regularly striated backwards, decussated
from behind forwards by rather irregular slightly waved propor-
tionally broadly separated strise, more distinct on the last two whorls
than at the apex of the spire, whorls 5, rounded, gradually increas-
ing in size, suture impressed, last whorl sharply depressed at its ter-
mination and flattened from the periphery to its insertion ; spire
obtuse ; aperture ovately lunate ; peristome white margined, slightly
everted ; columella very slightly dilated and adnate.

Diam. greatest O78, least 0'56 ; height 0'60 of an inch. (Cox.)

Guadalcanar Is.? Solomon Islands.

H. sellersi Cox, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 646, t. 52, f. 9.—? H. sellersi
DOHRN, Conchyl. Cab. p. 585, t. 172, f.9-11.

(10) GROUP OF H. BRUMERIEN8IS.

Imperforate, turbinate or trochoidal, the last whorl descending in
front. Surface spirally striate or having forward-descending wrinkles.
Lip more or less sinuous above, often vividly colored. Aus-
tralia, New Guinea, Louisiade Is.

This group comprises a considerable variety of forms, but they
are so connected by intermediate species as to form a perfectly
natural assemblage.

H. CHAPMANI Cox. PI. 1, fig. 13.

Shell elevated-conic, imperforate, white ; the lip inwardly purple-
brown, at the edge deep red.

Whorls 5J, a little convex, obliquely roughly and closely striated,
and sculptured with flexuous growth-lines. Last whorl obtusely
angulated in the middle, slightly convex beneath, shortly descend-
ing in front. Aperture oblique, irregularly sub quadrangular, white
within; peristome somewhat thickened and expanded, shortly
reflexed, the outer margin obtusely angulated a little above the

52 HELIX-PAPUINA.

middle ; columella broadly dilated, appressed, flattened, lilac-colored
at its inner margin, united with the outer lip by a blackish-brown
parietal callus. Alt. 34, diam. 32 mill. (Smith.')

Rossel Island, Louisiade Group.

H. (Geotrochus) chapmani Cox, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iv,
p. 115, t. 16, f. 2, 1879 ; I. c. 2d ser. ii, p. 1063, t. 2, f. 10, 11.— H.
(Acavus) coraliolabris E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. 5th series,
xix, p. 419, t. 15, f. 4, June, 1887.

This species is so well defined by the remarkable contrast of the
color of the peris tome with the white tint of the rest of the shell,
that it will be readily recognized. The edge of the aperture is thick-
ened and bright coral-red, and this, both within and without, is
rather deeply bordered, especially within, with purple-brown.
(Smith.)

The description is from Smith. The identity of coraliolabris Avith
chapmani cannot be questioned.

H. BRUMERIENSIS Forbes. PL 1, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Imperforate, globose-conic, thin but solid, opaque white, the lip
intensely black, Surface lusterless, with rude, irregular lines of
growth, obsoletely granulated by spiral lines. Aperture very
oblique, white within ; upper lip roundly expanded, sinuated, baso-
columellar lip flat, broad, adnate for one-third the distance from
center to periphery.

The shell is globose with short spire, consisting of 4 rather con-
vex whorls. Suture impressed. Last whorl not angled at the
periphery, descending in front. The black border of the lip is very
wide, extending several millimeters back of the expanded portion.

Alt. 25, diam. 28 mill.

Eastern New Guinea, on the shores of the Gulf of Huon ; Mill-
port Harbor, near Amazon Bay ; Brumer Id., Louisiade Group.

H. brumeriensis FORBES Voy. Rattlesnake, Append, p. 375, t. 2,
f. 1.— PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 189.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1448.—
TAPP. CAN. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 156. — ANGAS, P. Z. S.
1876, p. 489.— SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. 5th ser., xix, p. 419, 1887.

A white, lusterless shell with deep black lip. Although this spe-
cies is placed in Acavus by Tapparone Canefri and some others, it is
a true Papuina, closely allied to H. diomedes, zeno, naso, etc.,
differing mainly in the rounded instead of angular periphery.

HELIX-PA PUIN A. 53

New Guinea specimens are larger than those originally described,
and sometimes more conically elevated. Smith's measurements are :
alt. 33, diam. 38 mill. This is larger than any I have seen. The
aperture is sometimes pale rose tinted inside. See Smith, I. c.

H. RANGII Lesson. (H. EXTRICANDA Tapp. Can.)

Shell suborbicular, globulose, ventricose, imperforate, convex, the
last whorl of the spire much swollen, very ventricose, rounded in
every part. Lips thick, bordered, the left margin dilated, covering
the umbilicus with a smooth plate. The mouth is rounded, the per-
istome level and convex. The earlier whorls of the spire are small,
convex, united by a very delicate suture. The shell is entirely
covered with excessively fine interrupted striae, which viewed under
a lens are seen to be composed of regular, elevated aretes, forming
a shagreened surface.

This helix is thick, robust, with a diameter of 18 lines [33 mill.],
alt. 13-14 lines [26-28 mill.] ; of a clean bright-chestnut color, the
greater portion of the base being of a lighter tint. It has great
resemblance in form and size to If. melanotragus. (Lesson.~)

Port Dorey, New Zealand.

H. rangii LESS., Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 305 (not of
Desh. ; not rangiana Fer.). — H. extricanda TAPP. CAN., Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genov. xix, p. 156, 1883.

This species is known only by the original description translated
above. The color of the lip is not stated. Later collectors in New
Guinea have not found a shell agreeing with it. The comparison
with H. melanotragus suggests an affinity to the group of H. bru-
meriensis, zeno, etc.

Accepting the synonymy given by Dr. Pfeiffer as probably
founded upon some knowledge of this form not given in the descrip-
tion, I placed the name in the synonymy of Hadralessoni (MANUAL
VI, p. 163), but not without expressing a doubt as to the pro-
priety of such reference. It should be erased from that place.

H. ZENO Brazier. PL 1, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Imperforate, depressed trochiform, the spire low-conic, apex
obtuse, whorls 4£; the last obsoletely angular at the periphery, very
deeply deflexed toward the aperture. Surface densely, finely and
irregularly granulated by the decussation of spiral and oblique
striae. Color white, becoming lilac on the spire, the last whorl en-

54 HELIX-PAPUINA.

circled by numerous chestnut bands, which are sometimes confluent
above and below the white peripheral girdle, giving the effect of a
nearly unicolored chestnut shell. Aperture very oblique, rosy or
lilac-white inside; peristome expanded, thickened, black; columel-
lar margin broad, flattened, black, its inner edge lilac colored.

The shell is solid, strong, the apical whorl dark. The last whorl
has a carina at its origin, which becomes rounded on the latter part
of the volution. Alt. 27, diam. 34. mill.

Hall Sound; Along Laloki or Ooldie River; Mount Astrolabe,
Southern New Guinea.

H. zeno BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, p. 107, 1876 ;
L c. ix, p. 805, 1884.— H. latiaxis E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H.
5th. Ser., xi, p. 191 ; I. c. xix, p. 420, t. 15, f. 7, 1887.

This large species differs from H. diomedes in being less acutely
keeled and different in color. The specimens before me show that
H. (Acavus*) latiaxis Smith is a synonym. They vary much in coloring,
and in degree of carination. Fig. 1 represents Mr. Smith's type ;
the other figures are drawn from specimens received from Mr.
Brazier.

H. DIOMEDES Brazier. PI. 1, figs. 9, 10.

Imperforate, trochiform, acutely keeled, solid, opaque. Surface
cut into minute granules by oblique and spiral striae ; lusterless
white, with irregular radiating patches or streaks and spiral inter-
rupted bands of purplish-pink. Aperture very oblique, pink within,
the lip intensely black, thickened within, upper margin expanded,
basal margin flatly, broadly expanded, columellar margin broad,
flat, adriate to the base for about half the distance from center to
periphery.

The shell is rather thin but solid. Spire straightly conical, com-
posed of 4| whorls, the earlier H rounded, dark purple, the follow-
ing flattened ; last whorl acutely keeled, rather deeply descending
in front. Aperture oblong-triangular, the upper lip sinuous.

Alt. 26, diam. 32 mill.

Constance Island, New Guinea.

H. diomedes BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, p. 121,
1878. — TAPP. CAN., Annali Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 122, t. 3, f.
12, 1883.

A beautiful species, intermediate in form between H. brumeriensis
and H. zeno, but perfectly distinct from either. It is even more

HELIX-PAPUINA. 55

closely allied to H. naso, the coloration of some specimens of
the two species being identical.

My description and figures are from a specimen received from
Mr. Brazier.

H. MACGILLIVRAYI Forbes. PL 3, figs. 38, 39.

Imperforate, trochiform, the spire straightly conic, periphery car-
inated, base rather flattened ; of an opaque fawn or fleshy-brown
tint, occellated with small translucent dark dots, irregularly bestrewn ;
apex purple-black ; lip white, sinuous.

Surface conspicuously decussated with oblique and spiral striae,
the latter stronger impressed. Spire straightly conical, whorls 5£,
slightly convex, the last angulated at the periphery, rather abruptly
descending in front. Aperture very oblique, light brown and dotted
within ; upper margin of peristome bent downward, bisinuate ; basal
margin narrowly reflexed, adnate toward the center ; a dark brown
spot at the root of the columella. The lip is bordered outside with
creamy, behind which there is a blackish stripe.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 20*, lesser 18 mill.

Fitzroy and Frankland Is. off N. E. Australia ; and on the main-
land 28 miles inland from Cardwell, Rockingham Bay (alt. 3500 ft.)

H. macgillivrayi FORBES, Voy. H. M. S. Rattlesnake, ii, p. 337,
t. 3, f. 1 — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 357. — Cox, Monogr. Austr. L. Sh.
p. 62, t. 2, f. 12.— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 168 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 140,
f. 1, 2. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, p. 125 ; Jour,
of Conchol., Leeds, i, p. 269, 1887.— HEDLEY, Proc. Roy. Soc.N.S.
Wales, v, p. 63.— TRYON, 1. c. p. 135, 1888.

A beautiful species, allied to H. naso and some other Papuan spe-
cies in form of the lip, but totally different in sculpture and color-
ing.

H. BIDWILLI Pfeiffer. PL 3, figs. 52, 53.

Imperforate, elevated-trochiform, the spire straightly conic, periph-
ery keeled, base flat; lusterless whitish, irregularly spotted with
chestnut above, the base chestnut, spotted with white ; peristome
dark chestnut.

The surface is decussated by very fine oblique and spiral striae, and
besides is very obsoletely obliquely wrinkled. Whorls 5f, nearly
flat, the last angular, a little descending in front, flat below, con-
tracted at the aperture. Aperture very oblique, somewhat angled
at the position of the carina, pinkish-brown within ; peristome edged

56 HELIX-PAPUINA.

with blackish-brown, outer margin not expanded nor thickened,
basal margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin arcuate, re-
flexed and closely appressed. Parietal wall dark brown.

Alt. 18£, greatest diam. 16s, lesser 15 mill.

Maryborough, Ipswich, Pimpama and Burnett River, Queensland;
Richmond River, N. S. Wales, Australia. On trees.

H. bridwilli PFR., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 49 ; Monogr. iii, p. 644.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1034.— IT. bidwilli Cox, Monog. Austr.
Land Sh., p. 63, t. 2, f. 3.— PFR. Nomencl. Hel. Viv, p. 193.—
HEDLEY, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl. v, p. 62, and p. 135, 1888.

The name was mis-spelled by Pfeifter in his earlier publications,
but the strict rules of nomenclature may perhaps be " more honored
in the breach than in the observance," in this case ; and I have
therefore, accepted Cox's emendation.

H. NASO Martens. PL 2, figs. 32, 33, 34, 35.

Imperforate, depressed-trochiform ; spire conic or concave-conic ;
last whorl conspicuously carinated in the middle, abruptly and
deeply descending to the aperture. Sculptured with inconspicuous
growth-lines and finely obliquely corrugated in a direction at right
angles to the lines of growth. White or rosy-white, having spiral
bands or irregular radiating patches of purplish-rose color above.
Aperture very oblique, rosy-white inside, the parietal wall blackish ;
lip black, its upper margin forming two high arches, produced down-
ward between them in an acute triangular lobe ; columellar lip broad,
adherent to the base.

There are nearly five whorls, the earlier one or two pink or pur-
ple with a sutural white band. The last half of the body-whorl is
somewhat narrowed, the keel becoming more obtuse ; it is very
strongly swollen just behind the aperture. The lip is broadly black-
bordered. Alt. 21, diam. 31 mill.

Taburi, Astrolabe Bay ; Mi. Astrolabe, Southeast New Guinea.

H. naso v. MART., Jahrb. D. M. Ges. x, p. 82,. 1883.— IT. tappa-
ronei E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5th ser.,) xi, p. 190, March,
1883. — TAPP. CAN., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxiv, p. 133.

A beautiful species, peculiar in the bisinuate black lip. It repre-
sents a line of differentiation intermediate between H. diomedes and
H. tayloriana. The specimens before me (figured on plate 2) ex-
hibit considerable diversity in color-pattern. Although published

HELIX-PAPUINA. 57

in the same year, the name naso has about a month priority over
tapparonei. •

H. RHYNCHONELLA Tapparone Canefri. Unfigured.

Imperforate, thin, depressed-trochiform, carinated, obsoletely
longitudinally striated and obliquely spirally roughened ; shining,
violaceous above, buff beneath, painted all over with brownish-
purple flames and spots disposed in bands. Spire conoidal, apex
brown, whorls 5 ?, the upper ones plane, the last whorl large, some-
what convex, at the periphery acutely carinated, at the carina sub-
excavated ; base convex, with narfow spiral bands of brownish-
purple. Aperture very oblique, produced into a beak, wider than
high, the throat pale-rose ; peristome blackish-purple, moderately
reflexed, the upper margin deeply sinuated forward, basal margin
sub-augulated in the middle, columellar margin sub-dilated.

Alt. 18, greater diam. 32, lesser 24 mill. Aperture, width 19,
alt, 12 mill. (Tapp. Can.)

Ansus, Island of Jobi, New Guinea.

H. rhynchonella TAPP. CAN., Annali Mus. Civ. Genov. xxiv, (2d.
Ser. iv), p. 134, 1887.

Has much resemblance to If. tayloriana, but is larger, the in-
flection of the upper lip more marked, and the coloration different.

H. HERO Smith. Unfigured.

Shell rimate, depressed-trochiform, rather thin, acutely carinated
in the middle ; whitish, ornamented above with oblique, opaque
buffish subzigzag lines, below with a few concentric brown and
opaque buff zones. Whorls 4 J, the upper a little convex, closely
spirally striate and having oblique lines of growth, the last whorl
less convex, similarly striated, but minutely rugose forward, shortly
descending, lightly depressed before the middle of the lip, at the
periphery having an acute, buff carina, beneath radiately and con-
centrically subrugosely striated. Aperture very oblique, subrostrate,
colored the same inside as out ; peristome white or pale lilac above,
upper margin lightly reflexed, depressed in the middle, lower mar-
gin widely expanded, white, dilated above the umbilicus, nearly
closing the rimation. Alt. IGi, greater diam. 28, lesser 22 mill.
(Smith.)

New Guinea.

H. (Papuina) hero SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. 6th series, vol. vii,
p. 45, May, 1891.

58 HELIX-PAPUINA.

The apical whorls of this very pretty species and the region
around the umbilicus are opalescent white and devoid of the oblique
markings and bands. In the type, the upper terminations of the
brownish, oblique, irregular stripes on the body-whorl are almost of
a reddish tint, and form, as it were, a series of spots at the suture.
A variety is of a uniform opalescent or greenish-white color, varie-
gated above with the radiating, somewhat zigzag, opaque, deep
cream-colored markings, which on the lower surface assume the form
of zones and irregular spots or blotches. In form this species bears
some resemblance to H. tayloriana Ads. & Rve. (Smith.')

H. IANTHE Smith. Unfigured.

Shell depressed-trochiform, narrowly rimate, acutely carinated at
the periphery, entirely white, sculptured with delicate oblique lines
of growth. Whorls 4, the upper a little convex, the last slightly
concave above and below the carina, scarcely descending in front.
Aperture oblique, subquadrate, acuminate at the carina ; peristome
slightly reflexed above, broadly expanded below, the columellar
margin widely dilated, nearly closing the umbilicus. Spire short-
conic, obtuse at the apex. Alt. 13s, greater diam. 25?, lesser 21
mill. (Smith.)

New Guinea*

H. (Papuina) ianthe E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, p. 452.

In form this species is very like H. hero, but more obtuse at the
apex, and the aperture is not quite so acuminate. It differs also
from that species in the absence of color-markings and spiral striae.
The last whorl also is a trifle narrower, and does not descend in
front. (Smith.)

H. TAYLORIANA Adams and Reeve. PI. 17, figs. 40, 41 ; pi. 2, figs.

20, 21, 27.

Imperforate, trochiform, thin, the spire conic ; apex mammilla^
obtuse, whorls 5, the last acutely keeled, abruptly deflexed in front.
Surface shining, finely obliquely roughened and corrugated by ob-
liquely descending, anastomosing impressed lines. Cream colored,
becoming flesh-tinted on the spire, and yellower toward the latter
part of the body whorl, more or less closely speckled and obliquely
streaked with pinkish-brown above, the base having a band of the
same color, obsolete in front of the mouth, where there is a tract
tinted with pink, which extends inward on the parietal wall ; carinal

HELIX-PAPUINA. 59

band white or cream colored ; the whole interior of the mouth being
pink, except a broad white band at the position of the carina ; lip deep
purplish or brownish-black, bisinuate above, prominently beaked
at the keel, reflexed below, columellar lip sloping, adnate to the
base.

Alt. 17, diam. 26 mill, (typical form).

Alt. 13, diam. 20 mill. (var. yulensis).

D' Entrecasteaux Is. ; Southern New Guinea, at South Cape ;
Laloki (or Goldie) River, foot of ML Astrolabe; foot of Owen Stan"
ley Ranges, and Yule Island.

H. tayloriana ADAMS & REEVE, Voy. Samarang, Moll. p. 59, t.
15, f. 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 524.— E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag.
N. H. 5th ser., xix, p. 421, 1887. — H. yulensis BRAZIER, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. Wales, i, p. 105, 1876.— TAPP. CAN., Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov. xix, p. 123, t. 3, f . 2 ; t. vi, f. 1 ; t. viii, f. 11 (Anatomy).—
Cox, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 2nd ser. ii, p. 1063 t. 2, f. 5, 6 ;
1888.

This species is closely allied to H. strabo, but apparently con-
stantly separated by the creamy peripheral band and deep purplish-
black peristome. The type is figured on pi. 17, figs. 40, 41.

The variety called yulensis by Brazier (pi. 2, figs. 28, 29, 30, 31)
is smaller, with the "spout" of the aperture less developed. It must
however be regarded as a variety or form of the tayloriana.

H. ALBOCARINATA Smith. PL 1, fig. 5.

Short-conical, imperforate, thin, semi-pellucid, pale corneous, en-
circled by an opaque-white carina ; whorls 5, moderately convex,
obliquely roughly striate, the last whorl acutely keeled at the peri-
phery, sculptured below with rugose concentric striae, ornamented
with few, interrupted, white opaque lines, shortly descending in
front, margined with buff or milk-white behind the lip. Aperture
oblique ; peristome white, narrowly expanded and reflexed, outer
margin sinuous, columellar margin thickened, appressed parietal
callus thin. Alt. 17, greater diam. 24, lesser 20 mill. (Smith.')

South Cape, New Guinea.

H. albocarinata SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. 5th. Ser. xix, p. 423, t.
15r f. 12, 1887.

The central keel is rather sharper and the texture more transparent
than in H. tayloriana, but it may prove to be an albino form of that
species.

60 HELIX-PAPUINA.

H. STRABO Brazier. PL 2, figs. 22, 23 (typical); figs. 17, 18, 19,

24, 25, 26 (var.).

Imperforate, low-trochiform, spire conical, apex obtuse; whorls
4J, the last one acutely carinated, slightly deflexed in front. Sur-
face shining, obliquely, finely and irregularly corrugated, as in H.
tayloriana. Color creamy-white, unicolored or with spiral bands,
the parietal wall and base in front of the aperture flushed with pink.
Aperture very oblique ; lip broadly bordered with pink (or purple),
bisinuate above, produced into a "spout" or beak at the keel,
expanded below, the columellar margin adherent to the base.

Alt. 18, diam. §0 mill.

Southern New Guinea at Katau River, and Maclachie Point.

H. strabo BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. K S. Wales, i, p. 106, 1876.
— H. roseolabiata E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. xix, p. 421, t. 15,
f. 2. — H. katauensis TAPP. CAN., Annali Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p.
126, t. 3, f. 1, 3 ; t. vi, f. 3. (Anatomy).

Distinguished from the closely allied H. tayloriana by its rosy or
lilac-purplish lip, absence of a well-defined peripheral white girdle,
and general pattern of coloring. The apex is either black, corneous
or white. The following color-varieties have but slight claims to
even varietal rank ; the large series before me showing great varia-
tions in color-pattern, as well as typical examples of the several
described forms.

The typical strabo (pi. 2, figs. 22, 23) is unicolored creamy-white
with rose-pink lip. Four of the specimens before me have the lip
purple.

Form roseolabiata Smith (pi. 2, figs. 17, 18). Creamy-white ;
apical H whorls blue-black; periphery girdled with a sharply
defined brown band, another band bordering the suture ; lip rosy.
Ferguson Island, D'Entrecasteaux Group.

Form katauensis Tapp. Can. (pi. 1, figs. 14, 15 ; pi. 2, figs. 24,
25, 26). Variously obliquely streaked and having spiral bands of
purplish-brown ; lip pink.

H. RHOMBOSTOMA Pfeiffer. PL 16, figs. 14, 15.

Imperforate, trochiform, rather thin, obliquely striatulate, sub-
decussated with very close concentric lines, rather shining, whitish-
tawny, ornamented with a number of chestnut bands ; spire short,
conic ; apex acute. Whorls 5, rather flat, the last acutely carinated,
slightly convex beneath, little descending in front; peristome

HELIX-PAPUINA. 61

violaceous, upper margin expanded, impressed above, columellar
margin straightened, dilated, flat, appressed. Alt. 15, greater diam.
28, lesser 23 mill. (P/r.)

Habitat unknown.

H. rhombostoma PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p.' 72; Monogr. i, p. 231.—
RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 1456.

This form has not been noticed by recent writers. It is apparently
intermediate between H. strabo Braz. and H. louisiadensis Forbes,
approaching rather near to the var. katauensis of the former. Should
be looked for in Southern New Guinea and adjacent islands.

H. GURGUSTII Cox. PI. 1, fig. 16 ; PI. 14, figs. 68, 69.

Shell imperforate, broadly conoid, white, diaphanous, opaque,
shining, granular on the surface, whorls five, gradually increasing
in size, flat, last sharply angled at the periphery, pinched and
everted at the peristome, reflexed at the insertion ; base flat ; peri-
stome bright-pink, Innately elongated, margins approached, everted
and beaked at the center ; aperture white within.

Diam. greatest I'lO ; least 0.84 ; height 0'80 of an inch.

This fine species is in the Hargravesian Collection in the Austra-
lian Museum ; it is the same kind of shell as Helix Louisiadensis of
MacGillivray, but is a larger species, easily distinguished from that
species by its white diaphanous aspect, light-pink peristome and by
the absence of the characteristic oblique fine striae on the surface of
the whorls. ( Cox.)

Russell Island, Louisiade Group.

H. (Geotrochus) gurgustii Cox, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iv,
p. 114, t. 16, f. 1, 1879 ; 1. c. 2d. Ser. ii, p. 1063, t. 2, f. 3, 4.

H. LOUISIADENSIS Forbes. PI. 4, figs. 61, 62, 63.

Imperforate, depressed-turbinate, about equally convex above and
below the periphery ; spire low-conic, apex obtuse ; whorls 4|-4f ,
slightly convex, the last whorl somewhat angulated in front, becom-
ing rounded, abruptly deflexed to the aperture, a little constricted
behind the pink lip.

Surface shining, obliquely striatulate, and covered with a close fine
sculpture of forward-descending wrinkles. Ground-color, corneous-
white or pink, having an opaque-white peripheral girdle, above ob-
liquely streaked in a very irregularly broken pattern with light brown ;

62 HELIX-PAPUINA.

streaked and indistinctly spirally banded with the same shade below
the peripheral zone. Earlier whorls unicolored, corneous or whitish.

Aperture oblique, peristome pink, its face thickened, convex; nar-
rowly expanded, reflexed, sinuous above; columella arcuate, adnate,
with no tooth or fold. Alt. 18, greater diam. 21, lesser 17? mill.

Sudest Id., Louisiade Is.

H. louisiadensis FORBES, Voy. Rattlesnake, appendix, p. 376, t,
2, f. 8. — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 174. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1449.—
H. millicenta Cox, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 323, t. 34, f. 2, 2a ; L c. 1873, p.
566. — PFR. Monogr. vii, p. 313. — H. Thomsoni E. A. SMITH, Ann.
Mag. N. H. 1889, p. 202, t. 13, f. 12, 13.

This species has the lip like H. fringilla, but the spire is conical
and the surface finely wrinkled. Slightly differing varieties occur
on the different islands.

Var. MILLICENT^: Cox. PI. 4, figs. 64, 65.

Differs from the type in having the lip white, and more produced
forward above.

Var. THOMSONI Smith. PI. 7, figs. 31, 32.

Imperforate, subconic-globose, rosy -purple, spotted and variegated
with pale buff, closely sculptured with lines of growth, and minutely
obliquely corrugated ; whorls 4J, a little convex, rapidly widening,
separated by simple sutures, the last whorl at first carinated, the
carina becoming obsolete, at the aperture suddenly deflexed, con-
stricted behind the lip ; aperture oblique, elongated, rosy -purple
inside ; peristome whitish, expanded and reflexed, upper margin
sinuated forward ; columellar margin appressed, obliquely recti-
linear within. Alt. 18, greater diam. 27, lesser 20 mill. (Smith.')

Var. Shell subdiaphanous, varied and spotted with buff.

St. Aignan, Louisiade Group.

H. WOODLARKIANA Souverbie. PI. 3, figs. 42, 43.

Imperforate, semiglobose, obliquely striate, very finely granulose-
malleate, here and there very obsoletely spirally striate ; rather thin,
shining, subtranslucid, violaceous, darker at the apex, paler at the
umbilical region, having four whitish bauds, the three upper more
or less interrupted and brown, the fourth is wider and continuous,
at the periphery. Circum-umbilical area paler, having three narrow,
ill-defined whitish bands. Whorls 4, convex, the suture impressed,
the last whorl carinated, more convex beneath, a little descending in

HELIX-PAPUINA. 63

front, subconstricted behind the whitish-yellow lip. Aperture con-
colored within, oblique, subrhombic-lunar ; peristome acute, white,
superior margin arched forward, subreflexed, becoming more
reflexed toward the columella, which suddenly becomes appressed to
the base, and is of a rosy (slightly violet) color. Alt. 144, greater
diam. 19?, lesser 15 mill. (Souv.)

Woodlark Island, Louisiade Group.

If. woodlarkiana Souv., Journ. de Conchyl. 1863, pp. 76, 172, t.
5, f. 2.— PFR., Monogr. v, p. 271.

H. GORENDUENSIS Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell imperforated, trochus-shaped, rather thin, obliquely, finely
striated and transversely wrinkled, flesh tinted or cream color ; orna-
mented with pinkish opaque spots and dots ; spire rather conoid ;
whorls 5, convex, the last more convex, the first three apical whorls
dark rose-pink, the fourth a little lighter in color, the fifth slightly
keeled in front, cream colored, and marked with opaque pinkish
spots and dots, base convex, sculptured same as above; aperture
triangular, very much produced and contracted in front, constricted
behind the aperture, interior bright pink, peristome blackish-purple,
slightly reflected ; the right margin descending in front, columellar
margin flattened and expanded, tinged with brown, margins joined
with a thin pink callus entering spirally into the interior of the
aperture.

Two specimens of this very pretty species were found by Baron
Miklouho-Maclay. One was dead and weatherbeaten, the other was
found with the animal alive. The Baron informs me that the ani-
mal was black, and that the back of the neck was brown. (Braz.)

Alt. 15, greater diam. 25, lesser 20 mill.

Oorendu, Maclay Coast, New Guinea.

H. (Geotrochus) gorenduensis BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wales, x, p. 841, 1886.

H. ROLLSIANA Smith. PL 1, fig. 12.

Shell im perforate conoid-subglobose, whitish or rubescent, marked
with brown at the suture, variously banded with brown zones, and
having a streak of orange behind the lip. Whorls 5, a little con-
vex, sculptured with oblique close rough striae and lines of growth ;
last whorl rounded on its latter part, obtusely carinated in front of the
mouth, always zoned with white, tinted with purple-rose beneath, in

64 HELIX-PAPUINA.

front shortly and abruptly descending. Aperture oblique, sub-
quadrate ; peristome white, thin, broadly expanded and reflexed, the
upper margin sinuated, columellar margin dilated, appressed.
Alt. 20, greater diam. 30 £, lesser 21 i mill. (Smith.)

South Cape, British New Guinea.

H. (Papuina) Rollsiana E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. 5th. Ser.
xix, p. 423, t. 15, f. 3, 1887.

H. COMRIEI Angas. PI. 17, figs. 37, 38.

Shell im perforate, conically semi-globose, rather solid, rugosely
spirally grooved, and obliquely finely striated, opaque, whitish ;
spire conoidal, obtuse ; whorls 4J, rather convex, the last descending,
subangulated at the periphery, somewhat flattened at the base, and a
little excavated behind the aperture ; aperture diagonal, oval-oblong,
pale brown within, peristome white, margins converging, united by
a thin callus, right margin sinuous, rather expanded and reflexed,
columellar margin dilated and appressed. (Adams & Angas.)

Alt. 20, greater diam. 27, lesser 21 mill.

Shores of Huon Gulf, Eastern New Guinea.

H. comriei ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 489, t. 47, f. 4, 5.— TAPP.
CAN., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 155, (transl. of desc.)

(11.) GROUP OF H. EDDYSTONENSIS.

Umbilicate; low-trochiform, the base convex; outer lip expanded,
basal lip reflexed, expanded at the insertion and partly concealing
the umbilicus ; surface sculptured with fine forward- descending
wrinkles. Columella often having a callus fold or obtuse tooth.

H. EDDYSTONENSIS Reeve. PI. 10, figs. 79, 80.

Umbilicate; low-trochiform, solid, angulated or sub-carinate at
the periphery. Surface striatulate and closely sculptured with fine
forward-descending wrinkles, becoming concentric on the base.
Spire low-conic, apex obtuse ; earlier whorls whitish-corneous ;
whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last not descend ing in front, obtusely
keeled at the circumference. Color opaque buff, with a lighter peri-
pheral zone having a brown band above and below it, and often a
few other obscure bands both above and beneath.

Aperture oblique, within showing the white and dark bands and
somewhat streaked with brown. Peristome white (often tinted

[( UNIVERSITY )

65

where the bands terminate), outer lip broadly expanded, columellar
lip broad, dilated, about half closing the umbilicus.
Alt. 17, greater diam. 23, lesser 18J mill.

Eddy stone and Simbo Islands, Solomon Group.

H. eddystonensis KEEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1384 ; 1854. — DOHRN,
in Conchyl. Cab. p. 568, t. 168, f. 5, 6.— H. motacilla SMITH, P. Z.
S. 1885, p. 591.

Usually has two rather narrow brown bands, bounding a peripheral
whitish zone. There is an ill-defined opaque whitish band below
the suture. The variations include forms with one or several ad-
ditional narrow bands above and below, and some specimens are
bandless, unicolored straw-yellow.

H. GELATA Cox. PI. 10, figs. 93, 94.

Shell conoidly depressed, rather narrowly umbilicated, of a dark
brown color, profusely ornamented and zoned with opaque white,
apex almost black, transversely striated from left to right with very
fine strait-strise, which are decussated above with slightly undulating
coarser strise from right to left, at the base these undulating striae
become longitudinal ; whorls 5, convex, suture deep ; base convex ;
aperture rotundately lunar, dark chestnut within ; lip white, margins
somewhat approximating, joined by a thin callus ; upper margin
broadly expanded, basal reflected, columellar margin triangularly
dilated and reflexed, half concealing the umbilicus. (Cox.~)

Diam. greatest O87, least 0'71, height 0'68 of an inch.

A small island near Eddystone Id., Solomon Group.

H. gelata Cox., P. Z. S. 1873, p. 149, t. 16, f. 5a, 5b.— BRAZIER,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, v, p. 446, (with var. maddocksi.}

Closely allied to and perhaps a variety of H. eddystonensis, from
which the dark apical whorls and more variegated color separate it.
Cox says :

I was at first disposed to look upon it as a variety of Helix eddy-
stonensis (Reeve), but the sculpture of this shell appears to me to be
always coarser, and the surface invariably more or less covered with
a thick white, opaque enamel, unlike the thin epidermis which covers
H. eddystonensis. Its dark, almost black, apex and white zoned
and irregularly ornamented body show in strong contrast, and
resemble more some of the Philippine Island species than any of those
found in the Solomon Islands. This species is uniformly of a smaller
5

66 HELIX-PA PUINA.

size than H. eddystonensis, and is more solid and more raised in
the spire. ( Cox.)

Var. MADDOCKSI Brazier. PL 16, figs. 11, 12, 13.

The form is like H. eddystonensis, from which this variety differs
in having the upper whorls red or dark purple. It is straw-yellow,
unicolored, or with one or two bands at the obscurely angled periph-
ery. The lip is broadly expanded, white. Sculpture as in H. eddy-
stonensis.

Small island near Eddystone Id.

Brazier found this form much more abundant than typical gelata,
which inhabits the same island. He enumerates many varieties of
striping (see below). The figures on my plate are drawn from
authentic specimens.

Var. a. Light-yellow, ornamented with one broad chestnut-band
on the periphery and continuous at the suture.

Var. b. Darker yellow, ornamented on the base with two fine
lines on the periphery, two wider and a fine one below the suture.

Var. c. Nearly white, base with one broad band nearly black,
periphery and upper part ornamented with three broad bands.

Var. d. Light-brown, base ornamented with one narrow chest-
nut line, periphery with two rather broad, white lines at the suture ;
below a light-brown intermingled with a few dark-brown opaque
spots.

Var. e. Bright straw-yellow, two narrow reddish bands on the
periphery, apex light-red.

Var./. Light-yellow, nearly white, the periphery ornamented
with one narrow reddish line, obsolete on the upper whorls.

Var. g. Light-yellow, with opaque white band on the periphery
with a fine reddish line above and below it.

Var. h. Dark-yellow, ornamented with numerous opaque lines
of a light-yellow on the periphery and base, upper whorls white,
apex dark-red.

Var. i. Light-straw-yellow, upper whorls white, apex dark-red.
(Brazier.)

H. MOTACILLA Pfeiffer. PI. 11, figs. 6, 7.

Umbilicate, solid, opaque, low-trochiform, obtusely carinated at
the periphery ; spire conoidal, apex obtuse ; surface striatulate and
obliquely corrugated by very fine forward-descending wrinkles.
Color a whitish-brown, with an opaque white girdle at the periphery,

HELIX-PAPUINA. 67

and usually under the suture. Whorls 5, convex, separated by
impressed sutures ; the earlier two whorls darker, of a reddish color ;
last whorl a trifle descending in front, angular at the periphery,
convex beneath.

Aperture oblique, transversely oval, light and having brown
stains within ; lip expanded, white, dilated at the columellar inser-
tion. Alt. 16?, greater diam. 22, lesser 18? mill.

Eddy stone Id., Solomon Group.

H. motacilla PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 259 ; Novit. Conch., t. 31, f.
12, 13.

Differs from H. eddystonensis in lacking brown bands and in hav-
ing a dark apex. The lip is narrower than in eddystonensis or
maddocksi, and the spire rather more conoidal. All of these species,
eddystonensis, gelata, maddocksi, motacilla are very closely allied, and
should perhaps be considered as varietal forms, rather than fully
differentiated species.

H. ANTRORSA Pfeiffer. Unfigured. <

Shell umbilicated, subconic, thin, striate and decussated with for-
ward-descending wrinkles ; pellucid, corneous-white ; spire conoid,
rather obtuse ; suture margined ; whorls 5, a little convex, rapidly
increasing, the last compressed and acutely carinated, nearly flat
above, deflexed from the carina in front, the base narrowly inflated
around the umbilicus. Aperture very oblique, lanceolate-lunar;
peristome thin, margins slightly converging, the upper lip expanded,
subrostrate at the outer angle, basal lip strongly arcuate, reflexed,
dilated above the umbilicus.

Alt. 12, greater diam. 23, lesser 19£ mill. (Pfr.)

Haman Island, Admiralty Group.

H. (Cymotropis) vitrea v. MART, in Die Heliceen 2d. edit., p. 169,
not H. vitrea Fer., vide v. Mart., Ostas. Zool. Landschn., p. 319. — H.
antrorsa PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 113 ; Monogr. iv, p. 254.

H. SACHALENSIS Pfeiffer. Unfigured.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, conoid, thin, striate, subdecussated
with forward-descending striulse; tawny-whitish, with a white
peripheral band, above it a narrow chestnut band, and some brown
ones. Spire conoid ; whorls 4£, moderately convex, the last not
descending, carinated in the middle. Aperture oblique, rhombic-

DO HELIX-PAPUINA.

lunar ; peristome thin, margins subconniving, the upper arcuate, ex-
panded, basal reflexed, dilated and vaulted at the umbilicus.
Alt. 12, greater diam. 19J, lesser 15£ mill. (P/r.)

Sachala Island, Admiralty Group.

H. saehalensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 114; Monogr. iv, p. 259 ;
1. c. v, p. 331.

Var. b. Shell a little more elevated, distinctly carinated, having
2 or 3 blackish-chestnut bands.

This unfigured species is perhaps allied to H. eddystonensis Rv.

H. LEUCOTHOE Pfeiffer. PL 12, figs. 22, 23, 24.

Narrowly umbilicated, trochiform, rather thin, striatulate, and
having forward-descending. striae above, becoming concentric on the
base ; whitish ; spire turbinate, apex rather obtuse ; whorls 4£, con-
vex, the last slightly descending in front, acutely carinated at the
periphery, having a single band below the carina ; aperture oblique,
rhombic-lunar ; peristome expanded, upper margin thin, the basal
margin thickened in the middle ; columellar margin dilated,
purplish. Alt. 12*, greater diam. 20*, lesser 17 mill. (Pfr.)

New Georgia, Solomon Is.

H. leueothoe PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 192 ; Novit. Conch., p. 179,
t. 48, f. 7-9 ; Monogr. v, p. 330.

H. C^RULESCENS Angas. PI. 10, figs. 91, 92.

Shell subperforate, conoidal, thin, obliquely striatedjand the lower
whorls decussated by irregular undulating striae ; bluish-gray, with
.darker bands of the same color, changing into pale yellowish-olive
above and at the base, the apical whorls being dark chestnut and
with a flesh colored band immediately below the suture, and a
similar one at the periphery, with a narrow dark chestnut line in the
middle ; spire conical, rather obtuse at the apex ; whorls 4?, slightly
convex, the last descending in front, angled at the periphery, aper-
ture diagonal, sublunar ; peristome white, margins converging, the
right scarcely flexuous, expanded, the basal one arcuate, reflexed.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 8? lines. (Angas.)

Guadalcanar Is. Solomon group.

H. ccerulescens ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 624, t. 48, f. 6.— PFR.,
Monogr. vii, p. 381.

Evidently allied to H. lienardiana.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 69

H. PUDICA Pfeiffer. Unfigured.

Narrowly umbilicated, trochiform, rather thin, striatulate, having
close, forward-descending strise above, beneath decussated with sub-
concentric striae ; buffish-fleshy ; spire conic, rubescent above, apex
rather obtuse ; suture light ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last not
descending, subacutely cariuated in the middle, more convex on the
base, having a single chestnut band at the carina ; somewhat tumid
in front. Aperture very oblique, rounded-subrhombic ; peristome
subroseous calloused, upper margin a little expanded, basal flexuous,
reflexed, dilated above the umbilicus, provided with a nodule within,
at the insertion.

Alt. 14-15, greater diam. 22, lesser 19 mill. (Pfr.)

New Britian.

H. pudica PFR., Mai. Bl. vii, 1860, p. 236 ; Monogr. v, p. 330.

An unfigured species, evidently allied to H. eros, lienardiana, etc«

H. LEINARDIANA Crosse. PI. 11, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19.

Half-covered umbilicate, depressed -trochiform, solid but rather thin,
about equally convex above and below the acute peripheral keel.
Surface striatulate and covered with a close, fine sculpture of for-
ward-descending wrinkles, becoming concentric beneath. Spire low-
conic, apex obtuse.

Whorls 41, rather convex, the earlier red or purple (rarely
whitish), the remainder white or buff, with a brown band above,
usually wide or split into two or three, and a broad band below the
white or buff peripheral zone ; the suture is bordered below with white
or buff. The upper surface sometimes has a faint bluish band, and
scattered purplish dots.

Aperture oblique, vividly banded inside; peristome narrowly ex-
panded, pink at the terminations of the bands and at the root of the
columella ; basal and columellar lips reflexed, the latter straightened,
having a callous fold in the middle, and dilated half over the rather
large umbilicus. Alt. 15, greater diam. 21, lesser 171 mill.

New Georgia, Solomon Is.

H. lienardiana CR., Journ. de Conchyl. 1866, p. 53, t. 1, f. 1. —
PFR., Monogr. v, p. 330 ; Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 197.

The expanded columella is pink ; the brown bands are generally
very vividly contrasted against the opaque white or creamy ground-
color, but the upper one is sometimes faint, the surface then usually

70 HELIX-PAPUINA.

having scattered purplish-translucent dots. It is larger and more
solid than H. eros, with less expressed keel, more vivid coloring, and
wider umbilicus.

H. EROS Angas. PI. 15, fig. 98, 99, 100, 101.

Narrowly perforated, depressed trochoidal, about equally convex
above and below the acute peripheral keel. Surface obliquely striat-
ulate, densely sculptured with close, fine forward-descending wrinkles,
becoming concentric on the base. Spire low-conoidal, whorls 4?,
convex, the earlier 2 or 3 red, the remainder opaque, buff, with
scattered grayish-translucent dots, and a brownish band above and
below a whitish peripheral zone Last whorl convex above and
below, generally shortly deflexed in front.

Aperture oblique, subrhombic, more or less streaked and dotted
inside on a white ground. Peristome thin, pink, expanded, the basal
and columellar margins reflexed, the latter straightened, having an
obsolete fold of callus in the middle and dilated at the insertion,
nearly closing the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 14, greater diam. 18, lesser 141 mill.

Shortland, Stephens and Isabel Is., Solomon Group.

Geotrochus eros ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 888, t. 43, f. 4-6.— H.
eros PFR., Mon. vii, p. 389. — BRAZIER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1880, p.
313.— SMITH, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 592.

This species resembles H. fringilla in the red or pink upper whorls,
and the callous fold on the columellar lip ; it differs in being per-
forated, smaller, thinner, and sculptured in a totally different
manner. It is, in fact, very closely allied to H. lienardiana, but is
smaller, with narrower umbilicus and far less vivid coloring. Lives
upon trees.

H. REDEMPTA Cox. PI. 3, figS. 40, 41.

Shell obicularly convex, imperforate, obliquely finely striated
from above downwards and backwards with strait striae, and on the
last two whorls from behind forwards with interrupted malleated
striae, of a dull opaque white color, apex pink, variously ornamented
with irregular dark chestnut spots, or with two or more regular
broad bands ; spire bluntly coniform ; whorls 5, slightly convex, last
sharply keeled and shortly deflected in front, base flattened ; aperture
quadrilateral, beaked at the periphery of the last whorl, margins
joined by a thin pink callus ; peristome pink, narrowly reflexed ;

HELIX-PAPUINA. 71

columella broadly dilated, blending with the pink callus joining the
margins, and including the umbilicus. ( Cox.)

Alt. 0-72, greater diam. 1'09, lesser O84 inch.

Solomon Is.

H. redempta Cox, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 566, t. 48, f. 6, 6a.— PFR.,
Monogr. vii.

Differs from H. eros in being larger, and imperforate.

H. NIGROFASCIATA Pfeiffer. PI. 11, figs. 8, 9.

Narrowly umbilicated, globose trochiform, rather solid, obliquely
regularly striate, closely decussated with impressed forward-descend-
ing lines ; buff with two wide black bands, bordered sometimes with
brown, spire turbinate, apex rather acute; whorls 4, convex, the
last inflated, slightly descending in front, lightly spirally striated
beneath ; aperture oblique, rounded-lunar, white and black-banded
within ; peristome white, margins converging, the outer margin ex-
panded and a little reflexed, the columellar widely reflexed, dilated
vaultingly over the umbilicus.

Alt. 13, greater diam. 19, lesser 17 mill. (Dohrn.)

Admiralty Is. (Pfr.)

H. nigrofasciata PFR., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 524; Monogr. Hel. Viv.
v, p. 337.— DOHRN, Conchyl. Cab., p. 591, t. 173, f. 9, 10.

The locality may not be correct. It has the appearance of a
Solomon Island shell.

H. DONNAISABELL^E Angas. PI. 5, fig. 87.

Shell perforate, somewhat depressedly conical, moderately solid,
very finely malleated by two sets of oblique strise crossing each other
at right angles above the periphery, whilst below it, the malleations
become more irregular and flowing; pale yellowish-brown ornamented
with a narrow white band below the sutures and one or two dark
brown bands on each whorl, the upper one being the narrowest;
spire conical, apex rather obtuse; whorls 5?, rather convex, the last
not descending, angled at the periphery, a little convex at base,
which has a single broader band of dark brown just below the
periphery ; aperture diagonal, truncately ovate, peristome white, the
upper margin narrow, expanded, the lower margin arcuate and re-
flexed, almost covering the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10£, alt. 10 lines. (Angas.)

Eddy stone Is., Solomon Group.

72 HELIX-PAPUINA.

H. donna-isabellce ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 47, t. 2, f. 7. — PFR.,
Monogr. vii. p. 380.

(11) GROUP OF H. MOSELEYI.

Imperforate ; the spire low, obtuse ; whorls few (about 4), rapidly
widening, the last descending in front ; surface obliquely corrugated ;
lip well-expanded.

Allied to the group of H. motaeilla, but imperforate and having
fewer whorls.

H. MOSELEYI Smith. PI. 6, figs. 17, 18.

Imperforate, depressed, the spire low, apex very obtuse ; whorls
31-4, the earlier whorls very wide, the last whorl descending in
front, rounded at the periphery. Surface closely, finely sculptured
with forward-descending wrinkles, and lightly obliquely striated.
Earlier H whorls glossy, corneous, the remainder of the shell opaque
whitish, except a corneous, translucent tract around the umbilical
region ; banded with from one to five translucent-brown bands, or
bandless.

Aperture rounded-oval, oblique ; peristome white, well expanded
all around, the face of the columella flat.

Alt. 14, greater diam. 21, lesser 17£ mill. (Specimen.)
Alt. Hi, greater diam. 18, lesser 15 mill. (Specimen.)
Alt. 15, greater diam. 23, lesser 19 mill. (Smith.)

Wild Island, Admiralty Group.

H. moseleyi E. A. SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 263, t.
22, f. 2, 2a.

The whorls are fewer and wider than in any other Papuina.
This, in combination with the obliquely corrugated surface, imper-
forate axis and depressed form, render it easy to recognize.

It has been suggested that H. moseleyi belongs to Cristigibba, but
there is nothing about the shell to warrant such reference.

H. NOV^GEORGIENSIS Cox.

This species was included in Pianispira in Vol. VI of the MANUAL,
p. 290, although I there expressed the opinion that it might be a
Papuina (Geotrockus). I have now no doubt that it groups here,
being the nearest ally known of the preceding species.

HELIX-PAPUINA. 73

(12) GROUP OF H. FRINGILLA.

Imperforate, globose-trochoidal, solid, the spire rounded ; surface
striatulate ; lip reflexed, columella bearing an obtuse fold, as in the
group of H. lienardiana.

H. FRINGILLA Pfeiflfer. PI. 16, fig. 8 ; vol. VI, pi. 49, figs. 20, 21,

22, 23, 24, 25.

Imperforate, solid, depressed-globose, the spire dome-shaped or
convexly low-conical ; apex obtuse ; whorls 4£, slightly convex, the
last whorl subcarinated at the periphery, abruptly deflexed in front,
strongly constricted behind the peristome, which is narrowly reflexed,
white or bright pink; surface smooth, shining, lightly striatulate.
Color olive-yellow, either unicolored or having brown spiral bands ;
inner whorls white or pink. Aperture oblique, subquadrate, white
within ; columellar margin straight, sloping, having a more or less
distinct fold-like callus, or blunt tooth, on its inner margin, near the
insertion.

Alt. 18, greater diam. 24, lesser 21? mill, (large specimen.)

Alt. 16, greater diam. 21, lesser 19 mill, (average.)

New Georgia, Solomon Group ; Admiralty Is.

H. fringilla PFR., P. Z.S. 1855, p. 113 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv, p.
202.— DOHRN, Conchyl. Cab., p. 575, t. 169, f. 13-18.— Helicostyla
fringilla PFR., Mai. Bl. 1855, p. 145. — Merope fringilla ALB., Die
Hel. ii, p. 158.— BRAZIER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1880, p. 319.— Obba
fringilla FRAUENFELD. — Serpentulus fringilla TAPPARONE CANE-
FRI, Viag. Magent., p. 95.

Differs from other species of Papuina in the con vex outlines of the
spire, the constriction behind the lip, and the subdentate columella.
It varies much in color-pattern. Some specimens are pure white,
the lip either white or rose-color.

H. BARNACLEI Smith. Unfigured.

Shell imperforate in the adult state, (narrowly umbilicated when
immature and acutely angled at the periphery) conoidly globose,
with a very shining surface, of a rich fulvous or deep fawn color, the
upper whorls become gradually paler than the last, and toward the
apex are semitransparent horn color and encircled by a single nar-
row dark brown line just above the suture, which is white; this line
becomes much broader upon the body whorl, which has a second
similar band beneath the more or less white periphery ; this is

74 HELIX-PAPUINA.

obsoletely keeled or angulated near the upper end of the lip, the
keel vanishing altogether on the last half of the whorl ; whorls 4£, a
little convex, having no other sculpture than the arcuate lines of
growth (except in young shells, where they are obsoletely spirally
striated), the last somewhat ventricose, very shortly deflexed at the
aperture ; beneath paler or horn color and a little concave in the
middle or umbilical region ; the aperture is very oblique, very irreg-
ularly triangular lunate, white within banded with black and brown
(the latter not visible exteriorly) ; lip not much jbhickeued on the
outer and basal margins, narrowly expanded and reflected, whitish,
and margined on the outside with a chestnut band ; the columellar
margin white, almost straight, thicker than elsewhere. (Smith.')

Alt. 15, greater diam. 24, lesser 21 mill.

Hawaii, Sandwich Islands*

H. (Merope f) barnaclei E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4th Ser.,)
xx, p. 242, 1877.

This very pretty species closely resembles If. fringilla of Pfeiffer,
which inhabits the Admiralty Islands. Indeed it is so nearly related
to it that were I not certain of the correctness of the locality whence
it was obtained, I should have hesitated to describe it as new.

It is, however, a thinner, lighter, and smoother shell, the spire is
a trifle higher and less obtuse, the whorls a little more convex, more
regular, the penultimate proportionally smaller, and the last larger
and not showing that decided constriction behind the lip which is so
characteristic of Pfeiffer's species. The lip, too, is thinner and with-
out the least trace of a tooth-like projection on the columellar edge.
Specimens of fringilla in fine condition exhibit distinct spiral striae
on the entire surface; such sculpture is only just traceable in young
examples of the present species.

One of these young shells has a particularly beautiful appearance,
owing to the broad white band at the periphery, which is margined
on both sides by a dark brown stripe contrasting prettily with the
ground color, which is bright fulvous or rich faun.

Three specimens, one adult and two immature, have been presented
to the British Museum by Mr. H. A. Glanville Barnacle, whose
name I feel much pleasure in associating with this species, since to
him is owing its discovery.

This form of Helix, being so different from any other hitherto
found in the Sandwich Islands led me to think that there must be
some mistake with regard to the alleged habitat. I therefore, wrote

HELIX-PAPUINA. 75

to Mr. Barnacle upon the subject, whose reply runs as follows : — " I
am perfectly certain that the specimens I have were grown on the
Sandwich Islands, and some of them had the snails in them. Whilst
stationed at Kailua I used at times to go shooting at some brackish
ponds about eight miles away ; and whilst going quietly amongst the
broad reeds to shoot a duck I saw one of the shells about half way
up a reed. I took it and found two or three more that day, and
now and then others, but not many. Few Europeans go to these
ponds, as it is impossible to find them without a guide over the lava
for there is no road. Some I found with the snail, others without ;
those with the animal I put into a cigar box and filled it up with
sea sand ; and so the animal died out, and then I washed them."

This circumstantial account removes all doubt respecting the true
home of this shell. Notwithstanding its close affinity to H. fringilla,
the remoteness of the habitats of the two species and the extreme
isolation of the Sandwich Islands are sufficient reasons in themselves
to determine the specific distinctness of these shells. (Smith.)

(13) GROUP OF H. HELICINOIDES.

Imperforate, trochiform species, with rhombic aperture, the lip
thickened within, not expanded, or only slightly ; the columellar Up
not expanded or reflexed.

These characters define one of the most distinct groups of Papuina,
— a group far more deserving of a sectional name than H. fringilla,
H. antrorsa or other of the species representing so-called " sections."

I have examined many specimens of all the species except H.
zelina, H. cyrene and H. quirosi.

The species inhabit the Admiralty Is., Solomons and New
Hebrides.

In all other groups of Papuina the columellar lip is reflexed.

H. LABILLARDIEREI Smith. PI. 15, figs. 91, 92, 93.

Imperforate, trochiform, spire conical, the periphery of the last whorl
acutely keeled in front, keel more or less obsolete on the latter
portion. Surface lusterless, having rather coarse and irregular
oblique striae. Color whitish unicolored, or with a broad suffused
brownish band below the middle of the body-whorl, or entirely light
pinkish-brown ; the apex black. Whorls 5 ; base very convex, deeply
impressed in the center.

76 HELIX-PAPUINA.

Aperture oblique ; lip white, very broadly and flatly expanded,
thickened within, abruptly narrowing toward the columellar termina-
tion. Alt. 11, greater diam. 15 mill.

Wild Island, Admiralty Group.

H. labillardierei E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 264, t. 22, f. 3, 3a.

Allied to H. helicinoides, but readily distinguished by the broad
lip, constantly black apex, and more globose body-whorl, upon
which the keel is more or less obsolete on the latter portion. The
convexity of the base around the umbilicus, reminds one of H.
helicinoides.

H. HELICINOIDES Hombron & Jacquinot. PI. 15, figs. 72, 73, 74.

Imperforate, trochiform, the spire conical, periphery acutely
carinated. Surface lightly striatulate, and densely, most minutely
spirally striated. Pale horn-colored, somewhat translucent ; aperture
subrhomboidal ; peristome thickened within, slightly expanded, its
face flattened; slightly angled at the position of the carina;
columellar margin narrow, having an obtuse callous fold above,
near the insertion.

There are 5£ whorls, those of the spire nearly rectilinear, the last
whorl slightly convex above and below. The base is deeply impressed
at the axis, having a little pit at the place of the umbilicus ; around
the depression it is very convex, rendering the baso-columellar lip
strongly arcuate. Alt. 12, greater diam. 15, lesser 14 mill.

Solomon Islands.

H. helicinoides H. & J. (PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 77) Voy.
Pol Sud Atlas, t. 7, f. 34-37.— PFR., Conchy 1. Cab., p. 294, t. 125,
f. 14, 15 ; Monogr. iii, p. 104. — H. cleryi RECLUZ, Journ. de Conchyl.
1851, p. 211, t. 5,f. 10.— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 179.— E. A. SMITH,
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 592, t. 36, f. 6, (with varieties.)

The prominent characters of typical helicinoides are the distinctly
narrowed, sinuous columella, strongly arcuate baso-columellar lip,
and flattened peristome. The typical helicinoides is of a uniform
light color. Specimens with these characters strongly developed
form Mr. Smith's var. simboana.

Var. CLERYI Recluz. PL 15, figs. 81, 82, 83, 86-87.

Rather thinner than typical helicinoides, the lip generally nar-
rower, less expanded, columella less calloused, basal lip less arcuate ;

HELIX-PAPUINA. 77

horny or whitish with a broad brown band above, and a narrower
one just below the periphery, which is very acute and white.

Alt. 10, greater diam. 16, lesser 14£ mill.

Choiseul Bay, San Christoval, Skortland and Treasury Is., Solomon
Group.

Typically quite distinct from helicinoides, bat intermediate forms
occur. Smith's var. septentrionalis belongs here.

The basal band is wanting in one suite before me (pi. 15, figs. 81-
83.)

The form described as var. meridionalis Smith (pi. 16, fig. 5) is
smaller, pale brown above, with a white, thread-like line at the
suture and the acutely keeled periphery, paler beneath, especially to-
ward the center, and have the aperture particularly acuminate at
the termination of the keel. It is from Santa Anna Island, living
on young cocoa-nut palms, growing on low ground bordering the

H. CINERACEA Hombron & Jacquinot. PI. 15, figs. 88, 89 ; pi. 16,

figs. 6, 7.

Imperforate, globose-trochiform, the spire conical, periphery of the
last whorl acutely keeled. Surface striatulate, most minutely and
closely spirally striated. Pale brownish horn-colored, somewhat
translucent, paler on the central part of the base. Aperture rounded-
rhomboid al ; peristome white, narrow, very little expanded, thick-
ened within, columellar margin straightened, sloping, slightly
sinuous.

There are 5, slightly convex whorls ; the apex is corneous-brown ;
the last whorl is convex above, very convex beneath, far more so
than H. helicinoides. The color is often reddish-brown with a light
band at the suture, and the central tract of the base light ; the
periphery has a white thread also.

Alt. 10, greater diam. 12£, lesser 11 mill.

San Christoval, Ysabel and Stephens Is., Solomons.

H. cineracea HOMER. & JACQ., Voy. Pol Sud Atl., t. 7, f. 30-33.
— PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. iv, p. 203. — H'cinerarea Rouss. in text
of Voy. Pol Sud p. 28.

This is a decidedly more globose shell than H. helicinoides. The
base is more convex, and the

78 HELIX-PAPUINA.

H. ZELINA COX. PL 15, fig. 90.

Shell imperforate, pyramidally-conical, transparent, thin, obliquely
and very coarsely striated, straw colored ; whorls 7, almost flat, the
last having a very sharp produced keel ; suture broadly margined
above ; base flat ; aperture trapeziform ; outer margin a little re-
flected; peristome thickened and white, particularly the lower
margin, which is a little everted and reflexed, columellar margin,
rather contracted and nodose. (Cox.)

Alt. '60, greater diam. *62, lesser *55 inch.

Solomon Is.
H. zelina Cox, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 150, t. 16, f. 6. .

This species is probably more closely allied to H. cineraeea H. &
J. and H. subtecta Pfr. than to any other. It is a much more
conical shell than these, and its sculpture decidedly coarser ; the
flattened-out keel of the periphery is also characteristic of this
species. ( Cox.)

H. CYRENA Crosse. PI. 15, figs. 79, 80.

Shell with an almost closed perforation, subtrochiform, quite thin,
rather pellucid, quite shining, yery finely and subobliquely striat-
ulate; opaque milk-white, with a rather broad translucent zone
above. Spire subconic, rather acute, the apex rosy-violet ; suture
impressed ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last whorl subobtusely cari-
nated, not descending, somewhat exceeding the spire in length; base
convex, subinflated, more shining, whitish ; aperture very oblique,
widely lunate-rhombic ; peristome milk-white, margins subparallel,
the columellar margin somewhat thickened, short ; basal margin ex-
panded ; outer margin a little reflexed, subangulate in the middle.

Alt. 11, greater diam. 17, lesser 13 J mill. (Crosse.)

Habitat unknown.

H. cyrene CR., Journ. de Conchyl. 1869, p. 183 ; 1870, p. 102, t.
2, f. 2.

Allied to H. eva but differing in the slight umbilical perforation,
obtuse carina, reflected outer border of the peristome, and the colora-
tion. If. helicinoides differs in the more acute keel and the different
suture and coloration. ( Or.)

H. EVA Pfeiffer. PI. 15, figs. 84, 85, 76, 77, 78; pi. 16, figs. 1, 2,

3,4.

Imperforate, trochiform, solid, opaque ; the spire straightly conic,
periphery acutely carinated ; surface shining, obliquely striatulate,

HELIX-PAPUINA. 79

sometimes showing excessively fine spiral lines in places on the base.
Opaque, white or bluish, creamy or pinkish tinted, unicolored or
having a brown band above, often showing a few scattered translu-
cent dots. Whorls 5i, slightly convex.

Aperture oblique, subrhombic, the peristome white or brown,
somewhat thickened and obtuse but not expanded, the superior
margin straight, basal margin forming a regular curve from outer
angle to insertion, a little thickened within and straightened at the
columellar slope.

Alt. 9£, greater diam. 15, lesser 13 mill.

Alt. 9 £, greater diam. 12 £, lesser 11 mill.

New Hebrides (Island of Vate.)

H. eva PFR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 84 ; Monogr. iii, p. 180 ; Gonchyl.
Cab., p. 190, t. 160, f. 22, 23.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 977.—
BRAZIER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1880, p. 313.

This species has the contour of H. helicinoides except that the lip
is not expanded, the columella not contorted, the base flatter, and
consequently the basal lip is much less strongly arcuate. It further
differs in being more solid and opaque. These same characters
separate it from cleryi. It is far flatter below and more solid and
opaque than H. cineracea.

A form with obtuse periphery also occurs. See pi. 16, figs. 1.

H. LAYARDI Hartman. PI. 15, figs. 94, 95, 96, 97.

Imperforate, solid, opaque, trochiform, the spire straightly conical,
periphery acutely carinated, base flattened. The surface is shining,
lightly striatulate. Color white, more or less suffused or streaked
with pink in places, having very numerous purplish translucent dots
and zigzag marks above, fewer below ; often banded.

There are 6£ flat whorls, the carina of the last acute, having a
delicate line of white at the edge, bordered above and below with
dark purplish-brown. When bands are present there is a faint one
in the middle of the upper surface, and a broad or narrow one on
the base. They are visible within the aperture. The aperture is
rhomboidal, very oblique, the lip not expanded, blunt, white ;
columella oblique, straight, often brown.

Alt. 14£, greater diam. 17, lesser 14? mill.

Alt. 14?, greater diam. 15, lesser 13 mill.

Aura Island, New Hebrides.

80 HELIX-PAPUINA.

Oxychona layardi HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila. 1889,
p. 91, t. v, f. 3.

Allied to H. eva in form of the lip, and the solid opaque texture.
Differs in the greater elevation of the spire, larger size and
coloration. One specimen before me lacks the peripheral dark
girdle.

H. QUIROSI Cox. Unfigured.

Shell imperforate, conoidly depressed, thin, translucent, rather
coarsely striated, of a pale brown throughout; spire broadly and
flatly conoid, acute at the apex; whorls 5J to 6, convexly flattened,
the last one considerably inflated, and sharply keeled at the periph-
ery ; base rounded ; aperture sharply lunar, angled at the periphery
of the last whorl and at the junction of the lower and columellar
margins ; lip slightly thickened and expanded ; columellar margin
straight, thickened, not dilated or reflected.

Diam. greatest 0'80, least 0'64 ; height (MO of an inch. ( Cox.}

Solomon Islands.

H. (Geotrochus') quirosi Cox, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 147.— PFR., Mon.
vii, p. 316.

This species would be like a magnified specimen of H. cleryi
Reel, were it not wholly unornamented, much more broadly ex-
panded and less conical. ( Cox.)

H. PYXIS Hinds. PL 13, figs. 42, 43.

Small, imperforate, globose- turbin ate, the periphery acutely
keeled ; white, slightly translucent. Last whorl descending in front,
swollen and then contracted behind the lip ; columella narrower than
basal lip, not expanded or reflexed except immediately at the inser-
tion.

The surface is slightly shining, irregularly obliquely striate, and
has irregular spiral impressed lines on the base. The spire is
conoidal, apex obtuse. Whorls 4 £, convex, the last swollen, acutely
keeled, slowly descending in front; base swollen, then contracted
just behind the lip. Aperture small, very oblique, rounded, not
angular at the position of the keel, which becomes evanescent on the
latter part of the body-whorl. Peristome white, right margin
slight^ expanded, basal margin thickened within ; columellar
margin narrow, not reflexed.

Alt. 6, greater diam. 7, lesser 6i mill.

New Ireland.

HELIX. 81

H. pyxis HINDS, Voy. Sulphur, Moll. iii,p. 55, 1. 19, f. 10. — PFR.,
Monogr. i, p. 219 ; iii, p. 180 ; Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 76 ; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 293, t. 125, f. 12, 13.— REEVE, f. 793.

This is a very pretty little shell, the smallest of the H. helicinoides
group. It further differs from the others in its white color, globose
form, convex whorls, and rounded mouth. The characters of the
columella, however, show unmistakably that pyxis is correctly
grouped here.

H. CRUCIBULUM Pfeiffer. Unfigured.

Imperforate, trochiform, rather solid, covered with a greenish-
tawny epidermis, partly removed ; spire regularly conic, rather
acute; suture margined; whorls 6-r, the upper a little convex,
irregularly striate, the last smooth, not descending, provided with
an acute, delicate carina ; base more convex, shining, impressed in
the middle ; aperture oblique, ax-shaped ; peristome straight, mar-
gins distant, the upper acute, labiate with white within behind the
edge, basal margin white callously thickened.

Alt. 10, greater diam. 13J, lesser 12* mill. (P/r.)

Admiralty Islands.

H. crucibulum PFR., Mai. Bl. iii, p. 241 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv, p.
192.

I do not know where to group this unfigured species.

***

II. Species doubtfully referred to Papuina, inhabiting southeastern
Asia, Andaman Is., Java and Sumatra.

The species included here agree with Papuina in general form,
but differ in texture and usually also in surface-sculpture and color-
ing. In shell characters they approach a number of quite diverse
groups, so that until the anatomy is investigated we will remain
ignorant of the true classification of some of them. Subgeneric
names have been proposed for several of the species.

Under the circumstances it seems best to group them in this place
temporarily. I have indicated, however, under each group my im-
pressions as to its affinities and correct systematic position.

(1) GROUP OF H. PERAKENSIS.

Thin, straightly conical, carinated species, having decided affinities
to the section Satsuma, a portion of them certainly belonging there.

82 HELIX.

Comparisons should also be made with Trochomorphoides of Nevill,
type H. acris Bens., and Ganesella Blanf., type H. capitium Bens.
These groups having been monographed by Tryon in Vol. Ill of the
MANUAL, 1887, no course is open to me but to include the species
liere.

Bulimus sphceroconus Pfr., and some other species should have
been placed in Satsuma, and there are also a number of Philippine
Island species likewise belonging to that characteristically east
Asiatic section.

H. PERAKENSIS Crosse. PL 18, figs. 44, 45.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, turrited-conic, trochiform ; slightly
subobliquely striatulate ; rather thin, subtranslucent, whitish, having
a narrow chestnut zone immediately above the suture ; spire rather
elongated, the apex rotund, sutures impressed. Whorls 6, nearly
flat, the embryonic earlier 2 smooth, corneous ; the last whorl shorter
than the spire (last whorl and spire having the ratio of 4 : 7) ; last
whorl acutely carinated at the periphery, the carina brown, the base
nearly flat. Aperture subquadrate ovate, white inside, showing by
transparence the brown line at the carina. Peristome simple,
shortly reflexed, white, margins separated, the columellar margin
short, straight, outwardly dilated and covering a third of the um-
bilicus ; basal margin subarcuate ; outer lip subangular at the carina,
narrowing above toward the insertion.

Alt. 11, greater diam. 10, lesser 9 mill. (CrseJ)

Perak.

H. ( Getrochm) perakensis CR., Journ. de Conchyl. 1879, p. 199,
t. 8, f. 4.

Var. SUBPERAKENSIS Pilsbry. PL 18, figs. 46, 47.

Shell umbilicated, turrited-conic, thin. Whorls 7-7 £, the earlier
convex, forming an obtuse apex ; last whorl carinated, convex
beneath, slightly descending in front. Surface finely obliquely
striatulate. Aperture oblique, outer lip narrowly expanded,
columellar lip broadly dilated.

Alt. 11, greater diam. 10£, lesser 9 mill.; oblique alt. of aperture
51, width 7 mill.

Tonquin.

Differs from perakensis in the blunter carina, more convex base,
and greater number of whorls. The specimens being dead I am not

HELIX. 83

certain of the coloring, but no trace of a brown band is visible. It
is probably a distinct species.

H. PHONICA Mabille. Vol. VI, pi. 15, figs. 74, 75.

Nearly covered perforate, trochiform, thin but solid, corneous,
subpellucid, shining, subarcuately and irregularly striated; spire
high-pyramidal, the apex rather obtuse, concolored. Whorls 8, a
little convex, regularly increasing separated by impressed sutures ;
last whorl larger, acutely carinated, sloping above, a little deflexed
and dilated at the aperture. Aperture transversely ovate, lunate,
angled at the outer lower margin ; peristome scarcely thickened,
acute, a little reflexed ; outer margin a little curved, slightly in-
flexed ; basal margin curved, shortly reflexed ; columellar margin
dilated in a white triangular plate, nearly covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 12, greater diam. 11, lesser 10 mill. {Mabille.)

Tonquin.

H. phonica J. MABILLE, Moll. Tonk., diagn., p. 3, May 14, 1887 ;
Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. iv, p. 94, t. 2, f. 8, 9, 1887.

Evidently allied to H. perakensis, but larger, more acutely keeled,
and with narrower umbilicus.

H. ROSTRELLA Pfeiffer. PI. 18, figs. 48, 49, 50.

Shell umbilicate, globose-trochiform, rather thin, irregularly striat-
ulate, silky, tawny-corneous. Spire conoid, apex rather acute;
whorls 5J, a little convex, the last slightly descending in front, car-
inated above the middle, the base more convex. Umbilicus nar-
row. Aperture oblique, submargaritaceous inside ; peristome white
or flesh colored the margins converging, right margin expanded,
subsinuate above the carina, then shortly beaked, the basal margin a
little reflexed and at the insertion subdilated.

Alt. 10, greater diam. 17, lesser 15 mill. (Pfr.)

Laos Mts., Cambodia.

H. rostrella PFR., P. Z. S. 1862. p. 270 ; Monogr. v, p. 331 ; Novit.
Conch, iii, p. 379, t. 88, f. 1-3.

Var. Corneous-white, with a chestnut band at the carina.

Probably a Satsuma.

H. SCENOMA Benson. PI. 18, figs. 53, 54.

Shell with a narrow funnel-shaped umbilicus, subglobose-conoid,
obliquely, irregularly striated, decussated by very minute spiral
strife, whitish under a corneous epidermis, sometimes having a red-

84 HELIX.

dish-chestnut band at the carina. Spire conoid, apex rather obtuse,
suture impressed ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last slightly descend-
ing in front, at the periphery obtusely compressedly carinated, con-
vex beneath, compressed around the umbilicus ; aperture oblique,
subquadrate-lunate ; peristome a little expanded, the columellar
margin a little reflexed.

Alt. 11, greater diam. 16, lesser 14 mill. (Bens.)

Moulmein.

H. scenoma BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. 3d. Ser. xi, May, 1863, p.
319. — PFR., Monogr. v, p. 331, 502. — HANL. & THEOB., Conch.
Ind., t. 53, f. 5, and var. f. 3, 4.

Seems to be a Satsuma.

H. BANTAMENSIS Smith. PI. 18, fig. 51.

Shell elevated conic, obtuse at the apex, narrowly perforated,
somewhat thin, grayish-white, scarcely shining ; whorls 7, slowly
increasing, the three upper ones convex, the remainder nearly flat,
all over minutely granulate, sculptured with very oblique delicate
growth-striae, at the scarcely oblique sutures margined with a slender
carina ; last whorl acutely carinated at the periphery, nearly flat
beneath, slightly descending in front. Aperture oblique, small,
equaling I the entire length; peristome whitish, upper margin
oblique, thin, sinuous, slightly reflexed. the basal margin broadly
expanded, half-covering the umbilicus above.

Alt. 12, greater diam. 11, lesser 10 mill. (Smith.)

Bantam, Java.

H. ( Geotroohus') bantamensis E. A. SMITH, Ann. de la Soc. Roy.
Malac. de Belgique, xxii (4th ser., ii), p. 217, t. 9, f. 11, 1887.

Remarkable for its elevated form, granulated surface, and the
acute peripheral carina, which continuing upward gives the suture a
carinated appearance.

H. RUFOFILOSA Bock. PI. 3, fig. 55.

Shell shortly conical, narrowly umbilicated, thin, semitransparent,
of a greyish or horn-color, sometimes with a thread-like red line
bordering the sutures and encircling the last whorl at the periphery.
Spire with rectilinear outlines, converging at an angle of about 30°,
rather obtuse at the apex. Whorls 7, very obliquely striated, slowly
increasing, keeled beneath immediately above the suture ; three or
four uppermost rather more convex than those beneath, which are

HELIX. 85

but slightly so ; last volution acutely carinate at the middle, and
convexly flattened beneath. Aperture small, oblique. Peristome
thin, outer margin above the keel scarcely expanded, beneath it
feebly thickened and narrowly reflexed, in the umbilical region
more expanded and partly concealing the perforation.

Length from 10 to 11 mill., greatest diameter of base also 10-
11 mill. (Bock.)

Paio, Sumatra; in the forests, 1500 feet above the sea.

H. (Geotrochus) rufo-filosa BOCK, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 630, t. 55, f. 4.

H. NIAHENSIS God win- Austin. PL 18, fig. 66.

Shell dextral, pyramidal, thin texture, base flat ; sculpture, spiral
lirse, fine, regular, not of continuous thickness, crossed by lines of
growth ; color white, with some fine marbling in a greyer color,
within the aperture porcellaneous white ; spire high, pyramidal,
sides slightly concave ; apex acuminate ; suture fine, linear ; whorls
7, very flat; aperture ovate, wide and ample, oblique; peristome
sharp, coming. to an angulate form at the outer keeled margin, ex-
panded and thickened below towards the columellar side.

Size: maj. diam. 18'8, min. 16'0; alt. axis 12'3 mill. (G. Aust.)

Niah Hills.

H. (Geotrochus) niahensis AUST., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 44, t. 2, f. 3.

Described from a single specimen.

H. TIG^ENSIS Godwin-Austin. PI. 18, fig. 65.

Shell pyramidal, rounded below, narrowly umbilicated ; sculpture,
irregular transverse lines of growth, indistinct concentric striation on
base ; color very pale ochre throughout ; spire pyramidal, sides flat ;
apex blunt ; suture linear ; whorls 6, very flat ; aperture semi-
lunate ; peristome reflected upon the columellar margin, which is
very oblique.

Size: maj. diam. 9-3 ; alt. axis 8'0 mill. (G. Aust.)

Tiga Island, Borneo.

H. (Geotrochus) tigcensis AUST., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 44, t. 2, f. 5.

Described from a single specimen.

H. SUBFLAVA Godwin-Austin. PL 18, fig. 52.

Shell pyramidal, keeled, rather flat on the base, narrowly per-
forate ; sculpture, rough pappillate dottings arranged transversely ;
color ochre ; spire high, sides flat ; apex very blunt ; suture linear ;

86 HELIX.

whorls 6, sides flatly convex ; aperture quadrate ; peristome very
thin ; columellar margin much reflected, perpendicular.

Size : maj. diam. 7*0 ; alt. axis 6'5 mill. (G. Aust.)

Borneo.

H. (Geotrochu*) subflava AUST., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 45, t. 2, f. 4.

Has the appearance of Trochomorphoides.

(2) GROUP OF H. WRAYI. (Philidora.)

Philidora DE MORGAN, Bull, de la Soc. Zoologique de France,
1885, p. 384. First species, P. wrayi.

The name Philidora was proposed by de Morgan as a generic term
to replace the preoccupied name Philina of Albers. If it were really
the same as Philina, the name would become a synonym of Obbina
Semper ; but it is not the same. In the absence of specimens I am
unable to say whether the group belongs in the neighborhood of the
Chinese Fruticicoloid Helices, such as Satsuma, or near the section
Trachia. De Morgan has given no diagnosis or characters of his
group.

H. WRAYI de Morgan. PL 18, figs. 55, 56, 57, 58.

Shell dextral, flattened, bluish-white, narrowly umbilicated, striate,
strongly carinated, composed of 5 whorls, ornamented with ribs
parallel to growth-lines ; upper surface of the whorls flattened, lower
surface rounded ; suture linear, very distinct. Aperture oblique,
elliptical irregular, encroached upon by the preceding whorl ; per-
istome reflexed.

Alt. 6, diam. 15, length of aperture 8 mill. (Morgan.')

Lahat, Ipoh, Valley of the Kinta River, Perak.

Philidora Wrayi MORGAN, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1885, p. 384, t. 6,
f. 5.

H. HARDOUINI de Morgan. PI. 18, figs. 60, 61, 62, 63.

Shell dextral, flattened, translucid, corneous, widely umbilicated,
permitting the whorls of the spire to be seen within it ; finely striated
and very strongly carinated, carina extending to the aperture ; com-
posed of 5-6 whorls, which are flattened above, rounded beneath ;
suture a little distinct. Aperture oblique, elliptical, irregular,
slightly encroached upon by the preceding whorl ; peristome reflexed.

Alt. 8, diam. 17 mill. This shell is of a corneous brown color, the
aperture lighter, (de Morgan.)

HELIX. 87

Between Lahat and Ipoh, valley of the Kinta river, abundant in
moist places in the forest.

Philidora Hardouini DE MORG., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1885, p. 385,
t. 5, f. 10.

(3) GROUP OF H. ARFAKIENSIS. ( Coliolus.)

Coliolus TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., 2d. ser., iv,
p.'ISl, 1887.

Shell elevated-conical, many-whorled ; whorls obliquely costulate
and bristly ; apex obtuse, mamillar ; base depressed ; terminations
of the peristome connected by a callus. (T. C.)

This section, founded upon a most singular shell, is placed by
Tapparone Canefri in the vicinity of the section Trochomorphoides
of Nevill.

H. ARFAKIENSIS Tapparone Canefri. PL 18, fig. 59.

Shell trochiform, narrowly umbilicated, corneous; spire much
elevated, somewhat constricted above, the apex mamillar. Whorls
11, the earlier 4 convex, spirally striate, the following whorls plano-
convex, obliquely sharply costulate, setigerous at middle and base,
the bristles long, nearly covering the suture ; last whorl acutely
carinated at the periphery, the base nearly flat, radiately, finely
striated. Aperture dilated, rhombic-quadrangular, very oblique,
the peristome sinuous above, subexpanded, reflexed beneath, in-
curved and in the middle subaugulated, the margins distant, joined
by a thick callus.

Alt. 1H, greater diam. 81, lesser 1\ mill. (T. 0.)

Hatam, Mt. Arfak, New Guinea.

H. arfakiensis T. C., I c., p. 131, t. 1, f. 21.

(4) GROUP OF H. TROCHALIA.

Umbilicate ; depressed, strongly carinated ; the last whorl deflexed
in front ; aperture elliptical, peristome reflexed ; surface simply
striate.

The following species has been placed in Geotrochus by Pfeiffer,
in Ampelitaloy Tryon, and in Planispira by Nevill. It seems to me
to be closely allied to H. gabata Gld., merguiensis Phil., etc., species
belonging very close to Trachia, and probably to be included there-
in rather than in Plectotropis.

88 HELIX.

H. TROCHALIA Benson. PI. 18, figs. 67, 58.

Shell umbilicate, depressed, acutely carinated at the periphery,
low conical above, convex below ; chestnut brown, becoming lighter
toward the apex ; lightly, obliquely striated. Whorls 5, the last
descending to the oblique, transversely oval aperture; lip expanded,
reflexed, pinkish-white, its ends approaching, the columellar termina-
tion half-concealing the umbilicus.

The convexity is about equal above and below the pinched-out
keel ; the earlier whorls are convex, the latter two flattened, the last
whorl being excavated just above and below the keel, and rather
abruptly deflexed in front.

Alt. 14, greater diam. 23, lesser 19 mill. ; width of umbilicus 2
mill.; orjlique alt. of aperture 11, width 15 mill., measurements in-
cluding peristome.

Port Blair, Andaman Is.

H. trochalia BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. 3d. Ser., vii, p. 82, Feb.,
1861. — PFR., Monogr. v, p. 329. — HANL. & THEOB., Conch. Indica,
t. 38, f. 7. — STOLICZKA, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng., March, 1870, p. 87.
— TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 287. — Ampelita (Helix)
Bigsbyi TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch, v, p. 110, t. 10, f. 3.

A peculiar shell, of doubtful affinities, but apparently more nearly
related to the Indo-malayan species with which I above associate it,
than to Obba or Obbina.

Unfigured, undetermined species.

H. TRITONIENSIS Le Guillou. Shell trochoidal, sub-umbilicate,
whitish-tawny, substriate ; whorls 5-6, a little convex, the last
rounded, convex beneath ; spire conic-depressed; aperture narrow;
lip sub-reflexed ; umbilicus small, punctiform.

Alt. 7i, diam. 9 mill. (Oaill. in Revue Zool. 1842, p. 138.)

Triton Bay, New' Guinea.

H. HYALINA Le Guillou. Shell trochoidal, carinated, scarcely um-
bilicated, hyaline, subvitreus. Whorls 6, subconvex, the base de-
pressed ; delicately striated, the last having an acute carina a little
reflexed upward, convex-depressed beneath ; aperture sub lanceolate,
acute, anteriorly, base rounded, subreflexed, obliquely straightened
toward the umbilicus. Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill. (Guill.)

Solomon Islands.

HELIX-ALBERSIA. 89

H. hyalina LE GUILL., Revue Zoologique 1842, p. 139. — H. re-
fleximcula PFR., Symbolse ii, p. 98, Monogr. i, p. 327.

PfeifFer suggests the name reflexiuscula because hyalina was
supposed to be preoccupied. The species has not been recognized
by anyone since Le Guillou.

H. TESTUDO Pfeiffer. PL 18, fig. 64.

Jmperforate, trochiform, rather solid, striate and decussated by
oblique wrinkles ; pale isabelline, painted with spots and flames of
brown ; spire conoid, rather acute ; suture carino-marginate.
Whorls 5, a little convex, regularly increasing, the last acutely
carinated, tumid above, slightly deflexed in front ; base subplauate.
Aperture very oblique, rhombic-lunar ; peristome whitish, upper
margin expanded, basal reflexed, columellar margin wide, flat,
adnate. Alt. 17, greater diam. 35, lesser 28 mill. (Pfr.)

Madagascar.

H. testudo PFR., P. Z. S. 1858, p. 21, t, 40, f. 6 ; Mai. Bl. 1859, p.
14; Monogr. v, p. 271.

If this is really from Madagascar I would refer it to Ampelita.
The original figure is copied on my plate.

Section ALBERSIA H. Adams, 1865.

Albersia H. AD., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 410. Type H. granulata Q. &
G. — PFR., Xomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 198, 1878. — v. MARTENS, Ostas.
Zool. Landschn., p. 329, 1867. — TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genov. xix, p. 185, 1883.

Shell globose ; aperture but little oblique, the peristome scarcely
thickened, narrowly reflexed ; columellar margin steeply ascending,
narrowed below. Unicolored, never brilliantly colored, often
hirsute.

This group should probably be regarded as a section of the genus
or subgenus Chloritis. This view of its position is that taken by H.
Adams and Tapparone Canefri. Von Martens, however, expresses
the opinion that its affinities are with the Philippine Island group
Cochlostyla (s. fat.) ; and he is followed by Pfeiffer, who places
Albersia at the end of the Helices between Acavus and Axina.

Albersia is herein accepted in the restricted sense as it is under-
stood by Pfeiffer. H. najas, H. extensa and H. obliquata have also
been included by some authors, but they are not separable concho-
logically from the section Corasia of Cochlostyla.

90 HELIX-ALBERSIA.

The jaw of H. pubicepa is arcuate and ribbed.
H. GRANULATA Quoy & Gaimard. PL 19, figs. 1, 2.

Shell covered perforate, globose, delicately granulate, golden or
rufous encircled with a brown band. Spire short ; whorls 5*, nearly
plane, the last large, inflated. Aperture ample, lunate-elliptical ;
peristome little reflexed, white, the columellar margin emarginate,
broadly dilated, wholly closing the perforation.

Alt. 33, greater diam. 50, lesser 41 mill. (Pfr.)

Port Dorey, New Guinea ; Is. of Waigheu.

H.granulata Q.'& G., Voy. Astrol. Zool. ii, p. 95, t. 7, f. 6-9.—
FEE. & DESK., Hist., p. 249, t. 28A, f. 9-10.— RVE, Conch. Icon.,
t. 69, f. 358.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab., t. 137, f. 13, 14; Monogr. i, p.
233; iii, p. 181. — H. (Pomatia) granulata PFR., Versuch. etc., p.
IZZ.—Albersia granulata WALLACE, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 410.— H.
(Albersia) granulata PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 198. — TAPPARONE
CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 185.

Variety. Shell dark blackish-brown, the band slightly darker ;
surface shortly hirsute ; spire a little higher ; peristome lilac, broadly
expanded and re volute.

Alt. 33, greater diam. 50, lesser 39. (Pfr.)

H. PUBICEPA Martens. PL 19, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell subglobose, thin, striatulate, downy, the hairs standing in
quincunx; fleshy-brown, with a reddish peripheral band, pale,
bordered above and below. Spire convex ; whorls 5, the last in-
flated, a little descending in front. Aperture moderately oblique,
lunate-rounded ; peristome shortly reflexed, thin, rufescent, margins
remote from one another ; columella obliquely descending, thickened,
flesh-color. (Mts.~)

Alt. 24, greater diam. 36, lesser 28 mill.

Alt. 20J, greater diam. 29, lesser 24 mill.

Halmaheira and Batjan, Moluccas. In gardens and the forest,
not common.

Cochlostyla pubicepa MARTENS, Monatsb. Berl. Akad. 1864, p.
269. — H. (Albersia) pubicepa MTS., Preuss. Exped. nach Ostas.,
Landschn., p. 329, t. 18, f. 2.— PFR., Monogr. v, p. 281.— Helix
tortistylis Mouss., in coll.

Intermediate between the coarsely granulose H. granulata and
the smooth H. zonulata. It is allied to, or at least similar to H.

HELIX-ALBERSIA. 91

tenuis Pfr., the habitat of which is unknown ; but it is flatter, the
whorls more rapidly increasing, the peristome straight, and the col-
umella differently formed.
The jaw is arcuate, ribbed.

H. ZONULATA Ferussac. PI. 19, figs. 7, 8 (and var. f. 6.)

Shell imperforate, depressed-globose, thin ; roughened by very
minute decussating lines, a little shining ; of a tawny flesh color
with a whitish band at the periphery, and a narrow rufous band
above it. Whorls 5, a little convex, the last ventricose ; columella
slender, reddish, calloused. Aperture rotund-lunar; peristome
simple, reflexed, columellar margin dilated, covering the place of
the umbilicus, its junction with the basal margin forming a sub-
denticulate angle.

Alt. 15, greater diam. 26, lesser 21 mill. (Pfr.)
New Guinea at Port Dorey ; Andai ; AmberbaJci ; Waigheu ;
Wokan, Wama and Giabu Lengen, Aru Is. ; Is. of Jobi, in the bay
of Geelvink ; Secaar, S.-E. New Guinea.

H. listeri FEB., Prodr., p. 28, no. 22, (not H. listeri Gray).— H.
zonulata FER., Prodr., p. 67 ; Histoire, t. 15, f. 1, 2. — PFR., Conch.
Cab., p. 310, t. 53, f. 3-5; Monogr. i, p. 261. — MARTENS, Ostas.
Zool., p. 393.— Albersia zonulata WALLACE, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 410.—
H. (Albersia) zonulata TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov. xix, p. 185 ; and /. c. 2d. ser., iv, p. 143, 1887. — H. lemniscata
LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 306. — H. reuluziana LE GUILL. Rev.
Zool. 1842, p. 137.— PER., Monogr. i, 334.

Var. RECLUZIANA Le Guill. PI. 19, fig. 6.

Shell larger. Alt. 17, greater diam. 30, lesser 24 mill.
VAR. Shell smaller, rather solid, peristome without a tooth.

Alt. 12, greater diam. 19, lesser 16 mill. (Tap. Can.)

Andai; Amberbaki.

H. TENUIS Pfeifler. Vol. V, pi. 6, figs. 56, 57.

Shell imperforate, subglobose, thin, brown with a rufous zone,
marked with obsolete impressed concentric lines, covered with a very
thin silky epidermis; spire rather obtuse ; whorls 5, rapidly increas-
ing, slightly convex, the last large, inflated, excavated at the oblique,
subtortuous columella. Aperture lunate-oval ; peristome straight,
simple, subthickened at the base.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 32, lesser 26 mill. (Pfr.)

Habitat unknown.

92 COCHLOSTYLA.

H. tennis PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 41 ; Monogr. i, p. 24 ; Conchyl.
Cab., t. 157, f. 5, 6. — REEVE, Conch. Icon.,f. 759. — H. (Eury crater a)
tennis PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 169, 1878.

A species known only by Pfeiffer's and Reeve's descriptions and
figures.

Genus COCHLOSTYLA Ferussac, 1819.

Cochlostyla FERUSSAC, Tab. Syst. des Anim. Moll. Prodr. gen., p.
47, 1819. — PFR., Symbolse i, p. 21. — v. MARTENS, in Albers, Die
Heliceen 2d. edit., p. 173 ; Preuss. Exped. Landmoll., p. 96. —
SEMPER, Reis. Archip. Phil., p. 164.

COCHLOSTYLA includes Chlorcea, Corasia, Axina, Pfeifferia, Calo-
cochlia, Helicostyla, Orustia, Cochlodryas, Orthostylus, Helicobulimus,
Ptychostylus, Phengus, Eudoxus, Hypselostyla, Canistrum, Prochilus,
Chrysallis, Phwnicobius.

Shell varying from depressed, Helicoid, to elongated and Bulimi-
form, usually imperforate ; rounded at the circumference or keeled ;
the lip generally reflexed (rarely simple and acute) ; usually covered
with a thin, transparent cuticle, often porous in places, when it be-
comes white and opaque, producing the " hydrophanous " patterns
with which most of the species are ornamented.

The species are with few exceptions confined to the Philippine
Archipelago. They are mainly arboreal in habit.

The species, however diverse in form of the shell, agree in
anatomy. There are no accessory appendages to the male genital
system ; the female system has a single mucus gland, globular or
oval in shape, which combines with the sac of the simple stylet-
formed dart. The duct of the receptaculum seminis is long. The
jaw has strong ribs.

Diverse as the shells assembled in this genus at first appear, it is
without doubt a perfectly natural group. The extreme forms are so
closely connected by intermediate species that no satisfactory groups
of subgeneric rank can be defined.

The system of sections or groups briefly sketched by v. Martens
(Ostas. Zool., p. 96), and improved by Semper (Phil. Archip. Land-
moll.) is in my opinion the most natural yet proposed. I have,
therefore, in the following pages followed the same general arrange-
ment and sequence of groups ; but not without modifying them
materially as to contents and limits, and adding several groups to
the already large number. In the system herein set forth, the species

COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR^EA. 93

are divided into twenty sections, the series beginning with the de-
pressed, and ending with the elongated species. A table exhibiting
the characters of the sections will conclude the account of the
species.

Jhe principal special authorities consulted on the Philippine
Island fauna are :

Dr. C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, vol. iii, Land-
mollusken.

We are indebted to Semper for a vast amount of information on
the distribution as well as the anatomy of Philippine land snails.

Dr. O. F. von Mollendorff, Die Landschnecken Fauna der Insul
Cebu, in Bericht iiber die Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesell-
schaft zu Frankfurt a. M., 1890. Also numerous papers published
in Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft.

A most excellent paper on the shells of the island Zebu.

J. G. Hidalgo, Obras Malacologicas, parte I, Estudios preliminares
sobre la Fauna Malacologica de las Islas Filipinas, in Memorias de
la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y naturales de
Madrid, xiv. Also papers by the same author in the Journal de
Conchyliologie.

Of Sr. Hidalgo's Estudios, etc., only 160 pages, 30 plates, have as
yet (Sept., 1891) been published, containing of the genus Cochlostyla
only Corasia, Axina and part of Chlorcea. This magnificent work
will when completed, leave little to be desired as far as the illustra-
tion of the shells is concerned. The text is of equal merit, being
characterized by a broad conservatism, and excellent judgment in
the treatment of species.

Section I. CHLORCEA Albers, 1850.

Chlorcea ALB., Die Hel., p. 113. — v. MART, in Albers, 2d. edit.,
p. 169, (type H. sirena Beck). — SEMPER, Reis. Archip. Phil., Land-
moll., p. 226, (in part.)

Imperforate, varying from depressed-globose to lens-shaped,
generally solid ; whorls 4-5, the last descending or not ; lip decidedly
reflexed, at least below. Entire surface showing under a lens
excessively fine, close spiral lines; lacking hydrophanous patches on
the cuticle.

Anatomy as in Cochlostyla generally, except that the simple
mucus gland is aciniform, not globular* C. sirena has a short
flagellum on the penis.

94 COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR^A.

Heliciform shells, distinguished at once from the closely allied
section Corasia by the excessively close, fine spiral striation covering
the whole surface both above and below, except the smooth apical
embryonic whorl. These snails live on trees, like Corasia and most
other Cochlostylas.

The present group is equivalent to Semper's " Gruppe der bunt-
schaligen Chlorceen." His " Gruppe der einfarbigen Chlorceen " con-
sists of species of Dorcasia. They differ from the true Chlorcea
species in having a compound mucus gland (" multifid gland "), com-
posed of several acinose caeca, whilst that gland in Chlorcea, as in
all Cochlostyla, is simple ; the shells also are notably different.

The species of Chlorcea fall into four groups, as follows :

A . Latter half of the body-whorl in no part narrower than the
adjacent part of the preceding whorl, viewed from above.

1. Solid, keeled or rounded, usually banded. Group of C. fibula.

2. Thin, acutely keeled; greenish, often banded.

Group of C. dry ope.

B. Latter half of the body-whorl narrower in some part than the
preceding whorl, viewed from above.

3. Last whorl not acutely keeled, descending in front.

Group of C. paradoxa.
2. Last whorl acutely keeled, not descending in front.

Group of C. thersites.

(1) GROUP OF C. FIBULA.

Solid, varying from depressed-globose to lens-shaped, carinated
or rounded at the periphery, the last whorl circular in circumfer-
ence, not laterally flattened on its latter half; descending in front ;
lip thickened and reflexed ; usually banded.

These shells are more solid than in the closely allied group of C.
dryope ; they do not have the last whorl compressed at the periphery
as in the group of C. paradoxa.

C. FIBULA Broderip. PL 22, figs. 21, 22, 23; pi. 21, figs. 31, 32,

33.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, the entire circumference acutely
carinated ; white or pale yellowish, generally three-banded ; a broad
purplish-brown band below and another above the periphery, the
latter ascending the spire in company with a narrow dark line border-
ing the lower edge of the suture.

COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR^A. 95

The shell is about equally convex above and below ; whorls 4-4J,
the last abruptly descending in front, and a little constricted behind
the lip. Surface very finely, spirally striated. Aperture very
oblique ; peristome white, narrowly expanded above, reflexed below ;
columellar margin adnate. Alt. 11, diam. 20 mill.

Luzon ; Lubang ; Marinduque ; Zebut

Car ocoUa fibula BROD., mss. — REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 167, f. 5.
—Helix fibula PHIL., Abbild. i, p. 12, t. 1, f. 8.— PFR., in Conchyl.
Cab., t. 69, f. 5-7 ; Monogr. i, p. 300.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 137.
—HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i, p. 156, t. 25, f. 4, 5 (type), 6-8
(vars.)

This is a larger species then C. hanleyi, and the whorl is less de-
flexed in front. Some forms of C. hugeli approach it, but they are
less acutely keeled behind the lip, and differ in coloring. Hidalgo
describes the following color-varieties :

1. Whitish or whitish-yellow, unifasciate above and below.

2. No band beneath.

3. Smaller; white, not banded. From Marinduque (pi. 21, fig.
33.)

4. Chestnut colored above, with a white peripheral band continu-
ing up the spire above the suture ; base 4-zoued, the two columellar
zones tawny, outer paler, the third zone chestnut, the peripheral zone
white (pi. 21, figs. 31, 32.)

5. Buff, not banded below. Island of Lubang.

C. HANLEYI Pfeiffer. PI. 22, figs. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, acutely carinated; light greenish-
yellow, a band at the carina and a border below the suture opaque
white. Last whorl very deeply deflexed in front, the aperture nearly
horizontal.

The shell is about equally convex above and below; surface
microscopically striate spirally. Whorls 4, flat, the entire circum-
ference of the last whorl acutely carinated. Aperture small, oval,
subhorizontal ; the peristome white, reflexed, its terminations
approaching. Alt. 9, diam. 17 mill.

Sinait, Centro del Abra, Monte Vigan, Iloeos Sur ; Bay abas
province of Angat, and Santander, province of Morong, in the island
of Luzon, Philippines.

H. hanleyi PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 65 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 31, t. 69,
f. 15, 16 (and 17, 18, var.).— HIDALGO, Obras i, p. 158.— H. hugeli
RVE., (part.) f. 136e, (and 136d, var.)

96 COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR^EA.

In the typical C. hanleyi (pi. 22, figs. 24-26) the whorl is very
deeply deflexed in front, the suture and carina are bordered below
with white. There are no other bands on the pale greenish-yellow
ground-color.

Color var. (pi. 22, figs, 27, 28). Blackish-purple above, banded
with white at suture and carina ; base buff-white, having a rufous
band below the carina. Form as in the type.

Var. HUGELI Pfr. PL 22, figs. 15, 18, 19, 20.

Slightly larger than typical hanleyi, less acutely carinated, the
aperture less oblique and larger. Color greenish-buff with a white
girdle at periphery, bordered above and below by narrow green
bands. Alt. 12, diam. 18 mill.

Carocolla bifasciata LEA, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (n. ser.) vii,
1841, p. 465, t. 12, f. 18, (not Helix (Oxychona) bifasciata BURROW).
— H. hugeli PFR., Symbols iii, p. 31 ; Monogr. i, p. 300; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 31, t. 69, f. 8-14.— FER., Hist., t. 95, f. 3 (central fig.).—
REEVE, Icon., f. 136c. — C. (Chlorcea) hanleyi var. C. HIDALGO,
Obras Malacol. i, p. 158, t. 25, f. 10.

The name proposed for this species by Lea in 1841, is not pre-
occupied in Cochlostyla, and it should probably be adopted.

A variation of this form (pi. 22, fig. 15) has three narrow brown
bands ; one below, another above the periphery, and the third closely
bordering the suture below. The basal band is sometimes lacking
in this color-variety. Pfeiffer's figs. 11, 12, of pi. 69, Conchyl. Cab.,
represent this form.

Hidalgo believes that Pfeiffer confused two forms under the name
Hugeli; and considers the figures 10 and 14 to represent the true
hugeli, of which he considers Semper's C. antonii a synonym. In
this view I am unable to concur. Pfeiffer's fig. 10 is reproduced on
my pi. 22, fig. 20.

C. BENGUETENSIS Semper. PI. 21, figs. 23, 24, 25.

Imperforate, lenticular, thin, acutely carinated, obliquely striat-
ulate, whitish ornamented with a buff band above the carina and a
chestnut line at the suture ; spire little elevated ; whorls 4, rather
flattened, the last deflexed and constricted in front. Aperture large,
subhorizontal, angular-elliptical ; peristome simple, margins remote,
the upper margin slightly expanded, basal margin reflexed.

Alt. 11, greater diam. 23, lesser 18 mill. (Semper.)

Valley of Benguet, Luzon, Philippines.

COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR^EA. 97

Chlorcea benguetensis SEMPER, Eeis. Archip. Phil., Landmoll., p.
227, t. viii, f. 11, 12 (shell and animal) ; t. xiv, f. 5-8 (anatomy).—
HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i, p. 158, t. 25, f. 1-3.

The color-mutations recorded by Hidalgo are as follows :

1. (Typical). Whitish, with a chestnut sutural line and a buff
band above the periphery (figs. 23, 24.)

2. Unicolored, white.

3. Pale straw-colored, with a narrow white peripheral band, nar-
rowly bordered above and below with green, (fig. 25.)

" The second and third varieties have much similarity to C. hanleyi
and its variety bifasciata Lea, but they have the aperture more
produced transversely, the peristome narrower, and 'the last whorl
more inflated, around the basal margin of the peristome, as it is in
typical benguetensis, of which I, therefore, consider them varieties."
(Hidalgo.)
C. GEOTROCHUS Mollendorff.

Im perforate, trochiform, delicately obliquely striatulate and
decussated with close spiral lines ; chestnut-brown with a whitish
band at the carina and another below the narrow brown subsutural
zone ; spire subregularly conical, apex obtuse, whitish. Whorl 4?,
nearly flat, the last acutely white-carinated, shortly deflexed in front,
swollen toward the aperture beneath, having a pale yellowish band
around the columella. Aperture very oblique, angulate-elliptical ;
peristome expanded, albolabiate ; columella excavated, oblique.

Alt. 12, greater diam. 2H, lesser 18 mill. (Moll)

Mi. Limutan, Province of Morong, Luzon.

C/ilorcea geotrochus v. MOLL., Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges. 1888, p.
89.

This species has much the aspect of Papuina cleryi. It is closely
allied to C. hanleyi and C. benguetensis.
C. ANTONII Semper. PL 21, figs. 34, 35.

Imperforate, globose, shining, spirally very minutely striated, pale
green or straw colored, having two reddish lines above, sometimes
ornamented with a brown band below ; spire elevated ; suture
smooth ; whorls 4-}, convex, the last deflexed in front ; columella
short; aperture lunate-rounded; peristome simple, subexpanded,
margins conniving.

Alt. 13, greater diam. 18, lesser 15 mill. (Semp.}

Northwestern Luzon.
7

98 COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR^A.

Chlorcea antonii SEMPER, Reis. Phil., Landmoll. iii, p. 228, t. 10,
f. lOa, b. — H. (Chlorcea} hugeli HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i, p. 160.

This species I have not seen. It appears to be more globose, with
narrower lip and less oblique aperture than C. hugeli Pfr.

C. AM(ENA Pfeiffer. PI. 21, figs. 21, 22.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid ; white, having a broad purple-
black zone above the periphery and ascending the spire. Apex and
lip white ; last whorl abruptly and deeply deflexed in front; not
carinated, often obscurely angled just above the upper insertion of
the lip.

Spire convey, apex obtuse ; whorls 4J, the last abruptly descend-
ing in front, slightly constricted behind the lip. Surface lightly
obliquely striatulate and microscopically, spirally striated. Aperture
very oblique, oval-truncate, showing the band within ; peristome
narrowly thickened and reflexed, the baso-columellar margin adnate,
straightened, thickened within. Alt. 12, greater diam. 16 mill.

Luzon, Philippines.

H. amcena PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 65 ; Conchyl. Cab., t. 69, f. 19,
20 ; Monogr. i, p. 270. — H. hugeli var. REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 136a.

A solid, subglobose species, allied to C. hugeli, but not distinctly
carinated and differently colored. It is much smaller than C.
loxa, restricta or undina.

C. SIRENA Beck. PL 21, figs. ?5-20.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, thin but solid, the periphery
rounded except just in front of the aperture where it is carinated ;
sometimes uniform straw-yellow with white apex, but usually pale
cream-white or pale green with the apical whorl pink, the body-
whorl encircled with one or two green or greenish-purple zones,
visible as vivid brown bands within the aperture, the upper band
ascending the spire above the suture, and becoming brown there,
and the peristome dark brown. Spire low, convex ; suture super-
ficial ; whorls 4, the last descending rather abruptly in front. Aper-
ture oblique, wide-lunar ; peristome scarcely expanded above, outer
and basal margins narrowly expanded, columellar margin adnate.

Alt. 14, diam. Tl\ mill.
Guimaras ; Panay ; Zamboanga, Mindanao; Zebu; Philippines.

H. sirena BECK (in sched. Cuming) Pfr., Symbols ii, p. 39 ;
Conchyl. Cab. ii, p. 313, t. 53, f. 14-17 ; Monogr. i, p. 263.— REEVE,

COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR^EA. 99

Conch. Icon., f. 96.— PHILIPPI, Abbild. i, p. 78, Helix, t. 4, f. 6.—
HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 121 — C/ilorcea sirena v.
MOLL., Landsclm. Fauna Cebu, p. 226 (var. cebuana.')

Subglobose, with the whorl less deflexed in front than most species
of Chlorcea. It is very variable in coloring.

Typical sirena (figs. 16, 17, 18) has a cream colored or light
greenish ground-color, with a single band above the periphery,
which is brown on the spire, becoming purplish, green or blackish-
green on the body-whorl. There are often dots of translucent-gray-
ish scattered over the surface.

Var. cebuana v. Moll. Smaller, a little higher, last whorl not at
all angulated, more inflated below ; color dull green, with a pale
greenish peripheral girdle, bordered above and below with narrow,
dark green bands.

Island of Zebu.

Var. guimarasensis Pils. (fig. 15). Larger than the type, dis-
tinctly angular in front, unicolored yellow, paler toward the white
apex. Alt. 16 £, diam. 26 mill.

Island of Guimaras.

C. PELEWANA Mousson. PI. 22, figs. 10, 11.

Imperforate, orbiculate-depressed, striate, sculptured all over with
undulating oblique and subspiral wrinkles ; shining, white, painted
above with 3 or 4 interrupted blackish-brown lines. Spire obtuse,
depressed, the nucleus roseate, polished ; suture simple, subirapressed.
Whorls 3*, rapidly increasing, a little convex, the last obtusely car-
inated, abruptly descending at the aperture and somewhat narrowed ;
at the base rather convex. Aperture oblique (inclined at 60 degrees
with the axis), transverse lunate-subcircular, the bands visible inside ;
peristome acute, expanded, white, sublabiate inside, margin little
approaching, joined by a pale, thin callus ; right margin expanded,
arcuate, columellar margin very oblique, broadly and obtusely
thickened, flatly expanded above, adnate.

Alt. 13, diam. 19 mill. (Mouss.)

Pelew Is.

H. pelewana Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl. 1869, p. 58, t. 4, f. 2.—
Chlorcea pelewana PSE., P. Z. S. 1871, p. 474.

The fauna of the Pelew group is essentially Polynesian, the
occurrence of this and a few other western forms being quite excep-

100 COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR^EA.

tional. C. pelewana may prove to belong elsewhere than in
Chlorcea.

C. GMELINIANA Pfeiffer. PI. 21* figs. 29, 30.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather solid, irregularly rugosely
malleated, carinated, shining, pale green, girdled with white at the
suture and below the carina; spire subelevated, apex obtuse, whitish ;
whorls 4J, scarcely convex, gradually increasing, the last not descend-
ing; base a little flattened ; aperture angular-lunar; peristome sub-
thickened, the upper margin narrowly expanded, arched forward ;
basal margin reflexed ; columella sloping, dilated, white calloused.

Alt. 13, greater diam. 23, lesser 20 mill. (Pfr.)

Luzon, Philippines.

H. gmeliniana PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 43; Monogr. i, p. 300;
Conchyl. Cab., t. 150, f. 10, 11.— B,EEVE,^Conch. Icon., f. 138.

A species known only by the description of Pfeiffer and the figures
of Pfeiffer and Reeve. I have italicized the more important portions
of the diagnosis. Reeve remarks : A delicate and very characteristic
species, of which the surface is irregularly indented throughout. It
is of a peculiar light sea-green color encircled by a narrow opaque-
white band of epidermis beneath the spiral keel.

(2) GROUP OF C. DRYOPE.

Depressed, rather thin, greenish or bluish, usually banded ; acutely
carinated; last whorl strongly deflexed in front ; apex and columella
usually dark.

These shells are separated from the C. regince group of section
Corasia by the excessively fine spiral striation of the surface. The
spiral lines are much coarser or more separated in Corasia.

C. DRYOPE Broderip. PI. 22, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

Imperforate, much depressed, acutely carinated, rather thin ; light
bluish-green, the apical whorl purple-black, and usually there is a dark
band above the carina and a dark columellar spot ; the peristome
either white or brown. Upper and lower surface about equally con-
vex ; under a lens the entire surface is seen to be very finely and
very closely, spirally striated. Whorls 4J, flattened, the last deeply
descending in front ; aperture subhorizontal, lanceolate-oval ; per-

COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR.r.A . 101

istome expanded above, reflexed below, the baso-columellar margin
adnate, arcuate.

Alt. 12, diam. 27 mill.

Alt. 9, diam. 19 mill.

Province of Cagayan, Luzon; Burias; Tablas, and Sibuyan
Philippine Is.

H. dryope BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 37.— REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii,
t. 168, f. 10; Conch. Icon., f. 124.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p.*315, t.
54, f. 3, 4.— DESK, in Fer., Hist., t. 102, f. 13, 14.— IT. prasina
KOCH, in PHIL., Abbild. i, p. 151. t. 5, f. 1. — H. (Chlorcea) dryope
HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i, p. 154.

This species resembles some forms of C. (Corasia) regince, but the
spire is raised, the apex blackish, and the last whorl deeply deflexed
in front. It is thinner than the other species of Chlorcea. Semper
did not find the species on the island Burias, whence it was reported
by Cuming.

The principal color varieties represented in the suite before me are
figured on my plate.

C. CCERULEA MollendorfF. Unfigured.

Imperforate, depressed, thin, delicately curved striate, decussated
by extremely close spiral lines; pellucid, greenish-blue; spire de-
pressed, apex plane, brown ; whorls 4, flat, rapidly increasing, the
last with a very acute, exserted white carina; base inflated, gibbous
before the aperture, greenish, at the columella nodiferous. Aperture
oblique, rounded-trapezoidal ; peristome yellow, sublabiate, expanded
above, expanded a little at the keel, appressed and whitish toward
the columella; columella dilated, sloping, purple-brown above, then
white, armed at the base with a tooth-like nodule.

Alt. 11, greater diam. 23, lesser 19 mill. (Moll.}

Confines of provinces Manila, Bulacan and Morong, Luzon.

Cochlostyla (Corasia) ccerulea v. MOLL. Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges.
July-Aug., 1888, p. 97.

This species recalls C. regince, but it is smaller, the last whorl not
so much widened ; the color is a beautiful sky-blue, tinged with
bluish-green, the apex brown ; the lip is distinctly but slightly
thickened, and of a beautiful yellow as far as the columella ; there
is a purple-brown spot at the insertion of the columella, and a dis-
tinct tooth at its base ; finally, there is a nodule-like thickening on
the last whorl at the base of the columella..

102 COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR^EA.

(3) GROUP OF C. PARADOX^..

Body-whorl obtusely or not obviously keeled, its latter half some-
what laterally compressed or flattened at the periphery ; descending
toward the aperture ; lip broad.

Closely allied to the group of C. thersites, but with the last whorl
not acutely keeled, less distorted, and descending in front.

1. Basal lip with a central strong tooth-like callus within; apical
and columellar spots dark; no bands. C. parodoxa.

2. Basal lip broad and straightened, without a central tooth ; apex
and columella white; body-whorl 2-banded. C. constricta.

3. Basal lip arcuate, narrower ; no color bands or spots.

C. undina.

C. PARADOXA Pfeiffer. PI. 22, figs. 12, 13, 14.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, solid, not obviously carinated;
light yellow with a faint tinge of green, the apex blue-black, a large
spot at the insertion of the columella and a small one at the upper end
of the lip, dark brown; having a callous thickening at the middle
of the baso-columellar lip.

Spire rather elevated, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, the last somewhat
deflexed in front, obtusely carinated just above the upper insertion
of the lip, having a broad shallow constriction just behind the lip.
Surface lightly obliquely striated, and showing under a lens
excessively tine, close spiral striae. Aperture very oblique ; lip
broadly re flexed, white; baso-columellar margin adnate, thickened
within, and having a broad tooth or callus in the middle.

Alt. 13*, diam. 23 mill.

Province of Albay, Luzon, Philippines.

H. paradoxa PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 39; Monogr. i, p. 267;
Conchyl. Cab., t. 71, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1419 —
PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib. i, p. 153, t. 4, f. 7.

Distinguished from C. constricta by the absence of brown bands,
the whorl less deflexed toward the aperture, and the more prominent
callus or wide tooth in the middle of the baso-columellar lip. The
lip is more broadly reflexed than in C. undina, and the columella
straighter, more thickened within.

Form immaculata, (pi. 21, figs. 27, 28). Whitish, without dark
spots at apex and columella, the aperture yellow within.

COCHLOSTYLA-CHLOR^EA. 103

C. CONSTRICT A Pfeiffer. PI. 22, figs. 16, 17.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, solid not carinated ; yellow-white,
the apex white, body-whorl encircled by two chestnut-brown zones, one
above, the other below the rounded periphery, the upper one ascend-
ing the spire; lip white or yellow within; baso-columellar lip
straightened, thickened, not toothed within.

Spire rather elevated, apex obtuse ; whorls 4£, the last deeply de-
flexed toward the aperture, sometimes a little angular just above the
upper termination of the lip, broadly constricted behind the lip.
Surface obliquely striatulate, microscopically, densely, spirally,
striated. Aperture very oblique, oval-triangular ; lip very broadly
reflexed; baso-columellar lip adnate, wide, thickened within, but
without a callus or tooth in the middle.

Alt. 14i, diam. 22£, mill.

Alt. 12, diam. 19 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

H. constricta PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 39 ; Conchyl. Cab., t. 69, f.
21, 22 ; Monogr. i, p. 267 (not H. constricta Boub.). — H. restricta
PFR., Mai. Bl. 1854, p. 258; Monogr. iv, p. 228.— H. stenopsis
MOQ.-TAND., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 563. — Chlorcea constricta
SEMPER, Reis. Phil. Landmoll. iii, p. 228.

Allied to C. paradoxa, but having the last whorl more deflexed in
front, and the baso-columellar lip without a central callous or
tooth.

C. UNDINA Pfeiffer. PI. 22, figs. 8, 9.

Imperforate, globose-turbinate, thin, smooth, shining, whitish-
hyaline; spire convex-conoid; whorls 5, a little convex, the last
shorter than the spire, slightly deflexed in front ; periphery obsoletely
angulated, base rather flattened. Aperture very oblique, truncate-
elliptical ; peristome thin, margins subconniving, the right margin
expanded, columellar lightly arcuate, flat, appressed.

Alt. 14£, greater diam. 23, lesser 19 mill. (Pfr.)

Philippine Is.

H. undina PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 34 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 77, t.
21, f. 10-12 ; Monogr. iv, p. 208.

Columellar lip more arcuate than in the two preceding species.
The shell before me is rather solid, and the lip is broader than
shown in Pfeiffer's figures.

104 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA .

(4) GROUP OF C. THERSITES.

Body-whorl acutely keeled in front, laterally compressed and dis-
torted on its latter part, not descending toward the aperture.

C. THERSITES Broderip. PI. 21, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14.

Imperforate, much depressed, very acutely carinated, solid;
whitish-yellow the apex white or purple-black, having usually four
dark-brown bands. Latter third or half of the body-whorl compressed
at the periphery, narrowing and distorting the whorl. Body-whorl
not descending in front.

The surface is finely microscopically striate spirally ; whorls 4|,
scarcely convex, the last acutely keeled, and its latter portion much
compressed, not descending. Aperture very oblique, Bubtri angular ;
peristome thickened, white or yellowish, broadly expanded ; baso-
columellar margin of the lip white, adnate to the base nearly the
whole distance from axis to periphery.

Alt. 15, greater diam. 32, lesser 23 mill.

Calapan, Naujan and Baco, Mindoro, Philippines.

H. (Carocolla} thersites BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 381.— PFR.,
Monogr. i, p. 299 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 235, t. 112, f. 3, 4.— Carocolla
thersites Rv., Conch. Syst. ii, t. 168, f. 9. — H. thersites Rv., Conch.
Icon., f. 126. — H. (Chlorcea~) thersites HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i,
p. 156, t. 23, f. 5-9.

The laterally flattened body-whorl, not descending in front, amply
distinguish this from all other forms of Chlorasa.

The dark apex and sutural line are pretty constant, although one
specimen before me has the apex white. The other bands are very
variable, some or all of them being absent occasionally.

Section II. CORASIA Albers, 1850.

Corasia ALB., Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 111. — v. MART, in Albers,
Die Hel. 2d. edit., p. 170. (Type H. virgo}.— PFR., Nomencl. Hel.
Viv., p. 199. — Crystallopsis ANCEY, Couchol. Exchange, ii, p. 23,
August, 1887, (types H. hunteri, H. allisteri.~)

Imperforate (rarely perforate,) depressed-globose, often carinated ;
thin, subdiaphanous ; whorls 33—5, rapidly widening, the last
scarcely descending ; lip slightly expanded or narrowly reflexed.
Surface more or less striated spirally, lacking opaque or " hydro-
phanous " markings. Anatomy as in Cochlostyla generally.

COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA. 105

Heliciform, depressed thin Cochlostylas, lacking hydrophanous
bands, and with the expansion of the lip narrow, compose the section
Corasia. They are arboreal in habits.

Here may be grouped all of the species of Cochlostyla ranging
outside of the Philippine Islands ; including the group of H. hunteri,
tricolor and their allies, of the Solomon Islands, a portion of which
have hitherto been referred erroneously to Geotrochus by Pfeiffer
and other authors.

Like all of the sectional groups which have been established in
Cochlostyla, this section is not well differentiated from several others.
Through the group of C. regince a connection with the section
Cklorcea ( C. dryope, paradoxa, etc.) is established ; and again such
species as C. intorta lead toward the section Callicochlias. In a
general way, however, Chlorcea differs from Corasia in its deflexed
body-whorl, wide lip, and the frequent presence of apical and col-
umellar dark spots ; and Callicochlias differs in its more globose
form, wider lip and the presence of " hydrophanous " cuticle.

The species may be thrown into four groups;

1 . Group of C. lactiflua, Solomon Is.

2. Group of C. extensa, Moluccas and New Guinea.

3. Group of C. regince, Philippines,
rt. Group of C. virgo, Philippines.

(1) GROUP OF C. LACTIFLUA.

Thin shells of glassy texture, light colored, usually translucent-
whitish, sometimes varied- with brown. Axis perforate or closed ;
form varying from globose-turbinate to depressed, the periphery
carinated ; apex obtuse ; whorls 3 J-o. Surface generally showing
spiral stride. Lip reflexed, at least below. Distribution, Solomons
and some adjacent islands.

The shell characters given above define a natural group, the
various species of which have hereto fore been distributed by authors
in Geotrochus and Corasia.

Mr. C. F. Ancey has proposed as a genus or subgenus the name
Crystallopsis for H. hunteri and H. allisteri ; but the characters he
assigns do not cover the group as here understood.

C. HUNTERI Cox. PI. 13, figs. 41, 44, 45.

Umbilicus open, deep, half-surrounded by the broad curved col-
umellar lip ; globose-depressed, carinated, thin, whitish-translucent.

106 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA.

Surface nearly smooth, lightly striatulate, and showing fine im-
pressed spiral lines under a lens. Translucent- whitish, with a nar-
row opaque- white band at the subacute peripheral keel. Spire low ;
apex obtuse; whorls 4, slightly convex, the last not descending in
front, convex below ; aperture but little oblique, large, truncate-
oval ; lip thin, expanded, the columella arcuate, subvertical, very
broadly expanded and half surrounding the umbilicus, but not
covering it. Alt. 15£, greater diam. 21, lesser 17 \ mill.

Guadalcanar, Solomon Islands.

H. hunteri Cox, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 646, t. 52, f. 11.— PFR., Monogr.
vii, p. 377.— DOHRN in Conchyl. Cab., p. 583, t. 172, f. 5, 6.

Differs from the other species of Corasia which are white and
subtranslucent, in having the columellar lip produced in a broad
plate, somewhat as in H. grata Mich.

C. ALLISTERI Cox. Unfigured.

Shell with a deep narrow concealed umbilicus, semiglobose, smooth,
transversely very finely striated with lines of growth; the whorls of
the apex also longitudinally finely striated, translucent ; pale straw-
colored, ornamented above and below with numerous rather narrow
opaque white and clear bands ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing in size,
the last much inflated and obtusely carinated, not depressed in front,
convex above and below ; aperture ovately rounded, subangulated
at the periphery, showing the opaque and clear zones within ; per-
istome smooth and shining ; lip very broadly expanded and reflexed ;
margins approximate, upper attached to the carina of the body-whorl,
columellar broadly dilated, overhanging and concealing the um-
bilicus. Diam., greatest 0'98, least 0'64 ; height O60 of an inch.
(Cox.*)

Solomon Islands (Mus. Cox.)

This beautiful species may be at once distinguished by the very
peculiar alternate opaque white and clear zones. Amongst a large
number of specimens procured, I have not found one to vary in this
respect. ( Cox.)

H. allisteri Cox, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 564.
H. VITRACEA Ferussac. PI. 13, figs. 52, 53.

Shell covered perforate, globose, thin, vitraceous, carinated.
Whorls 4?,-5, a little convex ; aperture lunate-elliptical ; peristome
simple, a little reflexed. (DJi.)

Australia f

COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA. 1 07

H. vitracea FER., Prodr. 146; Hist., t. 64, f. 5.— DH. in text of
same, i, p. 340.— PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv. i, p. 233 (desc. from fig.) ;
Conchyl. Cab., t. 76, f. 20, 21 (copied from Fer.).— Cox, Mon.
Austr. L. Sh.f p. 109, t. 11, f. 20, 20a, (copied from Fer.)

Known solely by the original figures in Ferussac's Histoire, which
are copied on my plate.

C. SUBVITREA Pfeiffer. PI. 13, figs. 54, 55.

Shell umbilicate, trochiform, rather solid, obliquely distinctly
striated, decussated with close, very fine spiral stride, satiny, buffish-
hyaline ; spire convex-conic, rather obtuse. Whorls 6, a little con-
vex, slowly increasing, having an exserted cord-like carina; the
last whorl slightly deflexed in front, more convex below the median
carina, a little turgid in front, subcanaliculate toward the narrow
umbilicus. Aperture very oblique, subtriangular-lunar ; peristome
white, shining, the margins remote ; right margin expanded a little,
columellar margin substraightened, outwardly reflexed, subdentate
within, dilated in a vaulting, vitreous plate at the insertion.

Alt. 15, greater diam. 20J, lesser 19 mill. (P/r.)

Moluccas.

H.subvitrea PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 148; Monogr. iv, p. 253;
Novit. Conch, i, p. 8, t. 3, f. 8, 9.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 194, f.
1361.

The locality should be confirmed. This shell has much the aspect
of If. (Satsuma) japonica, judging from the figures.

H. CYMODOCE Crosse. PI. 13, figs. 39, 40.

Imperforate, turbinate-trochiform, rather thin, subpellucid, longitu-
dinally minutely striatulate ; dull yellowish-white ; spire subconic,
apex pale violaceous, suture impressed ; whorls 5, a little convex, the
last slightly descending, ventricose, longer than the spire, obtusely
connected below the middle, having a pale violaceous zone below the
carina, but little conspicuous. Base moderately convex, spirally
very delicately decussated. Aperture oblique, lunate-subquadrate ;
peristome milk-white, margins distant, columellar margin dilated,
basal and outer margins narrowly reflexed.

Alt. 17, greater diam. 22, lesser 18 mill. (Crosse.)

Habitat unknown:

H. cymodoce CR., Journ. de Conchyl. 1869, p. 184; 1870, p. 102,
t. 2, f. 3.

108 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA.

H. LACTIFLUA Pfeiffer. PL 13, fig. 36.

Shell imperforate, globose-turbinate, acutely carinated at the
periphery ; thin, translucent-whitish, having a narrow opaque milk-
white band at the carina.

Surface smooth, lightly marked by oblique growth-lines, and under
a lens seen to be finely spirally striated, these striae usually obsolete
on the last whorl. Apex obtuse. Whorls 4-4}, convex, the last not
descending in front, or but slightly descending. Aperture large,
rounded-rhomboidal, oblique; outer and basal margins of the white
peristome evenly reflexed, becoming wider toward the base of the
nearly vertical columella, the face of which is flattened and distinctly
excavated, the columella is deeply inserted in the base, and the axis
is narrowly perforated in young shells.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 23 mill.

Alt. 17, greater diam. 22 mill.

New Georgia and Ysabel, Solomon Is.

H. laetiflua PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 190; Novit. Conch., p. 175, t.
47, f. 7, 8 ; Monogr. v, p. 270. — H. isabellensis Souv., Journ. de
Conchyl. 1863, p. 74, 173, t. 5, f. 1.— PFR., Monogr. v, p. 270.

A turbinate, glassy-white shell, having a white line at the acute
carina. The face of the columella is flattened and excavated below.
There are sometimes inconspicuous linear whitish streaks, in the
direction of the growth-lines.

I am unable to separate H. isabellensis (pi. 13, fig. 37, 38) from
lactiflua. Being from a different island ( Ysabel) it may prove to be
a variety, but the characters assigned to it afford no distinctive
marks whatever, so far as I can see.

H. PURCHASI Pfeiffer. PI. 13, figs. 46, 47.

Imperforate, ovate-depressed, very thin, very closely plicatulate,
subdecussated by spiral lines, pellucid, whitish corneous. Spire
short-conoid, obtuse; suture impressed, margined. Whorls 3£ to 4,
rapidly increasing, convex, the last large, not descending in front,
encircled by a milk-white, acute, compressed peripheral carina ;
beneath inflated, the base gibbous ; aperture large, oblique, angulate-
lunar ; peristome thin, shortly expanded, basal margin a little re-
flexed, columella arcuate, compressed, slightly calloused.

Alt. 13-14, greater diam. 22-23, lesser 17-17* mill. (Dohrn.}

Admiralty Islands.

COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA. 109

H. purchasi PFR., P. Z. S. 1858, p. 21, t. 40, f. 4; Mon. Hel. Viv.
v, p. 271.— DOHRN in Conchyl. Cab., p. 590, t. 173, f. 7, 8.

A thin, clear horn-colored species.
C. ROSSJTERI Angas. PL 21, fig. 26.

Shell imperforate, globosely conical, very thin, obliquely irreg-
ularly plicately striated, with the interstices very finely transversely
striated, pale straw-color encircled with numerous narrow white
diaphanous bands, the one nearest the sutures the broadest ; spire
obtusely conoidal, somewhat flattened at the apex ; whorls four con-
vex, the last descending, acutely keeled at the periphery, rounded
at the base; columellar margin arcuate, 'narrowly excavated, sharp
.within ; aperture oblique, rhomboidal ; peristome not continuous,
white, with a purplish rose-colored spot at the periphery, and another
at the junction of the right margin with the body-whorl. Diam.
maj. 10, min. 8, alt. 7* lines. (Angas.}

Ysabel Island, Solomon Group.

H. rossiteri ANG., P. Z. S. 1869, p. 46, t. 2, f. 5.

This species belongs to the same group as H. tricolor Pfr., and H.
purchasi Pfr.

C. WISEMANI Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell imperforated, globosely depressed, thin, obliquely finely
striated, shining, diaphanous, yellowish-white; obtuse at the apex;
whorls 3i, rather flat, rapidly increasing, the last very large, rounded
at the periphery, marked with faint opaque white lines running into
the suture, aperture oblique, ovately rounded, peristome reflected,
whitish-brown, margins joined with thin callus, the right curved
down, columellar margin rounded and broadly expanded, the upper
part of the peristome from the centre takes a peculiar bend inwards.
(J3raz.) Alt. 14, greater diam. 28, lesser 22 mill.

Solomon Archipelago.

H. (Corasia) Wisemani BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
i, p. 3, 1876.

Described from a single specimen, in the collection of Mr. Chas.
Coxen, of Brisbane.

C. APHRODITE Pfeiffer. PI. 23, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

Shell imperforate, depressed, thin, acutely keeled at the periphery ;
translucent-whitish under a thin, pale straw-colored epidermis.
Surface shining, lightly striatulate and having very obsolete close

110 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA.

microscopic spiral lines, scarcely visible on the last whorl. Spire
very low, apex flat. Whorls 31, the last scarcely descending in
front, and encircled by an acute, compressed white keel.

Aperture oblique; lip white, narrowly reflexed throughout,
dilated at the columellar insertion closing the axial perforation.

Alt. 17, greater diam. 35, lesser 27J mill.

San Christoval, Solomon Is.

H. aphrodite PFR., P. Z. S. 1859, p. 26, t. 44, f. 2 ; Mai. Bl. 1859,
p. 27 ; Monogr. v, p. 308, 499.

A depressed, light, Ctoroco^s-shaped shell, having much the
aspect of. C. virgo of the Philippines. The thin epidermis is
apparently caducous to a greater or less degree. The whorl is con-
stricted or grooved just behind the expanded upper lip.

A variety (figs. 11, 12) is smaller, more elevated, the last whorl
considerably deflexed at the aperture.

Alt. 15?, greater diam. 27, lesser 22 £ mill.

C. ANADYOMENE Adams & Angas.

Shell orbicular, depressed-conic, imperforate, white, covered with
a thin, pellucid, straw-colored epidermis. Whorls 4, plane, longitu-
dinally very delicately striated ; the last whorl dilated in front,
constricted at the lip, at the periphery angulated and ornamented
with a conspicuous filiform carina. Aperture subquadrate, callus
of the inner lip covering the umbilical region ; outer lip angulated
in the middle, margin deeply reflexed and thickened.

Alt. 12 J, diam. 25 mill. (Ad. & Aug.)

Guadalcanar and Ugi, Solomon Is.

H. anadyomene A. & A., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 38.— PFR., Monogr. v,
p. 308. — H. (Corasia) anadyomene SMITH, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 591.

This species has not been figured. It differs from H. aphroditein
having the whorls more convex, the keel and peristome not opaque
white, and the aperture less produced and angular.

C. PSYCHE Angas. PI. 23, figs. 13, 14.

Shell imperforate, depressed, thin, obliquely irregularly plicately
striated, pellucid, white, covered with a yellowish-brown shining
epidermis; spire scarcely elevated, obtuse at the apex; whorls 3,
flatly convex, margined at the sutures, the last not descending,
prominently keeled at the periphery, flattened above and ventricose
below ; columellar margin arcuately descending, narrowly excavated,

( OCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA. Ill

sharp within ; aperture large, oblique, subovate ; peristome not con-
tinuous, white, slightly reflected, the upper margin nearly straight,
not flexuous. (Any.)

Alt. 14, greater 26, lesser 18 mill.

New Georgia, Solomon Is.

H. (Corasia) psyche ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 624, t. 48, f. 1.

This species, which I have received from Dr. James Cox of
Sydney, New South Wales, is somewhat intermediate between H.
aphrodite Pfr. and If. purchasi Pfr. It differs from the former in
being much flattened above and very ventricose below, and especi-
ally in the form and amplitude of the aperture, and from the latter
in texture, form of spire, color, and size. ( Aug.)

C. BALCOMBEI Cox. PI. 23, fig. 15.

Shell imperforate, depressed, almost flat above, convex below, very
thin, glossy, pale straw-colored, coarsely striated above and below
with regular oblique transverse stria?, and longitudinally with
strongly marked very slightly waved striae, giving by their decussa-
tion a granular appearance to the surface of the shell ; spire scarcely
raised, suture impressed; whorls 4, slightly convex above, rapidly
increasing in size ; last whorl inflated below, and very prominently
and sharply keeled, the keel edged with an opaque white line ; base
rounded ; aperture large, subtrapezoidal, acutely angled at the
periphery ; peristome slightly thickened and everted, upper margin
attached to the carina of the last whorl ; columella dilated, appressed,
and indented over the umbilical region. (Cox.}

Alt. 0-48, greater diam. 1'09, lesser 078 inch.

Solomon Is.

H. (Corasia} balcombei Cox, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 565, t. 48, f. 4.
C. TRICOLOR Pfeiffer. PI. 23, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Shell imperforate, depressed, thin but rather solid, acutely keeled
at the circumference; translucent-whitish, having numerous close
spiral lines of opaque white above and below, the keel opaque white
bordered with lines of brown and articulated with brown dots ; lip
brown.

* Surface lightly obliquely striatulate, conspicuously closely and
finely spirally striated. Spire low, the apex flattened. Whorls 4,
the last wide, a little deflexed in front ; strongly contracted toward
the aperture above and at the carina ; base more or less swollen or
gibbous around the columella. Aperture oblique, triangular; per-

112 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA.

istome edged with brown, the upper margin not expanded, basal
margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin wide, flat, brown,
thickened within by a wide callus which is more or less abruptly
truncated below.

Alt. 14, greater diam. 30, lesser 24-1 mill.

San Christoval, Ugi and Santa Anna, Solomon Is.

H. tricolor PFR., P. Z. S. 1849, p. 129 ; Conchyl. Cab., t. 124, f.
22-24; Monogr. iii, p. 168; L c. iv, p. 193.— REEVE, Conch. Icon.,
f. 431.— E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 589, (var. picta.}

This is a variable shell both in form and coloring. The outline
seen from above or below is often more oblong than the figures
show. The suture is white-margined, sometimes articulated with
brown. The circum-columellar swelling is often strongly developed,
often obsolete.

Color var. White spiral lines inconspicuous ; carina white, without
brown border or spots. Smaller than the type. Diam. 25-27 mill.

Santa Anna; San Christoval.

Color var. Similar to the last, but the white peripheral stripe
bordered with brown, not articulated.

San Christoval.
Color var. PICTA Smith, PL 18, figs. 69-71.

Undulating reddish-brown stripes above and below, distinctly
visible within the aperture.

Northern coast of San Christoval.

Var. TRANSENNA Pilsbry. PI. 23, figs. 16, 17, 18, and fig. between

2 and 5.

Shell imperforate, depressed, low-conic above, convex beneath,
acutely keeled at the periphery ; thin ; translucent-whitish, having
numerous spiral bands and lines of opaque-white ; keel white,
bordered above and below with irregularly clouded brown stripes.

Surface having light growth-lines, decussated by conspicuous and
close spiral striae. Spire conic, apex obtuse. Whorls 4, the last not
deflexed in front, its periphery slightly contracted at the aperture •
base convex, not gibbous around the columella. Aperture oblique,
subtriangular, the peristome brown-edged, its upper margin not ex-
panded ; basal margin expanded, columella dilated, its face flattened
and having a shallow vertical groove or excavation, its inner edge

COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA. 113

steeply obliquely descending, straight, forming an angle at its junc-
tion with the basal margin.

Alt. 14$, greater diam. 25}, lesser 20$ mill.

Solomon Is.

This form is smaller and more elevated than C. tricolor, the col-
umella is very much slenderer, much less thickened, and mostly
white. The structure of the columella is so different that I am
inclined to believe the shell specifically distinct. The young have
no brown markings save a small columellar spot.

(2) GROUP OF C. EXTENSA.

Part of the following species have been included by authors in
A Ibftrsia ; but their characters seem more in accord with Corasia than
with the other group. Distribution, Moluccas and New Guinea.

C. CONFORMIS Ferussac. PI. 19, figs. 4, 5, 3.

Shell imperforate, globose-depressed, carinated, thin, obliquely
closely striated, diaphanous, whitish, covered with a pale brownish
epidermis ; spire little elevated, apex very obtuse ; suture impressed ;
whorls 3$, rapidly increasing, slightly convex, the last large, not
descending, convex beneath. Columella subvertical, compressed,
subexcavated ; aperture ample, oblique, lunar-subrotund, having a
pearly luster inside ; peristome simple, shortly reflexed.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 34, lesser 28 mill. (P/r.)

New Guinea.

H. conformis FER., Prodr., p. 33 ; Histoire, t. 25a, f. 10.— FER. in
QUOY & GAIMARD, (Freycinet) Voy. autour du Monde, PUranie et
la Physicienne, Zool., p. 467; Atlas, t. 67, f. 4, 5. — WOOD, Index
Test., p. 22, t. 7, f. 37.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 42, t. 72, f. 1-3 ;
Monogr. i, p. 293 ; iii, p. 203 ; vii, p. 355 ; Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p.
76. — RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 497. — MARTENS, Ostas. Landsch., p.
393. — Corasia conformis WALLACE, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 412. — H.
(Corasia') conformis ALB., Die HeL, p. 111. — TAPPARONE CANEFRI,
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 158, t. 8, f. 1, 8, 15 (Anatomy.)

C. LEUCOPHTHALMA Pfeiffer. PI. 26, figs. 16, 17.

Imperforate, subconoid-depressed, carinated, thin, obliquely
striated and under a lens most delicately granulated ; spire white,
shortly conoid-elevated, apex obtuse ; suture little impressed, indis-
tinctly and delicately white-edged. Whorls nearly 4, little con vox,
rapidly increasing, the last not descending, subacutely carinated,

114 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA.

(the carina becoming more obtuse) ; covered with a thin, tawny
cuticle, irregularly streaked and four-banded with brown ; base more
convex ; columella little oblique, compressed, subexcavated ; aper-
ture oblique, wide lunar, the right side obsoletely angulated, inside
bluish-pearly, shining ; peristome simple, narrowly reflexed, upper
margin curving forward, basal margin forming an obtuse angle with
the columella.

Alt. 21-22, greater diam. 42, lesser 34 mill. (Pfr.)

Celebes f

H. leucophthalma PFR., Mai. Bl. xvii, 1870, p. 93 ; Novit. Conch.
iv, p. 10, t. Ill, f. 8, 9 ; Monogr. vii, p. 335.

H. EXTENSA Miiller. PL 27, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell imperforate, globose-depressed, rounded at the periphery,
thin but rather solid ; white under a fugacious yellowish epidermis ;
surface shining, very lightly striatulate, having faint, almost obsolete
spiral stride, seen only under a strong lens. Spire low, apex obtuse ;
whorls 4, the last globose, a little descending in front. Aperture
large, oblique ; peristome narrowly expanded and subreflexed
throughout; the columella steeply sloping, straight, somewhat
thickened, forming a decided and conspicuous angle at its junction
with the basal margin.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 27?, lesser 22? mill.

Alt. 19, greater diam. 26, lesser 21 mill.

Island of Goram. (Wallace.)

H. extensa O. FR. MULL., Hist. Verm., p. 60. — DESK, in FER.,
Hist., t. 96, f. 5-7.— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 193; Conchyl. Cab., p.
193, t. 160, f. 6, 7.— MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., Landschn., p. 331.

A larger shell than H. najas, more flattened above, and with the
columella more thickened, straighter and longer, forming a decided
angle with the basal margin.

The axis is perforated in young shells, although from the appear-
ance of adults one would not suspect this to be the case.

Part of the specimens before me are marked " New Ireland," I
know not on whose authority.

C. CCELAXIS Pilsbry. PI. 26, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Shell imperforate but having a hollow axis, globose-depressed, thin,
light, covered with a thin cuticle of a very delicate greenish-yellow
tint, becoming white on the spire; the suture bordered below by a

COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA. 115

distinct buff-white margin about 1 mill, wide on the last whorl.
Surface nearly lusterless, delicately obliquely striate, decussated by
obsolete spiral striae. Spire low, apex obtuse. Whorls 4, the last
slowly descending in front, rounded at the periphery, a little concave
in the center beneath. Aperture large, oblique ; upper margin of
the peristome slightly expanded, basal subreflexed, the columellar
margin reflexed and closely adnate, closing the umbilicus by a thin,
convex, dilated plate. Inner edge of the columella concave, not
angled where it passes into the basal margin.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 23, lesser 2(H mill.

Java. (A. D. Brown coll.)

This species differs from its allies in having the axis perforated,
the perforation closed in the adult by a thin convex plate (fig. 8).
It is described from the collection of the late A. D. Brown, now in
the Academy Museum.

H. NAJAS Pfeiffer. PL 27, fig. 13 (var. fig. 12) ; pi. 28, figs. 31, 32.

Shell depressed-globose, thin, regularly lightly sculptured with
close strise; yellowish-white ; spire short, obtuse; whorls 4, a little
convex, rapidly increasing, the last inflated, somewhat descending
in front ; aperture oblique, large, subrotund ; peristome thin, nar-
rowly expanded throughout, the upper margin arcuate, columellar
margin subvertical, lightly thickened, (v. Mart.)

Alt. 18j, greater diam. 25, lesser 19 mill.

Alt. 22, greater diam, 31, lesser 23 mill.

Amberbaki, New Guinea; Islands of Burn and Goram, Moluccas.

H. najas PFR., Symbolae in, p. 71, 1846; Monogr. i, p. 261;
Conchyl. Cab., t. 53, f. 12, 13.— PHILIPPI, Abbild. etc., ii, t. 9, f. 5.
— MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Laudschn., p. 330, t. 18, f. 4. —
TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. di Stor. Nat. di Genov. xix,
p. 187, 1883.

A thin, shining species, allied to H. extensa, H. obliquata and H.
physalis. Numerous specimens are before me, showing considerable
variation in contour both in the direction of H. physalis and H.
obliquata. These three species may perhaps prove to be connected
by intermediate forms.

C. PHYSALIS Pfeiffer. PI. 27, figs. 2, 3.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, thin, striatulate and under a lens
seen to be minutely punctulate somewhat shining, translucent, very
pale greenish-white. Spire very shortly elevated, convex, obtuse ;

116 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA.

suture light, impressedly-margined. Whorls 4, a little convex,
rapidly increasing, the last depressed-globose, visibly a little descend-
ing in front; columella white, straightened, oblique, compressed,
excavated above ; aperture oblique, lunate-subcircular, with a pearly
luster inside; peristome thin, margins converging, the upper margin
curving forward, narrowly expanded, basal margin reflexed, forming
an obsolete angle with the columella.

Alt. 16, greater diam. 27, lesser 22 mill. (P/r.)

Tular [Talaurf] Islands.

H.physalis PFR., Mai. Bl. xviii, 1871, p. 123 ; Novit. Conch, iv,
p. 73, t. 121, f. 10, 11 ; Monogr. vii, no. 2316.

Allied to H. najas, obliquata and extensa but much more depressed,
the last whorl less inflated, little descending, columella much slop-
ing, forming a very obsolete angle with the basal margin.

H. OBLIQUATA Deshayes. PI. 27, figs. 14, 15.

Shell subglobose, pure white, delicately striate ; spire short, obtuse ;
whorls 4, nearly flat, the last large, inflated, obliquely deflexed to-
ward the aperture; base imperforate. Aperture ovate-lunar, dilated
in the middle, coarctate posteriorly ; peristome margined, narrowly
reflexed, base covered with a short callus.

Alt. 22, diam. 27 mill. (Desk.}

Habitat unknown.

H. obliquata DH. in Fer., Hist, i, p. 219, t. 28a, f. 3, 4.— PFR.,
Monogr. iii, p. 192.

(3) GROUP OF C. REGIN^E.

Acutely carinated forms, flattened above, of a more or less pro-
nounced green tint ; lip white ; surface seen under a lens to be dis-
tinctly spirally striated, often obliquely corrugated.

C. REGIN^E Broderip. PL 25, figs. 45, 46.

Imperforate, depressed, piano-con vex above, con vex below; thin; of
a bright bluish-green color, the apical H whorls and the lip white.
Surface delicately obliquely striatulate, obsoletely, very finely spirally
striated. Whorls 3i, the last acutely keeled, slightly concave above
and below the keel, not descending in front, tumid beneath. Aper-
ture subtriangular-lunar; peristome thin, outer margin expanded,
baso-columellar margin adnate, slightly thickened within, dilated
over the umbilicus. Alt. 11, greater diam. 28, lesser 22 mill.

COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA. 117

Is. Catanduanes and Potillo, off E. coast of Luzon (Moll.) ; Baler
Casiguran and Cordillera, Ambubuk, on the E. coast of N. Luzon
(Semper) ; Albay, Luzon ; also Sibonga, Zebu f (Cuming.)

H. regince BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 36.— PFR. in Conchyl. Cab., t.
68, f. 8-11 ; Monogr. i, p. 299.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 125.—
Caracolla regince Rv., Conch. Syst, ii, t. 167, f. 2.— Cochlostyla
regince MARTENS in Mai. Bl. xv, p. 1 62, 1868. — Cochlostyla ( Corasia)
regince SEMPER, Phil. Archip. Land moll, iii, p. 168. — v. MOLL., Ber.
Senck. Nat. Ges. 1890, p. 229.— Helix (Chlorcea) regince HIDALGO,
Obras Malacol., p. 153, t. 24, f. 3, 4. — H. smaragdina GRAT., Act.
Soc. Bord. xi, p. 405, t. 3, f. 26, 27. (Young.)

The bright bluish-green hue of this species distinguishes it for
beauty, even in this genus where vividly colored shells are the rule.
The typical regince has the apical whorls white, and the periphery
has no bands. I am disposed to follow Hidalgo in considering the
following two forms geographic varieties rather than distinct species.

Var. ALMJE v. Moll. PL 25, figs. 42, 43, 44.

Spire flatter, the apex purple-brown; last whorl encircled by
a brown girdle, and descending a little in front.

Alt. 1H, greater diam. 30 mill.

Algeria and Boljoon, Zebu; Puerto Galera, Mindoro.

H. regince var. b, PFR., Monogr. i, p. 299.—? FEB., Hist., 1. 102, f.
15, 16. — Cochlostyla almce v. MOLL., Landschn. Fauna Cebu, p. 227,
t. 8, f. 5. — H. (Chlorcea~) regince var. almce HIDALGO, Obras
Malacol. i, p. 153.

This variety forms a transition toward certain forms of C. dryope.
Var. ELIZABETHS O. Semper. PI. 25, figs. 47, 48.

Shell larger, the carina more acute, and the spire flat.

Alt. 14, diam. 38 mill.

Island of Calayan, off Northern Luzon.

Cochlostyla (Corasia) elizabethce O. SEMPER, Journ. de Conchyl.
1866, p. 261, t. 8, f. 2.— C. SEMPER, Phil. Archip. Landmoll. iii, p.
168. — H. elizabethce PFEIFFER, Monogr. v, p. 307. — H. (Chlorcea)
regince var. elizabethce HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i, p. 154.

C. PAPYRACEA Broderip. PL 24, figs. 34, 35, 36.

Imperforate, convexly flattened above, acutely carinated at the
periphery; thin, white, under a very light greenish-buff tinted cuti-
cle, having a small brown dot at the apex. Surface delicately

118 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA.

obliquely striated, decussated by spiral striae, some of which are
rather prominent, readily seen without a lens. When magnified
the surface is seen to be finely, obliquely corrugated in a direction
at right angles to the lines of growth. Whorls 4, the last somewhat
concave immediately above and below the keel, not descending in
front; columella surrounded by a conspicuous swelling or ridge.
Lip white, narrowly expanded, columellar margin dilated, arcuately
sloping. Alt. 13J, diam. 26 £, lesser 21 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

Carocolla papyracea BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 36. — Helix papyra-
cea PFR. Symb. iii, p. 70; Conchyl. Cab., t. 52, f. 11, 12 ; Monogr.
i, p. 218. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 90. — H. (Corasia) papyracea
HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i, p. 147, t. 21, f. 1, 2. — Cochlostyfa ( Cora-
sia) papyracea SEMPER Phil. Archip. Landmoll., iii, p. 168. — MOLL.,
Mai. Bl. (new ser.) x, p. 160 ; Landschn. Fauna Cebu, p. 229 (var.
dilatata) — ? H. acutangula BURROW, Elem. Conch., t. 26, f. 1.

This is like C. regince in form, but less depressed and more
swollen around the columella ; the color is a very light tint of buff,
faintly tinged with green.

Var. DILATATA v. Moll. Larger and flatter than typical papyracea,
the keel more produced, last whorl more widened. Alt. 14, greater
diam. 31 mill.

Zebu, Philippines.

C. PSITTACINA Deshayes. PI. 25, figs. 49, 50, 51.

Im perforate, orbiculate-depressed, thin, obliquely closely striate
and decussated with spiral striae visible under a lens, subpellucid,
shining ; greenish-buff above and below ; the middle of the last
whorl vivid blue ; spire convex, obtuse ; suture slightly impressed ;
wThorls 4J, slightly convex, the last more convex, subangular at the
periphery, not descending in front. Aperture oblique, subtrigonal-
elliptical ; peristome simple, thin, margins remote, the right margin
expanded, columellar margin arcuately sloping, compressed, dilated,
adnate, whitish. Alt. 15, greater diam. 25, lesser 19 mill.

Cordillera of Palanan, Northern Luzon.

H. psittacina DH., Journ. de Conchyl. 1861, p. 350, t. 16, f. 3-5.
PFR., Monogr. v, p. 285. — Cochlostyla (Corasia) psittacina SEMPER,
Phil. Archip. Landmoll. iii, p. 172 (with var.)

Allied to the group of C. regince by coloring and general form,
but differing in the more globose and obtusely keeled body-whorl.

COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA. 119

(4) GROUP OF C. VIRGO.

Globose-depressed shells, varying from acutely carinated to ob-
tusely subangular or rounded ; thin, very light colored ; surface
showing more or less obsolete spiral lines on the earlier whorls, not
distinct on the last ; not microscopically obliquely wrinkled or cor-
rugated. Whitish (or varying toward greenish or yellowish), uni-
colored or 1, 2 or 3-banded.

Includes most of the species of the Philippine Islands.

C. VIRGO Broderip. PI. 24, figs. 29, 30.

Imperforate, depressed, low-convex above, convex beneath, acutely
keeled at the circumference ; thin, entirely white (covered with a thin
yellowish cuticle when fresh), the lip narrowly edged with dark
brown. Surface shining, smooth, obliquely striatulate, showing
under a strong lens almost obsolete traces of spiral lines on the
earlier whorls. Whorls 4. Aperture oblique ; lip very narrowly
expanded, brown-edged ; columellar lip widened, flat, nearly straight,
white. Alt. 18, greater diam. 32, lesser 27 mill.

Is. of Negros ; Western Zebu; Zamboanga, Mindanao.

Carocolla virgo BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 44. — REEVE, Conch.
Syst. ii, t. 168, f. 13.— IT. virgo PFR. in Conchyl. Cab., t. 68, f. 1, 2 ;
Monogr. i, p. 217. — Rv., Conch. Icon., f. 89. — DESK, in Fer., Hist,
t. 101, f. 13-15. — H. (Corasia) virgo HIDALGO, Obras Malacal. i,
p. 147, t. 22, f. 1. — Cochlostyla ( Corasia) virgo SEMPER, Phil. Archip.
Land Moll., iii, p. 166. — v. MOLL., Landschn. Fauna Cebu, p. 229.

This pure white shell with narrowly brown-bordered outer lip is
quite distinct from other carinated species. The surface is almost
free from spiral sculpture. The spire is sometimes much depressed.

C. DEALBATA Broderip. PI. 21, fig. 36.

Shell dull wrhite, slightly yellowish, subdiaphanous, subglobose,
substriated with very close oblique growth-lines; slightly subum-
bilicated ; aperture auriculate, large, lip-edge slightly substriated.

Alt. 21, diam. 37J mill. (Brod.)

Island of Siquijor, Philippines.

H. (Carocolla') dealbata BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 45 (not Helix
dealbata LOWE, 1830). — H. Broderipi REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 88,
(not H. broderipi Pfr.)

1 20 COCIILOSTYLA-COKASIA.

Hidalgo has already (Obras i, p. 147) raised the question of the
identity of the H. broderipi of Pfr. and H. broderipi Reeve. They
seem to me perfectly distinct; and I have, therefore, restored the
original name given by Broderip to the form figured in the Iconica,
which represents Broderip's species. The name is not preoccupied
in the genus Cochlostyla.

C. CASTA Pfeiffer. PI. 25, figs. 37, 38.

Imperforate, depressed, about equally convex above and below,
carinated, striatulate and obsoletely malleated, shining, white under
a fugaceous pale yellowish epidermis ; suture linear, chalky-white ;
whorls 4, nearly flat, the last obsoletely angled at the suture and
below the carina ; columella short, sloping, excavated ; base sub-
tortuous ; aperture subtrapezoidal ; peristome expanded, white,
basal margin slightly arcuate, forming an angle with the columella.

Alt. 23, greater diam. 47, lesser 38 mill. (Pfr.)

Philippine*.

H. casta PFR., P. Z. S. 1848, p. 110 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 123, f. 1,
2 ; Monogr. iii, p. 206. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 86.

A large form, not yet found by recent collectors. The entire
surface of the shell is superficially indented or malleated.

C. PUELLA Broderip. PI. 24, figs.22, 23, 25 ; pi. 25; fig. 39.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, carinated at the periphery, thin,
white under a very thin, deciduous yellowish cuticle, having a brown
band at the peripheral angle, becoming evanescent on the earlier
part of the body-whorl. Surface smooth, very delicately striated,
and showing under a lens fine spiral lines on the earlier whorls.
Suture linear, wrhite. Whorls 4, nearly flat, the last carinated,
descending a little below the carina at the aperture. Aperture
oblique, subtrigonal-lunar ; peristome thin, narrowly expanded ;
columella wide, flat, its inner edge straight, oblique, forming an
angle with the basal margin.

Alt. 19 J, greater diam. 31, lesser 26 mill.

Island of Camiguing ; Itianga, Rio Salos, Rio Jibon, Pasian,
Baubo, Rio Agusan, Island of Mindanao, Philippines.

Carocolla puella BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 45. — H. puella PFR.
Symb. iii, p. 74 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 68, f. 3-5 ; Monogr. i, p. 298.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 66. — H. ( Corasid) puella HIDALGO, Obras
Malacol. i, p. 148, t. 21, f. 4. — Cochlostyla (Corasid) puella SEMPER,
Reisen in Archip. Phil., Landmoll. iii, p. 167.

COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA. 121

Allied to C. virgo, but the carinais more obtuse and the lip white.
Specimens from Mindanao are more depressed, and sometimes larger
than the types, measuring over 40 mill. diam. according to Hidalgo.
See pi. 25, fig. 39

Var. LAIS Pfr. PI. 25, fig. 40.

Similar to C. puella but more globose, the peripheral angle more
obtuse ; columella more arcuate at base, not forming so distinct an
angle with the basal margin as C. puella. Peripheral band more
prominent.

Mindanao, Philippines.

H. lais PFR., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 49 ; Monogr. iii, p. 647.— RVE. f.
1016.— HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i. p. 148, t. 21, f. 5.

Figure 40 represents the type. Hidalgo believes lais to be a vari-
ety of puella.

Yar. SUBPUELLA Pilsbry. PL 24, figs. 26, 19, 20, 21, 24.

Thinner than puella ; multilineate with pale yellow on a white
ground-color, the periphery encircled by a dark chestnut band
which continues up the spire, forming a narrow border above the
suture to the apex.

Basilan, Philippines (P. Acad coll.) Tukan Bessi Id. (Pfr.)

H. lais var. PFR. in Novit. Conch, iv. p. 114, t. 126, f. 6, 7.

Many specimens of this variety are before me, showing a remark-
ably constant color-pattern.

C. IROSINENSIS Hidalgo. PL 28, figs. 29, 30.

Ira perforate, depressed, about equally convex above and below,
the young carinated, adults angulated, the angle gradually dis-
appearing ; thin, subpellucid, little shining, smooth ; (under a lens
seem to be decussated with very subtle, inconspicuous spiral and
oblique striae) ; unicolored whitish under a pale buffish cuticle ; apex
obtuse ; suture simple ; whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly widening,
the last dilated in front, not descending, somewhat turgid at the col-
umella. Aperture trapezoidal ; peristome thin or sublabiate, the
upper margin simple, basal margin arcuate, slightly reflexed, form-
ing an obtuse, angle in the young with the white, flat, sloping col-
umella. Alt. 13, greater diam. 24, lesser 19 mill. (Hid.)

Irosin (around the river}, Prov. Albay, Luzon, Philippines.

H. irosinensis HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 119, t. 4, f. 6;
Obras Malacol. i, p. 26, t. 25, f. 9.

122 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA.

C. CERUGINOSA Pfeiffer. PI. 26, fig. 6.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin, striatulate, shining,
greenish- white ; spire convex, vertex small, obtuse ; whorls 4, a little
convex, the last not descending, inflated ; periphery obsoletely
angulated, at the suture banded with rust color ; columella sloping,
slightly arcuate, subexcavated, white ; aperture oblique, wide-lunar ;
peristome slightly reflexed, margins subconniving, right margin
sinuous, basal margin arcuately passing into the columella.

Alt. 18, greater diam. 31, lesser 26 mill. (Pfr.)

Is. of Bohol and Panglao, Philippines.

H. ceruginosa PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 56 ; Monogr. iv, p. 215. —
REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1265. — Cochlostyla (Corasia) ceruginosa
SEMP., Reis., p. 169. — H. (Corasia) ceruginosa HIDALGO, Obras, p.
152, t. 21, f. 3.

Closely allied to C. eydouxi, cegrota, etc.

C. FILARIS Valenciennes. PI. 25, figs. 52, 53, 54 ; PI. 26, figs. 10,

11, 12.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, convex above and below, obtusely
angulated at the periphery ; white (covered with a thin deciduous
yellowish cuticle) the lip broadly edged with purplish-brown, the
suture narrowly white-margined ; surface shining, obliquely striated
earlier whorls seen to be obsoletely, spirally striated under a lens.
Whorls 4-4J. Aperture oblique, wide ; peristome narrowly ex-
panded, the columella subvertical, flattened, somewhat excavated,
its inner edge straight or a little irregular, brown below, becoming
white above. Alt. 20, greater diam. 33, lesser 27 mill.

Marinduque ; Zamboanga, Mindanao.

H.filaris (VAL. in Paris Mus., teste Cuming) PFR. P. Z. S. 1845,
p. 38 ; Monogr. i, p. 262.— HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i, p. 152, t. 23,
f. 1-4.— H. nympha PFR. P. Z. S. 1849, p. 129 ; Monogr. iii, p. 147.
— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 85. — f C. broderipi var. fasciata v. MOLL.,
Landschn. Fauna Cebu, p. 230.

The periphery is far less acutely angled than in C. virgo, and the
dark border of the lip is broader. Fig. 52 of pi. 25 represents the
typical form. Hidalgo arranges the varietal forms as follows :

Var. 1. (PI. 24, fig. 31). Periphery of the last whorl rounded.
This is the H. nympha of PfeifFer and Reeve.

Var. 2. (PI. 26, figs. 10, 11, 12). Apical whorls purplish-black ;
suture usually narrowly margined with brown.

COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA. 123

Var. 3. (PL 25, fig. 54). Like the last, but the peripheral angle
brown. Hidalgo considers C. broderipi var. fasciata Moll, the same
as this variety. It is from the western coast of Zebu.

Var. 4. (PL 25, fig. 53). Shell tawny or chestnut, peripheral
angle more obtuse, dark banded.

C. EYDOUXI Hidalgo. PL 26, figs. 8, 9.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, thin ; white with a faint greenish
tint, and slightly diaphanous ; above the suture there is a narrow red-
dish-brown band, obsolete on the last half- whorl. Surface smooth,
shining, obliquely striatulate. Generally no spiral striae are visible,
even on the inner whorls. Spire low, convex, apex plane ; whorls 4,
the last very obtusely subangular at the periphery, not descending
in front. Aperture oblique, wide ; lip white, narrowly expanded ;
columella flattened, adnate.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 31, lesser 36 mill.

Capul, Philippines.

H. valenciennesii PFR. in Conch yl. Cab., p. 309, t. 53, f. 1, 2;
Monogr. i, p. 262. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 87. — DELESSERT,
Recueil, t. 38, f. 8, (not H. valenciennii EYDOUX, Mag. de Zool.
1838, plate 115, f. 2!) — H. eydouxi HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl.
3887, p. 115 ; Obras Malacol. i, pp. 25, 152, t. 22, f. 4.

Distinguished by the narrow brown margin above the suture of
the wyhorls of the spire, the entire shell otherwise being white.

The true H. valeneiennii of Eydoux is no doubt a cromyodes
deprived of epidermis, as Hidalgo states.

C. BRODERIPI Pfeiffer. PL 24, figs. 27, 28, 32, 33.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, more or less obviously angular at
the periphery, thin, very finely striated, subtranslucent, somewhat
shining, whitish. Spire little raised, with the apex flat or often a
trifle impressed. Whorls 4, flattened, rapidly widening, the last
not descending in front, rather swollen beneath. Aperture oblique,
broadly lunar ; columella very little curved, slightly sloping, some-
what excavated, deeply inserted above ; peristome simple, narrowly
expanded, a little thickened toward the columella, and reflexed.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 29, lesser 24 mill.

Philippines.

H. broderipi PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. ii, p. 27, t. 68, f. 6, 7, (not
H. broderipi Rve.)

124 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA.

The above description, mainly taken from Pfeiffer, corresponds
well with the specimens before me, two of which are figured on my
plate.

The surface is almost devoid of spiral striae ; the shell is entirely
white, fresh specimens having a very delicate greenish tint, scarcely
perceptible. It is smaller and less solid than C. cegrota, and the
peripheral angle is more obvious ; to C. eydouxi it is very closely
allied, but it lacks the constant sutural brown line characteristic of
that species.

C. ^EGROTA Keeve. PI. 26, fig. 1.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, smooth, white or of a very delicate
greenish tint; surface shining very delicately striatulate, showing
slight traces of subobsolete spiral lines on the earlier whorls. Spire
low, convex, apex plane ; whorls 4£, the last very obtusely sub-
angular at the periphery ; aperture oblique, wide ; peristome white,
narrowly reflexed, the columellar margin dilated and adnate ; col-
umella nearly vertical, its inner edge straight, forming a slight angle
with the basal lip at their junction.

Alt. 23i, greater diam. 37, lesser 29 mill.

Mind or o ; Badajos, Tab las ; Tuburan, Zebu.

H. cegrotus Kv., Conch. Icon., f. 95.— H. cegrota PFR., Conchyl.
Cab., p. 437, t. 152, f. 3 ; Monogr. iii, p. 191.— H. (Corasia) cegrota
HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i, p. 152, t. 21, f. 8. — Cochlostyla
(Corasia) cegrota v. MOLL., Landschn. Fauna Cebu, p. 230 (a
variety.)

The yellowish-green tint of this shell is so delicate as to be scarcely
perceptible. The apex and lip are pure white. It is more solid and
stronger than C. eydouxi or C. virgo and its immediate allies.
The angulation of the periphery is scarcely sufficiently marked to be
noticeable.
C. SAMBOANGA Hombron & Jacquinot. PI. 26, fig. 13, 14, 15.

Imperforate, subdepressed, thin, delicately striate, moderately
shining, waxen- white with two reddish-brown zones, one at periphery,
the other at the suture ; the suture opaque, white, irregularly sub-
crenulated. Whorls 4, convex, depressed above, the last moder-
ately inflated ; columella obliquely descending, flattened, acute,
white ; aperture rounded-rhombic ; peristome obtuse, straight, white.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 30, lesser 24 mill. (v. Mart.)

Islands of Zamboanga ; Zebu ; Magtan ; Mindanao ; Basilan ;
Lampinigan ; Candaraman ; Balabac ; Philippines.

COCHLO8TYLA-CORASIA. 125

H. samboanga H. & J. Voy. Pol Slid v, p. 15, t. 5, f. 18-20.—
PFR. Mon. Hel. Viv. iv, p. 215. — Cochlostyla zamboangce v. MART.,
Ostas. Zool. ii, p. 89. — H. (Coraaia) zamboangce HIDALGO, Obras.
Malacol. p. 151, t. 22, f. 2, 3. — Cochlostyla (Corasia) Magtanensis
SEMPER, Archip. Phil. Landmoll. iii, p. 170, t. 10, f. 11. — v. MOLL.
Landschn. Fauna Cebu, p. 231, with var. nana and globosa.

More depressed than C. intorta, and with less expanded peristome.
The following are considered varieties by Hidalgo.

The C. magtanensis of Semper, (pi. 28, figs. 27, 28) is a small
form from the island of Magtan. It is not separable from the typi-
cal samboanga, being identical in coloring.

Var. intaminata Gould, (pi. 27, fig. 1) is entirely white, very thin,
and visibly angulated at the periphery. It is from the island of
Mangsi, straits of Balabac.

C. INTORTA Sowbery. PL 28, figs. 16-24.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, thin, rounded at the periphery;
typically light straw-colored with peripheral, basal and sutural bands
of chestnut brown ; (see below). Surface smooth, having light
growth-lines, and on the earlier whorls spiral striae are visible under
a lens. Apex flattened, polished, white, brown, pink or purple.
Suture linear, margined by a white line. Whorls 4~H, the last
very little descending. Aperture broad, rounded-lunar, oblique ;
entire lip narrowly expanded, varying from flesh-tinted to dark
brown. Columella oblique, nearly straight above, arcuate below,
somewhat flattened and excavated.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 32 mill.

Alt. 24, greater diam. 32 mill.

Alt. 17, greater diam. 26 mill.

Islands of Tablets, Panay, Guimaras, Negros, Zebu, Siquijor,
Bohol, Capul and Mindanao, Philippines.

H. intorta SOWERBY, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 168.— REEVE, Conch. Syst.
ii, 1. 164, f. 1 0 ; Conch. Icon., t. 20. — PFR., Symbolse ii, p. 31 ; Conch yl.
Cab., p. 311, t. 53, f. 8-11 ; Monogr. i, p. 262.— DELESSERT, Rec., t.
38, f. 7. — Cochlostyla (Corasia) intort a SEMPER, Reisen, p. 170. —
v. MOLL. Landschn. Fauna Cebu, p. 231 (With varieties). — H.
(Corasia) intorta HIDALGO, Obras Malacol i, p. 149, t. 22, f. 5-9.

The form and elevation of the spire vary in this beautiful species,
as the measurements and figures show7. Specimens having an obtuse
peripheral carina also occur. The principal color-forms are as
follows :

126 COCHLOSTYLA-CORASIA.

1. Ground color yellowish, bands three, distinct, not spreading on
the latter part of the whorl.

2. Ground color yellowish, no bands.

3. Ground color light-brown below, whitish above, bands three,
dark-chestunt.

4. Chestnut colored, with darker bands ; apex purple.

5. Delicate light-greenish, with a subsutural and a peripheral
purple-brown band, the bands spreading over the entire whorl on its
latter portion.

6. Delicate greenish- white, peripheral and sutural bands present,
but narrow.

v. Mollendorff describes the following varieties :

1. var. tennis v. Moll. Thin shelled, with a narrow brown sutural
band, a wider brown peripheral band, and a narrow vertical brown
streak behind the blackish-brown lip, to which the spiral bands
extend.

Mt. Mangilao.

2. Var. expansilabris v. Moll. Spire more depressed ; shell white,
shining, the periphery distinctly angulated, without peripheral band ;
sutural band evanescent; lip more expanded, upper margin at first
horizontal, then well curved.

Mis. Uling and Licos, Zebu.

This is the Cochlostyla (Corasia) virgo var. subglobosaof v. Moll.,
Mai. Bl. (N. F.) x, p. 161.

3. Var. craxsa v. Moll. Shell smaller than the type, more solid,
spire more depressed ; whorls 4 (not4£) ; white under the deciduous
epidermis, with narrow sutural and broad peripheral bauds, widening
and confluent toward the aperture ; peristome thickened, little ex-
panded, white ; aperture brown inside.

Medellin, Northen Zebu.

4. Var. siquijorica v. Moll. See pi. 28, figs. 19, 20, 21, 22. This
is the same as the fifth color-form described above.

C. LIMANSAUENSIS Semper. PI. 28, figs. 25, 26.

Imperforate, globose or globose- depressed, papery, very diapha-
nous, whitish or cinnamon colored, having a brown band at the
periphery; suture usually margined with rufous in the earlier
whorls ; whorls 4, the upper depressed, last very convex, inflated
beneath; columella whitish, nearly straight; aperture nearly tri-
angular; peristome simple, rufous within, scarcely inflexed.

COCHLOSTYLA-PFEIFFERIA. 127

Alt. 26-28, greater diam. 34-38, lesser 27-30 mill. (Semper.)

Island of Limansaua, between Leyte and Mindanao.

C. (Corasia) limansa,uensis SEMP., Reis. Phil. Arch. Landraoll. iii,
p. 171, t. 9, f. 6. — H. (Corasia) ^'mansawerm's HIDALGO, Obras, i, p.
149, t, 21, f. 7.

Very closely allied to C. intorta, but thin as paper, lacking com-
pletely a basal brown tract, having an almost vertical columella,
and of larger size. Like all other Cochlostylas it lives upon trees
near the beach, the leaves of which it twists into a bag for the
reception of its eggs. It is the only species of Cochlostyla found by
Semper on the island Limansaua. Hidalgo doubts its distinctness
from C. intorta.

***
C. BOURDILLONII Theobald. PI. 33, fig. 55.

Shell conoid, covered-perforate, carinated, thin, polished, whitish,
translucent ; ornamented under the deciduous, pale straw-colored
cuticle with very fine flexuous spiral lines. Whorls 4i, rapidly
increasing, a little convex toward the mamillate apex, but the last
whorl flat above, and a little inflated around the umbilicus. Aper-
ture large, subquadrate; margins simple, joined by a very thin
callus. Alt. 14'8, gr. diam. 25'4, lesser 19'5 mill. ; apert. alt. 16,
width H mill. (Theob.)

Prov. Travancore, India.

Corasia bourdillonii THEOB., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XLV, (pt.
ii) p. 185, t. 14, f. 3 (1876).

Judging from the sharp lip, as well as the locality, this is no
Corasia. It may prove to be a Nanina. In the absence of certain
information it may as well remain where first described for the
present.

Section III. PFEIFFERIA Gray, 1853.

Pfei/eria GRAY, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 110. Type H. micans Pfr.—
SEMPER, Phil. Archip. p. 225.

Shell globose, imperforate, the slender axis solid, thin, brittle,
white, with few whorls ; aperture lunar, lip thin, acute, fragile ;
columella slightly thickened, vertical, deeply inserted in the base.

Animal like Cochlostyla, but the mantle reflexed over the acute
edge of the shell.

128 COCHLOSTYLA-PFEIFFERIA.

C. MICANS Pfeiffer. PI. 19, figs. 12, 13, 14.

Shell imperforate, subglobular, thin, brittle; translucent-whitish,
with an opaque white margin below the suture. Surface shining,
obliquely striatulate, obsoletely, finely spirally striated. Whorls 4,
the last globose, not descending in front. Aperture a little oblique,
lunar ; peristome Ihin, fragile and acute, the upper margin curving
forward ; columella vertical, slightly sinuous, deeply inserted in the
base. Alt. 22, greater diara. 26, lesser 22 mill.

Province of Cagayan, Northern Luzon, Philippines.

H. micans PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 71 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 227, t. 28,
f. 3-5 ; Monogr. i, p. 24.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 46a.—Pfeiferia
micans GRAY, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 110. — Cochlostyla micans SEMPER,
Reis. Archip. Phil. Landmoll. p. 225.

The thin fragile lip of this species separates it at once from all
other forms of Cochlostyla.

Semper describes the animal of this interesting species as follows:
The border of the mantle-edge all around, in the contracted speci-
mens, covers about 1-2 mm. of the shell. On the left there is a
small mantle-lappet, but none on the right.

The foot is broad, flat, without mucus-gland and without middle
area to the sole.

The color of the mantle in the region of the lung is greenish ; the
foot and mantle-margin are yellowish.

The right tentacle passes with its retractor muscle, between the
branches of the genitalia, an exception to the rule in Cochlostyla.
The genitalia are just as in Cochlostyla. The receptaculum semi-
nis has a long duct, without diverticulum. The dart-sac is globu-
lar, thick ; and on the base of the short globule (or mucus) gland
there is a small sac, apparently a gland. The vas deferens is wide,
and passes gradually into the simple penis, which lacks all acces-
sory glands ; the retractor penis is short and thick.

The jaw has numerous (about 8) pretty wide and close ribs, pro-
jecting on the cutting edge.

The radula is entirely typical of Cochlostyla ; the central tooth
"has a broad cusp ; there are fourteen or fifteen side-teeth or true
laterals ; already the eighteenth tooth being distinctly tricuspid. In
all there are 101 teeth in each transverse row.

COCHLOST YLA-L EYTI A-CALOCOCHLEA . 1 29

Section IV. LEYTIA Pilsbry.

Imperforate, globose, thin ; whorls few (4), the last angulated at
the periphery. Aperture very large, lip simple, a little expanded
below ; columella simple, thin, vertical, deeply inserted. Surface
spirally striate, having hydrophanous, cream-white bands.

This section differs from Calocochlea in its thin, bubble-like shell,
composed of few whorls ; from Corasia in the possession of hydro-
phanous cuticle, and the globose contour. The anatomy has not
been investigated.

C. FRAGILIS Sowerby. PI. 29, figs. 5, 6.

Imperforate, globose, thin ; light blue-green above the periphery,
becoming pinkish-white on the spire, the last whorl having numer-
ous narrow interrupted white bands; below the periphery dark
green, with two broad straw-colored zones and numerous narrow,
broken, whitish lines ; lighter around the center of the base. Sur-
face finely spirally striated, obliquely striatulate. Whorls 4, the
apex minute, obtuse, brown ; last whorl angulated, not descending
in front. Aperture large, oblique ; peristome white.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 26, lesser 22 £ mill.

Tanauan, Island of Leyte, Philippines.

H.jragilis&owB.t'P.Z. S. 1841, p. 40.— IT. (Corcuia) fragilis,
HID., Obras. i, p. 149, t. 24, f. 8, 9.— jET. leytensis PFR., Symbolse iii,
p. 71 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 42, f. 7, 8 ; Monogr. i, p. 242.— RVE., Conch.
Icon. f. 55. — CROSSE, Journ de Conchyl, xxiii, p. 134, t. 6, f. 3. 1875.

A bubble-like species, rare in collections. It has an unfinished
aspect, even when quite mature.

Section V. CALOCOCHLEA Hartmann, 1840.

Calocochlea HARTM., Erd u. Siisswasser Gasteropoden der Schweiz,
etc., p. 163. Type C. pulcherrima Sowb., /. c., pi. 54. — Callicochlias
AGASSIZ, Nomencl, Zool., 1847. — ALBERS, Die Hel. p. 105, et al.

Imperforate, solid shells, varying from globose to depressed-
globose or lens-shaped and carinated. Generally covered with hy-
drophanous cuticle, variously patterned. Anatomy as in Cochlostyla
generally.

Under Calocochlea must be placed Axina and a number of other
groups which stand too close to one another to be separated as pri-
mary divisions of Cochlostyla, although they have a certain systematic
value.

9

130 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

As subsections of Calocochlea, therefore, we may range the follow-
ing groups :

Subsection 1. CALOCOCHLEA Hartm., 1840.

Subglobose or globose-depressed, the periphery rounded. Surface
with oblique light growth-lines, and on the whorls of the spire, fine
spirals, often subobsolete ; hydrophanous cuticle generally present.
Type, C. pulcherrima.

Subsection 2. AXINA Albers, 1850.

Varying from globose-turbinate to carinated and lens-shaped ;
solid, dark-colored ; hydrophanous cuticle present. Surface totally
lacking spiral striae. Type, 0. zebuensis.

Subsection 3. TRACHYSTYLA Pilsbry.

Solid, globose-depressed, dark colored, with a thin ashen hydro-
phanous cuticle ; surface rough and lusterless. Whorls few. Type,
C. cryptica.

Subsection 1. CALOCOCHLEA Hartm.

Includes Semper's " 3 Gruppe, Calliocochlias Ag." and "4 Gruppe>
Cochlostylce hypomelanue Mts."

(1.) Group of C. cromyodes.

Globose or globose depressed shells, thin rather than solid, yellow
or reddish, not conspicuously marked with hydrophanous cuticle,
and frequently lacking it entirely.

These shells connect the C. intorta group of Corasia with Calo-
cochlea. The dividing line is extremely difficult to locate, but still
there is some difference, as these shells have a wider lip, and gener-
ally have more or less hydrophanous cuticle, — characters not found
in Corasia.

C. CROMYODES Pfeiffer. PI. 29, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16.

Imperforate, rather thin, depressed-globose. Surface microscop-
ically spirally striate, having light growth-lines. Color varying
from greenish-yellow to reddish-brown, the upper whorls purple, edged
with darker purple. Hydrophanous cuticle either absent or form-
Ing bands at suture and periphery, with narrower intervening bands
or lines.

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. 131

Whorls 4? ; suture shallow ; apex very obtuse ; last whorl but lit-
tle descending. Aperture oblique, white or tinted inside ; lip re-
flexed, white, edged with dark brown; coluraella oblique.

Alt. 27, diam. 35 mill.

Alt. 21,diam. 28 mill.

Province of Misamis, northern Mindanao.

H. cromyodes PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 150; Monogr. i, p. 261 ;
Conchyl. Cab. t. 53, f. 6, 7.— RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 1429.— Cochlo-
styla cromyodes SEMPER, Reis. p. 171. — H. valenciennii EYDOUX,
Mag. de Zool. 1838, t. 115, f. 2, a dead shell, denuded of cuticle.
(Not H. valenciennesii Pfr. ; see Corona eydouxi Hidalgo, this vol-
ume p. 123.)

Rather thin, and generally unicolored except for the darker spire.
Some specimens show a faint peripheral dark band, and rarely
a dark band is developed around the columella. Numerous narrow
hydrophanous bands are seen on some specimens.

C. DENTICULATA Jay. PI. 52, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, decidedly solid. Surface smooth
the growth lines inconspicuous. Color a light brown tint, the spire
white, having a dark brown margin above the suture.

Spire very low, apical whorl plane. Suture superficial. Whorls
4, the last wide, slightly descending and then ascending in front.
Aperture oblique, white within ; lip rather thick, reflexed, edged
with dark brown. Columella very oblique, wide, white, ending be-
low in a stout tooth. Alt. 25, greater diam. 34, lesser 29 mill.

Habitat unknown.

H. denticulata JAY, Catalogue (edit, of 1839), p. 114, t. 1, f. 21.
—PFR., Monogr. i, 311.

The above description and the figures are from Jay's type speci-
men, kindly loaned by Prof. R. P. Whitfield, of the American
Museum of Natural History, New York City.

The shell is decidedly solid ; the columella is wide, its face gently
convex, its base strongly toothed, much as in C. curta Sowerby.
The cuticle is wholly worn from the specimen, but under the very
thin parietal callus it is seen to be of the yellow color of that of C.
cromyodes, a species also resembling denticulata very closely in con-
tour, in the suprasutural margination of the spire whorls, in the
appearance of the surface, and the dark-edged lip. From C.
cromyodes, the present species differs only in being more solid, in the

132 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

wider, heavier and toothed columella, and the wider, thicker lip.
These characters compel me to regard denticulata as a distinct
species, even though but one specimen of it is known to me.

C. ALBAIENSIS Sowerby. PI. 52, figs. 20, 21.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, shining, white, uuicolored or
brown-banded ; spire depressed, suture linear ; whorls 4, nearly flat,
the last inflated beneath ; columella thin, nearly straight, sloping-,
profoundly excavated. Aperture lunate-oval, upper margin sub-
depressed ; peristome widely expanded, white, the margin subthick-
ened, forming a distinct angle with the base. (P/V.)

Alt. 26, diam. 39 mill.

Palanan to Camiguin de Luzon, E. coast of N. Luzon, and Amber-
buk, Province of La Isabella, Luzon.

H. albaiensis SOWB., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 100. — PFR., Monogr. i, p.
260; Conchyl. Cab. p. p, 215, t. 108, f. 1,2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon,
t. 13. f. 48. — Cochlostyla albaiensis SEMPER, Reis., p. 176, t. 8, f. 7 ;
t. 18, f. 14 (anatomy).

C. TUKANENSIS Pfeiffer. PI. 29, figs. 7, 8, 9, 12.

Imperforate, subglobose, thin ; surface smooth, the spiral and in-
cremental striae almost obsolete. White or rosy under a thin yel-
lowish or reddish cuticle, sometimes having a dark band at periph-
ery and another at suture; hydrophanous cuticle generally absent,
but sometimes forming a few bands.

Spire moderately elevated, apex very obtuse ; whorls 4i, convex,
the last not perceptibly descending in front. Aperture large, pink
or white within ; peristome thin, pink or white, broadly expanding ;
columella oblique, flattened, thin, nearly straight.

Alt. 29, diam. 31 mill.

Tukan Bessi Id. (P/r.) ; Pular Is. (Horn).

H. tukanensis PFR., Mai. Bl. xviii, p. 122, 1871 ; Novit. Conch,
iv, p. 72, t. 121. f. 5-9 ; Monogr. vii, p. 324.

A more elevated and thinner shell than C. cromyodes. Part of
the specimens before me are yellow instead of reddish, and some are
very small, alt. 17, diam. 23 mill.

C. OBTUSA Pfeiffer. PI. 35, figs. 23, 24,

Imperforate, subglobose, thin, subdecussated with growth-lines
and impressed obsolete concentric lines, shining, chestnut. Spire
subelevated, obtuse. Whorls 4, convex, the last inflated. Colu-

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. 133

mella oblique, acute, white. Aperture dilated, subauriform, with a
pearly luster inside ; peristome simple, expanded. Alt. 26, diam.
35 mill. (P/r.)

Luzon, Philippines. (Cuming.)

H. obtusa PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 38 ; Monogr. i, p. 253 ; Conchyl.
Cab. p. 437, t. 152, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 49.

C. AMICTA Reeve. PI. 34, figs. 7, 8.

Imperforate, subturbinate, semiglobose, smooth, white, covered
with an oily buffish epidermis ; spire conoid, a little obtuse ; whorls
4?, a little convex, the last not descending, subdepressed, about
equaling the spire; base rather flattened; columella subvertical,
lightly arcuate, white. Aperture oblique, subtrapezoidal-lunar,
white inside ; peristome white, somewhat thickened, narrowly ex-
panded. Alt. 19, greater diam. 30, lesser 26 mill. (Pfr.)

Philippines.

H. amicta RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 52. — PER., Monogr. iii, p. 173 ;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 442, t. 152, f. 17, 18.

C. DECORA Adams & Reeve. PI. 52. figs. 23, 24.

Imperforate, conic-semi-globose, solid, nearly smooth, little shin-
ing, straw-colored, irregularly variegated with darker streaks.
Spire conoid, apex obtuse, pale. Whorls 4, little convex, the last
subcarinated, not descending in front : base smooth. Aperture
oblique, obsoletely quadrangular, white within ; peristome simple,
a little expanded, columellar margin flat, dilated. Alt. 18, greater
diam. 26 mill. (P/r.)

Mindoro, Philippines.

H. decora AD. & Rv., Voy. Samarang, Zool., Moll., p. 62, t. 16, f.
7.— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 178; Conchyl. Cab. p. 401, t. 144, f. 18,
19.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 586.

(2.) Group of C. pulcherrima.

C. PULCHERRIMA Sowerby. PL 33, figs. 60-64.

Imperforate, globose, somewhat depressed, generally solid;
ground-color uniform, varying from buff or cream-color to a dark
chestnut-maroon ; sometimes unicolored, apparently without any
hydro phanous markings whatever, but generally encircled by nu-
merous white or creamy bands which are closely articulated or
broken into dots and spots.

134 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

The surface is nearly smooth. Whorls 5, the last one scarcely
or slightly deflexed in front. Aperture white within, rounded-lunar ;
peristome reflexed throughout, white, often edged with flesh-color.
Columella deeply entering, gently arcuate.

Alt. 31, diam. 35 mill, (average specimen).

Alt. 31, diam. 43 mill, (large thin specimen from Luzon ; mouth
deep pink within).

Alt. 26, diam. 31 mill, (small buff specimen).

H. pulcherrima SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 90. — REEVE, Conch.
Syst. ii, t. 164. f. 12, 13; Conch. Icon. f. 26.— PFR., Monogr. i, p.
250 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 45, f. 1-4.— DELESSERT, Rec. de Coq. t. 38,
f. 11, 12, 15, 16. — Oalocochlea pulcherrima HARTM., Gastr. Schweiz,
i, p. 163, f. 54. — Cochlostyla pulcherrima Semper, Reis., p. 174, 1. 13,
f. 9;t. 18, f. 16 (anatomy). — HIDALGO, Journ. Conch. 1887, p.
126. — H. f estiva MORCH., not Donovan.

The ground-color is extremely variable, every shade between
light buff or light olive-green and deep maroon being represented.
It is nearly uniform in tint, becoming pink on the earlier whorls in
most specimens. In about one-third of the specimens before me
there is a narrow dark band bordering the columella, generally not
very distinct. In any of the color-forms, from light to dark, bands
of close spots of hydrophanous cuticle are frequently developed.
The supraperipheral hydrophanous band is the most constant and
prominent.

C. FESTIVA Donovan. PI. 52, fig. 25 ; pi. 35, figs. 11-16.

Imperforate, globose, somewhat depressed, the spire generally
rather conoidal ; solid; ground-color (beneath the hydrophanous
cuticle) dark reddish-chestnut, sometimes yellowish-chestnut, usu-
ally with a light peripheral girdle. Covered with a cream-colored
or light brown cuticle, with a white zone at periphery.

The hydrophanous cuticle is often closely streaked obliquely, and
generally has some or many spiral dark lines. The apical whorls
are pink or purple-pink. Whorls 4|-5, convex. Aperture wide-
lunar, pink or white inside ; peristome broadly reflexed, typically
bright pink, but often white, with or without a pink edge. Colu-
mella pink or white, broad, irregularly arcuate.

Alt. 29, diam. 35 mill.

Alt. 38, diam. 44 mill.

Province of Cagayan, Luzon, Philippines*

( '<)< TILOSTYLA-CALOCOCHL.EA. 135

H. f estiva DONOVAN, Naturalist's Repository iii, pi. 103 (Feb.,
1825).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 187; Conchyl. Cab. t. 139, f. 19, 20.
— RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 107. — H. luzonica SOWB. (in sched. Cum-
ing), PFR., Monogr. i, p. 252 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 45, f. 7, 9, 10, 11.—
RVE., f. 41. — SEMPER, Reis., t. 8, f. 1. — H. annceO. SEMPER, Journ.
de Conch. 1862, p. 146, t. 5, f. 8, $.— Cochlosty la j estiva SEMP., Reis.
p. 176. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 127.

Fig. 25 of pi. 52 is the typical f estiva. On pi. 35, figs. 11,
12 represent the C. annce Semper ; the figures 13-16 are the form
luzonica Sow.

This species has less variegated cuticle than C. pulcherrima and
the white equatorial zone is conspicuous. The lip is heavier than in
pulcherrima ; its face is typically pink, but many specimens have a
pure white lip and columella.

C. DUBIOSA Pfeiffer. PI. 32, figs. 52, 54.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin but solid. Ground-
color under the hydrophanous cuticle, varying from yellow to brown,
and having two dark chestnut zones, one above, the other below the
periphery. Covered with a cream-white hydrophanous cuticle,
which is cut into a great number of very fine lines by fine close darker
spiral lines.

The surface is finely spirally striated. Whorls 4£, the last a lit-
tle descending in front. Aperture rounded, white and showing the
zones within ; lip broadly reflexed, thin, white ; columella nearly
straight, white, forming an obtuse angle at its base with the lower
lip.

Alt. 30, diam. 31 mill.

Mts. of Morong district, Luzon,

H. dubiosa PFR., Symbolse iii, p, 71 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 46, f. 5,
6 ; Monogr. i, p. 252. — RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 22. — H. decipiens var.
DELESSERT, Req. de Coq. t. 38, f. 10. — Cochlostyla dubiosa HIDALGO,
Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 145. — H. batanica RVE., Conch. Icon. t.
9, f. 2. — H. volubilis Rv. Errata to Conch. Icon.— Cochlostyla
batanica HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 129. — H. speciosa
JAY, Catal. (2nd edit.), plate iii, f. 9, 9 (1836).

The most prominent feature of this species is its thin, broadly ex-
panded lip, yellow-brown ground-color two-banded with chestnut,
and the excessively fine and numerous lines of hydrophanous cuti-
cle of the exterior.

136 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

Hidalgo believes the H. batanica (-f- volubilis) of Reeve to be a
distinct species. I am unable, with the material before me, to make
the separation, but still it may exist. Reeve's figure of batanica is
copied on my plate 32, fig. 53.

I have examined the type of Helix speciosa Jay, now in the
American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York
City. It is a typical C. dubiosa. The name speciosa has priority
over dubiosa, but as Jay's description and figure have been demon-
strated to be utterly inadequate by the failure of Pfeiffer and others
to identify the species correctly, its rehabilitation as a specific name
would be obviously contrary to the recognized canons of nomencla-
ture.

C. LALLOENSIS Pfeiffer. PI. 51, fig. 16 : pi. 26, figs. 2, 3.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, rounded at the periphery, thin,
bluish-white (denuded of cuticle) with two dark brown bands, one
above, the other below the periphery ; there is also a narrow brown
line below the suture, ascending the spire.

Whorls 4-4£ ; . apex obtuse, white ; last whorl subglobose, a little

descending in front ; aperture rounded-lunar, oblique, showing the

bands within ; peristome white, well expanded ; columellar margin

widened, sloping, slightly arcuate, flattened. Alt. 26, diam. 33 mill.

Lallo, Province of Cagayan, Luzon, Philippines.

H. lalloensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. Ill ; Monogr. iv, p. 214.

The specimen figured on pi. 26 is. immature. Numerous speci-
mens are before me, but all are white, as if denuded of cuticle. It
seems to be allied to C. dubiosa, differing in the possession of a sut-
ural band and the more oblique columella. The surface is very
finely roughened and spirally substriated.

C. AUGUSTA Albers. PI. 35, figs. 17, 18.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, rather solid, spirally closely
striated, shining, tawny, ornamented with two wide blackish-chest-
nut bands with a white space of the same width between them.
Spire convex, obtuse ; suture white, margined with chestnut ; whorls
4, a little convex, the last rounded, slightly descending in front.
Aperture oblique, lunate-round, whitish inside, showing pellucid
bands ; peristome white, expanded ; columellar margin oblique,
nearly straightly descending, flat, white, subtruncate at base.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 34, lesser 28 mill. (Pfr. from spec, in coll.
Albers.)

Habitat unknown.

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. 137

H. augusta ALB., Mai. Bl. i, 1854, p. 214.— PFR., Mon. iv, p.
214; Novit. Conch, i, p. 41, t. 11, f. 9, 10.

The locality " New Guinea f" given by Albers is extremely
doubtful.

YAR. On pi. 32, fig. 51, I have figured a specimen which may
be a variety of this species, but I am in doubt of it.

C. PRTNCEPS Reeve. PL 33, figs. 58, 59.

Imperforate, oblong-turbinated, solid, rather swollen, very finely
rugulosely striated ; yellowish, purple at the apex, covered with a
slight hydrophanous epidermis. Aperture lunar-oval ; lip thinly
reflected, columellar margin appressly tubercled, callous, drawn out.
(Reeve.)

Philippines Is.

H. princeps RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 1422. — PFR., Monogr. iv, p.
209.

The specimen before me (fig. 59) does not agree iii all respects
with Reeve's description and his figure (fig. 58). It is thinner,
smoother, not so distinctly banded.

C. ERYTHROSPIRA Mollendorff. Uiifigured.

Imperforate, subglobose, quite thin, above bright violet-red, then
chestnut brown-black, covered with a wood-colored hydrophanous
cuticle, banded with buff at the periphery ; spire semiglobose, apex
obtuse, whorls 4J, convex, rather rapidly increasing; suture
margined, almost crenulated ; finely plicate-striate, the last whorl
tumid, base around the columella denuded, shining, blackish.
Aperture little oblique, excised circular ; peristome little expanded,
a trifle reflexed, thin for this genus, blackish ; columella slightly
curved, white, much dilated above. (Moll.')

Malunu, Prov. Isabela, northern Luzon.

C. (Callicochlias) erythrospira v. MOLL. Nachr. D. M. Ges. 1890,
p. 204.

C. GENERALIS Pfeiffer. PI. 52, fig. 22.

Imperforate, globose turbinate, striatulate and sculptured with
oblique wrinkles especially beneath ; not shining ; white under a
buff-greenish cuticle. Spire convex-conoid, rather obtuse; suture
light, submargined. Whorls 4 £, a little convex, rapidly increasing,
the last little descending in front, encircled above the periphery with
a rather wide, flat ridge ; base little convex. Columella slightly

138 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

oblique, compressed, excavated, white. Aperture diagonal, obliquely
truncate-oval, milk-white inside ; peristome thin, margins conniving,
the right one scarcely expanded, basal thickened, narrowly reflexed,
forming an obtuse angle with the columella.
Alt. 40, diam. 57 mill. (P/r.)

Philippines.

H. generalis PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 123 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 2,
t. 1, f. 6 ; Monogr. ii, p. 206.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1349.

C. CHRYSOCHILA Sowerby. PL 34, figs. 9, 10.

Irnperforate, globose-subdepressed, solid ; surface delicately
striate-obliquely, having microscopic spiral lines above, and some-
times obscurely malleated. Bright greenish-yellow, the earlier whorls
tinged with rufous ; suture edged with a white line ; no hydrophanous
cuticle ; lip broadly reflexed, yellow.

The spire is somewhat conoid, apex very obtuse, whorls nearly 5,
the last slightly descending and then ascending in front. Aperture
large, white inside ; lip broadly expanded, yellow; columella thick^
yellow, expanding in a concave white callus.

Alt. 39, diam. 43 mill.

Calayan, Philippines*

H. chrysocheila SOWB., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 3. — PFR., Monogr. i, p.
248 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 275, t. 44, f. 5, 6. — REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii,
p. 163, f. 1 ; Conch. Icon., f. 25. — Cochlostyla chrysochila SEMPER,.
Reis., p. 175. — HIDALGO, Journal de Conchyl. 1887, p. 125.

A large, smooth yellow species, altogether lacking hydrophanous
cuticle, and with a yellow lip.

(3). Group of C. polillensis.

C. POLILLENSIS Pfeiifer. PI. 32, figs. 43-50.

Imperforate, globose-conoid, somewhat solid, nearly smooth ;
ground-color varying from light-yellow to reddish-chestnut, plain or
having 2 to 4 bands ; covered with a light brown or creamy
hydrophanous cuticle, which generally forms a finely checkered
pattern without any conspicuous bands. Columella having a strong
fold near its insertion.

The contour varies much. Whorls 5£, the last scarcely descend-
ing in front. Aperture oblique ; lip reflexed and somewhat thick-

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. 139

ened, white or flesh-colored ; columella subvertical, inserted deeply
in the base, and having a strong lobe or fold above.
Alt. 44, diam. 42 mill, (average specimen.)

Island of Polillo off the E. coast of S. Luzon.

H. polillensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 190 ; Novit. Conch., p. 233,
t. 60, f. 1, 2 ; Monogr. v, p. 28l.—H.portei PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p.
191 ; Novit. Conch., t. 60, f. 7-11.— H. ajax PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p.
191 ; Novit. Conch., t. 60, f. 3.— H. hector PFR., P. Z. S. 1861,
p. 191.

This is a large, globose-conoid species, with finely checkered
cuticle.

Color-var. polillensis (typical ; figs. 43, 44) has a brownish-yellow
ground-color, bandless, or with very faint sutural and columellar
bands.

Color-var. portei (figs. 47, 50) is very light greenish -yellow, with
a distinct band at suture and umbilicus.

Color-var. ajax (figs. 45, 46, 48) has a dark reddish-brown ground-
color.

Color-var. hector (fig. 49) has four dark bands.

Transition forms are not uncommon. The large series before me
confirms Pfeiffer's judgment in uniting the several races.

C. ANDROMACHE Pfeiffer. Unfyured.

Imperforate, subglobose, rather thin, striatulate, chestnut colored,
little shining. Spire convex, apex minute. Whorls 4-4-1, moderately
convex, the upper white, penultimate tawny, the last globose, not
descending, sometimes encircled by light spiral lirse. Columella
white, subvertical, compressed. Aperture oblique, lunate-rotund,
inside pearly ; peristome simple, whitish, everywhere narrowly ex-
panded, margins converging, the right margin flexuous.

Alt. 28, greater diam. 37, lesser 30 mill. (Pjr.)

Polillo, Philippines.

H. andromache PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 191 ; Monogr. v, p. 282.

Probably a variety of C. polillensis.

C. PERAFFINIS Pilsbry. PI. 54, figs. 47, 48.

Imperforate, globose-conoid, solid, having low regular wrinkles of
growth and on the spire faint spiral striae. Ground-color brownish-
yellow with inconspicuous darker oblique streaks, and having a nar-
row black-chestnut band at the suture and around the columella.

140 COCHLOSTYLA-OALOCOCHLEA.

Hydrophanous cuticle disposed in close narrow bands and lines,
closely interrupted by the wrinkles of growth. Earlier whorls whitish.

Spire convex-subconoid, obtuse ; whorls 4f , the last slowly and
slightly descending. Aperture large, oblique, white or nearly so in-
side ; peristome broadly reflexed, rather thick, its face and reverse
white. Columella wide, heavy, oblique, white.

Alt. 38, greater diam. 41, lesser 33 mill.

Alt. 31, greater diam. 32 mill.

Philippines.

This species is allied to C. polillensis and C. codonensis. It is a
distinctly solider shell than the first, with a much broader lip and
heavier columella. It is less elevated than C. codonensis, with an
entirely different color-pattern, the lip not black-edged, the columella
not roseate, etc.

C. CODONENSIS Hidalgo. PL 53, fig. 37.

Imperforate, subglobose, solid, obsoletely sculptured with wrinkles
of growth ; shining and tawny, with a black columellar band, under
an opaque white more or less interrupted or broadly streaked
hydrophanous cuticle.

Spire obtuse, whitish or rosy ; whorls 4? to 5, a little convex,
rather rapidly widening, the last large, very convex, obliquely some-
what descending in front ; columella long, suboblique, rather flat,
rose colored, the callus becoming outwardly bluish-white. Aperture
ample, oblique, lunate-oval ; peristome widely expanded and re-
flexed ; its inner part, with the aperture, whitish-blue, its outer edge
intense black. (Hid.)

Alt. 42, greater diam. 42, lesser 35 mill.

Codon, Island of Catanduanes.

C. codonensis HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1888, p. 312 ; I. c. 1889,
t. 14, f. 4.

This species is allied to C. polillensis and its varieties, but the
aperture is relatively higher, the columella roseate and straighter,
the peristome more reflexed, and black on the outside ; the epidermis
has a different aspect and the last whorl is more oblique, etc. (Hid.)

C. DECIPIENS Sowerby. PL 29, figs. 10, 11.

Imperforate, rather thin, globose-depressed or subglobose ; surface
nearly smooth, the growth-lines light, the earlier whorls seen to be
spirally striate under a lens. Straw-yellow, with irregular oblique

t COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. 141

streaks of white hydrophanous cuticle, and with a peripheral (some-
times also a basal) interrupted band of the same, these hydrophanous
markings are usually partly lost in adult shells.

Whorls 4£, the last a little descending in front. Aperture large ;
lip well expanded subreflexed, thin, white ; columella arcuate,
somewhat sinuous. Alt. 33, diam. 35 mill.

Luzon and Capul, Philippines (Cuming.)

H. decipiens SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 96.— PFR., Monogr. i, p.
251 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 277, t. 45, f. 5, 6.— RVE., f. 23.

A thin species, having oblique ragged streaks and a narrow band
of white cuticle. Our specimens are more globose than the figures
on pi. 29.

(4). Group of C. zonifera.

C. ZONIFERA Sowerby. PI. 35, figs. 19, 20, 22.

Imperforate, solid, depressed-globose. Ground-color, under the
hydrophanous cuticle, light greenish-buff with (typically) a broad
peripheral girdle of dark broivn, the upper whorls nearly white.
Hydrophanous cuticle cream- white forming two wide uninterrupted
bands, one above the other below the peripheral dark zone ; the base
below the lower band has no hydrophanous cuticle ; above the upper
band it is present in irregular patches, cut by a group of narrow spiral
lines which revolve about the middle of the upper surface.

Whorls 4-4o, the last wide and slightly descending in front.
Aperture quite oblique, white (or flesh-tinted) inside ; lip white,
roundly reflexed ; columella oblique, straight, deeply inserted.

Alt. 30, diam. 37 mill.

Leyte ; La Laguna, Luzon; Loquilocon, Samar ; Visayes ; Cai-
anduanes, E. coast of Mindanao ; Siargas, in the Strait of Surigao ;
Philippines.

H. zonifera SOWB., in sched. Cuming. — PFR., Monogr. i, p. 251 ;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 280, t. 46, f. 3, 4.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 9. f.
3. — Cochlostyla zonifera MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 94, with var.
purpurascens and modestior. — Cochlostyla zonifera SEMPER, Reis.
Phil., p. 177, t. 18, f. 9 (anatomy). — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl.
1887, p. 129.

A globose-depressed species having a broad zone of creamy cuticle
on either side of a darker peripheral zone, the upper surface having
irregular patches of creamy cuticle cut by a group of spiral lines.

142 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. *

Var. CIRCE Pfr. PL 53, figs. 28, 29.

Ground-color brown, with an ill-defined chocolate band at the
periphery, the whorls of the spire and the interior of the aperture
purple-tinged. Otherwise like the type.

Is. Samar and Leyte.

H. dree PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 645. — RYE, Conch. Icon., f. 1025. —
Coehlostyla zonifera var. purpurascens MART., Ostas. Landschn., p.
95.

Another variety is represented on pi. 53, figs. 30, 31. Two broad
bands of cream- white cuticle are present as well as traces of a sutural
band, but there is a wide white zone above, much as in the following
variety, which is, however, a much more globose shell.

Var. PARALEUCA Pilsbry. PL 53, figs. 32, 33.

Globose ; light-yellow with a broad white band above. Columella
wide and strongly curved inward. Alt. 29, diam. 32? mill.

C. CORONADOI Hidalgo. PL 34, figs. 5, 6 ; pi. 35, fig. 21.

Imperforate, solid, depressed, the spire low-conoidal, ground-color
(under the hydrophanous markings), greenish-yellow, becoming brown
on the base; having (normally) two narrow dark chestnut bands,
one below, the other above the periphery and ascending the spire,
but the bands are often absent. Hydrophanous cuticle torn into
narrow, oblique shreds, at least above, not forming a series of blotches
below the suture; disposed in two broad zones, one below1, the other
above a wide peripheral zone of the ground-color; the upper zone
bounded above by a narrow dark band.

Whorls 41, rather flattened, the sutures very shallow, becoming
impressed around the last whorl, which descends gradually in front.
Aperture quite oblique, white inside; lip broadly reflexed, white;
columella deeply entering, more or less arcuate, its face deeply ex-
cavated. Alt. 31, diam. 44 mill.

Leyte ; Catanduanes.

Coehlostyla coronadoi HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1868, t. 13, f. 5;
I. c. 1887, p. 132.— IT. cailliaudi var., PFR., Conchyl. Cab., t. 42, f.
3, 4 (not H. cailliaudi Dh.)

A large, solid species, allied to C. zonifera, but larger, with differ-
ently shaped columella and differently patterned hydrophanous
cuticle.

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. 143

Var. PULCHRA Pilsbry. PI. 54, figs. 43, 44.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, solid. Yellowish-brown, slightly
streaked obliquely with brown, and having numerous rather narrow
bands of hydrophanom cream-white spots, a supra-peripheral band
sometimes wider. Whorls of the spire having a narrow brown spiral
band.

Spire convex, obtuse, the earlier two whorls pink, following whorl
white. Whorls 5, the last scarcely descending. Aperture large,
oblique, white inside ; lip broadly reflexed, thick, white on both face
and reverse. Columella arcuate, deeply entering, its face excavated.

Alt. 37, diam. 45 mill.

Albay, Philippines.

A more elevated shell than C. coronadoi, with a different pattern
of cuticle. A part of the hydrophanous bands are doubtless rubbed
off of the specimens before me.

C. NORRISII Sowerby. PI. 31 , figs. 41, 42.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, solid, obsoletely malleated,
glabrous, tawny-citrinous, having opaque white zones and under the
suture irregular white spots. Spire semiglobose. Whorls 4i, con-
vex, the last excavated at the broad, callous, arcuately prolonged
columella. Aperture lunate-subcircular, white inside ; peristome
thick, very broadly expanded.

Alt. 28, greater diam. 42 mill. (Pfr.)

Luzon and Mindanao (Pfr.) ; Leyte and Catanduanes (Hidalgo),
Philippines.

H. norrisii SOWB. (in sched. Cuming). — PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p.
85 ; Monogr. i, p. 250 ; Conchyl. Cab., t. 46, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon., f. 21. — C. norrisii HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 133.

I have not seen this species. It seems very closly allied to C.
zonifera, but the lip is perhaps broader and the columella more
oblique. Reeve's figure (fig. 42) may not be the same.

C. DAMAHOYI Pfeiffer. PL 37, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Imperforate, solid, depressed-globose ; having superficial, scarcely
obvious spiral liruke and on the latter part of the last whorl lightly
obliquely malleated. Ground-color rich brown, with two broad
darker zones, one above, the other below a wide peripheral zone of
greenish-buff. Hydrophanous cuticle cream-white, strongly contrast-
ing with the dark back-ground, and forming (over this ground-color)

144 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

a wide subsutural and a wide peripheral zone (one or two narrow
bands between them), and on the base several wide and narrow
bands.

Spire low, inconspicuous; whorls 4i, little convex, the last but
little descending in front. Aperture large, banded inside, perislome
white, broadly reflexed ; columella oblique, wide, nearly straight.

Alt. 33*, diam. 45 mill.

Calayan, Philippines.

H. damahoyi PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 328; Monogr. iv, p. 210;
Novit. Conch, iv, p. 8, t. Ill, f. 1-4. — Cochlostyla damahoyi SEMPER,
Reis., p. 175, t. 18, f. 8 (anatomy.)

Allied to C. zonifera, but differs markedly in the arrangement of
colors and the obscure malleation. The two blackish bands are
sometimes absent (fig. 42.)

C. CAILLIAUDI Deshayes. PI. 50, figs. 2, 3 ; pi. 52, fig. 26, 27.

Imperforate, solid, large, globose-depressed-conoid. Surface finely
and obscurely spirally lirulate, the last whorl quite obviously sculpt-
ured with obliquely forward-descending malleations forming narrow
ridges, becoming concentric beneath. Ground-color clear greenish-
yellow, having a dark zone below and another above the periphery..
Hydrophanous white cuticle forming numerous narrow encircling
bands, mostly worn off in front of the aperture.

Spire rather conoidal ; whorls 5, but slightly convex, the suture
superficial ; last whorl slightly descending in front. Aperture large,
white and faintly showing the bands inside ; peristome broadly re-
flexed, recurved, white ; columella oblique, nearly straight.

Alt. 43, diam. 45 mill.

Camaruan, prov. of Camarines Sur, Luzon (Hidalgo.)

H. cailliaudi DH. in Guerin's Mag. de Zool. 1839, t. 5. — PFR.,
Monogr. i, p. 246. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 33. — Cochlostyla
cailliaudi HIDALGO, Journal de Conchyliologie 1887, p. 131. —
Helix ferruginea LEA, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 2d Ser., vii, p.
464, t. 12, f. 17 (1841.)

A large, solid shell, decidedly malleated, light yellow with two
brown bands, the whole covered with numerous narrow, interrupted
hydrophanous bands. The typical form is shown in fig. 3, of pi.
50, the specimen figured being nearly denuded of hydrophanous
cuticle in front.

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLfiA. 1 45

The shell resembles the group of C. latitans, C. cryptica, etc., in
sculpture and shape of the mouth, but it is in coloring and shape
of the spire more allied to C. coronadoi, etc.

Color-var. ferruginea Lea. (pi. 52, fig. 27). Unicolored, brown-
isli. Lea included the true cailliaudi also in his diagnosis, but the
name may be retained in a restricted sense for the pale reddish-
brown form.

Color-var. (pi. 52, fig. 26). Shell smaller, with accessory bands
at suture and columella.

C. MICROSPIRA Pfeiffer. PL 53, figs. 34, 35, 36.

Imperforate, solid, globose-depressed ; surface smooth, with
delicate growth lines, the spiral striation almost or entirely obsolete,
the last whorl sometimes slightly malleated. Yellow, with three
dark chestnut or purple bands, one at the narrowly white-margined
suture, one at the periphery, and a third surrounding the columella.
No traces of hydrophanous cuticle.

Spire short, obtuse; sutures superficial ; whorls 4^, the last a little
descending in front. Aperture large, white inside and often show-
ing the bands ; lip reflexed, white, frequently narrowly edged with
brown ; columella oblique, white, subtruncate below. Earlier
whorls white or reddish.

Alt. 37, diam. 42 mill.

Alt. 35, diam. 49 mill.

Philippines.

H. microspira PFR., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 127 ; Monogr. iv, p. 213.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1268.

A large and solid trifasciate species, somewhat allied to C.zonifera
var. circe, but decidedly heavier, and of a different tone of color.
The variations in banding are shown by the figures, selected from a
large suite of specimens.

C. HEMISPHERIC^ Pfeiffer. PI. 54, figs. 45, 46.

Imperforate, semiglobose, solid, obliquely striated, and under a
lens seen to be very closely spirally sculptured; shining, buff, with
chestnut-tawny bands. Spire convex, apex obtuse. Whorls 4-i, a
little convex, rapidly increasing, the last scarcely descending, the
periphery obtusely angled and sometimes irregularly obliquely
malleated-plicate ; base subplanulated. Aperture oblique, lunate-
oval, whitish within ; columella somewhat sloping, wide, basal mar-
10

146 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

gin narrowly reflexed, forming an obtuse angle with the columella.
(Pfr.) Alt. 27, diam. 43 mill.

Philippines.

H. hemisphcerion PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1851, p. 15; Monogr,
iii, p. 186 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 407, t. 146, f. 1, 2.

C. SAMARENSIS Semper. PI. 34, figs. 1, 2 ; pi. 54, figs. 41, 42.

Imperforate, globose, striatulate, chestnut or tawny, apex very
obtuse, usually white, sometimes ornamented with two chestnut
bands and an obsolete white band at the periphery. Spire globose ;
whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last very large; columella oblique;
excavated, white. Aperture lunate-circular, milky or brown ; per-
istome widely reflexed, black-edged. (8.*)

Alt. 34, greater diam. 46, lesser 35 mill.

Pampan, Samar ; San Fernando, Sibuyan.

C. samarensis C. SEMPER, Reis., p. 179, t. 10, f. 9 (shell) ; t. 13,
f. 15; t. 18, f. 12 (anatomy).— HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887,
p. 136, t. 6, f. 1, 2.

The typical form is thin, translucent, sometimes with, sometimes
without the narrow chestnut bands. A brownish tract surrounds
the white columella, and the reflexed peristome is brownish-black.
Upon all 3 examples there is a wide whitish and lacerated band at
the periphery, formed of the otherwise inconspicuous hydrophanous
cuticle. (&)

Hidalgo describes three color-varieties :

1. Shell chestnut, unicolored (pi. 54, fig. 42.)

2. Shell tawny, columellar area and suture brown.

3. Like the last, but periphery with a chestnut band (pi. 54, fig.
41.)

Semper considered the following form a variety, but Hidalgo says
that it does not belong to the same species.

Var. ? (pi. 34, figs. 3, 4). Shell much thicker ; peristome bluish-
white ; no dark columellar area.

C. COCCOMELOS Sowerby. PI. 55, figs. 51-55.

Imperforate, globose, rather solid ; lightly obliquely striated.
Ground color varying from dark chestnut-brown to olive-yellow,
generally unicolored, but sometimes banded ; suture white-margined.
Apical whorls pink or purple. Hydrophanous cuticle thin, evanes-
cent, often cut by spiral dark lines.

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. 147

Spire low-conoid, very obtuse ; whorls 4-1, the last slightly
descending. Aperture oblique, rounded, white or tinted inside ; lip
well reflexed, whitish with a brown edge.

Alt. 33, diam. 35 mill.

Alt. 39, diam. 39 mill.

Tablets, Sibuyan and Samar, Philippines.

H. coccomelos SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 167.— RVE., Conch. Syst,
ii, t. 164, f. 9. — Cochlostyla coccomelos HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch.
1887, p. 134. — H. speciosa PFR., Monogr. i, p. 248 ; Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 311, t. 46, f. 7-9, and of authors generally, not If. speciosa Jay.

A very variable species. The following varieties are enumerated
by Hidalgo:

1. Pale buff, the spire and lip white. An albino form.

2. Olivaceous, 3 banded with chestnut.

3. Olivaceous, columella surrounded by a chestnut zone.

4. Olivaceous, not banded.

5. Greenish, not banded.

6. Tawny, spire paler. f

7. Reddish, 3-banded with chestnut.

8. Blackish, spire paler.

9. Chestnut, becoming rosy on the spire (figs. 52, 53.)

Dr. Jay's collection is now in the American Museum of Natural
History, Central Park, New York City. I am indebted to Prof.
R. P. Whitfield for the opportunity of examining the type of
H. speciosa Jay, contained therein. It is a C. dubiosa (q. v.)

C. PONDEROSA Pfeiffer. PI. 48, fig. 65.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, tumid, solid, ponderous ; rather
smooth (incremental and concentric striae very close, scarcely
visible) ; white, the base covered with a shining, pale corneous
cuticle. Whorls 4t>, a little convex, the last subangulated, some-
times obsoletely marked with a white hydrophanous band below the
angle. Columella straight, wide, very oblique. Aperture subauri-
form, white inside ; peristoine broadly reflexed.

Alt. 27, greater diam. 46, lesser 34 mill. (Pfr.)

Prov. Ilocon, Luzon, Philippines.

H. ponder osa PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 38 ; Monogr. i, p. 259 ; Con-
chyl. Cab., p. 215, t. 108, f. 3, 4.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 47.

1 48 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

(5). Group of C. mindanaensis.

C. MINDANAENSIS Sowerby. PI. 47, figs. 61, 62.

Imperforate, solid, depressed-globose-conical, large. Surface
lightly obliquely striated. Opaque brownish-yellow, marked all over
with spots and zigzag streaks of dark reddish-brown, having a band
of hydro phanous whitish cuticle immediately below the periphery.

The spire is low-conoidal, apex very obtuse, the earlier whorls
flpsh-colored, with a dark line just above the suture. The last whorl
is very obtusely subangular at the periphery. Aperture oblique,
livid inside; lip reflexed, flesh- colored, darker toward the outer
edge; columella flesh-colored, oblique, subtruncated below.

Alt. 44, diam. 53 mill.

Alt. 41, diam. 45 mill.

Is. of Mindanao and Camiguin, Philippines.

H. mindanaensis Sows, in sched. Cuming. — PFR., P. Z. S. 1842
p. 85; Monogr. i, p. 245; Conchyl. Cab., p. 268, t. 41, f. 5, 6.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 32. — H. mindana RVE., Conch. Syst. ii, t.
164, f. 8. — C/tromocochlea mindorana'KA'RTM., Gast. Schw. i, p. 139,
t. 42. — Cochlostyla mindanaensis SEMPEB, Reis., p. 187.

A peculiarly mottled species, very distinct from other known
forms.

C. HARFORDII Sower by. PI. 55, figs. 49, 50.

Imperforate, depressed-globose-turbinate, large, solid ; obliquely
lightly'striated. Light brown (when worn, light green), blotched
irregularly with dark chestnut, having numerous narrow light bands
above and, a broad light band, covered with creamy hydrophanous
cuticle just below the periphery.

Spire low-conoidal, apex very obtuse; whorls 5, the last a trifle
descending in front. Aperture oblique, white within ; lip expanded,
s:i')reflexed, white. Columella steeply sloping, white.

Alt. 49, diam. 57 mill, (specimen.)

Alt. 48, diam. 70 mill. (Pfr.)

Negros, Philippines.

H. harfordii BROD., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 123.— REEVE, Conch. Syst.
ii, t. 165, f. 15; Couch. Icon., f. 36.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 244;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 269, t. 42, f. 1, 2.

Allied to C. mindanaensis, but larger and differently colored.

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. 149

(6). Group of C. melanocJiila.

C. PAN Broderip. PI. 33, figs. 56, 56, 57.

Imperforate, globose- depressed-conoid, solid, smooth, lusterless ;
ground-color chocolate-broivn below, yellowish-brown above the periph-
ery ; suture narrowly margined with dark brown, covered with a
hydro phanoue creamy cuticle which is everywhere conspicuously
banded with rust-brown above and chocolate below.

The spire is rather conoidal, apex obtuse; whorls 5], the upper
nearly flat, the last convex, a little descending in front. Aperture
tinted inside, not showing bands ; peristome reflexed, more or less
conspicuously dark edged ; columella oblique, nearly straight or
obsoletely insinuate.

Alt. 43, diam. 42 mill, (average size.)

Bohol and Panglao, Philippines.

H.pan BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 23.— REEVE, Conch. Syst., 1. 165,
f. 19 ; Conch. Icon., f. 24.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 245 ; Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 265, t. 39, f. 5-7.— DELESSERT, Rec. de Coq., t. 38, f. 9.

The ground-color is much as in Hadra bipartita. The hydropha-
nous cuticle has bands of rust-brown as well as zones of the chocolate
ground-color. It is a beautiful shell, exhibiting but little variation.

C. DEPRESSA Semper. PI. 50. figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

Imperforate, solid, depressed ; surface having light growth-lines
and very minute, subobsolete spiral striae. Ground-color dark brown,
having a darker band at the periphery and under the suture.
Hydrophanous cuticle forming a subsutural series of blotches, a
peripheral zone and numerous narrow bands on the base, of cream-
white, the rest of the surface closely lineate with brownish-white
cuticle.

The spire is low, rounded; sutures superficial; apex obtuse.
Whorls 4i, the last obtusely subangular at the periphery, not in the
least descending in front. Aperture oblique, leaden-bluish inside;
lip narrowly expanded and subreflexed, dark brown; columella
"wide, flattened, subtruncate below.

Alt/28, diam. 40 mill.

Mindanao; Surigao, Philippines.

H. lignaria PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. Ill ; Monogr. i, p. 259 ; Con-
chyl. Cab., p. 424, t. 149, f. 15.— REEVE, fig. 40. (not Bulimus
lignarius PFR., also a Cochlostyla'). — Cochlostyla depressa SEMPER,
Reis., p. 180. — HIDALGO, Jo urn. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 137.

150 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

This species differs from C. damahoyi which it somewhat resem-
bles in pattern of coloring, in its constantly brown lip and more de-
pressed contour.

Var. perdepressa (figs. 6, 7, 8). Much more depressed above than
the type ; upper surface (under the hydrophanous patches) green-
ish-yellow, base dark brown. Dark bands at suture, periphery and
and columella. Alt. 25, diam. 42 mill.

C. MELANOCHILA Valenciennes. PI. 30, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Imperforate, solid, depressed-globose ; growth-lines delicate ;
spiral strise subobsolete. Dark chestnut-brown, with a wide yellowish
band above, and a narrow one on the base; apex purple or pink.
Hydrophanous cuticle brownish, usually lost by erosion for the
greater part.

Spire low, apex very obtuse ; whorls 5, the last a little descending
in front. Aperture oblique, wide, white inside ; lip reflexed, dark
brown ; columella white, nearly straight.

Alt. 31, diam. 44 mill.

Alt. 34, diam. 36 mill.

Calapan, Mindoro, Philippines.

H. melanocheila VAL, in Paris Mus. — GRATELOUP, Actes Soc.
Linn. Bord., xi, p. 397, t. 4, f. 12.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 258 ; Con-
chyl. Cab. p. 276, t. 44, f 9, 10.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 80.— IT.
brunnea SOWB., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 40 (not of Anton). — Cochlostyla
melanocheila HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 125.

A large black-lipped species, intermediate between C. pan and
C. roissyana.

C. CHLOROCHROA Sowerby. PI. 37, figs. 38, 39.

Imperforate, subglobose, rather thin, tawny or pale brown,,
streaked and marbled with white ; covered with an ashen-brown
cuticle. Spire semiglobose. Whorls 4J, a little convex, the last
obsoletely angular at the periphery. Columella oblique, arcuate,
denticulate. Aperture rounded-lunar ; peristome subthickened, ex-
panded, brown. Alt. 34, greater diam. 50, lesser 42 mill. (Pfr.)

Camiguin de Mindanao (Semper) ; Bohol (Cuming), Philippines.

H. chlorochroa Sow., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 2.— PFR., Monogr. i, p.
246; Conchyl. Cab. p. 274, t. 44, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, f. 27.— Cochlo-
styla cnlorochroa SEMPER, Reis., p. 187.

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA . 151

C. MATRUELIS Sowerby. PI. 48, figs. 70, 71.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, rather thin. Ground-color brown
ivith three blackish bands: one below the suture, one at the periph-
ery, the third (occasionally absent) bounding a light yellow colu-
mellar tract; apex purple. Hydrophanous cuticle very thin, but
forming an opaque creamy band at suture and immediately below
the periphery.

Spire low, apex very obtuse. Whorls slightly exceeding 4, the
apex slightly sunken ; last whorl descending a little in front. Aper-
ture oblique, livid and showing a band inside ; lip rather narrowly
expanded, brown ; columella very wide, brown, truncated and sub-
dentate below, the tooth white. Alt. 25, diam. 33 mill.

Mindanao, Philippines.

H. matruelis Sows. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 24.— PFR., Monogr. i, p.
259 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 282, t. 46, f. 10, 11.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f.
75.— DELESSERT, Rec., t. 38, f. 4.

Somewhat allied to C. melanocheila but smaller, the columella of
a different form, and the arrangement of colors diverse.

C. DIFFICILIS Pfeiffer. PL 48, fig. 72.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, thin, very minutely striated, shin-
ing, pale tawny, at the white suture banded with chestnut. Spire
small, semiglobose. Whorls 4?, a little convex, the last inflated, at
the periphery and base, banded with chestnut ; not descending in
front. Aperture oblique, tetragonal-lunar, white inside; peristome
subthickened, narrowly reflexed, the columellar margin straightened,
much dilated, flat, white. Alt. 26, greater diam. 42, lesser 34 mill.

Philippines.

H. difficilis PFR., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 127; Monogr. iv, p. 213.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1269.

C. ROISSYANA Fe*russac. PL 30, figs. 23-28.

Imperforate, subglobular, solid, compact. Surface lusterless,
smooth. Color either yellow, variously banded with chocolate-brown,
or chocolate with a light band above; the inner whorls either white
or purplish-blue. The hydrophanous cuticle is thin, light brown,
and nearly uniform, but it is usually almost entirely worn off.

The form is globose and compact ; growth-lines light ; spiral stri-
ation nearly obsolete. Color very variable. Whorls 5, the last

152 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

slightly descending in front. Aperture oblique, whitish inside; lip
narrowly expanded, blackish-brown, rarely white; columella white,
wide, short, nearly straight, steeply sloping.
Alt. 31, diam. 32 mill, (average specimen).

Mindoro, Philippines.

H. roissyana FEB., Hist. t. 104,f. 2-3.--SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p.
101.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 249 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 283, t. 47, f. 1-5 ;
Novit. Conch, iii, p. 497, t. 107, f. 10, 11.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f.
73. — Cochlostyla roissyana SEMP., Reis., p. 185. — HIDALGO, Obras.
MalacoLi, t. 51, f. 1-7. — H. rossiana GRAY, Ann. of Phil. (n. s.),
ix, p. 412.

A compact, subglobular species, with narrow, dark lip. The
typical form as figured by Ferussac is yellow with dark bands.

Color-var. lutea Pfr. (pi. 30, figs. 23, 24). Light yellowish, with
a lighter band above.

Color-var. subatra (pi. 30, fig. 28). Body-whorl dark chocolate-
brown, a light baud appearing on the penultimate whorl.

C. INFUSCATA Albers. PI. 30, figs. 20, 21.

Imperforate, conoid-subglobose, solid, obliquely striated, obsoletely
decussated with spiral stride; tawny; spire convex-conoid, whitish
above ; suture white-margined. Whorls 5, convex, the last rotund,
shortly descending in front, radiated and obsoletely banded with
brown ; columellar area chestnut. Columella somewhat sloping,
wide, white, subexcavated. Aperture oblique, lunate-rounded, milk-
white inside; peristome thick, white, narrowly reflexed, the right
margin arched forward. (Pfr. from spec, in coll. Albers.)

Alt. 24, greater diam. 31, lesser 27 mill.

Habitat supposed to be Philippines.

H. infuscata ALB., Mai. Bl. i, 1854, p. 214. — PFR., Novit. Conch,
i, p. 41, t. 11, f.7, 8; Monogr. iv, p. 211.

C. MAINITENSIS Hidalgo. PI. 55, fig. 56.

Imperforate, subglobose, rather solid, smooth, chestnut colored,
under an ashen-brown hydrophanous cuticle, transversely darker,
obscurely lineated, and at the periphery having a white band.

Spire moderate, apex obtuse, pale. Suture simple ; whorls 5, a
little convex, the last whorl very rotund, somewhat descending in
front, half the length of the shell. Aperture rotund-truncate, livid
inside; columella oblique, rather wide, depressed-concave, brown,

COCJILOSTYLA-CALOCOCIILEA. 153

the margin whitish. Peristome simple; nearly semicircular, margin
somewhat obtuse, chestnut, slightly thickened toward the columella.
(Hid.} Alt. 42, greater diam. 41, lesser 39 mill.

Ma i nit, Island of Mindanao.

C. mainitensis HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1888, p. 310; /. c. 1889,
t. 14, f. 2.

Under a considerable magnification are seen stride of growth and
transverse stride, but very indistinct. (Hid.}

C. LIGNICOLOR Mollendorff. Unfigured.

Imperforate, subdepressed-globose or globose, subtly striated,
chestnut-brown, covered with a streaked and lineated wood-colored
hydrophauous cuticle, a rather wide tawny-whitish band at the
periphery, and sometimes another around the columella ; spire glo-
bose-conoid, apex flat. Whorls 5, convex, the last tumid, above the
aperture denuded and shining. Aperture lunate-rotund ; peristome
straight, acute, subthickened, brown ; columella wide, rose- white,
rather straightened, sloping. (Moll.}

Alt. 32, greater diam. 44, lesser 38 mill.

Alt. 37, greater diam. 4-1, lesser 38 mill.

Alt. 35, greater diam. 39, lesser 33 mill.

Mts. on L. Mainit, Mindanao.

C. (Callicochlias) lignicolor v. MOLL. Nachr. D. M. Ges. July-
Aug. 1888, p. 100.

In color and markings it approaches C. depressa Semp. and me-
lanochila Val. while it is more globular than the last, and in contour
resembles most C. sphcerion Sow. The non-expanded, weakly
thickened peristome distinguishes it from all the foregoing, being
found only in C. suprabadia Semp. The white peripheral band is
lacking on none of the ten examples before me, whilst the circum-
umbilical is present upon four only. The height of the spire varies,
as the above dimensions show, not inconsiderably, but the higher
forms seem to predominate. (Moll.)

Compare C. mainitensis Hidalgo.

C. SOLIDA Pfeiffer. PI. 30, fig. 22.

Imperforate, conoid-semiglobose, thick, striate, tawny, covered
with a thin brown lusterless cuticle; spire convex, obtuse, the apex
reddish ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last more convex, obsoletely
angulated in middle, slightly descending in front. Columella

154 COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

straightened, sloping, wide, whitish. Aperture oblique, subtetra-
gonal-lunar, white inside ; peristome somewhat thickened, a trifle
expanded, brown-edged. (Pfr.)

Alt. 27, greater diam. 37, lesser 33 mill.

Naujan, Mindoro.

H. solida PFR., P. Z. S. 1851 ; Monogr. iii, p. 187.— #. sphcerion
PFR., Conchyl. Cab. t. 42, f. 5, 6 (not description). — REEVE, Conch.
Icon. f. 114.

C. SPH^RION Sowerby. PI. 31, figs. 34, 35.

Shell globose-orbicular, thin, smooth, unicolored, scarcely shining ;
spire short, little elevated ; whorls 4, ventricose ; sculptured with
delicate growth-lines only ; last whorl large, much larger than the
others ; suture a distinct white line ; aperture rounded, little modi-
fied by the last whorl, inside whitish ; outer lip brown, a little re-
flexed in front ; columellar lip white, rather widened, deeply in-
serted. (Sowb.~) Alt. 1-3, diam. 1-6 inch. (Sowb.')

Tanauan, Island of Leyte, Philippines.

H. sphcerion SOWB., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 2.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab. t.
150, f. 5, 6 (not /. c., t. 42, f. 5, 6).— H. intincta SHUTTLW., Bern.
Mittheil., Aug. 1852, p. 196. — Cochlostyla sphcerion SEMPER, Reis.
p. 184. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 127.

I have not seen the typical form of this species. Sowerby's ori-
ginal description is given above. As varieties the following forms
have been described. ,

Var. INTINCTA Shuttlw. PL 31, figs. 31, 32, 33.

Buff above, chestnut-brown below the periphery; a dark streak
behind the peristome; lip but slightly expanded, brown ; columella
white, wide, slightly concave, flattened and somewhat excavated.
Alt. 30, diam. 32£ mill.

This is the only form of C. sphcerion I have seen. The. coloring
and scarcely expanded lip, as well as the rather thin texture, re-
mind one of C. dimera. Like that shell, it shows no spiral stride
when examined under a lens. This is the H. sphcerion of Philippi
(Abbild. iii, p. 54, Helix t. 10, f. 2) and of Reeve (Conch. Icon. f.
Ilia).

VAR. Form as in the last, but unicolored dark brown all over ;
suture with a light line. Reeve's figure lllb represents this color-
pattern.

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. 155

VAR. Three-banded with brown, one band at the white suture,
one at the periphery, the third around the columella (Hidalgo.')

VAR. Shell buff-tawny, the base and three narrow zones brown.
Leyte. (Hidalgo.}

VAR. Much larger and thicker than specimens from Leyte, the
lip much more strongly reflexed, and pure white. Alt. 39, diam.
47 mill.

Island of Panaon, off S. Leyte.
Doubtfully referred to sphcerion. Described by Semper.

VAR. Another form resembling v. intincta was collected by
Semper at Higaquit, Tandag, S. Juan de Bislig and Placer, on the
east coast of Mindanao.

Var. NANA Semper.

A small form from Maasin and Malitboc, on the southern coast
of Leyte. There are 5 principal color-patterns, as follows: (1)
Unicolored yellow, no trace of bands ; (2) Clear yellow, with a
brown line at suture, and* gradually becoming brown toward the
peristome and beneath ; (3) brownish-yellow, beneath dark brown ;
(4) last whorl unicolored brown-black ; (5) black with a light yel-
low band above. The largest specimen measures : alt. 25, diam.
34 mill.; the smallest specimen, alt. 21, diam. 27 mill.

C. XANTHOBASIS Pilsbry.. PI. 54, figs. 38, 39, 40.

Subglobose, thin but rather strong, obliquely striatulate and some-
times very superficially spirally malleated. White above, bright
straw-yellow beneath. Suture narrowly bordered beloiv with yellow.

Spire convex, less obtuse than in C. intincta Shuttlw. Whorls 4£,
the earlier nearly flat, with linear non-impressed suture ; last whorl
somewhat descending and then ascending in front. Peristome
entirely pure white on both face and reverse, broadly expanded; col-
umella arcuate, thin, its face excavated ; outer edge of the columel-
lar callus brown -tinted.

Alt. 33, greater diam. 35, lesser 29 mill.

Alt. 28, greater diam. 34 mill.

Albay, Philippines.

Allied to certain forms of C. sphcerion in color-pattern, but differ-
ing in the broadly expanded lip, etc.

The cuticle is extremely thin above, and is readily lost, leaving
that part of the surface chalk-white. When present, it is nearly

156 . COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA.

white. The earlier whorls are white. The base is of a glossy bright
yellow.

C. DIMERA Jonas. PI. 30, figs. 29, 30.

Imperforate, globose-elevated, rather thin ; surface showing faint
growth-lines but no spiral strise. Buff above, chocolate-brown beloiv
the periphery, the suture margined above and below with brown ;
apical whorl dark purple, fading into pink on the second and third
whorls. Under the thin buff cuticle the upper surface is white.

Spire elevated, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, slightly convex, the last
but slightly descending. Aperture half-round, bicolored within ;
lip very slightly expanded, dark brown; columella rather wide,
white.

Alt. 31, diain. 25J mill.

Alt. 25 J, diam. 24 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

H. dimera JONAS, Moll. Beitr., p. 23, t. 11, f. 17.— PFR., Monogr.
i, p. 225 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 50, f. 3, 4.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 61.
—H. Jonasi var. beta PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 126 (teste Pfr.).—
Cochlostyla dimera SEMPER, Reis. p. 187. — HIDALGO, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1887, p. 141 (with var.).

Hidalgo describes a variety with whitish shell, the apex violaceous,
columella surrounded with tawny zone.

C. CROSSEI Hidalgo. PI. 56, figs. 57, 58.

Imperforate, subglobose-conoid, the apex obtuse ; rather solid,
opaque, not shining, scarcely striatulate; blackish under an ashen-
brown epidermis, which is transversely lineated with brown.
Whorls 4 to 4i, convex, the first nude, blue black, the last equaling
one-half the total length, the base less convex. Aperture rounded-
subquadrangular, blue or blue-brown inside; columella oblique,
subdilated, white ; peristome black, slightly reflexed.

Alt. 26, greater diam. 28, lesser 25 mill. (Hid.)

Agcalatao, near Badajos, Tablas.

C. Orossei HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 141, t. 5, f. 4.

This species presents analogies with C. dimera, glaucopthalma,
libata and carbonaria. It is distinguished from the first by its colora-
tion, its cuticle, and its more ventricose form ; from the second by
its general form and epidermis ; from the third by its coloration and

COCHLOSTYLA-CALOCOCHLEA. 157

peristome ; finally from the last named species by its coloration, col-
umella, and the non-angular periphery. (Hid.)

This species, with the two following, forms a passage to the
globose forms of the section Axina.

C. RETUSA Pfeiffer. PL 56, figs. 59, 60.

Imperf orate, subglobose, the apex retuse; thin, smooth, the base
concentrically striolate ; chestnut-tawny, broadly flamed and
streaked with white ; partly covered with a hydrophanous white,
deciduous cuticle, pallid above, chestnut-banded. Spire short.
Whorls 4, a little convex, the last subangular, scarcely descending;
columella entering, white, dentate-dilated above. Aperture rounded-
lunar, pearly within ; peristome broadly expanded, a little reflexed.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 28, lesser 24 mill. (Pfr.~)

Samar, Philippines.

H. retusa PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 132; Monogr. i, p. 255; Con-
chyl. Cab., t. 47, f. 9, 10.— PHILIPPI, Abbild. ii, p. 84, t. 7, f. 2.—
REEVE, f. 82.

C. LIBATA Reeve. PI. 56, figs. 61, 62, 63.

Imperforate, subglobose, solid, nearly smooth ; epidermis brown,
covered with darker spiral lines. Spire serniglobose, apex obtuse,
nude, brown. Whorls 4-}, a little convex, the last rounded, not
much wider than the preceding volution ; base denuded, buff; col-
umellar area chestnut ; columella subvertical, flat, white. Aperture
oblique, subtetragonal-lunar, white within ; peristome brownish, nar-
rowly expanded, right margin bowed.

Alt. 24, greater diam. 29, lesser 25 mill. (Pfr.)

Benguet and Mancayan, N.- W. Luzon.

H. libata RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 35. — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 189;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 438, t. 152, f. 7, S.— Cochlostyla libata SEMPER,
Reis., p. 186.— HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 147.

Hidalgo notices these color-varieties :

1. Like the type, but lip whitish, and the blackish columellar
band absent.

2. Buff, ornamented with two very broad chestnut bands; suture
and columellar area black, apex violaceous.

3. Tawny, last whorl unifasciate in the middle; suture and col-
umellar area black, apex violaceous, (fig. 61.)

158 COCHLOSTYLA-AXINA.

Subsection 2. AXINA Albers, 1850.

Axina ALB., Die Hel., p. 113.— v. MART., Die Hel. 1861, p. 71
(type H. zebaensis). — PFEIFFER, Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 199, 1878.
—SEMPER, Land moll. Phil. 190.— v. MOLL., Landschn. Cebu. p.
234. — Carocolla of some early authors.

Imperforate shells, varying from globose turbinate to flattened
carinated and lens-shaped ; solid, dark colored ; more or less covered
with a hydrophanous cuticle ; the surface smooth or at least totally
lacking spiral sculpture; whorls 4£-6 ; lip either narrow or broadly
reflexed.

Anatomy as in Cochlostyla generally. The group seems to replace
Calocochlea, on the islands Siquijor and Zebu.

Key to species of Axina.

A. Peripheral keel very acute

b. Lip broad, flat, angled and somewhat guttered at the keel,
c. Whorl deflexed at aperture ; diam. about 70 mill.,

garibaldiana.
cc. Whorl not deflexed at aperture ; diam. about 40 mill.,

siquijorensi*.
bb. Lip narrow, its face not flattened,

c. Shell about equally convex above and below the keel,

d. Surface smooth, obliquely streaked above, zebuensis.
dd. Surface densely, finely lamellose, not variegated above,

striatissima.

cc. Shell flattened below, elevated above the keel carbonaria.
AA. Peripheral keel rather obtuse, or periphery rounded

b. Lip broadly reflexed ; columella distinctly toothed at base,
c. Periphery obtusely keeled ; whorl deflexed at aperture

pfei/eri.
bb. Lip rather narrowly reflexed

c. Alt. exceeding the lesser diameter of the shell; columella
broad, milk-white ; periphery rounded or very indistinctly
angled.

d. Cuticle obliquely streaked ; alt. 24, diam. 25 mill.,

bruguieriana.

dd. Cuticle scarcely streaked ; alt. 27-29, diam. 28-29 mill.

montfortiana.

cc. Alt. less than the lesser diam. of shell; columella pink or
brown tinted.

COCHLOSTYLA-AXINA. 159

d. Depressed; alt. about one-half the diam. ; periphery
rounded, pliloiod.es.

dd. Rather elevated ; decidedly angled at periphery, flat-
tened below, carbonaria.
ddd. Not very obviously angled at periphery,

e. Whorls narrowly revolving, aperture narrow ; base

very convex magistra.

ee. Whorls more rapidly increasing ; aperture wide,

base rather flattened moreleli.

(1. (JARiBALDiANA Dohrn & Semper. PL 20, figs. 1, 2.

Lenticular, solid, sculptured with growth-striae; chestnut, spotted
and figured all over with straw-color, marked with interrupted
darker concentric lines ; acutely and compressly carinated, carina
subexserted on the whorls above ; spire moderately elevated, apex
depressed ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, depressed at the suture,
the last whorl descending in front, more convex beneath ; aperture
ax-shaped, bluish inside; peristoine thickened, expanded, reflexed,
fleshy-violet, the right margin angular, somewhat channelled at the
angle; columellar margin dilated, planate, very oblique.

Alt. 27, greater diam. 72, lesser 64 mill.

Northern Luzon.

Cochlostyla (Axind) garibaldiana D. & S., Mai. Bl. ix, 1862, p.
206.— Helix garibaldiana PFR., Novit. Conch, p. 219, t. 58, f. 1, 2 ;
Monogr. v. p. 306.

G. SIQUJJORENSIS Broderip. PI. 20, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Imperforate, solid, depressed and very acutely keeled; convex
above and below ; reddish-brown, the earlier whorls purple, dark
brown or whitish ; body-whorl not descending in front ; lip broad,
reflexed.

The surface is smooth, often slightly malleated above the acute,
knife-like keel, and usually obliquely malleated below it ; growth-
striseilight. The hydrophanous epidermis is generally entirely
rubbed oft', but often persists near the keel and behind the lip.
Whorls 5, flattened, the last not descending in front. Aperture
oblique, fleshy-white inside; lip broadly reflexed on its outer and

160 COCHLOSTYLA-AXINA.

basal margins, angled at the carina, brown in color. Columella not
toothed.

Alt. 19, greater diam. 39, lesser 33 mill.
Alt. 22, greater diam. 43, lesser 37 mill.

San Juan, etc., Island of Siquijor, Philippines^

Carocolla siqaijorensis BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 38. — Helix siqui-

joren*is PFR,. Monogr. i, p. 295 ; Conch. Cab. p. 29, t. 69, f. 1, 2, 3,

4.— RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 119.— HIDALGO, Obras, i, p. 143, t. 12, f.

2. 3.

Keel more acute and lip broader than in the allied C. zebuensis,
which further differs in having the whorl deflexed in front. There
is some variation in height of spire and in color.

Var. pallens v. Moll. Shell smaller, often higher, buff. (v. Moll.,
Jahr. D. M. Ges. 1891, p. 46. Vide Kiister, pi. 69, f. 3, 4.)

C. SCHADENBERGI Mollendorff. Un figured.

Imperforate, angu late-globose, carinated, solid, bright chestnut,
the hydrophanous cuticle yellowish-white, arranged in a series of
bands of spots ; spire convex-conoid, apex obtuse, paler. Whorls
51, nearly flat, slowly* increasing, separated by rather im-
pressed sutures, transversely striated, microscopically granulose,
the last impressed under the rather thick exserted carina, then a
little convex, in front suddenly and deeply deflexed, in adults
malleated. Aperture very oblique, ax-shaped ; peristome rather
broadly expanded, reflexed, thickened, white lipped, outwardly
brown, upper margin sinuous, outer margin subcanaliculate in the
middle; columella wide, somewhat -straightened, obliquely descend-
ing, forming an obtuse angle with the basal margin, surrounded by
a wide callus. (Moll.')

Alt. 39, diam. 59 mill.; aperture width with callus, 39, alt. 32
mill.

District of Quiang an, province Nueva Vizcaya, central Luzon.

C. (Axina) schadenbergi v. MOLL., Nachr. D. M. Ges. 1890, p.
205.

C. KOBELTI Mollendorff'. Unfigured.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, angulate, solid, somewhat shining,
olive-buff, brown at the suture, ornamented with bands of whitish
hydrophanous cuticle, regularly interrupted at the suture. Spire
depressed convex, apex obtuse, nearly planate. Whorls 5, slowly

COCHLOSTYLA-AXfNA. 161

increasing, u little convex, separated by little impressed suture,
lightly striated, decussated by almost microscopic spiral lines,
sculptured with obliquely forward descending wrinkles ; last whorl
nearly flat on the base, malleate-rugose, in front shortly but dis-
tinctly deflexed. Aperture oblique, rotund pentagonal ; peristome
broadly expanded, a little reflexed, callous labiate, reddish-brown,
the upper margin sigmoidly sinuate, the outer chanelled in the
middle; columella short, obliquely descending, outwardly plicate,
base nodiformly thickened. (Moll.)

Alt. 32, diam. 48 mill.; apert,, width with callus 32, alt. 25 mill.

ML Limutan, dist. Morong, Luzon.

C. (Axina} Kobelti v. MOLL., Nachr. D. M. Ges. 1890, p. 205.

C. ZEBUENSIS Broderip. PI. 20, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, acutely carinated, about equally
convex above and below the carina. Covered with a buff cuticle,
becoming reddish on the body-whorl, and either continuous above,
with dark spots at the carina (fig. 3), or conspicuously streaked
(figs. 5, 6) ; the base more or less cut by spiral dark and light lines.
Apical whorls purple or livid reddish-brown. Surface smooth.

The surface is quite smooth, even in perfectly fresh examples.
Whorls 4|, nearly flat, the last descending more or less below the
carina in front. Aperture oblique, bluish-white inside; peristome
dark brown, obtuse, narrowly expanded above, angled at the keel,
narrowly reflexed beneath. Columella obliquely sloping, nearly
straight, more or less obviously toothed below.

Alt. 19, greater diam. 36, lesser 30J mill.

Alt. 16, greater diam. 29, lesser 25 £ mill.

Western Zebu.

Carocolta zebuensis BROD. (in part), P. Z. S. 1841, p. 46. — RVE.,
Conch. Syst. ii, t. 168, f. 14, 16. — H. zebuensis PFR., Monogr. i, p.
296; Conchyl. Cab. t. 68, f. 12, 13, 14, 15.— HIDALGO, Obras, i, p.
143, t. 11, f. 4, 5. — Cochlostyla (Axina*) zebuensis SEMP., Landschn.
Phil. p. 191. — MLLDFF., Landschn. Cebu, p. 234.

Broderip and authors having included two species under the name
zebuensis, it becomes necessary to select one for the type. The pub-
lished figures all represent the variegated form with smooth epider-
mis, and that may, therefore, retain the name zebuensis.

The range of variation is considerable in size as well as in color-
ing. Figs. 5, 6 of plate 20 represents the largest specimen I have
seen.

11

162 OOCHLOSTYLA-AXINA.

C. STRIATISSIMA Pilsbry. PL 57, figs. 73, 74, 75 ; pi. 20, fig. 7.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, acutely carinated, about equally
convex above and below the keel. Covered with a brown cuticle
which is finely and regularly raised into narrow lamellce in the
direction of growth-lines, the intervals between the lamellae being
microscopically obliquely wrinkled. Unicolored above, except that
the earlier whorls are denuded of cuticle and dark purplish ; the
base having usually numerous darker concentric lines.

The surface is lusterless, densely lamellose, the cuticular folds
being; close and acute. The upper surface has neither oblique
streaks nor spiral lines. Whorls 41, nearly flat, the last slightly or
considerably descending in front. Aperture oblique, livid-whitish
'inside ; peristome blackish-brown, narrowly expanded above, angled
at the periphery, narrowly reflexed below ; columella sloping, not
toothed.

Alt. 18, greater diam. 33, lesser 30 mill.

Zebu, Philippines.

H. (Carocolla) zebuensis, var. e. tota /wsca, BROD., P. Z. S. 1841,
p. 46.

This form differs from C. zebuensisin being unicolored above, and
having densely lamellose cuticle.

C. PFEIFFERI Semper. PL 44, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37.

Imperforate, depressed or depressed-turbinate, bluntly angled at
the periphery, more convex above than below the angle ; dark
brown, having a whitish-buff hydrophanous epidermis, radiating
from the suture above, and cut by spiral dark lines, forming a wide
band just below the peripheral angle, and cut into interrupted nar-
row concentric bands on the base.

Surface smooth, lightly striatulate. Whorls 4f, somewhat con-
vex, the last descending in front. Aperture oblique, livid-whitish
within ; peristome brown, rather broadly expanded and reflexed ;
oolumella sloping, abruptly truncated or toothed below.

Alt. 22, greater diam. 33, lesser 28 mill.

Alt. 26, greater diam. 31, lesser 28 mill.

Dalaguete, western Zebu, Philippines.

H. cuming PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 88 ; Monogr. i, p. 264 ; Conchyl.
•Cab. t. 70, f. 3, 4.— PHIL., Abbild. i, p. 69, t. 3, f. 4.— KEEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 51.— HIDALGO, Obras, i, pp. 144, t. 11, f. 6, 7.— (Not
JZulimus cumingi Pfr., also a Cochlostyla.^) — Cochlostyla (Axina)

COCHLOSTYLA-AXINA. 163

Pfeifferi SEMPER, Landmoll. Phil. p. 191. — v. MOLL., Landschn.
Cebu, p. 236.

Closely allied to C. magistra Pfr., C. gloynei Sowb., but less glo-
bose, with more oblique aperture and wider lip. The base is noi
excavated arouni the axis as it is in magistra, and the whorls of
the spire do not revolve nearly so closely.

C. PHLOIODES Pfeiffer. PI. 40, figs. 8, 9.

Imperforate, depressed, solid ; shining blackish-red under the
papery epidermis which is varied with darker streaks ; spire sub-
planulate; suture profound ; whorls 4?, convex; columella nearly
straight, very oblique, subexcavated. Aperture wide-lunar, livid
inside, shining ; peristome thickened, reflexed, brown. (Pfr.)

Alt. 171, greater diam. 29, lesser 25 mill.

Zebu, Philippines.

H. phloiodes PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 151 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 427, t.
150, f. 3, 4 ; Monogr. i, p. 265.— RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 55.—
HIDALGO, Obras, i, p. 146. — Cochlostyla (Axina) phloiodes MOLL.,
Landschn. Cebu, p. 236.

C. CARBONARIA Sowerby. PI. 43, figs. 30, 31, 32 ; pi. 44, fig. 33.

Imperforate, solid, low-trochiform, varying from subangular to
carinated at the periphery, decidedly flattened below the angle, very
convex above it. Very dark brown, covered with a light brown
hydrophanous cuticle, usually obliquely streaked dark and light
above, the base streaked radially with blackish and light, and usu-
ally spirally lineolate.

The surface is lightly wrinkled by growth lines; the hydroph-
anous streaks are brownish, less conspicuously contrasting with the
dark streaks than in most species. The apical whorls are dark
purple or rosy. The lateral outlines of the spire are quite convex.
Whorls 5?, slightly convex, the last not descending in front.
Aperture oblique, pinkish-plumbeous within; peristome very nar-
rowly expanded, deep brown ; the columella nearly vertical, dilated,
not toothed, pinkish-brown or whitish.

Alt. 26, greater diam. 29, lesser 27 mill.

Alt. 22, greater diam. 27 i. lesser 25 £ mill.

Negros ; Boljoon and Sambuan, Zebu, Philippines.

H. earbonaria (SowB., in sched.) PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 86;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 285, t. 47, f. 6-8 ; Monogr. i, p. 296.— REEVE,

1 64 COCHLOSTYLA-AXINA.

Conch. Icon. f. 63.— HIDALGO, Obras, i, p. 145, t. 12, f. 6, 7.—
Cochlostyla (Axina) carbonaria SEMPER, Reis., p. 191. — v. MOLL.,
Landschn. Cebu, p. 237.

Among typical examples, at Alegria and Malabuyoc, are found
some of a handsome red color, with fiery-red peristome, which v.
Mollendorff proposes to call deviation rubens.

C. MAGISTRA Pfeiifer. PI. 41, figs. 17, 18, 19; pi. 57, fig. 76; pi.

21, figs. 37, 38.

Imperforate, solid, subglobose-depressed, the periphery very ob-
tusely angled. Blackish-brown obliquely streaked and spirally
lineolate with buff-white hydrophanous cuticle above, having a
broad white band just below the periphery, the base having many
concentric whitish lines and some radiating streaks.

The surface is smooth, lightly striatulate. There is a row of dark
and light blotches along the suture, as in C. pfeifferi. Whorls 5$,
convex, closely coiled, the last a very little descending in front.
Aperture whitish-leaden within ; lip reflexed, blackish-brown ; col-
umella white, deeply inserted, its edge slightly convex, not toothed
at base. Alt. 22J, greater diara. 29?, lesser 26 mill.

Medellin, northern Zebu; Islands of Magtan and Timobo near
Leyte.

H. magistra PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1852, p. 91 ; Conchyl. Cab. p.
486, t. 159, f. 38-40; Monogr. iii, p. 178.^-HiDALGO, Obras, i, p.
145, t. xi, f. 3.— H. magister REEVE, Conch. Icon. f:1018.— Cochlo-
styla (Axina) magistra v. MOLL., Landschn. Cebu, p. 239 (with var.
ecarinata). — Cochlostyla (Axina) gloynei SOWB., Journ. Linn. Soc.
Lond. xx, p. 398, t. 25, f. 16, 17 (1889).— IT. (Axina) gloynei
HIDALGO, Obras, i, p. 144, t. 11, f. 1, 2.

This species was originally described from specimens denuded of
their hydrophanous cuticle. The original figures, copied on my pi.
41, figs. 17-19, represent them in this condition. A more satisfac-
tory illustration is pi. 57, fig. 76.

From C. pfeifferi it is constantly and readily distinguished by the
more narrowly revolving whorls seen from above, and the more
swollen base, which is far more excavated at the axis than in C.
pfeifferi.

The following varietal forms have received names :

COCHLOSTYLA-AXINA. 165

Var. gloynei Sowb. (1889). PL 21, figs. 37, 38.

More globose, elegantly fenestrated with cream-white ; periphery
very obtusely carinated. Apical whorls rose.

Var. ecarinata v. Moll. (1890).

Nearly 6 little-convex whorls, the last not angulated ; cuticle lat-
ticed with white, apex rose, right margin of the aperture not in the
least angulated, peristome less expanded and reflexed.

Alt. 221, diam. 3.2 £ mill.

Magtan; Timobo.

C. MORELETI Pfeiffer. PL 45, figs. 45, 46.

Imperforate, conoid-globose, rather solid ; brown-black, cov-
ered with a shining buff-chestnut cuticle, variously striped and zig-
zagly streaked. Spire sub-semi-globose, apex roseate, rather acute.
Whorls 4i, little convex, separated by somewhat impressed sutures,
the last whorl large, peculiarly flattened at the periphery, toward
the base angulated, beneath, somewhat flattened. Aperture very
oblique, roundly-quadrangular, milk-white inside ; peristome black,
narrowly reflexed ; columella straighened, suboblique, flesh-colored,
whitish above, (v. Moll.*)

Alt. 28, greater diam. 37 mill. ; apert. width 25s, alt. 21 J mill.

Boljoon, Zebu.

A. moreleti PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 118 ; Conchyl. Cab.
p. 330, t. 130, f. 9, 10; Monogr. iii, p. lll.— Cochlostyla (Axina)
moreleti v. MOLL., Landschn. Cebu, p. 238.

The only published figures represent a shell from which the epi-
dermis had been rubbed. Mollendorff has recently described fresh
examples and discovered the locality, heretofore unknown.

€. MONTFORTIANA Pfeiffer. PL 41, figs. 14, 15, 16.

Imperforate, turbinate, thick, ponderous, blackish-rufous, covered
with a hydrophanous ashen-brown cuticle ; spire conoid ; apex violet-
purple, denuded, shining, obtuse ; whorls 4£, slightly convex, the
last angulated, angle evanescent on the latter part of the whorl ;
columella sloping, callous, white, subdentate at base; aperture sub-
tetragonal, shining white within ; peristome narrowly reflexed, bor-
dered with blackish-brown. (-P/K)

Alt. 22, greater diam. 31, lesser 27 mill.

Philippine Is.

166 COCHLOSTYLA-TRACHYSTYLA.

H. montfortiana PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 38 ; Monogr. i, p. 224.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 76.

The specimens before me, one of which is figured on pi. 41, are
not " ponderosa" nor is the aperture " intus alba." Otherwise they
correspond with Pfeiffer's diagnosis, translated ahove. They differ
from C. bruguieriana in being larger, somewhat more turbinate in
contour, the hydrophanous cuticle not streaked, the columella sub-
dentate below, and the apex purple. These distinctions may prove
to be variable when more shells are examined.

C. BRUGUIERIANA Pfeiffer. PI. 40, figs. 6, 7 ; pi. 57, figs. 77, 78.

Imperforate, globose-turbinate, rather thin but solid, rounded at
the periphery. Covered with a hydrophanous cuticle light brown
in color, obliquely streaked with cream- white ; the apical whorls
pink, with a darker band along the suture.

Surface smooth ; cuticle removed around the columella and in
front of the mouth, exposing the dark brown ground-color. Whorls
5, somewhat convex, the last not descending in front, or but slightly,
rounded at the periphery, or more rarely very obtusely subangular,
convex beneath. Aperture wide semi-lunar, purplish-pink inside ;
lip very narrowly expanded, blackish-brown ; columella dilated,
deeply inserted, snow-white, brown at the base.

Alt. 24, greater diam. 25, lesser 22 mill.

Philippines.

H. bruguieriana PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 44; Conchy 1. Cab. p.
299, t. 44, f. 3, 4 ; Monogr. i, p. 224.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 38.

More elevated than the other forms of Axina, and usually quite
rounded at the periphery. It is very difficult to draw the line be-
tween Axina bruguieriana and Calocochlea roissyana, etc., but still,
what little difference there is seems to be in favor of placing brugui-
eriana in the present group.

The preceding species is doubtfully distinct, but differs in being
larger, with less streaked cuticle and purple apex.

Subsection 3. TRACHYSTYLA Pilsbry.

These are the Cochlostylw cinerece of Semper. The shell is solid,
dark colored, with a dull ashen hydrophanous cuticle. The spire is
short, whorls few and rapidly widening, columella oblique, straight;
surface dull and roughened.

COCHLOSTYLA-TRACHYSTYLA. 167

The species live on the ground under leaves, etc., contrary to the
usual arboreal station of Coclilostyla.

C. CRYPTICA Broderip. PL 50, fig. 1 ; pi. 51, fig. 9.

Imperforate, capacious, solid, depressed-globose. Surface sculpt-
ured with low spiral cords, and dose, obliquely forward-descending
wrinkles. Dark brown, covered with a thin brownish hydropha-
nous cuticle, which is worn from the prominences of the surface.

Spire short, the first H whorls planorboid ; suture impressed.
Whorls 4J, convex, rapidly widening, the last somewhat descend-
ing in front. Aperture large, oblique, livid inside; peristome flesh-
colored, reflexed. Columella wide, very oblique, curving inward in
the middle. Alt. 46, diam. 56 mill.

Northern Samar ; Eastern Mindanao, Philippines.

H. cryptica BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 22.— PFR., Monogr. i, p.
258; Conchyl. Cab. p. 272, t. 43, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f.
7. — Cochlostyla cryptica SEMPER, 1. c. p. 189.

I am unable to separate as species the cryptica, latitans and cretata
of Broderip, and have therefore considered the two latter geographic
races.

Var. LATITANS Sowerby. PI. 51, figs. 10, 11.

Imperforate, capacious, solid, depressed-globose ; surface rudely
roughened by low spiral cords, and subobsoletely obliquely malleated.
Dark brown, more or less covered with a creamy-ashen hydropha-
nous cuticle, which is absent for a distance above the periphery, and
in front of the mouth.

Spire low, very obtuse; whorls 4, the last but slightly descending
in front. Aperture very large, oblique, livid-pink inside ; Up re-
flexed, flesh-colored ; columella broad, very oblique, nearly straight,
whitish. Alt. 50, diam. 60 mill.

Forests of Sierra Bullones, on the north coast of Bohol ; Dapa,
Siargao, Pta Malimono, near Surigao, Mindanao, Philippines.

H. latitans BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 23.— REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii,
t. 165, f. 18; Conch. Icon., f. 10.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 257; Con-
chyl. Cab., p. 273, t. 43, f. 3, 4.— DELESS., Rec., t. 38, f. 3.-^-
DH. in Fer., Hist., t. 108 A, f. 1, 2. — Cochlostyla latitans SEMPER,
Reis., p. 188, t. 18, f. 15 (anatomy). — ? H. dionacea DH., in Fer.,
Hist., t. 28 A, f. 11, 12, texte, p. 276.— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 191.

168 COCHLOSTYLA-TRACHYSTYLA.

Differs from C. cryptica in the absence or obsolescence of oblique
wrinkles, and in the broad band just above the periphery, denuded
of hydrophanous cuticle.

Var. CRETATA Broderip. PI. 51, fig. 12.

Shell subglobose, swollen ; whorls 3, the last much the largest, and
begirt with blackish bands and lines ; closely striated with oblique
growth-lines, and encircled with elevated spiral lines; brownish-
black, with a chalky cuticle ; aperture silvery-bluish, the lip having
an obscure reddish border. (Brod.)

Tananuan, Is. of Leyte, Philippines.

H. cretata BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 23.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 258.
— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 13.

Seems to differ mainly in the more conspicuous development of
the hydrophanous cuticle.

C. PANAENSIS Semper. Unfigured.

Imperforate, turbinate-globose, solid, purple-brown, margined
with tawny at the suture ; spire elevated, globose ; whorls 4, a little
convex, encircled by evanescent impressed lines ; the last whorl not
descending ; suture generally impressed ; columella very much dilated,
excavated, rather sloping, whitish-rosy ; aperture ample, sub tetrago-
nal, livid ; peristome broadly expanded and reflexed, horny-livid,
upper margin strongly arched, basal margin forming an angle with
the columella. (S.) Alt. 50, greater diam. 65, lesser 46 mill.

Panaon, near Surigao.

C. panaensis SEMP., Reis., p. 189.

The very obliquely placed aperture, with the upper lip strongly
arched forward, the high, globular form of the shell, the quite im-
pressed, yellow-edged suture, and the comparative smoothness of
the shell, with very weakly inclined columella, cause me to regard
this as a species. (&)

C. CINERACEA Semper. PI. 59, fig. 3.

Depressed, solid, rough, and grooved by irregular impressed lines ;
ashen ; obtusely carinated at the periphery ; spire shortly conoid ;
whorls 4?, a little convex, the last one nearly flat above, very con-
vex below, not descending in front. Columella white, nearly
straight. Aperture oblique, subtetragonal, livid within ; peristome

COCHLO8T YLA-CHROMATOSPH^ER A. 1 69

narrowly expanded, fleshy-livid ; columellar margin forming a right
angle with the basal. (&)

Alt. 35-42, greater diam. 70, lesser 55 mill.

Lianga, Mindanao.

C.eineracea C. SEMPER, Reis., p. 190, t. 9, f. 1.

Stands between C. cryptica and C. garibaldiana.
C. DATAENSIS Semper. PI. 51, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Imperforate, solid, depressed-globose ; surface roughened by spiral
•sulci below, and obliquely descending wrinkles above. Chestnut-brown
unicolored, or having a yellow band at the periphery, the lower
edge of which is not sharply defined.

Spire low-conoid, apex obtuse. Whorls 4S, the last slightly de-
scending in front. Aperture wide, fleshy-white within ; lip well ex-
panded, subreflexed, flesh-colored ; columella wide, not deeply in-
serted, oblique, truncated below. Alt. 32, diam. 37 mill.

Foot of Mt. Data, near the mines of Mancayan, Western Cordillera
ofN. Luzon, at 5-6000 ft. alt.

C. dataensis O. SEMPER, Journ. de Conchyl. xiv, p. 152, t. 5, f. 1,
1866.— C. SEMPER, Reis., p. 186, t. 8, f. 8, t. 13, f. 17 (anatomy).—
If. dataensis PFR., Monogr. v, p. 283. /

The rudely sculptured surface is very characteristic, and shows
this species to be closely allied to the group of C. cryptica rather
than to the " Cochlostylce hypomelanice," where it is grouped by
Semper.

Section VI. CHROMATOSPHJERA Pilsbry.

Gruppe der Cochlostylce globosce SEMPER, Reisen, Landmoll., p.
181.

The shell is imperforate, heliciform, depressed-globose solid and
opaque, richly colored, but lacking hydrophanous cuticle; surface
lacking spiral sculpture ; last whorl scarcely descending at the aper-
ture. Lip blunt, usually very narrowly reflexed throughout ; col-
umella subvertical, deeply inserted, the umbilico-columellar area
covered with a concave white callus. Type, C. aurata.

Anatomy as in typical Cochlostyla.

A small group of rare shells, confined to northern Luzon. It
is impossible to place these species in either Corasia, Calocochlea or
Pfeifferia; they form an independent group allied to these sections
and to Pachysphcera.

170 COCHLOSTYLA-CHROMATOSPH^ERA.

C. AURATA Sowerby. PI. 56, figs. 68, 69, 70 ; pi. 26, figs. 4, 5, 7.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid ; sulphur-yellow, with a wide
orange zone below the suture and (generally) a dark blue line above
the periphery ; apical whorl purple, the next outer whorl red.

The surface is smooth, lusterless, lightly striatulate. Spire low,
apex plane ; whorls 4J, convex, the last a trifle descending in front,
constricted behind the lip. Aperture slightly oblique, wide-lunar,
white inside, showing a black-brown supra-peripheral band wider
than that of the outside. Peristome very narrowly reflexed through-
out, white ; columella arcuate, sinuous and deeply entering above,
spreading in a wide, concave white callus, the slightly elevated edge
of .which bounds the umbilical area.

Alt. 22*, greater diam. 30, lesser 24 mill.

Northern Luzon and Manilla, Philippines.

H. aurata SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 100.— REEVE, Conch. Syst. t.
166, f. 26; Conch. Icon., f. 46.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 260; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 217, t. 108, f. 13, 14.— HIDALGO, Obras, t, 24, f. 7.

The outer lip is decidedly curved forward above, receding in a
peculiar manner at its upper insertion. The colors of this shell are
peculiarly pleasing.

Var. Golden above, banded with white at the suture, the base
white. (Pfr.)

C. ERUBESCENS Semper. PL 56, figs. 64, 65.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, thin, shining, lightly striate and
irregularly malleated, golden, ornamented with a somewhat inter-
rupted blue band at the suture. Spire little exserted, very obtuse,
red ; whorls 4, a little convex, the last much inflated, not descend-
ing, very obsoletely angulated, coarctate at the margin. Columella
straight, flat, white. Aperture wide-lunar, oblique ; peristome sim-
ple, narrowly reflexed, the upper margin curving forward.

Alt. 25, greater diam. 33, lesser 26 mill. (S.}

Cabicungan, prov. of Cagayan, Luzon.

C. erubescens S., Reis. Landmoll. p. 182, t. 9, f. 8; t. 10, f. 12
(var.)

A single example was taken by my servant Antonio at the
northern point of Luzon. It stands rather near to C. aurata, but
differs in the greater height, want of a wide band at periphery, the
malleations on the last whorl, and the contraction of the whorl be-
hind the lip. (&)

COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA. 171

Var. LUTEOCINCTA Semper. PI. 56, figs. 66, 67.

Pure white in color ; more globular ; not malleated. (&)

Casiguran, N. E. Luzon.

C. LIVIDOCINCTA Semper. PI. 56, figs. 71, 72.

Imperforate, globose, thin, ornamented with a broad livid band,
and another of brown at the suture; spire scarcely exserted, apex
obtuse, bluish, ornamented with a white cuticular band. Whorls 4-
4 ?, nearly flat, the last much inflated, not descending; columella
subvertical, excavated, white. Aperture little oblique, lunar ; per-
istome simple, scarcely thickened, not reflexed.

Alt. 27, greater diam. 32, lesser 26 mill. (&)

Casiguran, Baler, Mariquit, island of Luzon, very rare.

C. livido-cinctaS., Reis. Phil. Landmoll., p. 182, t. 9, f. 9.

Of this remarkable species I have found in all, only two adult
and two young specimens. (£)

C. PUDIBUNDA Semper.

Subperforate, conic-globose, thick, white ; spire exserted, apex
obtuse, red or reddish-golden. Whorls 5, a little convex, the last
inflated, not descending. Columella lightly arcuate, vertical, white.
Aperture little oblique, rounded-lunar ; peristome slightly thickened,
not reflexed. Alt. 31, greater diam. 35, lesser 28 mill.

Minanga, Ambubuk and Digollorin, Luzon.

C. pudibunda SEMPER, l.'c., p. 183.

Agrees entirely with typical Cochlostyla in anatomy. This species
has not been figured.

Section VII. HELICOSTYLA Ferussac, 1819.

As used here, this section comprises a number of minor groups,
too closely allied to be given separate rank as primary sections.

The shells have generally a more elevated contour than those in-
cluded in Calocochlea, and usually they lack hydrophanous cuticle
and spiral striae.

It must freely be admitted that the differences between this group
and Calocochlea are not definite enough to permit one to frame
diagnoses of any practical value. In the arrangement of the spe-
cies no two authors agree in detail, thi? diversity of opinion being
the natural result of the indiscriminate inosculation of characters
shown by the shells themselves.

172 COCHLOSTYLA-PACHYSPH^ERA.

In Helicostyla, as in Calocochlea, there exist a number of minor
groups deserving individual discussion. They are as follows :

Subsection 1. PACHYSPH^RA Pilsbry.

Small, globular or globose-elevated, solid, brightly colored ; lacking
hydrophanous cuticle and spiral striae. Type, C. sphcerica.

Subsection 2. ORUSTIA Morch, 1852.

Turbinate-globose, thin, brightly colored ; partly covered with
hydrophanous cuticle; no spiral striae, Lip narrowly reflexed, thin ;
columella vertical, not folded, deeply entering. Type, C. monticula.

Subsection 3. COCHLODRYAS Martens, 1860.

Globose-elevated ; colors brilliant green or brown ; no hydropha-
nous cuticle; suture white-margined ; surface shining, having faint
spiral strise above. Type, 0. polychroa.

Subsection 4. HELICOSTYLA s. str.

Globose, globose-conic or oblong ; colors not vivid ; hydroph-
anous cuticle sometimes present. Type C. mirabilis.

Subsection 1. PACHYSPH^RA Pilsbry.

Gruppe der Cochlostylce sphaericce MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn.
p. 97 — SEMPER, Reis. Landmoll. p. 397.

A small group of compact, solid little shells, confined to north-
western Luzon.

Key to species.

a. Face of lip dark-edged ; shell globose

b sutural band white ; columellar band dark brown ; colu-
mella white sphaerica.
bb. sutural and columellar bands green ; columella reddish

balteata.
aa. Face of lip not dark-edged; shell elevated

b. Lip distinctly reflexed iloconensis.

bb. Lip very bluntly reflexed annullata.

C. SPH^ERICA Sowerby. PI. 39, figs. 82, 83, 84.

Imperforate, very solid, globular ; ground-color straw-yellow
either uniform or with irregular oblique yellowish-chestnut streaks,

COCHLOSTYLA-PACHYSPH^RA. 173

having a narrow white band below the suture bordered by a bright
yellow band, a supra-peripheral chestnut line, and a dark columellar
area ; the lip edged with dark brown.

The surface is smooth, sometimes slightly malleated. Whorls 4J
to 5, the last deflexed at the aperture and decidedly constricted be-
hind the lip. The aperture is half-round, white inside ; lip very
strongly thickened within, narrowly reflexed, white, edged with deep
brown ; columella heavy, white.

Alt. 25, diam. 23* mill.

Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill.

Alt. 23J, diam. 24 mill. *

Ylocos, north-ivestern Luzon.

H. sphcerica SOWB., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 26.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 225 ;
Conchyl. Cab., t. 39, f. 3, 4. — RVE., f. 104. — Cochlostyla sphcerica
SEMPER, Phil. Archip., Landmoll., p. 198.

One of the most attractive Helices. Semper says that the brown
line at the periphery is wanting in one specimen among 19 examined.
I have seen many more than this, but in none of them was it lack-
ing. The dark oblique streaks are rarely so prominent as in fig.
82.
C. BALTEATA Sowerby. PL 39, figs. 89, 90, 91, 92, 93.

Imperforate, solid, globose or globose-turbinate ; ground-color
pale yellow ; suture bordered by a grass-green band, sometimes
split into two ; on the middle of the upper surface there is a wide
band of olive or purplish, becoming reddish on the earlier whorls,
this band often bordered below by a supra-peripheral line or zone of
darker color ; columellar tract grass-green. Columella red. Apex
pink, rarely white.

The surface is smooth. Whorls 5, the last somewhat deflexed in
front, slightly constricted behind the lip. , Aperture half round,
oblique ; lip somewhat thickened within, very narrowly expanded,
edged writh purple-brown. Columella wide, pinkish or purplish-
brown.

Alt. 22, greater diam. 20* mill.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 19 mill.

Alt. 19, greater diam. 21 mill. (pi. 39, figs. 91, 92.)

Provinces of South and North Ylocos, north-western Luzon.

H. balteata SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 136.— PFR., Symb. ii, p. 23 ;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 302, t. 51, f. 9-12; Monogr. i, p. 226.— RVE.,

174 COCHLOSTYLA-PACHYSPH^ERA.

Conch. Syst. ii, t. 166, f. 25; Conch. Icon., f. 71.— Cochlostyla
balteata SEMPER, Reis. Landmoll., p. 197, t. 18, f. 24 (dentition.)

Allied to C. sphcerica, but the ground-color is paler, the banding
mainly green ; the lip is narrower and the columella is colored.
There is considerable variation in contour, figs. 91, 92 representing
the most depressed specimen before me. This example has several
grass-green bands on the base. The coloring of this species is not-
ably variable. The principal patterns are figured on pi. 39.

The apical whorls are generally pink ; but when they are white,
the columella also is light-colored.

A,

C. ANNULATA Sowerby. PL 39, figs. 85, 86, 87, 88.

Imperforate, solid, globose-turbinate ; ground-color yellow, usually
having a broad brown or purple-brown zone at the circumference, a
pink line or a yellow band at the suture, and a streak of reddish-
brown back of the lip and around the columella. Lip very little
reflexed, very blunt and thick.

The surface is very lightly striatulate ; the banding is very vari-
able, but the ground-color is always yellow. Apex obtuse, buff or
pink. Whorls 5, the last a little deflexed in front. Aperture white
within, half-round, oblique; lip thickened, flattened, its face usually
pink, its reverse red.

Alt. 25, diam. 21 mill.

Alt. 20, diam. 17 mill.

Provinces of South and North Ylocos, Luzon, Philippines.

H. annulata SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 135.— PFR., Mon. i, p. 227 ;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 302, t. 51, f. 5-8.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 110.—
Cochlostyla annulata SEMP., Reis. Landmoll. p. 197.

Closely allied to C. iloconensis, differing mainly in the much
more narrowly reflexed and much more obtuse lip.

The usual form (fig. 88) has a wide peripheral girdle, a sub-
sutural line of pink or band of yellow, and back of the lip there is
a broad red-brown streak. Some examples have no color-bands,
the suture being bordered with white, the lip streaked as usual (fig.
87). Specimens are also found having no color bands whatever,
being of a uniform yellow color ; lip white, its reverse without a
streak. One such is before me, and Semper mentions another.

This is one of the most abundant snails of South and North
Ylocos.

COCHLOSTYLA-PACHYSPH^ERA. 175

C. ILOCONENSIS Soweiby. PI. 39, figs. 97, 98, 99, 100.

Imperforate, solid, high-globose, the altitude decidedly exceeding
the diameter. Color varying from light yellow to dark brown or
purplish-olive-brown, the lighter forms having two yellow or yellow-
ish-brown bands, or one yellow and one pink band ; the darker
forms having several lighter bands. Lip rather broadly or very
broadly reflexed, of a uniform white or pinkish tint.

The surface is lightly obliquely striatulate ; whorls about 5, the
last a little descending and then slightly ascending at the aperture.
The aperture is oblique, white or pink inside. The lip is generally
broadly reflexed, both lip and columella white or light pink. The
columella is generally encircled by a pink tract.

Alt. 31, diam. 23 mill.

Alt. 20*, diam. 18 mill.

Alt. 24, diam. 23 mill.

.Provinces of North and South Ylocos, Luzon, Philippines.

H. iloconensis SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 116.— PFR., Syinb. ii, p.
30 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 301, t. 51, f. 1-4 ; Monogr. i, p. 223.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon., f. 109. — Cochlostyla iloconensis SEMP., Reis. Phil. Land-
moll., p. 197, t. 18, f. 10 (dentition.)

Closely allied to C. annulata, but appreciably wider in the spire,
having a more broadly reflexed lip and probably never having
exactly the same color-patterns as that species. On many specimens
there are scattered dots of a pale or purplish tint (fig. 98.)

All of the specimens I have seen, over 30 in number, maybe
referred to the following three color-varieties :

(1) Var. heterotcmiata. Shell very solid, light buff, having a
supra-peripheral yellow band and a subsutural pink band ; a streak
back of the broadly reflexed lip, and a circum-columellar patch
pink. Both of the bands are sometimes yellow. The apex is pink.

(2) Var. xanthotfKiiiata. Shell thinner ; lip much narrower, thin ;
pale yellow, having subsutural and peripheral bands of yellow. No
streak behind the lip, no columellar patch. The apex is white.

(3) Var. intensior (fig. 100.) Shell solid, lip wide ; ground-color
olive-brown or purplish-brown ; light bands at periphery and suture,
darker bands in the usual positions, sometimes obsolete on the body-
whorl. Apex purple.

176 COCHLOSTYLA-ORUSTIA.

Subsection 2. ORUSTIA Morch, 1852.

Orustia MORCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 15 (in part ; first species H.
monticula Sow.). — SEMPER (group of Cochlostyla), Reis. Phil. Land-
moll, p. 196.

Shell imperforate, turbinate-globose, rather thin, green under a
hydrophanous yellow cuticle, the base green. Lip thin, narrowly
reflexed; columella vertical, deeply entering; ,the umbilico-colu-
mellar tract notably concave, covered with a white callus. Surface
wholly free from spiral sculpture.

Anatomy as in Cochlostyla generally.

The entire absence of spiral sculpture and the presence of hy-
drophanous cuticle are the more important characters of the sub-
trochiform, thin-lipped species to which the name Orustia is restricted
by recent authorities.

C. MONTICULA Sowerby. PI. 39, figs. 94, 95, 96.

Imperforate, globose turbinate, rather thin, lightly obliquely stri-
atulate. Upper surface rich yellow and cream-colored, fading into
white on the earlier whorls through loss of the cuticle ; periphery
girdled by a dark brown band, below which is a wider yellow band ;
base bright green.

There is no trace of spiral sculpture. The hydrophanous cuticle
is rich yellow, sometimes almost orange, on the last whorl,
becoming lighter above, and lost by erosion on the earlier whorls.
The dark girdle at the circumference is constant throughout the
large series which I have examined. There are 5 slightly convex
whorls, the last not deflexed in front, not angled at the periphery >
although the base is rather flattened. The apex is quite obtuse.
Aperture oblique, half-round, white within, faintly showing the brown
band. The lip is very narrowly subreflexed, white; columella sub-
vertical, deeply inserted, dilated over the umbilico-columellar tract
in a white concave callus, somewhat as in C. (Chromatosphcera)
aurata.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 19£ mill.

Alt. 14^, greater diam. 16 mill.

H. monticula SOWERBY, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 167.— PFR., Monogr. i,
p. 226; Conchy!. Cab. t. 51, f. 13-17.— RVE., f. 103.— Cochlostyla
(Orustia) monticula SEMPER, I. c., p. 197, t. 8, f. 6 ; t. 13, f. 1 ; t..
18, f. 23 (anatomy).

COCHLOSTYLA-COCHLODRYA8. 177

Easily recognized by the yellowish upper surface, banded with
brown at the circumference, and bright green base. .

Of this species Semper says : I found this species exclusively in
the wide valley of the Rio Grande de Cagayan, in northern Luzon ;
and as well at the village Aparri, hard by the valley's mouth, as in
the upper mountainous course, on the western side of the eastern
Cordillera, in the valleys of the rivers Ilagon and Catalangan, at
Satpat, Ilagan and Minanga. The shell varies much . . . One
example from Ilagan before me is entirely green, with a sulphur-
yellow band at the periphery. Another from Satpat has a second
broad brown band upon the upper surface, and the periphery is
girdled by two narrow dark yellow bands, strongly contrasted with
the clear yellow of the upper surface. The colors of the shell fade
very readily. I suspect that Pfeiffer's var. ,3 having a white shell,
is founded upon a bleached example.

The anatomy is as in typical Cochlostyla.

Subsection 3. COCHLODRYAS Martens, 1860.

Cochlodryas MTS. in Albers, Die Hel. (2d edit.), p. 176, (Type,
C. polychroa). — SEMPER, Reis. Landmoll., p. 198. — Poecilus ALB.
ms., preoc.

Elevated, vividly colored shells, lacking hydrophanous cuticle,
and with a distinct sutural band which is generally white.

The Madagascar species H. viridis Dh. has been included here,
but its place is in the vicinity of Ampelita (q. v.)

C. FLORIDA Sowerby. PI. 38, figs. 70, 71, 72, 73.

I in perforate, solid, globose-elongated ; ground-color grass-green
(sometimes olive), having a very narrow white band at the suture,
and frequently some brown bands, of which one is below the sutural
white line, one at the columella, and two encircle the body- whorl
near the middle. Some or all of these brown bands are often lack-
ing.

The surface has light growth-lines, and under a lens faint fine
spiral impressed lines are seen on the upper whorls. The grass-
green or olive ground color fades into white or sometimes pink on
the earlier whorls. Whorls nearly 6, the last scarcely deflexed in
front. Aperture white within, oblique; lip reflexed, white; col-
umella subvertical, slightly arcuate.

Alt. 37, diam. 29 mill.

Alt. 36, diam. 26 mill.

12 Mindoro, Philippines.

1 78 COCHLOSTYLA-COCHLODRYAS.

H.florida Sows., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 87.— REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii,
t. 163, f. 2; Conch. Icon., f. 43.— PFR., Mon. i, p. 222; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 295, t. 50, f. 1, 2.—Bulimus helicoides PFR., Zeitschr. f.
Mai. 1849, p. 176 ; Conch. Cab., Bui., t, 36, f. 7, 8.— RVE., Conch.
Icon., f. 72.

A brilliant green shell, having the ground-color less streaked and
the sutural white band narrower than C. polychroa. The green is
sometimes changed to olive.

C. POLYCHROA Sowerby. PI. 38, figs. 74, 75, 76, 77, 78.

Imperforate, globose or globose-elongated, rather thin ; conspicu-
ously obliquely streaked with grass-green and whitish, having a wide
white (rarely red) band at tie suture, and frequently banded with
brown.

Surface smooth, lightly obliquely striatulate, the earlier whorls
having microscopic spiral stri&e when not worn. Whorls nearly 6,
convex ; apex obtuse. Aperture white within, oblique. Peristome
rather narrowly reflexed, white ; columella vertical, nearly straight,
perceptibly truncated at its base.

Alt. 43, diarn. 31 mill.

Alt. 43, diam. 34 mil].

Alt. 33, diam. 29 mill, (shortest specimen).

Alt. 39, diam. 29 mill, (most elongated specimen).

Island of Temple, near Burias, Philippines.

H. polychroa SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 87. — PFR., Monogr. i, p.
221 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 295, t. 50, f. 13-15.— RVE., Couch. Icon. f.
44.— DH. in Fer. Hist. t. 104 A, 1-4; 110 A; f. 3-6.— H. galactites
var. picturata GRAT., Actes Bord. xi, p. 163. — ? Helicostyla smarag-
dus BECK, Index p. 37 (no desc.). — Bulimus virido-striatus LEA,
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1841, p. 455, t. 11, f. 2.— Cochlostyla
(Cochlodryas^) polychroa SEMPER, Reis. Landmoll. p. 199.

The sutural band is wider than that of C. florida, the shell is
thinner, and the columella more distinctly truncated at its base.

The color-forms of this beautiful species are numerous, the princi-
pal patterns being these :

(1.) Green and white streaked, bandless except for a wide sutural
white zone (fig. 76).

(2.) The same, but sutural zone red, a brown patch around the
.columella.

COCHLOSTYLA-COCHLODRYAS. 179

(3). 'Green and white streaked, sutural band white, having two
brown zones around the middle, the upper ascending the spire, the
columellar patch dark. There is often an additional brown line or
band below the white sutural band (figs. 77, 78).

(4). Green largely replaced by reddish-brown (fig. 75). or by
blackish-brown (fig. 74). Sometimes greenish-black.

C. ORBITULA Sowerby. PI. 58, figs. 98, 99.

Imperforate, ovate-globose, thick and solid, smooth; light straw-
colored with bands of brown and green, the former retained, the
latter lost when the epidermis is removed. The suture has an
opaque white margin below, about H millim. wide on the last whorl.

Spire dome-shaped ; apex obtuse ; sutures superficial. Whorls 5
to 5 £, slightly convex, the last slightly descending in front. Aper-
ture rather small, oblique ; lip expanded, reflexed, white ; columella
heavy, slightly arcuate, rarely dentate below.

Alt. 30, diam. 26 mill.

Alt. 26, diam. 26 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

H. orbitula SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 103.— PFR., Monogr. i, p.
224 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 296, t. 50, f. 7, 8.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f.
60.— DH. in Fer., Hist, i, p. 311, t. 108A, f. 7, 8.—H. chlorogrammica
VAL., in Paris Mus.

The shell agrees with C. florida and C. polychroa in possessing a
white margin below the suture, but it is much more compact and
solid than either of these species. It is a more solid shell than C.
tenera.

The coloring is very variable. There are generally (?) two chest-
nut-brown bands, one of which ascends the spire, but these are often
lacking on the body-whorl. The green may either cover most of
the body-whorl, or be restricted to a narrow band or two.

C. TENERA Sowerby. PL 36, figs. 31, 32.

Imperforate, globose-conic, thin, smooth ; white, ornamented with
blackish and green bands ; subhyaline ; spire depressed-conoid.
Whorls 4J, a little convex ; columella almost straight, thin,
excavated; aperture lunate-rounded; peristome simple, little ex-
panded. Alt. 20, greater diam. 25, lesser 2H mill. (Pfr.)

Mindoro and Tablets, Philippines.

180 COCHLOSTYLA-COCHLODRYAS.

H. tenera SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 102.— PFK., Conchyl. Cab., p.
293, t. 49, f. 12, 13; Monogr. i, p. 228.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f.
62.

A more globose shell than C. ignobilis, with shorter spire, more
convex whorls and differently formed lip.

C. IGNOBILIS Sowerby. PL 33, fig. 65.

Imperforate, rather solid, conical. White under a very thin light
buff cuticle, with two narrow chestnut bands, one above, one below
the periphery, and a dark columellar tract, often very small.

Surface lightly striatulate, the earlier whorls minutely, obsoletely
spirally striated.

Spire distinctly conical, the lateral slopes slightly convex. Sut-
ures but little impressed. Apex obtuse, but more acute than usual
in the present group. Whorls 5&, very slightly convex, the last
angled at the periphery ; base rather flattened. Aperture oblique,
ovate ; lip expanded and reflexed, white. Columella subvertical,.
scarcely arcuate.

Alt. 33, diam. 24£ mill.

Alt. 28, diam. 25 mill.

Romblonand Tablas, Philippines.

H. ignobilis SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 102.— PFR., Monogr. i, p.
228; Conchyl. Cab., p. 292, t. 49, f. 11.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f.
57.

The very distinctly conical spire of this species is a notable feature.
The proportions of length and breadth vary considerable. The
banding is usually as described above, but it varies as follows :

1. Bifasciate, the lower band wider (fig. 65.)

2. Upper band wanting.

3. Body-whorl not banded.

C. BOETTGERIANA Mollendorff. Urt figured.

Imperforate, globose-conic, rather solid, transversely striated,
sculptured with minute spiral lines and forward-descending fold-
like wrinkles; white, covered with an olive-buff shining deciduous
cuticle, and encircled by two rather wide bands. Spire high conic,
the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5£, slightly convex, the last a little
descending, sometimes ornamented with a third band around the
columella ; suture broadly margined, white, opaque, crenulated.
Aperture oblique, ample, lunate-oval ; peristome white-lipped,

COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA. 181

widely expanded and reflexed, the outer margin sinuous ; columella
rather straightened, excavated above, dilated, appressed. (Moll.)

Alt. 50, greater diam. 46, lesser 36 mill. ; aperture (with perist.)
36 mill, long, 31 wide.

High mts. on the boundary between the provinces Bulacan, Manilla
and Morong.

C. (Helicostyla) boettgeriana v. MOLL., Nachr. D. M. Ges. 1888,
p. 101.

Belongs to the group of C. mirabilis Fer. The acute conic spire,
the broad dull white crenulated suture, the strong, almost fold-like
oblique wrinkles, separate it from all species known to me. (Moll.)

Subsection 4. HELICOSTYLA Fer., 1819.

Helicostyla FEE., Prodr. p. 46 (in part).

This section serves to contain the oblong or globose-conic species
remaining after the segregation of the various allied groups. It is
consequently rather miscellaneous as to contents and characters,
but perhaps less so than in previous works, where it has been made
still more comprehensive.

(1.) Group of C. mirabilis.

C. MIRABILIS Ferussac. PI. 57, figs. 79-86 ; pi. 31, fig. 40.

Imperforate, rather solid, globose ; ground-color unicolored yellow
or brownish-yellow, without bands, or variously banded with brown
or black-brown, the bands when present being all of nearly the same
color, and generally 4 in number; a narrow sutural line, two wider
zones girdling the middle part, and a columellar patch.

Surface nearly smooth, lightly Bt fiat u late. Bands wide, narrow
or none, and when present either blackish-brown or reddish-brown
in color. Whorls nearly 5, the last but little descending in front.
Aperture oblique, white inside and showing the bands ; lip broadly
reflexed, white, its reverse usually snow-white also ; columella sub-
vertical, gently arcuate, very deeply inserted, and visibly twisted
near the insertion.

Alt. 36, diam. 34 mill, (average specimen.)

Alt. 40, diam. 29 mill, (elongated specimen.)

Alt. 30, diam. 32 mill, (short specimen.)

Southeastern and middle Luzon; Islet of Alabat, off E. coast
Mauban ; Marinduque, Philippines.

182 COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA.

H. mirabilis FER., Prodr. 320 ; Histoire, t. 31, f. 4-6.— Sows., P.
Z. S. 1841, p. 2.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 288, t. 48, f. 5, 7, 9, 10 ;
Monogr. i, p. 220. — RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 45. — H. formosa WOOD,
Index, Suppl., t. 7, f. 10. — H. galactites Lam., An. s. Vert, iv, p. 69.
—H. persimilis DH. in Fer. Hist., p. 120, t. HOB, f. 2.— Cochlostyla
mirabilis SEMPER, Reis., p. 192. — HIDALGO, Obras, t. 49, f. 1-7.

A globose shell, generally a little higher than broad, and
excessively variable in both contour and pattern of coloring. The
surface is often somewhat malleated. The ground-color varies from
a very light buff to a yellowish-brown. It is allied to C. fulgens,
differing mainly in the pattern of coloring.

Slight traces of whitish hydrophanous cuticle are observable near
the suture in some specimens.

Tbe principal varieties of banding are these :

(1.) Unicolored yellow ; the earlier whorls white or having a
purple supra-sutural band (fig.85). The earlier whorls are some-
times pink.

(2.) Yellow or buff, with a narrow sutural brown line, a sub-
peripheral brown band, and a columellar patch. There are some-
times numerous yellow lines also (fig. 79.)

(3.) Yellow or yellowish-brown, with 4 wide or narrow bands,
one columellar, another sutural, with two intermediate. This is the
commonest pattern (figs. 81, 86.)

(4.) Yellow with reddish bands, Marinduque, (fig. 80.)

(5.) Entire shell very dark (fig. 84.)
Transition forms to var. fulgens.

Form triehroa (pi. 31, fig. 38). Having 4 wide or narrow black-
ish-brown bands, and three yellowish-brown bands in their intervals.
The specimen figured is from Albay, Philippines. The figure on
pi. 31 is united by error with that of C. tephrodes, below it.

Another deviation has the three brown or yellowish-brown bands,
but no blackish bands (pi. 57, fig. 87).

A very large series of these transition forms is before me.

VAR. FULGENS Sowerby. PL 38, figs. 79, 80, 81.

Imperforate, globose or globose-turbinate, solid ; ground-color
white above the periphery, yellowish-brown below it, having normally
4 blackish-brown bands, one at suture, one at columella, the other
two encircling the body-whorl at equal distances ; the sutural band
often absent, and sometimes additional bands are developed on^base

COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA. 183

and at periphery ; and there is usually a brown border below the
sutural and above the supraperipheral bands.

Surface smooth, shining. Whorls 5, the last but little descending.
Aperture oblique, white within ; lip thin, narrowly reflexed, white ;
columella sub vertical, straight, white.

Alt. 32, diam. 29 mill.

Alt. 35, diam. 28 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

H.fulgens Sows., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 3.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 221 ;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 287, t. 48, f. 3, 4.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 31.

This is typically quite distinct in coloring from C. mirabilis, but
every possible stage between the two is shown in the series before
me. That it is idle to attempt to draw specific lines in such a case,
I am convinced by the examination of a large suite of shells.

C. TEPHRODES Pfeiffer. PL 31, fig. 39.

Imperforate, subglobose, solid, ponderous ; rufous above, nearly
covered by wide streaks of hydrophanous ashen cuticle, the base
straw-colored, banded with rufous. Whorls 4?, convex, the upper
depressed, rounded, rufescent ; columella wide, white, subarcuate.
Aperture lunate-subcircular, white inside; peristome simple, re-
flexed. Alt. 30, greater diam. 37, lesser 33 mill. (P/r.)

Prov. Pangasinon. Luzon, Philippines.

H. tephrodes PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 151 ; Monogr. i, p. 254.—
REEVE, Couch. Icon., f. 112.

VAR. Alternately and broadly zoned with rufous and yellow
under a streaked cuticle. (P/V.)

This variety is that figured by Reeve and copied on pi. 31.

C. PLURIZONATA Adams & Reeve. PL 59, figs. 4, 5.

Subglobose, covered-perforate, white, clouded with pale brown
spots, striate- roughened ; encircled by several fawn and purple
bands. Whorls 4, convex, the last rotund. Aperture lunate-trans-
verse, brown inside ; peristome strongly reflexed, white, lower mar-
gin somewhat calloused. (A. & P.)

Mindanao, Philippines.

H. plurizonata A. AD. & RVE., Voy. Samarang, ZooL, Moll., p.
62, t. 16, f. 9.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 528.— PFR., Mon. iii, p.

182.

184 COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA.

(2). Group of C. collodes.

C. COLLODES Sowerby. PI. 46, fig. 56, 57.

Imperforate, solid, depressed -turbinate, the base distinctly flat-
tened. Surface polished, straw-yellow, the earlier whorls pink, sut-
ure bordered below by a reddish-brown line. Lip expanded, its
face and reverse black.

The form is somewhat trochoidal, base obviously flattened ; sur-
face shining, obliquely lightly striatulate. The color is a bright
straw-yellow. Whorls 5 2, convex, the last not deflexed in front.
Aperture wide, oblique, white inside ; columella subvertical, deeply
entering, arcuate below.

Alt. 272, diam. 30 mill.

Alt. 23, diam. 26 1 mill.

Near Boljoon and Sambuan, southern Zebu, Philippines.

H. collodes SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 102.— PFR. Monogr. i, p.
253; Conchyl. Cab. p. 216, t. 108, f. 7, 8.— RVE., Conch. Icon. f.
64. — Cochlostyla (Helicostyla) collodes v. MOLL., Landschn. Cebu,
p. 239.

Notable for its bright surface entirely free from hydrophanous
cuticle, its flattened base, and black lip. Mollendorff gives meas-
urements of larger specimens than those before me : alt. 30, diam.
363 mill.

Variety. Whorls more convex, especially beneath ; no brown
sutural line ; lip rather more broadly expanded, reddish-brown in-
stead of black.

Alt. 27, diam. 30 mill.

Alt. 25, diam. 28 mi'll.

This form is not uncommon ; several are before me.

Variety, tlnicolored blackish-chestnut.

A very rare color-form, recorded by Pfr. and v. Moll.

The localities given by Pfeiffer and others are very doubtful. V.
Mollendorff found it in Zebu, and upon this island my own ex-
amples were recently collected by Mr. E. L. Moseley.

C. I-NDUSIATA Pfeiffer. PI. 46, figs. 53, 54.

Imperforate, depressed-turbinate, rather solid, nearly smooth;
flesh-colored, covered with a tawny epidermis with pallid bands,
having a sutural band of dark chestnut, another at the periphery
and a columellar area of blackish. Spire short, conoid-convex.

COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA. 185

Whorls 4, scarcely convex, regularly increasing, the last scarcely
•descending in front, distinctly carinated at the periphery, base
more convex. Aperture oblique, subrhombic-lunar, whitish inside,
with translucent bands. Columella oblique, compressed, subexca-
vated ; peristome blackish, margins subparallel, the upper expanded,
basal shortly reflexed. (Pfr.) Alt. 18, diam. '30 mill.

Tukan Bessi Island.

H. indusiata PFR., Mai. Bl. 1871, p. 121 ; Novit. Conch, iv, p.
71, t. 121, f. 3, 4; Monogr. vii. p. 355.

Specimens of this species received through the kindness of MR.
J. H. THOMSON are before me. The surface where the cuticle is re-
moved, is opaque-white, faintly tinted with pink. The cuticle is
straw-yellow, with a narrow sutural brown line, extending both
above and below the actual suture, the portion above the suture be-
coming more prominent upward, and extending to the apex. At
the periphery there is a brown line, scarcely visible on one speci-
men before me, the same specimen lacking the columellar dark
tract, which is quite large on the other shell, of a purple-brown
color, and staining the greater part of the columella. There is a
very thin coat of hydrophanous cuticle above, with some slightly
more distinct creamy spiral lines. Below the periphery there is a
wide cream-white zone, and the base shows a number of narrow
bands of the same tint.

C. THOMSONI Pfeiffer. PI. 29, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Imperforate, solid, depressed turbinate semiglobose; shining,
lightly striatulate ; bright straw-yellow, the earlier whorls pale pink-
ish ; suture bordered below by a brown line. Lip expanded, its
face and reverse blackish-brown. Whorl not deflexed at aperture.

The form is more depressed than any specimens of C. collodes I
have seen, but, as in that species, the base is rather flattened.
Whorls 5, convex, the last very obsoletely angulated in front of the
aperture. Mouth white inside, quite oblique ; lip expanded, deep
brown. Columella arcuate, deeply entering.

Alt. 22^, diam. 30 mill.

" Tukan Bessi Island " (J. H. Thomson.)

H. thomsoni PFR., Mai. Bl. 1871, p. 120 ; Novit. Conch, iv, p. 70,
t. 121, f. 1,2.

186 COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA.

This shell has the greatest resemblance to C. collodes of the island
Zebu, differing only in being a little more depressed than any spec-
imens I have seen of that species. Under the yellow cuticle it i&
white.

I do not know the location of the island Tukan Bessi.

(3). Group of C. metaformis.
C. METAFORMIS Ferussac. PI. 36, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29.

Imperforate, solid, oblong-ovate, elevated, smooth, varying from
buff to chestnut-yellow, unicolored or having dark chestnut bands
at suture, periphery and columella, and frequently another on the
base, any or all bands often absent, but the columellar band most
cpnstant. Generally covered with a hydrophanous buff-white cuticle
worn into oblique shreds.

Spire elevated, the apex very obtuse. Whorls 6, the last descend-
ing in front. Aperture oval, oblique, white inside ; lip white, nar-
row, slightly expanded, thickened ; columella vertical, white, spread-
ing in a shining white callus; slightly arcuate above, more or less
strongly toothed below.

Alt. 43, diam. 31 mill, (average specimen.)

Alt. 54, diam. 33 mill, (large specimen.)

Alt. 32, diam. 25 mill, (small specimen.)

Bohol; middle Luzon.

H. metaformis FEE., Hist. t. 108, f. 2— PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. p.
289, t. 49, f. 1-5; Monogr. i, p. 222.— REEVE, f. 7Q.— CocMostyla
metaformis SEMP., Reis. p. 192, t. 13, f. 16; t. 18, f. 21 (anatomy).
HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 149. — Bulimus metaformis
GRAY, et al. — Helix ovularis MKE., Catal. Malsb. p. 4.

An oblong species, allied to C. rustica and especially C. hydrophana,
the latter being scarcely more than a variety. The principal varia-
tions in contour and banding are shown on my plate.

There is an uncommon form having a chestnut rather than yellow
ground-color, and a brown lip. A large specimen of this is shown
in fig. 25.

I am inclined to consider the 0. rustica of Hidalgo (not Mous-
son) as a color variety of this species. See pi. 58, fig. 89. Several
shells corresponding to this figure are before me.

A form very closely allied to the true C. rustica is figured on pi.
58, fig. 90.

Another notable color-form is illustrated on pi. 58, fig. 88.

COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA. 187

C. RUSTICA Mousson. PI. 58, figs. 91, 92.

Ira perforate, oblong, solid, striate, chestnut-colored, covered with
a gray cuticle.

Spire elongate-conic, summit obtuse, nude. Whorls 6, slightly
convex, pallidly unifasciate, the last two-fifths of the total length,
subinflated, ornamented with a black and a buif band around the
umbilical region. Aperture oblique, lunate-circular, milk-white
within; peristome narrowly expanded, subthickened ; columella
immersed, white, subcallous, quasi-uni dentate. (Mouss.)

Alt. 53, greater diara. 37, lesser 32 mill.

Eastern Java.

Bui. rusticus Mouss., Moll. Java, p. 114, t. 22, f. 1 (1849).—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. V, t. 78, f. 574. — cf. HIDALGO, Journ.de Con-
chyl. 1887, p. 149.

This form is retained separate from C. metaformis only because of
its different habitat. Certain forms of metaformis correspond closely
with the figures and description of rustica, such as the shell figured
as rustica by Hidalgo (pi. 58, fig. 89). Of this last form specimens
are before me from Mt. Calanan. Another shell, even closer to
rustica, is figured on pi. 58, fig. 90. Figure 92 is copied from
Mousson's original illustration.

C. HYDROPHANA Sowerby. PI. 36, figs. 35, 36, 37.

Imperforate, oblong-ovate, elevated, thin. Smooth ; straw-yellow,
with dark chestnut bands at suture, periphery and columella, and
often a narrow band between the last two. Rarely all bands are
lacking. Hydrophanous cuticle forming a thin film of oblique
shreds, scarcely visible except on the bands.

Spire elevated, summit obtuse. Whorls 5, the last slightly de-
flexed in front. Aperture oval, white and showing the band inside ;
lip narrowly expanded and reflexed, white ; columella sub vertical,
very deeply inserted, having an obtuse lobe below but not toothed.

Alt. 33, diam. 25 mill.

Alt. 25, diam. 22* mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

H. hydrophana Sow., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 88.— PFR. in Conchyl.
Cab. t. 49, f. 8, 9 ; Monogr. i, p. 222.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 69.—
C. hydrophana HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 148.

Very closely allied to C. metaformis, but smaller, thinner, with a
less thickened, non-dentate columella.

188 COCHLOSTYLA-HELTCOSTYLA.

C. BUTLERI Pfeiffer. PL 37, fig. 50, 51.

Imperforate, globose, rather thin ; apex obtuse, white ; spire semi-
globose, suture moderate. Whorls 4J, nearly flat, the last inflated,
pale buff, ornamented with close brown interrupted lines. Colu-
mella nearly straight, wide, deeply entering. Aperture rounded-
lunar ; peristome subthickened, forming an obtuse angle with the
columella. (P/r.) Alt. 28, diam. 37 mill.

Mountain districts of Benguet and Mancayan, and S. Nicolas in N.
Ecija, Luzon.

H. butleri PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 87 ; Monogr. i, p. 254; Con-
chyl. Cab., p. 284, t. 47, f. 11, 12.— PHILIPPI, Abbild., etc. i, p. 80,
t. 4, f. 12. — RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 37. — Cochlostyla butleri SEMP.,
Reis., p. 193, t. 13, f. 2, 3, 6 ; t. 18, f. 13 (Anatomy.)

Semper regards this as probably a variety of C. metaformis.

C. FULIGINATA Martens. Unfigured.

Shell conic-globose, lightly striatulate, smoky-brown, hydroph-
anous, having two pale yellow zones, one just above, the other
below the suture, the last visible upon the last whorl only, and
small, irregular, shining brown-black spots ; spire conical, apex
obtuse ; whorls 5, joined by a superficial suture, the last rounded,
somewhat descending in front. Aperture oblique, square-rounded,
palate cserulescent, parietal wall brown-black ; peristome narrowly
reflexed, thickened, bluish-white, outwardly rubescent ; columellar
margin rather oblique, nearly straightened, (v. Mart.}

Alt. 25, greater diam. 26£, lesser 23 mill. ; aperture, oblique alt.
18, width including peristome 16 mill.

Luzon, Philippines.

Cochlostyla fuliginata M.A.KT. in Mai. Bl. xxi, p. 46, 1873.— v.
MOLL., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. 1890. — Bulimus fuliginatus PFR.,
Monogr. viii, p. 8. — C. fumigata ''Mart." SEMPER, Reis. Phil.
Landmoll., p. 198.

In general form it reminds one of C. balteata and orbitula Sowb.,
but the columellar margin is more oblique than in the first, and
longer than in the latter of these two ; the spire is more pointed
above than in either of the species named, so that this snail stands
between these and Cochlostyla (f) viridis. The coloring, however,
is more that of the group Orthostylus, being similar, for instance, to
that of C. rufogastra. (Mart.)

COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA. 189

Var. NIGROLABIATA Moll.

Less elevated, much thinner ; peristome scarcely thickened, little
expanded, black-brown ; columella white, distinctly toothed. Alt.
22 £, diam. 23 mill. (Moll)

C. LANGUIDA Pfeiffer. PL 36, fig. 30.

Imperforate, globose, rather thin, regularly and closely obliquely
striated. Apex obtuse, buff ; suture marked by a shining brown
line. Whorls 4£, a little convex, the last rufous, covered with an
ashen hydrophanous cuticle, lineolate with white ; base nude,
shining. Columella vertical, white- calloused ; aperture suboval ;
peristome ? (P/r.) Alt. 30, diam. 30 mill.

Siquijor, Philippines.

H. languida PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 150 ; Mon. i, p. 254.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 68.

Described and figured from two decidedly immature examples.

C. UNICA Pfeiffer. PL 36, fig. 33.

Imperforate, globose, rather solid, obliquely striatulate, whitish ;
suture profound; whorls 51, inflated, the upper nearly flat ; colu-
mella profoundly entering, arcuate, subcanaliculate. Aperture very
oblique, subcircular, white within ; peristome widely expanded,
inwardly reddish, margins approximating, basal thickened. Alt.
19, diam. 38 mill. (Pfr.)

Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippines (Cuming).

H. unica PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 151 ; Monogr. i, p. 253.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 74.

C. LACERA Pfeiffer. PL 59, figs. 1, 2.

Imperforate, ovate-globose, solid, scarcely striated, brown, varied
with a brown-ashen ragged cuticle. Spire serniglobose, obtuse;
suture hair-margined with pale, not at all impressed above, becom-
ing profound. Whorls 43 the upper scarcely convex, the last two
rounded, the last whorl somewhat ascending in front. Aperture
oblique, subtetragonal-oval, livid inside ; peristome narrowly ex-
panded and reflexed, columellar margin somewhat straightened,
flat, dilated, forming an angle with the basal margin. Alt. 30,
greater diam. 33, lesser 27* mill. (Pfr.)

Philippines.

H. lacera PFR., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 126; Monogr. iv, p. 206.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1266.

190 COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA.

C. REHBEINI Pfeiffer. PI. 37, figs. 45, 46.

Imperforate, subglobose, solid, very delicately striatulate ; white
under a thin greenish-yellow, lusterless epidermis, encircled by sev-
eral wide dark chestnut bands. Spire conoid-semiglobose, rather
obtuse. Whorls 4-1, moderately convex, rapidly increasing, the last
rounded, shortly descending in front, blackish around the slightly
sloping, wide, white subexcavated columella. Aperture oblique,
lunate-round, whitish inside; peristome white, expanded-reflexed,
somewhat thickened within. Alt. 20, greater diam. 27, lesser 23
mill. (P/r.)

Philippines.

H. rehbeini PFR., P. Z. S. 1852; Monogr. iii, p. 189; Conchyl.
Cab. p. 480, t. 159, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 663.

C. PAPUENSIS Hedley. PI. 58, fig. 97.

Shell globosely conical, imperforate, solid ; color, the hydropha-
nous epidermis when wet or oiled is of a rich chocolate color; when
dry, a pale yellowish-brown crossed by numerous narrow spiral
brown lines; deprived of the epidermis the shell is a pale yellow,
with a brown subsutural band, first two whorls purple-blue, interior
of shell lustrous pale blue, peristome brown; whorls 5J, convex,
regularly increasing, last f of total length; sculpture, entire shell
finely obliquely striated and encircled by microscopic close regular
raised lines ; apex obtuse, embryonic whorls 1 •> ; suture impressed,
margined ; aperture oblique, ovate lunate, peristome slightly re-
flected, a thin semi-transparent callus extends over the axis and
curves up to the insertion of the right margin. Alt. 55, breadth 38
mill. (Hedley).

The Macleay Museum possesses several examples of this species
purchased from Mr. Goldie, who collected them in British New
Guinea. Considerable difference in size and form exists between
these specimens, none of which are in a good state of preservation.
One old and worn shell exhibits on the inner side of the columella
a tubercle 10 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. Whether this be a dis-
tinct species, the adult form, or merely a variety of the species
described above, requires further material to decide. (Hedley.)

British New Guinea.

Cochlostyla papuensis HEDLEY, The Land Molluscan Fauna of
British New Guinea, in Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 2d ser., vi, p.
96, t. 12, f. 30 (March 25, 1891).

COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA. 191

The contour of this species throws it into the group of 0. meta-
formis. In the case of this, as well as the other Australasian species
of Cochlostyla, it is highly desirable that the genitalia be examined.

(4). Group of C. fenestrata.

The shell in this group is notably compact and solid, showing close,
fine spiral stride under a lens ; and hydrophanous cuticle is present.
The mouth is rather small, the outer lip decidedly thickened ivithin with
white callus; the columella is pure white, and decidedly thick, often
truncated at base.

The limits of this group are doubtful, v. Mollendorff including in
it C. bruguieriana, crossei, roissyana, fuliginata, montana, curta,
fenestrata, solida, dimera, jonasi. A careful study of the whole
matter has inclined me to believe that bruguieriana cannot well be
sundered from carbonaria and other species of Axina, and I am not
certain that solida and crossei should not also be included there.
C. roissyana and dimera had better be left in the Cochlostyla^ hypo-
melanice. Mollendorff's citation of C. jonasi in this connection is
evidently due to Pfeiffer's mistaken reference in the Monographic,
to the figures of the plate in Kiister, the figures of dimera being
given in error. On the other hand, I feel impelled to place in the
present group a number of shells heretofore classed under Ortho-
stylus, such as C. leucophcea and C. mus ; but until the entire group
can be studied in the light of a greater mass of material we will not
be able to speak definitely upon these obscure group relations.

•

C. MONTANA Semper. PI. 58, figs. 93, 94.

Ini perforate, turbinate-globose or turbinate, solid, chestnut colored
covered with a streaked hydrophanous cuticle, ornamented with two
white bands, one at periphery, the other at the suture, and close
whitish lines beneath. Spire conoidal, apex rubescent, obtuse.
Whorls d-2, a little convex, the last convex and denuded on the base.
Columella excavated, dentate, white. Aperture lunate-oval, milk-
white within ; peristome narrowly thickened, edged with black in-
side. Alt. 29, greater diam. 25, lesser 21 mill. (&)

Foot of Monte Data, Mancayan, Luzon.

C. montana SEMP., Reis., p. 194, t. 9, f. 4.

192 COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOSTYLA.

C. FENESTRATA Sowerby. PI. 58, figs. 95, 96.

Imperforate, globose, solid ; smooth ; ground-color (under the
hpdrophanous cuticle) dark chestnut, the earlier whorls whitish ;
covered with a very thin hoary cuticle with oblique whiter streaks, and
having a cream-white band just above and one below the periphery.
There is a series of angular dark chestnut spots a short distance be-
low the suture, and the base is more or less denuded in front of the
aperture.

Spire elevated ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last deflexed in
front. Aperture rounded-truncate, bluish-white inside; lip thick-
ened within, expanded, white with a brown edge. Columella steeply
sloping, inconspicuously 2-lobed, its face flattened and shallowly
grooved. Alt. 20, diam. 18] mill.

Cagayan and N. Ecija, Luzon.

H./enestrata SOAVB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 137.— REEVE, Conch. Syst.
ii, t. 166, f. 24 ; Conch. Icon., f. 50.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 227 ; Con-
chyl. Cab., t. 108, f. 9, 10. — Cochlostyla fenestrata SEMPER, Reis.
Phil. Archip. Landmoll., p. 198.

A small species, readily known by the peculiar color-pattern. It
is more allied to C. montana Semper than to any other species.

C. CURTA Sowerby. PI. 37, figs. 47, 48.

Imperforate, ovate-conoid, solid and thick. Ground-color yellow
(or black-brown), covered with a hydrophanous cuticle which is
creamy above, brown on the base, and is deciduous in patches, show-
ing a series of spots of the ground-color on the upper surface of the
whorl. Surface microscopically spirally striated.

Spire conoidal, apex very obtuse. Whorls 6, almost flat, narrow,
the last whorl slightly descending in front. Aperture small, oblique,
white inside; peristome narrowly reflexed, strongly thickened
within, white or brown edged. Columella short, oblique, white,
very strongly thickened, more or less truncated below.

Alt, 29, diam, 23 mill.

Balanan, prov. La Union, northern Luzon, Philippines.

H. curta SOWB., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 20.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 223;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 429, t. 150, f. 8, 9.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 34.—
Cochlostyla curta HID., J. de C., 1887, p. 140. — Bui. dilatatus REEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 69.

COCHLOSTYLA-PTYCHOSTYLUS. 193

I have not seen the typical CURTA (pi. 37, figs. 47, 48), which has
a light buff ground-color, the cuticle being pale above, brown below.

The shell called B. dilatatus by Reeve has the ground-color almost
black, becoming rufous or yellow above, the lip dark-edged.

The variety /? of Hidalgo, as well as the specimens before me,
one of which is shown in fig. 15, are the same as the form called B.
dilatatus by Reeve. While I am wholly disposed to consider these
shells the same as Pfeiffer's dilatatus, it should be mentioned that
Hidalgo has reached an opposite conclusion, from a study of
Pfeiffer's figures. The suite before me shows very great variations
in the degree of development of the columellar tooth, it being in
some examples scarcely noticeably truncated.
Var. PI. 60, fig. 16.

Larger, more elevated, very solid ; black-brown below, rufous
above. Whorls 63 . Columellar tooth very strongly developed.
Alt. 40, diam. 28£ mill.

The specimen is denuded of cuticle.

Var. DILATATUS Pfr. PL 60, figs. 13, 14.

Chestnut-brown, tawny above, the last whorl having a white band
below the suture.

B. dilatatm PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 42 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 110, t. 34,
f. 7, 8 ; Monogr. ii, p. 8.

I am wholly inclined to consider this a mere variety of C. curia,
founded upon a specimen denuded of hydrophanous cuticle, except
for a band remaining below the suture on the last whorl. In case
my supposition is correct, the name dilatatus may be retained in a
varietal sense for all specimens of C. curta having a dark ground-
color, including Reeve's dilatatus.

Section VIII. PTYCHOSTYLUS Mollendorff, 1888.

Ptychostylus MLLDFF., Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges., 1888, p. 74.—
Stylodonta (in part) of authors. — Columplica (in part) HARTMANN,
Gasterop. Schweiz, p. 187, 188 (H. uniplicata the first species; see
under Stylodonta unidentata, this work, Vol. VI, p. 86). — Not
Ptychostylis Gabb, a group of Trochidce.

Shell globose-turbinate, formed of many closely coiled whorls, the
surface having hydrophanous cuticle ; aperture narrowly lunar ;
columella spirally twisted, having a strong tooth- like fold at the base.

Animal externally like Cochlostyla.
13

194 COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOBULINUS.

The single species contained in this group has an aspect very
different from the usual types of Cochlostyla. There are certain
forms of C. grandis Pfr., however, which present an approach to the
peculiar features of C. cepoides, especially in the short, twisted col-
umella and the numerous whorls.

C. CEPOIDES Lea. PI. 48, fig. 69.

Imperforate, globose-turbinate, the spire short-conoid. Ground-
color brown above, yellowish beneath ; hydrophanous cuticle form-
ing a series of creamy blotches under the suture, and a band below
periphery.

There are 6? narrow, closely revolving, convex whorls. The
base is very convex. Aperture narrowly lunar, oblique ; lip some-
what expanded, thickened within, brown-edged ; columella vertical,
very short, having a strong tooth-like fold. Alt. 40, diam. 44 mill.

Is. of Luban, Philippines.

If. cepoides LEA, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (n. ser.), vii, 1841, p.
462, 1. 12, f. 14.— SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 88.— Rv., Conch. Syst. ii,
1. 164, f. 14 ; Conch. Icon. f. 39.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 302 ; Conchyl.
Cab. t. 41, f. 3, 4.—H. (Stylodonta} cepoides PFR., Nomencl. Hel.
Viv. p. 170. — H. dolium SOWB., ined. — Columplica dolium HART-
MANN, Gast. Schweiz, p. 188, t. 67, f. 1, 2. — Nanina (Stylodonta)
cepoides TRYON, Manual of Conchology (2d ser.) ii, p. 26, t. 5, f.
86, 87. — Cochlostyla (Ptycho stylus) cepoides MLLDFF., Nachr. D. M.
Ges. 1888, p. 74.

This peculiar shell has long been classed with Stylodonta uni-
dentata of the Seychelles Is., but there is now no doubt that Semper
and Mollendorff are right in considering it a Cochlostyla.

Section IX. HELICOBULINUS Broderip, 1840.

Helicobulinus BROD., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 123, type H. sarcinosa. —
Helicobulimus MOLLENDORFF, Landschn. Cebu, p. 241. — Chromo-
cochlea HARTMANN, Gast. Schweiz, p. 137, 1844, type C. turbinoides.
— Chromatocochlias AGASSIZ.

Shell capacious, turbinate-globose, solid, variegated with green or
brown, covered with a variously patterned hydrophanous cuticle.
•Columella more or less folded.

This section, while closely allied to Orthostylus, presents affinities
with so many groups that it must be regarded as an intermediate or
.synthetic type. Through C. grandis it approaches the section

COCHLOSTYLA-HELICOBULINUS. 195

Ptychostylus ; through certain depressed forms of C. turgens it ap-
proaches C. harfordii and other allied species of Calocochlea ; and
on the other hand, it is difficult to so diagnose Helicobulinus that
all species of Orthostylus will be excluded.

The several species of Helicobulinus are, however, more nearly
related to each other than the various forms are to any of these
diverse groups, so that despite several atttempts by various authors
to dismember the section, it is likely to maintain its integrity
permanently.

C. GRANDIS Pfeiffer. PL 59, figs. 7, 8 ; pi. 60, figs. 9, 10, 11 ; pi.

48, figs. 66, 67, 68.

Imperforate, large, trochoidal or turbinate, solid, dark reddish-
chestnut, covered with a cream colored hydrophanous cuticle which
is cut by dark, narrow spiral bands, and is largely lost through
•erosion on the earlier whorls and the apertural part of the base.

The spire is elevated, conical ; apex rather obtuse, whitish. Whorls
5i-6£, the last obtusely angular at periphery, somewhat concave or
flattened below the angle. Aperture oblique, white or blue inside ;
peristome narrowly reflexed, purple-brown ; columella very short,
deeply entering, and having a strong fold near the insertion.

Alt. 50, diam. 60 mill.

Alt. 43, diam. 60 mill.

Northern Luzon, at Baler, Palanan, Digollorin, Casiguran and
Camiguin de Luzon.

H. grandis PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 43.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 7,
f. 30.— Cochlostyla grandis DOHRN, Mai. Bl. ix, p. 211, 1862.—
SEMPER, Reis. Landm. p. 199. — H. collosea PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai.
1852, p. 153 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 422, t. 149, f. 1, 2.— If. carolus DH.,
Journ. de Conchyl. 1861, p. 348, t. 16, f. 1, 2.— Cochlostyla carolus
HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 138.

This magnificent species may be known at once by its very short
columella. It varies greatly in contour, the height of the spire and
the number of whorls being unusually mutable. Semper is disposed
to include " Bulimm " lignarius Pfr. with grandis, but the material
before me, of both species, causes me to believe them entirely
distinct.

C. SARCINOSA Ferussac. PI. 47, fig. 58.

Imperforate, capacious, globose-turbinate. Green, becoming fawn-
tinted on the spire, encircled at the periphery by a chestnut band,

196 COCHLOSTYLA-HELCIOBULINUS.

which ascends the spire above the sutures. Having a band of
hydrophaiious cuticle below the peripheral girdle, usually almost
entirely lost.

Spire conoid, apex very obtuse. Whorls 5J, the first nearly
planate, the last slightly deflexed in front. Aperture large, blue-
white within ; lip narrowly expanded, purplish-pink ; columella of
the same color, subvertical, nearly straight, faintly obliquely trun-
cated below. Alt. 72, diam. 64 mill.

Northern Negros ; Masbate ; Visayas ; Batayan, Zebu.

H. sareinosa FER., Hist. t. 109, f. 1, 2.— BROD., P. Z. S. 1840, p.
121.— KEEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 5b ; Conch. Syst. ii, t. 163, f. 7.—
PFR., Monogr. i, p. 244 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 40, figs. 1, 2 (not 3, 4).
— Bulimus sarcinosus PFR., Symbolse ii, p. 50. — Cochlostyla (Ortho-
stylus^ sareinosa SEMP., Reis. p. 201. — C. (Helieobulimus) sareinosa
MLLDFF., Landschn. Cebu, p. 241. — C. sareinosa HIDALGO, Jounu
de Conchyl. 1887, p. 138.

The typical C. sareinosa is a large, green shell, with a brown
peripheral band. It is so intimately connected with the following
that I am unable to say whether some of the specimens before me
should be considered turgens or sareinosa, and am therefore com-
pelled to unite the species, as Pfeiffer at one time did.

Var. TURGENS Desh. PI. 46, figs. 50, 51, 52.

Typically smaller than sareinosa, the prevailing color brown
instead of green. The hydrophanous cuticle is disposed in numer-
ous revolving bands, interrupted irregularly by oblique brown
streaks. Peripheral brown band either present or wanting.

Alt. 55, diam. 52 mill.

Alt, 70, diam. 55 mill.

Alt. 53, diam. 53 mill.

Panay, Guimaras and Luzon, Philippines.

H. turgens DH. in Fer. Hist. p. 316, t. 108 C;f. 11, 13.— H. sar-
einosa var. PFR., Conchyl. Cab. t. 40, f. 3, 4. — Cochlostyla turgens
SEMP., Reis. p. 201.— HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 138.

Excessively variable in contour.

C. TURBINOIDES Broderip. PI. 47, fig. 63 ; pi. 62, fig. 29.

Imperforate, globose-turbinate ; ground-color green, becoming
reddish on the spire ; having silvery hydrophanous bands.

COCHLOSTYLA-HELCIOBULINUS. 197

Spire conic, obtuse, reddish. Apex planate; whorls 5i, convex,
the last slightly descending in front. Aperture large, blue within ;
peristome expanded, reddish-brown.

Alt. 54, diam. 45 mill.

Alt. 50, diam. 70 mill.

Luzon, Leyte, Catanduanes and Camarines, Philippines.

H. turbinoides BROD., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 23.— PFR., Mon. i, p.
243 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 264, t. 39, f. 1, 2.— RVE., Conch. Syst. ii, t.
166, f. 21, 22; C. Ic., f. 6. — Cochlostyla turbinoides HIDALGO,
Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 139. — Chromocochlea turbinoides
HARTM., Gast. Schweiz, p. 137, t. 41.

Differs from the preceding in its red upper whorls, darker lip
and columella, etc.

C. CINERASCENS Pfeiffer. PL 47, fig. 60.

Imperforate, globose-turbinate, rather thin; straw colored with
two wide bands and a blackish basal area, covered with a thin
hydrophanous cuticle ; spire short-turbinate, apex obtuse. Whorls
5 ?, a little convex, the last inflated beneath. Columella subarcuate,
flesh-brown. Aperture round-lunar, white within ; peristome nar-
rowly expanded, somewhat thickened, chestnut-edged.

Alt. 37, greater diam. 41, lesser 35 mill. (P/r.)

Masbate, Philippines.

H. cinerascens PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 64; Monogr. i, p. 220;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 427, t. 150, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. no. 78
(description), figure 81, not fig. 78 !

I have not seen the typical C. cinerascens, but from a study of
the figures and descriptions I am wholly inclined to consider H.
turbo Pfr. a mere variety of it. Reeve has transposed the figures of
these two forms on his plate.

Var. TURBO Pfr. PL 47, fig. 59.

Shell turbinate, solid ; fleshy-brown under a straw-colored cuticle,
having a peripheral band and a small columellar patch of chestnut.
Spire conical, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, the last a mere trifle descend-
ing in front. Aperture tinted within ; lip well expanded, brown ;
columella steeply sloping, straight, white. Alt. 36, diam. 36 mill.

H. turbo PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 64; Monogr. i, p. 220; Conchyl.
Cab. p. 286, t. 48, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, no. 81 (descrip-

198 COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

tion), fig. 78, not fig. 81 !— DESK, in Fer. Hist. t. 110 B, f. 1.— C.
turbo HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 139.

Several specimens before me exhibit no variation. The published
figures cited above are also very similar.

C. BEMBICODES Pfeiffer. PI. 31, figs. 36, 37.

Imperforate, globose-turbinate, solid, striate ; white under a dull
buffish lusterless epidermis, with a chestnut band at the periphery.
Spire turbinate, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, the last rounded,
little descending in front. Aperture very oblique, lunate-rounded,
white inside and shining. Columella subvertical, straightened,
dilated, flat, white ; peristome white, upper margin expanded, basal
narroAvly reflexed, forming an obtuse angle with the columella.

Alt. 35, diam. 44 mill. (P/r.)

Romblon, Philippines.

H. bembicodes PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1851, p. 15 ; Monogr. iii, p.
171 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 408, t. 146, f. 6, l.—CocUostyla bembicodes
HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 140.

This species seems near to C. turbo in form and coloring.

Section X. ORTHOSTYLUS Beck, 1837.

Orthostylus BECK (in part), Index, p. 49. — MARTENS in Alb.
Die Hel. p. 177. — v. MLLDFF., Landschn. Cebu, p. 242. — Pithohelix
SWAINS., Malacol. p. 166. — Pythohelix SWAINS., 1. c., p. 332.

The shell is generally large, solid ovate-conic, covered with a
variously patterned hydrophanous cuticle. Aperture oblique,
ovate ; lip reflexed ; columella nearly vertical, more or less obviously
folded below.

Anatomy typical of Cochlostyla.

The present section is generally considered the typical group
of Cochlostyla. It is allied to the section Helicobulinus, which
consists of more inflated shells, and to the section ffypselostyla, con-
taining more elongated forms. The limits of Orthostylus are not
easy to determine, as there are species almost or entirely interme-
diate between this group and Helicostyla, as well as forms connect-
ing with Hypselostyla.

COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUB. 199

(1) Typical species of Orthostylus.

C. BICOLORATA Lea. PI. 44, figs. 40, 41.

Imperforate, pyramidal, solid ; ground-color chestnut above, green
below the periphery. Covered with a brown hydrophanous cuticle
which is streaked obliquely with lighter, and is varied by a creamy
band near the periphery, a series of alternating light and denuded
dark blotches below the suture followed by another band, and frequently
a third band on the base.

The spire is notably pyramidal and elevated, apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 6i. Aperture small, oblique, white inside ; peristome dark
chestnut colored, broadly expanded and reflexed. Columella
vertical, obliquely truncated beneath, brownish.

Alt. 60, diam. 38 mill.

Alt. 63, diam. 42 mill.

Lucban, Prov. Tayabas, Luzon ; Boac and Gasan, Marinduque ;
Alabat, Philippines.

Bui bicoloratus LEA, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., p. 173, 1840 ;
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vii, p. 459, t. 11, f. 8, 1841.— KVE., Conch.
Icon., f. Z1 — Cochlostyla bicolorata MLLDFF. Nachr. D. M. Ges.
1889, p. 104:.— Bui. alberti BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 35.— PFR.,
Monogr. ii, p. 3 ; Conchyl. Cab. Bui., t. 50, f. 3. — Cochlostyla alberti
SEMP., Reisen, p. 202.— HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 163 ;
Obras, t. 65, f. 2, S.—Bulinus onyx BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 34.—
Bulimus onyx PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 32. — Cochlostyla alberti var. onyx
HIDALGO, Obras, Malacol. i, t. 65, f. 4, 5.

The ground-color is peculiar, being green below, chestnut-brown
above the periphery. When quite denuded, the green color, being
epidermal, disappears, white replacing it. There is sometimes a
broad chestnut band beneath, conspicuously modifying the green
color, and leaving green bands only at periphery and columella.

Var. ONYX Brod. PL 61, fig. 22.

More elongated and with the last whorl notably narrower.
Alt. 60, diam. 27 mill.; apert., alt. 29, diam. (inside) 16 mill.

Luzon.

C. IMPERATOR Pfeiffer. PL 45, figs. 42, 43, 44.

Imperforate, pyramidal, solid. Ground-color brown^black on the
body- whorl, light brown on the two preceding whorls, the earlier

200 COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

whorls purple. Hydrophanous cuticle forming conspicuous cream-
white and rusty-brown obliquely longitudinal ragged stripes.

Spire decidedly pyramidal, elevated, rather slender. Whorls
nearly 7, the last indistinctly angular at the periphery, at times
somewhat malleated, the indentations large and shallow. Aperture
quite oblique, blue-white inside; peristome black-brown, well ex-
panded. Columella vertical.

Alt. 71, diam. 43 mill.

Alt. 45, diam. 29 mill.

Is. Catanduanes; Prov. Tayabas, Luzon.

B. imperator PFR.. P. Z. S. 1848, p. 110 ; Monogr. ii, p. 533 ;
Conchyl. Cab. Bui., p. 158, t. 46, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f.
183. — Cochlostyla imperator HID., Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 163;
Obras Malacol. i, t. 65, f. 1.

A beautiful species, boldly painted with cream-white longitudinal
stripes. From the province of Tayabas, Luzon, we have a variety
scarcely half the size of typical examples (fig. 44.)

C. PITHOGASTER Ferussae. PL 40, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.

Imperforate, oblong-conic or ovate-conic, solid. Ground-color
chocolate-black on the body-whorl, chestnut on the next earlier, yellow-
ish brown on the next, the earlier 2 or 2 £ whorls dark blue-purple.
Hydrophanous cuticle uniformly distributed or slightly streaked
obliquely, of a drab or olive-slate color, varying from dark to rather
light.

Spire high-conoidal, apex very obtuse. Whorls 6-6i, the last a
trifle deflexed in front. Aperture oblique, white inside ; peristome
reflexed, inwardly flesh-pink, edged with black-brown ; columella irreg-
ularly arcuate, flesh-pink, generally not perceptibly truncated at
base.

Alt. 61, diam. 40 mill, (typical form.)

Alt. 57, diam. 47 mill, (obese specimen.)

Alt. 50, diam. 33 mill, (small specimen.)

Camarines, Luzon; Alabat ; Masbate and Marinduque, Philip-
pines.

H. pithogaster FER., Hist. t. 108, f . 3 ; t. 110, f. 1-3.— Bulimus
pithogaster PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 4; Conchyl. Cab. p. 169, t. 51, f. 1.
— Bui. pythogaster REEVE, Conch. Icon. Bui. t. 1, f. 26. — Cochlo-
styla pithogastr a SEMPER, Reisen, p. 201, t. 13, f. 12 (anatomy). —
C. pithogaster HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 163; Obras

COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS. 201

Malacol, t. 67, f. 1-4.— Bui philippinensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p.
42; Conchyl. Cab. p. 164, t. 50, f. 1.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 5.—
DH. in Fer. Hist. t. 110A, f. 10, 11. — Cochlostyla philippinensis
SEMP., Reisen, p. 202. — C. pithogaster var. philippinensis HIDALGO,
Obras, t. 67, f. 5.

The typical C. pithogaster is an elongated shell, covered with a
uniform dark cuticle (fig. 5). It is impossible, however, to draw a
line between the elongated forms and the short, obese forms, such as
that shown in fig. 3. The intergradation is complete. It is equally
impracticable to separate as a distinct species, the form called
philippinensis, as all stages from a uniform to a streaked cuticle are
present in the suite before me.

Color-var. philippinensis Pfr. PL 61, fig. 24.

Hydrophanous cuticle distinctly obliquely streaked.
Color-var. bipartita Pils. PI. 61, fig. 23.

Ground-color dark brown below, lighter brown or yellowish above
the periphery, earlier whorls whitish ; hydrophanous cuticle not
especially streaked.

Alt. 67, diam. 43 mill.

Alt. 59, diam. 38 mill.

C. VILLARI Hidalgo. PI. 40, fig. 1.

Imperforate, ovate-conoid, solid, little shining, striatulate. Buff,
under a whitish-ashen cuticle, which is scarcely streaked; above paler,
apex flesh-colored.

Spire conoid, apex obtuse ; suture seen under a lens to be minutely
denticulated. Whorls 6, convex, the last large, about \ the total
length, descending in front, the base slightly depressed. Aperture
rounded-subquadrate, white inside ; peristome reflexed, white,
angularly joining the white, rather wide and scarcely oblique col-
umella. (Hid.') ,

Alt. 69, diam. 50 mill.

Boac, Gasan and Saban, Marinduque.

C. villari HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 166, t. 6, f. 3.

Var. Last whorl chestnut, the rest tawny, apex flesh-colored,
columella rose-brown, peristome purple-black. (Hid.)

C. DAPHNIS Broderip. PI. 42, figs. 20, 21, 22, 23.

Imperforate, ovate-come, solid. Ground-color either (1) light
olive-buff becoming lighter toward the white apex, or (2) chestnut-

202 COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

brown, darker below, becoming yellowish above, the apex flesh-
tinted, or (3) base dark chestnut-brown, upper surface light buff-
brown, or (4) body-whorl black-brown, the spire either pale or be-
coming purple toward the apex. Hydrophanous cuticle cream-white,
rarely almost uniform, generally conspicuously streaked obliquely or
cut by spiral dark bands, or both cut and streaked.

The spire is very, distinctly conoidal and more acute than usual.
Whorls 6i, the last somewhat descending. Aperture quite oblique,
white or blue-white inside ; peristome well expanded, brown, edged
with black-brown. Columella vertical, simple and straight, flesh-
tinted or purple-pink.

Alt. 50, diam. 36 mill.

Alt. 63, diam. 46 mill.
Islands Bohol, Siquijor, Magtan and southern Zebu, Philippines*

H. daphnis BROD., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 180.— DELESSERT, Rec., t.
39, f. 13, 14. — Bulimus daphnis PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 4 ; Conchy 1,
Cab., t. 51, f. 4.— RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 8.— DH. in Fer., Hist., t.
151, f. 5, 6. — Cochlostyla daphnis SEMPER, Reisen, p. 205. — HIDALGO,.
Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 166. — v. MOLL., Landschn. Cebu, p. 243..

This species is excessively variable in the ground-color as well as
in the pattern of cuticle. The latter, however, has no zones of
greater intensity or whiteness, such as C. lignaria shows below the
periphery. The spire is notably conoidal, the narrower specimens
of typical daphnis approaching in this respect, C. imperator, a species-
quite different in the form of the columella.

C. CUNCTATOR Reeve. Vol. VIII, pi. 12, figs. 1, 2.

Imperforate, ovate- conic, solid. Ground-color brownish olive-
green, becoming yellowish on the spire, the earlier whorls flesh-col-
ored or purple. Hydrophanous cuticle cream-colored, becoming
brownish below, disposed in very close, narrow, oblique stripes. A
few narrow, inconspicuous darker spirals are visible.

Spire conoidal, obtuse. Whorls 6. Aperture blue within; peri-
stome narrowly expanded, edged with black-brown. Columella
purple-pink, straight above, gently arcuate below ; not in the least
truncated below.

Alt. 52, diam. 38 mill, (average specimen).

Alt. 49, diam. 39 mill, (short specimen).

Alt. 60, diam. 38 mill, (elongated specimen).

Zebu, Philippines.

COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

Bid. cunctator REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 554, 1849.

This form is closely allied to C. daphnis, differing in being
slightly less conoidal, and in the pattern of cuticle. It is likely
that intermediate forms will be found. Keeve's figure was drawn
from an immature example.

C. FAUNUS Broderip. PI. 61, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Imperforate, ovate-conoid, solid. Ground-color varying from
dark chestnut to light yellow-brown, the darker specimens becoming
lighter above the periphery and on the spire ; apical whorls purplish.
Covered with a light brown hydrophanous cuticle, which is either
almost uniform, or obliquely streaked having few or many darker
spiral lines.

Spire conoid, apex decidedly obtuse. Whorls 6, the last slightly
descending. Aperture quite oblique; peristome narrowly reflexed,
having a black-brown edge. Columella vertical, nearly straight,
flesh-tinted.

Alt. 51, diam. 34 mill, (average example.)

Alt. 43, diam. 29 mill, (small example.)

Alt. 54, diam. 31 mill, (narrow example.)

Zebu ; Camotes Is. ; Masbate, Philippines.

B.faunus BROD., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 180.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 5 ;
Conchyl. Cab. t. 51, f. 7. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 13. — HIDALGO,.
Journ. de Conch. 1867, p. 167 ; Obras, t. 62, f. 4, 5.— Cochlostyla
daphnis var.faunus SEMPER, Reisen, p. 205. — MLLDFF., Landschn.
Cebu, p. 243.

Less variegated than C. daphnis, narrower in form, the spire not
so conical as that of C. daphnis, and not so acute.

Both Semper and Mollendorff believe faunus to be a variety of
daphnis, but the differences of contour are so constant throughout
the large suites of each' before me, that I am still inclined to con-
sider them distinct species. There is a common form of C. daphnis
having the cuticle uniform, not variegated. A specimen of this
from Zebu is shown on pi. 42, fig. 21.

C. TICAONICA Broderip. PI. 62, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28.

Imperforate, ovate, solid. Ground-color dark chestnut, becoming
lighter on the spire, the earlier whorls light brown or purple-brown.
Hydrophanous cuticle white above, tinted with brown below, dis-
posed in wide or narrow oblique streaks, uninterrupted or cut by
dark spiral lines.

204 COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

The spire is obtusely conoid ; apex obtuse. Whorls 5}, the last
somewhat descending in front. Aperture quite oblique, bluish-
white inside ; lip narrowly reflexed, dark brown or edged with dark
brown ; columella subvertical, deeply inserted, flesh-tinted.

Alt. 58, diam. 42 mill.

Alt. 44, diam. 34 mill.

Alt. 56, diam. 38 mill.

Islands of Ticao, Masbate, northern Zebu, northern Negros, Philip-

H. (Cochlostyla) ticaonica BROD., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 155.— Bui.
ticaonicus PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 6 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 175, t. 52, f. 1-
3. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 14. — Cochlostyla ticaonica SEMPER,
Reisen, p. 202.— HIDALGO, J. de C. 1887, p. 167.— MLLDFF., Land-
schn. Cebu, p. 242. — Bui. subglobosus LEA, Trans. Amer. Philos.
Soc. vii, p. 455, t. 11, f. 1 (young shell).

This species is allied to C. daphnis, but it is shorter, with lower,
much more obtuse spire.

The ground-color is sometimes dark below, decidedly lighter
above the periphery. The prevailing form upon the island Zebu
(figs. 26, 27) is small, with conspicuous longitudinal white stripes,
but few spiral lines or none.

Color-form lutea. PL 62, fig. 25.

With the typically colored examples of ticaonica, live others hav-
ing a light buff ground-color, overlaid with cuticle forming oblique
white streaks above, generally rusty-brown beneath. The lip is
white, its edge often flesh-pink. Columella purple-pink.

C. LIGNARIA Pfeiffer. PL 62, fig. 30 ; pi. 41, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13.

Imperforate, turbinate-conic, solid. Ground- color uniform dark
chestnut, becoming lighter and then yellow-chestnut above, the apex
whitish. Hydrophanous cuticle wood-brown streaked with cream,
having a cream-white zone under the periphery, and few (fig. 10) or
many (fig. 12) dark spiral lines.

Spiral conoidal, apex obtuse. Whorls 5£, the last somewhat de-
scending in front, obtusely angular at the periphery in front, the
degree of angulation varying from distinct to almost imperceptible.
Aperture quite oblique, nearly white inside ; peristome expanded

GOCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLU8. 205

and reflexed, dark brown. Columella oblique, indistinctly or
obviously folded below.

Alt. 64, diam. 58 mill, (large typical form.)

Alt. 51, diam. 38 2 mill. (var. minor.)

Alt. 60, diam. 41? mill, (elongated form.)

Prov. Cagayan, Luzon.

Bulimus lignarius PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 88 ; Monogr. ii, p. 3 ;
Conchyl. Cab. Bui. t. 19, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. Bui. t. 1, f.
3. — DH. in Fer. Hist. t. 151, f. 8, 9. — Cochlostyla lignaria SEMPER,
Reisen, p. 202. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 160.

The creamy subperipheral zone is a constant and leliable feature.
The peripheral angulation is scarcely noticeable in the smaller speci-
mens, such as those figured on pi. 41, and which are much more
numerous in collections than the larger form. These small speci-
mens are about the size of C. daphnis, but that species is more dis-
tinctly conical, more acute than this, and it lacks the subperipheral
creamy zone.

Semper has stated that it is difficult to distinguish the more
obviously angular forms of C. lignaria from C. grandis Pfr., and he
has therefore united the two ; but with all respect for the opinion
of the distinguished German zoologist, we must still consider these
species perfectly distinct. It is hard to even imagine a connection.

C. GILVA Broderip. PI. 42, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Imperforate,- globose-ovate, solid. Ground-color dark chestnut,
begirt with an indistinct darker peripheral band, and becoming
lighter above, the earlier whorls whitish with a brown subsutural
margin. Hydrophanous cuticle forming a uniform cream-white or
light brown coat.

Spire bluntly conoid, the apex very obtuse. Whorls 5?, the last
generally deeply descending in front. Aperture large, blue-white
within ; lip rather broadly reflexed, white, sometimes brown-edged.
Columella nearly vertical, wide, white.

Alt. 45, diam. 40 mill.

Alt. 42, diam. 37 mill.

Philippines.

B. gilvus SOWERBY, (in Coll. Cuming) ; PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p.
45; Conchyl. Cab., p. 179, t. 53, f. 1.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 7.

Allied to C. ticaonica, but more globose, with shorter spire, more
uniformly distributed cuticle, whiter, wider lip, and having an in-
distinct darker peripheral band.

206 COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

C. WOODIANA Lea. PL 43, figs. 28, 29.

Imperforate, oblong-conic, solid. Ground-color dark chestnut,
becoming light yellowish-brown above, and black on the latter part
of the body-whorl ; covered with cream-colored hydrophanous cuticle>
which is cut into bands by a number of dark, denuded broad zones
and narrow lines.

Spire conical, apex obtuse, yellow-brown. Whorls 5£, the last
whorl slowly descending, equal to the spire in height. Aperture
oblique, blue-white inside; peristome broadly, roundly reflexed,
brown or fleshy-violet; columella vertical, gently arcuate, flesh-
colored, forming a slightly projecting angle where it joins the basal
lip. Alt. 70, diam. 50 mill.

Provinces Tayabas and Laguna, Luzon, Philippines.

Bulimus woodianus LEA, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. i, p. 173 (read
Feb. 21, 1840; Proc. for Jan. and Feb., 1840, distributed March
20, 1840) ; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vii, p. 457, t. 11, f. 5.— NOT
B. woodianus PFR. et al.—H. Reevii BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 34.—
Bulimus Reevii Rv., Conch. Syst. ii, t. 172, f. 1 ; Conch. Icon., f. 6.
— B. reevei PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 295 ; Conchyl. Cab., Bui., t. 19, f.
5? g. — DESK, in Fer., Hist., 1. 116, f. 1, 2. — Cochlostyla reevei SEMPER,
Reisen, p. 203.— HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 160.— C.
woodiana v. MOLL., Nachr. D. M. Ges. 1889, p. 104.

This is a magnificent species, allied to C. portei, but differing in
coloring. It is not especially related to any other species.

Lea's heretofore unquoted description in the Proc. Amer. Philos.
Soc. has indisputable priority of publication over Broderip's descrip-
tion in P. Z. S. under the name Reevii. The change Df name is,
therefore, inevitable. It is surprising that so careful an author as
Pfeiffer should confound Lea's dark brown shell with the totally
diverse white species which has always been called woodianus.

I have examined Lea's type of woodiana. It is denuded
of the creamy hydrophanous cuticle, except just behind the ex-
panded lip, where it shows the characteristic banding of the species.

C. PORTEI Pfeiffer. PI. 44, figs. 38, 39.

Imperforate, ovate-conic, solid ; ground-color green, becoming buff
on the earlier whorls ; covered with a hydrophanous cuticle of 'white,
obliquely streaked with tawny, which is cut by a couple of peripheral
denuded zones and a number of lines.

COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS. 207

Spire conoid, apex obtuse ; whorls 5£, the last scarcely descending,
more than half the total height of the shell. Aperture oblique,
large, blue-white inside ; peristome broadly and roundly reflexed,
•dark chestnut-brown. Columella vertical, slightly arcuate, slightly
salient at its junction with the basal lip.

Alt. 70, diam. 54 mill.

Alt. 60, diam. 45 mill.

Island of Polillo ; District of Infanta, Prov. Laguna, Luzon,
Philippines.

B.portii PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 193 (typog. err. for portei) ; B.
portei PFR. Novit. Conch., p. 308, t. 75, f. 1-3 ; Monogr. vi, p. 5.

The ground-color is green, and the brown-lipped aperture is larger
than in C. woodiana Lea (reevei Brod.), a species similar in pattern
of cuticle.

C. RUFOGASTER Lesson. PI. 43, figs. 26, 27 ; pi. 45, fig. 47.

Imperforate, ovate-conoid, solid. Ground-color chocolate or dark
chestnut, with a buff band at the periphery. Hydrophanous cuticle
dull brown, varied by a series of creamy, oblique dashes below the
suture, alternating with blotches of the dark ground-color of equal
size, and having a light creamy zone at the periphery, and another at
the columella.

Spire high-conic, apex obtuse. Whorls 6-62, the last very indis-
tinctly angled at the periphery in front. Aperture oblique, white
or lilac-white inside ; peristome rather narrowly, roundly reflexed,
chocolate colored ; columella subvertical, somewhat arcuate, flesh-
white or brown, forming a rather salient angle where it joins the
basal lip.

Alt. 76, diam. 54 mill, (typical.)

Alt. 54, diam. 43 mill.

Alt. 45, diam. 35 mill. (v. minor.)

Tuan, Prov. of Bulacan; Porac, prov. Pampanga; Los Banos,
Laguna ; S. Nicolas, N. Ecija, and Baler, on the E. coast, Luzon.

H. rufogaster LESS., Illustr. de Zool., t. 22, 1831. — Bulimus
rufogaster PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 6 ; Conchyl. Cab., t. 50, f. 2. — REEVE,
Conch. Icon., f. 4.— DH. in Fe*r., Hist., t. 116, f. 3, Q.— Cochlostyla
rufogaster SEMP., Reisen, p. 202. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl.
1887, p. 160.— Bui. monozonus PFR., P. Z. S. 1848, p. 110 ; Monogr.
ii, p. 533 ; Conchyl. Cab., t. 46, f. 7, 8.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f.
195.

208 COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

This large species has the contour of C. woodiana Lea (not Pfr.),,
but is differently colored and the lip is narrower. It is even more
allied, probably, to the narrower, more pyramidal C. bicolorata Lea*

Pfeiffer's B. monozonus (pi. 45, fig. 47) is merely a rather small
example, but I have seen specimens still smaller. Localities for
these small specimens are : Santa Ana, prov. Manilla ; Lucban
prov. Tayabas ; San Rafael, prov. Bulacan, Luzon.

C. MACROSTOMA Pieiffer. PL 61, fig. 20.

Imperforate, ovate, rather solid. Rufous-black, the apex paler ;
covered with a brown hydrophanous cuticle, encircled by black
lines. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last about equal to the spire
in length. Columella vertical, dilated, somewhat thickened in the
middle, its inner part dark brown, outer lip strongly arcuate.

Alt. 61, diam. 39 mill. (Pfr.)

Mts. near Balanga, prov. Bataan, Luzon, Philippines.

B. macrostomus PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 152 ; Monogr. ii, p. 24 ;
Conchyl. Cab., t. 50, f. 4, 5. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1. — Cochlo-
styla macrostoma HID., Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 161.

C. VIDALI Hidalgo. PI. 60, fig. 12.

Imperforate, ovate, solid, obliquely striated. Under a thin,
deciduous hydrophanous cuticle, of a deep purple-brown color.
Spire conoid, apex obtuse, concolored, purple ; suture impressed,
destitute of spots. Whorls 6, nearly flat, the last about equaling
the spire, encircled with a little-conspicuous pale buff band ; base
attenuated. Aperture angulate-ovate, moderate, inside livid-white ;
peristome narrowly reflexed, edged with dark purple, margins dis-
tant, joined by a thin, wide callus ; columellar margin deeply intorted,
quasi-truncate, purple-white ; basal margin narrowly rounded, form-
ing an angle where it joins the columella, outer margin becoming
thin toward its insertion.

Alt. 67, diam. 40 mill. ; apert. with perist., 37 mill, long, 26
wide. (Hid.')

Galiano, district of Benguet, Luzon.

C. vidali HID., Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 162, t. 7, f. 2.

This species is truly intermediate between C. rufogaster and C.
macrostoma. It differs in being more ovoid, less conoidal; the whorls
more swollen ; the spire is more obtuse and darker than the rest of
the shell, not lighter, as it is in the two allied species. The cuticle

COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS. 209

has no blotches below the suture ; it is thinner than in macrostoma,
and the hydrophanous band is not accompanied by a dark line, etc.

C. JUGLANS Pfeiffer. PI. 59, fig. 6.

Imperforate, elongate-globose, the apex obtuse ; rather solid,
obliquely distinctly striated, unicolored rufous. Whorls 5, convex,
the last about equal to the spire. Columella wide, white, arcu-
ately curved inward. Aperture large, irregularly suboval, sinuated
at base of the columella, pale livid inside; peristome scarcely
reflexed, margined with rufous.

Alt. 53, diam. 35 mill. Aperture 28 mill, long inside. (Pfr.)

Mountains of northern-central Luzon.

Bul.juglans PFR. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 89 ; Monogr. ii, p. 7 ; Conchy 1.
Cab., p. 177, t. 52, f. 7.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 12.— Cochlostyla
juglans SEMPER, Reisen, p. 204. — MLLDFF, Nachr. D. M. Ges. 1888,
p. 105.

Fresh, unrubbed shells, says Mollendorff, are covered with a thin
gray-brown cuticle, which often shows close spiral lines. The per-
istome is lipped with beautiful purple-brown ; the columella is white
above.

Var. olivacea Mlldif. Smaller, more ventricose, whorls more con-
vex ; olive-brown or olive-yellowish, the peristome \vhite. (Mlldff.)

Alt. 55, diam. 43 mill.

Alt. 50, diam. 41 mill.

Var. roseolimbata Mlldff. More ventricose, olive-yellowish, varied
with irregular streaks; peristome more thickened, margin pale
purple or rose, columella more spirally twisted, arcuate. (Mlldff.)

Alt. 63, diam. 49 mill.

Alt. 59, diam. 46 mill.

Cuyapo, prov. Nueva Ecija, Luzon.

C. MARINDUQUENSIS Hidalgo. PI. 45, figs. 48, 49.

Imperforate, ovate-conic, solid. Under an evanescent deciduous
cuticle the surface is white, unicolored or with peripheral and colu-
mellar dark bands, or having the middle and base of the body-
whorl dark brown. Sometimes there is a narrow sutural band ; lip
lilac-pink, black edged, rarely pure white.

Spire conoidal ; whorls 6, convex, especially the latter two. Last

whorl generally obliquely malleated around the middle. Aperture

oblique, white inside ; peristome broadly expanded and reflexed, lilac

14

210 COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

pink with a black-brown edge; columella very deeply inserted,
lilac-pink, expanding in a blackish callus.

Alt. 64, diam. 46 mill.

Alt. 57, diam. 42 mill.

Boac, Gasan and Saban, Marinduque; Romblon, Philippines.

C. marinduquensis HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 157. —
Bulimus woodianus PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 171, t. 51, f. 5. — REEVE,
Conch. Icon., f. 11.— DH. in Fer., Hist., t. 110A, f. 7-9.— NOT
Bulimus ivoodianus LEA,— C. reevei Brod.

The peculiar coloration of this species readily distinguishes it
from all others, although it is quite variable. Some specimens are
uniform white ; others have the median and basal portions of the
body-whorl blackish-brown ; but the most frequent form is that re-
presented by fig. 48.

This species has long been known under the name " C. ivoodiana
Lea," but Lea's species is a totally different shell.

INDEX to Subgenera and Sections
contained in Vol. VII,

NOTE. — An index to the species of the genus Helix will accom-
pany the next volume of the MANUAL.

Acavus Sm.— Papuina,
Albersia H. Ad.,
Axina Alb.,

Callicochlias Ag. = Caloco-

chlea,

Calocochlea Hartm., . 129,
Carocolla Brod.— Axina
Chlorsea Alb., .
Chromatocochlias Agas.=

Helicobulinus Brod.,
Chromatosphsera Pils.,
Chromocochlea Hartm. —

Helicobulinus Brod.,
Cochlodryas Mts.,
Cochlostyla Fer.,
Coliolus T.-C., .
Columplica Hartm.=Pty-

chostylus,
Corasia Alb.,
Crystallopsis Anc.— C o r -

asia,
Cymotropis Mts.— Papuina,

Eugenia Alb.=Papuina,

Geotrochus Beck— Papuina,
Geotrochus Hasselt— Tro-
chomorpha, ,

. 3

Helicobulimus Mlldff.=He-

. 89

licobulinus Brod., . .194

30, 158

Helicobulinus Brod., . .194

/->r\_

Helicostyla Fer., 171, 172, 181

CO

. 129

Insularia T.-C.— Papuina, . 3

29, 130

. 158

Ley tia Pils., . . .129

. 93

Merope Alb.— Papuina, . 3

. 194

. 169

Orthostylus Beck, . .198

—

Croatia Morch., . .172, 176

. 194

72, 177
. 92

. 87

Pachysphsera Pils., . .172
Papuina Mts., ... 3
Philidora de Morg., . . 86

fcj-

Pfeifferia Gray, . . .127

Pileolus Less.=Papuina, . 3

! 104

Pithohelix Swains.=Ortho-

r-

stylus Beck, . . .198

04, 105

Ptychostylus Moll., . .193

aa, 3

Pythohelix Swains. ^^Ortho-

stylus Beck, . . .198

. 3

Satsuma, . . . .81

na, 3

Stylodonta Auct.^^Ptycho-

ro-

stylus, . . . .193

. 3

Trachystyla Pils., . 130, 166

(211)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES,

Vol. VII.

PLATE 1.

FIGURE. PAGE.

1. Papuina zeno Braz. (latiaxis Sm.). Ann. Mag., . 53

53
59
52
52
54
25
63
51
60
61

2-4. Papuina zeno Braz. Specimens,

5. Papuina albocarinata Sm. Ann. Mag., .

6. Papuina brumeriensis Fbs. Yoy. Rattlesn.,

7. 8. Papuina brumeriensis Fbs. Specimen,
9, 10. Papuina diomedes Braz. Specimens,

11. Papuina lacteolata Sm. Ann. Mag.,

12. Papuina rollsiana Sm. Ann. Mag.,

13. Papuina chapmani Cox. (coraliolabris Sm.). Ann. Mag.

14. 15. Papuina strabo var. katauensis T.-C. Mus. Genov.,
16. Papuina gurgustii Cox. P. Z. S., .

PLATE 2.

17, 18. Papuina strabo var. roseolabiata Sm. Ann. Mag., . 60

19. Papuina strabo var. (purple lip). Specimen, . . 60

20, 21. Papuina tayloriana A. & R. Ann. Mag., . . 58
22, 23. Papuina strabo Braz. typical. Specimen, . 60
24-26. Papuina strabo var. katauensis T.-C. Specimen . 60

27. Papuina tayloriana A. & R. Specimen, . . 58

28. Papuina tayloriana var. yulensis Braz. Mus. Genov., . 59
29-31. Papuina tayloriana var. yulensis Braz. Specimen, . 59
32-35. Papuina naso v. Mart. Specimens, . . . .56

PLATE 3.

36, 37. Papuina coxianaAng. P. Z. S., . . . .13

38, 39. Papuina macgillivrayi Fbs. Kiister, . . .55

40, 41. Papuina redempta Cox. P. Z. S., . . 70

42, 43. Papuina woodlarkiana Sow. J. de. C., . . 62

44-47. Papuina gamelia Ang. P. Z. S. and Specimen, . 10

48-50, 58. Papuina exsultans Tap.-Can. Novit. Conch., . 31

51. Papuina ferrussaci Less. Voy. Coq., . . .30

52-53. Papuina bidwilli Pfr. Specimen, . . . .55

54. Papuina fergusoni Ad. P. Z. S., . . . . 32

55. Satsuma rufofilosa Bock. P. Z. S., . . 84

56. Papuina canovarii T.-C. Mus. Genov., . . . .26

(212)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 213

FIGURE. PAGE.

57. Papuina pythonissa T.-C. Mus. Genov., . . .31
59, 60. Papuina blainvillei Le Guill. Mus. Genov., . . 25

PLATE 4.

61-63. Papuina louisiadensis Fbs. Specimen, . . . .61

64, 65. Papuina louisiadensis var. milliceutae Cox. P. Z. S., 62

66, 67. Papuina philomela Ang. . P. Z. S., . .8

68, 69. Papuina flexilabris Pfr. Kiister, . . . .49

70, 71. Papuina flexilabris Pfr. Specimens, . . .49

72-74. Papuina hargravesi Cox. . Specimens, . . 9
75-77. Papuina ambrosia Ang. Specimens, ... 7

78, 79. Papuina coniformis Fer. Kiister, . . . .50

80, 81. Papuina guadalcanarensis Cox. Specimens, . . 9

PLATE 5.

82, 83. Papuina ridibunda T.-C. Mus. Genov., ... 40

84. Papuina meditata T.-C. Mus. Genov., . . . .40

85, 86. Papuina taumantias T.-C. Mus. Genov., . . .39

87. Papuina donnaisabella Ang. P. Z. S., . . . .71

88. Papuina dampieri Ang. P. Z. S., 11

89. 90. Papuina novseguiueensis Pfr. Kiister, . . .42
91, 92. Papuina novseguineensis Pfr. Novit., . . .42
93-95. Papuiua braziene Braz. Specimen, . . . .43

96. Papuina brazierse Braz. Mus. Genov., . . . .43

97, 98. Papuina gestroi T.-C. Mus. Genov., ... 44

PLATE 6.

99, 1. Papuina migratoria Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . 22, 23

2, 3. Papuina migratoria Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . 22, 23

4-6. Papuina alfredi v. trichroa Mts. C. Mittheil., . . 12

7, 8. Papuina alfredi Cox. P. Z. S., 12

9. Papuina brodiei Braz. P. Z. S., 10

10. Papuina spectrum Rv. (— multizona). C. Ic., . . 39

11, 12. Papuina walleri Braz. (brenchleyi Ang.). P. Z. S.

1878, >t •.;.-. 12

13, 14. Papuina boivini Petit. Specimen, .... 6

15, 16. Papuina boivini Petit. C. Cab., .... 6

17, 18. Papuina moseleyi Sm. P. Z. S., . . . . 72

19, 20. Papuina boivini Petit. Specimen, .... 6

PLATE 7.

21-26. Papuina lambei Pfr. C. Cab. and Specimens, . . 48

27, 28. Papuina tomasinelliana T.-C. Mus. Genov., . . 44

29, 30. Papuina mysolensis Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . .43

31, 32. Papuina thomsoni Sm. Ann. Mag. N". H., . . d2

33, 34. Papuina phseostyla Mts. Novit. Conch., . . .47

214 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

35, 38, 39. Papuina gaberti Less. Specimens, . . .48

36, 37. Papuina gaberti Less, var.? C. Cab., . 48

PLATE 8.

40,41. Papuina euchroes Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . .23

42-45. Papuina pileus Mull. Specimens, . . . .24

46, 47. Papuina poire tiana Pfr. Specimens, . . .27

48, 49. Papuina poiretiana Pfr. Conch. Cab 27

50, 51. Papuina conscendens Cox. Mon. Austr. L. Sh., . 14
52-54. Papuina amphizona Pils. Specimens, ... 5

55, 56. Papuina mendana Ang. . Conch. Cab., . . 17

57, 58. Papuina gsertneriana Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .26

PLATE 9.

59-62. Papuina meta Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . .17

63. Papuina meta Pfr. Specimen, . . . . .17

64. Papuina meta v. acmella Pfr. Specimen, . . .18

65. 66. Papuina meta v. acmella Pfr. Conch. Cab., . .18
67, 68. Papuina xanthochila Pfr. Conch Cab., . . .15

69. Papuina xanthochila var. P. Z. S., . . . .15

70. Papuina deidamia Ang. (—meta). P. Z. S., . . . 18

71. Papuina lenta Pfr. Conch. Cab., 23

72. Papuina congrua Pfr. P. Z. S., 4

73. 74. Papuina hermione Ang. P. Z. S., . . . 21
75, 76. Papuina zoee Pfr. (=blainvillei). Novit. Conch., 25, 26

PLATE 10.

77, 78. Papuina lituus Less. Conch. Cab., . . . .37

79, 80. Papuina eddystonensis Rv. Conch. Cab., . . 64

81, 82. Papuina pennan tiana Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .36

83-85. Papuina multizona Less. Voy. Astrol., . . .39

86. Papuina adonis Ang. P. Z. S., . . . . . 20

87. Papuina mendoza Braz. P. Z. S., 21

88. 89. Papuina plagiostoma Pfr. Specimens, . . .19

90. Papuina choisuelensis Braz. P. Z. S., . . . 16

91, 92. Papuina coerulescens Ang. P. Z. S., . . .68

93, 94. Papuina gelata Cox. P. Z. S., 65

95. Papuina guppyi Smith (enlarged). P. Z. S., . . .19

PLATE 11.

96-98. Papuina rhyuchostoma Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . 30

99, 100, 1-3. Papuina pileolus Fer. Ostas. Conch., . . 29

4, 5. Papuina lanceolata Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .34

6, 7. Papuina rnotacilla Pfr. Specimen, . . . .66

8, 9. Papuina nigrofasciata Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .71

10, 11, 2. Papuina aurora Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . .41

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 215

FIGURE. PAGE.

13-15. Papuina lieuardiana Crosse. J. de C., 69

16-19. Papuina lienardiana Crosse. Specimens, . . 69

PLATE 12.

18, 19. Papuina labium Fer. Conch. Cab., . . . .38

20, 21. Papuina pseudolabium Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . 38

22-24. Papuina leucothoe Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . .66

25-27. Papuina labium Fer. Histoire, . . . .38

28-30. Papuina pelechystoma T.-C. Mus. Genov., . . 35

31-34. Papuina carinata H. & J. Astrol. & Zel. . . 36

35, 36. Papuina vitrea Fer. Ostas. Conch., . . . .33

PLATE 13.

34, 35. Papuina nodifera Pfr. Novit. Conch., ... 37

36, Papuina lactiflua Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . .108

37, 38. Papuina isabellensis (=lactiflua). J. de C., . . 108
39, 40. Papuina cymodoce Crosse. J. de C., . . .107

41. Papuina hunteri Cox. Specimen, 105

42, 43. Papuina pyxis Hinds. Specimen, . . . .80
44, 45. Papuina hunteri Cox. Conch. Cab., . . . 105

46, 47. Papuina purchasi Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .108
43, 49. Papuina boyeri C. & F. J. de C., . . . . 47
50, 51. Papuina grata Mich. Conch. Cab., . . . .35
52, 53. Papuina vitracea Fer. Histoire, . . . .106
54, 55. Papuina (?) subvitracea Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . 107

PLATE 14.

56, 57. Papuina antiqua A. & R. Conch. Cab., . . .28
58. Papuina horderi Sowb. P. Z. S., . . ' . . .29
59-63. Papuina beatrix Ang. P. Z. S., .... 15
64, 65-67. Papuina vexillaris Pfr. Conch. Cab., . .46

68, 69. Papuiua gurgustii Cox. P. L. S. N. S. AV., . . 61

70. Papuina chancel Cox. P. Z. S., . . . .5

71, 72. Cochlostyla hindei Cox. P. L. S. N. S. W. (see next

vol.).

PLATE 15.

72-74. Papuina helicinoides H. & J. Specimen, . . .76

75. Papuina sellers! Cox. P. Z. S., 51

76-78. Papuina eva Pfr. Specimens, 78

79, 80. Papuina cyrene Crosse. J. de C., . . . 78
81-83. Papuina helicinoides var. cleryi Reel., . . .76
84, 85. Papuina eva Pfr. Conch. Cab., . 78
86-87. Papuina helicinoides var. cleryi Reel. Specimen, . 76
88, 89. Papuina cineracea H. & J. Specimen, . . .77
90. Papuina zelina Cox. P. Z. S., 78

216 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

91. Papuina labillardieri Sm. Specimen, . . . .75

92, 93. Papuina labillardieri Sm. P. Z. S., ... 75
94-97. Papuina layardi Hartm. Specimens, . . .79
98, 99. Papuina eros Ang. Specimens, . . . .70

100, 101. Papuina eros Ang. P. Z. S., 70

PLATE 16.

1-4, Papuina eva Pfr. Specimens, . . 78

5. Papuina helicinoides v. meridionalis Sm. P. Z. S., . 77

nen, . . 77

73

6, 7. Papuina cineracea H. & J. Specim

8. Papuina fringilla Pfr. Specimen, .

9, 10. Papuina fucata Pfr. Mon. Aust. L. Sh.,
11-13. Papuina gelata v. maddocksi Braz. Specimens
14, 15. Papuina rhombostoma Pfr. Conch. Icon.,

16. Papuina ambrosia Aug. Specimen,

17. Papuina malautensis Ang. Specimen, .

18. Papuina dampieri Sin. P. Z. S.,

19. Papuina ramsdeni Ang. (=ambrosia). P. Z. S.,
20-22. Papuina rnalantensis Ang. P. Z. S.,

23, 24. Papuina guadalcanarensis var. Specimen,
25, 26. Papuina vexillaris Pfr. Specimen, .

PLATE 17.

14
66
60

7
7

11
7
7
9

47

27. Papuina meta var. bicolor Pils. P. Z. S., 18

28, 29. Papuina turris Ad. P. Z. S., 32

30. Papuina triumphalis Eve. C. Icon., . . . .42

31. Papuina migratoria Pfr. P. Z. S., .... 22

32. Papuina migratoria Pfr. Specimen, . . .22

33. Papuina blanfordiana Ad. P. Z. S 26

34. 35. Papuina waigionensis Ad. P. Z. S., . . . . 43

36. Papuina xanthosoma Pils. Specimen, . . . .28

37, 38. Papuina comriei Ang. P. Z. S., . . . .64

39. Papuina antiqua A. & R. Voy. Samarang., . . .28

40, 41. Papuina tayloriana A. & K. Voy. Samarang., . 58

42. Papuina coniformis var. tuffettii Less. Voy. Coq., . 51

43. Papuina coniformis Fer. Jlistoire, . * . . .50

PLATE 18.

44. 45. Satsuma perakensis Crosse. J. de C., 82
46, 47. Satsuma subperakensis Pils. Specimen, . . .82
48-50. Satsuma rostrella Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . .83

51. Satsuma bantamensis Sm. Soc. Mai. Belg., . . .84

52. Satsuma subflava Aust. P. Z. S., . . . . .85

53. 54. Satsuma (?) scenonia Bens. Conch. Ind., . . .83
55-58. Satsuma (?) wrayi de Morg. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., . 86
59. Coliolus arfakiensis T.-C. Mus. Genov., . . .87

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 217

FIGURE. PAGE.

60-63. Satsuma (?) hardouini de Morg. Soc. Zool. Fr., . 86

64. Helix testudo Pfr. P. Z. S., 89

65. Satsuma tigjensis Anst. P. Z. S.. 85

66. Satsuma niahensis Aust. P. Z. S., 85

67. 68. Helix trochalia Bens. Specimen, . . . .88
69-71. Corasia tricolor v. picta Sin. P. Z. S., . . .112

PLATE 19.

1, 2. Albersia granulata Q. Conch. Cab. and Voy. Astrol., 90

3. Albersia conformis Fer. Conch. Icon., . . . .113

4, 5. Albersia conformis Fer. Histoire, . . .113

6. Albersia zonulata Fer. var. recluziaua Guill. Conch.

Icon., . 91

7, 8. Albersia zonulata Fer. Conch. Cab., . . . .91
9-11. Albersia pubicepa Mts. Ostas. Landschn., ... 90

12, 14. Pfeifferia micans Pfr. Conch. Cab., .... 128

13. Pfeifferia micans Pfr. Specimen, 128

PLATE 20.

1, 2. Axina garibaldiana D. & S. Novit. Conch., . - . 159
3-6. Axina zebuensis Brod. Conch. Cab. and Specimen, . ] 61

7. Axina striatissima Pils. Specimen, . . . .162

8. Axina siquijorensis Brod. Specimen, . . . .159

9. 10. Axina siquijorensis Brod. Conch. Cab., . . .159

PLATE 21.

11, 12, 14. Chlonea thersites Brod. Obras Mai., . . 104

13. Chlonea thersites Brod. Specimen, . . . .104
15. Chlonea sirena var. guimarasensis. Specimen, . . 98
16-18. Chlonea sirena Beck. Specimen, . . • . 98

19, 20. Chlonea sirena Beck. Couch. Cab 98

21, 22. Chlonea amoena Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . .98
23-25. Chlonea benguetensis Semp. Phil. Landm., . . 96

26. Corasia rossiteri Cox. P. Z. S., 109

27,28. Chlonea paradoxa v. immaculata. Conch. Cab., . 102
29, 30. Chlonea gmeliniana Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . .100
31, 32, 33. Chlonea fibula var. . J. de C., . . 94

34, 35. Chlonea antonii Semper. Reisen, . . . .97

36. Corasia dealbata Brod. Conch. Icon., .... 119

37, 38. Axina magistra var. gloynei Sowb. Obras Mai., . 165

PLATE 22.

1-7. Chlonea dryope Brod. Specimens, . . . .100

8, 9. Chlonea undiua Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . .103

10, 11. Chlonea pelewana Mouss. J. de C., . . .99

12-14. Chlonea paradoxa Pfr. Specimen, . . . .102

218 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

15. Chlorrea hugeli Pfr. Specimen, . . . . .96

16, 17. Chlonea restricta Pfr. (=constricta Pfr.). Specimen, 103
18-20. Chlorsea hugeli Pfr. Conch. Cab., ... .96
21-23. Chlonea fibula Brod. Conch. Cab., . . . .94
24-26. Chlorsea hanleyi Pfr. Specimen, . . . .95
27, 28. Chlorsea hanleyi Pfr. var. Conch. Cab., ... 95

PLATE 23.

1-3. Corasia tricolor Pfr. Specimen, . . . . .111

Fig. below fig. 2. Corasia transenna Pils. Specimen, . .112

4-6. Corasia tricolor Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . .111

8-12. Corasia aphrodite Pfr. Specimens, .... 109

13, 14. Corasia psyche Ang. P. Z. S., . . . .110

15. Corasia balcomei Cox, P. Z. S., . . . . .111

16-18. Corasia transenna Pils. Specimen, . . . .112

PLATE 24.

19-21. Corasia puella Brod. var. subpuella Pils. Specimen, . 121

22, 23. Corasia puella Brod. Conch. Cab , ._ . 120

24. Corasia puella var. subpuella Pils. Specimen, . . 121

25. Corasia puella Brod. Specimen, ..... 120

26. Corasia puella var. subpuella Pils. (typical of var.). Novit.

Conch., . . . 121

27. 28. Corasia broderipii Pfr. Specimen, . . . .123
29, 30. Corasia virgo Brod. Specimen, . . . .119

31. Corasia nympha Pfr. (—filaris Val.). Conch. Icon., . 122

32, 33. Corasia broderipii Pfr. Specimen, .

34-36. Corasia papyracea Brod. Specimen, . . . .117

PLATE 25.

37, 38. Corasia casta Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .120

39. Corasia puella Brod. large var. Obras Mai.,

40. Corasia puella var. lais Pfr. Obras Mai.,

41. Corasia lais Pfr. typical. Conch. Iconv . . 121
42-44. Corasia almse Moll. Landschu. Cebu, . . .117
45, 46. Corasia reginre Brod. Specimen, . . .116
47, 48. Corasia elizabethre Semp. J. de C., . . . . 117
49-51. Corasia psittacina Dh. J. de C., . . . . 118
52-54. Corasia filaris Val. Obras Mai., . .122

PLATE 26.

1. Corasia segrota Reeve. Conch. Cab., . . . 124

2, 3. Calocochlea lallaoensis Pfr. Specimen, . .136
4. Corasia eeruginosa Pfr. Conch. Icon.,

5-7. Chromatosphsera aurata Sowb. Conch, and C. Cab., . 170
8, 9. Corasia eydouxi Hid. Conch. Cab., .... 123

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 219

FIGURE. PAGE.

10-12. Corasia filaris Val. Specimen, 122

13-15. Corasia samboanga H. & J. Astro!. & Zel£e, . . 124
16, 17. Corasia leucophthalma Pfr. Novit. Conch.., . . 113

PLATE 27.

1, Corasia intaminata Old. U. S. Exp., . . . .125

2, 3. Corasia physalis Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . .115

4, 5. Eudoxus halichlora Semp. J. de C. and Specimen,

6-8. Corasia coelaxis Pils. Specimen, . . . .114

9, 10. Corasia extensa Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . .114

11. Corasia extensa Pfr. Specimen, . . . " . .114

12. Corasia najas Pfr. var. Specimen, 115

13. Corasia najas Pfr. typical. Ostas. Conch., . . .115

14. 15. Corasia obliquata Dh. Histoire, . . . .116

PLATE 28.

16,19,21. Corasia intorta Sowb. Specimens, . . . 125
17,22. Corasia intorta Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . .125
18, 23. Corasia iutorta Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . .125

20, 24. Corasia intorta Sowb. Obras Mai., . . . .125
25, 26. Corasia limansauensis Semp. Reis., .... 126

27, 28. Corasia magtanensis Semp. Reis., .... 125
29, 30. Corasia irosinensis Hid. Obras & J. de C., . . 121
31, 32. Corasia najas Pfr. Abbild., 115

PLATE 29.

], 2. Helicostyla thomsoni Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . 185

3, 4. Helicostyla thomsoni Pfr. Specimen, . . . 185

5, 6. Leytia fragilis Sowb. J. de C., 129

7-9. Calocochlea tiikanensis Pfr. Novit. Conch., . .132

10, 11. Calocochlea decipiens Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . 140

12. Calocochlea tiikanensis Pfr. Specimen, .... 132

13, 14. Calocochlea cromyodes Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . 130

15. 16. Calocochlea cromyodes Pfr. Specimen, . . . 130

PLATE 30.

17, 19. Calocochlea melanochila Val. Specimens, . . 150

18. Calocochlea melanochila Val. Conch. Cab., . . .150

20, 21. Calocochlea infuscata Alb. Novit. Conch., . . 152

22. Calocochlea solida Pfr. Conch. Cab., .... 153

23, 24. Calocochlea roissyana var. lutea. Novit. Conch., . 151
25-27. Calocochlea roissyana Fer. Specimens, . . . 151

28, Calocochlea roissyana var. subatra. Conch. Cab., . .152

29, 30. Calocochlea dimera Jonas. Specimens, . . . 156

220 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 31.

FIGURE. PAGE.

31, 32. Calocochlea sphaerion var. intincta Shutt. Abbild., . 154

33. Calocochlea sphserion var. intincta Shutt. Specimen, . 154

34, 35. Calocochlea sphserion Sow., typical. Conch. Cab., . 154
36, 37. Helicobulinus bembieodes Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . 198
38. Helicostyla mirabilis var. trichroa. Specimen, . .182
Fig. below fig. 38. Helicostyla tephrodes Pfr. Conch. Icon., 183

40. Helicostyla mirabilis Fer. Specimen, . . . .181

41. Calocochlea norrisii Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . . 143

42. Calocochlea norrisii Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . .143

PLATE 32.

43-50. Calocochlea pollilensis Pfr. and varr. Novit. Conch., 138

51. Calocochlea augusta var. (?) Specimen, . . .137

52. Calocochlea dubiosa Pfr. Specimen, . . . .135

53. Calocochlea batanica Rv. (—dubiosa). Conch. Icon., . 135

54. Calocochlea batanica Rv. Conch. Cab., . . . .135

PLATE 33.

55. Corasia (?) bourdilloni Theob. J. A. S. B 127

56,56. Calocochlea pan Brod, Specimens, . . . .149

57. Calocochlea pan Brod. Conch. Cab., .... 149

58. Calocochlea princeps Rv., typical. Conch. Icon., . .137

59. Calocochlea princeps Rv. var. Specimen, . . .137

60. Calocochlea pulcherrina Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . .133
61-64. Calocochlea pulcherrima Sowb. Specimens, . .133
65. Helicostyla ignobilis Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . .180

PLATE 34.

1, 2. Calocochlea -samarensis Semper. Reisen, . . .146

3, 4. Calocochlea samarensis var. ? Reisen, . . . 146

5, 6. Calocochlea coronadoi Hid. J. de C., . . .142

7, 8. Calocochlea amicta Rv. Conch. Cab., . . . 133

9. Calocochlea chrysochila Sowb. Specimen, . . .138

10. Calocochlea chrysochila Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . .138

PLATE 35.

11, 12. Calocochlea festiva var. annse Semp. J. de C., . . 134

13, 16. Calocochlea festiva Don. Specimens, . . .134

14, 15. Calocochlea festiva Don. Conch. Cab., . . . 134
17,18. Calocochlea augusta Alb. Novit. Couch., . . .136
19,22. Calocochlea zonifera Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . . 141

20. Calocochlea zonifera Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . . 141

21. Calocochlea coronadoi Hid. Specimen, .... 142

22. Calocochlea zonifera Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . . 141

23. 24. Calocochlea obtusa Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .132

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 221

PLATE 36.

FIGURE. PAGE.

25-27. Helicostyla metaformis Fer. Specimens, . . . 186
28, 29. Helicostyla metaformis Fer. Conch. Cab., . . 186
30. Helicostyla languida Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . 189

31,32. Helicostyla ten era Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .179

33. Helicostyla unica Rv. Conch. Icon., .... 189

34. Helicostyla mix Semper. Reisen., .....
35-37. Helicostyla hydrophana Sow. Specimens, . . 187

PLATE 37.

38, 39. Calocochlea chlorochroa Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . 150

40. Calocochlea dalmahoyi Pfr. Specimen, .... 143

41, 42. Calocochlea dalmahoyi Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . 143
43,44. Eudoxus jonasi Pfr. Conch. Cab., ....

45, 46. Helicostyla rehbeini Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .190

47, 48. Helicostyla curta Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . .192

49. Helicostyla senckendorffiana Pfr. Conch. Cab.,

50, 51. Helicostyla butleri Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .188

PLATE 38.

70. 73. Cochlodryas florida Sowb. Conch. Cab., . .177

71. Cochlodryas florida Sowb. Histoire, .... 177

72. Cochlodryas florida Sowb. Specimen, . . . .177
74-78. Cochlodryas polychroa Sowb. Specimen, . . .178
79, 80. Helicostyla fulgens Sowb. Specimen, . . .182

81. Helicostyla fulgens Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . .182

PLATE 39.

82, 83. Pachysphrera sphserica Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . 172

84. Pachysphsera sphserica Sowb. Specimen, . . . 172

85, 86. Pachysphrera annullata Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . 174
87, 88. Pachysphsera annullata Sowb. Conch. Icon., . .174
89, 90. Pachysphsera balteata Sowb. Conch. Cab., . .173
91, 92, 93. Pachysphrera balteata Sowb. Specimens, . . 173
94, 95. Orustia monticula Sowb. Specimens, . . .176

96. Orustia monticula Sowb. Conch. Cab., .... 176

97, 99. Pachysphsera iloconensis Sowb. Conch. Cab., . .175
98,100. Pachysphsera iloconensis Sowb. Specimens, . . 175

PLATE 40.

1. Orthostylus villari Hid. J. de C., 201

2. Orthostylus pithogaster Fer. Conch. Icon 200

3-5. Orthostylus pithogaster Fer. Specimens, . . . 200
6, 7. Axina bruguieriana Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .166
8, 9. Axina phloides Pfr. Conch. Cab., .... 163

222 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 41.

FIGURE. PAGE.

10-12. Orthostylus lignaria Pfr. Specimens, . . . 204

13. Orthostylus lignaria Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . 204

14-16. Axina montfortiana Pfr. Specimen, . . . 165

17-19. Axina magistra Pfr,. Conch. Cab., . . . .164

PLATE 42.

20-22. Orthostylus daphnis Brod. Specimens, . . .201

23. Orthostylus daphnis Brod. Conch. Icon., . . .201

24, 25. Orthostylus gilvusjBrod. Conch. Icon., . . .205

PLATE 43.

26, 27. Orthostylus rufogaster Less. Specimens, . . . 207

28. Orthostylus woodiana Lea. Specimens, .... 206

29. Orthostylus woodiana Lea (Reevei Brod.). Conch. Icon., 206
30-32. Axina carbonaria Sowb. Specimen, . . .163

PLATE 44.

33. Axina carbonaria Sowb. Specimen, . . . . 163

34, 35. Axina pfeifferi Semper. Specimen, . . . . 1 62
36, 37. Axina pfeifferi Semper. Conch. Cab., . . .162
38, 39. Orthostylus portei Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . 206

40. Orthostylus bicolorata Lea. Conch. Icon., . ... 199

41. Orthostylus bicolorata Lea. Specimen, . . . .199

PLATE 45.

42-44. Orthostylus imperator Pfr. Specimens, . . .199

45, 46. Axina morel eti Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . .165

47. Orthostylus monozonus Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . 208

48. Orthostylus marinduquensis Hid. (woodiana Pfr.). Conch.

Icon., . . . . 209

49. Orthostylus marinduquensis Hid. Specimen, . . . 209

PLATE 46.

50,51. Helicobulinus turgens Dh. Conch. Cab., . . .196

52. Helicobulinus turgens Dh. Specimen, .... 196

53, 54. Helicostyla indusiata Pfr. Novit. Conch., . .184
56, 57. Helicostyla collodes Sowb. Specimens, . . .184

PLATE 47.

58. Helicobulinus sarcinosa Fer. Conch. Cab., . . . 195

59. Helicobulinus turbo Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . .197

60. Helicobulinus cinerasceus Pfr. Conch. Icon., . .197

61. Calocochlea mindanaensis Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . 148

EXPLANATION OF PLATES! 223

FIGURE. PAGE.

62. Calocochlea mindanaensis Sowb. Conch. Syst., . . 148

63. Helicobulinus turbinoides Dh. Conch. Syst,, . .196

PLATE 48.

65. Calocochlea ponderosa Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . .147

66, 67. Helicobulinus grandis Pfr. (carolus Dh.). J. de C., . 195

68. Helicobulinus grandis Pfr. Specimen, . . . . 195

69. Ptychostylus cepoides Lea. Specimen, . . . .194
70,71. Calocochlea matruelis Sowb. Specimen, . . .151
72. Calocochlea difficilis Pfr. Conch. Icon., .... 151

PLATE 49.

25-28. Orthostylus ticaonica Brod. Specimens, . . . 203

29. Helicobulinus turbinoides Dh. Specimen, . . .196

30. Orthostylus lignaria Pfr. Specimen, .... 204

PLATE 50.

1. Trachystyla cryptica Brod. Specimen, . . . .167

2. Calocochlea calliaudi Dh. Conch. Icon., . . .144

3. Calocochlea calliaudi Dh. Specimen, . . . .144

4. Calocochlea depressa Semp. Conch. Icon., . . . 1 49

5. Calocochlea depressa Semp. Conch. Cab., . . . 149
6-8. Calocochlea depressa Semp. var. Specimen, . .150

PLATE 51.

9. Trachystyla cryptica Brod. Conch. Icon., . . .167

10. Trachystyla latitans Brod. Conch. Icon., . . . 167

11. Trachystyla latitans Brod. Specimen, . . . .167

12. Trachystyla cretata Brod. Conch. Icon., . . .168

13. Trachystyla dataensis Semp. J. de C., . . . . 169

14. 15. Trachystyla dataensis Semp. Specimen, . . .169
16. Calocochlea lalloensis Pfr. Specimen, .... 136

PLATE 52.

17-19. Calocochlea denticulata Jay. Type specimen, . . 131

20,21. Calocochlea albaiensis Sowb. Conch. Cab., . . 132

22. Calocochlea generalis Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . 137

23, 24. Calocochlea decora Ad. & Rv. Voy. Samarang., . 133

25. Calocochlea festiva Don. Conch. Cab., . . . .134

26. Calocochlea calliaudi Dh. var. J. de C., ... 144

27. Calocochlea calliaudi Dh. var. Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., . 144

PLATE 53.

28. Calocochlea circe Pfr. Specimen, . . . . .142

29. Calocochlea circe Pfr. Conch. Icon., .... 142

224 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE..

30, 31. Calocochlea zonifera var. Specimen, . . . 142

32, 33. Calocochlea zonifera var. paraleuca. Specimen, . 142

34-36. Calocochlea microspira Pf'r. Specimen?, . . .145

37. Calocochlea codonensis Hid. J. de C., . . . . 140

PLATE 54.

38-40. Calocochlea xanthobasis Pils. Specimen, . . . 155

41, 42. Calocochlea samarensis Semp. var. J. de C., . . 146

43, 44. Calocochlea pulchra Pils. Specimen, . . . 143

45, 46. Calocochlea hemisphserion Sowb. Conch. Cab., . 145

47, 48. Calocochlea peraffinis Pils. Specimen, , . . 139

PLATE 55.

49. Calocochlea harfordii Brod. Specimen, .... 148

50. Calocochlea harfordii Brod. Conch. Syst., . . . 148-

51, 53, 54. Calocochlea coccomelas Brod. Specimens, . . 146

52, 55. Calocochlea coccomelas Brod. Conch. Icon. & C.

Syst., 146

56. Calocochlea mainitensis Hid. J. de C., .... 152

PLATE 56.

57, 58. Calocochlea crossei Hid. J. de C., . . . . 156
59, 60. Calocochlea retusa Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .157

61. Calocochlea libata Rv. var. J. de C., . . . .157

62, 63. Calocochlea libata Rv. Conch. Cab., . . .157
64, 65. Chromatosphsera erubescens Semp. Reisen., . .170
66, 67. Chrornatosphsera erubescens v. luteocincta. Reisen., .171
68, 69. Chromatosphrera aurata Sow. Specimen, . .170

70. Chromatosphsera aurata Sow. Obras Mai., . . . 170

71, 72. Chromatosphsera lividocincta Semp. Reisen., . . 171

PLATE 57.

73-75. Axina striatissima Pils. Specimen, . . . .162

76. Axina magistra Pfr. Obras. Mai., 164

77, 78. Axina bruguieriana Pfr. Specimen, . . . 166
79. Helicostyla mirabilis Fer. Conch. Cab., . . .181
80-82. Helicostyla mirabilis Fer. Specimens, . . . 181
83-86. Helicostyla mirabilis Fer. Obras Mai., . . 181

87. Helicostyla mirabilis var. near trichroa. Conch. Cab., . 182

PLATE 58.

88. Helicostyla metaformis Fer. var. Specimen, . . 186

89. Helicostyla metaformis var. J. de C., . . . 186

90. Helicostyla metaformis var. Specimen, . . . 186,

91. Helicostyla rustica Mouss. Conch. Icon., . . . 187

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 225

FIGURE. PAGE.

92. Helicostyla rustica Mouss. Moll. Java, .

93, 94. Helicostyla montana Serap. Reisen., . 191

95. Helicostyla feuestrata Sowb. C. Icon 192

96. Helicostyla fenestrata Sowb. Specimen, . . .192

97. Helicostyla papuensis Hedley. P. L. S. N. S. W., . 190

98. 99. Helicostyla orbitula Sowb. Conch. Icon., . 179

PLATE 59.

1, 2. Helicostyla lacera Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . .189

3. Trachystyla cineracea Semp. Reisen., . .168

4, 5. Helicostyla plurizonata A. & R. Samarang., . .183

6. Orthostylus juglans Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . .209

7, 8. Helicobulinus grandis Pfr. Typical. Specimen, . 195

PLATE 60.

9. Helicobulinus grandis Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., . . . 195
10,11. Helicobulinus grandis Pfr. var. Specimen, . . 195

12. Orthostylus vidali Hid. J. de C., 208

13, 14. Helicostyla dilatatus Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .193

15. Helicostyla curta Sowb. Specimen, .... 193

16. Helicostyla curta var. dentata. Specimen, . . .193

PLATE 61.

17. Orthostylus faunus Brod. Obras Mai., .... 203

18. 19. Orthostylus faunus Brod. Specimen, . . . 203

20. Orthostylus macrostoma Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . 208

21. Calocochlea luengoi Hid. J. de C.,

22. Orthostylus onyx Brod. Obras Mai., . . . .199

23. Orthostylus pithogaster var. bipartita. Specimen, . . 201
'24. Orthostylus pithogaster var. philippinensis. Obras Mai., 201

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