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MANUAL 


OF 


Peron OL OGY: 


STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. 


WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. 


fom * 
By GEORGE Wi TRYON, JR AY 
HENRY A. PILSBRY. ote 


We fe > ; 
Mol Rcd. NY a ye 


TROCHIDA, STOMATIIDA,, PLEUROTOMARIIDAL, HALIOTID. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
Published by the Conchological Section, 


ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. 19TH AND RACE STS. 


1889. 


Binper & Ketry, Printers, 518 Minor STREET, PHILADELPHIA. 


f Oy 


The Editor desires to express his sincere thanks to the subscribers 
to the ManuaL or Concno.ocy for their continued patronage, 
and for the many kind expressions of interest in the continuation 
of the work which he has received. 


The introduction in the present volume of full synonymic refer- 
erences into the text of the work, and the practice of giving de- 
scriptions extending to every character shown by each species, are 
innovations which the author trusts will lighten the labor of those 


who have occasion to consult the MANUAL. 


All descriptions which are not drawn from specimens are followed 
by the authority from whom they are taken, in parenthesis. This 
acknowledgement serves also to indicate the species lacking in the 
Academy’s collection, and shows the amount of material upon 
which the present work is based. 


March, 1889. 


La détermination précise des espéces etdeleurs caractéres distinctifs, fait la 
premiére base sur laquelle toutes les recherches de |’Flistoire naturelle doivent 
étre fondées; les observations les plus curieuses, les vues les plus nouvelles, perd- 
ent presque tout leur mérite, quand elles sont dépourvues de cet appui, et malgré 
laridite de ce genre de travail, c’est par 1a que doivent commencer tous ceux qui 


se proposent d’arriver a des résultats solides. CUVIER. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Famity TROCHIDZ. 


Animal similar in general form to the Turbinidee. Epipodial line 
bearing one, several, or many smooth or ciliated cirrhi on each 
side; head with a short, broad rostrum; intertentacular lobes sim- 
ple or digitated, separate or united across the front, sometimes obso- 
lete. Jaws developed or absent. Radula rhipidoglossate, rhachidian 
teeth always present and well-developed; lateral teeth generally 5 
on each side, sometimes more numerous; marginal teeth narrow, 
very numerous. 

Shell nacreous within, conical, pyramidal, subglobose, turbinate or 
helicoid; aperture entire, tetragonal or rounded; peristome gener- 
ally not continuous. Operculum circular, thin, entirely corneous, 
formed of numerous gradually increasing whorls, nucleus central. 

The Trochide are like the Turbinidze in the possession of a na- 
creous test and in the principal structural characters of the animal. 
They differ from that family in having a corneous, never calcareous, 
operculum, which is always multispiral. 

The family is represented by numerous littoral species on nearly 
all coasts, and numbers also many deep sea forms. 

Since very early times many species have been well-known to 
naturalists. The name Trochus, according to Fischer was used for 
the first time hy Rondelet, in 1558, who assembles under this title a 
rather miscellaneous assortment of univalves, including a true 
Trochus. Jinnzeus’ genus Trochus is composed principally of true 
Trochidee, but contains also species of several very different families. 
Lamarck still further restricted the group by eliminating several 
genera; and in more recent times the labors of Gray, H. and A. 
Adams and others, have contributed much toward a systematic ar- 
rangement of the family. 

The more extensive works upon the Trochide are the following. 

A. ADAMS. 

Contributions toward a Monograph of the Trochidee, in Proc. 
Zool. Soc., 1851, pp. cat 
5 


6 TROCHID®. 


Dr. P. FiscHEr. 

Monog. Genre Troque, in Kiener’s Coquilles Vivantes, Paris, 
1880. 
IK, VAS) ParLIPPt, 
Monograph of Trochus in Syst. Conchylien Cabinet, ed. 2 
(1846 to about 1856). 

Lovett REEVE. 
In Conchologia Iconica vol. xiii. (1861.) 

Adams’ monograph contributes numerous descriptions of supposed 
new forms, without figures, measurements or comparison with known 
species. The work asa whole is an unmitigated nuisance. Philippi’s 
monograph describes scores of “species” founded upon coloration or 
other equally trivial characters. His descriptions are generally 
-very good, and the figures assist one to identify most of the forms. 
Reeves’ work is very incomplete. The monograph by Fischer is an 
altogether thorough and reliable work. 

The primary division of the Trochide is attended with consider- 
able difficulty. I have adopted the following four 


Subfamilies. 


Trocurintin. Animal with frontal lobes; jaws wanting; lateral 
teeth never more than 5 on each side of the rhachidian, or some- 
times with an obsolete sixth tooth. Shell pearly ; peristome incom- 
plete. 

GrepuLina&. Frontal lobes present; jaws present; lateral teeth 
frequently exceeding 5 on each side. Shell pearly; peristome in- 
complete. 

Umsonuna. Rostrum short, rounded, with lateral beards; eyes 
on long peduncles; tentacles subulate, the left attached to a siphon- 
shaped frontal appendage; mantle reflexed over the edge of the 
aperture ; jaws present ; lateral teeth 6 on each side. Shell polish- 
ed, scarcely pearly, peristome incomplete. 

DeLrHInuLin«%. No frontal lobes; jaws present. Shell pearly in- 
side; aperture circular, peristome continuous. 


Synopsis of Genera and minor groups. 
Subfamily I. TrocHinrn z. 
Genus TROCHUS Linné. 


Shell conical, strong, imperforate or false-umbilicated, the axis 
always solid, the spire more or less elevated, whorls numerous, 


TROCHUS. 7 


generally carinated at the periphery, sometimes rounded, more or 
less flattened beneath ; aperture rhomboidal, very oblique ; columella 
twisted, its edge generally folded or dentate, generally toothed at 
base ; sculptured usually with spiral beaded ridges. The species are 
all old world in distribution. 


Subgenus Trocuus, (sensu stricto.) 


Shell large, thick, solid, the spire pyramidal or conical, periphery 
angulated, base flat or convex ; outer and basal lips smooth within, 
the columella with a strong fold above, ending in an obtuse tooth 
below. T. niloticus L., ete. 


Subgenus CARDINALIA Gray, 1857. 


Shell conical; base plano-concave, without false-umbilicus ; outer 
lip smooth within; columella short, arcuate, simple, without a fold 
above, ending below in an acute denticle. 

Indo-Pacific Province. 


Subgenus Tecrus Montfort, 1810. 


Shell pyramidal; base flat, without false-umbilicus; aperture 
rhomboidal, very oblique, angular, wider than long; outer lip lirate 
within; columella very short, vertical, with a strong spiral fold, 
ending anteriorly in a knob or point. Type, T. mauritianus Gmel. 


Indo-Pacific Province. 
Subgenus INrFuNDrBULUM Montfort, 1810. 


Shell conical, false-umbilicate; columella more or less folded 
above, its edge straight, oblique, toothed or simple, with or without 
a tooth at base. Type, T. concavus Gmel. 

Indo-Pacific and Australasian Province. 
Section LAmpRosTOMA Swainson, 1840. 

Shell conical with nearly flat base and angular periphery ; all 
over granose-lirate ; columella tortuous above, its edge denticulate ; 
basal and outer margins of aperture generally lirate within. Type, 
T. maculatus Linn. 

Section INFUNDIBULUM (sensu str.). 

Shell conical, periphery angular, base nearly flat, or concave ; 
outer surface smooth, costate or granular; outer lip not lirate with- 
in; columella inserted in the center of the axis, strongly folded 
above, its edge smooth, not toothed nor notched at base, Type, T. 
concavus Gmel. 


8 TROCHUS. 


Section LyrunprBuLops Pilsbry. 


Similar to Infundibulum, but the columella thin straight and 
simple from its insertion in the center of the false-umbilicus to its 
union with the basal lip. Type, T. erythreeus Broce. 

Indian O. 

Differs from Infundibulum in lacking the strong fold of the 
columella. 


Section CasLotrocuus Fischer. 


Similar to Infundibulops, but with the false-umbilicus very deep 
and narrow, penetrating deeper than the columella which is inserted 
upon its edge, not in the center of the axis. Type, T. tiaratus Q. 


et G. New Zealand. 


Section ANTHORA Gray. 

Shell elevated, conical, granulose above, lirate below; base plano- 
concave, false-umbilicus shallow, bicostate, outer and basal lips 
smooth within, columella oblique, with a small fold above, its edge 
simple. Type, T. viridis Gmel. New Zealand. 
Section Prascra Gray. 

Columella twisted, simple; false-umbilicus deep, narrow, with a 
distinct narrow central spiral rib; throat striated. Type, T. ele- 
gantulus Wood. 


Section BELANGERIA Fischer. 


Shell conical, solid ; outer lip of aperture lirate within ; columella 
with a small fold above, its base curving and denticulate where it 
unites with the denticulate basal margin; false umbilicus narrow, 
Type, T. scabrosus Phil. 


Subgenus CLAncutus Montfort, 1810. 


Shell conical, conoidal or turbinate; generally granose-lirate all 
over; periphery rounded or angular, base flat or convex, false- 
umbilicate; aperture oblique, usually obstructed by teeth, the outer 
lip usually lirate or dentate within, columella with a tooth-like fold 
above, terminating in a tooth at the base; false umbilicus with a 
crenated border. Type, T. pharaonius Linn. 


Mediterranean, Indian O., and Pacific. 


Genus MONODONTA Lamarck, 1799. 


Shell imperforate, turbinate, ovate or globose-depressed, the 
periphery rounded; surface smooth or spirally ridged; columella 


TROCHUS. 9 


simple, arcuate and spread upon the base at its insertion, below 
tuberculate, swollen, ending in a tooth, or simple; outer lip smooth 
or lirate within. 


Subgenus Monoponta Lam. 


Shell turbinate-conic, very heavy, thick, solid; columella strong, 
cylindrical, bulging or more or less toothed near or at the base; 
aperture as high as wide. 


Section Monoponra (restricted). 

Shell smooth or spirally ridged; outer lip plicate within; colu- 
mella short porcellanous, terminating abruptly in a tooth, between 
which and the basal margin there is a square notch or channel. 


Type, M. labio L. Indian O. 


Section AustROcOcHLEA Fischer. 

Shell like Monodonta s. str., but columella only slightly toothed 
at the base, not notched ; outer lip lirate within. Type, M. constricta 
Lam. Australasia. 


Section Ostttyvus Philippi. 


Shell smooth or obsoletely spirally grooved; outer lip smooth 
within; columella swollen and convex in the middle, pearly, con- 
tinuous below with the basal lip. Type, M. turbinata Born. 

. Mediterranean Sea. 


Subgenus Ditoma Philippi. 


Shell globose or depressed-conic; aperture large, very oblique ; 
columella not prominent, flattened, not cylindrical, generally con- 
cave, arcuate, and slightly denticulate at the base or smooth. 


Section Drioma (restricted). 


Shell globose, depressed or conic, imperforate, black ; smooth or 
spirally grooved ; columella wide, concave, porcellanous; lip iar- 
gined with an iridescent band which extends across the parietal 
wall. Type. M. nigerrima (Gmel.) Phil. 

W. Coast S. America, 
Section Nroprtoma Fischer. 

Similar to the preceding, but without the parietal band of irides- 

cent nacre; surface smooth, grooved or lirate; unicolored, spotted 


or tessellated; columella with one or two denticles at base, or 
smooth. Type, M. xthiops Gmel. Australasia. 


10 TROCHUS. 


Section CHLoRopILoMA Pilsbry. 


Shell like Diloma but rather more conical, less nacreous; colora- 
tion, variegated, consisting of fine lines of dark on a lighter ground; 
columella generally green; umbilicus perforate or subperforate. 
Type, M. erinita Phil. Australasia. 


Section OxysTELE Philippi. 

Shell depressed conical, dark or variegated in color; aperture 
large, oblique; columella concave, arcuate, thin-edged, perfectly 
sinple and curved below, above spread over the umbilical area as 


a rounded, well-defined pad of callus. Type, M. merula Lam. 
S. Africa; Japan. 


Genus CANTHARIDUS Montfort, 1810. 


Shell ovate-conic or pyramidal imperforate, smooth or spirally 
sculptured outside, brilliantly iridescent within; colors generally 
bright and variegated ; aperture less than half the length of shell, 
longer than wide, ovate; columella usually more or less folded or 
toothed near the base. Australasian Seas. 

Subgenus CanrHaripus Montfort. 
Section CANTHARIDUS (restricted. ) 

Shell rather thin, ovate-pointed, whorls striated, or smooth; col- 
umella rather straight, simple, not toothed. Type, C. iris Chem. 
Section PHAstAnoTrocuus Fischer. 

Shell thick, solid, polished, elongated ; ovate-pointed ; aperture 
ovate, longer than broad ; columella arcuate, bearing usually a tooth- 
like projection in the middle. Type, C. badius Wood. 

Subgenus Banxkrvra Beck, 1848. 

Shell imperforate, elongated, narrow, conical, thin, but slightly 
pearly ; aperture small, about one-third the length of shell; col- 
umella slightly twisted, subtruncated toward the base. Type, C. 
varians Beck. 

Section Leropyrca H. & A. Adams. 

Shell perforate, elongated, narrow, somewhat turrited, thin, the 
whorls convex, rounded or carinated ; aperture oval, small, columel- 
la arcuate, not truncated at base. Type, C. picturata Ad. 

Subgenus TuHanotra Gray, 1840. ‘ 


Shell imperforate, elevated-conical, thick, solid, granulated or 
spirally ribbed; periphery rounded or obtusely angular; aperture 


TROCHUS. 11 


small, ovate, outer lip thick, crenulated within ; columella toothed 
at base, subtruncated. Type, C. conicus Gray. 


Section OponrotrrocHus Fischer. 


Shell conical, elevated; periphery acutely carinated ; columella 
toothed below, truncated. Type, C. chlorostomus Mke. 


Genus GAZA Watson, 1878. 


Shell trochiform, nacreous both on the surface and throughout ; 
delicately sculptured, with a reversed lip thickened internally by a 
nacreous callus; the pillar twisted direct, in front angulated and 
pointed, behind entirely parted from the lip, and in the umbilical 
region spread out ina nacreous pad. (Watson) Type, G. deedala 
Watson. Fy Ts. 


Subgenus MrcroGaza Dall, 1881. 


Shell flattened, rotelliform, resembling a Gaza without reflected 
lip or umbilical callus, brilliantly nacreous when fresh, and having 
a distinctly scalariform umbilicus. (Dall) Type, M. rotella Dall. 

Barbados. 


Genus CALLOGAZA Dall, 1881. 


Shell resembling Gaza Watson, but with the umbilical pad re- 
flected only partly over the umbilicus; the pillar straight, passing 
without notch or mucronation into the reflected basal margin of the 
aperture ; nacreous layer in this shell covered with a thin non- 
nacreous layer, which appears to be covered by a delicate epider- 
mis. (Dall) Type, C. superba Dall. | 


Genus BEMBIX Watson, 1878. 


Shell conical, high, carinated, tumid on the base, umbilicated, 
thin, nacreous, covered with a thin membranaceous epidermis. ( Wat- 
son) Type, B. xola. Japan. 


Genus CHLOROSTOMA Swainson, 1840. 


Shell conical, umbilicate or imperforate, solid; spire elevated or 
depressed ; aperture oblique, subrhomboidal, the outer lip smooth 
within ; columella arcuate, above continued in a callus over or half- 
way around the umbilicus, which when open shows one or more 
spiral ribs inside; base of columella with two or more denticles. 
Type, C. argyrostomum Gel. 

Chinese and Japanese Seas, W. Coast America, West Indies. 


he? TROCHUS. 


Subfamily II. GrppuLin». 
Genus GIBBULA Risso, 1826. 


Shell usually perforate or umbilicate, conical, the spire moderate- 
ly elevated ; whorls often gibbous or tuberculose beneath the sutures, 
smooth or spirally ribbed; the last generally angular at the periph- 
ery; aperture subrhomboidal; columella oblique, dentate or sub- 
sinuous at base; outer lip acute. Type G. magus L. 


Subgenus GIBBULA (restricted. ) 


Section GIBBULA. 

Shell. nodulous or tumid beneath the sutures, spire elevated, um- 
bilicated or imperforate, generally conspicuously painted with 
longitudinal stripes of red or brown. 

European and Australian Seas; Indian O.; Red Sea. 


Section Euryrrocuus Fischer. 

Shell small, spirally lirate, depressed, umbilicate; last whorl de- 
flected toward the aperture ; aperture oblique rounded-quadrangular, 
the terminations of the lips approaching, connected by a callus; 
outer and basal lips crenulated within. Type, G. danieli Crosse. 

Oceanica. 


Section CaLLIorRocHus Fischer. 


Shell minute, turbinate, shining, narrowly perforated; whorls 
convex ; aperture subcircular. Type, G. phasianellus Desh. 


Indian O. 


Subgenus MonrILea Swainson, 1840. 

Shell solid, depressed-conical, sharply striate and spirally lirate, 
umbilicated, the umbilicus partly filled by a prominent spiral funicle 
within it which terminates at the columella ; outer lip lirate within; 
columella sinuous, terminating in a point or denticle at base. Type, 
G. callifera Lam. Oceanica. 


Section SoLANDERIA Fischer. 


Umbilicus narrow, columella arcuate, obliquely plicate, terminat- 
ing in a strong anterior tooth. G. nucleus Phil. 


Subgenus APHANOTROCHUS Von Martens, 1880. 


Shell conical, perforated ; columella with finely denticulated edge; 
outer lip lirate within. Type, G. obscurus Wood. 
Indian Ocean. 


TROCHUS. 13 


Subgenus Enrpa A. Adams, 1860. 


Shell depressed-conical, widely umbilicate, whorls convex, con- 
centrically granose-lirate, sutures canaliculate, last whorl carinated 
or angulated; aperture subquadrate; outer lip simple, or lirate 
within; inner lip reflexed; umbilicus large, margin crenulated. 


Type, E. japonica A. Ad. Japan. 
Genus MINOLIA A. Adams, 1860. 


Shell widely umbilicated, delicate, thin, smooth; whorls rounded; 
spire depressed ; aperture circular, the outer lip and columella thin, 
simple; acute; umbilicus without an internal funicle or rib. Type, 
M. punetata Ad. Oceanica. 


Genus CIRCULUS Jeffreys, 1865. 


Shell minute, widely umbilicated, thin, with spiral strize; whorls 
rounded ; spire depressed ; aperture rounded-quadrate, the columella 
and outer lips thin, simple, acute. Type, C. striatus Phil. 

European Seas. 


Genus TROCHISCUS Sowerby, 1838. 


Shell large, orbicular, umbilicated, solid, depressed, smooth ; spire 
low-conical, formed of rapidly widening flattened whorls; aperture 
subquadrangular, outer lip acute, sinuous, columella simple, some- 
what sinuous. Type, T. norrisii Sowb. California. 


Genus LIVONA Gray, 1842. 


Shell large, turbinate, thick, solid, umbilicate, whorls rounded ; 
aperture rounded-quadrangular, smooth and silvery within; outer 
lip acute; columella arcuate, simple, spreading half around and 
partly over the umbilicus in a white callus which is deeply notched 
in the middle. Type, L. pica L. 


Genus PHOTINULA H. & A. Adams, 1854 


Shell imperforate, orbicular, depressed, rather thin, whorls round- 
ed, smooth or spirally striated; aperture wider than long, outer lip 
acute, columella spreading in a callus pad at its insertion, simple at 
base. Type, P. coerulescens King. Southern Seas. 


Genus MARGARITA (Leach) Auet. 


Shell umbilicate, obicular, conoidal or depressed, thin; not va- 
riegated ; whorls rounded, smooth or spirally lirate; aperture sub- 


14 TROCHUS. 


circular, peristome simple, acute, the margins approaching; columella 
arcuate, simple, thin. Type, M. helicina Fab. 
Arctie and Subarctic Seas. 


Subgenus BArHYMOPHILA Dall, 1882. 


Shell when immature like Margarita; adult with a broad flattened 
columella, which has a blunt tooth, rough or granulated, at its end. 


Type, M. euspira Dall. 
Genus SOLARIELLA Searles Wood. 1842. 


Shell umbilicated, conical; whorls with spiral granose lire; 
umbilicus with carinated margin. Type, 8. maculatum Wood. 


Subgenus Turcicuta Dall, 1881. 


Shell globosely conical, white, thin; umbilicus reduced to a chink 
under the thin callus of the upper part of the pillar lip; mouth 
rounded rectangular, margins all thin; columella concave; outer 
surface with tuberculose ridges. Type, M. imperialis Dall. Cuba. 
(This group is placed under Calliostoma by Fischer. Its position is 
problematical until the structural details are known.) 


Genus CALLIOSTOMA Swainson, 1840. 


Shell imperforate or rarely umbilicate, conical, rather thin ; whorls 
smooth, spirally ridged or granular, the last angulated at the periph- 
ery; aperture quadrangular; columella simple, usually ending an- 
teriorly in a slight tooth. Type, C. ziziphinum L. 


Subgenus CALLIOSTOMA (restricted.) 
Axis imperforate, its lower termination covered by a slight ex- 
pansion of the columella. The sections of this subgenus are given 
in the text. 


Subgenus Evrroonus A. Adams, 1863. 


Shell umbilicated ; columella ending in a point or tooth below. 
Type, C. javanicus Lam. 


Genus TURCICA H. and A. Adams, 1854. 


Shell conoidal, thin, subdiaphanous, imperforate; whorls with 
transverse series of granules, the last rounded on the periphery ; 
columella thick, spirally twisted posteriorly, ending anteriorly in an 
obtuse, prominent point ; outer lip thin, simple, acute (.. & A. Ad.) 
Type, T. monilifera A. Ad. Australia. 


TROCHUS. 15 


Genus BASILISSA Watson, 1879. 

Shell conical, carinated, umbilicated, nacreous; last whorl sinua- 
ted above; pillar straight, but slightly oblique, thin, hollowed out 
above, hardly toothed in front, but strongly angulated at base ; 
mouth rhomboidal, terminations of peristome not approaching nor 
connected by a callus. Type, B. lampra Watson. 

; N. Pacific O. 
Genus EUCHELUS Philippi, 1847. 

Shell globose-turbinate, umbilicate or imperforate ; whorls round- 
ed, spirally granose lirate; aperture subcircular, outer lip thick, 
erenulate within, columella with a tooth or a notch at the base; 
operculum with few whorls. Type, E. atratus Gmel. 

Indian and Pacific Oceans. 


Subgenus Ontvia Cantraine, 1835. 

Shell conoidal, imperforate, whorls rounded, cancellated ; aperture 
rounded, lirate within, the lip with a strong varix outside ; columella 
sinuous, terminating in a strong truncate tooth at base. Type, O. 
tinei Cale. | Mediterranean. 


Subgenus PerrinrA H. and A. Adams, 1854. 


Shell trochiform, imperforate, whorls flattened, cancellated ; aper- 

, b ’ 
ture quadrangular, outer lip lirate within, columella short, nearly 
straight, with several tubercles near the base. Type, P. anguliferus 


AS Ad: 


~The position of this group is problematical. 


Subfamily II, DeLpHinuLinz. 
(See MANUAL or ConcHOLoGy, x, p. 266.) 
Subfamily [V, UMBonrin&. 


Genus Umsonium Link, 1807. 

Shell with a very thin pearly layer inside, orbicular, depressed, 
imperforated, whorls flattened above, bright, smooth or spirally 
grooved ; aperture wider than high, outer lip thin, acute; umbilical 
tract covered by a heavy pad of callus. Type, U. vestiarium Linn. 

Indian and Pacific Oceans. 


Genus ETHALIA H. and A. Adams, 1854. 


Shell orbicular, turbinately depressed ; whorls convex, smooth or 
transversely striated, the last rounded at the periphery ; umbilicus 


16 TROCHUS. 


partly closed by a callus deposit; columellar lip ending anteriorly 
in an obtuse dilated callus. Type, E. guamense, Q. et G. 


Genus ISANDA H. and A. Adams, 1854. 


Shell orbicular-conoidal, polished; aperture longer than wide, 
subquadrate; umbilicus open, perspective, the margin crenulated. 

Type, I. coronata A. Ad. 

Genus CAMITIA Gray, 1847. 

Shell orbicular, depressed, smooth, polished; axis imperforate ; 
columella spirally twisted above, forming a false-umbilicus, with 
the margin simple; columella with the edge edentulate and ending 
in a point... Type, C. pulcherrima Gray. 

China, Japan. 
Genus UMBONELLA A. Adams, 1863. 

Shell globose-conoid, solid, porcellanous, polished, narrowly um- 
bilicate ; aperture subquadrate, lip simple, dilated anteriorly; um- 
bilicus narrow, margin crenate rugose. Type, U. murrea Reeve. 


Japan. 
Genus CHRYSOSTOMA Swainson, 1840. 


Shell globose, solid, thick, spire very short ; aperture rounded, the 
parietal wall bearing a heavy callus which wholly or almost covers 
the narrow umbilicus. Type, C. paradoxum Born. 


Genus TROCHUS Linn., 1758. 

Trochus Linn., Syst. Nat.. x, p. 756.—Pyramidea Swatnson, 
Malacology, p. 350.—Rochia Gray, Guide Syst. dist. Moll. Brit. 
Mus., p. 148. (1857.) 

Animal with 1 to 4 pairs of cirrhi upon the epipodial line, which 
are not ciliated; frontal lobes between the tentacles simple or folia- 
ted, distinct or united into a vail. The formula of teeth is ce 5.1 
.5.@ore.1+5.1.541.. 

The central and lateral teeth have more or less expanded lateral 
margins, and bear cusps which are smooth on the cutting edge, with 
minute denticles one or several in number at the sides. There is 
frequently a narrow oblong plate, without cusp, lying between the 
5th lateral and the inner marginal tooth, usually more or less con- 
cealed by the expanded outer margin or supporting-wing of the 5th 
lateral. This seems to me to be a rudimentary or rather, degenerate 
lateral tooth; not the inner marginal tooth, as Dr. Troschel and 


TROCHUS. Lyfe 


others have held. The reduction in number of the teeth in Tro- 
chidz appears to proceed by the loss of the outer laterals, never by 
obsolescence of teeth in the central portion of the radula. (Compare 
the related family Turbinidee, where the rule is specialization of the 
radula by the loss of the central tooth, as in Orthomesus, or by. the 
loss of its cusp, as in Bolma, Cookia and Pomaulax; in the last group 
the inner lateral also has lost its cusp. | Vide Manvat, vol. x, pp. 
163, 187.) Pl. 50, fig. 1, Trochus niloticus L.; pl. 50, fig. 2, T. 
fenestratus Gmel.; pl. 50, fig. 3, T. maculatus, L.; pl. 50, fig. 4, T. 
tiaratus Q. and G. 

The central teeth in all of the subgenera of Trochus, including 
Clanculus, differs from those of the following genus, Mondonta, in 
being widest in the middle, tapering toward the cusp and the base ; 
whilst in Monodonta and its subgenera the latero-basal angles are 
prominently produced. 

The operculum (pl. 1, f. 6) is circular, corneous, thin, with num- 
erous (8 to 12) narrow whorls, the nucleus central. 


Subgenus TRocuus (s. str.) 


T. nrLoTicus Linné. PI. 1, figs 5-8. 

Shell large, ponderous, conital, appearing subperforate, covered 
by a corneous striate, brown or yellowish cuticle usually lost on the 
upper whorls; color beneath the cuticle white, longitudinally striped 
with crimson, violet or reddish brown, the base maculate or radiately, 
strigate with a lighter shade of the same; spire strictly conical, apex 
acute, usually eroded, whorls 8-10, the upper ones tuberculate at the 
sutures, and spirally beaded, the following flat on their outer sur- 
faces, smooth, separated by linear sutures, the body-whorl expanded, 
dilated and compressed at the obtuse periphery, more or less convex 
below, indented at the axis; umbilical tract covered by a spiral 
pearly deeply entering callus; aperture transverse, very oblique; 
columella oblique, terminating in a denticle below, and with a strong 
spiral fold above, deeply inserted into the axis. 

Alt. 80-100, diam. 100-120 mill. 

Indian Ocean; New Ireland; New Caledonia; North Australia, 
ete. 

Trochus niloticus L., Syst. nat. xii, 1767, p. 1227. 

Operculum pl. 1 fig. 6, circular, thin, corneous, orange-brown, com- 


posed of about 10 whorls. 
2 


18 TROCHUS. 


Var. MAxiImus Koch. PI. 1, fig. 9. 

Shell less ponderous than T. niloticus; form strictly conical ; 
whorls of the spire decidedly plicate or tuberculate, planulate ; 
body-whorl not dilated at the periphery; base flat, concentrically 
grooved ; columella less oblique than in the type. Alt. 95, diam. 
95 mill. India O.; Cochin-China; Viti Is. 

T. maximus Koch, in Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib., Trochus, t. 
iv, f. 3. 1844—T7. marmoratus Kiener, Sp. et Icon., t. 11.—T. nilo- 
ticus Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 3. 

T. maximus is an arrested or primitive form of niloticus. In the 
conic form, flat, lirate base, and sculptured spire, it exactly resembles 
an immature specimen of the latter species; but at the same time, it 
retains these characters in adult individuals. I do not know whether 
both occur in the same locality ; if they do, I would incline to consider 
them distinct. The finest suite I have seen of the T. maximus is from 
the Viti Is., collected by the late ANDREW GARRETT. 

Since the above was written I have seen a discussion of these two 
forms by Dr. von MARTENS (Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1869, p. 97.) 
T. maximus is considered distinct from niloticus, and the differences 
indicated by this distinguished zodlogist. 

T. acurancuLus Chemnitz. PI. 2, fig, 10. 

Shell conic-pyramidal, axis imperforate but appearing sub-umbili- 
cate, solid, thick, white, longitudinally flammulate with bright red ; 
spire conic, apex acute, whorls 10, spirally encircled by numerous 
(about 10 on upper surface) beaded lirze, which are separated by 
superficial interstices; above the sutures there is a series of short 
folds or knobs which usually become obsolescent upon the periphery 
of last whorl; body-whorl obtuse at the periphery, nearly flat below, 
indented around the false umbilicus, obsoletely concentrically lirate, 
the lire about 9 in number, red and white articulated, interstices 
white ; aperture transversely rhomboidal, somewhat rounded; colu- 
mella nearly vertically descending, subdentate at base, above with 
a profoundly entering spiral fold; parietal wall bearimg a heavy 
transparent callus, which is excavated around the axis. 

Alt. 55-70, diam. 45-60 mill. 

East Indies; Philippines; N. Australia. 

Trochus acutangulus Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., v, p. 81, t. 167, f. 
1710. 1781.—T. conus Gmel., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 8569. (1788)—T. 
elatus Lam., An. sans Vert., vii, p. 21. 1822.—T. altus Perry, Con- 
chology, t. 47, f. 8, (1811)—T, turris Phil. Zettsch. f. Mal., 1846, p. 


TROCHUS. 19 


102,—T. altus Phil. Conch. Cab. ii, p. 217, t. 32, f.7.—T. senatorius 
Phil., Conch. Cab. ii, p. 324, t. 46, f. 7. 

The 7. altus of Philippi is doubtfully placed here. It has more 
acutely carinated periphery than any actangulus I have seen. I 
have copied Philippi’s figure on Pl. 9, fig. 96. This species is the 
type of Gray’s group Rochia. 


Subgenus CarRDINALIA, Gray, 1840. 


T. vircatus Gmelin. PI. 5, figs. 48, 44. 


Shell imperforate, conic-pyramidal, solid, white, above longitudi- 
nally broadly flammulated with red; spire somewhat attenuated 
and concave on its upper portion, then slightly convex, the sutures 
linear, whorls nearly planulate, apex acute; sculpture of spire con- 
sisting of spiral prominently beaded lire, about eight on each whorl; 
whorls 10, the last carinated at the periphery; base plano-concave, 
indented in the center, finely, densely lirate, the lirze minutely beaded, 
red, articulated with white, the interstitial furrows white; aperture 
subrhomboidal, denticulate within the base ; columella short, oblique, 
ending in a tubercle below, simply entering, not plicate, above, 

Alt. 45, diam. 40 mill. 

Indian O.; Red Sea. 


T. virgatus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3580.—Puitippi, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 4, t. 1, f. 4, 5—Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 69.—FiscuEr, Coq. 
biegens 01, t227, £.-1s-t.-28,f 1, 

The plano-concave finely lirate base, simple columella and tooth- 
less aperture at once separate this species from other Trochids. 


Subgenus Trecrus Montfort, 1810. 


Tectus Montr., Conch. Syst. i, p. 187.—Pyramis SCHUMACHER; 
Essai @un nour. Syst. Vers test., p. 232, (1817.) 


T. opeLiscus Gmelin. PI. 2, figs. 13, 14. 


Shell imperforate, solid, thick, strictly conical, the spire more or 
less attenuated above, the apex acute; color yellowish or grayish, 
more or less mottled and marbled with green or brown, base white, 
green or brown; whorls 12-14, the upper ones slightly exserted and 
plicate, tuberculate or undulating at the sutures, the folds or tuber- 
cles obsolete on the lower whorls; upper whorls encircled with one 
or two spiral series of small tubercles or beads, which are increased 
to about five series on the middle whorls; last whorl beaded, but 
smoother than the preceding, or radiately finely wrinkled, or nearly 


20 TROCHUS. 


smooth, angulate at the periphery; base flat, concentrically lirate, 
the ribs smooth, wide, separated by shallow grooves, obsolete 
toward the outer margin; aperture transverse, very oblique, sub- 
triangular, the outer wall grooved within, the basal margin straight, 
not concave in the middle, deeply notched at its junction with the 
columella, sculpture inside with revolving acute plice, corresponding 
to the lirse which revolve around the central area outside ; columella 
very short, with a very strong acutely carinated spiral fold. 

Alt. 75, diam. 75 mill. 

Indian and Pacific Oceans; Samoan, Viti and Philippine Is., New 
Caledonia; N. Australia, ete. Singapore (Archer. ) 

T. obeliscus Gmert., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3579, 1788.—T. pyramis 
Born, Test. Mus. Ces., 1780.—T. pyramis Putu., Conchyl. Cab. p. 
2—Reeve, Conch Icon., f. 8—T. acutus Lam., An. sans Vert., 1822, 
vii, p. 23.—T. tabidus ReEve, Conch. Icon., f. 74. 

I believe that this is the 7. pyramis of Born; but since there is 
some doubt about it, I have followed the precedent of Dr. Fischer 
in adopting Gmelin’s name. 7. acutus Lam. is an immature indi- 
vidual. (pl. 2 fig. 13). * 

Var. CHRULESCENS Lamarck. PI. 4, fig. 26. 

Form more slender than in the type; spiral beading sub-obsolete; 
color dark greenish, obliquely strigate with brown; base green, brown 
or yellowish ; outer wall of aperture (in the specimens I have seen) 
not grooved within; other characters as in the type. 

T. cerulescens Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vii, 1822, p. 18—T. 
prasinus Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec., p. 16, 1845. 


Var. TABIDUS Reeve. PI. 43, fig. 1. 
Whorls obliquely irregularly wrinkled, tubercled toward the apex; 
base obsoletely grooved. Australia (Reeve). 


T. pENnTaTus Forskal. PI. 3, fig. 23. 

Shell large, imperforate, conic-turreted, solid, heavy, grayish pink, 
but unicolored and dull; whorls about 12, planulate, more or less 
obviously finely radiately wrinkled, often showing a few spiral rows 
of beads, finely, very obliquely striate, but all this surface sculpture 
often obsolescent ; periphery of whorls and at the sutures armed with 
distant strong radiating solid knobs, about six to ten on the last 
whorl; base flat, smooth, partly polished, with an appearance of 
obsolete concentric lirze about the central portion, white, or with a 
zone of blue or of green or both colors surrounding the axial tract ; 


ao 
TROCHUS. oi 


aperture transverse, rather wide, rhomboidal, the basal margin reg- 

ularly curved, 6 to 8 plicate within near the columellar termination; 

columella very short, the fold stout, heavy, directed downward. 
Alt. 80, diam. 70, mill. Red Sea; Persian Gulf. 
Trochus dentatus Forskal, Deser. Animalium, p. 125, 1775.—T. 

pyramidalis Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vii, 1822, p. 17.—T. foveola- 

tus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3580. 

T. TRISERIALIs Lamarck. PI. 4, fig. 30; pl. 3, fig. 20. 


Shell turreted-conic, imperforate, solid, heavy, flesh-colored, light- 
er beneath; whorls about 12, somewhat convex toward the lower, 
concave toward the upper part, the upper whorls with a single sub- 
median series of rather prominent tubercles, the lower with about 
four subequal series of small, separated, rather acute tubercles, the 
surface between them minutely wrinkled; base nearly flat, spirally 
lirate, the liree becoming narrow toward the outer edge; aperture 
rhomboidal, outer and parietal walls more or less lirate within, base 
with a deep seated spiral fold near the columella within; columella 
strongly, acutely folded, the fold directed downward. 

Alt. 45-50, diam. 35-40) mill. Philippines. 

T. triserialis Lam., An. sans Vert., vii, p. 22, 1822.—T. aeutus 
Rve., Conch. Icon., sp. 20, (non T. acutus Lam.) (pl. 3, fig. 20.) 

T. FABREI Montrouzier. PI. 3, figs. 21, 22. 


Shell imperforate, conic-pyramidal, whitish, with a fulvous epider- 
mis mottled with roseate; whorls about 14, subplanulate, separated 
by linear, flexuous sutures, obliquely striate, sometimes nodulose 
above the sutures, with spiral granulose lire, on the upper whorls 
three, on the lower four to six in number; last whorl carinated, 
margined at the suture; base planulate, concentrically lirate, the 
liree flat, about 15 in number, the interstices radiately striate ; aper- 
ture transverse, rhomboidal, the basal margin plicate within ; col- 
umella short, strongly spirally plicate truncate. 

Alt. 50, diam. 37 mill. (Fischer.) 

Lifou, Loyalty Archipelago; Quaternary of the Isle of Pines, New 
Caledonian Archipelago. 

T. fabret Montrouzier, Journ de Conch., xxvi, 1878, p. 64, 206.— 
Fischer, Coq. Vivantes, p. 384, t. 116, f. 1, la. 

Nearly allied to the T. triserialis, but differing in the sculpture, 
which consists of granulose lirze, instead of series of independent 
pustules. The larger figure is from a fossil example from the Isle 
of Pines. 


22 TROCHUS. 
T. FENESTRATUS Gmelin. PI. 4, figs 28, 29. 


Imperforate, solid, conic, white or grayish, mottled and maculated 
with green, brown or olive, base unicolored, white; apex acute; 
whorls 9-11, the apical ones smooth by erosion, the following armed 
around the lower margin with radiating squamose or (on the last 
whorl) solid tubercles, which are usually laterally compressed on the 
lower whorls, and number 12 to 20 on the last whorl ; entire surface 
above the periphery covered with. fine oblique wrinkles, which are 
more or less beaded by a few (8 to 5) revolving lirze; base flat, con- 
centrically lirate, the liree 8 to 14 in number, the outer ones crenu- 
lated by fine radiating wrinkles which are continued a short distance 
inward from the periphery; aperture transverse, the outer and 
parietal walls lirate within, the base more or less strongly uni-lamel- 
late; columella with a strong downward directed acute fold. 

Alt.30-35, diam. 28-32 mill. 

Indian O.; Java; Sooloo Is. ; Philippines ; Viti Is. ; Navigator Is.; 
New Caledonia, ete. 

T. fenestratus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 8582, 1788,—T. cirewm- 
sutus GuLp., U. 8. Expl. Exped., t. 13, f. 220.—T. crenulatus Rve., 
Conch. Icon., f. 17, (non T. crenulatus Lam.)—T. exaltatus Putt... 
Conch. Cab. II, p. 108, t. 17, f. 8.—T. exaltatus RvE., Conch. Icon., 
f. 16.—T. caparatus Purirepi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 107, t. 17. f. 7. 

A variable form, which, however may be readily recognized by 
the sutural knobs and secondary sculpture of fine wrinkles above, 
and by the crenulated or beaded lire around the outer edge of the 
base. 


T. NODULIFERUS Lamarck. PI. 3, figs 18, 19. 

Shell large, ponderous, solid, imperforate, conic ; whorls about 12, 
planulate above, prominently knobbed around the sutures and pe- 
riphery, the tubercles about fifteen in number on the last whorl; 
there is usually visible a secondary sculpture of fine subobsolete ra- 
diating wrinkles; base flat, very obsoletely lirate, smooth, polished, 
white or tinged with green around the central portion; aperture 
smooth within; columellar fold strong, heavy, directed downward; 
color pinkish, more or less mottled with rose ; old specimens uniform 
grayish. Alt. 70, diam. 75 mill. 

Red Sea (Forskal) ; Philippines. 

T. noduliferus LaM., An. sans Vert., vii, p. 18, 1822.—T. forskalh 
(Bolt.) Morcu, Cat. Yoldi, p. 158.—T. dentatus (in part) PHILIPPI, 
Conch, Cab. II, p. 7. 


TROCHUS. 23 


The figure given by Reeve, (f. 18) differs from specimens from 
the Philippines before me in having the nodes vaulted on the lower 
whorl. Upon all the specimens I have seen, the upper nodes only 
are vaulted, the lower ones are solid, as in the following species. 

From T. dentatus, the greater number and smaller size of the 
peripheral tubercles with separate this species. The proportions 
are different, too; noduliferus being broader at the base. 


T. MAURITIANUS Gmelin. PI. 4, figs. 24, 25, 27; pl. 2, figs. 11, 12. 


Shell imperforate, conical, solid, marbled and maculated with 
green, brown and rose-color on a whitish ground; whorls 10-12, 
planulate, bearing vaulted or solid tubercles which project at the 
sutures and upon the periphery of the last whorl, where they num- 
ber about 16; whorls covered with oblique small folds, so interrupt- 
ed as to appear more or less in spiral series; base flat, white and 
yellowish, unicolored, all over concentrically lirate, the liree smooth, 
narrow, separated by shallow grooves as wide or wider than the 
ridges, and continuous within the aperture upon the parietal wall; 
aperture transverse, the outer wall lirate within, the basal margin 
straight, bearing, within, a strong acute revolving lamella, opposite 
to a similar but smaller one upon the parietal wall; columella 
short, with a very strong acute median spiral fold. 

Alt. 40-60, diam..40-55 mill. 

Indian O., Madagascar, Seychelles, Red Sea (Jonas) Philippines. 

T. mauritianus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3582, 1788.—Tectus 
pagodalis Montrort, Conch. Syst. i, p. 187, 1810.—T. costifer 
Jonas, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1846, p. 123.—Puiviprr Conchyl- Cab., p. 
tet. VOLT 1s t. 41,29. 

The above description applies to the typical form of this species, 
the prominent characters of which are the smooth, subequal basal 
liree, closely wrinkled upper surface, with projecting peripheral tu- 
bercles, and strongly uni-lamellar basal and parietal walls of the 
aperture. I have not examined enough specimens to say with any 
degree of certainty how constant these characters will prove to be. 
I observe considerable variation in the sculpture of the aperture in- 
side in the species of this group; the lirze being sometimes complete- 
ly absent in species which normally possess them. Whether the 
same variations attend the strong lamelle of the present species, I 
cannot say. 


94 TROCHUS. 


T. ARCHITECTONICUs A. Adams. PI. 42, fig. 1. 


Shell conical, imperforate, whitish ; whorls flat, subimbricating, 
longitudinally costate, the ribs thick, rounded, subnodose ; base flat, 
concentrically strongly lirate; columeila short, tortuous, truncate 
anteriorly ; margin of lips fimbriated. (Adams.) 

Signet Bay, North Australia ( Dring.) 

Pyramis architectonicus A. Ap., P. Z. 8., 1857, p. 152.—Trochus 
architectonicus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 22. 

Evidently allied to the preceding. Reeve’s figure is copied on my 
plate. 


Subgenus InruNnDIBULUM Montfort, 1810. 
Infundibulum Montr., Conch. Syst., p. 167.— Carinidea Swatn- 
son, Treatise on Malacol., p. 8350.—Polydonta SCHUMACHER, Essai 
dun nouv. Syst. etc, p. 231, (1817) and of H. & A. Ap., Gen. Ree. 
Moll., i, p. 414, and other authors, (not Polydonta Fischer de Wald- 
heim, (1807)—Lamprostoma Swainson, Treatise on Malacol., p. 350. 


Section LAMPRosTOMA Swainson, 1840. 
T. macuLatus Linné. PI. 9, figs. 100, 1, 2, 3. 

Shell conic, solid, heavy, falsely umbilicate; spire strictly conic, 
or swollen and somewhat convex below, accuminate above, or some- 
times constricted around the upper part of the last whorl; whorls 
about 10, quite planulate, or concave toward the upper, convex to- 
ward the lower margins, the last carinated at the periphery, flat be- 
neath; color of upper surface consisting of longitudinal stripes or 
flames of brown, purplish, magenta, rose or coral red on a ground of 
white, corneous, pink or olive-tinted, the flames occupying more space 
than the ground color or vice versa; sometimes the coloration con- 
sists of very narrow numerous radiating lines, usually broken into 
tessellations articulating the lirz; the base is radiately painted with 
zigzag flames, or more frequently, narrow lines, either continuous or 
interrupted, often broken into a maculated or a finely tessellated pat- 
tern, sometimes unicolored lilac, or even white; sculpture of upper 
surface consisting of spiral beaded lirze, usually numbering six to eight 
oneach whorl, the beads either laterally compressed like longitudinal 
folds or rounded and separate ; base concentrically sculptured with 
numerous (about 10) fine, more or less beaded lirze; aperture 
transverse subtrigonal, outer lip lirate within, basal margin slightly 
curved, four or five dentate, parietal wall sometimes calloused and 
lirate, sometimes smooth; columella heavy, subvertical or oblique, 


s 


TROCHUS. 25 


its margin irregularly dentate or nearly smooth, usually with a deep 
notch at its union with the basal lp; umbilical tract funnel-shaped, 
spirally feebly lirate or nearly smooth, not conspicuously bi-lirate. 

Alt. 45, diam. 38 mill. 

Philippines; Viti Is.; Singapore; Kingsmill Id.; Indian Ocean. 

T. maculatus Linyn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 756.—T. callicoccus PHILIPPI, 
Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 150. (juv.) (pl. 9, fig. 833)—T. altus Rerve 
(non Phil.) Conch. Icon., no. 18, 1862.—T. gmelini Jonas, Zeitschr. 
f. Mal., 1846, p. 125.—? T. spengleri (CHEMNITz et GMEL.) PHILIPPI, 
Kiist. Conch. Cab., p. 48, t. 9, f. 9—T. smaragdus REEVE, Conch. 
Icon. t. 12, f. 66. (pl. 9, f. 89) —T. rugulosus Koon, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 
1848, p. 128,—Puruiprt, Conchyl, Cab., p. 217, t. 32, f. 6.—T. acut- 
anguius MENKE in Puixippi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, t. 16, f. 12. (not 
of Chemnitz) —T. Jonasi Putrippt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 260, t. 38, f. 
ao: 

This excessively variable form may be distinguished from its 
allies when typically developed, by the more numerous series of 
granules, more sharply carinated periphery, irregularly denticulate 
columella, obsoletely spirally plicate umbilical tract, etc. After care- 
fully studying a large series of specimens from many localities, I 
am constrained to unite a number of forms heretofore considered 
distinct. I have little doubt that T. creniferus, T. incrassatus, T. 
flammulatus and some other forms will finally prove to be included 
in the range of variation of the protean maculatus. 

T. spongleri is a doubtful synonym. Vide T. sacellum Phil. 


Var. VERNUS Gmelin. PI. 9, fig. 99. 


A form in which the red and brown stripes are replaced by cold 
brown and green; the ground color is pure white or tinged with 
bluish green. 

Trochus vernus Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 8571—T. granosus Rve., 
(non Lam.) Conch. Icon., sp. 97, 1862. 


Var. TENTORIUM Gmelin. PI. 7, figs. 66, 73. 


Differs from the type in being obviously longitudinally plicate, 
especially on the lower part of each whorl. 
Philippines; Viti Is. 
T. tentorium Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3671. 
Var. VERRUCOSA Gmelin. PI. 7, figs. 64, 65. 


Similar to T. maculatus, but each whorl encircled around the 
base by a series of prominent tubercles or short folds; last whorl 


26 TROCHUS. 


constricted around the upper part; aperture strongly lirate within, 
parietal wall lirate, or bearing a single acute spiral lamella. 

Indian Ocean ; Zanzibar (Reeve) ; Java (Fischer) ; Viti Is. (Acad. 
Coll.) 

T. verrucosa Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3572. 

The following variety is probably identical with this. It also is 
connected with the typical maculatus by intermediate examples. 


Var. GRANOSUS Lamarck. PI. 6, figs. 51, 60. 


Convexly conical, solid, thick, the last whorl constricted around 
the upper portion ; periphery obtuse. 

Alt. 30, diam. 33 mill.; alt. 45, diam. 40 mill. 

Indian O.; New Caledonia (Montronzier); Philippines (Acad. 
Coll.) : 

T. granosus Lam., An. sans Vert., vii, p. 20.—Polydonta gibber- 
ule A. Adii PZ. S80, pon: 

The last locality, measurement and figures are for P. gibberula Ad. 


Var. INCARNATUS Philippi. PI. 8, figs. 80, 81. 

Conical, altitude and diameter about equal; roseate ; upper sur- 
face granulate, and on the lower whorls and around the periphery 
strongly plicate-tuberculate; base flat, concentrically lirate, the 
lire feebly granose, seven or eight in number. Alt. 26 mill. 

T. incarnatus Phil., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 103.—Kiist. Conch. 
Cab. it: UG. ta: 


Var. SUBINCARNATUS Fischer. PI. 8, fig. 77. 


Allied, according to Fischer, T. maculatus, but differing in the 
following characters: the form is more conic, last whorl less convex, 
less elevated, the spiral lire on the inferior part of the last whorl 
less conspicuous, the longitudinal folds strongly developed, render- 
ing the periphery dentate ; T. incarnatus differs from this species in 
being less conical, smaller, more elongate, with fewer lire on the 
base (7 or 8 instead of 12), ete. Alt. 32, diam. 39 mill. 

Indian O. Mossi-Bé, near Madagascar. 

T. subincarnatus Fischer, Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 24.— Coquitl- 
les Vivantes, t. 119, f. 6—T. incarnatus Rve. (non Phil.), Conch. 


Icon. sp. 68. 
T. rncrAssatus Lamarck. PI. 6, figs. 48-50. 

Conical, thick, heavy, solid, whitish, radiately striped above and 
below with purplish red; outlines of spire convex; whorls 7 to 8, 


TROCHUS. Di 


coarsely granulose in about 5 or 6 spiral series, of which the upper 
series is most prominent ; periphery rounded ; base a little concave, 
with about 7 concentric granulose or subgranulose lire ; aperture 
strongly lirate within upon the parietal and outer wall, basal margin 
with four or five teeth ; columella dentate ; umbilical tract nearly 
smooth or obsoletely spirally plicate. Alt. 30, diam. 30 mill. 

T. inerassatus Lam., An. sans Vert., vii, 1822, p. 20.—Philippi, 
Conchyl. Cab. t. 18, f. 3.—Fischer, Cog. Viv. p. 118, t. 37, f. 1. 
Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 77. 

Typically narrower, more solid than T. creniferus, with heavier 
parietal callus and not so strongly tuberculate around the periphery. 
T. incrassatus Phil. may be a synonym of T. creniferus. 

Var. CRENIFERUS Kiener. PI. 7. figs. 67, 68. 

This is a form closely related to T. maculatus, T. flammulatus and 
T. sandwichensis, but more especially to T. incrassatus, and some- 
what intermediate between these species in characters. It is strong 
thick and solid; the form is conical; the diameter exceeds the alti- 
tude; the outlines of the spire are slightly convex, the whorls near- 
ly planulate, generally a little concave inthe middle. The sculpture 
consists of four series of distinct, clearly cut, rounded granules upon 
each whorl, of which the upper and lower are elongated, like short 
folds, and apparently formed by the coalescence of the granules of 
two rows; upon the last whorl the sculpture sometimes seems to con- 
sist of oblique regular rather coarse folds, cut about the median por- 
tion by three narrow spiral furrows. There is a trace of the very 
fine secondary sculpture of minute oblique wrinkles upon many 
specimens, like that of T. flammulatus, but less strongly developed. 
The folds crenulate the periphery. The base is slightly convex to- 
ward the outer edge, concave in the middle, concentrically six-lirate, 
the lirze rather coarse, sometimes very superficial, and are regularly 
beaded. The aperture is brilliantly nacreous within; the outer lip 
is lirate within ; the parietal wall is lirate, and colored like the base 
except for a slight deposit of whitish callus; the basal margin is 
thick, nearly straight, nearly smooth, or slightly dentate; the col- 
umella is oblique, pearly, quadri-dentate; the umbilical area is 
funnel-shaped, lined with a heavy white, porcellanous coat, which 
does not extend within the aperture, nor to the edge of the columella ; 
it is obviously bi-lirate, one rib revolving at the lower edge and 
terminating in a denticle at the angle where the columella joins the 
base, the other sometimes bifid, a little within the cavity, not attain- 


28 ; TROCHUS. 


ing the columella edge. There is no notch at the junction of the 
columella and basal lip. The outer lip is slightly crenulated by the 
ribs on the outside. The ground-color is whitish or greenish; the 
purplish red radiating flammules of the upper surface may be either 
parallel with, and occupying the interstices of the ribs, or obliquely 
crossing them; sometimes the whole surface of the upper whorls is 
suffused with purplish red or with sea green (a color which under- 
lies the red all over); the base is radiately marked with dark red, 
which forms continuous stripes, or is interrupted into small blocks 
which articulate the lire. Toward the aperture there is a green or 
bluish tract. 

Alt .32, diam. 39 mill.; Alt. 30, diam. 32 mill. 

Jeylon ; New Caledonia (Fischer) Sandwich and Viti Is. (Phil. 
Acad. coll.) 

T. creniferus KiENER, Sp. Cog. Viv., t. 34, f. 3 (sine dese.) 
Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 109, t. 34, f. 8—T. eustephes Puitiprt, Zeit- 
schr. f. Mal., 1849, p. 158, and Conchyl. Cab., p. 293, t. 43, f. 6. 


T. FLAMMULATUS Lamarck. PI. 7, fig. 75; PI. 8, figs. 78, 79. 


General form similar to T. maculatus; thick, solid, heavy; upper 
surface longitudinally flammulate with dark red, the stripes distinct 
and broad, about as wide as the intervening whitish spaces; the 
stripes of the last whorl are continued over the obtuse periphery 
upon the base, where they become narrower, often bifurcate, and 
are zigzag. The sculpture above is like that of T. maculatus, the 
rows of granules about five or six on each whorl and the lower ones 
compressed, narrow ; there is, besides, a fine, superficial, secondary 
sculpture of slightly oblique longitudinal minute wrinkles, which are 
continued over the periphery upon the base, forming there a finely 
shagreened pattern by the intersection of fine incremental striz, 
The base is rather more convex than in the typical maculatus, and 
its outer portion is nearly free from spiral lire. These number 
about six; they-are finely, closely crenulated by the wrinkles of the 
surface. The outer lip of the aperture is not crenulated, the other 
characters of the aperture and columella are precisely as in T. 
creniferus. 

Alt. 37, diam. 37 mill.; Alt. 42, diam. 38 mill. 

Seychelles; Ins. Reunion, ete. 


T. fammulatus LAm., An. s. Vert., vil, p. 20.—Puiirpri, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 112, t. 18, f. 8—FiscHEr, Coq, Viv:, p. 98, t. 27, fi 2. 


TROCHUS. 29 


T. mMrrABILIS G. B. Sowerby, Jr. Pl. 6, fig. 55. 


Shell rather solid, fleshy-white, with longitudinal reddish-brown 
flames; whorls 10, flatly convex, deeply excavated at the suture, 
encircled spirally with strong granular ribs, between which the 
interstices are deep and plicated ; spire acute; base rather convex, 
with rather a broad excavation, and a deep umbilicus above the 
columella ; aperture nearly square, ridged within; columella fur- 
nished with nodulous plaits. Alt. 40, diam. 30 mill. (Sowerby.) 

Moluccas. 

T. (Polydonta) mirabilis Sowb., P. Z. S. 1875, p. 126, t. 24, f 7. 

The roughly granular ribs and the deeply excavated suture are 
its chief characters. (Sowerby.) 


T. SANDWICHENSIS Souleyet. Pl. 1, figs. 1-8. 


Rather straightly conical, falsely umbilicate, thick, solid ; outlines 
of spire nearly straight, apex. acute; whorls about 8, the last ob- 
tusely angulated at the periphery; sutures scarcely impressed ; 
color of upper surface grayish or corneous white, broadly longitudi- 
nally striped with red or purplish, the red sometimes covering the 
whole surface, sometimes reduced to small maculations or narrow 
lines ; base with narrow zigzag radiating red stripes. The sculpture 
of the upper surface consists of spiral series of very regular, deeply, 
separated rounded granules or beads, five or six rows on each 
whorl; on the periphery and base the granules are smaller; on the 
base the rows are more separated, and sometimes have minute inter- 
calated beaded lirulse in the interstices; there are 12 to 15 rows of 
beads on the entire last whorl. The aperture is small, strongly 
lirate inside the outer lip; basal margin thick, dentate; parietal 
wall callous, strongly lirate, deep crimson colored; columella ob- 
lique, irregularly 3 or 4 dentate; umbilical tract with a heavy 
white callus inside, obsoletely spirally bi- or tri-plicate. 

Alt. 25, diam. 24 mill. Sandwich Is. 

T. sandwichiensis Eypoux Er SouLeyet, Zool. du Voy. de la 
Bonite, pl. 37, f. 25, 24—T. intextus KienER, Spec. gen. Trochus, 
t. 37, f. 2.—T. metallicus ReEve, Conch. Icon, f. 94—T,tenebricus 
ReEeEveE, Conch. Icon. f. 81, 1861. 

The nearly rectilinear spire, distinct, regular granulation, and 
the deep red parietal wall are diagnostic marks of this species. 


30 TROCHUS. 


T. CALCARATUS Souverbie. PI. 2, fig. 15; Pl. 8, figs. 83, 84. 


Shell false-umbilicate, elate-conic, solid; spire with nearly recti- 
linear outlines; whorls about 9, planulate, the last carinated ; 
sculpture of upper surface consisting of spiral series, four or five on 
each whorl, of regular, closely arranged granules, which are either 
rounded, bead-like, or laterally compressed ; and upon the periphery 
of each whorl, a row of radiating, minutely perforated pustules,—— 
numbering on the last whorl 28; the base is concentrically sculpt- 
ured with 6 to 7 concentric, densely granose lire; it is slightly 
convex, radiately striped with brown or purplish; color of upper 
surface, whitish, broadly striped with red, purplish or brown; usu- 
ally blue when rubbed; aperture lirate within on outer and parietal 
walls; basal margin concave, thick, dentate within; columella 
oblique, plicate within, quadridentate; umbilical tract white, bi- 
plicate. Alt. 32, diam. 28 mill. 

Ins. Art and Duperry, N. Caledonian Archipelago ; Philippines. 

T. (Polydonta) calcaratus SouvERBIn, Journ. de Conch., 1875, p. 
41, t. 4, f 7.—T. pustulosus. Pur., Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1849, p.1 88, 
Conchyl. Cab. p. 305, t. 44, f. 6, (pl. 8, fig. 85)—REEVE Conch. 
Icon., f. 86.—T. histrio Rerve, P. Z. S., 1848,-p. 52, Conch. Icon., 
1861, f. 90 (pl. 8, fig. 87).—? T. cumingti A. An. P. ZS. 1851, p. 
150. T. cumingii Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 88. 

This form, like 7. tubiferus Kiener, is principally distinguished 
by the fistulous or perforated peripheral tubercles. I have some 
hesitation in referring here as synonyms 7. pustulosus Phil., and 
T. histrio Reeve. The first was described from a very young speci- 
men; the latter was not well described, and as was his custom in 
Trochus, only a back view was given by Reeve, so that positive 
identification is difficult. For these reasons I adopt the French 
naturalist’s name for the species. 

T. cumingii (Ad.) Reeve (Pl. 48, fig. 11,) may be the young of this 
species, but on account of the slender form I hesitate to place it 
here. It is at all events a young shell. Specimens which agree 
exactly with Reeve’s figure are before me. They exhibit about 7 
planulate whorls, the sculpture of which consists of about five or six 
spiral granulose lirze on each whorl; the lower third or half of each 
whorl is strongly plicate, each fold terminating in a solid tubercle 
at the periphery; of these tubercles there are 18 on the last whorl; 
the base is flat, somewhat concave, 6 to 7 lirate; outer lip lirate 
within; basal lp and columella thin, without teeth, as is usual in 


TROCHUS. 31 


young shells of this group. Color greyish, more or less green 
tinged, and maculate with purplish brown, the lower part of each 
whorl! encircled by a purplish or red band; base minutely macu- 
late with reddish. Alt. 11-12, diam. 9-10 mill. 

Locality, Philippines. 


T. rasticratus A. Adams. Vol. x, Pi. 48, fig. 60. 


Shell conical, imperforate, red, variegated with longitudinal white 
maculations; whorls plane, concave in the middle, ornamented 
above with three series of nodules, furnished with subspinous nod- 
ules at the sutures; base plane, concentrically lirate, the liree cren- 
ulated ; columella posteriorly canaliculate, anteriorly truncated ; 
lip angulate in the middle. (Adams.) 

Trochus fastigiatus A. Apams, P. Z. S., 1851, p. 150.—REEVE 
Conch. Icon., f. 87. 

Evidently allied to 7. calcaratus Souv. 


T. LACINIATUS Reeve. PI. 42, fig. 16. 


Shell excavately umbilicated, rather sharply conical, green, stained 
with purple-brown; whorls rather concavely flattened, regularly 
spirally granulated, neatly plicately tubercled at the margin, tuber- 
cles descending ; hase flat, grain-ridged, ridges rather distant. 

( Reeve.) 

T. laciniatus ReEvn, Conch. Icon., f. 76 (1861). 

Similar in form and sculpture to 7. tubiferus, Kn., but differs in 
the smooth-edged columella. 


T. TUBIFERUS Kiener. PI. 6, figs. 62, 63. 

Shell conical, altitude and diameter about equal, false-umbilicate, 
solid, thick ; spire with rectilinear or slightly convex outlines ; whorls 
about 9, planulate, or a little concave, the last carinated and spinose 
at the periphery; color above grayish, maculated with purplish 
brown and faint green; base radiately striped, lineolate or maculate 
with brown; upper surface of whorls closely granulose, and each 
whorl bearing at its periphery about 17 radiating perforated short 
spines ; base slightly convex, with 10 to 12 narrow closely granulose 
concentrie lire; aperture white within, outer and parietal walls 
strongly lirate, parietal wall the same color as the base, but overlaid 
with a white callus; basal margin straight, very thick, dentate; col- 
umella oblique, its edge convex, quadri-dentate, within spirally 


54 TROCHUS. 


plicate; umbilical area white, funnel-shaped, callous, rather narrow, 
obsoletely spirally costate. 

Alt. 85, diam. 36 mill. 

New Caledonian Archipelago; Uvea; Viti Is. 

T. tubiferus Krener, Spec. gen. Troque, t. 37, f. 3—FiscuEr, 
Coq. Viv. p. 116.—T. concinnus Put., Zeitsch. f. Mal., 1846, p. 105. 
(young.)—Rereve, Conch. Icon. f. 15.—Polydonta squamigera A. 
Ap., P. Z. 8., 1851, p. 155.—T. obesus REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 75. 
(pl. 8, fig. 82.) 

The numerous lire of the base separate this form from T. caleara- 
tus, with which it agrees in the perforated or fistulose spines. These 
are sometimes subobsolete, and frequently solid on the last whorl. 


T. sqguaRRosus Lamarck. PI. 6, figs. 60, 61. 


Shell umbilicate, conic-pyramidal, thick, radiate with white and 
and rose color; whorls 9, the embryonic smooth, the following 
planulate, sculptured with spiral series of regular beads the remain- 
ing whorls subexcavated in the middle, with three series of granules 
on the upper part and a series of oblique short folds below; last 
whorl carinated, with 16 to 24 folds crenulating its periphery ; base 
planulate, with six concentric granulose lire, separated by interstices 
as wide as the ridges; aperture rhomboidal; lirate within ; umbilical 
area spirally plicate. 

Alt. 35, diam. 40 mill. (Fischer.) 

Ins. Réunion; Upolu; Sandwich Is. 

T. squarrosus Lam., An. s. Vert. vii, p. 20. 1822.—T. regius 
Desn. in Lam., An."s. Vert. ed. 2, ix, p. 155. (non regius Reeve, 
Conch. Icon. f. 10.)—T. oblitus Reeve, Conch. Icon. t. 16, f. 98. 


T. RuBRIcaTus Philippi. Pl. 7, figs. 70, 71. 

Shell false-umbilicated, conical, whitish, maculated with purplish 
red; whorls 8, separated by an undulating suture, planulate, the 
apical eroded, the following obliquely, finely striate, spirally lirate 
with 5 to 6 lire, the three upper ones distinct, two or thrée lower 
obsolete; lower part of the whorl nodose, the nodules prominent ; 
last whorl carinated, crenulated at the periphery with 16 nodules; 
base marked with radiating, flexuose lines and 8 to 9 concentric, 
granulose, lire, the interstices between those in the center wider and 
marked with minute parallel lire ; aperture rhomboidal, lirate with- 
in; basal margin plicate; columella oblique, umbilical area funnel- 
shaped, with a spiral ridge. | 

Alt. 17, diam, 22 mill. (Fischer) Japanese Seas, 


A 


TROCHUS. 55 


T. rubricatus Putin. Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 125.—Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 213, t. 31, f. 13.—Fiscuer, Cog. Viv., p. 352, t. 110, f. 1. 
Typical specimens of this form I have not seen. 


T. CREBRIGRANATUS Reeve. PI. 6, figs. 56, 58, 59. 


Shell umbilicate, conical, elevated, thick, whitish yellow, flam- 
mulate with roseus; whorls 11 to 12, planulate, the first whitish, 
eroded, the following spirally cingulate, the cinguli granose, unequal, 
on the last whorl five, of which the first, fourth and fifth are larger 
than the others, the fourth most prominent; last whorl slightly 
elevated, carinate and crenulate at the periphery, planulate beneath, 
radiately subcostate and concentrically cingulate, the ridges about 
7, granose; aperture rhomboidal, lirate within, the basal margin 
erenated ; columella oblique; its edge six-nodose; umbilical area 
plicate. Alt. 24, diam. 19 mill. (Fischer.) 

Habitat unknown. 

T. crebrigranatus REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 89, 1861.—FIscHER, 
Coq. Viv. p. 307, t. 97, f. 3. 

In its elongated, narrow form, crenulated periphery, and serrate 
unequal tubercles, this species is very distinct. (Fischer.) 


T. tinEatus Lamarck. PI. 7, fig. 76. 

Shell false umbilicate, acutely conical; whorls 9, planulate, whit- 
ish, ornamented with narrow, close, obliquely descending rosy or 
purple lines, and sculptured with numerous small, inconspicuous, 
granose spiral lirz ; upper whorls subnodose at the sutures, the lower 
nearly smooth ; last whorl carinated, a little compressed in the mid- 
dle, planulate beneath, and ornamented with radiating lines and 8 
- to 9 concentric liree; aperture rhomboidal; columella straight, with 
4 or 5 teeth; basal margin tuberculose within. 

Alt. 40, diam. 38 mill. (Fischer.) 

Australian Seas. 

T. lineatus Lam., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 23.—FIscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 
100, t. 28, f. 2.—T. hanleyanus Reeve, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 184; Conch. 
Syst., ii, t. 118, f. 11; Conch. Icon. f.2. (Not T. hanleyanus Phil.) 
? T. eugrammus Put., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 153; Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 299, t. 43, f. 17 (PI. 43, figs. 4, 5). 

The T. hanleyanus of Reeve (Pl. 12, figs. 84, 85) may perhaps be 
considered a variety. 


3 


34 TROCHUS. 


T. sAcELLUM Philippi. PI. 6, figs. 54, 57. 

Shell false-umbilieate, conical, thick, reddish, maculate with white ; 
whorls about eight, obliquely striate, spirally cingulate, cinguli 
numbering 6 on the penultimate whorl, the first (upper) large, com- 
posed of tubercles confluent two by two; second and third composed 
of distinct tubercles, fourth and fifth have the tubercles connected, 
forming radiating costze, sixth composed of spiniform tubulose tuber- 
eles alternating with simple grains; last whorl carinated, crenulated 
at the periphery (by about 18 nodes), below plano-convex, white 
and red variegated, concentrically lirate, liree granose, equal, about 
8 in number, separated by concentrically striate interstices ; aperture 
rhomboidal, lirate within; columella plicate-dentate; umbilical 
area white, spirally sulcate. Alt. 17, diam. 18 mill, (Fischer.) 

China; Japan. 

T. sacellum Puiu, Conch. Cab. p. 309, t. 44, f 13—REEVE, 
Conch. Icon., f. 93.—F rscuErR, Coq. Viv. p. 412. 

Var. PHILIPPINARUM Fischer. PI. 6, fig. 57. 

Short, red, the peripheral tubercles less developed. 

Inmzon, Philippines. (Cuming.) 

T. sacellum REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. xiv, f. 78.—Var. & (T. philip- 
pinarum FiscHeR Coq. Viv. t. 120, f. 5. 

The T. sacellum is probably, as Lischke declares, merely a nodose 
form of T. spengleri (Chemnitz) Gmel. If this be true, Dr. Fischer’s 
var. §. philippinarum is nearly synomymous with the typical 
spengleri. My reason for not adopting the latter name is that the 
figure of Chemnitz, copied by Philippi, is so very poor that one would 
scarcely recognize it for the present species. Fig. 12, pl. 43, re- 
presents the T. spengleri var. a of Lischke. The synomymy, if we 
admit T. spengleri to be identical with the species under considera- 
tion will stand as follows : 

(Typical form.) 

Trochus Spengleri grandinatus, perforatus, etc. CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. 
Cab. v, p. 92,t. 169, f. 1631. (1781.)—T. spengleri GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 
xill, p. 8571, no. 27. (1788.)—Purixiert, Conchyl. Cab. I, p. 43, t. 9, 
f. 9—Liscuke Jup. meeres-conchyl. p. 98. 


(Var. A. periphery with obtuse nodes.) 


“Trochuli pyramidales umbilicati,’ ete, (in part) CHEMNITZ, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 100, t. 170, f. 1653.— Trochus pyramis 3, GMELIN, 
Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3573, no, 39,—T. spenglert var. 3, PHILIPPI, 


TROCHUS. 35 


Conchyl. Cab. I, p. 44, t. 10, f. 15.—T. sacellum Reeve, Conch. 
Icon. f. 78, 93.—T. sacellum var. 3, (or T. philippinarum) FiscHer, 
Cog. Viv., p. 412. ; 
(Var. B. periphery with acute spine-like nodes.) 

Trochus sacellum Puiiippi, Conchyl. Cab. II, p. 809, t. 44, f. 13.— 
FiscHer Coq. Viv. p. 412. 

I quote Chemnitz merely because authors have referred to his 
figures. The first binomial name is that of Gmelin. 


T. nora, Dunker. Pl. 12, figs. 75-77. 

Shell conical, white or greenish, marbled or spotted irregularly 
with red maculations; whorls planulate, subgranose, encircled above 
with two or three spiral series of tubercles, costate below, the folds 
thick, suboblique, produced at the periphery into 17 to 18 obtuse 
spines; base concave, bearing 7 to 8 concentric subnodose lire ; 
false umbilicus deep, contorted; columella subnodose; basal lip 
subserrate ; aperture rhomboidal, fauces sulcate. 

Alt. 20, diam. 25 mill. (Dunker.) 

Japan ; (Nagaski, Decima, Ooshima). 

T. rota Dxr., Malak. Blatt., vi, p. 258, 1860.— Moll. Japonica, p. 
21, t. 3, f. 4—LiscuKe, Jap. Meeres.- Conchyl., 1869, p. 94, t. 6, f. 
20, 21—Polydonta gloriosum GouuLD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
1861, p. 19.— Otia, p. 158. 

This lovely species is closely allied to T. spengleri, but is distin- 
guished by the following characters: the form is broader; the 
whorls are more constricted above the peripheral nodes; the granu- 
lation is finer, and often on the last whorl is wholly lost, or trans- 
formed into small, irregular ridges ; the peripheral nodes are narrow, 
long, often claw-shaped and crooked; the base is slightly concaye, 
and the ground color is greenish. (Lvischke.) 

Figs. 76, 77 represent a depressed variety. 


T. BICRENATUsS Gould. PI. 16, figs. 62-65; Pl. 12, figs. 68, 69. 


Shell low, pyramidal, acute at apex; base and height nearly the 
same; base flat, pale yellowish, marked with delicate equal and 
equidistant beaded revolving lines; umbilical pit like a vortex, of a 
smooth ivory white polish ; whorls 7 to 8, slightly excavated ; basal 
edge acute, and furnished with about 15 scallops; above this are 
three lines of beaded granules, arranged also in oblique lines, which 
extend in the form of slight folds to the edge of the periphery, pro- 
ducing, by their extension, three or four crenulations of a rose-tint 


36 TROCHUS. 


between each of the scallops, so that the periphery, when viewed 
below, appears doubly crenulated; columella sharp, contorted ; 
aperture trapezoidal; color flamed alternately darker and paler 
brown. (Gould.) Alt. 15, diam. 21 mill. 

Singapore (Phil. Acad. Coll.). 


T. bicrenatus GouLD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 106, 1849. 
U Ss hapl Boped., xn, p. 175; tet 221k 

Two specimens of this species marked “Singapore” are before 
me. ‘They differ from the type as figured and described by Dr. 
Gould in various characters. One of them is figured on PI. 12, 
figs. 68, 69. The whorls are planulate, spirally granose-lirate, the 
lire about 8 on each whorl, but sometimes nearly obsolete; the 
lower third of each whorl is strongly, regularly folded, the folds 
scalloping the periphery ; the base is flat, very finely, subobsoletely, 
concentrically granose-lirate; the coloration above consists of fine 
close obliquely «lescending narrow red lines on a white ground ; be- 
neath of radiating narrow lines. Alt. 17, diam. 22 mill. 


‘ 


T. 1g@NOBILIs Philippi. Pl. 12, figs. 82, 83. 


Shell elevated conical, whitish, painted with rufous radiating 
flexuous lines; whorls 6 to 7, planulate, above with four spiral fur- 
rows, the last obtusely angulated ; base flattened, with 6 to 7 con- 
centric sulci: center false-umbilicate ; columella contorted above; 
aperture rhomboidal; outer lip with four revolving lire within, 
parietal wall with one, the base with three spiral lire, ending in 
denticles ; columellar edge four toothed. 

Alt. 18, diam. 17 mill. (Philippz.) 
Sandwich Is. 

1. ignobilis Putin. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 102—Conchyl. Cab. 
Pgos tkGn to; 

A species unknown to me save by Philippi’s description and 
figure. It may, perhaps, be allied to T. scabrosus, Phil. 

T. TRICATENATUS Reeve. PI. 48, figs. 7, 8. 

Shell excavately umbilicated, rather obtusely conical, solid, some- 
times fulvous white, flamed with rose, sometimes greenish flamed 
with ash-olive; whorls narrowly three-chained at the upper and 
lower parts, encircled around the middle with three rows of strong 
grains, basal margin rounded; base rather convex, closely serially 
grained, sparsely spotted. (Reeve.) 

Habitat unknown, 


TROCHUS. oi 


T. tricatenatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 91. (1861.) 

The whorls of this species are encircled with three rows of bold 
wart-like grains, bound above and below by a narrow, transversely 
stretched chain. (Reeve.) 

Compare T. sandwichensis, a species with which this may prove 
identical. 


Section INFUNDIBULUM (s. sf7.) 


T. RADIATUS Gmel. PI. 8, figs. 88-93. 

Shell false-umbilicate, rather solid, conical, the spire with nearly 
straight outlines, apex acute, generally eroded and orange-colored ; 
whorls about 7, planulate, sometimes a little concave in the middle; 
color whitish ; tinged with green, and radiately striped with broad 
or narrow crimson flames, base white or pink, radiately marked or 
minutely speckled with red; upper surface sculptured with granu- 
lose spiral liree, 5 or 6 on each whorl, uneven in size, the upper row 
largest; last whorl angulate at the periphery ; base nearly flat, con- 
centrically lirate, the liree granulose, rather coarse, with broad inter- 
spaces, which are frequently occupied by revolving lirulee or strize ; 
aperture large, subrhomboidal, lirate within; basal lip thickened, 
erenate ; columella oblique, strongly plicate above, its edge nearly 
smooth; umbilical tract funnel-shaped, rather broad, with a central 
rib; parietal wall scarcely callous, showing the color of the base, 
and with a white spiral rib in the middle. 

Alt. 25, diam. 30; alt. 28, diam. 25 mill. 

Indian O.; Red Sea; Singapore; Madagascar ; Ceylon. 

T. radiatus Gme.., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 8572, No. 33.—PuI.ippr 
Conch. Cab., p. 46, t. 10, f. 6-8.— REEvE, Conch. Icon.,f. 80.—F IscHER 
Cog. Viv., p. 304, t. 97, f. 1—T. vividus RrEver, Conch. Icon., f. 72, 
1861 (PL. 8, fig. 86).—T. surgillatus RrEvE, Conch. Icon., f. 85 (pl. 
42, fig. 8).—T. festiwus Puriuipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 116, t. 19, f. 5 
(Pl. 45, figs. 9, 10.) —T. eucosmus Puiiierti, Zeitschr. f. mal. 1848, 
p. 104, et Conchyl. Cab., p. 260, t. 88, f. 11.—? T. nobilis Puiiiprt, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 86, t. 15, f. 6, (== T. gemmosus MKeE., Spec. Moll. 
Nov. Holl., p. 16, teste Philippi) —? T. infuscatus Puitippr, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 329, t. 46, f. 15 (PL. 48, figs. 2, 3). 

The conspicuously radiate color pattern and the sculpture, con- 
sisting of coarse granulose lire with interstitial lirulze both above 
and below, as well as the wide umbilical tract and eroded corneous 
or orange apex, will serve to distinguish this form. 


38 TROCHUS. 


T. reExtTiuis Reeve. PI. 42, fig. 7. 

Shell excavately umbilicated, rather broadly conoid, pinkish- 
brown, sparingly speckled with black ; whorls concavely flattened, 
finely spirally granulated, basal margin rounded; base rather con- 
cave, ridged, ridges smooth, alternately larger, profusely dotted 
with purple-red. (Reeve.) Cape of Good Hope (Reeve.) 

T. textilis REEVE, Concn Icon., f. 82. (1861.) 

Of a sombre rose-brown hue, freckled with an irregular network 
of black, the base of the shell being profusely dotted with a rich 
purple-red. (Reeve.) 

Known to me only by Reeve’s description and figure. The local- 
ity is doubtful. | 
T. vENETUS Reeve. PI. 7, figs. 69, 74. 

Shell false-umbilicate, conical, thick, ornamented with wide green- 
ish and purplish longitudinal streaks; whorls 7 to 8, the first eroded, 
the following spirally lirate, the lirze granose, numbering five on the 
penultimate whorl, the upper ridge large, composed of oblique, oblong 
tubercles, the lower ridges narrow ; last whorl angulated, planulate 
beneath, with 5 to 6 concentric narrow lire; aperture subquadrate, 
lirate within; basal margin thickened; columella oblique, without 
teeth, contorted above ; umbilical area funnel-shaped, with a single 


spiral funicle. Alt. 31, dam. 31 mill. (fischer.) 
Moluceas (Reeve. ) 


T. venetus REEVE, Conch. Icon., 1862, t. xvi, f. 99a, 99b.—- Fischer, 
Cog. Viv., p. 348, t. 109, f. 3. 

A species allied in form, sculpture and coloration to the group of 
T. flammulatus or T. radiatus, but without teeth on the columella. 
T. CHLOROMPHALUS A. Adams. PI. 12, figs. 62-65, 

Shell false-umbilicate, thick, conoid, apex acute; whorls 8, the 
first yellowish, the following planulate, greenish, ornamented with 
flexuous brown lines; separated by a slightly impressed suture, 
spirally cingulate, the penultimate whorl with about 7 granose un- 
equal ridges, the upper two large, third and, fifth smaller ; last whorl 
carinated, plano-concave beneath, with 7 concentric liree, slightly or 
not at all granulose, separated by obliquely striated interstices ; aper- 
ture rhomboidal, grooved within, the basal margin subcrenate ; col- 
umella oblique, folded above, compressed in the middle and toothless; 
umbilical area funnel-shaped, like an umbilicus; bordered with in- 
tense green, Alt. 19, diam. 22 mill. (Fischer.) 

Japanese Seas; Nagasaki. (Lischke.) 


TROCHUS. 39 


Infundibulum chloromphalus A. Ap. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 153.—T. 
chloromphalus LiscuKr, Jap. Meeres Conchyl., p. 92, t. 6, f. 17, 18. 
—FIscHer, Cog. Viv. p. 285, t. 92, f. 4. 

The following varieties are diagnosed by Dr. Fischer: 

Var. % Form normal; umbilical area not margined with green. 
Var. MEDERI Fischer. PI: 12, figs. 66, 67. 

More elongated, ornamented with wide deep brown longitudinal 
bands, the spiral lire of the base separated by intermediate lirule. 

Alt. 19, diam. 21 mill. 

Arou Is. 
T. NIGROPUNCTATUS Reeve. PI. 42, figs. 2, 3. 

Shell rather largely, excavately umbilicated, shortly conical, ash- 
green, obliquely flamed with black; whorls flatly convex, spirally 
very closely gemmed with regular grains; base grain-ridged, inter- 
stices crispately decussated, ridges dotted with black ; dots conspic- 
uous, distant. (Jeeve.) 

Natal. 

T. nigropunctatus Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 71. (1861.)—T. hanley- 
anus Puriiprr, Conchyl. Cab., t. 16, f. 2. (not T. hanleyanus Rve.) 
T. subviridis Puruiprr, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 126.—Conchyl. 
Cabd., p. 259, t. 38, f. 7. (pl. 42, figs. 4, 5.) 

The surface of this species is grained with unusual regularity, and 
the base is very characteristically sprinkled at rather distant inter- 
vals with blue-black dots. ( Reeve.) 

I consider the locality doubtful. 

T. Kocuit Philippi. Pl. 5, figs. 36, 37. 

Shell conical, broad, rather solid; spire conic, apex generally 
eroded, corneous or orange colored ; whorls about 7, a little convex, 
whitish, painted with oblique flexuose or angular brownish green 
radiating stripes, nearly the whole surface sometimes suffused with 
bright green by-the erosion of the outer layer; the sculpture consists 
of inconspicuous incremental striz and very oblique subobsolete 
folds; base very obsoletely lirate; flat, the middle portion (umbilical 
tract) excavated, concave. strongly spirally grooved, the sculpture 
not extending into the aperture nor to the edge of the columella, 
which is nacreous; aperture very oblique, large, very iridescent and 
neither lirate nor toothed within; basal lips and. columella simple, 
forming a regular curve; columella with a strong dentiform fold 
above; parietal wall eroded, green, nearly smooth. 


Alt. 32, diam. 38; alt. 28, diam 40 mill. 
Indian O; Red Sea. 


40 TROCHUS. 


T. kochit Phil., Abbild. u. Beschreib, i, t. iv, f. 8, 1844.—Fischer, 
Coq. Viv. p. 120—T. listeri Kiener, Species, t. 39, f. 2, (non 
Wood). : 

A distinct, well-marked form. The broadly concave base, round- 
ed periphery, etc., sufficiently characterize it. 


T. concavus Gmelin. PI. 43, fig. 13. 


Shell false-umbilicate, regularly conic, concave below; color 
greenish and roseus, under a dull grayish-green cuticle ; outlines of 
spire nearly rectilinear ; whorls 7 to 8, planulate, very obliquely 
striate, radiately corrugated, and covered with a very minute 
secondary sculpture of radiating, fine, close wrinkles; last whorl 
“acutely carinated at the periphery; base concave, concentrically 
lirate, the lirze about 6 to 8 in number, granose in the young, nearly 
smooth in the adult ; aperture very oblique, covering half the base, 
outer lip crenulated by the folds of the outside; basal margin 
straight, thin, simple; columella oblique, with a strong fold above, 
projecting into the aperture, insertion very deep parietal wall lirate; 
umbilical tract white or yellowish, spirally costate in young, smooth 
in fully adult specimens. Alt. 35-40 diam. 45-47 mill. 

| Indian O.; Seychelles; Madagascar, ete. 

T. concavus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 5570, no. 21.—and of 
authors generally. 

A very distinct form, with aperture so oblique as to resemble a 
Calyptrza. 


Section InrunpiBuLops Pilsbry, 1889. 


T. eryTHR#US Brocchi. PI. 5, figs. 832-35. 


Shell conical, false-umbilicate, rather thin and inflated ; apex acute ; 
whorls about 7, somewhat concave and generally traversed by 
several conspicuously granose lirse in the middle, alittle gibbous above 
and below, obliquely undulate below the sutures, and frequently on 
the periphery also, the whole surface more or less finely spirally 
lirate, the lire subgranulose; base convex, concentrically lirate 
with about 7 granose narrow lire, their interstices generally occupied 
by cencentric strize; color cinereous grayish or pinkish, striped and 
maculated above with reddish; unicolored pinkish or radiately mark- 
ed below; aperture large, smooth and pearly within, the basal lip 
simple; columella oblique, very deeply inserted, its entire edge 
nearly straight, not dentate; umbilical tract deep, narrow, pearly, 


TROCHUS. Al 


bearing a single strong spiral white rib near its base, which does not 
attain the edge of the columella. Alt. 83-35, diam. 87-40 mill. 
Red Sea. 

T. erythreus Broceut, Cat. di una ser. di Conchiglie, ete., p. 29.° 
(1819-1823.)—T. kochtt K1ENER, Spec. gen. Trochus, t. 35, f. 2. (non 
T. kochui Phil.) —T. fietilis Jonas Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1846, p. 125.— 
Puiuiprt, Conchyl. Cab. p. 288, t. 42, f. 10.—? T. erebriliratus Jonas, 
Zeitschr, f. Mal., 1846, p. 125—Putiuippi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 289, t. 
42, f. 11. (pl. 42, fig. 14, 15.) 


T. saGaA Philippi. Pl. 14, figs. 14) 15. 

The shell is conical, the whorls almost completely planulate, the 
suture not impressed ; on the examples before me the last whorl is, 
descending, whilst the lower margin of the penultimate projects, and 
passes with a blunt rounded angle to the level base. The sculpture 
upon the upper side consists of 8 or 9 spiral series of granules ; 
upon the base of 6 to 7 feebly developed concentric lire; the last 
whorl shows fine obsolete longitudinal costze; aperture and colum- 
ella precisely as in T. erythreeus to which this species is closely 
allied. The coloration in the examples before me is very constant, 
yellowish white with broad red rays, the base white, the lire articu- 
lated with red. Alt. 17, diam. 20 mill. ( Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 

T. saga Puiu, Zeitschr. f. Ma!. 1846, p. 103.—Conchyl. Cab. p. 99, 
t. 16, £. 6. 

The above paragraph, from Philippi, contains all the information 
I possess about this form, which is evidently closely allied to T. 
erythreeus. 


T. CARINIFERUS (Beck) Reeve. PI. 5, figs. 58-42. 

Shell false-umbilicate, wide-conical, rather thin, dark green, the 
upper surface irregularly broadly maculate with crimson or purplish 
red, the ribs of the base articulated with the same; whorls about 6, 
somewhat convex, the upper surface of each whorl with usually four 
or five spiral closely granose lirze, in the interstices between which 
sharp microscopic oblique and spiral strize are visible under a lens ; 
body-whorl carinated at the periphery, usually with six liree on the 
upper surface, convex beneath, concentrically lirate, the lire very 
narrow, feebly granose or nearly smooth, separated by wide lightly 
obliquely striate interspaces, the inner lire closer; aperture rhom- 
boidal; columella not folded above, but straight from the insertion 


42 TROCHUS. 


to the base, its edge simple; umbilical area deep, rather narrow, 
white, smooth, with a spiral rib just inside the margin, and with its 
outer border tinged with red. 

Alt. 14, diam. 16 mill; alt. 18, diam. 21 mill. 

Indian O; Madagascar; Zanzibar; Red Sea; Chinese Seas; 
Liewkiew Is. (Philippi.) 

7. cariniferus Beck in REEvE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 118, f. 8, 1842. 
(no description ).—Puixippi, Conch. Cab., t. 38, f. 6;—FiscuEr, Coq. 
Vw.; p. 229; t. 75, £: 4; 2. 

The straight columella shows this species to be nearly related to 
T. erythreus. The description is drawn from typical examples from 
Madagascar. <A variety differing in coloration is figured by Fischer. 
(see pl. 5, fig, 40). 


Section CasLorrocuus Fischer, 1880. 


Celotrochus FiscHer, Cog. Viv., p. 417. 


T. TIARATUS Quoy et Gaim. Pl. 12 figs. 72-74. 

Shell very deeply false-umbilicate, depressed conical, rather thin; 
spire with slightly convex outlines; apex acute, lemon yellow when 
eroded ; whorls 5 to 53, nearly planulate, but the upper margin of 
each whorl prominent and projecting beyond the periphery of the 
preceding; last whorl carinated at the periphery ; sculpture above 
consisting of spiral lire, about 5 to 8 on each whorl, cut into close 
oblique beads, the interstices obliquely finely striate, one or two 
of the broader ones usually with a central riblet; color whitish or 
yellowish, finely tessellated or articulated with reddish brown, the 
tessellations formed by the disintegration of narrow radiating stripes, 
which are on the base frequently continuous ; base nearly flat, with 
seven or eight concentric close fine lire, which are crenulated in a 
peculiarly irregular manner by distinct short oblique impressed 
marks, the interstices finely radiately striate ; aperture subrhomboi- 
dal, smooth within; columella oblique, nearly straight, with an 
obsolete, scarcely perceptible fold above, inserted upon the side of the 
umbilicus, not in its center ; umbilical area white or yellow, smooth; 
false-umbilicus deep and narrow, but partly filled by a white callus, 
not tapering to a point. Alt. 10, diam. 153 mill. 

T. tiaratus Q. Ev G., Voy. de 0 Astrolabe, iii, p. 256, t. 64, f. 6-11, 
1832.—K ener, Spec. Troque, t. 22, f.2.—Hurron, Cat. Mar. Moll. 
N. Z., p. 36.—Fiscurr, Cog. Viv. p.90.—and of other authors.— T. 


TROCHUS. 43 


delicatulus Puriiept, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 105.— Conehyl. Cab., 
p- 176, t. 28, f. 1. (pl. 12, figs. 70, 71.)—Polyodonta elegans Gray, 
in Yate’s Account of New Zealand, p. 309. 1835. 

This small trochid is evidently allied to the preceding species in 
the peculiarly straight columella and the somewhat tumid aspect of 
the upper part ofeach whorl. From T. erythrzus and its allies the 
flat base, and especially the insertion of the columella on the side, 
instead of in the center of the false-umbilicus will at once separate 
this form. Dentition (pl. 50, fig. 4.) 


T. CHATHAMENS!IS Hutton. 


Whorls flat with an elevated upper edge, and, together with the 
base, spirally striated ; columella with a slight posterior fold, anterior 
portion nearly smooth; axial cavity small, smooth ; white with pink 
or brownish purple markings; base white with interrupted pink 
spiral lines. Alt. 73, diam. 9 mill. (Hutton.) 

Chatham Is. 

Polydonta chathamensis Hurron, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., 1873, p. 
36. 

Section ANTHORA Gray, 1857. 

Anthora Gray, Guide Syst. dist. moll. Brit. mus., p. 148. 

T. vigipis Gmelin. PI. 3, figs. 16, 17; Vol. x, pl. 40, fig. 21. 

Shell conical, solid, false-umbilicate; spire conic, with nearly 
straight outlines, apex acute; whorls about 7, nearly planulate, or 
sometimes a little bulging at the upper and lower margins, the last 
whorl carinate at periphery; color dull gray, whitish or greenish ; 
sculpture of upper surface consisting of five series to each whorl of 
rounded, bead-like granules, between which are visible numerous 
very minute spiral striz, in the interstices of which oblique in- 
cremental strize are prominently shown (under a lens); base plano- 
concave, concentrically striate, the strize unequal, disappearing 
toward the outer edge; aperture suboval, brilliantly nacreous 
and iridescent within, outer lip lirate within, basal margin thick- 
ened, subdentate, uniting with the columella in a regular curve; 
columella oblique, with a deep fold near its insertion, smooth within ; 
umbilical area with 3 or 4 spiral ribs; parietal wall smooth, covered 
with a brown callus. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill. 

New Zealand; Chatham Is.; Norfolk Id. 
T. viridis GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, 1788, sp. 34, p. 3572. REEVE, 
Conch. Icon, f. 79. (Vol. x, pl. 40, fig. 21)—Polydonta tuberculata 


44 TROCHUS. 


GRaAy, in Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zeal., p. 239.—T. acinosus 
Goutp, U.S. Expl. Exped., f. 217 (pl. 3, figs. 16, 17).—T. fulvolabris 
Homer. Ev Jacg., Voy. au Pole Sud. pl. xiv, f. 14-16.—Polydonta 
tritonis A. Ap., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 132. 

The synonyixy of this species was worked out by Dr. Fischer. 
There is but little variation in the several suites [ have examined. 
The more prominent characters are the regular beads, the secondary 
sculpture of fine striz, the striate base, and especially the brown; 
parietal callus. 

The animal is yellowish brown, foot reddish or purplish brown 
filaments white, three on each side. The head lobes are smooth and 
rounded, and joined tugether across the head ; the eyes are on rather 
long white peduncles. 

Section Prascra Gray, 1857. 

Precia GRAY, Guide Syst. dist. moll. Brit. Mus., p. 148. 
T. ELEGANTULUs Wood. PI. 14, figs. 16, 17. 

Shell perforate, conical, white, maculated with red or brown, 
yellowish beneath; whorls 9, the first 7 exactly conical, planulate, 
ornamented with 4 or 5 spiral series of small granules, the lower 
margin nodulous, and with a double row of granules; penultimate 
whorl convex, nodose below, the nodules heavy; suture profound ; 
last whorl convex, ornamented with about 15 or 16 oblong nodules 
around the periphery, plano-convex beneath, with 7 to 9 concentric 
lire ; umbilical area broad, yellowish, with a spiral ridge; aperture 
subrhombic, canaliculate within, the basal margin plicate; col- 
umella tortuous, denticulate below and within. 

Alt. 25, diam. 23 mill. (Fischer.) 

Ceylon ( Wood.) 

T. elegantulus Woop, Ind. Test., suppl., t. 5, f. 9—REEVE, 
Conch. Icon. f. 96.—FiscuER, Cog. Viv., p. 194, t. 65, f. 1.—7. hys- 
ginus VALENCIENNES, Voy. de la Vénus, Moll., t. 4, f. 3. 

A shell of remarkable form ; the first 7 whorls are flat and form an 
exactly conical spire; the two last whorls are convex, globose, and 
bear a series of nodules on the lower part. (Fischer.) 


Section BELANGERIA Fischer, 1880. 
Belangeria Fiscuer, Coquilles Vivantes, p. 415. 
T. scaprosus Philippi, Pl. 12, figs. 78-81. 
Shell false-umbilicate, conic, thick, solid; outlines of spire nearly 
straight ; whorls 6 to 7, planulate, the last often constricted, carinate 


TROCHUS. 45 


at the periphery; color whitish, longitudinally flammulate with 
brown, base radiately marked with narrow brown stripes, often 
broken into tessellations; sculpture consisting of about four spiral 
cinguli, of which the middle two are granulose ; the upper and lower 
are wider, smooth or obsoletely granose; base convex, with 6 or 7 
concentric narrow feebly granose lire, the interstices minutely 
concentrically striate; aperture oblique, rounded rhomboidal, outer 
lip lirate within, columella and basal lips thickened, denticulate ; 
columella folded above ; 


; umbilical area white, false umbilicus very 


narrow, with a spiral sulcus and fold within. 


Alt. 15-17, diam. 14-16 mill. 
Indian Ocean; Bombay; China(?). 


T. scabrosus Putiippt, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1850, p. 190.—Conchyl. 
Cab. p. 29/, t. 48, f. 3—FiscHer, Cog. Viv. p. 335, t. 104, f. 2. 
. ok 


*K 
DA 


vis 


Unfigured, insufficiently described species of Trochus, Polydonta, ete. 
P. PALLIDULA A. Adams. (PI. 42, fig. 6.) 


P. testa elevato-conica, albida, maculis luteolis picta; anfractibus 
planis, cingulis tuberculorum ornata, tuberculis inferne in costas 
excurrentibus; basi convexa, cingulis granosis ornata, cavitate con- 
torta umbilicum simulante; columella superne soluta, margine 
tubereulato-dentato ; labro intus lirato, inferne denticulato. 

Ap., P. Z. 8S. 1851, p. 155.—Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 92. 

Habitat unknown. 


P. copnruGata A. Adams. 


P. testa elevato-conica, albida, rufo-fusco variegata; anfractibus 
planiusculus, sulcis transversis sulcisque obliquis nodoso-reticulatis ; 
inferne oblique costatis, costis nodosis ornatis; basi planiuscula, in 
medio concava, excavata, umbilicum mentiente ; columella superne 
soluta, margine tuberculato-dentato; labro intus lirato, inferne 


denticulato. (A. Ap., P. ZS. 1851, p. 155.) 
Habitat unknown. 


P. (InFUNDIBULUM) NEPTUNI A. Adams. 


P. testa elevato-conica, lateribus convexiusculis, viridi-fuscea ; an- 
fractibus planis, cingulis granosis transversis ornatis, ultimo angulato, 
basi planiusculo, cingulis granosis instructo, centro excayato, 
umbilicum mentiente; columella superne soluta, margine tuberculato- 
dentato, labro intus lirato, ad marginem intus levigato. 

(A. Ap., P, ZS, 1854, p. 132.) 

China (Mus, Cuming.) 


46 ; TROCHUS. 


A greenish brown species, with regular transverse rows of beaded 
ridges, and with the lateral outlines convex ; the color is a uniform 
greenish brown. (Adams.) 


P. (INFUNDIBULUM) #MULANS A. Adams. 


P. testa depresso-conica, pseudo-umbilicata, albida, rufo-fusco 
radiatim picta; anfr. planis, cingulis transversis granulorum ornatis, 
serie bituberculata ad suturas; basi convexiusculo, rubro radiatim 
ornata, ac cingulis confertis, concentricis crenulatis instructo ; regione 
umbilicali infundibuliformi, alba; columella superne tortuosa, mar- 
gine simplice. (A.-Ap. P. ZS. 1354 p, 132.) 

China (Mus. Cuming). 

A handsome species, variegated with broad radiating red-brown 
markings, and with a conspicuous double row of tubercles at the 
sutures. (Adams). 


P. (INFUNDIBULUM) concinNUM A. Adams. 


P. testa conica, pseudo-umbilicata, lutescente, fusco-vividoque 
variegatim picta; anfr. planiusculis, cingulis transversis granulorum, 
cingulis distantioribus, interstitiis liris moniliformibus ornatis; anfr. 
ultimo ad peripheriam angulato; regione umbilicali infundibuliformi, 
albida, basi levigata, cingulis concentricis articulatis ornata ; colum- 
ella recta, margine simplice. (A. Ap., P. ZS. 1854, p. 132). 
China Seas (Mus. Cuming). 
This is a small but handsomely variegated species, with the false- 
umbilicus infundibuliform and of a whitish color, and with the base 
of the shell adorned with concentric zones articulated with dark 
brown. (Adams). 


INFUNDIBULUM CALIFORNICUM A. Adams. 


I. testa depresso-conica, pseudo-umbilicata, albida, viridi rufoque 
variegata; anfr. planis, supra angulatis, ultimo angulato, cingulis 
tuberculorum subdistantium multiformium ornata; interstitiis long- 
itudinaliter oblique costatis, basi concava, cingulis confertis crenula- 
tis insculpta ; regione umbilicali infundibuliformi, vividi, linea alba 
elevata cincto; columella superne tortuosa tuberculata. 


(Al tAD, 2: Z.8, 1891, p. 153), California, 


TROCHUS. AT 


P. marta A. Adams. 


Testa turbinato-conica, granulata, albida, rubro maculata ac flam- 
mulata; anfr. convexiusculus, ultimo rotundato, plicato-noduloso, et, 
ad suturas, corrugato, granulis in seriebus permultis, sequalibus, 

recularibus confertis depositis, basi cingulis granosis exsculpta, cavi- 
tate contorta, umbilicum mentiente, cingulo elevato, in dente unico 
terminato exhibente ; labro intus suleato. (Adams.) 

Habitat unknown. 

A very beautiful finely granulated species, with the last whorl 
rounded and having many of the characters of Claviculus, [sic] 
thus showing the close affinity of the two genera. (Adams.) 

A. Ap. P. Z S. 1855, p. 223. 

P. (INFUNDIBULUM) LACERTINUM Gould. 

Testa depresso-conica, cinerea et olivaceo variegata ; anfr. 10, sub- 
concavis, supernis seriatim granulosus, et ad suturam inconspicuam 
icant: ultimo imprimis granulis compressis obliquis seriatim 
cincto, tune serie minori, denique ad peripheriam duobus majoribus ; 
basi vix convexo, liris granulosis fusco maculatis insculpto ; umbil- 
ico lato, polito, nacreo ; columella lobato, flexuosa ; fauce margarita- 
cea; apertura dolabriformis ; labro acuto. 

Alt. 25, diam. 25 mill. (Gout, in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii, 
LS61 ps9); 

Hong Kong Harbor. 

Resembles P. hanlegs unus Rve. but has fewer series of granules 
and is granular beneath. (Gould). 


Subgenus CLAncuLus Montfort, 1810. 


Clanculus Montr., Conch. Systématique, p. 191.—Monodonta, in 
part, LAmArcK and other authors—F'ragella Swarns., Shells and 
shellfish, p. 852.— Otavia Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., iv, p. 182, 
1826.— Clanculopsis Monrrrosaro, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., v, p. 
222, 1879. 

The animal of Clanculus bears four pairs of tentacular filaments 
on the epipodial line. The dentition (T. pharaonius, pl. 50, fig. 5,) is 
similar to that of Trochus, but the body of the tooth is more expand- 
ed, the centrals and laterals bearing large lateral supporting-wings. 

I was at first inclined to treat Clanculus as a genus distinct from 
Trochus; but on account of the difficulty of so defining the group 
that its species may always be distinguished from Trochus, and the 
lack of any tangible anatomical character differing from the latter 


48 TROCHUS. 


genus, I do not see my way clear to make such a separation. Con- 
chologically, such species as C. villanus Phil., are very near to T. 
scabrosus Phil., ete.; and finally, when we see that neither the teeth 
of the columella nor of the outer lip are constant in nearly all the 
species, nor the form of shell, peculiar umbilicus nor granulated 
sculpture can be depended on for generic characters, it is clear that 
the group can have no higher rank than Tectus, Infundibulum, and 
other subdivisions under Trochus. 

As to the grouping of the species I have not been able to discover 
any mode of division into sections wholly satisfactory to myself. 
Perhaps the species are best grouped by a division into two sections ; 
Clanculus including those with strong basal tooth to the columella, 
and Clanculopsis for species with only a small denticle at the base. 
Each of these sections may be divided into species with the columella 
solute or tortuous above, inserted at or near the center of the axis in 
the bottom of the false umbilicus, and those with the columella 
inserted upon the edge of the umbilicus, and not deeply entering. 
Perhaps this last distinction is the more fundamental of the two. 
There are a number of species which greatly resemble species of 
Gibbula of the section Eurytrochus. Of course the resemblance is 
wholly superficial, as there is no real relationship between the forms. 

Section CLANCULUS (s. str.) 
T. pHaraontius Linné. PI. 15, figs. 54-56. 

Depressed conoidal with rounded periphery and _ profoundly 
umbilicate axis, very strong and solid, densely granulate, coral red ; 
spire conoidal, its outlines scarcely convex; whorls about 6, some-- 
what convex, separated by well impressed sutures, the last large, 
deflected anteriorly, bearing 18 or 19 crowded, closely granose 
einguli, of which the Ist, 3d, 5th, 7th, 9th and two upon the base are 
composed of alternate black and white granules; upon the base the 
granulation is finer; the base is convex, a trifle indented toward the 
center; aperture oblique, subtetragonal, peristome with a marginal 
row of black and white dots; outer lip plicate within, with a short 
pliciform tubercle above; basal lip, outer margin of the umbilicus 
and parietal wall provided with wrinkle-like plicze; columella very 
oblique, terminating below in a square prominence, contorted above, 
and inserted on the side of the umbilicus; umbilicus white, and 
within the strongly radiately plicate marginal rib, smooth. 


Alt. 18, diam 23; alt, 16, diam, 18 mill, 
Red Sea, 


TROCHUS. 49 


Trochus pharaonius L. Syst. Nat., x, p. 757, no. 506.—(and of 
authors generally)—Monodonta pharaonis Woopwarp, Man. of 
Moll. pl. 10, f. 12. 

Specimens of a dark brown color, with alternating brown and 
black series of granules above are before me. 


T. punicevs Philippi. Pl. 15, figs. 59-61. 


This form differs from pharaonius in being more finely granulate, 
the last whorl bearing 20 or 21 cinguli, of which the 4th and 9th, as 
well as one or two upon the base, are articulated with black ; balance 
of shell coral red, or sometimes more or less articulated with white ; 
last whorl more deflected anteriorly than in T. pharonius. 

Alt. 18-19, diam. 22-23 mill. 

Zanzibar. 

Monodonta punicea Putt.., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1846, p. 100.— Trochus 
puniceus Puix., Conchyl. Cab. p. 73, t. 14, f. 2—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., 
p- 167.—Trochus pharaonis var. K1ENER, Spec. Trochus, t. 56, f. 1a. 


T. Festivus Tapparone-Canefri. PI. 14, fig. 18. 


Shell elevated-conoid, encircled by granose lirs, base depressed ; 
whorls depressed, slightly tumid below, separated by moderately 
distinct sutures, ornamented with 5 unequal granulose cinguli on 
the penultimate, 13 on the last whorl, the interstices sculptured with 
oblique longitudinal striz, crossed by nearly obsolete spiral striz, 
giving the shell a granulose appearance ; umbilicus small, its margin 
dentate ; columella oblique, its edge reflexed, terminating in a plicate 
tooth below; labrum dentate within, with a conspicuous tubercle 
above ; color rosy-brown, (in specimens worn nearly smooth,) orna- 
mented with rose, black and rarely white granules, except the first 
and third cinguli, which are unicolored. 

Alt. 12, diam. 14 mill. (Tapparone- Canefri.) 

Bay of Bias, New Guinea. 

Clanculus festivus TApp.-CAn., Zool. del viaggio della fregata Mag- 
enta, p. 58, t. 1, f. 10. (1874.) 

Differs from T. pharaonius in the less numerous spiral cinguli 
(5 instead of 7 on the penultimate, 13 instead of 17-19 on the last 
whorl,) by the coloration, ete. It is perhaps more nearly allied to the 
group of T. stigmatarius than to T. pharaonius. The name festivus is 
preoccupied by Philippi in Trochus. 

4 


50 TROCHUS. 


T. LIMBATUS Quoy et Gaimard. PI. 11, figs. 39, 40. 


Shell depressed conoidal, carinate at periphery, umbilicate, whitish 
or yellowish, maculated with brown, generally with a series of 
blotches at periphery and beneath suture, the intervening space 
unicolored or more or less tessellated ; base tessellated or radiately 
flamed ; spire low conical, apex acute, smooth ;- whorls 5 to 6, convex 
just below the sutures, then flattened, and at the periphery carinated ; 
sutures subcanaliculate ; last whorl scarcely descending anteriorly, 
above with 6 to 8 spiral closely granose cinguli, beneath with 7 to 9 
similar concentric cinguli, the interstices both above and below 
closely, sharply, obliquely, microscopically striate; base slightly 
convex ; aperture tetragonal, oblique; outer lip four or five-lirate 
within, the upper fold somewhat enlarged, subdentiform ; basal mar- 
gin and marginal rib of the umbilicus finely plicate; columella 
oblique, nearly straight, its edge reffexed and plicate-dentate ; term- 
inating below in a small square denticle, ipserted above upon the 
side of the umbilicus; umbilicus rather wide, funnel-shaped. 

Alt. 14, diam. 18 mill. 

Adelaide, Victoria, Port Western, Australia. 


Trochus limbatus Quoy ET GAIMARD, Voy. de l Astrolabe, iil, p. 
245, t. 68, f. 1-6—Putvippr, Conch. Cab. p. 212, t. 31, f. 10-12.— 
FiscHer, Cog. Viv. p. 214, t. 71, f. 2—T. depressus (“ GMEL.”’) 
Purirpri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 77, t. 14, f. 6. 

The coarser granulation will serve to separate this form from the 
several following species ; the reflexed, crenulated edge of the colum- 
ella is also characteristic. The basal margin of the aperture is 
expanded, in fully adult individuals. 


T. vaniecatus A. Adams. PI. 14, fig. 19. 


Shell depressed-conical, light colored, variegated with reddish 
brown; whorls tumid above, ornamented with granose cinguli, the 
interstices longitudinally striate ; last whorl acutely angulate; base 
plane; umbilicus crenulated ; columella twisted above, the margin 
reflexed, crenulated, terminating below in a biplicate tooth ; lip lam- 
ellarly toothed within, the upper tooth larger. (Ad.) 

Id. Of Siquijor, under stones. (Cuming). 


Clanculus variegatus A. Ap. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 160, no. 27.—TEnt- 
son—Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1877. p. 40—TapparonE- 
CANEFRI, Zool, del Viaggio della Fregata Magenta, p. 57, t. 1, f. 11, 


TROCHUS. 51 


Of this form Tenison-Woods says: A rather thin depressedly 
conical shell, acutely angulate at the base, which is flat, granular, 
with oblique microscopic strive between; pale brownish red; larger 
than any of our species except the two preceding, 18 to 20 mill. diam. 
whorls 5. I cannot distinguish this shell from C. zebrides of the 
same author. : Tasmania; S. Australia. 


Tapparone-Canefri has figured this species. The British Museum 
specimens are said to be more vividly colored than his examples. 
His figure is copied on pl. 14, fig. 19. 


T. UNDATOIDES Tenison-Woods. PI. 13, figs. 99, 100. 


Shell turbinately conoid, rather small, somewhat solid, opaque, 
reddish rose with indistinct purple spots; whorls 53, flat increasing 
rapidly, margined below, girdled with 6 series of rounded granules, 
of which the lowest line is the smallest, and increasing gradually in 
size to the suture, which is coronate and broadly canaliculate; the 
base is flattened, ornamented with 8 spiral lines of close rose colored 
granules; aperture rhomboid, with a thickened labrum, which is 
lirate inside; columella with two obtuse, blunt tubercles above and 
beluw, and intermediate small obsolete teeth; umbilicus narrow, 
white, with a rather conspicuous white margin. 

Alt. 10, diam. 10 mill. (Tenison- Woods.) 

Dredged near “Sow and Pigs,” Port Jackson N.S. Wales. 

Clanculus undatoides, TEN.-Woops, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
iv, p. 22, (1880.) 

In shape and appearance this shell is a little like C. undatus 
Lam., but is smaller and the whorls flat. (Tenison- Woods.) 


T. MAXILLATUS Menke. PI. 42, figs. 17, 18. 


Shell orbiculate-convex, pale brown, obscurely punctate-articulate, 
or black, transversely granulate-cingulate ; whorls nearly plane, the 
last subangular, base plane; cinguli above 6, granose, beneath 7, 
smooth ; umbilical cavity with crenate margin ; aperture rhomboidal, 
ringent ; outer lip with 6 teeth, the upper one largest; basal tooth 
of the columella large, obtuse, bifid, three on the columella margin. 
( Philippi.) 

Also a very distinct species, allied to T. corallinus Gm. by its size, 
the grains on the margin of the umbilicus, and the large bifid tooth 
on the end of the columella ; but it is more depressed, the base is flat, 
the granose lirz are narrower, their interstices showing fine oblique 
striz under the lens; the teeth inside the outer lip are fewer in 


52 TROCHUS. 


number; finally the edge of the columella shows reflexed blunt 
denticles, or rather, folds. The color is pale brown, decked with 
darker dots, or blackish. Alt. 6, diam. 9 mill. (Philippi.) 
W. Coast Australia. 
Monodontamaxillata MENKE, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 14.--Trochus 
maxillatus Patiiprt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 236 t. 36, f. 2. 


T. pHILIPPII Koch. PI. 42, figs. 9-11. 

Shell conical, perforate, fuscescent, marbled with purple or white, 
whorls plane, ornamented with a series of nodules at the suture, 
then 3 or 4 series of granules, the last angulated; base plane, 
sculpture with 7 rows of granules; aperture rhomboidal ; lip lirate 
within; columella oblique, subsolute above, terminating below in an 
acute tooth. (Philippi.) 

The shell is conical, perforate; the whorls are flat, but appear 
terraced because a nodose carina projects on the upper part, below 
the sutures; below this there are 2 or 38 minutely granose spiral 
liree, and one more strongly granose, forming the angle of the last 
whorl. The base is flat, and has 7 granose concentric lirw. The 
angle surrounding the very narrow umbilicus is indistinctly grained. 
The aperture is rhombic, the fauces sulcate, the columella very 
oblique, somewhat solute above, terminating in an acute tooth below. 
The color seems to be quite variable; some examples are brown, 
with large white spots and dark purplish-red granules, others are 
reddish-brown, with white and purple granules, ete. 

Alt. 11, diam. 123 mill., or smaller. Perhaps this species is 
identical with Monodonta granulata Gray, (Capt. King’s Survey, 
etc., appendix, p. 47.) (Philippi.) 

Adelaide, Australia. 

T. philippii Kocu, in Puruiprr, Abbild. u. Beschreib., i. Vrochus, 
t. 2, f. 7—Conchyl. Cab., p. 238, t. 36, f. 4. 


T. omaALoMpHALUs A. Adams. PI. 15, fig. 52. 

Shell low conical, acutely carinated at periphery, deeply umbilicate, 
grayish or brownish, with subsutural and peripheral brown blotches, 
the carina white and brown articulated, sometimes visible at the 
sutures, base radiately painted or finely tessellated ; spire somewhat 
slender toward the acute apex ; whorls rounded, the last descending 
a little below the peripheral carina anteriorly, bearing above, 8 to 10 
closely finely granulose spiral cinguli, separated by regularly, ob- 
liquely and sharply striate interspaces; base concentrically finely 


TROCHUS. 53 


granose-lirate, the lire 10 to 12, much finer than those of the upper 
surface; aperture subtetragonal, oblique, outer lip lirate within, 
slightly plicate-tuberculate near its upper angle; basal lip rounded, 
expanded, denticulate ; columella oblique, a little convex, ending 
below in a square centrally suleate tooth, its front margin reflexed 
and finely denticulate, inserted above upon the side of the umbilicus ; 
umbilicus wide, funnel-shaped, smooth within, margined by a smooth 
rib. Alt.-10, diam. 14 mill. 

Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia. 

Clanculus omalomphalus A. Av., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162.— Trochus 
homalomphalus Fiscurr, Coq. Viv. p. 235, t. 81. f. 2—Warrson, 
Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 51. 

Like the preceding species in coloration, form of spire, base and 
aperture ; but more finely granose both above and below, the umbili- 
cus wider, its margin smooth. C. omalomphalus is more acutely 
carinated than the next species. 

T. FLorIDus Philippi. PI. 10, figs. 12, 12a. pl. 14, figs. 12, 18. 

Shell low conical, subcarinate at the periphery, the carina evanes- 
cent toward the termination of the last whorl, deeply umbilicate ; 
color light brown or grayish, striped with rich brown, the markings 
somewhat interrupted around the middle of the upper surface of the 
last whorl, the stripes more numerous and narrower at the periphery 
than upon the upper surface, and continued upon the base, or fading 
out there, and replaced by dots of brown on a light ground ; sutures 
deeply impressed ; whorls about 5, the apical ones acute, pale pink, 
the following closely granose-cingulate, the last with about 17 to 21 
closely beaded cinguli, of which the 8th or 9th usually forms the 
peripheral angle, all above that being subequal and equally spaced; 
those of the base are more crowded and finer; the interstices are 
sharply, finely obliquely striate; body whorl deflected toward the 
aperture, and appearing gibbous ; aperture subhorizontal, subtetra- 
gonal; outer lip with a finely plicate thickening or rib within, and 
a strong tubercle near the upper angle; basal margin expanded, 
erenulated, and bearing a small but distinct central, very oblique 
fold within; columella very oblique, with a strong biplicate tooth 
below, a wide triangular projection at the middle, the whole edge 
reflexed but not distinctly crenulate as in the preceding two species, 
the insertion upon the side of the rather wide umbilicus, which has 
a radiately crenulated marginal rib; parietal wall wrinkled. 


Alt. 8-9, diam. 11-12 mill. 
Port Jackson, Australia. 


54 TROCHUS. 


Trochus floridus Puiiipri, Conchyl. Cab. p. 243, t. 36, f 15.— 
Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 156—Warson, Challenger Gasterop. p. 52. 
—Olanculus gibbosus A. Ap. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 162.—Fiscner, Coq. 
Viv. p. 237, t. 81, £ 3. 


This form may be distinguished from the preceding by the nearly 
round periphery ; the outer lip is much depressed and straightened, 
producing a very oblique aperture; the sutures are profoundly 
impressed ; the granulose cinguli of the upper surface are equal, 
and separated by sharply crispate interstices. 


T. anus Philippi. PI. 14, figs. 34-36; pl. 11, figs. 43-45. 

Shell low-conic, solid, subangulate at periphery, with a rather 
wide umbilical excavation, whitish, maculated with brown below 
the sutures, the remainder of the shell tessellated, black and white, 
pinkish or yellowish toward the apex ; whorls 5 to 6, somewhat con- 
vex, spirally granose-lirate, the lire 5 or 6 on the penultimate, 12 or 
13 on the last whorl, of which the 6th is at the periphery; the fine- 
ly beaded lirze are separated by minutely spirally and obliquely 
striated interstices as wide as the ridges; the body-whorl is a little 
deflected anteriorly, flattened and excavated in the center beneath; 
the aperture is contracted, very oblique, tetragonal ; the upper lip is 
straight, with a strong tooth midway between its insertion and the 
outer angle of the aperture ; the outer and basal lips are well curved, 
thickened and plicate-denticulate within; the columella is very 
oblique, its edge reflexed and bearing 4 or 5 large tubercles, one at 
its insertion; terminating below in a strong quadrangular bifid tooth; 
parietal tract bearing strong white wrinkles; umbilical excavation 
penetrating but little deeper than the insertion of the columella, its 
border plicate-denticulate. Alt. 9-11, diam. 12-15 mill. 

Australia. 

Trochus anus Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 101.— Conehyl. Cab. 
p. 266, t. 39, f. 7—FiscuEr, Cog. Viv. p. 324, t. 101, f. 3. 

This species is allied to T. floridus, ete, but differs in the shallow 
umbilicus, very heavy columellar teeth and coarser sculpture. In the 
form of the aperture anus is very similar to floridus ; like that species, 
it is nearly horizontal, and obstructed by large teeth. T. limbatus 
is more strictly conical, with less developed teeth than anus, and has 
a more deeply perforating umbilicus. ‘T. clanguloides, with equally 
strongly developed teeth, is far more finely sculptured, and has a 
deeply entering columella. 


TROCHUS. a 


T. FLAGELLATUS Philippi. PI. 19, figs. 3, 4. 

Shell conoid, umbilicate, granulate, white, painted with branching 
stripes of reddish purple; whorls convex, the last rounded; base 
convex, white; penultimate whorl with six series of granules, 
the interstices wide as the ridges, obliquely striate ; last whorl with 
eight series of granules above, nine on the base; columella oblique, 
solute above, the edge rugose-denticulate, terminating below in a 
prominent tooth; outer lip rugose and dentate within. 

The whorls are pretty convex, especially above ; the last is round- 
ed, deflected anteriorly and flattened ; the penultimate whorl has six 
series of granules, which are the same width as their densely striate 
interstices ; the last whorl however has eight, two new ones having 
been intercalated on the lower part, the eighth prominent, forming the 
periphery. The base is rather convex, and has nine close granulose 
lire. The granules on the border of the umbilicus are but slightly 
developed. The aperture is about as in ‘T. pharaonius. The color 
white, with numerous dark rose-red radiating, sometimes branching 
stripes above. Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 

Separated from T. personatus and T. anus by the more numerous 
lirse of the base; from T. morum by the convex base, etc. . 

Trochus flagellatus Putu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 105.— Conchyl. 
Cab. p. 267, t. 39, f. 9. 

This is a species which I have not been able to identify. It 
is evidently closely related to T. floridus. Philippi’s description 
and remarks are translated above, and his figures copied on my 
plate. 


T. morum Philippi. PI. 14, figs. 31, 32. 

_ Shell conical, umbilicate, granulate, flesh-colored, at the sutures 
and around the periphery rufous—maculate; whorls planulate, 
the last acutely angulate, with 6 series of granules, the interstices 
wide as the ribs, obliquely striate; base flat, with 10 granose lire ; 
columella oblique, contorted above, the margin reflexed, crenulate, 
terminating below in a bifid tooth; lip dentate and rugose within ; 
the superior tooth large; umbilical margin crenulate. 

The shell is pretty regularly conical, and consists of 6 to 7 slightly 
convex whorls, of which the upper are angulated in the suture, the 
last rather sharply carinated at the periphery, scarcely deflected 
anteriorly, and flattened toward the aperture, as in the other species 


56 TROCHUS. 


of the section Clanculus. The granules of the upper surface are 
hemispherical, regular, rather separated, and stand in 6 rows; on the 
base they are less distinct and in 10 rows; the interstices are as wide 
as the granules; the close incremental striz with which they are 
marked give them a very pretty appearance. The aperture and 
umbilicus show nothing characteristic. Alt. 12, diam. 17 mill. 
Habitat unknown. 

Distinguished from T. anus and T. personatus by the number of 
liree on the base; from T. flagellatus by the flat base, sharply cari- 
nated last whorl, ete. 

T. morum Puit., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 109.—Conchyl. Cab. p. 
265, t. 39, f. 5. 

Another species autoptically unknown to me, and not mentioned 
by authors except Philippi. His description and remarks are above 
translated in full. Compare T. floridus, T. clangulus and the forms 
mentioned by Philippi. 

T. personatus Philippi. Pl. 14, figs. 29, 50. pl. 19, figs. 91, 92. 

Shell low conical, heavy, solid, umbilicated, carinated, white, or 
scuffused with a faint rose tint, with a series of small rose-colored 
maculations above the periphery and sometimes at the suture, base 
white or faintly marked with rose around the outer border; whorls 
about 5, slightly convex, separated by subcanaliculate sutures ; out- 
lines of spire a little convex; first two whorls smooth, eroded, the 
following granose-lirate, the penultimate with 5 or 6, the last with 
11 or 12 series of very distinct rounded granules, the 5th or 6th 
forming the periphery, the interstices decussated by fine oblique and 
spiral striulzs, which are sometimes obsolete ; last whorl carinated at 
the periphery, slightly deflected toward the aperture, and much 
flattened there; base a trifle convex, the middle portion concave 
toward the umbilicus ; aperture tetragonal, very oblique, the upper lip 
straight, bearing a strong tubercular tooth midway ; outer and basal 
lips well rounded, thickened and plicate-denticulate within, the basal 
margin decidedly expanded and curved; columella very oblique, 
concave toward the insertion, its edge scarcely reflexed, simple, bear- 
ing a single triangular projection or tooth below the middle, and 
terminating in a very strong, quadrate, biplicate tooth at base ; 
parietal wall wrinkled ; umbilicus penetrating deeper than the inser- 
tion of the columella, bordered by a plicate rib. 

Alt. 10, diam. 14; alt. 10, diam. 12 mill. 

Australia. 


TROCHUS. 57 


Monodonta ringens Putuipri, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 99. (not 
M. ringens Mxx, also a species of Olanculus.)—Trochus personatus 
Pui., Conchyl. Cab. p. 78, t. 14, f. 7. (about 1847.) 

This species is allied to T. anus Phil. but differs in the deeper 
umbilicus, the smooth, not tuberculate edge of the columella, the 
stronger development of the teeth, more distinct granulation, and 
other characters. The aperture is almost horizontal; the umbilicus 
and aperture are both narrower than in T. anus. ‘he peristome is 
much thickened inside. 


T. ocHROLEUCUS Philippi. PI. 13, figs. 95, 96. 

Shell conoidal, umbilicate, isabella-colored, sculptured with very 
fine subgranose lirz, about 11 on penultimate, 40 on last whorl; 
whorls rather convex, the last scarcely angled; margin of the 
umbilicus dentate; columella very oblique, not solute above, ter- 
minating below in a simple denticle; lip thickened and corrugated 
within. 

The form is just like T. vieilloti Payr.; the shell consists of 6 to 
7 rather rounded whorls, the last one not angulated to speak of, and 
with arather convex base. The spiral cinguli gradually increase in 
number, so that on the penultimate there are about 11, on the last 
whorl about 40 of them. On the upper whorls they are distinctly 
granulose, on the last almost entirely smooth. The umbilicus is 
pretty narrow, its margin dentate; the columella is very oblique, 
not free above, with a small but prominent denticle below; the out- 
er lip is thickened within, with five folds, but near the edge with 
numerous wrinkles. The color is isabella-yellow. 

Alt. 8, diam. 12 mill. (Philippz.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Trochus ochroleucus Puiiipri, Conchyl. Cab. p. 245, t. 56, f. 16. 
(after 1853.) 


T. cLANGuLUs Wood. PI. 10, figs. 5-7. 


Shell conical, with decidedly higher spire generally than C. flor- 
idus, subcarinate, nearly rounded at the periphery, very deeply 
umbilicated ; color brownish, or, more frequently a beautiful emer- 
ald green, much paler below, the upper surface broadly radiately 
maculate with crimson, the flames not extending below the periphery, 
which, with the base, is dotted with the same shade; spire usually 
attenuated toward the acute rose-colored apex ; whorls about 6, con- 
vex, the last deflected anteriorly, spirally sculptured with about 18 


58 TROCHUS. 


closely granose cinguli, of which 5 to 8 principal ones are above the 
periphery, their interstices bearing granose riblets, and sharp oblique 
strie ; on old individuals the disparity in the size of the lire of the 
upper surface is often scarcely apparent ; the base bears much finer, 
closer, granulose lire ; aperture very oblique, subtetragonal, outer lip 
plicate within, the tooth near the superior angle but slightly devel- 
oped ; other details of aperture and umbilicus as in the T. persona- 
tus, save that the parietal area is scarcely wrinkled. 


Alt. 12, diam. 13; alt. 10, diam. 125 mill. 
Port Jaekson, Australia. 


Trochus clangulus Woon, Ind. Test. Suppl. t. 5, f. 31. 1828.— 
Pururprl, Conchyl. Cab. t. 36, f. 8.—FiscHer, Cog. Viv. p. 234, t. 
Sloat ale 

This form is closely allied to C. floridus ; differing in the lesser 
development of the superior tooth of the lip, the smoother parietal 
area, and (typically) the greater altitude. C. floridus, too, has much 
deeper sutures, rounder whorls, and, especially, the ribs of the upper 
surface are equal, whilst in C. clangulus they are alternately large 
and small. 


In the obsolescence of the superior tooth of the aperture, this 
species forms a transition from the preceding to the following 
group of species; which, whilst closely allied to the foregoing, differs 
in the less developed teeth within the aperture. 


seo 
Ko 


xf 
T. mintatus Anton. PI. 10, figs. 23, 24; pl. 14, figs. 24, 25. 

Shell conical, carinated at the periphery, deeply umbilicated, 
painted with crimson and brown radiating bifurcating stripes above, 
the apical whorls crimson, the base convex, radiately strigate or fine- 
ly tessellate with brown; whorls about 6, subplanulate, but with a 
slightly salient central carina above, spirally finely granose-lirate, the 
liree narrow, close, about 8 to 12 in number on the upper surface of 
the last whorl, the 5th forming a slightly projecting carina; base 
finely lirate, the lire granose, about 15, subequal, or sometimes 
alternately smaller, the interstices radiately striate; aperture rather 
large, subrhomboidal, the outer lip lirate within, base crenulate, 
expanded ; columella long, straight, strongly dentate at base, obsolete- 
ly folded above, inserted upon the side of the umbilicus, which is 
smooth within, bordered by a slight, smooth rib. 


Alt. 123-15, diam. 15-17 mill. 
South African Coasts. 


TROCHUS. 59 


T. miniatus Anton, Verzeich., p. 58, 1839.—Puiwiprtr, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 99, t. 16, f. 10—Fiscurr, Cog. Viv. p. 212, t. 83, f. 1.— 
Clanculus carinatus A. Ap., P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 162. 

In its conical form, densely granose-lirate sculpture and the carina 
in the middle of the upper surface of the whorls, this form is quite 
distinct. 


VAR CARINATUS A. Adams. PI. 14, fig. 24, 25. 


A form which differs slightly from the type in its somewhat great- 
er altitude; the peripheral carina of the penultimate whorl is exsert- 
ed; the coloration consists of short alternate crimson or brown 
dashes below the suture, and brown tessellations on a white ground 
in the center of the base, the intervening space unicolored, brown, 
save the carina, which is articulated with white. 

Alt. 15, diam 16 mill. ; 

Algoa Bay, Australia. 
T. aLoysit Tenison-Woods. PI. 14, figs. 20-23. 

Shell small, conical, carinated, umbilicated, whitish or corneous, 
marked above with zigzag radiating stripes (sometimes broken into 
dots) of sepia or black, below unicolored white or sparsely dotted 
with black, peripheral carina ornamented with a series of black 
spots; spire rather straightly conical, apex acute, whorls about 6, 
separated by subcanaliculate sutures; upper surface spirally sculp- 
tured with about 6 coarse, conspicuously granose lire, of which the 
first and the sixth (or peripheral) are most prominent ; base slightly 
convex, bearing 6 to 7 concentric, coarse, conspicuously granose 
separated lirze; aperture rhomboidal, outer lip iridescent and plicate 
within; basal margin rounded, denticulate; columella oblique, 
nearly straight, slightly folded above, bidentate at base; umbilicus 
with (in fully adult specimens) a crenate marginal rib, white within, 
and perforating scarcely deeper than the insertion of the columella. 

Alt. 8-9. diam. 9-11. 

Tasmania. 

Clanculus aloysiti Ten.—W oops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1875, 
p- 155. 


A small species, quite distinct in the black and white coloration. 


T. DOMINICANUS Tenison- Woods. 


Shell small, depressed, turbinate, broadly umbilicate, rather solid, 
bluish brown and obscurely spotted and clouded; whorls 6, rather 


60 TROCHUS. 


convex, and obliquely neatly and thickly striate, strize passing over 
the liree but not over the granules; aperture obliquely quadrate ; lip 
thickened within, throat pearly; columella obsoletely unidentate, 
subreflected ; umbilicus white, smooth; base flattened, spirally and 
smoothly lirate. Differs from known species in the smoothly lirate 
base and the absence of tubercles around the lip, columella or umbili- 
cus. (Tenison-Woods). Alt. 73, diam. maj. 10, min. 8 mill. 
S. coast Tasmania. 

Clanculus dominicana T.-Woop, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1876, p. 
144. (1877. 

This species and the three following are known to me only by the 
original descriptions. 


R. RAPHAEL! Tenison- Woods. 

Shell small, depressedly conical, rather solid, blackish olive, but 
tessellated with white at the sutures; whorls 4 to 5, flattened, girdled 
with irregular spiral granulose lire, sometimes alternating and some- 
times with minute granulose lines intervening, granules larger at the 
margins; shell universally covered with minute transverse oblique 
lines; last whorl subacutely angular at the periphery; suture 
vanaliculate ; base flattened, ornamented with spiral granulose lines 
and oblique striz; umbilicus white; aperture quadrate, silvery, 
pearly, conspicuously lirate; columella wide, conspicuously tuber- 
culate anteriorly ; lip dentate. ( Tenison- Woods). 

Alt. 6, diam. maj. 6, min. 53 mill. 

George's Bay and Long Bay, Tasmania. 

C. raphaeli TEN.-Woop, loc. cit., p. 144. 


T. ANGELI Tenison- Woods. 

Shell small, turbinate, depressed, orbicular, rather solid, sordid 
white and clouded red, irregularly keeled all over, with the interstices 
finely, irregularly, neatly obliquely lirate, and peculiarly punctate ; 
larger keels smooth or obsoletely granular; whorls 5, convex, the 
last obtusely angular ; base flat or slightly convex and spirally lirate 
with equal liree and spotted brown, interstices transversely neatly 
striate ; aperture subquadrate, lip closely dentate, throat conspicuous- 
ly lirate; columella obtusely unidentate; margin of the umbilicus 
regularly tuberculate with rounded granular tubercles. 

Alt. 5, diam. maj. 6, min. 53 mill. (Tenison- Woods.) 

Long Bay (in 10 fms.) ; Blackman’s Bay, Tasmania. 

C. angeli 'T.-Woops, loe. cit., p. 144. 


TROCHUS. 61 


T. PHILOMEN& Tenison-W oods. 

Shell depressedly conical, white ; whorls 5, at the suture canalic- 
ulate, concave, with both margins beaded, within the margins 5 to 4 
lirate; liree ornamented with round shining granules, interstices 
very finely obliquely striate; last whorl acutely angulate and mar- 
gined; base flat, spirally granulosely lirate; aperture obliquely 
squared ; outer lip lirate within; columella unidentate and corruga- 
ted; umbilical margin spirally dentate. 

Diam. 11, alt. 10 mill. (Tenison- Woods). 

Tasmania. 

Clanculus philomene Texn—Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875 p. 
155. 

One specimen. A very distinct white shell with moniliferus whorls 
rising in stages. (Tenison- Woods). 

I have not seen this species. It is evidently closely related to the 
preceding. 


T. yaTEsi Crosse. Pl. 10, fig. 13; pl. 14, fig. 33. 

Shell conical, very solid, angulate at the periphery, with a very 
shallow umbilicus; white, variegate with maculations and radiating 
zigzag stripes of purplish red; whorls 5, planulate, turgid below the 
subeanaliculate sutures, the apical ones when not eroded spirally 
striate, the following granose-lirate, the last bearing on its upper 
surface five coarse beaded lire, the fifth forming the periphery ; 
base slightly convex, bearing six beaded lirz ; interstices between the 
liree finely obliquely striate; aperture rounded-tetragonal, pearly 
within ; outer lip lirate within; basal lip curved, subdenticulate ; 
columella short, hardly perceptibly folded above, dentate below ; 
umbilicus perforating scarcely deeper than the insertion of the 


straight columella. Alt. 8, diam. 11; alt. 103, diam 11 mill. 
Gulf of St. Vincent, S. Australia. 


Clanculus yatesi CrossE Journ. de Conch. 1863, p. 379, t. 13, f. 1. 
—FiscHEr, Cog. Viv. p. 399, t. 118, f. 4. 

A solid little species, allied to the preceding, but differing in 
coloration etc. The specimens before me exceed the types in altitude. 
A variety from Tasmania is of a uniform deep purple color. (pl. 14, 
fig. 33.) It may be called var. PURPURATUS. 


T. DUNKERI Koch. PI. 14, figs. 26, 27; pl. 15, figs. 57, 58. 
Shell imperforate, having a little hollow or depression at the place 
of the umbilicus, orbicularly conoid or subdepressed, thick, solid ; 


62 TROCHUS. 


whorls 5, the first whitish, often eroded, the last brownish, purplish 
or red, obliquely striated, and ornamented with spiral granulose lire, 
3 on penultimate, 8 or 9 on last whorl, of which the first is composed 
of larger beads, and the fourth forms the periphery, the interstices 
about as wide as the lire ; last whorl somewhat gibbous and descend- 
ing toward the aperture, which in adult specimens is somewhat con- 
tracted and subtrigonal, outer lip with a few deeply entering lire 
within, the upper one terminating in a small denticle; columella 
short, concave, smooth, terminating in an acute narrow denticle, 
which is separated from a similar smaller tubercle on the base by a 
narrow notch. Alt. 8, diam. 11; alt. 8, diam. 9; alt. 9, diam. 11-13 
mill, 

Adelaide, Cape Riche, St. Vincent's Gulf, S. Australia; Port Philip, 
Melbourne, Bass, Straits. ; 

T. (Monodonta) dunkeri Kocn, in Purirppr, Abbild. u. Beschr. 
neuer Conchyl., 1 pt. 38, p. 67, t. 2, f. 5. 1843.—Pariiippr, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 237, t. 36, f. 5— Clanculus rubens (““A. An.”) Aneas, P. Z. 
S. 1865, p. 178 —Tenison-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1878, 
p- 40.—Trochus dunkeri FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 361, t. 96, fi 2, 
(1880).— Brazier, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1886, p. 202. 

The typical form of this shell is shown in figs. 26, 27 of pl. 14; the 
figures and description given by Fischer are of a depressed variety. 
In several specimens measured by me the altitude is nearly equal to 
the diameter. The synonymy was first worked out by Mr. Brazrer, 
from whose excellent description the first lines of my own are 
quoted. This shell is allied to the T. yatesi, but is more solid, more 
compact, and less carinated at the periphery ; its spiral lire are fewer 
than in that species. The umbilicus is remarkably shallow for a 
Clanculus. 

Kk 

The two following species are similar to certain forms of the section 
Clanculopsis in lacking a distinct tubercle at the base of the col- 
umella; I am however inclined to group them with the preceding 
species, which they resemble in general aspect. 

T. GUINEENSIS-Gmelin. PI. 10, figs. 3, 4. 

Shell conical, very solid, rather depressed, angulate at the periph- 
ery, deeply umbilicate, whitish, painted with broad radiating purplish 
brown stripes above, base with narrow radiating stripes or tessella- 
tions of the same shade; whorls about 6, planulate or slightly con- 
cave above, the apex whitish, eroded, the succeeding whorls spirally 
beaded, the last whorl slightly descending anteriorly, bearing on 


TROCHUS. 63 


the upper surface about 7 spiral beaded lirz, the interstices oblique- 
ly finely striate; base subplanulate, concentrically sculptured with 
about 7 or 8 beaded lirze; aperture rounded rhomboidal, the outer 
and basal lips thick, evenly and finely plicate within; columella 
oblique, deeply entering, conspicuously folded near its insertion, its 
edve denticulate near the base, and passing into the basal margin 
with a regular curve; parietal wall bearing a white wrinkled callus, 
the umbilical margin of which is dentate; umbilicus wide, deep, 
scarcely narrowed as it penetrates, bordered by a strong acutely 
dentate rib. Alt. 13-16, diam. 18-20 mill. 

Guinea; Gaboon; Liberia. 


Trochus guineensis GMEL. Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 8574, no. 49, 1788.— 
Puruiprr, Conchyl. Cab. p. 79, t. 14, f 9.—FiscuEer, Cog. Viv. p. 
221, t. 72, f. 3. 

This species, together with T. villanus constitutes a group which 
differs from the typical forms of Clanculus in lacking the strong 
tooth at the base of the columella. 


T. yILLANuS Philippi. PI. 11, figs. 58, 59; pl. 14, fig. 28. 

Shell conical, very solid, cinereous-olive or purplish, lighter 
beneath, sparcely dotted with black; whorls about 6, slightly con- 
vex, spirally lirate, the last encircled by about 14 granose separated 
lire, of which about 6 are on the upper surface, their interstices 
bearing spiral striz ; last whorl obtusely angular at the periphery, 
slightly convex beneath, a little descending anteriorly; aperture 
rounded-tetragonal, outer and basal lips plicate within, columella as 
in T. guineensis but longer; umbilicus narrow, deep, parietal wall 
slightly calloused, wrinkled. Alt. 22, diam. 22 mill. 

W. African coasts; Guinea; Gold coast; Gaboon. 


Mondonta villana Purutrrr, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 101.— 
Trochus villanus Pain. Conchyl. Cab. p. 74, t. 14, f. 5—FiIscHEer, 
Cog. Viv: p: 220, t. 72, £2: 


More elevated than T. guineensis, less carinated at the periphery, 
and with narrower umbilicus. The parietal callus is much heavier 
in I’. guineensis. 


64 TROCHUS. 


T. MAUGERI Wood. PI. 10, figs. 25-27. 

Shell conical, with nearly straight sides carinated, solid, thick, 
false-umbilicate, reddish or yellowish brown, more or less dotted 
minutely with a slightly darker shade; whorls about 8, flat above, 
the sutures scarcely marked ; the first whorls of the apex when not 
smooth by erosion are spirally lirate, the liree dotted with red; 
succeeding whorls very closely, finely granulate in spiral series, the 
last whorl with about 7 rows of granules above, carinate at the 
periphery, slightly deflected anteriorly; base nearly flat with nu- 
merous (15 to 20) close finely beaded concentric lirule; aperture 
very oblique, tetragonal; upper lip straightened, wrinkled within ; 
outer and basal lips thick, curved, creaulate within ; columella very 
oblique, its edge denticulate, slightly tortuous above, and inserted in 
the center of the axis, below terminating in an acute or squarish 
narrow tooth; parietal wall and umbilicus rugose, the latter bound- 
ed by a plicate-denticulate rib. Alt. 20-25, diam 25 mill. 

Port Jackson, Australia. 

T. maugeri Woop, Ind. Testaceo. suppl. t. 5, f. 27a, p. 220.— 
Putuiprr Conchyl. Cab., t. 36, f. 9—FiscHER, Cog. Viv. p. 218, t: 
¥2,4. 1. 

A handsome species, formerly very rare. The form is more strict- 
ly conical than usual in Clanculus. The fine granulation nearly 
uniform, color, minutely dotted with darker and beneath usually 
with white, are characters separating maugeri from other species. 
The specimens before me are from Port Jackson, collected by 
Brazier. 


T. nopuLosus A. Adams PI. 13, fig. 3. 

Shell turbinate-convid, imperforate, whitish, variegated with red ; 
whorls transversely sulcate, ornamented with granose cinguli, above 
with a coronal series of tubercles; suture canaliculate; last whorl 
spirally sulcate, at the periphery tuberculate, the base rather flat- 
tend, concentrically granose-lirate ; columella solute above, tortuous, 
anteriorly tuberculate; margin of the umbilicus crenulated; lip 
transversely sulcate within, margin dentate-lirate. Anda 

Tusmania, (Cuming.) 

Clanculus nodulosus A. Ap. P. ZS. 1854, p. 39, t. 27, fi 2. 

This species has most of the characters of a Clanculus, but the 
whorls are nodulous and not granular. (4dams.) 

The pecies has not been been noticed by Tasmanian nor Aus- 
tralian conchologists, 


TROCHUS. 65 


T. unpatus Lamarck. PI. 40, figs. 1, 2. 


Shell large, depressed conoid, excavated, false-umbilicate in the 
center beneath, cinereous or rose colored, radiately striped with 
brown or black, the stripes sometimes broken into irregular macula- 
tions, especially on the base; whorls about 6, convex around the 
upper part, then flattened, obtusely angulate at the periphery, the 
base flattened, concave toward the center; sutures subcanaliculate ; 
apex acute, eroded ; following whorls finely granose in spiral series, 
of which there are 10 to 12 on each whorl; last whorl somewhat 
deflected anteriorly, bearing about 30 spiral granose ridges, very 
close and fine upon and below the periphery, coarser above and 
around the umbilicus, the interstices obliquely striate; aperture 
oblique, tetragonal, outer and basal lips thickened and _ plicate 
within; columella oblique, inserted nearly in the bottom of the 
broad umbilical excavation, its edge reflexed and bearing about 10 
denticles, twisted near the insertion, terminating below in a simple 
tooth; parietal tract wrinkled ; umbilicus with a plicate border, and 
in the middle a strong, sometimes crenulate, spiral funicle. 

Alt. 18-22, diam. 28-35 mill. 

S. Australia; Tasmania. 

T. undatus Lam. An. sans. Vert., vii, p. 28, no. 61 (1822).— 
FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 168, t. 56, f. 2—Puitipp1 Conchyl. Cab., t. 
33, f. 4—Monodonta undata Lam. Encye. Méth., t. 447, f. 3.— 
Trochus smithii Woon, Ind. Test., Suppl. t. 5, f. 20a. 


The largest and one of the most beautiful species of Clanculus. 
It is apparently more nearly allied to T. maugeri than to any other 
species of the genus. 


T. pustttus H. Adams. PI. 43, fig. 6. 


Shell trochiform, solic, encircled by granose lire, alternately 
minute, the interstices densely obliquely striate; rosy, marked with 
white maculations; suture canaliculate ; whorls 6, convex; the last 
convex beneath, with granose concentric lire ; umbilicus crenulated, 
white; aperture diagonal, subcircular; columellar tooth prominent, 
compressed ; lip simple, suleate within. (Adams.) 

Alt. 5, diam. 7 mill. 

New Hebrides. 

Clanculus pusillus H. Av., P. Z. S., 1873, p. 207, t. 23, f. 9. 

T. CLANGULOIDES Wood. PI. 10, figs. 10, 11. 


Shell globose-conic, very solid, deeply, narrowly false-umbilicate, 


fawn colored, lighter beneath and roseate at the apex, sharply 
in 
a 


66 TROCHUS. 


granose-lirate, usually with every second rib articulated with dots 
of white or black or both; whorls about 6, the upper ones nearly 
flat, the penultimate and last convex, the former with 7 or 8 spiral 
distinctly granose lire, the last with about 18, of which the 7th 
usually is upon the periphery, interstices finely obliquely striate ; 
last whorl deflected anteriorly, rounded at the periphery ; base some- 
what convex ; aperture oblique, small, contracted ; outer lip bearing 
within a strong tooth above, and an inconspicuous rather acute 
thread at the place of the periphery; basal lip expanded, curved, 
slightly denticulate ; columella very oblique, slightly tortuous above 
and very deeply entering, terminating below in a strong plicate, 
tooth, and with a smooth margin, save for a small denticle im- 
mediately above the basal tooth ; parietal tract wrinkled ; umbilicus 
with a plicate-denticulate border. Alt. 10-12, diam. 12-15 mill. 


Australia, Port Jackson ; Watson’s Bay; New Caledonia ; Viti Is. 


1. clanguloides Woon. Ind. Testaceo. suppl., t. 6, f. 39— FISCHER 
Coq. Viv., p. 369, t. 118, f. 2. 


In the typical form, the 1st, 3d, 5th, 7th and 9th lire, and one or 
two upon the base are articulated with black. A tray of specimens 
from the Viti Islands, received from the late Andrew Garrett, differ 
in having only the 3d and 7th lire, and one upon the base so marked. 
I need not compare clanguloides with T. personatus and its allies,— 
species with similar strongly developed teeth—for the deeply enter- 
ing columella of the present species at once separates it. 


T. roberts! Pilsbry. Pl. 13, fig. 4-7. 

A form similar in color-pattern and sculpture to T. clanguloides, 
but differing notably in the greater altitude, more turbinate form, 
and greater development of the teeth; in these characters it is like 
T. stigmatarius, which is, however, quite different in coloration. The 
spire is elevated conical, the apex tinged with orange; the upper 
whorls are nearly flat, separated by a‘ linear suture, which becomes 
more deeply impressed at the last whorl; the body-whorl is slightly 
convex, rounded at the periphery, deeply deflected and flattened 
toward the aperture; the base is rather flattened, about as in T. 
clanguloides; the sculpture consists of spiral series of closely set 
rounded granules, the series or cinguli a little separated on the upper 
surface, closer beneath ; these number 17 or 18 upon the last whorl, 
the 7th being upon the periphery, just as in T. clanguloides ; the 
interstices between lire are finely obliquely and spirally striate, the 


TROCHUS. 67 


spiral strix often a little difficult to distinguish ; this gives the inter- 
stices at times a granulate appearance under the lens. The aperture is 
nearly horizontal, tetragonal; superior lip straightened, bearing a 
very large sub-bifid squarish tubercle in the middle; place of the 
periphery marked inside by an entering lamellar fold ; basal margin 
curved, slightly expanded, bearing two or three fold-like denticles 
inside, edge minutely denticulate ; columella oblique, deeply enter- 
ing the narrow umbilicus and inserted in the center of the axis, 
slightly dentate above, bearing a narrow tooth below the middle, 
and terminating in a large, heavy bi- or triplicate tooth ; parietal 
area covered by a white callous bearing numerous wrinkles, one or 
two of which enter the aperture; umbilicus surrounded by a radiately 
strongly plicate callous. Coloration as in T. clanguloides. 
Alt. 123, diam. 13; alt. 11, diam. 11 mill. 
Red Sea. (Dr. Beadle.) 
On old specimens the compression and deflection of the last whorl 
gives the shell a bullet shape. The aperture is like stigmatarius, 
coloration and sculpture like clanguloides. In this combination of 
characters the species is quite distinct. Similar specimens marked 
Lord Howlands Id. are before me. The species is named in honor 
of Mr. S. Raymond Roserts, author of the Monograph of Cypreeidee 
in the MANUAL. 


T. LARGILLIERTI Philippi. PI. 11, figs. 61, 51. 

Shell perforate, conoid, apex acute; whorls 63, the first rosy, 
following whorls convex, grayish, spotted with white and black at 
the narrow sutures; spirally lirate, liree granulose, numerous, 8 to 
10 on the penultimate whorl; last whorl rounded, concentrically 
lirate beneath, lire 8 to 10, gray and brown articulated; aperture 
oblique, rhomboidal, lip dentate above; basal margin plicate, colu- 
mella oblique, dentate at base ; parietal callous wrinkled ; umbilicus 
bordered by strong white plice. Alt. 14, diam. 16 mill. (Fischer.) 

Habitat unknown. 

T. largillierti Puiu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 109.— Conchyl. Cab. 
p- 265, t. 39, f. 6—FiscuEr, Cog. Viv., p. 216, t. 71, f. 3. 

T. rLoscuLus Fischer. Pl. 11, figs. 56, 57. 

Shell narrowly perforate, conoid, thick, apex acute; whorls 73, 
the first rosy, smooth, the rest convex, separated by linear sutures, 
spirally lirate, the liree granose, 6 on the penultimate whorl, of which 
the 1st, 3d, 5th are entirely reddish, the 2d, 4th, 6th composed 


68 TROCHUS. 


of alternating white and black granules; last whorl globose, bearing 
15 or 16 lire, somewhat convex beneath, the concentric lire uniform 
yellowish-brown, often in pairs, separated by single alternately white 
and black articulated lirge; aperture oblique, rhomboidal ; lip thick- 
ened, plicate, dentate above, columella oblique, terminating in a 
large, plicate, contorted, truncate tooth ; umbilicus profound, narrow, 
its border crenulated ; parietal callous wrinkled. 
Alt. 11, diam. 11 mill. (Fischer.) 
Seychelles Is. 


T. rarus (Dufo) FiscuEr, Sp. et Icon. genre Trochus, t. 96, f. 1. 
—T. flosculus FiscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 300, t. 96, f 1. 1880.) 


This form was at first identified by Dr. Fischer with the T. rarus, 
of Dufo (Ann. des. Se. Nat. 2e. Sér. xiv, 1840, p. 188). This form, 
however, cannot be certainly determined from Dufo’s miserable 
description, and had better be dropped altogether; or, as Fischer 
suggests, be relegated to the synonymy of T. pharaonius. 


T. MARGARITARIUS Philippi. PI. 13, fig. 90. 


Shell conical, umbilicate, ornamented with granose cinguli (about 
7 on penultimate whorl), brown, the 2d and 4th cinguli ornamented 
with black, 6th and 7th with alternating brown, white and black 
granules; margin of the umbilicus dentate ; columella solute above, 
terminating in a plicate tooth below ; lip dentate within. 

The grains of the second and fourth rows are much smaller than 
the rest, and are formed of alternating white and black grains. The 
base shows 10 concentric rows of granules, in which every fourth 
granule is black. The aperture and the umbilicus are formed just 
asin T. pharaonius. In all varieties the ground-color is a dirty 
flesh-color, and alternating series of granules white and black 
articulated. Alt. 12, diam. 14 mill. (Philippi.) 

Monodonta margaritaria Puiu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 100.— 
T. margaritarius Puir., Conchyl. Cab., p. 74, t. 14, f. 4. 

Philippi quotes as possibly the same as margaritarius the figure 
of T. clangulus, in Wood’s Index Test. It is not that species, how- 
ever. It may be allied to stigmatarius. 


T. AMasnus Koch. PI. 42, figs. 19, 20. 

Shell elevated conical, false-umbilicate, granulate ; whorls plane, 
the last rounded-angulate ; granose cinguli 4 or 5, first and third 
pale pink, second, fifth and basal (6 to 7) cinguli whitish, every 


TROCHUS. 09 


fourth granule brown; aperture rhomboidal, lip smooth within ; col- 
umella oblique, solute above, terminating below in a strong tooth, 
margin reflexed. (Fhilippi.) 

Allied to T. pharaonius. The shell is elevated conical, with a 
rounded angle on the periphery, the base elevated but not rounded. 
The whorls are about 8, the uppermost forming a rosy apex, pretty 
smooth, the following elegantly encircled by series of granules, act- 
ually 12 in number, but only 4 shown upon the upper whorls, the 
suture running upon the middle of the fifth. |The interstices are 
somewhat narrower than the ridges, and under a lens are seen to be 
finely, densely, obliquely striate. The first and second rows of 
granules are pale flesh-colored; the rest have regularly 3 white 
granules, then a brown one. The aperture is rhombic, with rounded 
outer portion. The outer lip is thickened within, but simple, 
smooth ; the columella oblique, solute above, its edge reflexed, below 
ending in a strong tooth, near which is a denticle. The false- 
umbilicus is rather narrow, with smooth margin. 

Alt. 83, diam. 73 mill. (Philippi.) 
Habitat unknown. 


T. amenus Kocu in Pururppi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 100, t. 16, f. 1. 


I have seen nothing in nature or the books like this form. The 
lack of folds within the outer lip is different from the numerous 
species of Clanculus having similar elevated conical form. 


T. strigMATARIuS A. Adams. PI. 15, fig. 53; pl. 19, figs. 5-8. 
This is a globose-conoid, solid, false-umbilicate species, very 
similar to T. clanguloides, but differing in the following characters: 
It is more solid, more elevated, somewhat the shape of a Minie ball. 
There are 6 to 7 whorls, the sutures somewhat impressed ; the penul- 
timate is encircled by 6-8, the last whorl by 18 (more or less) gran- 
ulose lirze, every alternate rib of the upper surface and two or three 
of the base roseus, articulated with dots of brilliant rose-red, the 
ground-color faint pinkish or yellowish. The base is quite convex ; 
the aperture tetragonal, contracted by teeth and the deflection of 
the superior margin, which is straightened, bearing a strong tooth, 
below which the outer and basal lips are well rounded, and bear, 
within, a few plicee. The columella is short, very deeply entering 
the profound, narrow umbilicus (much narrower than in T. clangu- 
loides) ; anterior edge of the columella as in clanguloides ; terminat- 
ing below in a very large, heavy, trifid quadrangular tooth, much 


70 TROCHUS. 


larger than the corresponding part in T. clanguloides ; parietal 
callous slightly wrinkled; umbilicus border with only one or two 
denticles. Alt. 12-14, diam. 11-12 mill. 

Philippines ; Upolu ; Ins. Phoenix, Art, New Caledonian Archipel- 
ago; Guan, Marianne Archipelago ; Viti Is. 

Clanculus stigmatarius A. Ap., P. Z. 8., 1851, p. 161.—FiscHer, 

Cog. Viv., p. 217, t. 71, f. 4. 

A beautiful rose-dotted species, of which many specimens collected 
by PrEaAsE and by GARRETT are before me. 


T. unEDo A. Adams. PI. 10, figs. 17, 18. 

Shell elate-conic, very solid, narrowly false-umbilicate, red or 
reddish brown, dotted with black; rosy at apex; outlines of spirea 
little concave toward the apex; whorls about 7, nearly flat above, 
sutures linear, impressed, last whorl descending anteriorly, encircled 
by about 13 or 14 granose lire every second one, or on some spec- 
imens every one articulated with black dots; the interstices finely 
spirally and obliquely striate ; base convex ; aperture tetragonal, the 
outer lip bearing within a strong tubercle above, and a few plicze on 
the outer and lower part; columella short, oblique, with a very 
slight fold above, very deeply entering the profound, extremely 
narrow axial pit, and at the base terminating in a large squarish 
trifid tooth; parietal tract finely wrinkled; umbilicus bounded by 
a plicate rib. Alt. 12-16, diam. 11-15 mill. 

Ins. Art, New Caledonian Archipelago (Montrouzier) ; Viti Is. 
(Garrett. ) 

This species differs from T. stigmatarius in the same way that that 
form differs from T. clanguloides. It is higher, narrower, more acute 
than stigmatarius ; the color is darker ; the lirze of the body-whorl 
less numerous, and the umbilicus narrower. The microscopic spiral 
lines in the inter-liral interstices also constitute a perfectly tangible 
and characteristic difference. 


T. cEyLanicus Nevill. Pl. 11, fig. 48. 

Shell small, conical, solid, whitish or yellowish, radiately striped 
above with sepia, alutaceous or reddish brown, the stripes at the 
periphery frequently branching, and with additional stripes inter- 
calated between them, all of which continue upon the base as narrow 
rays, or are there broken into tessellations ; whorls 5 to 6, slightly 
convex, spirally granose-lirate, the last bearing 12 or 13 lire, the 
upper six larger, separated by obliquely striate interstices about as 


TROCHUS. ell 


wide as the ridges, basal lire finer, closer, more minutely granose ; 
last whorl bluntly angulate at the periphery, slightly convex beneath, 
slightly deflected anteriorly ; aperture oblique; outer and basal lips 
curved, with a plicate thickening or rib within, and asmall pliciform 
denticle above ; columella very deeply inserted in the narrow, pro- 
found umbilicus, its middle portion subdentate, terminating below in 
a strong tri-plicate tooth; umbilicus with a strongly crenulate 
marginal rib. Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill. 

Ceylon. 

Clanculus ceylanicus G. and H. Nevin, Journ. Asiatic Soe. 
Bengal, xxxviii, 1869, p. 157, t. 17, f. 7—Fiscner, Cog. Viv., p. 
303, t. 96, f. 3. 

A small brown-radiate species, somewhat similar to T. clangu- 
loides in form. The more characteristic marks, aside from form and 
coloration, are the narrow, deep umbilicus, with centrally inserted 
deeply entering columella, the large, trifid basal tooth, and the 
number of granose spiral ribs, which is fewer than in allied forms. 


T. rHomast Crosse. Pl. 10, figs. 14, 15. : 


Shell conic-globose, umbilicate, maculate with white on a ground 
of reddish carmine ; whorls 5, convex, spirally traversed by five very 
finely granulose lirz, the first two small, third larger, fourth small, 
fifth larger than the others; suture profoundly impressed, canalicu- 
late, last whorl with 8 lire on the base encircling the umbilicus ; 
columella unequally bidentate, the basal tooth larger, compressed ; 
lip at base obsoletely denticulate, elsewhere edentulous; aperture 
oblique, less ringent than most species of Clanculus, fauces sulcate, 
nacreous; umbilicus white, in young shells smooth, in adults ob- 
soletely crenulated. Alt. 6-62, diam. 6} mill. (Fischer) 

Is. Art, New Caledonia. 

Clanculus thomasi Crosse, Journ. de Conch. x, 1862, p. 405, t. 13, 
f. 4— T. thomasi FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 321, t. 101, f. 1. 

A variety is olivaceous green, maculate with white, the apex rosy. 

It is a small species, with very prominent, compressed basal tooth, 
and slight crenulations at the margin of the umbilicus, the right lip 
not dentate. 


T. SATRAPIUS von Martens. PI. 39, figs. 25. 

Shell conoidal, umbilicate, granulate-cingulate, cinguli unequally 
elevated, smaller ones interpolated, numbering 45 to 6 between suture 
and periphery, 7 to 8 on the base of the last whorl; periphery 


me TROCHUS. 


obtusely angulated; granules of rosy-red and white subalternating ; 
suture moderate; aperture very oblique, subquadrangular, fauces 
suleate, corresponding to the ridges of the exterior; outer margin 
obtuse, suberenulated ; basal margin plicatulate ; columella disjoined 
and prominently denticulate above, oblique, with 1 or 2 tubercles 
where it joins the basal margin; umbilicus narrow, margin not 
crenate, with an elevated fold within, white. 

Alt. 14, diam. 143 mill. (Martens.) 

Persian Gulf; Aden. 

T. satrapius Mart., Vorderas. Conchyl., p. 100, t. 6, f. 50.—T. ton- 
nerret NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1874, p. 27, t. 1, f. 3, and 
l. c. 1875, p. 103. 


T. CORALLINUS Gmelin. PI. 10, figs. 1, 2. 


Shell globose-conic, umbilicate, coral-red or brown, marked 
beneath the sutures with narrow flames of white and maculations 
of brown, and on the base dotted with white; spire conic, acute ; 
sutures subcanaliculate; whorls 5 to 6, convex, spirally granose- 
lirate, the last rounded, encircled by 14 or 15 conspicuously granose 
equal ridges, the interstices finely obliquely striate, and with more or 
less obvious spiral strize; aperture oblique, subtetragonal; outer lip 
plicate within, dentate above, the tooth usually bifid; basal margin 
curved, crenulate within; columella inserted deep in the rather 
narrow umbilicus, bearing a strong dentiform fold above and a large 
~ quadrangular biplicate tooth at the base; parietal wall wrinkled ; 
umbilicus white, smooth within, with a crenulate margin. 

Alt. 9, diam. 11 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 

Trochus corallinus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3576 (1788), and of 
most authors.—Monodonta couturii PAYRANDEAU, Cat. dese. et. Méth. 
des Annelides et des Moll. de Vile de Corse, p. 134, t. 6, f. 19, 20 
(1826).— Otavia corallina, Risso, Hist. Nat. ? Eur. Mérid. iv, p. 138. 
—? Trochus roseus VON SALIs, Reisen ins Konigreichs Neapel, p. 576 
(1793).— Clanculus corallinus, Bucquoy, DAUTZENBERG et DOLL- 
Fus, Moll. Mar. du Roussillon, p. 409, t. 50, f. 1-4 (1885).— Trochus 
multigranatus Puriiprl, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 147.—Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 239, t. 36, f. 6. CPI. 19, figs. 14, 15.) 

A common Mediterranean species exhibiting considerable varia- 
tion in color. The deep brown form is var. brunneus Réquien. (Var. 
atra Monts. isasynonym.) Philippi’s T. multigranatus was described 


TROCHUS. ie 


from a specimen with 16 series of granules upon the body-whorl. 
The species is somewhat allied to T. ceylanicus, but is larger, less 
conical, and has a different color-pattern. The large basal tooth 
will separate it from other Mediterranean forms. I have not 
thought it necessary to quote in the synonymy every author who has 
written on this well-known species. 

T. ERUBESCENS Philippi. PI. 42, figs. 12, 13. 

Shell conoidal, white, radiate with red; whorls slightly convex, 
deeply separated by the suture, granulate, granules of the penul- 
timate whorl in 5 to 6 series, 7 on the last, 12 to 14 on the base; 
false-umbilicus with a denticulate margin; aperture subrhomboidal ; 
columella straight, denticulate above, subsolute, the margin crenula- 
ted. (Philippi.) 

The shell is conoidal, somewhat broader than high, granulate. 
The whorls are but slightly convex, but separated by a deep suture, 
the lower ones with 5-6 rows of granules, of which the three upper 
are crowded, the two lower wider apart. In the interstices there are 
two elevated lines, which also become rows of granules at last. The 
false-umbilicus is denticulate on its margin. The almost vertical 
columella has a tooth above, and three denticles on the edge. The 
outer lip is plicate within, but less obviously to the touch than to the 
sight. The color is whitish with pale red flames. From T. kraussi 
this species is distinguished by the more depressed shell, less convex 
whorls, paler color and much more numerous series of granules of 


the base. Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. (Philippz.) 
Habitat unknown. 


T. erubescens Putuippi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, t. 16, f. 13. 
Seems to be a variety of T. kraussi. 


T. BERTHELOTI d’Orbigny. PI. 11, figs. 46, 47. 


Shell small, globose-conic, very similar in form to T. corallinus ; 
whorls 5, acutely granose-lirate, brown, below the sutures more or 
less maculated with blackish, base dotted with white ; last whorl en- 
circled by 11 sharply granose ridges, those of the base profoundly 
separated by deep grooves, wider than the ridges ; aperture as in T. 
corallinus, but the tooth at base of columella more pointed, smaller. 


Alt. 6-8, diam. 83-9 mill. 
Madeira, Azores and Canary Is. 


Monodonta bertheloti D’ORB., in Webb et Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des 
Canaries, p. 81, t. 6, f. 17-20.—Trochus bertheloti Puitiprr, 
Conchyl. Cab., t. 39, f. 17 —Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 295, t. 95, f. 1. 


74 TROCHUS. 


Allied to T. corallinus, but easily distinguished by the deeply 
separated lire of the base. 


T. cructatus Linné. PI. 11, figs. 60, 61; pl. 19, figs. 16, 17. 

Shell globose-conic, narrowly umbili¢ate, spire conic, apex acute, 
pinkish ; dark brown, blackish or pink, radiately maculated with 
white below the sutures, and dotted with white around the center of 
the base; whorls 5 to 6, convex separated by canaliculate sutures, 
spirally granose-lirate ; body-whorl rounded, encircled by about 13 
lire, those above the periphery granulose, about as wide as the 
interstices, those beneath more separated, smoother ; interstices finely 
spirally striate; base convex; aperture subcircular, oblique ; outer 
and basal lips rounded, finely crenulate within ; columella slightly 
concave, bearing a small denticle at base and above near the in- 
sertion ; parietal wall nearly smooth; umbilicus deep, narrow, 
smooth, and white within, bordered by a strong smooth or obsoletely 
erenulated marginal rib, and surrounded by narrow tract of white. 

Alt. 8-9, diam. 9-10 mill. 

Mediterranean Sea; Cape Verde Is. (Rochebrune.) 

T. cruciatus, Linn., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1228. (1767) Han.ey, 
Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 315, t. 5, f. 6.—FiscuEr, Cog. Viv., p. 298, t- 
95, f.3.—Monodonta vieillotii PAYRANDEAU, Cat. des Annelides et des 
Moll. Corse, p. 135, t. 6, f. 21-23 (1826).—T. vieilloti Paitiprt, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 80, t. 14, f. 13, and of other authors— 7. med- 
iterraneus Woon, Ind. Test. Suppl., t.5,f. 32.— Claneulus cruciatus 
Bucquoy, Daurz. rer Dotirus, Moll. mar. du Roussillon, p. 411, t. 
50, f. 5-12. 

A species of about the size of T. corallinus. The obsolescence of the 
teeth will distinguish this form from any other Mediterranean 
Clanculus. The subgenus Clanculopsis of Monterosato is based upon 
this character; but in view of the great variation observed in the 
teeth of nearly related species, and of the fact that this shell is really 
very closely allied to T. corallinus I am not inclined to give any 
systematic value to the division. 


Var. GLoBoso-conica Arad. et Ben. (Conch. viv. mar. della Sicilia, 
pall) 

Whorls with a broad subsutural margin lacking lire ; last whorl 
with four, penultimate and antepenultimate with three granose lire. 
A form said by Aradas and Benoit to be constant, though rare. L 
have not seen examples. 


TROCHUS. 75 


The following variations have received names. They are scarcely 
distinct enough to be called varieties, for typical examples of all 
three occur in one of the sets before me. 

Var. nigrescens Réquien. (-brunnea Réq.,-monochroa Monts.) 
Color uniform brown or blackish, without white flammules. 

Var. rosea Monts. (pl. 19, fig. 13.) Rose-colored, with or without 
white markings. 

Var. candida Monts.‘(pl. 19, fig. 12.) Entirely white. This and 
var. rosea are abundant in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunis. (See Mol/ 
du Roussillon, p. 413.) 

T. KRAUussI Philippi. PI. 10, figs. 8, 9. 

Shell umbilicate, conoid, moderately thick; whorls 5, convex, 
separated by canaliculate sutures; first whorls eroded, whitish, the 
rest roseus, cinereous or brownish, ornamented with a few radiating 
white streaks, spirally granose-lirate, the lire 6 on the penultimate 
whorl, the fifth larger, more prominent, simulating a carina; last 
whorl angulate, plano-convex beneath, concentrically cingulate, the 
cinguli granose, about 7, the interstices sometimes bearing concentric 
lirulee; aperture rhomboidal, lip within thickened, sulecate, basal 
margin crenulate ; columella tuberculose, above twisted plicate, be- 
low obsoletely truncate; umbilical area white spirally plicate, mar- 
gin crenulate ; parietal callous thin, wrinkled. 

Alt. 19, diam. 12 mill. (Fischer.) 

W. Coast of Africa. 

Monodonta kraussi Puriiprr, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 100.—T. 
kraussi Puri. Conchyl. Cab., p. 82, t. 14, f. 14—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 
377, t. 114, fi 4. 

Allied according to Dr. Fischer, to T. cruciatus L. but distinguished 
by the less rounded whorls, shallower sutures, closer spiral lire, 
smaller tooth at base of columella and by the well developed um- 
bilical crenulations. 


T. JussIEUI Payrandeau. PI. 11, figs. 836-38 ; pl. 19, fig. 11. 


Shell depressed-globose conic, umbilicate, polished, shining, black- 
ish, olive or purplish brown, unicolored, dotted or tessellated with 
white, often with short flames of white beneath the sutures and 
always more or less marked with white around the umbilicus ; spire 
conical, sutures simple, impressed ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, the upper 
surface marked with obsolete, frequently almost imperceptible lire, 
the interstices between them finely spirally striate; base smoother, 


76 TROCHUS. 


lightly concentrically marked around the center ; aperture rounded, 
outer and basal margins crenulated within; columella bearing a 
small tooth above and below, concave between them, deeply entering 
the umbilicus, but inserted on its edge; umbilicus rather deep, 
smooth within, bordered by an irregularly crenulated rib. 
Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill; alt. 83 diam. 9 mill. 
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 


Monodonta jussiet Payr. Cat. Annelides et Moll. Corse, p. 136, t. 
6, f. 24, 25 (1826).—M. jussiewi Pumiprt, Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 
157 (1844).—Trochus jussieuwt Putn., Conchyl. Cab., p. 81, t. 14, f. 
11.—Fiscuer, Coq. viv., p. 238, t. 82, f. 1.— Clanculus jussiewt Bucg., 
Davurz. Ev Dotur., Moll. Mar. du Rouss., t. 50, f. 13-20, p. 413.— 
Clanculus blainvillei CANTRAINE, Malac. Medit. et litt. t. 6, £14, 14a; 
Bull. Acad. Brux., ix, p. 344.—Trochus glomus Putiiert, Enum. 
Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 157, t. 25, f.16; Conchyl. Cab. p. 82, t. 14, f. 15. 

To be consistent, Payrandeau’s original spelling of this name ought 
to be revived; but since the emended form used by Philippi has 
been adopted by all modern authors we would perhaps in this case 
lose rather than gain by a rigid adherence to principle. The species 
was named in honor of M. ApRIEN DE JUsSIEU, “ professeur au 
Jardin du Roi.” 

It is a variable form in size, coloration and sculpture ; the surface 
is remarkably smooth and shining for a Clanculus. The following 
color varieties are described by Messrs Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and 
Dollfus. (Moll. du Roussillon, p. 415.) 


Var. GLomus Phil. (pl. 19, figs. 9, 10). More decidedly lirate 
above than the type. This isa transition form to T. cruciatus. 

Var. strtatA Monts. Small, polished, under a lens showing fine 
spiral lines. (Gulf of Gabés, Tunis.) Var. BLAINVILLEI (pl. 11, 
fig. 56). Conspicuously tessellated. Var. RoSEO-cARNEA Monts. 
Roseate or violaceus in color. 


T. spaDIcEus Philippi. Pl. 9, figs. 97, 98; pl. 11, figs. 52, 53. 
Shell umbilicate, conoid, thick, shining; whorls 53, convex, the 
first vivid rose-color, following chestnut-brown, subcanaliculate at 
the suture, in the middle subangulate, minutely spirally cingulate, 
the ridges about 9 on the penultimate whorl; last whorl carinated, 
slightly convex beneath and paler, white and brown maculate, con- 
centrically marked with about 9 delicate lire, the interstices radi- 


ately striate; aperture subtrapezoidal, plicate within; lip double, 


TROCHUS. fare 


basal margin denticulate; columella oblique, granulose without, 
above contorted, ‘truncated below; umbilical area white, with an 
interior spiral ridge, crenulated at margin; columellar callous obso- 
lete. Alt. 10, diam. 14 mill. (Fischer.) 

W. Coast Equatorial Africa; Annabon Id. 


T. spadiceus Puiu, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 125.—Conehy!. Cab., 
p- 239, t. 36, f 7—DunxeEr, Ind. Moll. Guin. infer. coll. p. 17, t. 2, 
f. 43-45.—FiscHEr, Cog. Viv., p. 390, t. 117, f. 1—T. ludwigi 
Krauss, Die. Siidaf. Moll. p. 99, t. 5, f. 83 (1848).—Puiuipr1 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 323, t. 46, f. 5. 

Allied to the preceding by the comparatively smooth shell. 

T. ludwigi Krauss (pl. 13, figs. 95, 94) seems to be an immature 
form of spadicus, and if so probably has priority ; for the preface of 
Die Siidaf. Moll. is dated January, 1848. The diagnosis of Krauss 
is as follows: 

Shell obliquely conoidal, apex acute, umbilicate, roseate, sculpt- 
ured with irregular delicate transverse strize, which are subgranulose 
below the suture ; whorls 6, convex ; separated by subcanaliculate su- 
tures, the last subangulate; base convex, striate, with two white-spotted 
cinguli around the umbilicus; umbilicus white, bounded by a prom- 
inent margin; columella oblique, solute above, unidentate, base (4 
or 5) denticulate ; aperture rounded-rhomboidal ; lip acute, callous 
and denticulate within. Alt. 2, 4, diam. 3 lines. (Krauss.) 


Cape of Good Hope. 


T. ATROPURPUREUS Gould. PI. 15, figs. 50, 51; pl. 11, figs. 28-32; 

pl. 15, figs, 86-87. 

Shell depressed, conoid, umbilicate, dark purplish or ferrugineous 
brown, unicolored, the apex carmine; whorls 6, convex, granose- 
lirate, the sutures narrowly subcanaliculate, last whorl rounded at the 
periphery, abruptly briefly deflected anteriorly, encircled by 16 or 
17 finely, very regularly but feebly granose lirse, which are wider on 
the base; aperture rounded, outer and basal lips regularly curved 
thickened and finely crenulated within ; columella deeply entering 
the profound umbilicus, bearing a minute denticle above and at the 
base; umbilicus profound, smooth within, bordered and constricted 
by a marginal rib bearing about four white teeth, the largest near 
to the parietal wall of the aperture. Alt. 7, diam. 9 mill. 

Samoan and Viti Is.; Sorong, New Guinea; San Christoval, 
Solomon Is.; Tutuila, Navigators’ Is. 


78 TROCHUS. 


Trochus (Monodonta) atropurpureus Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hist. iii, p. 107 (1849).— U. S. Expl. Exped. Shells, p. 189, t. 13, f. 
224.—Trochus samoensis HOMBRON ET JAcQquinot, Voy. au Pole 
Sud. ete., Zool., v. p. 58, t. 14, f. 21-25 (1854).—F scuEer, Coq. Viv., 
p. 2eo M62, 2. 

A solid little species, evidently allied to the group of T. cru- 
ciatus (*‘ Clanculopsis”). Numerous specimens before me show little 
variation. The more notable characters are the uniform dark color 
with rosy apex, the very regular and superficial cutting of the lire 
into beads on every part of the surface, and the teeth around the 
umbilicus. 


T. BATHYRHAPHE E. A. Smith. PI. 11, figs. 34, 35. 


Shell depressed-conic, the base flattened, olive-green, the apex 
green, ornamented with deep brown granules, rather widely umbil- 
icate; whorls 53, convex, separated by a narrowly canaliculate suture, 
encircled by granose lire, about 7 on penultimate whorl] ; last whorl 
with roundly angulated periphery, encircled by about 14 granulose 
lirze, umbilicus white, surrounded by a white granuliferous rib, and _ 
with a smooth rib within; aperture oblique, beautifully pearly, 
lirate within, lip with the outer margin crenulated, at the base 
strongly lirate; columella inserted on the whorl above, oblique, 
dentate below. Alt. 62, diam. 82 mill. (Smith.) 

San Christoval, Solomon Is. 


Trochus ( Clanculus) bathyrhaphe Smiru, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, 
Xl, poor, tas0it 17, (SiG), 

Distinguished from atropurpureus by the difference of color, 
more rounded spire, and the peculiarity of the umbilicus. The main 
color of bathyrhaphe is a very dark olive-green, the apex being 
bright green; the granules of the infrasutural series, which are con- 
siderable larger than the rest, are dark brown at intervals, two 
or three together being of this color, and those between them of the 
same hue as the shell. The granules on the base are subalternately 
reddish-brown and greenish. (Smith.) 


T. micropon A. Adams. PI. 13, figs. 91, 92. 


Shell depressed conoidal, thick, solid, of a reddish-brown hue, 
interstices between the ribs, chocolate colored, above marked with a 
few broad yellowish or flesh-tinted maculations radiating from the 
sutures toward, but not quite reaching the periphery, which with the 
base, has the ribs sparcely dotted with white ; spire low-conic, apex 


TROCHUS. 79 


roseate; suture distinct, not canaliculate; whorls 5, moderately 
convex, encircled by lire more or less distinctly granulate, very 
unequal in size, numbering, on the last whorl about 14, the inter- 
stices closely obliquely striate, and usually bearing a minute central 
riblet ; body-whorl descending anteriorly, rounded at the periphery ; 
base convex, the revolving lire more superficially and much more 
closely cut into granules than those of the upper surface, and also 
broader, flatter, and equal in size, numbering 6 to 7, one or two 
around the umbilicus white, dotted with yellow or reddish, the 
remainder reddish-brown, sparcely articulated on the ribs with 
white, sometimes radiately marked with narrow white stripes ; 
aperture oblique, somewhat contracted, subcircular ; outer and basal 
lips thickened, finely crenulated within ; columella oblique, with a 
tooth-like fold above, solute, and deeply inserted upon the side of the 
umbilicus, middle portion concave, with a reflexed subdenticulate 
edge, ending beneath in a minute denticle; umbilicus profound, 
smooth and polished within, bordered by a strong rib bearing 6 or 
7 projecting white teeth, the upper one the largest. 
Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill. 


Andaman Ts. 


Clanculus microdon A. Anp., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162.—E. A. Smrrn, 
eZ ST 8, POLS, t. OO, t, 21. 


A species belonging to the group of atropurpureus, bathyrhaphe, 
ete., including species in which the base of the columelia is scarcely 
toothed, but passes into the basal margin in a regular curve, bearing 
several subequal denticles, the columella above inserted upon the 
side of the umbilicus instead of in the center of the axis as in the 
typical Clanculopsis. From T. atropurpureus, which seems to be its 
nearest ally, T. microdon differs in the larger size, variegated color- 
ation, and irregularity of the spiral ribs on the upper surface. 


T. PLEBEIUS Philippi. PI. 10, figs. 19-22; pl. 13, figs. 1, 2. 

Shell small, depressed, umbilicate, pinkish brown, gray or yellow, 
the ribs articulated with dots of black and white, often forming 
radiating lines above, zigzag beneath, where yellow replaces pink in 
the ground-color; spire low-conic, apex acute; whorls about 5, 
coarsely lirate, the sutures subcanaliculate ; body-whorl obtusely 
angular at the periphery, its upper surface encircled by 4 coarse, 
somewhat beaded lire, the upper two contiguous, the third separated 
by wide intervals above and below it, the fourth peripheral, usually 


80 TROCHUS. 


formed of two ridges close together, the interstices bearing numerous 
fine spiral strize and sharp microscopic incremental striz ; base con- 
vex, concentrically sculptured with numerous (6 to 9) smooth strize, 
in the intervals between which very numerous microscopic striule 
revolve ; aperture rounded, oblique, outer and basal margins thick- 
ened and very minutely crenulated within ; columella oblique not 
tortuous above, nor entering the umbilicus, but inserted upon its 
side; front edge nearly straight, denticulate at the base; umbilicus 
wide, not very deep, its margin somewhat denticulate. 
Alt. 7, diam. 10 mill. 


S. Australia ; Tasmania. 


T. plebejus Putin. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1851, p. 41, and Conchyl. Cab. 
p- 326, t. 46, f. 10.—Fiscuer, Cog. Viv., p. 248, t. 88, f. 2, 2a. 
Clanculus nodiliratus A. Apams, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 163.—C. nodolir- 
atus TENISON-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1877, p. 40. 


Both Adams and Philippi proposed names for this form in 1851. 
I give precedence to that of the latter author because the description 
is better, and is accompanied by excellent figures. The species 
when typically developed is easily recognized by the very coarse 
sculpture of the upper surface, and the minute concentric striation 
of the base and interstices. ‘To this (typical) form Dr. Fischer gave 
the mss. name 7. muscarius, which he considers a var. 3. of plebejus. 
There are also smoother forms exhibiting numerous lire above, which, 
while still unequal in size, are not nearly so prominent as in the 
types. These specimens (pl. 15, figs. 77, 78) have a rounded pe- 
riphery, and only the upper few lirz are granulose. In the Academy 
collection they are marked C. rubicundus Mighels ; but I have seen 
no description of such a species by that author. The ground color 
is yellowish, obliquely, narrowly radiate above and below with 
blackish lines, edged anteriorly with white, the lines of base and top 
uniting in a V-shaped angle on the periphery, when the pattern is, 
not too much interrupted. 


T. BICARINATUS Angas. PI. 11, figs. 33. 

Shell umbilicated, turbinate, solid, very dark purplish-brown ; 
whorls 6, prominently keeled in the center, the last whorl with two 
keels, one above and one below the periphery, sculptured all over 
with distinct separated rows of regular, close-set bead-like nodules, 
those on the keels being double the size of those between them, the 
interstices crossed with fine oblique striz ; outer lip strongly dentate 


TROCHUS. 81 


within, and surrounded by a row of black spots at the margin ; col- 
umella nearly straight, with a small tooth-like projection’ at either 
end, the margin of the false-umbilicus dentate, with an incurved 
tooth above, and crenate at the base, around the umbilical margin 
white; interior pearly white. Alt. 12, diam. 16 mill. (Angas.) 
Port Darwin, N. Australia. 
C. bicarinatas Anaas, P. Z. 8S. 1880, p. 419, t. 40, fi 4. 


This shell is remarkable from its having too strong keels on the 
last whorl, and also on account of its uniform dark brown color. 


( Angas.) 


T. GRANOsuUS Brazier. 


Shell conoid, spire prominent, apex white, smooth; whorls 43, 
flattened, spirally encircled with four rows of beaded grains, the 
two upper near the suture being the smallest, interstices with very 
minute oblique striz, ornamented with white and light brown 
flames; suture deep, last whorl large and inflated, having five 
beaded rows of grains, the last being contiguous to the suture; base 
slightly convex, finely grained; aperture oblique, triangularly 
ovate ; peristome denticulated; columella white ; umbilicus marginal 
plicated and denticulated below. 

Alt. 6, diam. maj. 53, min. 43 mill. (Brazier.) 


Barnard Is., No. III, N-E. Australia. 


Clanculus granosus BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 
43 (1878). 


Found in crevices of large blocks of coral. I cannot determine 
the specific relationships of this unfigured Clanculus, as the descrip- 
tion gives no details of the’structure of the columella. 


T. RmINGENS Menke. PI. 11, figs. 49, 50. 


Shell perforate, conical; whorls 7, the first smooth, yellowish, 
following planulate, separated by canaliculate sutures, maculate with 
chestnut and white, spirally cingulate above with 4 elegantly gran- 
ulate ridges, the upper and lower the larger, last whorl acutely 
carinated ; base slightly convex, ornamented with 8 to 9 granose 
cinguli; aperture rhomboidal, oblique, narrow; basal margin sul- 
’ cate-denticulate ; columella strong, oblique, terminating below in 
a large tooth, ringent above ; columella callous, ringent, plicate. 

Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill. (4%scher.) 


S. Australia, Port. Lincoln; Van Diemen’s Land. 
6 


82 TROCHUS. 


Monodonta ringens Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 14, no. 53 
(not MW. ringens Put. 1846).—T. ringens Putiiprr, Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 235, t. 36. f. 1—FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 213, t. 71, f 1. 

May be known by the conical form, not depressed nor gibbous 
like the majority of Clanculus. It is sometimes quite narrow, the 
altitude greater than the diameter. 

T. pAcryi Sowerby Jr. PI. 18, fig. 21. 

Shell conical, grayish-brown, all over covered with series of mi- 
nute granules; whorls 6, conspicuously bi-angulate ; last whorl slightly 
convex beneath; umbilicus white, deeply excavated; aperture 
oblique, fauces iridescent, obsoletely suleate; columella obscurely 
folded above, conspicuously uniplicate at base. 

Alt. 14, diam. 13 mill. Sowerby.) 

Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. 

Clanculus laceyi Sows., Journ of Conchol. (Leeds) vi, 1889, p. 11, 
teas Bote yl oe 

An interesting bi-angulated species, more conical than C. car- 
inatus. (Sowb.) 


Unfigured, imperfectly known and insufficiently described species of 
Clanculus. 

The following species are known to me only by the descriptions, 
which are reprinted in full below. A few have been recognized by 
Australian naturalists, and in these cases I have given such addi- 
tional information as is accessible to me. Most of those descriptions by 
A. Adams, without either locality or measurements are mere trash. 
Such careless work does not deserve recognition. 

The arrangement is alphabetical; but the original sequence of 
the descriptions may be determined by the species number. 


CLANCULUs ACUMINATUS A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conica ; 
spira acuminata, fusca, nigro-fusca punctata, cingulis transversis 
subdistantibus granorum -ornata; interstitiis lineis transversis et 
longitudinalibus decussatis; margine umbilici subnodulosa; col- 
umella margine reflexo, integro, basi dente simplici magno terminata; 
labro intus lirato. 

Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones. (Cuming.) 

Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1851, p. 160, no. 31. 


CLANCULUS ALBINUs A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, albida, cing- 
ulis granorum confertis ornata, granis nonnullis fusca-punctatis ; 


TROCHUS. 83 


anfr. convexis, ultimo rotundato ; margine umbilici plicato-dentato ; 
columella callosa, plicis duabus transversis, basi dente triplicato 
terminata; labro superne inflexo, intus lirato; tuberculo magno 
trisulcato prope marginem superiorem. 
Habitat unknown. 
L. ¢. p. 160, no. 32. 


CLANCULUS BRUNNEUwS A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, fusca, 
cingulis granorum subdistantibus ornata ; interstitiis longitudinaliter 
elevata striatis; anfr. planiusculis, ultimo acute angulato, umbilici 
margine plana; columella transversim plicata, margine fimbriata, 
basi dente bi-plicato terminata; labro intus lirato, lira suprema 
majore. 

Habitat unknown. 
ise; pe 165 n0..37. 


CLANCULUS CINGULIFER A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoidea, 
earneola, cingulo albo rufoque articulato ornata; anfr. rotundatis, 
cingulis transversis granosis sculptis; basi concava, peromphalo 
albo rosea radiato, margine plicato; columella crassa, supra nodosa, 
infra uniplicata; basi dente triplicato terminata ; labro intus lirato ; 
tuberculo maximo prope margine superiorem. 

Habitat unknown. 

L. ¢. p. 160, no. 28. 


CLANCULUS CONSPERSUS A. Adams.  C. testa orbiculato-conica, 
rufescente, albo rubroque variegata, cingulis moniliformibus trans- 
versis ornata, cingulo infra suturam majore, anfractu ultimo angu- 
lato; columella antice plica magna transversa terminata, postice 
subcanaliculata vix tortuosa; labro intus valde dentato-lirato. 

Habitat unknown. 

Le. p. 163, no, 46.—TEntson-Woops, Proce. Roy. Soe. Tasmania, 
1877, p. 40. 

Tenison-W oods says of this species: A trochiform coarsely gran- 
ular shell, with last whorl subangular, variegated red and white ; 
toothed on the inner lip. Alt. 11, diam. 15 mill. whorls 43. 

N.-E. Tasmania; Bass’ Sts. 


CLANCULUS DEPICTUS A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, pseudo- 
umbilicata, albida, viridi fuscoque radiatim picta, cingulis sub- 
granosis inzequalibus ornata; anfr. planis, ultimo ad peripheriam 
angulato; margine umbilici simplice ; columella superne uniplicata, 


84 TROCHUS. 


inferne tuberculis tribus parvis instructa; intus lirato, margine 
leevi. 
Bombay (Cuming.) 

A prettily variegated conical species, somewhat resembling a 
Polydonta in appearance. (A. Ad.) 

P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 316. 

CLANCULUS EDENTULUs A. Adams. _ C. testa orbiculato-conoidea, 
sordido rufa, albo variegata, cingulis transversis granosis sculpta; 
anfr. parum convexis, umbilic1 margine subcrenulata; columella 
supra plicata, infra edentula, margine infra tuberculis tribus; labro 
intus subsulcato. 

Habitat unknown. 

Pei 8. aol, ip. 162, no. 40, 

CLANCULUS JuCcUNDUS Gould. Testa parvula, depressa, ovato- 
conica ochracea vel rufescens; anfr. 5, convexis, prope suturam 
tessellatis, interdum omnino strigatis, liris inzequalibus cinctis, ad 
anfr. majores gemmatis; sutura canaliculata; basi rotundato; um- 
bilico crenulato; dente columellari eminente, acuto; labro intus 
suleato. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. 

Sydney, N.S. W. 

About the size of C. minor. 

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii, p. 17 (March, 1861).— Otia 
Conch., p. 156. 

CLANCULUS MACULOSUS A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoidea, 
rufo-fusca, maculis albidis variegata; anfr. rotundatis, cingulis 
granorum ornatis, interstitiis oblique striatis, margine umbilici 
crenulato; columella supra tuberculo magno instructa, basi dente 
biplicato terminata ; labro intus lirato, lira suprema maxima. 

Habitat unknown. 

P. Z.8., 1851, p. 160, no. 29. 

CLANCULUS MINOR A. Adams. C. testa parva, conica, albida, 
fasciis rufo-fuscis radiatim ornata; anfr. planis, cingulus transversis 
granosis sculpta, anfractu ultimo angulato, basi planiuscula, margine 
umbilici crenulata; columella tuberculo decurvato terminata ; labro 
intus lirato. 

Id. of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fms. (Cuming.) 

L. ec. p. 161, no. 36. 

CuancuLus nriericAns A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, 
umbilicate, nigricante; anfr. planis, cingulis quinque granulatis 
ornata, ultimo angulata, carinis planis duabus in parte inferiore, 


TROCHUS. 85 


eingulis 5-6 articulatis sulcisque intermediis sculpta; umbilici 
margine crenulato; columella recta, superne soluta, in parte super- 
iore tuberculata, extus tuberculis tribus instructa; labro intus leevi. 

’ Habitat unknown. 

ep. L62, no, 41. 

CLANCULUs ORMoPHORUS A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, 
umbilicata, anfr. rotundatis, cingulis granorum equalibus ornatis, 
cingulo primo, secundo et tertio granis fuscis albis alternantibus, 
quarto granis fuscis ornato; anfractu penultimo gibboso, ultimo 
rotundato; umbilico crenulato; columella callosa, subreflexa, basi 
dente triplicato. 


Habitat unknown. 
L. ¢. p. 159, no. 26. 


TROCHUS PLANOSPIRUS Kiener. 

This species is known only by two illustrations in Kiener’s Spee. et 
iconogr., genus Trochus, pl. 56, fig. 3 (copied on my pl. 11, figs. 41, 
42). One of these figures is probably C. floridus Phil. ; the other is 
a different species, but it is practically unidentifiable because of the 
total lack of knowledge we have of the aperture. 


CLANCULUS suLcaRiIus A. Adams. C. testa parva, albida, fasciis 
fuscis radiatim ornata, cingulis distantioribus granorum instructa, 
interstitiis longitudinaliter oblique striatis; anfr. parum convexis ; 
margine umbilici crenulato ; columella dente pliciformi ; labro intus 


crenulato. 
Id. of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fms. (Cuming, 


PEG. S185, p. 160; no. 30: 


CLANCULUs TEXx'rILosus A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, spira 
acuminata, cingulis granorum inzequalibus ornata, primo, tertio et 
sexto coccinea, secundo, quarto, quinto et septimo granis albis nigris 
alternantibus ornata ; margine umbilici dentato ; columella biplicata, 
margine acuta, basi dente triplicato terminata ; labro intus lirato, 
prope marginem superiorem tuberculo magno. 

Id. of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fms. (Cuming.) 

L.e.p. 161, no. 35. 

CLANCULUS TURBINOIDES A. Adams. C. testa turbinato-conoidea, 
fusca, cingulis subdistantibus granorum ornata ; interstitiis lineis 
transversis prominulis; anfractibus rotundatis, sutura canaliculata, 
basi cingulis concentricis granorum instructa; umbilico dentato ; 
columella sulcata, margine reflexa, tuberculis quatuor ; labro intus 
lirato. . 

Habitat unknown. 


86 MONODONTA. 


I. ¢. p. 160, no. 33. 

CLANCULUS ZEBRIDES A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, fuscescenl, 
nigro-fusco radiatim picta, oingulis granorum sculpta ; intersititiis 
lineolis transversis elevatis; anfr. rotundatis; umbilici margine 
crenulata ; columella supra tuberculo, margine callosa, basi tuberculo 
magno terminata ; labro intus dentibus linearibus instructo. 

Habitat unknown. 

L. ec. p. 161, no. 39. 

Said by Tenison-Woods to be the same as C. variegatus A. Ad. 


Genus MONODONTA Lamarck, 1801. 


Monodonta Lam. Syst. des. An. s. Vert. p. 87 (1801).—Gray, 
Syst. Dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 155.—A. Ap. P. Z. 8.1851, p. 1738.— 
H. and A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 417.—Woopwarp, Manual of 
Moll. p. 144.—FiscHEr, Man. de Conchyl., p. 820.—Labio OKEN, 
Lehrbuch, p. 265, and some other authors.—Monodontes Monrr. 
Conch. Syst. ii, p. 195.— Trochidon Swarts. Treatise on Malacol. p. 
351.— Odontis SowrRBy, Cat. Tankerv. coll. p. 53.—Trochulus 
Humpru.—Monodon ScHwEIGGER. 

The genus Monodonta was first separated from the Linnzan genus 
Trochus by Lamarck in 1801, T. labio L. being given as the type. 
Later, Lamarck included many species of such dissimilar groups as 
Tectarius, ete ; but modern authors have restricted the genus to the 
toothed Trochids allied to the type. 

Monodonta consists of globose-conoidal shells with more rounded 
body-whorl and aperture than Trochus. With the exception of 
several forms from the West Coast of 8. America, the species are all 
Old World in distribution, mostly tropical. All are littoral. Geo- 
logically, the genus dates from the Trias. The prominent character 
of the dentition (pl. 50, figs. 5, 12) is the development of the lateral 
basal angles of the central and lateral teeth into broadly projecting 
lobes imbricating over the adjacent tooth ; the cusp of the central is 
wide, shortly reflexed, its edge denticulate at the sides, smooth in 
the middle. 


Subgenus Monoponta Lam. 
Section Monodonta (restricted). 


M. wasio Linné. Pl. 19, figs. 95, 96. 
Shell imperforate globose-turbinate, very solid, grayish-pink or 
greenish, mottled or longitudinally striped with purplish-red or 


MONODONTA. 87 


blackish ; spire conic, acute; whorls 6-7, slightly convex, spirally 
sculptured with coarse, irregular, coarsely granose lire, about 6 in 
number on the penultimate whorl; sutures not much impressed, the 
whorl flattened just below it; last whorl globose, rounded; base 
rounded ; aperture oblique lined with a white porcellaneous layer, 
rounded, the outer and basal lips margined with green, beveled to 
an edge, plicate within ; columella short, projecting and terminating 
as a square tooth-like prominence into the aperture below, forming a 
square notch between it and the oblique plications of the base ; 
‘parietal wall not calloused above. Alt. 35-40, diam, 28-34 mill. 
“Indian Ocean; E. African Coasts; E. Indies; Japanese and Chi- 
“nese Seas. 

2 An abundant and mutable species, very variable in the compar- 
ative length of the spire, and in coloration. 

Trochus labio Lyn, Syst. Nat. x, p. 759 (1758).—Monodonta 
labio Lamarck, Encye. Méth., p. 447, f 1, 2 and of other authors. 
—Trochus labio Puturpri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 166, t. 27, f. 1-4, t. 44, 
f. 8—FIscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 225, t. 73, f. 1, t. 74, f 4—Monodonta 
confusa, TAP—CAN., Zool. Viaggio della Magenta, Malac., p. 61, t. 1, 
f. 8 (1874). 

Troschel’s figure of the dentition of this species is givenon PI. 50, 


fig. 5. 


Var. conrusa Tapparone-Canefri. Pl. 22, fig. 37. 

This form, of which typical examples are before me, is shaped like 
M. labio; the color is pink, longitudinally clouded with dusky ; the 
penultimate whorl bears 5 or 6, the last 13 or 14 spiral ridges; the 
second one from the suture is very narrow; the others are subequal, 
but become smaller beneath; there are no lirule intercalated 
between the ridges on the last whorl, as is usually the case in M. 
labio; and the ridges are very conspicuously and regularly cut into 
oblong subquadrangular or lozenge-shaped grains by vertical imnpres- 
sions as deep as the inter-liral grooves; the basal tooth of the col- 
umella is smaller and more acute than in typical M. labio. 

Alt. 16, diam. 15; alt. 20, diam. 18 mill. 

Singapore. 

Var. minor, or immanis of Fischer (1880) seems to be identical 
with confusa. 

Tapparone-Canefri’s figure, copied on my plate, does not distinctly 
enough show the coarsely granose character of the lire. 

The figure 88 of plate 62 represents, according to Philippi an 
aberrant form of M. labio. 


88 MONODONT A. 


M. AustraLis Lamarck. PI. 62, figs. 34, 85. 


Shell similar to M. labio, but with rounder whorls, more marked 
sutures, the lirze lower, not granulose, tessellated with black and 
grayish or greenish ;. penultimate whorl subangulate by the prom- 
inence of its central rib; columella much less strongly dentate than 
M. labio, and the notch or canal below it shallow; basal plicze less 
developed than in M. labio. Alt. 25, diam. 22 mill. 

Seychelles ; Madagascar ; Cape of Good Hope. 

M. australis Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 35, no. 11 (1822).—M. 
viridis LAM., loc. cit. no. 18.—Trochus australis Patirepi, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 169, t. 27, f. 4, 5—Fiscuer, Cog. Viv., p. 227, t. 74, f. 1, 2 
(not of Quoy et Gaimard).—T. melanochlorus Putx., Conchyl. Cab., 
p- 220, t. 33. f. 2. 


Var. vigtpis Lamarck. 


Shell dark green, unicolored or nearly so. This is the T. mel- 
anochlorus of Philippi. 


M. cANALIFERUS Lamarck. Pl. 62, figs. 86, 87. 


Shell similar to the preceding, but with more convex, rounded 
whorls, upon the last of which the spiral liree become more or less 
obsolete ; the lire are more distinct upon the upper whorls, and are 
smooth, with narrow interstices; the color is reddish, purplish or 
green, the lire usually articulated with white, but sometimes 
unicolored ; the outer lip is more curved and more finely crenulate 
within than that of M. labio; the columella is short, squarely den- 
tate at base, its edge more or less rugose, and separated from the col- 
umellar area by a deep narrow straight sulcus, extending from the 
place of the umbilicus to the notch at base of columella; basal notch 
deep, divided by a small denticle in the middle. 

Alt. 21-24, diam. 18-20 mill. 

New Caledonia; Manilla; New Ireland. 

Monodonta canalifera Lam., An. sans Vert. vil, p. 55, no, 12 
(1822).— Trochus canaliferus Puttippi, Conchyl Cab., p. 170, t. 27, 
f. 9, 10.—Quoy ET GAIm. Voy. de l Astrol. t. 64, f. 26-29.—F IscHER, 
Coq. Viv., p. 225, t. 73, f. 2, et var. atramentaria FISCHER, t. 73, f. 3. 
—T. parvus TROsCHEL (in Mus. Berol.) Poiiipp1, Conchyl. Cab., p. 
175; t.27, £15. 

M. labio has a somewhat similar sulcus parallel to the columella, 
but is very distinct in sculpture ; M. australis lacks the median tooth 
of the basal notch or canal and the sulcus upon the face of the col- 


MONODONTA. 89 


umella is much more superficial than in M. canalifera. 7. parvus 
Trosch. (pl. 34, fig. 27) seems to be identical. 


Var. ATRAMENTARIA Fischer. PI. 62, fig. 86. 
Blackish or blackish-green ; more distinctly spirally grooved than 
the type; lip and columella green-bordered. 


M. paMA Philippi. PI. 21, fig. 24; pl. 22, fig. 38. 

Shorter, more globose than M. labio; nearly smooth; whorls 
about 5; spire short, more or less elevated, the apex eroded ; follow- 
ing whorls convex; sutures linear, impressed; color cinereous, en- 
circled by spiral series of narrow purplish or brownish oblong mark- 
ings; surface covered with minute narrow spiral ridges, scarcely 
elevated above the surface; body-whorl large, globose, a little flat- 
tend below the suture, then convex ; aperture large, oblique; outer 
lip finely plicate within; columella short, ending in a smooth, but 
slightly salient basal tooth ; middle of the columellar area with a deep 
curved groove from the place of the umbilicus downward, the groove 
extending upon the basal lip as a submarginal sulcus; basal notch 
or canal not deep, nor dentate in the middle; basal lip subplicate 
within. Alt. 20, diam. 20 mill.; alt. 29, diam. 27 mill. 

Red Sea; Suez; Gulf of Akabo. 


Trochus dama Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 105. Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 233, t. 35, f.6—FiscHer, Cog. Viv., p. 360, t. 111, f. 2. 

Distinguished by the fine, sometimes obsolescent surface sculpture, 
the narrow articulated color-pattern, and especially by the semilunar 
sulcus upon the center of the columellar tract, which does not 
terminate at the basal notch but is continued upon the lip as a more 
or less obvious groove. This sulcus is in an entirely different place 
from that of M. canalifera, which is short, parallel to the edge of the 
columella, and straight. 


M. vermicuLaTa Fischer. PI. 21, figs. 25, 26; pl. 62, fig. 64. 
Shell imperforate, solid, thick, subglobose; spire conoid, short ; 
whorls 4 to 5, the penultimate and last quite convex, the last 
descending, more or less concave just below the linear suture ; young 
shells obsoletely spirally lirate, the sculpture disappearing with age; 
coloration consisting of numerous narrow red or orange zones alternat- 
ing with bands of light green articulated with black; aperture 
oblique, round-ovate; outer lip finely plicate within; basal lip 
thickened, plicate; columella short, terminating in an acute tooth; 


90 MONODONTA. 


middle of the columellar area with a longitudinal semilunar groove, 
frequently irregularly curved; basal notch or canal oblique, squar- 
ish, wider than deep, not denticulate in the middle. 
Alt. 23, diam. 26 mill.; alt. 17, diam. 17 mill. 
Natal; Ins. Socotra; Mascat. 


T. vermiculatus FiscuEr, Journ. de Conch., 1874, p. 373, et Cog. 
Viv., p. 228, t. 74, f. 8—T. australis (in part) Parirprr, Conchyl. 
Cab st. Die kbs. 

This species of which numerous specimens collected by Dr. 
RuscHENBERGER at Mascat, Arabia, are before me, is allied to M. 
australis and M.dama. From the former it is distinguished by the 
more depressed form, less numerous whorls, smooth surface almost 
without spiral ridges, the coloration, the more numerous finer grooves 
within the lip, and the smaller tooth of the columella. The color- 
ation is different from that of M.dama, which is, however, a very 
closely allied species. 

There is great variation in color in this species. In some spec- 
imens red predominates; in others green; and often the general 
effect is an olive shade. There is usually a subsutural series of light 
and dark dashes. The numerous narrow red spiral lines are char- 
acteristic, but are also found sometimes on M. canalifera,—a species 
separated constantly from this by its deep basal notch, denticulate 
in the middle. 


It is rather difficult to distinguish the species of this group; but 
attention to the differential characters pointed out under each, will 
enable one to see that although closely allied they are distinct. 


Section AUSTROCHLEA Fischer. 

Austrochlea FiscHeR, Manuel de Conchyl., 1885, p. 820. 
M. consrricta Lamarck. PI. 20, figs. 6, 7. 

Shell imperforate, thick, solid, lusterless ashen or whitish, obscurely 
marked with black zigzag lines and stripes, or with spiral articulated 
zones or with spiral stripes of black ; sometimes nearly unicolored ; 
spire conical, apex acute; whorls about 5, convex, the first eroded, 
the penultimate very strongly spirally tricostate, the last with about 
seven strong carine; aperture oblique; outer and basal lips either 
thick and multi-lirate within, or rather thin and slightly furrowed 
at the places of the principal carinz ; columella short, oblique, sub- 


dentate at base, at the insertion spreading in astrong callous upon 
the parietal wall. Alt. 28-33, diam. 22-28 mill. 


MONODONTA. 9] 


Austy alian Coasts Port Jackson 5 y ork Peninsula 5 Tasman ta r 
? , 
Bass sts. 


M. constricta Lam. An. s. Vert, vii, p. 56.—T. constrictus PHIL- 
tPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 159, t. 26, f. 2b, 83—Quoy ET ae Voy. 
de [ Astrol. ili, p. 251, t. 63, f. 23, 24——FiscHEer, Coq. Viv., p. 178, 
t. 59, f. 2, t. 60, f. 4—Trochus cochlea Woon, Ind. Test. ee ti. D; 
f, 24. 

The present form may be distinguished from the following by the 
prominence of the spiral ridges, and their number—three on the 
penultimate, seven on the last whorl. The ridges are sometimes 
less prominent upon old specimens. 


M. zEBRA Menke. PI. 20, figs. 20. 


Shell imperforate, thick, solid, lusterless, whitish or covered with 
a thin greenish-yellow cuticle, conspicuously longitudinally striped 
with black or dull red, the stripes sometimes zigzag; spire conic, 
acute; whorls 6 to 7, convex, obliquely striated and spirally ridged, 
the ridges 4 or 5 in number on the penultimate, 8 to 12 on the last 
whorl, not so prominent as in M. constricta, and closer, especially 
upon the base; aperture as in M. constricta; outer lip lirate or 
smooth within; columella bearing an inconspicuous blunt tubercle 
near the base. Alt. 34, diam. 25; alt. 25, diam. 22 mill. 
S. Australian Coasts; Tasmania. 


Monodonta zebra aie Verz. Malsb. Conch. Sammil., p. 17 
(18 -).— Trochus zebra Puiurpri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 160, t. 26, f. 4. 
—FiscuHER, Cog. Viv., p. 182, t. 60, f. 2 (not T. zebra Wood).—T. 
teniatus Quoy ET Gatm., Voy. de l Astrolabe iii, p. 249, t. 69, f.15 
-17 (not T. teniatus Wood).—Trochocochlea multicarinata CHENU, 
Man. de Conchyl., 11, p. 360, f. 2676.—FiscHeR, Cog. Viv., p. 184, t. 
T. constrictus PHiLippI (in part) Conchyl. Cab., t. 26, f. 
t) Voy. de ? Astrol. t. 63, f. 26, 27.—T. 
obtusus “Chemn.” Purirept, Conchyl. Cab., p. 19, t. 4, £3, 4 

This species may be separated from the preceding by the more 
numerous, less salient spiral ridges, and by the color pattern of dull 
red or black stripes alternating with white. The cuticle is usually 
rubbed off in adults, causing the underlying white to replace the 
yellow, and intense black the red, of fresh shells. The 7. multicarin- 
atus of Chenu (pl. 20, fig. 12) differs in the much closer, narrower 
stripes ; but that it is the merest color-variety is proven by numerous 
intermediate specimens before me. 


92 MONODONTA. 


Var. porcaTa A. Adams. PI. 20, figs. 10, 11. 


More elongated than the type, aperture less dilated, columellar 
tubercle obsolete. Alt. 15 mill. 

Labio porcatus A. Ap. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 179 (not Trochus porcatus 
Phil.).—T. extenuatus FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 330, t. 103, f. 1. 


Specimens received from Dr. Cox seem to be scarcely distinct 
from the M. zebra. 


Section Osriinus Philippi. 


Osilinus Puiu. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1847, p. 20; Handbuch der 
Conchyl. u. Malae. p. 210.—Trochocochlea “ Klein” H. and A. Ap. 
Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 425 (1858) ; and of FiscuEer, Tryon, CHENU, 
and most authors.— Curagolus MonTERosAtTo Nom. gen. e spec., p. 
43 (1884).—Trochius Leach, in Gray, 1850.—* Osilin”” ADANSON. 

After rejecting Klein’s pre-Linnean name Trochocochlea (not. 
properly defined until 1858), we find Ostlinus Phil., the next in 
order. 

The section is restricted to the seas of Europe in distribution. 


M. TURBINATA Born. PI. 21, figs. 21-28. 

Shell imperforate, conical, very solid and thick, whitish, tinged 
with gray, yellowish or greenish, tessellated with numerous spiral 
series of reddish, purple or chocolate subquadrangular blotches ; 
spire more or less elevated, conoid, the apex eroded ; whorls about 6, 
slightly convex, with impressed spiral lines between the series of 
blotches, the last generally descending anteriorly ; base eroded in 
front of the aperture; aperture very oblique; outer lip beveled to 
an edge, thick, smooth, pearly and iridescent within; columella. 
flattened on the face, bluntly lobed within, pearly, backed by an 
opaque white layer. 

Alt. 25-30, diam. 24-30 mill.; alt. 36, diam. 30 mill. 

Mediterranean Sea, from the Atgean to Algiers and Spain; Portu- 
gal; Canaries. 

Trochus turbinatus Born., Test. Mus. Ces. Vindobon., p. 335, et 
T. tessulatus Born., U. c. p. 332, t. 12, f. 5, 6 (young shell) 1780.— 
T. tessellatus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3583 (in part; not 7". tessel- 
latus GMEL., p. 3574).—Monodonta fragaroides LAMARCK, An. sans.. 
Vert. vii, p. 836—H1parao, Moluscos Marinos de Espana, etc., t. 61, 
f. 2, t. 62, f. 9-11.—T. Olivieri Payr., Moll. de Corse p. 183, t. 6, f 
15, 16.—T. turbinatus Putiiprr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 162, t. 26, f. 7-11. 


MONODONTA. 93 


Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 201, t. 67, f. 6—Drsnayes, Ann. de Malacol. 
(France) i, p. 9, t. 1, f. 1— Bucg., DautTzensB., er Douirus, Moll. 
Mar. du Roussillon, p. 402, t. 48, f. 6-11—Caragolus turbinatus 
Monrerosato, Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 43. 


The name 7’ tessulatus Born, was the first applied to this species ; 
but as Philippi, Fischer, and most modern authors have adopted the 
name turbinatus of Born, we had better not inquire too curiously 
into the question of absolute priority ; especially since tessedlatus is a 
name that figures in the synonymy of the following species. 

A number of varieties are recognized by Messrs Bucquoy, Daut- 
zenberg and Dollfus; the principal ones are var. GLOBOsA Réquien, 
less elevated, more globose than the type; var. ELONGATA Réquien, 
a slender form (pl. 21, fig. 21); var. zEBRaA Wood, ornamented 
with longitudinal zigzag lines. 

Plate 21, fig. 28 is M. fragoroidus of Lamarck. 


M. articuLtaTa Lamarck. PI. 21, figs. 33-36. 


Shell imperforate in the adult, generally perforate when immature, 
elongate-conical, heavy and thick ; color cinereous greenish or whit- 
ish, spirally traversed by bands composed of alternating white 
and black purplish or red squarish spots, the intervals between the 
bands longitudinally closely lineolate with blackish ; spire elevated ; 
whorls about 6, the upper ones slightly convex, the last generally 
constricted and concave below the suture, then convex ; spiral im- 
pressed grooves or lines like those of M. turbinata in the young, 
but generally obsolete in adult specimens; aperture as in M. 
turbinata, but smaller and less oblique. 

Alt. 25-30, diam. 21-24 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic seas ; Portugal. 

M. articulata Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, p. 36 (1822).—T. articulatus 
Puirprr Conchyl. Cab., p. 163, t. 26, f. 13-15—Hipareo, Mol. 
Mar. de Espana, etc., t. 61, f. 3, t. 62, f. 6-8.—_Desuayss, Ann. de 
Malacol., i, 1870, p. 8, t. 1, f. 2—FiscHer, Cog. Viv., p. 204, t. 68, 
f. 1.— Buca., Dautz. et Dotirus, Moll. Mar. du Roussillon, p. 404, 
t. 49, £ 1-7, 10.—T. tessellatus von Satis Marscuuins, Reisen in 
Koen. Neapel, p. 374, t. 7, f. 7 (not tessellatus Gmel.).—DESHAYEs, 
Exped. sci. au Morée, p. 140.—M. draparnaudii Payr., Moll. de 
Corse, p. 181, t. 6, £ 17, 18. 

The form of this species is more elongated than the preceding, 
and the last whorl usually more concave above ; the coloration will 
also separate the turbinata from this species; for the former has no 


94 MONODONTA. 


markings upon the spaces between the blotches, while articulata is 
all over closely lineolate in zigzag pattern, and the spiral series of 
blotches are comparatively few and widely separated. Some speci- 
mens are conspicuously spirally grooved, some are quite smooth. 


M. muTABILIs Philippi. PI. 30, figs. 20-22; pl. 20, figs. 13, 14. 

Shell globose-conoid, umbilicate or subimperforate, solid resem- 
bling a young M. articulata ; color usually grayish-yellow, yellow or 
flesh-tinted, more or less obviously marked with obliquely radiating 
lines or maculations of dull crimsun, sometimes broken into tes- 
sellations, sometimes faintly, minutely articulated with reddish, 
appearing nearly unicolored ; spire short, conoid ; suture impressed ; 
whorls 5 to 6, shghtly convex, spirally finely grooved, the last some- 
what flattened around the upper part; aperture very oblique, large, 
the lip forming half of a circle, not so much thickened nor beveled 
within as in M. articulatus; columella more flattened than that of 
M. articulatus, scarcely edged with pearl, the tooth or lobe less 
heavy, more acute than that species; umbilical region always more 
excavated than M. articulatus, the umbilicus open, or nearly closed 
by the callous at the insertion of the columella. 

Alt. 16-18, diam. 17-19 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 


Trochus mutabilis Putuipp1, Conchy/. Cab., p. 166, t. 26, f. 18-22 
(1846).—F iscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 314, t. 99, f. 2—Buca., Daurz. ET 
Douturus, Moll. Mar. du Rouss., p. 407, t. 49, f. 11-14.—T. articu- 
latus var. WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des Mittelmeeres, ii, p. 355. 


A species which exhibits a curious combination of the characters 
of M. articulatus and Gibbula richardi Payr. From the former it 
differs in the finer sculpture, lighter columella and more excavated 
umbilical tract; in the last character mutabilis approaches Gibbula 
richardi. The dentition of the latter species should be examined ; 
that of mutabilis, if correctly figured by Troschel (Des Gebiss der 
Schnecken, ii, t.22, f. 14), is similar to the other species of Osilinus. 


M. crassa Montagu. PI. 21, figs. 27-30. 

Shell imperforate, subperforate in the young, globose-conic, very 
thick and solid, dull grayish, densely marked all over with very 
numerous fine flexuous or zigzag anastomosing purplish-black lines ; 
spire conic; whorls 6 to 7, convex, the apex usually eroded and 
orange-colored ; last whorl flattened around the superior portion ; 
base eroded in front of thé aperture; aperture oblique; columella 


MONODONTA. 95 


short, obtusely subdentate near the base, spreading at the insertion 
into a heavy callous, which covers the umbilicus. 
Alt. 25, diam. 23; alt 30, diam. 27 mill. 
Western Europe; Portugal; Mogador; British Is. 


Trochus crassus Puut., Cat. Dorset., p.44—Monvaau, Test. Brit., 
i, p. 281 (1803). Putirerr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 164, t. 26, f. 15, 16.— 
Forbes and Han ey, Hist. Brit. Moll., t. 65, f. 4, 5.—Fiscuer, Coq. 
Viv., p. 202, t. 67, f. 2—Lineatus Da Cosra, Brit. Conch., p. 100, 
t. 6, f. 7—T. lineatus JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch., iii, p. 317; v, t. 62, f. 
6.—Hipauco, Mol. Mar. de Esp., t. 61, f. 1, t. 62, f. 1-5.—B., D. et. 
D., Moll. du Roussillon, t. 49, f.8, 9—Monodonta lugubris LAMARCK, 
An. s. Vert., vii, p. 37. 


I have not seen the Catalogue of Pulteney, which is quoted by 
Montagu for this species. The name /ineatus of Da Costa, used by 
many authors, should be considered inadmissible on account of the 
failure of that author to use generic in combination with his specie 
names. 

This species is similar to M. turbinata in form, but usually has the 
outlines of the spire more convex. The culumella projection or 
tooth is nearer the base than in the turbinata, and the diverse color- 
patterns will serve to further distinguish the two species. 


M. ramsi Dunker. PI. 20, figs. 3,4; pl. figs. 


Shell imperforate, conic, solid, spire conical, apical whorls eroded, 
the following dull cinereous or purplish-black, marked with several 
spiral rows of white spots, or with longitudinal zigzag white stripes, 
the base generally tessellated or striped with white; whorls 5 to 6, 
the upper ones marked with spiral impressed lines in young speci- 
mens, and two carine, the latter giving the last whorl a squarish 
form ; aperture oblique, the lip not much thickened within; col- 
umella short, obsoletely subdentate at base, above at the insertion 
with a heavy white callous spread upon the base, invading the um- 
bilicus, and wholly closing it, or leaving only a narrow pit. 

Alt. 17-19, diam. 16 mill. ; alt. 23, diam. 19 mill. 

‘ape Verde and Canary Is.; Coast of Guinea; Cape of Good 
Hope. 


Trochus tamsiti DuNKER, in Puuippt, Abdild., i, p. 189, Trochus, 
t. 5, f. 8 (1845).—Pariprr,. Conchyl. Cab., p. 160, t. 26, f. 5.— 
Dunxer, Ind. Moll. Guin., p. 16, t, 2, f. 40-42—FiscHer, Cog. 


96 MONODONTA. 


Viv., p. 177, t. 59, f. 1—T. atratus Woop, Ind. Test. suppl., f. 25 
(1828). (Not 7. atratus Gmel.) 

The name of atratus Wood has priority in Monodonta, but has 
not been adopted by authors. 

This species is quite variable in coloration, the white appearing 
either in oblique zigzags or in spots. The bicarinate whorls will 
separate it from the preceding species. The young are perforate. 


M. puncruLtata Lamarck. PI. 20, figs. 8, 9. 

Shell imperforate, conical, solid, deep purplish-brown or blackish, 
dotted with white, the dots sometimes forming spiral series, and al- 
ways elongated in the direction of the spiral ; surface nearly smooth, 
sometimes showing traces of spiral grooves, which are always visible 
on the young; spire conoid, apex generally eroded and orange- 
colored; whorls 6, convex, the last somewhat flattened or subconcave 
around the upper part, the base convex, eroded and white in front of 
the aperture ; aperture half-circular, the outer lip not much thick- 
ened, edged with black, beautifully iridescent within, with ame- 
thystine tints ; columella short, obtusely subdentate at the base, ex- 
panding above into a callous, which covers axis and umbilicus, or 
leaves a slight excavation or groove. Alt. 17, diam. 18 mill. 

Coasts of Senegal, W. Africa. 

Monodonta punctulata Lam., An. s. Vert., vil, p. 37.—T. punct- 

ulatus PHtuipPt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 165, t. 26, f. 17 —Fischer, Coq. Viv., 

p. 176, t. 58, f. 2—Osilin Apamson, Voy. au Sénégal, p. 178.— 

Monodonta osilin DESHAYES in Lam. An.s. Vert. ed. 2, p. 182 (excl. 
syn.) 

A species resembling some forms of the preceding in the somber 
coloration, but differing in the more iridescent interior (in which 
red is more conspicuous than green), the smaller dots of white, and 
the rounded, not bicarinate body-whorl. 


Subgenus Ditoma Philippi. 


Section Drnoma Phil. (restricted). 

Diloma Putt, Abbild. ete. i, p. 168 (1845); Handbuch der 
Conchyl., u. Mal., p. 209.—H. and A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll., i, p. 419. 
—Fiscuer, Manuel, p. 820.—TRyon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii, 
p- 3105. 

Diloma has been restricted by Fischer to the South American 
species. The only diagnostic character separating these from the 


MONODONTA. 97 


Australasian forms is the band of nacre extending across the parietal 
wall, connecting the terminations of the peristome. The species are 
dark colored, like nearly all Trochidz of the west coast of the 
Americas. This melanism is probably a protective adaptation, for 
the prevailing hue of the rocks of these shores is very dark. 

M. NIGERRIMA (Gmel.) Philippi. Pl. 23, figs. 77, 78; pl. 20, fig. 
18. 

Shell imperforate, depressed globose, solid, slate-colored or black, 
sometimes (especially if rubbed) reddish or brownish; spire short, 
conic, apex acute, usually reddish ; sutures linear; whorls 5, slightly 
convex, rapidly increasing, spirally obsoletely striate, the last whorl 
usually depressed or subconcave below the suture; base rounded, 
eroded and iridescent in front of the aperture; aperture large, 
oblique iridescent ; the outer lip rather thin, not black-margined 
within; but bordered by a brilliantly iridescent band; columella 
concave, obsoletely subdentate below, very broad and flattened or 
excavated on the face, composed principally of an opaque white 
layer which also lines the base but does not extend to the edge of the 
lip. Alt. 15-26, diam. 17-24 mill. 

Coast of Chili. 

Turbo nigerrimus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xii, p. 3597 (not Trochus 
nigerrimus Gmel., a species of Chlorostoma)—Trochus nigerrimus 
Puiwipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 149, t. 24, f 14—Trochus araucanus 
D’Orpieny, Voy. dans ? Amér. mérid., p. 410, t..55, f. 5-8 (1846),— 
GouLp, U.S. Expl. Exped., t. 13, f.215.—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv. (Turbo), 
p. 110, t. 29, f 2—Turbo Quoyi KiENER, Spec. et Icon. (Turbo), t. 
29, f.2. (Not Trochus Quoyi Phil.) 

The above description is drawn from specimens brought by Dr. 
RuscHENBERGER from Valparaiso, the original locality. The sur- 
face is either black and shining, or presents a corroded appearance. 
The spiral sculpture is obsolete on the last whorl, in large specimens, 
but traces of it may usually be seen upon the base. I do not think 
this species has been found except upon the S. American coast, 
although Professor Hurron and others quote it from New Zealand. 
The dentition of the New Zealand form is quite different from that 
of the real 8. American M. nigerrima. While there may be some 
shght doubt about the identity of this species with the T. nigerrimus 
of Gmelin, it is undoubtedly the shell described under that name by 
Philippi. Turbo Quoyi Kn. and T. araucanus d’Orb., are certainly 


the same; and it is equally certain that the Diloma nigerrima of 
7 


98 MONODONTA. 


Hutton and others is a distinct species. A notable character of this 
species is the band of iridescent nacre which connects the termina- 
tions of the peristome, extending across the parietal wall. 


M. crusogAna Pilsbry. PI. 35, figs. 19-21. 

Shell similar in form to M. nigerrima or somewhat more depressed ; 
the color, columella and parietal wall as in M. nigerrima; Outside 
closely conspicuously spirally lirate, the sutures bordered below by a 
depression or groove; outer lip acute, thin, very narrowly black- 
edged, bordered within by a broad band of very thin white sub- 
stance, which overlies the nacre ; parietal wall with a band of nacre 
connecting the ends of the peristome, but obscured by the same thin 
opaque layer; fauces brilliantly iridescent ; lip lirate within ; upper 
angle of the aperture narrowly channeled ; ribs of the outer surface 
about 8 in number on the penultimate, 20 (more or less) on the 
last whorl. Alt. 15, diam. 17 mill. 

Ins. Juan Fernandez; Coquimbo, Chili. 
Two trays of this well-marked form are before me. — It is need- 
less to compare with the Australo-Zealandic species, for the band of 
nacre across the parieto-columellar region, connecting the termina- 
tions of the peristome, at once separates our species from these, and 
allies it to M. nigerrima, the only other form exhibiting this char- 
acter. From M. nigerrima it is separated by the much stronger 
liration of the entire surface, and the canaliculation of the sutures. 


Section NroprromMa Fischer, 1885. 
Neodiloma FiscHer, Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 820. 
Differs from typical Diloma principally in its Australasian dis- 
tribution. The dentition also differs somewhat from Diloma. (PI. 
50, fig. 12, Neodiloma cethiops Gmel.) 


M. xrsrors Gmelin. PI. 19, figs. 99, 100; pl. 20, fig. 19. 

Shell imperforate, globose-conoid, solid, thick, blackish, encircled 
by series of narrow white marks, formed by the interruption of nu- 
merous longitudinal white lines by narrow spiral black stripes ; spire 
conic, whorls 5, convex, the first eroded, spirally sulcate, the last 
marked by narrow, separated spiral grooves, the cuticle lamellose- 
striate ; base convex, eroded and subconeave in front of the aperture ; 
aperture large, oblique, expanded ; outer lip black-edged, then thick- 
ened with opaque white; columella short, obtusely bidentate, the 


MONODONTA. 99 


umbilieal tract very broad, subconcave, bounded on the outer lower 
margin by a chocolate streak. Alt. 25-33, diam. 25-30 mill 
Nw Zealand. 
T. ethiops GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3596.—Puriiprr, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 147, t. 24, f 10, 11.—F iscusr, Coq. Viv., p. 185, t. 61, f, 1. 
—T. zelandicus Quoy ET Garm., Voy. de l’ Astrol., iii, p. 257, t. 64, 
f. 12-15.— T. reticularis Gray, Dieffenb. N. Z. ii, p. 238.—Ind. Test. 
suppl., t.'d, f 21. 
Easily recognized by the distant narrow spiral black grooves, the 


A, 


intervening tracts flat, black, articulated with white. 


M. srrioLaTa Quoy et Gaimard. PI. 19, figs. 97, 98. 

Shell imperforate, globose-conic, generally rather depressed, very 
thick and solid, yellow and black, tessellated or longitudinally 
striped, sometimes the black, sometimes the yellow predominating ; 
spire very short conic, apex usually perfect and acute, often ruddy ; 
whorls 5, slightly convex, very rapidly increasing, spirally strongly 
costate, the ridges 13 or 14 in number on the last whorl; body- 
whorl slightly descending at the aperture, not eroded on the base ; 
aperture large, oblique; outer lip margined within with yellow 
and black, followed by a nacreous and then by an opaque white 
thickening which more or less contracts the aperture and which is 
more or less notched at about the place of the periphery ; columella 
white, much narrower than in M. zethiops, bidenticulate below. 

AG 20-22. diam, 23-25 mill: 


S. Australian and Tasmanian Coasts. 


T. striolatus Q EY G., Voy. de 0 Astrolabe, iii, p. 253, t. 63, f. 18- 
22.—Puiviprl, Conchyl. Cab., p. 158, t. 26, f. 1—FiscuEr, Cog. 
Viv., p. 187, t. 61, f. 3.—T. concameratus Woon, Ind. Test. suppl. t. 
6, f. 35 (no dese.).—T. viridis Woop, Ind. Test. suppl., t. 6, f. 36 
(not 7. viridis Gmel.).—Labio fuligineus A. Av., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 
180.—T. fuligineus Watson, Challenger Moll., p. 67, t.4,f.11.—? T. 
zebrinus Puiu, Conchyl. Cab., p. 161, t. 26, f. 6. 


The more prominent characters of this species are the strong spiral 
ribs and the thick outer layer of yellow and purplish-black, or of 
black veined with yellow, which usually assumes a tessellated 
.pattern. Sometimes, however, the black predominates to the almost 
entire exclusion of yellow, and specimens also occur in which the 
black is scarcely visible on the surface. Both of the names given in 


100 MONODONTA. 


the Index Testaceologicus are anterior to that of Quoy and Gaim., 
but being unaccompanied by descriptions have not been adopted. 
Watson’s figures of the undoubtedly synonymous 7. fuligineus are 
given on my pl. 19, figs. 1, 2. 

M. tucusris Gmelin. PI. 19, fig. 93; pl. 35, figs. 24, 25. 

Shell imperforate, depressed conic, solid, thick, blackish, dotted 
upon the ribs with yellow or white ; spire conic, more or less depressed, 
apex acute; whorls 5, spirally strongly ridged, the ridges nodulous, 
3 on the penultimate whorl, interstices spirally striate; last whorl 
depressed, angulate at the periphery, concentrically lirate below, the 
liree coarsely granulose, about 5 in number; aperture very oblique, 
the outer lip edged with blackish, then nacreous, and lined with 
opaque white, the thickening slightly notched at the place of the 
periphery ; columella oblique, nearly straight, flat, opaque white, 
backed by nacreous. Alt. 9, diam. 13; alt. 13, diam, 15 mill. 

New Zealand. 

Trochus lugubris GMEL., Syst. Nat., xii, p. 3583.—FIscHEer, Coq. 
Viv., p. 189, t. 62, f. 1—T. cingulatus Quoy ET Gatm. Voy. de 
l Astrol., t. 64, f. 16-20 (not T. cingulatus Brocchi nor Menke).—T. 
gaimardi: PHILIPPI, Conchyl.. Cab., p. 211, t. 31, f. 7-9—Diloma 
gaimardi Hurron, Manual N. Z. Moll., p.96.—T. bernardi Reciuz, 
Journ. de Conch., 1852, p. 166, t. 7, f. 5—T. sulcatus Woon, Ind. 
Text. suppl., t. 6, f.,40 (not T. sulcatus Martyn nor Lam.).—T. 
bicanalieulatus DuNKER, PuriLippi, Conchyl Cab., p. 202, t. 30, f. 6. 


A small species, sufficiently distinct from all others in its cari- 
nated, ridged, granulose whorls. It is more nearly allied to M. strio- 
lata than to any other species. The sculpture is quite variable. 7. 
bicanaliculatus Dunker (pl. 35, fig. 12, 15) seems to be synonymous. 
It is placed here by Fischer. 


M. teprosus Philippi. PI, 34, figs. 23, 

Shell depressed conoidal, umbilicate, solid, blackish-brown, sculpt- 
ured with 4 to 6 granose cinguli; whorls rapidly increasing, the last 
rounded; base ornamented with 5 elevated rather smooth cingul; 
aperture subcireular inside; columella with denticles on its lower 
outer part, above impinging over the umbilical tract. (Phil.) 

The shell is very thick, depressed-conoidal. The 43-5 whorls 
widen very rapidly ; the last is rounded. The sculpture consists of 
4 to 6 elevated warty or granose spiral cinguli upon the upper sur- 
face, and 5 pretty smooth liree beneath; the interstices are smooth, 


MONODONTA. 101 


sometimes traversed by an elevated line. The umbilicus is pretty 
narrow, almost circular, bounded by an obtuse angulation. The 
aperture is circular inside and appears narrow because the shell is 
very thick ; the throat is completely smooth ; the columella is arcuate 
at base, separated by a notch from the outer lip, and with two or 
three denticles there, above continued in a lobe which partly sur- 
rounds the umbilicus. The color is blackish-brown, the decorticated 
apex reddish-brown. 

Oblique alt. 9, diam. 12 mill. ( Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 

From T. scabriculus y. d. Busch, this species is separated by the 
thick shell, rapidly widening whorls, the rounded, not angular periph- 
ery,ere. (CPi) 

T. leprosus Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1851; Conchyl. Cab., p. 328, t. 
46, f. 13. 

May be a young shell. Known to me only by Philippi’s descrip- 
tion translated above. 


M. RApDULA (Parreyss) Philippi. Pl. 22, figs. 51, 52. 

Shell globose-conic, imperforate, small, thick and solid, blackish, 
unicolored ; spire elevated or rather depressed, conical ; apex acute, 
flesh colored; whorls 5, shghtly convex; spirally encircled by 
regularly granose subequal liree, about 6 in number on the penul- 
timate, 11 to 15 on the last whorl ; body-whorl globose, convex be- 
low, periphery rounded; aperture rounded; onter lip slightly 
crenated by the spiral ribs, dark-margined, beveled to an edge, 
thickened by a heavy white rim inside, which is slightly notched at 
the periphery, but elsewhere is smooth ; columella oblique, straight- 
ened, not obviously dentate. 

Alt. 7, diam. 6; alt. 54, diam. 63 mill. 

Sandwich (?) and Fiji Is. 

Trochus radula Parr. in Puruiprl, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 124. 
—Conchy!. Cab., p. 204, t. 30, f 9—FiscHER, Cog. Viv., p. 278. t. 
OL tp: 

Allied to M. lugubris, but perfectly distinct in the small globose, 
evenly granulose character of the shell. | Numerous specimens are 
before me from the Fiji Is., from J. W. MIGHELs. 


M. suBRostRATA Gray. PI. 19, figs. 89, 90. 


Shell conical, suborbicular, solid, black, with close wavy longitu- 
dinal yellow lines ; spire short ; whorls 5, last large, rounded, hinder 


102 MONODONTA. 


part with three to six spiral keels; axis imperforated; throat 
smooth and silvery. (J. EB. Gray.) 
E. Coast New Zealand. 
M. subrostratu Gray, in Yate’s Account of New Zealand, ete., 
(1835).—Smarn, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Moll., p. 4, t. 1, f. 14— 
Hurron, Manual N. Z. Moll., p. 96; Trans. N. Z. Inst., xv, t. 15, f. 
c.; Proc. Linn. Soe. N. S. Wales, 1884, p. 367. 


The figures are from Smith. I have not seen this species. Hut- 
ton’s description of it is as follows: Shell with subnodulose spiral 
ribs which are distant on the upper surface and closer on the base ; 
yellowish, with undulating longitudinal purple lines ; mouth yellow, 
more or less marked with purple. 

M. morio Troschel. PI. 35, figs. 26, 27. 

Shell semiglobose, imperforate, thin, obsoletely transversely sulcate, 
black, with irregularly scattered white dots ; aperture subtetragonal ; 
columella very oblique, nodulous, continued in a porcellanous band 
parallel to the lip; lip acute, within blackish-green, Nearly allied 
to T. zethiops, but more depressed, with more numerous, less dis- 
tinct transverse striz, often wanting above; the white dots ir- 
regularly scattered upon the greenish-black ground. 

Oblique alt. 10, diam. 14 mill. ( Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 
T. morio TROSCHEL in Puiirppt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 142, t. 24, f. 


Known to me only by Philippi’s description and figures. It is 
probably the same as Watson’s T. porcifer, and if so has priority. 
M. porcirFERA Watson. PI. 22, figs. 55, 54. 

Shell depressed globose, imperforate, spirally superficially lirate, 
black, very sparcely dotted with white ; spire short and much de- 
pressed, or slightly elevated; apex acute; suture linear, margined 
below; whorls about 5, very rapidly widening, the last very large, 
depressed, the base with a small eroded patch in front of the aper- 
ture; aperture very large, very oblique, the outer lip not thickened 
within, margined with black, nacreous and iridescent, smooth, but 
showing very distinct entering folds in the texture of the nacre, 
corresponding to the lirze of the outer surface; columella oblique, 
sub-straightened, but not really dentate, quite broad and flat or 
subconcave, composed of white, opaque snbstance, expanded above 
upon the parietal wall but not extending to the superior lip, nor 


MONODONTA. 103 


bordered anteriorly by a nacreous strip uniting with that of the 
upper lip, as in the case in M. nigerrima; place of the umbilicus 
marked by aslight pit; opaque substance of the columella extend- 
ing upon the base of the aperture, forming a strong ledge within. 

Alt. 12, diam. 15; alt. 10, diam. 133 mill. 

New Zealand. 

? Labio porcifera A. Ap. P. Z. S., 1851, p.179.—Trochus porcifer 
Watson, Challenger Moll., p. 67, t. 4, f 12—Diloma nigerrima 
Hourton, Manual N. Z. Moll., p. 96; and Trans. N. Z. Institute, xv, 
p- 125, t. 15, f. B. (Dentition.) (Not 7. nigerrima (Gm.) Phil.) 


The present species has been confounded by most authors with the 
Chilian M. nigerrima. From that form it may be readily distin- 
~ guished by the following characters: The spiral lire are much 
coarser and generally more conspicuous, although occasionally 
obsolete on the last whorl; they number 15 to 18 on the body-whorl ; 
the form is more depressed; the spiral undulations of the nacre 
within the outer lip much more obvious and coarser; the columella 
less concave; the parietal wall without the nacreous band which 
connects the terminations of the lip in M. nigerrima, and upon care- 
ful inspection a few white or yellowish dots may be detected upon the 
black surface, especially on the base, thus showing the affinities of the 
species to be with M. striolata and M. xethiops rather than with M. 
nigerrima. The surface is rather smooth and polished, with hght 
growth-lines. 

The animal is black ; head with a transverse band of yellow near 
the front margin; rostrum margined with white; tentacles long and 
tapering, longitudinally striped with black and yellowish ; filaments 
blue-black, three on a side, sometimes a fourth on the left side; foot 
white, closely and finely marbled with blue-black, and broadly 
margined with yellow veined with black. Its movements are said 
by Hutton, from whom I have taken the above description of the 
animal, to be very rapid, quite different from the other species of 
Neodiloma. 


M. coracina (Troschel) Philippi. Pl. 19, fig. 94; pl. 31, fig. 28. 

Shell small, imperforate, orbicular-conoid, depressed, solid, luster- 
less purplish-black, unicolored, or sparcely dotted (especially 
beneath) with yellowish; spire conic, short, eroded, whitish ; suture 
scarcely impressed; whorls 4—5, slightly convex, the last large, 
spirally lirate, the lire more or less obsolete, about 5 to 8 on the 


104 MONODONTA. 


penultimate, 10-15 on the last whorl ; body-whorl depressed, obtusely 
angulate around the periphery, eroded in front of the aperture ; 
aperture very oblique; outer lip acute, not thickened inside, black 
edged, within pearly, iridescent, the nacre smooth but showing fine 
folds like lirse within; columella very oblique, arcuate, extending 
upon the basal lip; columellar area rather wide, concave. 
Alt. 6-9, diam. 83-10 mill. 
New Zealand ; Cook’s Sts. 


T. coracinus TROSCHEL in Puixiprr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 148, t. 24, 
f. 13.—FiscuHErR, Cog. Viv., p. 357, t. 110, f. 6. 

Allied to M. porcifer; but differing in the smaller size, more 
depressed body-whorl, angulate periphery and more conic shape. 
I have copied the locality given above from Fischer, as the spec- 
imens before me are without data. Hutton does not mention the 
species in his Catalogue of N. Z. Mollusca. 


M. MELANOLOMA Menke. PI. 22, figs. 56, 57. 


Shell imperforate, globose-conical, solid, surface dull, roughened, 
corroded, dark purplish, overlaid by a more or less eroded yellowish 
white layer, coarsely obsoletely sublirate; spire conic, apex eroded ; 
whorls about 5, the last globose, not eroded in front of the aperture ; 
aperture oblique, nacreous and apparently smooth within ; outer lip 
bordered by a narrow yellow or white followed by a black strip ; 
columella short, oblique, sub-straightened, white, dilated upon the 
parietal wall but not extending to the upper lip, slightly pitted at 
the place of the umbilicus, subconeave. 

Alt. 15, diam. 16 mill. 


New Zealand. 


Monodonta melanoloma MENK®, Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 14 (1843).— 
Puriiepr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 146, t. 24, f.9.—Labio corrosa A. ADAMs, 
P. ZS. 1851, p. 180.—Diloma corrosa, Hurron, Manual N. Z. Moill., 
p- 96.—D. hectori Hurron, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p. 87.—Trocho- 
cochlea chloropoda Tate, Zool. and Pal. Misc., p. 10 (Teste Hurron). 
—Monodonta melaloma Hurron, Proce. Linn. Soe. N. S. Wales, 
1884, p. 566. 

I follow Hutton in referring this form to Menke’s IZ. melanoloma, 
although I am not absolutely sure that such reference is correct. 

This species may be known by the corroded, dull appearance and 
by the margin of yellow within the lip ; the columella is like that of 
M. porcifer, but not so broad. My description and figures are from 


MONODONTA. 105 


specimens received from Professor Hurron, who considers it doubt- 
fully distinct from M. undulosa Ad. The animal is like that species. 


Var. PLUMBEA Hutton. PI. 20, figs. 15-17. 

Shell globose-conic, imperforate, solid, dull purplish, the spire 
eroded, white, the base usually somewhat eroded, bluish ; spire conic, 
acute; whorls 4-5, the last obsoletely coarsely lirate ; aperture as in 
M. melanoloma, but outer lip margined within only by black ; colu- 
mella as in M. melanoloma, but bordered outside by black. 

Alt. 143, diam. 16 mill. 

New Zealand. 

Diloma plumbea Huron, Trans. N. Z. Institute, xv, p. 126 (1883). 

Animal, according to Hutton, like M. zthiops, the foot being 
margined with a band of black and white transverse stripes. Denti- 
tion ; central teeth as in M. corrosa; cutting points of laterals dentic- 
ulated on both sides; cutting points of inner marginals denticulated 
on outer edges only ; those of outer marginals on both edges. Shell 
like M. corrosa, but lacking the marginal yellow stripe within the 
lip. The specimens described and figured were received from Profes- 
sor Hurron. 

Var. unpuLosA A. Adams. PI. 22, figs. 45-47. 

Yellowish, with longitudinal undulating lines of dark purple, or 
altogether purple; mouth yellow, articulated with purplish-black. 
( Hutton.) 

Banks Peninsula to Dunedin, N. Z. 

Chlorostoma undulosum A. Ap., P. Z S. 1851, p. 182.—E. A. 
Smiru, Zodl. Erebus and Terror, Mollusca, p. 4, t. 1, f. 15 (1874).— 
Diloma undulosa Hurron, Manual N. Z. Moll., p. 96 (1880).—T. 
attritus Hompr. ET JAcg., Voy. au Pole Sud., p. 57, t. 14, f. 19-20 
(1853).—F iscHEr, Cog. Viv., p. 186, t. 61, f. 2. 


Var. Gurrata Hutton. 

Dark purple, usually spotted with white; mouth black ; columellar 
lip greenish at base; interior highly iridescent, markedly grooved. 

This variety looks like a hybrid between M. nigerrima [M. porci- 
fer!] and M. melanoloma. (Hutton.) 

Nelson, N. Z.: 

M. cargonarta Philippi. Pl. 34, fig. 30. 

Shell elevated-conoidal, imperforate, solid, smooth, black ; whorls 
slightly convex, the last rounded; aperture rhombic-rounded, 


106 MONODONTA. 


triangulate ; columella oblique, subtruncate and binodulose at base ; 
lip acute, wide, with a porcellanous greenish margin, edged with 
black, inside of which it is silvery, pearly, throat porcellanous, 
subsuleate. (Phil.) 

The shell is rather thick; the whorls are slightly convex, the 
upper ones eroded, grayish-white, the last impressed at the suture, 
rounded beneath. The columella is round, oblique, and makes a 
distinct angle with the preceding whorl; below it is truncated, and 
has two little tubercles; the upper angle of the aperture is rounded, 
not channeled, even if distinctly angular. The place of the inner 
lip is absorbed, smoothed (forming a negative inner lip). In the 
umbilical region there is a porcellanous, slightly callous deposit. 

Alt. 54, diam. 31 mill. (Philippi.) 

King Georges Sound, S. Australia. 

Can this T. carbonarius be only an adult specimen of T. diloma 
Menke? The latter is distinguished by (1) its smaller size, (2) the 
entirely black margin of the outer lip, (3) a distinct furrow at the 
upper angle of the aperture, (4) the much less conspicuous angle the 
columella makes with the upper whorl, (5) in lacking truncation and 
denticles at the base of the columella. ( Philippi.) 

T. carbonarius Put. Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 105; Conchyl. Cab., 
et OG. te AO ca, 

KXnown to me only by the above description and figure. (Compare 
Chlorostoma funedrale.) 

M. nerrrorpes Philippi. Pl. 34, figs. 20-22. 

Shell semiglobose, very oblique, imperforate, smooth, black, painted 
with numerous white zigzag lines; whorls rapidly widening; spire 
retuse ; aperture semiovate; lip thin, duplicated and coarsely crenate ; 
columella flat, grooved by a parallel sulcus, terminating in an acute 
tooth below. (Phil) 

The shell is very similar to a Nerita on account of its semiglobose 
form, very obtuse spire, flat base and rapidly widening whorls. I 
count 5 volutions; the uppermost are flat, and spirally striate; the 
penultimate convex, the last completely smooth, obliquely descending, 
flatly depressed above, almost concave. The aperture is almost 
exactly like that of T. canaliferus. The outer lip is on its outer part, 
inside the edge lined with mother-of-pearl, visibly furrowed ; on this 
part borders a white porcellanous coat, underneath standing out like 
a rib, on the base cut by two furrows; the throat is nacreous all 
around. The columella is compressed, flat, arcuate, produced into a 


MONODONTA. 107 


sharp tooth below, and outwardly with a furrow parallel with its free 
margin. The color is black, with narrow white dense zigzag curved 
streaks. The spire is pure black. Oblique alt. 13, diam. 15 mill. 
There are forms with more elevated whorls, departing a little from 
the usual form. (Philippi.) 
Habitat unknown. 


T. neritoides Putt, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1849, p. 170.—Conchy/. Cab., 
p. 308, t. 44, fi 4. 


This form may be the same as that I have described below as M. 
perplexa. It is said to be very blunt in the spire, and differently 
colored. . 


M. PeRPLEXA Pilsbry. PI. 55, figs. 6-8. 

Shell depressed-conoid, imperforate, oblique, light green, radiately 
flamulate above with wide zigzag dark green stripes, more narrowly 
striped below, encireled about the middle with a well-defined lighter 
zone; the entire surface polished, and marked with numerous 
slightly impressed light-colored spiral lines; spire very short, conic, 
acute; sutures more impressed than usual in this group ; whorls 5, 
quite convex, the upper ones ruddy or purplish, the last very large, 
slightly compressed just below the suture, gently descending an- 
teriorly ; aperture very large, very oblique; outer lip thin, acute, 
pearly, iridescent, and apparently lirate within ; columella extremely 
oblique, its inner edge concave, distinctly toothed or hooked below, 
bearing a shallow groove parallel with the edge, from the place of 
the umbilicus downward ; columellar area very wide, white. 

Alt. 83, diam. 10 mill. 

Japan. 

This form is very oblique, like Jf. constellata. From that species 
it differs in the characters italicized in the above description. There 
is a distinct ledge within the base, as in M. nigerrima, M. porcifera 
ete. The notch at the base of the columella is more decided than 
in any other species of Neodiloma, and raises a doubt concerning the 
true position of the species. The specimens before me were received 
from the Smithsonian Institution. Compare preceding species. 


M. eurrata Koch. PI. 34, figs. 16, 17. 

Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, depressed conical, very smooth, 
upper surface with distant impressed lines, black, subtessellated 
with scattered white spots; aperture rhomboidal, patulous; um- 


108 MONODONTA. 


bilicus narrow ; columella arcuate, terminating at base in an obtuse 
denticle. ( Philippi.) 

ihe shell is much depressed, with 53 rapidly widening whorls, 
which are above flat, the rest convex; the last is slightly angled, 
and has above eight equally widely spaced impressed spiral lines, 
which do not modify the smoothness of the surface. The base also 
has a pair of impressed lines; the umbilicus is narrow, the columella 
arcuate, with a blunt denticle below. The color is black above, 
brown beneath, both sides guttate with yellowish-white spots ar- 
ranged in rows. Alt. 3, diam. 5 mill. (Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 

T. guttatus Kocu, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1846, p. 104.—PxHiiprt, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 178, t. 28, f. 4. 

Philippi’s description, remarks and figures are copied. 
M. srurnus Mihlfeld. PI. 34, figs. 18, 19. 


Shell imperforate, convexo-orbicular, black, ornamented with 
white-spotted slightly elevated transverse lines; columella very 
oblique, continued upon the base in a lobe parallel with the lip. 
( Phil.) 

T have seen two examples of this species, in the Anton collection. 
The shell is pretty depressed, and seems to consist of only 4 whorls ; 
these are so flat, and separated by such slightly impressed sutures 
that one has difficulty in distinguishing them. — It is hard to count 
the elevated transverse lines, they are so inconspicuous. The aper- 
ture is large, rounded-quadrangular ; the inner lip is, as Muhlfeld 
correctly says, concave, or rather, surrounded by a little trench, and 
the basal lip is continued parallel beyond it. The columella is very 
oblique, compressed, its edge rounded, not acute, and it is continued 
upon the base in a callous lobe parallel with the outer lip, which has 
8 to 10 furrows inside, corresponding to the liree of the outer surface. 
The color is black, usually with yellow dots on the spiral liree. 

Alt. 43, diam. nearly 8 mill. ( Philippi.) 

’'T. sturnus Muur. Mag. Berl. Gesell. nat. Freunde, viii, p. 8, t. 
2, f. 12.— Puiuirri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 269, t. 39, f. 14. 

Probably a young shell of one of the New Zealand or Australian 
species. It cannot be from the Antilles, as Mtihlfeld supposed. 


M. CoNsTELLATA Souverbie. PI. 35, figs. 9,10; pl. 62, figs. 69-71. 


Shell imperforate, orbteulate-conic, slightly elevated, oblique, the 
base very wide, longitudinally very obliquely subtly striate, and 


MONODONTA. 109 


marked with a few spiral subimpressed lines which are sometimes 
obsolete, leaving the surface smooth ; color plumbeous ashen, often 
with a pink tinge, speckled closely with white dots, and encircled 
with two dark bands which are articulated with larger spots of white ; 
sutures impressed ; whorls 5, subconvex, the last forming the greater 
portion of the shell, compressed, obtusely angulated, depressed below 
the suture, the surface of the base almost entirely occupied by the 
parieto-columellar area; aperture very oblique, pearly, iridescent 
inside ; outer lip acute, thin, continued on the base in an angle which 
bounds the columellar area; columella subhorizontal, thin, very wide, 
subconcave, white, bounded by a narrow brown streak outside. 

Alt. 9, diam. 10 mill. 

New Caledonian Archipelago. 

T. constellatus SoUVERBIE, Jowrn. de Conch., 1863, p. 279, t. 12, f. 

3.—FisHER, Cog. Viv., p. 271, t. 90, f. 1. 


A very depressed, almost Trochita-shaped species. There is con- 
siderable variation in the color-pattern. Unlike most of the preced- 
ing species, the base is not lined with a white thickened continuation 
of the columella. 


M. excavara Adams et Angas. Pl. 35, figs. 1, 2, 3. 


Shell small, imperforate, depressed-conic, oblique, light green, 
closely maculated and mottled in minute pattern with dark olive, the 
markings sometimes assuming the form of obliquely descending dark 
bars; spire conoidal, the apex eroded, whitish; the penultimate 
whorl quite convex, ruddy or purplish; suture well impressed ; 
whorls 4, the last conic above, flattened beneath, carinate at the 
periphery ; almost the entire surface of the base occupied by the 
large, very oblique aperture ; outer lip acute, arcuate, not thickened 
within, inside brilliantly iridescent, smooth or nearly so; columella 
subhorizontal, its edge arcuate, thin, acute, extending below upon 
the base, forming a ledge within the basal lip; parieto-columellar 
area very large, eroded, concave, white. Alt.5, diam. 6 mill. _ 

New Zealand. 

Trochocochlea excavata Ap. and Ana, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 37.— 
Hurron, Manual N. Z. Moll., p. 97. 

A species allied to M. constellata, but smaller, lacking dark spiral 
bands, more angular at the periphery, more concave beneath, and 
with the columella prolonged in a distinct ledge within the basal lip. 
To M. perplexa it is also related; but is smaller, more angulated, 


110 MONODONTA. 


more concave beneath, and does not possess the peculiar notch at the 
base of the columella characteristic of that form. 
M. ATROVIRENS Philippi. Pl. 22, figs. 48-50. 

Shell imperforate, orbiculate-conoidal, depressed ; whorls 6, sep- 
arated by impressed sutures, slightly convex, greenish-black, shining, 
spirally suleate, the sulci about 5 on the penultimate whorl; last 
whorl much dilated, shghtly depressed above, rounded in the middle, 
very obliquely striate, obsoletely transversely sulcate, slightly convex 
beneath ; aperture subrhomboidal, lirate within; lip acute, green ; 
basal margin thickened within ; columella compressed, white, arcuate ; 
columellar callous broadly expanded, subdepressed at the place of 
the umbilicus. Alt. 9, diam. 14 mill. (Fischer.) 

Bay of Tasmania; New Zealand. 


Trochus atrovirens Putt. Conchyl. Cab., p. 148, t. 24, f. 12.— 
FiscHEer Cog. Viv., p. 373, t. 114, f. 1. 

Not noted by Hutton. Reported from New Zealand on the 
authority of Quoy and Gaimard. 

M. prreRINA Philippi. Pl. 22, figs. 39, 40; pl. 35, figs. 4, 5. 

Shell small, globose-conic, imperforate, thick, solid, blackish, 
speckled and maculated all over with yellowish, the body-whorl 
spirally encircled by two narrow bands of black articulated with 
orange; spire short, generally eroded more or less, apex acute or 
eroded ; whorls 4 to 5, slightly convex, spirally finely striate, the 
striz often almost obsolete; aperture rounded, outer lip arcuate, 
acute, thickened within, the nacre inside appearing finely lirate ; col- 
umella short, oblique, not as wide as usual in this group, quite 
obviously bluntly toothed in the middle. Alt. 8, diam. 73 mill. 

Fiji and Viti Ls. 

T. piperinus Puitiprt, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 111.—Conchyl. 

Jab., p. 205, t. 30, f. 10.—FiscHER, Cog. Viv., p. 260, t. 87, f. 3— 

T. anenus GouLp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, p. 107, 1849.—U. 8. 
Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 187, t. 13, f. 218, 1852. 

A globose-conie, solid little species, not likely to be confounded 
with any other, as the coloration, form and scu!pture are very char- 
acteristic. Figs. 4, 5, of plate 55, are T. amcenus Gld. 


Section CHLoRODILOMA Pilsbry. 


Latona Hurron, Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ix, p. 368. (Not Latona 
Schumacher, Essai, p. 156 (1817.) 


MONODONTA. 111 


M. crryrra Philippi. PI. 22, figs. 41-44. 

Shell globose-conic, narrowly perforate, solid, light cinereous, 
longitudinally marked with numerous narrow regularly spaced olive 
lines, the first whorls bright orange colored; spire conic, eroded ; 
sutures linear, impressed ; whorls 5, convex, spirally grooved, the 
grooves shallow, about 5 on the penultimate whorl ; aperture oblique, 
the lip smooth and thickened within ; columella not very thick, 
arcuate, white edged, obtusely dentate below ; umbilico-columellar 
area bright green. Alt 17, diam. 16-18 mill. 


Australian Coasts. 

T. crinitus Puiu., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 103.—Conchyl. Cab., 

p. 235, t. 35, f. 9—FiscuEr, Cog. Viv., p. 209, t. 69, f. 3.—Tro- 

chocochlea mimetica Hurron, Jour. de Conch., 1878, p. 32. (Teste 
Joun Brazier, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1886, p. 200.) 


The orange apex, green columella and narrow longitudinal lines 
characterize this species. It is sometimes imperforate. 


M. apELAID& Philippi. PI. 365, figs. 22, 23. 

Differs from M. crinita only in lacking the tooth at the base of 
the columella; coloration, sculpture and form identical. 

S. Australian and N. Tasmanian Coasts. 

Trochus adelaide Puty., Conchyl. Cab., p. 140, t. 24, f. 1.—Diloma 
australis TENISON- Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1876, p. 145. 
—Trochus (Diloma) adelaide Brazier, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1886, 
p. 199. 


M. opontis Wood. Pl. 62, figs. 66, 67. 

Shell globose-conic, more or less depressed, imperforate or very 
narrowly perforate; spirally finely striate, the strize becoming 
obsolete on the last whorl, incremental striz microscopic, sharp ; 
apical whorls white, eroded; the remainder covered with a regular, 
elegant, minute reticulation formed by the intersection at right angles 
of two sets of obliquely descending black or bluish lines; body- 
whorl subangulate at the periphery; outer lip thin, acute, inside 
green, beautifully iridescent ; columella arcuate, not dentate, pearly- 
edged ; umbilico-columellar area vivid pea-green. 

Alt. 15-20, diam. 18-20 mill. 

Trochus odontis Woon, Ind. Test., suppl., t. 6, f. 37 (1828).— 
Puitierl, Conchyl. Cab., p. 144, t. 24, f. 7.—Fiscurr, Cog. Viv., 
p. 313, t. 99, f. 1—Braztier, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1886, p. 198. 


Waly) MONODONTA. 


The reticulated color-pattern will distinguish this species from 
the preceding. 

M. zeus Fischer. PI. 22, figs. 58-60. 

Shell imperforate, thick, obtuse; apex short, papillose, yellowish ; 
suture impressed; whorls 4 to 5, moderately convex, obliquely 
striate. spirally suleate; Jast whorl ample, rounded. obsoletely 
angulated above, marginated at the suture, white, with radiating 
flexuous red lines; base convex; aperture circular, columella sub- 
dentate at base; columellar callous thick, whitish-green ; outer lip. 
thick. Alt. 16, diam. 19 mill. (Fischer.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Trochus zeus FiscHEeR, Journ. de Conch., 1874, p. 372, et Coq. Viv., 
p. 334, t. 104, f. 1. 

I have not seen this species, which was described from several 
specimens of unknown origin, all of the same form and color-pattern. 
Dr. Fischer considers the green columella an indication that it is 
from Australia, where numbers of the Trochids exhibit this char- 
acter. The species seems to be more nearly allied to M. crinita 
Phil. and other species of Chlorodiloma than to typical Monodonta. 


Section OxysTELE Philippi. 


Oxystele Puiu, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1847, p. 19; Handbuch der 
ConchyL., p. 210.—H. and A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll., p.426.—F IscHEr, 
Manuel, p. 820.—TRyon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., 11, p. 314. 

M. mMeruLA Lamarck. PI. 23, fig. 79. 

Shell rather depressed conoidal, imperforate, lusterless purplish- 
black ; spire conical, apex eroded, yellowish, the following whorl 
spirally striate, the last two whorls smooth ; whorls about 6, convex ; 
sutures distinct ; ]ast whorl not carinated at the periphery, rather 
flattened on the base, and usually slightly eroded in front of the 
aperture; aperture large, oblique, the outer lip black-margined, 
within silvery, the nacre smooth, but apparently lirate; columella 
arcuate, thin, simple, white; umbilico-columellar region surrounded 
by a beautiful rose-colored tract. Alt. 27-40; diam. 35-41 mill. 

Cape Region, S. Africa. 

Trochus merula Lam., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 16 (1822).—PururpPr, 
Conchyl. Cub., p. 26, t. 6, f. 3, 4—Krauss, Die Siidaf. Moll, p. 95. 
—Fiscuer, Cog. Viv. (Turbo), p. 182, t. 29, f. 1.— Trochus sinensis: 
GMeEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 8585. 


MONODONTA. ithe 


M. rrarina Chemnitz. Pl. 23, figs. 61-64. 


Shell conoidal, more or less elevated, imperforate, lusterless black- 
ish or purplish, unicolored or with a few scattered white dots, or 
yellowish flexuous lines ; spire conic, apical whorls eroded, yellow or 
whitish; whorls about 6, spirally coarsely but obsoletely lirate ; 
aperture large, oblique, black-bordered, silvery within; columella 
simple, white or yellowish, bordered by a dull purplish streak ; parie- 
tal wall usually covered by a thin silvery callous. 

Alt. 27, diam. 32 mill. 

Cape Region, S. Africa. 

Trochus tigrinus Curemnitz, Conchyl. Cab., v, p. 59, f. 1566.— 
Paruipri, Conchyl. Cab; p. 27, t. 6, f 5. 
WG ayo Aas a 

In form like M. merula; but without the rosy base, more coarsely 
and obviously spirally lirate, and usually dotted with white. 


Var. vascor Fischer. PI. 23, figs. 62. 


Shell with acute spire; deeply spirally suleated, the penultimate 
whorl five-lirate; aperture less dilated. Alt. 55, diam. 51 mill. 


FIscHER, Cog. Viv., p. 


M. sauvcraTA Koch. PI. 24, figs. 95, 96; pl. 21, figs. 31, 32; pl. 62, 
figs. 81, 82. 

Shell low-conical, imperforate, rather thin ; ground-color greenish, 
especially on the last whorl, usually purplish on the spire, and either 
(1) spirally encircled by bands of dark green, black, or red oblong 
spots articulated with a lighter color, or (2) obscurely mottled with 
reddish, the ground-color covered with fine oblique or zigzag lines ; 
the pattern sometimes so obscurely mottled, spirally and obliquely 
streaked, that it appears nearly uniform olivaceous, especially on the 
last whorl; spire more or less elevated, conic, the apex minute, 
acute, reddish, when not eroded ; sutures well impressed ; whorls 6, 
spirally more or less obviously, finely, irregularly striate or lirate ; 
body-whorl rounded or subcarinated at the periphery ; base some- 
what convex, more or less impressed around the axis, sometimes 
eroded in front of the aperture; aperture large, very oblique; outer 
lip with a black-spotted green edge, which is generally followed by 
a broad thin opaque-white band, within which it is nacreous and 
iridescent ; columella oblique, thin-edged, the edge convex in the 
middle; columellar area white, more or less eroded ; umbilical tract 
covered by a thick pad of enamel. Alt. 20, diam. 24 mill. 

Madeira ; Mogador; N. Spain; Cape Verde Is.; Canary, Is. 
3 


114 MONODONTA. 


Trochus sauciatus Kocu in Puruiprt, A bbild., i, Trochus, t. 5, f. 
7 (1845).—Puitieri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 201, t. 30, f. 5—T. inde- 
corus PuiirpPi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 143, t. 24, f. 5.—T. listeri Woop, 
Ind. Test. suppl., t. 5, f. 8 (no description).—T. colubrinus GOULD, 
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, p. 107 (1849) and Expl. Exped. Shells, 
p- 185, f. 223—Wartson, Challenger Moll., p. 65.—T. sagittiferus 
Hipaco, Mol. de Espana, t. 60, f. 2-7 (not of Lamarck).—T. 
citrinus Paitrppt, Conchyl, Cab., p. 290, t. 42, f. 14—Fiscuer, Coq. 
Viv., p. 262, t 88, f. 1. (? T. citrinus Gmelin.) 

Pl. 24, figs. 92, 93 represent the T. indecorus. 

An extremely embarrassing species is the one under consideration, 
as Dr. Fischer truly remarks. Both Fischer and Watson have dis- 
cussed at length its synonymy, each arriving at a different conclu- 
sion. I have been over this barren ground again—a task full of toil 
and difficulty,—and have been forced to adopt still another name for 
the shell. I am convinced that the 7. sauciatus of Koch is identical 
with this species instead of with T. sagittiferus Lamarck. I will 
briefly rehearse the history of the above names: T. citrinus Gmel., 
1788, is unidentifiable; 7. Uisteri Wood, 1828, is probably this 
species, but the figure is poor and no description is given; 1. sawei- 
atus Koch (pl. 24, figs. 95, 96) corresponds perfectly with depressed 
specimens of this species; TJ. co/ubrinus Gould, is doubtless the same, 
but later in date. I cannot follow Fischer in uniting 7. indecorus 
and 7. sauciatus with T. sagittiferus Lam. The differences between 
these forms are indicated under the next species. 

M. sauciata is like the Mediterranean M. articulata, M. turbinata, 
ete., in the convex columellar lobe; but agrees with the section 
Oxystele in having a thin acute edge to the columella, and a thin 
shell. The coloration is excessively mutable, as well as the general 


form. 
M. saGirrrFERA Lamarck. PI. 23, figs. 65-67 ; 76. 

Shell conical, imperforate, rather thin; ground-color (usually) 
whitish, pinkish or bluish, painted with red, brown or blackish in 
innumerable patterns, but usually in one of the following modes: 
(1) longitudinal zigzag dark stripes on a light clear ground ; (2) very 
obliquely descending narrow stripes or lines, generally zigzag or 
interrupted about the middle of the whorl; (3) narrow spiral 
articulated bands around the middle of the whorl, the base mottled 
or barred, and the suture bordered by a row of dark blotches; (4) 
ground-color pink or purplish, the entire surface variegated by rather 


MONODONTA. Tals 


narrow spiral bands, finely articulated with red or purple and white ; 
spire conical, elevated ; sutures distinctly impressed ; apex minute 
and acute when not eroded; whorls 6, convex, quite smooth outside, 
but when eroded the nacre is seen to be finely spirally lirate ; base 
not eroded; aperture very oblique; outer lip narrowly margined, 
acute, iridescent within, the nacre smooth, but apparently lirate ; 
columella avewate, concave, white, thin, covering the place of the 
umbilicus with a pad of callous, the outer edge of which is usually 
not appressed closely to the base; parietal wall with a thin translu- 
cent callous or none; umbilico-columellar callous bounded outside by 
a more or less obvious streak of blue, green, brown, or sometimes 
light yellowish. Alt. 21, diam. 24; alt. 21, diam. 21 mill. 
Cape Region of S. Africa. 
Trochus sagittiferus Lam., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 29.—PHILIPPI, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 150, t. 24, f. 16.—FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 180, t. 59, 
f, 3, t. 103, f. 4 (excl. synonymy !).— T. variegatus ANTON, Verzeich., 
p- 57.—Putiiprt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 144, t. 24, f. 6, 15 F impervius 
Puree, Conchyl. Cab., p. 145, t. 24, f. 8—T. perdix Kocu, in 
Pururprs, Conchyl. Cab., p. 150, t. 24, f. 17. 


Plate 24, fig. 94 is T. variegatus Anton ; fig. 91 is T. perdix Koch; 
pl. 35, figs. 28-32 represent T. impervius Phil. 

This form may be distinguished from the preceding by its smooth, 
not striate nor lirate surface; its columella is arcuate, con- 
cave or sometimes substraightened in the middle, but is never dis- 
tinctly convex and lobed there as in M. sauciata ; the outline of the 
shell is more compact and elevated, the aperture smaller, and the 
coloration, while sometimes approaching that of M. sauciata, is 
generally quite distinct. 


M. ruLGuRATA Philippi. PI. 35, fig. 16; pl. 23, figs. 68-70. 

Shell imperforate, conoidal, rather thin, apex subacute ; whorls 52, 
moderately convex, nearly smooth, the upper ones eroded, spirally 
striate, yellow; the remainder margined and compressed at the 
sutures, greenish, ornamented with narrow brownish, obliquely 
radiating, zigzag lines; last whorl rounded, slightly descending ; 
aperture subovate, suleate within; columella arcuate, compressed ; 
umbilical tract white, callous. Alt. 19, diam. 18 mill. (Fischer.) 

Coast of Guinea. 

T. fulguratus Putu., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 106 and Conchyl. 

Cub.; p. 268, t. 39, f. 10, 11—FiscHer, Cog. Viv., p. 181, t. 60, f. 1. 


116 MONODONTA. 


I have not seen this form. It is evidently closely allied to M. 
sagittifera, but according to Dr. Fischer, may be separated by its 
more elongated form, more acute spire, and close lines of color. 


M. TENER Troschel. PI. 35, figs. 17, 18. 

This species nearly allied to T. impervius and T. perdix, but is 
apparently different; I count 5 whorls, the upper eroded ; these are 
moderately convex, the last compressed or even concave below the 
suture, distinctly angular beneath, entirely smooth. The clear violet 
ground is so densely marked with oblique, narrow, blackish, longitu- 
dinal lines, that at a little distance the shell appears unicolored black. 
The aperture is very oblique ; the greater part of the base is oceupied 
by a very large porcellanous callous, which is concave in the middle 
and surrounded by a deep black zone. At the origin of the col- 
umella is a little pit. The columella is very oblique, flat, and is 
continued in a band parallel to the edge of the outer lip; the nacre 
is very beautiful, changing to violet. 

Alt. 7, diam. 11 mill. ( Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 


T. tener TRoSCHEL in Puiurppr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 141, t. 24, f. 2. 


M. raBuLaRis Krauss. PI. 35, figs. 14, 16. 

Shell small, conical, imperforate, rather solid; the coloration 
consists of rather broad longitudinal stripes of dark olive-green or 
red, alternating with stripes of bright pink, bordered with lines of 
delicate green, and frequently veined with the same tint ; the stripes 
are continuous from suture to base, or are displaced or interrupted 
at the periphery ; spire low-conic, apex eroded, orange-colored, the 
following whorl, if eroded, showing iridescent blue-green nacre, 
which is spirally grooved ; whorls about 5, smooth when not eroded, 
the last obtusely subangulate at the periphery ; base rather flattened, 
radiately striped with red and white, not eroded ; aperture oblique, 
outer lip acute, edged with alternate green and white, smooth with- 
in; columella arcuate, thin, white, wide, covering the place of the 
umbilicus with an ivory-white pad, which is closely appressed to the 
body-whorl. Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill. 

Cape of Good Hope. 


Trochus tabularis Krauss, Die Siidaf. Moll, p. 97, t.5, £ 30.— 
Parrert, Conchyl, Cab., p. 142, t. 24, f. 4. 
The coloration of this species is peculiarly effective and delicate. 


MONODONTA. jG G7/ 


M. suavis Philippi. Pl. 28, figs. 74, 75. 


Shell small, conical, imperforate, rather solid but thin, pale olive 
or yellowish, with a broad spiral band of alternating crimson and 
white or greenish square blotches below the suture and another just 
above the periphery, the space between them occupied by several 
spiral bands of white or greenish, broken into squares by short 
vertical red lines, the base radiately marked with red lines; spire 
conical, apex acute, olive-colored when eroded through the white 
layer; sutures impressed; whorls 5, the last flattened beneath, 
smooth except on the base, where fine concentric lines are visible 
under a lens ; aperture oblique, the lip thin, acute, brilliantly irides- 
cent within, green predominating ; columella arcuate, thin, obviously 
toothed. near its junction with the axis above, and covering the place 
of the umbilicus with a white pad of callous; base concave around 
the axis. Alt. 12, diam. 14 mill. 

New Caledonia; Japan. 

Trochus suavis Put.., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1849, p. 191, and Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 290, t. 43, f. 1.—Fiscner, Journ. de Oonch., 1875, p. 49, and 
Cig iiep. ole. b 9o.t. 4 — Oxystele koenent DuNKER, Ind. Moll. 
Mar. Jap., p. 142, t. 12, f. 4, 5, 6 (1882). 

Somewhat similar to M. tabularis Krauss in size and form, but 
distinet in the columella, toothed above, caused by a semicircular 
groove which bounds the umbilical callous, the striate base, and the 
color-pattern. 

Fischer gives the locality New Caledonia on the authority of 
Baxansa. Specimens before me from Japan were received trom 
Prof. R. E. C. Srearns. Dunker’s O. koeneni seems to be identical. 
It is from Japan. See pl. 23, figs. 71, 72, 73. 


Insufjiciently deseribed species of Monodonta. 


“We would reject names accompanied by those short unmeaning 
Latin diagnoses, without giving distinctive characters or size of 
specimen, which authors are in the habit of publishing in the 
Proceedings of various Societies, if the same species is subsequently 
figured or fully described by other naturalists. The abuse which has 
arisen from the claims of priority based on these unrecognizable 
descriptions is certainly beyond endurance; and no author ought to 
be permitted to impose upon the scientific world a species character- 
ized by half a dozen lines of conventional, mongrel Latin, that 


118 MONODONTA. 


would apply to several related species equally as well as to the one 
described. A positively recognizable description, or details of differ- 
ences, or a figure of the species, should be rigidly required.” —TRryon, 
in Amer. Journ. Conch., i, p. 83. 


M. crrcumcrncta A. Adams. Testa ovato-conoidea, imperforata, 
levi, nitida, crassa, cingulis rubris, albo viridi maculatis alternanti- 
bus picta; anfr. convexis; columella basi tuberculata, dente magno 
acuto terminata ; labro duplicato, intus lirato. (A. Ad.) 

Id. of Ticao, Philippines, on stones at low water. (Cuming.) 


ADS Wd. Sy, LoOlg pain: 


M. rusEerRcuLATA A. Adams. Testa ovate-conoidea, imperforata, 
crassa, viridescenti, cingulis tuberculorum oblongorum violaceorum 
ornata; anfr. convexis; columella basi trituberculata, canali paral- 
lelo instructa, dente prominente acuto terminata; labro duplicato, 
intus lirato. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


A AD PZ; toon; ip bio: 

M. rucutosA A. Adams. Testa ovato-conoidea, depressa, atro- 
fusca, fasciis latis luteo-albis irregulariter picta, cingulis rotundatis 
interruptis ornata; columella basi bituberculata, canali parallelo 
instructa, dente magno acuto terminata; labro duplicata, intus 
lirato. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


AAD, P.Ze8. lebilogp: lio: 

M. exicua A. Adams. ‘Testa parva, conoidea, umbilicata, 
albida fusco variegata, cingulis transversis granulosis interstitiis 
longitudinaliter liratis ornata; anfr. parum convexis, ultimo sub- 
angulato ; umbilico recto, dente valido acuto terminata ; labro intus 
suleato. (A. Ad.) 
Japan. (Siebold.y 
AeA Dy Paks Se Loop aki. 

May be a Euchelus, instead of a Monodonta. 


M. sprrora A. Adams. Testa parva, ovato-depressa, conoidea, 
imperforata, levi, nitida, viridi, maculis pallidus triangularibus ; 
columella plana, alba, canali parallelo instructa, dente obtuso 
terminata ; labro duplicato, intus lirato. (A. Ad.) 


Habitat unknown. 


MONODONTA. 119 


PN iP! 7, S085, p17: 


Laxsro rupis A. Adams. Testa orbiculato-conica, imperforata, 
spira obtusa, lutescente, lineis transversis nigris ornata, longitudi- 
naliter oblique striata, transversim subexarata; labio complanato ; 
columella antice subtuberculata; labro nigro luteoque intus mar- 
ginato. (A. Ad.) 

Australia. 

Ae Aue. Zig, 185 os LO 

Lasio concotor A. Adams. Testa turbinato-conica, imperforata ; 
spira acuta, brunnea, longitudinaliter oblique striata, transversim 
sublirata; labio complanato, regione umbilicali impressa;  col- 
umella arcuata, antice tuberculo terminata; labro  nigro-fusco 
marginata. (A. Ad.) 


New Zealand. (Hart.) 
AWAD: bs 2. 8s, 181, p: 180. 


M. GLasratuM Gould. Testa globoso-conic, crassa, polita, fusco- 
viridis, interdum ad verticem nigrescens et ad peripheriam pallidior, 
ubique sulcis 4-5 cincta, interspatiis tessellatim suleata; anfr. 7, 
convexis ; apertura ampla, rotundato-ovata, alba ; labro intus sulcato ; 
denti columellari acuto suleato. Axis 15, diam. 13 mill. ( Gould.) 

China Seas. 

Has a general resemblance to, and may be a variety of, M. tuber- 
eulata ; but its rubbed look, tessellated rather than papillated surface, 
and shorter axis distinguish it. ( Gould.) 

GouLD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., viii, 1861, p. 20. 


M. GRANULATA Gray. 

Shell rather depressed, cunical, purple variegated with white, 
generally concentrically wrinkled, and ornamented with granulated 
spiral ribs, the ribs of the upper part of the last and of all the other 
whorls rather distant, and forming four series; those of the under 
part rather closer and smaller; the axis umbilicated, smooth, the 
aperture roundish, the outer lips furrowed, the columellar lip smooth 
with a groove at its base. 

Axis 4-12ths, diam. 5-12ths of an inch. ( Gray.) 

M. granulata Gray, in Capt. King’s Survey of Intertropical and 
Western Coasts of Australia, ii, p. 479 (1827). 

M. DENTICULATA Gray. 

Shell depressed, conical, pale reddish, ornamented with rows of 

white and brown spots, spirally grooved ; ribs slightly granulated ; 


120 CANTHARIDUS. 


sutures distinct, impressed, the lower part of the last whorl nearly 
smooth, and the umbilicus white, smooth inside, the edge furnished 
with a series of granules; the mouth subquadrangular, outer lip 
crenulated at the edge, columellar lip smooth, with a large tooth at 
the inside and a little roughness on the outer side. 

Axis 3-10ths, diam, 5-12ths of an inch. ( Gray.) 

M. denticulata GRay, in Capt. King’s Survey of Intertropical and 
Western coasts of Australia, 11, p. 479 (1827). 


M. RUDIS Gray. 

Shell ovate, conical, imperforated, rough, pearly, concentrically 
striated, whitish-brown; when worn or when eroded, purple; the 
whorls convex, suture distinct, sometimes occupying an impressed 
line on the lower whorl; the base rather convex, the aperture 
roundish, the axis (imperforate) covered with a white callous, which 
leaves a slight concavity over its end; the outer lip of three colors, 
the outer part purple or green and white, the middle pearly, and the 
inner opaque, white, and furrowed; the surface of the lower part of 
the last whorl is frequently worn away just opposite the mouth, so as 
to leave a purple spot. ( Gray.) 

M. rudis Gray, in Capt. King’s Survey of Intertropical and 
Western Coasts of Australia, 11, p. 480 (1827). 


Genus CANTHARIDUS Montfort, 1810. 


Cantharidus Montr., Conch. Syst., ii, p. 251 (1810).—H. & A. 
ADAMS, Genera, 1, p. 425.—Cantharis Fér.—Elenchus SwAInson, 
Treatise on Malacol., p. 851—FiscHEer, Manuel de Conchyl., p. 
819. 

A genus restricted to Australasian seas, and hitherto found only in 
shallow water. The radula shows several peculiarities in the forms 
(Cantharidus s.s. and Phasianotrochus) which have been observed ; 
showing, probably, more affinity to Gibbula than to any other genus. 
In Cantharidus (restricted) the central tooth has a body with 
broadly expanded supporting-wings, a narrowed peduncle or neck, 
which bears a simple cusp. This peduncle has on each side delicate 
wings, like those I have described for Phasianella virgo, and iden- 
tical with those described and figured by Troschel for various species 
of Gibbula. The lateral teeth number five on each side; and they 
increase in size from the inner to the outer one; this peculiarity, 
together with that of the central tooth just described, will enable one 


CANTHARIDUS. HAM 


to recognize a radula of this genus at a glance. The inner lateral 
is slender, narrowed toward the cusp, like the centrals, and (some- 
times at any rate) bearing a lamella behind the peduncle. The 
outer laterals are very broad, with one or several denticles on the 
cusp. Phasianotrochus (Elenchus of authors) has essentially the 
same arrangement, except that the centrals lack the peculiar wings 
to the peduncle (pl. 50, fig. 15, C. badius Wood). The radule of 
Thalotia, Odontotrochus and Bankivia are unknown. Watson says 
that Leiopyrga has the same dentition as Margarita, but this must 
be a mistake. 

The genus should be grouped with Gibbula in a natural arrange- 
ment of the family. The only character separating Cantharidus trom 
that genus is the simple cusp of the central tooth, whilst in Gibbula 
it is denticulate at the sides. {am wholly inclined to disregard the 
subfamily limits adopted in the first part of this work, (p. 6), and 
even more those used by Fischer (Munue/, p. 817). But I do not 
believe much improvement can be made until we have more knowl- 
edge of the soft parts of Trochide. 

In couclusion, there is no character of importance at present 
known to me which will separate the small shining Australasian 
Gibbula (such as picturata Ad. & Ang., nitida Ad. & Ang., ful- 
minata Hutton, ete.) from the smaller species of Cantharidus ; and 
the resemblance between Cantharidus and Calliostoma, shown in the 
shells of certain species, is no evidence whatever of relationship 
—unless Thalotia and Odontotrochus prove to have a very different 
dentition from Cantharidus, in which event the genus will have to 
be dismembered. 

The dentition of the following species has been figured by Prof. 
Hutton (Trans. N. Z. Institute, xv, xiv; 1881-’82). Cantharidus*® 
purpuratus Mart., tenebrosus Ad., pupillus Gld. These figures do 
not show as many teeth as is desirable. The only other radula 
figured is that of C. badiws Wood, by Troschel (Das Gebiss, ii, t. 
xxiv, f. 4). 

As to the nomenclature adopted, Elenchus of Swainson is a 
synonym of Cantharidus Montf. Elenchus of H. and A. Adams is 
the same as Phasianotrochus Fischer, but not Elenchus (Humph.) 
Swainson. I do not have access to the “Museum Calonnianum,” a 
very rare work in which Elenchus was proposed by Humphrey ; and 
do not know whether the genus was properly characterized or not. 
The name was unknown in conchological literature until Swainson 


122 CANTHARIDUS. 


revived it in 1840 for Trochus iris. In this uncertainty I prefer to 
adopt Cantharidus of Montfort. 


Subgenus CanrHaripus, Montfort. 
Section Cantharidus Montf. (restricted). 
C. tris Gmelin. PI. 34, fig. 15. 


Shell imperforate, elevated-conical, obtusely angular at the pe- 
riphery, solid, but not very thick, whitish, tinged with blue on the 
body-whorl and yellowish or pinkish on the spire, al! over closely 
longitudinally marked with undulating purplish-red streaks, often 
zigzag, or interrupted into spiral series of articulations; spire with 
slightly concave outlines, slender, more or less eroded and showing 
the iridescent green nacre at tip; sutures linear; whorls 8-9, 
generally showing traces of spiral impressed lines, base with about 
5 spiral separated narrow ridges, often inconspicuous; aperture 
ovate-rhomboidal, oblique, lined with iridescent green nacre with 
red reflections; outer lip thin, slightly suleate within; columella 
subvertical, generally straight in the middle or slightly projecting, 
pearly above; parietal wall eroded, brilliant green ; umbilico-colu- 


mellar patch whitish. Alt. 40, diam. 30, mill. 
New Zealand. 


Opalus Martyn, Univ. Conch., t. 24.—T. iris Guru. Syst. Nat., 
xiii, p. 8580.—Lam., An. s. Vert. vii, p. 27—Puriirppi, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 9, t. 2, f. 7, 8; t. 46, f. 9—Woopwarp, Manual of the Moll., 
t. 10, f. 8—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 157, t. 51, f. 4— Cantharidus iris 
Hurron, Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 99 (1880). 

The largest species of the genus. Specimens with the outer coat 
ground off show a beautifully iridescent green nacre. 


C. pRuININuS Gould. PI. 46, figs. 60, 61. 

Shell ovate-conical, imperforate, rather solid, deep purple (some- 
times with a few white dots), apex pink; surface nearly smooth, 
very densely finely spirally striate all over ; spice conical, apex sub- 
acute; whorls about 6, slightly convex, the last rounded or very 
obtusely angular; aperture less than one-half the length of shell, 
ovate, oblique, iridescent within and showing fine dense folds in the 
nacre; columella subhorizontal, straightened in the middle, ex- 
panded in a callous pad over the umbilicus. 


Alt. 22, diam. 16 mill.; alt. 30, diam. 19 mill.; alt. 19, diam. 16 
mill. 


Auckland and Campbell Is. 


CANTHARIDUS. Des 


T. capillacens Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 102 ; Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 275, t. 40, f. 7—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 161, t. 52, f.3.—T. epis- 
copus Hompr. ET JAcg. Voy. au Pole-Sud, t. £4, f. 9-11.—KIevER, 
Species gen. Trochus, t. 52, f.3.—T. pruininus Gouun, Otia, p. 55 
(1846); U.S. Expl. Exped., t. 12, f. 203.— Cantharidus Zealandicus 
A. Ap., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 169—Hurtron, Manual N. Z. Moll., p. 99 
(1880).—C. pruininus Hurron, Proce. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, 
p. 361 (1884). 

The species exhibits considerable variation in the comparative 
length of the spire, but may be known from other species by the 
very fine close spiral striation of the outer surface and the dark 
purplish color. 

Var. PEROBTUSA Pilsbry. PI. 34, fig. 1. 

Spire short, very obtuse at apex; whorls 5, the last large, descend- 
ing anteriorly ; aperture as long as spire; other characters as in C. 
pruininus. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill. 


C. TeENEBROsUS A. Adams. PI. 54, fig. 3. 

Shell conical, elevated, imperforate, rather thick, solid, dark bluish- 
black, or with a purple shade; spire conoidal, sutures slightly 
impressed, apex somewhat obtuse, a trifle eroded and whitish at tip ; 
whorls about 6, very slightly convex, those of the spire encircled by 
about seven lirze of about the same width as their interstices, body- 
whorl very bluntly subangular at periphery, with about 20 spiral 
lire, and fine delicate growth-lines; aperture rounded-quadrate, 
oblique, less than 3 the total length of shell; outer lip very narrowly 
black-edged, bordered by a series of short fine sulcations, beyond 
which there is a porcellanous thickening; throat nacreous, irides- 
cent, the reflections mainly green; columella subvertical, a trifle 
arcuate, rounded and pillar-like, covering the umbilicus above ; 
parietal wall with a thin whitish callous; upper angle of aperture 
angular, slightly channeled. Alt. 113, diam. 93 mill. 

New Zealand. 

C. tenébrosus A. Av., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 170, no. 11—Hurroy, 
Manual N. Z. Moll., 1880, p. 101; Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix 
(1884) p. 361. 


Narrower and more coarsely suleated than C. huttoni. 


Var. HUTTONII Smith. PI. 34, fig. 2. 


Shell short-conical, covered perforate, bluish-black or purplish- 
black, the apex worn white; whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, sculpt- 


124 CANTHARIDUS. 


ured by 7 to 8 spiral strise and incremental lines; last whorl obtusely 
angular at the periphery, rather convex beneath, slightly impressed 
in the region of the umbilicus; aperture subcircular-quadrate irides- 
cent within, lightly grooved; lip within a trifle thickened whitish, 
narrowly edged with black; columella slightly arcuate, thickened, 
covering the perforation. 

Alt. 143, diam. 102 mill.; alt. 9, diam. 7 mill. (Smith) 

New Zealand. 

T. (Cantharidus) Huttonti K. A.Smrru, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, 
xii (Zoology), p. 558, t. 30, f. 20 (1876)—Hurron, Manual N. Z. 
Moll., 1880, p. 100.—Gibbula plumbea Hurron, Journ. de Conehyl., 
1878, p. 33 (teste Hutton, Manual N. Z. Moll., p. 100).— Cantharidus 
tenebrosus Ad. var., Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix (1884), 
p- 362; Trans. N. Z. Inst., xiv, t. 7, f. u. (Dentition.) 

Care must be taken not to confound this species with one or two 
others which are found from the same locality. ©. tenebrosus, 
described by A. Adams is a narrower and more coarsely sulcated 
species than the present ; and a second species (at present undescribed) 
is closely allied; it is umbilicated more broadly, spirally suleated, 
and not so dark in color, being of a pale purplish tint with the 
spiral liree between the suleations of a darker tint. (Smith.) 

C. puRPuRATUS Martyn. PI. 45, fig. 44. 

Shell imperforate, acutely conical ; whorls 8, somewhat convex, 
separated by slightly impressed sutures, the first reddish-green, the 
remainder whitish, ornamented with rosy oblique streaks, spirally 
cingulate, cinguli flat, 5 on the penultimate whorl, the interstices nar- 
row, obliquely lamellose-striate; last whorl subangular, convex 
beneath, concentrically lirate, articulated with white and purplish ; 
aperture subtrapezoidal, sulcate within ; lip thin; columella nearly 
vertical, columellar callous thin, narrow. 

Alt. 22, diam. 16 mill. (Fischer.) 

Auckland to Bank’s Peninsula, N. Z. 

Limax purpuratus Martyn, Univ. Conch., t. 68 (1784).— Trochus 
purpuratus Dresn. in Lam., An. s. Vert. ed. 2, ix, p. 108.—Puit- 
IPP, Conchyl. Cab., p. 10, t. 2, f. 9, 10—FiscHEerR, Coq. Viv., p. 
366, t. 112, f. 3—Cantharidus purpuratus Hurron, Proc. Linn, 
Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 8361; Trans. N. Z. Inst., xv, t. 14, f. o (den- 
tition).— T. rostratus GMELIN. Syst. Nat., xii, p. 8580.—T. elegans 
GMEL. l. ¢., p. 8581.--( Phas. rubella Menke, Synops. Moll. teste Hut- 
ton. )—T. texturatus GouLD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, p. 90 (1849) ; 


~ 


CANTHARIDUS. 125 


U.S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 181, t. 12, f£ 206—FiscueEr, Coy. Viv., 
p. 133, t. 46, f. 1—T. pallidus Homer. er Jaca. Voy. au Pole-Sud, 
p- 55, t. 14, f. 12, 18. (Not T. pallidus Forbes).—T. rostratus 
KIENER, Species et Icon., t. 46, f. 1.—T. torosus Quoy, mss. in 
KIENER, Species et Icon., genre Trochus, t. 46, f. 3—Fiscuer, Coq. 
Mine pads, ¢.46).f 3. 

I am disposed to refer to one species all of the coarsely ribbed 
Cantharidus of New Zealand included in the above synonymy. 
The description given above applies to the typical purpuratus. The 
following may be separated as varieties. 


Var. TEXTURATUS Gould. PI. 45, figs. 41-48. 


Form as in typical C. purpuratus. The sculpture consists of five 
broad rounded spiral ribs on the penultimate, nine or ten on the last 
whorl. The ribs have a secondary sculpture of fine spiral stric, the 
whole surface covered by sharp incremental striz which are lam- 
ellose in the narrow interstices between ribs. Aperture brilliantly 
nacreous within. Color whitish, longitudinally striped with red or 
purplish ; apical whorls roseate. 


Var. rorosus Quoy. PI. 45, fig. 45. | 

Imperforate, elongate-conical, spire acute; whorls 7 to 8, livid- 
reddish or ashy, slightly convex, radiately irregularly striate, with 4 
low, transversely striated spiral cinguli; body-whorl subecarinate ; 
base convex, 4-lirate; aperture ovate; columella white, arcuate, 
margins greenish. Alt. 26, diam. 15 mill. ( Fischer.) 

Nothing more than an elongated form of the preceding, scarcely 
distinct enough for varietal rank. Specimens before me are inter- 
mediate between texturatus and torosus in form and coloration. 


C. PULCHERRIMUS Wood. PI. 46, figs. 78, 79. 


Shell imperforate, acutely conical, elongated, thick and solid; 
spire straightly conical, apex subacute, sutures linear; whorls about 
6, nearly flat, the penultimate with four or five broad flat spiral ribs, 
_ often unequal in width, separated by narrow impressed grooves, the 
body-whorl subangular, with four or five broad flat low ribs above 
the periphery and more numerous narrower ones on the base. The 
ribs are usually purplish-crimson articulated with narrow white 
marks. Aperture small, less than one-half the length of shell, 
oblique, oval, brilliantly iridescent and somewhat sulcated inside, 
peristome edged with a line of intense crimson, bordered with green- 


126 CANTHARIDUS. 


ish inside; columella vertical, slightly arcuate, straight in the 
middle; parietal wall covered by a light callous. 
Alt. 14-17, diam. 9-11 mill. 


Southern Australia; Northern Tasmania. 


T. pulcherrimus Woon, Ind. Test. suppl, t. 6, f 45.—PHILIPPI, 
Abbild. u. Beschr., ii, Trochus t. 7, f. 1; Conchyl. Cab., p. 132, t. 23, 
f. 4, t. 43, f. 11—FiscueEr, Coq. Viv., p. 137, t. 46, f. 4—T. preissti 
Mxe., Moll. Nov. Holl. Sp., p. 17.—T. puedla Putt., Zeitschr. f. 
Mal., 1851; Conchyl. Cab., p. 327, t. 46, f. 12.—Thalotia marie 
Tentson—W oops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, xiv, p. 58 (1877). 

Separated from C. purpuratus by the smaller size, thicker shell, 
coarser, more unequal ribs and crimson peristome ; from C. lesueuri 
by the much coarser sculpture. 


C. LESUEURI Fischer. PI. 45, figs. 52-54; pl. 34, figs. 9, 10. 

Shell imperforate, elongated conical, somewhat solid, whitish or a 
little tinged with olive, painted with numerous rather narrow lon- 
gitudinal olive-brown or reddish-brown stripes generally broken into 
tessellations on the base ; spire long, apex subacute, whitish ; sutures 
moderately impressed; whorls about 7, flat or concave below the 
sutures, convex and swollen at the periphery and above each sut- 
ure, encircled by numerous fine lire ; last whorl a trifle deflexed at 
aperture, often subangular at the periphery; aperture rhomboidal, 
less than half the total length of shell; peristome rather thin, acute, 
edged by a row of red dots, thickened a little distance within, the 
thickening finely crenulated; columella vertical, marked with 
crimson at the outer base. Alt. 13-19, diam. 10-11 mill. 

S. Australian Coasts ; Tasmania. 

T. lesueurt FiscHErR, Coq. Viv., p. 129, t. 45, f. 2—BraziEr, 
Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1886, p. 194.—Phasianella elegans Lam., 
An. s. Vert., ii, p. 53 (1822)— Trochus elegans, K1ENER, Spec. et 
Icon. Coq. Viv., t. 45, f. 2 (not T. elegans Gmel.).—T. lehmanni 
Mke., Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 18 (1848).—Puitrerr, Abbild. u. Besch- 
reib., ii, Trochus t. 7, f. 2 (not JT. lehmanni KirnER).—T. pictus 
Puiuipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 139, t. 23, f. 18, 19—Thalotia picta 
Aneas, P. Z.8., p. 179 (1865). (Not 7. pictus Wood.) 

This species is characterized by its fine spiral striation, whorls 
swollen at the periphery, and more or less red-edged peristome. In 
some specimens the longitudinal color streaks are quite broad; the 
base is almost always finely tessellated, and the lower part of the 


CANTHARIDUS. 1 / 


columella is crimson. There is an umbilical tract of tessellated pink 
and white. 

The following form does not. seem to me to differ specifically, 
although its color-pattern of whitish flames on a coral-red ground 
give typical examples quite a distinct aspect. 


Var RAMBURI Crosse. PI. 45, fig. 40. 


Shell imperforate, pointed conical, solid, crimson with narrow 
radiating whitish flames on the upper surface, usually extending to 
the periphery, and an umbilical tract of red and white tessellated ; 
spire lengthened, apex subacute, sutures subimpressed ; whorls about 
7, concave below the sutures, convex and swollen at the periphery 
and on the lower edge of each whorl of the spire; whole surface 
finely spirally lirate, the liree about as wide as the interstices, which 
are delicately obliquely striate; aperture oval-quadrate, iridescent 
within, less than half the length of shell; peristome edged by a row 
of crimson dots, with a porcellanous internal thickening which is 
finely crenulate; columella vertical, slightly arcuate, pearly. 

Alt. 18, diam. 8; alt. 18, diam. 12 mill. 

S. Australian Coasts. 


T. ramburi CrossE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 542, t. 13, f. 3.— 
Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 409, t. 120, f 38.—T. pulcherrimus Wood, 
var. PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 295, t. 43, f. 11. 


Typically of a coral-red or crimson color, flammulate above with 
whitish. Fully adult examples often show the light flames only 
upon the upper whorls. 


C. rRoGATUS Fischer. PI. 46, fig. 69. 

Shell conic-elongate, spire acute; whorls 7-8, the first eroded, 
iridescent, the rest planulate, submarginate below, smooth, encircled 
by 3-4 slightly impressed lines, ornamented with minute dots ar- 
ranged into radiating flames; last whorl carinated, concentrically 
striate beneath ; aperture rhomboidal, columella subtruncate below. 

Alt. 19, diam. 14 mill. (Fischer.) 

Australia ? 

T. erogatus FiscueR, Coq. Viv., p. 128, t. 45, f. 1.—T. indistinctus 
KTENER, Species, ete., t. 45, f. 1. (Not 7. indistinctus Wood, Ind. 
Test., suppl., t. 6, f. 41.)—Puiuippi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 293, t. 43, f. 
7.—Ziziphinus indistinctus REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 35. ? 


128 CANTHARIDUS. 


Dr. Fischer, from whom my information concerning this species 
is derived, says: I have not seen this species. It is not in the 
collection of the Museum. 

M. Kiener has indentified this shell with Trochus indistinctus 
Wood. It.differs from the type of Wood by the more conical form, 
fewer and shallower concentric grooves. There is at the Museum a 
series of Trochids collected by Péron and Lesueur on the Australian 
coast, which represent exactly the figure of Wood. Their spiral 
lire are salient and subgranose; the whorls of the spire project at 
the lower part. The figure of Philippi cited approaches that of 
Kiener ; its whorls are smooth, the grooves shallow. The coloration 
of the umbilical region is a little different. Reeve’s figure seems to 
belong to another species; it is narrower, less carinated, and the 
inter-liral spaces are striated. In conclusion, the 7. indistinctus of 
Kiener and of Philippi seems to us to be a species different from that 
of Wood, and we propose to name it 7. erogatus. (Fischer.) 

C. inpistinctus Wood. PI. 34, fig, 4. 

This form is known to me only by the remarks of Fischer (supra, 
under T. erogatus) and the figure in the Index Testaceologicus, pl. 
6, fig. 41. The latter is copied on my plate. It is said to be from 
Australia. 

C. GILIBERTI Montrouzier. PI. 45, figs. 37, 38. 

Shell imperforate, conic-elongate, acute; whorls 10-11, planulate, 
greenish, with a few whitish radiating flexuous irregular streaks, or 
punctulate with white, obliquely very finely striate, spirally lirate, 
the lire delicate, 15 to 16 on the penultimate whorl, the two lower 
ones wide, prominent; last whorl carinated, somewhat depressed 
above, convex beneath and 10-lirate, sometimes with intercalated 
lirule. Aperture subquadrate, lip simple, greenish, basal margin 
arcuate; columella straight, short, with a parallel groove outside, 
base truncate. Alt. 13, diam. 73 mill. (Fischer.) 

Island of Art, N. Caledonian Archipelago. 

T. gilberti Monrr., in Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 207. 
—T. giliberti FiscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 401, t. 119, fi 2. 

A species allied to 'T. fournieri Crosse, differing in the larger size, . 
more numerous whorls, more salient spiral liree and more carinated 
body-whorl. The two lower lirze of each whorl form a strong carina. 
The truncation of the base of the columella is very distinct, while it 
is slight or wholly wanting in T. fournieri. M. Souverbie informs 
me that it was by an error that this species was named gilberti; it. 
should be called giliberti. (Fischer. ) 


CANTHARIDUS. 129 


C. ARTENSIS Fischer. 


Shell imperforate, thick, conico-elongated, apex reddish, eroded, 
remaining whorls 6, spirally lirate, penultimate whorl with 6 granose 
lirze, the first and last largest, 6th or basal ridge very prominent 
subearinate, interstices obliquely striate, decussated on the last 
whorl; upper whorls whitish-rosy, penultimate radiately streaked 
with white and red, last whorl olivaceous, obscurely clouded, 
carinated ; base convex, ornamented with 7 concentric lirze, punctate 
with rosy, and with intermediate lirule ; aperture subquadrate, basal 
margin arcuate; columella straight, bounded outside by a parallel 
groove, truncate at base. Alt. 11, diam. 8 mill. (Fischer.) 

Is. Art, New Caledonian Archipelago. 


T. artensis FiscuHER, Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 208. 


This species, represented by one slightly worn example, belongs 
to the same group as the preceding [ 7. giliberti]. It is heavier ; its 
base is wider ; the surface of the whorls has granulose lire, and the 
oblique strize, very prominent on the last whorl. The coloration is 
peculiar. It is probable that this diagnosis will require modifica- 
tion when better preserved specimens are found. (Fischer.) 

The single specimen known is in the Bordeaux Museum. 


C. FOURNIERI Crosse. PI. 45, fig. 51. 


Shell imperforate, acutely elongate-conical, small, brown or 
olivaceous, unicolored or punctate or maculate with white ; spire 
straightly conical, apex acute, sutures linear; whorls about 8, flat, 
very finely, evenly, densely spirally striate, the strize sometimes sub- 
decussated by delicate oblique growth-lines; last whorl carinate at 
periphery, the base coarsely lirate, liree about 9 in number ; aperture 
small, quadrangular, smooth within ; lip acute, bordered inside by 
a wide porcellanous band, the throat nacreous, brilliant green ; col- 
umella straight, scarcely truncate at base. 

Alt. 9, diam. 6; alt. 7, diam. 43 mill. 

Id. of Nou, N. Caledonian Archipelago. 

T. fournieri Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl., 1863, p. 180.—FIscHEr, 
loc. cit., 1875, p. 49; Coq. Viv., p. 400, t. 119, f. 1. 

Seems to be very closely allied to C. giliberti. The figure of.this 
species is not very satisfactory. Ge 

9g 


% 
we, 45 8 & | 


aes 
al i} 4 f 


130 CANTHARIDUS. 


C. SUAREZENSIS Fischer. PI. 45, fig. 55. 

Shell narrowly perforate, conic-acute ; whorls 9 to 10, planulate, 
the embryonic smooth, buff, the remaining whitish-buff, ornamented 
with longitudinal wavy streaks of brown or rosy, and sometimes 
spiral zones ; spirally lirate, lirze 7 on the penultimate whorl, upper 
and lower ones most prominent, the intermediate 5 slightly granose, 
the interstices sharply obliquely striate ; last whorl angular, convex 
beneath, with about 8 concentric lire. Aperture subquadrate, lip 
acute, columella subtruncate; parietal wall bearing a callous in 
adults. © Alt. 18, diam. 13 mill. 

Id. Nossi-Bé ; and Diego-Suarez, Madagascar. 


T. suarezensis FiscueR, Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 63; Coq. 
Ways peatent. LID 1.2. 


A well-marked form, distinct in possessing a narrow umbilicus, 
and distinctly granose lire. 


C. niraAris Lischke. PI. 45, fig. 39. 

Shell subrimate, cyclindrical-conic, smooth, shining; whorls 8 the 
first eroded, greenish; the remainder scarcely convex, red and 
white clouded, maculate with brown above, encircled by equidistant 
olive-brown lines; last whorl angular, convex beneath and orna- 
mented with 6 concentric lines; aperture subquadrate, smooth 
within; basal margin scarcely arcuate; columella narrow, sub- 
truncate beneath, whitish-green. Alt. 14, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.) 

Nagasaki, Japan. 


T. hilaris LiscHK®r, Malak. BL, 1871, p. 41; Jap. Meeres- 
Conchyl., 2d part, p. 85, t. 5, f. 14, 15.—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 359, 
re a 


It is possible that Ziziphinus japonicus A. Ad. is identical. 

Fischer says: This species is quite remarkable in its very elongated 
form, like a Bankivia. Lischke’s type was not adult; it is more 
conical and smaller than the specimen figured by me, attaining only 
83 mill. 


C. puPILLUS Hutton. 

Shell depressed or sometimes elevated, imperforate or narrowly 
perforated; whorls spirally ribbed. Dark brown or greenish-brown, 
with brown and reddish markings; margin of the aperture greenish- 


CANTHARIDUS. 131 


brown. A very variable shell, smaller than C. tenebrosus. (Hut- 
ton.) 
Bank’s Peninsula to Dunedin, N. Zealand. 

Cantharidus pupillus Hurron, Proce. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ix, 
p- 562, 1884, ete. (not Trochus pupillus Gould, U.S. Expl. Exped. 
xii, p. 186, atlas, fig. 208). 

My knowledge of this shell is derived wholly from Professor 
Hutton’s description and remarks. It is not the 7. pupillus of 
Gould, which is undoubtedly a species from the West coast of North 
America. 


C. SANGUINEUS Gray. PI. 47, figs. 92, 93. 


Shell top-shaped, white, with rows of numerous blood-red spots ; 
whorls flattened, the last obscurely keeled ; the front rather convex, 
with sharp-edged, low spiral ridges. (Gray.) 


Auckland to Wellington, N. Z.; Chatham Ts. 


Troch. ( Gibbium) sanguineus GRAY, Dieffenbach’s Travels in New 
Zealand, ii, p. 238 (1843).—T. sanguineus E. A. Smrru, Zool. Voy. 
H. M.S. Erebus & Terror, ii, Mollusca, p. 4, t. 1, f. 12 (1875).— 
Cantharidus sanguineus Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, 
p. 862 (1884) ; and var. celatus Hurron, /. ¢., p. 363. 

Hutton says of this species, which I have not seen. Shell im- 
perforate, spirally grooved. Pinkish white, with red spots on the 
ribs, or with red flexuous longitudinal markings ; interior and mouth 
white. 


Var. c#LATUS Hutton. 
Smaller but more deeply ribbed and the grooves wider. ( Hutton.) 
Foveaux Straits. 
Section PHAstanorRrocuus Fischer, 1885. 


Phasianotrochus Fischer, Manuel de Conchyl. p. 819.—Elenchus 
H. & A. Ad., Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 424 (not Elenchus Swainson). 


C. BApIus Wood. PI. 45, figs. 57, 58. 


Shell imperforate, elongated-conical, solid, rather thick, polished, 
shining ; color brown, fawn-color or rosy, with widely-spaced light 
or dark narrow spiral lines, usually four in number on the penulti- 
mate whorl ; surface microscopically spirally densely striate; spire 
slender, straight-sided ; apex acute ; whorls 7, a little convex, the last 
rounded at the periphery; aperture slightly exceeding one-third 


132 CANTHARIDUS. 


the total length, ovate, brilliantly iridescent within, and sulcate ; 
peristome thickened, greenish ; columella vertical, toothed below the 
middle. Alt. 28, diam. 13 mill. 

S. Australian Coasts. 


T. badius Woop, Index Test., suppl., t. 6, f. 46—PuHi.rpr1, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 187, t. 23, f. 14—FiscHEr, Coq. Viv., p. 151, t. 
50, f. 2, 3—T. lividus K1ENER, Species et Icon., t. 50, f. 2 (not T. 
lividus Phil.)—Monodonta rosea LAM. An. s. Vert., vil, p.  — 
DELEssERT, Rec. de Coq,, t. 37, f.3.—T. roseus Puiu. Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 184, t. 23, f. 7—K1ENER, Species et Icon. t. 50, f. 3—CHENU, 
Manuel, ii, p. 360, f. 2672. (not 7. roseus Gmel.)— T. australis Quoy 
ET GAIMARD, Voy. de |’Astrolabe, ili, p. 828, t. 65, f. 13, 14. (not 
T. australis Broderip, 1830, nor Monodonta australis Lam.)—T. 
quoyt Puitippi1, Conchyl. Cab., p. 139, t. 23, f. 17—T. pieifer 
FIscHER, Coq. Viv., genre Turbo, p. 111. 


This species is separated from the following by the plain coloration, 
without longitudinal markings. It frequently attains much greater 
size than the measurements given above indicate; Kiener’s “T. 
lividus ” measuring 38 mill. in length. 


C. pERONI Philippi. Pl. 34, figs. 12-14. 

Shell imperforate elongate-conic, pointed, exactly like C. badius 
in contour ; polished, purplish-pink, darker toward the apex, with 
longitudinal zigzag or flecuous white lines or stripes. Aperture as in 
C. badius. Alt. 30, diam. 14 mill. 

S. Australian Coasts. 


T. perontt Puitipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 135, t. 23, f. 9—FISCHER, 
Coq. Viv., p. 153, t. 50, f.1, 4; t. 51, f3.—Monodonta lineata Lam. 
An. s. Vert., vii, p. 38 (not 7. lineatus Da Costa nor Lam.)—T. 
vermiculosus KIENER, Species et Icon., t. 50, f. 4, t. 51, f. 3.—T. ful- 
mineus KIENER, loc. cit., t. 50, f. 1. 


Exactly like C. badius in form and texture, but differing in the 
longitudinal white lines. 7. fudmineus Kiener, is founded on a speci- 
men with very numerous oblique lines (fig. 12). The name /ineatus 
of Lamarck has priority for this species, and is not preoccupied in 
Cantharidus. I follow Fischer in retaining Philippi’s name, how- 
ever, as there is a Jineatus in both Monodonta and Trochus s. s., both 
bearing date anterior to the present species. 


CANTHARIDUS. 133 


C. BELLULUS (Dkr.) Philippi. PI. 34, fig. 5. 

Shell imperforate, elongate-conic, acute, solid, polished, grayish 
or pinkish, with a few spiral orange lines, two on the penultimate 
whorl ; the spaces between these lines marked with short white curved 
lines in pairs, often forming a figure 8 shaped pattern. Whorls 
about 8, nearly flat, the last rounded at the periphery; spire 
attenuated toward the acute purplish apex; aperture small, con- 
tracted, suleate and iridescent within; columella vertical, strongly 
toothed below. Alt. 15, diam. 7 mill. 

S. Australian Coasts. 


T. bellulus DuNKER in Pururert, Abbild. u. Beschr., ii, Trochus 
t. 7, f. 6—Purerr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 134, t. 23, f. 8.—FIscHER, 
Coq. Viv., p. 154, t. 51, f. 1. 


A very attractive little species. The color-pattern is quite con- 
stant and characteristic. The interior of the mouth is more coarsely 
suleate than in other species, showing only about 6 folds; the outer 
and basal lips have a slight submarginal porcellanous subdentate 
thickening, which stops a little space short of the upper termination 
of the outer lip. 


C. IRISODONTES Quoy et Gaim. PI. 46, figs. 64-66. 


Shell imperforate, elongate-conic, pointed, solid, polished, yellow- 
ish, pink, or olive-green, with reddish or olive longitudinal lines in 
pairs, sometimes separate on the last whorl, and usually with 
numerous narrow, rather obscure spiral pink or yellowish lines ; 
sometimes with a few series of white dots on the upper part ; spire 
conic, shorter, less attenuated than in C. bellulus; whorls about 7, 
scarcely convex, the last not carinate, finely striate beneath, smooth 
above; aperture rather large, often expanded smooth inside, lined 
with intensely green nacre ; columella strongly toothed below. 

Alt. 15, diam. 8 mill. 

S. Australian Coasts. 

T. irisodontes Quoy et GAIMARD, Voy. de |’Astrol., iii, p. 246, t. 
63, f. 7-12.—T. triodon Puiuivri, Abbild. u. Beschreib, ii, Trochus 
fa, 1 4, 5, 8: Conchyl. Cab., p. 136, t. 23; f. 10, 11, 13) t, 43,4 
8.—FIscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 160, t. 52, f. 8—T. letus Pui., Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 133, t. 25, f. 6—Monodonta virgata Mxe. Moll. Nov. Holl. 
spec., p. 15.—T. virgulatus Putt., Conchyl. Cab., p. 136, t. 25, f. 12. 
—T. minor TroscHEt (in Mus. Berol.) PHrtrepr, Cunchyl. Cab., p. 
137, t. 23, £15. 


134 CANTHARIDUS. 


The coloration is quite variable, but usually is as described above. 
Unicolored green specimens are before me. The aperture is some- 
times so dilated that the spire seems to lean to that side. I have not 
followed Philippi and Fischer in emending Quoy’s irregularly 
formed name. By error, fig. 66 of this species was grouped on the 
plate with C. woodsianus. 


C. apictnus Menke. PI. 34, fig. 6, 7. 


Shell imperforate, elongated, solid, smooth, shining, grayish, or 
brownish-yellow, with numerous narrow obliquely longitudinal red 
lines ; whole surface microscopically spirally striate, the strize coarser 
on the base; whorls 8 to 9, nearly flat, upper whorls pink ; spire 
turrited, straight sided, acute; sutures linear, sometimes white- 
margined ; body-whorl rounded at the periphery ; aperture slightly 
exceeding one-third the total length of shell, oval, beautifully 
iridescent within, smooth, not suleate; columella with a subacute 
tooth below the middle. Alt. 18, diam. 9 mill. 

W. Coast Australia (Preiss). 

Monodonta apicina Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 15 (1843) 
—T. apicinus Pur.., Conchyl. Cab., p. 133, t. 23, ft 5. 

This species is more slender than any other Phasianotrochus known 
tome. It is allied to C. iriodon, but the coloration is different from 
any form of that species, consisting of very numerous narrow 
obliquely-descending red lines. 

Figure 6 is copied from Philippi. I have added that of a 
specimen which seems to belong to this species. 

Philippi’s remarks are as follows: Of all the shells I know, this 
Trochid has the most brilliant luster. I count 11 to 12 whorls, 
which are completely flat on the specimens before me, although on 
those described by Menke they were somewhat convex below, con- 
tracted above; under a lens there is seen a very finely, densely striate 
epidermis; these spiral strie are more distinct on the base. The 
color is brownish-yellow, with numerous fine, crowded, oblique rust- 
brown longitudinal lines, often hard to perceive on account of the 
golden and violet iridescence, the centrum whitish. 

Alt. 22, diam. 9 mill. 


GC. peEucostiGMA Menke. PI. 46, figs. 82, 83. 
Shell imperforate, slender, elongated-conical, solid, polished, fawn- 


colored, darker at apex, marked with radiating pure white or pink 
blotches or sparcely scattered spots ; all over microscopically spirally 


CANTHARIDUS. 135 


striate and with distant superficial linear sulci, 4 to 6 in number on 
the penultimate whorl; whorls about 7, a trifle convex, the last 
rounded or subangulated at periphery; aperture ovate, angular 
above, broadly rounded beneath, iridescent and sulcate within, col- 
umella arcuate, dentate below. 
Alt. 23, diam. 11 mill.; alt. 14, diam. 7 mill. 
S. Australia. 


T. leucostigma MKe. in Putuiprt, Abbild. u. Beschreib, ii, Trochus 
t. 7, f. 7—Putt., Conchyl. Cab., p. 138, t. 23, f. 16—FiscHER, Coq. 
Viv., p. 158, t. 52, f. 1—T. lewcostigmus K1ENER, Spec. et Icon. 
genre Troque, t. 52, f. 1—T. gracilis Awvon in Putippt, Conchy]l. 
Cab., p. 140, t. 23, f. 20.—FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 156, t. 51, f. 2— 
T. nitidus KrENER, Species et Icon., t. 51, f. 2 (not described). 


Var. GRACILIS Anton. PI. 45, fig. 50. 


Small, slender, like C. leucostigma, but lacking white markings on 
the spire. Alt. 17, diam. 7 mill. or smaller. 

As Fischer remarks, this variety is like a miniature C. badius in 
coloration. 


C. nrrENs Kiener. PI. 46, fig. 77 


Shell imperforate, conic- ae elongated, acute, whorls 7 to 

8, shining, buff or ashen, elegantly variegated with minute spots of 
violet and white ; embryonic whorls smooth, the following planulate, 
sometimes prominent and dilated above the sutures, encircled by 
about 6 lire, the interstices striated ; last whorl carinated, encircled 
by a larger rib at the margin, slightly convex beneath, and orna- 
mented with 8 beautifully red-spotted concentric lire ; columellar 
area margined with reddish-violet. Aperture rhomboidal ; columella 
white, arcuate, dentate at base. Alt. 15, diam. 11 mill. ( Fischer.) 
Australian Coast; Kangaroo Id. 


T. nitens, KTENER, Species et Icon., t. 45, f. 4 —FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., 
p. 132, t. 45, f 4—T. lepidus Kocu in Puirppt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 
84, t. 15, f. 4. (2) 


This species is remarkable in its polished shell, elegantly variegated 
with red, violet and white, and the deep red color of the base and 
columella. It was discovered by Péron and Lesueur, naturalists of 
Captain Baudin’s expedition to Southern lands. The individual 
figured by Kiener is a little adnormal; its whorls project too much 


136 CANTHARIDUS. 


above the sutures. Generally the whorls of the spire are flat. 
(Fischer. ) 


C. rnutrLus A. Adams. PI. 34, fig. 8. 


Shell imperforate, conical, solid, shining, fawn-colored or light 
yellowish-olive, with numerous narrow oblique flexuous reddish 
longitudinal lines; the upper whorls of the spire more or less 
marked with white and pink or olive spots arranged spirally ; spire 
conic, straight sided; apex acute, white or buff; sutures linear, be- 
coming a trifle impressed around the last whorl; whorls about 7, 
planulate, densely spirally striate, the striz stronger on the base ; 
penultimate whorl a trifle projecting above the suture ; body-whorl 
obtusely subangular at periphery ; aperture triangular-ovate, outer 
lip arcuate above, green-marginate just within the edge, this rim 
followed by a band of opaque white which is deposited thin, is not 
more than 13 mill. broad, and does not extend to the upper angle 
of aperture ; within this the mouth is very brilliantly iridescent, 
green. The columella is vertical, pearly, ending in an acute, com- 
pressed denticle. The parietal wall has a thin deposit of brilliantly 
iridescent Prussian blue nacre. Alt. 17, diam. 103 mill. 

Australia. 


Eleuchus rutilus A. Ap. P. Z.8., 1851, p. 171. 


This form is allied to C. apicinus Mke.; resembling that species 
in the numerous reddish oblique lines. The upper whorls have a 
different color-pattern however, and the species is much less elevated, 
more conical. The aperture has a more triangular contour than any 
other species, although some forms of C. iriodon approach it some- 
what. 


C. porcatus Philippi. PI. 54, fig. 31. 

Shell elate-conic, subperforate, yellowish-green, golden-shining 
whorls plane, sculptured with five rounded ridges, equalling the 
interstices, the last angulated ; base elevated ; aperture higher than 
wide; columella vertical, entire. (Philippi.) 

The shell is elevated-conical, nearly steeple-shaped, thin, imper- 
forate, consisting of 7 to 8 whorls. These are perfectly flat, the 
last passing into the much elevated base in an obtuse angle, and 
two-fifths the total height. The sculpture consists upon the upper 
surface of five rounded, slightly elevated girdles as wide as the 
interstices; upon the base of six. The aperture is rather quad- 
rangular, higher than broad; the outer lip simple, jthin, the colu- 


CANTHARIDUS. Lan 


mella rounded, without a projection, vertical, and bounded outside 

by an impressed line, having the appearance of an umbilical fissure. 

The color is yellowish-green, gold-shining, unmarked, the eroded 

apex appears white ; the lirze of the base are variegated with red. 
Alt. 11, diam. 8 mill. (Philippi.) 


Habitat unknown. 


T. porcatus Put., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 187; Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 294, t. 48, f. 9—*“ Eleuchus sulcatus, Mus. Brit.” teste Philippi. 


Probably a young Cantharidus. It is not an “ Elenchus.” 


C. nrripuLus Philippi. PI. 34, fig. 32. 

Shell turrited-conical, smooth, shining, flesh-colored, painted 
with spiral pale lines articulated with purple; whorls little convex, 
separated by deep sutures, the last two-fifths the whole length, 
obtusely angular; aperture patulous, higher than wide, violaceous 
inside, iridescent and smooth; columella short, arcuate, terminat- 
ing in astrong tooth. (Philippi.) 

The shell is steeple-shaped, smooth and shining, thin, much like 
Tr. virgulatus in contour but very different in coloration. It con- 
sists of 7 to 8 whorls, slightly convex, separated by a deep suture; the 
last is over two-fifths the total length, and at the beginning is in- 
distinctly angular; the base is strongly elevated ; the aperture is 
somewhat widened, higher than broad, rounded, the columella very 
short, curved, ending ina strong tooth. Upon a flesh-colored ground 
there are (on the upper surface) 5 whitish and purple-red articulated 
spiral lines, half as wide as their inter-spaces ; on the base there are 
nine or ten similar lines. The very smooth shining throat gives 
blue-violet reflections. Alt. 13, diam. 9 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 


T. nitidulus Puiu., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1849, p. 171; Conchyl. Cab., 
p- 295, t. 43, f. 10. 


Evidently allied to C. iriodon, but probably a distinct species. 


B. sCHRAYERI (Troschel) Philippi. Pl. 34, figs. 28, 29. 

Shell imperforate, elevated-conical, smooth, brown or grayish- 
corneous, painted with four wide white zones articulated with purple ; 
whorls flattened, the last obtusely angular, base convex, concentri- 
cally striate, painted with narrow white, brown-articulated lines ; 
aperture subtetragonal, higher than wide, over § the total length. 
Columella with a fine tooth at base. ( Philippi.) 


138 CANTHARIDUS. 


This species is similar to T. iriodon, T. virgulatus, T. lsetus and T. 
minor, but more broadly conical, more distinctly angled at the 
periphery, the spire more depressed in proportion to the aperture, 
and finally the coloration is very diverse. Upon a yellowish or 
dirty flesh-colored ground there are first, upon the upper half of the 
whorl, two broad whitish bands, separated by a narrow space, and 
interrupted by narrow brownish-red streaks ; then two narrow white- 
and-purple spotted bands, of which the lower one is visible only 
upon the last whorl; finally, there are on the base several narrow 
white-and-brown spotted concentric lines. 

Alt. 103, diam. 8 mill. (Philippi.) 

Tasmania (Schrayer). 


T. Schrayeri TRoscHEL (in Mus. R. Berolinensi).— T. Shayeri 
Puitrppr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 131, t. 23, f. 3. 


Evidently allied to the mutable C. iriodon. 


C. cHLORITES Philippi. PI. 51, fig. 12. 

Shell obliquely pyramidal, imperforate, yellowish-green; base 
slightly convex; whorls transversely sulcate-striate, marginate ; 
suture profound; aperture subquadrangular, lip smooth within. 
(Phil.) 

The shell is exactly conical, the whorls entirely flat, the angle of 
the last rounded. Besides the feeble transverse lirse mentioned in 
the text, each whorl has 5 elevated transverse lines; the base has 
numerous ones, mostly punctate, the color is generally green, un- 
spotted. The aperture exhibits nothing notable; the columella is 
pretty vertical. 

Alt. 7, diam. 6 mill. (Philippi.) 

West Coast Australia. 


T. chlorites Puit., Conchyl. Cab., p. 60, t. 18, f. 2—T. viridulus 
Mke., Moll. Nov. Holl. spec., p.17. (Not 7. viridulus Gmel.) 


Subgenus Banktivia (Beck) Krauss, 1848. 


Section BANKIVIA (restricted). 


Bankivia Beck in Krauss, Die Siidafrikanischen Moll., p. 105 
(1848).—Pautiippi, Handbuch der Conchyl. u. Malacozool., p. 212 
(1853).—H. & A. Av., Genera Rec. Moll. i, p. 425.—Fiscumr, 
Manuel de Conchyl., p. 819.—Tryoy, Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii, 
p. 313. 


CANTHARIDUS. 139 


The animal of Bankivia is unknown. The species have been 
grouped with Phasianella by some authors, but undoubtedly belong 
in the immediate vicinity of Cantharidus and Phasianotrochus. 
The nacreous layer is thin, but may be seen by chipping off the over- 
lying porcellanous coat. 


C. rascratus Menke. PI. 40, figs. 28-33. 


Shell imperforate, elongated, turrited, thin, polished and shining, 
white, creamy or pink, with spiral bands of pink, purplish-red or 
purplish-brown, or narrow oblique zigzag stripes of pinkish-brown, 
usually with a narrow subsutural fascia of dark or pinkish. Spire 
elevated, slender ; apex a little blunt, dark; whorls about 9, very 
slightly convex, a trifle impressed below the sutures ; surface (under 
a lens) very densely, finely spirally striate; last whorl rounded ; 
base with a few concentric, separated, impressed lines; aperture ovate, 
outer lip thin, acute, columella sinuous, arcuate above and narrowly 
reflexed, obliquely truncate below. Alt 19, diam. 8 mill. 

Southern Australian Shores. 


Phasianella fasciata MENKE, Synops. Meth. Moll., p. 141.—P. 
fulminata MENKE and P. undatella MENKE, loc. cit., p. 141. (18350). 
—Bankivia varians (Beck) Krauss, Die Siidaf. Moll. p. 105, t. 6, f. 
1.—Puitiept, Conchyl. Cab. (Monogr. Phasianella and Bankivia), 
p- 33, t. 5, f. 1-5.—Awneas, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 216—Von Marrens 
Jahrb. d. deutsch. Mal. Gesell. 1874, p. 180.—Trochus (Bankivia) 
fasciatus Watson. Rept. on “Challenger” Gasteropoda, p. 64.—B. 
purpurascens A. Ap. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 171.—B. major A. Av. P. Z. 
8. 1851, p. 171.—B. nitida A. Ap. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 172. 

A variable species in size and coloration. I have seen, besides 
the color-patterns noticed in the description above, unicolored deep 
purple examples. 


Section Leiopyrga, H. and A. Adams. 


Leiopyrga H. and A. Ap., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser., xi, 
p- 19 (1863).—Liopyrga Fiscuer, Manuel, p. 810. 

Of the animal of Leiopyrga picturata Watson says: It has a 
thin membranaceous T'rochus-like operculum, but of fewer whorls 
than usual in the genus. The nacre of the shell is very marked. 
The mantle of the animal is very large and capacious, but thin. 
The tentacles are large and very long, strongly ciliated with a long 
deep posterior channel running down their whole length. The 
eyes are very minute, on the end of rather long and fine tubercles. 


140 CANTHARIDUS. 


There are four pedal appendages on the right and three on the left 
side, and there are also the two head lappets common to Trochus. 
The teeth are like those of Margarita. (Challenger Gasteropoda, 
p- 65.) 


C. prcruRATA H. and A. Adams. PI. 45, figs. 46-48. 


Shell narrowly perforate, turrited, slender, thin, shining, white, 
with longitudinal undulating or zigzag pinkish or purplish lines, 
often uniting to form spots at the periphery, or prominently angled 
there ; sometimes with spiral bands at periphery and around umbili- 
cus ; whorls about 7, convex, more or less carinated at the periphery, 
the carina exserted above the sutures on the spire; surface of base 
marked by distant impressed concentric grooves; suture margined ; 
aperture oval, outer lip thin, columella thin, arcuate not truncate, 
and slightly expanded above, but not covering the umbilicus. 

Alt. 8-12, diam 5-7 mill. 

St. Vincent's Gulf and Port Jackson, Australia; Stuart Id., 

New Zealand. 


L. picturata H. & A. Av. Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1863, p. 19.— 
Aneas, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 181; P. Z. S. 1867, p. 216.—Bankivia 
(Leiopyrga) picturata E. A. Smrru, Zool. Coll. H. M. 8. ‘ Alert’ p. 
75.—Trochus (Leiopyrga) picturata Watson, Rept. Challenger 
Gasteropoda, p. 65. 

The specimens of this species before me are like those described by 
the brothers Adams. There seems to be the same variations in color 
shown by Bankivia fasciatus. Mr. Smith says: A variety has the 
middle of the whorls encircled by a plain narrow zone, without the 
series of spots at the periphery of the last. Messrs. Adams de- 
scribed these spots as being ‘ round’ in the specimen they examined ; 
in those before me they are rather angular, being the zigzag turn of 
the longitudinal lines. A third variety has a pale band around the 
middle of the last volution which falls at the lower part of the 
upper ones, the lower portion being pinkish or closely lineolated 
with pink. The lower half of the body-whorl has a broad pinkish 
band beneath the central white one, which is succeeded by a nar- 
rower plain zone, which in turn is followed by another fine pink 
one. A fourth form, with the exception of the upper part of the 
spire and the umbilical region, is of a uniform grayish violet. 
* kok *& The spiral sulcation and ridging is much more developed 
in some specimens than others. (Zool. Coll. ‘ Alert,’ p. 75.) 


CANTHARIDUS. 141 


C. crncutata A. Adams. Unfigured. 

Shell pyramidal-turbinate, narrowly perforate, thin, shining, 
purplish, the base whitish, with a series of rufous spots; whorls 4, 
plane, marked with distant elevated cinguli (3 on the last whorl) ; 
base concentrically deeply lirate; umbilical region surrounded by 
an elevated ridge. (Ad.) 

Port Essington. (Cuming.) 


Leiopyrga eingulata A. Av., P. Z.S., 1863, p. 507. 


This is a second and very distinct species of a genus proposed by 
my brother and myself under the name of Leiopyrga. The present 
species has the whorls encircled with three transverse ridges, and 
there is a conspicuous ridge around the region of the umbilicus. 


( Adams.) 


Subgenus THALoTIA Gray, 1847. 


Section THALOTIA (restricted). 


Thalotia Gray (“Synops. Brit. Mus. 1840” ?) P. Z. S. 1847, p. 
145; Guide syst. dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 150. (1857).—H. and 
A. Ap., Genera, i, p. 420.—F iscuEr, Manuel, p. 819. 

C. contcus Gray. Pl. 46, fig. 73. 


Shell imperforate, elevated conical, solid, pinkish or grayish 
white with crimson apex and numerous close longitudinal dark red- 
dish-brown stripes, often cut into tessellations by the spiral grooves 
of the surface; spire straightly conical; apex acute; sutures linear ; 
whorls about 7, nearly planulate, the last obtusely subangular at 
the periphery; whorls of spire encircled by 5 or 6 more or less 
granose lire, last whorl with about 13 or 14; wrinkles of increment 
more or less prominent; aperture rhomboidal; peristome thick, 
plicate within; columella straight, denticulate, with a strong basal 
truncation. Alt. 18, diam. 13 mill.; alt. 21, diam. 15 mill. 

Western Australia, Southern Australia and Northern Tasmania. 


Monodonta conica GRAY, in Capt. King’s Survey of Australia, ii, 
p. 479 (1827).—T. conicus Puriippr, Conchyl. Cab. p. 130, t. 28, 
f. 1—FiscHer, Coq. Viv. p. 135, t. 46, f. 2—Brazier, Proc. Roy. 
Soc. Tasmania, 1886, p. 197 (1889). 

Thalotia conica ANGAS P. Z. S. 1865, p. 179.—? ? T. pictus 
Woon, Index Test. suppl. t. 5, f. 28—Thalotia picta A. Av. P.Z.S. 
1851, p. 172.—Awneas, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 179.—TEntson-Woops, 


142 CANTHARIDUS. 


Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. (1877), p. 41.—Monodonta turrita MKE., 
Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 15—T. lehmanni KiENER, Species, genre 
Trochus, t. 46, f. 2 (not of MENKE).—Hompr. et JAcq., Voy. an 
Pole-Sud., Zool. v, p. 54, t. 14, f. 7-8—CueEnu, Manuel, i, p. 359, f. 
2659.—Thalotia woodsiana ANGAs, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 611, t. 42, f 4, 
5.—T. Troschelii Puiiipri1, Conchyl. Cab., p. 131, t. 23, fi 2. 

The above synonymy is partly taken from that compiled by 
Brazier, who has published an excellent paper on Tasmanian 
Trochide in Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, for 1886. 

Rather variable in sculpture ; the spaces between the spiral ribs 
often occupied by lirule. 

I am wholly unable to see any differential characters in Mr. 
Angas’ T. woodsiana, except that it is narrower than the majority 
of specimens of C. conicus. The description corresponds absolutely 
with C. conicus. The original figures are copied on pl. 46, figs, 


67, 68. 


C. BLANDIANUS Crosse. PI. 40, fig. 22. 

Shell imperforate, elevated-conical, solid, rather thick, ornamented 
with numerous oblique longitudinally impressed striz and spiral 
lire, articulated with white and violaceous, on a violet-rose ground- 
color; suture little impressed; whorls 7, plane, the embryonic 13 
smooth, purplish, white edged ; the remainder striate, with 6 spiral 
liree; the last angulated, slightly descending, nearly flat beneath, 
decussated by spiral cinguli and oblique strize above; aperture a 
little oblique, subquadrate, pearly and lirate within, the lire near 
the lip-margin more elevated, as opaque ruge. Umbilical tract 
slightly coneave in the vicinity of the columella; columellar mar- 
gin subarcuate, rugose, strongly uniplicate ; basal margin corrugated, 
outer margin thickened, granulate within. 

Alt. 183, diam. 14 mill. ( Crosse.) 

St. Vineent’s Gulf, South Australia. 

T. Blandianus Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl. 1864, p. 339, t. 13, 
ial le 


C. ABNORMIS Crosse. PI. 40, fig. 42. 

Shell imperforate, subelevated conical, thick, rather solid, buffish- 
tawny, ornamented with spiral series of little beads (white and 
brown articulated) alternating with obsolete strize; suture little im- 
pressed ; whorls 6, convexo-plane, the apical 2 whitish, smooth, the 
following articulate-cingulate, the last slightly descending, subcom- 


CANTHARIDUS. 143 


pressed, obsoletely angular; base slightly convex and like the 
upper surface in color; aperture a little oblique, subquadrate, 
lirate within; columellar margin subarcuate, uniplicate, basal and 
outer margins thickened, rugose within. 
Alt. 15, diam. 10 mill. ( Crosse.) 
St. Vineent’s Gulf, South Australia. 


T. abnormis Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl. 1864, p. 541, t. 15, f. 2. 


C. ELONGATUS Wood. PI. 45, fig. 56. 


Shell imperforate or very narrowly perforate, conic-elongated, 
thick, whitish, ornamented with radiating livid-brown flammules, 
brown punctulate; whorls 9, convex, spirally lirate (the liree un- 
equal) and longitudinally nodose-costate, the nodules more promi- 
nent below; sutures impressed; last whorl angulated, depressed 
beneath the sutures, nodulous at the periphery; very convex and 
with about 8 concentric lire beneath, the interstices with mter- 
calated lirule; aperture subquadrate, canaliculate within; basal 
margin arcuate, plicate; columella subangular, concave, stronglv 
truneate at base, with a short callous over the umbilicus. 

Alt. 33, diam. 22 mill. (Fischer.) 

New Caledonian Archipelago. 


T. elongatus Woop, Ind. Test., suppl. t. 5, f. 19—PuHur.iprt, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 200, t. 30, f.4; Abbild. u. Beschr. 11, Trochus t. 
6, f. 6—T. attenuatus Jonas, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1844, p. 170. 


Distinct from other species in its elongated form and strong longi- 
tudinal plication. 


C. SERPENTINUS Quoy. PI. 46, fig. 63. 

Shell narrowly perforated, thick, conical, apex acute, grayish- 
green, painted with radiating chestnut and white flammules ; whorls 
7, planulate, the first eroded, buff, the following scarcely shining, 
encircled by 6 to 7 unequal lire, above and beneath the suture 
margined and obsoletely nodulose; last whorl carinated, convex 
beneath and ornamented with 7 articulated concentric lire; aper- 
ture rhomboidal; columella lightly arcuate, subtruncate below. 

Alt. 22, diam. 18 mill. (Fischer.) 

Guam, Marianne Archipelago. 


T. serpentinus Quoy in KIENER, species, Genre Trochus, t. 45, 
f. 3—CueEnu, Manuel, ui, f. 2661.—FiscHEer, Coq. Viv., p. 
i. 45,:f. 3. 


144 CANTHARIDUS. 


This shell is quite distinct from its congeners, and remarkable for 
its rays of brown, more or less shaded with a greenish hue. It 
belongs to the group of T. elongatus and Kotschyi. (F%scher.) 


C. kotscHy! Philippi. PI. 46, figs. 70-72. 

Shell narrowly perforated, conoidal, whitish-ashen, ornamented 
with undulating, oblique, radiating chestnut or blackish stripes ; 
spire acute; whorls 7, the first eroded, the remainder angulated and 
nodulose above; above the carina obliquely nodulose, below the 
carina spirally lirate ; liree 4; last whorl biangular, convex beneath, 
and with 7 concentric brown-spotted lire. Aperture subquadrate ; 
columella arcuate, white, sinuous, below strongly truncate-dentate. 

Alt. 30, diam. 24 mill. (Fscher.) 

Karrak, Persia. 


T. kotschyi Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 127 ; Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 234, t. 35, f. 8—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 207, t. 69, f. 1. 


C. pyraos Philippi. Pl. 46, figs. 74-76. 

Shell imperforate, acutely conical, rather thin; whorls 9, planu- 
late, ashen or brownish, maculate or obliquely striped with brown ; 
obliquely arcuately peculiarly crispate-striate, spirally cingulate, 6 
unequal granose cinguli on the penultimate whorl as wide or nar- 
rower than the interstices, which frequently bear minute lirulze, the 
upper and lower cinguli more prominent, the others equal. Last 
whorl carinated; base convex and lirate (with about 8 lire and in- 
terstitial lirulse); aperture rhomboidal, suleate within; lip thin; 
basal margin subcrenulated; columella subhorizontal, slightly 
arcuate, subtruneate at base, expanding in a short callous over or 
nearly over the umbilicus above. 

Alt. 20, diam. 15 mill.; alt. 23, diam. 17 mill. 

Wallis Is. Port Jackson, Australia. 


T. pyrgos Puri. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 189; Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 297, t. 48, f. 14——FiscuEr, Cog. Viv., p. 368, t. 112, f. 4— 
? Thalotia zebrides A. Av., P. Z.S. 1851, p. 173. 


Distinguished by its straightly conical form, peculiarly crispate 
striation, and spiral granose life. 

Two trays of this species are before me; one marked “Java,” I 
know not on whose authority; the other was received from Dr. J. 
C. Cox, from Port Jackson. 


CANTHARIDUS. 145 


C. rorREsI E. A. Smith. Pl. 46, fig. 62. 


Shell sharply conical, subperforated or with the perforation con- 
cealed, greenish (sometimes pinkish red), with oblique white nar- 
row stripes and darker green or rosy black spotting at the base of 
the whorls and upon the angle of the last. Volutions about 8, flat, 
margined at the lower part with two rows of closely-packed 
granules, rather more prominent than five others above. Between 
these, in well-preserved specimens, very fine lirze (one in each inter- 
stice) and oblique lines of growth are discernable. Last whorl 
rather acutely angled at the periphery, beneath with about 9 con- 
centric rows of granules alternating with others very much finer 
having smaller subobsolete tubercles. The aperture is obliquely 
subquadrate ; columella a little arcuate at the upper part, white, re- 
flexed over the white umbilical region and subtruncate anteriorly. 

Alt. 12, diam. 93; alt. 13, diam. 12 mill. (Smith.) 

Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits. 


There are two varieties of this pretty species, which may be 
termed the green and pink. In the green variety the base in three 
out of the four examples is somewhat pinkish, radiately streaked 
with white, whilst in the fourth specimen it is green with irregular 
streaks and has a more tessellated aspect. The perforation is small, 
and may either be concealed by a thin callosity or remain open. 
This is a smaller species than T. fragum Phil., has more numerous 
granules (of which there are five instead of four rows besides the 
basal girdle), and intervening fine lirz are generally to be met with 
on the spire which are wanting in Philippi’s shell. I should also 
observe that the columella of T. fragun, judging from the figure, is 
less incurved than in this form. (Smith.) 

T. (Thalotia) torresi EK. A. Smiru, Zool. Coll. H. M.S. ‘Alert,’ 
m2, t vi, ft. A. (1884.) 

Evidently closely allied to C. pyrgos Phil. 


C. FLINDERSI Fischer. PI. 46, fig. 81. 


Shell very narrowly perforate, conical, rather thick; whorls 7 to 
8, planulate, the first eroded, the succeeding whitish-ashen, radiated 
with narrow, close and flexuose blackish and violaceous lines ; 
spirally cingulate; lire 6 on penultimate whorl; last whorl sub- 
angular, a little depressed above, dilated in the middle; base con- 

10 


146 CANTHARIDUS. 


vex, ornamented with about 8 lirze; aperture rhomboidal; lip sim- 
ple; columella arcuate, truncate below. 


Alt. 16, diam. 13 mill. (Fischer.) 
South Australia. 


T. flindersi Fiscuer, Jour. de Conchyl. xxvi, 1878, p. 65; Coq. 
Viv., p. 304, t. 110, f. 3. 


Distinguished from C. freycineti by the less conical form, wider 
base, stronger spiral ridges, more truncated columellar tooth and 
different coloration. 


C. FREYCINETI Fischer. PI. 45, fig. 59. 

Shell narrowly perforate, conical, rather thick; whorls 7, planu- 
late, the first eroded, buff, the remainder whitish, ornamented with 
rosy dots and narrow flexuous chestnut flammules ; spirally cingu- 
late, about 8 lire on penultimate whorl; last whorl carinated; base 
convex with about 8 concentric lire; aperture subrhomboidal ; lip 
simple; columella white, obsoletely nodose-truncate below. 

Alt. 16, diam. 12 mill. (Fischer.) 

Is. of St. Peter and St. Francis, S. Australia. 


T. freycineti FiscuErR, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 64; Coq. Viv., 
p- 399, t. 110, f. 4. 


The form of this shell is more regularly conical than in T. flin- 
dersi or T. freycineti. 


C. BAUDINI Fischer. PI. 46, fig. 80. 


Shell imperforate, conic-elongate, rather thick; whorls 6 to 7, 
planulate, the first buff, eroded, the following whitish, ornamented 
with sparce rosy points and angular chestnut streaks; spirally 
lirate, lire about 8 on penultimate whorl; last whorl subangular, 
depressed above ; base convex, with about 8 concentric lire; aper- 
ture rhomboidal; lip simple; columella short, subnodose-truncate 
below. Alt. 11, diam. 9 mill. (Fischer.) 

King Island, S. Australia. 


T. baudint Fiscurr, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 65; Coq. Viv., 
p. 356, t. 110, f. 5. 

Differs from the two preceding species in lacking an umbilical 
perforation, smaller size, by the depression of the upper part of the 
whorl! and the coloration. 


CANTHARIDUS. 147 


C. YOKOHAMENSIS Bock. PI. 40, fig. 40. 


Shell imperforate, acutely pyramidal, dull white, marked at 
intervals with irregular dark brown blotches, and the base orna- 
mented with brown lines radiating from the center (where they are 
paler, almost orange) to the periphery. Whorls 7, quite flat, 
spirally ridged; ridges crenulate or subgrauular through being 
crossed by oblique raised strize; on the upper whorls there are 
about 6 ridges, and on the last, which is acutely angled at the mid- 
dle, they are about 14 in number; that at the carina consisting of 
two or three small approximated ones, and hence broader than the 
rest. Aperture slightly oblique, subquadrate, upper half above the 
carina shallowly sulcate, lower portion smooth; columella white, 
callous, terminating in an oblique truncation. 

Alt. 18, diam. 15 mill. (Bock.) 

Yokohama, Japan. 

T. (Thalotia) yokohamensis CARL Bock, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 
1378, p. 727, t. 46, f. 3. 


C. gitvus Philippi. PI. 51, fig. 15. 

Shell small, conical, imperforate, transversely granulate-sulcate, 
white, longitudinally painted with dirty yellowish stripes; whorls 
flattened, marginated and prominent at base, the last one angular, 
encircled by six elevated granose cinguli; base flat, closely suleate, 
scarcely granulate; aperture depressed, rhomboidal; columella 
slightly oblique, cylindrical, scarcely truncate at base. 

Alt. 11, diam. 93 mill. (Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 

T. gilvus, Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 157; Conchyl. Cab., p. 
298, t. 43, f. 16. 


C. MuNDULA Adams and Angas. Unfigured. 


Shell elevated-conical, subperforate, whitish, obsoletely painted 
with longitudinal purplish flammules ; whorls plane, concave in the 
middle, at the sutures with a prominent rounded ridge, transversely 
lirate, liree equal, subgranulose, base concentrically lirate, with 
radiating strize in the interstices ; aperture subquadrate ; lip arcuate, 
ending anteriorly in an obtuse tooth; lip obsoletely suleate within. 

Alt. 12, diam. 9 mill. (Ad. and Ang.) 

Shark’s Bay, Western Australia. 

Thalotia mundula AD. AND ANG. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 37. 


148 CANTHARIDUS. 


Characterized by the rounded elevated ridge at the sutures, the 
transverse granular lire, and the obscure flame-like longitudinal 
markings. (Ad. and Ang.) 


Section OponTOTROCHUS Fisher, 1880. 


Odontotrochus FiscHer, Coquilles Vivantes, Monograph of 
Trochus, p. 419 (1880) ; Manuel de Conchyl., p. 819. 


C. cHLtorosromus Menke. PI. 40, fig. 25, 26. 

Shell imperforate, conical, elevated-trochiform, solid, first whorls 
red, the following reddish-brown, more or less tinged with buff, and 
in places with olive-green, and sparsely maculate with whitish, the 
spiral ribs more or less articulated minutely with whitish ; whorls 
8 to 9, flat or a trifle concave, acutely carinated, the carina a trifle 
projecting above the sutures; upper surface of each whorl encircled 
by 10 to 12 spiral lire, only slightly elevated, and showing strong, 
regular oblique stree of increment in the interliral interstices; base 
flat, with about 10 concentric narrow lire, strongly, regularly 
radiately striate; aperture rhomboidal, very oblique, iridescent and 
sulcate within ; outer and basal lips edged with green, plicate-dentic- 
ulate within; columella curved, ending in a strong tooth at base, 
green. Alt. 24, diam. 20 mill.; alt. 25, diam. 18 mill. 

Australian shores. 

T. chlorostomus Mrnx®, Moll. nov. Holl. spec., p. 17.—PHILIPPt, 
Abbild. u. Beschr. i, Trochus t. 2, f. 8; Conchyl. Cab., p. 106, t. 17, 
f. 6; p. 43, f. 5 —FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 282, t. 92, f. 2—Ziziphinus. 
chlorostoma RrEve, Conch. Icon. f. 26. 

Peculiar in the elevated straightly conical form, carinated 
periphery and coloration. 


Unfigured, unidentified species of Cantharidus, Elenchus, Thalotia, 
ete. 

ELENCHUS DILATATUS Sowerby. ‘Testa brevi, subcinerea, spir- 
aliter subdistanter lirata; spira brevi; anfr. quatuor, ultimo lato; 
apertura dilatata, viridi-cceruleo iridescente. (Sowb.) 

New Zealand (Mr. Brazier). 

Remarkable for the expansion of the last whorl. (Sowd.) 

Elenchus dilatatus G. B. SowerBy in Proce. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 
251—Cantharidus dilatatus Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
1884, p. 563. 

ELENCHUS SPLENDIDULUS Swainson (Treatise on Malacol., p. 
392). An undescribed Cantharidus. 


CANTHARIDUS. 149 


ELENCHUS OCELLATUS Gould. Testa parva, elevata, ovato-conica, 
polita, postice ex rufo vivescens, antice rubescens, lineis volventibus 
pallidis rufomarginatis cire. + et lineis flexuosus obliquis ornata; 
anfr. 7, vix convexis, punctis albis cire. 6 cinctis, ultimo ad 
peripheram obtuse angulato, basi convexo; apertura ovata, intus 
virescens ; columella pallide, dente obsoleto albido instructa. 

Axis 12; diam. 7 mill. Allied to E. minor. ( Gould.) 

] Sydney, N. S. Wales. 

GouLD, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii, 1861, p. 18. 

ELENCHUS EXIGUUS Gould. Testa minuta, levis, ovato-conica, 
acute, flavide-rosacea vel fulvida, plus minusve lineis flexuosis 
saturatioribus vel vittis articulatis ornata; anfr. 5, ventricosis; 
apertura rotundato-ovata; columella planata, decolorata, dente 
acuto deflecto munita. Axis 2, diam. 12 mill. ( Gould.) 

Port Jackson. 

GouLp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, 1861, ple: 


CANTHARIDUS LINEOLARIS Gould. Testa elevato-conica, perforata, 
aureo-vividis, lineis angulatis luteis prope suturam dilatatis ibi 
nigro maculatis, striis incrementi et striis volventibus subtilissimis 
reticulata; anfr. 7, planulatis, ultimo angulato; apertura parva, 
subtriangularis. Axis 7, diam. 4 mill. ( Gould.) 


Sydney, N.S. Wales. 
GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, 1861, p. 18. 


CANTHIRIDUS CINGULIGER A. Ad. Testa elevato-conica, cinerea, 
punctis fuscis in lineis flammulatis depositis, transversim sulcata ; 
anfr. planis, cingula prominenti supra suturam, anfractu ultimo 
angulato, cingulo plano cincto; umbilico subobtecto; columella 
recta; labro intus albo, levi. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


A. Ap. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 169. 


CANTHIRIDUS PUNCTULOSUS A. Ad. Testa elevato-conica, im- 
perforata, lzevi, nitida, cinerea, transversim suleata; cingulis trans- 
versis, luteo-alboque punctatis nigro-maculatis, ornata; anfr. planis, 
ultimo acute angulato; regione umbilicali rosea; apertura sub- 
quadrata; columella alba, recta, antice subtruncata; labro intus 
levi, limbo punctulato. (A. Ad.) 

Swan River, 4 fms. (Jukes). 

Ae AD. P. Z.8..1801, p. 169. 


150 CANTHARIDUS. 


CANTHIRIDUS MONILIGER A. Ad. Testa elevato-conica im- 
perforata, cinerea, cingulis moniliformibus transversis ornata ; inter- 
stitiis longitudinaliter elevate striatis; anfr. planis, apice purpureo, 
sutura canaliculata; anfractu ultimo angulato; apertura subquad- 
rata; columella antice subtruncata; labro intus suleato. (A. Ad.) 

Swan River, 8 fns. (Jukes. ) 

AS AD. iA..9;) doll; ps 169: 


CANTHIRIDUS ARTICULARIS A. Ad. Testa elevato-conica, levi, 
nitida, cinerea; cingulis confertis, nigro alboque articulatis ornata ; 
interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis; anfr. planis, ultimo angulato, 
basi planiuscula, cingulis articulatis sculpta; apertura subquadrata ; 
columella antice subtruncata; labro intus levi, limbo articulato. 
(Ay Ads) 


Habitat unknown. 
A Apams, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 170. 


CANTHIRIDUS ARTIZONA A. Ad. Testa elevate conoidea, pallida ; 
cingulis carneolis angustis elevatis transversis ornata; interstitiis 
transversim striatis; anfractu ultimo angulato; apertura intus vir- 
idescenti; labro intus lirato, limbo rufo articulato. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


AL ADAMs, Po Za: Isai, op. 170: 


CANTHIRIDUS RUFOZONA A. Ad. Testa conoidea, cingulis rufis 
transversis, interstitiis planis traversa; anfractu ultimo rotundato ; 
labro intus albo, leevi, limbo rufo-articulato; columella alba. (Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


A. Apams, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 1870. 


CaNnrHIRIDUS NIGRICANS A. Ad. Testa depresso-conica atro- 
purpurea, cingulis elevatis transversis ornata; interstitiis longitudi- 
naliter oblique striatis; anfractu ultimo subangulato; labro intus 
albo, subleevi, limbo nigro. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


A: Apams, DP. ZS. 1801, p. 170. 


CANTHIRIDUS PALLIDULUs A. Ad. Testa elevato-conica, imperfo- 
rata, pallida; cingulis transversis elevatis luteo-articulatus ornata 5 
interstitiis concinne longitudinaliter striatis ; columella subrecta, in 
medio tumida; labro intus lirato. (Ad.) 

Australia. 


Ay Apams Ps 7. S.18d1, pl 70. 


CANTHARIDUS. 151 


ELEUCHUS VULGARIS A. Ad. Testa ovato-conoidea, subturrita, im- 
perforata, levigata, virenti, transversim tenuissime striata; lineis 
undulatis viridis picta; basi convexa; apertura ovata; columella 
basi dente acuto terminata; labro postice subangulato. (A. Ad.) 

Swan River. 

A. Apams, in P. Z. S. 1851, p. 171. 


THALOTIA TESSELATA Tenison- Woods. 


Shell small, subumbilicate, conical, pale olive, spotted or tessel- 
lated with white; whorls 7, sub-convex, everywhere finely obliquely, 
spirally transversely striate; furnished with five keels which are 
broad, flattened, and the upper and lower ones broader and more 
prominent; base convex, keeled; aperture sub-quadrate, outer 
lip acute, thin, margined within, inner lip white, conspicuous; 
throat silvery nacreous, lirate. The interstices between the keels 
sometimes striate. Alt. 6, diam. 43 mill. (Ten.- Woods.) 

Tasmania. 

TrEntson-Woops, in Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. xiv, p. 58. 
(1877 
THALOTIA DUBIA Tenison-Woods. 


Shell turbinately conical, solid, whorls intensely rose-purple and 
rose flamed ; whorls 7, convex (the four spiral flattened) keels 4, 
small, distant, conspicuously granular; granules small, neat, and 
rose-purple in color; interstices clothed with a yellow silky perio- 
straca; suture deep, broadly canaliculate; base flattened, spirally 
lirate and radiately striate; aperture sub-quadrate, thickened, con- 
spicuously multidentate; columella tuberculate, margined and 
closely toothed. Alt. 18, diam. 15 mill. 

In general form resembling T. conica, but smaller, and more 
closely ornamented. The mouth is also an approach to a Clanculus. 
( Tenison- Woods.) 

Clark’s Islands. 

TENnIsoNn-Woops, in Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soe. Vict. xiv, p. 59 
(1877). 

THALOTIA MARGINATA Tenison- Woods. 

Shell narrowly conical, oblique, solid, tessellated with small olive 
or purple spots; whorls 83, concave above, below broadly carinate 
or marginate, girdled with four lines of granules, of which the up- 
permost is often the largest, closely decussate with oblique squamose 
striz ; keel elevated, somewhat flattened, and projecting over the 


152 CANTHARIDUS. 


suture in a conspicuous manner; granules rounded, subobsolete ; 
apex acute, aperture obliquely quadrate, smooth, nacreous, of a 
rosy silver hue, with one conspicuous angular groove in the 
middle; columella rounded, truncate below, not tuberculate; base 
convexly rounded, subumbilicate, elegantly lirate, the lire being 
granular and alternating large and small, tessellate and radiately 
striate. Alt. 18, diam. 14 mill. 

The young are distinctly umbilicate. Many specimens have be- 
tween the larger lire smaller ones on the whorls of the spire. The 
species differs especially from all previously described in the roundly 
convex base, and non-tuberculose columella. It comes very near to 
T. zebrides Ad. which iscommon at Moreton Bay, and with which it 
has been previously confounded ( Tenison- Woods). 

Moreton Bay. 

J. E. Tentson-Woops, in Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. iv, p. 109 
(1880). 

THALOTIA ZEBUENSIS A. Adams. Testa elevato-conoidea, per- 
forata, atro-fusca, fasciis longitudinalibus ornata, transversim sul- 
eata; anfr. planulatis, ultimo rotundato, basi convexa; labio sub- 
recto, antice reflexo, dilatato; apertura subcirculari, intus alba; 
labro intus levi, atro-margimato. (A. Ad.) 

San Nicholas, Id. of Zebu, in sandy mud, 6 fms. ( Cuming.) 


AAG, a PZ. S28 py Li2, 


THALOTIA srRIGATA A. Adams. Testa turrita-conica, perforate, 
albida, fasciis latis rufo-fuscis radiata; anfr. in medio angulatis, 
porcis transyersis subgranulosus, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis 
ornata, basi convexa, concentrice porcata; umbilico aperto; aper- 
tura subrotundata; columella subflexuosa, basi truncata; labro 
intus lirato, margine crenulato. (A. Ad.) 

Swan Point, N. Australia (Dring). 

A. Apams, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 173. 

THALOTIA ZEBRIDES A. Adams. ‘Testa turrito-conica, subper- 
forata, virescenti, lineis atropurpureis longitudinalibus ornata, 
poreis transversis confertis sculpta; longitudinaliter striata, basi 
econvexa ; umbilico subobtecto; columella sinuata, callo terminata ; 
labro intus lirato, margine atro-purpureo articulato. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 

A. Apams in P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 178. 

THALOTIA sutuRALIS A. Adams. Testa conica, subperforata, 
virescenti, lineis purpureis longitudinalibus undulatis ornata ; trans- 


CANTHARIDUS. Te 


versim lirata, longitudinaliter striata; anfractibus planis, supra 
suturam elevatis; sutura canaliculata, basi planiuscula ; columella 
brevi, basi tuberculo terminata; labro intus levi, viridi. (A. Ad.) 
Cape Upstart, Torres Sts., Australia ; under stones at low water. 
(Dring.) 
A. Apams, P. Z. §. 1851, p. 178. 


THALOTIA TRICINGULATA A. Adams. Testa conica, imperforate, 
nigra, lineis albis longitudinalibus ornata; anfr. angulatis, ultimo 
cingulis tribus transversis prominentibus instructo; basi convexa, 
cingulis concentricis nigro alboque articulatis ornata; labio ad 
basim tuberculato ; apertura subrotundata, intus alba; labro intus 
liris elevatis, atro-marginato. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


A. Apams, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 173. 


THALOTIA CRENELLIFERA A. Adams. Testa elevato conica, im- 
perforata; rufescente, rubro maculosa; spira acuminata, apice 
rubro; anfractibus planulatis, liris confertis, crenellatis, transversis, 
interstitiis oblique longitudinaliter striatis; anfractu ultimo sub- 
angulato, basi convexiuscula; apertura subquadrata, intus alba; 
columella alba, incurvata, antice truncata. (A. Ad.) 

Australia (Mus. Cuming). 

A. Apams, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 173. 


CANTHIRIDUS DECORATUS Adams and Angas. Testa turbinato- 
conoidea, imperforata, cupreo-aurantiaca, flammulis longitudinalibus 
albo articulatis, in anfractu ultimo fascia lata, albo articulata et serie 
transversa macularum quadratarum albarum ornata, apice carneola 
tincto; anfractibus planis, trausversim sulcatis, sulcis distantibus, 
postice obsoletis ; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato ; aper- 
tura subquadrata, labio vix recto, in medio callosa, labro intus 


suleato. 
Long. 6, diam. 4 mill. (Ad. and Ang.) 
York Peninsula, South Australia. 


Ap. anp Anaas, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 37. 

A small but beautifully ornamented species, of a rich golden- 
orange color, marked with white spots and flammules. (Ad. Ang.) 

BANKIVIA LUGUBRIS Gould. Testa parva, ovato turrita, glabra, 
rubida, lineis inequalibus satoratioribus cincta; apice pallido ; 
anfr. 8, ventricosis, apertura subcireularis, trientem longitudinis 


154 GAZA. 


testze adequans; columella tenui, alba, arctissime perforata; labro 
acuto, pallido, intus rufo submarginato. 
Axis 12, diam. 6 mill. ( Gould.) 
GOULD, in Proe. Bost. Soe. N. H. viii, 1861, p. 18. 
Sydney, N.S. W. 


Genus GAZA, Watson, 1878. 


Gaza Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 601; Report on 
Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 93.—DA.t, Rep. on ‘ Blake’ Gastero- 
poda, p. 354. 


The animal of G. superba has been described by Dr. Dall as 
follows: 

An examination of the soft parts showed the operculum to be 
very thin, light brown, and with about seven whorls. The animal 
was of a whitish color without any spots or markings, and with 
very large black eyes set on a good-sized peduncle closely adjacent 
to and behind the tentacles. There is a single narrow gill in the 
usual position. The tentacles are long, large, and rather slender ; 
the foot short, broad, and bluntly rounded in front, behind almost 
truncate, in fact the contracted specimen looked almost as if there 
was a broad posterior indentation in the middle line. The muzzle 
is long, narrow, subcylindrical above and transversely expanded at 
its distal end, which is semi-lunar with a densely papillose surface 
and fringed edges. This expansion is nearly three times as wide 
as the stem of the muzzle. Epipodium with a large lobe behind the 
eye peduncle but not connected with it; behind the lobe is one long 
process and then ashorter one. The frill behind is merely puckered, 
but from under the borders of the operculum on each side protrude 
three good-sized processes. Behind the opercular lobe the epipo- 
dium terminates in a prominent point, concave and papillose on its 
upper surface. There are no frontal lobes between the tentacula. 
The epipodial point extends some distance behind the posterior end 
of the foot. The jaw is like that of Calliostoma in shape, composed 
of brown four-sided translucent prismatic rodlets which give under 
the microscope a reticular marking of diamond-shaped spots to the 
surface of the jaw; the two sides are not united in the middle line. 
The dentition closely resembles that of Lumella versicolor Gmelin 
as figured by Troschel (Geb. der Schnecken, ii, pl. 20, fig. 7), ex- 
cept that the bases of the rhachidian and lateral teeth are subcir- 
cular, and on a few of the scythe shaped cusps of the numerous 


GAZA. 155 


uneini are a few denticles. There are five lateral teeth, and 
between twenty and thirty uncini. (Dall.) 

The nucleus of G. superba is often caducous, and in such speci- 
mens the apex is pierced with a circular perforation 12 mill. in 
diam., which is continuous with the umbilicus. There does not 
appear to be any particular difference between the nucleus and the 
early whorls, its loss would therefore seem to be due merely to its 
fragility. In none of those in which it remains is there any indica- 
tion of its being reinforced by a shelly deposit. (Dadl.) 

I regard Gaza and its subgenera as a group of Trochide re- 
lated to Lunella of the Turbinide on the one hand, and Umbonium 
on the other. (Dadl.) 

Our knowledge of this beautiful group is derived wholly from 
the publications of Watson and of Datu. The species are all deep 
sea dwellers, living mostly at depths of 100 fms. or greater. 


G. D&nALA Watson. PI. 36, fig. 12. 


Shell depressedly globose, with a convexly conical spire, thin, 
translucent, horny, nacreous in its whole texture, and iridescent on 
the surface, with a slightly reverted and narrowly thickened lip, a 
thin edged twisted pillar, the point of which runs out into a 
bluntly mucronated angle. Sculpture: Longitudinals—the whole 
surface is covered with strong, puckered, oblique lines of growth, 
which are sharp-edged but flattened, rather regular, with many 
minuter ones in the intervals. The longitudinals are cross- 
hatched with spirals, which are stronger and more regular, but not 
perfectly uniform, consisting of square threads and furrows of equal 
breadth, and both scored by the longitudinals ; on the earlier whorls 
these spirals disappear before the longitudinals do; and on the base 
they become on the outside feebler, closer, and finer, in the middle 
broader and flatter, and stronger again toward the centre of the 
shell. Color, delicate yellowish, with a horny translucency and ex- 
quisite iridescence, which under the lens appears brilliant. Spire 
high and slightly scalar. Apex very small, flatly rounded, the 
embryonic 1} whorl very slightly projecting. Whorls 7 of gradual 
increase, well rounded, the last slightly angulated below, and on 
the base flattened, but rather less so towards the mouth, where there 
is a slight contraction and downward turning of the whole whorl, 
without, however, any descending of the lip at its junction with the 
body. Suture very distinct, but not impressed, mouth rather large, 
very oblique, semioval. Outer lip reflected and thickened internally 


156 GAZA. 


by a strong but narrow, equal, rounded, white pearly callus, which 
almost disappears just at the upper corner, and which has a very 
slight furrow round its margin; it does not descend at all. 
Inner lip—from the corner of the outer lip a very thin layer of 
nacre spreads out a little way across the body, but then ceases 
entirely. The pillar is spread out at its base as a confined, flattened, 
unevenly inclined, semicircular, iridescent umbilical pad, from the 
left corner of which the pillar proper projects, with a narrow but 
rounded edge, twisted, straight, bending to the left, and advances 
into asharply angulated, and, as seen from behind, even mucronated 
junction with the basal mouth-edge, to which the umbilical pad 
curving round the back of the pillar also attains. The inside is 
scored with the external sculpture, and is brilliantly iridescent. 
The umbilical pad is defined by a narrow furrow, and in front by a 
slightly tumid ridge, which is the least nacreous part of the whole 
shell. Operculum is membranaceous, horny, yellowish, with about 
six to seven turns, each strongly defined by a narrow line of thick- 
ening, and sharply scored with minute oblique radiating lines. 
Alt. 0°65 in.; diam. 0°87 in. Mouth, height 0°45, breadth 0-41 
in. ( Watson.) 
Kandavu, Fiji, 610 fms. 


Gaza dedala Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 602; 
Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 93, t. 7, f. 12. 


G. SUPERBA Dall. PI. 48, figs. 16, 17. 


Shell in general features recalling Gaza deedala Watson, much 
of whose description would apply with little change to this species. 
Whorls eight, in the adult roundly shouldered below the suture, 
rounded at the periphery, somewhat flattened on the base, deeply 
and widely umbilicated, the umbilicus a little more than half 
covered by a nacreous callus; first two and a half whorls trans- 
parent, not nacreous, very obtuse, the nucleus not prominent; the 
next three and a half whorls smooth, except for faintest lines of 
growth, glassy with the nacre shining through; the remainder of 
the shell covered with delicate and distinct lines of growth, some- 
times a little more pronounced near the suture and by revolving 
lines almost too shallow to be called grooves, most prominent 
on the periphery, evanescent on the flattened part of the base 
and above near the suture; on the last whorl these are about 0°5 
mm, apart; the region near the suture is almost smooth. Suture 


GAZA. US 


very distinct, but not channelled; umbilicus bordered by an edge 
from which the flattened base falls away, and the straight walls 
forming an almost perfect cone; the last whorl contracted just 
before the reflected lip, which, above, rounds out in advance of its 
junction with the suture, the last quarter of an inch of which 
descends on the whorl, giving the aperture a downward look ; aper- 
ture oblique above, arching more nearly to a perpendicular below, 
smoothly, evenly reflected and thickened from the pillar to the 
suture, with an internal channel behind the thickening; pillar 
callous above, thinly and unevenly reflected half-way across the 
umbilicus, gently and very obliquely descending and smoothly 
passing into the basal part of the lip. The interior of the aperture, 
the lip, the umbilical callus, and a slight wash near the sutural 
junction, brilliantly nacreous; base and body whorl within the 
mouth not so; upper surface of shell distinctly tinted with fawn 
color, base waxen white, the nacre perceptible through the thinner 
portions. Alt. 24:0; maj. diam. 35°5 mill; of umbilicus, 8°0; of 
aperture, 13:0 mill. Defl. about 100°. (Dall.) 
Off Montserrat, Santa Cruz, Barbados, and in the Gulf between 
Mississippi delta and Cedar Keys, Fla., 209 to 324 fms. 


Callogaza superba DAL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, p. 49, 1881 ; 
Gaza superba DALL, Le. XViii, p. 854, t. 22, f. 4, 4a. 


Dr. Dall writes of this species: I included this species with the 
subgenus Callogaza in my preliminary paper, but the receipt of 
more specimens from the U.S. Fish Commission dredgings leads 
me to doubt whether the umbilicus always remains uncovered, and 
though I have seen no specimens in which it is wholly closed, yet I 
suspect it becomes so at times. An adult specimen measures 40 
mill. wide by 32 high, and this appears to be about the average of 
the species. 


G. RATHBUNI Dall. 


Another species of about the same size (58 x 24 mill.), G. rath- 
buni Dall, which differs from G. superba in being more depressed, 
with stronger spiral grooving, a slightly smaller umbilicus, and 
more flattened over the sutures, has since turned up among the 
‘ Albatross’ collections, dredged in the Pacific, in 592 fms., sand, 
near the Galapagos Islands. (Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xviii, 
p. 304, foot note.) 


158 GAZA, 


G. FISCHERI Dall. Pl. 49, fig. 37. 


This she'l is of six and a half whorls, and closely resembles Gaza 
deedala Watson, except in the following particulars: It is much 
more depressed proportionally ; the upper margin of the aperture 
is distinctly depressed below its general plane; and the radiating 
lines, almost microscopic in G. deedala, are in this form impressed 
in the early whorls near the suture, so as to produce a succession of 
short ripples, following the recurved lines of growth, which give a 
fringe-like ornamentation to the suture, at the rate of about five 
ripples to a millimeter. Nothing like this is visible in any of the 
specimens of G. superba. The margin of the suture in this form is 
distinctly appressed, forming a narrow border. The operculum has 
about seven whorls. The umbilicus is completely floored over, 
The soft parts are like those of G. superba, but the tentacles are 
shorter and stouter, the lateral lobes of the epipodium propor- 
tionally larger, there is one more lateral process, and the muzzle is 
not so much expanded laterally at its termination. 

Max. diam. of base, 25°0; min. diam., 20°0; alt., 16°0 mill. ( Dad.) 

Off Santa Lucia, in 425 fmns., gray ooze. 

We know so little about the limits of variation in this beautiful 
group that it is with some doubt that I apply a name to these speci- 
mens. The difference in form aud sculpture, and the distance 
between Fiji where G. deedala was collected and the Antilles has 
seemed to me sufficient warrant in this instance. (Dail.) 


G. fischeri Dax, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xviii, p. 355. (1889.) 
Subgenus CALLOGAZA Dall. 


Callogaza Daux, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, p. 49 (1881); 7. ¢. 
xviii, p. 396. 
G. watsont Dall. Pl. 49, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28. Pl. 48, figs. 11, 12. 


Shell much smaller than the last and but slightly nacreous ; 
whorls six and a quarter, having the same general form as in the 
last species, but with a more prominent nucleus; nucleus small, 
bulbous, dark brown; first two and a half whorls glassy, brown 
spotted, smooth; subsequently the exterior two-thirds of the upper 
surface of the whorls sculptured with four or five strong revolving 
threads ; the space between them and the suture above, with strong, 
even, flexuously radiating, shining, rounded plications (about eight 
to a millimeter) which pass obliquely over the revolving threads 
and appear again on the base as strong regular plications in the 


GAZA. 159 


umbilical region, extending from the umbilical carina one-third of 
the way toward the periphery. The base is covered with numerous 
revolving threads flattened until their interspaces appear like 
grooves; the umbilicus similarly formed to the last species, but 
somewhat more turrited internally. Last whorl less contracted 
behind the lip, which is not produced forward above, as in superba ; 
the umbilical callus not nacreous, with a granular surface, white 
and covering less than half the umbilicus; lip and aperture other- 
wise much the same as in superba, but only slightly nacreous. Base 
waxy white, top the same, with cloudy radiating brown blotches 
near the suture and on the periphery; some of the revolving 
threads are also continuously brown. 
Alt. 7°75 maj. diam. 12°5; of umbilicus, 2°5; of aperture, 5°5 
mill. Defl. about 120°. (Daill.) 
Off Havana, Cuba, in 177-200 fms. ; off Bahia Honda, Cuba in 640 
fms.; off Barbados, in 84-154 fms. 


Callogoza Watsont Dawu, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, p. 50 
Based) Ger xvi, p: 350, b. 22, f.0, (ast. Zor Lj last 24 eo: 
2a.—Margarita filogyra Dawu, Bull. M. C. Z. 1881, p. 42 (young 
shell). 

This shell named by me Margarita filogyra is without doubt in 
part based on young specimens of Callogaza Watsoni. But with 
regard to some of the others [am puzzled as to whether to so refer 
them or not. In any case, the weight of probability is in favor of 
their being eventually united. There are certain differences in the 
umbilicus to which I do not, in the absence of soft parts, feel able 
to give a definite value; while the fact that these specimens have a 
slightly but distinctly thickened lp adds to the obscurity. At all 
events, whether wholly identical with C. Watsoni or not (Figures 
11, 12, Plate 48, certainly are), the M. filogyra is in an uncertain 
state, and for that reason I prefer to omit the name in my list 
of established species until I obtain more definite material for 
study. I retain the figures which had been prepared of the sup- 
posed young shells. 

An adult specimen affords the following notes: The body is yel- 
lowish, the sides streaked with ashy-gray, a few flecks of which 
also appear between the tentacles. The body is longer than in 
Gaza proper and distinctly pointed behind. The tentacles are 
short and stout, with a small inner angle or expansion opposite the 
distinct eye peduncle, which bears a large very black eye. The 


160 GAZA. 


muzzle is proportionately shorter than in Gaza, subcylindrical, 
granulose at the end, but not laterally expanded. The gill as 
in Gaza superba, but broader in proportion to its length. The 
very large anterior lobe of the epipodium is followed by seven 
gradually decreasing lateral processes, of which five are under the 
operculum, and are separated by small rounded lobes of the epipo- 
dial margin. The posterior angle of the epipodium is pointed as 
in Gaza, extending considerably beyond the operculum, but not as 
far as the foot. The dentition differs considerably from that of 
Gaza. It most nearly resembles that of Forskalia declivis Fors- 
kal, as figured by Troschel (Gebiss d. Schneck., II. pl. xxiv, fig. 
14.) The rhachidian tooth has a single three pointed cusp, without 
the accessory denticles of Forskalia, the laterals have two or three 
accessory denticles, the uncini, unlike Forskiilia, are denticulated all 
along the inner edges of their blade-like cusps, except toward the 
margin of the radula, where they gradually become simple. It 
will be observed that in the soft parts there are features which 
sufficiently distinguish this group from Gaza, according to ordinary 
standards. 


Subgenus MrcroGcaza Dall. 


Microgaza Dawu, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, p. 50 (1881); Le. 


XVlil, p. 397. 


G. ROTELLA Dall. PI. 48, figs. 5, 6. 

Shell depressed, with five whorls, somewhat flattened above and 
below ; nucleus small, translucent white, and with the two first whorls 
polished, smooth or marked only by faint growth lines; remainder 
of the whorls with a narrow puckered band revolving immediately 
below the suture, on which the shell matter is as it were pinched up 
into slight elevations at regular intervals, about half a millimeter 
apart. In some specimens, outside of this band an impressed line 
revolves with the shell; remainder smooth, shining or with evanes- 
cent traces of revolving lines impressed from within and strongest 
about the rounded periphery; base rounded toward the umbilical 
carina over which it seems to be drawn into flexuously radiating 
well-marked plications (about thirty-two on the last turn) which 
disappear a third of the way toward the periphery ; wall of the um- 
bilicus concave, overhung by the carina, turns of the shell so coiled 
that the part of each whorl uncovered by its successor forms a nar- 
row spiral plane ascending to the apex like a spiral staircase or 


GAZA. 161 


screw thread. Pillar straight, thin, with no callus; aperture 
rounded except at the angle of the umbilical carina; margin thin, 
sharp, not reflected or thickened ; no callus on the body whor! in 
the aperture ; shell whitish or greenish; nacre less brilliant in dead 
or deep-water specimens; with zigzag brown lines variously trans- 
versely disposed and disappearing on the base. 
Alt. 4:0 maj. diam. 6°75; of umbilicus, 1:75; of aperture, 2:5 
mill. (Dadl.) 
Off Barbados, in 100 fms.; off Bahia Honda, Cuba, 220 fms.; 36 
miles S. 4 W. from Cape Hatteras, N. Carolina, in 124 fms. 


The operculum is like that of Gaza, and has six or seven whorls. 
None of the specimens show any tendency to a reflected lip, yet it 
is, of course, possible that no completely adult specimen was ob- 
tained. The animal has a short stout foot, bluntly rounded at either 
end. It is of a pinkish tint. The tentacula are very long and the 
eyes large. The muzzle is rounded and not very long, its ex- 
tremity plain. There are no frontal lobes. The epipodium has a 
very small anterior lobe with a cirrus behind it, then a space with- 
out cirri, a long process just in front of the opercular disk, and one, 
shorter, under it on each side making three in all. There is no 
posterior point to the epipodium, and only the above three cirri on 
each side. The jaw is somewhat like that of Umbonium, but shorter 
and broader. The radula, however, bears no resemblance to that 
of Umbonium (Rotella Lam.). The teeth are very elegant. The 
rhachidian tooth in general form (except the cusp) not unlike that 
of Calliostoma granulata Born (Troschel, I, pl. xxiv, fig. 18), but 
the central spur of the cusp is long and slender like a stiletto, ex- 
tending considerably behind the posterior edge of the base of the 
tooth. On each side of it are four stout sharp rather short denticles, 
radiating as from the median point of the front edge of the cusp. 
The laterals recall those of Gibbula divaricata (Troschel, loc. cit., 
fig. 6), but have more, larger, and stronger denticles, all on the 
posterior edge of the cusp, or the edge away from the rhachis, the 
uncini are rather few in number, the cusps sword shaped, sigmoid, 
the inner ones denticulated on both edges. The number of laterals 
is five. The radula as a whole is very short and small. 

The depressed form: and marginated suture, as well as the kind 
of coloration, in this shell recall Umbonium. The texture of the 
shell and the character of its umbilicus are precisely as in Callo- 


gaza. The soft parts indicate its place to be in that vicinity. 
11 


162 GAZA—BEMBIX. 


Until a larger number of the myriad of species shall have been ex- 
amined, it is evident that the characters of the dentition in their 
classification cannot be formulated except in a provisional manner. 


(Dall.) 
Genus BEMBIX Watson, 1878. 


Bembix Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 605 ; Chal- 
lenger Gasteropoda, p. 95. 

A remarkable feature of this genus is its being covered with a 
thin extremely persistent smooth fibrous epidermis, like that of 
some of the Helices. This epidermis swells up and becomes pustu- 
lated in water. In form the shell recalls some of the Cantharidus 
group, but is thinner and on the base more tumid; the axis is per- 
forated, and the pillar is thin, reverted and merely angulated in 
front. The operculum is membranaceous and multispiral. ( Watson.) 


B. ©0LA Watson. | Pl. 40, fies. 10, 11. 

Shell high, coneavely conical, carinated, sculptured on the upper 
whorls, smooth or wrinkled below, thin, with a tumid lirated base, 
narrowly umbilicated, with a smooth epidermis, thin, but especially 
so on the base, more or less nacreous all over under a thin porcel- 
lanous upper layer. Sculpture: The first three whorls (after the 
embryonic apex) are reticulated by three sharp remote spirals, and 
rather stronger, slightly oblique longitudinals, which rise at their in- 
tersections into small sharp pyramidal tubercles ; the interstices are 
a little broader than high. This system gradually dies out and 
leaves the surface smooth, only the row of infra-sutural tubercles 
survives in an enlarged but depressed form, and springing from 
these some sinuous, oblique, and slightly irregular longitudinal 
puckerings appear on the last whorl, which is nearly bisected by 
the sharpish, slightly expressed, finely tubercled carina. This bisec- 
tion of the last whorl arises from the great prolongation and 
tumidity of the base, on which, below the carina, are five narrow, 
equally parted, spiral threads, and two intra-umbilical ones, which 
are more continuous. Kesides this larger system of sculpture, the 
whole surface is covered with minute, oblique, irregular, and inter- 
rupted puckerings of the epidermis. Color a brownish yellow, but 
below the epidermis there is a thin pure white porcellanous layer, 
through which and the epidermis the sheen of the nacreous layer 
gleams. The base is whiter, the epidermis there being very thin. 
Inside the mouth is an exquisite roseate nacre, spire high, with a 


BEMBIX—CHLOROSTOMA. 163 


slightly concave contour, the lines of which are hardly swollen out 
by the slight tumidity of the last whorl. Apex eroded, but evi- 
dently small. Whorls 7 or 8, of regular increase, quite flat on the 
side slopes, except the last, which is very slightly constricted below 
the suture, a very little tumid on the upper slope, sharply carinated 
but not much angulated at the suture, and very tumid on the base. 
Suture linear, strongly defined on the upper whorls by the square 
furrow lying between the lines of tubercles which marginate the 
suture above and below. On the last whorl it becomes slightly 
pouting from the projection of the carina and the slight infra- 
sutural constriction. Mouth nearly square, very little oblique in 
the line of its advance, but standing out a little obliquely to the 
axis of the shell. Outer lip thin, not descending. Pillar lip thin, 
spread out broadly at its base over the umbilicus, which it largely 
conceals, with a deep narrow furrow behind it. Curving over to 
the right, it advances, thin and pointed, to its angular junction with 
the basal lip. Umbilicus defined by a spiral thread and with two 
other spirals within it. It is not small but concealed by the pillar- 
lip. 

Alt. 0°82 in.; diam. 0°63 in.; mouth, heigth 0°-4; breadth 0°38 in. 
( Watson.) 

It is evidently not remote from Trochus argenteonitens, Lischke 
(Japan. Meeres-Conch., vol. ili, p. 67), a species I know only from 
the figure and description. The whole sculpture, however, seems 
distinct though similar. ( Watson.) 

Of Japan in 565 fms. 

B. eola Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 603 (1878) ; 
Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 95, t. 7, f. 13. 


Genus CHLOROSTOMA Swainson, 1840. 


Chlorostoma Swatns. Malacol., p. 350.—Putiiippr, Handb. der. 
Conchyl. u. Mal., p. 209.—A. Ap. (in part), P. Z. 8S. 1851, p. 180. 
—Gray, Guide Syst. dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 154—H. and A. An. 
Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 428.—Tryon, Struct. and Syst. Conch. ii, p. 
311.— Omphalius Purirept, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1847, p. 21 ; Handbuch, 
p. 210.—Gray, Guide Syst. dist., p. 154—Tryon, S. and 8. Conch., 
p. 310.—H. and A. Ap., Genera, p. 429.—TRoscHEL, Das Gebiss 
der Schnecken, ii, p. 232.— Neomphalius FiscHer, Manuel de Con- 
chyl., p. 821 (1885).—Phoreus A. Ap. Monog. Trochidie, P. Z. 8. 
1851, p. 156 (not Phoreus Risso)—Tegula Lesson, Lllust. de 


164 CHLOROSTOMA. 


Zoologie, t. 51 (1832) (no description).—H. and A. Ap., Genera, 1, 
p. 426. 

The genus Chlorostoma replaces on American shores the old 
world genus Gibbula. The more prominent shell characters are the 
callous which is continued from the columella partly around (or 
even covering) the umbilicus, and the bi- or tri-dentate base of the 
columella. The dentition is peculiar, and at once separates these 
shells from all other Trochidee. The rhachidian tooth is broader 
than long, the reflected portion extending nearly its whole breadth, 
narrowly reflected and with irregularly denticulated edge. The 
laterals number 5 on each side. The uncini have either denticulate 
or simple cusps (pl. 50, fig. 10, C. funebrale; fig. 15, Omphalius 
excavatus). 

The distribution of the species of Chlorostoma into sections is 
difficult on account of the coalescence of characters throughout 
the group; and many species go equally well in Chlorostoma or 
Omphalius; in general, Omphalius includes umbilicate species with 
spirally lirate or granose whorls, but some undoubted Omphalius 
are smooth, and some granose species are imperforate. Correspond- 
ing variations occur in the large conical typical Chlorostoma; so 
that no sharp line can be drawn. C. pellisserpentis, the only species 
of Tegula (Less.) Gray, is perhaps distinct enough to have a sec- 
tional name. 


Oriental Species. 


The following key, slightly modified from Lischke, will usually 
guide one to the species of Chlorostoma inhabiting Japanese waters : 


A. Umbilicus covered. 


1. Longitudinally plicate: 
a, Large, folds strong, base spirally lirate, C. argyrostoma. 
b. Smaller; folds fine, close ; base smooth, C. distinguenda. 


2. Without longitudinal folds : 

a. Coal-black, with orange apex, C. nigricolor. 

b. Olive-colored, with lead-colored apex, C. lischkei. 

B. Openly umbilicate. 

1. Periphery bluntly angled ; base plano-convex or flat: 

a. Elevated ; with broad low folds or smooth, C. rustica. 

b. Depressed ; folds very narrow and close, C. nigerrima. 
2. Periphery acutely angled; base plano-concave. 


CHLOROSTOMA. 165 


a. Strongly plicate; base spirally lirate, C. carpenteri. 
b. Base smooth. 

a. Obsoletely plicate, C. pfeifferi. 

b. Entirely smooth, C. achates. 


C. AaRGyRosToMA Gmelin. PI. 25, figs. 11, 12. 


Shell imperforate, conical, solid, heavy, black, except the eroded 
first whorls which are yellow, the base lighter, olive or pinkish; de- 
pressed; whorls about 7, finely longitudinally corrugated, and 
much less obviously spirally sculptured, the longitudinal sculpture 
obsolete on the base; aperture very oblique, smooth and nacreous 
within ; outer lip edged with black ; columella oblique, decidedly 
dentate midway, and frequently less markedly so at the base ; um- 
bilical tract covered by a heavy green callus. 

Alt. 40, diam. 45 mill. 

Philippines; Chinese and Japanese Seas. 


Trochus argyrostomus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3583.—LiscuKk, 
Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., p. 96, t. 7,'f. 8-5.—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 105, 
t. 29, f. 4 (Turbo).—T. distinguendus DUNKER, Molluska Japonica, 
pr.22, tm £1... C86.) 

An abundant and variable species. It may be separated from 
the following forms by the imperforate base, green or olive umbili- 
eal callus, and finely, regularly plicate upper surface. 


Var. DISTINGUENDA Dunker. PI. 26, fig. 20. 
Longitudinal folds less strong, close; base smooth; umbilical 
callus white. Alt. 18, diam. 20 mill. 
Japan. 


C. NIGERRIMA Gmelin. © Pl. 25, figs. 9, 10. 


Shell umbilicated, rather depressed conical, solid, black or pur- 
plish-black, lighter beneath ; spire conic, sutures impressed ; whorls 
about 6, very obliquely striate, longitudinally finely corrugated, the 
folds small, dichotomose a short distance beneath the periphery, very 
regular and close; base nearly flat, smooth; periphery bluntly 
angular; aperture very oblique; columella toothed in the middle 
and more obsoletely at the base, expanding above in a callus half 
surrounding the umbilicus and partly covering it. 

Alt. 20, diam. 25 mill. 


Japan. 


166 CHLOROSTOMA. 


Trochus nigerrimus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3572.—PHrurpPt, 
Conchyl. Cab., t. 10, f. 13.—LiscuKe, Jap. Meeres- Conchyl., p. 97, t. 
7,f.6,7 (not Turbo nigerrimus GMEL.,=Monodonta nigerrima (Gm.) 
(Phil.)—Trochus niger, umbilicatus, ete., CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., v, 
p- 98, f. 1647.—T. niger Puruiprr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 369.—F IscHER, 
Coq. Viv., p. 372, t. 113, f 4—Chlorostoma corrugatum A. ADAMS, 
P. Z. 8., 1851, p. 182.—Chlorostoma undatella Gouup, Proc. Bost. 
Doe we, 1s6l, pa2e: 

This species is most nearly allied to C. argyrostoma, and in the 
sculpture differs from that form only in the rather smaller folds 
above, and the lack of distinct spiral striz or lire. It is smaller than 
argyrostoma, more depressed, and always umbilicated. 


C. rustica Gmelin. PI. 25, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. 

Shell umbilicate, conic, heavy, solid, chocolate-colored or brownish- 
olivaceous; spire conical, more or less elevated; suture distinctly 
impressed ; whorls 6-7, moderately convex or nearly flat, sometimes 
tumid just below the sutures, and either smooth or longitudinally 
plicate, the folds usually obsolescent, and visible only for a short 
distance below the sutures; spirally obsoletely striate; body-whorl 
obtusely angular at the periphery ; base nearly flat; aperture very 
oblique ; columella with one or two teeth below, expanded above in 
a white callus, which half surrounds the narrow, deep circular 
umbilicus. Alt. 33, diam. 32 mill. 

Japan. 

Trochus rusticus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 8572.— PHILIPPI, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 48, t. 10, f. 11, 12—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 163, t. 
55, f. 1, t. 112, f. 2—Liscuke, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., p. 97. 

Periphery less sharply carinate than in C. nordmanni and C. 
pfeifferi ; less strongly sculptured than C. carpenteri, and not lirate 
beneath; more elevated than C. nigerrima and not nearly so finely 
corrugated above. 

C. NIGRICOLOR Dunker. PI. 26, figs. 21, 22. 

Shell conoid, imperforate, obsoletely striate, black ; whorls plano- 
convex, the last subangulate, base convex, dull reddish or yellow- 
ish; umbilical callus green, pitted ; columella very oblique, uniden- 
tate; fauces smooth, pearly. Alt. 17, diam. 28 mill. (Dunker.) 

Jupan. 

Trochus nigricolor Dxr., Malak. Blat., 1860, p. 287, and Moll. 

Jap., p. 22, t. 3, f. 2—Liscukn, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., p. 100, t. 7, f. 


CHLOROSTOMA. 167 


1, 2—Chlorostoma xanthostigma A. ApdAms, P. Z. S., 1851, p. 183 
(Teste E. A. Smiru, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xvi, 1875, p. 112, and 
Warson, Challenger Moll., p. 70). 


My scientific conscience will not allow me to substitute for Dr. 
Dunker’s name for this species, that proposed by Adams. The 
latter would never have been identified had it not been for the speci- 
mens in the British Museum; for Adams’ description gives neither 
measurement nor locality, and is not sufficient for identification. I 
do not consider specimens placed in the British or any other 
Museum as “ published ” in any sense, unless they are so described 
or figured that they may be identified without referring to the types. 
And further, I do not see how anything but evil can result from 
the practice of quoting names from specimens in the British 
Museum in synonymy. 


Of this species Lischke says: It stands extremely close to T. 
brunneus. The sculpture is identical, save that my examples lack 
the upper of the two spiral liree mentioned. The umbilical pit is in 
my adult examples of T. brunneus, much narrower than in the 
present species, in one example entirely concealed. T. nigricolor 
seems also to be larger and proportionately broader than T. brun- 
neus. My largest example of brunneus is 34 mill. alt., 29 in diam.; 
of nigricolor 41 mill. alt., 56 diam. But the main difference is 
in the color; the upper surface and the larger part of the base is 
pitehy-black in T. nigricolor, the eroded apex orange, the umbilical 
callus white or a beautiful green, (Lischke.) 

The “ T. brunneus” which is referred to above is not the true 
Chlorostoma brunneum Phil., a species of the Californian coast, but 
a distinct form as yet undescribed, of which a single small specimen 
is before me. This shell is figured on pl. 26, fig. 16. It may be 
called Chlorostoma Lischkei. On account of the insufficiency of my 
material at present, I defer a formal description. Vide LiscHKeE, 
Jap. Meeres- Conchylien, i, p. 99, “ T. brunneus.” 


C. PFEIFFERI Philippi. PI. 26, figs. 13, 14, 16. 


Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, dark purplish or brownish-purple, 
obliquely striate, the base radiately striate with white ; spire strictly 
conical, elevated, apex eroded, whorls about 7, planulate above, the 
last acutely angular at the periphery, the base plano-concave ; 
whorls smooth or with fine spiral strize, and ill-defined longitudinal 
folds; aperture subhorizontal, occupying about half the area of the 


168 CHLOROSTOMA. 


base; columella dentate in the middle, expanded above in a white 
callus ; umbilicus profound, circular, surrounded by a white zone. 

Alt. 30, diam. 33 mull. 

Japan. 

Trochus pfeifferi Puruipri, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1846, p. 104, and 
Conchyl. Cao., p. 152, t. 25, f. 2—Liscuxe, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., p. 
98.—FiscHer, Cog. Viv., p. 336, t. 105, f. 1—TZ. nordmannt 
ScuHrenck, Bull. de Acad. de St. Petersb., v, p. 511 (1862) ; Nord- 
jap. Moll. p. 349, t. 15, f. 1, 2; Reisen u. Forschungen Amur-Lande, 
p. 349, t. 15, f 1, 2—Chlorostoma achates Guv., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. 
vai, ps 20.) Cis61.) 

The typical C. pfeifferi is strictly conical, with nearly straight 
lateral outlines; the whorls are obsoletely longitudinally plicated ; 
the base is slightly concave, and radiately striate or streaked with 
white. Var. AacHATEs Gould, differs in having a smooth surface, 
the folds entirely obsolete. 


C. CARPENTERI Dunker. PI. 25, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, grayish-black, but seen on close 
inspection to be minutely, densely striped with black on a whitish 
ground; spire strictly conical, apex yellowish; whorls 6 to 7, flat, 
densely, very obliquely sublamellose-striate, and with coarse, wavy, 
irregular longitudinal folds over the entire upper surface; last 
whorl acutely carinated at the periphery ; base plano-concave, with 
about four strong spiral lire ; aperture extremely oblique, columella 
strongly dentate in the middle, expanded above und reflexed partly 
over the umbilicus; umbilicus white within, spirally ribbed. 

Alt. 26, diam. 25; alt. 54, diam. 43 mill. 

Nagasaki and Decima, Japan. 

Trochus carpenteri DuNKER, Malok. Bl., vi, p. 237 (1860); and 
Moll. Japonica, p. 21, t. 8, f. 12—Liscuxe, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., 
p. 98, t. 7, f. 8, 9, 10.—FiscuEr, Cog. Vww., p. 170, t. 57, f. 1. 


More coarsely sculptured than any other Japanese species. 


Species from the West Coast of the Americas. 


C. PELLISSERPENTIS Wood. PI. 20, figs. 1, 2. 

Shell imperforate, conical, elevated, very thick, solid and heavy ; 
color yellowish or pinkish, marked with narrow angular patches or 
interrupted longitudinal oblique stripes of black; spire strictly 
conical, apex acute, sutures linear; whorls 8, encircled by weakly 


CHLOROSTOMA. 169 


granose lire, separated by narrow impressed lines; periphery nearly 
smooth; base smooth or lirate, eroded in front of the aperture ; 
aperture oblique, outer lip thick within, smooth, bevelled to an edge ; 
columella oblique, bearing in the middle a heavy tubercle, at the 
base less prominently toothed. Alt. 48, diam. 38 mill. 

W. Coast of Central America; Gulf of California. 

Trochus pellis-serpentis Woon, Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 5, f. 4. —PH1L- 
mpi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 105, t. 17, f. 4—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 165, 
t. 55. f. 38.—T. strigilatus Anron, Verzeichniss, p. 56.—PHILIPPI, 
Abbild. u. Beschreib., i, Trochus t. 2, f. 9.—Tegula elegans LEsson, 
Illustrations de Zoologie, t. 51 (1832). 

This species is the type of the subgenus Tegula. It differs from 
the species of Chlorostoma with which I have associated it in the 
heavier, larger columellar tubercle, more numerous whorls and differ- 
ent color-pattern. 

C. GALLINA Forbes. PI. 20, fig. 5; pl. 28, figs. 52, 53. 

Shell imperforate, heavy, solid, thick, conoidal, dark purplish or 
blackish, longitudinally striped or speckled with whitish, the stripes 
occupying the interstices between close, narrow superficial folds of 
the surface, which may be well-marked, or obsolete, continuous or 
cut into granules by equally close spiral furrows, the latter some- 
times predominating ; spire conoidal, the apex usually blunt, eroded 
and yellow; body-whorl rounded at the periphery; base convex, more 
or less eroded in front of the aperture; whorls 5 to 6; aperture 
oblique ; outer lip black-edged, smooth and pearly within ; columella 
short, arcuate, strongly bidentate near the base; place of the 
umbilicus marked by a pit. Alt. 28-40, diam. 26-34 mill. 

California; L. California. 

Trochus (Monodonta) gallina Forses, P. Z. S., 1850, p. 271, t. 11, 
f. 8—T. gallina FiscuHEr, Coq. Viv., p. 358, t. 111, f. 1.—T. pyri- 
formis Gouxp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1853, p. 382. 

The above description applies to the typical form; the sculpture 
of the surface is superficial and very variable, as is the distribution of 
the color markings, which is dependent upon the sculpture. It is 
sometimes difficult to separate this from C.funebrale. See remarks 
under that species. 


Var. trxcra Hemphill. 


In this form the longitudinal markings and sculpture are obsolete 
and the spiral grooves generally scarcely visible above; the color is 


Y/ 


170 CHLOROSTOMA. 


yellow-greenish or blackish, the apex eroded, yellow; and there is a 
streak of yellow on the base just below the columellar teeth. 


C. FUNEBRALE A. Adams, PI. 28, figs. 42, 48, 44. 


This species is similar to C. gallina in form and characters of the 
aperture. It is lusterless, purple or black, the apex usually eroded, 
orange-colored ; the teeth of the columella are white; and there is 
never a yellowish streak at the base, as in the var. tincta of the last 
species. The whorls are spirally lirate, sometimes smooth except on 
the base, sometimes strongly lirate above. The suture is margined 
below by an tmpressed line, and by elevated, foliaceous incremental 
lamelle. This last feature may almost always be detected, although 
sometimes but very slightly developed. 

Alt. 35, diam. 32: alt. 25, diam. 26 mill: 

LL. California and Northward. 


C. funebrale A. Av., P. Z.S8., 1854, p. 316. —CARPENTER, Rept. on 
Moll. W. Coast N. A., 1868, p.652.—KeEEp, West Coast Shells, p. 84, 
f. 71.—Trochus funebralis FiscuER, Cog. Viv., p. 173, t. 57, f. 3.— 
T. marginatus Nurvauyt, mss.—T. mestus var., GouLp, Exped. 
Shells., p. 183, f. 214. 


One of the most abundant mollusks of the Californian Coast. The 
shell never shows the longitudinal folds and stripes characteristic of 
typical C. gallina, nor has it the basal yellowish streak of the smooth 
var. tineta. The foliated subsutural margin is characteristic, also, 
though not always developed. 

C. BRUNNEUM Philippi. PI. 27, figs 36-38. 

Shell imperforate, conical, solid, russet-yellow, brown, orange- 
colored or deep crimson; spire conic; sutures deeply impressed ; 
whorls about 7, convex, smooth, obliquely lightly striate, the last 
sometimes obsoletely undulated or plicate below the suture ; base de- 
pressed, deeply concave in the center; aperture very oblique ; 
columella one or two toothed near the base ; umbilical callus white ; 
place of the umbilicus deeply excavated. 

Alt. 32, diam. 36; alt. 38, diam. 35 mill. 

Californian Coast. 

Trochus brunneus Puruiprt, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 189, and 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 300, t. 43, f. 19.—LiscuKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., 
p- 99.—FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 365, t. 112, f. 1. 


The smovth surface and the color of this species will distinguish it 
from any of its allies. It is according to Lischke found upon the 


CHLOROSTOMA. 1a! 


coast of Japan (Nagasaki, Decima); but I share the doubt ex- 
pressed by Fischer as to its actual occurrence there. The relative 
altitude and the size are extremely variable. 


C. PULLIGO Martyn. PI. 26, figs. 23, 24, 25. 

Shell deeply and widely umbilicate, conical, solid, dull purplish 
or brown, when worn often orange, obliquely streaked with white 
or unicolored; spire elevated; whorls 7, flattened, the upper ones 
finely spirally striate and sometimes very obsoletely plicate ; the re- 
mainder smooth, obliquely finely striate; base flattened, slightly 
convex, obliquely streaked, concave and white around the umbilicus ; 
body-whorl bluntly angled at the periphery; aperture very oblique, 
smaller than usual in Chlorostoma; columella thin, obtusely den- 
tate, ending above in a white callus which partly covers the umbili- 
cus. Alt. 35, diam. 32; alt. 22, diam. 22-27 mill. 

Sitka to California. 


Trochus pulligo Martyn, Universal Conch., t. 76.—PHILIPPI, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 84, t. 15, f. 3—FiscHEr, Cog. Viv., p. 282, t. 80, 
f. 1.—T. marcidus Gouup, Bost. Journ. N. H., xvi, 1852, p. 

A handsome and rare species, more widely umbilicated than any 
other from the West Coast. There is no spiral ridge within the 
umbilicus. 


C. MONTEREYI Kiener. PI. 27, fiys. 27, 28, 29. 

Shell umbilicate, strictly conical, rather thin, light olivaceous or 
pale corneous; spire conical, with nearly straight outlines; apex 
acute ; sutures linear; whorls 7, flattened, encircled by numerous fine 
lirsee, which become obsolete on the lower whorl, which shows usually 
very ill-defined obliquely descending small folds, at right angles to 
the incremental strize; body-whorl acutely angular at the periphery ; 
base flat, spirally, subobsoletely lirate ; aperture subhorizontal ; outer 
lip thin, margined with brown or corneous; columella subhorizontal, 
curved, toothed below the middle, receding above, not spreading 
around the umbilicus as in the other species; umbilicus funnel-shaped, 
rapidly becoming very narrow, white within, its edge defined by an 
angle. Alt. 28-39, diam. 34-42 mill. 

Californian Coast. 


Trochus montereyi KIENER, Species, gen. Trochus, t. 33, f. 1, la. 
—FiscueEr, Coq. Viv., p. 104, t. 33, f. 1. 


Uy CHLOROSTOMA. 


This form, of which a number of specimens are before me, is very 
distinct from the other species. Its: general aspect is that of an 
Eutrochus. The whorls and base are flat; and the color a light 
fawn. It is the “Chlorostoma pfeifferi” of American writers on 
Californian shells. 

C. stRIATULATUM Kiener. PI. 27, figs. 34, 35. 

Shell imperforate, conoid, apex subobtuse, covered with a brown 
or cinereous unicolored cuticle; whorls 6, separated by linear suture, 
obliquely striate, transversely finely lirate, the liree obsolete on the 
last whorl; last whorl slightly convex, carinate, beneath planulate 
or slightly convex, marked with obsolete concentric lire; aperture 
ample, rhomboid, the right margin oblique; columella arcuate, 
denticulate in the middle, emarginate below the denticle ; umbilical 
area depressed. Alt. 18, diam. 21 mill. (Fischer.) 

Coast of California (?) 

T. striatulatus KIENER, Species, gen. Trochus, t. 33, f.3.—F IscHER, 
Cog. Viv., p. 106, t. 33, f. 3. 


I have not seen this furm, nor has it been mentioned by writers on 
Californian mollusks. It differs, according to Fischer, from C. 
montereyi, in the shorter more obtuse spire, more convex whorls and 
in lacking an umbilicus. 

C. AUREOTINCTUM Forbes. PI. 27, figs. 31, 32, 33. 

Shell umbilicate, conoidal, thick, solid, black or cinereous ; spire 
conical, apex generally eroded ; sutures impressed ; whorls about 5, 
convex, spirally coarsely ridged below, radiately plicate above; the 
revolving ridges 5 in number, the folds of the upper surface dis- 
appearing with age; base rounded, concave around the umbilicus ; 
periphery rounded ; aperture oblique ; columella with a blunt tuber- 
cle in the middle and a smaller one below it, slightly reflexed above, 
joined to the upper margin by a heavy white callus extending across 
the parietal wall ; umbilicus wide, deep bright orange-colured within. 

Alt. 38, diam. 35; alt. 22, diam. 26 mill. 

California and L. California. 

T. aureotinctus Forses, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 271, t. 11, f. 7—Car- 
PENTER, Rept. on Moll. W. Coast N. A., p. 652.—FIscHER, Coq. 
Viv. (gen. Turbo), p. 94, t. 31, f. 1—Turbo cateniferus K1ENER, 
Species, genre Turbo, t. 31, f. 1 (not J. cateniferus Pot. et Mich.). 

The more prominent features of this species are found in the 
heavy, solid shell, coarsely ridged below and the orange-colored 


CHLOROSTOMA. 173 


umbilicus. The aperture is less oblique than in any of the preceding 
species of Chlorostoma. 


C. rucosum A. Adams. PI. 26, fig. 26. 

Shell narrowly umbilicate, conoidal, solid, heavy, dull cinereous, 
more or less variegated by brown, blackish or red streaks; spire 
conoidal, generally eroded and white or yellow at the apex; whorls, 
about 5, obliquely striate, radiately coarsely and irregularly plicate 
and rugose above, sometimes nearly smooth; periphery rounded ; 
base convex, concentrically lirate; aperture oblique; columella 
strongly dentate in the middle or below it, with a second small 
tooth at the base; edge of the columella rather deeply curved above 
the tooth, but spreading at its junction with the whorl, bounding and 
somewhat narrowing the umbilicus by a white callus, which does not 
extend to the upper margin of the aperture; umbilicus deep, white 
within. Alt. 26, diam. 27 mill. 

L. California; Gulf of California. 


Chlorostoma rugosum A. Av., P. Z.S., 1851, p. 182.—T. rugosus 
FIscHER, Cog. Viv., p. 231, t. 75, f. 3. 


A rude, rugose species, like C. aureotinctum; but much less 
coarsely sculptured, with narrower umbilicus, different columella, 
and parietal wall lacking the callus of that form. Var. RUFOTINC- 
tum Carpenter (pl. 27, fig. 30) is smaller, alt. 20, diam. 21 mill., 
and radiately striped with lusterless red. The spiral lirulze are some- 
times visible also upon the upper surface. 


Species of Peru and Chili. 
C. arruM Lesson. PI. 28, figs. 40, 41. 


Shell imperforate, conical, more or less depressed, heavy, solid, 
lusterless black; whorls about 6, moderately convex, separated by 
impressed sutures, smooth, except for slight incremental strize ; body 
whorl more or less depressed, rounded or subangular at the 
periphery ; base flattened, concave in the center, eroded and light 
purplish in front of the aperture; aperture very oblique, the outer 
lip black-margined, smooth and pearly within; columella oblique, 
obtusely dentate in the middle; umbilico-columellar tract covered 
by a white callus, excavated at the position of the umbilicus, and 
bearing a spiral rib. Alt. 35, diam 40; alt. 26, diam. 40 mill. 

Coasts of Chili and Bolivia. 


174 CHLOROSTOMA. 


Trochus ater Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 544, t. 16, f. 2 (1826). 
—D’Orpiany Voy. dans 0 Amér. mérid., p. 409.—Gouxp, U. S. 
Explor. Exped., t. 211.—Gay, Hist. fisiea y polit. de Chile, viii, p. 
142, t. 4, f. 2—Pururpr1, Conchyl. Cab., p. 198, t. 30, f 1— 
FiscuEr, Cog. Viv. (gen. Turbo), p. 109, t. 30, f. 2. 

The largest American Chlorostoma. Some specimens are much 
depressed. The dimensions are frequently smaller than above 
given. Fisher gives alt. 50, diam. 54 mill. as the measurements of 
a specimen in the Paris collection. 

Var. MazstuM Jonas. PI. 28, figs. 50, 51. 

This form differs from the preceeding in being smaller, narrower 
and more elevated. Alt. 28, diam. 26-28 mill. 

Coast of Chili. 

All the specimens I have seen are very much eroded. 


T. mestus Jonas, Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1844, .p. 118.—Putiiprt, 
saat Cab., p. 199, t. 80, f. 2—Gay, Hist. fis. y polit. Chile, t. 4, 
f. 3—FiscHer, Cog. Viv., p. 276, t. 91, f. 1. 


C. EURYOMPHALUS Jonas. PI. 27, figs. 39. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, black or purplish; spire elevated, 
conical ; whorls about 6, somewhat convex, nearly smooth, the last 
more or less angulate at the periphery, sometimes obtusely bicar- 
inate; aperture rather small, oblique, columella arcuate, spreading 
above in a white callus; umbilicus white within, somewhat funnel- 
shaped, bearing a spiral rib which terminates in a denticle in the 
middle of the columella. Alt. 28-33, diam. 28-33 mill. 

Ooast of Chili. 

T. euryomphalus Jonas, Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1844, p. 115.— 
Pururpri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 155, t. 25, f. 7—FIscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 
107, t. 31, f. 4—Turbo luctuosus var., KIENER, Species, t. 31, f. 4. 
—Trochus kieneri Hupp, in Gay, Fa. fis. y polit. Chile, viii, p. 
144, t. 4, f 1. 

Allied to the following species, but narrower, more elevated, and 
much less distinctly carmated. It bears about the same relation to 
C. luectuosum that C. moestum does to C. atrum, and should per- 
haps rank as a variety of that species. 


C. LucruosuM d’Orbigny. PI. 28, figs. 45, 46. 
Shell broadly umbilicate, depressed conical, solid, heavy, black 
or purplish ; spire more or less depressed, sutures linear; whorls 5 


CHLOROSTOMA. ie 


to 6, the upper ones with a strong carina midway between the 
sutures, the last carinated at the periphery and above, generally 
showing a less prominent carina on the base near the periphery ; 
aperture oblique, columella oblique, arcuate ; umbilicus broad and 
deep, with a spiral rib within. 

Alt. 26, diam. 40; alt. 35, diam. 44 mill. 

W. coast of S. America, from Callao to Valparaiso. 

Trochus luwetuosus D’ORB., Voy. dans 0 Ainér. Mérid., p. 409, t. 
76, f. 16-19—Puriuipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 1538, t. 25, f. 4, 5.— 
FiscHer, Cog. Viv., p. 106, t. 31, f. 8—T. bicarinatus Por. Er 
Mricu., Galerie, i, t. 30. f. 1-8 (not T. bicarinatus Lam., a fossil 
species ).— T. carinatus Kocu, in Puatiippt, Abdild., Trochus, t. 2, f. 
3 (not T. carinatus Borson, a fossil species)—Chlorostoma tropido- 
phorum A. Ap., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 183. 

The wide umbilicus and strongly keeled whorls separate this 
form from the other species. 


C. TRIDENTATUM Potiez et Michaud. PI. 28, figs. 47, 48. 


Shell minutely perforate, conoidal, elevated, heavy and solid, 
black or purplish; whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, smooth, the last 
with rounded periphery ; base somewhat flattened, deeply eroded in 
front of the aperture; aperture small, oblique, the outer lip thick 
and lirate within, the columella short, oblique, distinctly tridentate 
at the base; umbilicus circular, minute. 

Alt. 19-22, diam. 15-18 mill. 

Coasts of Peru and Chili. 

Monodonta tridentata P. er M., Galerie du Mus. de Douai, i, p. 
321, t. 29, f. 16, 17—Trochus tridentatus Pui., Conchyl. Cab., p. 
153, t. 25, f. 3—FiscHeEr, Cog. Viv., p. 172, t. 57, f. 2.—T. tridens 
Mke. in Parurppr. Abbild., Trochus, t. 4, f. 10.—T. stenomphalus 
Jonas, Zeitschr. f. Mal., , p. 114—T. microstomus D’Orxreny, 
Voy. dans 0 Amér. Mérid., p. 410, t. 76, f. 20, 21. 


Beant 


( Omphalius.) 


C. viRIDULUM Gmelin. PI. 29, figs. 54-56. 

Shell umbilicate, conoidal, solid, whitish-grayish or greenish, 
radiately striped above with crimson or rich brown, beneath spotted 
or radiately striped with the same color; spire rather obtuse, short; 
whorls 6, convex, encircled by spiral lire which are more or less 


176 CHLOROSTOMA. 


beaded upon the upper surface, the interstices between them mi- 
nutely spirally striated; on the penultimate whorl they number 
about 6; below the periphery the lire are finer, closer, and nearly 
smooth; last whorl obtusely angulate or rounded at the periphery ; 
base rather flattened, somewhat concave around the umbilicus, and 
generally eroded in front of the aperture; aperture oblique; outer 
lip beveled to an acute edge, which is usually margined with green 
and is suleated or crenulated, the furrows corresponding to the lire 
of the outer surface ; the pearly throat is also more or less sulcate ; 
columella arcuate, expanded above in a bright green callus which 
partly surrounds the umbilicus, at its base green, bearing a tuber- 
cular tooth, followed by several smaller ones; basal margin smooth 
or denticulate within; umbilicus wide and deep, white or greenish 
within. Alt. 22, diam. 25 mill. 

Rio Janeiro, Northward to West Indies. 


Trochus viridulus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 8574.—PHILippt, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 75, t. 14, f. 5—Fiscuer, Cog. Viv., p. 210, t. 70, f. 
1 (not T. viridulus Mke.)—T. Cruciatus “Chemnitz,” PHIiprt, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 76, t. 14, f. 8 (not of Linn.)—T. articulatus D’ORB., 
Voy. dans. ?Amér. Mérid., p. 409. 

Under the above specific name I am compelled to unite a number 
of species hertofore considered distinct. The description and figures 
given above apply to the typical form found on the E. Coast of 8. 
America. This form is nearly always green beneath the superficial 
coat. 


Var. RETICULATUM Wood. PI. 29, figs. 63, 64, 68, 69. 

This form is more depressed than C. viridulum and smaller; the 
base is flatter ; the periphery carinate ; the lire of the upper surface 
more regular, more distinctly beaded, the interliral interstices with 
fewer spiral strize, often with minute beaded lirule. Coloration as 
in C. viridulum, consisting of radiating stripes. Aperture and 
columella tinged with green or white. Alt. 15, diam. 18-19 mill. 

Panama to Mazatlan. 


T. reticulatus Woop., Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 6, f 38.—FiscHEr, Coq. 
Viv., p. 212, t. 70. £. 2—T. brazilianus MENKE, Syn. meth. Moll., p. 
142 (1830).—Philippi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 76, t. 14, f. 10. 

A form precisely like this in every character except that it has a 
somewhat more rounded periphery is before me from the Gulf 
coast of Costa Rica. 


CHLOROSTOMA. ig 


~I 


Var. LIGULATUM Menke. PI. 29, figs. 58, 59, 60. 


This is an extremely variable form. The shell may be either very 
much depressed or as high as broad. It may be spirally sculptured 
with numerous narrow, unequal lirz, or as strongly cingulate as the 
preceding form. The best development of this variety is shown by 
the specimens before me from San Diego. They are elevated, 
turbinated, strongly granose-lirate ; the base is deeply eroded in front 
of the aperture; the color is brownish-yellow, with numerous close 
narrow longitudinal purplish-brown stripes, but the whole surface is 
so dingy that it appears unicolored ; the spiral lirze are subequal, the 
grains low and elongated in the direction of the lire. |The whorls 
are rounder than in C. viridulum, and the aperture decidedly smaller, 
and lacking green tinge on the columella. 

Alt. 22, diam. 22; alt. 14, diam. 18 mill. 

Panama to California. 


Trochus ligulatus MENKE, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1850, p. 173.—Om- 
phalius ligulatus CARPENTER, Cat. Mazatlan Sh., p. 235.— O. fusces- 
cens, CARPENTER, Suppl., Rept. on Moll. W. Coast N. A., p. 652 
(and of subsequent American collectors and authors, not of 
Philippi !).—T. ligulatus FiscuEer, Coq. Viv., p. 382, t. 115, f. 5. 


Figs. 59, 60 are drawn from San Diego specimens. C. ligulatum 
differs from C. reticulatum and C. viridulum in lacking broad 
radiating stripes. It is usually encrusted with Bryozoa or Serpula. 


C. cononuLATuM C. B. Adams. PI. 24, figs. 80-83. 


Shell umbilicate, more depressed and less conical than C. reticu- 
latum ; color dingy white, with broad radiating flames of brown or 
red above irregularly maculated below, sometimes nearly unicolored, 
pinkish, with the lire of the base articulated with red and white 
dots. The spire is either conic or depressed; the sutures either 
simple, linear, or somewhat canaliculate. The whorls number 
about 5; they are spirally transversed by excessively minute spiral 
striz ; the last whorl has an acute carina at the periphery, and an 
angulation or keel at the middle of the upper surface of the whorl 
and continued upon the spire, and which is usually nodose on the 
last whorl; there is usually, too, a third ridge or carina, generally 
nodose, betweeen the two already described. The base is more or 
less convex, generally shows microscopic concentric striz under a 


lens, and has about 5 low, narrow, separated lirule. The aperture 
12 


178 CHLOROSTOMA. 


is not notably different from that of C. reticulatum; the columella 
and inside of the umbilicus are either green or white. 
Alt. 8-9, diam. 12 mill. 
‘uboga, C. A. (C. B. Ad.); Cape St. Lucas and La Paz, L. Cal. 
Trochus coronulatus C. B. Ap., Cat. Shells Panama, p. 191, 317 
(1852).— Omphalius turbinatus PEASE, Am. Journ. Conch.,v, p. 84, 
Koco ales 


This little species may be recognized by the close microscopically 
striated surface and the several keels of the last whorl, the upper 
one nodose. It is one of those species where the sculpture is very 
mutable because almost any one of the striz is likely to become 
magnified into a strong rib or carina. Clanculus plebejus is precisely 
comparable to this form in this respect. Chlorostoma semigranosa 
Ap. is allied to this form but is much more coarsely lirate. Adams 
gives for alt. 55, diam. *72 inch. 

Omphalius turbinatus is the adult of this species, as I have satis- 
fied myself by an examination of the type specimens. The follow- 
ing is Pease’s description : 


Var. TURBINATUM Pease. PI. 24, fig. 90. 


Shell openly and deeply umbilicate, somewhat depressly turbinate, 
thick, solid; whorls angulate above, the last obsoletely angulate 
at the periphery, encircled by small slightly nodulous ridges, inter- 
stices elevately striate ; base convex ; smooth or obsoletely ridged, at 
the umbilical region smooth; columella at base nodosely dentate, 
and terminating in a very slightly elevated tooth (not grooved). 
Yellowish or whitish, radiately obliquely marked with reddish-brown 
interrupted stripes, the base marbled with reddish-brown. Umbilicus 
and columella sea green, operculum bright yellow. 

Alt. 138, diam. 18 mill. 

La Paz, Gulf of California. 
C. SEMIGRANOsUM A. Adams. PI. 29, figs. 65-67. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, about the size and shape of C. reticu- 
latum Wood; whorls of the spire but slightly convex, the sutures 
linear, not impressed ; coloration consisting of radiating irregular 
divaricating flames, fine lines and dots of umber almost covering a 
whitish ground, sometimes entirely covering it except for small dots 
of white on the lire; whorls 5 to 6, encircled by very numerous 
close irregularly crenulated spiral lirze, about 10 to 12 on the last 
whorl above the periphery, the interstices narrow, spirally striate 


CHLOROSTOMA. 179 


or smooth ; the periphery is obtusely angular; and there is a slight 
prominent carina or angulation on the middle of the upper surface 
of the whorls; on some specimens there is a subsutural row of 
rounded grains; base slightly convex, bearing about 8 concentric 
crenulated lirze similar to those of the upper surface, but more 
separated, dotted with white, the interstices microscopically spirally 
striate; aperture oblique, outer lip slightly crenulated, or smooth 
within ; columella short, arcuate, with a heavy white callus above, 
connecting with a pearly callus which coats the parietal wall; um- 
bilicus rather large, deep, its edge formed by a spiral rib which 
terminates in a tooth at the base of the columella ; immediately below 
this is a smaller one, and a third denticle is situated at the junc- 
tion of columella with the base; basal margin thickened within, 
smooth. Alt. 12, diam. 16 mill. 


West Indies (A. Ad.), 
Phorcus semigranosus A. Av., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 157. 


This species may be known by the close, crenulated lire, the 
color—which is a little too dark for umber but is more of a bistre 
shade, the obtuse carina on the middle of the upper surface of each 
whorl, ete. 


C. QUADRICOSTATUM Wood. PI. 28, fig. 49. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, thick, blackish; spire conoidal, 
apex rather blunt, sutures canaliculate; whorls 6, encircled by 4 
coarsely tuberculose ribs on the upper surface; the uppef two con- 
tiguous, sometimes coalescent ; base with 3 or 4 separated smaller 
beaded ribs, the broad interstices both above and below densely, 
finely spirally striate; periphery obtusely angular; base nearly flat ; 
aperture oblique, smooth within, columella sinuous, oblique, biden- 
tate ; umbilicus surrounded by a white callus, bearing inside a strong 
spiral rib which terminates in a denticle about the middle of the 
columella. Alt. 23, diam. 25 mill. 


Coast of Chili. 


T. quadricostatus Woon, Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 5, £. 16—Purmiprr, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 154, t. 25, f. 6.—Fiscner, Cog. Viv, p. 104, t. 31, 
f. 2—T. torulosus Putu., Abbild., i, Trochus, t. 2, ££ 12—Monodonta 
catenifera Por. ET Micu., Galerie des Moll., i, t. 29, f. 12, 13 (not 7. 
catenifera Kiener, also a Chlorostoma). 


180 CHLOROSTOMA. 


This species is allied to C. coronulatum. The large size, somber 
color and strong beaded spiral ribs at once characterize it. 


C. RUBROFLAMMULATUM Koch. PI. 29, figs. 57, 61, 62. 

This form is similar in general appearance and form to C. quadri- 
costatum. The spire is either elevated or rather depressed; the 
sutures deeply canaliculate ; the last whorl encircled by three prom- 
inent, equidistant carinee, one subsutural, composed of rounded or 
radiating knobs followed by two or three beaded lirulze, two at the 
periphery, prominently beaded, with a beaded riblet between them ; 
base encircled by 5 more or less beaded, equal lirz; the entire 
surface microscopically obliquely striate, and in some places decus- 
sated by microscopic spiral strie. Aperture oblique, rounded-quad- 
‘ate; outer lip thick, lirate within; columella less deeply sinuous 
than in C. quadricostatum, arcuate, tridentate below; umbilicus 
narrower than that of C. quadricostatum. Color whitish, radiately 
striped above with pink, the ribs of the base dotted or articulated 
with pink. Alt. 15, diam. 18; alt. 22, diam. 21 mill. 

Panama; Gulf of California. 

Trochus rubroflammulatus Kocu, in Pairprt, Abbild., i, Trochus 
t. 2, f. 4. Conchyl. Cab., p. 186, t. 28, f. 17.—FiscHEr, Coq. Viv., 
p2o0, t/80, 4.1: 

The light coloration, complete coalescence of the two subsutural 
ribs into one series of tubercles, the equal lire of the base and the 
lirate interior of the aperture at once separate this form from C. 
quadricostatum. 

C. MELALEUCOSs Jonas. PI. 63, figs. 1, 2. 

Shell rather solid, conical, apex obtuse, profoundly umbilicated, 
white ornamented with oblique black flammules; whorls 6, with a 
coronal series of tubercles, carinated, the carina nodulose; chan- 
nelled below the carina, and spirally bistriate; last whorl bicari- 
nate; base concentrically suleate; aperture subrhomboid, fauces 
smooth; columella arcuate; terminating in two teeth. (Phil.) 


This species, closely allied to JT. quadricostatus Wood and T. 
rubroflammulatus Koch, is readily recognized by its very peculiar 
characters. It consists of 6 whorls, which are divided by a nodose 
keel into a larger convex upper portion and a smaller channelled 
lower part; asecond series of blunt tubercles adorns the upper edge 
of the whorls along the suture; below there are slightly elevated 
strize; the last whorl has the base sharply separated by a second 


CHLOROSTOMA. 181 


keel; the base is concentrically, rather deeply furrowed, the 6 
eae narrower than _the intervening ridges. In the umbilicus, 
whieh perforates almost to the apex, all of the whorls are visible, 
encircled by an acute carina ; the aperture is subquadrate, nacreous, 
smooth within, and has a groove indicating the place of the exter- 
nal keel; the columlla is S-shaped, and ends in a blunt tooth, 
before which there is a small acute denticle; above, the columellar 
plate is callous, and covers a small portion of the umbilicus. The 
pretty markings of the shell consist of oblique, regular wide black 
streaks, separated by spaces as broad as themselves, on a white 
ground. 

Alt. 24, diam. 25 mill. There are also narrower forms. (Philippi.) 

Coast of Peru. 

T. melaleucos Jonas, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1844, p. 169.—PurLipPr 
Abbild. u. Beschreib., ii, Trochus, t. 6, f. 7; and Conchyl. Cab., p. 
185, t. 28, f. 16. 

Evidently closely allied to Chlorostoma rubroflammulatum. 

C. FUSCESCENS Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 42, 43. 

Shell depressed-conical, narrowly umbilicate, acute, brown ; 
whorls densely spirally striated; nearly flat, subangulate at the 
sutures; last whorl subangular at the periphery ; columella sub- 
excised, base bidentate, above produced in a short lobe paral im- 
pinging upon the umbilicus. ( Phil.) 

The shell consists of 5 to 6 whorls, and has a great likeness to the 
Mediterranean 7. ( Gibbula) varius in size, form of the whorls, stria- 
tion and coloration ; the whorls are almost entirely flat, only con- 
vex above near the suture; the last whorl is pretty angular, almost 
marginated ; the aperture is rounded-quadrangular, the columella 
strongly excavated, with two denticles below, separated by a nacreous 
depression, above produced into a callous which lies partly around 
the umbilicus, but is not so conspicuous as in other species. The 
umbilicus is narrow, white, distinctly bounded by a blackish band, 
which goes to the lower tooth of the columella, on others the color 
is brown, marbled with a few lighter flecks. There seems to bea 
variety in which there are separated elevated, carina-like lines. 

Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. (Philippi.) 

° Chili. 

T. fuscescens Putu., Abbild., ete., i, Trochus, t. 3, f. 8. (1884.) 
(Not Omphalius fuscescens Carpenter et auct.,=Chlorostoma ligula- 
tum Mke.) 


182 CHLOROSTOMA. 


This seems to be a form perfectly distinct from the Californian 
shells called fusceseens by Cpr. and other American authors and 
collectors. See C. ligulatum. 

C. smrruir Tapparone-Canefri. Pl. 24, figs. 100, 101. 

Shell globose-conoidal, thick, rather smooth, obscurely transversely 
striate-lirate, the liree more evident on the base; whorls 63, terete ; 
the penultimate inflated, convex, the last rotund, subcarinated ; base 
somewhat convex; aperture suborbicular, lip much thickened within ; 
subdenticulate within; columella sinuate, white, continued above in 
a lobe partly surrounding the umbilicus, and at the base bearing 
three obvious tubercles; throat smooth, silvery; shell green, flam- 
mulate with white; base around the umbilicus pale, purple flam- 
mulate. Alt. 27, diam. 26 mill. (Tap.-Can.) 

Peru. 

Omphalius snithii Tap.—Can. Viaggio della R. Fregata ‘Magenta’ 
(Malacologia) p. 62, t. 1, f. 18. 

This species is allied to O. viridulus Gmel., but is distinguished 
by (1) its larger dimensions; (2) its almost smooth surface, the 
cinguli almost obliterated ; (3) the three very pronounced tubercles 
at base of columella; (4) the smooth and thick lip; (5) the convex 
base, the angle scarcely noticeable; (6) the umbilicus is less covered 
by a more extended callous. ( Tap.-Can.) 

C. PANAMENSIS Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 11, 12. 

Shell globose-conoidal, umbilicate, solid, transversely sulcate, pur- 
plish, marbled with white spots; whorls convex, the last rounded ; 
transverse sulci about 10 on penultimate, 24 on the last whorl ; um- 
bilicus narrow; aperture circular; columella produced above in a 
lobe partly surrounding the umbilicus, below terminating in three 
denticles; lip very smooth within, with a basal sulcus parallel to the 
margin. (Phil.) 

The shell is thick, globose, conoidal. The 5 to 6 whorls are 
separated by a deep suture, the upper ones slightly, the penult. and 
last strongly convex. The circumference is indistinctly angled ; 
the base rather convex ; the whole upper surface is densely furrowed 
by blunt tranverse sulci, of which I count 10 on the penult., about 
24 on the last whorl, including the base. The umbilicus is rather 
narrow, nearly cylindrical, encircled by a carina, above which a 
more prominent spiral rib revolves, which ends at the columella in 
three denticles. The aperture is very oblique, circular; the outer 


CHLOROSTOMA. 183 


lip is thickened within, and this thickening where it unites with the 
columella, leaves a deep furrow resulting from the continuity of the 
margin of the outer lip with the border of the umbilicus. Above 
the columella is continued in a lobe partly surrounding the umbili- 
cus. The color is brownish-red, almost wine-colored, with white 
flecks. Alt. 15, diam. 19 mill. (Philippi.) 

Panama. 


T. panamensis Puiw. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 127; Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 311, t. 44, f 15. 


C. cooKsoNnI Smith. PI. 60, figs. 12, 13. 


Shell deeply umbilicated, suborbicular, slightly conoidal, brown, 
variegated with rosy, painted with white lines articulated with 
black; whorls 43, nearly smooth, slightly convex, sculptured with 
few delicate spiral striz ; last whorl convex above, slightly depressed 
beneath the suture, at the periphery flattened and biangulate; base 
nearly flat, delicately spirally striate, around the umbilicus encircled 
with a shallow groove; umbilicus white, deep, surrounded by white 
callus forming a tooth at the base of the columella; aperture sub- 
orbicular ; columella arcuate, joined to the whorl by a callus. 

Alt. 4, diam. 8 mill. (Smith.) 

Charles Id.; Galapagos. 


This shell is deeply umbilicated, elevately orbicular, convex 
above, only slightly conical, and flat beneath; the last whorl is 
flattened at its middle, and this produces a double angulation, 
which, however, is not very conspicuous. There is also a faint de- 
pression a little below the suture. The coloration of this species is 
not very definite; the upper surface is blotched irregularly with 
pink and brown, and some spiral articulated lines; the base is a 
trifle paler; the only sculpture consists of fine spiral striations, 
which are most conspicuous on the base ; the callus which surrounds 
the umbilicus is whitish, and terminates in a faint tooth on the 
columella, and is bordered by a shallow sulcus on the whorl. The 
columella terminates above in a callosity which extends upward 
some distance on the whorl, and also spreads out within the aperture. 
T. occultus of Philippi bears a faint resemblance to this form, but is 


more conoid, and more strongly sculptured. (Smith.) 
Charles Id., Galapagos. 


Tr. (Omphalius) cooksoni Smiru (in Gtinther, Zool. coll. H. M. S.. 
Seeiere: )) FL. ©: loi, p. 11, t. 11, £..7. 


184 CHLOROSTOMA. 


C. MACULOSTRIATUM C. B. Adams. PI. 24, figs. 88, 89. 


Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, deep green, brown, pinkish or 
olivaceous, more or less dotted with white and a self-color, sometimes 
radiately flammulate with white; a tract around the umbilicus 
white, tessellated with brown. ‘The spire is elevated, sometimes 
scalariform ; the apex acute; upper whorls slightly convex, the last 
convex, depressed below the suture, rounded at the periphery; the 
whole surface bearing numerous low, smooth spiral strize, which are 
often subobsolete on the last whorl, and it is then nearly smooth ; 
base concave in the middle; aperture rounded-quadrate, smooth 
within or finely lirate; columella slightly sinuous, bidentate at base, 
expanding in a callus above, which slightly impinges upon the um- 
bilicus. Alt. 9, diam. 10 mill. 

West Indies generally. 


Trochus hotessierianus p’ORB., Moll. de Cuba, ii, p. 59, t. 18, f: 
15-17 (1858).—Putvterr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 270, t. 89, f 15.—T. 
occultus Puitippit, Abbild. u. Beschreib., ii, Trochus t. 6, f. 8 
(1845), and Conchyl. Cab., p. 156, t. 25, f. 8—Monodonta maculo- 
striata C. B. ApAms, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1845, p. 6.—T. maculo- 
striatus Purn., Conchyl. Cab., p. 120, t. 28, f. 7—FiscHer, Coq. Viv., 
p. 2054, t. 86, f. 1. 

This species when fully developed is elevated, finely, regularly 
spirally striate, with much smoother surface and more regular smooth 
sculpture than C. scalaris, as well as narrower umbilicus. The fully 
developed form is 7. hotessierianus of @Orb. Younger shells are 
less elevated, and more conspicuously sculptured ; and J at first drew 
up a description of them under the name of 7. occultus Phil.; the 
same form is the M. maculo-striata of Adams. ‘These two names 
were both proposed in 1845, and as far as I know there is no means 
by which the priority of either may be proven. ‘4 he description of 
T. occultus Phil.—maculo-striatus C. B. Ad., is as follows: (Pl. 24, 

figs. 84, 85). 

“Shell small, umbilicate, depressed conical, dark olive-brown 
(bistre) or umber colored, dotted more or less with white, especially 
beneath; whorls slightly convex; suture impressed; apex acute, 
leaden or whitish ; whorls 5, moderately convex, spirally finely lirate, 
the lire 8 to 12 in number on the penultimate whorl, smooth, 
narrower than the interstices, which under a strong lens appear 
obliquely striate, often with a central spiral riblet ; there are often 
‘one or two more prominent lirze about the middle of the whorl 


CHLOROSTOMA. 185 


above, and these are articulated with white ; the periphery is obtusely 
subangular, and bears two more conspicuous lirz articulated with 
white, between which there are several lirule; the base is rather 
flattened, concave in the middle around the umbilicus, and white, 
with about 6 rather strong concentric lire articulated with dark 
spots; the outer part of the base is encircled by a zone of very 
minute spiral ribs ; aperture oblique, rounded-quadrate; columella 
sinuous, arcuate; umbilicus white within, bordered by a strong 
spiral rib which terminates in a tooth at the base of the columella, 
beneath which is another smaller similar denticle. 
Alt. 7, diam. 8 mill. 


C. ImpREssuM Jonas. PI. 63, figs. 8, 9. 

Shell narrowly and profoundly perforate, rather thick, conoid, 
dull cinereous, ornamented with castaneous radiating flammules ; 
whorls 6, rather convex, spirally finely lirate, the lirze 7 to 8 on the 
penultimate whorl, 5 on the preceding; last whorl rounded, com- 
pressed below the suture above, somewhat convex beneath, and 
provided with about 10 concentric lire; aperture slightly dilated, 
ovate, the lip plicatulate within; columella thin in the middle, 
arcuate, concave, bearing 2 or 3 tubercles below; columellar callus 
thick, green, slightly impinging upon the umbilicus. 

Alt. 18, diam. 15 mill. (Fischer.) 

W. coast S. America (2); Mazatlan (?). 

Trochus impressus JONAS, in Puruippr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 318, t. 
45, f. 6.—FiscuHer, Coq. Viv., p. 252, t. 85, f£. 2—T. corvus PHIL., 
Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1849, p. 152. (Error). 


C. scALARE Anton. PI. 29, figs. 70-73. 

Shell broadly, deeply umbilicated, conical, white, nearly uni- 
colored, (1) articulated on the ribs with reddish or olive-brown 
dots, (2) tinged with pinkish or olive all over and dotted with a 
darker self-color on the ribs, (3) with broad radiating pinkish, 
olivaceous or yellowish maculations above, maculated or speckled 
on the base. Spire generally elevated, sometimes scalariform, 
pointed, conical, the apex acute; sutures deeply marked ; whorls 6 
to 8, quite convex, obliquely striate, spirally lirate, the liree generally 
rather low, but sometimes elevated, cord-like, and numbering from 
7 to 12 on the penultimate whorl. The lire are rather irregularly, 
slightly crenulated ; they are unequal in size, one or two about the 
middle of the upper surface generally being larger, causing a glight 


186 CHLOROSTOMA. 


carina there. The periphery is sometimes rounded but usually 
carinated ; the base is convex, broadly concave around the umbilicus. 
Aperture oblique; columella sinuous; more deeply receding above 
than in any other species, and angulated at its junction with the 
white callus upon the whorl, strongly unidentate below; umbilicus 
broad, deep, with two spiral ribs within; one terminating in the 
callus of the columella at its junction with the body-whorl, the other 
ending in the basal tooth of the columella. 
Alt. 14-17, diam. 18-22 mill. 
West Indies generally ; Florida Keys (Simpson). 


T. scalaris ANTON, in Puriipri, Abbild., i, Trochus, t. 4, f. 11 
(1844).—Puiiepl, Conchyl. Cab., p. 182, t. 28, f. 11—FIscHER, 
Coq. Viv., p. 253, t. 85, £.3.— T. canaliculatus D’ORB., Moll. de Cuba, 
t. 18, f. 18, 19.—Putiprt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 227, t. 34, f. 14.—Mono- 
donta livido-maculata C. B. ADAs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, p.7 
(teste Fischer).—T. gundlachi Putuiprt, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 
108, and Conchyl. Cab., p. 226, t. 34, f. 13. 


I do not quote Globulus indusii CHremnitz, Conchylien Cabinet, 
v, p. 116, f. 1682, because the figure is unidentifiable and because 
Chemnitz says of his shell, Er wird wiederum von dichte aneinander 
sitzenden Perlenreihen wumgeben; and the granulation of the lirse of 
this species is never obvious enough to justify such a term as 
* Perlenreihen.” 

In general, this form may be recognized by the broad umbilicus, 
strongly 2-ribbed within, the low, irregular, cord-like lire, the 
acutely pointed spire, and especially by the very deep angular 
sinuosity of the columella. There are sometimes two spiral ribs 
instead of one at the margin of the umbilicus. Pl. 24, figs. 86, 87 
are T. gundlachi Phil., a form which seems to be synonymous, cor- 
responding with immature specimens of the C. scalare. 


C. rascratus Born. PI. 29, figs. 74-77. 

Shell umbilicate, depressed, thick and solid ; smooth ; ground-color 
yellowish, elegantly painted with red, black or brown in innumer- 
able patterns, usually some combination of spiral rows of dots or 
blotches, and radiating irregular flames; whorls about 6, the apex 
acute, upper whorls nearly flat, the last flattened beneath the suture, 
convex, rounded, descending; base rounded, concave around the 
umbilicus; aperture oblique, outer lip finely crenulated within ; 


CHLOROSTOMA. 187 


columella short, arcuate, with a white callus above and two transverse 
tubercles at base. Alt. 14, diam. 16 mill. 
West Indies; Florida Keys ; Bermuda. 

T. carneolus Lam., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 29.—FiscuEer, Coq. Viv., 
p. 195, t. 63, f. 2.—T. fasciatus Born, Mus. Coes. Vindob., p. 331, t. 
12, f. 3, 4.—T. dentatus Gmeu., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3601. 

An abundant West Indian species, differing from other Omphalius 
by the smooth surface. The name imposed by Born had better be 
retained, as there is no doubt about the identity of his figures and 
description with the present species. 


C. suBsTRIATUM Pilsbry. PI. 29, figs. 78. 

Much more depressed than C. carneola, discoidal, widely umbil- 
icate; surface sculptured by numerous spiral slightly elevated 
lirule, which are red, more or less articulated with white dots; 
periphery frequently with two or several more prominent lire. 

Alt. 6, diam. 10 mill. 

Bahamas; St. Croix. 


C. ExcAvatumM Lamarck. PI. 65, figs. 3, 4, 5. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, dull grayish, olivaceous or pinkish, 
longitudinally lineolate with a darker shade, frequently appearing 
unicolored ; spire conic, apex eroded or acute; whorls 6 to 7, flat- 
tened, scarcely convex, very obsoletely spirally grooved ; body-whorl 
acutely carinated at the periphery, flat or plano-concave beneath, 
concentrically lirate; aperture large, subhorizontal, iridescent within ; 
columella sinuous, unidentate in the middle, green, half surrounding 
the umbilicus with asickle-shaped callus ; umbilicus infundibuliform, 
green or white within, broadly expanding at its opening. 

Alt. 12-14, diam. 15 mill. 

West Indies. 

T. excavatus Lam., An. s. Vert. vii, p. 29.—Putiipri, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 151, t. 25, f. 1; t. 28, f. 12—Fiscurr, Cog. Viv., p. 283, t. 
92, f. 3. 

Distinct from all other West Indian species in the conical form, 
flat base and more vblique aperture. 


C. GCRUENTUS Philippi. PI. 63, figs. 6, 7 

The present species is very distinct in its sculpture. There are 7 
whorls, ending in an acute apex, and very convex. The upper ones 
have 6 concentric lire, which appear quadrate in section, often above 


188 CHLOROSTOMA. 


divided by a sulcus, and broader than the interstices. The last 
whorl has 15-16 such lire, and is almost cylindrical. The umbilicus 
is pretty narrow, almost cylindrical, bounded by a prominent sharp 
carina, which resembles a tooth-like projection of the columella. 
Columella rather deeply excavated, but showing no trace of a con- 
tinuation around the umbilicus. The aperture is somewhat rhom- 
boidal, the outer lip thickened within, suleate from the margin 
inward, corresponding to the lirze of the exterior. One of my 
examples is dark red, the other dark ashen-gray, both sprinkled with 
white dots. Alt. 11-13, diam. 14-16 mill. (Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 


T. cruentus Putu.. Abbild. u. Beschreib., i, Trochus, t. 4, f. 4; 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 157, t. 25, f. 10. 


A species of uncertain generic position. May be a Gibbula. 


C. sonpDIDUM Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 7, 8. 


Shell depressed-conoidal, narrowly umbilicate, transversely striate, 
obliquely plicate, brown ; whorls depressed, carinated just above the 
sutures, the last bicarinated ; aperture rhombic-orbicular ; columella 
oblique, toothed in the middle, continued above in a lobe partially 
surrounding the umbilicus. (Phil.) 

The shell is pretty thin, depressed-conoidal above, consisting of 6 
whorls. The uppermost are level, with an elevated keel just above 
the suture, below the keel perpendicular. The last whorl has a 
second keel around the periphery. The base is plano-convex. The 
part of the whorl above the keel shows about 6 elevated transverse 
lines, and closely crowded growth strize, under a lens appearing 
lamellar; and on the last whorl are oblique wave-like folds meeting 
the incremental lines at right angles. The part between the keels 
has 4 furrows; the base has smooth, close, concentric strize. The 
aperture is broader than high, rhombic-circular ; the outer lip thin; 
the throat smooth; the columella is oblique, with a tooth in about 
the middle, and above is prolonged in a lobe partly around the um- 
_ bilicus. The umbilicus is narrow, cylindrical, not definitely bounded. 
The color is dirty brown, somewhat tinged with green. 

Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill. (Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 


T. sordidus Puturprt, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1849, p. 191; Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 301, t. 44, f. 1. 


CHLOROSTOMA. 189 


C. SUBFUSCESCENS Schrenck. PI. 41, figs. 18, 19, 20, 21. 

Shell small, depressed-conoidal, narrowly umbilicated, brownish- 
black, unicolored or marbled with dull white, encircled by slightly 
elevated lines, densely decussated by oblique striz; whorls 4, plan- 
ulate, the upper subangular at the suture, the last bicarinate at the 
periphery, transversely costulate-plicate above; base nearly flat, 
very minutely closely striate; aperture rhomboidal, columella arcu- 
ate, with two small teeth separated by a little pit below, above 
produced into a lobe partly covering the umbilicus ; lip acute, brown- 
margined ; fauces pearly, white. 

Alt. 7, diam. 10 mill; alt. 5, diam. 7 mill. (Schrenck.) 

Bay of Hakodadi, Japan. 


T. subfuscescens SCHRENCK, Bull. de Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St.- 
Petersb., v, p.512; Moll. des Amur-landes, ete., p. 350, t. 15, f. 3-10. 
This species is evidently closely allied to Trochus sordidus Phil. 


C. PFEIFFERI Dohrn. PI. 61, figs. 28, 29. 

Shell umbilicate, conical with concave base, solid, lusterless, dark 
blackish or purplish slate-colored, with spiral series of white dots ; 
spire conoidal, apex blunt, sutures subcanaliculate; whorls about 
5, convex, the last subangulate at periphery, and with a decided 
angle in the center of the base; the sculpture consists of narrow in- 
conspicuous spiral riblets (about 6 on penult. whorl) articulated 
with white dots. The whole surface has oblique growth lines; and 
a lens shows fine, subobsolete spiral strize all over the upper surface. 
Inside of the angle on the base the color is greenish, with radiating 
dull reddish stripes, and the surface smooth, save for five growth- 
lines. Aperture large, occupying one-half the area of base, sub- 
horizontal, pearly within, with red andjgreen reflections, the nacre 
either almost smooth or bearing fine white opaque plice ; outer lip 
thin, bordered within by an opaque white band about 13 or 2 mill. 
wide ; columella very oblique, straight, white, opaque, continued 
in a callous lobe about 3} around the umbilicus. 


Alt. 10, diam. 12 mill. 
New Hebrides. 
Omphalius pfeifferi Dourn, Malak. Bl. 1864, p. 56. 


190 CHLOROSTOMA. 


This shell seems to be a true Chlorostoma, or rather, Omphalius. 
Its distribution is very different from that of any other species, and 
its characters also are distinct. The dark coloration, white-dotted 
narrow lire, concave base, ete., are diagnostic. 


C. canus Koch. PI. 61, figs. 14, 15. 

Shell small, umbilicated, globose-conoidal, solid, smooth, gray ; 
whorls nearly flat, depressed above, the last rounded ; aperture nar- 
row within; columella arcuate, with an acute basal denticle and a 
deep sulcus below; umbilicus narrow. (Phil) 

The shell is globose-conical, somewhat depressed, and consists of 
5 to 6 whorls; the superior ones are flat, especially at the suture; 
the last is well rounded at the periphery ; all are smovth; the shell 
is very thick, so that the aperture appears small within; it is cir- 
cular; the concave columella ends in a sharp tooth, bounded by a 
deep furrow which is parallel with the outer lip. The inner lip is 
thickened, especially toward the umbilicus, which is very narrow 
but perforating. The color is gray, without markings. ‘The neigh- 
borhood of the umbilicus is white. Alt. 7, diam. 9 mill. ( Philippi.) 

West Indies. 

T. canus Kocu, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 102; PHiipri, 

€onchyl. Cab., p. 181, t. 28, f. 9. 


C. oMPHALIUM Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 5, 6. 

Shell umbilicated, conoidal, granose, painted with deep purple 
flames ; whorls slightly convex, the last angulated at the cireum- 
ference, with 5 to 6 granuliferous cinguli, slightly narrower than 
the interstices; base rather flattened, with 5 slightly elevated 
cinguli articulated with purple; aperture rounded-rhombic; colu- 
mella cut out, produced into a green lobe partly surrounding the um- 
bilicus, below denticulate; lip where it passes into the columella, 
simple. (Phil.) 

The shell is depressed conoidal, consisting of 6 whorls, of which 
the upper ones are scarcely convex, the last angular at the periphery 
and flat beneath; last whorl showing 5 to 6 rows of flat, rather dis- 
tant granules, which are narrower than the interstices; the base 
shows 5 or 6 very slightly elevated, smooth, concentric lire, with- 
out granules. The umbilicus is cylindrical in each whorl, with a 
white spiral keel within. The aperture is somewhat depressed, 
rhombic-circular ; the columella excavated, prolonged in a green 
lobe above, partially surrounding the umbilicus. The basal mar- 


CHLOROSTOMA. 191 


gin is simple, and at its junction with the columella there is a den- 
ticle, terminating the ridge which bounds the umbilicus. The 
throat has the appearance of being corrugated, but is smooth. 
The color is a dirty pale green, with broad purple-red stripes 
above, the base brownish, with the lire articulated with white and 
purple-brown. The columella is greenish, and the aperture has 
greenish nacre. Alt. 10, diam. 14 mill. ( Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 


Distinguished from T. viridulus by the much smaller size, more 
depressed form, simple basal lip, and the green umbilicus-bounding 
lobe of the columella, a feature approaching T. excavatus Lam. 


(Phil.) 


T. omphalium Puit., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 110; Conchyl. 
Wab;-p: 270, t..39, f. 16; 


C. GRUNERI Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 1, 2. 

Shell small, umbilicate, depressed, transversely striate above, 
smooth beneath; white and scarlet spotted, shining; last whorl 
rounded, encircled at the periphery with two more elevated lines ; 
umbilicus similarly encircled ; aperture suborbicular, throat silvery, 
lip lightly suleate within. (Phil.) 


This small species, notable for its beautiful red color, is very much 
depressed, and consists of 5 whorls which rapidly widen. The upper 
ones are but slightly convex, the last nearly cylindrical. The upper 
surface is transversely [7.e. spirally] striate but shining, the base 
smooth. Around the circumference of the last whorl there are two 
elevated stronger lines or lirule, reminding one of a similar form- 
ation in T. maculostriatus. The umbilicus is pretty broad, and 
would pass imperceptibly into the base were it not bounded by two 
rounded lirze close to one another. These do not terminate in denti- 
cles. The aperture is circular inside; the outer lip has little lire 
within; the columella is not excavated, but is produced in a little 
continuation, partly surrounding the umbilicus. Ona white ground 
there are bright red spots, or the shell is white and red marbled ; the 
transverse lines are often white and red articulated. 

Alt. 6, diam 93 mill. (Philippi.) 

Antilles. 

T. gruneri Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1848, p. 107; Conchyl. Cab., 
po 185, t. 28, f. 15. 


192 CHLOROSTOMA. 


©. sCABRICULUM Vv. d. Busch. PI. 61, figs. 16, 17, 18. 

Shell depressed-conic, umbilicate, pale reddish, marbled with white 
and brown spots, sculptured with frequent rugose transverse cinguli, 
the middle of the upper surface angulated ; last whorl subangulate, 
submarginate ; aperture suborbicular within ; columella denticulate 
at the outer basal portion, produced in a callous partly surrounding 
the umbilicus above. Umbilicus moderate, terete. (Phil.) 

The shell is depressed-conoidal, pretty thick, and consists of 53 
whorls. These are very regularly convex, sometimes somewhat 
angular in the middle, the last one at the periphery often much 
more distinctly carinate than in the figure, and slightly margined. 
On the upper surface of the penultimate whorl one sees 6 to 8 lire, 
separated by narrow interstices, and irregularly uneven and 
wrinkled, not regularly granulose. This is especially true of the 
upper ones, and the middle one, which sometimes makes the whorl 
angular. The last whorl has above numerous spiral lire; the flat 
base hus 10, which are smooth, regular, and separated by deep nar- 
row interstices. The umbilicus is moderate, and in each whorl is 
cylindrical. The aperture is circular within; the columella has at 
the outer base a little pit, as if something had been broken off, and 
three little denticles; above it is continued in a callous which sur- 
rounds one-third of the umbilicus. The basal lip has within a 
broad, rather deep furrow, parallel with its edge. The furrow is 
clear reddish-brown, marbled with dark brown and white dots; the 
base lighter, regularly marked, the umbilical tract white. 

Alt. 9, diam. 14 mill., generally smaller. 

West Indies. 

T. scabriculus (v. d. Busch in Jitt.) Pur., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, 
p- 125; Conchyl. Cab., p. 178, t. 28, f. 5. 


C. pATAGonicus d’Orbigny. PI. 13, figs. 88, 89. 

Shell orbiculate-conic, thick, umbilicate, transversely narrowly 
granulose-sulcate, uniform brownish or purplish; spire conic, apex 
obtuse ; whorls 5, subcarinate ; sutures excavated ; aperture rounded ; 
columella bidentate. Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. ( Ord.) 

Bay of San Blas, Patagonia. 

T. patagonicus Orz., Voy. dans |’Amér. Mérid., p. 408, t. 59, f. 
1-4.—Puiiprt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 225, t. 34, f. 12. ; 

C. copruGATUM (Koch) Philippi. Pl. 41, figs. 34, 35. 

Shell orbicular-conoid, umbilicated, dull flesh-colored; whorls 

rather convex, transversely sulcate, roughly reticulated by impressed 


CHLOROSTOMA. 193 


oblique irregular squamose lines; aperture rounded-rhombic colu- 
mella marked with a granule outside. (Phi/.) 

This species is very distinct in sculpture. The 6 whorls are 
slightly convex, and have about 9 impressed spiral lines, which are 
so intersected by irregular impressed longitudinal lines, that the 
result is an irregular network, very difficult to render in the illustra- 
tion. The aperture has nothing distinctive; the inner lip is smooth 
inside. The columellar margin has a nacreous depression below, and 
over it a white, blunt outward-projecting tooth. The umbilicus is 
narrow, almost cylindrical, and is bounded by a rather acute angle ; 
within this angle is a slight ridge, which ends in the denticle of the 
columella. The color is a dirty flesh-tint; aperture and umbilical 
region not colored; the former has an inferior kind of nacre. 

Alt. 12, diam. 153 mill. (Philipp7.) 

Brazil. 

T. corrugatus Kocu in Pariiprr, Abbild., i, Trochus, t. 2, f.7; and 
Pui. Conchyl. Cab., p. 157, t. 25, f. 9. 


Unfigured Chlorostoma and Omphatius. 


C. casranEuM A. Adams.  C. testa oblique conica, umbilicata, 
castanea; anfractibus planis, longitudinaliter obsolete nodoso-pli- 
catis et oblique striatis, penultimo infra marginato, ultimo acut- 
angulo, basi concavo, pallide fusca, lineis viridi-fuscis radiatim picta ; 
umbilico infundibuliformi, perspectivo, intus albo, linea elevata 
cincto; apertura subrhomboidea; columella supra sinuata, basi 
dente terminata. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


POLS; 1851, p. 182: 

C. rurBinatum A. Adams. C. testa turbinata, profunde umbili- 
cata, nigra, spira obtusa, longitudinaliter subplicata, transversim 
suleosa; anfractu ultimo rotundato, regione umbilicali partim callo 
lutescente obtecta; columella antice bituberculata; labro nigro 
marginato. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 

L. ¢., p. 182.—Smirn, Ann. and Mag, N. H., 1875, p. 112. 

Mr. E. A. Smith has indentified this species with specimens re- 
ceived by him from Toba, S. Niphon, Japan. With it he unites 
the Chlorostoma rugatum of Gould, observing that the latter ditfers 


only in being more finely lirated on the base. . 
13 


194 CHLOROSTOMA. 


’. MACULOsUM A. Adams. C. testa conica, profunde umbilicata, 
viridi fusca, maculis nigro-fuscis ornata; anf. planulatis, longitud- 
inaliter substriatis, transversim striatis; anfractu ultimo angulato, 
basi coneavo ; columella antice tuberculo acuto terminata. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


Ete. p: 183; 


C. seMrnoposuM A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, profunde 
umbilicata, fusca; anf. planulatis, superne subnodosis, longitudinal- 
iter oblique striatis; anfractu ultimo angulato, supra angulum cin- 
gula transversa elevata ornato, basi planiuscula; columella tuber- 
culis duobus, supremo acuto, prominente. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


ei) 


exp. Sa. 


C. artTicuLATUM A. Adams. C. testa orbiculato-conica, umbili- 
cata, nigro-fusca, cingulis transversis elevatis albo-articulatis ornata ; 
anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi cingulis albo-articulatis instructo, 
regione umbilicali viridi; columella tuberculo parvo terminata. 


(AvAd) 
Habitat unknown. 


Lo¢., p. 188. 


C. rurBInAtUM A. Adams. C. testa ovato-conoidea, imperforata, 
castanea, levi; longitudinaliter oblique striata, striis transversis 
indistinctis insculpta; anfractibus rotundatis, sutura anguste canal- 
iculata, regione umbilicali impressa; labio curvato, basi dente et 
tuberculo terminata; labro intus sulcato. (A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 


D6. poles. 


Mr. Adams preoccupied this name in Chlorostoma on the preced- 
ing page of the Proceedings Zool. Soc. 

C. RUGATUM Gould. Testa solida, depressa, ovato-conica, fusco- 
nigra, striis incrementi lamellosis; anfr. 6, admodum convexis, 
posticis transversim striatis, anticis plicis ad suturam tuberculosis 
‘in undulas obliquas divaricantes desinentibus ornatis; basi convexo, 
spiraliter striato, regione umbilicali impresso, imperforato, albido; 
dente columellari acuto ; apertura magna, rotundata; fauce argen- 
tata. Diameters about one inch. Closely allied to C. nigerrima. 
( Gould.) 

Hakodadi Bay and Simoda, Japan. 


Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii. p. 20, 1861. 


CHLOROSTOMA—GIBBULA. 195 


PuHorcus nopicrncrus A. Adams. Testa conoidea, umbilicata, 
fusco luteo variegata, levi; anfr. subplanulatis, cingulis tribus 
nodulosis, liris elevatis transversis ornatis, anf. ult. subangulato, 
basi convexiuscula, lineis elevatis concentricis sculpta, regione um- 
bilicali albida; columella brevi, arcuata, basi dentibus duobus 
terminata; labro fusco marginato. (Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 

PAL. 2. Loop. 107; 


PHORCUS GRANIFER A. Adams. Testa orbiculato-conica, fusca, 
cingulis transversis granorum distantium ornata, cingulis remotius- 
culus, interstitiis transversim liratis; anfr. rotundatis, sutura canali- 
culata; umbilico aperto, perspective; columella sinuata, basi denti- 
bus duobus terminata; labro intus crenulato. (Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Piao LOO lL. py Lov. 

PuHorcus trrAtus A. Adams. Testa conoidea, umbilicata, fusca, 
lineis pallidis undulatis ornata, cingulis distantioribus transversis 
insculpta; columella sinuata, basi dentibus tribus terminata; um- 
bilico aperto, perspectivo, peromphalo viridulo; labro intus levi. 
(Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Paz oo. lol, pi 157. 


PuHoRcUS CALIFORNIcUS A. Adams. ‘Testa orbiculato-conica, 
profunde umbilicata, viridi, atro-purpureo radiatim maculata, liris 
transversis subnodulosis inzequalibus ornata ; anfr. ult. subangulato ; 
basi convexiuscula; umbilico perspectivo ; labio in medio valde ex- 
cavato; columella antice dentate, intus levi. (Ad.) 

California (Mus. Cuming.) 


Pe 26.) 18ol p: 157, 
Genus GIBBULA Risso, 1826. 


Gibbula Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., iv, p. 134—Gray, Guide 
Syst. dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 151 (1853).—H. and A. Ap., Genera, 
i, p. 431.—FiscuEer, Manuel de Conchyl., p. 823—TroscHEt, Das 
Gebiss, 11, p. 238.—Phoreus Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., iv, p. 
133.—Puiuippi, Handbuch der Conchyl., p. 21U.— Forskalia H. and 
A. Av., Genera, p. 492 (1858)—Magulus, Glomulus, Puteolus, Phor- 
culus, Tumulus, Gibbulastra, Colliculus, MonrERosAtToO, Bull. Soe. 
Mal. Ital., 1888, p. 169-177.—Sterompnala (LEACH, mss.) GRAY, P. 
Z. S., 1847, p. 146.—Korenia FRIELE (Type T. cinerarius Linn.) 


196 GIBBULA. 


Tungebevebningen hos de Norske rhipidoglossa—Eurytrochus 
FiscHer, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes, Trochus, p. 417 (1880).— 
Calliotrochus FiscHER, /. ¢., p. 418. 


Gibbula (Leach mss.) Risso, is preceded by Phoreus Risso. The 
latter name has been used by A. Adams and writers on the shells of 
West America for the umbilicated Chlorostoma; but such use is of 
course inadmissible. The name Gibbula has been so uniformly 
selected by authors in preference to Phorcus that it would be in- 
advisable to insist on the priority of one page which the latter name 
has. The subdivisions of the restricted subgenus Gibbula are given 
on the following page. It will be noted that one author had added 
no less than seven synonyms to the homogeneous group inhabiting 
the seasof Europe. Such heaping up of names for groups without 
characters is highly undesirable. The time is at hand when such 
performances will bring their authors the discredit they merit. 

The species of Gibbula are very numerous, and are nearly all 
littoral or laminarian in station. The group is distributed through 
all seas except upon the coasts of the Americas, which have not a 
single species. 

The dentition of G. declivis is figured on PI. 50, fig. 6; G. tumida, 
pl. 50, fig. 16. Both rhachidian and lateral teeth have well devel- 
oped denticulate cusps; the body of the tooth has expanded lateral 
supporting-wings, and is narrowed toward the cusp. The outer 
laterals are wider. Radule of species of Gibbula have been figured 
by Troschel, Friele, Sars and Hutton. 


Subgenus GrBBuLa, restricted. 


This division comprises most of the species. Owing to the fact 
that there are many forms which I have not seen, and on account 
of the intergradation of the various types of form, I have not at- 
tempted to distribute the species into their natural groups or sec- 
tions, but have simply grouped the forms around certain types of 
shell-structure, which may be briefly indicated here,—this analysis 
to replace the partial division given on page 12 of this volume. 

Section I. GrppuLa s. str. (including Forskalia Ads., Magulus 
Monts., Collieulus Monts., Glomulus Monts., Puteolus Monts., Phor- 
culus Monts., Tumulus Monts., Phorcus Risso, Gibbulastra Monts., 
Steromphalus (Leach) Gray, Korenia Friele and a number of other 
names). Shell nodulus or more or less tumid beneath the sutures ; 
generally not much higher than broad, conical, umbilicate (rarely 


GIBBULA. 197 


subimperforate), spirally striate or lirate, generally conspicuously 
painted with longitudinal stripes of red or brown. Species mostly 
vf the European seas. (See remarks under G. magus.) 

Section II. Euryrrocuus Fischer. See definition on p. 12. 
This section includes G. danieli, reevei, affinis, concinna, strangei, 
mystica, and perhaps some other species. Its distribution is Australo- 
Pacific. 

Section III]. Canitorrocnus Fischer. Small globose species, 
with rounded, smooth or spirally striate whorls; thin; aperture 
rounded, outer lip and columella simple, thin, arcuate; umbilicus 
narrow. Includes G. phasianellus, G. tasmanica, and perhaps some 
other forms not seen by me. 

Section IV. CanrHaripDeE ua Pilsbry. Small forms with much 
the aspect of tiny Cantharidus; usually polished, narrowly or not 
perforate; conical, elongated. G. picturata, fulminata, nitida, 
stolitzkana, dupontiana, blanfordiana, tiberiana, yessoensis, calli- 
chrous, and some othes species belong here. 

Section V. Conorrocuus Pilsbry. This type is quite distinct 
in the elevated narrow, turrited form, narrowly umbilicate base, 
tubular whorls, either striate or keeled. The shell is thin, minute, 
lusterless, with circular aperture, not modified in form by the 
parietal wall. The species are mariei, holdsworthiana, subplicata, 
singaporensis, pantanellii. All are from the northern shores of the 
Indian Ocean, Red Sea to Singapore. 


A. Species Inhabiting European Seas. 
G. maacus Linné. PI. 30, figs. 8, 9, 10. 


Shell widely, deeply umbilicate, low-conical, solid, whitish or yel- 
lowish, painted with zigzag radiating stripes, maculations or lines of 
pink or rich brown, sometimes so broken into minute flecks as to ap- 
pear minutely mottled all over, or sometimes lacking markings ; base 
radiately zigzag-striped; spire conical, apex acute; whorls 7 to 8, 
swollen, gibbous and radiatelv plicate beneath the sutures, and with 
a rim~or flange at the periphery; entire surface spirally finely 
striate; base convex; aperture very oblique, rounded-rhomboid, 
smooth within; columella oblique, its edge straight or slightly con- 
vex in the middle, at its insertion reflexed slightly over the umbil- 
icus ; umbilicus bounded by a strong spiral rib. 

Alt. 22, diam. 30 mill. 


Mediterranean and temperate Atlantic Coasts of Europe; Azores. 


198 GIBBULA. 


T. magus Linne., Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1228 (1766).—PHILIPPI, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 18, t. 4, f. 1, 2—Forspes & Han ey, Brit. 
Moil., t. 65, f. 6, 7—JeFrreys, British Conch., iii, p. 305, t. 52, f. 1- 
—Hrparco, Mol. Mar. de Esp., t. 58, f. 3-6.—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., 
p. 110, t. 85, f. 1.—Bue. Daurz. er Dotirus, Mol’. Mar. Rouss., p. 
373, t. 44, f. 1-11—T. tubereulatus Da Costa, Brit. Conch., p. 44, t- 
3, f. 1, 2.—T. majus Sows., Ill. Ind. Brit. Sh., t. 11, f. 19.—T. bicar- 
inatus GRAY, in Griffith’s Cuvier’s Anim. Kingd., t. 1, f. 1.—=T. gray- 
anus Pain., Conchyl. Cab., p. 281, t. 41, f. 6. 


An abundant species. There is great variation in color. A 
small white or cream colored variety is found on the Mediterranean 
coast of France. 

The natural position of G. magus is between the group known as 
Forskiilia (G. declivis, fanula, guttadauri, fanuloides) and the G. 
albida L. It is equally related to both the former and the last-named 
species, but being the type of the genus I have given it first place. 
The Mediterranean Gibbula, although they have been divided into 
numerous “subgenera,” form a quite homogeneous group, in which 
species succeeds species so closely that only careful analysis enables 
us to discriminate them. Only in one place can I see a hiatus of super- 
specific value in the series; and that break, indicated by asterisks 
on p. 204, separates the species having acuminate, acute spires from 
those in which the outlines of the spire are more convex, not atten- 
uated toward the apex. For the latter group the name Phorcus of 
Risso may be retained by those who can see any use in such trivial 
distinctions. 


G. pecLIvVis Forskal. Pl. 31, figs. 47, 48. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, whitish, maculated with purplish 
or yellowish; whorls about 6, bicarinate at the periphery, all over 
spirally lirate, the upper surface strongly radiately costate, the folds 
terminating at the periphery in short spines; periphery encircled by 
a channel bearing a median riblet; base convex, bearing 4 or 5 
strong concentric lire; aperture rounded, smooth within ; columella 
sinuous, arcuate, dentate at the base; umbilicus moderate, deep. 

Alt. 20-24, diam. 22—27 mill. 

Red Sea; Gulf of Akaba. 


Turbo declivis Forskau, Descrip. animal., p. 126.—SaVIGNY, 
Moll. de U Egypt, t. 8, f. 1, 2—Trochus declivis Pururppt, Conchyl. 


GIBBULA. 199 


Cab., p. 229, t. 34, f. 17.—FiscHer, Cog. Viv., p. 126, t. 48, f. 3.— 
Trochus aegyptius KiEnrR, Species, gen. Trochus, t. 45, f. 3.— 
Monodonta aegyptiaca LAMARCK, An. s. Vert., vil, p. 39. 

Type of the subgenus Forskalia H. and A. Adams. This species 
and the following are separated from all others by the scalariform 
spires, strongly plicate upper surface, and the deep channel en- 
circling the periphery. These characters are only an exaggeration 
of those of Gibbula magus. It is inadvisable to give a subgeneric 
name to so slight a divergence. 


G FANULUM Gmelin. PI. 63, figs. 10, 11. 


Shell umbilicate or perforate, conical, solid, whitish, radiately 
maculated above, dotted beneath with red or rich brown; spire 
conical, acuminate, somewhat scalariform; whorls about 7, very 
convex, spirally lirate, radiately costate above, bicarinated at the 
periphery, and encircled by a deep canal; base convex, bearing 
about 5 spiral lire; aperture oblique, rounded, columella sinuous in 
the middle (not concave, nor dentate at the base as in G. declivis), 
arcuate above; umbilicus broad and funnel-shaped, or narrow and 
almost closed. Alt. 15-19, diam. 14-17; alt. 14, diam. 15 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 


T. fanulum Gmeru., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 8573.—Paiippr, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 228, t. 34, f 16.—FiscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 125, t. 48, f. 1.— 
Bueauoy, Daurz. Et Doiurus, Moll. Mar. du Rouss., p. 570, t. 44, 
f. 12-16.—And of authors generally —Monodonta egyptiaca PAYR., 
Moll. de Corse, t. 6, f. 26, 27 (not of Lam.).— 7. tuberculatus Risso, 
Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., iv, p. 128, t. 9, f. 133. 


Easily recognized by the turrited, acuminate spire and the deep 
peripheral groove, which is narrower than in G, declivis, and lacks 
the central riblet. Several varieties (lutea, nigra, rubra, albo-sordida 
and varia, all of Scacchi) have been founded upon color muta- 
tions,—the shell being subject to the same variations in hue as G. 
magus, 

The altitude is equal to, or greater or less than the diameter. 


G. GurrapDAuRI Philippi. Pl. 31, figs. 44-46. 

Shell small, umbilicate, conical, whitish, irregularly maculated 
with reddish brown or purplish above, dotted beneath ; whorls 6, 
turrited, very convex, the apex acute, encircled by three strong 
ribs, one on the periphery, the others above it, the interstices 


200 GIBBULA. 


lamellose-striate; plicate or lamellose-striate below the sutures ; 
base with 6 or 7 concentric lire ; columella nearly straight, arcuate 
above, terminating in a tubercle below; umbilicus narrow. 
Alt. 9, diam. 10; alt. 10, diam. 9 mill. 
Sicilian and Dalmatian Coasts. 


T. guttadaurt Puruipri, Enumer. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 177, t. 11, f. 1, 
and ii, p. 154.—Putt., Conchyl. Cab., p. 179, t. 28, f. 6.— FIscHER, 
Cog. Viw., p. 147, t. 49, f. 2. 

Smaller than the preceding, and tricingulate on the body-whorl. 


G. FANULOIDES Fischer. Pl. 31, fig. 41-43. 

Shell umbilicate, conoid, rather thick; whorls 5 to 6, convex, 
canaliculate, spirally granose-lirate, above nodose ; cinereous macu- 
lated with red and vermillion ; last whorl rounded, sulcate in the 
middle, finely granose-lirate in the sulcus ; base convex, ornamented 
with 9 to 10 concentric lire, the interstices narrow ; aperture ovate ; 
columella arcuate, base tuberculose ; umbilicus smooth, profound. 


Alt. 11, diam. 18 mill. (Fischer.) 
Habitat unknown. 


Trochus fanuloides Fiscuer, Journ. de Conch., 1874, p. 373.— 
Coq. Viv., p. 333, t. 108, f. 3. 


Combines the size of G. fanulum with the form of G. declivis. 


G. putcHERRIMA A. Adams. PI. 61, figs. 26, 27. 


Shell umbilicate, conoidal, solid, lusterless, white with a series of 
red spots below the sutures, another beneath the periphery, and 
more or less closely red-dotted over the whole shell. The spire is 
conical, acute, somewhat scalariform; the sutures very deeply 
impressed ; whorls about 6, very convex, nodulose below the sutures, 
the entire surface covered with spiral lirze which are distinctly beaded 
on the base, less obviously so above, and which number about 12 on 
the penultimate, 20 on the last whorl. The aperture is subcireular, 
oblique; outer lip bevelled to an edge, the bevel iridescent, pearly ; 
the interior is very regularly lirate, the folds numbering about 14; 
columella not thickened, arcuate, cut or excavated out, at its 
junction with the body produced forward in a white lobe, ending 
below in a denticle; umbilicus deep, with a slight spiral rib near 
its opening, ending in the columellar tooth. Alt. 14, diam. 16 mill. 


China; Andaman Is. 


GIBBULA. 201 


G. pulcherrima A. Av. P. Z. 8S. 1854, p. 89.—Forskalia pulcher- 
rima H. & A. Ap., Genera, i, p. 482—Trochus (Forskahha) pul- 
cherrimus E. A. Smirn, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 818, t. 50, f. 22, 22a. 


I am not at all sure that this beautiful shell is a Forskalia. It is 
quite variable in color. A specimen before me has no subsutural 
red blotches, but has a girdle of square spots below the periphery. 
Smith (doc. cit.) says: “The oblique arcuate pink or scarlet stripes 
on the upper part of the body-whorl, which in some specimens are 
black, generally terminate a little above the middle. At this part 
the whorl is encircled by two close-set granulous lire, with a furrow 
on each side, whereof the lower is the most conspicuous. —_Immedi- 
ately below this the color of the interrupted scarlet stripes changes to 
black and they assume the form of somewhat quadrate spots, but 
toward the aperture become more flame-like and merge into scarlet.” 


G. ALBIDUM Gmelin. PI. 65, figs. 12, 13, 14. 

Shell conical, umbilicate or imperforate, solid, whitish, painted 
with longitudinal stripes of red, brown or purple, the base striped, 
maculated or mottled; spire acute; whorls 7, tumid below the 
sutures and sometimes obsoletely plicate there, spirally lirate, the 
last tumid at the periphery, convex beneath; columella slightly 
sinuous and prominent in the middle; umbilicus white, funnel- 
shaped when open, frequently closed. Alt. 21, diam. 23 mill. 

Sicily; Dalmatia; Italy; Greece. 


Trochus cinerarius Born, Test. Mus. Ces., p. 830, t. 11, f. 19, 20 
(not 7. cinerarius Linn.)—T. albidus Gmet., Syst. Nat., xiii, p- 
3576.—T. biasoletti Puruippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 178, t. 10, f: 
18.— Conchyl. Cab., p. 187, t. 29, f. 1—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 204, 
t. 68, f. 2—T. magulus Duesn., Expéd. Morée., p. 144, t. 18. f. 26, 
27.—T. bornit CANTRAINE, Mal. Médit., t. 6, f. 17—? T. sauleyr 
pD Orsiany, Hist. Nat. Canaries, p. 83, t. 6, f. 24-26. (1844.) 


This species is a miniature G. magus, without the subsutural 
tubercles of that species, and with narrower or closed umbilicus. 

I quote with some hesitation the 7. sauwlcyi of d’Orb., in the 
synonymy of this species, following Dr. Fischer. The figures of T. 
sauleyi cited above are copied on my plate 24, figs. 97-99. I 
am strongly inclined to consider T. sauleyi a form of Monodonta 
sauciata Koch, Born’s figures, referred to by Gmelin, undoubtedly 
represent this species. 


202 GIBBULA. 


G. ARDENS Von Salis. Pl. 30, figs. 17-19. 

Shell umbilicate, depressed conic, solid, usually reddish or olive- 
brown, with a subsutural series of short white flammules, a row of 
white spots on the periphery, the remainder of the surface sparcely 
punctate with white; spire acute, sutures markedly canaliculate ; 
whorls about 7, convex, spirally lirate, the interstices obliquely 
regularly crispate-striate; liree 5 or 6 on the penultimate whorl, 
frequently grooved, and usually with lirulze between them ; base with 
about 8 principal concentric lire ; aperture oblique, smooth within, 
but apparently suleate; columella subdentate in the middle; umbil- 
icus funnel-shaped, bordered by a white rib. 

Alt. 12, diam. 15 mill. 


Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic Coast of Portugal. 


T. ardens Von Savis Marscuurys, Reise ins Koen. Neap., p. 376, 
t. 8, f. 9 (1793)—Buaquoy, Daurtz. rr Doturus, Moll. du Rouss., p. 
379, t. 45, f. 9-11—Gibbula ardens Monts., Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 
40.—T. fermonti PAYRANDEAU, Moll. de Corse, p. 128, t. 6, f. 11, 12 
(1826).— WeEINKAUvFF, Conch. des Mittelmeeres, 11, p. 8377.— FISCHER, 
Coq. Viv., p. 145, t. 48, £ 3—T. adansoni BLAINVILLE, Faune frane., 
t. 10a, f. 7.—T. tessellatus Pariipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 190, t. 29, f. 
9-12.—T. canaliculatus DEsHAYES, Expéd. Morée, iii, p. 137 (1832) 
(not of Lam., nor d’Orb.).—Gibbula barbara MontEeRosato, Nom. 
Gen. e Spec., p. 40 (1884).—T. suceinctus MonrERosato, Enum. e 
Synon., p. 20 (1878). 


This species is allied to G. albida Gm. It is less elevated, has 
more deeply canaliculate sutures, is less carinate at the periphery, 
and is always umbilicate. The coloration is quite variable, as well 
as the sculpture. 


Omitting the references given by some authors to Chemnitz and 
Gmelin, as entirely unidentifiable, the first description of this form 
is that of von Salis. The figure and description given by this 
author are perfectly applicable to the present form, although the 
figure (like all of von Salis’s) is reversed! The next name in order 
is that proposed by Payrandeau. 


Var. succincTa Monts. PI. 33, figs. 82, 83. 


Lire prominent, separated by profound narrow grooves. 


Gulf of Gabes, Tunis. 


GIBBULA. 203 


Var. BARBARA Monts. PI. 33, figs. 84. 


Spire elevated, conical, acuminate ; suture but feebly canaliculate ; 
shell thinner and umbilicus narrower than in typical G. ardens. 


Gulf of Gabes. 


G. UMBILICARIS Linné. PI. 32, figs. 63, 64, 65. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, cinereous, reddish, or purplish-brown, 
obscurely clouded, dotted or flamed with white; spire conical, 
acuminate; whorls about 7, slightly convex, spirally striate or 
lirate, microscopically obliquely striate ; the lire generally subobso- 
lete on the last whorl; periphery obtusely angulate; aperture 
rather small, oblique, rounded-quadrate, angled at the base, smooth 
within; columella arcuate above, straightened below. 

Alt. 12-16, diam. 14-20 mill. 

Mediterranean Sea. 


T. wrbilicaris Linn., Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1229 (1766).—Lam., An. 
s. Vert., vii, p. 28—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 148, t. 45, f. 2—Bug., 
Daviz. Et Doturus, Moll. du Rouss., p 376, t. 45, f. 1-8.—T. fus- 
catus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3576.—Dersnayes, Expéd. Moree, p. 
142.— Gibbula mediterranea Risso, Hist. Nat. 0 Eur. Mérid., iv, p. 
136.—G. desserea Risso, loc. cit., p. 136.—T. roissyi BLAINVILLE, 
Faune frane., p. 282, t. 10a, f. 9—T. zonatus JEFFREYS, Piedm. 
Coast, p. 28.—T. umbilicaris var. latior et patula (MONTEROSATO) 
Bua., Daurz. et Dollfus, Moll. Mar. du Rouss., p. 378, t. 45, 
AG, 1, 9. 

A species very closely related to G. ardens vy. Salis. It differs in 
the smoother, more angulated body-whorl; the less canaliculate 
sutures; rounder mouth ; deeper umbilicus, which, although as broad 
(or nearly so) as in G. ardens, is much less funnel-shaped, but nearly 
of the same width to a considerable depth; the whorl is also more 
angulated around the umbilicus than in the other species, and the 
columella is not dentate, 

‘The coloration is extremely variable, as in nearly all the Mediter- 
ranean Trochids. In fact nearly every species of the smaller 
Trochid of this province exhibits the same patterns and modifica- 
tions in coloration, commencing with (1) a series of white flames 
beneath the sutures, which (2) are continued as longitudinal, oblique, 
or undulating stripes to the base, or (3) are broken into maculations 
or articulations over the whole surface, or (4) the entire surface is 
either creamy white or uniform dark. 


204 GIBBULA. 


Var. LATIOR Monts. PI. 33, fig. 89. 


Large, thin, much depressed, the sutures profound ; body-whorl 
depressed, carinated, finely lirate ; aperture large, oblique, expanded ; 
umbilicus broad, funnel-shaped. Alt. 9, diam. 15 mill. 

; Gulf of Gabes, Tunis. 

I have also a conical form from Greece, nearly smooth. 

Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill. 


G. NEBULOSA Philippi. PI. 63, figs. 15, 16. 


Shell conoidal, umbilicate, solid, reddish, spotted with white ; 
whorls slightly convex, grooved by 6 superficial sulci, the last 
rounded-angular ; base grooved with 4 striz; umbilicus patulous, 
smooth, white; aperture suborbicular. (Phil.) 


This species approaches near to T. umbilicaris L. in the structure 
of the umbilicus and the sculpture, but it differs in the smaller size, 
much more elevated whorls, the last less angular. The sculpture of 
the upper surface consists of 6 to 7 impressed spiral lines (not of 
elevated lire), which become evanescent below the periphery, the 
base showing about 4. The color is reddish, with white spots, 
especially above and beneath the suture ; the conic apex is blackish. 

Alt. 10, diam. 10? mill. 

Mediterranean at Alexandria; Red Sea. 


T. nebulosus Putt. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 109; Conchyl. Cab. p. 
232, t. 30, f. 5. 
Probably a synonym of G. umbilicaris. 


(Phorcus.) 
G. varrA Linné. PI. 33, figs. 77, 80, 81. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, dull, lusterless yellowish white or 
pinkish, with flexuous radiating cinereous or violaceous stripes 
below the suture, the entire surface finely mottled and dotted with 
yellowish or violaceous and white; spire conical, short, not 
acuminate as in G. ardens and umbilicaris; whorls about 6, flat- 
tened, separated by slightly impressed sutures, encircled by numer- 
ous fine strize; body-whorl obtusely angular at the periphery ; 
aperture large, very oblique, smooth within; columella oblique, 
straightened ; umbilicus funnel-shaped, whitish within. 

Alt. 12, diam. 15 mill. 

Mediterranean Sea. 


GIBBULA. 205 


T. varius Linn., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 8568.—F iscueEr, Coq. Viv., p. 
209, t, 87, f. 2.—Puiipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 191, t. 29, f£ 8, 13. 
Hantey, Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 318.—Buva., Daurz. Er DoLLFus, 
Moll. du Rouss., p. 385, t. 46, f. 6-14.—T. roissyi, Payr., Moll. de 
Corse, t. 6, f. 13, 14.—T. pallidus Forses, Rep. Atg. Inv., p. 138.— 
T. elata Brustna, Conch. Dalm. Ined., p. 6—T. gibbosula Brus. 
Contr. Fauna Dalmatia, p. 80. 


This form connects the preceding with the following group of 
species. It is less acuminate in the spire than G. umbilicaris, more 
finely spirally striate, and with much more oblique aperture and ex- 
panded umbilicus; from G. richardi the flatter whorls and spiral 
strize separate it. The periphery is sometimes rounded. 

G. PHILBERTI Récluz. Pl. 31, figs. 25, 26, 27. 

Shell small, umbilicate, conical, thin ; coloration very variable, 
sometimes uniform dark brown or red, sometimes cinereous, longi- 
tudinally clouded with brown, or with spiral series of blackish dots ; 
spire low-conic, gradate; sutures impressed; whorls 6, a little gib- 
beus just below the sutures, causing the spire to be somewhat 
turrited ; whorls encircled by numerous fine unequal lirule or striz ; 
periphery obtusely angular; base convex, generally a little more 
coarsely lirate than the upper surface; aperture subquadrangular, 
oblique, not angled a: the junction of basal lip and columella ; col- 
umella perceptibly arcuate; umbilicus large, funnel-shaped, white, 
margined by one or several spiral riblets. 

Alt. 6-11, diam. 8-12, mill. 


Mediterranean Sea. 

T. philberti Reciuz, Rev. Zoologique, 1345, p. 11—MONTEROSATO, 
Conch. litt. Médit., p. 8—Buag., Dautz. et Douurus, Moll. Mar. du 
Rouss., p. 383, t. 46, f. 1-5.—T. villicus Puttipp1, Enum. Moll. 
Sicil., ii, p. 152, t. 25, f. 14 and Conchyl. Cab., p. 194, t. 29, f. 17.— 
Fiscuer, Cog. Viv., p. 258, t. 87, f. 1. 

A smaller species than the preceding, quite stable as to form, but 
exhibiting great variation in the development of the spiral riblets. 
Sometimes all are small, nearly equal, and sometimes several larger 
ones are developed upon the upper surface. 


G. LeEucOPH@mA Philippi. PI. 31, figs. 29, 30. 


Shell elevated-conical, slightly obtuse, umbilicata, spirally striate, 
ashen, spotted and marbled with white, brown and black dots; 
whorls contiguous, flat, smooth, the last angulated; aperture sub- 


206 GIBBULA. 


quadrangular; columella oblique, straight, scarcely nodulose ; um- 
bilcus narrow, funnel-shaped. (Phil) 

The shell consists of 63 whorls, which are flat, scarcely separated 
from each other; they form an elevated cone with blunt apex, and 
the last passes into the base in a sharp angle. The sculpture con- 
sists of 6 to 9 uneven, elevated, smooth spiral lines on the upper 
surface, and about 8 similar concentric liree on the base. The um- 
bilicus is pretty narrow, widening and funnel-shaped at the opening. 
The color is just as in 7. villicus. From this, its nearest ally, euco- 
pheus is separated by (1) its size; (2) its completely flat whorls ; 
(3) the numerous spiral lines; (4) the narrower umbilicus. 

Alt. 8, diam. 43 mill. (Philippi.) 

Sicily. 


T. leucopheus Patu. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 182, t. 10, f 17; 1, p. 158. 
—Conchyl. Cab., p. 195, t. 29, f. 19.—Fiscumr, Cog. Viv., p. 340, 
t. 106, f. 1—Werkaurr, Die Conchyl. des Mittelmeeres, ii, p. 570. 
—T. cinerascens ANTON, Verzeich., p. 57. 

This is a small species, often not attaining the dimensions given 
above. 


G. SPRATTI Forbes. Pl. 32, figs. 70, 71. 

Shell narrowly perforate, conoid, somewhat thick, whitish, 
radiately flammulate with deep brown subquadrate maculations, 
very finely obliquely striate, concentrically lirate, each whorl en- 
circled by two more prominent, remote sulci; whorls 6, convex, 
separated by deep sutures, inflated above; last whorl subangulate, 
convex beneath, with numerous unequal concentric lire; aperture 
rhomboidal; columella sinuous in the middle, slightly convex. 

Alt. 8, diam. 6 mill. (Fischer.) 

Aigean Sea. 


T. spratti Forses, Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci., 1848, p. 190 (1844). 
Monrerosato Nuova revista della Conch. Medit., p. 28.—W EIN- 
KAUFF, Conch. des Mittelmeeres, ii, p. 584.—FIscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 
148, t. 49, f. 3.—T. alveolatus Puiu. Conchyl. Cab., p. 207, t. 30, f. 
14.—? T. pictus Puiu., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1846, p. 104. 

Philippi’s 7. alveolatus is figured on pl. 33, fig. 93. 


G. cANDEI d’Orbigny. PI. 48, figs. 21, 22. 


Shell conoidal, elevated, longitudinally, gracefully, unequally 
striate, olive-yellowish, ornamented above with purplish spots; spire 


GIBBULA. 207 


gradate; whorls subbicarinate, smooth above and flat; aperture 
subquadrangular; umbilicus open, smooth. 
Alt. 12, diam. 15 mill. ( Orb.) 
Canary Is. 
T. candei pD’ORB., Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries, Mollusques, p. 82, t. 6, 
f. 21-23.—Puixrert, Conchyl. Cab., t. 34, f. 15. 


Known to me only by the description and figures of Orbigny. 


G. RICHARDI Payraudeau. PI. 32, figs. 54-56. 


Shell umbilicate, conoidal, olivaceous or yellowish, ornamented 
with obliquely longitudinal tawny stripes; entire surface smooth ; 
spire short, conical; sutures deeply impressed; whorls 5, quite 
convex, the last flattened and sloping around the upper part, 
very obtusely subangular around the periphery; aperture large, 
very oblique; outer lip thin, acute, very narrowly margined 
with yellow, succeeded by a line of black, within which lies a band 
(about 2 mill. wide) of opaque white; columella arcuate above, 
partly surrounding the umbilicus with a white callus, straightened 
in the middle; umbilical tract large, white, funnel-shaped, bounded 
by acarma. Alt. 15, diam. 17 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 

Monodonta richardi Payr., Moll. de Corse, p. 138, t. 7, f. 1, 2.— 
Trochus Richardt Puriipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 189, t. 29, f. 4, 5, 7. 
—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 142, t. 48, ff 1—B., D. er D., Moll. du 
Rouss., p. 399, t. 47, f. 6-13.—Phoreus margaritaceus Risso, Hist. 
Nat. Eur. Mérid. iv, p. 135, t. 4, f. 47.—T. radiatus Anron, Ver- 
zeich., p. 97 (Teste Philippi). 

Type of Risso’s genus Phoreus. A species peculiarly attractive 
in appearance ; it is smoother than its allies, and striped upon an 
olive-yellowish ground with a very pleasing and unusual tawny or 
cadmium orange hue. Rarely unicolored olivaceous specimens occur, 
or shells with a ground color of crimson. 


G. DIVARICATA Linné. PI. 33, figs. 74, 75, 76, 78, 79. 


Shell imperforate or narrowly perforate, conoidal, very thick 
and solid, cinereous, yellowish or green, longitudinally marked with 
rose-red lines, often oblique or broken into square dots; spire more 
or less elevated, its outlines rather convex ; whorls about 6, encircled 
by numerous lirule, the upper ones flattened, sutures slightly im- 
pressed, but scalariform specimens with deep sutures are frequent ; 
last whorl rounded at the periphery and on the base; aperture 


208 GIBBULA. 


rounded-quadrate ; outer lip bevelled to an edge, very thick and 
smooth within; columella straightened in the middle, pearly; um- 
bilicus narrow or concealed. Alt. 15-23, diam. 16-19. mill. 
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 

Trochus divaricatus Lrnn., Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1229—HAnN try, 
Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 319.—Hipareo, Mol. Mar. Esp., t. 61, f. 4-8. 
—Desuayves, Ann. de Malac. i, t. 2, f. 4 (animal).—F IscuEr, Coq. 
Viv., p. 189, t. 47, f. 1, 2.—Paiiipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 193, t. 29, f. 
16, 21—Bua. Daurz. er Doturus, Moll. du Rouss., p. 391, t. 46, f. 
15-22.—Mondonta Lessoni Payr., Moll. de Corse, p. 139, t. 7, f. 3, 4. 
—T. raritineatus Micuaun, Actes Soe. Linn. Bord., iii, p. 266, f. 12 
(1829).— Buea. Daurz. Er Dollf., Moll. Rouss., p. 393, t. 46, f. 23- 
27.— Gibbula purpurata Brusina, Conch. Dalm. ined., p. 26. 

May be known by the very thick, heavy shell and peculiar 
painting. 
Var. RARILINEATA Michaud. PI. 33, figs. 90, 91. 

Smaller, more conical, with angulate periphery and flattened 
base. Alt. 12, diam. 13 mill. 


G. CINERARIA Linné. PI. 30, figs. 25, 24. Pl. 33, figs. 86, 87, 88. 
Shell narrowly umbilicate, rarely imperforate, conical, thick, cin- 
ereous, densely marked with numerous narrow longitudinal brown 
or reddish lines, or broader stripes ; whorls 6, flattened, with 7 or 8 
thread-like spiral ridges on the upper surface of the body-whorl, 
with often one or two finer strize between each ridge, and about a 
dozen fine ridge-like strize on the under side; the last whorl angu- 
late at the periphery, somewhat convex beneath; aperture sub- 
rhomboidal, smooth within ; columella straightened in the middle ; 
umbilicus narrow. Alt. 18-16, diam. 14-16 mill. 
European Seas, from Scandinavia to Gibralter; Black Sea ? 


T. cinerarius Linn., Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1229.—ForBEs AND HAn- 
LEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., t. 65, f. 1-3.—Jrerrreys, Brit. Conch., t. 62, 
f. 3.—Puruipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 222, t. 34, f. 2-4-—FiscHeEr, 
Coq. Viv., p. 192, t. 62, f. 4—T. lineolatus MicHauD, Galerie, i, p. 
334, t. 30, f. 8-9.—T. cinerarius var. electissimus (BEAN) THORPE, 
Brit. Mar. Conch., p. 264.—T. fumosus Puriippt, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 
1849, p. 156; Conchyl. Cab., p. 504, t. 44, f. 5. 


Var. ELECTISSIMA (Bean) Thorpe. 


Smaller and more regularly conical. 


GIBBULA. 209 


Var. FuMosA Philippi. 


Yellowish, marked above with large reddish maculations, the 
base radiately striped with brownish-gray ; form more elevated and 
slenderer than in T. cinerarius. Alt. 10, diam. 10 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 


G. OBLIQUATA, Gmelin. PI. 30, figs. 11-16. 


Shell more depressed than G. cineraria, and (although the base is 
flatter) never inclined to a pyramidal form; the spiral ridges are 
sharper and fewer, especially in the young ; the coloring is different ; 
both have a similar kind of marking, but in the present species the 
longitudinal rays or streaks are red, besides being broader and not 
half so many as in the other species; and they are sometimes zig- 
zag, instead of being broken into spots or interrupted by the sculpt- 
ure; this species is striped, the other dineated ; just within the outer 
lip are two borders, one of yellow, the other of green variegated by 
red spots, this edging is minutely tubercled like shagreen. 


Alt. 17, diam. 20 mill. (Jeffreys.) 


T. obliquatus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 8575.—Puiirept, Conchyl. 
Cub., p. 223, t. 34, f. 5-9.—F iscuEr, Cog. Viv., p. 191, t. 62, f. 2, 3. 
—T. umbilicatus Montacu, Test. Brit., p. 286.—JEFFREYS, Brit. 
Conch., iii, p. 312 (and of other English authors).—-7. wmbilicalis 
ForBEs AND Haney, Hist. Brit. Moll., ii, p. 519, t. 66, f. 1-4.— 
T. pennanti Pururpri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 224, t. 34, f 10.—T. 
agathensis Reciuz, Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 11. 


The present species is usually more widely umbilicate and broader 
than G. cineraria. 


Var. AGATHENSIS Récluz. 

Smaller, with the spire more raised; less angular at periphery, 
and somewhat glossy beneath; stripes purplish ; umbilicus closed 
or nearly so. 


G. tuRDUs Philippi. PI. 33, figs. 98, 99. 

Shell solid, globose-conical, white, ornamented at the suture with 
pale brown spots, the rest of the shell painted with articulated 
lines of reddish-brown; whorls nearly plane, a trifle tumid at the 
suture above, quadrisulcate, the last whorl angular at the circumfer- 
ence, margined, the base grooved by 4 to 6 sulci; umbilicus moder- 
ate, cylindrical; aperture squarish-rounded. ( Phil.) 


210 GIBBULA. 


The solid shell is rather conical, for the whorls are quite level, 
only projecting a little below the suture. They are grooved by 4 
narrow slightly impressed furrows, besides which the last whorl has 
a few inconspicuous furrows. The last whorl is angular at the 
periphery and the ridge between this angle and the lower of these 
furrows is somewhat more elevated than the rest of the upper sur- 
face. The base is rather elevated, with 4 to 6 slight narrow con- 
centric furrows. The umbilicus is moderate, round, white, with a 
sharp angle inside the outer edge. The aperture is quadrangular, 
with well-rounded angles. The columella is rather arcuate. The 
color is pale brown, at the suture white with large brown spots, 
sometimes with reddish-brown oblique strokes between every two 
furrows; the base is checkered with white. 

Alt. 8, diam. 8 mill. (Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 


T. turdus Puiu. Conchyl. Cab., p. 308, t. 44, f. 11. 


G. ADANSONI Payraudeau. PI. 30, figs. 1-4. 

Shell narrowly umbilicate, conical ; color maroon or deep brown, 
with longitudinal undulating flames of white, continuous or inter- 
rupted into spots on the base; spire conoidal, elevated ; whorls 6 to 
7, convex, traversed by numerous spiral strive; last whorl large, 
dilated, subangulate at the periphery, the base convex, concen- 
trically finely lirate, each ridge divided by a central impressed line ; 
sutures deeply impressed; aperture subquadrangular, columella 
straight or a little projecting in the middle; umbilicus deep, very 
narrow, bounded by a carina. Alt. 12, diam. 102 mill. 

Mediterranean, Adriatic and Black Seas. 


T. adansonii Payr., Moll. de Corse, p. 127, t. 6, f. 7, 8 (1826).— 
Pururpri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 192, t. 29, f. 14, 15—FiscHEer, Cog. 
Viv., p. 348, t. 107, f. 1-4+—Bue, Daurz. rr Douirus, Moll. du 
Rouss., p. 394, t. 47, f. 1-5 —T. varians DEsn., Expéd. Morée, p. 
142, t. 18, f 31-33.—T. adriaticus Puti., Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 
153, t. 25, f. 10 —T. turbinoides Desu., Expéd. Morée, p. 143, t. 18, 
f. 28-80.—Bug. Dautz. rr Dotirus, Moll. du Rouss., p. 396, t. 
47, f. 26-30.— T. helicoides Puittprt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 197, t. 29, f. 
23.—Gibbula ivanicst Brustna, Conch. Dalm. ined., p. 27.—T. 
iwanicsiana Brus., Contr. pella Fauna Dalm., p. 80.—T. olivaceus 
Anton, Verzeich., p.57.—T. angulatus (E1cHwaLp) Brus. (teste 
Monterosato, Il Nat. Sicil., i, p. 105).—T. euwinicus Andr., KRyn. 


GIBBULA. albt 


Bull. Sci. Nat. Moscou, 1837, p. 60.—T. variegatus Rrsso, teste 
Monterosato.—T. olivaceus Anton, Verzeich., p. 57—T. pumilio 
Puiu. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 226, t. 28, f. 7; Conchyl. Cab., p. 94, 
felon 19: 


A variable species, distinguished from the preceding by its more 
elevated form and thinner shell. From G. tumida Montagu the 
more acute spire will separate the present species; and also the 
shape of the whorls, which are less tumid and angulated below the 
sutures. The form and coloration are very mutable and also the 
sculpture varies, sometimes being quite coarse. 7. pumilio Phil. 
may belong in Calliostoma. It is figured on pl. 40, fig. 35. 


Var. ADRIATICA Philippi. Pl. 30, fig. 1. 

Shell more solid, generally paler, the base whitish ; spiral seulpt- 
ure stronger, the penultimate whorl with about 5 well-marked, 
separated spiral lire; body-whorl angulate at the periphery. 


Var. TURBINOIDES Deshayes. PI. 33, figs. 94, 95. 


Shell smaller than G. adansoni, globose, rose-red, yellowish, or 
brown, with short white flammules below the sutures, the remainder 
of the shell minutely punctate with white. Alt. 8, diam. 8 mill. 


G. DREPANENSIS Brugnone. PI. 33, figs. 100, 101. 


Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, depressed, stomatella-shaped, 
whitish, zigzagly striped with red, the stripes often broken into 
spots, white around the umbilicus; spire very short; sutures im- 
pressed; whorls 53 to 4, convex, rapidly widening, encircled by 
spiral strize which are nearly obliterated on the last whorl; body- 
whorl very large, depressed; aperture large, oblique, subcircular ; 
columella arcuate. Alt. 3-4, diam. 4—5 mill. 

Provence ; Sicily; Sardinia ; Algiers. 


Trochus drepanensis BruGNoNE, Miscellanea malacologica, ja eels 
p. 13 (1873).—MonreErosaTo, Journ. de Conch., xxv, p. 31, t. 2, f. 
6 (1877). Bug. Daurz. Er DouiiFrus, Moll. du Rouss., p. 398, t. 
50, f. 25, 26. 

This smallest of the Mediterranean species of Gibbula, is very 
distinct in its minute size, obsoletely striate whorls and stomatella- 
like form. 

Monterosato has described a G. vimontim (Il Nat. Sicil., ii, p. 
106) which I take to be a form of drepanensis. His description 


22 GIBBULA. 


(translated) is as follows: More depressed; whorls subangulate ; 
smooth instead of striate; of a greenish color, with metallic reflec- 
tions. 


Provence; Algiers; Italy. 


G. TumMIpA Montagu. PI. 32, figs. 49-52. 


Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, conical, elevated; color whitish, 
variously strigate or maculated with brown, beneath white, uni- 
colored or punctate with brown; spire elevated, somewhat turrited, 
apex acute; sutures impressed; whorls 6, convex, encircied by 
numerous, close fine strize ; periphery obtusely angular ; base slightly 
convex, concentrically finely lirate, the sculpture coarser than upon 
the upper surface; aperture large, rounded-quadrate; columella 
oblique, straightened and a little convex in the middle; umbilicus 
deep, narrow, expanding and funnel-shaped at its opening. 

Alt. 8-12, diam. 7-12 mill. 


English and Northern European Coasts ; rare in the Mediterranean. 

T. tunidus Mont., Test. Brit., p. 280, t. 10, f. 4. (1803.)—Puit- 
iwP!, Conchyl. Cub., p. 195, t. 29, f. 20-25.—ForBEs AnD Haniey, 
Hist. Brit. Moll., ii, p. 153, t. 65, f. 8, 9 —Jerrreys, Brit. Conch., 
ili, p. 807, t. 62, f 2.—F iscuEerR, Cog. Viw., p. 340, t. 108, f. 1, 273. 
—Bua., Dautz. er Doiirus, Moll. du Rouss., p. 887, t. 47, f. 14-18. 
—T. Racketti Payr., Moll. de Corse, p. 128, t. 6, f. 9, 10.—Bug., 
Davutz. ET Dotirus, Moll. du Rouss., p. 388, t. 47, f. 19-25.—T. 
tumidus var., FiscHeR, Cog. Viv., p.315.—? Gibbula pygmea Risso, 
Eur. mérid., iv, p. 1837—Monrerosato, Conch. litt. medit., p. 9, 
Gibbula gibbosula (Dan. EY SANDRI) Brusina, Conch. Dalm. ined., 
p. 27.—T. petholutus DiILuwyn, Catal., p. 776 (Teste Philippi). 


This turbinate little species is readily recognized by the form, the 
whorls being a little tumid just below the sutures, and the base 
of the aperture is usually a little emarginate. 


VAR. RACKETTI Payrandeau. PI. 33, figs. 96, 97. 
This form differs from typical G. tumida in the constant smaller 
size, fewer whorls (4 to 5), and generally more solid and deeply 


colored shell. Alt. 63, diam. 6 mill. 
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 


This little Mediterranean variety is variable in proportions, 
frequently as broad or broader than long. 


GIBBULA. 213 


G. HEMPRICHII Issel. PI. 47, fig. 100. 


Shell minute, orbiculate-conoid, umbilicate, under a lens longi- 
tudinally striate, shining, whitish, painted with oblique chestnut 
streaks, spotted with brown; apex rather obtuse ; whorls 5, regularly 
increasing, rather convex, flattened at the distinctly impressed 
sutures, the last whorl scarcely equalling half the total altitude ; base 
rounded or obscurely subangular; aperture quadrate-rounded ; 
peristome simple, acute; columella subtruncate at base; umbilicus 
rather narrow, funnel-shaped. Alt. 23, diam. 22 mill. (Isse/.) 

Gulf of Suez. 

T. hemprichti Isset, Malac. del Mar Rosso (1869).—Saviany 
Descript del’Egypte, Coq., t. 3, f. 6. 


G. sisMonD® Issel. PI. 47, figs. 94, 95. 


Shell small, conoidal, imperforate, minutely transversely striate, 
greenish, obtuse at apex; whorls 43, slowly increasing, slightly 
convex, separated by impressed sutures; last whorl more than half 
the total length, angular at base; base flattened, ornamented with 
4 concentric costulz ; aperture very oblique, subecireular, | 

Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. (Issel.) 

Suez. 

T. sisimonde Issret, Malac. Mar Rosso, p. 225, t. ii, f. 13. 

In general form this species approaches 7. tumidus Mont., but it 
is distinguished by having no umbilicus, and by its greenish color. 
(Issel. ) 

G. spurcA Gould. ‘Pl. 51, figs. 22, 23. 


Shell small, solid, globose-conic, everywhere sculptured with fine, 
shallow, revolving alternate grooves and elevations; shining, of a 
dingy yellowish color, delicately variegated with oblique zigzag 
dusky lines, the two colors in about equal proportions, a series of 
somewhat conspicuous quadrate dusky and yellow spots just below 
the suture; whorls 4 or 5, ventricose ; suture deeply impressed ; the 
last subangular at periphery ; base moderately conical, imperforate 
or minutely umbilicated ; aperture very oblique, circular columella 
rounded, arcuate; lip sharp, smooth within and subnacreous. 


Alt. 3-10ths, diam. 3-8ths inch. ( Gould.) 
Madeira Is. 
Has most of the characters of T. fermoni but is much smaller, 
wants the peculiar channelled shoulder of the whorls, and the widely 
open umbilicus. ( Gould.) 


214 GIBBULA. 


T. spurcus GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H, iii, p. 106 (1849); U.S. 
Expl. Exped. Shells, p. 188, f. 219; Otia, p. 58. 


G. GORGONARUM Fischer. 


Shell imperforate, conical, slightly elevated, rather thick, pale 
buff or ashen above, ornamented with subflexuous, irregular radiat- 
ing brown lines, white beneath; whorls 7 to 8, flattened, separated 
by canaliculate sutures, ornamented with a few narrow lire, evanes- 
cent in the middle of the whorl; infra-sutural liration larger, 
crenulated ; last whorl acutely carinated; base densely, concen- 
trically lirate; aperture rhomboidal, lip acute; basal callous wide, 
subcircular, covering the umbilicus. 

Alt. 10, diam. maj. 14, diam. min. 12 mill. (/ischer.) 

Cape Verde Is., in 410-596 meters. 


G. gorgonarum FiscHer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1883, p. 393. 


G. GLyptus Watson. PI. 36, f. 19, 20. 

Shell like 7. magus L., but carinated, higher, less scalar, and 
much more delicately and richly sculptured. Sculpture, spirals— 
a flat shoulder below the suture is followed by an angulation, on 
and below which is a double row of smallish, round but pointed 
tubercles, which are remote from cne another but run in pairs on 
the two rows; the tubercles in each row are connected by a slight 
rounded thread; on the second, third and fourth whorls these rows 
coalesce into one; on the last whorl they are about 5-100 inch 
apart. At the periphery is a strong angulation bearing a sharp 
rarina. About 5-100 inch above this is a spiral thread, which, as 
well as the carina, is ornamented with delicate, sharp, laterally- 
compressed heads separated from one another by about twice their 
own size. Those on the upper spiral are rather the larger; the 
middle of the whorl for about 0.1 inch is bare. On the base there 
are five closely-beaded threads, of which the inmost and strongest 
defines the umbilicus. Between the outermost and the carina is a 
broad slightly sunken furrow. The carina meets the outer lip and 
appears abéve the suture. Lonyitudinals — the upper whorls 
are ribbed, but the ribbing gradually breaks into the double row of 
paired tubercles, and the link uniting the pairs in the two rows be- 
comes very feeble. There are besides many distant, irregular, loose, 
skin-like puckerings which follow the lines of growth; they disap- 
pear on the spiral threads. The whole surface is further roughened 
by microscopic flexuous wrinklings. Color yellowish white on the 


GIBBULA. 215 


thin calcareous layer overlying the nacre. Spire high, a little 
scalar. Apex small and sharp. Whorls 8, of regular increase, a 
little rounded, angulated at the carina, rather tumid on the base, 
with a wide umbilicus. Suture angulated and well defined, but a 
little filled up by the carina of the overlying whorl. Mouth (ap- 
parently) perpendicular, semioval.. Outer lip well rounded. Pillar- 
lip a little bent over on the umbilicus, and then advancing rather 
straight toward the left, angulated and slightly toothed at the point 
of the base when the umbilical beaded thread joins it. Umbilicus 
a wide deep funnel, with a deep spiral staircase at the junction of 
the whorls. Alt. 0.68 inch; diam. 0.72, least 0.61 inch. 

This beautiful species is unfortunately present in only one dead 
and chipped specimen. The name given to it is expressive of the 
singular beauty of its sculpture. It is more like Trochus magus, L., 
than any other species I know, but is obviously very different in all 
details of form and sculpture. It has some resemblance to Trochus 
ottoi Phil., but is higher and narrower; that species has a broadly 
open but immediately contracted umbilicus, which rather resembles 
a scoop than a funnel; its whorls are much less tumid above, and 
are less sculptured; they slope downwards conically, from the 
suture with only one feeble and feebly tubercled thread between the 
suture, to which it lies near, and the peripheral thread. ( Watson.) 

Off Sydney, 410 fms. 

T. glyptus Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 694; 

Challenger Gasterop., p. 75, t. 6, f. 6. 


B. Species of Indo-Pacific and Australasian Seas. 


G. PIcTURATA Adams et Angas. PI. 37, figs. 28-30; pl. 30, fig. 7. 

Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, conical, excessively variable in 
coloration, the following patterns most usual; (1) whitish with 
longitudinal broad or narrow red or crimson flames reaching to the 
periphery, the ground-color and base dotted with red; the flames 
are frequently interrupted in the middle by a dotted zone; (2) 
ground-color clear yellowish or whitish, the liree dotted with red ; 
this pattern frequently shows short flames of red under the sutures ; 
(3) entire surface purplish black, the umbilicus green-tinged. Except 
the last variety, all are whitish around the umbilicus; in all, the in- 
side of the umbilicus and the columella are tinged with green. 
Spire elevated, conical, rather obtuse ; sutures impressed ; whorls 5 
to 6, convex, encircled by lirz, usually 5 or 6 in number on the 


216 GIBBULA. 


penultimate whorl, but very variable ; body-whorl with a prominent 
rib at the periphery, convex beneath; aperture quadrangular, 
delicately ribbed within and iridescent, green predominating; 
columella arcuate above, then straight and oblique, terminating near 
the base in a slight denticle. Alt. 6-7, diam. 6-7 mill. 
Codgee Bay, N.S. Wales. 

G. picturata Ap. ET Anc., P. Z. S., 1864, p. 36.—T. picturatus 
FiscHer, Cog. Viv., p. 272, t. 90, f. 2. 

A beautiful little species, usually either flamed with dark red or 
dotted all over with pink. The ground-color sometimes has a green 
cast, or is pink. 


G. FULMINATA Hutton. PI. 43, figs. 14-16. 

Shell small, narrowly perforate, globose-conoidal, shining, solid, 
smooth, except for a few striz around the umbilicus; color pink, 
orange, purplish or olive-brown, generally with a series of white 
blotches alternating with self-colored darker ones below the sutures, 
a girdle of white blotches around the periphery and often around 
the umbilicus; the intervening spaces irregularly strigate with 
darker zigzag streaks or unicolored. Spire short, apex rosy ; whorls 
about 5, convex ; aperture rounded-quadrate, iridescent within, the 
lip white-margined ; columella arcuate, a trifle straightened in the 
middle; umbilicus white. Alt. 73, diam. 72-8 mill. 

Auckland to Wellington, N. Z.; Chatham Is. 

Chrysostoma fulminata Hurron, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p.36 (1873). 
—Margarita fulminata Hurron, Proc, Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, 
1884, p. 564. 

Differs from G. nitida in the white umbilicus, more globose form 
and different color-pattern ; from G. picturata in the heavier texture 
and lack of spiral liree. 


G. ROSEA Hutton. 

Whorls faintly spirally striated; very narrowly umbilicated ; 
pinkish white, with three or four narrow pink spiral bands and some 
purplish spots on the body-whorl near the suture. 

Alt. 15, diam. ‘23 inch. ( Hutton.) 

Stewarts Id. ; Campbell Id. 

Chrysostoma rosea Hurron, Cut. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p. 36 (1873).— 


Margarita rosea Huron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, 1884, p. 
364. 


GIBBULA. Died 


G. aytreopA Hombron et Jacquinot. Pl. 35, figs. 102-104. 


Shell small, composed of three whorls, the two first very small, 
the third very large; color iridescent above and below, with green 
transverse bands on the superior portion; aperture large, round, 
acute on the left, and with a flat border on the right margin ; 
umbilicus only indicated and nearly covered by the right lip. 

Alt. 8, diam. 8 mill. (Hombr. et Jacq.) 

Auckland Is. 


Margarita antipoda Homp. Ev. Jacg., Voy. au Pole Sud, Zool., v, 
p. 58, t. 14, f. 26-28 (1854).—_Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 
ix, 1884, p. 363. 

Nothing is known of this species except the original description 
translated above, and the original figures. 


G. nitripa Adams et Angas. PI. 37, figs. 25, 26, 27. 

Shell narrowly umbilicate, conical, rather thin, shining, olive- 
yellow, marked with numerous continuous capillary white spiral lines, 
and longitudinal olive-colored flames, generally broken into oblong 
quadrangular tessellations on the spaces between the white lines, 
frequently red instead of olive below the sutures and on the base ; 
spire elevated, with convex outlines ; apex acute ; last whorl obtusely 
angular around the periphery ; base lighter than upper surface, with 
7 or 8 delicate concentric lire; aperture rounded-quadrate, outer 
lip very finely crenulated, within brilliantly iridescent ; columella 
arcuate; umbilicus funnel-shaped, yellowish or olive-tinted within. 

Alt. 63, diam. 53 mill. 

Hokianga, Auckland to Wellington, N. Zealand. 

Gibbula nitida Ap. Et ANG., P. ZS. 1864, p.86.—Hurton, Proe. 
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1884, p. 364.—Chrysostoma inconspicua 
Hourron, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., 1873, p. 36. 

Coloration peculiar in the white spiral strize of the upper surface, 
combined with longitudinal flames. The base has delicate separated 
concentric striz; the interior is brilliantly iridescent, like an 


Elenchus. 


G. sroticzkana G. et H. Nevill. PI. 62, figs. 76, 77. 


Shell small, umbilicate, conical, elevated, rather solid, reddish- 
brown or olive-brown, flammulate above with white, the base tes- 
sellated brown and white; spire elevated; whorls about 5, slightly 
convex, lusterless, spirally lirate, the lirze about 9 on the penultimate 


218 GIBBULA. 


whorl ; last whorl high, the lip a little deflected toward the aperture, 
periphery angular, base angular around the umbilical region, with 
about 8 concentric lire, the outer ones often obsolete; aperture 
oblique, about half the length of the shell, somewhat triangular, 
brilliantly iridescent within ; columella white, arcuate, truncate at the 
base; umbilicus narrow, white. Alt. 53-6, diam. 4—5 mill. 
Ceylon. 
G. stoliczkanu G. & H. Neviun, Journ. Asiatie Soe. Bengal, 
xxxvill, 1869, p. 158, t. 17, f 2, 3—Trochus stoliczkanus FISCHER, 
Coq. Viv., p. 341, t. 106, f. 2. 


This form, whilst it groups with the preceding and following 
species, is quite distinct. The surface is lusterless, the lire are 
rather coarse, broad and flat; the lower right hand margin of the 
aperture decidedly produced, and the base usually somewhat notched 
or emarginate as in the European G. tumida Mont. The white 
flames are occasionally absent. 


G. DUPONTIANA G. et H. Nevill. PI. 30, fig. 5. 

Shell perforate, conical, elevated, solid, lusterless white, painted 
with radiating brown stripes extending from suture to periphery, 
where an equal number of spots is intercalated; base dotted; spire 
conic, with nearly straight outlines; whorls 6, planulate, encircled 
by coarse lire, which number 6 or 7 on the penultimate whorl, the 
same number on the base ; body-whorl carinated ; base slightly con- 
vex, not angulated around the umbilicus, but impressed ; aperture 
very oblique; columella somewhat arcuate, nearly straight in 
immature specimens. Alt. 63-7, diam. 5-6 mill. 


Ceylon. 


G. dupontiana NEVILL, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xxxviii, p. 
158, t. 17, f. 8, 1869.— 7. dupontianus FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 342, t. 
LOWES. 

Coarsely lirate like the preceding form, but more conical, more 


earinate, with flatter base, and columella not truncate below. The 
color too is much lighter. 


G. BLANFORDIANA G. et H. Nevill. Pl. 37, fig. 32; Pl. 62, fig. 65. 

Shell small, narrowly, deeply umbilicate, thick, conoid; whorls 5, 
the first whitish, the following painted with brown undulating, 
radiating maculations, spirally strongly lirate, the lire 5-6 on the 
penultimate whorl, smaller above, the interstices deep last whorl, 


GIBBULA. 219 


angulate in the middle, a little convex beneath, provided with about 
8 flat concentric lire; aperture subrhomboidal, lip plicate within, 
basal margin crenate ; columella oblique, sub-truncate below. 


Alt. 5, diam. 6 mill. (Fischer.) 

Ceylon. 

G. blanfordiana Neviu1, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xxxviii, 1869, 
p. 158, t. 17, f. 9—Fiscuerr, Cog. Viv., p. 265, t. 88, f. 3. 

The size mark was omitted on pl. 62, f. 65. Nevill’s original 
figure is copied on pl. 37, fig. 32. 

G. cicER Menke. PI. 62, fig. 75; pl. 26, figs. 18, 19. 

Shell perforate or subperforate, globose-conical, solid, whitish, 
longitudinally striped with reddish or dark brown, the stripes often 
broken into tessellations on the base; whorls about 5, convex, the 
first two yellow or rosy, smooth, the remainder coarsely spirally 
lirate, the lirze about 6 or 7 on the penultimate whorl, separated by 
deep interstices which sometimes interrupt the stripes of color; 
spire short; body-whorl rounded; base convex, finely marked with 
about 8 narrow lire; aperture subcircular, smooth and white with- 
in; columella arcuate, straightened in the middle and oblique, very 
obsoletely subdentate below ; umbilical area small, white or yellow- 
ish; base frequently suffused with pink. Alt. 7, diam. 6 mill. 

Cape Region of S. Africa. 

T. cicer MKe., in Putuiprt, Abbild. u. Beschreib., i, Trochus, t. 5, 
f. 5. (1844).— Conchyl. Cab., p. 197, t. 29, f. 24—Fiscurr, Coq. Viv., 
p- 264, t. 88, f. 2—Gibbula musiva GouLp, Otia Conch., p. 159.— 
Leptothyra cicer Pitspry, Manual of Conch., x, p. 254, t. 54, f. 62. 
— Turbo sanguineus Rerve, Conch. Icon., t. 12, f. 55 ? (not of Linn.). 
— Turbo roseus Putiiert, Conchyl. Cab., p. 85, t. 19, f. 10 (2). 


G. cicer is reported from Japan by Schrenck. ¢Amurl. Moll. p.552.) 


G. BENZI Krauss. PI. 51, figs. 13, 14. 

Shell orbicular-conoid, perforate, purplish, maculate with whitish, 
orange or rose, irregularly transversely costate-striate; whorls 5, 
convex, separated by a distinct suture, the last ventricose, subangu- 
lar in the middle; base convex, striate; aperture rotund-quadrate, 
white within ; columella oblique, concave, dilated above ; umbilicus 
profound, narrow. Alt. 8, diam. 9 mill. (ivrauss.) 

Cape of Good Hope. 

The transverse strive are crowded, blunt, and very unequal above, 
on the base rather regular and elevated. Young examples are 


220 GIBBULA. 


carinated, but old ones have the last whorl rounded, wide and very 
convex. The columella has a somewhat reflexed margin, which is 
a trifle widened above, slightly covering the umbilicus ; it passes 
imperceptibly into the outer lip, and is united above with the latter 
by a very thin white callus. The umbilicus is deep, narrow, longi- 
tudinally very finely striated. The color is various; either rose-red 
or orange-yellow, with traces of clear spots at the suture, or else 
purple-red with white flecks. (Krauss). 


T. benzi Krauss, Die Stidaf. Moll. p. 99, t. 5, f. 32—Pxrtiert, 
Conchyl. Cab. p. 320, t. 46, f. 1. 


Known to me only by the description (translated above) of 
Krauss, and his figures (pl. 51, figs. 13, 14), and by Philippi’s des- 
cription and figures of a shell identified by him with this species. 
Of this form Philippi says: 

The shell is pretty thin, conoidal, and consists of 5 whorls which 
are regularly moderately convex; the last shows an indication of 
an angle. The sculpture consists of slightly elevated rather narrow 
transverse lire, of which I count 4 on the penultimate, about 6 
above the periphery of the last whorl, with here and there an inter- 
mediate smaller one, and upon the base 10 less elevated ones. The 
interstices look pitted on account of the elevated incremental striz 
that cross them. The umbilicus is very narrow, but perforates to 
the apex, is widened, funnel-shaped at the opening, and is bounded 
by an obtuse but distinct keel. The color is rose-red with dark red 
dots. The above-described examples from the Menke collection differ 
from Krauss’ description in color, for his species is said to be purple 
or orange-red with white flecks ; furthermore, the umbilicus, Krauss 
says, is striate, which is not the case in the specimens before me, 
which are also more narrowly umbilicated than his figures. 


G. SCAMNATA Fischer. PI. 30, fig. 6. 


Shell small, subperforate, conoidal, unicolored cinereo-olivaceous, 
with spiral blackish bands; whorls 6, somewhat convex, with 5 to 6 
spiral elevated liree on the penultimate whorl; last whorl sub- 
angulate, base convex with 7 to 8 concentric lirz, the interstices 
narrow ; aperture subrhomboidal, suleate within ; columella arcuate, 
a little reflexed and almost covering the umbilicus. 

Alt. 7, diam. 72 mill. (Fischer.) 


Oceanica. 


GIBBULA. 22 


T. (Gibbula) scamnatus FiscuEr, Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 66.— 
Cog: Viv, p. 394, t. 117, f. 4. 


G. sMALTATA Fischer. PI. 82, figs. 72, 73 


b 


Shell small, narrowly perforate, conoid, obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, 
separated by linear sutures; the first whitish; the remainder very 
finely obliquely striate, shining, very variable in color, sometimes all 
chestnut or blue, sometimes maculated with green or brown and 
spirally zoned, the bands linear, narrow, pale, sometimes articulated 
with brown; penultimate whorl rather tumid, body-whorl angulate, 
subplanulate below and obsoletely concentrically lirate ; aperture 
subrotund, suleate within ; basal margin arcuate ; columella regularly 
concave-arcuate, nearly closing the umbilical perforation above ; 
umbilical area somewhat funnel-shaped, white, striate, carinate at its 
margin. Alt. 6, diam. 6 mill. ( Fischer.) 

S. Australia. 

T. smaltatus Fiscurr, Journ. de Conch., 1879, p. 22.— Cog. Viv., 
p- 381, t. 115, f. 4. 

According to Dr. Fischer, the T. balteatus Phil. differs from T. 
smaltatus in its more conical form, flatter whorls, and the columella, 
which is vertical, not arcuate, and subnodulose, forming an angle 
with the basal lip. 

G. BALTEATA Philippi. PI. 33, fig. 92. 

The shell is solid for its small size, perforate, nearly exactly 
conical in form, and consists of 6 whorls, of which the upper are 
almost planulate, while the last, which is as high as all the others 
together, is bluntly angulated; the upper whorls are encircled 
around their lower borders by a white girdle articulated with vertical 
black lines, and which is continued upon the periphery of the last 
whorl; above this girdle are 5 elevated transverse lines, and upon 
the base about 12 inconspicuous ones; the columella is almost 
vertical, rounded, with a slight tubercle in the middle, and forming 
an angle with the basal lip: the color is pale brown, and besides 
the above described girdle has large deep brown maculations below 
the suture; the spiral lire are punctate with black ; the base shows 
oblique streaks, formed by the coalescence of black dots. 

Alt. 7, diam. 6 mill. (Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 

T. balteatus Putiipri, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1849, p. 148.—Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 307, t. 44, f. 10. 


Dp GIBBULA. 


Compared by Philippi with G. racketti Payr., which is similarly 
colored, narrower, more ovoid, less conical. 


G. sEMINULA Philippi. PI. 33, fig. 89. 

The shell is rather thin, globose-conical; the 5 whorls are 
moderately convex, the last quite circular, somewhat angular in the 
middle, but the angle appears much more prominent on account of 
a thread-like ridge which encircles it. Above this are 4—5 elevated 
liree, as wide as their interstices; and upon the base are 9 or 10 lire, 
which become narrower and weaker toward the periphery. The 
umbilicus is very narrow, a mere crevice. The aperture is rhom- 
boidal, with rounded angles; the columella slightly arcuate, simple. 
The color is red, verging on yellow, with + to 5 broad white rays; 
the apex is white. Alt. 33, diam. slightly less. (Philipp ) 

Habitat unknown. 

T. seminulum Putu., Conchyl. Cab., p. 308, t. 44, f 12. 

The most similar species is our T. helicoides [G. adansonsii Payr.], 
but that species differs in the larger size, wider umbilicus and 
rounder aperture; at least no transition forms have come under my 
notice. ( Philippi.) 

G. TIBERIANA Crosse. PI. 32, fig. 53. 

Shell imperforate, conical, rather thin, olivaceous with nacreous 
reflections, ornamented with flexuous longitudinal grayish streaks ; 
spire moderately elevated ; suture impressed ; whorls 53 to 6, sub- 
planate, the last obtusely angulated; base obsoletely striated and 
covered with spots of grayish-white ; aperture oblique, quadrate, in- 
side white, nacreous; columella somewhat expanded ; outer margin 
simple, acute. (Crosse). Alt. 42, diam. 43 mill. 

Coodgee Bay, S. Australia. 

T. tiberianus CrossE, Journ. de Conch., 1868, p. 381, t. 15, f. 2.— 
Fiscuer, Cog. Viv., p. 408, t. 120, f. 2—Cantharidus tiberianus 
Anoas, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 215. 


G. vessorNsis Schrenck. PI. 37, figs. 28, 24; pl. 40, fig. 43. 

Shell small, imperforate, conical, rather thin, smooth, shining, light 
olivaceous, longitudinally marked above with radiating red stripes, 
with short alternating white maculations at the suture and periphery ; 
upper surface of whorls with three spiral girdles of alternating white 
and blackish spots, continuous over the longitudinal flames; spire 
conical, whorls 6, slightly convex, obsoletely lirate, especially at 


GIBBULA. 293 


sutures and periphery ; sutures impressed ; last whorl angulate at the 
periphery, the angle dividing the shell into two equal parts as regards 
altitude ; base convex, very finely lirate, the liree about 12 in numher, 
unicolored ones alternating with articulated white and deep brown or 
reddish ones; aperture large, equalling half the total altitude of 
shell, subcircular, about as wide as long; outer lip acute, smooth 
within ; columella arcuate, a little straightened in the middle; place 
of the umbilicus impressed and grooved, but imperforate. 
Alt. 7, diam. 6 mill. 
Hakodadi, Japan. 


T. yessoensis SCHRENCK, Bull. de PAcad. Imp. des Sci. de St. 
Petersb. v, p. 512 ; Moll. des Amur-landes u. des Nordjapan. Meeres, 
p. 358, t. 15, f. 11-18. 

An obsoletely lirate, shining species, differing from most others in 
being imperforate. From G. tiberiana Crosse the larger size and 
coloration separate it. 

This species seems to be closely allied to, or identical with 7. cal- 
lichrous Philippi. The figure of Philippi is copied on pl. 61, fig. 25; 
the description is as follows: 

Shell imperforate, acutely conoidal, very smooth ; whorls slightly 
convex, the last angulate-carinate ; whorls above and below roseous, 
articulated with red, in the middle olivaceous with spiral lines 
articulated with green dots; base olivaceous, encircled by two 
similar lines, the center rosy; aperture subrhomboidal; columella 
terete, scarcely oblique, subangular in the middle. (Phi/.) 

A small but extremely beautiful species., The shell is elevated 
conical, acute, and consists of 7 whorls. These are slightly convex, 
especially above, and the last (which is 3-7ths the total alt.) has 
a keel-like angulation. The upper and lower portions of the upper 
surface of the whorl are finely obliquely striate, rose-red with large 
brown spots; the median part of the upper surface is green, approach- 
ing olive-color, and is marked by three lines formed of dark green 
dots. ‘lhe base is the same color. The center is rose-red, then fol- 
lows a green girdle with two lines of dark green dots, and the cir- 
cumference is again rose-red with large brown spots; the aperture 
is nearly rhomboidal, white within; the columella is nearly per- 
pendicular, cylindrical, blunt-toothed in the middle, outside sur- 
rounded by an impressed line, which reminds one of an umbilical 
rimation. Alt. 74, diam. 63 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 


224 GIBBULA. 


T. callichrous Pui. Zeitschr f. Mal. 1849, p. 149; Conchyl. Cab., 
p- 298, t. 45, f. 15.—? Ziziphinus callichrous Rrrvr, Conch. Icon., 
Monog. Ziziph., f. 60. 


Reeve’s species is in all probability a distinct thing. 


G. saponica E. A. Smith. 

Shell wide short conic, deeply perforated, whitish, variegated with 
dots and spots of brown, base white; whorls 6, nearly flat, encircled 
by granose spiral liree, and cut by oblique striz ; last whorl slightly 
convex above, acutely angulated and carinated in the middle, plane 
below the carina, and with about 13 concentric granular lire, the 
one around the umbilicus larger than the rest. Umbilicus deep, 
reaching to the apex, smooth ; aperture oblique, subquadrate, pearly 
within; columella slightly thickened, parietal wall with a thin 
callus. Alt. 5, diam. maj. 8, min. 7 min. (Smith.) 

Gulf of Yado, Japan, lat. 35° 35’ N., long. 159° 48’ E., 6-25 fms. 


The keel which encircles the body-whorl runs up the spire in the 
deep suture. Within the umbilicus, and adjacent to the large 
granular liration which surrounds it, there is another, but much 
finer one. (Smith.) 


T. (Gibbula) japonicus FE. A.S., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi, 
peli, 


G. YAMADANA E. A. Smith. 

Shell ovate-conical, dull whitish, painted on the lire with lilac- 
brown tessellations, somewhat formed into flammules; slightly per- 
forate; whorls 5, convex, separated by profound sutures, ridged by 
delicate spiral lire articulated with lilac-brown (5 to 6 on penul- 
timate, about 20 on the last whorl) ; with oblique incremental lines ; 
aperture circular, pearly, equalling + the total length ; columella a 
trifle thickened ; terminations of peristome joined by a thin callus. 

Alt. 6, diam. 4% mill. GSmith.) 

Yamada Harbor, Japan. 

The elongate brownish-lilac spots on the lirations are situated 
somewhat irregularly underneath each other, so as to form flammula- 
tions. (Smith.) 

T. (Gibbula) yamadanus E. A. 8., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1875, xvi, p. 
Lid: 


GIBBULA. Dap Ay 


G. CORALLINA E. A. Smith. 


Shell coral-red, small, orbicular, rather depressed, deeply but 
narrowly umbilicated ; whorls 4, convex, encircled by close sub- 
granulose lire, 4 to 5 on the upper whorls, about 20 on the last 
whorl, and with distant, oblique, longitudinal striz ; umbilicus 
deep, surrounded by a large ridge suleated by longitudinal striations ; 
aperture circular, slightly pearly within. 

Alt. 23, diam. 3 mill. (Smith.) 

Japan. 

This is a very pretty little shell with convex whorls, which are 
spirally striated, the interstitial lirations being somewhat granulous. 
This appearance is produced by their being cut across by rather 
distant striations. (Smith.) 


T. (Gibbula) corallinus BE. A.S., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1875, p. 111. 
G. FULGENS Gould. PI. 40, fig. 38. 


Shell imperforate or a trifle rimate, globose-conical, rather thick 
and solid, vividly iridescent under a thin brownish cuticle, the 
reflections chiefly green and golden; spire more or less elevated ; 
apex minute, acute; sutures impressed ; whorls about 5, quite con- 
vex, the last globose, rounded, encircled by about 16 delicate lire, 
above separated by wide interstices, which are lightly obliquely 
striate, and often spirally striate; on the base the lire are closer 
and more regularly spaced, nearly as wide as the interstices. The 
liree are either uniform brown or articulated brown and yellowish ; 
there are sometimes short brown flammules below the sutures. The 
liree or keels are very widely separated about the middle of the 
whorl. Aperture subcircular, almost smooth (a trifle sulcate) with- 
in, and vividly iridescent ; columella arcuate, a trifle dilated at base, 
and either concealing the perforation above or leaving a narrow 
chink. Alt. 7, diam. 63; alt. 63, diam. 6 mill. 

Japan. 

G. fulgens Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 21 (1861) ;— 
Otia Conch., p. 160.—E. A. Smiru, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, p. 
110.—Tr. iridescens ScHRENCK Reisen im Amurlande, Moll., p. 
356, t. 15, f. 19-24; Bull. de Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St. Petersb. v, 
p- 512 (1863) ; iv, p. 255. 

A brilliantly iridescent little shell, quite heavy and solid, hav- 
ing a little the aspect of a Solariella, but imperforate. I have seen 


no other Gibbula which shows the iridescence through the cuticle as 
15 


226 GIBBULA. 


this species does. The figure of iridescens, copied on my plate, is 
more elevated than most fulgens I have seen. 


G. LACAZEI Vélain. PI. 66, figs. 7, 8. 

Shell slightly elevated, subcircular, narrowly umbilicated ; rather 
thick, with a very thin epidermis; aperture oblique, nacreous inside ; 
operculum corneous, many whorled; spire composed of 5 whorls, 
rapidly increasing, presenting (1) a flattened, slightly convex part 
beneath ; (2) longitudinal [i. e. spiral] ridges, quite strong, unequal, 
with 2 or 3 interstitial, secondary, feeble ridges; (5) transverse 
[incremental] striz, very fine, regular, close, crossing the other 
ridges. Aperture oblique, subcircular, nacreous inside; umbilicus 
small, and often hidden by the extension of the columellar lip. 
Color a whitish-gray, with rosy and green reflections. Some of the 
principal ridges are visibly tinged with pale rose. 

Alt. 5%, diam. 7 mill. (Vélain.) 

Island of St. Paul, Indian Ocean. 


Margarita lacazei VELAIN, Comptes rendus, 1876; Archives 
Zool. Expér. et Générale, xvi, 1877, p. 118, t. 4, f£ 4-6.—M. nigri- 
cans VELAIN, lib. cit., t. 4, f. 6. 


VAR. NIGRICANS Vélain. Pl. 66, fig. 93. 
Differs in its smaller size, stronger spiral ridges, and black colora- 
) foo) ‘Sypees) 
tion. Alt. 33, diam. 64 mill. 


This is of course no Margarita. Iam not certain of its generic 
position. It was collected in great numbers by the naturalists at- 
tached to the French expedition to the islands of St. Paul and 
Amsterdam, for observing the transit of Venus in 1874. 


G. GLOBULARIuS Schrenck. PI. 69, fig. 10. 

Shell depressed-conical, imperforate or obsoletely rimate, oliva- 
ceous-brown, spirally lirate with reddish, with here and there whit- 
ish undulating rays; whorls 5, planulate, separated by deep sutures, 
last whorl somewhat convex, subangular; base plano-convex, brown, 
spirally striate with red; umbilical tract callous, rosy; aperture 
rounded-quadrangular, the columellar margin very minutely biden- 
ticulate. with a little pit between the teeth; outer lip margined 
with black inside; throat white, pearly. Alt. 7, diam. 9 mill. 


(Schrenck.) 
Bay of Hakodadi, Japan. 


GIBBULA. DoT 


T. globularius ScurencK, Bull. de Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. 
Vv, p- 512; Amurlandes Moll. p. 357, t. 16, f. 1-4. 


A species of doubtful generic position. 


G. REDIMITA Gould. 


Shell depressed, orbicular, narrowly perforated, greenish-pearly, 
iridescent, lirze ornamented with black, the apex white; whorls 43, 
rather convex, encircled by 3 or 4 lire or carinz (on the last whorl 
about 12, slenderer below) ; umbilicus white, small; aperture large, 
cireular, pearly ; columella white, somewhat reflexed above, joining 
the outer lip with a thin callus. Alt. 33, diam. 4 mill. (Smith.) 

Japan (48 fms.) 

This very pretty species is at once recognized by its green pearly 
surface and the black-dotted spiral keels. (Smith.) 

G. redimita GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 20; Otia Conch., 
p. 159.—T. (Gibbula) redimitus E. A. Surry, Ann. Mag. N. H. 
LSAO,0pe uk £1. 

Gould’s description is as follows: 

Shell small, ovate-conic, ventricose, thin, silvery under a calcareous 
coat, encircled by remote flat liree (5 on the spire), pale crimson. 
the lire articulated red and white; whorls 7, ventricose, tabulate ; 
base rounded, scarcely rimate; aperture rounded-ovate; columella 
thin, erect, dilated above, flattened below. Alt. 7, diam. 6 mill. 

Hakodadi Bay, Japan. 
G. srictica A. Adams. 

Shell depressed-conical, broadly and deeply umbilicated, reddish, 
maculated with brown; whorls flat, encircled by white and black 
articulated cinguli; last whorl angular at the periphery ; base con- 
vex, concentrically sulcate; aperture orbicular; umbilicus open, 
perspective. (A. Ad.) 

New Caledonia. 

Omphalius sticticus A. Ap. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 39. 


G. DoRIz Caramagna. PI. 51, fig. 27. 


Shell conoidal, solid, perforate; whorls 62, angulate, excavated 
above, ornamented with granose cinguli with square red spots, and 
minutely longitudinally striate; cinguli 5 on penultimate, 6 on the 
last whorl, which is angulate at base ; base with 7 concentric cinguli, 
tessellated red and white. Shell rosy, sometimes olivaceous, 
ornamented with darker maculations on the last whorl, the cinguli 


228 GIBBULA. 


tessellated ; suture nearly filled by the first granose ridge ; umbilicus 
profound, wide, finely striate, lightly cingulate ; lip smooth, crenated 
by the sulci of the outside; columella simple, arcuate, lamellar, 
twisted at the umbilicus, forming a little canal at the base ; aperture 
subrotund, whitish, rosy. Alt. 63, diam. 6 mill. (Caramagna.) 


Assab, on the Red Sea. 


G. dorie CARAMAGNA, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. xiii, p. 127, t. 8, f. 3 
(1888). 


G. TAPPARONEI Caramagna. PI. 51, fig. 1. 


Shell small, turbiniform, very thick; spire short, obtuse, apex 
mammillated ; whorls about 4, the first two smooth, very rapidly 
increasing, the remainder convex, ornamented with spiral ridges or 
cords, the ridges costiform, rounded, regular, as wide as the interstices, 
ornamented with blood-red spots ; spots here and there interrupted, 
sometimes disposed in nearly regular series parallel with the axis, 
more obscure on the posterior part of the last whorl; interstices 
between the ridges profound, sulciform, white; last whorl more 
produced than the spire, quite inflated, rounded at the periphery, 
depressed on the base, umbilicated ; umbilicus very narrow, white, 
encircled by a white zone ; aperture oblique, rounded, simple ; peris- 
tome with a light thickening; within white, or painted like the out- 
side ; suture somewhat impressed, simple. 

Alt. 3, diam. 3 mill. (Caramagna.) 

Assab. 


G. tapparonei CARAMAG. Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital. 1888, p. 129, t. 8, 
P70: 


G. IssELI Caramagna. PI. 51, figs. 5, 6. 


Shell conoidal, solid, umbilicated ; whorls 5, angular, separated by 
somewhat deep sutures, canaliculate, granulate, maculate with 
olivaceous, minutely obliquely striate; obscure subquadrangular 
spots alternating with white ones on the last whorl; 3d and 4th 
whorls angular above and below, with 4 cinguli; lower part of last 
whorl with 17 cinguli; outer lip acute, slightly sulcate at margin, 
maculate; columella denticulate in the middle; aperture suboval, 
analiculate within, whitish pearly ; umbilicus narrow, deep, ob- 
liquely channelled. Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill. (Caramagna.) 

Assab. 


G. isselii CARAMAG., Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1888, p. 129, t. 8, fi 6. 


GIBBULA. 229 


G. DANIELI Crosse. PI. 32, figs. 57, 58, 58a. 


Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed conoidal, solid, lusterless, 
whitish, upper surface spirally banded with dark brown, apex 
roseate, base light, clouded with brown; spiral low-conoidal, apex 
acute, sutures well impressed ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, spirally 
coarsely ridged, the ridges not beaded, about 4 to 6 in number 
above the periphery, more numerous on the base; the whole sur- 
face closely, minutely, densely, spirally and radiately striate; last 
whor] slightly descending at aperture, rounded or subearinate at 
periphery ; aperture quite oblique, rounded-subquadrate ; outer lip 
slightly crenulated, margined inside by a thin opaque white band, 
silvery and showing folds in the nacre within; columella oblique, 
sinuous, a little thickened in the middle; umbilicus deep, narrow, 
bounded by a smooth rib. Alt. 5, diam. 6-63 mill. 

New Caledonia, Viti and Samoa Is. 


Clanculus danieli Crossk, Journ. de Conchyl. 1862, p. 407, t. 13, 
f. 5.—Trochus danieli Fiscuer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 49; 
Coq. Viv., p. 326, t. 102, f. 1—Gibbula filosa GARReErt, Proc. Cal. 
Acad. Sci. iv, p. 201 (1872). 


Distinguished from other forms by the red apex, sculpture of fine 
spiral strize over coarse lirz, which are not granose. Umbilicus 
with growth-lines inside, bounded by a smooth rib. 


G. REEVEI Montrouzier. PI. 32, figs. 59, 60. 

Shell small, perforate, conoidal, rather solid, blackish-green or 
olive-brown, marked at the sutures with pale spots, base obsoletely 
articulated with white and brown; whorls 5, convex, separated by 
canaliculate sutures, obliquely finely striated, spirally cingulate, the 
cinguli prominent, 6 to 7 on the penultimate whorl, the upper 
ridge wider and subgranulose; last whorl subangulate, slightly 
convex beneath, and encircled by 7 concentric cinguli wider than 
their finely decussated interstices; aperture rhomboidal, sulcate 
within ; lip thickened, basal margin crenulated; columella oblique, 
thick, granulose ; umbilicus profound. (F%scher.) 

Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill. 

New Caledonian Archipelago. 


Trochus reevei Monrr., Journ. de Conchyl. 1866, p. 141, t. 6, f. 8. 


—FIscHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 49; Coq. Viv., p. 327, t. 
102, f. 2. 


230 GIBBULA. 


G. AFFINIS Garrétt. Pl. 40, figs. 6, 7. 


Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, conoidal, rather solid, lusterless, 
cinereous, encircled by spiral series of small brown or slate colored 
subquadrate spots ; spire conical, apex whitish, acute, sutures slightly 
impressed, not canaliculate; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last sub- 
carinate at periphery; surface all over very minutely densely 
spirally striate, and more or less decussated by growth-lines; with 
about 5 larger somewhat granose ridges on the penultimate, 12 
or more on the last whorl ; body-whorl slightly descending anteriorly ; 
aperture rounded-quadrangular, iridescent and sulcate within ; basal 
margin finely crenulate; columella straight in the middle; umbili- 
cus bounded by a coarsely plicate rib, whitish and strongly spirally 
grooved within. 

Alt. 5-53, diam, 6 mill. Diam. of umbilicus, 1 mill. 

Viti and Samoa Is. 

G. affinis GARRETT, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 201 (1872). 

My description and figure are drawn from specimens received 
from GARRETT. 


G. concinnA Dunker. PI. 40, figs. 5, 9. 


¢ Shell small, globose-depressed-conical, narrowly umbilicate, solid, 
lusterless, soiled whitish or yellowish, with either a series of dark 
flammuies below the sutures, the base faintly articulated with dark, 
or else the entire surface mottled, nearly covered with blackish. 
The body-whorl is obtusely subangular, and descends a trifle 
anteriorly ; the sutures are narrowly but decidedly impressed ; the 
penultimate whorl has 7 or 8 equal strong spiral lire, as wide as 
the interstices, which are densely obliquely striate and have usually 
a few indistinct spiral striz. The base has about 10 concentric 
lirule. Aperture rounded, very oblique, thickened with opaque 
white within, its edge crenulated; umbilicus narrow, bounded by 

an indistinctly crenulated rib, strongly grooved within. 

Alt. 4, diam. 5 to 6 mill.; diam. of umbilicus, 3 mill. 
Samoa Is.; Upolu. 


The upper one or two lire are more or less beaded, and sometimes 
all of them are. The interstices are sometimes wider than the lire, 
and have numerous quite distinct spiral strie. The species differs 
from G. affinis Garrett in having subequal lire, and a narrower um- 
bilicus, scarcely exceeding } mill. in width. I have been unable to 


find any description of this shell; it is mentioned in Museum, G'od- 


GIBBULA. Doi 


effroy Catalog V, p. 147; Cat. der Conchyl—Sammil. von Fr. Paetel, 
8te lieferung, p. 569; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 201, and several 
other places, but nowhere can [ find a reference to the description. 
It was probably never described. The form is very close to G. 
affinis and G. reevei. 


G. stRANGEI A. Adams. PI. 32, figs. 61, 62. 

Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, globose-conical, rather thin, 
lusterless, olive colored, with scattered white dots, and obliquely 
radiating brown flames below the sutures, the spiral ribs with mi- 
nute brown dots; spire conical, acute; sutures subcanaliculate ; 
whorls 5, convex, encircled by strong spiral ridges, 3 on the upper, 
4 on the last whorl, the fourth forming the periphery ; interstices 
spirally striate, below the suture radiately lamellose striate ; base 
with numerous concentric lire ; a patch around the umbilicus white, 
articulated with brown; aperture subquadrangular, iridescent and 
sulcate within ; columella straight, usually green tinged. 

Alt. 6, diam. 6 mill; alt. 10, diam. 8 mill. 

Port Jackson, Australia. 


G. strangei A. Ap, P. Z. 8S. 1867, p. 217.—Trochus stranget 
FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 329, t. 102, f. 3. 


The strong keels of the upper surface separate this form from 
allied species. 


G. coxt Angas. PI. 31, figs. 34, 35; pl. 32, fig. 69. 

Shell orbicularly conical, moderately umbilicated, rather solid, 
whitish, marbled with olive and pink, and with a few broad pure 
white flames descending from the sutures and interrupted on the 
keels with brownish red; base reticulated with gray and minutely 
spotted with red ; spire conical; whorls 5, angular, with two prom- 
inent rounded keels, one next the suture; concave between the 
suture and upper keel, and a little concave between the keels, finely 
spirally ridged and decussated with exceedingly fine and close 
oblique longitudinal lines; base convex, finely concentrically ridged 
and decussated like the whorls, the ridges increasing in size toward 
the umbilicus. (Angas.) Alt. 8, diam. 10 mill. 

Port Jackson, Australia. 


Gibbula coxi Anaas, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 115, t. 18. f. 26—T. coat 
“A, Ad.” Fiscaer, Coq. Viv., p. 339, t. 105, f. 3. 


DaZ GIBBULA. 


A globose-conoid species, with two strong rounded keels, the 
whole surface covered with fine spiral striz. One of the specimens 
before me from BRAZzIER has no color markings. 


G. oppRESSA Hutton. PI. 40, figs. 4, 5. 


Shell small, imperforate (or with a shallow “false umbilicus”), 
conical, somewhat solid, lusterless, dark olive-brown or greenish, 
minutely tessellated all over with a slightly darker shade of the 
same hue (scarcely visible unless the shell be. wetted); whorls about 
5, convex, those of the spire keeled in the middle, body-whorl 
biangular, base rather flattened ; entire surface closely finely spirally 
striate, the strize of base becoming coarser toward the axis; aperture 
oblique, quadrangular, smooth within and brilliantly iridescent, the 
nacre dark green with red reflections; lip slightly thickened by a 
narrow opaque margin within, not crenulated ; columella oblique, 
straight, long, inserted in the center of the base; umbilicus filled 
with callus, leaving only a slight pit. Alt. 53, diam. 6 mill. 


Auckland, N. Z. 


G. oppressa Huron, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 34; Proc. Linn- 
Soc. N. S. W. 1884, p. 364; Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, t. 14, f m. 
(dentition). 


My description and figure are drawn from a specimen received 
from Professor Hurron. The imperforate axis separates this form 
from the preceding biangulate Australian Gibbula. 


G. PRASINA Garrett. Pl. 40, figs. 14, 15. 

Shell minute, perforated, globose-depressed, rather thin, scarcely 
shining, light olive-green, mottled closely with dark greenish, the 
whole surface, save a circum-umbilical tract, often uniform blackish- 
green; spire yery short, formed of 4 very rapidly widening whorls 
separated by well-marked sutures; the whorls spirally lirate except 
on the base, the lirze slightly crenulated by indistinct oblique 
growth marks; aperture very large, very oblique, rounded, the 
extremities of peristome nearly joining, connected by a short parietal 
callous; columella and basal margins equally curved, simple and 
smooth within; umbilicus quite narrow. 

Alt. 23, diam. 34 mill.; alt. 3, diam. 4 mill. 

Viti Is. 

Gibbula prasina GARRETT, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 202. 


99 


GIBBULA. 233 


A curious little form, quite distinct from any other known to me. 
The figure and description are from specimens received from 
GARRETT. 


G. saTortius Deshayes. PI. 40, fig. 23 
Shell turbinate, subglobose, conoidal, blackish-brown, transversely 
very finely lirate, liree unequal, mostly punctate very regularly with 
white; spire short, acute; whorls 6, slightly convex, separated by 
linear sutures, slowly widening, the last large, globular, angular at 
the periphery, obtuse below; base profoundly perforate; aperture 
subcireular, very oblique, white; columella cylindrical, slightly 
tortuous. Alt. 6, diam. 6 mill. (Desh.) 
Id. Réunion. 


T. satorius Desu. Moll. de Le de la Réunion, p. 72, t. 9, f. 7, 8. 


G. STRIATA Garrett. 

Shell small, rather thin, globosely conical, grayish-brown, rarely 
crimson, delicately mottled with whitish; whorls 5, convex, last one 
gibbose, subangulated at the periphery, closely lineated with large, 
unequal sized, elevated spiral strize; umbilicus whitish, small, with 
deep spiral grooves within; aperture roundly subquadrate, pearly 
white, outer lip rather thin. Alt. 4, diam. 5 mill. ( Garrett.) 

Viti and Samoa Is. 


G. striata GARRETT, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 201 (1872). 


According to Garrett this is a very rare species. I have seen no 
specimens. 


G. LEHMANNI Menke. PI. 40, figs. 12, 13. 


Shell umbilicate, rather thin, orbicular-conoid ; whorls 6, separated 
by impressed sutures, the first eroded, the following angular, flattened 
above, gradate, strikingly painted, spirally lirate, lirze delicate, about 
12 on the penultimate whorl; last whorl dilated, biangular, or- 
namented with transverse white and reddish-violet interrupted lines, 
like flexuous rays; at the suture and periphery there are zones 
formed of violet-brown spots alternating with white or yellowish 
ones; base convex, with. 15 to 16 cencentric lire; coloration white 
and reddish tessellated ; aperture subovate, margins thin; columella 
arcuate, subnodose inside below; umbilical tract white, funnel- 
shaped. Alt. 73, diam.9 mill. (%scher.) 

Western Australian coasts. 


234 GIBBULA. 


Turbo lehmanni Mrenxn, Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 18—Trochus 
lehmanni Puiippi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 185, t. 28, f. 15—FiscHer, 
Coq. Viv., p. 362, t. 111, £3 (not Trochus lehmanni Menke, Moll. 
Novy. Holl., p. 18, nor 7. lehmanni Kienver, Spee. genre Trochus, t. 
46, f. 2).— Gibbula pulchra A. Ap., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 187. 


G. TESSERULA Tenison—Woods. PI. 32, figs. 66-68. 
? fo) 


Shell small, shining, obliquely depressed, deeply umbilicated, 
thin, blackish, with a kind of a purple iridescence, conspicuously 
marked with a line of large square black and white spots at the 
periphery ;. whorls 33 to 4, convex, regularly and distantly spirally 
striate, decussate transversely with close fine lines. Outer lip thin, 
crenulate, inner lip reflexed and curved, scarcely separated from the 
labrum ; aperture subquadrate, tessellate inside with a fine iridescent 
film ; base smooth, polished and convex. 


Alt. 4 mill. (7. Woods.) 


The depressed form of this shell and its conspicuous tessellations 
distinguish the species from the many forms of Gibbula we have in 
the Australian Seas. G. depressa described by me is a dark tessellated 
form, but it is widely sulcate. (7.- Woods.) 

G. tesserula T—Woops, Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 
KVM LOM pole tok too 

The figures of this shell are much enlarged. Tenison—Woods 


does not give the locality, but it is presumably Tasmania or Eastern 
Australia. 


G. DEPRESSA Tenison—Woods. PI. 40, figs. 36, 37. 


Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed, thin, lusterless, whitish, 
mottled and somewhat radiately streaked with blackish-brown and 
crimson, periphery whitish, with or without a series of dark blotches ; 
base olive or brown, sometimes tessellated with a darker shade ; 
spire very low, short; apex minute, subacute ; sutures narrowly im- 
pressed ; whorls about 4, the last very rapidly widening, with several 
(6 or fewer) coarse but superficial spiral liree above, and about 6 
narrower, still less conspicuous ones beneath; periphery more or 
less distinctly biangular; aperture large, subquadrangular, quite 
oblique ; iridescent and sulcate within, the lip thin, fragile, bordered 
inside by a thin opaque band ; columella thin, a little straightened, 
umbilicus narrow, not bounded by a distinct rib or carina, smooth 
within. Alt. 4, diam. 63 mill. 


Tasmania. 


GIBBULA. 235 


G. depressa TENISoN—Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875, p. 154. 


G. DOLOROSA Tenison—W oods. 

Shell small, turbinate-conoid, solid, lirate, slightly shining, black- 
ish-purple, apex pearly, rosy ; whorls 4—5, slightly convex, encircled 
by wide rounded equal lire, and decussated by oblique, obsolete in- 
cremental striz; base convex, lirate, purple; umbilicus narrow, 
longitudinally striate; aperture rounded, brilliantly iridescent, 
lirate within; columella margined. 

Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill. ( Tenison— Woods.) 

Bass’ Straits. 


A somewhat tumidly conical small solid shell, umbilicate and 
lirate, specially distinguished by its blackish-purple hue, while the 
apex is pearly and rose color. The mouth is splendidly iridescent, 
and the columella is marginate. (7’-— Woods.) 

G. dolorosa TENISON—W oops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1876, p. 148. 
(1877 
G. PHASIANELLA Deshayes. PI. 31, figs. 31, 32, 35. 

Shell small, globose-turbinate, narrowly perforate, thin, smooth, 
shining, marbled and mottled with various shades of olive, brown 
and pinkish, usually showing dots of white, or spiral lines of white 
and pink or brown articulated ; spire short, conical, apex minute, 
acute, sutures impressed ; whorls about 5, rounded, the last large, 
convex below, indented around the narrow white umbilicus; aper- 
ture rounded-oval, with a very thin layer of bluish iridescent nacre 
within, oblique; outer, basal and columella margins well curved, 
thin, simple, converging and united across the parietal wall by a 
thin layer of callus. Alt. 6, diam. 6 mill.; alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. 

Id. of Réunion; Art, New Caledonian Archipelago ; Lifu, Loyalty 
Archipelago. 


Turbo phasianellus Dresu., Conchyl. de I’Le de la Réunion, p. 74, 
t. 9, f. 13, 14—Trochus phasianellus FiscuEr, Journ. de Conchyl. 
1874, p. 156, and 1875, p. 49; Coq. Viv., p. 363, t. 111, fi 4. 


This beautifully variegated little shell is closely allied to G. tas- 
manica Petterd differing in the smoother, polished surface and color- 
ation. The rich, mottled color-pattern is like some specimens of 
Turbo petholatus L. It is the type of Fischer’s subgenus Calliotro- 
chus, a section which includes also G. tasmanica and probably some 
other small species. 


236 GIBBULA. 


G. AMIRANTIUM Smith. PI. 67, figs. 65, 66. 


Shell small, subglobose, perforate, spirally finely lirate and sul- 
cate, white, the lire being interruptedly pink; whorls 4—5, convex, 
rapidly increasing; last whorl rounded at the periphery, lirate 
throughout, the lire rather narrower than the intervening grooves 
and crossed by the lines of growth. Aperture circular, occupying 
more than half the total height of the shell. Columella arcuate, 
white, covered with a callous, which is considerably reflexed, 
especially at the lower part. Alt. 4, diam. 41 mill. (Smith.) 

Etoile Island, Amirantes, 18 fms. 


Trochus (Gibbula ?) amirantium E. A. Smiru, Zool. ‘ Alert’ p. 
504, t. 44, fi v. 

The distinguishing feature of this little species is the reflexed 
character of the columella. (Smith.) 


G. WELDI Tension-W oods. 

Shell small, depressed-turbinate, carinated, rather widely umbil- 
icate, solid, shining, whitish, elegantly ornamented with slender 
oblique lines and brown spots; whorls 5, quadrate, carinated above 
and below, the carinze rounded, elevated, conspicuously spotted with 
fulvous; all over (except the carinz and the space between them on 
the last whorl) lirate; apex obtuse ; base flat, striate, with radiating 
rose colored lines; aperture rounded, peristome continuous, thick- 
ened; columella arcuate, conspicuous ; umbilicus margined, margin 
white, within marked with spiral equal liree. 

Long. 7, lat. 63, alt..6 mill. (Tension- Woods.) 

Bass’ Straits. 

A small depressedly turbinate shell, white, shining and _ porce- 
lanous, keeled and lirate throughout except on the keels and on the 
last whorl between them. It is prettily marked with brown spots 
on the keels and fine diagonal lines of the same color on the whorls ; 
on the base which is lirate it is radiately marked with fine rose lines. 
The umbilicus is white margined and spirally lirate. Rare. This 
shell may turn out to be G. porcellana A. Ad., but I had no speci- 
men of the latter for comparison. (Tension- Woods.) 


G. weldii T.-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soe. Tasm. 1876, p. 143 (1877.) 


G. TASMANICA Petterd. Pl. 40, fig. 20. 


Shell small, perforate, globose-turbinate, rather thin, lusterless, 
whitish, tinged with yellow or greenish, unicolored or marked with a 


GIBBULA. 237 


few angular radiating maculations of blackish-brown; spire very 
short ; sutures impressed ; whorls about 43, convex, rounded, all over 
finely regularly spirally lirulate ; last whorl rounded at the periphery, 
or very bluntly subangular, convex beneath, impressed around the 
umbilicus; aperture quite oblique, rounded-ovate, angular above, 
broadly rounded below, with a thin iridescent layer of nacre within ; 
outer, basal and columellar margins rather thin, curved, the latter 
joined to the upper margin by a thin white parietal callous; 
umbilicus not bounded by an angle, narrow. 

Alt. 54, diam. 54; alt. 6, diam. 53 mill. 

Brown River, Tasmania. 

G. tasmanica PETTERD, Quart. Journ. Conch. (Leeds) ii, p. 108 
GST). 

This dull whitish little shell may be known by its finely striate 
surface, narrow umbilicus, short spire and globose-turbinate form. 


G. AUREA Tension- Woods. 


Shell small, turbinately conical, scarcely umbilicate, yellowish- 
white, painted very prettily with reddish gold spots; whorls 4, 
margined at the base, and flattened, rounded above and constricted 
at the sutures; girded by irregular obliquely striate very fine strize ; 
margin elegantly tessellated with white and reddish gold; base 
sculptured with impressed tessellated lines ; aperture rounded. Very 
nacreous underneath. Alt. 5, diam. 4 mill. (Tension- Woods.) 

Kings Island, Tasmania. 

G. aurea T.-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875, p. 153 (1876.) 

The Academy received shells under this name from Mr. Beddome, 
(Pl. 40, fig. 17) but I am not at all sure that they really represent 
Mr. Tension- Woods’ species. 

G. ocHorensts (Middendorf) Philippi. PI. 60, figs. 3, 4. 

Shell globose-conoidal, narrowly umbilicate, closely transversely 
suleate, blackish ; whorls convex, the last subangulate ; base convex, 
rounded toward the umbilicus; spiral lines about 11 on the penult- 
imate, 30 on the last whorl; aperture rhombic-orbicular; columella 
oblique, sub-excavated above, rounded; beautifully nacreous, green- 
ish. ( Phil.) 

The shell is orbicular-conical, consisting of 5 regularly conyex 
whorls, the last indistinctly angular at the periphery, convex beneath, 
and notably convex near the umbilicus. Umbilicus very narrow, 
and while it perforates to the apex, one can hardly get the finest 


238 GIBBULA. 


needle through it. The sculpture consists of numerous elevated 
transverse lines. On one specimen there are 11 on the penultimate 
whorl, rather strongly elevated, scarcely half as wide as their inter- 
stices ; on a second there are about 30 much weaker ones; on both 
the base is more densely striate than the upper surface. The aperture 
is rounded, slightly quadrangular; the outer lip is simple; the 
columella oblique, arcuate, passing into the outer lip, and is strongly 
incurved above, as in the related species. The color is blackish- 
gray unicolored in the thickly striate specimen; the other (here 
illustrated) has obliquely longitudinal coalesing dashes on a clear 
ground. This coloration affects only a very thin layer, beneath 
which lies a beautiful nacre, with play of golden and green tints. 
Alt. 16, diam. 18 mill. (Philippi) 
Okhotsk Sea. 


T. ochotensis (Middendorf in litt.) Puitippt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 222, 
t. 34, fi. 1. 


I do not know the generi¢ position of this species. 


G. zonaTA Wood. PI. 36, fig. 21; pl. 64, fig. 38. 

Shell imperforate but excavated at the place of the umbilicus, 
depressed-conical, rather solid, whitish, with numerous spiral bands 
and lines of purplish-brown ; surface very lightly obliquely striate, 
closely, densely finely spirally striate, generally with three strong 
carine, one at periphery, the others above ; whorls about 5, convex, 
those of the upper surface bicarinate; last whorl convex, carinate 
or subearinate ; aperture rounded-quadrangular, oblique, nacreous 
inside with slight sulci at the positions of the external carine ; col- 
umella a little straightened. Alt. 7, diam. 8 mill. 


Cape of Good Hope. 


Tr. zonatus Woop, Index Test. suppl. t. 5, f. 34—KRrauss, Die 
Stidaf. Moll., p. 97.—Puixreri, Conchyl. Cab. p. 287, t. 42, f. 8.— 
Von Martens, Jahrb. d. Mal. Gesellsch. 1874, p, 129, 142.— 
Watson, Challenger Gasterop. p. 76.—T. cingulatus Munur., Mag. 
d. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, viii, 1818, pl. 2, f 11, (not 
cingulatus Brocchi)—T. menkeanus Prix. Abbild. u. Beschr. i, p. 
91, t. 21, f. 6; i, p.39.—T. cingulatus (again) MENKE, Syn. Meth., 
p- 55, 145.—T. leaensis Watson, Journ, Linn. Soc. Lond., xv, p. 90. 
—“ Cymatia cingulata”” Mun. in coll. (Specimens sent to I. Lea, 
1835, now in A. N.S. P. coll.) 


GIBBULA. 239 


A small form, distinct from other Cape Gibbula in its fasciate 
color-pattern. There is great variation in the prominence of the 
spiral carinee. Lischke classes it as a Photinula, and it certainly 
bears a considerable resemblance to that group. 


G. CAPENSIS Gmelin. PI 31, figs. 36, 37. 


Shell narrowly umbilicated, conoid-depressed, whorls 5, the first 
roseate, eroded, the following convex above, depressed beneath, 
whitish or rosy, flammulate with brownish-violet radiating macula- 
tions, obliquely striate and spirally lirate, the lire flat, narrow, not 
granose ; last whorl dilated, subangulate above, depresso-carinated 
at the periphery, convex beneath and ornamented with 9 concentric 
reddish lire; aperture oblique, subquadrate; lip simple: columella 
arcuate, denticulate at base, slightly calloused above, almost cover- 
ing the umbilicus. Alt. 12, diam. 17 mill. (Fischer.) 

Cape of Good Hope. 

T. capensis GMEL. Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3573.— Krauss, Die Sudaf. 
Moll., p. 100.—Puttieri1, Conchyl. Cab. p. 196, t. 29, f. 22.— 
FiscHEr, Coq. Viv. p. 311, t. 98, f. 3. 


A conical flat-based species, often more decidediy radiately striped 
than the figures represent. 


G. TRYONI Pilsbry. PI. 69, figs. 20, 21. 


Shell conical, umbilicate, rather thin, crimson or purplish red, ob- 
securely, rather finely mottled with arrow-shaped whitish dots, usually 
with several narrow articulated lines on the base, and in the middle of 
the upper surface of the last whorl; apical whorls eroded, yellow ; 
spire conic; whorls 5, a little tumid below each suture, and with a 
narrow ledge or margin, marked off by an impressed line, above 
each suture. This peripheral ledge gives the last whorl a rather 
prominent keel ; the surface is polished, but shows quite prominent, 
spaced, impressed growth-lines, and under a lens is all over very 
densely minutely spirally striate; the base is flattened, rather 
prominent around the umbilicus; aperture oblique, quadrangular, 
smooth and with a very brilliantly iridescent green nacre inside ; 
columella arcuate above and expanded partly over the umbilicus ; 
parietal wall free from callus; umbilicus deep, with a narrow 
rapidly tapering perforation, but broad and funnel-shaped at the 
opening. Alt. 12, diam, 14 mill.; alt. 13, diam. 13% mill. 

Cape of Good Hope. 


240 GIBBULA. 


Has the aspect of G. richardi on the base, but is more narrowly 
umbilicated and has smaller, less oblique aperture. The ledge on 
the periphery is like that of G. magus, G. albidus, and other species 
of the typical group. The color is sometimes pale purplish red ; 
mottled with light green, and with broad subsutural darker flames, 
sometimes it seems nearly unicolored crimson above. The mottlings 
will however be seen under a lens. The base is always lighter 
colored. The principal peculiarity of sculpture is the fold-like 
oblique striation, and the very dense microscopic striation of the 
whole surface. 


G. MULTICOLOR Krauss. PI. 62, fig. 83. 

Shell small, narrowly perforated, conoidal, whorls 5, the first 
whitish-rosy, the following white, with reddish flammules and spots of 
green and bluish, especially at the ridges; The surface of the whorls 
is marked with very fine spiral and vertical striz, and 2 elevated 
earinee; last whorl tricarinate, base red with a spiral series of green 
streaks, concentrically striate; aperture suboval, smooth within; 
columella white. Alt. 63, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.) 

Cape of Good Hopes 

T. multicolor Krauss, Die Sudaf. Moll., p. 97, t. 5, f. 31—Putr- 
rpPi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 321, t. 46, ff, 3—FiscHER, Coq. Viv. p. 316, 
fy Coie ots 


G. PONSONBYI Sowerby. PI. 65, fig. 76. 

Shell subglobose, aarrowly umbilicate, rather thin, pale, maculated 
with brown at the base, whorls 5, convex, rapidly increasing, first 
two smooth; the rest angulated, coronated on the angle with a series 
of tubercles, above the angle spirally tri-sulcate, below obscurely 
lirate. Last whorl inflated, coronated with a series of (about 12) 
tubercles; below the corona uni-lirate, at base convex, ventricose, 
rounded, furnished with about 8 rather acute lire. Aperture semi- 
lunar; columella lightly callous, contracted above, turgid below the 
middle. 

Alt. 183, diam. 14 mill.; aperture, alt. 9, breadth 7 mill. (Sowd.) 

In the absence of operculum it is impossible to say with certainty 
to what genus or section this species belongs, though I have little 
doubt it will prove a Gibbula. The base is unusually convex and 
ventricose, the spire rather shortly conical, and the upper angle 
coronated with rounded tubercles. The mouth is rather wide, and 
the umbilicus narrow. The spiral ridges on the base are rather 


GIBBULA. 241 


close, and the upper ones distant. (Sowb.) Described from a single 
dead specimen. 
Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. 
Tr. (Gibbula) ponsonbyi Sows., P. Z. S. 1888, p. 209, t. 11, f. 5. 


G. VULNERATA Philippi. PI. 51, figs. 10, 11. 


Shell conoidal, imperforate, transversely sulcate-cingulate, yellow- 
ish, painted with oblique blood-red streaks; whorls convex, the last 
scarcely angular; aperture rhombic-rounded; columella very 
oblique, cylindrical, simple. (Phi/.) 

The shell is rather thick, imperforate, conoidal ; the 6 whorls are 
convex, the last scarcely angular, with 7 to 8 transverse sulci, which 
are as broad as the ridges lying between them; the base is similarly 
traversed by the same number of sulci. There is scarcely a trace 
of umbilicus to be seen. The aperture is rhombic-circular, and 
appears somewhat contracted on account of the very thick lip; the 
columella is very oblique, cylindrical, straight ; the color is yellow- 
ish, regularly marked with oblique blood-red streaks. 

Alt. 113, diam. 113 mill. (Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 

T. vulneratus Pui. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1850, p. 16; Conchyl. Cab. p. 
305, t. 44, f. 7. 

G. pisuM Philippi. Pl. 31, figs. 38, 39, 40. 

Shell perforate, turbinate-conic, rather solid, lusterless, reddish, 
with white radiating flammules above, more or less dotted with 
white beneath, and with (usually) a white umbilical tract; spire 
conical, apex acute, sutures narrowly canaliculate ; whorls about 43, 
the last biangular, its upper surface spirally lirulate, the subsutural 
spiral prominent, followed by about 4 smaller ones; periphery 
biangular from two encircling strong lire, with an equal or slightly 
smaller one between them, on each side of which is a minute spiral ; 
base with 5 to 7 concentric lire; interstices all over obliquely 
crispate-striate ; aperture subcircular, smooth within; columella 
arcuate, white. Alt. 52, diam. 6 mill. 

West Indies. 

T. pisum Purwiprt, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 111; Conchyl. Cab. 
p- 205, t. 30, f. 11—T. gradatus Goup, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, 
p- 91 (1849); U.S. Expl. Expedition Moll., p. 175, f. 210. 

A well-marked species, of which numbers of specimens are before 


me. Dr. Gould gives “ Pacific Is.” as the locality of T. gradatus 
16 


242 GIBBULA. 


(pl. 31, figs. 38, 89, 40) which I take to be the same species. I have 
specimens found among small West Indian shells. The young are 
very similar to certain species of Liotia. They are strongly bicari- 
nate, the carinze with radiating short spines; there is a subsutural 
granose ridge, and a similar one bounds the umbilicus. I am not 
certain that the species is a Gibbula. A specimen of this species is 
drawn in figs. 2, 3, pl. 45 of vol. x of the Manual. 


G. RosEus Krauss. PI. 40, fig. 58. 

Shell small, globose-conoid, imperforate, thin, roseate, unicolored 
or marked with white flammules; whorls terete, transversely cingu- 
late, cinguli 3 on the penultimate whorl, the interstices much wider, 
striated ; base closely lirate; aperture rhombic-orbicular, columella 


oblique. (Phil) 


The shell is wholly imperforate in my examples, with only a 
slight impression at the place of the umbilicus, rather thin, globose- 
conoidal, acute, formed of 5 convex, strongly separated whorls. 
These on the upper part are encircled by 3 narrow ridges, their 
broad interstices traversed by 2 to 4 elevated lines; the rounded 
base has about 7 to 9 close spiral liree with narrow interstices. The 
aperture is almost circular, scarcely quadrate ; the columella oblique, 
scarcely straight. The color is rose-red, with darker girdles or 
with white flecks, or with radiating flames above. 

Alt. 6, diam. 6 mill. (Philippi.) 

Cape of Good Hope. 

T. roseus Krauss, Die Sudaf. Moll. p. 97.—Puiuipri, Conchyl. 
Cab. p. 198, t. 29, f. 26. (? Globulus roseus Chemnitz, ? T. roseus 
Gmel.)—T. gaudiosa GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 21. 


I identify this shell with specimens before me marked G. gaudiosa 
Gld., which agree well with Philippi’s description. 


Unfigured, Undetermined Species. 


G. LocuLosA Gould. T. parva, globoso-conica, depressa, sub- 
tenuis, rosaceo fusco ete. et strigis radiantibus flavidis variegata ; 
anfr. 5, ventricosis, liris 5 et filiis minoribus 1-3 ad interspatia 
- exiliter clathrata cinctis ; liris levibus, coloribus articulatis ; sutura 
profunda; basi rotundato concentrice arato; regione umbilicali 
pallide, arcte perforata; apertura rotundato ovata; fauce margarit- 
acea, suleata. 


GIBBULA. 243 


Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill. (Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc, N. H. vii, p. 21.) 
False Bay, Cape of Good Hope. 
G. mustvA Gould. T. parva, ovato-globosa, tenuis, liris transversis 
ubique cincta, luteo nigro ordinatim tessellata; anfr. 5, convexis; 
basi imperforato (junioribus exceptis); apertura rotundato-ovato ; 
columella inerassata, antice subdentata; fauce nacrea, suleata: 
Diam. 6 mill. (Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 21.) 
Simon's Bay. 


G. FucATA Gould. T. parva, orbicularis, depressa, supra leevis, 
infra concentrice striata, livido-cinerea, strigis rubris vel fuscis 
saturatiori marginatis ad peripheriam angulatis et subtus interdum 
tessellatis variegata, subcrusta calcarea iridescens ; anfr. 5, declivi- 
bus; sutura conspicua; basi arctissime perforato; apertura ampla, 
ovata; columella arcuata, subreflexa. 

Alt. 5, diam. 7 mill. (Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 20.) 

Habitat unknown. 


G. suLcosA A. Adams. TT. conoidea, umbilicata, maculis roseis 
flammulis albo-punctatis variegata ; anfr. paulum convexis, longitu- 
dinaliter substriate, transversim sulcate, sulcis subdistantibus, an- 
fractu ultimo subangulato, basi convexiuscula, lineis impressis con- 
centricis sculpta ; apertura suborbiculari ; columella superne sinuata, 
basi subtruncata. (A. Ad. P. ZS. 1851, p. 186.) 

Sir C. Hardy’s Id., N. Australia, 8 fms. 


G. MrinporEnsis A. Adams. ‘Testa elevato conoidea, perforata, 
viridi-fusca, fasciis pallidis longitudinalibus ornata; anfractibus 
rotundatis, liris transversis subgranulosis cinctis, ultimo subangulato, 
basi convexa; columella subrecta, basi tuberculo terminata; labro 
intus sulcato. (A. Ad., P. Z.'S. 1851, p. 186.) 

Puerto Galero, Id. of Mindoro, 9 fis. 


G. uNposA A. Adams. TT. orbiculato conoidea, umbilicata, vire- 
scenti, lineis fusco-viridibus undatis longitudinaliter picta; anfr. 
rotundis, transversim tenue liratis, ultimo subangulato, basi convexa; 
apertura expansa, intus iridescenti; columella superne sinuata, basi 
rotundata. (A. Ad. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 186.) 

Habitat unknown. 


G. KALINOTA A. Adams. T. orbiculato-conoidea, perforata, vire- 
scenti, carneo-cinereo variegata; anfr. rotundatis, lineis elevatis 
albo-articulatis, superne gibbosis ; sutura profunda, anfractu ultimo 
rotundato, basi convexa, cingulis articulatis concentricis ornata, 


244 GIBBULA. 


margine umbilici angulato, linea elevata cincto, columella superne 
sinuata, basi subtruncata; labro intus levi. (A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1851, 
py LST.) 
Habitat unknown. 
G. venusrA A. Adams. T. orbiculata-conoidea, umbilicata, 
viridi-fusca, maculis albis prope suturas, cingulis subdistantibus fusco 
rubroque articulatis, interstitiis liratis, longitudinaliter oblique 
striata; anfractibus superne gibbosis, rubro pictis; sutura canalicu- 
lata; anfractu ultimo rotundato, basi convexiuscula, cingulis fusco- 
alboque articulatis, regione umbilicali rosea picta ; columella sinuata, 
basi truncata. ( A. Ad. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 187.) 
Australia. 
G. puncrocostaTta A. Adams. Testa turrito-conica, lutescenti, 
umbilicata; anfractibus superne cingulis tribus nodulosis, rubro- 
articulatis, infra cingula puncto-nodosa, basi plana, cingulis con- 
centricis subnodosis rubro-articulatis ornata, margine umbilici linea 
elevata cincta; columella subrecta, basi truncata ; labro intus lirato. 
(Ae Ad: Pu ZS sol, paisi) 
Id. of Capul, on the reefs at low water. 
G. teucosticra A. Adams. TT. conoidea, perforata, nigra, punctis 
lacteis picta ; anfr. conyexiusculis, transversim lirata, longitudinaliter 
striata, liris subdistantibus, albo-punctatis, interstitiis leis elevatis 
transversis ornata; anfr. ult. angulato, basi convexiuscula, cingulis 
nigro alboque articulata ; apertura subrotundata ; columella superne 
sinuata, basi rotundata. (A. Ad., P. Z.S. 1851, p. 187.) 
Bohol, Philippines. 
G. ntvosa A. Adams. T. orbiculato-conoidea, umbilicata, cinerea, 
maculis nivosis subrotundatis picta, transversim sulcata, longitudina- 
liter substriata; apertura subrotundata; columella flexuosa, basi 
rotundata. (A. Ad., P. Z.S. 1851, p. 187.) 
Habitat unknown. 
T. nycracus Forbes.  T. testa conoidea, lata, albida, purpureo- 
maculata (ad umbilicum flammulata); anfr. 5-6, spiraliter sulcatis, 
sulcis transverse striatis, ad suturam planatis, in medio excavatis ; 
basi plano, marginato; umbilico parvo; apertura quadrangulari, 
columella incrassata. 
Al, 7—24ths, diam. 9—24th inch. (Forbes). 
Lycia, Perea. 
FE. Forses, Rep. Brit. Asso. Advancem. Sci., 1845, p. 189 (published 
1844.) 


GIBBULA—ENIDA. 245 
Subgenus Enrpa A. Adams, 1860. 


Enida A. Ap., Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1860, 
p. 408.—F iscnoer, Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 824. 


“JT have dedicated this genus to the gentle Lady Enid of the Poet- 
Laureate’s ‘Idylls of the King,’—a creation of the brain more 
beautiful, more tender, and more pure than any of the so-called 
goddesses of the Greek mythology who have lent their names to 
science. Enida, founded on shells of great beauty and of exquisite 
sculpture, resembles a depressed and widely umbilicated Ziziphinus 
with the inner lip reflexed ; in form it also approaches many species 


of Gibbula, but this group is littoral and coarser in its physiognomy. 
Deep-water shells are usually more delicate and of finer sculpture 
than those which have to buffet with the tides.” (A. Adams.) 


G. saponica A. Adams. PI. 67, figs. 44, 45. 


Shell depressed-conical, profoundly umbilicated ; whorls 52, slightly 
convex, ornamented with transverse granulose lire, the interstices 
obliquely longitudinally striated ; last whorl encircled by a promi- 
nent crenulated carina at the periphery; aperture subquadrate, in- 
ner lip reflexed in the middle, outer lip smooth within; base with 
close granulose liree; umbilicus moderate; color pale brown, orna- 
mented with radiating brown patches. (A. Ad.) 

Off Mino-Sima, Japan. 65 fms. 


Enida japonica A: Ap. Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1860, p. 408.— 
DunkeEr, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 144, t. 12, f. 17, 18. 


This appears to be the most abundant species, but all the speci- 
mens I obtained in the dredge were dead shells. In this species 
and E. speciosa the inner lip is smooth within, but in E. gemmulosa 
it is internally thickened and lirate and crenate at the margin; in 
E. japonica the aperture is also less circular in its outline. (A. Ad.) 


G. spectosA A. Adams. Unfigured. 

Shell depressed-conical, broadly umbilicate; whorls 43, nearly 
flat, angulated at the sutures, with rather close transverse granulose 
liree, the interstices elevately, obliquely striate; last whorl orna- 
mented on the periphery with a deeply crenulated rib; aperture 
oblique, quadrate ; inner lip straight, broadly reflexed in the middle; 
outer lip angular at the suture, smooth within ; sutures canaliculate ; 
base ornamented with granulose lire alternately large and small; 


246 GIBBULA—MONILEA. 


umbilicus wide, perspective, the margin crenulated; color whitish, 
radiately painted with patches of reddish-brown. (A. Ad.) ~ 


Off Mino-Sima, Straits of Korea. 63 fms. 
E. speciosa A. Av, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1860, p. 409. 


This species is more depressed and more widely umbilicated than 
Enida japonica, and the whorls are rather concave at the upper part; 
the granular lire are wider apart, and the’oblique strize of the inter- 
stices coarser. (A. Ad.) 


G. GemMMuLosA A. Adams. Unfigured. 

Shell depressed-conical, broadly umbilicated, sutures profoundly 
canaliculate; whorls rounded, ornamented with close transverse 
series of squamiform granules, 5 on the last whorl; whorls above 
at the sutures delicately plicate; aperture rounded-quadrangular ; 
inner lip excavated and deeply reflexed in the middle; outer lip 
thickened and sulcate within, its margin crenate; base somewhat 
convex, bearing 4 series of squamiform granules; umbilicus pro- 
found, margin crenate. (A. Ad.) 


Off Mino-Sima, Japan. 63 fms. 
Enida gemmulosa A. Ap. Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1860, p. 409. 


This granular species differs very much from the two last de- 
scribed, but partakes of all the characters of the genus. the scale- 
like granules arranged in transverse rows are very peculiar. ‘Lhe 
aperture is nearly circular, and beautifully nacreous and pearly 
within; otherwise this shell might by some be mistaken for a 


species of Echinella. (A. Ad.) 
Genus MONILEA Swainson, 1840. 


OF. 


Monilea SwarnsON, Shells and shell-fish, p. 852—H. & A. ADAms, 
Genera, i, p. 430.—FiscneEr, Manuel de Conchyl., p. 824.— Talopia 
GRAY, 1842. 

Shells of the genus or subgenus Monilea have a more or less 
developed callous ridge or funicle revolving on the inner side of the 
whorl within the umbilicus, and terminating at the columella, the 
edge of which is reflexed over it. The outer surface is spirally 
striate or lirate, and closely obliquely striated. The Indian Ocean 
is the habitat of most of the forms, but some are found in the Pacific. 
The outer lip is usually lirate within, and the columella more or less 
obviously crenulate on its edge. The shell is heavy and strong; but 


MONILFA. QAT 


some species are as thin and light as in the closely allied group 
Minolia. 
The following sections may be admitted : 
A. Umbilicus with a spiral cord or funicle; Section Monilea. 
S$. Umbilicus narrow without spiral funicle. 
a. Shell globose-conic; columella toothed below; Section So- 
landeria. 
b. Shell elevated-conic; columella crenulate, not toothed ; Sec- 
tion Priotrochus. 


Section MonILra s. s. 
* 
M. CALLIFERA Lamarck. PI. 41, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 

Shell narrowly umbilicate, conoidal, more or less depressed, strong, 
solid, lusterless, whitish or yellowish, with radiating maculations or 
stripes above, the base unicolored or obliquely striped, stripes often 
interrupted ; spire conoidal, apex acute, corneous, sutures impressed, 
whorls about 6, convex, the last rounded at periphery but often 
with a tendency to be biangulate there; densely finely lirate all 
over, the lirze very closely and finely beaded by the oblique incre- 
mental strize which are prominent in the interliral spaces; aperture 
oblique, rounded-quadrate, conspicuously lirate within, the lire ex- 
tending nearly to the edge of the outer lip, and 10 in number ; col- 
umella short, ending below in a denticle, concave above and reflected 
partly over the umbilicus, and over the termination of a strong spiral 
funicle which almost fills the white umbilicus. 

Alt. 12-14, diam. 18-19 mill. 

Australia ; Philippines; New Caledonia; Andaman Is.; Ceylon. 


T. calliferus LAM., An. s. Vert., vil, p. 27—DELEssERT, Rec. de 
Conch., t. 36, f. 5—Puruipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 206, t. 30, f. 13. 
CuHENv, Man. de Conchyl., p. 362, f. 2685—FiscurEr, Coq. Viv., p 
257, t. 86, f. 83—T. callosus Woon, Index Test., suppl., t. 5, f. 33 
(not T. callosus Gmel.).—T. masoni G. & H. Nevii1, Journ. Asiat. 
Soe. Bengal 1874, p. 28, t. 1, f. 1. : 


T. masoni Nevillis figured on pl. 41, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17. 


Has a stronger spiral funicle within the umbilicus than any 
other species. There is a considerable degree of variation in the 
development of this spiral pillar of callous in different individuals. 
The T. calyculus of Woop (Ind. Testaceo., suppl., pl. 6, fig. 44) may 


248 MONILEA. 


be synonymous, but it has the columella shaped very differently at 
the lower part. (PI. 61, fig. 13.) 


M. venTicINosA A. Adams. PI. 41, figs. 8, 9,10; pl. 60, figs. 23, 

24. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, very solid, whitish, unicolored or 
obscurely striped or maculate with brown or buff; lusterless; spire 
conical; apex acute; sutures impressed ; whorls 6 to 7, convex, the 
last. with a tendency to be flattened around the middle; the entire 
surface covered with sharp close uneven spiral riblets with deeply 
incised interstices, and very fine, close, longitudinal growth-lamelle, 
forming compressed beads on the lire, and generally lamellz in 
the interstices. Aperture oblique, rounded-quadrangular, with 10 
or 11 plicee within, which attain the edge of the lip. Columella 
short, toothed below, concave and somewhat expanded above. Um- 
bilicus with a smooth funicle, not very prominent, within. 

Alt. 17, diam. 22 mill.; alt. 21, diam. 20 mill. 


Philippines; Singapore; Australia at Swan River, Sharks Bay, 
Outer Manly Beach and Cabbage-tree Bay. 


M. lentiginosa A. Av. P. Z. 8.1851, p. 188.—WM. corrugata A. AD., 
P. Z. S. 1854, p. 41 (not TL. corrugatus Koch).—Tr. lentiginosus 
FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 317, t. 100, f. 1. 


Umbilical funicle not nearly so strongly developed as in MW. 
calliferus. This species has a great similarity to the shell described 
as Trochus corrugatus by Philippi; but as Dr. Fischer has pointed 
out, that is a different species on account of the smooth inside of the 
aperture. 


M. parricrus Philippi. Pl. 41, figs. 50, 51. 

Shell deeply umbilicated, thick, orbicular-conoid, shining, whitish- 
ashen, punctate with brown or blackish-violet ; spire acute ; whorls 
7, scarcely convex, separated by a canaliculate suture; spirally cin- 
gulate, the cinguli narrow, remote, granose, 4 to 5 on the penulti- 
mate whorl; last whorl subbiangulate in the middle, encircled by 
unequal lirze; base slightly convex, radiately striate and with about 
8 white and violet articulated concentric lire; aperture subrhom- 
boidal, suleate within; columella arcuate, its base truncate-dentate, 
and above partly covering the umbilicus. Umbilical area white. 

Alt. 15, diam. 18 mill. (2ischer.) 

Central American Coasts (?) 


MONILEA. DAY 


T. patricius Pui. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1851, and Conchyl. Cab., p. 
326, t. 46, f. 11—FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 277, t. 91, f 2—Monilea 
kalisoma A. Ab. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 188. 


The locality given above is very doubtful. 


M. sTRIATULA Garrett. PI. 61, figs. 19, 20. 

Shell narrowly umbilicate, rather thin, shining, apparently smooth, 
but under a lens seen to be covered with a fine decussated pattern 
of close oblique strize cut by coarser engraved spiral lines; color 
whitish-rosy, white or buff, mottled with brown, rose or fawn-color, 
and spirally encircled by several very narrow lines of articulated 
white and brown; spiral conical, apex acute, sutures well im- 
pressed; whorls 5 to 6, convex, the last obtusely subangular at the 
periphery, convex beneath; aperture subcircular, oblique, within 
very delicately sulcate or nearly smooth, lined with a thin, silky, 
iridescent milky-bluish nacre; outer lip acute, thin ; columella regu- 
larly arcuate, not toothed below, produced in a thin olive-colored 
lobe partly over the umbilicus; umbilicus narrow, deeply spirally 
grooved within. 

Alt. 6, diam. 8 mill; alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. 

Viti Is.; Hawar. 


Trochus striatula GARRETT, Proce. Cal. Acad. i, p. 102. (1857.) 

A small shining, smooth species, with rounded whorls and beauti- 
ful microscopic surface decussation. The specimens from which the 
above description was drawn are from the Viti Is., collected by 
GARRETY. 


M. viriticineus Menke. PI. 41, fig. 28. 

Shell umbilicate, conoidal, rather thin; whorls 6, convex, the 
first smooth, whitish, the remainder corneous-fulvous, maculate 
above with white or brown, ornamented with narrow remote articu- 
lated zones, flattened-sloping above, angulate, very delicately obliquely 
striate, spirally very finely lirulate; last whorl angular, convex 
beneath; base ornamented with several concentric brown and white 
articulated lines, radiately and spirally striated ; aperture subquad- 
rate, margins thin; columella oblique, reflexed outward into a 
linguiform lobe; umbilicus with a spiral funicle terminating in the 
columellar lobe. Alt. 8, diam. 11 mill. (Fischer.) 

Port Jackson and St. Vincents Gulf, Australia; N. Australia ; 
Philippines ; Japan. 


250 MONILEA. 


T. vitiligineus Mxe. Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 18.—Puiieri, Conchyl. 
Cab., p.-176, t. 28, f. 2—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 397, t. 118, f 3.— 
Minolia vitiliginea ANGAS, P. Z.8. 1865, p. 182; Ue. 1867, p. 217.— 
T. vitcligineus LiscHK®r, Jap. Meeres Conchyl. ii, p. 86.—Marga- 
rita nitiligineus A. Ap., P. Z.8.1851, p. 190.—Trochus (Solariella) 
vitiligineus Watson, Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 72. 

I have seen no specimens which I can refer with certainty to this 
species. I think it possible that Fischer has wrongly identified it. 
This species and the last should be critically compared and investi- 
gated by some naturalist who has abundant material. The entire 
genus Monilea is very much in need of a more thorough revision 
than the limited material before me allows me to attempt. 

T. vitiligineus may belong in Minolia. 


M. WARNEFORDI G. & H. Nevill. PI. 41, figs. 12, 13. 

Shell flatly conoidal; whorls 6, angular, spirally ribbed with 
rather distant, slightly undulating costulations, keeled at the periph- 
ery; on the angle of the last whorl a row of slightly raised transverse 
undulations, giving the shell a coronated appearance ; brown irregu- 
larly and minutely reticulated with white; base smooth, glabrous, 
closely ribbed, ribs somewhat superficial, flat, with a smooth thick- 
ened callosity round the umbilicus, forming a tooth on the margin 
of the columella; interior of the aperture barely striated. The 
only species at all resembling this fine shell are Monilea rigata Phil., 
M. callifera Lam. (also found in our Indian seas), and our WM. 
masoni; it can, however, be easily distinguished from all of them 
by the above characters. Alt. 93, diam. 133 mill. (Nevill.) 

Andaman Is. 

Trochus (Monilea) warnefordi Nry1ui, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 
STAs pw 27, tae, hace 
C. BELCHER! Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 3, 4. 

Shell depressed-conoidal, umbilicate, thin, sharply transversely 
lirate, white, painted with scattered red dots and a few larger red 
spots; whorls convex, separated by a subeanaliculate suture, the last 
rounded ; umbilicus surrounded by a peculiarly reddish colored 
callous; aperture subrhomboidal; columella nearly perpendicular, 
incised at base. (Phil) 

A very handsome species. The shell is rather thin, somewhat 
depressed ; the whorls are strongly convex, especially at the sutures, 
which are therefore almost channelled; the last is well rounded. 


MONILEA. 251 
The upper surface is ornamented with narrow, elevated, sharp lire, 
of which three are stronger, alternating with two or three smaller 
ones; about 12 similar ones are on the base; all of them are crossed 
and made subgranose by closely crowded growth-lines. The umbili- 
cus is moderate, surrounded by a peculiar callus, which shows only 
growth-lines. The aperture is almost rhombic ; the columella oblique 
below in the middle of the callous excavated. On a white ground 
there are strewn red dots and larger spots. The apex is white or 
rose-red. The umbilical callous is reddish-brown. Alt. 93, diam. 
125 mill. Allied to T. crenulatus Mke., but differing in the colora- 
tion, deep sutures and umbilical callous. ( Philippi.) 
Inside the reef at Tongatabu, off Nukalofa, 18 fms. ( Watson.) 


T. belcheri Putit., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 148; Conchyl. Cab., 
p- 302, t. 44, f, 3—Warson, Challenger Rept., p. 71. 


M. riGATA Philippi. PI. 41, figs. 32, 33. 

Shell conoidal, umbilicate, transversely closely sulcate, longitu- 
dinally closely striate; whitish; clouded with brown; whorls 
rather convex, the last rounded; base plano-convex, closely sul- 
cate; umbilicus funnel-shaped, dilated, modified by two spiral 
callouses ; columella arcuate, base truncate. (Phil.) 

The shell is somewhat flatly-conoidal, with 7 moderately convex 
whorls. The penult. has about 8 elevated lines, often in pairs; 
the last whorl has 12. They are decussated by dense oblique 
elevated growth-lines, as are also the slightly wider interstices. 
The base is level, and has about 8 narrow slightly elevated con- 
centric lire. The umbilicus is pretty narrow, but at the last 
whorl is widely funnel-shaped, showing two rounded spiral ribs, 
the lower terminating in the denticle at base of the columella. 
The aperture is rounded rhombic; the throat suleate within; the 
columella produced outward with a somewhat reflexed margin. 
The color above is whitish or pale rust-yellow, with brown spots; 
beneath it is lighter with wavy interrupted brown lines, and darker 
umbilical border. Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill. This species stands 
midway between T. solandri and T. calliferus. It is separated from 
the first by the broader umbilicus, the slightly elevated spiral liree, 
which on the base are narrow and crowded; from the last the 
much less developed umbilical callus separates it. (Philippi.) 

Adelaide, Australia, 


T. rigatus Puiu. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 124; Conchyl. Cab., p. 
184, t. 28, f. 14. 


202 MONILEA. 


M. soLANpRI Philippi. Pl. 61, figs. 9, 10. 


Shell depressed-conoidal, whitish, sprinkled with brown spots and 
streaks; whorls convex, encircled with close obsoletely crenulated, 
subgranose lire; base with 8 cinguli, the interstices elegantly 
punctate-foveolate ; umbilicus open, spiral; columella arcuate, base 
produced into a denticle; lip suleate within. ( Phil.) 

The shell is pretty flatly conoidal, pretty thin, and consists of 7 
whorls; they are pretty convex, and are encircled by about 10 
double, strongly elevated sharp lire, each consisting of a larger and 
a smaller; on the last whorl there are still more. These liree on my 
specimens are scarcely granulate to speak of, but the interstices are 
crowded with growth-lines. The base, which distinguishes this 
species from T. rigatus and T. calliferus, is pretty flat, with 8 smooth 
concentric lire, of which the broad interstices are very prettily 
punctate, or rather divided into little pits. The umbilicus is mod- 
erately wide, and opens out like a funnel, and is sharply bounded by 
the innermost rib of the base. The aperture is lower than broad, 
rather quadrangular; the outer lip and throat are suleate; the col- 
umella is produced, and ends in an acute tooth. The color is white, 
with brown dots, which often, especially on the base, coalesce into 
streaks. Alt. 11, diam. 15 mill. (Philippi.) 

West Coast of Australia. 


Monodonta crenulata MKr., Moll. Noy. Holl. p. 14 (1843) (not 7. 
crenulatus Lam. nor Brocchi.)— T. solandri Parirprt Conchyl. Cab., 
p- 180, t. 28, f. 8.—Monilea plumbea A. Av. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 188. 


M. tiFuaANaA Fischer. PI. 41, figs. 6, 7; pl. 59, figs. 64, 65. 

Shell perforate, conoid-depressed, rather thin ; color very variable, 
whitish-buff or rosy, brown reddish, ornamented with rosy macula- 
tions and narrow spiral lines articulated with white; transversely 
delicately sulcate, the sulci exquisitely decussated by incremental 
strie; whorls 6, slightly convex, the first buff, the remainder sub- 
angulate ; last whorl dilated, slightly subangular in the middle, con- 
vex beneath and very finely decussated ; aperture suboyate, del- 
icately suleate within; columella arcuate ; columellar callous thick, 
semicircular, yellowish or livid-green, almost covering the umbilicus. 

Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. (Fischer.) 

Id. of Lifou, Loyalty Archipelago. 


T. lifuanus Fiscuer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 68, 206; Coq. 
Viv., p. 388, t. 116, f. 4—Smith, Zool. ‘ Alert.’ 


MONILEA. 253 


Easily to be distinguished from T. calliferus by the thin shell, 
fine sculpture, and colored columellar callous. The example figured 
is about double the size of the other specimens seen, according to 


Dr. Fischer. 


M. rcenA Gould. Vol. IX, Pl. 6, figs, 22, 23; vol. XL, ‘pl. 37, f. 

13. 

Shell minute, low ovate-conie, thin, amply umbilicated, ashy white, 
pearly beneath; whorls 6, convex, the last obtusely angular, each 
one encircled by 4 sharply-compressed well-elevated ribs the two 
uppermost of which are beaded ; interspaces concave, smooth, with 
a single groove near the margin of the umbilicus ; the latter occupies 
s of the base, is tunnel-shaped, penetrating to the apex, its sides ex- 
cavated on each whorl, the verge of which is crenulated ; aperture 
nearly circular, slightly encroached upon by the inflection of the 
columella; lip simple; interior pearly. 

Alt. +, diam. 5-10 inch. (Grould.) 

New Zealand. 


Solarium egenum GouLD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. 84 (1868) ; 
U.S. Expl. Exped. Shells, p. 196, atlas, fig. 226.—Monilea zeland- 
ica Hurron, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. (1873).—Margarita zelandica 
Hutton, Sows. in Conch. Icon., Monog. Margarita, f. 17—Monilea 
egena Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1884, p. 365.— Torinia 
egena MARSHALL in Tryon, Manual of Conchology; ix, p. 22, t. 6, 
f. 22, 23. 


I have not seen this shell. I follow Prof. Hutton in referring it 
to Monilea. Pl. 37, fig. 18 is the Margarita zelandica of Sowerby. 


Unfigured species of Monilea. 
M. rurBpiINaTA Tenison—Woods. 


Shell turbinately conical, perspectively umbilicate to the apex, 
fleshy whitish, clouded with pale brown spots and streaks; whorls 
6, rounded, obtusely angulate and subeanaliculate above, spirally 
suleate, and girdled with numerous (about 12) lire alternating great 
and small; suture impressed; apex obtuse and pearly; last whorl 
angulate at the periphery; base convex, lirate and transversely 
slenderly spirally striate ; aperture transversely ovate ; lip thickened 
and nacreous, lirate within; columella short, sloping, concave ; 
umbilical margin 5-costate, terminating with 4 tubercles. Closely 


254 MONILEA. 


allied to M. corrugata of N.S. Wales, but more conical, the whorls 
not granular, umbilicus wider, and terminating in four tubercles. 

Long. 18, lat. 20 mill. (Ten.— Woods.) 
North Coast of Tasmania. 


M. turbinata T.—Woobs, Proc. Roy. Soe. Tasm. 1876, p. 145. 


M. apicrna Gould. Testa parva, ovata conica, t2nuis, filis 
numerosis subequalibus cincta; apice et flammulis sparsis radi- 
_antibus rosaceis; anfr. 5, convexiusculis, ad peripheriam obtusis; 
sutura profunda; basi convexo, lineis inerementi nonnihil granu- 
latis; umbilico minuto, costa callosa marginali et altera interiori 
cincto; apertura fere circularis. 

Axis 5, diam. 6 mill. (Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 16, 
1861.) 

Port Jackson. 


M. vernicosa Gould. T. parva, tenius, depressa, orbicularis, 
nitida, minutissime reticulata, virescens strigis saturioribus ad 
suturam et ad peripheriam quadratim dilatatis et superne cingulis 
4 albo articulatis picta; anfr. 5, convexis ad peripheriam sub- 
acutis; sutura profunda ; basi convexo; umbilico profundo, pallido, 
extus excavato et plicato; apertura ampla; columella expansa, 
antice angulata, extus dentata. 

Axis 4, diam. 6 mill. (Gould, 1. c. p. 16). 

Ousima. 


M. nana Gould. TT. minuta, solida, ovato-globosa, albida; anfr. 
4, ad suturam plicatis, ultimis liris granulosis 2-3 cinctis; apice 
obtuso, levigato: basi convexo, concinne striato ; umbilico satis 
magno, plicato-crenulato; apertura circularis; labro crasso; col- 
umella tenui, antice dilatata. 

Diam. 2+ mill. (Gould, I. ¢. p. 16.) 

China Coral Seas. 


M. terra Gould. T. minuta, solida, ovato-conica, filis (quorum 
cingulo eminentiore) articulatis rosaceis vel argillaceis cincta, 
intervallis pallidioribus, regione suturali tessellato ; anfr. 4-+, con- 
vexis; apice obtuso; basi convexo; umbilico plicato, albido 
cincto; apertura circularis, labro simplici, crasso ; columella 
eequabili. Diam. 3 mill. (Gould, 1. ce. p. 16.) 

Kagosima Bay. 


MONILEA. Da 


M. GiuarEosa Gould. T. parva, solida, ovato-globosa, cinerea, 
flammulis radiantibus fuscesentibus variegata ; anfr. 5, ventricosis, 
apicalibus plicato-granulosus, ceteris liris frequentibus, quorum 
5-4 majoribus interdum subdivisis cinctis ; basi rotundato ; umbilico 
modico, ad marginem plicato-crenato; apertura circularis; labro 
incrassato, simplici. Diam. 5 mill. (Gould, |. ¢. p. 17.) 

Loo Choo, Ousima and Kikaia. 


M. spurtA Gould. TT. parva, rudis, crassa, depressa, orbicularis, 
albida; anfr. 4, supernis simplicibus, alteris liris 4 elevatis et lineis 
incrementi decussatis, ultimo ad peripheriam obtuso; basi con- 
vexo; umbilica amplo, profundo, scalariformi; apertura circularis ; 
columella tenui; labro antice dilatato. 

Diam. 5, axis 4 mill. (Gould, |. e. p. 17.) 

. Simons Bay. 


M. trrata A. Adams. Testa orbiculato-conica, umbilicata, 
pallida; anfr. paulum convexis, liris transversis elevatis distantibus, 
interstitiis decussate striatis ornatis ; anfr. ult. angulato, basi convexa, 
margine umbilici suleo cincto. (A. Ad., P. Z.8. 1851, p. 188.) 

Habitat unknown. 


M. pustnnA A. Adams. T. orbiculato-conica, umbilicata, rube- 
scenti, fusco variegata; anfr. planiusculis, cingulis granorum trans- 
versum distantibus (cirea quatuor) ornata, interstitiis transversim 
striatis; columella in medio sinuata. (A. Ad. |. ¢., p. 188.) 

Habitat unknown. 


M.swarnsonut A. Adams. —T. conoidea, umbilicata, albida, nigro 
variegata ; anfr. planis, cingulis subgranosis, albo nigroque articulatis 
ornatis; ultimo subangulato, basi planiuscula, cingulis rufo-articulatis 
ornata ; columella basi tuberculata ; labro intus lirato, 


(AeA lc. 7189.) 


Habitat unknown 


M. menket A. Adams. T. orbiculato-conoidea, umbilicata, 
sordide alba; anfr. convexiusculis, supremis transversim liratis, 
interstitiis longitudinaliter rugoso-reticulatis ; infimis cingulis gran- 
ulosis, confertis, granulis nonnulis majoribus ornatis; umbilici 
margine callo carneo, spirali, striato cincto; columella in medio 
sinuata callo reflexo instructa, antice bituberculata; labro intus 
lew. (A. Ad. P. ZS. 1854, p..38.) 

Masbate, Philippines. (Cuming.) 


256 MONILEA—SOLANDERIA. 


M. poitrpprr A. Adams. T. orbiculato-conoidea, umbilicata, 
sordide cornea, fusca radiatim picta; anfr. convexiusculis, cingulis 
transversis, xequalibus, crenulatis, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis 
ornatis ; margine umbilici callo spirali, fusco, radiatim striata cincto ; 
columella in medio sinuata, ecallosa, antice obsolete bituberculata. 


(A. Ad. 1. c. p. 39.) 


China Seas. 
The species most nearly resembling this is the T. belcheri of 
Philippi, which I imagine is the T. calyculus of Wood. (Ad.) 


M. PHILIPPIANA Dunker. 

Shell small, rather solid, conoidal, umbilicate ; whorls 52, plano- 
convex, the last and the penultimate subangulate, encircled by 
spiral crenelliferous costule, finely striated in the interstices only 
visible under a glass; last whorl rather biangulate, with three 
larger median ribs; base convex, ornamented with about 10 small 
crenated equal ribs; umbilicus pervious, with a crenated margin, 
provided with a spiral rib inside; aperture subrotund; color pale 
gray, umbilical margin white, the riblets, especially the larger 
punctate and articulated with black. 

Alt. 4, diam. 6 mill. (Dkr.) 

Samoan Archipelago. 

Monilea Philippiana Dxr., Malakozool. Bl. xviii, p. 170, 1871. 

An unfigured species, allied in sculpture and coloration to Tr. 
preissianus. 

M. rENUILIRATUS Dunker. 

Shell orbiculate-convex, depressed conoidal, perforate, very thin, 
pellucid, shining, whitish, variegated and spotted with pale ashen 
and reddish; whorls 7, convex, moderately increasing, the last 
subangulate; base convex, perforated by a narrow umbilicus, with 
a white spiral rib terminating in a small concave lamina ; aperture 
subrotund, lip acute; columella a little thickened. 

Alt. 6, diam. 10 mill. (Dkr.) 

Samoa Islands. 


Trochus tenuiliratus DKr., Mal. Bl. xviii, p. 168, 1871. Allied 
to T. vitiligineus Mke. 
Section SOLANDERIA Fischer, 1880. 


Solanderia FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., Monogr. Trochus, p. 417 (1880) ; 
Man. de Conchyl., p. 824. 


MONILEA—PRIOTROCHUS. 2am 


M. nucLEa Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 31, 32. 


Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose-conoidal, solid, whitish, mac- 
ulated with chestnut, sometimes banded, often punctate and artic- 
ulated with white dots ; spire conic, acute, short; sutures impressed ; 
whorls 5 to 6, convex, decussated by spiral liree and close, strong 
longitudinal strize ; the lirze usually with intermediate lirule ; whorls 
often a little flattened below the suture, with a slight angle at the 
shoulder ; last whorl globose and convex ; aperture slightly oblique ; 
outer and basal lips closely lirate within ; columella short, concave, 
its edge plicate-denticulate, terminating below in a tooth; umbilicus 
funnel-shaped, white, margined by a slight convexity terminating 
below the columellar tooth. 

Alt. 73 diam. 83 mill.; alt. 9, diam. 9 mill. 

New Caledonian Archipelago; Japan; Viti Is. (Garrett.) 


T. nucleus Pu. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 171 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 
306, t. 44, f. 9—FiscueEr, Coq. Viv., p. 256, t. 86, f. 2. 


A peculiar little species, of globose form, with truncated columella, 
lirate interior, and finely decussated surface. The color pattern is 
very variable. The Viti Id. specimens before me have rather large, 
angular radiating maculations above, of a blackish umber shade, 
a lighter girdle around the periphery, the base maculated and tes- 
sellated umber and buff. 


Subgenus Priorrocuus Fischer, 1880. 


Aphanotrochus v. Marr., in Mobius’ Reise nach Mauritius, 
Mollusken, p. 296 (1880) type, Tr. obsewrus Wood.—Priotrochus 
FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 420 (1880); Manuel de ConchylL, p. 824. 

Von Martens declares Fischer’s name, Priotrochus to have one 
month priority. 

The relations of the group are with Monilea and Solanderia. 
The operculum and animal are unknown. 


M. opscurus Wood. PI. 61, figs. 33. 


Shell narrowly perforated, conical, elevated, very solid, thick, 
ashen-white, with longitudinal chestnut streaks or maculations, 
spire elevated, apex acute, sutures slightly impressed, the whorl 
below them closely appressed; whorls 6 to 7, the upper ones sub- 
angular and nodulose in the middle, the last with a coronal series 
of knobs, on large specimens becoming obsolete toward the aper- 


ture; entire surface traversed by spiral lirule, much narrower than 
yy 


258 MONILEA—PRIOTROCHUS. 


the densely obliquely striate interstices; aperture oblique, about 
half the length of shell, ovate; outer lip bevelled to an edge; 
throat spirally lirate; edge of columella denticulate, its upper 
insertion callous, partly or nearly covering the umbilicus. 
Alt. 23, diam. 18 mill. 
Red Sea to Natal. 


T. obseurus Woop, Index Testaceologicus, suppl. t. 5, f. 26.— 
Puitipr1, Abbild. ii, Trochus t. 6, f. 8; Conchyl. Cab., p. 200, 
t. 30, f. 3.—FiscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 208, t. 69, f. 2—Krauss, Die 
Stidafric. Moll, p. 98—Marrens, Mobius’ Reise n. Mauritius, p. 
296.—T. signatus Jonas, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 171.—T. lineo- 
lata Brancont, Mem. della Accad. Sci. della Instituto di Bologna, 
ser. 2, iv, p. 524, t. 1 (1864). 


Young specimens are subbiangulate with nodulose periphery. 


M. curysou#Ma von Martens. PI. 39, fig. 27. 

Shell conoid-ovate, perforate, sculptured with about 8 spiral lire 
above the suture, 11 below; grayish-white; whorls 5, convex, 
separated by rather deep sutures; last whorl rounded, base con- 
vex; aperture ovate-circular, moderately oblique, small; outer 
margin slightly thickened within, simple; columellar margin cal- 
lously thickened, obtusely denticulate; throat golden, spirally striate. 

Alt. 73, diam. 62 mill.; aperture alt. 4, width 33 mill. (Von- 
Martens.) 

Black River, Mauritius. 

Tr. (Aphanotrochus) chrysolemus Marr., Reise nach Mauritius, 
p. 296. 


M. couport Fischer. PI. 61, fig. 36. 

Shell small, imperforate, thick, conoid-elongated ; whorls 6 to 7, 
convex, whitish-ashen, punctate with rose-color, maculate with 
spadiceous ; spirally cingulate, the penultimate whorls with 8 
cinguli; last whorl elongated, rounded in the middle, appressed 
below the suture, convex beneath ; aperture ovate-subquadrate ; lip 
crenulated ; columella arcuate, delicately crenulated. 

Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. (Fischer.) 

Id. of St. Marie, near Madagascar. 


T. goudoti Fiscuer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 62; Coq. Viv., 
Weoly todales i. 10, 


MONILEA—MINOLIA. 259 


Subgenus Minoria A. Adams, 1860. 


Minoha A. Ap. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. iv, 1860, p. 336.— 
FiscHer Manuel de Conchyl., p. 824.—Solariella H. & A. ADAms, 
Genera Rec. Moll., i, p. 481.—W arson, Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 
72 (not Solariella Searles Wood).—Minosia Ad. DunkKER, Ind. Moll. 
Mar. Jap., p. 142. 

Minolia includes a number of broadly umbilicated thin-shelled de- 
pressed trochids, with cylindrical or angulated whorls, and fine 
decussated sculpture. They are like Monilea in many respects, differ- 
ing in the simple umbilicus, which has no spiral callous funicle 
within it. The species belong to the Indian Ocean, western and 
southwestern Pacific. As is the case in many groups of Trochide, 
I have been obliged to select the species belonging here out of a 
number of very dissimilar genera or subgenera; and I doubt not that 
still more forms, referred heretofore to Gibbula, Margarita, or simply 
Trochus, will be found to group in Minolia. The dentition and 
animal are unknown. The use by some authors of the name Solariella 
for this group is obviously indefensible. At the same time, it must 
be admitted that no character in the shells really separates Minolia 
and Solariella. It remains to be seen whether the dentition will con- 
firm their separation. In the arrangement of the genera of Trochidz 
it must be admitted that we are all at sea. The systems proposed 
by various authors break down at so many points that their artificial 
nature becomes obvious. Nevertheless, there undoubtedly is a 
natural classification to be ascertained ; this awaits a fuller knowl- 


edge of the anatomy of the group. The type of the group is 
M. punctata Ad. 


M. punctata A. Adams. Pl. 44, fig. 338. 


Shell helicoid, widely umbilicated, fulvous, punctate with red ; 
whorls 62, convex, traversed by spiral granulose cinguli ornamented 
with red dots, and alternately larger and smaller, the interstices 
beautifully clathrate with delicate oblique lamellz ; suture canalic- 
ulate; umbilicus perspective, with concentric granulose cinguli, the 
interstices closely clathrate. (A. Ad.) 

Id. of Mino-Sima, near Niphon, Japan. 

Minolia punctata Ap. Ann. Mag. N. H. 1860, p. 357. Magarita 
punctata Ad., Sows. Conch. Icon., f. 14. 


This is another modification of the hollow spiral cone of the Tro- 
choid family ; the whorls are somewhat loosely rolled on themselves, 


260 MONILEA—MINOLIA. 


which causes the sutures to be very deep, and the last whorl at the 
peristome to be almost disunited from the penultimate whorl. The 
red-brown spots on the beaded ribs and the exquisite clathrate 
sculpture of the surface render this one of the prettiest shells in the 
great family of Trochoid scutibranchs. In texture it resembles 
Enida japonica and Tercica monilifera, and judging from the shell, 
it appears to be more closely associated with the Ziziphinus group 
than with the Gibbula or Margarita. (A. Ad.) 


M. cartmnata A. Adams. PI. 44, fig. 28. 


g. 2 
Shell elevated conical, perforate, brown, ornamented with trans- 
verse lirze, the upper two decussated by lengitudinal riblets, the 
lower ones plane, the interstices delicately longitudinally striated ; 
base somewhat flattened, sculptured with concentric riblets with 
radiating striz in their interstices; margin of the umbilicus 
erenulated. (Ad.) 
Catbalonga, Philippines, 8 fms. 
Margarita carinata Ap., P. ZS. 1851, p. 190.—Sows., in Conch. 
Icon., f. 22. 


M. PULCHERRIMA Angas. PI. 41, fig. 37. 

Shell depressedly conical, rather solid, transversely finely ridged, 
with two or three broader ridges forming keels, the interstices crossed 
everywhere with very fine close-set oblique strize ; pinkish or yellow- 
ish white stained on the body-whorl with bright rose, and spotted 
on the keels with deep purple lake; whorls 6, angularly convex ; 
sutures broadly and flatly channelled ; last whorl tricarinate, beneath 
white and rounded; umbilicus wide, perspective, crenate within ; 
aperture circular, pearly inside ; peristome continuous, margins thin, 
simple. Alt. 5, diam. 8 mill. (Angas.) 

Brisbane Water, New South Wales. 

Minolia pulcherrima ANGAS, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 48, t. 2, f 10. 


The umbilicus is two mill. wide; the aperture is perfectly cir- 
cular, 3 mill. across; apex buff. My specimen is less strongly 3- 
keeled than the original description and figure indicate. 


M. BELLULA Angas. PI. 41, figs. 27. 


Shell umbilicated, conoidal, rather thin, shining; whorls 6, con- 
vex, depressed-canaliculate above, and terraced; the first whitish, 
the remainder whitish, beautifully ornamented with regular, equi- 


distant, radiating, somewhat flexuous radiating rosy streaks ; 


MONILEA—MINOLIA. 261 


spirally delicately striate; last whorl carinated; base white, 
radiately striate, somewhat convex; aperture subquadrate, smooth 
inside; lip thin, columella scarcely arcuate, narrow, forming an 
angle with the basal margin; umbilical area funnel-shaped, white, 
carinated, the carina subnodulose. 

Alt. 6; diam. 8% mill. (Fischer.) 

Brisbane Waters, N. S. Wales. 

Minolia bellula Ancas, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 48; t. 2, f. 11.—T7. 
dianthus FiscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 396, t. 118, f. 2. 

Those naturalists who retain intact the Linnean genus Trochus 
must adopt Fischer’s name dianthus for this form, as bellulus is pre- 
occupied by Philippi in Cantharidus. 


M. pupisunpaA Fischer. PI. 41, fig. 26. 


Shell small, umbilicated, conoid, rosy-red, ornamented with 
minute white dots; whorls 6, slightly convex; the first smooth, 
white, the remainder spirally delicately cingulate, cinguli 6 to 8 on 
the penultimate whorl; last whorl angulate; base convex, radiate 
with rose-color, buff around the umbilicus, concentrically lirate, the 
liree about 17-18; aperture ovate-subtetragonal; lip simple; col- 
umella arcuate, a little reflexed; umbilicus longitudinally striate, 
with a spiral marginal funicle. Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.) 

New Caledonian Archipelago. 

T. pudibundus FiscHer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 66, 206; 
Cog. Viv.; p. 376, t. 114, f. 3. 

M. PReEISSIANA Philippi. PI. 41, fig. 29. 

Shell deeply umbilicated, orbicular-depressed, rather thick ; 
whorls 5 to 53, separated by profound sutures, whitish, conspic- 
uously ornamented with flexuous rosy-brownish lines and remote 
spots at the suture and periphery; first whorls smooth; the follow- 
ing spirally, delicately sulcate, with an elevated ridge in the 
middle; last whorl bicingulate, the cinguli elevated, distant ; base 
convex, concentrically lirate, the lire larger around the umbilicus; 
umbilical area sulcate and funiculate within; aperture subrotund ; 
columella arcuate, not dentate. 

Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.) 

Gulf of St. Vincent, King Georges Sound, etc., Australia. 

T. preissianus Puit., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 123; Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 177, t. 28, f. 3—FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 245, t. 83, f. 3.— 
Gibbula porcellana A. Av., P. ZS. 1851, p. 186. 

Compare Gibbula weldit Tenison—W oods. 


262 MONILEA—MINOLIA. 


M. UNICARINATA Fischer. Unfigured. 

Shell small, umbilicate, orbicular-conoid ; apex acute, whorls 6, 
planulate, separated by linear sutures; the first whitish, remainder 
white and ashen clouded, spirally granose lirate, lire narrow, 5 on the 
penult. whorl, the interstices wider, and often with an intermediate 
lirula; last whorl acutely carinated, maculate at the periphery 
with white and chestnut, convex beneath, white and ashen tes- 
sellated, concentrically lirate, lire about 12, the central ones closer 
and wider; aperture subquadrate, margins thickened, plicate ; 
columella oblique; umbilical area white concave, spirally plicate- 
funiculate, subcrenate outside. Alt. 4, diam. 7 mill. (J ischer.) 

Australia (Quoy & Gaimard). 

T. unicarinatus Fiscuer, Journ. de Conehyl. 1879, p. 25. 


Described from a single specimen in the Paris Museum. “ Allied 
to T. preissianus, but differs in being smaller, with narrower aper- 
ture, acutely carinated periphery, flat whorls, ete.” 


M. RHODOMPHALA Souverbie. PI. 41, figs. 22, 23, 24. 

Shell umbilicated, depressed-orbicular ; spire subelate, apex 
obtuse, carinate, radiately very delicately striate, spirally, regularly 
impressed-striate; white, spotted in various ways with rosy and 
yellowish, a broad rosy-tinted umbilical tract; whorls 6, convex, 
separated by impressed sutures, above radiately subplicatulate- 
striate ; last whorl more or less obtusely carinated, the umbilical 
region broadly funnel-shaped, subplicate-striate; aperture pearly 
within, oblique, subrhombic-rounded, the margins joined by a thin 
callous, right margin acute, columellar margin much thickened, at 
the umbilicus narrowly reflexed; umbilicus moderate, very pro- 
found. Alt. 8, diam. 5 mill. (Fischer.) 

Lifou, Loyalty Archipelago. 


T. (Monilea) rhodompnalus SOUVERBIE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, 
p. 36, t. 4, f. 3—FiscHEr, /. c. 1878, p. 210; and Coq. Viv., p. 392, 
t. 117, f£ 3—? T. rotelleformis Puiiippi Conchyl. Cab., p. 302, f. 44, 
LD: 


A small, depressed, shining, porcellaneous shell, remarkable for 
its bright rose-colored umbilical tract. (Fischer.) 

There is not much doubt that this is the same as Philippi’s 7. 
rotelleformis (pl. 61, figs. 21,22, 28). The latter name of course has 
priority. 


MONILEA—MINOLIA. 263 


M. propicra Fischer. Pl. 41, fig. 25 

Shell small, broadly umbilicated, thin, orbicularly depressed ; 
whorls 6, the first whitish, shining, the following ornamented with 
dots of pale chestnut and tawny, separated by linear sutures, terraced 
above, planulate, carinate, spirally delicately striate; last whorl 
dilated, acutely bicarinated, convex beneath, shining, cingulate with 
articulated lines, with fine radiating and concentric striz ; aperture 
quadrate, margins acute ; columella almost vertical, a trifle reflexed 
above ; umbilical area buff, more prominently striate. 

Alt. 4, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.) 

Port Jackson; N.S. Wales, Australia. 

Margarita angulata A. ApAms, P. Z. 8S. 1851, p. 190.—Minolia 
angulata AnGas, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 217.—T. prodictus FiscHEr, Coq. 
Viv., p. 395, t. 118, f. 1—Warson, Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 72. 

Angulata is several times preoccupied as a specific name in T'rochus 
but not in Minolia nor Monilea; the orginal description by Adams 
being wholly insufficient for identification, I prefer to adopt Dr. 
Fischer’s name. 


M. rasMANICA Tenison-Woods. PI. 61, figs. 38, 39, 40. 

Shell broadly umbilicate, depressed, with low-conoidal spire, thin, 
scarcely shining, opaque whitish, upper surface with radiating 
maculations of purplish or olive-brown, base marbled with the same 
colors; apex acute minute ; sutures well impressed ; whorls about 53, 
convex, those of the spire subangular in the middle, flattened below 
the suture, giving the spire a terraced appearance, last whorl sub- 
cylindrical, obtusely subangular at the periphery, convex beneath ; 
surface all over encircled by delicate spiral elevated strix, and 
around the umbilicus decussated by growth lines; aperture sub- 
circular, a trifle modified by the contact of the penultimate whorl ; 
margins all thin, simple; umbilicus about + the diameter of base, 
opaque white within, and longitudinally striated. 

Alt. 44, diam. 6 mill. 

Bass’ Straits and Long Bay, Tasmania. 

Margarita (Minolia) tasmanica Ten—Woops, Proc. Roy. Soe. 
Tasm. 1876, p. 148 (1877). 

Tenison-W oods gives alt. 5, diam. 9 mill. for the dimensions of this 
species. The tubular whorls, rounded save for a flattened area be- 
low the suture, and keel-less except for the carina banding that area, 
will discriminate this shell from many species; other marks are the 


264 MONILEA—MINOLIA. 


delicate spiral striation, wide umbilicus, and broad radiating mac- 
ulations of the upper surface. 


M. rosea Tenison-Woods. Unfigured. 

Shell minute, turbinate, widely umbilicate, rose-color, variegated 
with white spots, whorls 4, rounded, encircled with white alternating 
large and small strize; aperture entire, rounded ; outer lip produced ; 
inner lip simple; umbilical margin furnished with a somewhat in- 
conspicuous white corrugated callous. Diam. 3 mill. This shell is 
of intense carmine color in some specimens. The outer lip is pro- 
duced very much from the suture, so as to give the aperture a sunken 
appearance. The callosity at the umbilicus is only perceptible 
under the lens in very good specimens. (Tenison- Woods.) 

Tasmania. 

Monilea rosea 'TEN.-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875, p. 154 

(1876). 


M. cutnensis Sowerby. PI. 34, figs. 26. 

Shell conical, moderately umbilicated, gray, all over ornamented 
with narrow undulating white streaks, more conspicuous beneath, 
shining; spire rather acute, moderately elevated, gradate ; whorls 7, 
separated by an impressed suture, sculptured by oblique very deli- 
cate strive, bicarinate above ; last whorl obtusely angulated beneath, 
carinated at the angle; base convex, more or less spirally sulcate ; 
umbilicus round, deep, lirate ; aperture oblique, subquadrate. 
Operculum corneous, thin, multispiral, concave outside. 

Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill. (Sowerby.) 

Hong Kong, China. 

Minolia chinensis SowERBY, P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 569, t. 28, f. 13. 


In form like Minolia biangulata Angas, but much larger, ob- 
liquely striated, and without the beaded ridge bordering the um- 
bilicus. The interior of the umbilicus is spirally grooved. (Sowd.) 


M. DEGREGORI Caramagna. PI. 51, figs. 18, 19, 20. 

Shell subdiscoidal, delphinuliform, very fragile, umbilicate ; spire 
conoidal, depressed, obtuse ; whorls 5, spirally finely striate, in the 
middle slightly angled or subcarinate, flattened between the carina 
and the suture; carina slightly crenulated on the last whorl pos- 
teriorly ; last whorl rounded at the periphery ; base convex, deeply 
and broadly umbilicated, very finely corrugated ; aperture elliptical, 
simple, heliciform; surface of the spire ornamented with 5 reddish 


MONILEA—MINOLIA. 265 


zones alternating with white punctate with rosy ; surface of the base 
of the last whorl ornamented with regularly radiating costiform 
white maculations. Alt. 2, diam. 35 mill. (Caramagna.) 
Assab, Red Sea. 
tibbula de Gregorii CARAMAGNA, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 1888, p. 
150; 6.85 f. 7. 


M. BicartInATA Adams & Reeve. PI. 59, figs. 51, 52. 

Shell depressed-orbicular, very widely umbilicated ; apex acute ; 
whorls spirally bicarinated, the carinz distant, interspaces concave, 
spirally closely lineated, concentrically striated ; brownish or yellow- 
ish, variegated with reddish flammules; carinze obliquely artic- 
ulated with red; throat iridescent. (Ads. & Rve.) 

Eastern Seas. 

Margarita bicarinata Avs. & Rve. Zool. Voy. H. M.S. Samarang, 
Mollusca, p. 49, t. 11, f. 11a, b. 

M. tigkina H. & A. Adams. Unfigured. 

Shell globose-conical, perspectively umbilicated ; whorls 53, smooth, 
the superior ones bicingulate, the last whorl multi-cingulate, cinguli 
stronger above, closer and smaller beneath; umbilicus with con- 
centric crenulated lire within; aperture subquadrate-orbicular, 
inner lip nearly straight, posterior margin of outer lip subangulate ; 
white, closely painted longitudinally with wide brown stripes. 

CHa G&A. Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Minoha tigrina Anps., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 433. 


M. prancuLosa A. Adams. PI. 37, fig. 7. 

Shell orbicular-conical, broadly umbilicate, smooth, brown, 
closely painted with longitudinal undulating lines; whorls planu- 
late, angulate above, the last biangulate; sutures margined; base 
convex, concentrically cingulate; umbilicus perspective, its margin 
crenulated, its interior elegantly decussated by transverse and 
radiating lines. (A. Ad.) 

Siam. 

Margarita biangulosa A. Av., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 40.—Margarita 
triangulosa SOWERBY, in Reeve Conch. Icon., f. 26. 


M. soLARIUFORMIS Sowerby. PI. 67, fig. 73; pl. 39, figs. 44, 45. 
Shell orbicular, sublenticular, very thin; whorls 5, smooth, sub- 
planulate, spirally very finely striate, pallid, painted with a very 


266 MONILEA—MINOLIA. 


minute white and brown articulation; aperture subquadrate; um- 
bilicus large, deep. (Sowerby.) 
San Nicolas, Zubu, Philippines. ( Cuming.) 

Margarita solariiformis Sows., Malacological and Conchological 
Magazine, pt. i, 1838, p. 26; Conchological Hlustr., Margarita, f. 8. 
G. B. Sowersy, JR., in Reeve’s Conch. Icon., Monogr. Margarita, 
f. 27.—T. solariiformis Puiuiprr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 244, t. 37, f. 1. 

Adult specimens of what I take to be the true solariiformis are 
before me, and one is figured on pl. 67, fig. 73. The shell is 
elevated; bluntly conic, whorls 6, the earlier two rounded, the rest 
with a strong angle on the upper surface, the last with another at 
the periphery. There are slight growth-lines but no spiral striz 
above the periphery; the base has a beaded carina bounding the 
very deep umbilicus, and outside the carina about 7 smooth con- 
centric lire becoming smaller toward the periphery. The umbilicus 
is clathrate inside, funnel-shaped and has about 6 spiral lire crossed 
by numerous radiating riblets. The aperture is rounded-rectangular, 
pearly and pinkish inside. Alt. 9, diam. 9 mill. The color is pur- 
plish-brown, with numerous narrow, irregular or zigzag radiating 
light streaks. The upper surface of the earlier whorls is seen 
to be slightly fluted under a lens, on the flat portion above the superior 
carina. The iridescence of the pearl often shows through the outer 
coat on the spire. There are often a few spiral raised threads in the 
concave portion between the two carinz on the body-whorl. 

This is one of those forms which might be equally well placed in 
true Solariella. 


M. EUDELI Deshayes. PI. 66, figs. 2, 3. 

Shell small, discoidal-conical, subturbinate, apex rather obtuse, 
spire short; whorls 5, slowly increasing, transversely very minutely 
striate-granulose ; last whorl large, depressed beneath, the base um- 
bilicate. Aperture semilunar, little oblique; shell whitish-rufous, 
elegantly marbled with chestnut spots. Alt.3, diam. 5 mill. (Desh.) 

_ Island of Réunion 

Trochus (Margarita) eudeli Desu., Moll. de L’ile de la Réunion, 

Pp. font. 3; f.:9,/10) 13868. 


M. casta G. & H. Nevill. Pl. 60, figs. 21, 22. 


Shell conoidal, glabrous; white, ornamented with brown, some- 
times in distant broad flames, sometimes in minute close reticula- 
tions; base white, on the outer half only streaked or marbled with 


MONILEA—MINOLIA. 267 


brown; whorls 5 to 6, angular, spirally keeled, keels prominent, 4 
or 5; outer half of the base with five distant impressed spiral lines ; 
round, and entering into the open deep umbilicus some six spiral 
rows of close oblique granules, the outer row of which is the largest. 
Alt. 72, diam. 9 mill. (Nevill) 
Ceylon. 
Trochus (Solariella) castus Neviiu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 
1874, p. 27, t. 1, f. 4. 
May perhaps belong elsewhere. 
M. canaLicuLtaTa E. A.Smith. PI. 60, figs. to the right of 21, 22. 
Shell small, broadly umbilicated, pearly, beautifully prismatic ; 
spire depressed-conical ; whorls 5, the first 2 smooth, the remainder 
spirally lirate, and ornamented beneath the channelled sutures with 
a series of white tubercles, here and there marked with brown; last 
whorl encircled by chestnut-dotted carinze, base with a purple-brown 
zone; umbilicus perspective, margined by a tubercular cord; aper- 
ture subcireular. Alt. 2, diam. 3 mill. (Smith.) 
Whydah, W. Africa. 
Solariella canaliculata E. A. Smrru, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 736, t. 75, f. 
28. 
A very pretty pearly species, with a channelled suture and with 
a row of tubercles below it; about every seventh one is chestnut, the 
rest whitish. The umbilicus is girt with a somewhat tubercular 
chord, and a zone of purplish brown. (Smith.) 


M. BeLLARDI Isset. PI. 47, figs. 96, 97. 

Shell minute, thin, orbicular-depressed, oblique, narrowly um- 
bilicate, transversely minutely costulate, pale rose-color, tessellated 
with purple; spire obtuse; whorls 43, rapidly widening, slightly 
convex, planulate at the sutures, separated by impressed sutures ; 
last whorl large, rounded on the base; aperture dilated, ovate-tri- 
gonal; peristome simple, acute. Alt. 2, diam. 23 mill. (Jsse/.) 

Suez. 

T. bellardii Issrx, Malacologia del Mar Rosso, p. 224. t. 2, f. 12. 

(1869.) 


M. TURRITELLINA Ancey. Unfigured. 


Shell trochiform, turritted, thick, pale brownish-gray, flammulate 
with white, pervious-umbilicate ; whorls 6, elevated, apex mucronate ; 
whorls separated by a profound suture, at the periphery unicarinate, 


268 MONILEA—MINOLIA. 


the carina acute, crenulated ; last whorl angulated, tricarinate, the 
lower carina less acute, surrounding the funnel-shaped, deeply longi- 
tudinally and spirally striated umbilicus, strongly crenated, bounded 
by an impressed line; two upper carinze acute, separated by con- 
cavo-flat interspaces. Aperture suboblique, rounded; peristome 
acute, not expanded nor reflexed. Alt. 42, diam. 4 mill. (Ancey.) 
Sumatra. 

This curious form was discovered by Capt. Martin, in 1842, on 
the coast of Sumatra. It is allied to the Solariella solariiformis 
Hanl. of Cochin (Malabar), but is more elevated, more acuminate, 
more angular than the latter, ete. (Ancey). The types are in the 
collections of Schaufuss, Jousseaume and Ancey. 

Solariella turritellina C. F. Ancry, Le Naturaliste, iii, p. 390, 
April, 1881. (Paris.) 


M. uavissimA Von Martens. Unfigured. 


Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed conoidal, sculptured with 
very fine, hardly visible spiral strive, otherwise smooth, very shin- 
ing, ashen-whitish, painted with yellowish confluent flammules above 
and at umbilicus; whorls 53, slightly convex, separated by simple 
sutures, the last subplanate at base ; umbilicus cylindrical ; aperture 
diagonal, rounded-trapezoidal, peristome simple, incomplete, the col- 
umellar margin straightened, forming an obtuse angle where it joins 
the basal lip. 

Alt. 8, diam. maj. 13, min. 11 mill.; aperture, alt. 7, diam. 62 mill. 
(Mart.) 

South Africa, 33° 59’ s. lat.; 50 ft. depth. 


Trochus levissimus MART., Sitzungsb. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, 
1881, p. 65. 


Recalls the wide-umbilicated forms of Northern Margarita, but 
is easily separated from them by the beautiful marking. This and 
the almost perpendicularly entering umbilicus shows likeness to the 
subgenus Minolia, but the umbilicus of our snail is not encircled by 
a callous. Operculum thin, horny, with 6-7 whorls. (Martens.) 


[The following six species form a little group to which I gave the 
name Conotrochus. I believe the species to belong to Minolia. } 
M. Mariel Fischer. PI. 35, fig. 11. 


Shell minute, narrowly but profoundly umbilicated, conical- 
turrited; whorls 7, convex, separated by deep sutures; the first 


MONILEA—MINOLIA. 269 


obtuse, subdepressed, decussated; the following are ornamented 
with sublamellose radiating strive, bicarinate below, pale yellowish, 
ornamented with greenish or chestnut flammules, and white dots; 
last whorl angulated, bicarinate in the middle, the carinz subgranose; 
base concentrically lirate ; aperture circular, descending; lip thin, 
acute. Alt. 10,diam.5 mill. (Fischer.) 


Island of Mayotte, Comoro Archipelago. 


T. (Gibbula) mariei Fiscuer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1886, p. 72, t. 1, 
f..D: 


M. HoLpsworTHANA G. & H. Nevill. Pl. 40, fig. 24. 


Shell small, narrowly but deeply perforate, conical-turritted, thin, 
lusterless, whitish, mottled with greenish-brown above, base densely 
marked with dark brownish or greenish ; spire elevated, apex acute, 
yellowish, sutures profound ; whorls 5, the median portion encircled 
by three prominent keels, the upper two visible on the spire; base 
with a few coarse but not deep spiral sulci, carinated around the 
funnel-shaped umbilicus ; aperture subcircular, iridescent within ; lip 
fragile, columella thin, concave; umbilicus with several obscure 
spiral sulci inside. Alt. 4-43, diam. 33-34 mill. 

Ceylon ; Singapore. 

suas holdsworthana G. & H. Neviuu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. ee 

1871, pt. 2, p. 3, t.1, f 18—Minolia variabilis Ap. P. Z. 
Pee, baa, x. LO: 


>) 
$79, 


Numerous specimens collected by ArncHEr, at Singapore, are be- 
fore me. This is a broader species than JM. mariei, more widely 
umbilicate, and differently sculptured. ‘The oblique striz of inere- 
ment are scarcely visible. 


M. suppiicata G. &. H. Nevill. Pl. 40, fig. 34. 


Shell turbinate, thin, semipellucid, white; whorls 5, tubular, flat- 
tend at the suture, spirally ridged; ridges 3 on the penultimate whorl, 
very prominent, widely separated by deep interstices, on upper 
whorls transversely cancellated, on the last delicately spirally 
striated; whorls transversely plicate at sutures; base subconvex, 
narrowly umbilicate, ornamented by 4 spiral ridges, the two inter- 
stices next the umbilicus transversely costulate; aperture nearly 
circular, surrounded by a simple margin; inner lip moderately 
arcuate; inside slightly pearly. Alt. 5, Aart 4 mill. (Neviil.) 


S. Province Ceylon. 


270 MONILEA—MINOLIA. 


S. sub-plicata G. & H. Neviux, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1869, 
Peal: uiewelMt, Aoailse 


M. stnGAPorEnsis Pilsbry. PI. 40, fig. 27. 


Shell narrowly, deeply umbilicate, conical-turritted, thin, luster- 
less, whitish, with a series of obscure brownish blotches below the 
suture, and a chain of large brown blotches around the outer part 
of the base; spire conical, apex minute, acute; sutures deeply im- 
pressed ; whorls about 5, very convex, those of spire bicarinate, the 
last whorl with two principal carinz and several smaller ones on 
the base of the whorl, the entire surface very regularly strongly 
obliquely crispate-striate; aperture almost perfectly circular, in 
contact with the body-whorl for only a short distance, margins thin, 
outer and inner equally curved; umbilicus deep, funnel-shaped. 

Alt. 3, diam. 24 mill. 

Singapore. 

Numerous specimens of this form, collected by Dr. ARCHER are 
before me. It belongs to the group including M. holdsworthiana, 
M. subplicata, M. mariei—a group of minute elevated turritted shells, 
narrower and more elevated than G. pisum Phil. and its allies. 


M. PANTANELLII Caramagna. PI. 51, fig. 7. 


Shell turbinate, rather solid, red, umbilicate ; whorls 5, sloping, 
angular; the first two smooth and scarcely visible, the rest orna- 
mented with oblique lamellar minute striz and tuberculate cinguli ; 
beneath ornamented with three granulose whitish concentric cinguli, 
the upper two near each other, the third more distant, surrounding 
the umbilicus; suture nearly covered; umbilicus profound, funnel- 
shaped, crenate; peristome simple, continuous ; aperture subrotund, 
whitish. Alt. 3, diam. 23 mill. (Caramagna.) 

Assab, Abyssinia. 


G. pantanellii Caramag., Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. xiii, p. 128 (1888). 
Evidently allied to the preceding species, but distinguished by the 
coloration, granulose carinze, crenated umbilicus, ete. 


M. semrusTa Fischer. PI. 41, fig. 36. 

Shell very small, profoundly umbilicated, conoidal ; whorls 5 to 6, 
separated by impressed sutures, rather convex, planulate at the 
sutures, subgradate, the first white the remainder brownish-red, 
streaked with white, ornamented with a zone of chestnut interrupted 
with white above, spirally lirate, and elegantly clathrate with lamel- 


MONILEA—MINOLIA. : Da AI 


lose radiating strie; spiral cinguli 4 on the penult. whorl; last 
whorl elongated, convex, with a zone of white and chestnut spots at 
the periphery, convex beneath, whitish or maculate with chestnut, 
clathrate, with about 4 concentric lire, aperture subrhomboidal, lip 
sub-duplicate within; columella a little arcuate; umbilical area 
funnel-shaped, spirally plicate, carinated at its edge. 
Alt. 23, diam. 2 mill. (Fischer.) 
“ Quagap et Kua-Kue” New Caledonia. 


Trochus (Minolia) semiustus FiscHer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1879 
Pron 0. b886. 0. 1 £6. 


bi 


Seems to belong to the group of species which I have called Cono- 
trochus rather than to Minolia proper. 


M. pHinIPreNsis Watson. PI. 36, figs. 15, 16. 


Shell rather like Trochus tumidus, Mont., but with a broader base, 
more conical and less scalar, with a large open umbilicus and brilliant 
color. Sculpture: the shell is gathered into small regular flat puckers 
below the suture; these are weaker on the last whorl. The whole 
surface is covered with very fine oblique longitudinal] strive. Spirals: 
there are very numerous fine, sharp, undulating scratches, which on 
the middle of the base are shallower and wider apart, but toward the 
umbilicus again become sharper and more crowded. Within the 
umbilicus are four or five somewhat beaded spirals, the first and 
strongest of which forms an umbilical carina. Color faintly irides- 
cent all over, creamy white, flecked with zigzag lines of crimson, 
which on the upper whorls are narrow and regular, on the penul- 
timate whorl are remote, and on the last are irregular, broken and 
crowded. On the base there are eleven to twelve elongated radiat- 
ing crimson spots. The first three whorls are a pale orange-yellow. 
Spire rather high, scalar, apex small, bluntly pointed. Whorls 62, 
with a flat shelf below the suture, angulated at about one-fifth of 
their breadth, and rounded from the angulation to the suture. The 
last whorl is bluntly angulated at the edge of the rounded base. 
Suture strong, being slightly impressed aud very distinctly marked 
by the angle at which the adjoining whorls meet. Mouth little 
oblique, round. Outer lip thin and sharp, not at all expanded. 
Inner lip thin and sharp, a very little patulous on the pillar, where 
it also retreats a little, so as to form a slight open sinus; brilliantly 
iridescent within. Umbilicus wide and pervious, and deeply 
impressed at the suture, which runs spirally up to the apex within. 


DTD MONILEA—MINOLIA. 


Alt. 0°275 in. diam. 0°33, least 0°3 in. Mouth, height 0°15, breadth 
0:14 in. ( Watson.) 

There is a Margarita tasmanica of Tenison-Woods, from Bass 
Straits, which from his description, seems to present some features of 
resemblance to this species; but he says of it that the upper part of 
the whorl is not angulated. Then Trochus (Solariella) prodictus, 
Fisch. (= angulatus, A. Ad.). This Port Philip species is much , 
larger and higher. It approaches most nearly to 7. bedlula, Ang. ; 
but that is larger, with the same number of whorls, has a transpar- 
ently white apex, has the shoulder below the apex not flat nor 
drooping outwards, but gouged out as a concave depression ; the last 
whorl is more spread out, and the base is without color, the umbili- 
cus is wider and less deep, and the spiral which defines it is stronger, 
while there are no other spirals within it; the whole surface of the 
shell, too, is smooth, with a few strong clean-cut impressed spirals, 
instead of being closely and minutely fretted with spirals all over. 


( Watson.) 
Off entrance to Port Philip, Australia. 33 fms. sand. 


Trochus (Solariella) philippensis W arson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 
xv, p. 92; Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 73, t. 6, f. 10. 


M. raMPRA Watson. PI. 36, figs. 17, 18. 

Shell depressedly conoidal, angulated at the periphery, rounded 
on the base, umbilicated, polished, finely sculptured, solid. Sculpt- 
ure: the glossy surface is closely fretted with fine, curved, oblique, 
longitudinal scratches, crossed by very similar but slightly stronger 
and more equal spirals; these both are stronger near the suture and 
feebler on the base, when indeed, the spirals almost disappear. 
Color pellucid pale yellowish-white, with many narrow, opaque, 
pure white spirals, which are flecked with fine zigzag brown longi- 
tudinal lines, aggregated in spots, and most abundant near the 
suture. The strongest opaque spiral is at the periphery, and on it 
are minute linear interruptions of the fundamental color and very 
regularly recurring little brown spots, which are about half the 
width of their interspaces. On the base the brown spots are very 
few and minute. There is very little iridescence anywhere. Spire 
low. Apex minute and projecting. Whorls 6, depressed, equally 
curved, slightly angulated at the periphery, more flattened on the 
base than above, of regular, but rather rapid increase. Suture shghtly 
impressed. Mouth small, rounded. Outer lip thin and perfectly 
simple. Inner lip porcelanous, thick and flat, projecting in a 


MONILEA—MINOLIA. 273 


minute ear across the umbilicus, and having toward the point of the 
pillar a broad backward bevel, cut out of the thickness of the shell 
round the umbilicus. Umbilicus a shallow open depression, with a 
deep narrow hole in the center. Alt. 0°15 in., diam. 0°24, least 0-2. 
Mouth, height 0°13, breadth 0°1 in. ( Watson.) 


The specimen from which this species is described is not quite 
full grown. The whorls are not angulated, nor the umbilicus open, 
nor is the color ruddy, nor the texture thin asin Trochus (Solariella) 
prodictus, Fisch. From Trochus (Solariella) vitiligineus, Mke., 
from which it differs in these respects, but in a less degree, it may 
further be distinguished by its greater depression, its smaller mouth, 
its weaker sculpture, its greater glossiness, its feebler iridescence 
and its minute umbilicus. ( Watson.) 

Levuka, Fut. 12 fms. 


T. (Solariella) lamprus W arson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xv, p. 93; 
Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 74, t. 6, f. 9. 


M. atBuco Watson. PI. 36, figs. 18, 14. 


Shell small, conoidal, with a tumid conical base, bluntly bicarinate, 
umbilicate with a resinous luster, brown, flecked with crimson and 
and white. Sculpture: very many irregular oblique faint lines of 
growth, with a few remote rounded spirals, which are very weak 
above, stronger on the base, and of which two at the periphery form 
a feeble double carina. Color: a pale transparent resinous brown, 
flecked below the sutures and at the periphery with alternate spots 
of white and crimson ; the latter color runs in minute zigzag streaks 
down the shell; there are also, both above and on the base, a few 
delicate spirals of alternate crimson and white specks. Spire rather 
low, with curved profile lines and a blunt round apex. Whaorls 5, 
rounded and sloping above, flat at the periphery, and tumid on the 
base. Suture linear and very slightly depressed. Mouth rather 
large, round. Outer lip thin. Inner lip thin, hollowed out back- 
wards, and bending somewhat across the umbilicus. Umbilicus a 
broad shallow funnel, contracting to a small deep hole. Alt. 0°125 
in.; diam. 0°2, least 0°15. Mouth (in consequence of obliquity), 
height 07125, breadth 0-1 in. ( Watson.) 

This species differs from Trochus (Solariella) lamprus W., in being 
higher, with a larger mouth, and most of all in color and in sculpt- 
ure. It is perhaps most like Trochus (Solariella) vernicosus Gould, 


18 


274 MINOLIA—CIRCULUS. 


but that is flatter and has a much wider umbilicus. The name is 
derived from the white spots which fleck the shell. 

T. (Solariella) albugo Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xv, p. 
94; Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 75, t. 6, f. 8. 


Unfigured Species of Minolia. 


SoLARIELLA UNDATA Sowerby. Testa subdepressa, umbilico ro- 
tundo usque ad apicem perforata, margaritacea, pallide rubescente, 
spiraliter tenuiter lirata, supra prope suturam angulata; medio 
anfractuum carina rotundato-angulata, angulis distanter rubro 
maculatis ; interstitiis rubro undato-lineatis. (Sows., P. Z. 8. 1870, 
p. 251). 

Agulhas Bank, S. Africa. (Mus. Taylor.) 


Genus CIRCULUS Jeffreys, 1865. 

Cireulus JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch., iii, p. 815; Proc. Zool. Soe. 
1883, p. 94.—FIscHER (as subgenus of Gibbula), Man. de ConchyL, 
p- 824. 

Jeffreys’s diagnosis of this group isas follows: Shell coin-shaped 
or forming a circular compressed disk, slightly nacreous or pearly ; 
mouth quadrangular, with a discontinuous peristome ; umbilicus very 
wide; operculum multispiral as in other genera of Trochide. The 
animal is unknown. 


C. striatus Philippi. Pl. 66, figs. 11, 12, 13. 

Shell minute, discoidal, depressed above, broadly umbilicated 
beneath, subtransparent, quite solid, white; surface shining; spire 
depressed, composed of 4 to 5 convex whorls, traversed spirally by 
sharp narrow lire, 7-9 in number on the upper part of the last whorl, 
half as many on the penultimate whorl, two or three on the next, the 
two upper whorls smooth ; the inter-liral spaces delicately obliquely 
marked by growth striz. The lowest ridge is placed just under the 
periphery, and is sometimes more prominent than the rest; suture 
impressed ; whorls cylindrical, gradually enlarging, the last broadly 
concave beneath, and smooth save for slight radiating lines of 
growth; aperture oblique, rounded-quadrangular ; peristome not 
continuous; columella arcuate, subreflexed at the umbilicus; outer 
lip slightly sinuous above ; umbilicus broad, deep, showing all the 
whorls. Alt. °8, diam. 2°5 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic Ocean, England to 
Morocco. 


CIRCULUS-—NORBISIA. 275 


Valvata striata Puiu., Enum, Moll. Sicil., i, p. 147, t.9, f 3 (1836). 
—Adeorbis striatus SEARLES Woop, Crag Mollusca, p. 137, t. xv, f. 
7.—CuHENU, Manuel, i, p. 352, figs. 2589, 2590—Adeorbis striatus 
Phil. Taste, Catal. Morbihan, p. 36.— Cyclostrema striata Phil. PErrr, 
Catal. Test. Mar., p. 111 (1869).— Cyclostrema striatum Phil. FiscueEr, 
Actes Soe. Linn. Bord. 1869, p. 129—GrancGeEr, Moll. de France, 
p. 142 (1885).—Skenea striata Phil. Arab. et Bren. Conch. viv. 
mar. della Sie., p. 158 (1870).—- Circulus striatus Phil. MonrERosATo, 
Not. int. alle Conch. Medit., p. 31 (1872); Nuova Revista, p. 23; 
Enum. e Sinon., p. 20.—FiscHer, Brach. et Moll. du litt. oc. de 
France, p. 15 (1878).—JEFrreEys, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 
95.—Bucquoy, DAuUTZENBERG AND Douurus, Moll. Mar. du 
Roussillon, p. 420, t. 51, f. 1, 2. 3 (1886).—Delphinula duminyi 
REQUTEN, Coq. de Corse, p. 64 (1848).— Trochus (Cireulus) duminyi 
Réq. JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 315; v, p. 203, t. 62, f.5 (1865). 
—Trochus duminyi Req. WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des Mittelmeeres, 
li, p. 974.—Skeneia striatula WEINKAUFF, Journ. de Conchyl. 1862, 
p- 343.—Delphinula costata DaniLo et Sanpri. Elenco nomin., p. 


123 (1856). 


This tiny shell has much the appearance of a COyclostrema ; from 
which genus, however, the 10 or 12 whorled corneous operculum and 
slightly nacreous interior separate it. The authors of “ Les Mollus- 
ques du Roussillon” give as measurements, alt. 2, diam. 4 mill.! which 
is enormously larger than any I have seen, the largest of which is 
only 23 mill. in diam. The species is found living from the littoral 
zone to considerable depths. It is found fossil in the pliocene (Crag) 
of England, and in Italy. The fossil forms described by Searles 
Wood as Adeorbis supranitidus and tricarinatus (Crag Moll., p. 137, 
138, t. xv, f 5, 6) are evidently closely allied. Solarium philippii 
Cantraine is also said to be synonymous. 

The discoidal form, strong spiral ridges of the upper surface and 
concave smooth base, discontinuous peristome, etc., render the species 
easily separable from other known recent forms. 


Genus NORRISIA Bayle, 1880. 


Norrisia Bayue, Journ. de Conchyl. 1880, p. 241.—Fiscukr, 
Manuel de Conchyl., p. 825.— Trochiscus SowERBY, Ann. and Mag, 
N. H. 1858, p. 96; and of most authors, not Trochiscus V. Heyden, 
Isis, 1826, a genus of Arachnida, nor Trochiscus Held, 1837, a sec- 
tion of Helices. 


276 NORRISIA. 


The position of this genus is a little uncertain. | Troschel places 
it in the vicinity of Gibbula, and this is probably its natural posi- 
tion. Fischer includes it as a subgenus under Gibbula. The 
peculiar operculum and dentition suffice to give the group generic 
rank however, in my opinion. ‘The dentition is figured by Dall 
(Am. Journ. Conch. 1871, pl. 15, f. 6). Young shells are strongly 
bicarinate, and have an umbilical rib like Monilea. The dentition 
is figured on pl. 50, fig. 9. 


N. norRistI Sowerby. PI. 61, fig. 30. 

Shell wide, depressed-turbinate ; solid, nearly lusterless, smooth, 
save for light growth-lines and ill-defined spiral lines ; reddish fawn- 
colored, black around the umbilicus; umbilicus large, contracted at 
its opening; greenish inside; spire low-conoidal ; apex minute, sub- 
acute, spirally striate ; when perfect, the apical whorls are variegated ; 
sutures plain; whorls about 6, rapidly widening, nearly plane and 
sloping above; the last very large ; aperture rounded-quadrangular, 
angular above, brilliantly nacreous inside; peristome thin, simple, 
columellar margin thickened at the base, and with a very obtuse 
tubercle there. Alt. 40, diam. 52 mill., or less. 


Operculum circular, multispiral, nucleus central; edges of the 
whorls projecting outside, papery and rolled up like a spiral cord. 
Cerros Id., L. Cal. north to ———. 


Trochiscus norrisi Sows., Ann. -& Mag. N. H. 1838, p. 96.— 
Gray, Zool. Beechey’s Voy., t. 34, f. 14—CHENv, Man. de Conchyl., 
i, p. 362, f. 2692.—CaRPENTER, Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1868, p. 
665.—Dauu, Amer. Journ. Conch., vii, t. 18, f. 6 (Dentition).— 
TROSCHEL, Das Gebiss der Schn., i, p. 248, t. 24, f 15—KEEp, 
West Coast Shells, p. 86, f, 82— Turbo norrisi DEsu. in Lam. An. s. 
vert, ed. 2, ix, p. 221—Puiipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 50, t. 12, f. 5— 
Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 54.—Trochus norrisi FiscHer, Coq. Viv. 
(Turbo), p. 45, t. 10, f 1.—Turbo rotelleformis Jay, Cat., 3d ed., 
1859, p. 8, t.1, f. 2, 8—Trochiscus convecus CARPENTER, Ann. and 
Mag. N. H. xv, 1865, p. 180. 


A form very distinct from all others. It is an abundant species 
about San Diego, Cal. I do not know how far northward it ranges. 
The dimensions given above are for the largest specimen I have seen. 
Fischer quotes it from Oregon. 


=~] 


LIVONA. . i 
Genus LIVONA Gray, 1842. 


Livona GRAY, Guide Syst. dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 156.—H. and 
A. Ap., Genera, i, p. 412.—Fischer, Mannel de Conchyl., p. 825.— 
TroscHEL, Das. Gebiss, ii, p. 223.—Meleagris Montrort, Conch. 
Syst., li, p. 207 (not Meleagris Linn.).— Cittariwm Puiiiprt, Zeitschr. 
f. Mal. 1847, p. 21; Handb. Conchyl. u. Mal., p. 210, 445 (1853). 


Livona is peculiar in the great number of lateral teeth to the 
radula, 9 on each side of the rhachis (see Troschel, Gebiss, p. 223, 
pl. 21, fig. 10). Jaws composed of rhombic elements, as in other 
Trochids. The operculum is thin, smooth and concave outside, 
shining and rich chestnut color inside, the half attached to the foot 
olive-green, duller; the nucleus is central; whorls about 12. The 
also a peculiar char- 


epipodial line bears very numerous cirrhi, 
acter. 


i. pica Linne. Pl. 61, fig: 24. 


Deeply umbilicate, turbinate, solid, lusterless, black with mac- 
ulations or zizgag flammules of white. Spire conoidal, apex eroded ; 
whorls about 6, convex, the last depressed-globose, large; aperture 
semicircular, oblique, nacreous inside; outer lip simple, columella 
arcuate. produced above in a heavy porcellanous callous deposit, 
half-surrounding the umbilicus and deeply notched in the middle. 
Umbilicus deep, spirally bicostate inside. 

Alt. 110, diam. 120 mill., usually smaller. 

West Indies ; North to Bermuda and Charlotte Harbor, Fla., South 
to Panama and Trinidad. 


Turbo pica LINNE, Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1235.—Lamarck, An. s. 
vert., vii, p. 44.; ed. Desh., 1x, p. 1938.—Rrrve, Conch. Icon., f. 24.— 
Trochus pica Putiippt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 331.—CHENv, Manuel de 
Conchyl., p. 556, f. 2688.—F iscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 64, t. 1—ILnvona 
pica GRAY, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 156, and of Authors 
generally.— 7. (Livona) picoides GouLD, Otia, p. 185.-CARPENTER, 
Moll. Western N. A., p..21, 23, 138. 


A well-known Antillean species. The upper surface is often 
entirely black. Young shells, or well-preserved adults, have the 
spire whorls sculptured by oblique folds cut by a few spiral sulci; 
the periphery and base in the half-grown shells are spirally lirate. 
The lip is edged inside by black, or black and white. There is no 
well authenticated Pacific coast record. 


278 PHOVINULA. 


Genus PHOTINULA H. & A. Adams, 1854. 


Photinula H. & A. Ap., Genera Rec. Moll., i, p. 427; and of 
recent authors.—Photina H. & A. Ap., P. ZS. RL p- 191 (not of 
Burmeister).—Margarita (in part) of authors (not of Leach). 


The genus Photinula was instituted for Margarita-like shells 
with imperforate axis, confined to Antarctic America in distribution. 
The species are few and very variable. 


P. rentata Wood. PI. 44, figs. 18,19. Pl. 64, fig. 37. 


Shell imperforate, depressed, conoid, thin, shining, white, unicolored 
or with numerous spiral pink stripes and lines; surface smooth ; 
spire conical, apex acute, the first three whorls encircled by. three 
coarse liree; whorls 6, the last rapidly increasing ; aperture oblique, 
erates orate with a thin, finely folded, pelea iridescent 
layer of nacre inside; peristome simple, thin; columella broad, 
reflexed, appressed, arising from a small pad of callous on the base 
of the shell. Alt. 21, diam. 26 mill.; alt. 17, diam. 23 mill. 

Sts. of Magellan; Falkland Is. 


Trochus teniatus Woop, Index Test. suppl, t. 5, f. 12.—PHILrPPt, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 251, t. 37, f. 12—_FIscHEr, Cog. Viv., p. 319, t. 
100, f. 2—Margarita teniata Sows. Conch. IIL, f. 2; in Reeve, 
Conch. Icon., xx, f. 4—Rerkrve, Conch. Syst., t. 227, f. 2.—T. bicolor 
Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 845, t. 16, f. 3—Photinula teniata 
Cuenu, Manuel, i, p. 361, f. 2681—WMargarita cerulescens KING, 
Zool. Journ., v, p. 346, no. 54.—SowErBy in Reeve, Conch. Icon., 
xx, f. 12.—Trochus cerulescens Puinippr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 250, t. 
37, f. 11—Warson, Rept. Challenger Gasterop., p. 68.— Tr. lineatus 
Purt., Arch. f. Naturg. 1845, p. 56 (not of Da Costa). —Margarita 
maxima HomBron et JAcqurnot, Voy. au Pole Sud, p. 59, pl. 14, 
f. 32, 33 (not T. maximus Koch).—FPhotina coerulea A. Ad., P.Z.S. 
1851, p. 191.—Photinula ceerulescens Apbs., Genera, i, p. 427.— 
T. hombroni FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 320, t. 100, f.3.—T. purpuratus 
Forses, P. Z.'S. 1850, p. 372, tc 11, £11. 


A large handsome species, easily recognized by its spiral red stripes 
on a white ground. 


Var. CaaRULESCENS King. PI. 44, ngs. 18, 19. 
More depressed; aperture more oblique; color ashen or fleshy, 
with spiral lines and bands of blackish-blue. 


PHOTINULA. 279 


P. expansa Sowerby. PI. 39, figs. 51, 52. 

Shell imperforate, depressed-conoidal, thin, shining, of a light 
olivaceous tint or somewhat tinged with pink; surface smooth ; 
spire Conoidal, acute; sutures slightly impressed; whorls about 43, 
rapidly widening, the last large, rounded at periphery, a little im- 
pressed or margined below the suture; aperture large, rounded, 
angular above, green and iridescent inside ; columellar margin a little 
straightened ; umbilico-columellar tract slightly excavated. 

Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill. 


Falkland Is., Kerguelen Id.; Sts. of Magellen ; South Georgia. 


Margarita expansa Sows. Mal. and Conch. Mag., p. 24, and 
Conch. Ilustr., figs. 16, 17—Trochus expansus Pari. Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 204, t. 37, f. 18—T. (Photinula) expansa EK. A. Smrru, Moll. 
Kerguelen, Philos. Trans. 1877.—W arson Challenger Gasterop., p. 
69.—Photina expansa A. Ap., P. Z.S. 1851, p. 191—Tarrarone 
CANEFRI, Zool. Viaggio ‘Magenta,’ p. 67—Photinula expansa 
H. & A. Apv., Genera, i, p. 428—T7. (Margarita) hillti Forpss, 
P. Z. 8S. 1850, p. 272, t. 11, f. 10-—WMargarita (Photinula) expansa 
von Marrens & G. PFerrer, in Natur. hist. Mus. zu Hamburg, 
Pagenstecher’s Bericht fiir 1885, p. 100, t.2, f. 10a, b, c,d. (1886.) 


P. vioLAcEA King. PI. 39, figs. 42, 43. 

Shell imperforate, orbicular-conic, thin, smooth, purplish-pink ; 
whorls 4, tumid ; suture scarcely impressed ; aperture rounded-quad- 
rangular, angular above, subangular at base of columella; columella 
subthickened, subarcuate; umbilico-columellar tract excavated. 

Alt. 10, diam. 10 mill. 

Straits of Magellen; Orange Harbor, Tierra del Fuego. 


Margarita violacew KiNG, in Zool. Journ., v, p. 846 (1832-34),— 
SowErRBy, Mal. and Conch. Mag., i, p. 24 (1838); and Conch. IIl., 
figs. 11, 12——Sows. in Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. xx, f. 5.—Tr. 
violaceus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 254, t. 37, f. 19—? Margarita 
magellanica GouLp, U. 8. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 192, atlas, f. 228. 
—Margarita persica GOULD, l. ¢. p. 193, atlas, figs. 230.— Margarita 
magellanica (de novo) HoMBRON et JAcqurnot, Voy. au Pole Sud, 
Zoologie, vol. v, p. 59, atlas t. 14, f. 29-31 (1854). 


This form seems to be of a deeper pink shade than P. expansa. 
It is somewhat more conical, with smaller aperture. I am _ not 
certain of the identity of M. magellanica Gld. The original figures 


280 PHOTINULA. 


are copied on pl. 44, figs. 14-17. Gould’s figures of M. persica are 
also given, pl. 44, figs. 28, 24. 
The color is sometimes pale yellowish-brown. 


P. SIGARETINA Sowerby. PI. 39, figs. 34, 35. 


Shell orbicular-depressed, thin, smooth, reddish, whorls 3, tumid, 
a little depressed above, the last large; suture inconspicuous ; 
aperture large, suborbicular, suboblique ; columella a little widened, 
flat, arcuate, with an indistinct longitudinal furrow. (Sowb.) 
Port Famine, Sts. of Magellan. 
Margarita sigaretina Sows., Mal. and Conch. Mag., i, p. 24 (1888) ; 
Conch. Ill., f. 14.—Sows., Jr., in Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 10. 


P. RinGEI Pfeffer. Unfigured. 

Shell rather solid, semipellucid, shining, bluish-white gray, 
encircled above the periphery (rarely below) with very narrow lines 
and bands of bluish-black ; subheliciniform, subdepressed-turbinate, 
the apex acute; whorls little convex, with moderate suture ; the last 
whorl a little descending, a little flattened above, rounded beneath ; 
aperture rounded-subquadrangular, upper, outer und lower margins 
continuously curved, thin, acute, columellar oblique, passing with an 
angle into the base. No umbilicus. Young specimens have a spiral 
excavation at the place of the umbilicus, which becomes in the adult 
evanescent, the umbilical tract being entirely occupied by a large 
white callous, as in Rotella, and there is only a slight concavity in 
the place of the umbilicus. The umbilical callous always remains 
concave. A thin irregularly S-shaped callous connects the termina- 
tions of the aperture. 

Alt. 12°38, diam. maj. 19, min. 14°5 mill.; apert. lat. 9°6, long. 11:7 
mill. (Pfeffer.) 

Straits of Le Maire, between Staten Id. and Tierra del Fuego, in 
70 fms. 


Photinula Ringei Grora Prerrer, Verhandl. des Vereins f. 
naturwissensch. Unterhaltung zu Hamburg, vol. vi, p. 113 (1887). 


This new species stands intermediate between the genera Rotella 
and Photinula. It is nearest to P. coerulescens King, but that snail 
is in general, as well as in each separate whorl, much more convex, 
and resembles in the columella, which is not so oblique, the young, 
rather than the adult of the new species; and finally, the spiral 
stripes extend over the entire surface of the last whorl in P. 
ceerulescens. 


PHOTINULA. 281 


Unfigured and undetermined Photinula. 


Puorrna niGRA A. Adams. Shell depressed-conical, imperforate, 
solid, black, smooth ; whorl subrotund, transversely sulcate ; longitu- 
dinally obliquely substriate ; last whorl subangulate; umbilical 
region impressed, covered by a white callous. 


(4dain Po Z. 8: 1854; p-192:) 
Habitat wnknown. 


Puortina FuscaA A. Adams. Shell oblique, subconical, shining, 
variegated with brown; whorls a little convex, transversely sulcate, 
the last subangulate ; aperture subrotund, inside green iridescent. 

(4d. in iP. Z. 8S: 1851, p/ 192.) 


Habitat unknown. 


PHOTINA SANDWICHIANA A, Adams. Shell orbicular-conic, im- 
perforate, smooth, whitish, maculated with green and brown; whorls 
rounded, the last subangular; apex rosy; aperture open, orbicular, 
green and pearly inside; labium white; umbilicus covered by a 
white callous. (Ad. in P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 192.) 

Mataineka, Sandwich Is. 

This is not the Margarita sandwichiana Ad. of Sowerby, Jr. 
{Reeve’s Conch. Icon., f. 8), for that species is umbilicated. 

PHOTINULA Qu&sITA A. Adams. Shell orbiculate-conic, spire a 
little elevated, umbilical region deeply impressed, umbilicus covered 
by a white callous; fleshy-reddish, at the sutures radiately clouded 
with chestnut, the periphery ornamented with oblique white and 
chestnut spots; whorls 53, convex, transversely lirate, the upper 
lirze beaded, lower ones simple ; last whorl rounded-angular at the 
periphery ; aperture subcircular, suleate and vividly iridescent in- 
side. Alt. 14, diam. 18 mill. 

Aniwa Bay, Tatiyama, Kino-O-Sima, Japan 17 fms. 


Ann. &,Mag. N. H. 1864, vol. xiii, p. 140. 
A doubtful member of this group. 


PHOTINULA VIAGINALIS Rochebrune et Mabille. 


Shell imperforate, depressed orbiculate, rather thick, solid, sub- 
opaque, destitute of cuticle or color, decussated by slightly con- 
spicuous striz and slightly prominent lire; spire minute, a little 
convex, scarcely prominent; apex minute, obtuse, submamillated ; 
whorls 53, plane at the sutures, then a little convex, irregularly 
(the first rapidly, following very rapidly) increasing, separated by 


282 PHOTINULA. 


distinct sutures; last whorl large, subcomplanate above, at the 
periphery angularly rounded, not descending at the aperture, flat- 
tened beneath, very elegantly and minutely lirate and closely 
radiately striate. 


Alt. 18, diam. maj. 19, min. 15 mill. (R. & M. in Bull. Soe. Phil- 
omathique de Paris, 7th Ser., vol. 9, 1885, p. 104). 
: Sta. Cruz, Patagonia. 


PHOTINIA HYADESI Rochebrune et Mabille. 


Shell covered-imperforate, orbicularly trochiform, subdiaphanous, 
rather solid, shining, grayish flesh color, clathrulate with little 
evident distant liree and extremely narrow striz; spire elevated, 
conic-pyramidal, distinctly lirate (the liree acute, resembling carinz) ; 
apex minute, somewhat obtuse; whorls 63, convex, irregularly (the 
first slowly, subregularly, the remainder very rapidly) increasing ; 
separated by a narrowly margined impressed suture; last whorl 
large, rounded-sloping above, at the periphery obtusely angulated, 
planulate beneath, and ornamented with radiating strie and 3-4 
liree, not descending at the aperture; aperture oblique, lunate, 
rounded; peristome acute; columella deeply twisted, columellar 
margin thickened in a white, shining, very narrow, umbilicus-con- 
cealing callous; outer margin slightly, basal well rounded. 

Alt. 10, diam. maj. 21, min. 14 mill. (R. & M, 1. ¢., p. 105.) 

Terra del Fuego. 


PHOTINULA DETECTA Rochebrune et Mabille. 


Shell imperforate, orbiculate-convex, a little thick, destitute of 
cuticle, sub-rudely striate ; spire moderate, conical, little prominent ; 
apex minute, subpapillar; whorls 6-7, rounded-convex, irregularly 
(embryonic sensibly, following very rapidly, last more rapidly) 
increasing, separated by subcanaliculate sutures ; last whorl largest, 
rounded-sloping, obscurely angulate at the periphery, not descending 
at the aperture; base scarcely convex, at the umbilicus entirely 
covered, impressed, and with 5-6 lines ; aperture oblique, transversely 
oblong; peristome straight, acute; margins distant, joined by a 
slightly thickened calcareous lamina; columella twisted, thick, 
emitting a narrow callous; outer margin well and elongately arched. 

Alt. 11, diam. maj. 24, min. 20 mill. (R. & ML, 1. ¢., p. 105.) 

Around Sta. Cruz, Patagonia. 


PHOTINULA. 283 


PHOTINULA RESURREOTA Rochebrune et Mabille. 


Shell orbiculate-depressed, imperforate, conical, subopaque, solid ; 
under a tawny, thin, rather caducous cuticle, it is white, scarcely shin- 
ing, decussated by very fine strize and very minute spiral lines; 
spire conical, little prominent ; apex minute, subacute; whorls 62, 
regularly and obviously increasing, separated by an impressed 
suture (first 5 whorls a little convex) ; last whorl large, subdepressed- 
sloping, obtusely angular at the periphery, scarcely descending at 
the aperture ; subconvex-plane beneath and distinctly lirate ; aper- 
ture oblique, oblong, depressed ; columella callous, oblique, obscurely 
dentate at the base; collumellar margin thick, oblique, emitting a 
small thickened callous, entirely closing the umbilicus. 

Alt. 12, diam. maj. about 25, min. 20 mill. (R. & IL, lc. p. 106.) 

Santa Cruz, Patagonia. 


PROTINULA PRUINOSA Rochebrune et Mabille. 

Shell imperforate, subglobose-conical, a little thick, solid, viola- 
ceous, ornamented with irregular oblique striz and decussated with 
evanescent lines, only visible under a lens; spire turbinate, prom- 
inent, apex minute, shining, subacute ; whorls 5-6, convex, regularly 
rapidly increasing, separated by impressed narrowly margined sut- 
ures ; last whorl large, above sloping, then rounded, at the periphery 
subearinated, at the aperture scarcely descending ; aperture oblique, 
lunate, transversely oblong, obscurely lirate inside, shining ; per- 
istome simple, acute, margins subparallel, outer subsinuous, basal 
arcuate, columellar incurved; columella twisted, incurved, a little 
thick, callous, forming an obtuse angle at the base, and emitting a 
thick, white, shining, slightly dilated callous closing the umbilicus, 
and bipartite by a longitudinal sulcus. 

Alt. 7-9, diam. maj. 11-14, min. 10-14 mill. (R. & WW, Le, p. 
106.) 


Santa Cruz and Punta Arenas, Patagonia. 


PHOTINULA GAMMA Rochebrune et Mabille. 


Shell imperforate, orbicular-pyramidal, rather thin, solid, opaque, 
shining, whitish or buff, ornamented with red lines, the upper 
beaded, the lower simple, continuous ; spire conic-pyramidal, prom- 
inent, apex subacute, red ; whorls 53-6, depressed-planulate, rapidly 
and regularly increasing, separated by a linear, scarcely perceptible 
suture; last whorl large, sloping above, compressed-rounded at the 
periphery, subplanulate beneath; aperture little oblique, lunate, 


284 PHOTINULA. 


ovate-subtriangular, pearly inside, and more or less zoned with green 
lines; margins joined by a very thin fulvescent lamina; outer mar- 
gin at first nearly straight, then curved, columellar subthickened, 
very narrowly calloused at the insertion, joining the basal margin 
in an obtuse angle; columella elongated, intorto-curved. 
Alt. 7, diam. maj. 13, min. 11 mill. (R. & M,, I. e, p. 107.) 
Punta Arenas, Patagonia. 


PHOTINULA PARADOXA Rochebrune et Mabille. 

Shell orbicular-conic, covered imperforate, thin, solid, subdiaph- 
anous, grayish-ruddy or white, zoned with red lines or unicolored, 
smooth, finely striate under a lens; whorls 6, a little convex, plano- 
depressed at the suture, rapidly increasing, separated by a linear sub- 
margined suture, the last largest, depressed rotund, at the periphery 
scarcely obtusely angled, impressed around the closed umbilicus, 
at the aperture scarcely descending; aperture oblique, lunate, trans- 
versely ovate, above scarcely angled, at the base rounded ; columella 
decidedly arcuate, emitting a white callous which closes the umbili- 
cus and is bipartite by a sulcus. 

Alt. 6-7, diam. maj. 11-13, min. 9-11 mill. (R. & M, l.¢., p. 107.) 

South of Cape Horn. 


PHOTINULA HALMYRIS Rochebrune et Mabille. 


Shell imperforate, globose-conic, rather thin but solid, shining, 
whitish or reddish, vivid green at summit, smooth; spire conical, 
apex very minute, subpapillar, acute; whorls 6, convex, sensibly 
increasing, separated by an impressed suture; last whorl large, con- 
vex-sloping, obtusely carinate at base, subplanulate beneath, deeply 
descending at the aperture; aperture slightly oblique, lunate, trans- 
versely ovate, above narrowly acute, below produced-rounded ; colu- 
mella well arched, a little thick, emitting a very narrow white 
callous which covers the umbilicus; outer margim at first nearly 
straight, then well arched, acute, scarcely thickened. 

Alt. 7-8, diam. maj. 10-11, min. 9-10 mill. (R. & M, /.¢., p. 108.) 

Beagle Channel. 


P. viaginalis, hyadesi, detecta, resurrecta and pruinosa have 
decussated surface and may perhaps prove to be varieties of one 
species. All published information upon these forms is given in the 
above translations of the original diagnoses. 


MARGARITA, 285 


Genus MARGARITA Leach, 1819. 


Margarita Leacu, Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, xiv, p. 202 
(1819); Appendix to Capt. Ross’s Voyage, H. M.S. Isabella and 
Alexander, p. 59—Broperrip and Sowersy, Zool. Journ., iv, p. 
363.—SowERBy, Mal. and Conch., Mag. i, p. 24; and of authors 
generally (not Margarita Leach, Zodl. Mise., i, p. 107, 1815,— 
Avicula).— Margarites Leach MS. 1819, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. 
H. xx, p. 268 (1847).—Eumargarita Fiscuer, Manuel de Conchyl., 
p- 825 (1885).— Valvatella Gray, Guide Syst. dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., 
p. 157, 1857 (type M. grenlandica=undulata Sby.). 

“In 1814, Leach used the name Margarita for a section of Avicula 
which had already received several names. The name Margarita 
was therefore a synonym. In 1819, he used the same name, this 
time for a valid genus; but apparently recognizing that this might 
cause confusion, he changed the termination in a work which he 
had in press in 1820, and which was interrupted by his death. 
This work was published some thirty years later by Dr. J. E. Gray. 

“The second use of a generic name once fallen into synonymy, 
although not forbidden by the accepted rules for nomenclature, is 
greatly to be deprecated; yet when it has occurred and when the 
second application of the name is universally unchallenged for 
more than half a century, and the original application never was 
in use and has been absolutely ignored, I can see no benefit likely 
to accrue to science from a change of names.” 


The history of the name Margarita, briefly given in the above 
extract from Dr. Dall’s Report on ‘ Blake Gastropoda,’ justifies us, 
in my opinion, in retaining that name for the present group. 

The species of Margarita, like all boreal shells, are excessively 
plastic and variable. Many of them are circumpolar in distribu- 
tion. They were first monographed by the elder Sowerby in 1828, 
and figured in the ‘ Conchological Illustrations.’ Philippi included 
the species in his monograph of Trochus in Kiister’s Chemnitz, but 
he recognizes many forms which have no real specific characters. 
Mr. G. B. Sowerby, Jr., monographed the group in Reeves’ Iconica, 
vol. 20. He confuses true Margarita with Photinula, Solariella and 
Minolia; and the work, on account of the numerous and egregious 
blunders it contains, is worthless. 


M. wexicina Fabricius. PI. 64, figs. 45, 46, 47; pl. 39, fig. 63. 


Shell umbilicate, thin, depressed-conoidal, flesh-colored, with 
paler at periphery and below the suture, fading into corneous around 


236 MARGARITA. 


the umbilicus; surface very bright, shining, polished, and smooth 
except for fine subobsolete concentric lines around the umbilicus ; 
spire conoidal ; apex minute but obtuse ; suture impressed ; whorls 
about 5, convex, the last very rapidly widening, somewhat descend- 
ing toward the aperture; aperture rounded, oblique, angular 
above, nacreous inside, the pearly iridescence often visible through 
the shell; umbilicus narrow, profound, its opening regularly 
curved, not separated from the base by a carina. 
Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill.; alt. 4, diam. 5 mill. 


England, Scandinavia, New England, northward to Spitebergen, 
Greenland and Behring Straits. (West America south to Washing- 
ton Territory ?) 


Turbo helicinus O. FAnr. Fauna Groenland., p. 393.—-Margarita 
helicina, MéLLER, Ind. Moll. Greenl., p. 8.—Loven, Ind. Moll. 
Scandin., p. 20.—Goutp (Binney’s ed.), p. 281, f. 542.—Sars, 
Moll. Reg. Arct. Norveg., p. 132, t. 21, f. 3; t. ii, f 7, 8 denti- 
tion)—SowerBy in Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 15.— Trochus helicinus 
Forses & Han ey, Hist. Brit. Moll. ii, p. 531, t. 68, f. 4, 5; t. 74, 
f. 10; t. 200, f. 4 (animal).—Jerrreys, Brit. Conch., ii, p. 295; v. t. 
61, f, 4.—Putipri, Conchyl. Cab.,. p..250,.t. 37, £ 10-2 
neritoideus Gm. teste Forbes & MHanley.— Turbo margarita 
Monvacu, Test. Brit. suppl., p. 148—Turron, Conch. Diction., p. 
229—Lowk, Zool. Journ. ii, p. 107, t. 5. f. 10, 11.— Helix margarita 
Laskey, Mem. Werner Soc. i, p. 408, t. 8, f. 5—FLEMING, Encye. 
Edin., t. 203, f. 9 (teste F. & H.).—Trochus margarita PHiiiprt, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 248, t. 37, f. 7—Brown, Ilust. Conch. Gt. Brit., 
p. 17, t. 10, f. 28, 29.— Margarita vulgaris LEACH, mss. in Sowerby, 
Mal. and Conch. Magazine, p. 24—Sowerrsy, Conch. Ill. Mar- 
garita, f. 13.—? Margarita arctica Leacn in Ross’s Voyage of 
Discovery of H. M. S. Isabella and Alexander, to Baffin’s Bay, 
etc., Appendix no. ii, p. 61 (first species of Margarita.), 1819.— 
Gouup, Invert. of Mass., p. 255, f. 163—Sows., Mal. and Conch. 
Mag. i, p. 25; Conch. IIl., f. 6—Puriipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 248, t. 
37, f. 8—DeKay, Mollusca of New York, p. 108, t. 6, f. 107.— 
Sows. in Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 19.— Turbo inflatus Vorren, Silli- 
man’s Journ. Sci., xxvi, p. 368, f. 5— Marg. helicoides Beck MS. 
teste Sowb.— Margarita companulata Morse, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. 
i, p. 284, t. 7, f. 15.—BrinneEy’s Gould, Inv. Mass., p. 282, f. 5438.— 
Tr. borealis Purirprt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 283, t. 42, f. 1—M. arctica 


MARGARITA. 287 


Mippenporrr, Mal. Rossica, u1, p. 69.— MV. helicina Fabr., Krause, 
Archiv f. Naturg. 1885, p. 262. 


This species is very abundant. It may be known by the smooth 
surface, lightly spirally striate around the umbilicus, the rather 
narrow umbilicus, ete. 


T. borealis Phil. was proposed for American specimens; Phil- 
ippi’s figures are copied on Pl. 39, figs. 49, 50. His figure of 
T. margarita Mont. on Pl. 59, fig. 63. IM. vulgaris Leach (Pl. 39, 
fig. 46,) is the same as the form called campanulata by Morse. 


M. grenlandica ‘ Beck’ of Sowerby, in Reeve, f. 6, and of Philippi, 
Conchyl. Cab. t. 37, f. 5, are probably additional synonyms of this 
protean species. The figures of Sowerby and of Philippi are copied 
on PI. 44, fig. 22, and 21. 


M. acuminata Sowerby. PI. 39, fig. 55; pl. 66, fig. 6. 


Shell orbicular, thin, whitish ; spire acuminate, whorls 5, rounded, 
smooth ; suture distinct ; aperture orbicular ; umbilicus small. 

Alt. 55, diam. °5 in. (Sowd.) 

Arctic Ocean. 

M. acuminata Sows., Mal. and Conch. Mag. i, p. 26 (1838).— 
Conch. Ill., f. 7.—Sowsn. Jr. in Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 13.— Trochus 
bembex Puiu., Conchyl. Cab., p. 286, t. 42, f 5—M. acuminata 
Mieu. & Ap., Bost. Journ. N. H. iv, p. 46, t. 4, f. 15. 

The M. acuminata Mighels and Adams (pl. 66, fig. 6), taken in 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is described as follows: 

Sheli small, orbicular, subconical, thin, of a grayish-white or 
russet color, spire acuminate; whorls 4, well-rounded, smooth, 
covered with a thin semitransparent epidermis, strize of growth very 
fine and compact; suture well impressed; aperture orbicular, 
considerably oblique, beautifully iridescent within; operculum 
horny, spiral. Alt 61, diam. 63 mill. CL & A.) 

The single specimen of this American form before me is much 
more depressed than the figure given by Sowerby. It seems to be 
specifically distinct. 


M. vanui Moller. Pl. 39, figs. 58, 59. 


Shell small, conoidal, very smooth, shining, hyaline, pearly; 
whorls 4-42, convex, the last subangular ; umbilicus narrow. ( Phil.) 
This is the smallest of the Margarita species known to me. The 
shell approaches a pretty flat cone in form, for the upper whorls are 


288 MARGARITA. 


only a little convex, and even the last are rather declivous. The 
umbilicus is narrow, not sharply bounded; the aperture circular, 
almost higher than broad, with simple, acute peristome. The entire 
shell is completely smooth, very shining, transparent, pearly-colored. 
The inside glitters with rainbow tints. Diam. 1-1} lines. (Phil.) 
Greenland; Spitzbergen; Plover Bay, Behring Sea. 
Marg. vahlii Mouu., Ind. Moll. Gronl., p. 8—Tr. vahlii MOll. 
Purt., Conchyl. Cab., p. 286, t. 42, f. 6—M. vahlit MOll., KRaAvsE, 
Archiv. f. Naturg. 1885, p. 261. 


M. umsBILicaLis Broderip & Sowerby. PI. 39, figs. 61, 62, 64; pl. 

64, figs. 39, 40, 41. 

Widely, openly umbilicate, depressed-conical, thin, brownish- 
yellow; surface polished, shining, the inner whorls closely lirulate, 
the sculpture becoming obsolete on the last two whorls, which 
however usually show a few obsolete strize just above the periphery ; 
the umbilicus has a few obscure strize within, or none; the spire is 
elevated, apex minute, subacute; sutures deeply impressed ; whorls 
about 6, convex, the last rapidly increasing, very wide; aperture 
oblique, subcircular, nacreous inside ; peristome simple, terminations 
converging, connected by a short parietal callous; umbilicus pro- 
found, funnel-shaped. 

Alt. 11, diam. 15 mill.; alt. 18, diam. 22 mill.; alt. 15, diam. 21 
mill. 

Melville Id.; Cumberland Sound; Greenland. 


Margarita umbilicalis Brop, AND Spy. Mal. and Conch. Mag. 1, 
p. 26, 1838; Conch. Il., f. 5.—Sows. in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 
Monog. Margarita, f. 1—Puitipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 245, t. 37, f. 
2.—GrorG PFEFFER, in Naturhist. Mus. zu Hamburg, Dr. Pagen- 
stecher’s Bericht ftir 1885, p. 45, f. la, b, ¢ (1886). 

This well-marked form is characterized by its lirate upper 2 or 3 
whorls, large size, and broadly conoid contour. The specimens 
before me have no more exact locality than “ Greenland.” 


M. vorticiFERA Dall. Pl. 59, figs. 48, 49, 50. 

Shell depressed, with 3 flattened, rapidly expanding whorls, which 
have a tendency in old individuals to overhang the suture anterior 
to them ; the upper surface is traversed by numerous slender slightly 
elevated revolving threads, which are crossed by faint lines of 
growth. Outer edge of whorls subcarinate. The basal surface is 


MARGARITA. 289 


less flattened, but similarly sculptured, except that the very wide and 
funnel-shaped umbilicus is destitute of revolving striz, and the lines 
of growth are here a little stronger. Aperture excessively oblique, 
with the anterior angle much produced ; lips hardly thickened, and 
but slightly interrupted at the junction with the body-whorl. Nacre 
salmon-color ; external surface pinkish-white, brilliantly pearly 
where eroded. Alt. °5, diam. *85 in. (Dail.) 

Iliuliuk Harbor, Captains Bay, Unalashka ; larger specimens in 
the Akutan Pass, 10-60 fms; Behring Sea. 

M. voriieifera Dau, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. v, 1873, p. 59, t. 2, f. 
4.— Krause, Arch. f. Naturg. 1885, p. 260. 


This form is closely allied to M. umbilicalis Brod. and Sowb. 


M. ARGENTATA Gould. PI. 64, figs. 48, 49. 


Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, globose-depressed, conoidal, 
thin, subtransparent, corneous or bluish white in color; surface 
lusterless, dull, closely marked all over by fine, close-set spiral striz, 
scarcely visible except under a lens; spire conoidal, apex minute, 
blunt; whorls 4, tumid ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture circular, 
oblique, outer lip simple, acute, inner lip arcuate, a trifle reflexed ; 
umbilicus narrow, deep. 

Alt. 2?, diam. 3 mill. (American specimens) ; alt. 32, diam. 3:2 
mill. (European specimens. ) 

Mussachusetts, England, Scandinavia and Northward ; Behring Sea. 


M. argentata GouLy, Invert. Mass., p. 256, f. 174 (1841).—edit. 
BINNEY, p. 282, f. 544—M. glauca MouueR Ind. Moll. Greenl., p. 
8 (1842) —Trochus glaucus Moll. JEFFReEys, Brit. Conch. v (suppl.), 
p- 202.—Trochus argentatus Gld., Putirppr1, Conchyl. Cab., p. 285, 
t. 42, f. 4— Margarita olivacea Brown, Krause, Arch. f. nature. 
1885, p. 261.—Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norvegiz, p. 134, t. 9, f. 6.— 
Trochus olivaceus Brown, 1827, JEFFREYs, in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 
1877, p. 2, 40.—Margarita harrisont;Hancock, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 
1846, p. 325.—M. argentata Gld. var. gigantea LecHE, Kongl. Sv. 
Vet., Akad. Handl. Stockholm, p. 43, t. 1, f 11. 

I do not know where this shell was described by Brown; Sars 
gives no reference nor does Jeffreys. It is easily recognized by the 
lusterless closely spirally striate surface and small size. Philippi’s 
figures, copied on my pl. 39, figs. 47, 48, are incorrect in showing no 
spiral strie. The var. gigantea of Leche, described from Nov: 


Zembla differs in its large size. Alt. 10-102, diam. 10-11 mill. 
19 


290 MARGARITA. 


M. FRIELEI Krause. PI. 66, figs. 91, 92. 


Shell thin, white, pearly within, depressed-conical ; spire obtuse ; 
whorls 4, regularly rounded, the last much dilated ; suture deeply 
impressed ; aperture rounded, outer and inner lips equally arcuate ; 
umbilicus broad, not definitely bounded, but rounding into the base ; 
surface covered with very fine undulating spiral striz. 

Alt. 6, diam. 10 mill. 

Radula elongated, rhachidian teeth with greatly recurved apices, 
finely denticulated, laterals narrow-falciform, uncini large, sigmoid. 

Formula 17-(1)-9-(1)-17.  (Krause.) 

St. Lawrence Bay, Behring Sea. 


M. Frielei Krauser, Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1885, p. 263, t. 
16, f. 2 (shell and radula). 

The shell is very similar to that of I argentata Gld., but the 
characters of the radula are much more like that of Solariel/a. The 
animal is colorless; it has 5 epipodial cirrhi on each side, and small 
frontal lappets. 


M. UNDULATA Sowerby. PI. 39, figs. 36-39; pl. 64, figs. 42, 43, 44. 
Shell umbilicate, conical, thin but rather solid, lusterless, varying 
from a dark flesh tint to yellowish in color; surface covered with 
fine sharply-cut spiral riblets, irregular in size, generally alternat- 
ing larger and smaller, about 10-12 in number on the penultimate 
whorl in large specimens, much less prominent on the base except 
around the umbilicus. Below the suture there is a series of little 
folds or puckerings, more or less obvious on different individuals. 
The spire is conical, elevated, the apex minute, acute; sutures well 
impressed ; whorls 6, convex, the last very obtusely subangular at 
the periphery, rather flattened beneath; aperture very oblique, 
nearly round; margins simple, converging, joined by a short parietal 
callous; umbilicus deep, rather funnel-shaped, its margin not dis- 

tinctly angular. Alt. 8-9, diam. 10 mill. 
New England, England, Scandinavia, north to Greenland. 


Margarita undulata Sows. Mal. and Conch. Mag. 1, p. 26, 1858 ; 
Conch. Illust., f 4—GouLp, Invert. Mass., p. 254, f. 172 REEVE, 
Conch. Syst., t. 221, f. 4—Sowp. in Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 2; GouLp, 
edit. Binney, Inv. Mass., p. 280, f. 541.—Trochus undulatus PHit- 
tppr Conchy). Cab., p. 251, t. 37, f. 18, 14—Forpes & HAnuLey 
Hist. Brit. Moll., 11, p. 528, t. 68, f..1, 2; t. 78, £5, 6—Turbo in- 
carnatus Couthouy, Bost. Journ. N. H. ii, p. 98, t. 3, f. 18.—Mar- 


MARGARITA. 291 


garita striata LeAcH in Appendix to Ross’s Voyage to North Pole 
(inadequately defined, but from types, teste Forbes & Hanley).— 
GRAY, Zool. Journ. ii, p. 567—Turbo carneus Lowe, Zool. Journ. 
li, p. 107, t. 5, f. 12, 13;° Brit. Mar. Conch., p. 170.—Margarita 
carnea Sows. Mal. and Conch. Mag., p. 25; Conch., Ilust. f. 9.— 
Brown, Conch. G. Brit., p. 17, t. 10, f. 36, 37.— Trochus grénlandi- 
cus umbilicatus, ete., CHEMNITZ, Conchylien Cab., v, p. 108, t. 171, f. 
1671 (1781), (not binomial).—T. grenlandicus Chem. JEFFREYS, 
Brit. Conch. ili, p. 298, t. 61, f. 5.—(not T. grénlandicus Chem. 
ParviprPr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 247, t. 37, f. 5, a form probably equaling 
M. helicina or M. umbilicalis)— Margarita grénlandica Sars, Moll. 
Reg. Arct. Norvegie, p. 133, t. 11, f. 9 (Dentition).—M. sulcata Sows. 
Mal. and Conch. Mag. i, p. 26; Conch. Ilust., f. 1—Sows. in Reeve, 
Conch. Icon., f. 3.—Trochus rossii, Patu., Conchyl. Cab., p. 288, t. 
42, f. 9—M. grenlandica Chemn. Lecun, Kongl. Sw. Vetensk. 
Akademiens Handlingar, xvi, p. 40, 1878, and vars. rudis, levigata 
Moreh, intermedia nov. (Nova Zembla).—M. undulata Sowb. Mip- 
DENDORFF, Mal. Rossica, ii, p. 72.—T. cinerareus O. Fas. Fauna 
Groenl., p. 892.—T. fabricit Phil., Conchyl. Cab., p. 284, t. 42, f. 2. 

The spiral riblets are much finer and more numerous than in M. 
cinerea. Jeffreys describes var. albida, shell whitish; var. dilatata, 
more depressed and expanded at the sides, encircled on the upper 
part by only a few spiral striz or impressed lines; var. /e@vior 
smaller, more conical, solid and glossy, quite smooth with the excep- 
tion of one or two slight spiral ribs on the uppermost whorls, flesh 
color. The M. undulata is acommon species in collections; I have 
seen numerous specimens of the form nearly smooth beneath. The 
subsutural folds are often obsolete or nearly so. Sowerby’s M. sul- 
cata 1s figured on pl. 59, fig. 60.. Philippi’s poor figures of 7. rossti 
(=sulcata Sowb. teste Phil.!) are given on pl. 39, figs. 40, 41. 

The T. cinerareus Fab., fabricii Phil., is figured on PI. 39, figs. 
53, 54. It is probably a variety. 

M. crnEREA Couthouy. PI. 44, figs. 20; pl. 60, fig. 29; pl. 44, fig. 
25; pl. 37, fig. 5. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, thin, cinereous or brownish colored ; 
surface lusterless, finely, sharply densely obliquely striate, spirally 
lirate; the lire are coarse and unequal, 2 to 4 being more prominent 
on the upper surface, those on the base are decidedly smaller, closer, 


292 MARGARITA. 


more regular and equal, 8 to 12 in number; base radiately densely 
striate ; upper part of the whorls often with small ill-defined folds. 
Spire elevated ; apex minute, rather obtuse; upper three whorls 
strongly carinate; antepenultimate generally bicarinate ; last whorl 
subangular at the circumference, flattened, only slightly convex on 
the base; aperture subcircular, slightly subangular above and at 
base of the columella, oblique, lined with silvery iridescent nacre ; 
outer lip simple, columellar lip a little straightened in the middle, 
forming an obtuse angle at its junction with the basal lip ; umbilicus 
marked only by growth-lines within, bounded by an angle. 
Alt. 11, diam. 10 mill. 
Massachusetts, Hebrides, Norway northward ; Behring Sea. 


Margarita striata Brop. & Sows. in Zool. Journ. iv, 1829, p. 371. 
—Sowerpsy, Mal. and Conch. Mag. 1, p. 25; Conch. IIL, ff 3, 18— 
MrippenporrF, Mal. Rossica ii, p. 74—Sows. in Reeve, Conch. 
Icon., f. 7 (Not M. striata Leach).— M. maxzimu Sows., l. ¢., f. 24.— 
Turbo cinereus CourHouy, Journ. Bost. Soc. NH. ii, p. 99, t. 3, f. 
9 (1838'39).—M. cinerea GOULD, Invert. of Mass., p.252; Brnney’s 
ed., p. 279, fig. 589—DxrKay, N. Y. Moll., p. 108, t. 6, f. 113.— 
Sars, Moll. Reg: Arct. Norv., p. 134,t.9, f. 1; 4. 21, f. 4, 5; t: i, f 
11 (Dentition).— Tr. cinereus Couth. Jerr., Brit. Conch. v (suppl ), 
p. 202-Lecue, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akademiens Handl., xvi, p. 42 
(Nova Zembla!).—(not Tr. cinereus Da Cosra, Brit. Conch., p. 42, 
t. 8, f. 9, 10, and of some other English authors, a species synony- 
mous with the West Indian Jr. (Omphalius) excavatus Lam.).—M. 
sordida Hancock, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, xviii, p. 324.— Trochus 
polaris PHIL, Conchyl. Cab., p. 249, t. 37, f 9—Turbo corneus 
KIENER, Species et Icon. genre Turbo, t. 19, f. 2.— Trochus corneus 
Fiscuer, Coq. Vivantes, p. 70, t. 19, f. 2 (genre Turbo).— Margarita 
cornea SOWERBY in Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 21.—T. (Margarita) 
beecheyanus VON Martens, Mal. Blatter, xix, p. 89, t. 3, f. 1, 2— 
M. striata Brod. & Sby. Frreve, Norwegian North Atlantic Expedi- 
tion, Moll., ii, p. 31, and var. margaritifera FRIELE, /. ¢., p. 32, t. 
1s acs 

A variable species. The dense fine striation, coarse spiral liration 
of the upper surface and more finely, regularly lirate base are the 
more obvious characters. In some specimens the basal lire are 
almost obsolete except around the umbilicus; figs. 27, 28, pl. 60, 


MARGARITA. 293 


represent very young shells; fig. 29, pl. 60 is the var. grandis of 
Moreh; fig. 25. pl. 44, is the M. maxima of Sowerby ; fig. 20, pl. 44 
is copied from the original figure of T. corneus Kiener. The 
typical form is figured on pl. 64, figs. 53,54. The T. BEECHEYANUS 
Martens is figured on pl. 44, figs. 26,27. Iam unable to find char- 
acters separating it from cinerea. 


Var. MARGARITIFERA Friele. PI. 66, fig. 100, 1. 


The shell broad coniform, rather thin, with a strong mother-of-pearl 
luster ; 5 whorls, connected by a shallow suture. The sculpture 
consists of 4 to 5 angular spiral ribs on the ultimate whorl, and 
2 to 3 on the spire whorls ; apex smooth ; on the lower surface of the 
shell, which is rather flattened, close spiral striz occur; the shell 
otherwise is smooth, except that toward the aperture there are some 
faint lines of growth ; umbilicus narrow. Alt. 53, diam. 52 mill. 

This is the most beautiful shell found in the Arctic Ocean. It has 
a luster equal to the most brilliant pearl. The umbilicus is strik- 
ingly narrower than in the typical form. (Frie/e). 

Arctie Ocean, East of Greenland, 350 fms. 


M. scHanrarica Middendorff. PI. 47, figs. 84-88. 

Shell perforate, conoid-convex, apex obtuse, thin, dark slate-gray, 
buff around the umbilicus, with spots of dull black below the 
periphery ; whorls convex, encircled by strive; last whorl large, 
scarcely angulated, base a little convex, suture distinct; aperture 
large, suborbicular, peristome subcontinuous ; columella subproduced 
at base; umbilicus partly closed by the columellar lip. 

Alt. 21, diam. 22 mill.; alt. 21, diam. 19 mill. (JMidd.). 

Schantar Is., Sea of Ockhotsk. 


~ 


Trochus schantaricus Mipp., Mém. de Il’ Acad. de St. Pétersb. vi, 
ser., viii, p. 413; Reise in Siberiens, ii, Zoologie, p. 204, t. 18, f. 1-7 
(1851) ; Beitr. zu Mal. Rossica, ii, p. 85 (1847).—- T. modestus Mrpp., 
Beitr. zu einer Mal. Rossica, ii, p. 85, t. 10, f. 16-18 (1847).— Mar- 
garita modesta Midd. Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 23. 


The line-like, elevated longitudinal strize of the sculpture are only 
weak, but are pretty sharply defined. They encircle the whorls at 
regular distances from each other, and are about one-fourth the 


294 MARGARITA. 


width of their intersiices. Sometimes there are still more delicate 
secondary threads between them. Of the first I count 10-12 on the 
penultimate whorl. Upon the base of the last whorl the ridges 
become broader and broader. In the vicinity of the umbilicus they 
exceed double the breadth of the intervening furrows. The layer 
which this sculpture principally composes, is for the rest only about 
the thickness of a coat of varnish; and beneath it, showing very 
slight traces of longitudinal striz, appears silvery mother-of-pearl, 
which shines on the whorls of many specimens while still living. The 
most usual color is a dark slate-gray, through which the pearly 
layer, as through a heavy gauze, faintly shines. But if one still 
closer follows the color-changes, we find upon the pearly layer 
a thick yellow one, visible also from outside on the base, for it 
extends over the whole umbilical tract as far as the inner lip. 
Usually this yellow tract merges into the ground color around its 
circumference ; more seldom it is sharply defined. In some speci- 
mens this yellow color predominates over the whole shell. But 
usually it is covered by the slate-color, which on the base through 
separated flames passes into the above-described yellow umbilical 
spot. (Midd.) 

The 7. modestus of Midd., seems to me to be very closely allied, 
perhaps only a variety. The name is preoccupied by Philippi. The 
description, translated in full, is as follows: 

T. modestus Midd. (pl. 47, figs. 89-91). Shell conoidal, apex 
acute, reddish-brown, encircled by elevated lurid lines ; when decor- 
ticated the stratum beneath is pearly, azure. Whorls little convex, 
encircled by sharply cut longitudinal [spiral] strize; last whorl sub- 
angulate, base convexo-plane, concentrically striate; aperture sub- 
orbicular, pearly, white; umbilicus closed. 

Alt. 15, diam. 14 mill. (Midd.). 

The elevated sculpture strisze which encircle the whorls, are very 
clearly cut on the entire spire, double as narrow as the intervening 
furrows; 6-7 are upon the penultimate, 5 on the antepenultimate, 
and 4 on the next earlier whorl; 10 striz encircle the last whorl 
above, and as many upon the base; the innermost of the latter 
extend to the columella, and a few of them are also visible within 
the aperture. The interstices between the strize are brown-red, and 
sometimes have a trace of a secondary thread. The elevated striz 


MARGARITA. 295 


themselves are brownish-yellow, when the very thin layer of colored 
calcareous matter is eroded, a beautiful azure-blue nacre is revealed. 
Sitka. 

This species I have not seen. It may belong near Gibbula fulgens 


Gld., perhaps. 


I do not know whether Sowerby had the true modestus of Midd., 
or not. His figure is copied on pl., 37, fig. 8. His monograph of 
Margarita in Reeve’s Iconica contains more blunders than any work 


I have ever seen, unless some other papers by the same author prove 
to be exceptions. 


M. pupILtua Gould. Pl. 44, figs. 29-32. 


Shell narrowly umbilicated, conical, solid, lusterless, ashen or 
whitish ; surface spirally traversed by unequal cord-like lirs, sepa- 
rated by sharply crispate-striate interspaces, as wide or wider than 
the ridges. The latter are nearly smooth or show traces of the 
oblique striation ; upon the last 13 whorls there is usually a spiral 
thread in the inter-liral spaces; above this there are 4 or 5 lire 
on each whorl. Upon the base the concentric riblets decrease regu- 
larly in size from the center outward, and number about 12. The 
spire is elevated ; apex subacute ; sutures impressed ; whorls 6, con- 
vex, the last obtusely angled, flattened beneath; aperture very 
oblique, rounded, iridescent inside; peristome simple, columella 
arcuate, subreflexed at the umbilicus, often nearly closing it, united 
with the upper termination of the lip by a parietal callous ; umbilicus 
bounded by a carina, funnel-shaped, its perforation very small. 

Alt. 18, diam. 12 mill. 

Alaska to Monterey, Cal. 

Trochus pupillus GouLD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 91 (1850). 
—U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll. and Shells, p. 186, atlas, f. 208 (not 
Cantharidus pupillus ‘Gld.” Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ix, 
p. 362, and other places)—Margarita pupilla of CARPENTER and 
American authors generally —Da.t, Am. Journ. Conch. vii, p. 127. 
—M. calostoma A. Av., P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 190.—M. inflata CaRPEN- 
TER, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila. 1865, p. 62.—M. salmonea CARPENTER, 
Proc. Cal. Acad. N. Sci. iii, p. 158 (1864). 


A very variable shell. Southward the color becomes deeper, of 
a salmon hue, and the sculpture finer. Compare Tr. modestus Midd., 
and Tr. beechyanus von Martens. 


296 MARGARITA. 


M. (?) NupruscuLA Martens. Unfigured. 

Shell perforated, conical, bicarinate, pearly ; whorls 43, gradate, 
the first 2 yellowish, smooth, the following ones denuded-pearly, 
beneath the suture sculptured with a series of nodules and smooth 
spiral lire, few in number or evanescent; last whorl with elevated 
concentric lines on the base, stronger on the periphery, and radiat- 
ing impressed lines. Aperture rhomboid-rounded; columellar 
margin concave, thickened, below a little expanded, edentulous. 

Alt. 4, diam. 43 mill.; apert., alt. 2, diam. 23 mill. (Martens.) 

East Coast of Patagonia, 43° 8. lat. ; 60 fms. depth. 

Trochus (Margarita) nudiusculus, MARTENS, in Sitzungsberichte 
Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, 1881, p. 77. 

Reminds one most of Tr. nudus Phil., but is different in the 
sculpture and the open, though very narrow, umbilicus. (Martens.) 


M. CANFIELDI Dall. 


Shell of seven whorls, the last wher] comprising more than half the 
shell. Above, sutures small but deeply channelled ; whorls smooth, 
with three revolving ribs close to the suture, also three or four on the 
lower part of the whorl. Color pearly, with bronze-yellow pencil- 
lings obliquely to the suture. Surface of the whorls rather flattened, 
semicarinated, convex. Shell umbilicated with nine basal revolving 
ribs. | Umbilicus strongly carinate internally, smooth, narrow and 
small. Aperture rhomboidal, pearly, with grooves answering to the 
exterior ribs. Columella straight, with a slight callosity, but not 
reflected. (Dall.) Alt. :4; min. diam. ‘3, maj. diam. 4 in. 

Monterey, California. 


Gibbula canfieldi Dati, Am. Journ. Conch. vii, p. 129, 1871. 
(? Calliostoma Canfieldi Dall, MSS., 1866.) 


I have not seen this form. 


M. trrULATA Carpenter. PI. 65, figs. 81, 82, 87. 

Shell umbilicate, globose-conical, solid, lusterless or slightly shin- 
ing, purplish, unicolored, or with large radiating white patches 
above, or around the periphery, or spiral darker lines, or spiral 
articulated lines. Surface either with (1st) a few (2-4) strong lire 
above, their interspaces smooth, the base with about 8 concentric 
lirulee, or (2d) more numerous narrow irregular lirulze above, those of 


MARGARITA. 297 


the base still smaller, or (8d) the spiral sculpture obsolete, surface 
smooth or nearly so above and beneath. The spire is more or less 
elevated ; apex obtuse ; suture impressed, sometimes subcanaliculate ; 
body-whorl convex beneath ; aperture oblique, oval-rhomboidal, very 
brilliantly iridescent within, but the acute peristome has a rather 
broad marginal band of opaque white ; columella simple ; umbilicus 
tubular, with incremental strize within. Alt. 4-5, diam. 4-5 mill. 
Sitka to San Diego, Cal. 


M. lirulata Carp. (and vars. subelevata, obsoleta and conica) Proe. 
A. N.S. Phil. 1865, p. 61; Suppl. Rep. Brit. Asso. 1864, p. 653.— 
M. var. tenuisculpta Carp. Proc. A. N. 8. Phil. 1865, p. 61.—M. 
acuticostata Carp. Proc. Cal. Acad. 1864, iii, p. 157.—Gibbula 
optabilis Cpr. Proc. Cal. Acad. iii, p. 214.— Gibbula parecipicta CPR., 
Ann, and Mag. N. H. 1864, p. 426.—G. suecincta, G. funiculata 
and G. lacunata Carp., l. ¢., p. 426, 427.—M. lirulata (Carp.) DALL, 
Amer. Journ. Conch. vii, p. 128. 


“ After a careful study of the types of the above species, and a 
comparison of hundreds of specimens collected by Mr. Stearns and 
myself at Monterey and elsewhere, I am compelled to the belief that 
they are simply forms of one protean species. They are not even 
varieties capable of diagnosis; for not only are the intermediate 
specimens as abundant as the nominal species, but the characters, 
singly, are interchanged without limitation.” (Da//.) 

The above synonymy is adopted from Dr. Dall. The species, 
while in the highest degree variable, is easily known from other West 
American Trochidee. 


M. FuLerpa Jeffreys. Pl. 47, fig. 99. 

Shell globose-conical, rather thin, transparent, and of a bright 
luster ; sculpture, only some very fine and scratch-like spiral strize 
round the base; color clear white; spire raised; whorls 4, convex, 
somewhat flattened below the suture; the last occupies four-fifths of 
the shell; apex depressed and regularly spiral ; suture rather deep ; 
mouth circular, incurved above ; the peristome is not continuous or 
complete, but similar to that of other species in the present genus ; 
umbilicus narrow and deep ; operculum filmy, multispiral, with ob- 
scure lines to distinguish the whorls. 

Alt. ‘1, diam. .085 in. (Jeffreys.) 

N. Atlantic, lat. 48° 6’, long. W. 9° 8’. 559 fms. 

T. fulgidus JEFFR. P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 95, t. 20, f. 1. 


298 MARGARITA. 


M. MInuTULA Jeffreys. PI. 47, figs. 4, 5. 


Shell pyramidal, rather solid for its minute size, opaque and 
polished ; sculpture none; color white with a yellowish tinge; spire 
raised ; whorls 6, moderately convex but compressed, regularly en- 
larging; the last is slightly keeled un the periphery and occupies 
about two-fifths of the shell; apex blunt; suture distinct and rather 
deep; mouth representing an are of two-thirds of a circle, incurved 
just below the peri phery, and somewhat expanded below; umbilicus 
sunken, with a small and deep perforation in the middle. 

Alt. .0625, diam, .05 in. (Jeffreys.) 

N. Atlantic. 

T. minutulus JEFFR. P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 95, t. 20, f. 2—M. minima 
Seguenza (MS.) teste Jerre. L. ec. 

Has been found fossel in the pliocene at Messina. 


M. LAMINARUM Jeffreys. PI. 47, figs. 6, 7. 


Shell conical, rather thin, semitransparent and lusterless; sculpt- 
ure, numerous thin and delicate but jagged and irregular curved 
laminz in the line of growth, which do not extend to the umbilicus ; 
there are about 40 on the last whorl, some of them double; the inter- 
stices are quite smooth; color light yellowish-brown ; spire raised ; 
whorls 6, convex and rounded; the last is equal to about two-fifths 
of the spire; apex twisted ; suture distinct ; mouth nearly circular ; 
outer lip thin, but thicker and expanding at the base and partly 
folded over the umbilical perforation ; umbilicus somewhat concave, 
with a small perforation. Alt.+15, diam.‘l in. (Jeffrey:.) 

Off Cape Mondego, 795-994 fms. 

Tf. laminarum JEFF., P. Z. S. 1888, p. 95, t. 20, f. 3. 


M. CANCELLATA Jeffreys. PI. 47, fig. 8. 

Shell forming a depressed cone, rather thin, opaque and lusterless ; 
sculpture, oblique laminar ribs in the line of growth which are 
crossed by as many but slighter spiral strive ; there are about 20 ribs 
and strize on the Jast whorl; this sculpture covers the base, but the 
striz are wanting on the apex; color pale yellowish-brown ; spire 
rather depressed ; whorls 5-6, convex; the last occupies three-fifths 
of the shell; apex regular and compressed ; mouth more round than 
oval, angulated above and below on the inner side; outer lip some- 
what expanded and thickened ; inner lip nearly straight, attached to 


MARGARITA. 299° 


the pillar below the periphery; umbilicus rather narrow, with a 
deep perforation which exposes the inner whorls. 
Alt. ‘1, diam. 15 in. (Jeff) 
Josephine Bank, 340-430 fms. 


T. cancellatus JEFF., P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 96, t. 20, f. 4. 


Dall has expressed the opinion that this species is a Cyclostrema or 


Adeorbis. 


M. Brycuius Watson. PI. 64, fig. 50. 

Shell globosely depressed, with a small high spire, very thin, 
rather opaque, rough, dull, and slightly iridescent. Sculpture: The 
whole surface looks as if a rough epidermis were gathered into close, 
minute, obliquely longitudinal puckerings, with stronger folds about 
0:003 in. broad and 0-005 in. apart. These folds tend on the last 
whorl to disappear, except near the suture and toward the umbilicus. 
They are crossed by fourteen to sixteen fine round spiral threads, 
which at the crossing of each fold rise into knots. On the upper 
surface of the body-whorl they become very faint ; there are four on 
the penultimate whorl, the first being remote from the upper suture, 
the last close to the lower suture. Besides these, the surface is 
microscopically wrinkled spirally. Color a dead slightly grayish- 
white, which, toward the mouth, especially when wet, is faintly shot 
with a green and pink iridescence. Spire rather high, the earlier 
whorls being small and very much twisted out, so as to rise above 
one another by almost their entire height. The apex is round and 
blunt, and terminates abruptly, but all the earlier whorls have lost 
their outer layer. © Whorls 5, very round, of very regular but rather 
rapid increase. Suture deeply and sharply impressed. Mouth 
rather oblique round, not descending brilliantly iridescent within. 
Outer lip thin, turning down to meet the pillar-lip and carried across 
the short junction with the body by a thin nacreous callus, which is 
continued within, and is, in fact, the completion of the whorl into a 
a tube. Inner lip slightly thickened, curved, just barely reflected. 
Umbilicus wide and pervious, exposing all the whorls, and strongly 
cross-hatched within by the spiral and longitudinal threads. Oper- 
culum very thin, clear, and bright, with about eight faintly-defined 
turns, and marked with microscopic concentric lines. 

Alt. °64 in. diam. *87, lesser, 62 in. Penultimate whorl, 0°8.1 
Mouth, height 0°43, breadth 0:4 in. ( Watson.) 


300 MARGARITA. 


This shell slightly recalls Helix ericetorum, Mull. but much more 
closely resembles some of the West Indian land-operculates, such 
as Aulopoma. With its semi-continuous peristome it very much re- 
calls a Cyclostrema, all the more so that it is less pearly within, less 
nacreous and more chalky, and less globosely conoidal than Margaritas 
usually are; but I have no doubt that it isa Margarita. Trochus 
(Margarita) umbilicalis, Brod. and Sow, is vaguely like, bui is very 
obviously different ; the apex is not so exserted as here, the whorls 
are of much more rapid increase, and form a much larger though 
lower spire; the last whorl is proportionally much more tumid and 
above is more flattened, the suture is much more oblique, the um- 
bilicus is very much smaller and more covered by the inner lip, and 
the hard, polished, buff-colored porcelanous outer layer of the shell 
(which is very like that in Trochus (Margarita) expansus, Sow.) is 
very unlike. ( Watson.) 

About 900 miles S. E. of Kerguelen, 1260 fms. 


T. (Margarita) brychius Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, 
p- 699; Challenger Gasterop., p. 77, t. 5, f. 7. 


M. cHAropus Watson. PI. 64, figs. 55, 56. 


Shell globosely conical, like a Cyclophorus, thin, translucent, 
umbilicated, iridescent, banded. Sculpture: Of spiral threads there 
are from twenty-five to thirty-five, sharply projecting, rounded, and 
fine on the last whorl; of these, from three to seven are feebler 
than the rest; those on the base are continued within the mouth. 
The interstices are much broader than the threads. The whole sur- 
face is also fretted by microscopic spirals and stronger longitudinals, 
which follow the oblique lines of growth. Of the threads, six to 
thirteen appear on the penultimate whorl; they begin with the 
second whorl, and there the longitudinals are rather dispropor- 
tionately strong and regular. The embryonic apex is faintly but 
coarsely tubercled. Color yellowish white, shot on the upper side 
with a dark iridescence; the spirals are black, clouded, and broken 
with oblique longitudinal streaks of white. The spire is high and 
scalar. The apex, porcelanous and scarcely iridescent, is small, 
high, and mammillate, and consists of the one embryonic whorl, 
which is a little turned up on its side. Whorls 6, of gradual and 
regular increase, rounded, near the apex a little angulated by one 


MARGARITA. 301 


of the spirals. Suture well marked, angulated, but not sharply so. 
Mouth rather oblique, rounded, hardly angulated at the upper 
corner, not in the least descending, brilliantly iridescent within and 
showing the colored spirals of the outside. Outer lip thin, slightly 
puckered at the spirals, a little thickened on the base. Inner lip 
thickened and reflected, especially at its junction with the body 
where it almost covers the umbilicus. The pillar is much curved, 
and thins gradually out to its junction with the base. The um- 
bilicus is large and funnel-shaped on the base, deep, but small 
further in, contracted by a spiral white pillar-pad, and more than 
half covered over by the pillar-lip. Operculum rather thin, horny, 
yellow, with ten or twelve very gradual turns, which are strongly 
defined by a thickened line; it is feebly marked with concentric 
and with radiating lines. 


Alt. 0°77 in., diam. 0°78, least 0°66. | Penultimate whorl, 0-2. 
Mouth, height 0'4, breadth 0-4. . ( Watson.) 


There is a Margarita striata, Leach (nec Linn. nee Brod.) which 
this resembles, but the Kerguelen species is very much more 
flattened and broader, and much more contracted in the spire. 


The variety cwruleus (fig. 55) differs from the type in having 
only four spiral threads above the periphery, while on the base 
below the peripheral thread the threads are also fewer, and are 
flattened out till they are barely parted by narrow lines of irides- 
cent white. With the exception of these and the white umbilicus, 
the base is of an intense blue-black gray. The comparative absence 
of the spirals on the upper part of the whorls gives a flatness to the 
aspect of the shell below the suture, while the strength of the second 
and fourth spirals gives an angulation to the whorls that is apt to 
mislead the eye, the more so that the only specimen of this variety 
has the whole spire completely covered with Polyzoa. In spite, 
however, of its deceptive appearance, I am pursuaded that this is 
only a variety of Trochus charopus, the more so that the marking 
on the embryonic whorl are identical. 


In form this variety especially recalls Margarita polaris, Beck 
(Geneva Mus. Coll. Delessert), as also in its distant rather sharp 
spirals and half covered umbilicus, but it is more depressed on the 
‘base and flattened below the suture; the whorls are of much more 


302 MARGARITA. 


rapid increase, the spirals on the base are very much more numerous,, 
and the shell is brilliant in polish and in color. ( Watson.) 
Kerguelen Id.; off Cumberland Bay, 105 fms. 


T. (Margarita) charopus Watson, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 
700; Challenger Gasterop., p. 78, t. 5, f. 6. War. cwruleus, 1. ¢. 


M. pompHotucotus Watson. PI. 64, figs. 59. 

Shell depressedly globose, with a low turreted spire, thin, opaque, 
chalky, rough, umbilicate. Sculpture: There are of spirals on the 
last whorl about forty, low, rounded, very unequal, some being very 
minute, one or two above the periphery stronger than the rest; the 
lowest of all is much the strongest, and defines the umbilicus within 
which the whole sculpture increases in distinctness ; on the penulti- 
mate whorl there are about twelve spirals fully stronger than on the 
last. The furrows are broader than the threads, but as they widen 
are occupied by a minute intermediate thread. Longitudinally 
these spirals and furrows are crossed by much finer and sharper. 
oblique threads, which in general are much narrower than their 
interstices; but towards the mouth, where all the sculpture becomes 
feebler, these threads become extremely numerous and crowded. 
Color yellowish-chalky-white over brilliant nacre. Spire not much 
elevated, but a little scalar, apex eroded. Whorls 5, rounded, of 
rapid increase, inflated on the base. Suture impressed near the 
apex, while towards the mouth it becomes filled up, and is finely 
marginated, by the last whorl lapping up rather coarsely on the 
previous one. Mouth oblique, a little higher than it is broad, slightly 
flattened above, and a very little angulated at the insertion of the 
outer lip. Lip thin, a very little reflected on the umbilicus, porcela- 
neous on the edge, with a very slight pearly marginal callus, which 
is continuous across the body and nacreous within. Umbilicus large, 
funnel-shaped, quickly contracting, but leaving the whole inner spire 
visible. 

Alt. 0°38 in. diam. 0-4, least 0°33. Penultimate whorl, 0-1. Mouth, 
height 0°23, breadth 0-2. ( Watson.) 


Both in form and texture this species is extraordinarily like a 
depressed Cyclostoma. I have given it its name, in the absence of 
marked features, from its slight resemblance to a bubble. — It has 
some resemblance to Trochus rhina Wats., when, as sometimes 
in that species, the sculpture is exceptionally obsolete ; but the sculpt- 


MARGARITA. 303 


ure is still very obviously different, and the form is globose, not, as 
in that species, high and conical. ( Watson.) 


North of Culebra Id., W. Indies, 390 fms. 


Tr. (Margarita) pompholugotus Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv 
g pom g , , 
p. 702; Challenger Gasterop., p. 79, t. 5, f. 9. 


M. 1uLotus Watson. PI. 64, figs. 63, 64. 


Shell conical, with a tumid base, a scalar spire, and an impressed 
suture, uncarinated, umbilicated, sharply spiralled, thin, brilliantly 
nacreous, but with a squalid and dirty surface. Sculpture: Longitu- 
dinals—there are dense lines of growth and remote puckerings of the 
surface which might be called bars if they were continuous, but 
except within the umbilicus they are not uniformly so; they follow 
the lines of growth, and are thus very oblique; they are stronger 
above than below the periphery. Spirals—much more marked than 
the longitudinals are the equal and regularly parted sharp spiral 
threads which score the whole surface. Of these there are two or three 
on the earlier whorls and four on all the later; where they are 
crossed by the longitudinal puckerings, they rise into small delicate 
round white tubercles, which are sparse on the subsutural, and denser 
on the peripheral threads; the four spiral threads on the base are 
feebly dotted, but the two which lie near the umbilicus are somewhat 
more strongly tubercled than any of the rest; there are none within 
the umbilicus. Color white; a thin calcareous layer covers the 
brillant nacre of the shell but is obscured by a dirty deposit which 
simulates an epidermis. Spire high and scalar. Apex broken. 
Whorls 64 remaining, of rapid but regular increase, rounded, with 
a short sloping shoulder above, and constricted below ; very tumid 
on the base, suture distinct and impressed by the constriction of the 
whorl above it. Mouth very perpendicular, roundly and gibbously 
oval, bluntly angulated at the insertion of the outer lip, and at the 
point of the pillar in front, dully nacreous within. Outer lip thin, 
not descending, well arched. Pillar-lip with a direct edge, concave, 
bending a good deal over the umbilicus; it joins the basal lip at an 
angle just where the spiral thread on the edge of the umbilicus occurs. 
Umbilicus funnel-shaped and pervious, but a good deal contracted 
by the convexity of the pillar; internally it is scored by longitu- 
dinal threadlets, and the strongly impressed suture coils around it 
within. Alt. 0°62 in. diam. 0°57. — Penultimate whorl height 0°14. 
Mouth, height 0°31, breadth 0:26. ( Watson.) 


304 MARGARITA. 


I am haunted with the impression of having somewhere seen this 
species, but can come on no more definite remembrance of it. It is 
connected with the Trochus ottoi, Phil., group, and is not remote 
from Trochus (Margarita) infundibulum W., but is quite certainly 
distinct. 

It may be observed that I have put a mark of interrogation to the 
station whence this species comes. The solitary specimen had been 
sent to Mr. Henderson that he might deal with the Pagurus it con- 
tained. Mr. Henderson in handing it to me, expressed some doubt 
of the accuracy of the station marking, as the Pugurus living in the 
shell was a North Atlantic species. The Trochus itself also suggests 
to me that locality rather than the shallow water of a South Pacific 
locality like station 304. ( Watson.) 

North-west Patagonia, 45 fms. 

T. (Margarita) illotus Watson, Challenger Rept., Gasterop., p. 
OG; t.17 8:3: 


M. srrepropHorus Watson. PI. 64, figs. 65, 66. 

Shell ivory white, thin, conical, rounded at the periphery, um- 
bilicated, sculptured, and rough on the upper whorl. Sculpture : 
The upper whorls are dull, rough, reticulated, heing crossed by 
oblique close-set riblets, scored by 7 or 8 fine round threads; the 
riblets gradually degenerate into puckerings, which die out in the 
course of the penultimate whorl ; a necklace of little tubercles near 
the top of the puckerings becomes on this whorl double or treble, 
the tubercles being at the same time horizontally elongated ; in 
this whorl too a very obtuse feeble tubercled carination appears in 
the middle of the whorls; both this keel and the subsutural neck- 
lace die out toward the mouth; the edge of the umbilicus is 
angularly keeled; outside of the keel is a strongish, but depressed 
thread; besides this stronger sculpture the whole surface is scored 
with very fine lines of growth and still more microscopic spiral 
seratches. Color white, dead above, and with the gloss and beauty 
of ivory below, where a faint pearly nacre gleams through. Spire 
somewhat raised, scalar. Apex small mammillated, but prominent. 
Whorls 63, high and convex, more or less angulated above the 
periphery, of regular but rapid increase; the last large, with a 
round but slightly flattened base, and with a large marginated 
funnel-shaped umbilicus, within which the lines of growth are very 
strong. Suture strong marginated. Mouth largish, round. Outer 
lip thin beveled off from the inside to a sharp edge, nacreous 


MARGARITA. 305 


within. Inner lip strong, concave, patulous, thickened and angu- 
lated at point of the pillar where the umbilical keel joins it. Um- 
bilicus funnel-shaped, pervious; a deeply marked suture coils up 
within it. 

Alt. 0°46 in., diam. 0°46. Penultimate whorl, height 0°14. Mouth, 
height 0°25, breadth 0°25 in. ( Watson.) 

This is a singularly beautiful shell. It is connected in a general 
way with the group to which Trochus (Oxystele) euspira, Dall. 
(Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1883, p. 98, pl. xx, fig. 6) belongs. In that 
species the umbilicus is large when the shell is young, and fills up 
entirely when the shell is full grown. ( Watson.) 

S. E. of Philippines, 500 fms. 


T. (Margarita) streptophorus Watson, Challenger Gasterop., p- 
Phot. 17,1. 4. 


M. scINTILLANS Watson. PI. 64, fig. 62. 

Shell small, thin, white, very depressedly conoidal, angulated, 
tumid on the base, umbilicated; mouth semioval. Sculpture: It 
is perfectly smooth but for some curved puckerings which radiate 
from the umbilicus, but very soon die out; above the middle the 
body-whorl is roundly angulated. Color pure white, with a trans- 
parent calcareous layer over brilliant fiery pearly nacre. Spire very 
depressedly conical. Apex bluntly rounded, with a minute hyaline, 
depressed embryonic tip. Whorls 4 barely convex. Suture slightly 
impressed. Mouth semi-oval. Outer lip thin, barely angulated at 
the periphery. Pillar-lip straight, patulous, right-angled at its 
junction with the base. Umbilicus small. 


Alt. 0°14 in., diam. 0°2, least 0°16. Penultimate whorl 0°025. 
Mouth, height 0:09, breadth 0:11. ( Watson.) 


The specimen from which 1 have described this is neither full 
grown nor perfect, but the species is a very well-marked one. It is 
much more depressed and has the whorls less rounded than Trochus 
(Margarita) euspira, Dall. Than Trochus helicinus, Fabr., it is 
much more depressed, much more brilliantly nacreous, and the 
surface is much more polished, and the radiating puckers are much 
stronger. ( Watson.) 


Off Culebra Id., W. Ind., 390 fms. 


T. (Margarita ?) scintillans Warson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 
xiv, p. 712; Challenger Rept., p. 91, t. 5, f. 2. 
20 


306 MARGARITA. 


M. erytHRrocomA Dall. PI. 48, fig. 15. 


Shell small depressed conic, yellowish, variegated and articulated 
with rose-pink and opaque white; whorls rounded, 4 or 5 in number, 
with a minute smooth nucleus; generally a little carinated on the 
upper surface, especially the earlier whorls, by one or two prominent 
spiral riblets ; below full and rounded, with a small but well-marked 
umbilicus. Radiating sculpture of the lines of growth occasionally 
irregular so as to form faint waves, but usually inconspicuous ; 
spiral sculpture of fine close little-raised threads, with on the upper 
surface one and on the periphery another stronger thread or carina- 
tion, seldom nodulous, and stronger on the earlier whorls; the spirals 
are usually articulated with rose-red and opaque white or greenish- 
yellow. The base is rounded, finely spirally threaded, umbilicus not 
‘arinated nor marked by special sculpture. Aperture rounded, 
oblique, the margins a little angulated above, thin, simple, joined by 
a thin layer of callus on the body. 

Alt. of largest specimen 5, max. diam. 5°25, diam. of base 4 mill. 
( Dall.) 

Off Sand Wey, in 54 fms. ; Samana Bay, St. Domingo, and Nassau, 
Bahamas. 

M. erythrocoma Dau, Rep. on ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., Bull. M. C. Z. 
Xvili, p. 375, t. 28, f. 1 (1889). 


Var. ? SAMANZ Dall. Shell more depressed, last whorl propor- 
tionately larger and aperture much more oblique ; umbilicus twisted 
nearly closed, white, with radiating flexuous strive ; shell colored like 
the typical form, and with similar early whorls. 

Alt. 4°75, max. diam. of base 5°75, min. diam. 4°25 mill. 

Samana Bay, 16 fms. 


This very pretty little species occurs with Jnotia miniata in 
moderate depths of water. The specimen from 54 fms. was probably 
drifted. It may be distinguished from the Liotia, which is about the 
same size, by the different characters of aperture and umbilicus. 
There is no northern species which resembles it. (Dadl.) 


Section BATHYMOPHILA Dall, 1881. 
Bathymophila Dawu, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 102; 2. e. xviii, p. 378. 
M. suspira Dall. PI. 51, fig. 24; pl. 47, figs. 1, 2, 3. 


Shell conical, shining, pearly white, elevated, with a rather obtuse 
apex ; five-whorled, the nucleus translucent, white, and with a 


MARGARITA—SOLARIELLA. 307 


sculpture of strong revolving threads, of which that nearest to the 
suture is most pronounced, and continues, at first sharp, then with 
slight waves, then with oblique waves like the “lay” of a stranded 
rope, and on the last whorl as a succession of well-elevated pinched- 
up points forming a band next the suture; the others disappear on 
the third whorl, and for the rest the shell is only marked by faint 
lines of growth here and there, a little more pronounced in the vicinity 
of the umbilical callus; periphery with a tendency to carination, 
base rounded; aperture oblique, rounded, margin sharp, simple, 
pillar stout, thick, inseparable from a thick white callus which forms 
a lump over the umbilical pit; end of pillar (broken in specimens 
seen so far) apparently forming a sort of lump or thickened angle. 
Suture distinet throughout. 

Alt. 5°75, major diam. 6, diam. of aperture, 3 mill.; defl. some- 
what less than 90°. (Dadl.) 

Gulf of Mexico off Culebra Id., ete. 390-805 fms. ; also North 
Atlantic. 


M. ? euspira Daun, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 44, 1881.—M. (Bathymo- 
phila) euspira and var. nitens Jeff. (ms.) Dall, /. ¢., p. 102; Bull. M. 
C. Z. xviii, p. 378, t. 32, f. 8, 1889.— Trochus ( Orystele) euspira Dall 
JEPrREYS, P27. S. 1883,-p. 98, t. 20, f. 6: 

The diam. of my largest specimen is about 9 mill. This pretty 
shell is extremely variable as regards the height of the spire and the 
sculpture. Some specimens are quite smooth; others are spirally 
striated throughout, or on the body whorl only, or on the upper 
whorls, or round the umbilicus; some (var. coronata) have.a row of 
beads helow the suture. In all my specimens there is a minute 
tubercle on the broad and fretted pillar jnear its base, but not at its 
base. » x » The young are always umbilicate. (Jeffr.) 


Subgenus SOLARIELLA Searles Wood. 


Solariella SEARLES Woop, Cat. shells from the Crag, in Ann. and 
Mag. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 031 (1842). Type, S. maculata S. Wood.— 
CARPENTER, Proc. Cal. Acad. ili, p. 157—Fiscuer, Manuel de 
Conch., p. 826 (not Solariella Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. p. 481, = 
Minolia Ad.).—Solariella ‘A. Ad.’ Datu, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, 
p. 378.—Mucheroplax FRteLe, Tungebeveebningen hos de Norske 
Rhipidoglossa, in Archiv f. Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, Chris- 
tiana, li, p. 311, 1877.—Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 136, 1878. 
Type, M. affinis Jetty. 


308 SOLARIELLA. 


This genus was founded by Wood for an English Crag fossil 
Trochid, conical in form, with tubular whorls and deep umbilicus, 
its margin crenulated. The type species, S. maculata, is closely 
allied to the recent S. amabilis of Jeffreys. The name has been 
erroneously used by the brothers Adams for a group of tropical, 
broadly umbilicated, tubular-whorled Trochids, which later received 
the name Minolia. In 1877, Herman Friele instituted the genus 
Macheroplax (type M. affinis Jettr..—amabilis Jeffr. var.), giving as 
diagnostic characters the short broad radula, with few (about 10) 
uncini, and these much larger and differently formed than in 
Margarita. The characters of radula may be compared thus: 


Margarita. |  Macheoplax (—Solariella). 

Radula long. Radula short, broad. 

Median teeth 9-13, subequal, | Median teeth 5-7, subequal, with 
with recurved serrate cusps, serrate cusps, the obsolescent 
and an outer obsolescent cusp- outer lateral of Margarita re- 
less plate lying between the placed by a_ well-developed 
perfect median teeth and the tooth with denticulate cusp. 
uncini. Uncini few (about 10), large, 

Uncini very numerous, the apices falciform, with entire or feebly 
recurved, denticulate. denticulate edges. 


The little group separated by the writer under the name Conotro- 
chus may, as Dr. Dall has suggested to me, belong to Solariella; but 
as its relations seem to be equally close to Winolia, I include it for the 
present in that genus as a section, (See page 197, 268.) 

The dentition and operculum of S. varicosa are figured on pl. 50, 
fi 
S. opscurA Couthony. PI. 57, figs. 44, 45. 

Shell umbilicate, conical, thin, ashen, whitish or reddish in color ; 
surface lusterless, the dull outer layer very thin, overlying a brill- 
iantly iridescent nacre. Sculpture consisting of a rather prominent 
spiral ridge or carina at the shoulder of each whorl, beneath which, 
on the peripheral portion of the whorl, there are several (generally 
3 to 6) smaller lire, often subobsolete; the entire base sometimes 
shows fine low concentric lire, but usually they nearly disappear 
there, becoming visible again around the umbilicus; there are often 
traces of a few obscure spiral riblets above the supra-peripheral 
Longitudinally the entire surface is marked by regular, 


oo fee! Wie 


carina. 


SOLARIELLA. 309 


rather close waves or folds, so low and obtuse as to be frequently 
almost indistinguishable. The spire is conical; apex rather blunt ; 
apical whorl rather prominent, reddish, corneous or purplish, smooth, 
rounded ; suture impressed; whorls 5}, convex, tubular, the last 
slightly convex beneath and carinated around the umbilicus. The 
aperture is oblique, circular, its margins thin and arcuate ; there is 
a slight angle at the base of the columellar lip. 

Alt. 8, diam. 9 mill.; frequently smaller. 

New England Northward; Nova Zembla; Scandinavia; Behr- 
ing Sea. 

Turbo obscurus CourHouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 11, p. 100, t. 
3, f. 2—Margarita obscura Couth. GouLp, Invert. of Mass., p. 253, 
fig. 171; Brnney’s edit., p. 283, f. 545.—Lrcur, Kongl. Sw. Vet- 
Akad. Handl. xvi, p. 44, and var. intermedia, t. 2, f. 25, and cineree 
formis, p. 45.—Macheroplax obscura Couth. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. 
Norv., p. 137, t. 9, f. 5.——Trochus obseurus Couth. Putu., Conchyl. 
Cab., t. 42, f. 3—Macheroplax obscura var. planula VERRILL, 
Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci. v, p. 531 (1882), and var. carinata 
VERRILL, l.c., p. 532. 


Var. PLANULA Verrill. 


Another form of M. obscura frequently occurs south of Cape Cod, 
in 15 to 30 fms. In this the base is nearly smooth, with the radiat- 
ing ribs obsolete, or indicated merely by bands of brownish color, 
while the spiral lines are entirely wanting, or occur only near the 
periphery, and often in the umbilicus, which may or may not be de- 
fined by an angular border. The body-whorl usually has three or 
four more or less distinct, but low, angular spiral cinguli, of which 
the first, just below the suture, usually forms only a slight ridge on 
the flattened subsutural band, and is often entirely absent ; the second, 
midway between the suture and periphery, is the largest, most 
prominent, and most constantly present ; below this there may be 2 
or 3 evident carinz, or these may be absent, or replaced by several 
fine spiral cinguli. Transverse low ribs or undulations may be more 
or less distinct on all the whorls, but more frequently are present on 
the upper whorls, and obsolete, or nearly so, on the lower ones. 
(Verrill.) Scarcely distinct enough from obscura for a varietal name 


Var. CARINATA Verrill. 
This has the form and the large umbilicus of M. obscwra, but its 
strong, spiral carinz and the distinct spiral carina around the um- 


310 SOLARIELLA. 


bilicus cause it to resemble Margarita cinerea. The body-whorl has 
a distinct subsutural carina and three well-separated, strong, raised 
earinze below it, the fourth forming a peripheral keel; sometimes 
smaller intermediate ones occur between the third and fourth, and 
two or more smaller ones below the periphery ; in some examples 
distinct incised spiral lines cover the whole of the base and inner 
surface of the umbilicus, while a strongly-marked carina, with a 
deeper groove each side of it, defines the umbilicus. Transverse un- 
dulations are usually well marked on the upper whorls, and some- 
times on the base. There are no lamellose lines of growth, so 
characteristic of M. cinerea; and the umbilicus is much larger than 
in the latter. (Verrill.) 

Off Martha's Vineyard, in 146 to 335 fms. 
Var. L&vVIS Friele. PI. 66, figs. 94, 95, 96. 

Shell thin, light flesh-colored, having a faint tinge of mother-of- 
pearl luster, broad coniform ; 5 tumid whorls, of which the ultimate 
one is frequently somewhat flattened on the lower surface ; forming 
thus, a faint angular margin below the periphery; the spire short 
but pointed ; suture deep; the aperture oblique, oval; the outer lip 
sharp; umbilicus somewhat wide, and deep. The sculpture some- 
times shows only faint lines of growth, and is otherwise perfectly 
smooth ; sometimes there are mdistinct indications of spiral grooves. 

Alt. 6, diam. 64 mill. (Friele.) 

Arctic Ocean, East of Greenland, 300-550 fms. 

S. levis Frietr, Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, Moll., ii, 
p. 30, t. 12, f 4, 5, 6, 1886. 

The species included in this genus appear to be, in a very great 
degree, polymorphous; and although this beautiful smooth form is 
so very unlike all the others of the genus known, yet I am not 
certain but that transitions to Sol. obscura Couth. will be traceable. 
The traces of spiral sculpture appearing on a couple of specimens 
of S. levis would appear to indicate this, (Friele.) 


Var. BELLA (Verkriizen) Sars. Pl. 64, figs. 57, 58. 

Shell rather solid, white, pearly, globose-conoid, the spire moder- 
ately produced ; whorls 5, subangular, regularly increasing, the last 
less depressed than in M. obscura, separated by a distinct, scarcely- 
impressed suture ; aperture dilated beneath, and distinctly angulate ; 
outer lip thin, irregularly indented, inner lip incuryed; umbilicus 
large, deep, circular, its margin lightly defined; surface with rather 


SOLARIELLA. ealak 


prominent spiral ribs, 4 on the last, 2 or 3 on the penultimate whorl, 
clathrate with elevated, distant longitudinal lines; base sculptured 
with about 10 impressed spiral lines, decussated by arcuate lines. 

Alt. 63, diam. 7 mill. 

Norwegian coast; Off Cape Cod, Mass.; Off Cape Sable, Nova 
Scotia in 90 fms., ete. 

Margurita bella VERKRUZEN, Jahrb. d. Mal. Gesellsch. 1875, p. 
236 (no description ).—Macheroplax bella Verkr. Sars, Moll. Reg. 
Arct. Norv., p. 137, t. 9, f. 4 —Macheroplax obscura var. bella Verkr. 
VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci. v, p. 531 (1882).—M. bella Verkr. 
VERRILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 378. 


I have no doubt of the intergradation of the forms bella, obscura 
and /evis. These three form a series varying from highly-sculptured 
to smooth. Verrill’s observations on M. bella as dredged by him off 
the New England coast are as follows: It differs from the typical 
obscura chiefly in having the base covered with distinct incised 
spiral lines. In some specimens the curved radiating ribs or un- 
dulations on the base are well marked, as in the typical form, in 
others they are more or less obsolete. The presence of a slight spiral 
carina, or angle, bordering the umbilicus, is variable in both forms, 
being in some specimens, pretty well developed, in others entirely 
absent. The sculpture on the upper whorls is also variable in both 
varieties. The transverse ribs are usually more evident in var. 
bella, but they are often equally evident in typical obscura. 


S. varicosA Mighels and Adams. PI. 66, figs. 16, 17. 


Shell small, thin, low, conical, of a dingy white or drab color ; 
whorls 4, convex, covered with numerous longitudinal oblique ribs ; 
intersected by a great number of revolving strive, which are most 
conspicuous on the lower part and base of the lower whorl. The 
striz on the upper part of the whorls can only be seen with a 
magnifier. Suture distinct, subcanaliculate ; umbilicus rather large 
and deep, bounded by two rather rugged varices, intersected by the 
ribs which are continued to the verge of the umbilicus. Aperture 
circular ; labrum simple, sharp; within pearlaceous. 

Alt. 63, diam. 62 mill. (Migh. and Ad.) 

Newfoundland Northward ; Norway; Nova Zembla. 


Margarita varicosa M. and A., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv, p. 46, t. 
4, f. 14 (1842).—Gouw LD, Binney’s edit., p. 285, f. 547.— Macheroplax 
varicosa Migh. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 139, t. 9, f. 2—M. 


312 SOLARIELLA. 


plicata M. Sars, teste G. O. Sars.—M. elegantissima (BEAN MS.) 
Woop, Crag.,,Moll. i, p. 184, t. 15, £ 1 —ecan, sats Moll 
Asongl. sw. Akad. Handl. xvi, p. 48—M. polaris DANTELSSEN, in 
Copenhagen Mus. (teste Leche). 


S. ALBuLA Gould. PI. 66, figs. 14, 15. 

Shell rather solid, whitish, pearly, more or less distinctly tinted 
with violaceous or rose color, depressed-conoidal; spire short; 
whorls 6, appressed, the last large; base planulate; suture very 
slightly impressed ; aperture subangulate ; outer lip obliquely arcuate, 
inner nearly vertical; umbilicus large and deep, funnel-shaped, 
defined by a distinct basal ridge; surface sculptured with slightly 
elevated unequal spiral lines, decussated by less conspicuous 
longitudinal striz ; base nearly smooth, but with subobsolete spiral 
lines around the umbilicus. Alt. 9, diam. 10 mill. (Sars.) 

Greenland ; Norway; Unalaschka. 


Marg. albula Guy., Otia, p. 154.—Macheroplax albula Gld. Sars, 
Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 188, t. 9, f. 3. 

5. PERAMABILIS Carpenter. PI. 67, figs. 59, 60, 61. 

Shell very thin, very elegantly sculptured, livid, spotted with 
pale rufous-brown; nuclear whorls 2, very tumid, smooth, apex 
mammillated ; following whorls 4, tabulated, sutures nearly rect- 
angular; upon the spire there are two or three carinz, and inter- 
calated carinulz ; the entire surface is most elegantly and densely 
radiately costate, costee very acute, subgranulose upon the carine, 
nterstices on the first whorl fenestrated, posteriorly decussated ; basei 
deeply rounded; sculptured with about 5 lirule, anteriorly granulose ; 
umbilicus large, closely ornamented with about 3 spiral distant lines, 
and radiating costulations continued from the base. Aperture 
rounded, indentated by the carine, scarcely in contact parietally, 
iridescent inside, nacreous; operculum very thin, multispiral, with 
about 10 elegantly radiately rugulose whorls. ( Carpenter.) 

Alt. 8, diam. 8 mill. 

San Diego; Catalina Id., Cal., 30-120 fms. 

Solariella peramabilis Carp., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 156 
(1864). 

Dr. Cooper’s very lovely species of a very lovely group may 
possibly prove to be a variety of the Japanese Minolia aspecta 
A. Ad. mss. in Mus. Cuming; but, until more specimens from each 
district have been compared, it is more prudent to keep them 


SOLARIELLA. 313 


s2parate. It seems to have exhausted the power of sculpture on its 
graceful habitation. Under the microscope, the sharp transverse 
lirulze, mounting over the keels, dividing the interspaces, and even 
ascending the wide umbilicus, are eminently beautiful. Even the 
operculum is sculptured with delicate waved radiating lines. It 
has the aspect of an extremely thin Torinia, with a funnel-shaped 
umbilicus. This is not only bounded by a granular keel, but has 
three other distant spiral lines crossing the lirule. The radiating 
sculpture is more distant on the upper whorls, where first two, then 
three keels appear, fenestrated by the lirul:e, which afterward 
become much closer and are sometimes worn away behind the 
labrum. ( Carpenter.) 


S. VANCOUVERENSIS E. A. Smith. Unfigured. 

Shell conical, moderately umbilicated, grayish-white; whorls 5, 
shightly convex, with oblique flexuous ribs extending from suture to 
suture, also obscurely spirally striated ; last whorl obtusely angulated 
at the middle, rather flattened beneath with four or five concentric 
sulci at the angle, of which the three uppermost are broader than 
those below, and the interstices or lirze between them are also stouter. 
The rest of the flattened base is arcuately plicated, or, in other 
words, exhibits the continuation of the costs upon the upper half of 
the volution, which are interrupted by the sulci at the periphery ; 
umbilicus smallish, surrounded by a subtuberculated double ridge ; 
aperture subrotund, flattened at the base, iridescent within. Colu- 
meila a trifle arcuate, somewhat expanded above, and at the lower 
extremity forming an angle with the base. 

Alt. 63, diam. 64 mill; aperture, alt. and breadth nearly 5 mill. 
(Smith. ) 

Vancouver Island. 

Trochus (Margarita) vancowverensis Smith, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 
1880, vi, p. 288. 

In some places, probably where the superficial calcareous layer is 
thin, the pearly iridescence beneath it is observable. The oblique 
flexuous costv are about 19 in number on the penultimate, and a 
trifle more numerous upon the last whorl. (Smith.) 


S. AMABILIS Jeffreys. Pl. 57, fig. 52. 

Shell pyramidal, moderately solid, semitransparent, of a pearly 
and partially iridescent luster ; sculpture: two spiral ridges or keels 
on the upper part of each of the last three or four whorls, and one 


314 SOLARIELLA. 


on the upper part of the next or smaller whorl, besides several finer 
but irregular ridges on the base of the last or largest whorl, and 
numerous minute spiral striz between all the ridges; the principal 
ridges are placed near the suture of each whorl, both above and 
below, leaving a broad fattened space in the middle and a narrow 
excavated space below the suture, thus imparting a tower-like 
appearance to the shell; the upper whorls are also marked with 
numerous short and fine longitudinal ribs, which cross the ridges 
and make them crenelated ; color pure pearl-white; spire elevated ; 
apex semiglobose, prominent and slightly twisted; whorls 7, 
gradually increasing in size; suture very distinct; mouth nearly 
circular, but angulated or somewhat notched below by the um- 
bilical ridge ; outer lip thin and slightly expanded ; inner lip folded 
a little back on the umbilicus, and adhering to the pillar; inside 
more or less iridescent ; umbilicus large but not wide, funnel-shaped, 
and completely exposing the whole of the inner spire; it is encircled 
outside by a strong spiral ridge, which is often beaded, and winds 
like a staircase into the interior; operculum forming a spiral of 
about a dozen whorls, the edges of which are imbricated and over- 
lap one another in succession. (Jeff.) 

Alt. 8 diam, 7 mill.; alt. 74, diam. 64 mill. (Jeffreys.) 

North Sea off Shetland Is., 85-95 fms.; Gulf of Mexico, Cape 
Florida to Cauribbees, 193-888 fis. 


Trochus amabilis JEFFREYS, British Conch. i111, p. 300; v. t. 61, 
f. 6.—Solariella amabilis Jeftr. Datu, Blake Gasteropoda, Bull. 
M. C. Z. xviii, p. 380 (1889).—Trochus cinctus Phil. JEFFREYS, 
P. ZS. 1883, p. 97.—T. affinis Jerrreys olim.—T. cinctus var. 
affinis JEFFREYS, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 9&8, t. 20, f. 5—Macheroplax 
afinis Jeffr, Frrevr, Archiy. f. Math. og Naturvidenskab, ii, p. 313, 
t. 5, f. 2 (Dentition)—Macheroplax hidalgoi Fiscuer, Journ. de 
Conchyl. 1882, p. 51. 

A beautiful form, distinguished by the elevated turreted spire 
bicarinate whorls, etc. The only specimens I have seen are from 
the Gulf of Mexico. They are more elevated than Jeffrey’s types. 

“A remarkable variety which I have named affinis (pl. 47, fig. 
98), and at one time believed to be a distinct species, is finely and 
closely reticulated; the whorls are rounded and show no trace of 
angularity ; and the umbilicus is not encircled by a keel.” (Jeffreys.) 

According to Jeffreys, the M. hidalgoi Fischer is synonymous. 
The original description is as follows : 


SOLARIELLA. Sil 


Shell broadly umbilicated, whitish-pearly, thin, conoidal ; whorls 
52, convex, separated by gradate suture, ornamented with oblique, 
dense regular radiating costelle, and two spiral lire on the lower 
part; last whorl ventricose, radiately costellate above, with three 
acute elevated median spiral cinguli, beneath with obsolete con- 
centric striz; umbilicus wide, carinated at the periphery, plicate, 
denticulate ; aperture subcircular. 

Alt. 5, diam 5 mill. (Fischer.) 

Gulf of Gascogne, 896-1226 meters. 
S. LAMELLOSA Verrill & Smith. Pl. 57, fig 14. 

Shell small, fragile, conical, canaliculate, with a wide umbilicus. 
Whorls five, angulated and carinated below the middle, swollen just 
below the suture, which lies in a deep channel; they are crossed, 
above the peripheral carina, by numerous elevated, thin, oblique 
ribs, which rise into lamelle near the suture, where they join the 
carina forming small nodules; between the ribs are fine parallel 
lines of growth and sometimes a few fine revolving lines. Below 
_the periphery, in line with the posterior edge of the lip, there is a 
smaller, plain, angular rib, and around the umbilicus there is a 
strong nodulose rib. | Between these ribs, the base is covered with 
fine revolving lines. Within the umbilicus are radiating raised 
lines which cross two or three small revolving ribs. Aperture 
rounded, with angles corresponding to the ribs. 

Alt. 3, diam. 3 mill. (Verrill.) 

Off Martha’s Vineyard, in 115 fms.; Gulf of Mexico 287-2805 fms. 

Margarita lamellosa VeRRILL and Smira, Am. Journ. Sei, 3d 
series, vol. 20, p. 397; Trans. Conn. Acad., p. 530, t. 57, f. 38.— 
Solariella lamellosa V. & S., DAuL, ‘ Blake’ Gastrop., p.'379. 

Constantly smaller and differently wrinkled from S. amabilis. 


(Dall.) 


S. ©GLEES Watson. PI. 66, figs. 18, 19. 

Shell broadly conical, high, with a very large umbilicus, orna- 
meuted with rows of tubercles, carinated. Sculpture: spirals— 
there is a row of small round pointed tubercles a little below the 
suture, the carina is double, formed by two rather remote tubercled 
threads, the lower of which runs to the onter lip. Below this one is 
a broadish furrow and slightly beaded thread, which toward the 
mouth projects so as to become a third carina. The center of the 
base has another slightly beaded thread; and another formed of 


316 SOLARIELLA. 


remote rounded tubercles, defining the umbilicus, within which is a 
very slight furrow and an ill-defined ridge. Longitudinals—the 
apical whorls are ribbed, but the ribs gradually break into the 
scarcely connected tubercles of the last whorl. The lines of growth 
are hardly perceptible, except on the base. Color pure white when 
weathered, but apparently slightly brownish when fresh, with a pearly 
nacre below the thin calcareous surface-layer. Spire high, very 
slightly scalar. Apex sharp, minute, flattened on the one side, with 
the very small embryonic 1+ whorl rising sharply on the other. 
Whorls 7, of regular increase ; the last is small, from the large part 
of it cut out by the umbilicus; they are flatly conical and slightly 
scalar. Suture linear, but strongly defined by the right-angled | 
junction of the whorl. Mouth oblique, much inclined to the axial 
line, rectangularly rounded, the pillar and outer lip being parallel. 
Outer lip thin and broken, not descending. — Pillar-lip shortly but 
flatly bent over the umbilicus, and here it is patulous and sinuated, 
it then advances in a straight line toward the base. It is toothed in 
the middle by a strongish spiral protuberance at which point it 
projects; but from this to the junction with the base it is thin and ~ 
retreats. Umbilicus very large, funnel-shaped and pervious. 

Alt. 0°27 in.; diam. 0°3, least 0°25. Mouth, height 0:1, breadth. 
015 in. ( Watson.) 

This very beautiful species is well defined by its exactly conical 
form and very large umbilicus, which cuts the whole body out of the 
inside of the last whorl, narrowing the base to an extraordinary 
extent. The young shells are excessively like those of Trochus 
(Ziziphinus) tiara, Wats., but are flatter, broader, and more umbili- 
cated. ( Watson.) 

Gulf of Mexico, 287-888 fms. 

T. (Margarita) aegleés Watson, Journ. Linn. Soe., Lond. xiv, p. 
704, 1879; Challenger Gasterop., p. 81, t. 5, f. 10-—Margarita eqleis 
Watson, Danr, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 40, 1881.—Solariella cegleis 
Watson, DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 379, 1889. 

Dr. Dall unites with this species as varieties, the rhina and clavata 
of Watson. I have no doubt of the correctness of his views. 


Var. RHINA Watson. PI. 64, figs. 51, 62. ; 
Shell conical, with a broad and tumid base and a wide narrowed 
umbilicus; surface cross-hatched like a file ; when fresh, translucent 
with a pearly sheen. Sculpture: spirals—there are three to five 
slightly raised remotely headed threads, of which one lies a little be- 


SOLARIELLA. leg 


low the suture, one at the periphery forming a carina, of which the 
beads are much smaller and closer set, sometimes evanescent ; one, 
with beads like the first, defines the umbilicus, within which there 
is a strong spiral ridge; and the whole surface is covered with fine 
rather sharp threads, whose partings are twice as broad as themselves. 
Of these finer spirals, the one which meets the outer lip often rises 
into prominence and defines the base, while another above the carina 
sometimes stands out more strongly and more beaded than the rest. 
Longitudinals—the whole surface is close-set with these, which are 
crossed by the spirals, than which they are broader but less sharp, 
closer-set, and more irregular and interrupted, especially near the 
upper line of tubercles and near the umbilicus. Color a bluish 
white when alive, with a translucent calcareous layer through which 
the nacre shines. Spire high, a little scalar. Apex small, a little 
flattened, with the embryonic 1+ whorl barely projecting in the 
middle. Whorls 6-7, the last is of rapid increase, full rounded and 
a little tumid; the preceding ones are a little roundedly shouldered 
below the suture, flat on the contour angulated at the carina, and 
slightly contracted into the sutur;; the apical whorls are simply 
rounded and longitudinally ribbed, suture is linear, but strongly, 
not acutely defined by the perpendicular rise of the whorl above it 
and the slight sloping shoulder below. Mouth round, scarcely 
oblique, with a translucent porcelaneous edge, and pearly within. 
Outer lip not descending, sharp; its inner edge is beveled outwards 
at the expense of the pearly layer. Pillar-lip bends over the um- 
bilicus, is a little reverted, and expands into a tooth at the intra- 
umbilical ridge. Umbilicus funnel-shaped, wide, pervious, but 
narrowed within by the spiral ridge. Operculum of very many 
narrow whorls, which on their outer edge over lap as a narrow 
gleaming flange. 


Alt. 0°32 in., diam. 0°32 in., least 0°28 in. Mouth, height 0:18, 
breadth 0°18 in. ( Watson.) 

This is a much larger species than Trochus (Margarita) cinereus, 
Couth.; from the North Atlantic, much higher, much more conical, 
much more exquisitely sculptured, suture more impressed, base more 
tumid and not angulated at the edge, umbilicus larger. Than 
Trochus (Margarita) amabilis Jeffr., it is, of course, still larger, less 
conical, less angulated, the sutural impression is not like a rounded 
gouged-out line as it is there, the base is not flattened, and the whole 


318 SOLARIELLA. 


style of sculpture is totally different. The measurements given above 
are taken from an almost exceptionally fine specimen. ( Watson.) 
Off Azores Is., 450-1000 fms. 

T. (Margarita) lima Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 
703 (not Gina Phil.)—T. (Margarita) rhina Watson, Challenger 
Gasterop., p. 80, t. 5, f. 1. 

Var. CLAVATA Watson. PI. 66, figs. 98, 99. 

Shell small, conical, with a high spire and a tumid base, a round 
mouth, and a deep umbilicus, and covered with sharp prickles. 
Sculpture: spirals—there are several small threads, two of which, of 
equal strength and prominence, angulate the whorls—one at the basal 
contraction, the other about half way up the whorl; on the base they 
are somewhat closer set. The outer Jip does not meet the carinal 
thread, but the one below. Longitudinals—the whole surface is 
crossed by close-set, slightly oblique narrow laminee, which, in cross- 
ing the spirals, rise into sharp vaulted prickles whose faces are turned 
towards the mouth. Color white, with a pearly luster. Spire very 
high. Apex minute, with the small embryonic 1} whorl rising from 
a minute flat. Whorls 6}, angulated and narrow in the spire, but 
the last inflated and expanded. Suture deeply impressed, somewhat 
depressed, and very strongly defined. Mouth perpendicular, round, 
slightly pointed on the base, and angulated at the upper carina. 
Outer lip sharp, advancing far across the body towards the pillar-lip. 
Pillar-lip depressed upon the umbilicus, then rounded and sinuated, 
slightly toothed at the point of the pillar. Umbilicus wide and 
deep, but internally narrowed. 

Alt. ‘17 in. diam. ‘18. Mouth, height 0:07, breadth 0:07 in. 
( Watson. ) 

The peculiarly high narrow spire and the vaulted prickles are 
very characteristic features of this species, none of the specimens of 
which are adult. When full grown there would probably be an 
additional whorl, which would add a broad base to the high narrow 
spire. There seems to be some variation in the number of the 
spirals. I have put a query to the specimens from Pernambuco, 
because, though identical in other respects, the embryonic whorls are 
slightly larger and more tumid. The curves of the mouth-edge have 
some suspicion of an infra-sutural sinus, and the form of the pillar 
is also suggestive of Basilissa, but the form of the mouth is wholly 
unlike that genus. ( Watson.) 

Off Culebra Id., W. Ind., 350 fms.; off Pernambuco, 675 fms. 


SOLARIELLA. 319 


T. (Margarita) clavatus Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p- 
705; Challenger Rep. Gasterop., p. 82, t. 5, f. 8.—Solariella egleis 
var. clavata Watson, Dauu, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 380. 


S. INFUNDIBULUM Watson. PI. 66, fig. 97. 


Shell conical, with a tumid base, carinated, umbilicated, thin, 
translucent, pearly. Sculpture: spirals on the upper whorls 2, on 
the body whorls 7-8, pretty strong, but fine beaded threads. The 
first lies remote below the suture, and is sparsely ornamented by 
longitudinally produced, high and pointed, tubercles; it forms a 
shoulder on the whorl. The second projects strongly and sharply 
at the periphery and forms the carina; it and those below are 
delicately fretted with close-set small beads. The third, which 
meets the outer lip, lies within the contraction of the base. The last 
two are closer than the rest, which, however, are sometimes brought 
closer by the additional thread which appears among them. The 
one which defines the umbilicus is more sharply beaded than the 
rest. Longitudinals—below the suture and near the umbilicus the 
surface is sharply but delicately puckered, and these puckerings, 
strong in the early whorls, are in the later faintly continued across 
the whorls as lines of growth. Color yellowish white, with a brill- 
lant nacreous sheen shining through the thin superficial calcareous 
layer, which becomes more opaque in drying. Spire high, scalar. 
Apex minute, flattened, with the minute bulbous embryonic 1} whorl 
projecting on one side. Whorls 8, of rapid increase, rounded, but 
angulated by the projection of the spirals, very tumid on the base. 
Suture linear, but strongly defined by the contraction of the 
suprajacent whorl and the flat shoulder of the one below. Mouth 
very slightly oblique, round, but on the pillar flattened, and at the 
point of it angulated slightly, nacreous within; across the body 
there is no pad, but the shell is eroded, and this erosion has the 
appearance of a thin callus. Outer lip thin, not descending. 
Pillar-lip slightly patulous, hending flatly over the umbilicus, and 
then advancing in a straight line to the point of the pillar, where it 
is slightly angulated just where the beaded umbilical spiral ends. 
Umbilicus funnel-shaped, rather open, but a good deal contracted 
within. Sharply scored with the lines of growth. Operculum 
yellow, horny, very thin, of 7 to 8 whorls. 


Alt. °81 in., diam. °65, least 0°59. Mouth, height 0°37, breadth 
0°35 in. ( Watson.) 


320 SOLARTIELLA. 


The beautiful species, of very singular aspect, recalls in a very 
general way the form of Turcica monilifera, A. Ad., but differs from 
that in its rounded contours, strongly contracted suture, umbilicus, 
and straight untoothed pillar. It resembles in form Margarita 
aspecta, A. Ad., but that is less tumid, is carinated, its umbilicus is 
much smaller, the spirals are many more, and they are not tubercled. 
It is very like Trochus ottoi Phil. a fossil from Messina, lately 
taken alive in abundance by Professor Verrill off the New England 
coast in 115 to 500 fathoms, and published by him as Margarita 
regalis. Trochus infundibulum may, after all, be only a variety, 
but compared to that this is larger, higher in proportion to breadth, 
has the base much more tumid, and the longitudinals far weaker. 
In Trochus ottoi Phil., these longitudinals are very strong, and 
make sharper, higher, crisper nodules on the spirals; that species, 
too, has not the subsutural flat with its radiating bars and its border 
of tubercles, and has not the spiral uniting that first row of tubercles. 
As to the infra-umbilical spirals they vary astonishingly. ( Watson.) 

Off Bermuda, 1075 fms.; Marion Id., Indian O., 1875 fms. ; Off 


Guadalupe, 769 fms. 


Tr. (Margarita) infundibulum Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., 
xiv, p. 707, 1879; Challenger Rep., p. 84, t. 5, f. 5.—Solariella in- 
fundibulum Watson, Datu, Blake Gasterop., Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 
380, 1889; The Nautilus, 1889, p. 1. (Anatomy.) 


The external anatomy and genitalia have been described by Dall. 


S. orrort Philippi. PI. 57, fig. 17. 

Shell rather large for the genus, thin and delicate, whitish, 
brilliantly iridescent or pearly, externally and internally, broad 
conical, turreted, wider than high, with a convex base, and deep 
umbilicus. Whorls seven, much flattened, with the suture scarcely 
impressed ; the upper whorls are coronated by two, and the body- 
whorl by three, revolving, strongly nodulous ribs, along which the 
conical, often acute nodules are very regularly arranged. The first 
of these rows of nodules is just below the suture; the second is 
separated from the first by a wide, flat, or slightly concave interspace ; 
the third is not far from the second, and surrounds the periphery, 
usually corresponding with the line of the suture; the second and 
third are usually the most elevated ; on the base there are five or six 
strong, rounded, revolving ribs, part of them usually somewhat 
nodulous, separated by deep, concave interspaces, rather wider than 


SOLARIELLA. 321 


the ribs; one or two additional ones often appear in the umbilical 
opening, which is funnel-shaped and moderately large, but often 
partially obstructed by the reflexed edge of the inner lip. The inter- 
spaces between all the ribs are covered with close, slightly raised lines 
of growth, and usually with traces of a thin epidermis. Aperture 
somewhat quadrangular, large, lip thin. Animal with long tentacles 
and large black eyes; four large lateral cirri on each side, with a 
group of four or five small intermediate ones; snout with a broad, 
bilobed, crescent-shaped expansion in front. Odontophore without 
a large lateral tooth between the inner and outer series, otherwise 
much like typical Margarita. Alt. 14, diam. 15 mill. (Verriil.) 

Off Martha’s Vineyard, 65 to 192 fms. ; off Newport, R. I., 85-3825 
fms.; off Grenada, 416 fms.; Bay of Biscay; between Hebrides and 
Faroé Is.; Mediterranean ; St. Thomas, W. I.; Fossil and Pliocene of 
Ttaly and Sicily. 


Trochus ottot Paitteri1, Enum. Moll. Siciliz, ii, p. 227, t. 28, f. 
9, 1844—Jurrreys, P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 98.—Solariella ottoi Phil., 
Dat, Blake Gasterop., Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 381.—Margarita 
regalis VERRILL and Smiru, Amer. Journ. Sci. 1880, p. 397 ; Trans. 
Conn. Acad. v, p. 530, t. 57, f. 37; vi, p. 254, t. 29, f. 14. 

The description and figures pertain to this species as dredged 
living, and described by Verrill and Smith as JZ. regalis. 


S. VAILLANTI Fischer. Unjigured. 


Shell umbilicate, conic; whorls 7, planulate, the first costellate, 
the rest ornamented with acute tubercles arranged in two spiral 
einguli; last whorl bicingulate at the periphery, above provided with 
a beaded sutural cingulus, beneath sculptured with 5 concentric lire. 

Alt. 7, diam. 8 mill? (Fischer.) 

Portugal, 1224 meters. 

Trochus vaillanti FiscuEr, Journ. de Conchyl. 1882, p. 50. 

Said by Jeffreys to be a synonym of S. ottoi Phil. 


S. LusiraANica Fischer. Unfigured. 

Shell umbilicate, orbicular-conic ; whorls 7, regularly increasing, 
spirally delicately cingulate, decussated by very minute arcuate 
costellze, with an acute prominent median carina; last whorl 
bicarinate, a little convex beneath, sculptured with concentric lines, 
vanishing in the middle; umbilicus funnel-shaped, acutely angulate 


21 


By) SOLARIELLA. 


at margin; aperture rhomboidal; columella margin subdentate at 
base. Alt. 5, diam.7 mill. (Qischer.) 
Portugal, 3507 meters. 

Trochus (Solariella) lusitanicus FiscHer, Journ, de Conchyl. 1882, 
p. ol. 

S. nissocona Dall. Pl. 48, figs. 23, 24. 

This species belongs to the same group as the last three mentioned 
species, but is nearest to the last. The shell is more simply conical, 
consisting of six and a half whorls, which glisten with that peculiar 
spun-glass or flossy luster noticeable in so many abyssal species ; the 
nuclear whorls as in the last; then the sculpture consists of two 
lines closely appressed to the sutures, less prominent and less con- 
spicuously provided with the angular projections than in the last 
species. Between the upper and lower lines the surface of the whorl 
is smooth, except for lines of growth, shining as above described, and 
seems even a little concave. The nodules on the upper carina of one 
whorl fit into the spaces between the nodules on the lower carina of 
the preceding whorl, and thus alternate along the line of the suture 
and give it a wavy character. The carina on the last whorl is seen 
to be formed by two threads, which constitute the periphery, with 
fainter angularities than the others. The base is somewhat inflated, 
with two sharp, smooth threads between the periphery and the 
nodulate boundary of the small funnel-shaped umbilicus. The lines 
of growth are much as in the last species, the umbilicus is not in- 
fringed upon by any reflection of the pillar-lip, and the aperture is 
about as wide as high, and less distinctly rectangular. 

Alt. 5°5, diam. of base, 4°5. Lat. of aperture, 2 mill. (Dall/.) 

Northern Central Gylf of Mexico, 331 fms. 

Margarita lissocona Dau, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 41, 1881; Solari- 

ella lissocona Datu, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 381. t. 21, f 8 1889. 


S. LACUNELLA Dall. PI. 51, figs. 32, 33. 

Shell in general form and sculpture much resembling the last, 
but, without the nacreous coloring, stouter and coarser in every 
respect, whorls five, the revolving threads on the upper side of the 
whorls only seven in number (on the last whorl), of which the inner 
two are crenulated by the radiating plications which otherwise are 
visible only as radiating threads in the interspaces, the base rounded 
with nine flattened revolving ribs separated only by incised lines 
and crossed by delicate lines of growth. The umbilicus much 


SOLARIELLA. O20 


smaller than in the last, bordered by two nodulous ribs with a 
remarkably deep groove between them; aperture as in the last, but 
not so distinctly angulated; shell variously painted with brown on 
a yellowish-white ground; one specimen has five distinct brown 
patches on the upper side of the last whorl, another has more 
numerous radiating brown streaks; the base is whitish, and in 
adults there is a thickening of the inside of the aperture all around, 
but least on the pillar. 

Alt. 45, maj. diam. 5:0. Diam. of aperture, 2°25; of umbilicus, 
1:0 mill. (Dall.) 

Off Santa Cruz, 115 fms.; Off North Carolina Coast, 25-124 fms. 


Margarita maculata Dat, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 48, 1881, not of 
Searles Wood, 1842.—M. lacunella DALu op. cit., p. 102.—Solariella 
lacunella DALL, Blake Gasterop., Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 381, t. 21, 
lee SSO. 


This species is nearest to Tv. cinctus Phil., but differs in so many 
details of sculpture that I do not see my way clear to unite them at 
present. The coloration is variable ; some are clouded with olive 
and others with pinkish brown. A variety depressa has the spire 
low and somewhat tabulated by a smooth space between the suture 
and the spiral ribs. (Dall.) 


S.rrts Dall. Pl. 51, figs. 30, 31. 


Shell thin, brilliantly nacreous, inflated, depressed-conical, five 
whorled ; spire obtuse ; nucleus polished, smooth, very minute; re- 
mainder of shell sculptured with fine revolving lines, subequal, 
about as wide as the interspaces, about eighteen at the beginning of 
the last whorl; these are crossed by slight plications, beginning near 
the suture, becoming nodulous on a single prominent thread a little 
way from the suture (which is thus made to appear somewhat 
channelled), becoming faint about the middle of the upper side of 
the whorl, and entirely disappearing before reaching the periphery ; 
the revolving lines are fainter on the rounded base; the umbilicus 
is wide and funnel-shaped, bordered by a strong keel with about 
twenty-five rounded nodules, the inner walls of the umbilicus with 
strong revolving lines delicately reticulated by the lines of growth. 
The whorls are rounded, with no carina at the periphery ; the pillar 
thin, arched not reflected ; the aperture nearly round, but angulated 
above by the sutural thread, and below by the umbilical keel ; edges 


Bd SOLARIELLA. 


simple not thickened ; operculum thin, corneous, multispiral ; shell 
nacreous, with delicate suffused splashes of brown. 

Alt. 5, maj. diam. 5°5. Diam. of aperture, 2; of umbilicus, 2°75 
mill. (Daill.) 

Sand Key, 119 fms. 

Margarita iris Dau, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 43, 1881.—Solariella 
iris DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 382, t. 21, f. 7, 1889. 

Only one specimen of this form has been found. The upper sur- 
face much resembles that of S. dacuned/a, but the base, especially the 
umbilicus, is altogether different, the shell is thinner and much 
more pearly, and the spiral lines are much.finer. (Dall.) 

S. rusprica Dall. Pl. 51, figs. 25, 26. 

Shell small, conical, white, shining, with a slight nacreous hue ; 
whorls five full and rounded ; suture distinct ; from about the begin- 
ning of the third whorl a row of round nodules extends along the 
upper line of the whorls just below the suture, about twenty-five on 
the last whorl and more faintly defined near the aperture ; base per- 
forated by a small umbilicus bounded by a thickened raised line, 
within which are about twelve plications extending up into the 
umbilicus ; outside of this line a few radiating impressed lines extend 
toward the outer part of the whorl; faint lines of growth are here 
and there visible on the polished surface ; aperture nearly circular, 
thin edged, simple; the pillar slightly extended on the umbilical 
side, not thickened. 

Alt. 4, maj. diam. 3°25. Diam. of aperture 1°5; of umbilicus ‘5 


mill. 


Off Santa Lucia, 115 fms. 


Margarita lubrica DAL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 44, 1881.—Solariella 
lubrica Dau, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 382, t. 21, f. 9, 1889. 

Var. iridea Dall. Shell without the coronation at the suture or 
only slight traces of it, umbilical carina less strong, umbilicus 
smaller, whorls inflated, very round, brilliantly pearly, base wider 
than in the type. (Dall.) 

This extremely lovely little shell, when fresh, has a most brilliant 
greenish nacre shining like a diamond beetle. The variety was 
dredged by the U. 8. Fish Commission off Cape Florida in 193 fms. 
(Dall.) 

S. Ruysus Watson. PI. 66, figs. 9, 10. 


Shell small, conical, scalar, with rounded base and large um- 
bilicus, sculptured. Sculpture: spirals—there is a double, tubercled 


SOLARIELLA. 325 


carina, of which the basal one meets the outer lip; the upper and 
stronger angulates the whorl about two-fifths from the base; less 
than one-fifth from the suture is a shoulder formed by a row of 
stronger remoter tubercles scarcely connected by a thread. On the 
base are two feebly beaded threads, another strongly beaded defines 
the umbilicus, close within which lies another delicately and re- 
motely beaded. Longitudinals—the top whorls are strongly ribbed, 
but further down these ribs break into tubercles and become dis- 
connected ; but traces of these longitudinals remain here and there. 
The lines of growth are very faint. Color white, with a pearly 
luster. Spire high, scalar. Apex not fine, rounded, with the 
inflated 14 embryonic whorl standing out prominently. Whorls 6, 
flat below the suture, angulated at the first spiral, below which the 
profile line is flatly conical; it is angulated at the second spiral, 
and then contracts into the suture below. Suture acutely angulately 
impressed. Mouth round, angulated at the front of the pillar. 
Pillar-lip slowly and slightly bent over the umbilicus. Umbilicus 
open, funnel-shaped, internally scored with minute longitudinal ribs. 

Alt. 25, diam. °21, least diam.,-18 in. ( Watson.) 

The specimen from which I have described this is in bad condi- 
tion; but the species is certainly distinct from any other known 
tome. ( Watson.) 

Off Setubal, 470 fms.; Off Sombrerv Id., W. I, 450 fms. 


Tr. (Margarita) rhysus Watson, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 
706; Challenger Rep., Gasterop., p. 85, t. 5, f. 4. 


S. pacHycHILEs Watson. PI. 64, figs. 60, 61. 


Shell small, conical, with the last whorl tumid, especially toward 
the mouth, which is extremely oblique, and has a thickened lip ; 
carinate, widely umbilicate. Sculpture: spirals—in the center of 
the body-whorl is a stroag carinal thread, which almost runs into the 
outer lip at its junction with the body, but just lies above it, and so 
stands out round the base of the whole earlier whorls; this thread is 
set with strong, sharp, remote tubercles, which become feebler and 
more crowded toward the mouth; half way between the carina and 
the suture is another thread set with feebler tubercles; these two 
threads only appear on the second regular whorl, but on the body- 
whorl, especially towards the mouth, many others make their appear- 
ance ; a little below the carina, and issuing from the junction of the 
outer lip is a feebler tubercled thread, defining the base. On the base 


326 SOLARIELLA. 


are three strong closely-beaded threads, the inmost of which defines 
the umbilicus, within which is a finer beaded thread, and, deep 
inside a ridge. Longitudinals—all the upper whorls are crossed by 
strong straight ribs, forming tubercles where they cross the spirals, and 
leaving deep square hollows between. Only on the penultimate 
whorl do these become oblique and feebler, till toward the mouth 
they are narrow, weak, crowded, and broken. Besides these, the 
whole surface is roughened with small, coarse, irregular lines of 
growth. Color dead white. Spire high and conical, but the tumidity 
of the last whorl, especially towards the mouth, greatly detracts from 
this; it is slightly scalar. Apex small, whorls 6, of slow increase 
till the last, angular, projecting out squarely from the suture, 
flattened on the contour, and contracted below the carina; but the 
last whorl is rounded, tumid, and toward the mouth, expanded. The 
base is rounded, but not inflated. Suture very deep and strong, 
from the overhanging of the carina above it. Mouth extremely 
oblique, perfectly round but for a slight flatness across the body and 
an angulation at the insertion of the outer lip and also at the junc- 
tion of the pillar-lip to the body; pearly within. Outer lip very 
slightly descending at its insertion, then in its sweep rising a little ; 
it is scarcely angulated at the lower carina and at the point of the 
pillar, but it is a little sinuated at that part; it is thin on the edge, 
but is thickened within by a pretty strong pearly callus and outside 
by aslight rounded marginal varix. Pillar-lip is hollowed back into 
the pillar in a sinus, and is sharply reverted, so as to leave a minute 
but deep furrow behind it ; this reversion ceases just before it reaches 
the umbilical thread, and forms a minute tooth at that point. 
Umbilicus wide and pervious, and narrowed within; its slope is 
scored with minute sharp curved laminz, the remains of the old 


edges of the pillar-lip sinus. 

Alt. :18, diam. °27, least :17. Mouth, height, ‘1, breadth ‘1 in. 
( Watson.) 

In general aspect this is very like Trochus (Margarita) gemmulosa, 
A. Ad., but that species has the spire lower, the suture distinetly 
depressed, the sutural furrow is beset with close radiating striz, the 
spiral threads are more numerous and crowded, the pointed tubercles 
on these are more frequent, aud there is no varix on the outer lip. 
This last is a feature which gives a great peculiarity to this species ; 
but the thickening and the patulousness of the lip are not sufficient 


oF 


SOLARIELLA. 327 


to connect it with Gaza. The distinct umbilicus and the absence of 
a tooth narrowing the mouth separate it obviously from Craspedotus. 
( Watson.) 
Philippines, 82 fms. 
Tr. (Margarita) pachychiles Watson, Journ. Linn. Soe. xiv, p. 
708; Challenger Rep. Gasterop., p. 87, t. 5, f. 11. 


S. DNoPHERUsS Watson. PI. 66, figs. 20, 21. 

Shell depressedly conical, rather strong, semitransparent, of a 
dark pearly iridescence. Sculpture: there are spiral ridges, strong, 
five above the base; the first is close to the suture, and is exquisitely 
beaded from the middle of the second whorl. The second ridge is 
remoté from the first, and forms a shoulder to the whorls. The third, 
fourth, and fifth occupy the periphery, which is carinated by the 
fourth till close up to the mouth, where the fifth forms the carina. 
Four fine threads, of which the first is partially beaded, lie in the 
flat between the first and second ridges ; two between the second and 
third; one between the third and fourth. Below the fifth ridge is a 
flat furrow narrower than the rest; below the furrow is a sixth 
ridge, slighter than the others; and then the base is closely covered 
with eleven spiral threads, which tend to become stronger and wider 
apart near the umbilicus. The first three ridges alone appear on 
the upper whorls. Longitudinally the whole surface is sharply 
scored by the lines of growth. Color a ruddy brownish-white, shot 
with a purple and green iridescence. Spire depressedly scalar. 
Apex bluntly mammillated by the somewhat shapeless, round, largish, 
glassy, ruddy, embryonic whorl. Whorls 43, of rather rapid increase, 
suture somewhat faint. Mouth oblique, roundish, being slightly 
peaked above and a little angulated on the pillar. Outer lip sharp 
but not thin, brilliantly iridescent within. Inner lip very much 
thickened by a pearly pad, which is very thick below where it 
envelops what might otherwise have been a tooth on the point of the 
pillar. The pad is thinner in the middle of the pillar, and thickens 
again at the junction with the body-whorl, on which it thins out 
quickly. The lip here is very slightly reflected on the umbilicus. 
Umbilicus very small and contracted, not so much by the reflection 
of the inner lip as by the pillar being bent round across it. Oper- 
culum very thin, yellow, horny, with about eleven very faintly de- 
fined turns. 

Alt. -28 in.; diam. 0°37, least 0°26. Penultimate whorl, 0:08. 
Mouth, height 0:2, breadth 0-2, inch. ( Watson.) 


a) 


a2 SOLARIELLA. 


This species has a close general resemblance to Margarita obscura, 
Couth., but that is smaller, of slower increase, has an open umbilicus, 
is very dull in color, and has much fewer spirals, besides which the 
whole minute system of spirals is different ; the tubercled spiral, in 
particular, is the second, not the first, as here, and is not close to the 
suture. Than Margarita loculosa Gould, which it resembles in its 
style of spirals, this is more discoidal, and is especially more 
tabulated below the suture; the angulation here is on the upper, 
not on the lower part of the whorl and in that the infra-sutural 
thread is not beaded. ( Watson.) 


Tr. (Margarita) dnopherus Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, 
p. 711; Challenger Rep., Gasterop., p. 90, t. 5, f 3. 


S. AzORENSIS Watson. PI. 66, figs. 4, 5. 

Animal dark in color. Operculum rather strong, dark horn- 
color, of very many narrow whorls, which on the outside are 
flanged with a thin, narrow, overlying border. 

Shell small, strong, but not thick, conoidal, high, with rounded 
contours, slightly angulated, scalar, sculptured, whitish, with a 
slightly flattened base and a small umbilicus. Sculpture: spirals— 
there are very many close, unequal, irregular small furrows, which 
are feebler on the base and strongest near the suture, which is 
margined below by a narrow smooth line around the top of the 
whorl. In the center of the base is an umbilical depression with 
spiral threads in the bottom, and within this is a strong white 
porcelaneous spiral cord, which almost closes the umbilicus. Longi- 
tudinals—the top of the whorls is gathered into broad rounded 
oblique puckers, which die out before reaching the suture or the 
base. Besides these, the whole surface, spiral furrows and all, is 
sharply scratched with very close and numerous lines of growth. 
Color yellowish translucent white, with a dull all pervading nacre- 
ous gleam. The strong cord which fills the umbilicus is white, as 
is also the apex. Spire high, scalar, the separate whorls being a 
good deal sunk into one another, as well as flattened below the 
suture. Apex small, rounded, the minute embryonic 14 whorls 
barely projecting. Whorls 6, of regular increase. Slightly flattened 
below the suture rounded on the contour, barely contracted round 
their base; the last is faintly angulated at the periphery, and not 
much rounded on the base. Suture strongly marked by the con- 
traction of the whorl above and the margination below. Mouth 


SOLARIELLA. 329 


oblique, round. Outer lip sharp but strong, porcelaneous on the 
edge, brilliantly nacreous within ; it descends very slightly. Pillar- 
lip thick, white, bent nearly to the point of the pillar over the um- 
bilicus. It would be reverted but for the great thickness of the 
spiral pad, which comes twining up behind it out of the umbilicus, 
and out of which, at the point of the pillar, it forms a flat, 
triangular, tooth-like expansion. Umbilicus a minute spiral hole, 
which twists in between the overlying pillar-lip and the umbilical 
pad; the edge is corrugated with the old lines of the lip. 

Alt. 0°33 in., diam. 0:4, least 0°3. Penultimate whorl, 0°1. Mouth, 
height 0-2, breadth 0°17. ( Watson.) 


This species somewhat resembles in form Trochus tumidus, Mont. ; 
but, apart from differences of texture, color, and sculpture, it is, 
than that, less conical, more scalar, the suture is much more im- 
pressed, and the whorls are more immersed. From Trochus (Mar- 
garita) rhina, Wats., it differs in the whorls being much more 
tumid and the general form less conical. From Trochus (Mar- 
garita) pompholugotus, Wats., it differs in the last whorl being far 
less tumid and out of proportion to those which precede. In con- 
trast with Trochus (Margarita) dnopherus, Wats., the pad on the 
pillar-lip is here rather on the outside, with the lip flattened out 
-upon it, while in that species the thickening is on the inside, filling 
up the lip. There is a general resemblance to Trochus marginu- 
latus, Phil., but the whole sculpture is quite different ; especially on 
the base that species has a sharp umbilical carina, and a wide 
funnel-shaped though shallow umbilicus. Taken in general, it most 
of all resembles Trochus (Margarita) varicosus, Migh. (—Trochus 
polaris Daniels.). Compared to that this species is stronger in the 
shell, and much more distinctly sculptured. That other is higher 
in the spire, narrower, with a higher and more tumid body whorl ; 
the whole sculpture, though quite of the same type, is feebler, the 
base is more flatly conical, more radiatingly striate with a large 
funnel-shaped umbilicus which has a double cord round its edge ; 
the embryonic apex is much larger and coarser, and is altogether 
more prominent, and consists of nearly one whorl and three-quarters, 
and the whole shell is in every way larger, with 5? whorls against 
6 here. ( Watson.) 

Fayal, Azores, 450 fms. 

T. (Margarita) azorensis Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, 
p. 710; Challenger Rep., Gasterop., p. 88, t. 5, f. 12. 


330 SOLARIELLA—TURCICULA. 


S. SCABRIUSCULA Dall. Pl. 51, figs. 28, 29. 


Shell white, conical, compact, very thin, with a silky luster; 
whorls, five to six, suture not channelled ; nucleus bulbous, polished, 
smooth ; next whorl and a half having a sculpture of slightly raised 
ribs like a minute Sealaria; on the following whorls the upper 
surface decorated with two carine, sculptured with closely set, 
angular, buttressed projections, like those figured by Watson on the 
carinx of Trochus clavatus (PI. 5, fig. 8), but the buttresses are not 
continuous over the whorl, so as to form transverse ribs, and the 
second carina is within the periphery of the last whorl, which is 
bordered by a sharp angular carina, without nodules or projections ; 
two similar, but slightly nodulated, intervene on the somewhat 
rounded base between the last and the nodulated boundary of the 
umbilical chink, which is nearly filled by the reflected pillar; the 
lines of growth radiate in a wavy manner from the umbilicus 
over the whorl, and constitute the remaining sculpture; there are no 
longitudinal strize of any kind, nor any ribs except those described ; 
the aperture is nearly rectangular, a little wider than high, the sides 
of the spire are rather a little inflated than simply conical. 

Alt. 4°75, diam. of base 4; lat. of aperture 1°62 alt. 1°12 mill. 
(Daill.) 

Gulf of Mexico, Southern part, 539 fms. 


Margarita scabriuscula Datu, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 41.—Solariella 
scabriuscula DAuu, ‘ Blake’ Rep. Gasterop., Bull. M. C. Z. xvii, p. 
oat aleetes Ps 


Subgenus TurcicuLa Dall, 1881. 


Turcicula Dawu, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 42, 1881. 
T. IMPERIALIS Dall. Pl. 49, figs. 29, 30. 


Shell with five (?) whorls, globosely conical, white, extremely 
thin; umbilicus reduced to a mere chink under the thin callus of 
the upper part of the pillar lip. Mouth rounded rectangular, pillar 
somewhat concave, margins all thin; base flattened convex, with 
seven revolving ribs, the outermost of which is just within the periph- 
ery, crossed by radiating lines of growth, regular and very fine, but 
raised into low, very sharp lamellz which pass over the periphery 
onto the upper surface of the whorl; the last is provided with two 
strong revolving ribs, one of which forms the periphery, while the 
other lies a little less than half way from the first toward the suture ; 


TURCICULA. Bel 


two indistinct threads run in the vicinity of the suture; on the 
revolving ribs above mentioned there are regularly disposed sharp 
rough tubercles (seventeen on the last whorl), most prominent on 
the middle carina; the above-mentioned lamelle are arranged with 
a regular irregularity (which gives a shagreened appearance to the 
surface) between the carin, and are still coarser and more elevated 
over the threads near the suture, forming there a double row of 
scales partly obscuring the suture, which is nevertheless rather deep. 

Alt. of last whorl 10, diam. 13; alt. of aperture, 5°5, lat. of same 
6:25 mill. (Dall.) 

The single specimen taken, though destitute of the apical whorls, 
seemed too remarkable to leave undescribed. It has a general 
resemblance to some of A. Adams’s species of Turcica, from Eastern 
seas, but hasa peculiar and remarkable sculpture and wants the teeth 
on the pillar. (Dall.) 

Off Cuba, 200 fms. 

Margarita ( Turcicula) imperialis Datu, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 42 ; 
XVill, p. 376. 

T. BAtrpir Dall. 

A species of this group from the Pacific, off Lower California in 
400 fms., was dredged by the Albatross. It is 50 mill. high, 42 
wide; is covered with a delicate green epidermis which erodes 
like that of a fresh-water shell, and exhibits a nearly circular aper- 
ture, with a somewhat reflected lip and brilliantly pearly throat. 
There is no callous across the body, nor any umbilicus. The shell 
bears a singular resemblance to a very large thin greenish Vivipara or 
Tulotoma. (Dall, in ‘ Blake’ Rep., Gasterop., p. 377.) 

T. (?) criparis (A. Adams) Cpr. 

This species may belong to or near Turcicula. I have no infor- 
mation save the original description ; no figures have been published. 

Testa magna, conica, Turcicoidea, tenui; albido-cinerea, nacreo- 
argentata; anfr. nucleosis —? (decollatis), norm. vii, subplanatis, 
suturis alte insculptis; superficie spire tota valide tuberculosa, 
seriebus' tribus, alteris postea intercalantibus; peripheria et basi 
rotundatis, carinatis; carinis cire. 8, haud acutis, irregularibus, 
scabris, haud tuberculosis; lacuna umbilicali vix conspicua; aper- 
tura subrotundata; labro tenuissimo; labio obsoleto; columella 
arcuata. Long. 1:1, long. spir. °65, lat. °75, div. 60°. ( Carpenter.) 

Neeah Bay, Washington Territory. (Swan.) 

Margarita cidaris (Ad.) CARPENTER, Ann. and Mag. N. H. xiv 

(3d ser.), p. 426, 1864. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 


Genus CALLIOSTOMA Swainson, 1840. 


Calliostoma Swatnson, Shells and Shellfish, p. 351, Type, Tr. 
conulus L.—Ziziphinus GRAy, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840 (no description), 
type, 7. zizyphinus.—Zizipninus or Zizyphinus Leach, of authors.— 
Conulus Narpo, 1840, type T. zizyphinus (not Conulus Fitz., 1833). 
—NLischkeia Fiscuer, Sp. et Icon. Coq. Viv., Trochus, p. 419, 1880, 
type, T. monilifera Lam.—Eucasta Datu, ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., 369, 
1889, type C. indiana Dall.—Jwubinus MontERosato, Nom. Gen. 
e Spec., p. 46, 1884, type Tr. matonii Payr.,=exasperatus L.— 
Jacinthinus Monts., type T. conulus, Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital. xiv, p. 79, 
1889.—Manotrochus FiscHER, Manuel, p. 827, 1885, type C. unt- 
dentatum Phil. 

Calliostoma is one of the largest genera of Trochide. The species 
inhabit all seas, ranging from 0 to 500 fms. depth. The shell is 
generally conical, with angular periphery ; columella simple above, 
not folded, and either simply concave below or slightly truncate 
and toothed ( Calliostoma s. s. and Eutrochus), or cylindrical, strongly 
plicate (Turcica). The axis is solid except in Eutrochus. The 
operculum is thin, circular, corneous, many-whorled. The radula 
has the rhachidian and 4 to 5 lateral teeth with irregularly oval 
body, and rather long, pointed cusps, their outer edges serrate ; un- 
cini numerous, narrow, with narrow serrate cusps. Uncini numerous, 
narrow, with narrow serrate cusps. The inner uncinal tooth is large 
and of a peculiar form in the typical species. C. millegranus as 
figured by Sars, has a radula much like Gibbula, quite different 
from the ordinary Calliostoma. Friele, Sars, Hutton and Troschel 
have figured radule of this genus. 


The name Ziziphinus Leach has been used for this genus by most 
European authors. It was not defined by Gray (who rescued the 
name from Leach’s ms.), and besides is objectionable on account of 
being a duplication of the name of the typical species. As Dall 
remarks, there seems to be no reason except the natural perversity 
of human nature, why Ziziphinus should be preferred to Calliostoma, 
The notes on sculpture development under Euchelus should be con- 
sulted, as they apply largely to the present genus also. 


C. sPEcTABILIS A. Adams. PI. 16, fig. 12. 

Shell large, conical, solid, imperforate, flesh-colored or yellowish, 
dotted with pink on the spiral ribs; surface spirally ribbed, the ribs 
coarsely granose, numbering about 7 on the penultimate whorl, some 


CALLIOSTOMA. 333 


of them small; on the base there are about 8 concentric ridges, 
scarcely beaded except the two or three inner ones; spire conical, 
much broader than usual in Calliostoma ; sutures slightly impressed ; 
whorls about 6, nearly flat, the last obtusely angled at the periphery ; 
base rather flattened. Aperture rounded quadrangular, very similar 
in shape to that of C. punctulatum, nacreous, iridescent and suleate 
within ; columella pearly, arcuate. Alt. 35, diam. 37 mill. 
Auckland; Chatham ds. 
Ziziphinus spectabilis A. AD., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 37, t. 27, f. 7.— 
REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 5—Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 1b.@ 
p. 360, 1884. 


This species has a more robust heavy spire than any other allied 
form. The sculpture is coarse. 


C. Tigris Martyn. Vol. X, PI. 41, fig. 30. 


Shell large, conical, imperforate, solid but rather thin, light 
yellowish, longitudinally painted with numerous rather narrow ir- 
regular chestnut-reddish stripes. Surface of embryonic whorls 
smooth, the others encircled by numerous delicate, finely beaded 
lirulee, which on the penultimate whorl number about 16-20; on the 
upper surface of the body-whorl there are 18-25. The spire is 
elevated, its lateral outlines concave above ; sutures a little im pressed. 
Whorls 10-12, those of the spire flattened, the last convex, rounded 
at the periphery. The aperture is rhomboidal, iridescent within ; 
columella arcuate, pearly, bluntly tuberculate at base. 

Alt. 59, diam. 58 mill.; alt. 45, diam. 45 mill. 

Auckland to Cook’s Sts., N. Zealand; Chatham Is. 

Trochus tigris Martyn, Univ. Conch. ii, t. 75 (1784)—Gmet. 
Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 8585.—Puixieri1, Conchyl. Cab., p. 50, t. 10, f. 
16, 17.—Ziziphinus tigris Mart. REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 4.— Grana- 
tum, CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., v, p. 100, f. 1654, 1655.— Trochus 
granatum Lam., An.s. Vert. ix, p. 145.—CreEnv, Manuel, f. 2551. — 
Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 69, t. 15, f. 1—Ziziphinus granatum Chemn., 
Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ix, p. 360, 1884. 

This tawny striped trochus, well named Tiger Trochus, differs 
from the other species in its coloration. The periphery is less angular 
than that of selectum, but not so rounded as in C. punctulatum. 
The granulation is fine and even, not obsolete on the outer part of 
the base. The name proposed by Chemnitz is not binomial, and 
cannot be adopted in preference to Martyn’s. 


334 CALLIOSTOMA. 


C. PUNCTULATUM Martyn. PI. 66, fig. 75. 

Shell conoidal, imperforate, solid, yellowish or light fawn-colored, 
unicolored or dotted on the spirals with dark brown; the granules 
often white by rubbing of the cuticle. Surface covered with narrow 
spiral closely and conspicuously beaded ridges, numbering 8-12 on 
the penultimate whorl, sometimes equal in size, sometimes alternately 
larger and smaller; on the next earlier (antepenultimate) whorl 
there are about 7, and still earlier whorls have 3 beaded carine; 
the interstices are obliquely striate. The spire is a little concave in 
outline toward the apex; apex acute, minute; sutures impressed. 
Whorls about 8 or 9, convex, the last rounded at the periphery. 
Aperture oblique, rhomboidal, pearly within, and showing folds in 
the macre corresponding with the lire outside; columella arcuate, 
pearly, not tubercled below. Alt. 36, diam. 36 mill. 

Cook’s Straits to Dunedin, New Zealand. 


Trochus punctulatus Martyn, Uniy. Conch., t. 36 (1784).— 
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, f. 95—T. diaphanus GMEL., Syst. Nat., 
xiii, p. 3580.—Quoy et Garmarp, Voy. de la Astrol., iii, p. 254, t. 
64, f. 1-5.—Woobp, Index Test. t. 29, f. 99—Puttipri, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 8.—FiscHer, Cog. Viv., genre Turbo, p. 48, t. 10, f. 2.— 
Turbo diaphanus Lam., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 45.—Trochus asper 
ex rubicundo et albido granulatus, ete, CHEMNitz, Conchyl. Cab., v, 
p. 26, t. 161, f. 1520, 1521.—Turbo grandineus VALENCIENNES, 
Voy. de la Vénus, atlas, t. 4, f. 4 —KiEner, Icon. Coq. Viv., Turbo, 
(ime On 

The present species is very similar at first sight to Turbo (Modelia) 
granosus Martyn; that species however is shorter in the spire, has 
a broader columella, and generally more separated rows of granules. 
The latter, in this form, vary considerably in degree of coarseness. 
The spire is shorter than in the following species, which is, however, 
very closely allied. 


C. PELLUcIDUM Valenciennes. Vol. X, Pl. 41, fig. 36. 

Shell conical, imperforate, solid, yellowish with a few brown 
obliquely longitudinal streaks, and closely minutely dotted with 
brown and white on the numerous closely beaded lire which en- 
circle the whorls. These liree number about 8-10 on the penulti- 
mate whorl, and the same number on the last above the periphery, 
but owing to the frequent intercalation of lirulse between them, the 
number is subject to variation. Just at or just below the periphery 


CALLIOSTOMA. 3835 


there is a group of lirule, closer, smaller than those of the upper 
surface ; the rest of the base is regularly granose-lirate. The spire 
is longer and more elevated than in C. punctudatum, and more con- 
cave in outline; the apex is acute; sutures very slightly impressed ; 
whorls about 9, flattened, the last subangular at the periphery ; 
aperture rhomboidal, iridescent inside, columellar margin arcuate, 
with a slight tubercle at base. Alt. 30, diam. 30 mill. 


New Zealand. 


T. pellucidus VAu., Voy. de la Vénus, Moll., t. 4, f. 2, 1846.— 
FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 70, t. 15, f. 2—Ziziphinus granatus Chemn. 
Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 2 (not Tr. granatum Chemn.,=C. tigris 
Mart.) 

More convex on the base than C. specioswm, less rounded on 
periphery, with longer spire than C. punctulatum; very similar 
to C. tigris, but differently colored, more carinated, with fewer series 
of granules. 


. 
C. sELECTUM Chemnitz. PI. 65, figs. 78, 74, 78. 

Shell large, conical, imperforate, solid, but rather thin, very pale 
fawn-color, almost white, with elongated brown dots on the spiral 
riblets. Upper surface with numerous delicate spiral closely granu- 
lose riblets, numbering about 10 or 11 on the penultimate whorl, 
more numerous on the upper surface of the last whorl because inter- 
stitial lirulze are intercalated ; on the antepenultimate there are 5, and 
on earlier whorls 3 granose liree; on the base there are distinctly 
granose concentric lire in the middle, but toward the periphery the 
liree become smaller, narrower, less distinctly grained. The spire is 
conical, its lateral outlines concave on the upper part; apex acute ; 
sutures scarcely discernable until the last whorl is reached. Whorls 
8-9, flat, the last slightly convex above, obtusely angular at the 
periphery, somewhat convex beneath. Aperture subrhomboidal, 
oblique, pearly and iridescent within, the nacre showing by folds the 
positions of the principal lire of the outside; columella arcuate, 
oblique, pearly, basal and outer lips crenulated at the edge. 

Alt. 50, diam. 57 mill.; alt. 37, diam. 47 mill. 

New Zealand. 

Trochus selectus CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. xi, p. 168, t. 196, f. 
1896, 1897 (1795). K1ENER, Sp. et Icon. Coq. Viv., Trochus, t. 39, 
f. 1.—Puuiwirri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 261, t. 28, f 12.—? Ziziphinus 
selectus Chem. REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1.—Z. selectus Chem. Hutton, 


336 CALLIOSTOMA. 


Proe. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ix, p. 359, 1884.— Tr. Cunninghami GRAY 
in Griffith’s Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, xii, t. 1, f. 7 (1834)—Pauin., 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 281, t. 41, f, 7—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 119, t. 39, 
f. 1.—Ziziphinus cunninghami Gray, REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 6—Z. 
articulatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 8.—Z. decarinatus “ Perry,” 
Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ix, p. 359 (not T. decarinatus 
Perry !).—Trochus torquatus Anton, Puii., Conch. Cab., p. 261, t. 
38, f. 13. 

The typical se/ectus is a shell smaller than the dimensions given 
above, dotted above and below, and somewhat obscurely maculated 
below the suture and at the periphery. Z. articulatus of Reeve is this 
form. The YZ. cunninghami is a much larger shell when fully 
developed, and has no color markings beneath. When not fully 
developed it is very broad and flat beneath. 'These forms seem to 
belong to a single species ; I cannot separate the shells before me or 
the published figures into two series ; there are too many intermediate 
forms. Tr. decarinatus of Perry is an unknown species, perhaps the 
same as C. canaliculatum Mart., but certainly not allied to T. cunning- 
hami or selectum. 

C. MEYERI Philippi. Vol. X, pl. 41, fig. 35. 

Shell strictly conical, carinated, imperforate, thin but rather solid, 
very pale yellowish or pinkish, with irregular, rather pale vertical 
bands of light yellowish-brown, often broken into maculations, and 
radiating on the base. The surface is shining, with numerous spiral 
granose lire, 7 in number on the penultimate, the antepenultimate, 
and the upper surface of the last whorl; and sometimes these three 
whorls (or the last one) show interstitial threads between the granose 
liree; the flat base has 12 or 15 concentric lire, the several inner 
ones stronger, decidedly beaded, the 5 or 4 outer more separated, less 
beaded ; the angular periphery is formed of a double beaded ridge, 
and on some specimens this projects a little at the sutures of the 
spire. The spire is conic, elevated, with straight lateral outlines ; 
whorls 9; apex subacute, smooth; the two earlier whorls following 
the apical are tri-lirate; the last whorl is angular at periphery, flat 
beneath, indented in the center around the insertion of the columella. 
Aperture rhomboidal, oblique, angled on the outer part, above the 
angle thickened inside by a heavy callous or pearly submarginal deposit ; 
columella oblique, arcuate, a trifle toothed at base. 


Alt. 36, diam. 54 mill. 


Australia ; Tasmania. 


CALLIOSTOMA. oon 


T. meyeri Putu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 101; Conchyl. Cab., p. 
279, t. 41, f. 4 —Fiscuerr, Coq. Viv., p. 76, t. 17, f. 2.— Tr. armillatus 
Wood, Krener, Spee. et Icon., t. 17, f. 2 (not armillatus Wood).— 
Ziziphinus armillatus Wood, Rrrve, Conch. Icon., f. 19.—Tr. levis 
Homer. et Jacg., Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 14, £17, 18 (mot 7. levis 
Wood, or Chemn.). 

The straightly conical form, flat base, indented around the axis, 
and the details of sculpture, easily separate this from allied forms. 


C. STEPHANEPHORUM Watson. PI. 16, figs. 1, 1a. 


Shell high, conical, tubercularly carinate and lirate, ruddy, with 
a coronated apex, glossy smoothish flatly conical whitish base, and 
large quadrangular mouth. Sculpture: longitudinals—the whole 
surface is obliquely scored with broadish well-parted little-raised 
rounded strize on the lines of growth, on the base these are feebler 
and less regular. Spirals: on each whorl there are about 7 strongish 
equal threads, which are somewhat sparsely dotted with low flat 
tubercles, whose greatest breadth is in the height of the shell; each 
whorl round its base is keeled by a stronger prominent triangularly 
acute substellately tubercled thread ; above this lies another thread 
a little stronger and more prominent than the normal spiral threads 
above; between these two stronger threads is a small shallow 
furrow, which is perpendicularly (not obliquely) striate ; round the 
base and within the carinated periphery is another obtuse angled 
tubercled keel; on the base are some 18 or 20 flattened threads; 
toward the rim these are very feeble and are not very distinguish- 
able from the 2 or 3 weaker threads which occupy the wide intervals 
between ; towards the middle space of the base the stronger threads 
become more marked and also faintly tubercled, the interstitial ones 
tend to disappear; close into the pillar, however, some very faint 
threads again appear in the interstices. Color pale ruddy, with 
some suffused deeper spots, and flecked on the tubercles with rich 
bright chestnut. Spire conical, with straight profile lines. Apex 
rather large, blunt, and coronated by the prominence of the carinal 
tubercles; it is rather strongly radiatingly striated; the extreme 
tip is very minute and is immersed; it is rough, not polished or 
glossy. Whorls in all 9, of very regular but somewhat rapid in- 
crease; they are flatly conical, being neither convex nor concave; 
the last is largish, and is very sharply angulated at the periphery. 
Suture linear, and only recognizable from the projecting keel above it. 


Mouth largish, quadrangular. Outer lip thin, flat on the side and 
22 


338 CALLIOSTOMA. 


on the base, acutely angled at the periphery. Pillar is broken in 
front, but seems short; it is encompassed with a pad of nacre and 
has a twist on it; there is no approach to an umbilicus. 

Alt. 1, diam. 0°95 inch. ( Watson.) 

Philippines, in 102 fms. 

Trochus (Ziziphinus) stephanephorus Watson, Challenger Rep. 
Gasterop., p. 58, t. 17, £.-1. 

In general character this is like Trochus meyeri Phil. but that 
shell is in color brown, and the stains are arranged in narrow 
divergent lines, not, as here, in ruddy stains affecting especially 
the tips of the tubercles. In that species, the whole whorl swells 
out below the suture, not, as here, the mere thread, nor in that 
species are the tubercles there any larger than elsewhere. The 
threads on the sides are fewer, and their tubercles are larger; on 
the base the threads are much coarser and more strongly tubercled ; 
the entire apex is dark colored, and is smaller and smoother. 


( Watson.) 
C. TRANQUEBARICUM Pfeiffer. Pl. 17, figs. 17, 18. 


Shell conical, imperforate, solid, very pale colored, almost white, 
minutely tessellated on the ribs with light brown, the periphery 
with larger spots of the same. Surface finely spirally striate, the 
strize about 8 on the last whorl, with a couple of stronger ribs at the 
periphery, which are visible above the suture on the spire whorls. 
Spire short, conic, acute, its lateral outlines rectilinear ; whorls 7-8, 
flat, the last acutely carinated, flat beneath; aperture oblique, 
rhomboidal, smooth and nacreous within; columella short, arcuate, 
obliquely truncate at base. 

Alt. 14, diam. 18; alt. 13, diam. 19 mill. 

Northern shores of the Indian Ocean; Tranquebar ; Ponchiderry ; 
Vizagapatam. 

Tr. tranquebaricus L. Prerrrer, Krit. Regist. zu Mar. Conch. 
Cab., p. viii, no. 5—Puriiprt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 65, t. 13, f. 10.— 
FiscHer Coq. Viv., p. 308, t. 98, f 1—Ziziphinus tranquebaricus 
Chemn., Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 15. 

Easily known by the low-conical form, finely sculptured flat 
whorls, edged at periphery and sutures by a pair of strong liree. 


C. cruraris Menke. PI 87, figs. 40, 41. 


Shell pyramidal, imperforate, fulvous, with red spots along the sut- 
ure, transversely striate, decussated by very delicate strize ; base plane; 


CALLIOSTOMA. 339 


whorls flat, margined below, ciliate-fimbriate above; aperture ovate- 
lanceolate, lip callous-margined inside. (Menke.) 
West coast of Australia, 


T. ciliaris Mxex., Moll. Nov. Holl. spec., p. 17 —Puturper Abbild., 
ie brochust. 7) f. 1s Conchyl. Cab: p. 102; t. 17, £1. 

Reeve’s figure alleged to be ciliaris seems to be different. The 
specimen described and figured by Philippi was sent to him by 
Menke. The whorls, according to Philippi, are flat, finely plicate 
on their upper margins, margined on the lower, grooved with about 
7 impressed transverse lines, the interspaces, cut by the strie of 
growth, here and there appear asif flatly grained. The upper whorls 
have separated knobs on the margins; the margin of the last whorl is 
acutely angular, the base flat, a little excavated in the center, with 
concentric impressed lines, becoming closer toward the periphery. 

Alt. 25, diam. 31 mill. 


C. castRA Reeve. PI. 16, fig. 4. 

Shell broadly conoid, depressed, sharp-angled, rather thin, whorls 
flatly sloping, spirally linearly engraved, obliquely plicately cren- 
ulated below the sutures, corded at the basal margin; pale flesh- 
color, obscurely tessellated and reticulated. (Reeve.) 

Chiefly remarkable for its light, broadly depressed form and 
almost total absence of sculpture. (Reeve.) 

Swan River, Australia. 


Zizyphinus castra, REEVE, Conch. Icon., xiv, f. 14 (1863). 


C. HALIARCHUS Melvill. 


Shell erectly conical, pyramidal, the last whorl acutely angled at 
base; whorls plane, sloping, nearly smooth, encircled by delicate 
lire, with little granules, two in the vicinity of the suture larger, 
decorated with larger grains; yellow, ornamented with purplish- 
brown flames at the periphery, obscurely punctulate; lire of base 
nearly smooth, dotted, base plane, subconvex; columella callous, 
fauces smoothly striate. Alt. 40, diam. 36 mill. (Melvil/.) 

Australia ? 


Ziziphinus haliarchus Melvill, Journ. of Conch., Leeds, vi, p. 32 
(1889). 


May prove close to C. cunninghami Gray. 


340 CALLIOSTOMA. 


C. sowERBYI Pilsbry. Pl. 18, fig. 17. 

Shell acutely sub-elevated conic, thin, brownish-flesh-color, spirally 
encircled by minute, interrupted close brown lines, banded with 
ashen toward the apex; whorls 10, scarcely convex, the earlier 
granose-lirate, succeeding smooth, the last at the suture subcon- 
spicuously eranose-lirate, the liree becoming then almost obsolete ; 
suture impressed, margin obtusely carinated, ornamented with sub- 
distant reddish spots; base plano-convex; aperture obliquely 
quadrate, throat pearly ; columella callous, oblique, scarcely in- 
curved. Alt. 30, diam.33 mill. (Sowbd.) 

Japan. 


Z. jucundus Sows., P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 798, t. 48, £6 (not T. jueundus 
Gould, also a Calliostoma). 


IT ean add no information to the above. 


C. onpnatuM Lamarck. PI. 16, fig. 3. 

Shell conical, imperforate, rather solid but not thick, pale yellowish, 
with radiating brown flames above, the base dotted with brown and 
whitish. Surface of whorls encircled by spiral lirze, uneven in size, 
and cut into very close compressed granules; there are about 10 such 
liree on the penultimate whorl, but the number is variable owing to 
the greater or less development of interstitial riblets; the base has 
10-13 concentric riblets, which have a tendency to split or become 
double; they are wider than the interstitial furrows. The spire is 
elevated, conical; the apex acute; sutures slightly impressed. Whorls 
about 7, slightly convex. There are generally two or three stronger 
lirse near the middle or periphery, and this gives at times a slightly 
bicarinate outline to the body-whorl ; base flattened, a little convex ; 
aperture subrhomboidal, smooth inside; columella arcuate, often 
bounded by a purple streak. 

Alt. 20, diam. 22 mill.; alt. 18, diam. 20 mill. 

Cape of Good Hope; Torres Sts., N. Australia. 


Tr. ornatus Lam., An. s. Vert. vii, p. 27—DELEssERT, Recuil, t. 
35, f. 3—Puiiprt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 208, t. 31, f. 1, 2—KRauss, 
Sudaf. Moll., p. 98.—FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 75, t. 17, f. 1— Ziziphinus 
ornatus Lam. Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 7—CHENu, Manuel, f. 2664.— 
Tr. fuluus Pururprt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 209, t. 31, f. 3. 


Resembles somewhat the subbiangulate, lirate Chinese species of 
Calliostoma. The sculpture though variable is characteristic. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 341 


C. BicINGULATUM Lamarck. Vol. X, Pl. 41, fig. 29. 


Shell imperforate, acute-conical, pale yellowish or brownish, 
maculated with white; whorls 7 to 8, the embryonic smooth, fol- 
lowing radiately heavily striate; separated by impressed sutures; 
whorls depressed above, spirally cingulate; cinguli 4, the upper 2 
minute, lower 2 more prominent, with profound intersiices; last 
whorl bicingulate in the middle, a little convex beneath, and 
encircled by about 12 concentric lire, white and reddish articulated. 
Aperture rhomboidal ; columella oblique. 

Alt. 15, diam. 17 mill. (Fischer.) 

Cape of Good Hope. 

Tr. bicingulatus LAm., An. s. Vert. vii, p. 27-——DELEssERT, Ree. 
de Coquilles, t. 35, f. 1—Puizrpri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 87, t. 15, 
f. 8.—FiscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 198, t. 64, f. 2.—Tr. vinetus PHIL, 
Abbild., i, Trochus t. 1, f. 8—(?) Zizyphinus bicingulatus Lam., 
REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 20. 


C. untcum Dunker. PI. 16, figs. 10, 5. 


Shell conical, solid, imperforate, brownish-yellow, with chestnut 
maculations above, and a brown-articulated peripheral girdle, the 
base generally not marked. Surface of the whorls encircled by 
numerous unequal lire, slightly crenulated by regular incremental 
lines, liree about 9 in number on the penultimate whorl, 12-14 on 
the base; spire rather short, low; apex acute, red or purplish; 
whorls 7, slightly convex, with a more or less obvious angle or 
carina in the middle of the upper surface; the last whorl sub- 
angular or rounded at the periphery, convex beneath. Aperture 
oblique, rhomboidal, the lip very much thickened within ; columella 
oblique, concave above, cylindrical, with a groove marking the 
place of the umbilicus. 

Alt. 20, diam. 21 mill.; alt. 17, diam. 18 mill. 

Nagasaki, Decima, and Simoda, Japan. 


Trochus unicus DuNKEr, Mal. Blatt., 1860, p. 238; Moll. Jap., 
p-. 23, t. 8, f 3.—LiscukE, Jap. Meeres Conchyl., iii, p. 64.— 
FiscuHer, Coq. Viv., p. 338, t. 105, f. 2.—Calliostoma affinis Daun, 
Amer. Journ. Conch., vii, p. 125, t. 15, f. 14.—Zizyphinus unicus 
Dkr., Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 8. 

May be recognized by the numerous low riblets, very obsoletely 
bicarinated form, very thick lip, ete. The C. affinis of Dall (fig. 5) 
is the same as Dunker’s typical form of unicwm, figured in Mollusca 


342 CALLIOSTOMA. 


Japonica. Lischke (oc. cit.), has been over this ground exhaust- 
ively. 
C. CECILLEI Philippi. PI. 67, fig. 64. 

Shell conical, imperforate, thin, transversely striate-cranulate ; 
whitish, marbled and flamed with brown. Whorls angulated in the 
middle, sculptured with two granose striz above and below the 
angle, alternating with smooth ones; periphery angular ; base convea ; 
closely concentrically striate ; aperture rhombic-rounded ; columella 
arcuate, cylindrical, simple. ( Phil.) 

The shell is thin, conical, imperforate, and consists of 8 whorls. 
These are carinate in the middle, above and below the carina 
sloping; the last is separated from the convex base by a keel. The 
carina of the whorls is granose; above and below it are 2 to 3 
granulose lines, alternating with elevated smooth ones. The base 
shows 15 to 20 compressed, elevated concentric lines, smooth except 
for quite visible incremental lines. Aperture quadrangular, with 
rounded corners; outer lip thin, suleate on the edge; the columella 
oblique, cylindrical, arched, passing gradually into the basal lip. 
The color is yellowish or brownish-white, with dark reddish-brown 
spots, showing a blackish point at the carina. 

Alt. 20, diam: 21 mill. ((Plil.) 

Formosa. 

Trochus cecillei Pur., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1849, p. 151; Conchyl. 
Cab. py 29, t. 43) 1.2. 

Evidently closely allied to the preceding species, and to © 
multiliratum Sowb. 


C. MULTILIRATUM Sowerby. PI. 15, figs. 45, 46. 


Shell conical, imperforate, thin but solid, pale yellowish-gray, 
radiately flamed with reddish, base minutely dotted with reddish on 
the lire. Surface of whorls encircled by unequal sized granose 
lirze, the granules not compressed, bead-like; there are about 7 such 
liree on the penultimate whorl, and several minute ones intercalated 
toward the periphery; on the base there are about 15 lire of nearly 
equal size, the inner ones granulose, the outer several nearly or quite 
smooth. The spire is conical, apex acute, apical whorl smooth, 
earlier whorls each with 3 strong smooth carinz ; sutures impressed ; 
whorls 7, convex, the last rounded and obscurely biangulate at the 
periphery. Aperture rounded, broader than high, iridescent inside ; 
columella arcuate, a little exeavated in the umbilical region. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 343 


Alt. 16, diam. 173 mill.; alt. 17, diam. 18 mill. Aperture, meas. 
inside, 9 mill. wide, 9 high. 
Cape of Good Hope (Sowerby); China. 
Z. multiliratus Sows., P. Z. S. 1875, p. 127, t. 24, f. 10. 


Sometimes the lire of the upper surface are not perceptibly 
granose except those near the suture. The species differs in details 
of granulation from C. ornatum Lam., and belongs nearer to several 
Chinese species. The locality given by Sowerby should be confirmed. 


C. HUNGERFORDI Sowerby. PI. 34, fig. 11. 


Shell conical, imperforate, gray, with a blue tinge, sparcely spotted 
with brown, the apex blackish-brown, base with three series of brown 
dots. Spire rather acute; whorls 7, separated by an impressed sut- 
ure, convex, obtusely angulated, striated, spirally irregularly lirate, 
upper liree minutely granulated; last whorl obscurely biangulate, 
convex on the base, densely spirally lirate, decussated by strive. 
Aperture obliquely subquadrate; columella slightly oblique, pearly. 
Operculum thin, corneous, multispiral, concave outside. 

Alt. 24, diam. 25 mill. (Sowd.) 

Var. &. Shell tawny, obscurely streaked with white and brown. 

Alt. 29, diam. 28 mill. (Sowb.) 

Japan. 

Allied to Trochilus [sic] unicus Dkr. and Trochilus consors Lke., 
but differing from both in form and sculpture. The species, like 7’ 
unicus seems to vary considerably in color. Only one specimen of 
each of the two varieties is at present known. (Sowd.) 

Calliostoma hungerfordi Sows., P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 568, t. 28, f. 14. 
C. inconspicuuM Philippi. PI. 18, fig. 18. 

Shell small, solid, imperforate, conical, granose, whitish ; whorls 
plane, separated by a profound suture, the last rounded-angular ; 
base plane; granose cinguli 5 on the upper part of the whorl, 8-9 
on the base; aperture depressed, broader than high; columella 
oblique, cylindrical, confluent with the basal lip. (Phz/.) 

The shell is very thick, considering its small size, exactly conical, 
and consists as usual of 7 to 8 whorls. These are completely flat, 
the last somewhat impressed below the suture, at the periphery 
rounded-angular. The base is flat. The suture appears much 
deeper than it really is, on account of the proximity of the granose 
ridges. These number 5 above, the 6th being covered at the suture. 
The base has 8-9 weaker granose lire. The interstices upon the 


344 CALLIOSTOMA. 


last whorl here and there show granlose riblets. The aperture is 
almost twice as broad as high, and elliptical. The cylindrical colu- 
mella passes gradually into the blunt thick outer lip. The color is 
brownish-white, perhaps bleached. Alt. 93 mill., diam. the same. 
(Phil.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Tr. inconspicuus Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 158; Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 296, t. 43, f. 12. 

C. nuBIuis Philippi. Pl. 18, fig. 22. 

Shell conical, imperforate, granulate, painted with broad purplish 
maculations and narrower white streaks; base purplish, concentrically 
sculptured with about 10 elevated, granulate lines ; whorls subangu- 
late below the middle, the last rounded at the circumference ; 
penultimate whorl with 7, last with about 9 granulose cinguli; 
aperture subrhomboidal, coarctate; columella very oblique, entire. 
( Phil.) 

The shell consists of 7 to 8 whorls, of which the upper are quite 
flat, the rest angled below the middle, the penultimate divided from 
the last by a notable constriction ; the last whorl is rather rounded 
at the circumference, flat on the base. On the third whorl I count 
6 granose lire, on the following 7, separated by an elevated inter- 
stitial line ; and on the last whorl 9. The base has 10-12 granose 
concentric ridges. The aperture is pretty rhomboidal, seeming to be 
narrowed by the thick peristome, and has a very oblique entire 
columella. Large purple spots, darker, almost black at their front 
edges, are separated by narrower white streaks ; the apex is blackish, 
the base dark flesh-color, with a few girdles of brown dots. 

Alt. 8, diam. 8 mill. (Phil.) 

Habitat unknown. 


Tr. nubilis Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal., p. 110, 1848; Conchyl. Cab., 
p- 259, t. 38, f. 2. 

Very close to, or synonymous with, C. jucundwm Gould, described 
in 1849. 

C. ARRUENSIS Watson. PI. 17, figs. 27, 27a. 

Shell conical, carinated, flat on the base, strong, opaque, covered 
with tubercles, and colored with gray and pink. Sculpture: there 
are eight spiral rows of small round tubercles on each whorl. The 
tubercles on the first two rows, are larger than the others; these, as 
well as the next three rows, are parted by distinct depressions; the 


CALLIOSTOMA. 345 


lowest three rows are much closer together, but project a little, 
especially the center and largest row of the three. On the base there 
are about nine less strongly tuberculated spiral threads with feebler 
threads between, these intermediate threads becoming feebler towards 
the center. The tuberclesare smooth and polished, but the whole inter- 
vening surface is sharply fretted with fine oblique puckerings. Color 
white, beautifully flecked above with grayish-purple patches, and 
closely spotted with purplish-pink on the base. Spire high and sharp 
pointed, its concavely conical slope being slightly broken at the 
sutures by the projection of the two superior rows of tubercles. 
Whorls about 10, flat and of very regular increase. Suture slight, 
but distinct, being defined by the slight carinal spiral above, and the 
double row of large tubercles below. Mouth rather small, square, and 
very oblique. Outer lip sharp but strong. Inner lip strengthened 
internally by a buttress of porcelaneous nacre, which ends abruptly 
towards the point of the pillar, forming a tooth. The pillar, beveled 
off to a sharp edge, is pressed back on the umbilicus, which it com- 
pletely closes, leaving only a central depression and a post-columellar 
furrow. Operculum thin, yellow, normal. 

Alt. °64, diam. *58 inch. ( Watson.) 

This species very much resembles Trochus decoratus, Phil., but 
that species is more highly narrowly conical, is flatter on the base, 
and the whole system of spirals is different. In Trochus decoratus 
also the earlier whorls are simply spiralled; here the spirals are 
cross-hatched. Trochus nobilis, Phil., is much larger, is flatter on the 
base. and is not so closely spiralled. Trochus euglyptus, Ad., has the 
whorls much rounder. ( Watson.) 

Arrow Is., S. W. of Papua. 

Trochus (Ziziphinus) arruensis W arson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, 
vol. 15, p. 91; Challenger Report, Gasteropoda, p. 57, t. 6, f. 5. 


C. TRANSENNA Watson. PI. 17, fig. 28. 

Shell small, conical, high, carinated, inflated on the base, thin, 
sculptured, yellowish with small ruddy spots. Sculpture: spirals— 
close to the suture is a row of disconnected beads, between this and 
the carina are three rows of appressed beads, of which the highest 
is the weakest; these four rows are parted from one another by 
furrows, each of which is a little broader than the thread above it ; 
the carina also consists of a row of appressed beads; it is stronger 
than the other beads both in breadth and height, and the furrow 
above it is a little broader and deeper than the rest. On the base 


346 CALLIOSTOMA. 


are seven rows of appressed beads of nearly equal width and dis- 
tance from one another; the first joins the outer lip, the central 
row twines up the pillar. These rows of beads make their appearance 
on the second whorl, and on all the upper whorls more than on the 
body-whorl; the carina is sharply expressed by a constriction above 
and below it. Longitudinals—the whole surface is crossed obliquely 
by not quite contiguous threads, which are almost as strong as the 
spirals. Between the threads are narrow, deep, long pits; each 
alternate thread is crowned by a bead at the suture. Color: the 
surface is dull and rough, yellowish, sparsely spotted on the spirals 
with a ruddy brown, which is almost crimson on the infra-sutural 
beads. Spire high and conical, the whorls being barely rounded. 
Apex small but flattened, the embryonic 14 whorls scarcely pro- 
jecting. Whorls 7, of regular increase, almost flat, the body-whorl 
alone being slightly convex, rounded, and ecarinated at the periph- 
ery and tumid on the base, in the center of which is a most minute 
umbilical chink. Suture deeply and squarely impressed below the 
carina. Mouth slightly oblique, squarish, nacreous. Outer lip 
very thin, very slightly descending, and drawn in a little horizon- 
tally at its junction with the body, and then well rounded in its 
whole sweep to the point of the pillar-lip, near which it is externally 
crenulated by the ends of the basal threads. Pillar is short, 
straight, slightly tubercled on its inner side, hardly toothed in front, 
and still less angulated at its junction with the outer lip. The 
pillar-lip is very thin, slightly excavated longitudinally, and re- 
verted on the minute umbilicus, which it almost wholly conceals. 
Behind it is a very narrow furrow. 
Alt. -27;. diam. °22 inch. ( Watson.) 
Philippines, in 82 fms. 


Trochus (Ziziphinus) transenna, W arson, Journ. Linn. Soe. Lon- 
don, vol. 14, p. 698; Challenger Rep. Gasterop., p. 62, t. 6, f 3. 


In form and details of sculpture this species is extremely like 
Trochus (Thalotia) elisa, Gould, from island of Capul, in the 
Philippines (British Museum), but is very obviously different. 


( Watson.) 


C. ARGENTEONITENS Lischke. PI. 63, figs. 32. 


Shell imperforate, conoidal, apex acute, thin, yellowish, beautifully 
iridescent, the underlying nacre shining through; whorls 8, a little 
convex, obsoletely sculptured with incremental striz ; suture with a 


CALLIOSTOMA. 347 


series of fine short folds on each side; three last whorls with a 
median series of tubercles; aperture almost half the entire altitude ; 
last whorl encircled by an acute compressed carina at the base ; base 
very convex, with 8 narrow crenulated spiral lire, the first 3 
separated, the rest closer; aperture rounded-subquadrate ; columella 
sinuous, brilliantly pearly. Alt. 43, diam. 30 mill. (Lischke.) 
Jedo, Japan. 
Trochus argenteo-nitens LiscuKe, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. iii, p. 66, 
tit fe 1, 1874, 


A handsome and distinct species. 


C. consors Lischke. PI. 68, figs. 22, 23. 

Shell broadly conical, apex acute, imperforate, rather thin, en- 
circled by very many narrow, unequal, subtly granulose or cren- 
ulated riblets, as wide or narrower than the interspaces; pale tawny, 
flamed with deeper color, and articulated on the riblets with dark 
dots; whorls 8, separated by a suture not profound, margined, acutely 
angled in the middle; last whorl wide, furnished with another angle 
on the base ; bas? convex, multi-lirate ; aperture rhomboid-orbicular ; 
columella arcuate, pearly, bordered outside by a semilunar pit; 
throat obsoletely sulcated, nearly smooth. 

Alt. 25, diam. 24 mill. (Lischke.) 

Jedo, Japan. 

Trochus consors LiscHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., p. 65, t. 4, f. 2, 
3, 1874. 

C. MONILIFERUM Lamarck. PI. 63, fig. 17. 

The typical form of this shell is known to me only by the figures 
cited below. Fischer repeats Lamarck’s diagnosis. The 7. alwine 
of Lischke (pl. 65, figs. 15, 16) differs somewhat in the contour of the 
columella. The following description is translated from Lischke’s: 

Shell broad conic, oblique. apex acute, rather thin, whitish, with 
a silvery sheen from the underlying pearly layer; whorls 8, nearly 
flat, encircled by very numerous very finely granose riblets, and in 
the middle by a series of equidistant tubercles; the suture has a 
series of numerous little tubercles close above it, and beneath it a row 
of short oblique folds; last whorl equaling about two-fifths the total 
altitude, sub-bicarinated by two series of tubercles; base scarcely 
convex, sculptured by numerous granose spiral riblets, cut by incre- 
mental striz; umbilicus narrow, nearly covered by a plate-like 
dilation of the columella, and bounded outside by a porcelain-white 


348 CALLIOSTOMA. 


fasciole, the latter separated from the rest of the base by a furrow, 
and a second furrow runs spirally into the umbilicus. The concave 
columella passes gradually into the basal lip. The aperture is very 
oblique, is oval-rounded, rather widened; the throat. shows lines 
corresponding to the outer sculpture, and is beautifully pearly. 
Alt. 37, diam. 36 mill. (Lischke.) 
Ins. Kiushiu, Japan. 


Tr. moniliferus Lam., Encye. Méth., p. 445, fig. 2; An. s. Vert. 
vii, p. 26.—FIscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 73, t. 16, f. 2 (not T. monilifer 
Lam., nor T. moniliferus Phil.) —Tr. alwine LiscuKe Mal. Blatt. 
xviii, p. 149, 1871; Jap. Meeres—Conchyl. ii, p. 84, t. 6, f. 17-19; 
Dkr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 259. 


This shell is the type of Fischer’s section Lischkeia. 


C. AusrRALIs Broderip, PI. 18, fig. 23. 


Shell, conical, granulate cingulate, with a larger supra-sutural 
cingulus, buffor nearly white, painted with spots of reddish or viola- 
ceous ; whorls plane; base flat, imperforate, throat silvery. (Brod.) 

Australia. 

Tr. australis Brop., Zool. Journ. v, p. 331, tab. suppl. 49, f. 3. 
1830 (not LT. (Monodonta) australis Lam.)—Tr. broderipi PuruipPt. 
Conchyl: Cab.,cp: 257; t..38, £ : 


Compared by Philippi (who had not seen the shell) with 7. gem- 
mosus Rve. and nobilis Phil. In outline the figure resembles 7. 
( Odontotrochus) chlorostomus Mke., but that shell has a strong tooth 
at the base of columella. 


C. FRAGUM Philippi. PI. 18, figs. 13, 14. 


Shell conical, subperforate, pale purplish-brown, painted with 
whitish stripes, with 4 distant series of granules; whorls 8, basal 
margins of the whorls prominent, granulate; interstices very 
delicately obiquely striate; base little convex, sculptured with 
8 flat subgranose concentric lire, each one divided by a furrow into 
two parts, alternating with narrow elevated lines; aperture rhom- 
boidal, smooth, columella but little oblique, subtruncate at base. 

Alt. 14, diam. 12 mill. (Phil.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Tr. fragum Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 106; Conchyl. Cab., 


p. 257, t. 38, f. 4—Zizyphinus fragum Phil., Rvp, Conch. Icon., f. 
47. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 349 


May be a Thalotia, allied to ZT. pyrgos, one of Philippi’s own 
species. 


C. prcoRATA Philippi. PI. 66, fig. 31. 


Shell turreted-conical, imperforate, brownish-ashen ; whorls 9, 
nearly plane, with an elevated cingulus above and below, cut into 
granules by impressed longitudinal and transverse lines, encircled 
by three series of granules on a reddish-brown ground, the granules 
alternately white and black ; the interstices have one or two elevated 
lines. Angle of the last whorl rounded, base pretty convex, with 
about 8 elevated weakly granulated concentric lirs, the granules 
alternately whitish and dark brown. Columella somewhat oblique, 
subtruncate at base, obviously separated from the basal lip by a 
sinus. Alt. 20, diam.15 mill. (Phiil.) 

Port Jackson and Brisbane, Australia. 

Tr. decoratus Putt, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 102; Conehyl. Cab., 
p. 99, t. 13, f. 1—Ziziphinus decoratus Phil. ReEvE, Conch. Icon., f. 
28.— Ana@as, P. Z. 8.1877, p. 188.— Tr. (Zizyphinus) decoratus Phil., 
Warson, Challenger Gasterop., p. 54.—Tr. (Calliostoma) decor- 
atus EK. A. Smiru, Zool. Coll. H. M.S. ‘ Alert,’ p. 73. 

Smith says: The interior of the aperture of this species, close to 
the outer and basal margin, is thickened with a whitish and more or 
less cloudy pearly deposit, which conceals to some extent the beautiful 
iridescence observable further within. 


C. noBILis Philippi. PI. 15, figs. 47, 48, 49. 


Shell imperforate, acutely conical, rather thin ; whorls 10, plane, 
the first eroded, smooth, following whitish buff, radiately flamed with 
brown and reddish, spirally cingulate, cinguli 6, granose, the upper 
5 small, separated by equal interstices, lower cingulus wider, more 
prominent, subcrenate; last whorl acutely carinated ; base con- 
centrically encircled by about 7-8 granose cinguli, alternately buff 
and rose colored ; aperture subquadrate ; lip plicate; columella sub- 
arcuate, base subnodose, with a parallel groove. 

Alt. 22, diam. 22 mill. (Fischer.) 

Australian coasts; Swan River; St. Vincent's Gulf, Darnley Id., 
Torres Sts., 25 fms. 


T. nobilis PurtipPi Conchyl. Cab., p. 86, t. 15, f. 6, t. 38, f. 1— 
FiscHEer Coq. Viv., p. 309, t. 98, f. 2.—Ziziphinus nobilis Phil. 
REEvE, Conch. Icon., f.10.—BRaAz1xER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 
li, p. 44, 1878.— Tr. rubiginosus VALENCIENNES, Voy. de la Vénus, 


350 CALLIOSTOMA. 


t. 4, f. 1—Z splendidus Phil. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 11—Tr. 
splendidus Puiuirrt, olim, see Conchyl. Cab., p. 255. 

Reeve’s figure of the form called splendidus by Philippi, but 
afterward said by him to be a var. of nobilis, is given on pl. 15, fig. 
49, 


C. POUPINELI Montrouzier. PI. 17, fig. 41. 

Shell imperforate, elevated-conical, apex acute, ornamented all 
over with close obliquely grained spiral riblets, 2 supra marginal 
riblets stronger; shining, suberystalline, fleshy-white, marked by re- 
mote reddish dots on the supra sutural rib. Whorls 8, separated by 
impressed sutures, subconcave above, a little tumid and very obtusely 
subearinated below, the base plano-convex. Aperture oblique, sub- 
rhomboidal, throat pearly and sulcate inside, brilliantly nacreous, 
the pearl not attaining to the edge of the lip, which is sharp and 
finely crenulated ; columellar margin thick, subvertical, with a small 
tubercle. Alt. 12, diam. 8 mill. (Fischer.) 

New Caledonia. 

T. (Ziziphinus) poupineli MontTRovuzIER Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, 
p. 40, t. 4, f. 6—Fiscuer, |. c., p. 49, and 1878, p. 210; Cog. Viv., 
p. 387, t. 116, f 3— Z. comptus Av. P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 38—REEVE, 
Conch. Icon., f. 48 (not 7. comtus Phil., also.a Calliostoma). 


I follow Fischer in rejecting the name comptus on account of its 
essential identity with comtus of Philippi. 


C. LEGRANDI Tenison-Woods. PI. 66, fig. 23. 

Shell straightly conical, imperforate, solid, rather thick, yellowish- 
flesh-color ; sculptured spirally with numerous smooth riblets, alter- 
nately larger and smaller, 8 or 9 on the penultimate whorl, about 
14 on the base, some of the interstitial ones near the axis quite small, 
the outer ones subequal in size. Spire conic, its outlines straight ; 
sutures scarcely visible except for a slightly wider cingulus above 
them. Whorls about 6, flat, the last angular, nearly flat beneath, 
shortly deflexed at aperture in the only specimen before me. Aper- 
ture rhomboidal, oblique, with a couple of prominent riblets inside 
the upper lip, basal lip thickened, columella straight or a trifle 
projecting in the middle. 

Alt. 18, diam. 15 mill.; aperture (meas. inside) alt. 6, diam. 6 


mill. 
Chappell Id., Bass’s St., Tasmania. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 351 


Ziziphinus legrandi Tren.-Woops, Proc. & Rep., Roy. Soc. Tas- 
mania, 1875, p. 154. 


A small smooth-ribbed form, allied, according to Tenison-Woods 
to Z. incertus Rve. 


C. inceERTUM Reeve. PI. 17, fig. 37. 


This reversed species is known to me only by Reeve’s illustration 
(pl. V, fig. 28). The accompanying page of text is lacking in the 
copy of the Iconica in the Academy library. 


C. ALLPORTI Tenison-Woods. PI. 66, fig. 22. 

Shell small, conical imperforate, solid, white, the 6 or 7 whorls en- 
circled by series of granules, 6 in number on the penultimate and 
upper surface of last whorl, the beads distinct, rounded; base with 
about 10 scarcely granulous concentric lire. Spire conic, its outlines 
straight ; apex acute, suture linear; body-whorl angular at periph- 
ery, a little convex beneath; aperture quadrangular, with a couple 
of rather strong riblets inside the upper outer lip; basal lip thick- 
ened ; columella very oblique, a trifle straightened in the middle, 
rounded. Alt. 7, diam. 62 mill. 

Islands in Bass’s Strait, Tasmania. 

Ziziphinus allporti Tex.-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1875, p. 
155. . 

My specimen described above is probably not fully adult. The 
whorl is a trifle deflexed at the aperture, as in C. legrandi; and 
like that shell, there are a pair of rather strong spiral lire within 
the aperture, which are rather strong near the upper outer lip. Teni- 
son- Woods describes his shells as having the whorls rather convex, 
periphery rounded, inter-liral spaces obliquely striate, aperture bi- 
dentate below, alt. 11, diam. 9 mill..—characters lacking in my 
specimen, owing, probably to its immaturity and slightly worn 
condition. 


C. sucunpuM Gould. Pl. 66, figs. 26, 27, 28. 


Shell small, solid, low conical, composed of about six conical 
whorls, with a slight vertical portion at base; the whorls girdled with 
fine, uniform, beaded lines, the alternate ones being generally smaller, 
sometimes even not beaded, and the two basal ones surrounding the 
vertical portion being larger; base a little convex, similarly 
sculptured with about twelve concentric lines, gradually diminishing 
from the center to the circumference ; the umbilical region color- 


302 CALLIOSTOMA. 


less, not perforated, and with a groove-like impression beside the 
columella; aperture rhomboidal-orbiculate; columella arcuate, 
smooth; lip simple ; colors arranged in radiating flammules, alter- 
nately white, strawberry-red, and pale flesh-color, gradually shaded 
into each other ; on the base the dark or light-red are distributed 
along the granules in a somewhat articulated manner ; nacreous be- 
neath. Alt. 93, diam. 10 mill. ( Gould.) 


Tr. jucundus GouLD, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. 91, 1849; U. 
S; Expl. Exped; Moll, p77, t) 209. 

The excellent description of Gould, given above, corresponds 
perfectly with a specimen before me. Hutton says that the locality 
New Zealand, given by Gould, is incorrect. The only shell I have 
seen is said to come from Rio Janeiro. 


C. specrosuM A. Adams. PI. 16, fig. 2; pl. 67, fig. 42. 

Shell pyramidal-conical, imperforate, flesh-colored, variegated and 
punctate with rufous; whorls plano-concave, sculptured with trans- 
verse subgranulate alternately smaller and larger lire, the granules 
reddish-brown ; last whorl obtusely angular; base concentrically 
grooved ; umbilical region impressed, bounded by a rufous callous ; 
aperture subquadrate ; columella solid, subarcuate, scarcely truncate 
anteriorly ; lip lirate within, the margin subangulate in the middle. 
(Ad.) 

Moreton Bay; Port Curtis, Queensland, Australia, 7-11 fms. 

Z. speciosus AD., P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 38.—ReEeEve, Conch. Icon., f. 
9a, b.—T. ( Calliostoma) speciosus E. A. Smiru, Zool. Coll. H. M.S. 
“Alert,p. 71. é 

Closely allied to C. meyeri Phil. but less angular at periphery, 
and with an orange columellar streak. Smith (oc. cit.) says: In 
form this species approaches 7. comtus Phil., which however, in 
addition to difference in color, does not possess the peculiar smooth 
orange-yellow callosity at the umbilical region, so characteristic of 
T. speciosus. 


C. RIOENSIS Dall. PI. 67, fig. 76. 


Shell elevated-conical, imperforate, thin, flesh colored, with 
irregular yellowish longitudinal stripes on the upper whorls and small 
whitish spots on the periphery, the lire of periphery and _ base 
articulated with rufous dots. Spire conic, high, its lateral outlines a 
trifle concave above; whorls 8, a little convex; sutures a little 


CALLIOSTOMA. 353 


impressed. Surface covered with narrow, closely beaded spiral lirze, 
alternately larger and smaller, the interstices showing rather strong 
lines of increment. There are 6 principal spirals on the last, the 
penultimate and next earlier whorls. The penult. and last whorls 
each have an intermediate smaller spiral in each interstice. There is 
a slightly larger spiral just above the periphery ; and the peripheral 
carina is formed of a pair of contiguous riblets; the base is nearly 
flat, with 12 subequal concentric spirals, slightly beaded by the light 
lines of increment. Aperture rhombic, bluish, nacreous and lightly 
suicate within; lip sharp; columella cylindrical, a little curved, its 
face pearly, ending below in a slight point. 
Alt. 15, diam. 133 mill. 


Off East Coast S. America, (-20 fms. 
C. rioensis Dau, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1889, t. xii, f. 5 (1890). 


Closely allied to the shell herein described as C. jucundum Gould. 


C. trincrum Watson. PI. 16, figs. 11, 11a. 


Shell small, conical, high spired, flatly rounded on the base, 
sculptured, creamy white, with faint chestnut specks. Sculpture: 
longitudinals—there are wrinkled lines of growth above, and on the 
base fine hair-like striae. Spirals—there are strong threads parted 
by slight furrows, 10 above the periphery on the last whorl, 6 on the 
penultimate whorl, between the second and third threads above the 
periphery a slightly broader and more distinct furrow occurs; all 
the threads are closely packed, with rather coarse round tubercles; 
the edge of the base is pretty sharply angulated; the angulation be- 
comes blunt and rounded toward the mouth; on the base there are 
10 flattish, somewhat, unequal untubercled threads parted by very 
shallow and narrow furrows, which become, somewhat stronger to- 
ward the pillar. Color creamy, sparsely speckled with small pale 
chestnut-colored dots. Spire rather high, conical. Apex a little 
coarse, but small, consists of 12 embryonic whorls, of which the tip 
is red and elevated, somewhat coarsely but regularly honeycombed. 
Whorls 63, conical, with flattened slopes of slow regular increase ; 
the last, which is not large, is angulated at the periphery, descends 
at the mouta, and has a flatly conical, slightly convex base. Suture 
small, but coarse, and a little impressed. Mouth very oblique, but 
with a perpendicular pillar; it is nearly square in form; there is 
very little nacre within. Outer lip thin; at its insertion it is a good 
deal drawn in on the base of the shell; it is patulous on the side, 


25 


304 CALLIOSTOMA. 


but very little so on the base. Pillar Tip is broad, strong, reverted, 
channelled, twisted, and bluntly angulated, patulous, but not tooth- 
ed at its junction with the base. 
Alt. °25, diam. ‘23 inch. ( Watson.) 
Off East Monceur Island, Bass’ Straits, in 38 fms. 


Trochus (Ziziphinus) tinctus Watson, Challenger Rep., Gasterop., 
pos, tlie 

An inconspicuous but pretty little species, which, though small, 
seems quite full-grown. ( Watson.) 


C. comtum Philippi. PI. 18, fig, 


Shell conical, imperforate, solid, granulate, flesh-colored, painted 
with radiating white streaks, the apex blackish-violet. Whorls little 
convex, the last rounded-angulate, above a little concave, superior 
whorls with 6 or 8 granulate cinguli, close, separated by a narrow 
granulate line; base granose-cingulate, principal cinguli about 8, 
alternating with smaller ones. Aperture rhomboidal, depressed ; 
columella oblique, subtortuous, cylindrical. (Phil) 


The shell is very solid, quite exactly conical. The 3 last whorls 
are more strongly convex below, the last somewhat concave above 
the uppermost are entirely flat; the basal angle is rounded ; the base 
plane in a radial direction. The granules of the surface are hemi- 
spherical, closely crowded; on the third whorl I count 6 series of 
them, between them are much narrower granose lines, which become 
stronger and stronger until they attain the same prominence as the 
principal series. The sculpture of the base is the same. The aperture 
is depressed, rhomboidal, the outer lip superficially sulcate within, 
corresponding to the principal lire of the outer surface. The 
columella is oblique, somewhat twisted, cylindrical, without tooth at 
base. It is flesh-colored, with white rays. } 

Alt. 17, diam. 18 mill. (Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 


Tr. comtus Puit., Conchyl. Cab., t. 324, t. 46, f. 6. 


C. rrcaonticuM A. Adams. PI. 1, fig. 4. 

Shell elevated conical, perforate, buff or flesh-color, ornamented at 
the suture with lire articulated with rufous; whorls little rounded, 
longitudinally striate, apex blackish-purple ; last whorl subangular ; 
base a little convex, sculptured with rufous-articulated cinguli ; 


CALLIOSTOMA. 300 


aperture subquadrate ; columella straight, subtruncated anteriorly ; 
aperture white inside. (Ad.) 
Island of Ticao, Philippines, 6 fms. 


Z. ticaonicus Ap., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 167—Re&reEve, Conch. Icon., 
f. 43. 


C. pecussatuM A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 33. 
? 5 

Shell elevated-conic, subperforate, whitish, ornamented with green 
longitudinal maculations ; whorls plane, margined and a little prom- 
inent at the base; sculptured with granulate cinguli, decussated by 
elevated longitudinal lines ; last whorl angulate, base a little convex, 
ornamented with granulate cinguli; aperture subquadrate ; columella 
straight, truncate at base. (Ad.) 

Calipan, Mindoro, 12 fms. 

Z. decussatus Ab., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 167—ReEEvkE, Conch. Icon., 
f. 65. 

C. japonicum A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 25. 

Shell turreted-conic, smooth, shining, imperforate; whorls plane, 
with two impressed lines at base, the last angulate, red with white and 
yellow flammules, base convex, sculptured with articulated cinguli ; 
aperture subquadrate, iridescent green inside. (Ad.) 

Japan. 

Z. japonicus Ap., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 167—ReExEvE, Conch. Icon., 
f. 49. 

Compare Cantharidus hilaris Lischke, antea, p. 150. 

C. untcincrum A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 34. 


Shell turreted conical, imperforate, buff; whorls plane, subim- 
bricating, ornamented at base with slightly prominent cingulus 
articulated with red, and close transverse lines; last whorl angulate, 
base produced, sculptured with concentric lines and an elevated 
articulated cingulus; aperture subtrigonal, columella straight, sub- 
canaliculate at base. (Ad.) 

Lord Hoods Island, on pearl oysters, 8-10 furs. 

Z. unicinctus Ad., P. Z. 8, 1851, p. 167.—Rereve, Conch. Icon., f. 
58. 


C. prictuRatum A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 38. 

Shell turreted-conical, imperforate, green or violaceous, ornamented 
with undulating bands and zizgag lines ; whorls plane, basal margin 
crenulated, sculptured with transverse impressed lines; last whorl 


556 CALLIOSTOMA. 


angulated, the base a little convex ; aperture subquadrate, white in- 
side; columella incurved, base truncate. (Ad.) 


Delaquete, Id. of Negros, 7 fms. 


Z. picturatus A. Ab., P. Z. 8, 1851, p. 168.—REEvE, Conch. Icon., 
eos: 


C. porycHroMA A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 31. 


Shell turreted-conic, perforate, green, painted with undulating 
white bands, varied with buff angular lines; whorls plane, subim- 
bricating ; ornamented with aslightly prominent articulated margin, 
subdistant impressed transverse lines, and longitudinally substriate ; 
last whorl angulate, base a little convex, sculptured with cinguli 
articulated with buff; aperture subquadrate, green inside; columella 
straight subtruncate at base. (dd.) 

Island of Masbate, 7 fms. 


Z. polychroma Av. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 168.—Rerve, Conch. Icon., 
f. 40.—Brazier Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales ii, 1878, p. 45. 


Brazier gives Cape York, N. Australia, 11 fms., as an additional 
locality. 


C. pupticatum A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 26. 

Shell turreted-conic, imperforate ; whorls convex, ornamented with 
granose cinguli, with two larger more prominent cinguli at base ; 
interstices longitudinally striate; large whorl subrounded, base a 
little convex, sculptured with granose cinguli; aperture subrotund ; 
lip lirate within ; columella terminating in a tubercle at base. 
(Ad.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Zizyphinus duplicatus Av., P. ZS. 1851, p. 168.—RerEve, Conch. 
Teon., f. 55. 


C. ELEGANTULUM A. Adams. PI. 66, fig. 29. 

Shell conical, imperforate, buff; whorls plane, encircled by distant 
elevated violet beaded lines, alternately smaller, the interstices 
longitudinally striate; base nearly plane, ornamented with 4 violet 
cinguli; aperture subquadrate, white inside ; columella subtruncate 


at base. (Ad.) 
Matacea, 10 fms. 


Z. elegantulus Av., P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 167.—REEVE, Conch. Icon., 


f. 38. 


CALLIOSTOMA. BOT 


C. ZEBUENSIS (A. Adams) Reeve. PI. 14, fig. 44. 

Shell stoutly conical, whitish, variegated with pale blue-green, 
whorls rounded, closely finely ridged throughout, minutely crenulated 
below the sutures, ridges smooth, rather sharp. The ridges of this 
little species are unusually fine and sharp, with no indications of 
granules. (Itve.) 

Zebu, Philippines. 

Z. zebuensis (“ Adams MSS.”) Rrerve, Conch. Icon., f. 65 (1863). 
C. GeMMosuM Reeve. PI. 15, fig. 40. 

Shell rather tumidly conical, solid, whorls slopingly convex, densely 
strongly grained, here and there linearly engraved, lines obliquely 
minutely crenulated, basal margin obtusely rounded ; golden straw- 
color, engraved lines chocolate-purple. Strongly grained upon a 
bright golden straw-color, enlaced with engraved lines of a deep 
chocolate-purple. (Rve.) 

Puerto-Galero, Island of Mindanao, Philippines, 6 fms. 

Tr. gemmosus REEVE, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 184; Conch. Syst. ii, p. 
165, t. 218, f. 9; Z. gemmosus Conch. Icon., f. 238 


C. VEXILLUM Reeve. PI. 15, fig. 48. 

Shell conical, white, broadly striped with green, whorls rudely 
convex, smooth, spirally linearly engraved. A shell of simple form, 
with no sculpture excepting faintly engraved spiral lines. (Rve.) 

Australia. 


Z. verillum Rve., Conch. Iecon., f. 59 (1863). 


C. SIMILARIS Reeve. PI. 15, figs. 38, 39. 
The text describing this species is missing in the copy of the 


Tconica accessible to me. 


Palm Id., N. E. Australia, 8 fms.; Lizard Id., Torres Sts. 

Z. similaris REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 32a, b—Brazter, Proc. Linn. 

Soe. N.S. Wales u, p. 44 (1878)—Trochus (Ziz.) similaris Rve., 
Warson, Challenger Gasterop., p. 55. 


C. FLAMMIGER Dunker. PI. 66, fig. 34. 


Shell conical, solid, glabrous, yellowish-white, painted with un- 
dulating lines and flames of buff; whorls 10, plano-convex, separated 
by distinct sutures, the last obtusely angular at the circumference ; 
base a little convex, unicolored buff, in the middle white, marked 
with a few umbilical sulci; aperture rounded-tetragonal. (Dkr.) 

Habitat unknown. 


358 CALLIOSTOMA. 


T. flammiger Dkr. P. Z. 8., 1856, p. 355.—Zizyphinus flammiger 
Dkr., REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 52. 

C. OCELLATUM Reeve. PI. 17, fig. 23. 

Shell rather broadly conical, reddish fulvous, ocellated with brown- 
shaded white spots; whorls concavely impressed round the upper 
parts, then rounded, spirally grain-ridged throughout. Rather con- 
stricted below the sutures, then rounded and ocellated with shaded 
opaque-white spots. (Ave.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Z. ocellatus Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 61 (1863). 


Compare C. jucundum Gould. 

C. INTERRUPTUM Wood. PI. 17, figs. 21, 22. 

Shell erectly conical, grayish-white, encircled by fine blue-black 
interrupted lines, minutely articulated at the sutures; whorls flatly 
sloping, spirally finely ridged, interstices minutely crenulately striate. 
A very distinct erectly-conical shell, painted in an elaborately 
tessellated manner. (Jteeve.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Z. interruptus (Wood) Rrrve, Conch. Icon., f. 64.—Trochus 
interruptus Woop, Index test., Suppl., t. 6, f 42. 

The original figure of Wood is given on pl. 17, fig. 22. Fig. 21 
is from Reeve, the only author who has identified the species. 

C. scoprnatus (Adams) Reeve. PI. 17, fig. 24. 

The text to plate 5 of Reeve’s monograph of Ziziphinus is lacking 
in the copy of the Iconica before me. I copy his figure (Icon., t. 5, 
f. 29) of this species. I do not know where Adams described it, if 
anywhere. 

Darnley Id., Torres Sts., 12 fms. (Brazier). 

Z. scobinatus (A. Ad.) REEve, Conch. Icon., f 29.—BrazrEr, 
Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales u, p. 44, 1878. 


C. MONILE Reeve. PI. 17, fig. 32. 

Shell erectly conical, rather swollen at the base, transparent white, 
encircled by a necklace of violet spots; whorls concavely sloping, 
spirally ridged, ridges smooth, the two basal ridges more prominent. 
The necklace of violet spots has an exceedingly pretty appearance 
on the delicate transparent ground of the shell. (Ave.) 

Port Curtis ; East Australia. 

Z. monile REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 39 (1865). 


CALLIOSTOMA. 359 


C. RUBROPUNCTATUM A. Adams. PI. 66, fig. 30. 

Shell small, orbiculate-conic, buffish ; ornamented with transverse 
spinulose cinguli (4 on the last whorl), interstices clathrate, beauti- 
fully dotted with red. (Ad.) 

Albany Id., N. Australia, 3-4 fms.; Port Darwin, N. W. Australia, 
8-12 fms. 

Z. rubropunctatus Ap., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 167—Rerve, Conch. 
Icon., f. 56—Tr. (Calliostoma) rubropunctatus Ad., Smrrn, Zool. 
Coll. H. M.S. ‘ Alert,’ p. 72. 


Smith (doc. cit.) writes as follows: This is a charming little 
species, and readily recognized by its peculiar painting and remark- 
able sculpture. Adams describes the color as “lutescens.”’ I should 
rather consider it pale fleshy pink, with dark red dots in the inter- 
stices between the oblique ccstze and the transverse or spiral ridges. 
The latter are said to be four in number on the last whorl; but on 
careful examination I find six, of which four are, however, more 
prominent than the rest. The upper volutions are encircled by three 
principal lire, and a fourth secondary one at the suture. The points 
of intersection of these spiral ridges and the oblique costz are 
produced into quite acute nodules or prickles. The base of the shell 
is almost flat, ornamented with about six concentric liree, which are 
more or less granulous, with the interstices exhibiting strong lines of 
growth and translucent nacre. The color closely approaches the 
rest of the surface, varied with brown dots both upon and between 
the granules. 


C. venustum Dunker. PI. 67, fig. 72. 

Shell of an elevated-conical form, narrow and slender, the lateral 
outlines of spire straight, the base convex, imperforate. It is strong, 
solid; ground color either olive-green or dark red, with narrow 
longitudinal stripes of white, the periphery of the last whorl some- 
times articulated with white, and the base either unicolored dark, or 
finely dotted with white. Whorls 10, the apical one or two convex, 
smooth, the following flat, finely spirally striate (about 14 strize on 
the penult. whorl of a large specimen), the last whorl convex at the 
periphery, angulated there in specimens not completely adult, convex 
-beneath, with 10-12 concentric lirulee there. The entire surface has 
fine lines of growth; there is sometimes a slight tendency toward 
plication on the periphery of the last whorl. Aperture quadrangular, 
oblique, smooth inside; basal lip thickened by a straight callous 


360 CALLIOSTOMA. 


inside; columella short, vertical, arcuate above, terminating in a 
truncation or fold-like tooth. Alt. 13, diam. 7 mill. 
Viti Islands. 

Ziziphinus venustus Dxr., Mal. BI., xviii, p. 169, 1871. 

This species has the greastest similarity to the Mediterranean 
C. striatum Linn. The columella is very strongly folded at the base ; 
the color is either green or red; on one shell before me the spire is 
red, body-whorl greenish. In pattern of color the shells before me 
differ little. It is possible that some forms included by me in the 
group of C. exasperatum as synonmyms may prove to be valid species 
of the south-west Pacific. Reeve and others report such forms 
(Vide Tr. socia Fischer; goniostomus Mke.). Without specimens 
from authentic localities this cannot now be decided. The specimens 
of C. venustum before me were collected by GARREYT. 


C. MARMOREUM Pease. PI. 39, fig. 33. 

Shell elongate-conical, imperforate, but with a groove and pit or 
even a slight perforation at the place of the umbilicus ; rather solid ; 
whitish, longitudinally clouded with brown or pink, often showing 
white opaque scattered dots; surface polished ; sculpture consisting 
of numerous broad flat smooth spirals, separated by impressed lines ; 
there are seven of these flat spiral ribs on the upper surface of the 
last whorl, the peripheral one larger; the base has numerous concen- 
tric striz, and about 4 spaced, more impressed grooves ; spire high, 
lateral outlines nearly straight; whorls about 8, each one a trifle 
convex, the last angular at the periphery; base a little convex; 
aperture quadrate; columella vertical, obliquely truncate at base. 

Alt. 6, diam. 4 mill.; alt. 8, diam. 5 mill. 

Paumotus. 

Tr. marmoreus Psr., Amer. Journ. Conch. iii, p. 287, t. 24, fi 9. 

This is asecond Polynesian species of Calliostoma which approaches 
very closely to Mediterranean types. It is smaller than C. venustum, 
and less abruptly truncated at base of columella. The base of the 
aperture is not rounded, as the figure shows, but nearly straight. 


American Species. 
The West American species fall into three groups, as follows: 
I. Shell with numerous smooth cord-like spiral riblets, group of 
C. canaliculatum Mart. 


II. Shell thin, with numerous granulose spiral riblets, interstitial 
lirulee few or none, group of C. annulatum Mart. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 361 


III Shell generally swollen or biangular at periphery, spiral striz 
and lirul fine, more numerous, closely sharply beaded, group of C. 
lima Phil. 

Species of the last group are also found in the Gulf of Mexico and 
on the east coast of South America, having the same distribution 
that Chlorostoma (plus Omphalius) has. 


(Group of C. canaliculatum Martyn.) 
C. CANALICULATUM Martyn. PI. 67, fig. 49; Vol. X, pl. 41, fig. 34. 


Conical with flat base, thin, light fawn colored with yellowish- 
white liree ; imperforate ; surface of the whorls encircled by numerous 
sharply sculptured smooth narrow, cord-like lire, subequal or alter- 
nately smaller; base with 11 to 13 similar ones. On the upper 
whorls the lirze are fewer, and in well preserved individuals the 
second whorl is minutely beaded above. Spire conic, with nearly 
straight outlines; sutures impressed. Whorls 7-8, the last obtusely 
angular, flat beneath and impressed around the axis. Aperture 
oblique, rhombic, iridescent and suleated inside; peristome thin, 
acute; columella straightened, not truncate below, dilated in a pearly 
iridescent pad above, bounded by an opaque white deposit. 

Alt. 83, diam. 33 mill. 

Sitka to San Diego, Cal. 

Trochus canaliculatus MARTYN, Universal Conchologist, t. 32.— 
Tr. doliarius CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. x, p. 228, t. 165, f. 1579, 
1580.—Purviert, Conchyl. Cab., p. 11, t. 3, f. 1, 2—Fiscuer, Coq. 
Viv., p. 71, t. 16, f. 1.— Ziziphinus canaliculatus Mart., REEVE, Conch. 
Tcon., f. 18.— Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart. of American authors. 
—(?) Trochus decarinatus Perry, Conchology, pl. 47, f. 2. 


In the case of this species, as in other similar cases, I have 
preferred Martyn’s name to that of Chemnitz. Of course, as 
Fischer says (Coquilles vivantes, Trochus, p. 72), Martyn’s work is 
simply an iconography, without descriptions; but the great beauty 
and accuracy of the figures renders identification easy and certain, 
and these qualities should surely receive the same recognition at our 
hands that we give to a three-line diagnosis, such as most early 
authors have given us. The principal objection to the work is the 
rarity of the original edition—an objection which applies equally to 
many early authors whose species are universally accepted. 

Specimens from Vancouver are much smaller than southern shells, 
and have fewer spiral liree, the alternate smaller ones being lost ; the 


362 CALLIOSTOMA. 


interstices are chocolate colored. Figure 49 of-pl. 67 represents one 
of these. From C. costatum this species may be known by its flatter 
whorls, more angular periphery, lighter color, ete. 


C. cosratuM Martyn. PI. 16, figs. 6, 9; pl. 18, fig. 16. 

Shell conical, rounded at periphery, base flattened ; imperforate ; 
solid; dark chestnut colored, the spiral riblets lighter, apex dark, 
usually purple. Surface encircled by numerous spiral smooth 
riblets, their interstices closely finely obliquely striate ; riblets usually 
7 to 9 on the penultimate whorl, about 9 on the base. Spire conic; 
apex acute; sutures impressed. Whorls about 7, convex, the last 
rounded (or a trifle angled) around the lower part, slightly convex 
beneath ; aperture rounded, oblique, outer lip fluted within, with a 
beveled opaque white submargin; throat pearly, iridescent; colu- 
mella simple, arcuate. Alt. 20, diam. 18 mill. 

Sitka to Monterey and Sta. Barbara Id. 


Trochus costatus Marv., Univ. Conch., t. 34 (1784).—Purivrepi 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 275, t. 40, f. 8 (not Trochus costatus Gmel. 1788, a 
form of Lamprostoma).—Tr. filosus Woon, Index test. suppl, t. 4, f. 
23 (no description).— FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 199, t. 64, f. 3.—Zizy- 
phinus filosus Wood, Rerve, Conch. Icon., f. 27.—Tr. ligatus GOULD, 
U.S. Expl. Exped., t. 12, f. 207.— Tr. castaneus (Nuttall ms) FoRBEs, 
P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 271, t. 11, f. 9—Calliostoma costatum of American 
authors.—-C. splendens Carp., Proc. Cal. Acad. iii, p. 156 (teste 
Dall, Am. Jour. Conch. vii, p. 126). 


A species very abundant along the northern Pacific coast; of its 
mutations Dr, Dall says: This species passes through a number of 
variations, which, however, do not obscure the specific characters. 
The ribs are usually yellowish, smooth with reddish-brown inter- 
spaces. The apex is blue when eroded. The whole sometimes has 
a more or less olivaceous cast. The yellow of the apical ribs is 
usually interrupted by patches of brown. This is sometimes con- 
tinued on the lower whorls, when the three ribs nearest the suture 
and often one or two on the carina of the whorls are prettily painted 
with alternate patches of dark brown and greenish-white. The ribs 
are more or less prominent, some specimens having them quite sharp 
while in others they are hardly raised. In one other exquisite 
variety the three sutural ribs and their interspaces are of a very rich 
purple-blue, which is not due to erosion. The umbilical rib is some- 
times salmon-colored. The nacre is of great brilliancy. Found from 


929 


CALLIOSTOMA. 009 


Sitka to Santa Barbara and San Diego. Mr. Stearns and myself, 
after an examination of the type, were disposed to consider C. 
splendens Cpr., as a very young specimen of the blue painted variety 
above alluded to. 


(Group of C. annulatum Mart.) 


C. ANNULATUM Martyn. PI. 67, fig. 43. 

Shell elevated-conic, imperforate, rather thin; light yellow, dotted 
with brown on the spiral rows of grains, the periphery or lower 
edge of each whorl encircled by a zone of violet or magenta, the 
axis surrounded by a tract of the same. Surface with numerous 
granose liree, about 7 on the penultimate whorl, 9 or 10 on the base. 
Spire conical, apex acute, minute, reddish ; sutures slightly impressed. 
Whorls about 9, slightly convex, the last angular at periphery, flat- 
tened beneath ; aperture rhomboidal, oblique, fluted within. 

Alt. 30, diam. 25 mill. 

Sts. of Fuca to San Diego. 

Trochus annulatus Mart., Univ. Conch., t. 33 (1784).—PHiuiert, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 11, t. 3, f. 8-4.—Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 74, t. 16, 
f. 3.—Zizyphinus annulatus Mart., Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. -- 
CHENv, Manuel, f. 2666—T7r. virgineus CHremnirz, Conchyl. Cab. 
x, p. 165, f. 1581, 1582.— Tr. moniliferus “ Lam.” Putw., Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 220, t. 38, f. 3 (not of Lamarck)—Calliostoma annulatum 
of American authors. 

A lovely shell, the most beautiful of the West Coast Calliostomas. 
This, like the last two species, was one of these treasures which the 
famous Captain Cook first brought to Europe. 


C. PLATINUM Dall. PI. 67, fig. 84. 

Shell conical, imperforate, very thin, nearly smooth, soiled white 
with a delicate tint of sea-green on the last whorl; surface slightly 
shining. The spire is conical, its outlines a trifle concave; whorls 8 ; 
apex subimmersed, dextral, the first two whorls quite convex, the 
following whorls slightly convex; sutures linear, last whorl with a 


delicate carina at the otherwise blunt periphery; above this, par- 


allel with it, there is a narrow raised cord which does not extend 
above the lower whorl, and will probably be found to be quite 
inconstant; the whole upper surface of the whorls is traversed by 
numerous scarcely perceptible spirals; the base is slightly convex, 
and has close, unequal spiral striz, coarser near axis and circum- 
ference. Aperture rather large, subquadrate, beautifully iridescent 


364 CALLIOSTOMA. 


within; outer lip thin, fragile; columella vertical, cylindrical, 
pearly, not toothed at base. Alt. 30, diam. 27 mill. 
Off Sta. Barbara Id., Cal., 414 fms. 

Callistoma platinum Dawu, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, t. vii, 
£92: 

A lovely shell, very thin, white, with a faint tinge of “ robin’s 
egg” blue or green. It seems to group nearer C. annulatum than 
any other known species. 


I am indebted to the extreme liberality of Dr. W. H. Dall for the 
privilege of including this species as well as C. Rioénsis, in my 
monograph, his own descriptions being still in print. 


C. VARIEGATUM Carpenter. 


Shell small, conical, variegated; nucleus rosaceous; whorls 6, 
planate ; sutures hardly impressed ; spire with 3 regular, nodulous 
riblets, the nodules whitish, subdistant; interstices very elegantly 
rosy; lirulee of the base 8, scarcely nodulous, spotted with rosy. 

Alt. ‘24, diam. ‘21 inch. (Cpr.) 

Puget Sound. 

Calliostoma (? var.) variegatum CARPENTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Phil., 1865, p. 61. 

‘This may prove to be an extreme variety of Cal. annulatum 
Martyn.’ (Cpr.) 


I have not seen this form. Dr. Dall has expressed to me the 
opinion that it is a distinct species. The type is, I believe, still 
unique. Dr. Carpenter would have benefited science more by 
suppressing than by publishing those miserable descriptions of 
doubtful forms, some of which in spite of the long-continued labors 
of Dall, Stearns, Cooper and others, still defy identification except 
by a journey to where the types are deposited. 


(Group of C. lima Phil.) 
C. tima Philippi. PI. 67, figs. 55, 56, 57, 58. 


Conical, imperforate, quite solid and strong, whitish (tinged more 
or less with yellow or blue), with irregular, radiating, brownish or 
bluish-black maculations on the upper surface, the principal spiral 
liree sparcely articulated with dark dots ; frequently all color-marks 
are absent; the shell is then of a uniform cream color, with bluish or 
brown apex. There are about 8 whorls, the later ones concave above, 


CALLIOSTOMA. 365 


swollen at the circumference. The surface is covered with sharply 
granulose spiral threads; of these, three on the upper surface are 
slightly larger ; midway between these le two a trifle smaller; and 
the interspaces between these are occupied by still smaller beaded 
lines ; on the base there are about 8 principal lire, the interstices 
and outer portion being occupied by smaller lirule. The aperture 
is quite oblique, iridescent and slightly sulcate within ; columella 
oblique, grayish, a little truncated or obtusely dentate at base. 
Alt. 25, diam: 25 mill.; alt. 21, diam. 21 mill. 
Panama; Acapulco. 


Tr. ima Puit., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 159; Conchyl. Cab., p. 
310, t. 44, f. 15—FiscHer Coq. Viv., p. 331, t. 103, f. 2—Zizyphinus 
antonii Koch, REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 31.— Calliostoma (? lima, var.) 
equisculpta Cpr., P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 279 (young shell). 


This is a beautifully sculptured form. The Ist, 3d, 5th, 7th, 9th, 
and 11th lire are very small; the 2d, 6th and 10th large; the 4th 
and 8th are intermediate in size. These figures are subject to some 
variation on account of the occasional interpolation of spiral threads, 
but they show at least what the system of the sculpture is. Several 
trays from Panama are before me. Fischer has with doubt identi- 
fied the T. antonii Koch with this form, It seems to me to be 
distinct in showing fewer lire, with plain, unsculptured inter-liral 
interstices, while this is never the case in dima, every space being 
occupied by spiral beaded threads, which increase in number, as the 
shell grows, by interpolation. 


C. anrontt (Koch) Philippi. PI. 67, figs. 46, 47, 48. 

Shell conical, solid, imperforate, dull flesh colored, granulate ; 
whorls flat, encircled by 8 unequal series of granules, the second 
largest ; base roughened by numerous granose cinguli. (Phil.) 

The shell is thick, quite conical, and consists of 7-8 whorls, 
difficult to distinguish in the neighborhood of the apex. These 
are flat and apparently margined, for one is likely to take the second 
series of granules of the following whorl for a margin. The whorls 
show about 8 rows of very pretty granules of three sizes; the upper, 
3d, 5th and 7th rows have the smallest granules, the 2d the largest ; 
the 4th and 6th have middle sized granules. The periphery consists 
of several closely crowded rows of the smallest size, and is rounded 
on the lower whorls. The base is slightly convex, with a multitude 
of granulose series, the granules becoming larger near the center, 


366 CALLIOSTOMA. 


which is a semicircle, its chord being the columella, formed of 
inferior, gray nacre. The aperture is rhomboidal ; the outer lip has 
a little distance within a brown streak. The color is dirty flesh 
color, with a few very pale brown clouds and fewer dark brown 
points. Alt. 18, diam. 23 mill. (Phil.) 

Habitat unknown. 


T. antonti Koch, Puriirpr, Abbild. u. Beschreib. i, Trochus, t. 1, 
f. 4 (1848) ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 105, t. 17, f. 5. 


This is certainly very close to C. lima. The name has several 
years priority. See remarks under that species. 


C. MACANDRE# Carpenter. PI. 17, figs. 35, 36. 

Shell subelevated, conical, whorls a little convex, suture dis- 
tinct; red, maculated with paler; encircled by spiral nodose lines, 
6 on the penultimate whorl, the lower two a little larger; inter- 
stices impressed, sometimes with intercalated lirule; tubercles close, 
rounded; periphery, slightly angulated; base ornamented with 
about 11 searcely granulose lire, interstices broad ; columella 
scarcely excavated, a little twisted, umbilical region impressed. 
(Cpr.) Alt. 8°3, diam. 8-4 mill. 

Var. Shell rufous-brown, with paler undulating waves; base red. 

Alt. 13, diam. 103 mill. 

Mazatlan (type); Panama (var.) 

Shell somewhat resembling a variety of 7. antonit Koch in Phil., 
which however has a few granular rows much larger than the rest, 
which are extremely fine and far apart. The whole upper surface 
in T. macandree is covered with large tubercles. The base in 7. 
antonii is sculptured like the rest of the shell, and the columella has 
a smooth scooped-out surface, which is wanting in this species. 
The Mazatlan specimen, perhaps immature, has 7 whorls. The 
variety from Panama has 9 whorls. ( Cpr.) 

Trochus MacAndree Carp., Cat. Mazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus. 
(Reigen Coll.), p. 282, 1857. 

C. eximtuM Reeve. PI. 65, figs. 84-86. Vol. X, pl. 41, fig. 28. 

Shell conical, imperforate, rather solid and strong, light yellowish 
or grayish, with irregular bluish-black longitudinal maculations and 
streaks, the base dotted or with small maculations ; sometimes without 


dark flames, their place taken by obscure brownish clouding, the 
larger spiral cords both above and below articulated with deep red. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 367 


There are about 8 whorls, each one more or less markedly biangular 
at the circumference, the lower angle obtuse, concealed by the 
suture on the spire, the upper one acute, continuing nearly to the 
apex; whorls concave above, slightly excavated around the pe- 
riphery, a little convex beneath; encircled by numerous unequal 
spiral threads, the larger ones beaded, the smaller irregularly 
crenated by rather decided incremental striz. Base radiately 
striate, with about 8 to 12 smooth spirals, their interstices without. 
secondary riblets. Aperture oblique, rhomboiaai ; columella heavy, 
smooth, its face concave, obtusely subdentate at base. 
Alt. 24, diam. 23 mill. 


Mazatlan ; Cape St. Lucas; fossil in post tertiary at San Ignacio 
Lagoon. 


Tr. versicolor, Menke, Zeitschr f. Mal., 1850, p. 172.—Carpenrer, 
Mazatlan Cat., p. 281—T. eximius RErve, P. Z. 8. 1842, p. 185; 
Conch. Syst. ii, p. 165, t. 208, f. 12.—Zizyphinus eximius REEVE, 
Conch. Icon., f. 25 (1863)—T. eximius Rve., Pariippr, Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 218, t. 32, f. 9—FiscueEr, Cog. Viv., p. 196, t. 64, f 1; 
And of most American authors.—(?) Zizyphinus Californicus A. Ap. 
P. Z.S. 1851, p. 168.—T. ceratus FiscuEr, ms. Coq. Viv., p. 333. 

Reeve gives Panama for locality. None of the shells before me 
come from south of Mazatlan. The species is more obviously 
bicarinate than C. dima, far less granulose, and with different base- 
sculpture. CL palmeri Dall is allied, but more granulose, with 
differently colored, more excavated columella. 


C. ADSPERSUM (Beck) Philippi. Pl. 18, figs. 1, 2. 

Shell conical, imperforate, whitish-gray, flammulate with rufous, 
encircled by delicate granulate threads ; whorls plane, angulated a 
little above the sutures, the last biangulate; base a little convex, 
with 9 to 10 concentric, little elevated smooth lire ; aperture rhom- 


boidal, angles rounded ; columella oblique, cylindrical, subdentate 
at base. ( Phil.) 


The shell is pretty solid, exactly conical. The whorls are even, 
with a sharp carina close above the lower suture; the last whorl 
showing beneath this one a second rounded carina, bounding the 
base. The sculpture of the upper surface consists of fine thread-like 
or hair-like granulate spirals. I count five of them, the last forming 
the sharp carina over the suture; in the interstices there are finer 
granulose lines. The base shows smooth, little-raised concentric 


368 CALLIOSTOMA. 


liree, nearly as broad as their interstices. The columella is bounded, 
by a pit at its insertion. The color is pale, with indistinct rust- 
brown flames, clouds and dots. Alt. 16, diam. 17 mill. 
Brazil. 

Zizyphinium adspersum Breck (in Roy. Mus. of Berlin).— Trochus 
eximius Puriippi, Abbild. i, Trochus, t, 4. f. 7 (mot of Reeve). 
—Tr. adspersus Beck, Paru., Conchyl. Cab., p..217,; t. 32, f. 8. 

May be a synonym of ©. eximium, but is more depressed than any 
specimen of that species I have ever seen. 


C. PALMERI Dall. 

Shell shaped like C. eximium Reeve, but rather more depressed, 
of seven whorls, glistening and polished, though sculptured with 
finely granulated, revolving lines. Upper whorls carinate and 
shouldered, last whorl bicarinate. Sculpture consisting above of 
about fifteen revolving, elevated, finely granulated lines, alternately 
spotted with light yellow, brown and white; basal surface with about 
eleven similarly colored ribs, which are not granulated, but have the 
interspaces slightly decussated by the lines of growth. | Upper sur- 
face also painted with narrow waved white and broad livid patches, 
which are absent below. Umbilical region cobalt blue, or blue- 
purple, rather ex savated, and bordered by a carina; mouth sub- 
quadrate, brightly pearly; columella arcuate, white; tooth-like 
process blue. Nucleus of two and a half whorls, flesh color, with 
revolving lines. (Dall.) Alt. 15, diam. 15 mill. 

Guaymas, Mexico. 

It is nearest to eximium, from which it is readily distinguished by 
the blue umbilical region and the different coloration of the revolving 
ribs, which in eaimium, are much less prominent and are mostly 
colored with alternate purple, black and white instead of brown and 
white. The color and sculpture differs from that of C. lima, which 
is granulate on the base and wants the upper carina. (Dal.) 

Calliostoma palmert Datu, Am. Jour. Conch. vii, p. 125. 

This pretty shell is evidently intermediate between C. eximium 
and C. tricolor, but as far as my material goes, seems to be distinct 
from both. I have copied Dr. Dall’s description and comments. 

C. GLoriosuMm Dall. PI. 67, fig. 70. 

Shell six-whorled, acute, whorls gently rounded, with fine, revolv- 
ing, thread-like ribs; four or five ribs near the suture granulated. 
Last whorl roundly carinated, base flattened, with about twenty-five 


CALLIOSTOMA. 369 


revolving striz. Columella thick, not reflected, but base somewhat 
grooved or depressed behind it. Aperture about one-third of the 
length of the whole shell, rhomboidal, pearly, smooth. Shell of a 
beautiful light salmon color, ornamented near the suture and carina 
with alternate patches of light yellow and chestnut-brown. (Dall.) 
Alt. 17, diam. 15 mill. (specimen); Alt 1:1, diam. -9 in. (Da/l.) 
Monterey Bay, California. 


This elegant species was first referred by me to the Calliostoma 
supragranosum, of Carpenter, on account of the granulated sutural 
ribs. Thai species was described from very young shells, and no 
typical authentic specimens were at that time in California. Upon 
comparing the young of gloriosum with the type specimen of supra- 
eranosum, in the Smithsonian collection, it was at once evident 
that they were quite distinct. Several of the Californian species 
have the sutural ribs more or less granulated, especially in young 
specimens. The nucleus of glcriosum is, however, very much larger 
than that of supragranosum. The adult of the latter has five 
whorls. The whorls have a peculiar inflated appearance and are 
not carinated. The last whorl loses the painting of brown and 
white and is of a dull brown, slightly concave above near the 
suture, with a deep chink, not a fissure, behind the umbilical fissure. 
The brown and yellow painting is very conspicuous on young 
specimens of gloriosum., 

Calliostoma gloriosum Datu, Amer. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 127. 


The figure is drawn from a small but typical specimen loaned 


me by Dr. Dall. 


C. SUPRAGRANOSUM Carpenter. PI. 67, fig. 71. 

Shell small, conical, rather thin, imperforate, light chestnut- 
brown with a few short subsutural white flames and a peripheral 
circle of alternating chestnut and white spots, the ribs of the base 
minutely articulated with chestnut and white. The spire is conical, 
short, composed of 5 convex whorls, the apical one very minute, 
smooth, whitish; the next 2 whorls are encircled by 2 strong, 
articulated ribs; on the next whorl these become beaded, and 
smaller beaded riblets appear above them; the last whorl has 4 
(or 5) strong, elevated ribs around the middle, above them two or 
three beaded ribs; the base has 9 fine, distinct smooth concentric 
lire. The last whorl is somewhat biangular at periphery, slightly 


convex beneath. Aperture nearly round, oblique; peristome thin, 
24 


370 CALLIOSTOMA. 


a trifle crenulated inside; the columella has a slight excavation, 
and is very bluntly nodulous near the base; its inner face is dark, 
pearly. Alt. 5, diam. 52 mill.; alt. 73, diam. 73 mill. 

San Pedro; San Diego; Catalina Id.; California. 


C. formosum Crr., Proc. Cal. Acad. iii, p. 156 (not T. formosus 
Forbes).—C. supragranosum Cpr., l. ¢., p. 214. 


The above description is drawn from a typical specimen received 
from Dr. Dall. Two others, larger and more uniform in color are 
before me; one of them is figured on my plate. The shell never 
attains anything like the size of C. glorioswm. 


C. peANUM C. B. Adams. PI. 57, fig. 50. 


Shell conic, well elevated ; pale yellowish or reddish-brown, with 
broad dark brown oblique flammules; anteriorly somewhat articu- 
lated with red and yellowish-white in fine concentric lines; with 
many elevated granulous spiral lines, of which three larger are next 
above the suture; spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear ; apex 
acute; whorls nine, planulate or concave next below the suture, 
which is moderately impressed ; last whorl subplanulate anteriorly ; 
aperture subquadrate ; labrum thin; columella obliquely produced, 
nearly straight; umbilicus wanting. 

Alt. 48 in. Maj. diam. ‘44, min. diam. ‘4 in. (C. B. Adams.) 

Panama. 


Seven specimens were collected on the reef. We have named this 
pretty species in honor of Isaac Lea, Esq., of Philadelphia. (C. B. 
Adams.) 

Trochus leanus C. B. ApAMs, Cat. Panama Shells, p. 191, 1852. 


C. rricoLorR Gabb. Pl. 67, fig. 52. 

Shell conical, about the form of C. lima; rather solid; yellowish 
or olive-ashen, with three or four principal spirals above purple, 
articulated with white, 3 to 6 on the base similarly marked ; often 
obscurely clouded above with dark brown or olive, often with white 
spots between the dark patches. Whorls about 7, obtusely biangu- 
late at periphery, the superior angle prominent on the spire whorls; 
apex very minute, acute; surface cut into a finely densely granulated 
pattern by the decussation of numerous spiral strize with close, 
regular, impressed lines of increment. Base slightly convex, encir- 
cled by numerous unequal lire. Aperture oblique, subrhomboidal ; 
columella arcuate, not at all truncate at base, its edge pearly, white, 


CALLIOSTOMA. STI 


backed by a curved purple streak, which is encircled by a band of 
bright light yellow. Alt. 16, diam. 16 mill. 
Santa Cruz to San Diego. 
Calliostoma tricolor GABB, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, p. 186 
1865. 


May be known by the finely granulated surface with a variable 
number of narrow spiral purple (or brownish) lines, articulated with 
white. 


C. GEMMULATUM Carpenter. PI. 67, fig. 54. 


Shell conic-elevated, solid but rather thin, imperforate, greenish- 
olive, with narrow irregular longitudinal blackish-olive stripes. 
Whorls about 7, of a rounded form, separated by deep sutures, encir- 
cled by three principal granulose carinie, the base and interstices 
with smaller lirule and regular incremental striz ; whorls of the 
spire with two strong carine. Base rather flattened, with about 10 
concentric lire, dotted with brown. Aperture rounded-quadrangular, 
iridescent ; columella pearly, iridescent, not truncate below, bounded 
outside by a whitish-yellow streak. Alt. 17, diam. 14 mill. 

San Ignacio Lagoon, L. Cal., to San Diego, San Pedro, ete., Cal. 

C. gemmulatum Crr., Brit. Asso. Rep. 1863, pp. 612, 653; Proce, 
Cal. Acad. ii, p. 215—C. formoswm Crr., Proc. Cal. Acad. 1864, p. 
155, (not of Forbes.) 

A very distinct species. The spire is high, composed of strongly 
convex whorls, which are encircled by granose carine. The last 
whorl is more rounded at the periphery than is usual in Calliostoma. 
C. FONKI Philippi. PI. 57, fig. 48. 

Shell conical, imperforate, thin, pale rose colored, upper whorls 
plane, tricingulate, the upper cingulus beaded, second and third 
smooth ; last whorl obtusely angled, encircled by 5 cinguli; base a 
little convex, with 6 cinguli; aperture quadrangular ; columella a 
little oblique, cylindrical, scarcely truncate, but sensibly passing 
into the base. 

Alt. from apex to end of columella, 11, diam. of base 92 mill. 
( Phil.) 

Between Chiloé and the mainland of Peru. 

Trochus fonki Pui.., Reise durch die Witiste Atacama, p. 185, t. 
Rt 22. 

Similar in sculpture to O. consimilis Smith, but with more convex, 
lirate base. 


ote CALLIOSTOMA. 


C. constmrLis Smith. Pl. 16, fig. 8. 

Shell pyramidal, of a very pretty purplish lilae color, encircled 
with pale transverse ridges.  Whorls 7; the nuclear one rounded, 
white; the rest flat, with three to four strong spiral lire, whereof the 
uppermost or the two uppermost, are more or less granulous. The 
interstices are smooth, with the exception of oblique lines of growth. 
Suture marked by a thread-like keel. Last whorl acutely angled be- 
low the middle, with a flattish base, which has two or three sulci near 
the angle, and two white or pale lilac lirse encircling the umbilical 
region. Aperture somewhat obliquely quadrangular; columella 
pearly, margined with a white callosity. 

Alt. 11, diam. maj. 9, min. 8 mill. (Smith.) 


Portland Bay, St. Andrews Sound, 10 fms.; Cockle Cove between 
tide-marks. 


A very pretty species, easily recognized by its color and sculpture, 
and recalling to some extent. the northern C. albastrum, Beck. 


(Smith. ) 


Trochus (Ziziphinus) consimilis Kh. A. Smirn, P. ZS. 1881, p. 34, 
beatae ele 


C. COPPINGERI Smith. PI. 67, fig. 75. H 

Shell thin, shortly conical, rather shining, and somewhat iridescent, 
owing to the thinness of the calcareous layer above the pearl; very 
pale olive on the body-whorl, becoming darker on the upper volutions 
and reddish at the apex, ornamented with a series of minute red dots 
at the upper part of the whorls, just beneath the suture, and a 
second series on an angle at the middle of them, with a third series 
around the periphery of the last volution, and some rather larger 
spots around the umbilical region. | Whorls seven; the first three 
or four somewhat convex, with three coarse spiral liree. Antepenulti- 
mate whorl flat, sloping above, with an acute angle a little above the 
base, spirally lirated ; liree little raised, with the exception of that at 
the angle and one immediately beneath the suture, which is very 
prettily beaded. Penultimate like the preceding, but with the 
sculpture less pronounced and the angle nearer the middle. Last 
whorl still more feebly sculptured, the beading having become 
obsolete. It is biangulated at the middle, and the space between the 
two angles is flat, giving the shell a very angular aspect. Base 
a little convex, concentrically striated, white at the middle, with a 


CALLIOSTOMA. 373 


conspicuous depression at the umbilical region, which is surrounded 
by three or four strong lire. Lines of growth fine. Aperture 
oblique, irregularly pentagonal, smooth, and beautifully pearly. 
CoJumella arcuate above, obliquely straightish inferiorly. 
Alt. 18, diam. maj. 14, min. 12 mill. (Smith.) 
Off the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, 28 fms. 


This beautiful shell is very distinct in form and character from 
any other in the genus. (Smith.) 


Trochus (Ziziphinus) coppingert E. A. Smrru, Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist., 5th ser. vi, p. 320 (1880).—Calliostoma coppingeri Smith, 
Dau, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1889, t. xii, f. 4. 


I am indebted to Dr. Dall for the privilege of figuring a specimen 
of this species, taken by the ‘ Albatross’ of the U.S. Fish Commis- 
sion at the original locality, in 10 fms. 


C. ROsEoLUM Dall. PI. 49, figs. 35, 36. 

Shell acute conical, eight-whorled ; the first five whorls flattened, 
the last three somewhat rounded ; periphery of last whorl gently 
rounded to meet the rather flattened base; umbilicus none; pillar 
short, straight, ending in a slight knob inside the margin of the 
aperture, which is then crenulated by the sculpture, nacreous, 
obliquely set and subrectangular in form; sutures appressed, hardly 
visible except in the last three whorls; color delicate rosy, nucleus 
smooth and white; the base with about twelve equal revolving ribs 
consisting of successive rounded nodules, of even size, somewhat 
like strings of beads; the first, third, and fifth ribs, counting from 
the pillar, show every third bead crimson, the others white; the 
other basal ribs have the rosy color of the shell, but in the seventh, 
ninth, and eleventh, each alternate or each third bead has a deeper 
crimson tint, though this is hardly visible without a glass. On the 
upper surface of the whorls are (eight in the last whorl) similar 
beaded ribs, several of which have rosy threads alternating with 
crimson ones; the general rosy hue is clouded darker and lighter 
alternately, but in an indefinite way. The sculpture of the whole 
shell is very uniform. Alt. 93, diam. 7 mill. (Dad/.) 


This is one of the early finds of Pourtalés, lost at Chicago, after- 
wards refound, and has been known to me for a good many years. 
It recalls C. macandree from Panama in general form, and is one 
of a group of small species apparently hitherto undescribed which 


ou CALLIOSTOMA. 


have a considerable general resemblance to one another, and to 
some West American forms. (Dadl.) 

Near Havana, 37 fms.; Sts. of Florida, 200 fms.; North Carolina 
to Yueatan, 15-50 fms. 

C. roseolum Dau, Bull. M.C. Z. ix, p. 45; ‘ Blake’ Gasterop. p. 
366, t. 24, f. 6. 

This very pretty species marches with Trochus pulcher C. B. Ad. 
(not of A. Ad.), in distribution and general coloration. It differs 
from it in having rounded, not carinated whorls, in the full, not 
flattened base, in the absence of the two strong articulated spirals 
on the periphery, and in having the whorls excavated above instead 
of nearly flat. ©. roseolwm has no peripheral articulations of dark 
red and white or yellow, which are the most prominent features in 
good specimens of C. pulcher, the latter in this respect recalling C. 
tumpaénsis Conrad. C. roseolum differs from C. apicinum in the 
absence of the lire in the throat and the tooth-like process on the 
columella when adult. When young it has not the narrow chink 
behind the columella which is present in C. apicinum. The latter 
as far as observed is always pallid in color except at the apex. 
The nucleus is reversed. (Dall.) 


C. suGLyprum A. Adams. PI. 15, fig. 37; pl. 57, fig. 9. 

Shell conical, solid, imperforate ; pinkish with darker flames above 
alternating with short white stripes or spots radiating from the sut- 
ures ; spire rather straight conic ; apex dark red; whorls 6, nearly 
flat, encircled by numerous narrow finely beaded lire, the interstices 
on the lower whorl with minute beaded threads; there are about 7 
principal liree on the penultimate whorl, about the same number on 
the next earlier; the last whorl is bluntly angled; the base uni- 
colored pinkish, nearly flat, with about a dozen narrow beaded 
lire, There is a small white tract around the axis. Aperture 
quadrate, silvery inside; outer lip slightly crenulate inside ; col- 
umella oblique, cylindrical, a little swollen at base. 

Alt. 163, diam. 17 mill. 

Off Eastern coast of America, in 15-50 fms., from North Carolina 
to Florida, Texas, and Vera Cruz, Mexico. Fossil in Florida Plio- 
cene. 

Z. euglyptus A. Av., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 88.—REEve, Conch. Icon., 
f. 17 —Calliostoma euglyptum A. Ad., DAL, ‘ Blake’ Gasteropoda, 
p- 363. 


CALLIOSTOMA. SO 


I am indebted to Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Wagner Free Insti- 
tute of Science, Philadelphia, for specimens. Dr. Dall says: 

This fine species varies in color from dark rose to yellowish-white, 
sometimes unicolor, sometimes variegated with whitish clouds radiat- 
ing from the invariably purplish apex. It is referred by Reeve to 
Tasmania, in error. It is the commoner imperforate species of 
Florida, often collected by tourists, and is found in the Caloosahat- 
chie marls. J have seen no specimens from the Antilles, nor have 
I seen it quoted by any author from the West Indies. It may 
probably exist in Cuba. 


C. PULCHER C. B. Adams. 


Shell conical, much elevated ; pale claret color, with a dark brown 
apex, and large ill-defined spots of white; with spiral series of 
minute dark red oblong spots, which are proportioned to the size of 
the spiral ridges on which they are placed; the ridges of least size 
are not spotted ; solid, with ten or twelve minute spiral ridges, of 
which one near the base of the whorls is larger, and three are of an 
intermediate size, viz., one on each side of the suture and one on the 
middle of the whorls; on the lower side of the last whorl are 
sixteen or eighteen other minute revolving ridges, of which every 
second or third is spotted ; apex acute ; spire with the outlines nearly 
rectilinear; whorls seven and one-half, a little concave, acutely 
prominent in the lower part; last whorl subangular, moderately 
convex beneath ; aperture subquadrate, iridescent within ; columella 
subtruncate ; umbilicus wanting. The whorls in this shell have the 
same form as in T. jujubinus, and the general form of the shell 
is like that of T. pyramidatus. 

Alt. °38 in.; diam. °27 inch. (Adams.) 


Jamaica. 


Trochus pulcher C. B. ADAms, Contributions to Conch., No. 5, p. 
69, 1850. 


(Deep-water Gulf species.) 
C. Barrpu Verrill & Smith. PI. 57, figs. 49. 


Shell large, strong, regularly conical, with a flattened base, no 
umbilicus, yellowish white or light yellow, with more or less numerous 
narrow, spiral bands of pale brown or dark brown, and with large 
squarish spots of bright rosey red on the spire. Whorls nine or ten, 
flattened, or concave, below the suture, which is not impressed. The 
last whorl has eight to ten conspicuous, raised, nodulous revolving 


376 CALLIOSTOMA. 


ribs, of which three or four are much smaller and alternate with the 
larger ones; the strongest rib is just below the suture; interstices 
concave, brownish, glossy, obliquely striated by the lines of growth, 
and sometimes with subordinate, revolving, raised lines. The four 
principal ribs are continued on the upper whorls, but the intermediate 
ones gradually disappear on the middle whorls. The nodules on the 
ribs are prominent, rounded and smooth, whitish, and extend to near 
the apex. Nuclear whorl smooth; next with three carine. Base 
with about twelve spiral, nodulous ribs with some intermediate, 
smaller ones; umbilical region slightly excavated spirally. — Col- 
umella strongly concave, terminating in an indistinct tooth. Animal 
yellowish with long tentacles, and with four long cirri on each side ; 
eyes well developed. Dentition somewhat different from the typical 
species of the genus; there is no large lateral tooth, between the 
inner and outer series; outermost ones broad, flat, curved. Oper- 
culum, thin, circular, with many narrow whorls.  (Verril/ and 
Smith.) Alt. 22, diam. 30; diam. of aperture 15 mill. 

Off Southeast coast of New England, 65 to 252 fms.; Florida, 100- 
200 fms. 


Calliostoma bairdii VERRILL AND Smiru, Am. Jour. Sci., xx (38d 
ser.), p. 8396, 1880.—Datt, Bull. M.C. Z. ix, p.45; Blake Gasterop., 
p- 364.—C. psyche Daut, Bull. M. C. Z. v, p. 61 (not deseribed).— 
C. bairdii, VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. v, p. 530, t. 57, f. 26; 
Rep. Albatross explorations in 1883 (Annual Rep. Commiss. Fish & 
Fisheries, 1883), pl. 27, f. 96, 97. 


The name psyche Dall, may be used for the southern variety, 
which is paler and more delicately colored, less elevated, lateral out- 
lines shghtly concave. 


C. crr»cumcrinctum Dall. PI. 49, figs. 33, 34. 

Shell solid, strong, white, elevated, conical, seven-whorled, 
nucleus polished, small delicately reticulate ; other whorls with two 
sharp, much produced, thin keels a little recurved at their edges, 
and crossed only by most delicate lines of growth; base flattened, 
ornamented with nine angular ribs, the outermost produced some- 
what; umbilicus none, aperture subrectangular, notched by the 
keels; pillar simple, somewhat projecting, at its anterior end not 
callous; suture appressed, distinct, not channelled. 

Alt. 8, diam. 6 mill. (Dadl.) 

Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 377 


This somewhat resembles a Cadliostoma annulatum in miniature, 
with the characters exaggerated and minus the coloration. It 
appears to have a dextral nucleus. (Dall.) 


©. cireumeinctum Dau, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 44, 1881; ‘ Blake’ 
Gasterop., p. 364, t. 22, f. 3, 3a. 


C. ECHINATUM Dall. PI. 49, figs. 40, 41. 

Shell small, white, acute-conical, in general resembling C. sapidum, 
but less stout and solid and with wholly different sculpture ; whorls 
six, somewhat appressed toward the apex; nucleus smooth, semi- 
transparent, inflated, shining, sinistral, subimmersed ; remainder of 
shell opaque white with the following sculpture ; on the upper whorls, 
four revolving ribs with smaller inconspicuous ones between them, 
crossed by faint plications (more evident on the smaller whorls), 
producing nodosities which on the four principai ribs, and especially 
on the third one, counting from the suture toward the base, rise to 
acutely pointed projections separated by an incurved scallop of about 
twice the width of the projections ; toward the aperture the ribs and 
nodosities become more equal in size; base flattened, impervious, 
sculptured with some fifteen close-set flattened revolving ribs crossed 
by impressed radiating lines of growth ; aperture nearly rectangular; 
pillar straight, stout, not projecting, without a callous; margin thin 
a little crenulated by the sculpture. Alt. 51, diam. 4% mill. 


Off Havana, 80 fms. 
C. echinatum Datu, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 47, 1881; ‘ Blake’ 
Gasterop., p. 364, t. 21, f. 2a, 5. 
C. sTIROPHORUM Watson. PI. 17, fig. 19. 


Shell small, conical, scalar, inflated on the base; whorls angu- 
lated, with three strong carinze near the periphery, white over 
at the periphery is a sharp flange-like 


nacre.© Sculpture: spirals 
carina; above this, about one-third of the distance to the suture, is 
a second, almost equally strong and prominent, which forms a 
shoulder to the whorls. The space between this and the suture is 
divided pretty equally by two threads, the lower of which is feeble. 
On the upper whorls all of these are closely beaded, on the last 
whorl only the two highest are so. Below the carina is another 
remote strong thread, which meets the outer lip; within it is 
another, not quite so strong nor so distant, and occupying the space 
from this to the middle are five flat close-set threads, followed by 
three rather more separated and roughly beaded threads, the inner- 


378 CALLIOSTOMA. 


most of which, like a twisted cable, forms a sort of pillar with a 
chink between it and the sharp edge of the pillar-lip, and advances 
into asmall tooth at the angle where it joins the outer lip on the 
base. Longitudinals—the whole surface is roughened by rather 
coarse oblique lines of growth, which on the upper whorls appear 
as oblique, reticulating ribs. Color white, with a translucent cal- 
careous layer over nacre. Spire rather high, scalar. Apex a little 
flattened down and rounded, the minute rounded embryonic 1+ 
whorls scarcely rising above the level. Whorls 6, of rather rapid 
increase, with a narrow flat shelf below the suture, thence sloping 
flatly to the shoulder-carina, from which point the contour-line 
descends perpendicularly; the base is inflated at the edge and 
flattened in the middle. Suture deeply impressed between the 
narrow flat shelf below and the over hanging carina above. Mouth 
slightly oblique, but with a perpendicular pillar, round, nacreous 
within. Outer lip thin, transparently porcelaneous on the edge, but 
thickened by nacre within. Pillar-lip perpendicular, rounded within 
the mouth, advancing to a sharp point in front, slightly reverted 
but not appressed, having a small open furrow and a minute um- 
bilical chink behind it. (Watson.) Alt. °3 in., diam. ‘26 inch. 


Off Culebra Island, West Indies, in 390 fms. 


Trochus (Ziziphinus) stirophorus W arson, ‘ Challenger’ Gasterop. 
Rep., p. 59, t. 6, f. 2; Journ. Linn. Soc. London xiv, p. 695. 


‘this species extremely resembles Trochus occidentalis Migh., but 
is smaller, is broader in proportion, with a less high spire; the 
apex is not sharp and projecting, but flattened down and rounded ; 
the whorls are much more scalar, and of more rapid increase; the 
base is more tumid on its outer edge and more rounded. The apex 
is ornamented with a microscopic and quite irregular inlaid work of 
angular depressions, parted by very narrow interrupted raised lines ; 
whereas in that species the ornamentation is like honeycomb, with 
relatively large, nearly regular hexagonal pits and raised flat 
borders. The threads on the base are approximate, not.parted in 
the middle by a smooth zone, and the pillar-lip is not appressed as 
in that species; the outer lip, too, is thickened within by the layer 
of nacre. ( Watson.) 


C.sAPipuM Dall. PI. 49, figs. 38, 39. 


This species bears a strong superficial resemblance to the last 
[apicinuwm] and is best described by a differential diagnosis; it is 


CALLIOSTOMA. aug 


entirely white, not colored, it has seven whorls in a shell of the same 
size as an apicinum with six ; the sutures are slightly channelled, and 
therefore distinctly visible; there are four instead of nine beaded 
ribs on the upper side of the last whorl, and the beads are coarser, 
the interspaces wide enough to show the lines of growth crossing 
them; the nodules on the peripheral rib in this whorl are undula- 
tions rather than beads, and sufficiently large to give a crenulated 
appearance to the border of the shell when viewed from below ; there 
are eight revolving ribs on the base crossed by fine ridges following 
the lines of growth; there is no umbilicus or callus; the pillar is 
not grooved or thickened ; the aperture is more oblique and propor- 
tionately less wide. Alt. 5, diam. 4:12 mill. (Dadl.) 
Blake Station 2, 805 fms. 
C. sapidum Dau, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 46 ; ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., p. 
364, t. 21, f. 2, 4. 


C. apicinum Dall. PI. 60, figs. 1, 2. 

Shell conical, of six whorls, elevated, thin, rather solid; whorls 
and base flattened, the sutures hardly visible, the last whorl suban- 
gulated, but not carinated, on the periphery | Nucleus prominent, 
bubble-shaped, shining opaque white ; second whorl deep rose-pink, 
with three longitudinal beaded ribs; rest of shell yellowish-white, 
with indistinct clouds of brown transversely disposed on the upper 
whorls; the lower rib on the second, third and part of the fourth 
whorls with somewhat larger beads than the rest, crowning the 
suture; the upper side of the last whorl with about nine revolving 
beaded ribs with a slight tendency to run in pairs, beginning at the 
periphery ; base with eleven somewhat flattened ribs only the two 
next the pillar beaded, the others crossed by evident lines of growth, 
radiating in a wavy manner, umbilicus a hardly visible puncture ; 
pillar grooved, hardly thickened, aperture not very oblique, crenu- 
lated (especially helow) by the ends of the ribs, subrectangular. 

Alt. 73, diam. 7 mill. (Dail.) 

Barbados, 100 fms.; Off Havana, 175 fms. 


C. apicinum Dau, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 46; ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., p. 
366, t. 24, f. 3. 


The examination of another specimen shows that this species 
covers the chink behind the pillar when adult, that there is a blunt 
knob suggesting Thalotia on the pillar, and that it has 8 or 9 strong 
lire running into the throat and not connected with the outside 


380 CALLIOSTOMA. 


sculpture, the one nearest the pillar thickened and raised at its ter- 
mination The nucleus is sinistral. (Dall.) 


C. TIARA Watson. PI. 17, figs. 29. 


Shell small, conical, high-spired, flatly rounded on the base, 
sculptured, white, dull on the surface, with a bright nacreous gleam 
shining through. Sculpture: spirals—on the upper part of the last 
whorl there are two rows of tubercles, the first and weaker is close 
up to the suture; the second is a little lower than the middle, and 
its tubercles are strong. Of these there are on each row twenty to 
twenty-five; they are scarcely connected by a spiral thread. The 
periphery is sharply angulated and defined by an expressed and 
tubercled carina, the tubercles of which are hardly so strong as those 
of the second row above, which from its larger points projects quite as 
much as the carina. On the base there is an infra-carinal furrow 
and three or four sharpish, equally parted, faintly tubercled, spiral 
threads, the innermost of which is most distinctly tubercled, and de- 
fines the umbilical depression. | Longitudinals—the apical whorls, 
except the embryonic one, are crossed by high, sharp, slightly oblique 
ribs; but these on the latter whorls break up into tubercles, between 
which on the different rows there is a slight irregular connection by 
flattened ridges, which are oblique, interrupted, and on the base 
sinuous. Besides these, the surface is roughened by minute wavy 
irregular lines of growth. Color white, with a translucent layer 
of porcelaneous glaze over brilliant pearly nacre. Spire high, apex 
small, flattened, with the minute inflated 1+ embryonic whorl rising 
a little exserted on one side. Whorls 7, projecting out squarely be- 
low the suture, flattened in the middle, protuberant at the second 
row of tubercles, and slightly contracted above the carina; at the 
earina sharply angulated. The base, which is flatly rounded, has a 
narrow flattish margin, and in the middle a slight umbilical depres- 
sion, in the center of which is a minute umbilical hole almost covered 
by the pillar-lip. Suture linear. Mouth scarcely oblique, and very 
slightly inclined out from the axial line, squarish, but rounded on 
the base and at the angles a little broader than high, nacreous with- 
in. Outer lip not thin, with a slight callus just within it; it is 
slightly sinuated on the base at the outer corner. Pillar-lip, on 
leaving the body, bends over very flatly so as to cover the umbilicus, 
after which it curves round to the left; it has a very blunt tubercle 
in the middle, is a little reverted, and has a very slight furrow be- 


CALLIOSTOMA. 381 


hind it. Umbilicus a small open depression leading into a minute 
central pore. The slopes of the depression are obliquely scored by 
the tubercles of the central basal thread. 
Alt. 0°22 in.; diam. 0°16 inch. ( Watson.) 
Off Culebra Island, West Indies, in 390 fms. 


Trochus (Ziziphinus) tiara Watson Journ. Linn. Soc. London 
xiv, p. 696; Challenger Gasterop., p. 60, t. 6, f. 4—-Calliostoma 
‘tiara Watson, Dati, Bull. Mus. Comp Zool., vi, p. 45; ‘ Blake’ 
Gasterop., p. 365. 


This beautiful little shell offers some rather perplexing features ; 
for the curves of growth on the base indicate a slight sinus toward 
its outer edge, which, indeed, is shown in the actual mouth-edge,— 
a peculiarity suggestive of the genus Basilissa; but there is not 
seldom in the Trochide a tendency to a backward curve of the lip- 
edge at that point; and in this species there does not exist the 
characteristic infra-sutural sinus which would connect it with 
Basilissa or with Seguenzia, to which its tuberculated pillar and 
closed umbilicus rather point. Margarita carinata A. Ad., from 
the Philippines, has some points of resemblance with this, but is 
obviously very differently marked in the form of the umbilicus. 


(-Watson.) 


C. consis Dall. Pl. 48, fig. 7. 


Sheli small, white, with a glassy minute apparently dextral nucleus 
and about six whorls. The first one or two have concave arched 
transverse ribs, and resemble a bit of a small Scala; the others are 
very strongly reticulately sculptured. The spiral sculpture consists 
of one very strong rib on the periphery, a slightly weaker one near 
the suture, and another (which is rarely absent) midway between 
them; on the base there are four strong spirals a little undercut at 
their outer edges. Transverse sculpture of strong thin oblique radii 
(27-30 on the last whorl!) following the lines of growth, reticulating 
the spirals (on crossing which they become slightly nodose) and 
forming deep squarish pits, which are elongated in the adult by the 
crowding of the radii toward the mouth. The suture appears 
channelled, as the whorl falls short of the peripheral rib which over- 
hangs it, but is not really so. The base is flexuously radiately 
ridged but not reticulate; the aperture rounded, thickened within, 
lirate ; the pillar thick with an obtuse kno) (almost a tooth) about the 


382 CALLIOSTOMA. 


middle of it. Umbilicus none; whorls flattened above between 
periphery and suture; base rather rounded. 
Alt. 50, diam. 3°75 mill. (Dadl.) 
Off Havana, in 450 fms. 


Calliostoma corbis DAL, “ Blake” Gasteropoda, p. 365, t. 33, f. 1. 

This species was at first confused with C. tiara Watson, which has 
not the continuous strong network, and in which the nodules which 
represent the intersections are of an imbricated character. The 
strong carina in ©. corbis forms the periphery, in C. tiara the 
homologous spiral is comparatively faint and a little above the 
periphery. In C. tiara also the ¢ nter of the base is indented, 
almost umbilicated, which is not the case in C. corbis. The latter is 
a more solid shell, and the curious eallosity on the pillar does not. 
occur in any of the specimens of C. tiara I have seen. (Dail.) 


C. aurorA Dall. Pl. 48, fig. 10. 


Shell delicate, nine whorled, acutely pointed; above with a color 
varying from light pink to straw color; below light cream color, 
the sharp peripheral carina lighter than the rest of the upper sur- 
face; general outline from nucleus to basal periphery somewhat con- 
cave ; base concavely excavated within the margin, slightly convex 
toward the center ; nucleus whitish, smooth ; whorls gently rounded, 
closely appressed to the almost invisible suture and excavated in 
front of it; the last whorl flatter above, more rapidly enlarged at the 
periphery. Sculpture of small regular waves on the carina, about 
six in a space of 5:0 mill., giving a minutely scalloped outline ; be- 
hind this a strong nodulous thread, revolving like a string of small 
uniform beads; then a more slender thread more finely beaded ; in 
all eleven regularly alternating revolving threads at the beginning 
of the last whorl; this sculpture is very uniform all over the sur- 
face; base polished, smooth, except for two or three faint beaded 
lines and grooves about the pillar, and faint longitudinal and trans- 
verse growth markings; aperture nearly twice as wide as high ; 
lower lip with a beautiful concavely arched outline, falling much be- 
hind the upper one; margin simple, except for sculpture marks ; 
pillar short, arcuated, pearly, simple, ending in a slight point. 

Alt. 21:0; diam. 26°5 mill. (Dall.) 

Barbados, in 140-576 fms. 

Calliostoma aurora DA, “ Blake ” Gasteropoda, p. 366, t. 37, 
ft 


CALLIOSTOMA. 383 


A single specimen and a fragment of this extremely lovely shell 
were obtained as above. It is well distinguished from its congeners, 
none of which closely resemble it. The color is evenly distributed 
in the type, but, as in C, bairdii, it is likely that the color may be 
more dark and pronounced in more northern localities. The marked 
features are the concavity of the slope of the spire and of the outer 
portion of the base, the polished base contrasting with the regularly 
beaded upper surface, and the delicately notched carina at the 
periphery. It is one of the most attractive species of the genus. 


(Dall.) 
C. or10N Dall. PI. 48, fig. 18. 


Shell small, white, acutely conical, with a glassy sinistral globular 
nucleus and five (or more) whorls ; radiating sculpture consisting of 
faint incremental lines ; spiral sculpture on the upper surface of the 
last whorl cf seven nodulous revolving lines, beginning at the suture ; 
the first, third and fifth have larger nodules elongated in the direc- 
tion of the lines, the second and fourth are more finely and simply 
evenly beaded. A single fine raised not nodulous thread separates 
each pair of the preceding ; the sixth and seventh spirals are smaller 
than the fifth and close together; they stretch over a series of more 
distant swellings, and are concavely impressed between them; as 
these lines form the periphery, this gives a wavy or scalloped outline 
to the base, which has about eighteen such waves arranged to a 
certain extent in pairs, the distance and concavity between them 
alternating greater or less. The longer waves are articulated with 
pale brown, and the first and third spirals show traces of a similar 
articulation. The base is pretty sharply carinated, flattened, and 
finely spirally threaded, some of the threads showing faint traces of 
articulation ; columella nearly straight, aperture nearly rectangular. 
There is no umbilicus or pit. Alt. 4°5, diam. 4:0 mill. (Dail/.) 

Off Havana, in 80 fms. 

Calliostoma orion DAL, “ Blake” Gasteropoda, p. 367, t. 28, f. 2. 

This little shell is not quite adult, and is evidently somewhat 
faded. Nevertheless, there is not any other species of the region 
possessing such a sculpture, and I have no doubt as to its novelty. 


( Dall.) 
C. rypraNna Dall. PI. 49, figs. 42, 43. 


Shell thin, conical, yellowish, with faint brown articulations on 
the spirals, with a minute sinistral nucleus, and six and a half 


384 CALLIOSTOMA. 


whorls. Radiating sculpture of flexuous incremental lines, and 
fine wrinkles, which are more prominent toward the periphery on 
the last whorl and on the early whorls reticulate the spiral 
sculpture. On the last whorl these lines extend backward with - 
moderate obliquity to the periphery, just above which is the 
fasciole caused by a well-marked but shallow rounded sulcus; on 
the base they make a deep rounded concave sweep backward, and 
then ascend toward the base of the pillar. The spiral sculpture on 
the early whorls comprise two sharp narrow little elevated threads 
at the periphery, three, less contiguous, above the fasciole, and one 
near the suture, neatly reticulated by the wrinkles and minutely 
nodulous at the intersections. The spirals over most of the shell 
are strap-like, flattened, narrow, and distinctly marked off from the 
impressed broader interspaces; on the last whorl there is a single 
smooth flat thread below the nodulated one next the suture, and 
two run in the middle of the fasciole. The peripheral thread has 
become single and much stronger than the others. On the base_ 
there are seven spirals, faintly nodulous, articulated with pale 
brown, and separated by much wider impressed interspaces, over 
which are a few fine spiral lines. The base is flattened, or even a 
little concave ; the pillar moderately arcuate, the mouth four sided. 
There is no umbilical pit. Alt. 8:3; diam. 76 mill. (Daill.) 

Off Grenada, 170 fms. 

Callistoma (Eucasta) indiana Dau, “* Blake” Gasteropoda, p. 
368, t. 32, f. 3, 5. 

This pretty little shell has the aspect of a Calliostoma. I have 
had an opportunity of comparing it with Forskalia declivis, and 
should judge that this bears the same relation to Calliostoma that 
the other does to Gibbula. It certainly cannot be united with 
Forskalia or Basilissa. (Dall.) 

C. indiana is the type of Dall’s section Eucasra, characterized 
by a moderate sulcus near the periphery on the shell, producing a 
fasciole as in Plewrotomaria. 


Species inhabiting European Seas. 
(Group of C. granulatum Born.) 


C. GRANULATUM Born. PI. 16, fig. 7. 
Shell acutely conical, imperforate, thin, light, corneous or flesh- 
colored, more rarely rich orange, unicolored or sparsely articulated 


CALLIOSTOMA. 385 


on the basal riblets with rich brown, and frequently with rather 
obscure clouded maculations of pale brown above. The surface is 
shining, closely sculptured by numerous narrow threads or riblets, 
which on the spire are contiguous, finely, regularly beaded, becoming 
more separated on the last whorl, the interstices obliquely striate, 
the spiral riblets either granulate or nearly smooth; base with 
numerous concentric lirnlee, granose or nearly smooth, the interstices 
radiately striate. The spire is elevated, slender, its outlines concave ; 
apex minute, apical whorl smooth, rounded ; suture linear, its position 
marked by a slightly prominent double granose cingulus above it. 
Whorls about 8, flat, the last strongly angular at the periphery, con- 
vex beneath. Aperture subquadrate, finely suleate inside; columella 
subvertical, arcuate, cylindrical. Alt. 31, diam. 33 mill. 


Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas ; Atlantic coast, from Scotland to 
Madeira and Canaries. 


Tr granulatus Born, Ind. rer. Natur Mus. Ces. Vind., p. 3438 
(1778) ; Test. Mus. Cees., t. 12, f. 9, 10—Lamarcr, An.s. Vert. 
vii, p. 26—Bvarnv., Fauna Franc., p. 260, t. 10, f. 5—Puriprt, 
Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 74, t. 10, f. 22; ii, p. 149——ForBes & 
Hantey, Brit. Moll. ii, p. 499, t. 67, f. 7—JErrreys, Brit. Conch. 
iii, p. 327, v, p. 204, t. 63, f. 5—Hrpaueo, Mol. Mar. Esp., t. 59, f. 
9-11.—F iscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 79, t. 18, f. 1—Bug., DauTZENB. ET 
Douur., Moll. Mar. du Rouss., p. 359, t. 48, f. 1-5.—Ziziphinus 
granulatus Brust, Contr. pella Fauna Dalm., p. 79.-- Tr. papillosus 
Da Costa, Brit. Conch., p. 38, t. 5, f. 5, 6—Donovan, Brit. Sh., 
iv, p. 127.—Turton, Conch. Dict., p. 190, t. 16, f. 62.—Puitiert, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 85, t. 15, f.5.— Tr. fragilis PULTENEY (not Gmel.) 
Catal. Dorset., p. 48, t. 16, f. 6.—T. tenuis Montacu, Test. Brit. i 
p. 275, t. 10, f. 83—Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. iv, p. 129. 


? 


Larger than any other granulate European species, and further 
distinguished by the thin shell, inflated base, ete. 

The following varieties are admitted by Messrs. Buquoy, Dautzen- 
berg and Dollfus. The differential characters are very slight. 

Var. nobilis Monts. Very large, of a uniform ferruginous brown 
color. Malta. 

Var. conoidea Jettr. More solid, more regularly conical than the 
type, the last whorl less dilated. 

Var. devis Brugnone. Spiral lirze not granulate. 


Pleistocene of Monte Pellegrino. 
25 


386 CALLIOSTOMA. 


Var. lactea Jeffry. White, without color markings. <A dbescens 
Monts. is a synonym. 

Var. maculata Monts. Ornamented with decided flammules. 

C. SUTURALE Philippi. PI. 66, figs. 24, 25. 

Shell oblique, depressed-conical, whorls planate, smooth in the 
middle, above and below coronated with series of small tubercles ; 
last whorl angulated, marginated, inferior face convex, concentrically 
cingulate, umbilicate. (Phil.) 

Sciacca. ( Fossil.) 

A most distinct species, almost 4 lines high, 43 broad. Whorls 7, 
plane, very smooth in the middle; superior nodules large, acute ; 
margin of last whorl very densely transversely striate and with 
oblique sulci, elegantly granulate-nodose. _ Basal cinguli about 16, 
unequal. Aperture injured, angulated. (Phi/.) 

Tr. suturalis Patu., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 185, t. x, f. 23.— 
JEFFREYS P. Z. S. 1888, p. 99. 

This Pliocene fossil of Calabria and Sicily has been dredged living 
in the Bay of Biscay and Gulf of Marseilles by the ‘ Travailleur’ 
and at numerous points in the Atlantic and Mediterranean by the 
‘Porcupine’. It lives in 174-1025 fms. Jeffreyssays: Thesmall 
fossil originally described and figured by Philippi did scant justice 
to this beautiful shell, which has now been discovered to be still 
living. My finest specimens are about seven-tenths of an inch in 
length and breadth ; the color is cream, with the tint of a blush rose ; 
and the sculpture is variable as regards the beaded rows of striz. 
Young specimens have a deep umbilicus which is inclosed within a 
sharp ridge. The callous which covers the umbilicus in the adult 
is proportionally thinner than in Bathymophila euspira Dall. 

GC. FoLINI Fischer. Unfigured. 

Shell covered umbilicate, corneous, little elevated, whitish flesh 
colored; suture plano-canaliculate; whorls scarcely convex, the 
penultimate minutely ornamented with 11 spiral, elegantly beaded 
lire; beneath marked with 12 simple or divided, scarcely granulose 
liree; umbilical area bounded by a spiral sulcus, covered by a central 
callous; aperture oblique, subquadrate. 

Alt. 18, dtam. 17 mill. (Fischer.) 

Algeria, 900 meters. 

Ziziphinus Folini Fiscuer, Journ. de Conchyl., 1882, p. 50. 

Said by Jefireys to be a variety of 7. suturalis, Phil. 


9O"7 


CALLIOSTOMA. Byer 
(Group of C. miliaris Broce.) 
C. mintaRis Brocchi. Pl. 18, figs. 10, 11; pl. 15, figs. 41, 42. 

Shell strictly conical, imperforate, rather thin, but pretty solid, 
whitish or yellowish, with more or less obvious longitudinal flames, 
often reduced to a few spots on the ribs and a row of spots at the 
periphery of each whorl. Surface densely finely sculptured by spiral 
lire crossed by very regular oblique lamelle, producing a clathrate 
patt rn, spiral lire about 6 in number on each whorl, but often 
double as many, by the intercalation of riblets in the interstices. The 
periphery has a prominent keel, cord-like, with secondary spiral strize, 
or bifid, cut. into compressed granules, somewhat prominent above 
the sutures. The base has about 8 concentric ribs, interstices 
radiately striate, sometimes with a central riblet. Spire conical; 
periphery acutely angled, base flat. Whorls about 7, aperture quad- 
rangular, columella short, nearly straight. Alt. 13, diam. 13 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic Ocean, Norway to 
Gibraltar ; Cape Verde Is.; Miocene of Vienna, Italy, ete. 

Tr. miliaris Brocc. Conch. foss. Subap., p. 353, t. 6, f. 1 (1814). 
—Risso, Eur. Mérid. iv., p. 180.—Puttipp1, Conchyl. Cab., p. 
t. 13, f. 19—Buag. Daurz. and Douur., Moll. du Rouss., p. 357, 
t. 42, f. 20-25.— Trochus martini Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., p. 
129, t. 57, f. 11 (1827).—_Tuorpg, Brit. Mar. Conch., p. 164, t. 3, f. 
36.—Tr. millegranus Pariippr, Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 188, t. 10, f. 
29 (1836); Conchyl. Cab., p. 88, t. 15, f. 9-—JEFrReyYs, Brit. Conch. 
ili, p. 325; v, p. 204, t. 63, f. 4—FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 146, t. 49, 
f. 1.—Conulus millegranus Phil., Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 
143, t. iv, f. 3 (Dentition)—Ziziphinus millegranus Phil. Brustya, 
Contr. pella Fauna Dalm., p. 79.—T. elelandi Woon, Ind. test. 
suppl. t. 5, f. 15.—T. elelandianis Leacu, Synops. Moll. Gt. Brit., 
p- 172.—T. elegans JEFFR., teste Jeffreys. 


The clathrate sculpture is very characteristic. 
(Group of C. zizyphinum Linn.) 


The Mediterranean species of Calliostoma immediately allied to 
C. zizyphinum form a group very closely allied in characters, and 
at the same time each species is excessively variable. The char- 
acters common to the group are the straightly conoidal outline, gran- 
ulate upper whorls, the lower ones polished and either smooth or 
‘spirally suleate. The following species are included: zizyphinum, 
conulum, gualterianum, laugieri, etc., each with numerous synonyms. 


388 CALLIOSTOMA. 


C. ziIzyPHINUM Linné. PI. 65, figs. 90, 91, 92. 


Shell conical, imperforate, solid ; ground color fawn, whitish, lilac 
or yellowish brown, with (generally) a series of brown spots on the 
periphery, and radiately clouded with brown on the upper surface ; 
the base unicolored or obscurely radiately streaked. Spire conic, 
outlines straight, apex minute, composed of a single smooth rounded 
whorl, several whorls following each with 4 granose spiral ridges ; 
these become smooth and either obsolete or narrow on the later 
whorls. “The periphery is angular, encircled by a smooth rounded 
rib which becomes a supra-sutural band or fasciole on the spire; 
whorls about 9, plane, base nearly flat, aperture quadrate, columella 
nearly straight, cylindrical. 

Alt. 27, diam. 28 mill. ; alt. 35, diam. 35 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 


T. zizyphinus Linn., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1231 (1766:—And of 
LAMARCK, Risso, PAYRAUDEAU, WEINKAUFF, Buquoy, DAurTz., 
and Do.ir., FiscHeEr, and other writerson Mediterranean shells.— 7. 
polymorphus CANTRAINE (in part), Diagn. Esp. nouv., p. 10 (1835). 
—T. conulus var. #. Putu., Enum. Moll. Sicil. 1, p. 175.—Ziziphinus 
Linnei Montrerosato, Nom. gen. e. Spec., p. 44 (1884).—T. disere- 
pans Brown, Mem. Wern. Soc. ii, p. 519, t. 24, f. 4—Zizyphinus 
conuloides Lam. REEVE (part), Conch. Icon., f. 16b, 16¢.—Z. linneer 
Monvs., with vars. dilatata, rotundata, scalaris, simulans, violacea, 
pallida (= cornea and albina) Monts., Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 1889, 
p. 77.—Z. demissus Monts., Nom. Gen. e. Spec., p. 44; Bull. S. M. 
Ital. 89, p. 78.—Z. typus Narpo, Sinon. moderna 1847, p. 70 (+ Z. 
dalmaticus Monts. MS., Z. novegradensis Brus. MS., Z. conuloides 
Auct., not Lam.,) teste Mon'rs., Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 89, p. 78—Z. 
virescens (Ren.) Auct. Monrts., l. ¢., p. 79.—Z. vulgaris Gray, Ap., P. 
Z. S. 1851, p. 163.—Z. albidus Woop, Ind. testaceol. suppl., t. 5. f. 
14.—Tr. cingulatus Broccut, Conch. foss. subap., p. 351, t. 5, f 15. 
— Phil. Conchy}. Cab., p. 67, t. 13, £. 12. 


Var. conuloides Lam. 


T. conuloides Lam., An. s. Vert. vii, p. 24 (1822).—Por. and 
Micu., Galerie de Douai, i, p. 3830.—Perry, Journ. de Conch. 1852, 
p. 177.—FIscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 81, t. 18, f 3—Bue@., Daurz. and 
Dou.r., Moll. du Rouss., p. 8347.—T. polymorphus CANTRAINE, in 
part—T. zizyphinus PHI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 62, t: 13, 196=— 
Jerrreys, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 330; v, p. 204, t. 63, f. 6—Sars, 


CALLIOSTOMA. 389 


Moll. Reg. Arct. Nory., p. 141, t. iv, f. 4 (Dentition)—H1pa co, 
Mol. mar. Esp., t. 59, f. 4, 5— T. levigata J. Sows., Min. Conch., t. 
181, f.1—T. Cranchianus, and T. irregularis Leacu, Synops. Moll. 
Gt. Brit. (ed. Gray), p. 173, 171.—T. chemnitziti Puii., Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 63, t. 18, f. 7—Monrerrosaro, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1889, 
p- 79 (+ multisulcosa Hidalgo MS., + granulifera Jefttr.)—T. 
agrestis Putu., Abbild. i, Trochus, t. 1, f. 6; Conchyl. Cab., p. 66, t. 
13, f. 13.—T. flavus Anton, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 105.—PHIL., 
Conchyl. Cab.,. p. 256, t. 38, f. 83— REEVE, f. 33. 

The synonymy of the two varieties is given separately above. The 
typical 7. zizyphinus of Linnzeus is the large handsome form found 
in the Mediterranean. It is smooth, or has only slightly developed 
spiral riblets on the lower whorls. The upper (3 to 6) ones are densely 
granulate, showing the affinity of the form to C. granulatum Born, 
ete. The following mutations have received names: 

Var. cingulata Broochi (pl.18, fig. 12). Shell with pretty strong 
spiral sculpture, approaching conuloides. War. dilatata Monts., no 
sutural cordon; last whorl dilated, rounded at periphery. Var. stran- 
gulata B., D. D., whorls compressed, a little concave around the 
middle (Var. scalaris Monts. isa syn.). Var. alba Monts., and Var. 
violacea Monts. There are numerous other forms named, but the 
practical use of this minute subdivision is very slight, The passion 
for names displayed by certain writers on Mediterranean shells 
reminds one of the vagaries of our own Rafinesque. The eccentric 
American naturalist however, betrayed great insight in taxonomic 
matters. 

Var. CONULOIDES Lamarck. PI. 65, figs. 67, 68. 

Shell similar in form or more depressed than the type, with strong 
spiral ridges on the upper surface of the whorls. 

Atlantic coast of Spain, France, England, ete. 

This form is the 7. zizyphinus of English authors. It varies 
from nearly smooth to strongly spirally suleate. There are forms 
nearly or entirely intermediate between conuloides and zizyphinus. 

Subvarietal names have been given as follows: Var. Lyonst 
Leach, pure white. Var. devigata J. Sowb., smooth and polished, 
with strong sutural ridges, considerably expanded towards the base ; 
spire depressed. Var. granulifera Jeffr. white, the ridges granulated. 
_ Var. humilior Jeffr. shell depressed, the diameter decidedly exceed- 
ing the alt. The 7. agrestis of Philippi is figured on pl. 18, fig. 15. 


390 CALLIOSTOMA. 


I have retained conuloides as a variety of zizyphinus, rather than 
a species. It will be noted that zizyphinus from the Mediterranean 
has a spirally suleate form (var. cingulata), and conuloides from 
northern Europe has a smooth one (var. /evigata). The latest treat- 
ment of the species isin Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital. xiv, p. 77, 1889, article 
by Monterosato. He splits the zizyphinus into five species ! 


C. conuLuM Linné. PI. 65, figs. 70, 71, 72. 

Shell elevated-conical, higher and narrower than C. zizyphinum ; 
carinated at periphery ; yellow or delicate flesh color, with obscure 
clouds or maculee alternately whitish and brown below the suture, 
and painted on the peripheral rib in the same alternate manner ; the 
surface is highly polished ; apical whorl smooth, the next four or five 
whorls densely granulate (granules in 4 or 5 series), the next whorl 
generally spirally ribbed, following whorls smooth, or with very 
obscure traces of spiral lines; base flat, smooth, save for 3 to 6 con- 
centric articulated riblets around the axis; outlines of spire straight ; 
whorls about 10, flat, separated by linear suture with a distinct narrow 
supra-sutural fasciole. Aperture rhomboidal, smooth within ; col- 
umella shorter and more knobbed at base than C. zizyphinum, pearly. 

Alt. 26, diam. 22 mill.; alt. 23, diam. 18 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriutic Seas; Atlantic Ocean at Canaries, 
Madeira and Azores Is. 


T. conulus Linn., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1230—And of Lamarck, 
PAYRAUDEAU, Risso, PHILIPPI, WEINKAUFF, HIDALGO, FISCHER, 
Buquoy, DautzeEnBERG & Douurus and other authors.—Z. lucidus 
Risso, Eur. Mérid., p. 126.—Zizyphinus (Janeinthinus) conulus L. 
vars. acuta, dilatata, striata sanguinea, pallida, aurantia, violacea 
Monts., Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1889, p. 79, 80. 


Var. dubius Phil. 


T. dubius Putu., Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 149, t. 25, f. 7, 1844; 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 66, t. 13, f. 11—Bug., Dautz., et Dotir., Moll. 
Rouss., p. 852, t. 42, f. 5-7.— T. conulus var. dubius Phil. Fiscuer, 
Coq. Viv., p. 121, t. 49, f 4.—Z. dubius Phil. and vars. dilatata, 
incavata, media, lirata, elevata, cinnamomea, olivacea, violacea MOnvE- 
ROSATO, Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1889, p. 80—T. dubius var. spongiarum 
B., D. & D., Moll. de Rouss., p. 353, t. 42, f. 8, 9.—-T. flavidus , 
Dunker, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 354.—? T. pallidulus Dxr., P. Z.S. 1856, 
p- 299. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 391 


Separated from C. zizyphinum by the narrower, more elevated 
form, narrower supra-sutural fasciole, more polished smoother 
surface. 

The mutations in color are numerous; the varieties enumerated 
by Monterosato are scarcely important enough to describe here, 
and besides, are described by their names. 


Var. puBtIvs Philippi. Pl. 18, figs. 19, 20. 

Smaller than typical conulum, with stronger spiral sculpture on 
the lower whorls; base flat. Alt. 15,diam.13 mill. It is larger 
than C. laugieri, with more granulation on the upper whorls. 

Mediterranean and Adriatie Seas. 

The form called var. sponcrarum B., D. & D. (pl. 65, fig. 69) is 
thin shelled, the earlier whorls smooth, not granulate, the re- 
mainder with supra-sutural fasciole and 3 well-marked spiral 
furrows. Base of the last whorl traversed by numerous concentric 
cords; color light gray, longitudinally flamed, the spiral. furrows 
breaking the flames in places into a tessellated pattern. There is 
also a uniform violet-colored form (violacea Monts. not Risso), and 
a white one (a/bida Dautz.). This well-marked variety lives on 
sponges in the Gulf of Gabes. Z. basa/is Monts., ms. is a synonym. 


C. NoctuRNUM Philippi. PI. 18, figs. 3, 4. 

Shell exactly conical, imperforate, smooth, violaceous green ; whorls 
plane, margined by a slightly elevated cingulus at the base, marked 
by regular distant impressed incremental strie ; last whorl obtusely 
angular; base nearly plane, smooth; aperture rhombic ; columella 
very oblique, cylindrical, entire. (DPhilippz.) 

Habitat unknown. 

T. nocturnus Putu., Conchyl. Cab., p. 112, t. 18, f. 9. 


I have before me a single specimen of unknown history, referable 
to this species. It evidently belongs in the immediate vicinity of 
C. conulum, and is probably synonymous, differing in the darker 
color (livid-brown in my example), and distant, impressed strie of 
increment. The upper whorls are granose; the suture has a narrow 
flat margination above; there are no concentric lines on the base, 
except, perhaps, slight indications of them at the center. 


C. GUALTERIANUM Philippi. Pl. 17, fig. 30. 
Shell conical-elevated, imperforate, polished, solid, yellowish-brown 
or olive, clouded with brown, the earlier 4 whorls dark bluish or 


392 CALLIOSTOMA. 


greenish, spirally sulcate, the 2d whorl somewhat granulate; the 
rest of the whorls smooth, flat, with a narrow supra-sutural fasciole, 
which on the last whorl is not developed ; periphery rounded- 
angular ; base smooth except for about 4 fine riblets around the axis; 
whorls about 9. Aperture smooth within, columella a trifle swollen 
at base, nacreous, and either purple or whitish inside. 

Alt. 113, diam. 83 mill.; alt. 13, diam. 10 mill.; alt. 12, diam. 8 
mill. 

Mediterranean ; Coasts of France, Corsica, Sicily, Algiers, ete. 

T. levigatus Putu., Enum. Moll. Sicil. 1, p. 175 (not ldevigatus 
Sowb. or Gmel.).— T. gualterianus Putt., in Conchyl. Cab., p. 69, t. 
13, f. 15.—T. qualtierianus Phil. Fiscurr, Coq. Viv., p. 404, t. 119, 
f. 5.—T. gualtierii: Phil. Wemnkaurr, Conchyl. des Mittelm. ii, p. 
361.—B., D. & D., Moll. du Rouss., p. 356, t. 42, f. 15-19. 

This form is separated from C. conulum by absence or great 
reduction of the granulation on the earlier whorls, the less distinet 
supra-sutural fasciole, entirely effaced on the last whorl. It is 
narrower than C. daugieri, and smoother; but in my opinion will 
prove to be connected by intermediate examples with that species. 
A purple form of this species is among the color varieties before me. 


C. LAUGIERI Payraudeau. PI. 65, figs. between fig. 80 and fig. 90. 

Shell similar to 7. dubius and T. conulus, but smaller, geuerally 
darker in color, the apical whorls not (or but slightly) granulate. 

The form is straightly conical; apical whorl minute, smooth ; 
following whorls, to the number of three or less, granulate; then 
there are several spirally grooved whorls, the lower ones either 
smooth or grooved. The supra-sutural fasciole is distinct, articulated ; 
base spirally grooved, sometimes smooth except around the axis. 
Whorls about 8, color, (1) dark olive-green or olive-brown, unicolored 
or longitudinally clouded with brown and lineolate with bluish, (2) 
yellowish, clouded with brown or yellow, (3) uniform purple. 
Aperture sulcate or smooth inside. 

Alt. 10, diam 8 mill.; alt. 10, diam. 10 mill.; alt. 12, diam. 10 
mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 


T. laugiert Payr. Moll. de Corse, p. 125, t. 6, f.3, 4, 1826.— BLaIn- 
VILLE, Fauna Frane., p. 262——Puivippr, Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 
150 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 68, t. 13, f. 14—FiscHeER, Coq. Viv., p. 150, 
t. 49, f. 4a.—B., D. and D., Moll. du Rouss., p. 353, t. 42, f£ 10-14. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 393 


—Zizyphinus laugiert Payr. Jerrr., Piedm. Coast, p. 27—Monts., 
Conch. litt. Med., p. 11—T7. maculatus Risso, Eur. Mérid. iv, p. 
128.—T. violaceus Risso, l. ¢., p. 127, t. 8, f. 111 (1826).—Brusina, 
Contr. pella Fauna Dalm., p. 79.—Monvs. (with var. monochroa 
Monts.), Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 1889, p. 80.—T. nigerrimus (Renier) 
haa “auna Frane., p. 262.—T. eure (Ren.) BLArny., 
(See 1, 263 (1830).—Monts., Bull. 8. M. I. 1889, p. 81 (with var 
Pen Monts. ).— T. EER a) BLAINv., f. ¢, p. 259), t. 
10, f. 2—Monts., Bull. S. M. I. 1889, p. 80, var. Paan Monts.— 
T. polymorphus Clone (in part), Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, 1855, 
p- 986.—T. candidus BRUSINA, Conch. Dalm. Ined., p. 25 (1865).— 
T. solidus Phil., Conchyl. Cab., p. 90, t. 15, f. 12. 

This form is very mutable in color, and numerous varieties have 
been proposed. The following are the more prominent. 

Var. violacea Risso (pl. 65, fig. 88), a beautiful purple form. 
Var. candida Brus., pure white. Var. olivaceoconeolor Réq., uniform 
olivaceous without flames or blotches, from the Gulf of Gabes. Var. 
seriopunctata Ren., dark olive, uniform or mottled with lighter, the 
periphery and supra-sutural fasciole conspicuously articulated with 
olive-brown and white. . 


Var. soLipuM Phil. 

Shell conical, imperforate solid, pale olivaceous, articulated with 
yellowish ; whorls Dee base margined by a prominent cingulus ; 
whorls sculptured with 5 slightly elevated cinguli, the last rounded- 
angular; base obsoletely 7 to 9 cingulate; aperture rhomboidal, 
columella very oblique, entire. Alt. 14, diam. 12 mill. (Phil.) 

This form I place here with some doubt on account of its more 
oblique columella, which forms no angle where it joins the basal lip. 
It may be a synonym of C. conulum, or possibly distinct. 


C. occipEeNTALIS Mighels & Adams. PI. 37, figs. 2, 3. 

Shell rather small, thin, imperforate, paatenen surface shining, 
strongly sculptured above with smooth, yellowish spiral ribs, narrower 
than their interstices, numbering 5 or 4 on each whorl; periphery 
very bluntly subangular, base nearly flat, with a few ribs around 
the axis and at periphery, otherwise smooth. The spire is elevated. 
acute ; whorls 7 to 8; apical whorl minute, smooth, rounded ; follow- 
ing three whorls beaded on the spiral ribs; sutures impressed ; aper- 
ture rather rounded, pearly ; columella, arcuate, narrow, not dentate 
or truncate at base. Alt. 12, diam. 10-11 mill. 


394 CALLIOSTOMA. 


Maine Northward ; Scandinavia; N. Scotland ; fossil in the English 
Crag. (40-90 fms.) 

Trochus occidentalis Mian. & Av., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv, p. 
47, t. 4, f. 16 (1841). Jerrreys, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 333; v, t. 63, 
f. 7.—Gou Lp, Invert. of Mass., ed. Binney, p. 286, fig. 548.— Margar- 
ita alabastrum Beck, in Loven, Ind. Moll. lit. Seandin., p. 20 (1846). 
—T. alabastrum Beck, Putuipri1, Conchyl. Cab., p. 91, t. 15, f. 14. 
—Forszes & Han ey, Hist. Brit. Moll. ii, p. 497, t. 66, f. 7, 8— 
Tr. formosus Forses, Ann. Mag. Nats Hist. xix, p. 96) ta Osean 
(1847).—SEaRLEs Woop, Crag Moll., p. 125, t. 13, f. 2.—7r. 
quadricinctus S. Woon, olim.—Zizyphinus alabastrum Beck, RrEvE 
Conch. Icon., f. 46.—T. occidentalis Migh., Sars, Moll. Reg. Aret. 
Norv., p. 142, t. 9, f. 7, t. iv, £5 (dentition). 

An exquisite little gem, like an opal in its iridescence, with smooth, 
narrow, more opaque riblets. It has the same distribution as several 
species of Margaritu. 


(Group of C. exasperatum Pennant.) 
C. EXASPERATUM Pennant. PI. 17, figs. 20, 42; pl. 18, figs. 5-8. 

Shell small, turreted, solid, thick ; color purplish-brown, blackish- 
purple or red, with white longitudinal lines or stripes, the base 
radiately striped or dotted with white. Surface lusterless, the whorls 
encircled at the peripheral carina by a rounded granulate ridge, 
above this with 4 spiral granose lire, the interstices densely, 
regularly marked by elevated lamellar strive; base encircled by 6 
concentric lire, narrower than the densely radiately striate inter- 
stices; apical whorls red. Spire very high; whorls 9-10, the last 
angular, aperture quadrangular, throat brilliantly iridescent, basal 
margin thickened, columella subvertical, obliquely truncate below. 

Alt. 12, diam. 63 mill.; alt. 10, diam. 62 mill. 

Mediterranean, Adriatic and Black Seas; Atlantie Ocean, England 
and Belgium to Canaries; Madeira and Azores Is. 

T. exasperatus PENNANT, Brit. Zool. iv, p. 126 (1777).—-J EFFREYS, 
Brit. Conch. iii, p. 324; v, p. 203, t. 63, f 4—FiscHER, Coq. Viv., 
p. 266, t. 89, f. 1—B., D. & D., Moll. du Rouss., p. 362, t. 43, f 1- 
7.—And of other authors.— 7. conulus Dacosta, Brit. Conch., p. 40, 
t. 2, f. 4—T. minutus, striatus, ete., CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., v, p. 
30, t. 1529.— 7. minutus Chem. DresHAYEs, in Lam., An. s. Vert. ix, 
p- 151.—T. erythroleucos GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3581.—Lam., 
An. s. Vert. vii, p. 30.—T. exiguus Puur., Cat. Dorset., p. 48, t. 12, 


CALLIOSTOMA. 395 


f. 4— And of Monracu, Turron, Forspes & HANLeY, and of other 
authors.— T. crenulatus Broccut, Conch. fos. Subap., p. 354, t. 6, f. 
2.—Scaccul, Cat. Conch. Reg. Neap., p. 18.—Putirpr1, Enum. 
Moll. Sicil. i, p. 176 ; Conchy]. Cab., p. 69, t.138, f 17-22.—T. pyram- 
idatus Lam., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 830.—T. matonii, Payr., Moll. de 
Corse, p. 126, t. 6, f. 5, 6—Graneer, Moll. de Cette, p. 16.—Z. 
(Jujubinus) matonti Payr. Monrts., Conch. Litt. Medit., p. 12; Nom. 
Gen. e Spec., p. 46.—T. tricolor Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. iy, p. 
127, t. 9, f. 185.— T. elegans BLAINVILLE, Fauna Franc., p. 266, t. 10, 
f. 8.—Jujubinus corallinus MoNTEROSATO, Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 46 
(1884). —T. strigillatus and punctatus RENTER, teste Blainville.— T. 
jacobii ARADAS and T. vulgaris Risso, teste Monts.—- 7. socia FISCHER, 
Coq. Viv., p. 403, t. 119, f. 8—Zizyphinus pyramis Reve, Conch. 
Icon., f. 41 (not T. pyramis Gmel. nor Born).—T. exasperatus var. 
excavata Monts., Boll. Soc. Mal. Ital. 1880, p. 219.—T. monterosatoi 
By D3&D. Moll. Rouss., p. 367, t. 43, £18; 19. 

Differs from C. striatum in having fewer, coarser spiral lire, and 
more prominent peripheral and supra-sutural fasciole. The follow- 


ing is a variety. 


Var. MONTEROSATOI B., D. & D. PI. 63, fig. 27. 

Whorls very concave, separated by a very prominent supra-sutural 
fasciole or rib; sculpture consisting of spiral lire, more granulate 
on the earlier than on the later whorls. | Color opaque white with 
longitudinal black flammules which ordinarily become confluent in 
pairs upon the supra-sutural fasciole. 


Gulf of Gabes; Gulf of Tarentum. 


C. striatum Linné. PI. 17, figs. 39, 40. 

Shell small, elongate-conical, imperforate, solid, brown or yellow- 
ish olive, rarely unicolored, striped or lined longitudinally with white, 
sometimes the striping broken into a tessellated pattern. Surface 
dull or shining, the whorls with a much less prominent ridge at 
periphery than in C. exasperatum; the supra-sutural fasciole when 
discernable, not projecting nor prominent; the whorls are encircled 
by numerous subequal lirulze, the interstices slightly or strongly 
obliquely striate; base with numerous striz or riblets, about double 
the number possessed by C. exasperatum. 

Alt. 10, diam. 7 mill. ; alt. 9, diam. 7 mill.; alt. 10, diam. 8 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic Ocean, England to 
Gibraltar ; Canaries; Madeira; Azores. 


396 CALLIOSTOMA. 


T. striatus Linn. Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1230.—And of most authors.— 
T. parvus Da Costa, Brit. Conch., p. 41—T. conicus Donovan, 
Brit. Sh., t. 155, f. 1—T. depictus Dresu., Expéd. Sci. de Morée, 
p. 140, t. 18, f. 23-25.—T. gravesi ForBEs, Rep. dg. Invert., p. 137. 
—T. sartorti ARADAs, teste Philippi—T. parvulus Phil. Brus., 
Conch. Dalm. ined., p. 25 (and parvulus Putt., Enum. Moll. Sicil. 
i, p. 155, t. 25, f. 11 ? a fossil species)—Trochus littoralis BRusINA 
in sched., Z. ¢., p. 25.—Jujubinus equistriatus Monrs., Nom. Gen. e 
Spec., p. 47 (188+4).— 7. equistriatus Monts. B., D. & D., Moll. du 
Rouss., p. 568, t. 45, f. 21, 22—T. smaragdinus Monts. Dautz, Journ. 
de Conchyl. 1883, p. 307.—Jujubinus smaragdinus Monts., Nom. 
Gen. e Spec., p. 46.—T. striatus var. elenchoides IssEx, Crociera del 
Volante, p. 436, figs. 6, 7, 1878.—J. elenchoides Monts., Nom. Gen. 
e Spec., p. 47 (1884).—T. elenchoides Monts., D., D. & D., Moll. du 
Rouss., p. 368, t. 43 f. 20, 25.— Tr. (Zizyphinus) striatus Linne, Wat- 
son, Challenger Gasterop., p. 56. 


Distinguished from C. exasperatum, a species of nearly the same 
size and outline, by its finer more numerous spiral strize, less strongly 
truncate columella, ete. 


The principal varieties are the following: 


Var. pepicruM Deshayes. 

Shell elevated, with spiral striz, a large peripheral ridge, and fine 
strive of increment, the latter crossing the spiral sculpture, render the 
surface visibly granulose. Color greenish iridescent, with longitu- 
dinal brown flames. 


Var. ZQUISTRIATUM Monterosato. 


Shell solid, broad at base, without a noticeable peripheral rib at 
carina or above sutures; surface traversed by numerous spiral 
liree, the interstices finely obliquely crispate-striate; base with 
about 7 concentric ribs, and outside of these a number (about 5) of 
minute close ones; color light gray, with longitudinal narrow black 
lines, sometimes interrupted. 


Var. SMARAGDINUM Monterosato. 


Quite conical, elevated, the whorls plane, the last decidedly 
angular at periphery ; surface with numerous spiral smooth riblets, 
and a peripheral supra-sutural rib divided into two by a central 
groove ; color of earlier whorls white, with large blotches and dots 
of reddish purple; the rest of the whorls and the base are a beautiful 


CALLIOSTOMA. 397 


light green, with white and dark dots articulating the ribs. There 
is often a peculiar iridescence shining through the color. A white 
form (“ var. albina Monts.”) and a golden yellow one (* var. aurea 
Monts. ), are found. 

This form has the peculiarly slender spire, sharply angular periph- 
ery and flat base that seem to be characteristic of Cadliostoma from 
the Gulf of Gabes. These modifications are shown by the var. 
spongiarum of CO. laugieri, var. fraterculum of C. unidentatum, ete. In 
fact, a number of these small species of Calliostoma seem to undergo 
variations which produce parallel series in the several specific types. 


Var. ELENCHOIDES Issel. PI. 63, figs. 24, 25. 

Last whorl rounded at periphery ; surface apparently smooth, with 
metallic reflections, but under a lens seen to be finely sculptured by 
numerous spiral and oblique strive. Color very variable; brown, 
with zigzag white flammules, ashen gray, varied with bright rose and 
irregular white spots, or fawn colored, with short white longitudinal 
flames around the periphery, etc., etc. Resembles Elenchus in the 
form and iridescent surface. 


C. GRAVINz& Monterosato. PI. 63, figs. 28, 29. 

Spire moderately elevated, conical, composed of 7 flat whorls, 
traversed by non-granulose lire, about 6 on the penultimate whorl ; 
the ridge immediately above the suture larger, more salient than the 
others ; there are numerous spiral strize between the lire, and several 
on the supra-sutural ridge. Last whorl subangular at the periphery, 
convex on the base, which is imperforate, and provided with a very 
small umbilical rimation; the base has 5 concentric ribs. Suture 
shallow. Aperture subquadrangular; columella very slightly 
arcuate, not truncate at base; lip sharp, rounded, smooth inside. 
Color white, with longitudinal flammules of reddish-brown; supra- 
sutural ridge articulated with spots of the same, the other lire dotted 
with carmine ; columella white, interior nacreous. (B., D. & D.) 

Mediterranean; Atlantic Ocean, at Orotava, Canaries. 

T. (Zizyphinus) gravine Monts., Enum. e Sinon., p. 22, 1878.— 


B., D. & D., Moll. du Rouss., p. 369, t. 43, f. 26-30.—Jujubinus 
gravine Monts., Nomencl. Gen. e Spec., p. 47. 


Less elevated than 7’. exasperatus, the last whorl less angular at 
periphery, more convex beneath. The red-dotted lirze are also cha- 
racteristic, and while appearing granulate they are really not so. 


398 CALLIOSTOMA. 


C. GonrostomMUM Menke. PI. 18, fig. 25. 


Shell elevated, convex-conic, imperforate, olivaceous, flammulate 
with white tessellated with dots; whorls plane, base not margined ; 
last whorl subangulate, with 7 to 8 shallow transverse sulci; base 
with about 8 sulci; aperture rhombic; columella with an acute 
tooth ; lip broadly thickened inside. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. (Phil.) 

Habitat unknown. 


T. goniostomus Mr, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 107.—Pur. 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 211, t..31, f. 6, 


Probably a synonym of C. striatum, or at most a mere variety. 


C. rurRicuLUM Philippi. PI. 18, fig. 9. 

Shell turreted, imperforate, transversely cingulate, dark rosy, 
flammulate with scarlet ; whorls plane, divided by profound sutures, 
the last angulate; transverse cinguli 5, equaling the obliquely 
striate interstices ; aperture rhombic; columella straight, cylindrical 
entine. |Clne.) 

This species is very distinct in its size and steeple-like form. The 
shell is pretty solid, consists of 7—S flat whorls, separated by a deep 
suture; they have 5 little-elevated transverse cinguli, which, upon 
the last whorl are split into two by an impressed line. The inter- 
stices, wide as the cinguli, are prettily sculptured by the strive of in- 
crement. On the base I count 6 concentric lire. The aperture is 
rhombic, columella straight, cylindrical, with no tooth below. Color 
dark rose-red, with bright red flames. 

Alt. 7, diam. 4 mill. ( Phil.) 

Habitat unknown.. 

T. turricula Paru., Conchyl. Cab., p. 313, t. 44, f. 19. 


Is it a synonym of C. exasperatum Pennant ? 
ynony 


C. UNIDENTATUM Philippi. PI. 17, figs. 18, 14 (enlarged). 

Shell small, elongate-conical, imperforate, rather solid; ground- 
color white, with a more or less pink tinge on the upper part of each 
whorl, especially on the upper part of the spire, or sometimes yellow 
or gray in place of pink ; entire surface longitudinally marked with 
distinct narrow black lines. Surface lusterless, densely spirally 
lirate and striate, the principal ridges subgranose, interstices densely 
obliquely crispate-striate ; periphery generally scalloped or sub- 
nodose, angular; base flat, finely or obsoletely lirulate ; whorls 
about 10, the apical ones rosy, the rest concave below the sutures; 


CALLIOSTOMA. 399 


spire very slender. Aperture subtriangular, iridescent and green 
inside, columella short, vertical, abruptly dentate or truncate at base. 

Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. 

Mediterranean Sea, on the coasts of Corsica, Sicily, Tunis, Syria ; 
Adriatic Sea. 

T. unidentatus Puiu., Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 150, t. 25, f. 8; 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 91. t. 15, f. 18 —WetKkaurr, Conchyl. des Mittel- 
meeres li, p. 863.—F IscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 279, t. 91, f.4.—T. frater- 
culus Monts., Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1879, p. 220. 


Distinguished from the preceding by the slender spire, and very 
abruptly truneated columella. 

Var. fraterculum Monts. is angular, sharply sculptured, the supra- 
sutural ridge very strong; base broader; whitish, with gray 
hieroglyphs. Tunis. 

It is placed by Watson in the synonymy of C. striatum Linné, on 
the authority of Jeffreys. 


C. MontaGut Wood. PI. 17, figs. 15, 16. 

Shell imperforate or very minutely perforate, conical; whorls 7, 
_a little convex, the earlier buff, following pale buffish-ashen, or- 
namented with obscure maculations or zones of chestnut, obliquely 
striate, spirally lirate, liree on penultimate whorl 6. subequal; last 
whorl a little convex above, carin ited in the midde, convex beneath 
and provided with 7-8 concentric, white-and-brown articulated 
lire ; aperture rhomboid, columella subtruncate below. 

Alt. 72, diam. 6 mill. (Fischer.) 

Atlantic and Mediterranean, England to Algiers. 


T. montagut Woop, Index Test., Suppl. t. 6, f. 48.—Puitrepr, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 89, t. 15, f. 11—Forses & Han ey, Hist. Brit. 
Moll. ui, p. 511, t. 65, f. 10, 11.—F iscuEr, Coq. Viv., p. 270, t. 89, 
f. 3.—Tr. montacuti JEFFR., Brit. Conch. in, p. 320; v, t. 63, f. 1.— 
WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. Mittelm. ii, p. 566. 


C. RuscURIANUM Weinkauff. Unfigured. 
Whorls flat; spiral ribs thicker than in C. montagui, separated by 
much narrower interstices ; umbilicus subperforate. 
Algiers ; Tunis. 
An unfigured species, closely related to C. montagui, perhaps a 
variety of it. Included by Watson, on the authority of Jeffreys, as 
a synonym of 7. striatus Linn. 


400 CALLIOSTOMA. 


_ T. ruscurianus WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des Mittelmeeres ii, p. 367, 
1868.—T. montagui Wood, Wrrnk., Journ. Conchyl. 1862, p. 350. 
—T. montacuti var. McANDREW, teste Weinkauff. 


C. DELPRETEANUM Sulliotti. 

Shell thin, conical, corneous-reddish or blackish-blue; apex 
corneous, smooth, acute; base a little convex, whorls little convex, 
suleulate, the two last rapidly increasing, the last lightly carinated, 
oblique, descending, the sulculze of the base more distinct ; aperture 
subrotund ; columella contorted ; lip simple, acute. Whorls 6, apex 
excepted. Alt. 103, diam. of base, 8 mill. (Su/.) 

Sts. of Messina, at Pantano Piccolo. 

Trochus pumilo ARAD. and Ben., Conch. Viv. Mar. della Sic., p. 
163, not of Philippi—Jujubinus delpreteanus Suu., Bull. Soe. Mal. 
Ttalitsso.p.26: 

This species has been heretofore confounded with the smaller, 
differently proportioned T. pumilio according to Sulliotti. That 
species (pumilio) is figured on pl. 40, fig. 85. I have included it 
in Gibbula, doubtless in error, as it seems to be a Calliostoma. I have 


not seen specimens. 


Calliostoma of uncertain position, or unfigured. 


ZIZYPHINUS INDISTINCTUS (Wood) Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 35. 
See Cantharidus indistinctus, page 128. This shell I have not seen. 
It has also been figured by Philippi, Conchyl. Cab., pl. 43, fig. 7. 


ZIzIPHINUS NEBULOsUS A. Adams. Shell conoidal, imperforate, 
rufous-brown, variegated with white; whorls nearly plane, orna- 
mented with unequal granose cinguli, the last subangulate, base a 
little convex, ornamented with subgranulose cinguli, articulated 
with brown and white; aperture subtetragonal; columella white, 
incurved, subtruncate at base; lip lirate within. (Ad. in P. ZS. 
1851, p. 168.) 

Raines Island. 

ZIZIPHINUS ASPERULATUS A. Adams. Shell conical, imperforate, 
whitish, ornamented with radiating purple spots; whorls nearly 
flat, carinated in the middle, ornamented with unequal cinguli, the 
superior granulate, inferior nearly plane; last whorl subangulate, 
base plane, sculptured with flat ribs; umbilical tract depressed, 
covered by a callous; aperture subrotund; columella straight, 
truncate at base; lip lirate within. (Ad. in P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 168.) 

Habitat unknown. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 401 


The following species of Gould are known to me only by the 
original descriptions reprinted below. 


ZIZIPHINUS RUBIDUS Gould. Testa acute conica, solida, nitida, 
aurantiaca, flammulis saturatioribus flexuosis radiantibus variegata ; 
anfr. 7, imbricantibus, sulcis tribus reclivantibus ornatis; peripheria 
obtusa ; basi planulato, imperforato, striis concentricis insculpto ; 
apertura subquadrata ; columella brevi, porcellana, antice attenuata ; 
fauce argillacea, levi. 

Axis 15, diam. 12 mill. (Gld., in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist. viii, 
p. 18, 1861). 

Habitat unknown. 


Z. iwruscatus Gould. Testa parva, conica, albida, maculis fuscis 
subquadratis picta ; anfr. 8, seriebus 7 granulorum (minoribus seepe 
additis) quarum suturali et peripherica subquadratis et plerumque 
tessellatis; basi convexo, filis 8 concentricis, radiatum clathratis 
insculpto; regione umbilicali excavato, imperforato; apertura sub- 
quadrata, ad columellam angulata; columella postice rotundata, 
antice obsolete dentata ; fauce margaritacea. 

Axis 10, diam. 9 mill. (Gld., loc. cit., p. 19). 

Kagosima Bay. 

May possibly be the young of Z. pyramis ; also like Z. millegranus. 


(Gld.) 


Z. acutus Gould. Testa minuta, acute conica, prasina rosaceo et 
albo variegata, striis tenuibus volventibus impressa, interspatiis 
concinne clathratis ; anfr. 8, subconeavis, antice dilatatione interdum 
duplici etiam noduloso munitis ; basi convexiusculo ; regione umbili- 
cali rosaceo, vix perforato ; apertura subquadrata. 

Axis 4, diam. 3 mill. (Gld., loc. cit., p. 19). 

Inhabits Eastern Coral Seas. 


Z. URBANUS Gould. Testa parva, ovato-conica, cinerea, ad suturam 
et ad peripheriam maculis quadratis pailidis et fuscis seriatum articu- 
latis ornata ; liris ordinatis simplicibus ad 6 (interdum nonnullis 
tenuioribus) cincta ; interspatiis exiliter clathratis ; anfr. 7, convexis, 
peripheria obtusa ; basi concavo ; umbilico modico, costa marginato ; 
apertura subcircularis ; columella arcuata, margine erecto. 

Axis 6, diam. 5 mill. (G@ld., loc. cit., p. 19). 

Kagosima Bay. 
26 


402 CALLIOSTOMA—EUTROCHUS. 


Subgenus Eurrocuaus Arthur Adams. 
Eutrochus Ap., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 506. Type, E. 
perspectivus Ad. 
( Old world species. ) 
C. Apamst! Pilsbry. Unfigured. 


Shell depressed-conical, broadly and profoundly umbilicated, pale 
flesh-color, painted with tawny flammules and sparcely spotted ; 
whorls 7, pane, transversely deeply lirate, the liree unequal, sub- 
distant, angulate at the suture, last whorl granulose around the 
umbilicus ; aperture sulcate inside. 

Alt. 1 inch, diam. 12 inch. (A. Ad.) 

Tasmania. 

E. perspectivus Av., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 506 (not, T. perspectivus 
Koch, also an Eutrochus). 

The shell is broader than high, rather thin, and of a pale 
yellowish flesh-color, with fulvous blotches and flammules. The 
whorls are transversely ridged and angulate at the sutures, and the 
interior of the umbilicus is white. Mr. Cuming possesses but a 
single specimen from Tasmania. (d.) 

I hesitate to change the name of this, the typical species of 
Eutrochus, but it is preoccupied by an undoubtedly congeneric 
species, described years before. See under American speci s of 
Eutrochus. 


©. LESSONZANUM Tapparone-Canefri. Pl. 59, fig. 24. 

Shell depressed-conic, umbilicate, yellowish-white painted with 
brown-orange flammules, the apex obtuse, brown. Whorls 7, plano- 
concave, sloping, the lower margin elevated; ornamented with 
granulated spiral cinguli, with smaller intervening ones ; last whorl 
acutely angulated ; base plane, concentrically granose-lirate ; um- 
bilicus large, funnel-shaped, white, crenulated at the margin. 

Alt. 123, diam. 18 mill. (Canefri.) 

New Zealand. (Mus. of Turin.) 


Eutrochus lessonaeanus CAN., Viaggio intorno al Globo della R. 
fregata ‘ Magenta,’ p. 59, t. 1, f. 9 from Mem. della Reale Accad. 
delle Scienze di Torino, ser. II, vol. xxviii), 1874. 


C. scrrutum A. Adams. Vol. X, pl. 41, fig. 27. 


Shell small, thin, umbilicate, with slender elevated spire and broad 
body-whorl ; color yellowish, obscurely maculate with brown. Whorls 


CALLIOSTOMA—EUTROCHUS. 403 


about 7, convex, the apical one smooth, following 3 or 4 granulate, 
the rest «lensely spirally striate, with light incremental lines which 
decussate the lirule, especially beneath. Spire slender, its lateral 
outlines concave, last whorl rounded at periphery or obtusely angled, 
convex beneath. Aperture rounded, outer and basal lips thin, 
forming a half-circle, columella white, deeply arcuate, ending in an 
inconspicuous tubercle at base. Umbilicus deep, funnel-shaped, 
bounded by an angle. Alt. 12, diam. 11 mill. 

S. Australian Coasts. 

Ziziphinus scitulus A. Av., P. ZS. 1854, p. 38.—Reeve, Conch. 
Tcon., f. 44—T. scitulus Ad. FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 274, t. 90, f. 3. 

A very distinct little shell, with slender spire, granulose upper 
whorls, and wide, rather depressed body-whorl. 

C. ExquisituM Sowerby. PI. 65, fig. 89. 

Shell conical, rather convex, profoundly umbilicated, pale golden- 
brown, multilineate with brown. Whorls 63, sloping, slightly 
convex, ornamented all over with numerous brown little-elevated 
cinguli; suture distinct ; last whorl obtusely angulate below; base 
a little convex, aperture subquadrate ; columella nearly straight, 
slightly oblique. Alt. 43, diam. 4 mill. (Sowd.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Tr. (Ziziphinus) exquisitus Sows., P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 210, t. 11, f. 
Osh 


C. MULTIGRANUM Dunker. Unfigured. 


Shell turreted-conic, narrowly umbilicate, light yellow; whorls 8, 
nearly plane, encircled by numerous unequal granuliferous riblets ; 
sutural cingula elevated, subundulate, spirally striate, pallidly 
tessellate, base a little convex, covered with about 16 subgranose 
alternately larger and more delicate riblets; umbilicus narrow 
surrounded by a white plate; columella oblique, terminating in a 
pearly denticle ; aperture subtetragonal. 

Alt. 12, diam. 10 mill. (Dkr.) 

St. Vineent, Australia, 

Ziziphinus multigranus DKr., Mal. Blatt., xviii, p. 169,-1871. 

Allied to S. gilvus Phil. 


C. sUBGRANULATUM Dunker. Unfigured. 


Shell wide-conical, apex very acute, profoundly umbilicated, 
whitish, variegated with yellowish; whorls 10, plane, a little prom- 


404 CALLIOSTOMA—EUTROCHUS. 


inent below the sutures, and slightly scalate; encircled by 9-10 
subgraniferous unequal ribs; base little convex, spirally costate, 
the coste subplane; umbilicus profound, funnel-shaped, encircled 


by two prominent crenulated ribs ; aperture subquadrate. 
Alt. 20, diam. 21 mill. (Dkr.) 


Has the habitus of Z. conulus L., and the sculpture of Z. 
armillatus Wood. 
Bass’s Strait, Australia. 


(American species.) 


C. susuBrNUM Gmelin. PI. 40, fig. 16. 

Shell pyramidal-conic, solid, heavy, with a narrowly perforate 
funnel-shaped umbilicus. Color chestnut-brown, purple-brown on 
the upper whorls, marked with narrow, curved, rather widely separated 
longitudinal white streaks, the base minutely dotted with white. 
The sculpture consists of numerous little-elevated spiral beaded 
lirulee, with many spiral strize between them; the base is flat and 
has coarser concentric subgranulose liree, becoming finer toward the 
outer margin. Spire elevated, the whorls about 10 in number, con- 
eave above, swollen and projecting at the periphery, the last obtusely 
angled. Aperture quadrate, oblique; outer lip beveled, strongly 
5 or 6 lirate within; basal lip straight, very thick, obtuse, crenulate, 
lirate inside ; columella arcuate, ending below in a point or tooth. 
Umbilicus white within. Alt. 33, diam. 26 mill. 

Coast of N. Carolinato Fla., Texas, Yucatan; Entire West Indies. 


Trochus jujubinus GMEL. Syst. Nat. xii, p. 3570.—PHILIPPt, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 37, t. 7, f. 8, 9, t. 13, f. 5—FiscaEr, Coq. Viv., p. 
80, t. 18, f. 2.—Zizyphinus jujubinus Gm., REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 
12.— Calliostoma (Eutrochus) jujubinum Dall, ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., 
Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 369. 


The figure of this species is not very characteristic, being smaller 
than average shells, and the whorls are not prominent enough above 
the sutures. The older authors, including Reeve, supposed the species 
to come from the Indian Ocean and Australian Seas, but Philippi 
and Fischer know it to be a West Indian shell. Many American 
collectors have long known the species to be Antillean. The young 
have aminute smooth, rounded, rather elevated dextral nucleus, and 
bicingulate periphery. 


CALLIOSTOMA—EUTROCHUS. 405 


Var. PERSPECTIVUM (Koch) Philippi. PI. 66, figs. 35, 36. 

Form straightly conical, broader than jujubinum; whorls flat above, 
not prominent at sutures or concave, the spiral riblets or strize fewer, 
and all beaded. Color light brown, clouded with darker, often 
marked with white on the periphery; umbilicus with a larger per- 
foration, and bounded by a distinctly beaded rib. 

Alt. 20, diam 174 mill. 

Florida; Georgia; E. Coast Honduras (Simpson). 

Trochus tumpaensis CONRAD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada. iii, p. 
26, t. 2, fig. 85, Feb., 1846—Trochus perspectivus Koch, Pui.tprt, 
Abbild. u. Beschreib. i (pt. 2), Trochus, t. 1, f.5, Feb., 1843.—PHIt., 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 108, t. 17, fig. 9.—Calliostoma jujubinum var. 
tampaénsis Conr., Datu., Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 369.—Eutrochus 
alternatus Sows., P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 719, t. 59, f. 5. 

I regret that the name of this variety must be changed from that 
commonly known in American collections, but I have no choice, as 
the Koch—Philippi name clearly has priority, and the identity of 
the species with our tampaensis cannot be doubted. Eutrochus 
alternatus Suwb. (pl. 40, fig. 21), seems to be identical. Sowerby’s 
remarks on the distribution of Hutrochus are amusing. 

Typically distinct in the straightly conical form, but said by Dall 
to blend with jujubinum. In the umbilicus perspectivwm resembles 
C. javanicum. 


Var. Rawsont Dall. Shell smaller, whorls excavated above, 
umbilicus smaller, pillar thin, and tooth weak or absent ; color dark 
red or very dark brown and red, with lunate white cloudings ; cone 
of shell more acute, nucleus white, minute, globular. (Dall.) 

This seems to be merely the normal young stage of typical 
jujubinum. 


C. PULCHELLUM Philippi. PI. 66, figs. 32. 33. 

Shell conic, perforate, rosy-whitish, painted with blackish-purple 
flames; whorls plane, prominent at base, margined, sculptured by 
elevated transverse lines ; columella straight, base truncate. ( Phil.) 

The form is completely conical ; the 6-7 whorls are nearly even, a 
little ecneave above, slightly margined below, with about 5 elevated 
transverse lines, between which there are occasional weaker ones. 
The last whorl is pretty sharply angular ; base slightly convex, with 
about 8 concentric elevated lines. | Umbilicus narrow, perforating 
only the last whorl. Aperture nearly rhombic, columella vertical, 


406 CALLIOSTOMA—EUTROCHUS. 


truncate below, color reddish-white, decorated with dark brown-red 
flames and little red dots. Separated from T. jujubinus by the 
smaller size, lack of granulation, ete. 

Alt. 14, diam. 15 mill. (Philippi.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Tr. pulchellus Put., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 101.—Conchyl. 
Cab., t. 13, f. 8—Zizyphinus pulchellus Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 42. 

I know nothing of the form. It may be a synonym of C. 
jujubinum. 

C. zonamEstuM A. Adams. PI. 62, fig. 68. 

Shell conical with straight outlines, the base flat, with a deep, 
funnel-shaped umbilicus; rather solid; light yellowish, with numerous 
narrow, sharply-defined dark-brown or blackish spiral lines.  Out- 
lines of spire straight, sutures not at all impressed ; apex minute, 
smooth; whorls about 9, flat, encircled by numerous equal, finely- 
beaded lire, about 9 on penult. whorl, the interstices densely 
costulated by fine incremental striz; last whorl acutely angled at 
periphery, flat below, and nearly smooth toward the outer edge, finely 
granose-striate on the inner half. | Aperture rhomboidal, lip thin; 
columella arcuate above, strongly toothed below ; umbilicus wide, 
bounded by a beaded cord, 

Alt. 24, diam. 25 mill,; alt. 26, diam. 33 mill. 


West Indies; Tortola (Swift) ; St. Kitts (Dall) ; Honduras (Dyson). 


? Trochus javanicus LAM., An. s. Vert. vii, no. 50.—DELEsSERT, 
Ree. de Coq., t. 35, f. 2?—Pxiiprs, Conchyl. Cab., p. 110, t. 18, f. 
5.—FiscHer, Cog. Viv., p. 77, t. 17, f. 3.—Zizyphinus javanicus 
Lam., CHenu, Manuel, f. 2662.—Zizyphinus zonamestus Av., P. Z. 8. 
1851, p. 166—Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 21.— Calliostoma zonamestum 
Rve. Datu, Blake Gasterop. 


Following the suggestion of Dr. Dall, I adopt Adams’ name for 
the West Indian shell described as T. javanicus by Philippi and 
Fischer. There is no doubt of the locality, specimens with un- 
questionably correct data being in the Philadelphia and Washington 
collections. It is quite possible that 7. javanicus of Lamarck is a 
distinct species. The figures in Delessert show a more elevated form, 
slightly swollen at the sutures, and more distinctly cingulate there, 
than the shells before me. This opinion has been advanced by 
Tapparone-Canefri (Zool. della Fregata ‘Magenta,’ p. 60, 1874), 
who says that the figures of Delessert’s Recuev/, pl. 35, f. 2, and of 


CALLIOSTOM A—EUTROCHUS. 407 


Philippi, Conchylien Cabinet, pl. 18, fig. 15 (sie should be fig. 5) 
represent the true javanicus, from which zonamestus is distinguished 
by the dark lines in the inter-liral spaces, crenulated lirze and decid- 
edly crenulated umbilical rib. Fischer gives the locality ‘ Java,’ 
but his figures exactly represent the West Indian shells. 

The fact seems to have escaped the attention of authors that Arthur 
Adams himself considered his zonamestus a synonym of Javanicus. 

Wide P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 40. The above synonymy is merely tentative. 


C. yucaTECANUM Dall. PI. 48, figs. 19, 20. 

Shell belonging to the group of C. palmeri Dall, C. eximium 
Rve., and C. lima of the western coast of America. Shell depressed- 
conic with a rather acute apex and six whorls; nucleus white, 
delicately sculptured ; remainder of shell whitish with faint streaks 
of brown transverse to the whorls, arranged so as to present the 
appearance of seven brownish streaks radiating from the apex ; other 
dots and streaks of brown irregularly distributed ; upper side of 
whorls with one smooth revolving keel nearly midway between the 
sutures, but a little nearer the periphery; this gives the whorls a 
somewhat tabulated aspect; above this on the last whorl are four 
smaller more or less beaded or crenulated keels, below it are two 
without nodosities, reaching the gently rounded periphery ; between 
these are intercalary threads or grooves; base supplied with nine 
rounded revolving ribs, those nearer the umbilicus with a tendency 
to beading ; interspaces about as wide as the ribs, which are crossed 
by slight elevations due to lines of growth; umbilicus perforate, 
bordered by a strong white rib, inner wall smooth or transversely 
striate; pillar emarginate, twisted, not thickened, ending in a round 
lump above the basal margin of the aperture; the latter oblique, sub- 
rectangular, nacreous, sharp-edged, crenulated by the ribs. Oper- 
culum as usual in the genus. Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill. (Dall.) 

Yucatan Strait, 640 fms.; Off North Carolina, 15+32 fms. 

C. yucatecanum Dau, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 47; ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., 
p. 370, t. 24, f. 4. 

Most of the northern specimens are less elevated and proportion- 
ately wider than the Blake specimen which has been figured, but 
which seems to have been a little unusual in its elevation. (Dal/.) 


Cysayvanune Dall, Pl 60; figs: 7,'8: 


Shell large, polished, solid, eight-whorled, having a good deal the 
form of the C. tigris of New Zealand ; umbilicated ; straw-yellow 


408 CALLIOSTOMA—EUTROCHUS. 


lineated with red-brown, and having a broad rose-colored peripheral 
band. Walls of umbilicus marked with incremental lines, slightly 
excavated near the carina, above convex, the convexity revolving 
with the whorl; convexity straw-color, a deep brown band revolving 
just within the carina. Spiral sculpture outside the carina, which is 
not very sharp, consisting of two strong beaded spirals alternating 
with two fine simple brown elevated lines, then nine subequal, finer, 
less coarsely beaded, the upper angle of the aperture being at the ninth; 
all these straw-color with brown interspaces; then three fine yellow- 
brown undulated lines, then a larger nodulated peripheral spiral 
with a smaller similar one on each side of it, these and their inter- 
spaces of a deep rose-pink; above the pink band is the largest nod- 
ulated spiral, followed by (on the last whorl) seven or eight somewhat 
smaller, alternating larger and smaller, the last separated by a 
smooth space from the suture. These are all straw-color with brown 
interspaces anf an occasional intercalary fine line. Radiating 
sculpture.only of faint incremental lines. Nucleus lost ; the earlier 
whorls have three nodulated spirals. Base and whorls a little 
convex, periphery evenly rounded, sutures distinct. Aperture ovate, 
margin simple, columella concavely arched, a slight angle, not to be 
called a tooth, formed by the end of the umbilical carina at the base. 
Interior extremely nacreous. Operculum amber-colored, fibrous 
toward the edges, with twelve or more whorls, a small central eleva- 
tion on the inner side. Alt. 37, diam. 40 mill. (Dall.) 

Off Cape Hatteras, in 107-120 fms. 


Calliostoma (Eutrochus) sayanum DAL, “ Blake” Gasteropoda, p. 
370, t. 33, f. 10-11. 


Animal with stout rounded muzzle, short stout tentacles, large 
black eyes, a very large anterior epipodial lobe, two lateral cirri, 
and two or three small ones from under the operculum. The foot is 
bluntly rounded before and behind. The color of the external soft 
part is uniform straw-color. 


This is altogether the finest American species, and cannot be con- 
founded with any other now known. (Dail.) 


C. BENEDICTI Dall. Pl. 49, fig. 44. 


Shell depressed, with an acute apex and slightly concave outline, 
umbilicated, polished ; straw-colored, lineated with red-brown and 
pale pink; base convex, slightly flattened, periphery rounded ; 
nucleus minute, apparently dextral; whorls seven or more; um- 


CALLIOSTOMA—EUTROCHUS. 409 


bilicus deep and narrow, with flexuous walls excavated near the 
carina, which is marginated with an opaque white band; spiral 
sculpture beginning at the umbilicus; outside the carina, which is 
simple, two strong broad subnodulous spirals separated by a deep 
line, then fourteen or more equal smooth flattish spirals with narrower 
interspaces and obsolete spiral striule here and there; then a smooth 
or slightly striate peripheral space; all the preceding straw-color. 
Above the periphery two pink and one straw-colored large smooth 
and rounded spirals, one smaller smooth one, then three large and 
two intercalary smaller nodulous spirals separated from the suture 
by anarrow smooth space. The interspaces are brown, the elevations 
straw-color. The early whorls have two or three smooth and one 
or two nodulous spirals, the former remain constant with growth, 
the latter increase in number. Radiating sculpture of flexuous in- 
cremental lines, hardly visible. Aperture rounded, squarish, col- 
umella white, thin, concave, a small notch at its base. Opereulum 
yellow, multispira], translucent, polished. Type specimen not full 
grown. Alt. 14, diam. 18 mill. (Dadl.) 

Off Cape Lookout, North Carolina, in 200 fms. 


Calliostoma (Eutrochus) benedicti DALL, “ Blake” Gasteropoda, p. 
atkt. a2, 1. 1. 


This is a very handsome species, recalling the var. psyche of 
Calliostoma bairdii, from which it is easily distinguished by its um- 
bilicus and sculpture. (Dad/.) 


C. CINCTELLUM Dall. PI. 49, figs. 31, 32. 

Shell small, thin, pearly white with faint touches of pale brown, 
seven-whorled, with a globular inverted minute nucleus and rather 
convex base; spiral sculpture of two prominent spirals, one pe- 
ripheral, simple, sharp, with occasional touches of brown; against 
this the suture is laid in vhe earlier whorls, while in the last whorl 
it descends below it; the other spiral is above the periphery, and is 
stronger and ornamented with (on the last whorl) about forty sharp 
projecting thorn-like tubercles, each inclined a little forward, and 
alternating brown and white. Between this and the periphery the 
space is excavated. Above these there are about four (on the 
earlier whorls one or two) small raised spiral lines separated by 
much wider interspaces, nodulated with small but prominent nodules 
at the intersections with the radiating sculpture; all the sculpture 
growing fainter, and intercalary fine lines appearing, toward the 


410 CALLIOSTOMA—EUTROCHUS. 


aperture on the last whorl. Base with two strong nodulous spirals 
separated by a deep interspace, the inner one forming the umbilical 
margin; outside of these 16-20 fine flattened spiral threads, with 
about equal interspaces, reaching to the periphery and hardly 
ruffled by the incremental lines. Radiating sculpture much like 
that of C. tiara, of numerous, on the earlier whorls strong, slightly 
elevated oblique threads, extending clear across the whorls and 
reticulating the spirals; these radii grow fainter and finally on the 
last whorl nearly disappear; on the base there are only faint 
flexuous incremental lines. Umbilicus narrow, its walls flexuous, 
yellow. Aperture squarish, the pillar little concave, not toothed, 
margin thin and simple. Upper surface of whorls except the 
sculpture flattened; suture distinct, not channelled. Operculum 
horny, multispiral. Alt, 9°5; diam. 8 mill. (Dall.) 

Off Havana, in 174 fms. 

Calliostoma (Eutrochus) cinetellur, DAL, “ Blake” Gasteropoda, 
p. 3/2, t. 32, f1, 4. 

Soft parts whitish, foot short, pointed behind, muzzle rounded, | 
gill simple, anus prolonged into a long free papilla, eyes large ; 
tentacles long and stout, without frontal lobes; epipodium with a 
large anterior lobe, and four cirri all anterior to the operculum and 
about of equal size. Jaws separate, squarish, composed of small 
horny obliquely set rods, whose lozenge-shaped end-sections reticu- 
late the surface under the microscope. 

The dentition is peculiar. The rachidian and (on each side) five 
laterals have broad simple bases with a pear-shaped outline; the 
cusps, which might be compared to the stem of the pear bent over, 
are extremely narrow and long and symmetrically serrate on each 
side with 4—6 serrations. The major uncinus is stout and has a 
large four-toothed ovate cusp; there are about twenty more slender 
uncini with scythe-like cusps serrate on the outer edge; outside of 
these are two or three of a flat form, like a section of a palm-leaf 
fan from handle to margin with four riblets, and the distal edge 
with three or more indentations. Under pressure these uncini have 
a tendency to split up lengthwise, beginning at the indentations. 
They are flat and smooth, thinner towards the distal end, and have 
no distinct shaft. 

This interesting species looks at the first glance as if the ex- 
cavated space between the peripheral cinguli was fasciolar, like 
that of EHucasta, but a more careful inspection shows that there is 


CALLIOSTOMA—EUTROCHUS. 411 


no sign of a notch or sulcus in the lines of growth. The dentition 
forms a combination so far not recorded among the Trochide, but 
which will perhaps seem less singular when more species have been 
examined. The radula is quite minute and difficult to examine ; 
when only the cusps of the central and lateral teeth were in the 
field of the microscope, they were so slender and elungated as to 
suggest little tails, and the symmetrical notching gave them almost 
a jointed appearance. The shell is very pretty, and recalls Basilissa 
in its general appearance. (Dail.) 


(Section Dentistyla Dall, 1889.) 


C. ASPERRIMUM Dall. 

Shell conical, yellowish white, turreted, higher than wide; whorls 
five to seven, the last forming half the height of the shell; base 
rounded, umbilicus small, partly covered by the reflexed lip, trans- 
versely striate, with one longitudinal thread close to the bounding 
nodulated strong carinal rib; upper whorls with two strong longitu- 
dinal ribs, the lower of which forms the carina of the last whorl ; 
near the beginning of the latter a single less conspicuous thread is 
intercalated between these two; the carina is above the middle of the 
last whorl, and between it and the bounding rib of the umbilicus are 
four strong simple revolving threads, not nodulated, between which 
near the mouth, intercalary, weaker threads begin to appear. Sut- 
ure distinct, compact not channelled, except by projection of the 
ribs above and below it which give the shell a turreted appearance. 
Lip thin or slightly thickened, denticulated on the edge by the rib 
ends; pillar little thickened, its base apparently toothed by the ends 
of the umbilical threads (these denticulations are probably missing 
in the perfect adult); mouth slightly oblique, not produced below ; 
transverse sculpture consisting of threads following the lines of 
growth, rising into lamellee between the ribs, and in passing over 
them (except the basal ones) forming squarish projections, cutting 
the ribs obliquely. | Nucleus smooth, polished, the remainder dull 
white, with no visible nacre. (Dadl.) Alt. 72, diam. 6 mill. 

Off Martinique and Barbados, 100-220 fms. 


Var. DENTIFERUM Dall. PI. 60, figs. 10, 11. 
Sculpture more strongly and exclusively nodulous; a strong blunt 
tooth on the columella just within the aperture and above the base. 


Outer lip lirate within. Alt. 72, diam. 6 mill. (Dadl.) 
Off Barbados. 


412 CALLIOSTOMA—EUTROCHUS. 


Margarita asperrima Datu, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 40, 1881.— 
Calliostoma (Dentistyla) asperrimum DAuu, ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., p- 


373, and var. dentiferum, t. 23, f. 7, 8. 


C. SERICIFILUM Dall. PI. 60, figs. 19, 20. 


Shell delicately but sharply reticulate all over; two peripheral 
spirals minutely spinose at the intersections ; columellar tooth present 
but not strong. Shell thinner and more nacreous than the typical 
form, and with the radiating and spiral sculpture not differing so 
much in strength. Alt. 4:5; diam. 41 mill. (Dad/.) 

Off Grenada, in 92 fms. 

Calliostoma (Dentistyla) sericifilum Dau, ‘ Blake’ Gasteropoda, p. 
Obs Lane be tela 

These species are somewhat puzzling. With the external sculpture 
and umbilicus of a rather conical Solariella, we find in adult speci- 
mens a well-marked blunt tooth on the columella, and the aperture 
opposite furnished with raised lirze. In other specimens these are 
not visible, but then it is impossible to say that they are completely 
adult. The sculpture runs the usual gamut of evenly reticulate ; 
nodose reticulate, the intersections marked by little imbrications 
while most of the net-work is obsolete; and, finally, of uneven 
reticulation where the cords one way are much stronger than those 
by which they are intersected. None of the specimens contained the 
soft parts, so their relations must for the present remain problematical. 
The group is hardly Thalotia, being umbilicate ; it is certainly not 
a Euchelus or Craspedotus. Perhaps the most reasonable conclusion, 
in the absence of more information, is that this section bears to 
Thalotia about such a relation as Eutrochus bears to Calliostoma. 
The tooth is on the pillar, not at its anterior end. (Dall.) 


C. srricosus (Gm.) Philippi. Pl. 57, figs. 46, 47. 
Philippi has figured under this name, a conical little species like 


‘alliostoma exasperatum in form and color, but narrowly umbilicated. 
Whorls 6-7. Alt. 9, diam. 8 mill. 


Coasts of Morocco and Portugal. 
T. strigosus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3573, teste PHILIPPt, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 61, t. 13, f. 4. 
C. #RuGINosUM Philippi. PI. 67, figs. 81, 82. 


The exactly conical, pretty thin shell consists of 7 completely flat 
whorls, which are beset on the acute basal carina with spines; 


CALLIOSTOMA—PUTZEYSIA. 413 


the last is acutely angular, the base level, curving into the um- 
bilicus. The sculpture both above and below consists of 7 scarcely 
elevated spirals, a little narrower than their interstices ; the latter 
are prettily crispate with lines of growth. The aperture is nearly 
circular, angled on the lower outer part, peristome continuous. The 
base is usually unicolored green ; the umbilicus white, perforating. 
Alt. 8, diam. 8 mill. 
Habitat unknown. 
T. eruginosus Put, Zeitschr. f Mal., 1849, p. 146; Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 314, t. 45, f. 1. 


Subgenus Purzeysta Sulliotti. 


Putzeysia Suu., Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital. 1889, p. 30. Type, Tr. 
clathratus Arad. 


I do not know the systematic position of this group. Sulliotti says 
that Tr. gemmulatus does not belong to the same subgenus as Tr. 
cluthratus, but.] am inclined to believe that it does. 


P. cLATHRATA Aradas. 


Shell orbiculate-conoid, imperforate, solid, whorls convex, planu- 
late at the sutures and subcanaliculate, clathrate with longitudinal 
and transverse elevated equidistant lines, forming slight tubercles at 
their intersections ; aperture suborbicular, lip subthickened. 

Alt. 33, diam. 3 mill. 

Straits of Messina. 

T. clathratus ARADs., Atti. Ace. Gioenia 1847, p. 78.—MonrTERO- 
saTo, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 1880, p. 252—T. gemmulatus Monrts., 
olim.—Putzeysia clathrata Arads., SuLuioTri, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 
1889, p. 30. 


A fossil species, lately dredged at the above locality. I have 
translated Sulliotti’s diagnosis. 


P. wIsERI Calacara. PI. 57, fig. 43. 


Shell small, subeonic, the 6-7 whorls more or less convex, latticed 
by transverse cinguli (6 on penultimate whorl), and longitudinal 
elevated, oblique lines; aperture suborbicular; lip suleate within. 

Alt. 5, diam. 4 mill. 

Off the Gulf of Bona, Algiers, 1456 fms.; Bay of Biscay. 

Tr. wisert CAuLc., Giornale Maurolico, Anno 2; Cenno Moll. viv. e 
foss. Sic., Palermo, 1841, p. 31, t. iv, f. 14-—Monrerosaro, Bull. 
Soc. Mal. Ital. vi, p. 251, 1880—JrErrreys, Ann. Mag. N. IT. x, 


414 PUTZEYSIA—TURCICA. 


1882, p. 31.—Tr. gemmulatus Puitippr, Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 
226, t. 28, f. 5, 1844. 

Marquis de Monterosato, to whom we are indebted for much care- 
ful work on Mediterranean shells, has given the synonymy of this 
species, which was originally described as a fossil. The above de- 
cription is a translation of Philippi’s diagnosis of 7. gemmulatus, and 
the figure is copied from his illustration of the same. 

I am not sure of the generic position of the species. 


Subgenus Turcrca A. Adams, 1854. 


Turcica A. AvD., Proc. Zool. Sqe. Lond., 1854, p. 37. Type, T-. 
monilifera Ad—Ptychostylis GABB., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 
187, 1865, type, P. caffea—Perrinia H. & A. Ap., Genera, p. 419, 
1858, type, P. angulifera Ad. 

it will be seen that here as in many groups I have departed 
from the arrangement of genera given in the first part of this 
monograph. Turcica I now regard as a subgenus under Cal/iostoma 
(as Fischer has already classed it), and until the dentition is known 
I see no reason for placing it elsewhere. Perrinia may be retained 
in a sectional sense for those species which are not distinctly toothed 
on the columella, and have the mouth lirate inside. The genus 
ranges on both shores of the Pacific, from California and Australia 
northward. No deep sea forms have yet been discovered. 


T. MONILIFERA A. Adams. PI. 57, fig. 27. 

Shell conoidal, subdiaphanous, thin, imperforate, tawny, golden- 
shining; whorls a little convex, sculptured with spiral beaded 
cinguli, their interstices obliquely striate; sutures canaliculate : 
base convex, with granose cinguli, some granules marked with brown; 
aperture suborbicular ; columella spiral above, produced into a tooth 
below; margin of the lip acute, lirate inside. (Ad.) 

Moreton Bay, Australia. 

Turcica monilifera Av., P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 37, t. 27, f. 1. 

The name is preoccupied in Calliostoma. 


T. IMPERIALIS A. Adams. PI. 63, figs. 30, 31. 


Shell conoidal, spire acuminate, base obliquely produced ; solid; 
tawny-red variegated, ornamented by transverse cinguli articulated 
with chestnut; whorls somewhat convex, with a strong nodulose 
cingulus at periphery, and beaded lirulze alternating with elevated 
lines, interstices obliquely striate; sutures canaliculate; furnished 


TURCICA. 415 


with a series of granules above; base convex, furnished with con- 
centric granulose cinguli. Aperture oblique, subcircular ; columella 
tortuous, terminating in an anterior tooth; lip subexpanded, with 
entire margin; inside smooth. (Ad.) 

Tsusaki, West Coast of Japan, 37 fms.; Bay of Jesso; Hakodadi. 

T. imperialis Ap., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 507.—Trochus imperialis Ad., 
LiscHKE, Jap. Meeres Conchyl. iii, p. 67, t. 4, figs. 4-6— Turcica 
imperialis Ad., DunKeER, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 141.— Trochus 
adamsianus SCHRENCK, Moll. des Amurlandes, p. 358, t. 16, f. 5 
(1867). 

More elevated than T. monilifera; base more oblique; aperture 
more produced ; and the golden-nacreous appearance wanting. 


T. concrnna A. Adams. Unfigured. 


Shell small, ovate-conic, imperforate, whitish, solid; whorls a 
little convex, subimbricating, separated by profoundly canal-formed 
sutures; finely crenulated below the sutures; covered with encir- 
cling lire, the interstices elegantly clathrate; base convex ; aper- 
ture oblique, semicircular; columella tortuous, terminating in a 
tooth ; lip sub-thickened, obsoletely suleate inside. (Ad.) 

Uraga, Japan. 
T. concinna Av., P. Z. S. 1868, p. 508. 


T. COREENSIS Pease. PI. 63, fig. 26. 

Shell conoidal, rather thin, subdiaphanous, of a light grayish 
fawn-color, cinereous at the base, and sparingly marked with 
oblique stripes and small spots of deep brown. Whorls flattened ; 
body-whorl large, rounded at its periphery, all ornamented with 
transverse rows of close irregular sized granules, which become 
almost obsolete near the base. Apex acute; suture canaliculated ; 
base convex, imperforate ; outer lip sharp. Aperture large, breadth 


and height equal, and pearly within. Columella oblique, with two 
obtuse tubercles on its edge. (Pse.) 


Sea of Corea. 

Turcica coreensis Psx., P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 189, t. 51, f. 2. 

This species is closely related to T. monilifera Ad. It differs in 
the aperture being smooth inside, and the whorls flat. The figure 
of T. moniliferus also represents the sutural canal as being con- 
tinued round the body-whorl. In the present species it terminates 
with the suture. The columella is also quite different, descending 
obliquely to the right. (Pse.) 


416 TURCIGA. 


T. CAFFEA Gabb. 

Shell conical, thin; spire elevated ; one nuclear whorl smooth; 5 
perfect whorls, subangulate at the margin, obliquely flat above ; 
body-whorl very slightly convex at the base; suture strongly im- 
pressed ; surface marked by revolving tubercular ribs, about 18 on 
the body-whorl, one broad one on the margin, and about 8 or 9 on 
the under side; these ribs are less numerous on the preceding volu- 
tions, only 4 can be counted on the upper side of the penultimate 
whorl ; the tubercles are arranged so as to present an irregular quin- 
cunx; epidermis a rich coffee-brown, darker between the tubercles 
than on their summits; aperture obliquely quadrangular, outer lip 
and base acute, internally pearly white, columella bearing two strong 
folds, the lower one of which borders the truncated end and terminates 
in a faint tubercular enlargement ; behind the columella is a slight 
groove running from the base to the end of the upper columellar 
fold. Alt. 13, diam. 14 mill. (Gabb.) 

Monterey, 20 fms. ; Post pliocene of Sun Pedro & Sta. Barbara. 


Ptychostylis caffea GABB, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iu, p. 187, 
1865. 


Fossil specimens an inch in alt. have been found. 


Section PerrintA H. and A. Adams. 


T. ANGULIFERA A. Adams. 

Shell elevated-conoidal, imperforate; whorls nearly plane, imbri- 
cated, angulated below, longitudinally nodose-costate, ornamented 
with transverse girdles of subdistant tubercles, interstices channelled ; 
last whorl subangulate; columella straight, short, terminating in a 
small tooth; lip subduplicate, sulcate inside. (Ad.) 

Puerto Galero, Id. of Mindoro, 6 fms. 


Monodonta angulifera Av., P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 176. 


T. trrostoma A. Adams. 

Shell elevated-conical, imperforate, whitish; whorls plane, with 
three strong granulate cinguli, interstices deeply clathrate; suture 
canaliculate ; last whorl angulated; columella tuberculate; lip 
strongly lirate within. (Ad.) 

Lord Hood’s Island, 8-10 fms. 


Monodonta lirostoma Av., P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 177. 


TURCICA. 417 


T. ELISA Gould. PI. 67, figs. 67, 68, 69, 74. 


Shell thick, solid, acutely conical, the spire elevated with straight 
lateral outlines, the base convex, imperforate ; color whitish-ashen. 
Surface dull; apex minute, its tip subimmersed, apical whorl smooth, 
the rest of the whorls (7 to 8 in all) traversed spirally by three 
strong cords, the central one narrowest, all closely beaded by the 
decussation of close, regular, elevated lamellze of increment, which 
sharply sculpture the interstices. Two lamellz arise from each bead 
of the superior spiral cord. The sutures are very deeply, narrowly 
channelled. The last whorl is angled at the periphery, and bears 7 
concentric liree on the base, the inner ones smaller ; the whole closely 
sharply sculptured by radiating lamelle. Aperture very oblique, 
subquadrate with about 9 sharp entering lirz; outer lip beveled, 
columella short, subvertical, cylindrical, with three or four small, 
transverse, rather acute folds on the lower half. 

Alt. 19, diam. 13 mill. 

Singapore; China. 

Trochus elisus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. 92, 1849; U. 
S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 178, atlas, fig. 216. 

The specimen described and figured by Gould was evidently a 
young shell. The species is known by the three spirals of the spire 
whorls and the several small folds of the columella. 


T. mMacuLara Brazier. Pl. 67, fig. 78. 

This species is similar to 7. elisa Gld., but has four revolving 
cinguli on each whorl of the spire instead of three, and different col- 
umellar edge. 

Shell conical, with elevated spire, its outlines straight. There 
are about 8 whorls, each one encircled by 4 spirals, the upper and 
lower ones more prominent; these are closely, regularly set with 
compressed granules, caused by the decussation of elevated regular 
lamellze of increment, which cut the inter-liral spaces into little pits. 
The sutures are deeply, narrowly channelled; the base is convex, 
with 7 or 8 concentric lire, interstices clathrate. The aperture has 
about 11 elevated lines within; outer lip beveled, its acute margin 
crenulated, columella short, subvertical, with traces of two obtuse, 
nearly obsolete, blunt tubercles in the middle. The color is whitish, 
sparsely spotted with brown, especially on periphery and base. 

Alt. 14, diam. 11 mill. 

Cape York, N. Australia, 11 fms. ; Off Katow, N. Guinea, 8 fms. ; 


Warrior Reef and Darnley Id., Torres Straits, 8-30 fms. 
27 


418 TURCICA. 


Thalotia maculata BRAzIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, p. 
44, 1877. 
Described and figured from specimens received from Mr. Brazier. 


T. srELLATA A, Adams. PI. 67, fig. 77. 


Shell elongated-conic, slender, strong, white, imperforate. Whorls 
of the spire strongly, acutely carinated above each suture, and 
bearing numerous short triangular spinous tubercles there. Above 
this carina each whorl has 3 spirals; the upper is low, wide, bluntly 
tubercled, the two median are narrow equal lirze; the interstices are 
lamellose-striate. The base has 4 coarse concentric ribs, the outer 
one largest, interstices clathrate. Whorls 6, the last carinated at 
periphery. Aperture rounded-rectangular, angular at the position 
of the peripheral carina, with sulci inside corresponding with the 
ribs of outer surface. Columella short, vertical, straight, and in the 
young specimen before me, not dentate, but according to Adams 


terminating in a tooth. Alt. 9, diam. 7 mill. 
China Seas. 


Turcica stellata Av., P. Z. 5. 1865, p. 508. 

I have described and figured a shell which I believe to be the 
young of stellata. It is allied to the following species. Both may 
be found to belong in the typical section of Turcica rather than in 
Perrinia. 

T. curnensis Sowerby, Jr. Pl. 34, figs. 24, 25. 

Shell trochiform, white ; spire elevated, acute ; whorls 9, separated 
by canaliculate sutures, the first 2-3 smooth, the rest concavely 
sloping, obscurely obliquely striate, above concavely depressed with 
a corona of numerous plice, beneath margined by a rounded 
corrugated spiral carina, beneath the carina profoundly canaliculate 
and pitted ; base convex, sculptured with 6 rather close, roughly 
transversely plicated ribs, the interstices pitted ; aperture subrotund, 
throat pearly, lirate; columella nearly straight, pearly, obscurely 
unituberculate. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill. (Sowd.) 

Hong Kong. 

Turcica chinensis Sows., P. Z. S. 1888, p. 569, t. 28, f. 8, 9. 


Compared with Turcica elise A. Ad., the body-whorl is larger in 
proportion to the spire, the keel more prominent and the suture more 
deeply excavated. The whorls have two rounded nodulous keels, 
the space between which is smooth excepting for the fine oblique 


TURCICA—BASILISSA. 419 


stris. The base is strongly corded and deeply pitted. Of the only 
two specimens known one is in the National Collection at South 
Kensington, and the other is in that of Mr. MacAndrew. (Sowbd.) 


Genus BASILISSA Watson, 1879. 


Basilissa Watson, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 593, April, 
1879. Challenger Rept., Gasterop., p. 96—Daut, ‘ Blake’ Gas- 
teropoda, p. 385. 


Dr. Dall’s diagnosis is as follows: Shell trochiform, umbilicate, 
nacreous, sculptured. Pillar concave, its distal end projecting as a 
strong tooth. Margin of the aperture concavely sinuate near the 
suture and on the base. Peripheral margin produced, claw-like, 
between the two shallow sinuations. A grooved or denticulate 
callous in the adult on the body-whorl and within the margin of 
the aperture. Aperture subrhomboidal. Operculum multispiral, 
horny, with a circular callous on the inner central face, and a sub- 
circular outline. 

The above amended diagnosis is rendered necessary by the dis- 
covery of adult specimens among the Blake shells. It is probable 
that most of the species in an adult condition conform to it. It 
is conchologically related to Seguenzia, a transition form which is 
indicated by such species as S. carinata, S. elegans, and S. trispinosa. 
But the soft parts are as yet unknown. Should it be found how- 
ever that some species do not exhibit the denticulation, ete., de- 
seribed in B. costulata, and conform to the edentulous type indicated 
in Watson’s original description (and B. alta may prove to be of 
this character), these would of course retain the original name of 


Basilissa, while for the dentate forms the name of Ancistrobasis 
might be used. (Dail.) 


Section BaASILISSA s. s. 


B. atta Watson. PI. 36, fig. 5. 


Shell an equilateral cone, flat-based, sharply angulated, small, 
thin, delicately sculptured, nacreous under a thin, white calcareous 
surface. Sculpture: there are longitudinals about 45, hair-like, 
strongly sinuated, flexuous, for they advance markedly at the 
periphery, where they are each ornamented by an elongated curved 
tubercle, and on the base they again retreat so as to form a sinus. 
On the earlier whorls these longitudinals are much more distinct 
than on the later, and each starts from a little bead, which lies 


420 BASILISSA. 


close to the suture, but these beads are very feeble on the last 
whorl. In the intervals of the longitudinals and parallel to them 
are very faint lines of growth. Of spirals there are above the 
carina two stronger than the rest, with a sharp intermediate 
furrow; above these are several hair-like lines, which become 
feebler toward the middle of the whorl and strong again above, the 
upper whorls presenting one in particular, which connects the row 
of infra-sutural beads. On the base below the carina are four 
narrow and sharp spirals, followed by about eight, which are 
broader and flattened, and within these is one stronger than the 
rest, with about sixteen rounded beads, which crenulate the edge of 
the umbilicus. The furrows between these basal spirals are cut 
into little oblong pits by the longitudinals. Color a dead creamy 
wnite, with the underlying nacre gleaming through. Spire high 
and conical. Apex flattened, with the minute, smooth, 1} em- 
bryonic whorl somewhat tumidly projecting. Whorls 82, of slow 
and regular increase. In the earlier whorls there is a slight- 
tumidity below the suture, a slight contraction in the middle, and a 
slight swelling around the base of each whorl. This last feature is 
feebly persistent in the later whorls, but otherwise these are flat in 
profile. There is a sharp carinated angle, and the base is almost 
flat, with an angled tubercled umbilical edge. Suture linear, almost 
invisible. Mouth perpendicular, somewhat rectangular, and broader 
than high. Outer lip sharp and thin, not patulous, not descending, 
with a rather deep but broad and open sinus at the suture, forming 
a slightly acute angle at the periphery, where it advances very 
markedly, retreating immediately to form a sinus on the ‘base, 
where it is barely arched. Pillar-lip which is somewhat thickened, 
advances very little at its junction with the body, then retreats 
slightly so as to form a small sinus, bending at the same time a 
very little over the umbilicus. It has a sort of double point with 
a slight nick between them. It is very slightly reverted, and the 
umbilical groove behind it is very small. Umbilicus funnel-shaped, 
oblique-edged, crenate on the margin, and strongly scored within, 
and with an oblique spiral formed by the old points of the false 
pillar-end. Alt. -25, diam. *24 inch. ( Watson.) 

Off Culebra, W. Ind., 390 fms.; near Guadeloupe, 769 fms. ; 
near Grenada, 416 fms. 


B. alta Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 597 ; Challenger 
Gasterop., p. 100, t. 7, f. 8, var. oxytoma, l. ¢, f. 8a—Da 1, Blake 


BASILISSA. 491 


— 


Gasterop., p. 384.—Seguenzia delicatula DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 
48, 1881.—B. alta var. delicatula Daut, ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., p. 384, 
t.22, f. 2: 


Var. oxyroma Watson. PI. 36, fig. 4. More distinctly sculpt- 
ured. 


Var. DELICATULA Dall. Pl. 48, figs. 3,4. More delicate and 
thin than the type, but otherwise much like it, except that the 
delicate spiral threads cover the whole surface of the shell. (Dad/.) 


B. LAMPRA Watson. PI. 36, hes. Oss 


Shell thin, white opalescent, smooth, faintly reticulated, with a 
high concave spire, sharp apex, acute carina, angulated umbilicus, 
and rhomboidal mouth. Sculpture: smooth, glossy, iridescent, with 
ten to twenty faint spiral threads on the upper side of the body- 
whorl; the last of these which joins the lip is much stronger than 
the others; a little remote and below is a thread forming the keel, 
below which, and nearer, are two other strong threads; round the 
umbilicus are also two strong threads ; the intermediate space on the 
base is marked with eight to ten impressed spiral strive. The inter- 
stices of the spirals are crossed by longitudinals, which are regular, 
fine, hair-like but distinct and well parted; their curve on the 
surface below the suture shows the old sinus. On the base they are 
radiating and are crowded and irregular, except around the 
umbilicus where in the first two or three striz they are very sharp 
and distinct. On the upper whorls both the spirals and longitudinals 
are finer, but sharper than they are on the last. Color grayish, 
horny, translucent, opalescent white. Spire raised, with a concave 
outline. Apex, which consists of the single minute embryonic 
whorl, is slightly exserted and sharp; it is quite smooth, but the 
spirals and longitudinals begin sharply immediately below it. 
Whorls 63; the earlier ones are of slow and regular increase, 
depressed, quite flat on their side lines; the last widens rapidly, is 
slightly rounded above, and still more slightly concave on the base, 
with an acute, but still rounded keel. Suture impressed on the 
body-whorl, but on the upper whorls sharply, though slightly, mar- 
ginated below. Mouth a little oblique, rhomboidal, the basal and 
palatal lines being nearly parallel, while the outer and inner lips 
diverge downwards. Outer lip thin, not patulous, not descending, 
advancing at its insertion, and then retreating so as to form a shallow, 
broad, open sinus a little below the suture, acutely but roundedly 


429 BASILISSA. 


angulate at the periphery, nearly flat on the base, with a very slight 
nick at the point of the pillar, where it joins the inner lip at a 
slightly obtuse angle. The pillar-lip is straight. It is very little 
thickened, and is slightly porcelaneous. It advances a little on 
the edge of the umbilicus; below this it is hollowed out by a reced- 
ing curve, but advances again into a slight rounded projection just 
above its junction with the outer lip. In its whole direction it 
inclines slightly to the left. Umbilicus oblique-edged, funnel-shaped, 
being wide in the mouth and deep, with straight converging sides. 
It is slightly marked with lines of growth and a few faint spirals ; 
while all the rest of the shell without and within is brightly opales- 
cent, it is scarcely so at all. 


Alt. °3, diam. 48 inch. ( Watson.) 


The specimen from which this species is described is full grown, 
and the animal is still within the shell, but the operculum is absent. 


The species has a slight general resemblance to Trochus (Solariella) 
aureonitens A. Ad., but is utterly different, not only in its angula- 
tion, but in its sculpture. In form it slightly recalls Zonites cellarius, 
Mull. ( Watson.) 

Mid- Pacific, East of Japan, 2050 fms. 


B. lampra W ats., Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond. xiv, p. 593 ; Challenger 
Gasterop., p. 97, t. 7, f. 5. 


B. stmpLex Watson. PI. 36, fig. 1. 


Shell a rather narrow flat-based cone, sharply angulated, small, 
thin, delicate, smooth, glassy, nacreous under a thin white calcareous 
surface. Sculpture: there are longitudinals, which are faint, hair- 
like and sinuated, showing the old lines of growth. Of spirals, faint, 
rounded, and irregular, the whole surface has traces. At the bottom of 
each whorl is a flat puckered band about 0°01 inch broad, whose 
upper edge projects sharply, especially on the upper whorls, and 
whose lower edge is a slight narrow flange, which forms a sharp 
carina at the periphery. This band forms the upper border of the 
suture, which is further marginated below by two not continuous 
rounded threads occupying the top edge of each whorl. The base 
is covered by about fourteen rounded ridges and furrows, which are 
rather stronger toward the center, the last one, forming the edge of 
the umbilicus, being specially so. Color: the surface is a dead 
slightly creamy white, formed by a thin calcareous layer through 
which the underlying nacre shines. Spire high and conical. Apex 


BASILISSA. 423 


broken. Whorls 8 (reckoning the first two as broken), of slow and 
regular increase till the last, which enlarges rapidly ; perfectly flat, 
with an upper and lower border, sharply angulated and ecarinated at 
the periphery, slightly convex but still very flat on the base, with a 
blunted angulated and carinated umbilical edge. Suture linear, 
almost invisible, marginated above and below. Mouth perpendic- 
ular, rhomboidal, with the body-pillar and basal edges nearly 
equal, and the pillar and outer lip nearly parallel. Outer lip sharp 
and thin, not patulous, not descending, advancing at its junction 
with the body-whorl, then retreating. so as to form the broad open 
sinus, acute angled at the periphery, slightly arched across the base; 
nicked close to the point of the pillar. Pillar-lip arched, strengthened 
by a thin pad; reverted on the umbilicus so as to leave a slight 
groove behind it, it has a slight tooth in front. From the body- 
whorl it bends very much over to the left, so as largely to cover the 
umbilicus, and then it curves over to the right to join the outer lip 
on the base at an obtuse angle. Umbilicus small, oblique edged, 
funnel-shaped, nearly covered by the pillar-lip, contracted within, 
scored with hair-like lines of growth. 


Alt. 255, diam. ‘25, least breadth 2, penultimate whorl, -075. 
Mouth, height ‘12, breadth, °11 inch. ee 


This is a narrower shell than Busilissa alta Wats., less orna- 
mented and with a smaller umbilicus. Than Basilissa munda 
Wats., this is a narrower shell, the flexuous longitudinals are 
stronger, the supra-sutural bands are stronger, and in pea species 
the infra-sutural band is wanting. ( Watson.) 

Off Mouth of La Plata, 1900 fms. 


B. simplex Warts., J. L. 8. L. xiv, p. 595; Challenger Rep., p. 
Sot 7, £6. 


B. MunpA Watson. PI. 36, fig. 2. 


Shell broadly conical, flat on the base, sharply angulated, small, 
thin, delicate, smooth, glossy, nacreous under a thin white calcareous 
surface. Sculpture: there are longitudinals which are very faint 
but still sharp, sinuated, showing the old lines of growth. Of spirals 
there are over the whole surface very faint traces. At the bottom 
of each whorl, about 0°01 inches above the suture, is a sharp narrow 
thread, which on the last whorl is bordered below by a second, 
rather higher and sharper, which forms the carina, and which on the 
spire is buried by the over-lap of the succeeding whorl. On the base 


424 BASILISSA. 


there are about eleven fine spirals, within which is a strong furrow, 
and a projecting, crenulated, or rope-like thread forming the edge 
of the umbilicus. Color opalescent, from the under-lying nacre 
shining through the polished, thin, translucent calcareous layer of the 
surface. Spire high and conical. Apex flattened, with a minute 
smooth embryonic 12 whorl slightly projecting. Whorls 6, of regular 
and slow increase (but the specimen is not full grown) ; in profile 
perfectly flat, the slope being scarcely broken by the supra-sutural 
thread. Suture linear, almost invisible. Mouth perpendicular, 
irregularly rectangular, broader than high. Outer lip sharp and 
thin, with a slight open sinus, sharply angled at the periphery, 
slightly arched across the base, apparently nicked at the point of the 
pillar. Pillar-lip arched, strengthened by a thin pad, reverted on 
the umbilicus so as to leave a groove behind, with a slight tooth in 
front. From the body it bends very much over to the left, so as 
largely to cover the umbilicus, it then advances straight and is toothed 
in front. Umbilicus small oblique-edged, witha crenulated margin. 

Height °13 in., breadth ‘14, least (12; Penultimate whorl, -03. 
Mouth, height -06, breadth °05 inch. ( Watson.) 

Than Basilissa simplex Wats., this is a broader, smoother, less 
banded shell. Than Basilissa alta Wats., it is lower, less ornamented, 


with a much smaller umbilicus. ( Wats.) 
Off Palma, Canaries, 1125 fms. 


B. munda Wats. J. L. Soe. Lond. xiv, p. 596 ; Challenger Rept., 
i ei ene On Baal 


B. suPERBA. Watson. PI. 36, figs. 6, 7. 

Shell high, concavely conical, flat-based, sharply angulated, thin, 
finely reticulated, cream-colored. Nacre very faint. Sculpture: 
spirals—there are about twenty delicate threads, very nearly but 
not quite regular in thickness or distance, on the upper part of the 
last whorl; they slowly decrease in number on the previous whorls. 
The two (or three) which form the carina are thrown out a little on 
a projecting whitish fillet, which encircles the base of the whorls. 
This whitish fillet extends to the base, when it forms a narrow 
obliquely-corrugated edging. On the base there are about thirty 
spirals, more crowded, flattened, and irregular than above, and the 
edge of the umbilicus is defined by another whitish fillet, orna- 
mented with about thirty oblong beads. One or two smaller and 
more faintly beaded threads lie within the edge of the umbilicus. 


BASILISSA. 425 


Longitudinals—there are of these on the last whorl about 120; 
flexuous, marking the lines of growth, rather stronger, more regular 
and more distant than the spirals, which run over the top of them 
and form little white nodes at the crossings. The intersections of 
these two systems cut the whole surface into rhombic reticulations, 
whose breadth is about 0°011 and their height 0-006. The longi- 
tudinal threads themselves are about 0:005 and the spirals about 
0-003 broad. On the base the longitudinals are flattened and 
spread out into undulations. Color creamy, on a dull polished 
surface, with a faint nacreous gleam which is pearly within the 
mouth; the apex is ruddy. Spire high and conical with slightly 
concave slopes; apex broken. On the upper whorls the longi- 
tudinals are strong, while the spirals are obsolete, except the carinal 
fillet, which projects bluntly above the suture. Wohorls about 14, 
of very regular increase, very slightly convex, sharply acute-angled 
at the carina; on the base, flat at the outer edge and barely convex 
in the middle, with a slight dip in toward the edge of the umbilicus 
which is strongly defined. Suture linear, defined by the white 
carinal fillet, and also on the lower whorls by being very slightly im- 
pressed. Mouth perpendicular, rhomboidal, the basal and palatal 
lines being parallel, the other two are somewhat diverging and curved, 
broader than high. Outer lip sharp and thin, not patulous, not 
descending, with a shallow open sinus below the suture, then, about 
the middle of the whorl, it advances with a rounded sweep, retreat- 
ing sharply across the carina to form the open rounded basal sinus 
toward the outer edge of the base. Pillar-lip sharp and thin; it 
rises from the body a good way within the edge of the umbilicus. It 
retreats so as to form a sinus, and then it bends over a little on the 
umbilicus, and it forms a sharp angle projecting into a tooth at the 
extreme point of the pillar. Umbilicus strong, deep, abrupt, there 
being on the base only a very slight dip in toward it and it is defined 
by the white-beaded fillet. Within, besides the two spiral lines, there 
are slight longitudinal striations, and the inner edge of the whorls 
twines like a stair case round it, but concealed by the overcurve of 
the pillar-lip. Alt. °75 in. diam. °65, least 6 inch. ( Watson.) 


The form of this shell connects it with B. alta, B. simplex, and 
B. munda, and it distinctly has the sinuses of the genus: the layer 
of nacre is very faint; there is, however, a gleam of it through the 
surface-layer, and within the mouth, in a favorable light and _pro- 
tected from light coming through the shell, there is a distinct 


426 BASILISSA. 


pearly luster. It has some resemblance to Eutrochus gemmatus,. 
Reeve, in form and in its gemmed umbilicus; and though much 
higher and more conical, recalls the Solaria of the group Torinia 
(Gray), especially Solarium trochoides Desh. ( Wats.) 
E. of Cape York, Australia, 1400 fms. 
B. superba Watson, Jour. Linn. Soe. Lond., xiv, p. 598; Chal- 
lenger Report, Gasterop., p. 101, t. 7, f. 10. 


B. oxyrropis Watson. PI. 36, figs. 8, 9. 


Shell small, high, conical, sealar, with a sharp, expressed carina at: 
the periphery and a second carina above, angulating the whorls. 
Sculpture: there are a few close-set slight spirals on the edge of the 
flat base; there are many not close-set, flexuous, longitudinal ribs 
above the periphery, but on the base merely lines ef growth. These 
ribs in crossing the upper carina form small sharp-pointed tubercles,. 
of which there is also a trace on the lower carina. The superior sinus 
lies just above the upper carina, the basal sinus toward the middle of 
the base; both are well marked. The apex is small and flat, the 
smooth embryonic 14 whorl hardly rising at all. The whorls are of 
slow increase. The pillar is perpendicular, with a strong rounded 
sinus, which corresponds to a swelling within the umbilicus. The 
umbilicus is not large, but deep, funnel-shaped, with a puckered 
‘sharp edge. In both specimens there are 53 whorls to a height of 
"05 and a breadth of *055 inch. 

This species, which is not full grown, slightly resembles B. alta and 
var. oxytoma Wats., but is more depressed ; the carina is sharper and 
is double, and the longitudinal ribs are very much stronger. Than 
B. costulata Wats., this species is smaller, higher, more conical, and 
it is scalar ; the whorls are more carinated above, and the peripheral 
carina is much more projecting; the apex is minuter and sharper, 
though the embryonic whorl is less raised, the base is smooth but for 
the marginal spirals; the umbilicus is smaller. Compared to B. 
reticulata (Solarium), Phil., it has a less expressed carina, and the 
whorls are not angulated in the middle. ( Watson.) 


B. oxytropis Wats,, Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond. xiv, p. 693; Chal- 
lenger Report, Gasterop., p. 104, t. 7, f. 9. 


Section ANcISsTOBASIS Dall, 1889. 
B. cosruLaATA Watson. PI. 36, fig. 3. 


Shell small, depressedly conoidal, sharply angulated, flattish on 
the base, sharply and deeply umbilicated, a little porcelaneous, 


BASILISSA. 427 


flexuously ribbed. Sculpture: the whole surface is covered with 
longitudinal flexuous ribs, which are narrow, sharp, and uniform ; 
each of these is about 0:002 in. broad, and they are parted by intervals 
which at the suture are twice and at the periphery thrice as broad 
as the ribs. There are about forty of these on the last whorl. They 
are crossed by spirals, half the breadth of the ribs, running across the 
intercostal spaces and forming knobs on the ribs. Of these spirals 
there are about seventeen on the last whorl, much closer set and 
less uniform than the ribs; in particular the carinal spiral, which is 
very sharp, and the fourth and seventh above it, are stronger than 
the others; the last mentioned of these is especially so on the earliest 
whorls. On the base the longitudinals though continued even into 
the umbilicus, become much less prominent and are no longer 
nodose ; and the spirals, of which there are about fifteen, are closer 
set, broader and flatter, except the first three below the carina, which 
are sharp and narrow. The whole base is pit-marked from the spiral 
interstitial furrows being cut up by the longitudinals. | Color dead 
white (on the base a little glossy) on the thin porcelaneous surface, 
through which ihe nacreous layer behind gleams. Spire raised, with 
a very slightly concave outline. Apex, which consists of the minute 
smooth embryonic whorl and a half, is itself a little flattened, but 
rises sharply above the sculptured surface of the succeeding whorls. 
Whorls 53, of slow and regular increase till the last, which begins 
to enlarge rapidly ; they are slightly rounded above, very sharply 
angulated at the keel, and flattened on the base, with a bluntly 
angulated umbilical edge. Suture distinct, slightly impressed. 
Mouth perpendicular, square. Outer lip sharp, thickened by a slight 
internal remote callus, not patulous, not descending, advancing at its 
junction with the body-whorl and then slightly retreating so as to 
form the very shallow open sinus; right-angled at the periphery, 
flat on the base, where it retreats so as to form two rounded sinuses, 
making with the pillar an angle that is scarcely obtuse. _ Pillar-lip 
is straight, a little thickened and reverted, so as to leave a slight 
groove behind it. It advances on the body-whorl, then retreats so 
as to form a feeble sinus, bending at the same time shortly but 
sharply to the right into the umbilicus and then advancing straight 
forward, but a little toward the left, to its junction with the outer 
lip at the base. Umbilicus funnel-shaped, open-mouthed, oblique- 
edged, straight-sided, deep and contracted internally. Its edge is 
sharply defined by a spiral thread, and is obliquely scored by the 


428 BASILISSA. 


longitudinal ribs; farther in its walls are marked by hair-like lines 
of growth and faint spirals. 

Alt. ‘12 in., diam. 14, least -11; penultimate whorl, °23. Mouth, 
height ‘063, breadth -061 inches. ( Watson.) 


This species slightly resembles in sculpture the young of Mar- 
garita striata, Brod. (==-Trochus cinereus, Couth., nec Da Costa), 
but in all details of form and ornamentation. is very different. 
From Trochus amabilis Jeftr., besides the generic features, it differs 
in the depressed spire, in the absence of the deep-cut suture, in the 
flatness of the base, and in all the features of minute sculpture. 
From Basilissa reticulata (Solarium), Phil., it differs in being much 
rounder on the base, blunter at the edge of umbilicus and at the 
carina, and in being much less delicately sculptured. ( Watson.) 

Gulf of Mexico, 15-640 fms. 


B. costulata Watson, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 600; Chal- 
lenger Gasterop., p. 103, t. 7, f. 11—Datt, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 48, 
1881.— B. (Anceistrobaxis) costulata Wats., var. depressa DAL, 
‘Blake’ Gasterop., p. 384, t. 23, f. 4, 4a. 


Var. DEPRESSA Dall. PI. 60, figs. 14, 15. 


The shell figured differs from B. costulata, as described and 
figured by Watson, in the less flexuous radiating costee, which are 
nearly equal to the interspaces in width, and in the smaller number 
of spiral ridges, which are about ten on the base and seven to nine 
on the upper surface of the whorls. The armature of the mouth is 
a character which does not appear until full maturity, so that I do 
not regard its non-existence in the Challenger specimens as im- 
portant. The other characters seem to agree closely with Watson’s 
figure and description, and, taking into consideration the known 
variability of the abyssal shells and among the Blake specimens of 
this species, I do not feel justified in separating the Blake shells 
specifically from B. costulata. If I am correct in the identification, 
this material enables me to add a good deal to the knowledge of 
the species and genus. he dried remains of the animal in one 
specimen bear a pellucid multispiral operculum a little more cir- 
cular in outline than that of Seguenzia, but otherwise precisely 
like it. 

The aperture in the adult is strongly thickened a little distance 
within its margin, which remains sharp. The projecting peripheral 
part is a little bent in, recalling the aperture of Seguenzia. The 


BASILISSA—EUCHELUS. 429 


callus on the body is thin and smooth, that within the outer lip is 
broad, thick, iridescent, and deeply grooved parallel with the 
external spirals, producing four or five ridges between the grooves 
above the carina and a large number of rather smaller ones 
below it. The columella is thickened concave and strongly re- 
flected, its basal extreme terminating in a stout tooth-like twist of 
the margin, beyond which is a deep sulcus in the callus extending 
nearly across the base, in the middle of which rises a solitary stout 
tooth-like ridge. The walls of the umbilicus are nearly smooth, 
and as regards the individual turns are somewhat concave. The 
nucleus in this form gives the impression, after a very close scrutiny 
of several fresh specimens, that it is really laid at right angles to 
the original axis and half immersed in the first post-nuclear turn. 
This is masked by the fact that the nucleus proper occupies less 
than a single turn, and appears thus more normal than it really is, 
if my suspicions are correct. 


Genus EUCHELUS Philippi, 1847. 


Euchelus Puiu, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1847, p. 20, type Monodonta tri- 
carinata Lam.—Aradasia Gray, Figures of Molluscous Animals, iv, 
p- 90, 1850, type, EF. canaliculatus Q.,=atratus Gm.— Huttonia 
Kirk, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xiv, p. 282, 1882, type, FE. bella Hutton — 
Monodonta and Trochus in part, of authors. 


I include as subgenera, Tallorbis Nevill and Danilia Brusina, 
both with considerable hesitation. Of the first I have seen no speci- 
men; the latter is well-known as far as the shell is concerned ; it has 
a corneous multispiral operculum ; the columella twisted above as in 
typical Turcica or Clanculus. Its sculpture is like Euchelus or 
Perrinia. The varixed lip is unique in Trochide. © Fischer includes 


it as a subgenus under Clanculus—a position as likely to be correct 
as that here taken. 


The affinities of Huchelus are not very clear. There is a certain 
resemblance in aperture and columella to Clanculus, and the deflec- 
tion of the whorl at the aperture, rather an unusual character in 
Trochide, also favors that genus. There is much likeness to Perrinia, 
too, in sculpture and aperture, but that group certainly belongs to 
Turcica as a section, and seems to be close to Calliostoma. 

The following well-defined natural sections may be recognized : 

Eucue.us s.s. Shell turbinate-conic, solid, with thick lip ; spire 
elevated; operculum with few whorls, like that of Littorina ; colu- 


430 EUCHELUS. 


mella with a tooth near the base, sometimes a notch below it. 
Huttonia Kirk,-is synonymous. 

Herperoroma Pilsbry. Shell turbinate-conic, ete., as in Huchelus ; 
spire elevated ; operculum multispiral as in typical Trochus. Type, 
E. scabriusculus Ad. 

Hysocuevus Pilsbry. Shell depressed, with very short spire and 
large body-whorl; outer lip not thick; columella simply concave, 
not in the least toothed or notched, somewhat reflexed above ; oper- 
culum unknown. Type, E. cancellatus Krauss. 

The sculpture in Euchelus consists of spiral ribs crossed by ele- 
vated striz, which bead them and cut the interliral furrows into 
pits, or frequently are nearly obsolete in the furrows. The spirals 
increase in number by the interpolation of tiny interstitial riblets, 
which increase in size until they become equal to the primary 
spirals. It follows that a species having equal ribs on the last part of 
the body-whorl, has alternately larger and smaller ones on the 
penultimate whorl, and usually equal ones again on the next 
earlier. Species like Euchelus principalis, with numerous equal 
riblets in the adult, have fewer wnequal ones when young. The 
imperforate forms are always (so far as I know) decidedly um- 
bilicate when young. The above remarks on the development of 
spirals apply to wnost forms of Trochids in which each interstitial 
furrow gives rise to a single secondary riblet; those forms which 
develop numerous spiral striz in each inter-liral space ( Clanculus 
plebeius, Chlorostoma maculostriatum, ete.), will always be found to 
be excessively variable in the number of more prominent spirals. 
There are other forms, as Calliostoma lima, in which there are three 
or four orders of spirals; for example, the 1st, 5th, and 9th lire 
may be largest and equal; the 3d and 7th smaller, 2d, 4th, 6th, 8th 
still smaller. These species, following a certain mathematical 
method, are somewhat constant. It only remains to note those like 
Perrinia elisa, P. maculata, ete., which have the same number of 
spirals on all the whorls, no interstitial riblets being developed. 
In these the number of spirals is very characteristic. 


Section EUCHELUS s. s. 


E. QUADRICARINATUS Chemnitz. Pl. 38, figs. 9-11. 

Shell globose-conic, imperforate, strong, solid, pinkish fawn-colored 
with numerous obliquely descending black stripes, often broken into 
dots. Spire short, conic; sutures impressed ; whorls 5, rounded, encir- 


EUCHELUS. 431 


cled by numerous unequal beaded spirals, of which two are more prom- 
inent on the upper, 3 or 4 on the body-whorl. Typically, these more 
prominent ones are elevated into spiral lamelle, but they are often 
not greatly larger than the others. There are generally about 12 
spirals on the penultimate whorl. Body-whorl globose, convex ; 
aperture rounded, outer and basal lips thick, finely crenulate. finely 
plicate inside; columella concave, its edge smooth, and bearing a 
small denticle near the base, excavated at the position of the closed 
umbilicus, and rugose. Alt. 23, diam. 23 mill. 

Indian Ocean. 


Trochus quadricarinatus CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. xi, p. 167, t. 
196, f. 1892, 1893 (1795)—Monodonta tricarinata Lam., An. s. 
Vert. vii, p. 36.—DELEssERT, Rec. de Coq, t. 36, f. 8—Trochus tri- 
carinatus Lam., Paty., Cunchyl. Cab., p. 171, t. 27, f. 8—FiscHEr, 
Coq. Viv., p. 287, t. 93, f. 1—Trochus oxytropis Purt., Zeitschr. f. 
Mal. 1848, t. 39, f. 1. 

The typical form is that represented in fig. 9. Figures 10 and 11 
represent less strongly characterized shells. The latter approach E. 
asper, and may be found to be connected by intermediate forms. 

Tr. oxytropis Phil. (pl. 37, figs. 14, 15), seems to be merely a young 
specimen of the typical form. Fully adult quadricarinatus seems to 
be always imperforate, but specimens with a small umbilicus may 
occur. (Vide Fischer, loc. cit.). Young shells have a large, deep 
umbilicus. 


E. ASPER Gmelin. PI. 38, figs. 13, 14. 


Shell imperforate in adult specimens, conoidal, thick, dull ashen, 
dotted with brown, rosy, and black ; whorls 53—6, convex, separated 
by profound sutures, the first eroded, the rest rough, ornamented 
with close, granulose, unequal cinguli, two on the upper, 3 or 4 on 
the last whorl more prominent; penultimate whorl with 12-15 lire ; 
last whorl globose rounded, descending, convex beneath ; aperture 
ovate-rounded, the margins nearly continuous, plicated finely all 
around, columella arcuate, base dentate. Alt. 26, diam. 24 mill. 

Indian Ocean. 


Trochus asper GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3583.—Putt., Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 172, t. 27, f. 11.—FiscHEr, Coq. Viv., p. 291, t. 94, f 1.— 
E. proximus A. Av., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 316. 

Probably the last is a form of this species. Typically, asper is 
more elevated with smaller, more numerous spirals. I have given 


432 EUCHELUS. 


Fischer’s diagnosis of the typical asper. A specimen before me 
marked E. proxima A. Ad. is evidently synonymous. . 


E. crrcutatus Anton. Pl. 37, fig. 16. 

Shell ovate-conoidal, umbilicate, reddish, granulate-cingulate, 
sculptured with 4 large elevated distant cinguli on the penultimate, 
‘9 on the last whorl; aperture semi-orbicular, silvery ; throat with 
elevated lines not attaining the edge of lip; columella denticulate 
at base. Separated from TY. atratus by the color and number ot 
cinguli; from pullutus by the same characters and the elevated lines 
in the throat. Each whorl is very convex, cylindrical; the upper- 
most spiral is distant from the simple suture ; all of them are strongly 
elevated, beautifully grained by elevated, oblique, fold-like in- 
cremental striz. In most of the interstices there are one or rarely 
two elevated, grained, lines. The color is pale reddish-brown, the 
lire articulated whitish and red-brown. The outer lip has fur- 
ruws inside, corresponding to the external lire, and numerous ele- 
vated riblets. Perhaps these riblets are the concomitant of old 
age, and all specimens lacking them are stillimmature. My material 
does not permit me to decide this question. 

Alt. 15, diam. 16 mall, Phil.) 

Habitat unknown. 


Tr. circulatus Anton, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 103.—PHiipr1, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 264, t. 39, f 4. 


E. rncisus (Mke.) Philippi. PI. 87, fig. 6. 

Shell globose-conoidal, narrowly umbilicate, rosy-whitish, sub- 
tessellately painted with purplish-brown spots; whorls cylindrical, 
separated by canalicuiate sutures, sculptured with strongly ele- 
vated, profoundly crenated cinguli, 4 larger ones on penult., 9 on 
last whorl; aperture semiovate, columella straight, with a denticle ;. 
lip crenate by the terminations of lire, smooth inside. 


On the penultimate whorl I count 4 strongly elevated very prettily 
grained lire of equal size. The first stands far from the suture, 
which is broadly channelled ; the two following inter-liral spaces are 
narrower than the lire, the two next following are wider and have 
a little grained riblet. The last whorl has 9 large and 5-6 smaller 
lire. The throat is scarcely sulcate inside, the outer lip thick, not 
denticulate, only furrowed to correspond with the external lire ; 
otherwise the mouth is just as in T. atratus. The coloration is 


EUCHELUS. 433 


very pretty, the spirals causing the large purple-brown spots to 
appear tessellated on a light reddish ground. 


Alt. 12, diam. 134 mill. (Phil.) 
Habitat unknown. 
Tr. incisus MENKE (in litt.) Parirepr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 175, t. 


Aion te LG: 


E. HorRIDUS Philippi Pleo, fe. 17. 


Shell globose-conoid, perforate, transversely carinate and granulose- 
suleate, reddish, maculated with brown and white; last whorl en- 
circled by 3 carinz, their interstices with one or two cinguli; lip 
thick, obtuse. 

The shell is globose-conoid, acute, with 5 very strongly convex 
whorls, the last as long as the spire; this has 5 prominent rounded 
or cord-like granose keels, above the first of them 5 granose line ; 
one or two similar grained threads stand between the first and 
second and the second and third keels, and below the latter there are 
about 8 cinguli. The aperture is egg-shaped, higher than broad, 
the outer lip simple, denticulate, silvery ; columella vertical, even, 
with aslight denticle. Umbilicus cylindrical but very small. Color 
reddish-gray, with white and black spots. Separated from 7. tri- 
cingulatus by the small size, umbilicus, convex whorls, and the 
smaller number of granose lire. Alt. 12, diam. 123 mill. ( Phil.) 

Pacific Ocean, 

Tr. horridus Phil., Conchyl. Cab., p. 172, t. 27, f. 12. 

E. puLLATus Anton. PI. 38, fig. 4. 


Shell globose-conie, soud, thick, imperforate when adult, umbili- 
cate in the young, whitish or yellowish, marked longitudinally with. 
narrow black stripes, or series of black spots on the spirals; whorls. 
about 53, convex, encircled by numerous spiral lire, clathrate with 
regular, elevated lamelle of growth, especially prominent between 
the lire; spiral lire 9 or 10 on the penultimate whorl, every alter- 
nate one slightly larger; on the last whorl there are about 16 to 18 
lire. The suture is very narrowly canaliculate. Aperture about 
half the length of shell, rounded, silvery inside, and sulcate ; lip 
thick, crenulated ; columella slightly curved, with a slight tooth at. 
base. Alt. 19, diam. 17 mill.; alt. 21, diam. 19 mill. 

Persian Gulf; Red Sea. 

Trochus pullatus Anton, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 123—PHIiprt,, 
Conchyl. Cab., p. 263, t. 39, f. 8—FiscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 407, t.. 
120) 4 2: 

28 


434 EUCHELUS. 


Allied to E. asper, but with fewer, larger cinguli. The coloration 
of black stripes or spots on a yellowish (or white) ground is char- 
acteristic. 


E. stELuio Fischer. Pl. 38, fig. 23. 


Narrowly, obliquely perforate, conoid, thick, chestnut colored, 
dotted with white, reddish and black; whorls 5, convex, separated 
by an impressed suture, the first smooth, following rough, spirally 
cingulate, the cinguli granose, unequal, 5 more prominent ones on the 
penultimate whorl, with smaller intermediate granose lire; last 
whorl rounded ; aperture ovate, lip plicate within ; columella arcuate, 
simple, edentulous. Alt. 16, diam. 16 mill. (Fischer.) 

Habitat unknown. 


Trochus stellio Fiscuer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 63; Coq. 
Viv., p. 290, t..93, £3. 


This does not seem to be a wholly adult shell. The description 
and figure recall to me immature specimens of E. pullatus. 


FE. PRINCIPALIS Pilsbry. PI. 67, fig. 83. 

Shell large, globose-conic, very thick and solid, imperforate, uni- 
form ashen; spire short, acute, each whorl] with a delicate carina im- 
mediately above the narrowly channelled suture; whorls 5 to 6, 
convex, covered with minutely granose, spiral riblets, slightly un- 
equal in size, but none of them prominent, the interstices seen under 
a glass to be densely lamellose-striate ; penultimate whorl with about 
18-20 spirals. Last whorl large, globose, rounded, descending to- 
ward the aperture, base convex; aperture rounded, quite oblique, 
silvery within; outer lip very thick, finely crenulated, columella 
curved, ending in a small tooth; columellar lip continued across the 
parietal wal] in a thin wrinkled layer, the peristome in adult shells 
crenulate or wrinkled all around. 

Alt. 27, diam. 24 mill.; alt. 25, diam. 22 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 


This is the largest form of Huchelus I have seen. The sculpture 
consists of fine, beaded riblets, slightly unequal in size, much smaller 
than in E. atratus or E. asper. The whole shell is more regular 
in outline and smoother than the latter species. Two specimens of 
unknown origin are before me. I cannot tell whether this has been 
described by A. Adams or not. His descriptions are wholly in- 
sufficient for identification. 


EUCHELUS. 435 


E. paccatus Menke. PI. 62, figs. 72, 73. 

Shell globose-conic, imperforate, solid, pinkish, with sparsely 
scattered reddish or blackish dots. Spire elevated, conical, con- 
stricted by deep, canaliculate sutures; whorls 5, convex, encircled 
by closely beaded equa/ spirals, the interstices lamellose-striate ; spirals 
(typically) 9 on the penultimate whorl, 17 on the last, including 
base. Body-whorl rounded ; aperture rounded, lip thick, crenulate 
inside, columella concave, terminating in a minute tooth, and 
bounded by a longitudinal groove. 

Alt. 11, diam. 93 mill.; alt. 13 diam. 13 mill. 

S. Australia; Singapore; Solomon Is. 


Monodonta baccata Mxr., Moll. Noy. Holl., p. 14.—Tr. baceatus 
Mke., Pui., Conchyl. Cab., p. 173, t. 27, f. 18—FiscHer, Coq. 
Viv., p. 292, t. 94, f. 2; t. 115, f. 1.— Trochus aspersus Kocu, Zeitschr. 
f. Mal. 1846, p. 105. 


There is considerable variation in degree of elongation, some shells 
being high, subscalariform. These have received the varietal name 
of solutus Fischer (pl. 38, fig. 17). The number of lire on the 
penultimate whorl, their equality in size, and the coloration, are the 
more salient specific characters. 


E. BELLUS Hutton. PI. 67, figs. 80. 

Shell small, globose-conic, solid, thick (blackish or) pink varied 
with darker; imperforate when adult, with a groove at the place of 
the umbilicus. Spire short, conic ; apical whorl smooth, the follow- 
ing whorl with three granose lire, the next with 3 or 4; the penulti- 
mate has 7 or 8 equal, grained lire, the interstices narrow ; last whorl 
with ten such lire. Whorls 5, convex, the last globose, descending 
at the aperture. Aperture rounded, nacre with steel-blue and dark 
red reflections, lirate inside; columella concave, terminating in a 
tooth, below which there is a narrow notch, and another tubercle 
or tooth on the basal lip equal in size to the columellar denticle. 

Alt. 63, diam. 63 mill. 

New Zealand; Chatham Is.; Tasmania. 


E. bellus Hurron, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p. 37, 1878; Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N.S. Wales ix, p. 357, 1884; Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, t. 14, f. 1 
(operculum and dentition).—Huttonia tricolor Kirk, Trans. N. Z. 
Inst. xiv, p. 282, 1882. 


A globose little shell, evenly grained all over. 


436 EUCHELUS. 


Var. rrkicoLor Kirk. Granules coarser ; dirty chocolate, interior 
bluish-green. 


E. HAMILTONI Kirk, Unfigured. 

Shell perforate ; spiral granular ribs very fine ; color white or faint 
pinkish-white, with points of darker color forming diagonal lines 
across the whorls; apex white; inside white. (Wirk.) 

Wellington, New Zealand. 


Huttonia hamiltoni T. W. Kirk, Trans. N. Z. Institute xiv, p. 
283, 1882.— Euchelus hamiltoni Kirk, Hurron, Proce. Linn. Soe. N. 
S. Wales ix, p. 358, 1884. 


May prove the same as the following. 


E. rasmMaAntcus Tenison-Woods. Unfigured. 

Shell small, depressedly turbinate, fleshy white, spotted with red 
points which are sometimes disposed in oblique lines; whorls 4, 
slopingly rounded, thickly gemmed with granulous lire, the inter- 
stices plaited lengthwise, with a channelled impression at the sutures ; 
aperture obliquely ovate, subcircular, outer lip lirate within, inner 
lip bisuleate and obliquely sulcate behind the columella. This some- 
what gibbous Huchelus appears to have traces of nacreous iridescence 
internally. It is very distinct in size (being the smallest of our 
species) from E. baccatus Mke., though somewhat near shape and 
color. Rather scarce. Diam. maj. 6, min. 5 mill. (Tenison- Woods.) 

Long Bay, Bruni Island, and S. Coast, Tasmania. 

E. tasmanicus TEN.-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875, p. 152 

(1876). 


Known to me only by the above description. 


E. FOVEOLATUS A. Adams. 


Shell small, globose-conic, solid, white, very minutely perforated ; 
spire short ; whorls about 4, convex, encircled by strong spiral ribs, 
the interstices between them deeply, coarsely pitted by the prominence 
of strong, regular, longitudinal lamellee, continuous over the spirals. 
The penultimate and next earlier whorls have 3 spirals (the sub- 
sutural one sometimes subobsolete), the outer lip inserted upon the 
fourth ; on the last whorl near the aperture there are 7, but some- 
times more, by reason of the interpolation of one or two interstitial 
riblets on the upper surface; two or three submedian ribs are gen- 
erally more prominent. Sutures canaliculate. Aperture rounded, 


EUCHELUS. 437 


columella slightly concave, rather wide, flat, not toothed at base. 
Umbilical perforation minute. Alt. 6, diam. 53 to 6 mill. 
Lord Hood’s Id.; Paumotus ; Viti Is.; Philippines. 
Monodonta foveolata Av., P. ZS. 1851, p. 176.—Euchelus angu- 
latus Psr. Amer. Journ. Conch. iii, p. 283, t. 23, f. 27 (1867). 
A very distinct little shell, with coarsely latticed sculpture. Part 
of the specimens before me are imperforate. 


Var. ANGULATUS Pease. PI. 38, fig. 1. 


More elongated and conical ; last whorl biangulate by the prom- 
inence of two median lire, the lire above these small or subobsolete. 

Alt. 5, diam. 43 mill. 
Id. Annaa. 


This variety is imperforate when adult. 

E. paupERcuLus Lischke. PI. 63, figs. 20, 21. 

Shell small, conical, solid, thick, imperforate, white, spotted on the 
ribs with blackish-brown ; spire conical ; sutures slightly channelled ; 
whorls 5, convex, encircled by strong spiral ribs, the interstices 
clathrate, pitted by longitudinal lamelle. Spiral ribs 3 to 5 on the 
penultimate, 8 or 9 on the last whorl; aperture rounded, thickened 
and crenulate inside; columella straight, broad, not toothed. 

Alt. 54, diam. 5 mill. 

Japan. 

Trochus pauperculus LiscHKe, Mal. Blatter xix, p. 105 (June, 
1872); Jap. Meeres-Conchy]l., 3d pt., p. 69, t. 4, f. 9-11. 

Similar in form, size and sculpture to E. foveolatus, but variegated 
with blackish, imperforate, with straighter columellar edge. 


E. sCROBICULATUS Souverbie. PI. 38, figs. 2, 3. 


Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, subventricose, apex rather obtuse, 
dull white, ornamented with strong spiral subnodose ribs, decussated 
by elevated rib-strize cutting the interstices into square pits, of 
which there are 3 or 4 series on the third whorl, 4 on the penulti- 
mate, and 7 on the last; whorls 5, rounded, separated by a deep, 
subeanaliculate suture ; aperture rounded, oblique, sub-pearly, lip 
duplicate, edge acute, crenulated, suleate inside, columella vertical, 
simple. Alt. 64, diam. 54 mill. (Sowverbie.) 

_ Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago. 

Trochus scrobiculatus Souv., Journ. de Conchyl. 1866, p. 140, t. 
11, f. 9.—SouveErBIrE in FiscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 248, t. 84, f. 2. 


438 EUCHELUS. 


Evidently closely allied to E. foveolatus and E. pauperculus, 
perhaps only a variety of the former. 


E. smirut Dunker. PI. 38, figs. 5, 6, 7. 


Shell umbilicate, globose-conic, whorls 6 or 7, encircled by 
numerous unequal, grained, partly pearly riblets; base convex, 
sculptured with smoother riblets, their interstices cancellated ; 
umbilicus deeply channelled ; aperture rounded-quadrate ; columella 
deeply sinuous, callous, terminating in an acute denticle; lip suleate 
within , subcinereus or ashen-reddish, with tcattered obscure spots on 
upper whorls; lip thickened in adults, silvery-pearly. 


Alt..15, diam. 20 mill. (Dkr.) 
Wakayama, Japan. 
Euchelus smithi Dxr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 259, t. 6, f. 16-19, 
1882. . 
Seems quite different in form from other Euchelus. 


FE. pronni Dunker. PI. 57, fig. 16. 


Shell globose-conoid, perforate, brownish and white variegated ; 
whorls 6, convex, the last subangulate toward the base; base plano- 
convex ; umbilicus narrow, crenated ; aperture subrotund ; lip costate 
within; columella oblique, terminating in a thick tooth. 

Alt. 6, diam. 8 mill. (Dkr.) 

Japan. 

Monodonta ( Euchelus) bronni Dxr., Mal. Bl. vi, p. 229; Moll. Jap. 
p: 22,'t. 3, £8; 

FE. SEYCHELLARUM Nevill. PI. 57, fig. 13. 

Shell small, depressed-conical, subglobulose, white, rather solid ; 
whorls 4, a little convex, joined by impressed suture, ornamented by 
spiral closely, minutely granulose riblets; last whorl rounded at the 
periphery ; base convex, spirally granulate-ribbed, narrowly umbili- 
cate; aperture subrotund; lip regularly arched, its edge rather 
obtuse, suleate inside; columella straight, obliquely sloping, with a 
small tooth below. Alt. 23, diam. 3 mill. (Vevidl.) 

Id. of Mahé, Seychelles. 

Euchelus seychellarum G,. and H. Neviiu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 
xxxviii, pt. I, p. 157, 1869. 


FE. scaBer Fischer. PI. 38, fig. 8; pl. 57, fig. 23. 


Shell globose-conoid, solid, umbilicate, whitish, with large macula- 
tions of reddish and darker dots of the same on the lire; spire short, 


EUCHELUS. 439 


conic, apex subacute, first whorl smooth, remaining whorls con- 
spicuously lirate; penultimate and whorls of the spire with 3 prom- 
inent spiral ribs, the first bounding the broadly canaliculate suture, 
followed by 2 minute spirals, the second and third separated by 
a space which has a central riblet ; on the last whorl there is another 
prominent spiral rib just below the periphery; the base has about 8 
alternately larger and smaller spirals ; the entire surface is covered 
with close, sharp, elevated vertical strize crenulating the ribs and 
interstices. Last whorl rounded; aperture large, quite oblique, ex- 
panded, finely sulcate within ; columella subvertical, decidedly reced- 
ing, nearly straight, a trifle reflexed above, and bearing a small 
denticle near the base, below which it is obscurely crenulated. 

Alt. 16, diam. 16 mill. 

Singapore ! (Archer); Indian Ocean. 

Trochus scaber Chemnitz, Fiscuer, Coq. Viv., p. 288, t. 93, f. 2— 
(? Trochus scaber Cuemntrz Conchylien Cab. v, p. 107, t. 171, f. 
1667 ; 1781).—Tr. seaber Linn.? Putirepr Conchyl. Cab., p. 262, t. 
39, f. 2.—( ? T. seaber Linn Syst. Nat. x, p. 758.) 


As a temporary expedient I have taken Fischer’s name for this 
shell, giving himself instead of Chemnitz as authority. I do this 
because it seems to me scarcely possible that it is the form named by 
Chemnitz. I believe Philippi’s “ ? 7. scaber L.” to be the same, but 
am not at all sure it is the 7. seaber of Linné. I would suggest that 
Chemnitz’s and Linné’s names be allowed to lapse as wholly uni- 
dentifiable ; Philippi’s scaber is somewhat doubtful; but as Fischer 
has given an unmistakable portraiture of a distinct, well-marked 
species, I am willing to consider his decision final. However this 
question may be settled, I have before me specimens of the shell 
agreeing with those so well figured and described in Fischer's 
magnificent monograph. It is quite a different thing from E. 
quadricarinatus Chem., belonging perhaps rather near to the group 
of fossulatus, cancellatus, ete., species of much the same general 
aspect. 


E. arratus Gmelin. Pl. 38, fig. 22. Vol. X, pl. 41, figs. 25, 26. 
Shell umbilicate, globose-conic, solid; color black, brown, or 
egrayish-pink, either unicolored or tessellated with dark spots; spire 
short, conic; sutures deeply canaliculate; whorls 5-6, convex, 
encircled by numerous equal, densely, finely beaded spiral ribs, 
with deep interstices, in each of which an interstitial riblet arises on 


440) EUCHELUS. 


the last part of the body-whorl; spiral ribs on the penultimate 
whorl 7 to 9; on the last whorl 12, exclusive of the interstitial 
riblets; last whorl rounded, convex, quite abruptly and decidedly 
descending at the aperture; aperture rounded, strongly, finely sul- 
cate inside; columella straight, with a small projecting tooth at 
base ; umbilicus deep, bounded by a strong white rib, about 1 mill. 
diam. 

Alt. 18, diam. 12 mill. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill. Alt. 23, diam. 
20 mill. 

Viti Is.; Nicobar Is.; Vanikora; Fiji Is.; Moluccas; Sorong ; 
Singapore ; Philippines. 

Turbo atratus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3601.— Trochus atratus 
Gm., Puru., Conchyl. Cab., p. 174, t. 27, f. 14—FiscHer, Coq. 
Viv., p. 293, t. 94, f. 8—Monodonta canaliculata Lam., An. s. Vert. 
vii, p. 37 —DELEssERT, Rec. de Coq., t. 37, f. 1—Tr. canaliculatus 
Q. et. G. Voy. del’ Astrol., iii, p. 261, t. 64, f. 21-25.—Euchelus 
canaliculatus Lam., CHENvu, Manuel, f. 2656.—Euchelus denigratus 
Chem., H. & A. Ap., Genera, t. 47, f. 6. 

The above description and first measurements correspond with 
the majority of shells before me. Larger specimens (16-23 mill. 
alt.) are paler, and have a small riblet developed in each inter- 
stice, thus about doubling the number of spirals. 


FE. rnuBrA A. Adams. PI. 67, fig. 79. 


Shell conical, umbilicate, solid, bright rose color, spire elevated, 
acute ; whorls 5-6, convex, rounded, encircled by alternately larger 
and smaller closely beaded riblets, numbering 9 on the penultimate, 
4 on the next earlier whorl, about 14 on the last whorl, of equal size 
on its latter portion. Sutures narrowly canaliculate ; body-whorl 
rounded ; aperture rounded, finely sulcate inside ; columella straight, 
toothed at base, with a narrow square notch between the tooth and 
the tubercles of the basal lip. Alt. 8, diam. 7 mill. 

China. 

Monodonta rubra A. Avams, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 176. 


A lovely little thing, deep rose or carmine in, color, more conical 
than E. atratus, with a tubercle below the columellar tooth, and a 
rather deep square notch between them. Umbilicus as in atratus. 


E. rnstrictus Gould. PI. 67, figs. 62, 63. 
Shell small, elevated, ovate-conic, solid, white, with a series of 
about 10 rufous spots near the suture, whorls 5, forming a conical 


EUCHELUS. 441 


spire, ventricose, with delicate, highly elevated spiral rib-striv, of 
which there are about 5 on the upper and 10 on the last whorl. 
The surface of the ribs is slightly tuberculous, and the last one over- 
hangs the succeeding whorl so as to form a broad deep channel 
the suture. The interspaces have about the same width as the ribs, 
and are beautifully barred with close-set lamin; base convex, with 
a small deep scalariform umbilicus, sculptured like the spire. 
Aperture obliquely semicircular; lip crenulated by the ribs, con- 
spicuously sulcate within; columella sharp, oblique, armed with a 
fully-developed sharp tooth at base, succeeded by a deep basal 
notch. (Gld.) Alt. 9, diam. 7 mill. 

Viti Is.! New Caledonia! Japan ? 


Tr. (Monodonta) instrictus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. 
167, 1849; U.S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 190, f. 225.—Euchelus 
instrictus GLD., Otia Conch., p. 245.— Turcica instricta Gup., A. AD., 
Ann. and Mag. N. H. xiii, (8d. ser.) p. 148, 1864.—Monodonta 
bourcierei Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl., 1863, p. 178, t. 4, f. 6—Tr. 
bourcieret Crosse, FIscHer, Coq. Viv., p. 249, t. 84, f. 3 

This little shell is conical, like FE. rubra, whitish o a series of 
brown spots below the suture, often continued as stripes to the 
periphery. Tr. bourcierei Crosse (pl. 37, figs. 18, 19) is a synonym. 
Specimens of it from New Caledonia are before me. Of the typical 
form I have shells from the Viti Islands. 


E. persicus Von Martens. PI. 39, figs. 31, 32. 

Shell globose-conoidal, perforate, granulate-cingulate, cinguli un- 
equal, with a few blackish spots, 8 conspicuous cinguli on penult., 
about 20 on last whorl; interstices narrow, pitted; suture pro- 
found; aperture ovate-circular, throat suleate, corresponding to 
the external sculpture, margin bright silvery, denticulated by the 
terminating cinguli; columella arcuate, white, terminating in a more 
or less obsolete denticle; umbilical fossa between the columellar 

margin and the lowest cingulus shining, white. 

Alt. 17, diam. maj. 16, min. 14 mill.; aperture, long. 113, lat. 83 
mill. (Mart.) 


Nearest allied to E. atratus Gmel., pullatus Ant., and baccatus 
Mke. Distinguished from the first by the reduced or absent colu- 
mellar tooth and lighter color; from the last two by the numerous 
spirals and narrow pitted interstices. The count of spirals is not 
very constant, because there are frequently, especially on the last 


4492 EUCHELUS. 


whorl, intermediate smaller ones developed. The long groove 
between the columellar edge and the lowest spiral reminds one some- 
what of Lacuna; it is not so deep as in atratus, and is porcelain- 
white, not silvery as that of atratus largely is. (Mart.) 


EK. Gemmatus Gould. PI. 11, figs. 54, 55. 


Shell small, globose conic, solid, thick, pinkish, or ashen-pink, 
irregularly dotted or longitudinally striped with dull red; spire 
short, acutely conic ; sutures narrowly canaliculate; whorls 5, convex, 
encircled by numerous closely finely granose riblets, usually 12-14 
in number on the body-whorl, the interstices with oblique raised strize 
or not visibly sculptured. Body-whorl rounded, globose; mouth 
rounded, outer lip thick, lirate inside; columella short, straightened, 
obtusely subtuberculate in the middle, ending in a projecting tooth, 
between which and the basal margin there is a deep narrow notch ; 
umbilicus narrow. 

Alt. 6, diam. 54 mill. 

Sandwich and Viti Is.; Upolu. 


Trochus (Monodonta) gemmatus GouLp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hist. ii, p. 27, 1845.— Tr. gemmatus Gld., Fiscoer, Coq. Viv., p. 
DAN Mb. O2, of. cos 


The above description was drawn from a Sandwich Id. specimen. 
The ground-color varies from nearly white to ashen-pink. On the 
darker forms the dots are obscure, and they appear unicolored, of a 
dingy pinkish hue. There seems to be great variation in the number 
and development of the spiral grained riblets. The ribs sometimes 
alternate in size on the median part of the last whorl, three being 
slightly larger. Most of the specimens I have seen are decidedly 
smaller than the measurements given above, averaging alt. 43-5, 
diam. 4 mill. 


E. tacteus Philippi. PI. 57, figs. 37, 38. 

Shell small, subglobose, umbilicate, milk white; whorls convex, 
the upper ones showing 3 series of nodules, the last 9-10 series ; sut- 
ure profound; umbilicus margin entire; columella scarcely solute 
above, with a denticle at base. (Phil.) Alt. 23, diam. 5 mill. 

; Friendly Islands. 

Monodonta lactea Puiu., Archiv. f. Naturg. 1845, 1, p. 66.— 
Trochus lacteus Puti., Conchylien Cab., p. 83, t. 14, f 16. 


Said by Philippi to be full grown, but probably not so. 


EUCHELUS. 443 


E. riscHert Montrouzier. PI. 38, figs: 18, 19. 


Shell small, umbilicated, globose-conoid, white, sparsely spotted 
with chestnut ; whorls 5, subeonvex, ornamented with subcontiguous, 
granose, spiral ribs; two supra-sutural ribs small and almost con- 
cealed by the following one, which is the strongest of all. The ribs 
are alternately elevated ; last whorl rounded, equaling } the length ; 
base perforated ; aperture oblique, rounded, inside pearly, shining ; 
lip thickened, acute at edge, crenulate, thickened inside, deeply 
suleate ; columella with 2 little tubercles, the upper small, the other 
terminal, strong, transversely entering. 

Alt. 4,diam. 4 mill. (Souverbie.) 

Id. of Art, New Caledonia. 


Monodonta fischeri Monrouzter, Journ. de Conchyl. 1866, p. 
142, t. 6, f. 7—Tr. fischeri Montr., SouvERBIE in FIscHER, Coq. 
Viv., p. 246, t. 84, f. 1. 


KE. GuTTaRosEA Dall. PI. 51, fig. 21. 


Shell small, white, the upper surface of the whorls with very 
small distinct rose-red dots sparsely distributed on the raised nodules 
of the sculpture, or all white; five or more inflated strongly sculpt- 
ured whorls, and a smooth nucleus. Spiral sculpture of, on the 
upper surface of the last whorl, two small and two strong spiral 
alternated ribs, one of the smaller just below the suture; a large 
spiral on the periphery and four on the base; crossed by numerous 
obliquely radiating threads, which make the early whorls coarsely 
reticulate with nodules at the intersections, while in the later whorls 
the radiations become less marked and the spirals more numerous 
and more conspicuously nodulous. | Whorls rounded, apex a little 
blunt, suture distinct, not channelled, base rounded, umbilicus none ; 
pillar nearly straight, with a strong tooth near its base, aperture 
rounded, oblique, a little descending above, with six or eight stout 
liree ending in tooth-like nodules, body with a moderate layer of 
nacreous callus. Alt. 5°0, diam. 4°5 mill. (Dal/.) 

Off Havana, in 119-450 fms.; West Indies generally. 


Euchelus guttarosea DAL, Blake Report Gasterop., p. 382, t. 39, 
ca 


Section Hysocue us Pilsbry. 


Species of this Section have a great resemblance to certain forms 
of Stomatella. I believe them nevertheless to belong to Euchelus. 


444 EUCHELUS. 
E. CANCELLATUS Krauss. Pl. 57, figs. 1, 2, 3. 

Shell depressed, umbilicate, helicoid or almost stomatia-shaped, 
the last whorl and aperture very large, reddish-brown, marked with 
white on the spiral ribs; spire very short, small; whorls nearly 4, 
convex, the inner 13 smooth, the rest with strong, separated spiral 
liree, the interstices wider than the lirse, rendered pitted by raised, 
regular rib-strize each interliral interval with a central spiral thread. 
There are 3 principal liree on the penultimate whorl, the outer lip 
inserted on the fourth; on the base there are 8 concentric lire, 
alternately larger and smaller, the inner one bounding the umbilicus 
and spirally entering it. Aperture large, oblique, finely sulcate, 
pearly and iridescent inside ; lip thin ; columella arcuate, not toothed, 
a trifle reflexed above, connected with the upper lip by a short, 
shining, white callus. Umbilicus narrow, funnel-shaped. 

Alt. 10, diam. 13 mill. 

Cape of Good Hope. 


Stomatella ? eancellata KRAuss, Die Siidaf. Moll., p. 93, t. 5, f. 26, 
1848. 


The edentulous aperture, large body-whorl, small, low spire and 
latticed sculpture separate this from all species except those im- 
mediately following. The shell is very aberrant for an Euchelus. 
Ki. FossuLatus Souverbie. PI. 38, figs. 15, 16. 

Shell umbilicate, heliciform, whitish, spotted with pale reddish ; 
whorls 5, convex, separated by canaliculate sutures, all over regularly 
clathrate, penultimate whorl with 4 spiral cinguli, a minute riblet 
interposed in each interval; the pits between the longitudinal and 
spiral riblets oblong, quadrilateral ; last whorl convex beneath, with 
close radiating lamelle; aperture ovate, sulcate inside; lip thin, 
plicate ; columella arcuate, edentulous, a little reflexed above; um- 
bilical tract white, striate ; umbilicus profound. 

Alt. 123 diam. 15 mill.; alt. 9, diam. 10 mill. (Fischer.) 

Andaman Is. (Nevill) ; New Caledonian Archipelago (Montr.). 

Tr. (Euchelus fossulatus Souv., Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 39, t. 
4, f. 5—FiscHer, ibid., p. 50; Coq. Viv., p. 391, t. 117, fi 2. 

Very similar to FE. cancellatus Krauss, but with slightly more 
prominent spire. 

K. mysticus Pilsbry. PI: 57, fig. 7. 

Shell globose-depressed, yellowish-white, with purple-brown dots 

on the spiral ribs, spire very short, conic ; imperforate ; whorls 43 or 


EUCHELUS. 445 


5, very rapidly increasing, the nuclear one smooth, the remainder 
clathrate with strong spiral ribs crossed by elevated, close, vertical 
striz, which crenulate the ribs and cut the interstices into pits. 
There are 3 stronger spirals on the penultimate whorl, with a riblet 
in each interval; on the earlier whorls there are only 3 spirals; the 
last whorl at its termination has about 27 spirals; the base has about 
8, alternating in size; there is a strong spiral bordering the closed 
umbilicus; aperture large, expanded, slightly suleate inside, quite 
oblique ; columella simple, concave flattened, and above reflexed, 
connected with the upper margin of peristome by a short shining 
parietal callus. Alt. 8, diam. 9 mill. 
Singapore (Archer). 
“E. edentulus Recl.” in Phil. Acad. Coll., not E. edentulus A. 
Adams, P. Z. 8. 1851. 


A form allied to E. fosswlatus and cancellatus, but with closed 
umbilicus, reflexed columellar edge, and differing in some details of 
sculpture. I cannot learn that Recluz ever described this shell, but 
the specimens before me bear his name. 

E. DELPRETEI Caramagna. PI. 51, figs. 8, 9. 

Shell conic-depressed, umbilicate, rather thick, whitish, sub- 
vitreous ; apex obtuse ; first 3 whorls planate above, elegantly orna- 
mented with elevated spiral ribs and longitudinal striz; first whorl 
nearly smooth; the last double as long as the spire, tumid, dilated, 
ornamented with 3 elevated cinguli on the lower part, 2 less ele- 
vated ones above; base with 6 granulose, minutely striated, con- 
centric cinguli; lip thin, denticulated by the external sulci; colu- 
mella smooth, straight, excavated at base, scarcely forming a denticle; 
aperture white, oblique, sulcate within. 

Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. (Caramag.) 


Assab, West Shore of the Red Sea. 


E. Del Pretei CARAMAGNA, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ifal. xiii, p. 131, t. 8, 
fO1888. -) = 


Section HERPEToPoMA Pilsbry. 
E. scABRiuscuLus Adams and Angas. PI. 38, fig. 12. 


Shell small, very minutely perforate, thick, conoidal, ashen- 
reddish ; whorls 5, separated by canaliculate sutures, convex, the 
embryonic ones smooth, the rest roughened, spirally cingulate, 
cinguli 4 on the penultimate whorl, unequal, the upper two smaller, 


446 EUCHELUS. 


the third forming a carina; sometimes with a delicate riblet between 
the 8d and 4th lire; last whorl subrotund, with unequal, alternating 
cinguli; base convex, with 5-6 concentric beaded cinguli ; interstices 
clathrate; aperture subovate, suleate inside; lip thick, duplicate ; 
basal margin plicate-dentate, and deeply notched ; columellar callous 
a little reflexed above, passing into the right margin. 
Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. (Fischer.) 
Port Jackson ; New South Wales, Australia. 


Euchelus scabriusculus A. Ap. and Anc., (MS. in Coll. Cum.) P. 
Z. S. 1867, p. 215 (no description).— Trochus scabriusculus Adams, 
FiscHER, Coq. Viv., p. 374, t. 114, f. 2. 

Opereulum multispiral, as in most genera of Trochidz not few- 
whorled as is the case with Huchelus. 


Subgenus Tat orsis G. and H. Nevill. 


Tallorbis Neviuu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal xxxviil, p. 159, pt. 
i, 1869. 

I am in doubt about the systematic position of this group. Nevills 
compare it to Thalotia. Fischer considers it a section under 
Euchelus. The original description is as follows: Shell suborbicu- 
late, subconic; columella solid, anteriorly applanate, transversely 
plicate and abruptly terminated. 


KE. RosEouA Nevill. Pl. 57, fig. 15. 

Shell depressed-conical ; whorls 5, rapidly widening, separated by 
profound sutures, spirally distantly costulate, costule 5 on penulti- 
mate whorl, separated, elegantly ornamented with numerous rosy 
tubercles, the interstices wide, divided by a central spiral thread, 
transversely cancellated ; base convex, similarly ornamented ; aper- 
ture ample, subrotund, pearly, smooth inside in adult specimens, in 
young ones suleate ; lip scarcely thickened, crenulate at the margin ; 
labium thin ; columella thickened anteriorly, subreflexed, with three 
twisted plice. Alt. 113, diam. 11 mill. (Nevi//.) 

Southern Province of Ceylon. 

Tallorbis roseola G. and H. Nrvriu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 
REXVIM; pti, p- 160) it. 17) 4. 5; 186n: 


The following species of A. Adams’ may be regarded as unidentifi- 
able and practically non-existant. 

MonoponTa SULCIFERA A. Adams. Testa globoso-conica, um- 
bilicata, fusca, cingulis granorum distantium moniliformibus, inter- 


EUCHELUS. 447 


stitiis profounde sulcatis, sulcis subleevis, longitudinaliter  striatis 
ornata; columella ad basin trisulcata, dente parvo acuto instructa ; 
labro tenui, intus suleato. (Ad. in P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 175.) 

Roebuck Bay, N. Australia. 


MonopontTa CLATHRATA A. Adams. ‘Testa ovato-conoidea alba, 
imperforata, cingulis subgranosis distantibus ornata, in anfr. ult. 7, 
interstitiis costulis longitudinalibus elenganter clathratis; columella 
tuberculo parvo terminata; labro intus sulcato. 

Gide in Pow. Solsol ps 170:) 

Guidulman, Id. of Bohol, 60 fms. 


MonoponrTa TRICINGULATA A. Adams. Testa globoso-conoidea, 
wumbilicata, rubente, albo et fusco variegata, cingulis parvulis 
granorum ornata; sutura canaliculata anfr. convexis, carinis tribus 
transversis prominentibus cinctis ; umbilico profundo ; columella ad 
basin tuberculo parvo terminata; labro expanso, tenui, intus lzevi. 


GCids PP. ZS. 1851; p. 179.) 


Malacca ; Singapore, 6 fms. 


Monoponta pHrtuipprnA A. Adams. ‘Testa globoso-conica, 
proforata, fusca nigro punctata; cingulis granulatis inzequalibus 
ornata ; interstitiis clathratulis ; umbilico parvo ; columella tuberculo 
parvo terminata; labro intus sulcato. (dAd., P. Z. 5S. 1851, p. 176.) 

Puerte Galero, Mindoro, 9 fms.; Bolinao, Luzon, 10 fms. 


MonoponTA EDENTULA A. Adams. Testa ovato-conoidea, umbili- 
cata, fusca, costellis transversis imbricatis, interstitiis clathratis 
sculpta; anfr. valde rotundatis, umbilico infundibuliformi; colu- 
mella subrecta, basi tuberculo terminata; labro margine crenulato. 

(Ad. PA 7:8:.1851, p. 176.) 

Catbalonga, Id. of Samar, 6 fms. 


Monoponta sTRANGEI A. Adams. ‘Testa conoidea, perforata, 
fusea, cingulis granorum zequalibus confertis ornata; anfr. parum 
convexis, ultimo subangulato; columella curvata, dente obtuso 
terminata; labro intus sulcato, tuberculo prope basin columelle. 

(Ad@E2 278: 180i, p17.) 


Sydney, under stones. 


MonopontTA PUNCTIGERA A. Adams. Testa globoso-conoidea 
umbilicate, alba fusco punctata, cingulis granulosis inzequalibus rufo- 


448 EUCHELUS—DANILIA. 


punctatis ornata; sutura canaliculata; anfractibus rotundatis; um- 
bilico aperto, infundibuliformi ; columella recta, brevi, basi bituber- 
culata, dente parvo acuto terminata; labro expanso, intus sulcato. 
(Ad POA SA1s5 le pci) 
Singapore, 6 fms. 


MoNnoponTA EXASPERATA A. Adams. Testa globoso-conoidea, 
umbilicate. subdepressa, albida, nigro-variegata, cingulis spino-gran- 
ulatis exasperata; columella sinuata, dente promenenti terminata ; 
labro incrassato, duplicato, intus valde lirato. 

CA PAZ. S301, pelci.) 

Sibonga, Id. of Zebu, at low water; Id. of Siquijor, under stones. 


EucHetus 1npicus A. Adams. Testa globoso-conica, imperfor- 
ata, grisea, cingulis transversis insequalibus, confertis, moniliformi 
ornata; anfr. rotundis ; columella ad basin tuberculo acuto instructa ; 
labro expanso, intus valde lirato. 

This is a solid, imperforate gray-colored species, of the same dimen- 
sions and style of sculpture as EF. denigratus Chemn., but quite 
distinct specifically. (Adams. in P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 316.) 

Bombay. 


EucHELUS MACULosus Pease. Shell small, umbilicate, some- 
what conically-globose, rather thin, shining, concentrically irregu- 
larly ribbed, longitudinally very finely striated. Color white ; 
transverse ribs spotted somewhat remotely with red. 

Breadth 2, height 13 mill. (W. H. Pease, P. Z.S. 1862, p. 43.) 

Pacific Is. 


Trocuus (EuCHELE) ALARASTRUM Reeve. Testa subdepresso- 
conoidea, anguste umbilicate; spira exserta; sutura peculiariter, 
profunde excavata; anfr. deinde concavis, et fortiter tricarinatis, 
earinis subirregulariter undatis et exquisite serratis ; calcareo-alba, 
carinis punctis nigris subdistantibus peculiariter notatis. long. 3, 
lat. $ poll. Of this very striking species there is a second specimen 
in the collection of Mr. Cuming, It is of a pure chalk-white sub- 
stance, strongly spirally grooved and keeled throughout, the keels 
being sparsely dotted with black. (Reeve, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 209.) 

Id. of Diego Garcia, near Mauritius. 


Subgenus Daniiia Brusina. 


Olivia CAN'TRAINE, Bull. de l’Acad. Roy. des Sci. et Belles-Lettres 
de Bruxelles ii, p. 387, 1835, Type, O. otaviana Cantr. (not Olivia 


DANILIA. A449 


Bertholoni, 1810, a genus of Sponges).—Craspedotus Priiiprt, 
Zeitschr. f. Malac. 1847, p. 28, Type, C. limbatus Phil. (not Craspe- 
dotus Schoenbeer, Gen. e Spec. Cure., suppl. 1844, a genus of Rhyncho- 
phora).—Danilia Brustna, Conch. Dalm. ined., p. 25, 1865. 


D. river Caleara. PI. 37, figs. 20-22. 

Shell imperforate, conoidal with rounded body-whorl and _ base, 
solid, light brown; spire elevated, whorls 6-7, convex, separated by 
deep sutures, the first planorboid, smooth, the next lightly rib-striate, 
the remainder clathrate, encircled by strong spiral lire, crossed by 
3 or 4 spirals 
on the penultimate, 9 on the last whorl; body-whorl rounded, with 
a strong, prominent varix behind the outer lip; aperture rounded, 
thickened within and a little expanded, a trifle iridescent ; columella 
short, vertical with a fold above at the insertion and a strong fold- 
like tooth below, separated from the plicate basal lip by a deep, 
narrow, notch. Alt. 9-10, diam. 63-7 mill. 


elevated, lamellar, regular, vertical strie; there are 


Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, and Gulf of Gascogne, in deep 
water. 


Monodonta tinei Cauc., Rierche Malac., p. 14, f. 8, 1839.— Tr. tinei 
Calc., Petit, Cat. Test. Mar., p. 119, 1869.—FiscHER Cog. Viv., p. 
141, t. 47, f 3—Trochus tineis Calc., Forbes, Ag. Invert., p. 138, 
1843.— Monodonta limbata Puix., Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 157, t. 25, f. 
19, 1844.—Tr. limbatus Pui., Conchyl. Cab., p. 240, t. 36, £. 10.— 
Trochus bilabiatus Phil., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1847. p. 28.—Craspedotus 
otavianus H. & A. Ap., Genera, i, p. 417, t. 47, f. 4—CueEnu, 
Manuel i, p. 358, f. 2650 (not Olivia otaviana Cantraine, Bull. Soe. 
Roy. Bruxelles 11, p. 589, 1835, and Malac. Medit. t. 6, f. 13, a 
tertiary fossil species).— Tr. horridus O. G. Cosra, Microd. Medit., p. 
56, t. 9, f. 6, 1861— Heliciella costellata Cosa, loc. cit., p. 63, t. 10, 
f. 3.—Craspedotus limbatus Phil., RycKHour, Journ. Conchyl. x, 
p. 413, 1862 Brvsina Contr. pella Fauna Dalm., p. 79, 1866.— 
WEINKAUFF, Conch. des Mittelm. ii, p. 348.—Hrpaxcao, Mol. Mar. 
Ksp., t. 18, f. 6, 7—Danilia limbata Phil., Brustna, Conch. Dalm. 
ined., p. 25, 1865.—Danilia tinei Cale., MonrEROosATO, Bull. Soc. 
Mal. Ital. vi, p. 252; Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 48, 1844.—Buquoy, 
Daurtz. and Dottr., Moll. du Rouss., p. 416, t. 50, f. 21-24, 1885. 


This rare little shell cannot be confounded with any other species ; 
the tortuous columella, latticed sculpture and strongly varixed outer 
lip form a combination unknown elsewhere in recent Trochide. 


29 


450 DANILIA—UMBONIUM. 


There is a large number of fossil (Cretaceous and Tertiary) species 
of Danilia; for these, see Ryckholt, Catalogue des espéces du genre 
Craspedotus, in Journ. de Conchyl. 1862, p. 413. 


Genus UMBONIUM Link, 1807. 


Umbonium Lryx, Beschr. Rostock Samml., p. 186.—A. ADAmMs, 
Monograph in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 187.—H. and A. An., 
Genera Rec. Moll. i, p. 407—Globulus ScHuMACHER, Essai d’un 
Nouv. Syst., 1817—Puiuippr, Monograph in Kuster’s Conchylien 
Cabinet.—Rotella LAMARcK, Animaux sans Vertébres vil, p. 6, 
1822, and of most authors. Helicina Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 
1847, p. 145, not of Lamarck.— Pitonellus and Pitonillus MONTFORT. 
Conch. Syst. 1, p. 170, 171.—Ptychomphalus AGAssiz, in part, 1857, 

A group of elegantly painted shells, the prominent characters of 
which are the depressed form, polished surface, thin internal nacreous | 
layer, and very heavy pad of polished callus covering and filling the 
umbilicus. The operculum is horny, fragile, with very numerous 
narrow whorls. The species range from Japan to Singapore, Philip- 
pines, ete., westward to Ceylon. <A single little species has been 
dredged by the U.S. steamer ‘ Blake’ in the Gulf of Mexico. 


Schema of oriental species. 


A. Species with the upper surface smooth, not sulcate. 
a. Conical above, base flat, conicum, thomasi, adamsi. 
aa. Convex above and below, vestiarium, callosum, sagittatum, 
[giganteum. 
AA. Upper surface spirally sulcate, costatum, superbum, suturale, 
[moniliferum, japonicum. 


U. vestiArium Linné. PI. 58, figs. 1-8. 

Shell depressed, thin but strong, shining, polished, smooth ; spire 
low but conical; whorls about 6, flat, the last usually a little de- 
pressed below the linear sutures, rounded at periphery, a little con- 
vex beneath; callus pad large, convex, thick; aperture subtri- 
angular, iridescent within. Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill. 

Indian Ocean, Madras and Ceylon to Java, Philippines, Singapore, 
New Ireland. 

Trochus vestiarius LINN., Syst. Nat. x, p. 758.—Rotella lineolata 
Lam., An.s. Vert., vii, p. 7—K1ENER, Spec. et Icon., Genre Rou- 
lette, p. 3, t. 1—Rotella elegans Breck in K1ENER, l. ¢., p. 4, t. 3, 


UMBONIUM. 451 


f. 6.—Sowersy, Thes. Conch. v, p. 135, t. 472, f. 6-8; in. Conch. 
Icon. xx, f. 6.—Rotella vestiaria Sows., Thes. Conch. v, p. 135, 
f. 1-5; in Conch. Icon. f. 12.— Rotella rosea Lam., l. c., No. 2.— 
Globulus vestiarius Linn., Puitippr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 45, t. 7, f. 
1-10.— G. elegans Beck, Putt., J. c, p. 46, t. 7, f. 16-20.— Um- 
bonium depressum A. Apams, P. Z. 8S. 1853, p. 188.—Rotella 
depressa Ad., SoweRBY in Conch. Icon., f. 2.—Globulus australis 
Puitippi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 48, t. 7, f 21-23.— Globulus parvulus 
Anton, Puiuipri, Conchyl. Cab., p. 48, t. 7, f. 11, 12. 


An excessively variable form. Sometimes the spire is scarcely 
more convex than the hase, though always conical. Usually it is 
more elevated. U. depressum Ad. (pl. 58, figs. 24, 25) is a depressed 
form. ‘The colors are indescribably variable, usually very vivid. 
The following are the more usual patterns: 

(1) Uniform white, rose-color, fawn or flesh-color, or slaty- 
blackish. (2) Marked with close, zigzag radiating lines or stripes 
above, the base white or colored like the lines. (3) Radiately lineo- 
late, the lines interrupted by spiral zones of rose or white. (4) 
Finely mottled above, with a peripheral zone of large spots, or a 
white-edged girdle of red. 

There are any number of modifications and combinations of these 
patterns. JI am unable to separate U. elegans from U. vestiarium, 
even varietally. 


U. caLLosum Sowerby. PI. 59, fig. 36. 

Shell depressed, solid, outer lip thin; white or yellowish, finely 
marbled all over with black, gray or ashen, sometimes with a series 
of white blotches at the periphery; basal callus white, yellow, 
reddish or black. Surface polished, smooth; spire low, conical, 
acute; whorls 6-7, slightly convex, separated by simple, linear 
sutures ; last whorl very rapidly widening, large, dilated, flat on the 
base, except for the large circular callus, which is excessively heavy 
and convex; aperture oval-truncate. Alt. 8, diam. 15 mill. 

Indian Ocean. 


Rotella callosa SowERBY, Thes. Conch. v, p. 135, t. 472, f. 26 
(1887, date of title-page). 


The texture is like U. vestiarium ; the last whorl is very wide, and 
the umbilical callus far heavier, more convex, than in any other 
known species; 6 specimens are before me, bearing the rather 
indefinite habitat given above. 

\ 


452 : UMBONIUM. 


U. sacitratum Hinds. PI. 59, fig. 47. 

Shell smaller, more depressed than U. vestiarium, fawn or flesh- 
colored, with a row of arrow-shaped dark spots at the periphery, and 
another a short distance below the suture; whorls about 41, rapidly 
widening, the last depressed; spire lower than in U. vestiarium ; 
basal callus convex, circular, smaller than in vestiarium. Surface 
perfectly smooth and polished. Alt. 4, diam. 6 mill. 

Straits of Macassar. 


Rotella sagittata Hinps, Zool. Voy of the Sulphur ii, p. 52, t. 16, 
f.18, 19.—Sowersy, Thes. Conch. v, p. 137, f. 9; in Conch. Icon. 
xx, f. 9.—Globulus sagittatus Hinds, Pati. Conchyl. Cab., p. 49, t. 
7, f. 18, 14 (copied from Hinds).—Globulus articulatus PHILIPPt, 
log. cit, p. 49, ti 1, £24, 25: 


Spire more depressed than U. vestiarium, and coloration so far as 
I know constantly as above described. The callus is smaller and 
rounder than in vestiarium, and either white or slaty colored. 


U. conicum Adams et Reeve. PI. 59, figs. 45, 46; pl. 58, fig. 15. 


Shell conic with flat base, polished, smooth, thin but solid; dark 
purple, unicolored with reddish apex, or with an opaque white band 
on the lower part of each whorl, or with the entire upper surface of 
the two outer whorls white, the base purple; spire conical, lateral 
outlines straight ; whorls 6, rather slowly widening, the last rounded 
at periphery, flat below, or a trifle concave around the rather small, 
circular, dark central callus; aperture subquadrate, iridescent in- 
side; columella sbort, oblique, very thick and heavy, with a little 
nick in the edge near its base, and a slight notch where it is inserted 
upon the basal callus pad. Alt. 5, diam. 7 mill. 

Mouth of Lundu River, Borneo; China seas. 


Rotella conica Av. and Rve., Zool. H. M.S. Samarang, Moll., p. 
49, t. 11, f. 22, 1850.—SowerRBy, Thes. Conch. v, p. 136, f. 10; in 
Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1. 


The coloration is peculiar; a beautiful iridescence glows through 
the purplish outer coat of the upper whorls. The conical form, flat 
base, and peculiarly nicked columella, together with the polished 
surface, smooth except for fine, impressed lines of increment, are 
diagnostic. U.thomasi Crosse, is larger and quite differently colored 
and sculptured. 


UMBONIUM. Ae 


“ 


U. tHomast Crosse. PI. 57, figs. 31, 32. ; 

Shell conical, the base nearly flat; light fawn-color, whitish or 
yellowish, with close, numerous, narrow, radiating reddish or bluish- 
brown stripes above, often interrupted by an ill-defined light zone 
just below the periphery ; sutures linear, narrowly margined with a 
reddish line, becoming blackish on the last whorl; base with a dark 
streak around the callus, and radiating lines or stripes colored like 
the upper surface. Surface apparently smooth and polished, but 
under a lens seen to. be very densely, finely decussated all over by 
incised lines and oblique strive of exquisite fineness. Whoris 63, 
plane, apex acute; base ffat, central callus smaller than in U. vestiar- 
wm, nearly flat, roughened, thickest on the columellar lip ; columella 
ending in a point below. 


Alt. 9. diam. 123 mill. (specimen); alt. 9, diam. 18 mill. 
( Crosse. ) 

Hakodadi, Japan; Northern China. 

Globulus thomasi Crossr, Journ. de Conchyl. 1863, p. 384, t. 13, 
f. 8—Umbonium thomasi Crosse, DKr., Ind. Moll. Mar, Jap., p. 135. 
Rotella infraplanata Sows., Thes. Conch. v, p. 156, f. 11-13; and in 
@Conchsleon.-xx,f. 10. 

May be known by the conical form, flat base, decussated sculpture 
and the color pattern. The specimens from which the above descrip- 
tion is drawn are labeled New Caledonia; whether correctly or not 
I cannot say. Crosse describes a variety which is rosy-white ; suture 
rose-colored ; longitudinally painted with pale blackish, flexuous, 
oblique lines. 

Sowerby’s Rotella infraplanata (pl. 58, figs. 10, 11, 12) seems to 
have no differential characters. 


U. apamsi Dunker. PI. 58, figs. 26, 27, 28. 

Shell depressed-conoid, shining, glabrous, whitish, closely painted 
with undulating blackish-brown lines ; whorls plano-convex, the last 
obtuse ; base nearly plane; callus thick, ashen-white. A shell allied 
to the preceding, but distinguished by being smaller, alt. 6, diam. 12 
mill., closely lineolate with blackish-brown or purple; base a little 
more convex; under a lens finely transversely and longitudinally 
striate. (Dkr.) 

Japan. 

U. adamsi Dxr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 135, t. 6, f. 3, 4, 5; Mal. 
Bl. xxiv, p. (4. 

Seems to differ but slightly from the preceding. 


454 UMBONIUM. 


U. GiGANTEUM Lesson. PI. 58, figs. 17, 18, 19. 


Shell large, depressed, solid; slate-colored or reddish above, with 
a series of black spots below the suture, sometimes alternating with 
white ones, the periphery usually encircled with a row of white 
blotches ; base largely white, with a dark streak encircling the callus; 
spire low, conoidal; whorls 7, plane, the last often somewhat con- 
cave above, rounded at the circumference, slightly convex beneath ; 
surface shining, smooth, with a few (usually 4) narrow spiral im- 
pressed lines just above the periphery, which are obsolete in the 
adult. Base convex, callus white, or partly brown or ashen ; in the 
middle there is a prominent, blunt, heavy tubercle. Aperture 
oblique, subquadrate. Alt. 16, diam. 27 mill. 
Japan. 


Rotella gigantea Lesson, Illust. de Zool., t. 17, 1831—Ktenrr, 
Spee. et Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 6, t. 3, f£. 7-—Sowersy, Thes. Conch. y, 
p. 186, f. 15, 16; and in Conch. Icon. xx, f 3.— Globulus giganteus 
Less., Paiirerr, Conchyl. Cab., p. 50, t. 8, f. 1—Rotella aucta 
SowerRsy, Genera of Shells, f. 5—Re&EEvE, Conch. Syst., t. 216, f. 3. 
—Umbonium gigantewm A. AD., P. ZS. 1853, p. 188; Ann. & Mag. 
N. H. xi, p. 265, 1863.—Dunker, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 134, 
1882. 


The largest species of Umbonium. The nearly smooth surface 
blotched periphery and central tubercle on the callus pad distinguish 
it. Included in my grouping of species with vestiarium ete., but 
more allied to costatum. 


U. cosratum Valenciennes. PI. 59, figs. 34, 35. 

Shell heavy, solid, depressed, spire low-conoidal, periphery 
rounded; color whitish or light yellow, closely tessellated allover 
with blackish-olive or reddish-brown squarish spots; surface shin- 
ing, polished, with strong spiral grooves above, generally 4 to 6 on 
last whorl; sutures narrowly impressed, with a rather wide margin 
below them, which often shows a slight tendency to be tuberculate ; 
base smooth, tessellated around the irregularly convex, flesh-colored 
central callus; whorls 6, the last a little concave above, convex 
beneath; aperture subquadrate, pearly inside; callus circular, 
heaviest in front of the aperture and behind the collumellar lip. 

Alt. 11, diam. 17 mill.; alt. 20, diam. 26 mill. 

Corea; Jupan. 


UMBONIUM. 455 


Rotella costata VaL., in KIENER, Spec. et Icon. Cov. Viv., p. 10, 
t. 2, f. 5—Globulus costatus Val., Pari., Conchyl. Cab., p. 51, t. 7, 
f. 15.— Umbonium costatum Val., A. Ap., P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 188.— 
Dunxer, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 134. 


Sometimes nearly equal to U. giganteum in size, but usually not 
exceeding 18 mill. diam. The strongly costate upper surface will 
distinguish this shell from the preceding forms. The suture is not 
so deeply impressed, nor has it so prominent a margin as in U. 
suturale. The tessellated color-markings sometimes form subcon- 
tinuous oblique bands. 


U. superBUM Gould. PI. 57, figs. 33-36. 


Shell large, solid, depressed-conic, shining, brownish-green ; whorls 
7, the apical smooth, the following 4-sulcate, interspaces tessellated 
with whitish lines; base convex, whitish, ornamented with a green 
articulated zone; callus copious, full, reddish tinted; aperture 
rotund-ovate ; columella thickened. Alt. 15, diam. 20 mill. (G/d.) 

The five examples before me are smaller than U. costatum with the 
same number (7) of whorls; they measure 17-18 mill. diam., costa- 
twm being often larger; they have moreover a more acute apex, the 
first whorls are much steeper, more rectilinear in outline, and there- 
fore the shell is higher and more conic; the suture is not so deep, the 
margin under it much weaker, sometimes scarcely visible, while that 
of costatum is often very strongly marked. ‘The spiral furrows begin 
on the 3d whorl, sometimes at its termination, whilst in U. costatwm 
they begin at the embryonic whorl. (Lischke.) 


Nagasaki, Kagosima, Japan. 


Rotella superba GouD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 17, 1861 ; 
Otia Conch., p. 156.— Umbonium superbum Gld., A. Ap., Ann, Mag. 
N. H. xi, p. 265, 1863.—Liscuxn, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p. 83, t. 
5, f. 18-21.—DunkeER, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 154. 

Evidently close to U. costatum Val. I have translated Gould’s 
diagnosis, and the figures and part of the remarks of Lischke. 


U. suTURALE Lamarck. PI. 58, figs. 13, 14. 

Shell depressed, solid, strong, with low-conoidal spire, upper and 
lower surfaces nearly equally convex; color whitish or pinkish, 
with numerous, close, oblique, zigzag, radiating purplish-brown lines 
extending to the purple or crimson basal callus; surface polished, 
shining, with a few shallow spiral sulci on the upper surface, 


456 UMBONIUM. 


generally not more than 4, frequently obsolete; whorls about 6, 
each with a prominent, convex margin bordering the deeply im- 
pressed suture, below this margin concave; last whorl rounded at 
the periphery, convex beneath; aperture subquadrate ; basal callus 
irregularly convex, with two lumps or prominences, one back of the 
columellar lip. Alt. 12, diam. 19 mill. 
East Indies. 
Rotella suturalis Lam., An. s. Vert. vii, p. 80.—KIENER, Spec. 
et Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 8, t. 2, f£. 3—SoweErsy in Conch. Icon. xx, f. 7. 


Has fewer spiral sulci than U-. costatwm, and more profoundly 


impressed suture, with raised margin. 


99 


U. MONILIFERUM Lamarck. PI. 58, figs. 22, 23, 29, 30, 31. 

Shell depressed, solid, with very low, conoidal spire; color 
yellow, pinkish or whitish, closely tessellated with purple-brown or 
bluish slate-color, the basal callus purplish flesh-colored ; surface 
shining, polished, with spiral sulci above, generally 5-5 in number 
on the last whorl, often subobsolete; suture margined by a row of 
prominent tubercles, 8 to 11 on the last whorl; whorls about 6, the 
last rounded at the periphery, convex beneath ; callus quite heavy, 
convex, circular. Alt. 8, diam. 138 mill. 

Japan. 

Rotella monilifera Lam., An. s. Vert. vil, p. 8—REEvE, Conch. 
Syst. ii, t. 216—Krener, Spee. et. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 9, t. 2, f 4.— 
Sowrrsy, in Conch. Icon. xx, f. 5.—Rotella javanica Lam., teste 
KieneER, |. cc —DELEssERT, Rec. de Coq,, t. 34, f 4—Sowerpsy, Thes. 
Conch. v, p. 139, f. 23; mm Conch. Icon., f. 8—Globulus moniliferus 
Lam., Purn., Conehyl. Cab., p. 52, t. 8, £6, 7, 8— Umbonium monili- 
ferum Lam. A. Ap., P. Z. S. 1858, p. 188.—Dkr., Ind. Moll. Mar. 
Jap., p. 185.—Umbonium javanicum Lam. Ap., P. ZS. 18538, p. 188. 

This species has affinities with U. costatum. It is readily recog- 
nized by the row of subsutural beads or tubercles. One of the 
shells before me is very light colored, the tessellations of a light fawn 
tint. . 


U. saponicum Sulliotti. 

Shell rather solid, diaphanous, lucid, conoidal more or less eleva- 
ted; whorls 5, plane, separated by a little deepened suture; suture 
of the last whorl ornamented by a granulose cingulus; first whorl 
smooth, the remaining minutely cingulate, ornamented with close, 
oblique, sinuous striz ; last whorl subangulated ; strize more conspic- 


. 


UMBONIUM—ETHALIA. ADT 


uous at the aperture; base glabrous; umbilical area covered by a 
strong calcareous callus, covering nearly two-thirds of the base ; apex 
frequently eroded, pearly ; aperture oblique, ovate-rotund ; columella 
thickened ; lip simple, very acute, fragile. Color grayish-blue, with 
series of brown dots; columella white; callus flesh-colored. 

Alt. 10-15, diam. maj. 14, min. 123 mill. 

Sea of Japan. 
Rotella japonica Sutuiorri, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. xiv, p. 70, 1889. 
Unfigured and insufficiently characterized. Sulliotti does not 

compare with the already known Japanese Umboniuwm with sculpt- 
ured whorls and beaded suture. 


U. BarrpDI Dall. PI. 60, figs. 5, 6. 

Shell small, depressed, conic, white, polished, externally porce- 
janeous, internally slightly nacreous; nucleus globular, dextral ; 
whorls 5 or more; radiating sculpture of occasional faint impressed 
incremental lines; spiral sculpture of occasional microscopic strive, 
and a single strap-like band appressed to the suture, and bearing 
numerous flattish squarish nodules or elevations, which coronate the 
whorls; periphery rounded, base rounded, depressed in the center, 
which is nearly filled with a mass of white callus having a very 
finely granular surface. Aperture ovate, margin simple, thin, 
oblique. Alt. of axis 32, of shell 4, diam.5 mill. (Daill.) 

Florida reefs, 200 fms.; Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. 


U. bairdii Dau, ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., p. 359, t. 21, f. 6, 1889. 


The specimen is not quite adult. 


Genus ETHALIA Adams. 


Ethalia A. Avams, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1855, p. 189. Type, 
Umbonium guamense Q. & G. (Rotellu)—H. & A. Ap., Genera 
Ree. Moll., p. 409.— FiscHer, Manuel, p. 822. — Lvotrochus 
Fiscuer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 207. 


‘I have here used Ethalia in its original sense, for the species 
grouping immediately around HE. guamense Quoy. I am convinced 
that to these it should be restricted. The species are moderate-sized 
shells, somewhat between Umbonium and Chrysostoma in texture, 
depressed, the whorls convex, with a mottled or streaked color- 
pattern. The callus emitted at the columellar-parietal angle of the 
aperture is tongue-shaped, closing the umbilicus except a rather 


458 ETHALIA. 


narrow chink, or even entirely, in some species. (See pl. 57, figs. 
41, 42, E. quamense, the type species.) 

P. P. Carpenter, A. Adams (since 1860), Dr. W. H. Dall and 
other recent authors have adopted Ethalia for a group of minute, 
glassy or porcelaneous white shells, allied to Teinostoma, Leucor- 
hynchia, Pseudorotella, ete. These, I contend, are entirely distinct 
from the type species of Ethalia and should be included under 
Teinostoma or some of its sections. No great violence would re- 
sult from enlarging Fischer’s PsrEuDOROTELLA to cover the West 
American and Gulf species referred by authors to Ethalia. In fact, 
after a comparison of specimens, I am unable to see any character 
of importance separating them, part of the so-called ‘ Ethalia’ being 
imperforate. I have appended a list of species referred erroneously 
to Ethalia, and have figured part of them. For further information 
see Mr. Tryon’s monograph of Teinostoma, etc., MANUAL, vol. X, 
p. 105. 


E. GUAMENSE Quoy et Gaimard. PI. 59, figs. 38, 39. PI. 57, 
figs. 41, 42. 


Shell depressed, perforate, solid, strong, smooth, polished, whitish, 
mottled and lineolate above with brown, reddish, fawn-color or 
purplish, with 4 narrow spiral articulated lines, sometimes scarcely 
visible because of the variegated coloration ; base lighter ; whorls 6, 
convex, the last rounded, convex beneath; suture impressed ; 
aperture oblique, outer wall moderately thick, columella strong and 
thick, arcuate above, spread upon the body-whorl and nearly over 
the umbilicus in a pad of callus, which is either white, pink or deep 
crimson; callus kidney-shaped, but slightly convex, filling the um- 
bilicus except a narrow chink; from the outer termination of the 
callus an arcuate groove extends to the base of the columella, within 
which the surface of the shell is radiately finely striate and darker 
colored. Alt. 13, diam. 18 mill. 

Guam; Luzon, Philippines (Sowb.). 

Rotella guamensis Q. & G., Voy. de Astrolabe, Zool. i, p. 267, 
HUG kpioe os hes nets aes , Spec. et Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 7, t. 2, 
f. 2.—SowErBy, Thes. Conch. v, p. 187, f. 28, 29; in Conch. Icon., 
f. 18— Umbonium (Ethalia) guamense A. Av. P. Z. 8. 18538, p. 189. 
—Trochus callosus, Kocu, in Puruippt, Abbild. i, Trochus, t. 4, f. 2, 
p. 188, June, 1844.—Conchylien Cab., p. 233, t. 35, f. 7.—FIscHER 
Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 207; Coq. Viv., p. 378, t. 115, f 3.— 
Rotella montrouzieri SouUVERBIE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1860, p. 123 


ETHALIA. 459 


2,f.11. (Not Tr. callosus Gmel., nor Tr. callosus Wood, nor Rotella 
callosa Sowerby.) 


May be known, when typical, by the mottled coloration, with 
narrow spiral articulated lines above, the crimson callus almost 
closing the umbilicus, the globose-depressed form, ete. It seems to 
have real affinity with Chrysostoma nicobarieum and also with Umbon- 
tum. Specimens in which the umbilical callus is not fully developed 
are very similar to Monilea. This species is the type of Kthalia A. 
Ad., and Liotrochus Fischer. 


Var. MONTROUZIERI Souverbie. PI. 59, fig. 87 (enlarged). 

Very minutely spirally striate above, whitish or ashen, marbled 
and lineated with greenish, reddish or flesh-colored; umbilical 
callus frequently completely closing the perforation, white. 


E. zELANDIcCA Hombron et Jacquinot. PI. 58, figs. 9, 32, 33; pl. 

59, fig. 66. 

Shell depressed, imperforate, solid, yellowish or pinkish, radiately 
streaked with chestnut brown or red above, base with a reddish or 
purple zone around the central callus, the outer part white, more 
or less striped radiately ; surface smooth, shining, base showing 
under a lens very fine, close, regular spiral strize ; spire low, conoidal, 
sutures linear, not impressed; last whorl concave above, the com- 
pressed periphery encircled by two rather obscure carinz; base 
slightly convex, with a narrow spiral groove bounding a central area 
which is covered by a thin, radiately rugose, purple and white 
callus; aperture rounded quadrate, nacreous and iridescent within ; 
columella short, very thick and heavy, its edge pearly, inserted in a 
pad of white callus on the body and over the axis. 

Alt. 11, diam. 19 mill. 

Auckland to Dunedin, New Zealand. 


Rotella zelandica Hombr. & Jacq., Voy. au Pole Sud, Moll., p. 53, 
t. 14, f. 5, 6, 1854— Umbonium zelandicum A. ADAms, P. Z. 8. 1858, 
p. 189.—Rotella zelandica Ad., SowERBy, Conch. Icon. xx, f. 11; 
Thes. Conch. v, 136, f. 24.— Globulus anguliferus Patirpr1, Conchyl- 
ten (Oah..p., ol, t.°8, 4: 3 (1853?).—Rotella neozelanica Hurron, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales ix, p. 357, 1884—Umbonium chal- 
conotum A. Av., P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 188. 

Although this shell is imperforate, I do not hesitate to place it in 
the same genus with the Rotella guamensis. It does not belong in 
Rotella (Umbonium) proper. The callus emitted by the columellar 


460 ETHALIA. 


lip searcely covers the axis, leaving often a slight pit. | Well-pre- 
served specimens show red and emerald-green reflections through 
the thin layer overlying the nacre, like fiery opals. The radiating 
stripes, compressed last whorl, and biangular periphery easily distin- 
guished this shell. Four names were proposed for this shell and 
published at about the same time—in 1854. I have no means of 
knowing which has priority, but am inclined to prefer Hombron’s to 
Adams’, as it was accompanied by good figures. The title page of 
Philippi’s monograph is 1853, but the actual date of issue is very 
uncertain, 


E. srriotaTaA A. Adams. PI. 58, fig. 21. 


Shell discoidal, subglobulose, subperforate, transversely striate ; 
whorls 5, slightly convex ; ornamented with very narrow transverse, 
white articulated, lines; base smooth, reddish-brown maculated at 
periphery, with a reddish zone around the umbilical region; callus 
white, small, partly concealing the umbilicus; aperture oval. (Ad.) 

Borneo. 


Umbonium (Ethalia) striolatum A. Ap., P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 189.— 
Rotella striolata Ad., Sows., Conch. Icon. xx, f. 13; Thes. Conch. 
v, p. 157, f. 18.—R. trilobata SowERBy, Conch. Icon., f. 20; Thes. 
Conch., f. 14. 


Var. TRILOBATA Sowb. PI. 58, fig. 20. 

Shell pale olive-gray, subdepressed, variously painted with spots 
and stripes; whorls rather convex above ; umbilicus funnel-shaped ; 
callus small, divided into three semicircular parts. Resembles E. 
striolata in form of callus, but is more pronounced. In rotundity of 
whorls the species is midway between the latter and E. guamense. 


(Sowb.) 


EK. PULCHELLA A. Adams. PI. 59, figs. 59-63. 


Shell sublenticular, obtusely angulated, .umbilicate, smooth, shin- 
ing, grayish-straw colored, above with little pale greenish-brown 
angular lines often confluent into wider streaks, below painted with 
white spots; spire a little prominent, apex a little acute, whitish ; 
base around the umbilicus rather broadly, perspectively, radiately 
corrugated and angulate ; aperture subrhomboidal, very oblique, 
throat pearly; peristome straight, obtuse, whitish, basal margin 


ETHALIA. 461 


arcuate, columellar margin expanded in a rosy, tongue-shaped callus, 
partly covering the umbilicus. 

Diam. 7, alt. 4 mill.; aperture, diam. 3, alt. 2 mill. (Martens. ) 

Owen Id., Mergui Archipelago ; Mindoro, Philippines. 

Isanda pulchella Ap., P. Z. 5. 1853, p. 190.—Von Martens, 
Shells of Mergui, etc., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xxi, p. 197, 1887, t. 
AG, 1.3. 

Has much more the aspect of Ethalia than Isanda. The umbili- 
cus is quite broad, and in the adult about half covered by the 
expanded columella. 


Species allied to Teinostoma, erroneously referred to Ethalia. 


ETHALIA LiRATA E. A. Smith (pl. 59, fig. 40). P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 
(oil. TOs ts 20: 
Whydah, W. Africa. 
Ernavia piicata E. A. Smith (pl. 59, fig. 41). P. ZS. 1871, 
Pato, te ao, t. 24. 
Whydah, W. Africa. 
ETHALIA CANDIDA A. Adams (pl. 59, fig. 42). Ann. Mag. N. 
H. 1862, p. 296.—Conch. Icon., f. 14. 
Gotto Is., Japan, 71 fins. 
Erxaria pouita A. Adams (pl. 59, fig. 55). Ann. Mag. N. H. 
1862, p. 296.—Conch. Icon., f. 17. 
Gotto Is., Japan, 71 fms. 
ETHALIA OMPHALOTROPIS A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. H. xi, p. 
266, 1863. 
i Yobuko, Japan, 17 fms. 
Eruaia nitipaA A. Adams. Ann. Mag. 1865, p. 266. 
Yobuko, Japan, 14 fms. 
ETHALIA ATOMARIA A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. H. 1861, viii, p. 
300. 
Kala-hai; Shan-tung, China. 
ErHaia PERSPICcUA A. Adams (pl. 58, fig. 16). Ann. Mag. N. 
H. 1861, viii, p. 306.—Conch. Icon., f. 15.—Thes. Conch., f. 17. 
Kala-hai ; Shan-tung, China. 
ETHaALIA SOBRINA A. Adams (pl. 59, figs. 43, 44). Ann. Mag. 
1861, vili, p. 8306; xi, p. 266.—Conch. Icon., f. 19. 
Kino-O-Sina ; Takano-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. 


462 ETHALIA. 


ETHALIA BRAZIERI Angas (pl. 59, figs. 53, 54, enlarged). P. Z. 
S. 1877, p. 39, t. 5, f 17 —Rotella braziert Angus, Sows. in Conch. 


Tcon. xx, f. 16. 
Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, Australia. 


ETHALIA TASMANICA Tenison-Woods. Proc, and Rep. Roy. Soe. 
Tasmania 1876, p. 146 (1877). 


Tasmania ? 


ETHALIA (?) CANCELLATA Tate (pl. 57, figs. 28-30). Trans. and 
Proc. and Rep. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, S. Australia, for 1878-’79, p. 
139, t.5,f11. “A lenticular hyaline Rotella, with a cancellated 
sculpture.’ Diam. 085 inch. 

Holdfast Bay, St. Vincent's Gulf; Streaky and Fowlers Bays, 
Great Australian Bight. 

ETHALIA PYRICALLOSA Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan shells, p. 251, 
1857. 


Mazatlan. 
ETHALIA LIRULATA Carp., /..¢., p. 251. 

Mazatlan. 
ETHALIA PALLIDULA Carp., l. ¢., p. 252. 

Mazatlan. 


ETHALIA CARINATA Carp., /.¢., p. 252. 
Mazatlan. 
ErHALIA AMPLECTANS Carp., J. ¢., p. 253. 
Mazatlan. 
? GLOBULUS TUMENS Carp., l. ¢., p. 250. 
Mazatlan. 
ETHALIA SUPRAVALLATA Carp., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 215, 
1866. 
San Diego, Cal. 
EVHALIA VAR. INVALLATA Carp., l. c., p. 215. 
San Diego, Cal. 
ETHALIA RECLUSA Dall, ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., p. 361, t. 28, f. 7, 8, 
1889. 
Yucatan Strait, 640 fms.; Off N. Carolina, 12-63 fms. 
ETHALIA SUPPRESSA Dall, Ibid., p. 362. 
West Florida. 
ETHALIA SOLIDA Dall, Ibid., p. 362, t. 28, f. 3, 5. 
Off Bania Honda, Cuba, 310 fms. 


ETHALIA—ISANDA. 463 


DILLWYNELLA MODESTA Dall. (PI. 48, figs. 8, 9.) Ibid., p. 562, t. 
2.3: 
Off Santa Lucia, 226 fms. 
RorELLa cRypProspira Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 241, 
1884. 
Off Cape Hatteras, 142 fms. 
ETHALIA MULTISTRIATA Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 242. 
Off Cape Hatteras, 142 fms. 
ROTELLA SEMISTRIATA Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, atlas, t. 18, f. 20- 
22. (Pseudorotella.) 
ErHALIA RUFULA Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 17, 1861. 
Oosima, Japan. 
ETHALIA CAPILLATA Gould, /. ¢., p. 17. 
Coast of China, 23° 30’ N. lat., in 25 fms. 


These two unfigured species may belong to true Ethalia. 


Genus ISANDA H. & A. Adams. 
Isanda Avs., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 189; Genera Rec. Moll. i, p. 409. 


A group of small, compact, polished, porcelaneous little shells 
with crenate-margined umbilicus, not covered by any reflection or 
callus of the columellar lip. The operculum is corneous, multi- 
spiral. The interior has a very thin nacreous layer. I unite 
Umbonella as subgenus or section. 


I. cononaTa A. Adams. PI. 59, figs. 56, 57, 58; pl. 57, fig. 12. 
Shell small, umbilicated, depressed-turbinate, solid, polished, 
pinkish-white, with oblique, undulating grayish-pink longitudinal 
stripes; spire low, conic; apex acute; sutures deeply channelled, 
bordered by a corona of tubercles or beads; whorls 5, the last large, 
rounded or subangular at the circumference, convex beneath ; 
aperture higher than wide, slightly oblique, quadrangular; um- 
bilicus very deep, rather cylindrical, bordered by a deeply crenated 
white marginal rib, with a narrower beaded cingulus just outside 
of it. Alt. 33, diam. 4 mill.; diam. of umbilicus 1 mill. 
Port Curtis and Torres Sts., N. Australia; S. Australia. 


Isanda coronata An., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 189; 1. ¢. 1854, t. 27, £5; 
Genera, t. 46, f. 2—Cuenu, Manuel, fig. 2616.— Trochus (Isanda) 
coronata Ad., EK. A. SmrrH, Zool. Coll. H..M.S. Alert, p. 71, t. 5, 
f. p.—I. lepida A. An., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 190. 


464 ISANDA—CAMITIA. 


A compact, depressed little shell, with diamond-shaped aperture, 
showing in fresh specimens a slight trace of pearl within. Adams 
describes the color as spotted with brown in transverse series, with 
transverse whitish lines, and a wide subsutural white band. The 
coloration is very inconstant, as the figures on pl. 59 (copied from 
Smith) show. ‘The columella is straight, a trifle expanded above, 
connected with the upper lip by a thin parietal callus. 

Var. LEpIDA A. Ad. Turbinate-conic, whitish-ashen, last whorl 
slightly angulated at periphery. 


_I. sutcriFERA A. Adams. 

Shell orbicular-conoid, umbilicate, shining ; spire a little elevated ; 
whorls 5, subplanulate angular above, and with a deep sulcus there, 
above at the sutures crenulated and angulated, the last transversely 
suleate, encircled by a hair-like carina at the periphery; whitish, 
ornamented with close longitudinal undulating and angular lines; 
umbilicus open, perspective, suleate within, the margin crenated ; 
aperture subquadrate ; columella sub-straight, crenulated. (Ad.) 

Philippines. 

I. sulcifera Av., P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 190. 

In this species there is a conspicuous deep groove round the upper 
part of the whorls near the suture. (Ad.) 

[ sander crenelliferus Ad., Ann and Mag. ix, 1862, p. 296, is the 
type of Microtheca Ad. See MANvuAL, vol. X, p. 166.] 


Subgenus UMBONELLA A. Adams. 


Umbonella Av., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1863 (vol. xi, 5d ser.). 
I. muRREA Reeve. Vol. X, pl. 58, fig. 62. 

This shell was described and figured in the Manuat, vol. X, p. 
264. It isasmall turbinate, porcelaneous shell, with narrow umbil- 
icus, its margin crenated. 

Gotto Is., Japan, 71 fms. 


Turbo murreus REEVE, Conch. Icon., sp. 54, 1848—Tsunder 
maculosus A. Ap., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1862, xi, p. 296.— Umbonella 
murrea Reeve, Ap., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1863, xi, p. 265. 


Genus CAMITIA Gray. 


Camitia GRAY, Syn. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1840.—H. & A. Apv., Genera 
Ree. Moll. i, p. 409. 


CAMITIA. 465 


The systematic position of this group is not known to me. Fischer 
places it under Clanculus as a subgenus. 


C. ROTELLINA Gould. PI. 63, figs. 18, 19. 

Shell covered-perforate, discoidal, depressed, smooth, shining ; 
whorls 6, under a lens very minutely, obliquely striate; the earliest 
whitish, spirally obsoletely sulecate, the remainder’pale flesh-colored, 
ornamented with a subsutural linear zone and oblique brown spots ; 
last whorl dilated, obtuse in the middle, spirally trilineate (one line 
above, two at periphery), somewhat convex beneath, with two zones 
of brown spots; aperture transverse, scarcely suleate within ; col- 
umella nearly horizontal, twisted above, truncate beneath, columellar 
callus forming a coating to the extremely oblique umbilicus. 

Alt. 6, diam. 11 mill. (Fischer. ) 


Chinese and Japanese Seas. 


? Tr. formosus Woop, Index Test., Suppl., t. 5, f. 29.—And 
FiscueR, Sp. et Icon., on plate 120, f. 4—Trochus (Monodonta) 
rotelimus GouLD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. 108, 1850; U.S. 
Expl. Exped., p. 191, f. 222—Camitia pulcherrima, ADAms, 
Genera, t. 46, f. 3—CaHENv, Manuel, p. 354, f. 2617 (not Tr. 
pulcherrimus Gray ?)— Trochus rotellinus Gld., FiscuEr, Coq. Viv., 
p: 410, t. 120, f. 4. 


I have not seen specimens of Oamitia. Fisher’s remarks under 
this species are as follows: 

The shell above described is incontestably a Camitia, and very 
probably the CL pulcherrima figured by Adams and Chenu, but I 
have not been able to find the work in which C. pulcherrima was de- 
scribed by Gray in 1840. Camitia is a Clanculus very much de- 
pressed, like Rotella, and with a smooth shell like Chrysostoma, 
Photinula, ete. The right margin of the lip has the character of 
that of Rotella. 

A copy of Adams’ figure of pulcherrima is given on pl. 57, fig. 11. 


C. crayr A. Adams. 

Shell orbicular, convex-conoidal, very smooth, flesh-colored, or- 
namented with subquadrate rufous spots at the suture; periphery 
whitish, with two series of reddish-brown transverse spots; base 
whitish. (Ad. in P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 42.) 

Habitat unknown. 


530 


466 CHRYSOSTOMA. 


Genus CHRYSOSTOMA Swainson, 1840. 


Chrysostoma Swinson, Shells and Shell-fish, p. 353. 


The operculum is corneous, thin, a little convex and shining 
within, a little concave outside, with fine radiating striz; there are 
5 whorls, the nucleus central. It will be seen that this organ re- 
sembles that of Huchelus rather than of Umboniwm or Trochus. 
The radula has teeth considerably like Monodonta and Diloma. 


(See Troschel Das Gebiss, ii.) 


C. PARADOXxUM Born. Vol. X, pl. 45, figs. 91, 92. 


Shell globular, imperforate or nearly so, thick and strong, with a 
porcelaneous texture. Surface smooth, with scarcely visible lines of 
growth, the upper whorls microscopically, densely, spirally striated. 
Color whitish, closely reticulated and mottled all over with red or 
pinkish, often with a few large darker maculations above. Spire 
very short; sutures linear, bordered by a slight concavity of the 
whorl or margination. Whorls 6, convex, the last globular. Aper- 
ture half-moon shaped, reddish or golden-orange color within ; 
parietal wall covered with a very thick orange-colored (rarely 
crimson) callus, which projects in a short tongue-shaped lobe above 
the slight, often closed, umbilical perforation. 

Alt. 21, diam. 23 mill.; alt. 18, diam. 17 mill. 

Singapore ; Celebes; Mergui Archipelago ; Philippines ; New Cale- 
donia. 

Helix paradoxa Born, Test. Mus. Cvs. Vindobon., p. 594, t. 15, 
f. 16, 17, 1780.— Chrysostomus Nicobaricus, etc., CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. 
Cab., v, p. 216, t. 182, f. 1822-1825, 1781—Turbo micobaricus 
GmEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3596——Puui.ipp1, Conchyl. Cab., p. 34.— 
Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 48.— Chrysosteoma nicobaricum Chem. 
CuENv, Manuel, f. 2618.—Crossk, Journ. de Conchyl., xiv, p. 116, 
t. 5, f. 8 (operculum).—Trochus nicobaricus Gm., FiscHER, Genre 
Turbo, in Coq. Viv., p. 68, t. 56, f. 5. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


TRrocuus. 


Page 21, add Pl. 4, fig. 31, after T. TRISERALIS. 

Page 25, T. callicoccus Phil., read Pl. 9, fig. 95, not fig. 33. 
Page 25, T. smaragdus, read Pl. 9, fig. 94, not fig. 39. 
Page 26, Tr. gibberula Ad. is figured on PI. 9, fig. 4. 
Page 35, T. bicrenatus, read P/. 15, figs. 62-66, not Pl. 16. 


T. (INFUNDIBULOPS) FIRMUS Philippi. 


Shell conical, solid, transversely sulcate, greenish, painted with 
close purple streaks ; whorls a little subangular and plicate below the 
sutures, the last rounded-angulate; base nearly plane, obsoletely 
cingulate, false-umbilicate; aperture rhomboidal; columella very 
oblique, simple. ( Phil.) 

The shell is notably thick, rather conical; the individual whorls 
are level, angular above near the suture, and a little plicate, appear- 
ing somewhat terraced ; the last passes into the base with a blunt 
angle; the sculpture consists of about 7 weak smooth transverse 
grooves on the upper surface, and about 4 scarcely elevated concen- 
tric girdles on the base. The funnel-shaped pit occupying the place 
of the umbilicus has a slightly elevated liration. The aperture is 
rhombic, the columella very oblique, entirely simple. On a pale 
green ground there are oblique purple-red streaks above; the base 
has red-spotted girdles. Alt. 18, diam. 22 mill. 

Persian Gulf. 

Trochus solidus JONAS, in Mus. Hamburg., not of Phil—Tr. firmus 
Puit., Conchyl. Cab., p. 317, t. 45, f. 5. 

Allied to T. erythreus (page 40) but much smoother and differently 
colored. 


CLANCULUS. 


Page 79. Gibbula multicarinata Ten.-Woods.=Clanculus nodi- 
liratus (=C. plebeius Phil., p. 79), according to Petterd, Quart. 
Journ. of Conch., Leeds, 1889, p. 354. 

Page 80 (below middle of page). Clanculus plebeius, var. rubi- 
cundus Migh., read Pl. 13, figs. 97, 98, not 77, 78. 


CLANCULUs RUBICUNDUS Dunker. Shell globose-conic, narrowly 
umbilicated, rubicund; whorls rounded, separated by canaliculate 


468 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


sutures, elegantly granose-cingulate ; umbilicus with a white, crenate 
margin; columella thick, twisted, incised above, passing into a thick 
tooth below; lip thickened, sulcate within, and splendidly pearly. 

Alt. 6, diam. about the same. 

A beautiful species, allied to J. corallinus Gmel., but much 
slenderer, elevated riblets densely crenate, interstices canaliculate. 
Spiral riblets on penultimate whorl 4, on last whorl inclusive of 
base, 12-14. Color uniform ruddy or scarlet, variegated with white 
in the umbilical region. (Dkr., in Mal. Blatt., xviii, p. 168, 1871.) 

Viti Ls. 

I suppose this to be the form I mentioned as “ rubicundus Migh.” 
in treating of Clanculus plebeius. See page 80. 

CLANCULUS ASSABENSIS Caramagna. PI. 51, fig. 4. 

Shell conoid, turbinate, thick, umbilicate ; spire subconic, as long 
as the aperture; whorls 6, first two smooth, mamillated, whitish, 
the third whitish, obsoletely spirally funiculate ; the rest ornamented 
with regular, rounded, crenulate granulose spiral cords; granules 
close, formed by axial sulci; last whorl with about 12 cords; the 
periphery subangularly rounded, base little convex ; umbilicus very 
narrow, deep; aperture subquadrangular ; columellar lip below with 
2 or 3 delicate folds; outer lip plicate within; sutures canaliculate. 
Surface whitish, with ashen or wine-tinted spots in oblique series. 

Alt. 83, diam. 9 mill. 


Assab, Red Sea. 
Monoponrva. 


Page 94. Figure 28 of pl. 21 is not M. crassa, but M. turbinata. 

Page 106. After M. neritoides Phil., add Pl. 38, figs. 20, 21, and 
the habitat Japan. The figures on pl. 38 are copied from Dunker ; 
they are much more globose than Philippi’s, and may prove dis- 
tinct. 

Ditoma NANA Gould. T. minuta, fusca, ovato-globosa; anfr. 4, 
convexis, bene discretis, apicali simiplici, alteris liris et sulcis 
angustioribus cinctis; liris ordinatim quasi plicatis; basi rotundato, 
pallidiori, vix perforato ; columella arcuata, denticulata ; labro intus 
undulato; fauce livida., diam. 5 mill. (Gld. in Proce. Bost. N. H. 
Willy Pile.) 

Loo Choo. 

Ditoma veRRUCA Gld. T. parvula, ovato-conica, dilute rosacea ; 
anfr. 4; convexis, sutura canaliculata sejunctis, liris binis elevatis 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 469 


cinctis, tribus minoribus antice, duobus postice additis, lamellis 
incrementi ‘decussantibus ad decussationes dilatis; bast convexo, 
arcte perforato; dente collumellari parvo, labro crenulato, intus. 
suleato. Axis 4, diam. 3 mill. (Gld., 1. ¢., p. 18). 


Coral Seas, China. 
a) nN or 
CANTHARIDUS. 


CANTHARIDUS RAmgurI Crosse, page 127. 

My treatment of this form has recently been criticized (Journ. de 
Conchyl. 1889, p. 245). If it is conspecific with C. leseueri, as I 
believe, it will of course take specific rank, the latter name being 
retained for the variety. My disregard of the rule of priority was 
an oversight. 


CHLOROSTOMA. 


Page 194. Chlorostoma turbinatum. Adams proposed the name 
Cu. Fruscum for Ch. turbinatum Ad. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 183, not Ch- 
turbinatum Ad., lib. cit., p. 182. See P. Z. 8S. 1851, p. 305. 


C,. PFEIFFERI Dohrn., p. 189. 


This name being already in use in Ch/orostoma for an umbilicated 
Japanese species, the form may be known as CHLOROSTOMA DOHRNI 
Pilsbry. In the 10th line of the description, read ‘fine growth 
lines,’ instead of ‘five growth lines.’ 


GIBBULA. 


GIBBULA MaGus L., page 197. 


A variety PropUCcTA has been characterized by Buq., Dautz. and 
Dollfus. It is smaller than the type, more conical, more gibbous ; 
less tumid below the sutures; umbilicus narrower. Gibbula pro- 
tumida Locard, Prodr. de Malac. Francaise, in Ann. Soc. Linn. 
Lyons, 1885, p. 245, is a synonym. 


Page 204. G. nebulosa Phil. PI. 65, figs. 15, 16, do not repre- 
sent this species. It is figured on pl. 51, figs. 16, 17. 


Page 234. Tr. australis Tenison- Woods (“ Census ”’)—full grown 
G. depressa Ten.-Woods, according to Petterd. (Journ. of Conch., 
Leeds, 1879, p. 354.) 

Page 239. Read after G. tryoni, Pl. 57, figs. 20, 21, not pl. 69. 


470 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


MonliLeEa. 


MoniILEA CALYCuULUS Wood, PI. 61, fig. 13; pl. 41, figs. 14-17. 


This form is doubtless distinct from M. callifera Lam., with which 
it is confused in the synonymy of that species on p. 247. T. mason 
Nevill is synonymous. See Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 818 (article by 
KE. A. Smith). 

Andaman Is. 


MINOLIA. 


MINOLIA CAIFASSIT Caramagna. PI. 51, figs. 2, 3. 

Shell conoidal, umbilicated, very fragile ; whorls 52, angular, flat 
above ; the first 3 smooth, the remainder minutely cingulate, granose, 
obliquely striate, ornamented with chestnut-brown radiating spots 
and whitish; last whorl angular at base, convex below, and orna- 
mented with 7 minutely grained concentric lire; umbilicus ample, 
scalariform, cingulate, granose, bounded by a white crenate riblet. 

Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. 

Assab, Red Sea, 20 meters. 


Minolia caifassii Car. Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 1888, p. 126, t. 8, f. 1. 


CALLIOSTOMA. 


CALLIOSTOMA QUADRISULCATUM Philippi. PI. 59, fig. 9. 


Shell imperforate, exactly conical, somewhat elevated, pale yellow, 
sculptured with 4 rounded riblets as wide as the intervening furrows ; 
whorls 7-8, plane, the last angular; base nearly flat, with about & 
concentric grooves. Aperture almost exactly rhombic; columella 
very oblique, cylindrical, scarcely truncate at base, and with a little 
groove outside. Alt. 15, diam. 16 mill. (Phid.) 

Tr. quadrisulcatus Putu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 124 ; Conchyl. 
Cab., p. 259, t. 38, f. 8. 


This species may belong to C. conuloides Its habitat is unknown. 


CALLIOSTOMA LURIDUM (Nuttall) Reeve. PI. 65, fig. 79. 


Shell conical, whorls flatly sloping, rather tumid at the base, 
smooth or malleated, sometimes spirally linearly engraved ; burnt- 
brown, very obscurely luridly flamed. (Rve. in Conch. Icon., 
Monog. Zizyphinus, f. 24, 1863.) 

Said by Reeve to be from California, but unknown to American 
Conchologists there. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 47 


Trochide of undetermined systematic position. 


MAracaArira cumrneair A. Adams. Shell elevated-conical, cinereus, 
painted with brown undulating lines, broadly umbilicated ; whorls 
ornamented with transverse riblets, the last with 3 median lire, 
longitudinally elevated striate ; umbilicus large, encircled by a crenu- 
lated cingulus, within elegantly decussated by radiating and transverse 
lines. (P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 191.) 


Philippines. 


MARGARITA VARIABILIS A. Adams. Shell orbiculate-conic, sub- 
depressed, broadly umbilicated, pallid, painted with brown and gray, 
varied with white; whorls rounded, transversely deeply sulcate ; 
umbilicus perspective, margin crenulated ; base nearly plane; labial 
margin suberenulated. (P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 191.) 

Habitat unknown. 


MARGARITA BALTEATA A. Adams. Shell orbiculate-conic, scarcely 
umbilicate, grayish, tessellated with brown ; whorls gibbous, deeply 
suleated transversely ; last whorl subangular; base rather flattened, 
concentrically suleate ; columella curved, scarcely truncate. 

(Pa 72o. L8ol, py 191.) 

Habitat unknown. 


MARGARITA TESSELLATA A. Adams. Shell depressed-conical, 
broadly umbilicated, smooth, cinereus, regularly tessellated with 
gray; whorls rather flattened, the last subangular; base convex ; 
umbilicus white inside; aperture rotund, iridescent with green 


inside. (P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 191.) 


Maracarira pitecra A. Adams. Shell orbiculate-conic, broadly 
umbilicate, shining, whitish, radiately painted with rufous flames ; 
whorls convex, ornamented with elevated acute cinguli, crenulated 
above, the interstices closely longitudinally striate; base convex, 
whitish, nearly smooth, radiately striate; umbilicus perspective, 
margin crenulated. (P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 40.) 

Straits of Magellan ( Cuming). 


MarGArira ASPECTA A. Adams. Shell turbinate-conic, broadly 
umbilicate, grayish, gold-shining, maculated with brown; whorls 
rounded, excavated at the sutures, ornamented with elevated crenu- 
lated subdistant cinguli, the interstices longitudinally striate; base 


convex, concentrically cingulate ; umbilicus large, open, bounded by 


A472 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


an elevated ridge, inside decussated by concentric lire: and radiating 


lines. (P. ZS. 1854, p. 40.) 
Australia, Mus. Cuming. 


Sowerby’s figure (Conch. Icon. Margarita, f. 25) is copied on my 
pl. 61, fig. 37. 
MARGARITA PULCHERRIMA (“A. Ad.) Sowerby. PI. 37, fig. 1. 
Shell raised, trochus-shaped, rather distantly spirally ridged, 
between the ridges regularly striated; ridges minutely beaded, 


spotted with red; umbilicus large, keeled; columella oblique. (Sowbd.) 
Japan. 


M. pulcherrima (A, Adams. 
Conch. Deon: te bi. 


Probably belongs to Minolia. 


?”) SowERBy, JR. in Reeve, 


MARGARITA MARMOREA Pease. Shell somewhat depressedly turb- 
inate; spire short, spirally striated ; aperture circular, umbilicate ; 
inner lip reflected over the umbilical region. Color light green, 
clouded with white and green of different shades, and marked with 
occasional longitudinal and oblique zigzag lines of dark green. 


(W. H. Pease, in P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 435.) 
Sandwich Is. 


The following six descriptions are from Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 
vill, 1861, p. 15, 16. They are reprinted in the original order. 


MARGARITA IANTHINA Gould. ‘T. globoso-conica, dilute ianthina, 
striis crebis volventibus cincta, satis umbilicata, ad peripheriam sub- 
angulata; anfr. 6+-, ventricosis; sutura profunda; apertura ro- 
tundata, antice subangulata; columella recta, acuta; fauce mar- 
garitacea. Axis 8, diam. 20 mill. 

Arctic Ocean. 

Sinilar in form and size to L. shantarica Midd., but thinner, more 
angular, differently colored, and with a much larger umbilicus. 


(Gid.) 


Margarita musivA Gould. T. pyramidalis, margaritacea, 
crusta cinerea, fusco tessellata induta; anfr. 6, ultimo tricarinato, 
(ceteris bicarinatis) ; base convexiusculo, polito; umbilico amplo, 
conico, carina plicata marginato ; apertura circularis ; columella vix 
reffexa, ad carinam umbilicalem terminante. Operculum corneum, 
lineis incrementi concinne granulatis. Axis 6, diam. 5 mill. 

Hong Kong Harbor, 10 fms. 

Allied to M. carinata, biangulosa, ete. (Gild.) 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 473 


MARGARITA ARTICULATA Gould. T. parva, globoso-conica, liv- 
escens; anfr. 6, rotundatis, ultimo filis cire. 5 (ceteris 3) cinctis, 
juxta suturam excavatis; filis coloribus pallidis et obscuribus 
alternantibus articulatis, interspatiis concinne clathratis ; basi nitido, 
concentrice striato; umbilico amplo, eleganter plicato; apertura 
circularis, labro tenui. Axis 5, diam. 6 mill. 

Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope. 


MARGARITA MUSTELINA Gould. T. minute, tenuis, globoso- 
conica, infra concentrice striata, livida albo prope suturam parce 
strigata; anfr. 4, ventricosis; peripheria obtuse angulata; basi 
rotundato, late perforato ; apertura ovata; columella tenui, arcuata. 

Diam. 4, axis 3+ mill. (Gld.) 

Hakodadi Bay. 


MARGARITA LENTICULA Gould. T. minuta, depressa, lenticu- 
laris, coneavo-convexa, lactea, striis tenuissimus ordinatis cincta; 
anfr. 4, declivibus, prope suturam excavatis; area umbilicali lira in 
labio desinente cincta; oblique et arcte perforata; aperture ro- 
tundata, quadammode transversa; columella cylindrica, umbilico 
obvia. Axis 3, diam. 5 mill. 


Sea Shore, Loo Choo. 


This pretty depressed species may very likely belong to a distinct 
genus; but I find no other one that will better receive it. ( Gd.) 


MARGARITA PINTADO Gould. T. parva, ovato-globosa, depressa, 
tenuis, cinerea; anfr. 5, ventricosis, juxta suturam plarulatis, liris 5 
volventibus fusco et albo articulatis cincta; basi rotundato, late 
perforato, concentrice suleato et articulato; apertura rotundato- 
ovata; labro tenui; columella incrassata, nacrea, antice cuspidata. 

Axis 4, diam. 5 mill. 

Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope, 12 fms. 

Characters in many respects like those of Monilea rather than of 
Margarita. (Gld.) 

T. GUILLARDI de Folin. PI. 57, figs. 39, 40. 

Shell small, globose, apex obtuse, suture well defined, regularly 
longitudinally striate, pale, spire short; whorls 5, the last large, 
base somewhat depressed, profoundly umbilicate ; aperture circular, 
margins simple ; operculum corneous, slightly concave, with 6 whorls. 

Alt. 5, diam. 4 mill. (de Fol.) 

Pacific Ocean. 


474 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


Turbo guillardi Dr Fou., Les Méléagrinicoles, p. 52. t. 5, f. 9, 10, 
1867. 


May be a Gibbula allied to amirantium, tasmanica, etc. 


T. GAUDICHAUDI Hupe. PI. 61, figs. 34, 35. 


Shell ovate-rotund, obliquely depressed, imperforate, * black, 
shining, spire short, obtuse; whorls 4, convex; base rounded ; 
sutures margined ; aperture patulous, rounded; right lip acute; 
columella wide, flattened or concave ; operculum corneous. 

Alt. 5, diam. 8 lines. (Hupe.) 

Valparaiso, Chili. 

T. quadichaudii Hurr, in Gay, Hist. fis. y polit. de Chile. Zool. 
vil, p. 146, atlas, Malac. t. 4, f. 4 (1854). 


This species, unknown to me except for the above description, 
looks like Turbo (Prisogaster) elevatus Soul. 


T. MALOurINUs @Orbigny. Unfigured. 


Shell conical, thin, umbilicate, transversely striate, whitish ; spire 
conical, apex obtuse; whorls 4, convex, the last subangulate, with 
the suture excavated ; aperture rotund-subangulose, lip thin, acute ; 
columella acute. . Alt. 23, diam. 3 mill. ( Orb.) 

Falkland Is. 

Trochus malouinus ORB., Voy. dans lAmér. Mérid., p. 411. 

T. Brcrncrus Philippi. 

Shell small, conical, perforate, transversely striate, white, radiated 
with rose, angular below the suture, the angle nodose; last whorl 
carinated in the middle; base rounded ; aperture as high as wide, 
throat striated, columella arcuate, terminating in a bipartite tooth 
at the base. (Phil.) 

There are 5 whorls; above the shoulder-angle there are two 
shallow spiral furrows; between this and the peripheral carina there 
are 4, of equal breadth to the elevated interspaces; and on the base 
about 12. Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill. 

Red Sea. 


Tr. bicinctus Put., Zeitschr. f. Mal., p. 102; Conchyl. Cab., p. 
230, t. 35, f. 2. 


Has the outline of Priotrochus, hut differs in the columella with 
bipartite basal tooth. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 475 


TROCHUS MILLELINEATUS Bonnet. PI. 22, fig. 55. 

Shell with a very deep umbilicus, nearly reaching to the apex ; 
thick, little shining, yellowish, with elongated flexuous unequal 
brownish-green spots and dots of the same color. Spire little 
elevated, acute; whorls 6, obliquely striate, the last very large, with 
numerous irregular spiral ridges, stronger and numbering 6 on the 
base, with obliquely striate interstices. Aperture oblique, rounded, 
nacreous with greenish reflections and showing the folds inside. 

Alt. 19, diam. 21 mill. 

Torres Straits (?). 


Trochus (monodonta) mitle-lineatus Bonnet, Revue et Mag. de 
Zoologie, 1864, p. 281, t. 22, f. 5. 


My description is taken from that of Bonnet. The original figure 
is copied. Bonnet gives for locality, “ Jorres straits.” I do not 
know the systematic position of this shell. 


MARGARITA SANDWICHIANA (“ Ad.”’) Sowerby. PI. 37, fig. 31. 
Shell subglobose, grayish fulvous, spirally striated, variegated with 

blackish-brown tessellated spots; whorls 3, last large, subglobose ; 

aperture rather round; columella rather thick, oblique; umbilicus 


broad. (Sow. in Conch. Icon. xx, f. 8.) 
Sandwich Is. 


MARGARITA COSTELLATA Sowb. PI. 37, figs. 10-12. 

Shell orbicular obtuse-conic, thin, brownish; whorls 4, tumid, 
spirally ribbed, base subangulated, aperture suborbicular, sub- 
angulate below; umbilicus small. 

Greenland. 

M. costellata Sows. Conch. & Mal. Mag., p. 26; Conch. IIL, f. 15. 
—Philippi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 245, t. 37, f. 3. 


T. METAFORMIS Philippi. PI. 67, fig. 53. 

Shell turreted-conic, subperforate, thin, shining, olivaceous, painted 
with scarcely visible spiral red lines; whorls nearly flat, a trifle 
turgid, the last acutely angulated, 4 the total length of shell; aper- 
ture subrhombic ; columella little oblique, entire, cylindrical. 

Alt. 10, diam. 63 mill. (Phil.) 

; Habitat unknown. 

T. metaformis Phil., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 168; Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 296, t. 43, f. 13. 


476 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


T. pyemaus Philippi. PI. 39, figs. 29, 30. 

Shell small, very thin, globose-conoid, umbilicate, whitish ; whorls 
rounded, a little depressed or tabulate at the sutures, superficially 
spirally suleate; aperture rhombic-circular ; umbilicus crenulated. 

Alt. 2, diam. 24 mill. (Phil.) 

Magnisi, Sicily. 

Tr. pygmeus Pui., Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 155, t. xxv, p. 15. 


PeEPEReNGCE TO.PLATES: 


Paso) ll 


FIGURE. PAGI 

1, 2. Trochus sandwichensis Soul. Cog. Viv., t. 37,2, . 29 
Trochus sandwichensis Soul. Voy. de la Bonite, t. 37, f. 

23, p f ‘ : , : 29 

4, Calliostoma ticaonicum Ad Coneh eons, 1243. %"- . 354 

5-8. Trochus niloticus Linn. Original, : : ; iy tLe 
9. Trochus niloticus var. maximus Koch. Conch. Icon., f. 

3a. : : ; : : ; : ; : as 

PLATE 2 

10. Trochus acutangulus Chemn. Conch. Ieon., f. 7, . os 

11, 12. Trochus mauritianus Gmel. Original, : ; in 83 
15. Trochus obeliseus Gm. (acutus Lam.). rea Vines 

fD, : Reg) 

14. aprochus pbelsens Gin, Conch: Teont: 16 8, : 19 
15. Trochus ealearatus Souv. Journ. a Conchyl. 1875, t. 4, 

fess Fe 5 ; ‘ : A d 2 : let 


PLATE 3. 


16, 17. Trochus ieee Gmel. agate Gld).. Wiss. Haapl: 


Exped., f. 2 : : aa i : ree, 
18. Trochus a cee Lam. var. Conch. Icon., f. 6, eng, 
19. Trochus noduliferus Lam. Cog. Viv., t.21,f.1,  . 3H 22 
20. Trochus triserialis Lam. (acutus Rve.). Conch. Icon., f. 20, 21 
21, 22. Trochus fabrei Montr. “Coq. Viv., t. 116, f. 1, ie aD] 
23. Trochus dentatus Forskal. Original, — . : f 230) 


PLATE 4, 


24,25. Trochus mauritianus Gmel. Cog. Viv., t. 30,f.1, . 23 
27. Trochus mauritianus Gmel. Conch. Icon., f. 19, oS 
26.-Trochus obeliscus var. ccerulescens Lam. Ibid., f. 5, 20) 
28, 29. Trochus fenestratus Gmel. (cireumsutus Gld.) U. 8. 
Expl. Exped., f. 220. . ; : : : yas 
30, 31. Trochus triserialis Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 26, £2 Pa Bue 


' PLATE 5. 


o2, d0, 0). Trochus erythreus Broce. Coq. Viv., t. 35, f. 2, 40 
34. Trochus erythreeus Broce. Conchyl. C ab fi 42, f as 40 
(477) 


478 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. 


356, 


48, 


ths 
78. 
79. 


80, 8 


82. 
83, 


85. 
86. 
87. 
88, 
91, 


37. Trochus Kochii Phil. Cog. Viv., t. 39, f. 2 


38, 39, 40. Trochus cariniferus Beck. Cog. Viv. t. “15, f. ile 2, 
41, 42. Trochus cariniferus Beck. Conchyl. Cab., t. 38, f. 6, 
43, 


44. Trochus virgatus Gm. Coq. Viv., t. 27, ra ig 


PLATE 6. 


49. Trochus incrassatus Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 37, f. 1, 
. Trochus incrassatus Lam. Conch. Icon., f. 77, 


60. Trochus granosus Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 34, f 1, 


. Trochus squarrosus Rey. Conch. Icon., f. Oem a 

. Trochus sacellum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 44, ils 

. Trochus sacellum Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 120, if. 8); ; 
. Trochus mirabilis Sowb. P. Z. S. 1875, t. 24, . Hin ts 
, 58. Trochus crebrigranatus Rev. Coq. Viv., t. 97, f. 5, 
. Trochus crebrigranatus Rev. Conch. Icon., f. 89, 
61. Trochus squarrosus Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 21, f. 5, 


3. Trochus tubiferus Kn.  Ihbid., t. 37, f. 3, 


IPD 1 


, 65. Trochus vernicosus Gm, Coq. Viv., t. 109, f. 4, t. 119, 


£4; 


. Trochus tentorium Gm. Gane enn fe Te 


68. Trochus creniferus Kn. Coq. Viv., t. 34, f. 5, 


. Trochus venetus Rve. Conch. Icon., f 99a, 


71. Trochus rubricatus Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 110. f, 1, 


. Trochus subinearnatus Fischer. — [bid., t. 119, £.-6, 
. Trochus tentorium Gm. Coq. Viv., t. 29, i 1b, 

. Trochus venetus Rve. Ibid., t. 109, f. 3, 

. Trochus flammulatus Lam. Conch. Icon., f. 70. 

. Trochus lineatus Lam. Cog. Viv., t. 28, f. 2, . 


PLATE 8. 


Trochus subincarnatus Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 119, f. 6, 


Trochus flammulatus Lam. Original, 
Trochus flammulatus Lam. Cog. Viv., tat, f, 2 2, 


Trochus obesus Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 75, 


84. Trochus calearatus Souv. Journ. de a ts 1876, t. 


ANE byt : ; ‘ 
Trochus pustulosus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., e Ad, f. 6, 
Trochus vividus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 72, - 
Trochus histrio Rve. Ibid., f. 90, . 
89, 90. Trochus radiatus Gm. Coq. Viv, i? 97, 6 i 
92, 93. Trochus radiatus Gm. Original, ; 


1. Trochus incarnatus Phil. Conehyl. Cab. t16; f 3, 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 479 


PLATE 9. 

FIGURE. PAGE, 
94. Trochus smaragdus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 66, ee 
95. Trochus callicoccus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 43, f. 18, SP heey Ae) 
go.) rockus alpuser nile) lbs, ta 2c: tek = dS) 
97, ae Clanculus spadiceus Phil. Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., 

20h. 43-40," é 76 
99. Trochus maculatus (granosus Rve. aes Conch. Icon., if 97, 25 
100. Trochus maculatus Linn. Ibid.,f. 4, . ; . 24 
1. Trochus maculatus Linn. Coq. Viv. Foes i ‘ . 24 
2. Trochus maculatus Linn. Conch. Tcon., ie ‘de. ‘ 24 

3. Trochus maculatus Linn. Hanley, Ipsa Linn. Conch., t. 3, 
el ae 24 
4. Trochus maculatus var. eibberulus Ad. Conch Teon., f. 67, 26 

PLATE 10. 
1, 2. Clanculus corallinus Gm. Cog. Viv., t. 75, f. 2, . Sy oe 
3, 4. Clanculus guineénsis. Ibid., t. 72, f. 3, : : : 62 
5, 6, 7. Clanculus clangulus Wood. Ibid., t. 81, f. 1, . Sout 
8, 9. Claneulus kraussi Phil. te eh ee ae arts) 
10, 11. Clanculus clanguloides Wood. Cog. Viv., t. 113, f. 2, 65 
12, 12a. Clanculus gibbosus Ad. Torte Sioa: ay 8 
13. Clanculus yatesi Crosse. Ibid., t. 118, f. 4. : nelGi 
14, 15. Clanculus thomasi Crosse. Ibid., t.101,f1,  . it 
16, 17. Clanculus unedo Ad. Ibid., t. 101, ee 0 
19,19, 20, 21, 22. Claneulus plebeius Phil. Ibid., te 83, | ae ae 
23, 24. Clanculus miniatus Anton. Ibid., t. 83, f. te : 58 
25, 26, 27. Clanculus maugeri Wood. Ibid., t. 72, f. il ay 64: 
PLATE 11. 
28-52. Clanculus ABLE Cou Gld>) “Us. xpi: en 

eA. (a 
33. Clanculus Wicainatts Adare izes 1880, ff 40, f. 4, . 80 

34, 35. Clanculus ee Smith. Jour. Linn. Soe. ava 
DOL. Mes : : &8 
36, 37, 38. Clanculus j jussieui Payr. Cog. Viv., tb 82, ff. ae Lalo 
39, 40. Clanculus limbatus Phil.  Ibid., t. 71, £2 00) 
41, 42. Clanculus planospirus Kn, Ibid, ts 56, f. 3 Dae . 85 
43, 44, 45. Clanculus anus Phil.  Ibid., t. 101, £ Ds , oe! 
46, 47. Clanculus bertheloti Orb. Ibid., t. 95, f. 1, ; eis: 
48. Clanculus ceylanicus Nevill. Ibid., t. 96, f. 3, ‘ 70) 
49, 50. Clanculus ringens Phil. Ibid., t. 71, f.1, . d alll 
51, 51. Clanculus largillierti Phil. Ibid., t. 71,f.3,. . On 
52, 53. Clanculus spadiceus Phil. Ibid.,t.117,f.1,  . 06 
54, 55. Euchelus gemmatus Gld.  Ibid., t. 82, f. 3, : . 442 
56, 57. Clanculus flosculus Fischer. Ibid., t. 96, f. 1, . 4 OF 
58, 59. Clanculus villanus Phil. Ibid., t. 72, f. 2, , Gs 


60, 61. Claneculus eruciatus Linn.  Ibid., t. 95, f. 3, ; Beye fee! 


480 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


Bram 2: 
FIGURE. PAGE, 
62, 63. Tr ochus chloromphalus Ad. Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., t. 
Gra 8, : : : : ae 
64, 65. "Trochus chloromphalus Ad. Cog.Wivs, t. 22. Ati aks 
66, 67. Trochus chloromphalus var.  Ibid., t. 113, fot aos) 


68, 69. Trochus bicrenatus Gld. Original, : 35 
70, 71. Trochus delicatulus Phil. Conehyl. Cab., t. 28, f ie 43 
72. Trochus tiaratus Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., t. G4 fOy88 . 42 
73, 74. Trochus tiaratus Q. & G. Coq. Viv., ti 29, Tew . 42 
75. Trochus rota Dkr. Moll. Jap., t. 3, f. 4, 35 


76, 77. Trochus rota var. Jap. Meeres- Conchyl., t. 6, ft 20, 21, 30 
78, 79. Trochus scabrosus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 43, £3, . 44 
80, 81. Trochus seabrosus Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 104, f 9, ae 


82, 83. Trochus ignobilis Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t.16,f5, . 36 
84. Trochus hanleyanus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 2, . Hey 
85. Trochus hanleyanus Rve. Conch. Syst., t. 218; £11 eae 


PLATE 13. 


86, 87. Clanculus atropurpureus Gld. Original, il. 
88, 89. Chlorostoma patagonica Orb. Voy. pase Mérid., t. 

59, f. 3 . ee) 
90. C ‘lanculuis marg: aritareus Phil. " Conchyl. Cab., t1l4, feos 
91, 92. Clanculus microdon Ad. Original, : ‘ vie 
93, 94. Clanculus ludwigi (—spadiceus). Stidaf. Moll., t 

| ays ae 2 : : ‘ STN, 
95, 96. Clanculus ochroleueus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 36, f. 

16, . . . . . . Dif 


97,98: Clanculus plebeius var. rubicundus Dkr. Original, 80 
99, 100. Claneulus undatoides Ten.—Woods. Proce. Linn. Soe. 


Noe AV att en Laon : : : . ; : som 
1, 2. Clanculus plebeius Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 46, f. 10, . 79 
3. Clanculus nodulosus Ad. P. Z.S., 1854, t. 27, f. 2, Cages 
4, 5, 6, 7. Clanculus robertsi Pilsbry. Original, : > 66 
8, 9. Reta striolata Q. & G. vars. Original, : 99 
10, 11. Mondonta undulosa Ad. Voy. Erebus & Terror, t. 1, 
1 yelled a : : : ; : : 4 ; . 105 
PLATE 14. 
12, 18. Clanculus gibbosus Ad. Original, . : ; nen. 
14, 15. Clanculus saga Phil. Conehyl. Cab., t. 16, f. 6, Pee: 4| 
16, 17. Trochus elega antulus Wood. Cog. Viv., t.63,f1, . 44 
18. Clanculus festivus Tap.—Can. Viag. Magenta, £28, tO S ao 
19, Clanculus variegatus Ad. Ibid., t. 28, f. 11, : . +d0 
20-23. Clanculus aloysii ‘1 en.—Woods. Original, : Bene: 
24, 25. Clanculus carinatus (—miniatus, \ oe Origin nal, 58-59 
96, 27. Clanculus dunkeri Koch. Abbild.i, t. 2, f. 5, . cael 


28. Claneulus villanus Phil. Concehyl. Cab. tetas 3.88 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE, PAGE. 
29, 30. Clanculus personatus Phil. Original, 56 
31, 82. Clanculus morum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 39, £5 55 
33. Clanculus yatesi Crosse. Original, 61 
04, 35. Clanculus anus Phil. ConchylL, t. 39, 1 orl, 54 
36. Clanculus anus Phil. Original, 54 

Puate 15. 
37. Calliostoma euglyptum Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 17, . 074 
38, 39. Calliostoma similaris Rve. Ibid., f. 32, . 357 
40. Calliostoma gemmosum Rye. Ibid., f. 23, 5 : . 807 
41, 42. Calliostoma millegranum Phil. (—miliaris Broe.). Coq. 
Wiwante 490f- 1; : : : . 387 
43. Calliostoma vexillum Rve. Conch. ae tad, . 307 
44, Calliostoma zebuensis Rve.  Ibid., f. 63, . 857 
45, 46. Calliostoma multiliratum Sowb. P. Z. S. 1875, ti 24, 
se 05 ld aaa : ; 342 
47, 48. Calliostoma nobilis Phil. Cog. Viv., te 98, saa . 349 
49. Calliostoma splendidus Rve. (=nobilis ee Conch. 
Teon. f. 1 1s : . 49 
50, 51. Clanculus atropurpureus Gld. (samoensis). “Cog. Viv., 
(ye) cae ees fl) 
o2. Clanculus omalomphalus ‘Ad. ‘Thids, is 81, f. 2, D2 
53. Clanculus stigmatarius Ad. Ibid., t. 71, f. 4, 69 
54, 55, 56. Clanculus pharaonius Linn. Original, 48 
57, 58. Clanculus dunkeri Koch. Conchyl. “Cab., lf 96, £2, 61 
59. 60, 61. Clanculus puniceus Phil. Original, 49 
62-65. Trochus bicrenatus Gld. U.S ® Expl Sagas: ti: ee f, 
221, ; : : 35 
PLATE 16: 
1, la. Calliostoma stephanophorum Watson. Challenger Gas- 
REEODS tlie tl, : D937 
2. Calliostoma speciosum A. Ad. Conch. Icon., ie 9, 352 
3. Calliostoma ornatum Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 17, We it 340 
4. Calliostoma castra Rve. Conch. Teon!, i: 14, : 5 Aes ais) 
5. Calliostoma affinis Dall (=unicum Dkr.). Am. Jour. 
Conch. 1872, t. 15, f.-14, : 7 ‘ ; eel 
6, 6, 6. Calliostoma ligatum Gld. (—costatum Mart.). U.S. 
Expl. Exped., t. 12, f. 207. °. : ; : ‘ . 362 
7. Calliostoma granulatum Born. Coq. Viv., t. 18, f. 1, 384 
8. Calliostoma consimilis Smith. P. Z.S. 1881, t. 4, f.11, . 372 
9. Calliostoma filosus Wood (=costatum Mart.). Coq. Viv., 
fale a ee : . 362 
10, 10. Calliostoma unicum Dkr. ‘Tbid., if 105, f 2, 341 
11, lla. Calliostoma tinctum Watson. Challenger Gasterop., 
ee A as a 303 
12. oe iostoma spectabilis Ad. Conch. Icon., if 5b, Do2 


482 


FIGURE. 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


Prams 17. 


PAGE. 
13, 14. Calliostoma unidentatum Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 91, f. 4, 398 
15, 16. Calliostoma montagui Wood.  Ibid., t. 89, f. 3, . aoe 
17, 18. Calliostoma tranquebaricum Pfr. Ibid., t. 98, f. 1, . 338 
19. Calliostoma stirophorum Wats. Challenger Gasterop., 

iG; £2 : . 377 
20. Calliostoma socia Fischer ie exasperatum). Cog. Viv., t 

119) £3. : : . 394 
Zi. Calliostoma interruptum W ood. Conch. Tcon., fe 64, . 308 
22. Calliostoma interruptum Wood. Ind. Test., t. 6, f. 42, . 358 
93. Calliostoma occellatum Rve. Conch. Icon.,f. 61, . . 398 
25. Calliostoma japonicum Ad. Ibid., f. 49, . : . 000 
24, Calliostoma scrobinatum Rve. Ibid.,f 29, . : . 308 
26. Calliostoma duplicatum Ad. I[bid., f. 5D, : . 306 
27, 27a. Calliostoma arruensis Wats. Challenger Rept. ta 6, 

aon : : . ; 3 : . d44 
28. Calliostoma transenna Watson. Tbid., ite ae ip 3 : . 845 
29. Calliostoma tiara Watson. Ibid.,t.6,f.4,  . : . 380 
30. Calliostoma gualtierianum Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 119, f.5,. 391 
31. Calliostoma polychromum Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 40, . 396 
32. Calliostoma monile Rve. Ibid., f. 39, . : ; . 398 
33. Calliostoma decussatum Ad. Ibid., f. 65, : ; . 809 
34. Calliostoma unicinectum Ad. Thid., i oo ; : . 800 
35, 36. Calliostoma macandrese Cpr. Ibid., f. 50, : . 306 
37. Calliostoma incertum Rve.  Ihbid., f. 28, . : . ool 
38. Calliostoma picturatum Ad. Ibid., f. 53, ‘ : . B00 
39, 40. Calliostoma striatum Linn. Coq. Viv., t. 89. f. 2,  . 395 
41. Calliostoma poupineli Montr. Ibid., t. 116, f.3, —. . 390 
42. Calliostoma exasperatum Pennt. Ibid., t. 89, f. 1, . . 394 


PLATE 18. 


1, 2. Calliostoma adspersum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 32, f. 8, 367 
3, 4. Calliostoma nocturnum Phil. Ibid., t.18,f9, . Boras |! 
5, 6, 7, 8. Calliostoma crenulatum (—exasperatum). Ibid., 
iapilles on eee Sto) e eat : ; : , : . 394 
o: Calliostoma turriculum Phil. Roig ie 44 ical ee oes 
10,11; Calliostomg miliaris Broce. Jbid., t. 13. f 19) - . dor 
12 Calibstons zizyphinum L., var. cingulatum Broce. Ibid., 
feelin tek & ‘ . 3 : : . 089 
sles Calliostoma fragum Phil. Ibid., t. 38, f. 4, d . 348 
15 ae agrestis Phil. (=conuloides Lam.).  Ibid., 


petal ae : J : ; : OST ase 
; CORE IN castaneus Nutt. (=costatum Mart.). P. Do 
: Ges pen jumean dui Sowb. (—Sowerbyi Pilsbry). Thid., 
1878, +. 48, f.6, . 540 
. Calliostoma inconspicuum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 43, 


fi aati os Si, sc a a a 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 483 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
19, 20. Calliostoma dubium Phil. Ibid., t.13,.f11,  . lil 
21. Clanculus laceyi Sowb. Jour. Conch. (Leeds). vi, t. 1, 

el a ee ‘ ‘ : : d : Peeys 
22. Calliostoma nubilis Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 38, f. 2, . 044 
23. Calliostoma australis Brod. Ibid., t. 38, f. 5, . : . 348 
24. Calliostoma comptum Phil. Ibid., t. 46, f. 6, . ‘ po 
25. Calliostoma goniostomum Mke. Ibid., t. 31, f.6, . . 898 


26. Calliostoma ferrugineus Phil. Ibid., t. 44, f. 14, 
Puate 19. 


89,90. Monodontasubrostrata Gray. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 


pe see: ane . 101 
91, 92. Clanculus personatus Phil. Conchyl. ‘Cab., t: 14, i726 
93. Monodonta lugubris Gmel. Coq. Viv., t. 62, f. ee : ” 100 
94. Monodonta coracina Trosch.  Ibid., t. 110, de 65 ; 03 
95, 96. Monodonta labio Linn. Ibid.,+t. 73, f.1, . : 86 
97, 98. Monodonta striolata Quoy. Ibid., t. 61, f. 3, . . 99 
99, paul Monodonta ethiops Gmel. IJbid., t.61,f.1, . . 98 
1, 2. Monodonta fuliginea Ad. Challenger Rept., t. 4, f.11, 99 
s t Clanculus flagellatus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 39, f.9, . 55 
5-8. Clanculus stigmatarius Ad. Coq. Viv., t. 71, f. 4, . EY 
9, 10. Clanculus jussieui var. glomus Phil. Moll. Rouss., t 

Ota: Bo, : : : 3 , ; 2 
11. Clanculus j jussieui (typical). Tds te O0 ts lat np os 
12. Clanculus cruciatus L. var. candida Monts. Ibid., t 


iia BEE Seah : 3 2 at 
13: Clanculus eruciatus be var. rosea Monts. “bid. toate aap 
14, 15. Clanculus corallinus L. var. multigranatus Phil. Con- 

ely Cab,,\t:, 30, f.. 65, -: F j . 3 : ee 
Tey: Clanculus eruciatus L. Coqe Vane aOoN fo) aie 


PLATE 20. 


1, 2. Chlorostoma pellisserpentis Wood. Coq. Viv., t. 55, f. 3, 168 


3, 4. Monodonta tamsiana Dkr. Ibid., t. 59, f. 1, . ' ae: 
5. Chlorostoma gallina Fbs. Ibid.,t.111,f.1,  . : . 169 
6, 7. Monodonta constricta Quoy. Ibid., t. 60, f. 4, 3 ao 
8, 9. Monodonta punctulata Lam. Ibid., t.58,f.2, —. sae |c} 
10, 11. Monodonta ea Ad. (extenuatus Fischer). Ibid., t. 
TOS Yh Shae o2 
12. Monodonta zebra var, multicarinata Kn. Com, Viv., 
60, f. : ; : pod 
13, 14. Wane mutabilis Phil. Original, ; : afer! 
15-17. Monodonta plumbea Hutton. Original, : . 105. 
18. Monodonta nigerrima (Gmel.) Phil. Conehyl. Cab., 
24, f. 14, : : Or 
19. Monodonta zethiops Gmel. Original, . ; : . 98. 


20. Monodonta zebra Mke. Coq. Viv., t. 60, f. 2, : uXeOt 


484 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


PLATE 21. 
FIGURE, PAGE. 


21. Monodonta tarbinata Born. Original, . » 892 
92, 23. Monodonta turbinata Born. Coq. Viv. E ty are f i ears 3 
24. Monodonta dama Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 35, f. 6, : . 89 
25, 26. Monodonta vermiculata Fischer. Coq Viv., t. 27, f. 


3, : : : : : » 189 
27, 29. Monodonta crassa Montagu. Ibid., t. 67, f, 2 94 
28. Monodonta Roearaides Star aerate: Hidalgo, Moll. 

Hsp: its Gil 254 93 
30. Monodonta crassa Mont. “Tbid., i rail if ih 94 
31, 32. Monodonta sauciata Koch (sagittifera Hidalgo). Thid., 

EGO at Gio: . 115 
30-00. Monodonta articulate ‘Tear, Coq. ee i: 68, es ila epee is: 
36. Monodonta articulata Lam. Mol. Esp., t. 61, f. 3, . 98 


PLATE 22. 


37. Monodonta labio var. confusa Can. Zool. Magenta, t. 28, 

f. 8, : : : : : : : eo 
38. Monodonts dinat Phil. Coq. Viv. tal li, £2: 2 . 89 
39, 40. Monodonta piperina Phil. Ibid.,t.87,f3,  . es Kt 
41-43. Monodonta erinita Phil. Ibid., t. 69, f. 3, , sanlelel 
44. Monodonta crinita Phil. Conehyl. Cab., t. 35, f. 9, a7 de 
45, 46. Monodonta attrita Hombr. (—undulosa Ad.). Coq. 


Wavevt Olt Zan. ; 3 : ; . 105 
47. Monodonta attrita Hombr. ‘—=undulosa Ad.). Voy. Astrol. 
& Zelee, t.14,f20,  . : ; : . 105 


48, 49. Monodonta atrovirens Phil. Coq. Viv., t: 114, fol) and 
50. Monodonta atrovirens Phil. Conch. Cab., t.24,f,12, . 110 
52. Monodonta radula Phil. Ibid., t. 30, f. 9, ‘ , Oil 
51. Monodonta radula Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 91, f. 3, 4 LOL 
53, 54. Monodonta porcifera Watson. Challenger Rep., t. 4, 


ag pe ae F - LOZ 
55h era milleneatns Bonnet ” Rev. Zool. 1864, ti 29. £ 5, AT5 
56, 5 . Monodonta hectori Hutton. Original, —. . 104 


58, 50, 60. Monodonta zeus Fischer. Cog. Viv., t. 104, f, Ay cle 


PLATE 23. 
61-64. Monodonta tigrina Chem. Coq. Viv.,58,f1, . allies 
65. Monodonta sagittifera Lam. Conch. Cab., t. 24, f. 16, . 114 
66, 67. Pnedee sagittifera Lam. Cog. Viv., t. 108, f 4; 


TOD celine : ! 114 
68, 69. Mawedanitr fulourata Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 39, £.10, 115 
70. Monodonta fulgurata Phil. Coq. Viv., t..60, Ep 115 
71-73. Monodonta kceneni Dkr. (—suavis Phil. 5. Ind. Moll. 

Jap ts L2vit..4—G6; ; mL, 


fc a Monodonta suavis Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 96, f. Av. as Ba 
76. Matadonts variegata Ant. (==sagittifera Lam.). Ibid., 
te, he etek : ; . : : : : . 114 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. : 
77, 78. Monodonia nigerrima Gmel. Ibid., t. 29, f. 2, . 
79. Monodonta merula Gmel.  Ibid., t. 29, f. 1. 


PLATE 24. 


80-83. Chlorostoma coronulata Ad. Original, 

84, 85. Chlorostoma occulta Phil. (=maculostriatum “Ad. 
Conch. Cab., t. 25, f. 8, : : 

86, 87. Chlorostoma eundlachi Phil. Thid., it 84, f Sa es 


88, 89. Chlorostoma maculostriatum Ad. Coq. Viv., t. 86, 


90. Chlorostoma turbinatus Pse. (—coronulatum Ad.). Amer. 


Journ. Conch. v, t. 8, f. 15, 


91. Monodonta perdix Koch (—sagittifera Lam.). Conch. 


Cabot. 24, i175... 

92, 93. Monodonta indecorus Phil. ‘(—sauciata Koch). Ibid, 
t. 24, f. 5 

94. Moncdenia variegatus Ant. c— ‘sagittifera Tam.) Ibid. oe 
24, f. 15, 


95, 96. Monodonta sauciata Koch. . Ibid., ts 30, a Oey de 
97-98. Gibbula sauleyi Orb. (—albida Gmel.). Hist. Nat. 
Canaries, t. 6, f. 24-26, ; 


100, 101. Chlorostoma smithii Canefri. Zool. Magenta, t. iV 


Bale, 


PLATE 25. 


1, 3, 4. Chlorostoma rusticum Gmel. re Waventeooe. Io; 
tem ts, 2, 
. Chlorostoma rusticum Gmel, Original, 
5, 6 Chlorostoma carpenteri Dkr. Gog. Wiiven ts BT, fit. 
7, 8. Chlorostoma Saat Dkr: ~ Jap: Meeres- Conch., ca 
f. 9-10. ‘ 
9, 10. Chlorostoma nigerrimum Gmel. ‘Thid., tas ‘f. 6, ie 


rae 12. Chlorostoma argyrostomum Gmel. Ibid., te .fa38 ei 


PLATE 26. 


13, 14, 15. Chlorostoma pfeifferi Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 105, f. 1, 
16. Chlorostoma lischkei Pilsbry. Original, ; 

17. Chlorostoma nigricolor Dkr. Moll. Jap., t. 3, f. 2, 

18, 19. Gibbula cicer Mke.  Abbild. u. Beceve be t. 3, f. 5, 
20. Chlorostoma distinguenda Dkr. Moll. Jap., t. 3, f if 


21, 22. Chlorostoma nigricolor Dkr, Jap. Meeres-Conch., t. 


ts toy RZ, ; ; : : 
23. Chlorostoma pulligo “Mart. Univ. Wonehet: 16) 1 <. 
24, 25. Chlorostoma pulligo Mart. Coq. Viv., t. 80, iets 
26. Chlorostoma rugosum Ad. Ibid., t. 75, f. e 


486 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


PLATE 27, 


FIGURE. PAGE, 
27, 28. Chlorostoma monterevi Kn. Coq. Viv., t. 33, f1, . 171 
29, Chlorostoma montereyi Kn. Original, . orale 
30. ee a rugosum, var. rufotinctum GPE “Cog. ie 

Les (acs te pe : ; Vie 
oule Chlorestoms Se beane sin Bhs: Tbid., if 81, f. Pas ohne 
32, 33. Chlorostoma aureotinctum Fbs. Original, Bee fh 
34, 35. Chlorostoma striatulatum Kn. Coq. Viv., t. 33, f. 3, 172 

36. Chlorostoma brunneum Phil. Original, bet 


37, 38. Chlorostoma brunneum Phil. “Ibid. t. 112, fe if oy Leal 
39. Chlorostoma euryomphale Jonas. Coq. Vi iv., t. 31, f. 4, . 174 


PLATE 28. 
40. Chlorostoma ater Lesson. Coq. Viv., t.30,f2,  . . 173 
41. Chlorostoma ater Lesson. Original, ; : Bae 7: 


42. Chlorostoma funebrale Ad. Cog. Wives £2003 f. 3 Oeste ae af 0) 
43, 44. Chlorostoma funebrale Ad. Original, d : LNO 

- 45, 46. Chlorostoma luctuosum Orb.. Coq. Viv., t. 31, f.3, . 174 
47, 48. Chlorostoma tridentatum P. & M. Coq. Viv., t. 57, 


1 De ; : ; i TS 
49, @hilaroskoma quadricostatum Wood. Ibid: ste 305i 2 ae ae 
50, 51. Chlorostoma meestum Jonas. Ibid., t. 91, f. 1, . See 
52. Chlorostoma gallina Fbs. P. Z. 8. 1850, t. xi, f. 8, . . 169 
53. Chlorostoma gallina Fbs. Original, : : , . 169 


PLATE 29. 


54-56. Chlorostoma viridulum Gmel. Coq. Viv., t. 70, £1, 175 
57. Chlorostoma rubroflammulatum Koch. Conch. Cab., t 


7 on pl le om eee : ; : : : . 180 
58. Chlorostoma ligulatum Mke. Cog? Vivi, 34155 fa; pala 
59, 60. Chlorostoma ligulatum Mke. Original, . . ei 
61, 62. Chlorostoma rubroflammulatum Koch. Cog. Viv., t 

coli wag ean . 180 
63, 64, 68, oe Chlorostoma reticulatum Wood. Coq, Viv., t. 

70, £2 : ; 4176 
65-67. CHa semigranosum “Ad. " Original, : Relic 


70, 71. Chlorostoma scalare Anton. Conch. Cab., b28, 11 hop 
72, 73. Chlorostoma scalare Anton. Coq. Viv., t. Sora: ae . 185 
74-77. Chlorostoma fasciatum Born.  Ibid., t. 63, ER . 186 
78. Chlorostoma substriatum Pilsbry. Original, : st: Om 


PLATE 30. 


1-4. Gibbula adansoni Payr. Coq. Viv., t. 107, f. 1-4, . 210 
5. Gibbula dupontiana Nevill. Ibid.,, t. 106, f. 3, . : . 218 
s Gibbula scamnata Fischer. Ihbid., t. 117, f. 4, . ; B34) 

. Gibbula picturata Ad. Ibid., t.90,f 2, . : : . 215 
8 9. Gibbula magus Linn.  Ibid., t. 55, f. 1, d : Pal E77 
10. Gibbula magus Linn. Mol. Esp., t.58.f.4. . ; ~ L9G 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. A8T 
FIGURE, PAGE. 
11-14. Gibbula obliquata Gmel. Coq. Viv., t. 107, f. 2, 3, 5, 209 
15-16. Gibbula obliquata Gmel. Mol. Exp., i261 FT 910.” 5209 
17-19. Gibbula ardens Salis. Cog. Viv., t. 48, f. 3 202 
20-22. Monodonta mutabilis Phil. igre t: 99: 2, 94 
23, 24. Gibbula cineraria L. Ibid., t. 62, f. 4, 208 
PLATE 31. 

25-27. Gibbula philberti Récl. Coq. Viv., t. 87, f. 1, 205 
28. Monodonta coracina Phil. Original, ‘ i : sale 
29, 30. Gibbula leucophea Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 106, f. 1, 205 
31,32. Gibbula phasianella Desh. Ibid., t.111, f. 4, 235 
33. Gibbula phasianella Desh. Moll. Réunion, t. 9, f. 13, 235 
34, 35. Gibbula coxi Angas. Coq. Viv., t. 105, f. 3, 231 
36, 37. Gibbula capensis Gmel.  [bid., t. hoe ie . 239 
38-40. Gibbula gradata Gould. U. S. Expl. Exped., f. 210, 241 
41-43. Gibbula fanuloides Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 108, f. 38, 200 
44-46. Gibbula guttadauri Phil. Ibid., t. 49, f. vs 199 
47, 48. Gibbula declivis Forsk. Ihbid., t. 43, f. 3, 198 
PLATE 382. 

49-52. Gibbula tumida Mont. Coq. Viv., t. 108, f. anes Zi 
53. Gibbula tiberiana Crosse. Coq. Viv., t. 120, f. 2, 222 
54-56. Gibbula richardi Payr.  Ibid., t. 48, dels 207 
57, 58, 58a. Gibbula danieli Crosse. Tbid., iF 102, i a 229 
59, 60. Gibbula reevei Montr. Ibid., t. 102. peu < 229 
61, 62. Gibbula strangei Ad. Ibid.. t. 102s sien 5. oo 
63-65. Gibbula umbilicaris Linn. TIbid., t. 45,£2,.. . . 203 

66-68. Gibbula tesserula Ten.—W oods. Proce. Roy. Soc. Vict. 

188i, t..1, f. 3=5, : . 204: 
69. Gibbula coxi Angas. P. Z. S. 1867, t. ie is 26, 231 
70, 71. Gibbula spratti Fbs. Coq. Viv., t. 49, f 3, 206 
72, 73. Gibbula smaitata Fischer. Ibid., fo eas fs 4, 221 

PLATE 33. 

74-76 Gibbula divaricata Linn. Mol. Esp., t. 61, f. 5-7, 207 
78, 79. Gibbula divaricata Linn. Coq. Viv., t. 47, f. 1, 207 
77, 80, 81. Gibbula varius L.  Ibid., t. 87, f. Dinibip. 204 
82, 83. Gibbula succincta Monts. Moll. Rouss., t. 45, f. 13, 

15 : . 202 
84, Gibbula barbara Monts. “Thid,, ti 45, f 19, : . 208 
85. Gibbula seminula Phil. Conch. Cab., te 44, jie . 222 
86-88. Gibbula cineraria L. Brit. Moll., t. 65, f. 1-3, . 208 
89. Gibbula latior Monts. Moll. Rouss., t. 45, f. 6, 204 
91. Gibbula rarilineata Mich.  Ibid., t. 46, f. 24, . 208 
90. Gibbula rarilineata Mich. Coq. Viv., t. 47, f. 2, 208 
92. Gibbula balteata Phil. Conch. Cab., t. 44, f. 10, 2a 
93. Gibbula alveolata Phil. Ibid., t. 30, f. 14, 206 


488 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE, 
94. Gibbula turbinoides Desh. Ibid., t. 29, f. 23, 2 dal 
95. Gibbula turbinoides Desh. Moll. Rouss., t. 47, ‘8 29, oe 
96, 97. Gibbulea rackettii Payr. Ibid., t. 47, f. 20, 20, . 212 
98, 99. Gibbula turdus Phil. Conch. Cab., t. 44, f. Tht, . 209 

100, 101. Gibbula drepanensis Brugn. Journ. Conch. 1877, t. 
Destiibys ; ; : ; ial 

102-104. Gibbula antipoda Hombr. & Jacq, Voy. Astrol. & 
Zelee, t. 14, f. 26-28, . : ; : = 2G 

PLATE 34. 

1. Cantharidus perobtusus Pilsbry. Original, . : ra 3) 

2. Cantharidus huttoni Smith. Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., 
1S 7G; bp Ossie 205 2 : : 5 a 3 
3. Cantharidus tenebrosus Ad. Original, : : : . 128 

4. Cantharidus indistinctus Wood. Ind, Test:, suppl., t. 6; 
TVA Ne : ; é : . 128 
D. Cantharidus baits Dir, Gog: Wivs b. Olea dates 33) 
6. Cantharidus apicinus Mke. Conch. Cab., t. 23, f. 5, Ba is 
7. Cantharidus apicinus Mke. Original, ; ‘ . 134 
8. Cantharidus rutilus Ad. Original, , : : . 136 

9, 10. Cantharidus pictus Wood. Conch. Cab., t. 23, £18, 
19: - : : j 5 ~ A226 

11. Calliostoma hungerfordiar ana Sby. P.Z. 8S. 1888, 4. 28; 8 
14, 3 . 343 

12. Cantharidus fulmineus Kn. (—peroni Phil.). “Cog. Viv., 
tO) tails Wen : » 32 

13, 14. Cantharidus peronii Phil. (ver miculosus Kn.). Tbid., 
t. 503. 4,57 3°. sftronin . 132 
15. Cantharidus iris Chemn. Ibid. fi 51, if? 4, : . 122 
16, 17. Monodonta guttata Koch. Conchyl. ‘Cab., t: 28, f. 4, 107 
18, 19. Monodonta sturnus Muhlf. Ibid., t. 39, f. 14, : . 108 
20-22. Monodonta neritoides Phil. Ibid., . 44, 1 aie . 106 
23. Monodonta leprosus Phil. Ibid., t. 46, fe es : 100 
24, 25. Turcica chinensis Sowb. P. Z. 8. 1888, tis: 8, 9, 418 
26. Minolia chinensis Sowb. Ibid., t. 28,f138,  . . . 264 
27. Monodonta parva Trosch. Conchyl. cape ts 2iits VO eee 
28, 29. Cantharidus schrayeri Troschel. Ibid., t. 23, f.3,  . 137 
30. Monodonta (?) carbonaria Phil. Ibid., t. 40, £9, . OD 
31. Cantharidus porcatus Phil. Ibid., t. 48, f.9, . -. sa 
32. Cantharidus nitidulus Phil. Ibid., t. 48, f. 10, ‘ alias 

PLATE 35. 

1-3. Monodonta excavata Ad. & Ang. Original, . 109 

4, 5. Monodonta piperina Phil. (amoenus Gld.). S: Expl. 
Exped., t. 18, f. 218, - . : Seis) 


Oia: Monodonta perplexa Pilsbry. Original, : : 2 LOY 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 489 


FIGURE, PAGE. 
9,10. Monodonta constellataSouv. Journ. de Conchyl. 1865, 
bee dace a , : 3 : é . 108 
ae Conotrochus mariel Crosse. Journ. de Conchyl. 1886, t. 1, 
FN RY ee : : : 268 
eas. Wonodonta. bicanaliculata Dkr. " Conehyl. Cab., t. 30, 
PAG s4 8 : : ; : : . 100 
14, 15. Monodonta tabularis Krauss. Ibid., t. 24, f. 4, Spl 
16. Monodonta fulgurata Phil. Ibid., t. 37, f. 11, : me US) 
WAS: Monodonta. tener Trosch. Ibid., tezae toe ; sun 
19-21. Monodonta crusoeana Pilsbry. Original, : 98 


22, 23. Monodonta adelaide Phil. Conehyl. Cab., t. 24, if if 111 
24, 25. Monodonta lugubris Gmel. Voy. Astrol., t. 64, f. 16, 

18, : : : 4 . 100 
26; 21. Monodonta morio Wiroae h. “ Conehyl. Cab, tz 24. f 32402 
28-32. Monodonta impervius Phil.’ Ibid., t. 39, f. 12, 13; t 

24, £. 8, ; : : : : ‘ : 5 11d 


PLATE 36. 


pK 


_-1. Basilissa simplex Watson. Challenger, Rep. pega 

(rt ORO Se ; . 422 

2. Basilissa ‘munda Watson. ‘Thid., tet fs ts : : . 423 

8. Basilissa costulata Watson. Ibid. LP Ab bes Goyal fd Neha ‘ . 426 

‘4, Basilissa oxystoma Watson. Ibid., t. i 1 ie eae : . 421 

-O. Basilissa alta Watson.* Ibid., t. 7, £..8; = . : ALO 

6, 7: Basilissa superba Watson.  Ibid., t..7,.f. 10, . : rae i a 

8, 9. Basilissa oxytropis Watson.  Ihbid., t. Tf 9, DAT), as 

10, 11. Basilissa Jampra- Watson. Tbid., te Weelaees : . 421 
19, Gaza dedala Watson. Ibid., t. 7, f. 12, . : ; . 16d: 

13, 14. Minolia albugo Watson. Ibid., t.6,f. 8, . . 213 

15, 16. Minolia philippinensis Watson. Ibid., £308 10, 2 itl 
.17, 18. Minolia lampra Watson.  Ibid., t. 6, f. ears 2a 

19, 20. Gibbula glyptus Watson. Ibid., t. 6, £. 6, ale 


21. Gibbula zonata Wood (leaensis W ats.). Tid. tC: Tes: 23 


PEATE) 37: 


1. Minolia pulcherrima Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 11, . ; . 472 
2. Calliostoma occidentalis Migh. Ibid., f. 46, . . 393 
3. Calliostoma occidentalis Migh. Conehyl. Cab., te os if 14, 393 
4. Margarita arctica Leach (=helicina Fab.). Tbid., trol, f, 
: 8. . . . 286 
5. eres striata Sowb. thoes Couth.). Conch. Icon., 
ie Cees : : : : F ; : fezort 
6. Euchelus incisus Mke. Conchyl.Cab., —. : . 43% 
7. Minolia triangulosa Sowb. (—biangulosa A. Ad. Conch. 
eons 1.26, 22 ; : : . 265 


8. Margarita modesta Sowb. (—modesta Midd. ?)  Tbid., £23, 295 
9. Margarita corneus Lowe (—helicina). Ibid., t. 37, f. 4, 290 


490, REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE, PAGE. 
10, 11. Margarita costellata Ibid., t. 37, f. 3, ; : . 475 
12. Margarita costellata Conch. tone ‘f 20, . 475 


13. Monilea zealandica Sowb. (—M. egena Gld.). Thid., 1 17, 253 
14, 15. Euchelus oxytropis Phil. bane shyl..Cab., t..39, . 1 74 
= Euchelus circulatus Ant. Ibid., t. 39, f.4,  . ; . 4382 


. Euchelus horridus Phil. Tbid., ¢. 27, £12, . : . 483 
is 19. Euchelus bourcierei Crosse (—=instrictus Gld.). Coq. 
Viv., t. 84, f. 3 ; : : . 441 
20-22. Danke tinel Cae Ibid. t. 47, £3 Bee : ; . 449 
23, 24. Gibbula yessoensis Schrenck. Original, ; : . 222 


25-27. Gibbula nitida Ad. & Ang. Original, y : 5 FA 
28-30. Gibbula picturata Ad. & Ang. ” Original, ; . Ald 
31. Minolia sandwichiana (Ad.) Sby. Conch. i¢ou., £3; 2 28/5 
32. Gibbula blanfordiana Ney. Journ, Asiat. Soe. Beng., 

Toenail Tan ae B : : : : : ; - 218 


PLATE 38. 


1. Euchelus angulatus Pse. Am. Journ. Conch., iii, t. 23, 


| igh aces 3 : , : . 487 
Pere Wiel Sy Gohelas erobical anne Sona Cog. Viv., t.84,f.-2,)" sedan 
4, Euchelus pullatus Ant. Ibid., t. 120, f. 1, : . 483 
5-7. Kuchelus smithii Dkr. Moll. Mar. Jap., t. 6, f. ee 19, 438 
8. Euchelus scaber Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 93, f. 2, . 488 
9,10. Euchelus quadricarinatus Chem. Original, : . 450 
11. Euchelus quadricarinatus Chem. Coq. Viv., t. 98, f. 1, . 430 
12. Euchelus scabriusculus Ad. Ihid., t. 114, f. 2, : . 445 
13, 14. Euchelus asper Gmel. Ibid., t.94,f.1,  . ; . 481 
15, 16. Euchelus fossulatus Souv.. Ibid., t.117,f2, . . 444 
17. Euchelus baccatus var. Moist Slate eee . 435 
18, 19. Euchelus fischeri Montr.  Ibid., t. SAcoien tes : . 443 


20, 21. Monodonta neritoides Phil. var. Tnd. Moll. Mar. 

Vapi nts 0, dae, ; ; : ‘ 5 : . 106 
22. Euchelus atratus Gmel. Coq. Viv., t. 94, f. 3, : . 439 
23. Euchelus stellio Fischer. Ibid., t.93,f2,  . ; . 434 


PLATE 39. 


24. Eutrochus lessonzensis Canefri. Zool. Magenta, t. 1, f. 9, 402 
25. Clanculus satrapius Mart. Vorderas. Conch., t.6, f. 50, . 71 
(This is a poor figure, not showing the columellar tooth.) 

[26. Trochus exilis Pse. Am. Jour. Conch. 1867, t. 24, f. 7, 
Seems to be a Risella of the subgenus Plesiotrochus Fischer. | 
27. Priotrochus chrysoleemus Mart. Mobius’ Reise, t. 40, f. 
20, ; : : ‘ . 258 
[ 28. Trochus conoidalis Pse. (ze Risella). Am. Journ. Conch. 
1867, t. 24, f.8. See Manual of Conchology, vol. ix, p. 263.] 
29, 30. Trochus pygmeus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 42, f.7, . 476 
31, 32. Euchulus persicus Mart. Vorderas. Conchyl,, t.6,f.51, 441 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 49] 


FIGURE. PAGE, 
33. Calliostoma marmoreum Pse. Am. Journ. Conch. 1867, 
[ae ee Bee ane : : ‘ : ; . 360 
oF 35. Photinula sigaretina Sow b. “ Conchyl. Cab., t. 37, f.17, 280 
6. Margarita undulata Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 2, ; . 290 
3739, Margarita undulata Sowb. Conchyl. ge to oigtele: 
14, : : ‘ . 290 
40, 41. Margarita 1 rossil (= undulata Sowb. ie Tbidk, t.42,°8 
a : j eeu 
42, 43. ’Photinula violacea King. Thid., i 37, feos ee aro 
44, 45. Minolia solartiformis Sowb. Ibid., t.37,f.1,  . . 265 
46. Margarita vulgaris Leach ae Fab.). Conch. Icon, 
5 9, : ; . 287 
47, 48, Margarita g olauca Moll. (ar gentata Gld. ‘ Conchyl. 
Cab., t. 42, f. “4, : . 289 
49, 50, Margari ita borealis Phil. (—helicina Fab.). Tbid ut: 
42, f. ils : : . 287 
51, 52. Photinula expansa | Sowb. ‘Thid., fis a7, Ee 18, 3 . 279 
53. 54. Margarita fabricii Phil. (—undulata Sowb.).  Ibid., 
t. 42, f. ae . 25 
DD. Margarita bembix Phil. (acuminata Sowb.). Ihid., t 
42, ieee : : S291 
56, 57. Margarita obscura Couth. “Tbid., it 49. 8 3, ; . 908 
58, 59. Margarita vahlii Moller. Ibid., t. 42, f. 6, . ee nell 
60. Margarita suleata Sowb. (undulata Sowb.). Conch. 
Heon tf 3) ) . 291 
61, 62. Margarita umbilicalis: Sowb. Conchyl. Cab., fi, ee 6 
ae 288 
63. Margarita margar ita Phil. (=helicina Fab. Ny: Tbid., ie OA 
fe 0s ) : 200 
63. Margarita umbilicalis Sowb. Conch. Icon., sd ga tae . 288 
PuatTe 40. 
1-8. Gibbula guttadauri Phil. juv. Original, : : = 60 
4,5. Gibbula oppressa Hutton. Original, . , 282 
6, 7. Gibbula affinis Garrett. Original, : : 5 . 230 
8, 9. Gibbula concinna Dkr. Original, : P aZa0 
10, 11. Bembyx eola Watson. Challenger Gasterop., t ay he 
13, : wh : . 162 
12, 18. Gibbula lehmanni Mke. Coq. Viv., t. lay fone . 238 
14, 15. Gibbula prasina Garrett. Original, . 232 
16. Calliostoma jujubinum Gmel. Cog. Viv., i? 18, f. 2 . 404 
17. Gibbula aurea Ten.-Woods. Original, . : . 231 
18, 19. Gibbula simulata Hutton. Original, : ; 
20. Gibbula tasmanica Petterd. Original, : . 236 
21. Eutrochus alternatus Sowb. (—=perspectivum Koch). P. 
MiP LS (oe bed) L, Os. . 405 


22. Cantharidus blandianus Grosse: Maaent de Conch: 1864, 
tet dees m+ ; : ‘ ¢ ‘ paed 


492 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE, 


23. Gibbula satorius Desh. Moll. Réunion, t. 9, f. 7, 


LST Teese! . 269 
25, 26. Odontotrochus chlorostomus Mke. Cog. Viv., i oe 

ad, . 148 
27. Conotrochus singaporensis Pilsbry. “Original, . 270 
28-31 Bankivia fasciata Beck. Conchyl. Cab., t. 5, f. (2 Anh ile 
32, 33. Bankivia fasciata Beck. Sudaf. Moll., t. 6, f. 7, ato 
34, Conotrochus subplicata Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1869, 

te 2 ee ; : : : : . 269 
35. Calliostoma pumilio Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 15, £19, . 400 
36. 37. Gibbula depressa Ten.-W oods. Original, ‘ . 234 
38. Gibbula roseus Krauss. Conchyl. Cab., t. 29, f. 26, . 242 
39. Gibbula iridescens Schrenck (filgens Gld.). Amurl. 

Moll t-15; 4.215 2208 
40. Thalotia yokahamensis Bock. P. Z. 8. 1878, ti. 46, fs a 147 
1. Clanculus undatus Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 56, f. 2, 65 
42. Cantharidus abnormis Crosse. Journ. Conch. 1864, t. Bh 

ae 142 
43. Gibbula j jessoensis Schrenck. Amur. Moll., t. 15, f 13, 222. 

PLATE 41. 

1, 2. Monilea callifera Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 86, f. 3, : . 2AT 
3-5. Monilea callifera Lam. Conchyl. Cab., t. 30, f. 13, eed 
6, 7. Monilea lifuana Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 116, f. 4, . 252 
8-10. Monilea lentiginosa Ad. Ibid., t. 100, f. 1, . 248 
12, 18, Monilea warneforti Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1874, 

ish, : . 250 
14-17. Monilea masoni Nev. " ‘Tbid., i if ia 2, : . 470 
18-21. Gibbula subfuscescens Schr. Amutl. Moll., teed rstes 

Di Gor kOe ; 189 
29-24. Minolia rhodomphalus Soy. Cog. Viv, ‘ 111, f. 3, 4262 
25. Minolia prodictus Fischer. Ibid., t. 118, f. 1, d . 263 
26. Minolia pudibundus Fischer. Tbid., £2 114, f. Se 261 
27. Minolia dianthus Fischer (bellulus Ang.). Thid., t. 118, 

Tee veut 260 
28. Monilea vitiligineus Mke.- Ibid., t. 118, f, 3, 949. 
29. Minolia preissiana Phil. Ibid., t. 83, f. ey . 261 
30. Monilea patricinus Phil. Ibid., ti: 91, f. 2 : - , 248 
31. Monilea patricinus Phil. Conch. Cab., be “46, i ie . 248 
32, 33. Monilea rigata Phil. Ibid., t. 28, f. 14, . 251 
34, 35. Chlorostoma corrugata Koch. Ibid., i ZOE . 192 
36. Conotrochus semiustus Fischer. Journ. Conchyl. 1886, t. es 

LO tee : : : i 
37. Minolia pulcherrima Ang. P. Wass 1861, t. 2, t a0; . 260 
38. Ethalia callosus var. Montrouzieri. Journ. Conehyl. 

1860; i.-2, 091.15 . 459 


PAGE. 


. 233 
24. Conotrochus holdsworthiana Ney. Journ. As. Soe. fee 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 493 


PLATE 42. 

FIGURE. PAGE. 
1. Trochus architectonicus Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 22, . <a: 
2, 3. Trochus nigropunctatus Reeve. Conch. Teon., ellen bene 
4,5. Trochus subviridis Phil. (—nigropunctatus Rve). Con- 

ehyl:Gab.).t.,.38;1..7, : , é : casts) 


. Trochus pallidus Rve. Conch. Icon., f.92, . 4 . 45 
: Trochus textilis Rve. Ibid., f. 82, ae : 4 oo 
8. Trochus surgillatus Rve. Ibid., if OD, ales : ahs 
9-11. Clanculus philippii Koch. C onchyl. Cab.,. t. 86, f.4, 52 
12, 18. Clanculus erubescens Phil. Ibid., t. 16, £: hs aaate SCS 
14, 15. Trochus crebriliratus Phil. Ibid., ts 42, fe 11, ‘ . 41 
16. Trochus laciniatus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 76, . : Eo 
17, 18. Clanculus maxillatus Mke. Conchy]. Cab., t. 36, f. 2, 51 
19, 20. Claneulus ameenus Koch. Ibid., t.16,f.11, . . 68 


PLATE 48. 


1. Trochus tabidus Rve. Conch. Icon., f.74, . ; 222 
2,3. Trochus infuscatus Phil. Conehyl. Cab; t-46) 4.15) ee oe 
4,5. Trochus eugrammus Phil. Ibid., t. 48, f, ie F pO 
6. Trochus pusillus Ad. P. Z. 8. 1873, t.-23, f. 9, on 
7, 8. Trochus tricatenatus Rve. Coneh! aoe pono ivur Tatoo 
9,10. Trochus festivus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. NO Relheras boa “aii 
11. Trochus cumingii Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 88, — . ‘ Legh 
12. Trochus spengleri var. Jap. Meeres-Conch., t.6,f.19, . 34 
14-16. Gibbula fulminata Hutton. Original, —. : . 216 
13. Trochus concavus Gm. Coq. Viv., t. 33, f. 2, . : . 40 
PLATE 44, 
14-17. Photinula magellanica Gld. U.S. Expl. Exped., f. 
Dogon: : : : : i 279 
18. Photinula coerulescens King. Kiister’s Conch. Cab., t. 37, 
a ee : : : j ; : . 278 
19. Phounula coenulescens King. Cog. Viv. $t- 101; £3; 218 
20 Margarita cornea Kiener (—cinerea war,).~ “Ebidtsts 19, 
es y's : e2oi 
2 Mar garita ereenlandica Beck (=helicina Fab. 3 Conchyl. 
Cab., ts 39, fais hs . 281 


a Margarita erceulandica Beck (—helicina Fab.). Sowerby, 287 
23, 24. Photinula persica Gld. U.S. Expi. Exped., f. 230, . 280 
D5. Margarita maxima Sowb. (=cinerea Couth.). Conch. 


Teon., f. 24, . aaa 
26, 27. Margarita beecheyana Mart. Mal. Bl. XIX, t.3 ae fee ed Fe 
28. Minolia carinata Ad. Conch. Teon:, £. 22, . 260 
29-32. Margarita pupilla Gld. U.S. Expl. Exped., £ 208, . 295 
33. Minolia ] punctata Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 19, an 259 


34-36. Calliostoma ligatum Gld. (eostatum). U.S. Expl. 
Exped., t. 12, f. “207, : ‘ F ; : . 362 


494 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


PLATE 46. 


FIGURE. PAGF. 
37, 38. Cantharidus giliberti Montr. Cog. Viv., t. 119, f 2, . 128 
39. Cantharidus hilaris Lischke. Ibid., t. 110, f. 2 : . 180 
40. Cantharidus ramburi Crosse. Ibid., t. 120, f. Bt : aoe 

41. Cantharidus rostratus Kn. OR Ibid, t. 46, 
| St 125 

2, 43. Cantharidus texturatus Gd. (—purpuratus). One 
Expl. Exped.; t. 12, f 206," : . 125 


44. Cantharidus purpuratus Mart. Cog. Viv., t. 112 £3 Sites ee 
45. Cantharidus torosus Kn. (=purpuratus). Ibid., t. 46, f, 3, 125 
46-48. Leiopyrga picturata Ad. Zool. Coll. “Alert, tad0; 


fmt : 5 4 ; . 140 
49, Pha ianereockie palais Phe Cog. Viv. tol; tale 
50. Phasianotrochus gracilis Ant. Ibid.,t.51,f.2, . . 135 
51. Cantharidus fournieri Crosse. Ibid., t.119,f.1,  . . 429 
52-54. Cantharidus lesueuri Fischer. Ibid., t. 45, f. 2, » L2G 
55. Cantharidus suezarensis Fischer. Ibid., t. 115, f. 2, . 130 
56. Cantharidus elongatus Ant. Ibid.,t,  . . 145 
57, 58. Phasianotrochus badius Wood. Cog. Viv., t. 50) f. 2, Oa don 
59. Cantharidus freycineti Fischer. Ihbid., t. 110, f. 4, . 146 


PLAvVE 46. 


60. Cantharidus pruininus Gld. U.S. Expl. Exped., f. 205, 122 
61. Cantharidus capillaceus Phil. (—pruiminus re Coq. 


Wiv atin 2, tece, “122 
62. Cantharidus torresi Smith. Zool. Alert, t. 6, f. Bas . 145 
63. Cantharidus serpentinus Quoy. Coq. Viv., t. 45, f.3,  . 148 
64-66. Cantharidus irisodontes Quoy.  Ibid., t. 52, f. 2. 133 
67, 68. Thalotia woodsianus Angas. P. Z. oh 1872, t. 2, f, 
aS area : 2 ; . 142 
69. Thalotia erogatus Fischer. Coq. Viv. mit “45, f. il Asse ha 
70, 71. Thalotia kotscheyi Phil. Ibid., t. 69, fo 1s ‘ . 144 
te ‘Thalotia kotscheyi Phil. Conch. Gab., (sp 35, f. haan: . 144 
Thalotia conica Wood. Coq. Viv., t. 46, f. 2, . ; . 14) 
147 75. Thalotia pyrgos Phil. Ibid., t, 112, f.4, . . sole: 
76. Thalotia pyrgos Phil. Conch. Cab., t.43,f14,  . . 144 
77. Thalotia nitens Kn. Cog. Viv., t.'45, f.4,  . : 185 
78, 79. Thalotia pulecherrima Wood. Ibid., t. 46, a es , as 
80. Thaiotia baudini Fischer. Ibid., t. 110, f. 5, : ; . 146 
81. Thalotia flindersi Fischer. Tha tt. 110, hott 2 ee 


82, 83. Odontotrochus lencostigma Mke. Thidbst: 52, f. IT... reali 


' PLATE 47.) 
84-88. Margarita shantarica Midd. Middend., Reise, t. 18, 


f. 1-6, . : d ‘ 5 ‘ . 298 
89-91. Margarita modesta Midd. Mal. Rossica, t. 10, f. 16-18, 294 


92, 93. Gibbula sanguineus Gray. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 
ow UE ee eg ; : : : ; vilSil 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE, 
94,95. Gibbula sismondie Issel. Mal. Mar. Ross., 
96, 97. Minolia bellardii Issel. Ibid., t. 2, f. 12, 


98. Solariella affinis Jeffr. P. Z. S., 1883, t. 20, f. 5, 


99. Margarita fulgida Jeffr. Ibid., . 20 tt, 


495 


PAGE. 


t., 2, f, 13, 2138 


. 267 
. 314 
eh 


100. Gibbula hemprichti Issel. Deser. del’E {gypte, 3, f, 6, . 213 


101. Gibbula delicatus Jeffr. P. Z.S., 1883, t. 20, f. 7 


1-5. Bathymophila euspira Dall.  Ibid., t. 20, f. 6 


4,5. Margarita minutula Jeffr. Ihbid., t.20,f 2, . 
6, 7. Margarita laminarum Jeffr. Ibid., t. 20, f. 3, 
8. Margarita cancellatas Jeffr. Ibid., t. 20, f. 4, . 


PLATE 48. 


. 306 
5 208 
. 298 

298 


1, 2. Ethalia reclusa Dall. ‘ Blake’ Moll., po ae ©. 275 5 Ville og 


5, 4. Basilissa delicatula Dall. Ibid., t. 2 pales 2 . 421 
5, 6. Microgaza rotella Dall. Ibid., t. 22, £! . 160 
7. Calliostoma corbis Dall. Ibid., t. 33, f. 1. . 381 
8, 9. Diilwynella modesta Dall. Ibid. t Dt i . 463 
10. Calliostoma aurora Dall.  I[bid., t. 37, f. aes oon 
11, 12. Gaza Watsoni v. filogyra Dall ibid., . 158 
15, 14. Ethalia solida Dall.  Ibid., 462 
15. Margarita erythrocoma Dall. ‘Blake Gasterop., , . 806 
16, 17. Gaza aie Dall Bulle Me G. 2.0 ovat a if 4, 

4a, : : . 156 
18. Calliostoma orion Dall. Ibid., et 28, f. 2, . 383 
19, 20. Calliostoma yucatecanum Dall. Blake Gasterop., . 407 
21, 22. Gibbula candei d’Orb. . 206 


23, 24. Solariella lissocona Dall. ‘Blake’ Moll., t 21, f. og P+ 


PLATE 49. 


25, 26. Gaza watsoni Dall. ‘ Blake’ Gasterop., 2158 
27, 28. Gaza watsoni Dall juv. Ibid., les 
29, 30. Turcicula imperialis Dall. Ibid., ; ao 
31, 32. Calliostoma cinectellum Dall. Ibid., . . 409 
33, 34. Calliostoma cireumcinectum Dall. Ibid., . 376 
35, 36. Calliostoma roseolum. Dall. Ibid., Ole 
37. Gaza fischeri Dall. Ibid., ; : pa Sys; 
38, 39. Calliostoma sapidum Dall.  Ibid., 378 
40, 41. Calliostoma echinatum Dall.  Ibid., Ok 
42, 45. Calliostoma indiana Dall. Ibid., . 883 
44, Calliostoma benedictii Dall. Ibid., . 408 
PLATE 90. 
Dentition and Opercula of Trochide. 

1. Trochus niloticus Linn. Troschel, Gabiss, t.21,f.11, . 17 
2. Trochus fenestratus Gmel. Ihbid., t. 22, f. 2, 17 
3. Trochus maculatus Linn. Ibid., t. 22, f. 3 Wi 
5. Claneulus Pharonius Linn.  Ibid., t. 22, f. 6, 


47 


496 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. 


6. Gibbula declivis Forskal. Ihbid., t. 24, f. 14, 


7. Solariella varicosa Migh. Sars, Moll. Norv., t. 18, z D, 
8, 11. Euchelus bella Hutton. Trans. N. Z. Inst., t. 14, f. 1, 
Die 


9. Norrisia norrisii Sowb. Amer. Journ. Conch., 


10. Chlorostoma funebrale Ad. Troschel, Gebiss, t. 28, f. 15, 


12. Diloma xethiops Gm. Trans. N. Z. Inst., t. 14, f. A, 
13. Omphalius excavatus Lam. Troschel, t. 23, f.9, . 
14. Oxystele tabularis Krauss. Ibid., t. 23, f. 2, . 

15. Phasianotrvchus badius Wood.  Ibid., t. 24, f. 4, 
16. Gibbula tumida Mont. Sars, t. 4, f. 2 : 

17. Solariella varicosa Migh. Ibid., t. 3, f. 12, 

18. Scissurella crispata Flem. thidst— st 


Plame ei: 


1. Gibbula tapparonei Caram. Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 1888, t. 


Oho) 
oe Minolia caifassil Caram. Ibid., 
ee assabensis Caram. Ibid. Rise ok 
). Gibbula issellii Caram.  Ibid., t. 8, f. 6, 
yore ochus pantanellii Caram. ’Thid., 
5) 9. Euchelus delpretei Caram.  Ibid., 


uae 


10, 11. Gibbula vulnerata Phil. Conchyl. Cab., ts 44, £7 if 


12. Cantharidus chlorites Phil. Ibid., t. 13, f. 2, 


13, 14. Gibbula benzi Krauss. Die Sudaf. Moll. t. 5, ee By ee 
AT 


15. Cantharidus gilvus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 43, iGialiss 
16, 17. Trochus nebulosus Phil. Ibid., t. f, 


18-20. Minolia degregoryi Camarag. Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 


21. Euchelus guttarosea Dall. Blake Gasterop., 

22, 23. Gibbula spurca Gld. U.S. Expl. Exped., f. 
24. Bathymophila euspira Dall. Blake Gasterop., 

25, 26. Solariella lubrica Dall. Ibid., 

27. Gibbula doriz Caramag. Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 1888, 
28, 29. Solariella scabriuscula Dall. ‘ Blake’ See 
30, 31. Solariella iris Dall.  Ibid., 

32, 33. Solariella lacunella Dall. Ibid., 


PAGE. 


2p 
. 308 


429 


163 
86 


_ 163 


86 


191 
"196 
- 308 


. 228 


. 470 
. 468 
. 228 
7200 
. 445 
. 241 


. 138 
219 


_ 264 


. 445 
ey es 
. 306 
. O24 


227 


_ 336 
| 398 
| 399 


Plates 52 to 56, inclusive, contain figures of Stomatiide and Scei- 
surellide. These have been transferred to the next volume on ac- 


count of the size of the present one. 
PLATE 97. 


1, 2, 3. Euchelus cancellatus Krauss. Die Stidaf. Moll., 
7. Euchelus mysticus Pilsbry. Original, , 
8. Scisurella plicata Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 25, ft ike 
9. Calliostoma euglyptum Ad. Original, . 

10. Gibbula globularius Schr. Amutl. Moll., ti 16, 1 2 


11. Camitia pulcherrima Ad. Gen. Ree. Moll., t. AG of 3. 


12. Isanda coronata Ad. Ibid., t. 46, f. 2, 


. 444 
. 444 


_ 874 
_ 996 
AR6 
463 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE, 

13. Euchelus seychellarum Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 38, 
tdi ty LO : : : ; : : 

14. Solariella lamellosa Verrill. pals U.8F. C5.1883; te 27; 
Pega: : 

v5 Tallorbis roseola Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 38, t. 17, 
EMO Ps ; 

16. Euchelus bronni Dkr. Moll. Jip. t 3, f. 8, 


17. Solariella regalis Verrill (—ottoi Phil Rep. UsSsk 
GC: 1883, ie a fe 97, 5 rH e 
20, 21. Gibbula tryoni Pilsbry. Original, ; 
22, 22. Schisomope ferriezi Crosse. Journ. Conch. 1867, t. fale 
ede, cs : : 
23. Euchelus scaber Fischer. Cog. Vig te 93, £ 2, : 
24-26. Schisomope moreleti Crosse. Journ. Conch., 1880, t. 
AGES 3... 
. Turcica monilifera Ad. P.Z.8 1854, t. 27, aa 


aon Ethalia eancellata Tate. Trans. Phil. Soe. Adelaide, 
te, VAR beet | bl bp 

31, 32 oc thomasi Crosse. Journ. Conch. 1863, t. 13, 
f. 8, i : f ; ; 

33-36. Umbonium ‘superbum Gilda. Jap. Meeres-Conch. IT, t. 
5, f. 18-21, 


Bl, dO: Euchelus laneeua) Phil. Conchyl. Cab., tis 14, fe 16, 

39, 40. Margarita guillardi Folin. Les Meleagrin., t. 5, f. 9 

41,42. Ethalia guamense (callosus meee Conchyl. Cab., 
techies ise” 

45. Tr. vemmulatum Phil. (—Putzey sla Wiseri ' Cale.) Enum, 
Moll. Sicil., t. 28, f. 5, 

44, 45. Solariella obscura Couth. Moll. Reg. Aret. Norv., t 
Deieo. : 2 ; : : : ; 

46, 47. Calliostoma strigosum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 13, f-4, 

48. Calliostoma fonki Phil. Atacama Reise, t. 7, f. 22, ‘ 

49. Calliostoma bairdii Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., t. 57, 
iGo ieee ; : 

50. Calliostoma leanum ©. B. Ad. “Reeve, Conch. Icon., f 45, 

51. Schisomope crossei Folin. Fonds de la mer, t. 22, f, 6, i 

52. Solariella amabilis Jeffry. Brit. Conch., t. 61, f. 6, 


PLATE 58. 


1-8. Umbonium vestiarium Linn. Kiener, Coq. Viv., 

9. Ethalia zelandica Hombr. 

10, 11, 12. Umbonium pea Sowb. (=thomasi Cr.). 
Thes. Conch., f. 11-18, : 

13, 14. Umbonium suturalis Lam. Cog. Viv., 

15. Umbonium conicum Ad. Conch. Icon., apa 

16. Ethalia? perspicua Ad. Conch. Icon., 'f, 15, 

17, 18, 19. Umbonium giganteum Lesson. Con. Viv. and 
Conch. Icon., 
32 


> 


PAGE. 


498 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
20. Ethalia striolata var. trilobata Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 20, 460 
91. Ethalia striolata Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 13, - . 460 
22,23. Umbonium moniliferum Lam. Coq. Viv., . 456 
24, 25. Umbonium vestiarium, var. depressa Ad. Conch. 
Tcong 1 . 461 
26, 21g 20: ‘Umbonium adamsi Dkr. . 453 
29, 30, 31. Umbonium moniliferum Lam. . 406 
32, 33. Ethalia anguliferus Phil. (—zelandica). Conchyl. Cab., 459 
PuaTeE 59. 

34, 35. Umbonium costatum Val. Conch. Icon., f. 4, . 454 
Umbonium callosum Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 97, . 451 
. Ethalia montrouzieri Souv. Journ. de Conch. 1860, bs 2, 

ya Ea . 459 
38, 39. Ethalia guamense 6 Q. Conch. Icon., f. ee . 458 
40. Ethalia ? lirata Smith. P. Z. S. 1371, t. 75, f. 23, . 461 
41. Ethalia? plicata Smith. Ibid., t. 75, f. 24, . 461 
42. Ethalia? candida Ad. Conch, Icon., f. 14, . 461 
43, 44. Ethalia? sobrina Ad. Ibid., f. 19, : . 461 
45, 46. Umbonium conicum Ad. Voy. 8 ataeast 3 At, fe 29, 452 
47. Umbonium sagittatum Hinds. Thes. Conch., : . 452 
48-50. Margarita vorticifera Dall. Proce. Cal. Vea Vote, 
Re ee ts : . 288 
1, 52. Minolia bicarinata Ad. Voy. Samarang, t. 11, f 11, 265 
53, 54. Ethalia? brazieri Angas. P. Z.S. 1877, t. 5, f.17, . 462 
55. Ethalia? polita Ad. Conch, leon; fig ; . 461 
56-58. Isanda coronata Ad. Zool. ‘ Alert, EMO 463 
‘59- ee Ethalia pulchella Ad Journ. Linn. Soc. MK LD; f. 
. 460 
64, 65. "“Monilea lifuana Fischer. Zool. « Alert,’ t © f.3 By Ie eaZ 
66. Ethalia zelandica Hombr. Voy. Astrol. & Zelee, t 14, fe 
5, : : : . 459 
Piare 60. 
1, 2. Calliostoma apicinum Dall. ‘Blake’ Moll., t. 24, f. 3, 379 
3, 4. Gibbula ochotensis Midd. Conchyl. Cab., t. 54, fot et 
5, 6. Umbonium bairdii Dall. ‘Blake’ Moll., t. Qf. 65); . AT 
7, 8. Eutrochus sayana Dall. Ibid., t. 22, f. 10, Lbs aekg: . 407 
9. Calliostoma quadrisulcatum Phil. ‘Conchyl. Cab., t. 38, f.8, 470 
10, 11. Eutrochus See Dall, var. dentiferum. ‘ Blake’ 
Gasterop., t. 23, f. 7, : . 411 
12, 13. Omphalius eae Smith. P. Z. 8. 1877 ie 11, 2%, Ass 
14, (5. Basilissa costulata, var. Menre see Dall. ‘ Blake’ 
Gasterop., t. 23, f.4,  . . : . 428 
16-18. Minolia canaliculata Ang. P. Ti 1871, t. 75, f. 28, 267 


(These three figures are not numbered on the plate.) 
19, 20. Eutrochus sericifilum Dall. ‘Blake’ Gasterop., t. 24, 
teal ; ; : : : ; 


’ 


. 412 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 499 


FIGURE. PAGE, 
21, 22. Minolia castus Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1874, beds 

ane : . 266 
23, 24. Monilea lentiginosa Ad. Original, 3 ; ; . 248 
25, 26. Margarita helicina (very young). Sars, Moll. Norv. 

tee dro Fe : . 285 
21, 20: Margarita cinerea Couth. (very young). Tbid., te 21, 

a aie 3 woe 
29. Margarita cinerea, v. . grandis. ‘Tbid., t. 21, iE 4, : . 291 


PLATE 61. 
1,2. Omphalius gruneri Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 28, f. ig = Git 


3, 4. Monilea belcheri Phil. Ibid, t. 44, f. 3, : . 250 
5, 6. Chlorostoma omphalium Phil. Ibid., t. 39, f. 16, . 190 
7, 8. Chlorostoma sordidum Phil.  Ibid., t. 44, f. Ls : . 188 
9,10, Monilea solandri Phil. Ibid., t. 28, | ao Page . 252 


11, 12. Chlorostoma panamensis Phil. Ibid., t 44, f. 16, 82 
13. Monilea calyculus Wood. Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 5, f 44, . 247 
14, 15. Chlorostoma canus Koch. Conchyl. Cab., ts 28, if oN 190 
16-18. Chlorostoma scabriculus v. d. Busch.  Ibid., t. 28, f. 5, 192 


19, 20. Monilea striatula Garrett. Original, 249 
21-23. Minolia rotelleeformis Phil. Conehyl. Cab. ate 44, if 2, 262 
24. Livona pica Linn. Conch. Icon.,f. 24, . 277 


25. Gibbula ecallichroa Phil. Conchyl. Cab. te 43, f. 15, : - 293 
26, 27. Gibbula pulcherrima Ad. Piz 187 Sot dO tea2e 00 


28, 29. Chlorostoma dohrni Pilsbry. Original, : . . 469 
30. Norrisia norrisii Sowb. Coq. Viv., t. 10, eal : . 276 
31, 32. Monilea nuclea Phil. Ibid, te "86, jE Penne, ace 
33. Monilea obscura Wood. Ibid., ti 69, a Dp : 204 
34, 35. Trochus guadachaudii Hupe. Gay, Hist. Chile, t. 4, 

Page * 3 : . 474 
36. Monilea eoudoti Fischer, Cog. Viv., t; 113, f, Oe pe 258 
37. Minolia aspecta Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 28, : : . 471 
38-40. Minolia tasmanica Tenison- Woods. Original, 263 


42, 43. Omphatlius fuscescens Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 28, f 10, 181 
PLATE 62. 
64. Monodonta vermiculata Fischer. Coq. Viv., fiat os.) OO 


65. Gibbula blanfordiana Nev. Ibid., t. 88, f. 3, £218 
66, 67. Monodonta odontis Wood. Coq, Viv., be 99, ie iL Hg 
68. Calliostoma zonamestum Ad. Ibid., t. 17. f. 3 . 406 
69, 70, 71. Monodonta constellata Souv. Ibid., t. 90, f. a . 108 
72, 73. Euchelus baccatus Mke. Ibid., t. 94, f. ys . 485 
74. Chlorostoma rugosum Ad. Ibid., t. 75, f. 3. ; elie 
75. Gibbula cicer Mke.  Ibid., t. 88, f. sey ete F ks) 
76, 77. Gibbula stoliczkana Nevill. Ibid., t. 106, f. 5 ; sacle 
78, 79. Astralium confragosum Gld. Ibid., t7656 2) . : 

80. Chlorostoma rugosum Ad. Ibid., t. 75, fasherees ; ilies 


81, 82. Monodonta sauciata Koch. IJbid., t. 88, f.1,  . tds 


3200 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. 
83. Gibbula multicolor Kr.  Ibid., t. 99, f. 38 
84, 85. Monodonta australis Lam. Ibid., t. 
86. Monodonta canalifera Lam. Ihbid., t. 73, f. 2 
87. Monodonta eanalifera var. Lam.  Ibid., t. 


+) 


PLATE 63. 


16, 


6, 7. Chlorostoma cruentus Phil.  Ibid., t. 25, f. 10, 

8, 9, Chlorostoma impressum Koch. Coq. Viv., t. 85, 
10,11. Gibbula fanulum Linn.  Ibid., t. 43, f 1, 
12°13) Gibbulaalbida dixon: oTbid:. t. "68,40 2.7 4. 

14. Gibbula albida Linn. Conchyl. Cab., t. 28, f. 12, 


, 2. Chlorostoma melaleucum Jonas. Conch. Cab., t. 


(Pelee beta 
73, £3, 


3, 4, 9. C hlorostoma excavatum Lam. Iibidsst. Zo. te: 


f. 2, 


15, 16. Calliostoma alwine Lischke. Jap. ee ee 


oho ens beset WS : . 347 

al Gs Calliostoma moniliferum Lam. Cog. Viv.; t: 16, 2 o47 

18, 19. Camitia rotellinus Gld. Ibid., . 120, f. 4, : 465 
20, 21. Euchelus pauperculus Lischke. Jap. Meeres-Conch., 

Acie) oles ‘ : : : é : . 45 

22, 23. Calliostoma consors Lischke. Ibid., t.. 4, f. 2, 3, . 347 
24,25. Calliostoma elenchoides Issel. Moll. Rouss., ta Adyets 

20, 295, 397 

. Turcica coreensis Pse. eavAne spite 51, te 2, : : . 415 

= Calliostoma monterosatoi Buq. ” Moll. Rouss., t: 48, f. 18,3895 

28, 29. Calliostoma gravine Monts. Ibid., t. 43, f. 26,30, . 397 
30, 31. Tureica imperialis Ad. Jap. Meeres-Conch., t. 4, f. 

A, 6, ; ; : : ‘ : 414 

On: Calliostoma argenteonitens Lischke. Ibid., t. 4, f. 1, 346 

PLATE 64. 

37. Photinula teeniata Wood. Conch. Icon., vol. 20, f. 4, 278 

38. Gibbula zonata Wood. Conchyl. Cab., t. 42, f. 8, . 238 

39 41. Margarita umbilicalis Brod. Natur-hist. Mus. Hamb., 288 
42 ah 44. Margarita undulata Sowb. Forbes and Bane 

Der sve aoe OF ZO 
45-47, Margarita helicina Fab. Ibid., t. 68, f. 4, 5: te TA, f 

Gees ets , 285 

48, 49. Margarita argentata Gld. ‘Sars, ier f, 6, . 289 

50. Margarita brychius Wats. Chall. Gasterop.,t Osh Ta eee 

512) Solariella rhina Wats. Ubids t::0,.f. (6, 27. al6 

53, 54. Margarita cinerea Couth. (ty pical). Sars, to 9), f. le) eer 

55, 56. Solariella charopus Wats. Chall. Gasterop., t Loe f, 6, 500 

57, 58. Solariella bella Verkr. Sars, t.9, f. 5, . 310 
59. Margarita pomphylogutos Wats. Chall. Gaster op., D, 

1 on : . 302 


60, 61. Sblantella pachychiles W ae Tinie t. 5; fas le 
62. Margarita scintillans Wats. Ibid., t. 5, f. 2, 


28, f. 


. 325 
. 005 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 501 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
65, 64. Margarita illotus Wats. Ibid. t. 17, f. 3, . j . 303 
65, 66. Margarita streptophorus Wats. Ibid., t. 17, f. 4, . 304 


PLATE 65. 


67, 68. Calliostoma zizyphinum var. conuloides Lam. Coq. 


Viv. and Hidalgo, : 5 . oo9 
69. Calliostoma spongiarium Dautz. Moll. Rouss,, : . 391 
70-72. Calliostoma conulum Lam. Coq. Viv. and Hidalgo, 390 
73. Calliostoma selectum Chem. Original, . . 090 
74. Calliostoma selectum Chem. Coq. Gives : : : 335 
75. Calliostoma punctulatum Mart. Ibid.,  . . 39 
76. Gibbula ponsonbyi Sowb. P. Z. 58. 1888, ti 11, Tet . 240 
77. Calliostoma flavus Ant. (==conuloides ): eae 

Cabot: 38; f3;.1)5 f ; : é . 389 


78. Calliostoma selectum- Chem. Conchyl. Cab., t. 38, f. 15, . 335 
79. Calliostoma luridum Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 24, : 
80. Calliostoma similaris Rve. Ibid.,f.32,  . s : . oo7 
81, 82, 87. Margarita lirulata Cpr. Specimens. . : 296 
83. Calliostoma incertum Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 28, 
84, $5, 86. Calliostoma eximium Rye. Coq. Vi Tay Lt 64. te iL 366 
Between 80 and 90. Calliostoma laugieri Payr. Conchyl. 
Cabs ctukd. fo 14 0: 3 : ; : : oo 
88. Calliostoma laugieri var. violacea. Coq. Viv., t. 49, f. 4a, 393 
89. Calliostoma exquisitum Sowb. P. Z..S. 1888, t. 21. f. 7, 408 
90, 91, 92. Calliostoma phate ibe ee ee and Hi- 
dalgo, : 4 : : ; . 388 


PLATE 66. 


91, 92. Margarita frielei Krause. Arch. f. Naturg. 1885, t. 16, 
fees : ; . 290 
. Gibbula nigricans Vél. “Arch. Zool. Exper. iv, t. A, fe 6 226 
of 95, 96. Solariella levis Friele. Norv. N. Atl. Exped., 


12,f4-6, . : ; : ; _ 310 

_ Solariella infundibulum Wats. Chall. Gasterop.,, t. 5, f.5, 319 

08 99. Solariella clavata Wats. Ibid., t.5,f 8, . . 318 
100, 1. Marg. cinerea var. margaritifera. Norw. N. Atl. Exped., 

tel, “£2 ao, . 293 


2, 3. Minolia eudeli Desh. Moll. Reaaion t 8, f, 9, 10, 266: 
4, 5. Solariella azorensis Wats. Chall. Gasterop., t. 5, f. 12, 528 
6. Margarita acuminata Migh. & Ad. Invert. Mass., f. 546, 287 
7, 8. Gibbula lacazii Vél. Arch. Zool. Exper. iv, t. 10, f. 6, 226 
9, 10. Solariella rhysus Wats. Chall. Gasterop., t. 5, f. 4, . 324 

if: 12, 13. Cireulus striatus Phil. Moll. Rouss., t. 51, f. 1-3, 274 
14, 15. Solariella albula Gld. Sars, t. 9, f. 3, : ; Bas) 7 
16, 17. Solariella varicosa Migh. Tbid., fs/Oeele oe : okd 
18, 19. Solariella zeglees Wats. Chall. Gasterop., fe Opes LON Oo 
20, 21. Solariella dnopherus Wats. Ibid., t. 5, f. 5, : rout 


502 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
22. Calliostoma allporti Woods. Original, 301 
23. Calliostoma legrandi Woods. Original, . : 350 
24, 25. Calliostoma suturalis Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. 386 
26, 27, 28. Calliostoma jucundum Gld. U.S. Exped. 354 
29. Calliostoma elegantulum Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 38, 306 
30. Calliostoma rubropunctatum Ad. Ibid.,, f. 56, . 399 
31. Calliostoma decoratum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., ba hae f. Is 4540 
32, 33. Calliostoma pulchellum Phil. Ibid., t. 13, f. as 405 
34. Calliostoma flammiger Dkr. Conch. Icon., f. ‘52, : . 007 
35, 36. Calliostoma perspectivuin Koch. Conehyl. Cab., t. 
Ale . 405 
PrArE Oy, 
40, 41. Calliostoma ciliaris Mke. Conchyl. Cab., t. 17, f. 1, . 338 
42. Calliostoma speciosum Ad. Conch: Icon., f. 9, : 302 
43. Calliostoma annulatum Mart. Coq. Viv., t. 16, f. 3, . 363 
44,45. Enida japonica Ad. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., t. 12, f. 
177s, : : : 3 . 245 
46, 47, 48. Calliostoma antoni Koch. Conchyl. Cab., t. 17, 
65) ee 365 
49, Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart. Specimen, 361 
52. Calliostoma tricolor Gabb. Specimen, . 370 
53. Calliostoma metaformis Phil. Conehyl. Cab., t. 43, fe 12 475 
54. Calliostoma gemmulatus Cpr. Specimen, : . ool 
55, 56. Calliostoma lima Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 1085, f. 2, 364 
57, 58. Calliostoma lima Phil. Specimen, : 364 
59, 60, 61. Solariella peramabilis Cpr. Specimen, 312 
62, 63. Euchelus instrictus Gld. U.S. Expl. Exped., 440 
64. Calloatonin cecillei Phil. Conchyl. Cab., : 342 
65, 66. Gibbula amirantium Smith. Zool. ‘ Alert., 236 
67, 68, 69. Turcica elisa Gld. U.S. Expl. Exped., 417 
70. Calliostoma gloriosam Dall. Specimen, 368 
71. Calliostoma supragranosum Cpr. Specimen, 369 
72. Calliostoma venustum Dkr. Specimen, 309 
73. Minolia solariiformis Sowb. Specimen, 265 
74. Turcica elisa Gld. Specimen, . : 417 
75. Calliostoma coppingeri Smith. Specimen, O12 
76. Calliostoma rioensis Dall. Specimen, 352 
77. Turcica stellata Ad. Specimen, 418 
78. Turcica maculata Brazier. Specimen, 417 
79. Euchelus rubra Ad. Specimen, . 440 
80. Euchelus bellus Hutton. Specimen, 435 
81, 82. Calliostoma eeruginosum Phil. Conehyl. Gabe ‘t. 45, 
ec ses 412 
85. Euchelus principalis Pilsbry. “Specimen, 484 
84. Calliostoma platinum Dall. Specimen, 363 


INDEX TO -TROCHIDE. 


Nore.—The names of valid species and varieties are printed in 
Roman type; of genera and other groups in SMALL CAPITALS; of 


synonyms in Italic. 


Abnormis Crosse 
Achates Gld., 
Acinosus Gld., 
Acuminata Sowb., 
Acuminatus Ad., 
Acutangulus Chem., 
Acutangulus Mke., 
Acutus Gld., 

Acutus Lam., 
Acutus Rve., 
Adamsianus Schr., 
Adamsi Pilsbry, 4 
Adamsi (Umbonium) Dkr., 
Adansonii Blainy., 
Adansoni Payr., 
Adelaide Phil., 
Adriatica Phil., 
Adspersum Beck, 
Aeglees Wats., 
Aigyptiaca Lam., 
Atgyptiaca Payr., 
Aigyptius Kkn., 
/Emulans Ad., 
Kola Watson, 
Aquisculpta Cpr., 
/Equistriatum Monts., 
/Eruginosum Phil., 
JEthiops Gm., 
Affinis Dall, 

Affinis Garrett, 
Affinis Jeftr., 
Agathensis Recl., 
Agrestis Phil., 
Alabastrum Beck, 
Alabastrum Rve., 


. 142 
. 168 


44 


287 | 
82 


18 


25 | 


. 401 


20 | 
21 | 


. 402 
455 


. 202 
Aly) 
ap lide 
2 
. 367 
. old 


eas 


199: 


slg) 
a bes 


46 


me 
. 365 | 
. 396 
ig 


98 


. 841 | 
ers 0) 
coach 
. 209 


503 


Albidus Gmel., 201 
Albinus Ad., 82 
Albidus Wood, 388 
Albugo Wats., 273 
Albula Gld., . : aL 
Allporti Ten.-Woods, . 301 
Aloysii Ten.- Woods, 59 
| Alta Wats., 419 
Alternatus Sowb., 405 
Altus Perry, 18 
Altus Phil., iL) 
Altus Reeve, 25 
Alveolatus Phil., 206 
Amabilis Jeffr., 313 
Amirantium Smith, 236 
~ Amoenus Gld., 110 
/ Amoenus Koch, 68 
Amplectans (Ethalia) Cpr., 462 
ANCISTROBASIS Dall, 426 
Angeli Ten.-Woods, 60 
Angulata Ad., 263 
| Angulatus Eichw., HAND) 
Angulatus Pse., . 437 
Angulifera Ad., . 416 
Anguliferus Phil., . 459 
Annulatum Mart., . 363 
ANTHORA Gray, 8, 43 
Antipoda Hombr., 2G 
Antoni Koch, 365 
Anus Phil., F « ot 
A phanotrochus oe A ape 5\7 
Apicinum Dall, 379 
. 589 | Apicina Gld., . 254 
. oo4 | Apicinus Mke., ples 
. 448 | Aradasia Gray, 429 


504 


Araucanus Orb., . 


Architectonicus A. Ad., 


Arctica Leach, 
Ardens Salis., 
Argentata Gould, 


Argenteonitens Lischke, 


Argyrostomum Gm., 
Armillatus Wood, 
Arruensis Wats., 
Artensis Fischer, 
Articulata Gld., 
Articulata Lam., 
Articulatum Ad., 
Articulatus Ad., 
Articulatus Orb. 


Articulatus (Globulus) Phil., 


Articulatus Rve., 
Artizona Ad., 
Aspecta Ad, 

Asper Gmel., 
Asperrimum Dall, 
Aspersus KKoch, 
Asperulatus Ad., 
Assabensis Caram., 
Ater Lesson, : 
Atomaria (Ethalia) Ad., 
Atramentaria Fischer, 
Atratus Gmel., 
Atratus Wood, 
Atropurpureus Gld., 
Atrovirens Phil., 
Atrum Lesson, 
Attenuatus Jonas, 


Attritus Hombr. & Jacq., 


Aucta (Rotella) Sowb., 
Aurea Woods, ' 
Aureotinetum Fbs., 
Aurora Dall, 
Australis Brod., 


Australis (Gilobulus) F Phil, 


Australis Lam., 
Australis Quoy, : 
Australis Ten. “Woods, 
Australis Ten.-W oods, 


A USTROCOCHLEA Fischer, 9, 


Azorensis Wats. 
b] 


Baccatus Menke, 
Badius Wood, 


INDEX. 

97 , Bairdiu (U ee Dall, . 457 
. 24] Bairdii Dall, . dl 
. 286 | Bairdiu V. «, S. . 375 
. 202 | Balteata Mal. A471 
. 289  Balteata Phil., 5-224 
. 346 | Banxrvia Beck, 10, 188 
. 165 | Barbara Monts.,. . 203 
. 037 | BAstuissA Watson, 15, 419 
. 344 | Bathyraphe Smith, Ree ce. 
. 129 | Bataymopuiua Dall, 14, 306 
. 473 | Baudini Fischer, . 146 
. 93 | Beecheyanus Mart., . 293 
. 194 | KELANGERIA Fischer, 8, 44 
. 150 | Belcheri Phil., . 250 
176 | Bella Sars, 310 
452. Bellardii Issel, 267 
. 336 | Bellula Ang., 260 
. 150 | Bellulus Dkr., 153 
. 471 | Bellus Hutton, 435 
. 431 | Bembex Phil., 288 
. 411 | Bemprx Watson, 1 ee 
. 485 | Benedicti Dall, . 408 
. 400 Bernardi Recl., . 100 
. 468  Bertheloti Orb., . 13 
. 174 | Benzi Krauss, 219 
. 461 | Biangulosa Ad., 265 
89 | Biasoletti Phil., 201 
. 439 Bicanateutanis Dkr, , . LOO 
96 | Bicarinatus Angas, 80 
. %7 | Bicarinata Ad., 265 
. 110) Bicarinatus Gray, 6 
. 173 | Bicarinatus P. & M., 15 
. 145 | Bicinctus Phil., AT4 
. 105 Bicingulatum Lam., . 341 
. 454. Bicolor Lesson, 278 
237 | Bicrenatus Gld., . 30 
172 | Bilabiatus Phil., . . 449 
382 | Blainvillet Cantr., 76 
. 348  Blandianus Crosse, 142 
. 451 | Blanfordiana Nev., 218 
88 Borealis Phil., 286 
1382 | Borni Cantraine, 201 
111 | Bourcierei Crosse, 44] 
469 | Brazieri (Ethalia) Ang. . 462 
90 | Brazilianus Mke., : 176 
328 | Browni Dkr., 458 
Brunnea Réq., 79 
435 | Brunneus Ad., 83 

Tot 


INDEX. 505 
Brunneum Phil., . 170 , Carinata (Ethalia) Cpr.,- . 462 
Brychius Wats., . . 299 | Carinata Verrill, ; . 809 
Carinatus Ad., © 69 
Ceelatus Hutton, . . 131. Carinatus Koch, Rl Wa) 
Caftea Gabb., . 416 Carinidea Sw., 2A 
Caifassi Caram., . 470 Cariniferus Beck, sina 
Calearatus Souv., 30  Carneolus Lam., Ja37 
Californicum Ad., . 46 Carneus Lowe, e2oit 
Californicus Ad., . 195 | Carpenteri Dkr., » 169 
Californicus Ad., . 367 | Casta Nev., . 266 
Callichrous Phil., . 223 Castaneum Ad., + £93 
Callicoccus Phil., . 25 | Castaneus Nutt., . 362 
Callifera Lam., . 247 | Castra Rve. 339 
CALLIOSTOMA Sw., 14, 332 | Catenifera P. Hal M., 179 
CaxLuiorrocuus Fischer, . 197  Cateniferus Kn., 172 
CaLLoGaza’ Dall, 11, 158 | Cecillei Phil., 342 
Callosum (Umbonium) Ceratus Fischer, 367 
Sowb., ot Ceylanicus Nevill, ; 70 
Callosus Koch, _ 458 | Chaleonotum (Umbon. ) ey 459 
Callosus Wood, . 247 Charopus Wats., . 300 
Calostoma Ad., . 295  Chathamensis Hutton, 45 
Calyculus Wood, . 470. Chemnitzit Phil., 389 
Camitia Gray, 16, 464 Chinensis Sby., 264 
Caumpanulata Morse, . 286 Chinensis Sowb., 418 
Canaliculata Smith, . 267 | Chlorites Phil., 138 
Canaliculatum Mart., _ 361 | CHLORODILOMA Pilsbry, 10, 110 
Canaliculatus Desh., : Chloromphalus Ad., 38 
Canaliculatus Orb., . 186 Chloropoda Tate, . 104 
CANALICULATUS Quoy,  . 440 | CHLorosToma Sw., 11, 163 
Canaliferus Lam., . 88  Chlorostomus Mke.,. 148 
Cancellata (Ethalia) Tate, 462. Chrysoleema Mart., 258 
Cancellata Jeffr., . 298 | CHrysostroMa Sw., 466 
Cancellatus Kr., 444 Cicer Mke., ARS) 
Candei Orb., . 206 | Cidaris Cpr., 331 
Candida (Ethalia) Ad., 461 | Ciliaris Mke., 338 
Candida Monts., 75 Cinetellum Dall, 409 
Candidus Brus., 393 Cinerareus Fab., (20m 
Canfieldi Dall, . 296 Cinerarius Linn., {e208 
CANTHARIDELLA Pilsbry, . 197 | Cinerascens Anton, . 206 
CantTHAripus Montf., 10, 120 Cinerewformis Leche, 2309 
Canus Koch, 190 Cinerea Couth., sD Oi 
Caparatus Phil., 22. Cinerarius Born, . 201 
Capensis Gmel., 239 | Cingulata Ad., 2 At 
Capillaceus Phil., : 123. Cingulatus Broce., Weaeis.s, 
Capillata (Ethalia) Gld., . 463 Cingulatus Q. & G., . 100 
Caragolus Monts., 92 Cingulatus Muhl., 2358 
Carbonaria Phil., 105 Cingulifer Ad., Oo 
CaRDINALIA Gray, - +1) Cinguliger Ad., . 149 
Carinata Ad., . 260 


506 


INDEX. 
Cingulella Monts., . 393. Conulus Da Costa, . 394 
Circulatus Ant., . 452 | Conulus Nardo, . da2 
Circutus Jeff., 13, 274 | Conus Gmel., Aes 
Cireumeincta Ad., . 118 | Convexus Cpr., es 
Circumeinetum Dall, . 376 | Cooksoni Smith, . 183 
Circumsutus Gld., . 22 | Coppingeri Smith, . 872 
Citrinus Phil., . 114 | Coracina Trosch., . 103 
Cittarium Phil., . 277 | Corallina Smith, 1, 2ae 
Clanculopsis Monts., . 47 | Corallinus Gmel., Aone 
CLancuLus Montf., 8, 47) Corallinus Monts.. . ooo 
Clanguloides Wood, 65 | Corbis Dall, . 381 
Clangulus Wood, . 97 | Coreensis Pse., . 415 
Clathrata Ad., . 447 | Corneus Kn., , . 292 
Clathrata Arad., . 413 | Coronata (Isanda) Ad., . 463 
Clavata Wats., . 318 | Coronulatus Ad., mea" 
Clelandianus Leach, . 387 | Corrosa Ad., . 104 
Clelandi Wood, . 087 | Corrugata Ad., . 48 
Cochlea Wood, . 91) Corrugatum Ad., . 166 
CasLorrocuus Fischer, 8, 42 | Corrugatum Koch, . 192 
Cerulea Ad., . 278 | Corvus Phil., . 185 
Ceerulescens King, . 278 | Costata Dan. & San., 275 
Coerulescens Lam., . 20 | Costatum Mart., . S62 
Ceeruleus Wats., . 301 | Costatum (Umbonium) Val., 454 
Colliculus Monts., . 195 | Costellata Costa, . 449 
Colubrinus Gld., . 114 | Costellata Sowb., . 475 
Comptus Ad., 550 | Costifer Jonas, ae 
Comtum Phil., 304 | Costulata Wats., . . 426 
Concameratus Wood, 99 | Couturw Payr., 72 
Coneavus Gmel., . 40 | Coxi Ang.,. 231 
Concinna Ad., . 415 | Cranchianus Tuewele . bog 
Concinna Dkr., . 230 | Craspedotus Phil., . 449 
Concinnum Ad., 46 | Crassa Mont., 94 
Coneinnus Phil., . 982 | Crebrigranatus Rve., 33 
Coneolor Ad., . 119 | Crebriliratus Jonas, 41 
Confusa Tap.-Can., 87 | Crenellifera Ad., tds 
Conica Cpr., . 297 | Creniferus Kn., Mate (8 
Conicum 40) m bonium) Ad., 452 | Crenulata Mke., . . 252 
Conicus Don., . 696 | Crenulatus Broce., . 399 
Conicus Gray, . 141 | Crenulatus Rve., Aye 
Conoidea Jeffr., : . 885 | Crinita Phil., Pies! Bd | 
Conorrocuus Pilsbr y> . 268 | Cruentus Phil., 2 SH. 
Consimilis Smith, . of2 | Cruciatus Chemn., a ss) 
Consors Lischke, . 347 | Cruciatus Linn., 7+ 
Conspersus Ad., . 83) Crusoeana Pilsbry, 98 
Constellata Souy., . 108 | Cryptospira Bee la) 
Constricta Lam., a 200) Verrill, . 465 
Conulum Linné, . 390) Cuming Ad., - a00) 
Conuloides Lam., 388  Cumingii Ad., . 471 
Cunninghami Gray, . 336 


Deedala Watson, 


INDEX. 


Dalmaticus Monts., . 888 
Dama Phil., 89 
Danieli Crosse, ? «229 
Danuta Brus, . . 429, 448 
Decarinatus Perry, . d61 
Declivis Forsk., . 198 
Decoratum Phil., 349 
Decussatum <Ad., 355 
Degregoryi Caramag., 264 
Delicatula Dall, 421 
Delicatulus Phil., 43 
Delpretei Caram., 445 
Delpretianum Sul., 400 
Demissus Monts., . 888 
Denigratus Chem., . 440 
Dentatus Forskal, 20 
Dentatus Gmel., 187 
Denticulata Gray, 119 
Dentiferum Dall, A411 
Depictus Ad., 83 
Depictum Desh., 396 
Depressa Dall, . : . 428 
Depressa (Umb: mium) Ad., 451 
Depressa, T.- Woods, . 234 
Depressus (Gm.) Phil. 3) 50 
Desserea Risso., 203 
Detecta Rochebr., 282 
Dianthus Fischer, 261 
Diaphanus Gm., 33 

Dilatatus Sowb., LAS 
Dilecta Ad., E Br ia 
Drtoma Phil. . LUO 6 
Discrepans Brown, 388 
Distinguendus Dkr, 165 
Divaricatus Linn., 207 
Dnopherus Wats., O27 
Dohrni Pilsbry, +69 
Doliarius Chemn., », S61 
Dolorosa T.-Woods, 235 
Dominicanus Ten.-W oods, 59 
Doris Caram., TPA | 
Draparnaudii Payr., 93 
Drepanensis Brugn., 211 
Dubia Ten.- Woods, it 
Dubius Phil., 390 
Duminyi Req., 275 
Dunkeri Koch., 61 


. 155; Duplicatum Ad., 


Dupontiana Nev., 


Echinatum Dall, 
Edentula Ad., 
Edentulus Ad., 
Egena Gld., 
Elata Brus., 
Elatus Lam., 
Electissimus Bean, 
Elegans Blainy., 
Elegans Gmel., 
Elegans Gray, 
Elegans Jeftr., 
Elegans Lam., 


| Elegans Lesson, ‘ 
| Elegans (Rotella) Beck, 


Elegantissima Bean, 


| Elegantulum Ad., 


Elegantulus Wood, 
Elenchoides Issel, 


3 Elenchus Ads., 


Elenchus Swains., 


Elisa Gld., 


_ Elongatus Wood, 
| Enrpa Ad., 


| Episcopus Hombr. & ml s 


Erogatus Fischer, 
10 = rloeereue Phil., 


| Erythreeus Broce., 
Erythrocoma Dall, 


Erythroleucos Gmel., 
ETHAra Ad., 
Evcasra Dall, 
EucHeEtus Phil., 
Eucosmus Phil., 
Eudeli Desh., 
Juglyptum Ad., 
Eugrammus Phil., 
Eumargarita Fischer, 
Kuryomphalus Jonas, 
Euryrrocuus Fischer, 
Kuspira Dall, . 
Eustephes Phil., 
Evrrocuus Ad., 
Euxinicus Andr., 
Evaltatus Phil., 
Exasperata Ad., 


508 


Exasperatum Penn., 


Execavata Ad. and ‘Ang., 


Excavatus Lam., 
Exigua Ad., 
Exiguus Pult., 
Exiguus Gld., 
Eximium Rvye., 
Expansa Sowb., 
Exquisitum Sowb., 


Extenuatus Fischer, 


Fabrei Montr., 
Fabricii Phil., 


Fanuloides Fischer, 


Faaulum Gm., 
Fasciatus Born, . 
Fasciatus Mke., . 
Fastigiatus Ad., . 
Fenestratus Gm., 
Fermonii Payr., 
Festivus Phil., 


Festivus Tap.-Can. 
i ) 


Fietilis Jonas, 
Filogyra Dall, 
Filosa Garrett, 
Filosus Wood, 
Firmus Phil., 
Fischeri Dall., 
Fischeri Monts., . 
Flagellatus Phil., 
Flammiger Dkr., 


Flammulatus Lam., 


Flavus Anton, 

F lindersi Fischer, 
Floridus Phil., 
Flosculus Fischer, 
Folini Fischer, 
Fonki Phil., 
Formosum Cpr., . 
Formosus Forbes, 
Formosus Wood, 
Fournieri Crosse, 
Forskalia Ad., . 
Forskali Morch, . 
Fossulatus Souv., 
Foveolatus Ad., 
Foveolatus Gmel., 
Fragaroides Lam., 


INDEX. 


. a94 
PL09 
Si 
sults 
. o94 
. 149 
. 366 
H2T9 
. 405 


92 


Zu 


291 
- 200 
- 199 
_ 186 
139 


31 


22 | 


. 202 


Od 


Fragella Swains, 
Fragilis Pult., 
Fragum Phil., 


Fraterculum Monts., 


Freycineti Fischer, 
Frielei Krause, 
Fucata Gld., 
Fulgens Gld., 
Fulgida Jeffr., 
Fulgurata Phil., 
Fuligineus Ad., 
Fulminata Hutton, 
Fulminata Mke., 
Fulmineus Kn., 
Fulvolabris Hombr., 
Fulvus Phil., 
Fumosus Phil., 
Funebrale Ad., 
Funiculata Cpr., 
Fusea Ad., 


Fuscescens Carp., 


| Fusceseens Phil., 


Fuscum Ad., 


— Gaimardi Phil., 
| Gallina Forhes, 


7 Gamma Rochebr., 
| Guadachaudii Hupe, 


— Gaudiosa Gld.., 


Gaza Watson, 


~Gemmatus Gld., 


| Gibbosula Brus., 


Gemmosum Rve., 
, Gemmosus Mke., 
*Gemmulatum Cpr. 
Gemmulatus Phil., 
Gemmulosa Ad., 


Gibberula Ad., 


Gibbosula Dan. 
Gibbosus Ad., 
GIBBULA Risso, 
Gibbulastra Monts., 
Gigantea Leche, 


11, 


and Sand., 


12, 


Giganteum (Umboniu m) 


Less, 
Gilbert Montr., 
Giliberti Montr., 
Gilvus Phil., 


Glabratum Gld., 
Glareosa Gld., 
Glauea MAll., 


Globoso- beomicn Le ‘ad. & en 


Globalarius Schr., 
Globulus Schum., 
Glomulus Monts., 
Glomus Phil., 
Gloriosum Dall, . 
Gloriosum Gld., 
Glyptus Watson, 
Gmelini Jonas, 
Goniostomum Mke., 
Gorgonarum Fischer 
Goudoti Fischer, 
Gracilis Anton, 
Gradatus Gld., 
Granatum Chemn., 
Grandineus Val., 
Grandis Morch., . 
Granifer Ad., 
Granosus Brazier, 
Granosus Lam., 
Granosus Rve., 
Granulata Gray, 
Granulatum Born., 
Granulifera Jeftr., 
Gravesi Forbes, . 
Gravine Monts., 
Grayanus Phil., . 
Grayi (Camitia) Ad., 


Gronlandicus Chemn., 


Gruneri Phil., 
Gualterianum Phil., 
Gualterii Weink., 


Guamense (Ethalia) Qnoy, 


Guillardi Fol., 
Guineensis Gm., : 
Gundlachi Phil, : 
Guttadauri Phil., 
Guttarosea Dall., 
Guttata Hutton, . 
Guttata Koch, 


Haliarchus Melvill, 
Halmyris Rochebr., 
Hamiltoni Kirk., 
Hanleyanus Phil., 


> 


INDEX. 509 


19). 
. 255 


. 289 


Hanleyanus Rve., . 39 
Harrisoni Hancock, . » 209 
| Hectori Hutton, : . 104 
| Helicina Fab., . ; . 285 
Helicina Gray, ; ; . 450 
FHelicoides Beck, : . 286 
Helicoides Phil., : 7 21O 
Hemprichii Issel, ; . 218 
HERPETOPOMA Pils., . AS 
HMidalgoi Fischer, : . 314 
Hilaris Lischke, : = 130 


HMillii Forbes, . E Ar, 
Histrio Rve.,  . ’ aU 


Holdsworthana Ney., . 269 
Homalomphalus F ischer, Vays, 
Hombroni Fischer, . wie 
Horridus Costa, . ; . 449 
Horridus Phil., : . 433 
FHotessierianus Orb., ; . 184 
Hungerfordi Sowb., . wots 
ani Kirk, i ~ 429 
Huttoni Seaiphee y F eal 
Hyacinthinus Monts., . . 393 
Hyadesi Rochebr., —. 262 
Hysocue.vus Pilsbry, ? 430, 443 
Hysginus Val., . . 44 
Tanthina Gld.. : . 472 
Ignobilis Phil. . : Rela 
Illotus Wats., . F OOS 
Immanis Fischer, : Shon 
Imperialis Ad., . ; . 414 
Imperialis Dall, : OOO 
Impervius Phil., . : ae ts) 
Impressus Jonas, : 185 
Incarnatus Couth., — . . 290 
Incarnatus Phil., 4 26 
Incarnatus Reeve, : AG 
Incertum Rve., . : . 861 
Incisus Mke., ! . 432 
Inconspicua Hutton, . poly 
Ineconspicuum Phil., . . 045 
Incrassatus Lam., é a4 6) 
Indecorus Phil., ; Se lee 
Indiana Dall, . : . 383 


| Indicus Ad., d : . 448 


Indistinectus Kkn., ; 2 MF 
Indistinetus Wood, . 128, 400 


510 INDEX. 


Indistinetum Wood, . 400 
Inflata Cpr., : : . 295 
Inflatus Totten, : 286 


Infr aplanata (Rotella) 
Sowb., 

INFUNDIBULOPS Pilsbry, 8, 40 

INFUNDIBULUM Montf., 7, 4, Bit 


Infundibulum Wats., soko 
Infuseatus Gld., ; . 401 
Infuscatus Phil., : RON 
Tnepta Gld., ; : . 254 
Instrictus Gld., . ; . 440 | 
Intermedia Leche, . . 309 | 
Interruptum Wood, . . 308 
Invallata (Ethalia) CPs . 462 
Tricolor Kirk, . . 436 
Tridescens Schr., ; sen 
Tridea Dall, ; : oes 
Triodon Phil, . : . 133 
Iris Dall, . P : . O28 
Tris Gmel., ‘ : (eae 
Trisodontes Q. et G., . . 133 
TIrregularis Leach,  . . 389 
Isanpa Ad., : CAG3 416 
Isselii Caram., . : ‘i928 
Ivaniesiana Brus., —. 20 
TIvaniesi Brus., . 3 oak 
Jacinthinus Monts., . . 332 
Jacobit Arad.,  . 5 . 095 
Japonica Ad., . F eet 
Japonica Smith : : 224 
Japonicum Ad., / . ovo 
Javanicum (Umbonium) 
Silene. , : . 456 
Javanicus Lam., , . 406 
Jessoensis Schoenck, . 222 
Jonasi Phil., ; : es 
Jucundum Gld., : Shit 
Jucundus Gld., ; ea: 
Jucundus Sowb., - . 340 
Jujubinum Gmel., . . 404 
Jujubinus Monts., 4 eee 
Jussieui Payr., . : ho 
Jussiei Payr., . ; ue 
Kalinota Ad.,. . 24s 
Kalisoma Ad., . F . 249 


Kieneri Hupé, . : eid 


Kochi Kn., 
Kochii Phil., 
Keneni Dkr., 


Korenia Friele, . 


Kotschyi Phil., 
Kraussi Phil., 


Labio Linn., 
Labio Oken, 
Lacazei Vel., 


Lacertinum Gld., 


Laceyi Sowb., 
Laciniatus Rve., 


| Lactea Jeffr., 
| Lacteus Phil., 


Lacunata Cpr., . 
Lacunella Dall, 
Letus Phil., 


Levigata Sowb., . 


Levis Brugn., 


| Levis Friele, 


Levissima Mart., 


Lamellosa Verrill, 
Jaminarum Jeffr., 


Lampra Wats., 
Lampra Wats., . 


LAMPROSTOMA Swains, 
Largillierti Phil., 


Latior Monts., 


Latona Hutton, . 


Laugieri Payr., 


Leaensis Watson, 


Leanum Ad., 


Legrandi Ten.—Woods, 


Lehmanni Kn., 
Lehmanni Mke., 
Lehmanni Mke., 
Leropyrea Ad., 
Lenticula Gld., 


Lentiginosa Ad., 


Lepida (Isan da) Ad., 


Lepidus Koch, 
Leprosus Phil, 


Lessonzeanum Tap. Can., 


Lessoni Payr., 


Lesueuri Fischer, 
Leucopheea Phil., 
Leucosticta Ad., . 


Leucostigma Mke., 
Levis Hombr., 
Lifuana Fischer, 
Ligatus Gld., . 
Ligulatus Mke., . 
Lima Wats., 

Lima Phil., 

Limbata Phil., 
Limbatus Q. & G., 
Lineata Lam., 
Lineatus DaCosta, 
Lineatus Lam., 
Tineatus Phil., 
Lineolaris Gld., 
Lineolata Bianc., 
Lineolata (Rotella) Lam., 
Lineolata Mich., ; 
Linnei Monts., . 
LTiopyrga (Ad. ) Fischer, 
Liotrochus Fischer, 
Lirata Ad., 

Lirata (Ethalia) Smith, 
Liratus Ad., ; 
Lirostoma Ad., 
Lirulata Cpr.,. 
Lirulata (Ethalia) Cpr, 
Lischkeia Fischer, 
Lischkei Pilsbry, 
Lissocona Dall, 
Listeri Kn., 

Listeri Wood, 
Littoralis Brus., . 
Lividomaculata Ad., 
LTividus Kn., 

Livona Gray, 
Loculosa Gld., 
Lubrieca Dall, 

Lucidus Risso, 
Luctuosus Orb., 
Ludwigi Krauss, 
Lugubris Gld., 
Lugubris Gmel., 
Lugubris Lam., 
Luridum Rve., 
Lusitanica Fischer, 
Lyciacus Forbes, 


Macandreze Cpr., 


13, 


INDEX. 


. 134 
. 837 
. 202 
. 362 
eas 
. 318 
. 064 
. 449 


50 
32 
95 
33 


Macheroplax Friele, 
Maculata Braz., 
Maculata Dall, 
Maculatus Linn., 
Maculata Monts., 
Maculatus Risso, 
Maculostriatus Ad., 
Maculosum Ad., 
Maculosus Ad., 
Maculosus (Isander) Ad., 
Maculosus Pse., : 
Magellanica Gld., 
Magellanica Hombr., 
Magulus Desh., 
Magulus Monts., 
Magus Linn., 
Major Ad., 
Majus Sowb., 
Malouinus Orb., 
Manotrochus Fischer, 
Marcidus Gld., 
MarGarita Leach, 
Margarita Mont., 
Margaritaceus Risso, 
Margaritarius Phil., 
Margarites Leach, 
Margaritifera Friele, 
Marginata Ten.-Woods, 
Mariz Ad., 
Marie Ten. -W oods, 
Mariei Fischer, 
Marmoratus Kn., 
Marmoréum Pse., 
Marmorea Pse., 
| Martini Brown, 
Masoni Nev., 
Matonii Payr., 
Maugeri Wood, 
Mauritianus Gm., 
Maxillatus Mke., 
_ Maximus Koch, 
Maxima Hombr., 
| Maxima Sowb., 
| Mederi Fischer, 
| Mediterranea Risso, 
Mediterraneus Wood, 
Melaleucus Jonas, 


| Melanochlorus Phil., 


O12 INDEX. 
Melanoloma Mke., . 104 Multigranatus Phil., wie 
Meleagris Monttf., . 277 Multigranum Dkr., . 403 
Menkeanus Phil., 200 Multiliratum Sowb., ; 342 
Menkei Ad., 255  Multistriata (Bthalia) Ver- 
Merula Lam., 12, rill, : . 463 
Metaformis Phil., 475 Multisuleosa Hid., . 389 
Metallicus Rve., . 29 | Munda Wats, -. . 423 
Meyeri Phil., 336 Mundula Ad. and Ang. . 147 
Microdon Ad., . 78} Murrea (Umbonella) “Rve., 464 
MricroGaza Dall, 11, 160 Musiva Gld., . 2195243 
Microstomus Orb., . 175 | Musiva Gld., . 472 
Miliaris Broee., 387 Mustelina Gld., . 4785 
Millegranus Phil., 387 | Mutabilis Phil., ee 
Millelineatus Bonnet, 475 | Mysticus Pilsbry, . 444 
Mimetica Hutton, Ela | 
Mindorensis Ad., 243 | Nana Gld., abe 
Miniatus Anton, . 58} Nana Gld., . 468 
Minoura Ad., . . 18, 259 | Nebulosus Ad., . 400 
Minor Ad., . 84} Nebulosa Phil., - 204, 469 
Minor Troschel, . . 133. Neroprioma Fischer, a 98 
Minosia=Minolia, . 259 Neomphatius Fischer, 163 
Minutula Jeffr., . . 298  Neozelanica (Rotella) Hut- 
Minutus Chem., . 394 ton, . 459 
Mirabilis Sowb., 29 Neptuni Ad., 45 
Modesta (Dillw: y nella) Dall, 463 Neritoideus Gm., 286 
Modestus Midd., . 294 | Neritoides Phil., 106 
Moestus Jonas, . 174 | Nicobaricus Gm., 466 
MoniILeEa Swains, 12, 246 | Niger Phil., 166 
Monile Rve., 398  Nigerrima Hutton, 103 
Monilifera Ad., 414 Nigerrima Gmel., Si 
Moniliferum Lam., 347 Nigerrimum Gm., 165 
Moniliferus Phil., . 363 Nigerrimus Ren., 593 
Moniliger Ad., 150 | Nigra Ad., 281 
Monochroa Monts., 75 Nigrescens Réq., i) 
Monodon Schweige, . 86 Nigricans Ad., ; 84 
Monoponra Lam., ‘8, 86 | Nigricans Ad., . Phat, (gas!) 
Monodontes Montf,, . 86 | Nigricans Vel., . 226 
Montacuti Jettr., . 399 | Nigricolor Dkr., 166 
Montagui Wood, 399 | Nigropunctatus Rve., 39 
Montereyi Kn., 171 | Niloticus Linn., 17 
Monterosatoi Buq., 395 | Niloticus Rve., 18 
Montrouzieri ce otella) Nitens Kn., : . 155 
Souv., . 459 | Nitida Ad. and Ang., 217 
Morio Troschel, 102 | Nitida Ad., ; eo 
Morum Phil., 55 | Nitida (Ethalia) eae” 461 
Multicarinata Chenu, 91 | Nitidulus Phil., : 137 
Multicarinata T.-Woods. . 467 | Nitidus Kn., 135 
Multicolor Krauss, 2409 | Nitiliginea ‘Ad. 250 


INDEX. 
Nivosa Ad., . 244 | Orion Dall, ; 
Nobilis Monts., . 385 | Ormophorus Ad., 
Nobilis Phil., . 87 | Ornatum Lam., . 
Nobilis Phil., . 349 | Osilin Adans, 
Nocturnum Phil., . 391 | Osilin Desh. 
Nodicinetus Ad., 195 | Ostriinus Phil., . 
Nodiliratus Ad., ; 80 | Otavianus Ad., 
Nodoliratus Ten.-W oods, 80 | Ottoi Phil., 


Noduliferus Lam., 
Nodulosus Ad., 


Nordmanni Schrenck, 168 
Norrista Bayle, 275 
Norrisi Sowb., 276 
Novegradensis Brus., . 388 
Nubilis Phil., 344 
Nuclea Phil., 257 
Nudiuscula Mart., 296 
Obeliscus Gm., 19 
Obesus Rve., ; an 
Obliquata Gmel., 209 
Oblitus Rve., —. 32 
Obtusus (Chemn.) Phil., 91 
Obscura Couth., 308 
Obscurus Wood, 257 
Obsoleta Cpr., 297 
Ocellatum Rve., 358 
Ocellatus Gld., 149 
Ochroleucus Phil., 57 
Ochotensis Phil., 237 
Occidentalis Migh., 393 
Ocecultus Phil., 184 
Odontis Sowb., 86 


Oponrorrocuus Fischer, He 148 


Odontis Wood, fbiet 
OLIVIA Cantr., 448 
Olivaceus Anton, 210 
Olivaceus Brown, 289 
Olivieri Payr., 92 
Otavia Risso, . 47 
Omalomphalus Ad., 52 
Omphalium Phil., 190 


Omphalotropis © thali a) 
Ad., 


. 461 
Opalus Martyn, 122 
Omphalius Phil., 163 
Oppressa Hutt., . 232 
Optabilis Cpr., 297 


33 


OXYSTELE Phil., 
Oxytoma Wats., 
Oxytropis Phil., 


5 | Oxytropis Wats., 


Pachychiles Wats., 
Pagodalis Montf., 


| Pallidula Ad., 


Pallidula (Ethalia) Cpr, 


| Pallidulus Ad., 
| Pallidulus Dkr. 


Pallidus Forbes, 
Palmeri Dall, 


10, 


Pallidus Hombr. and Jaca, - 


Panamensis Phil., 
Pantanellii Caramag., 
Papillosus Da Costa, . 
Paradoxa Rochebr., 


Born, 
Parcepicta Cpr. 


| Paradoxum (Chrysostoma) 


Parvulus Globrlas) | Phil., 


Parvulus Phil., 
Parvus Da Costa, 
Parvus Trosch., 
Patagonicus Orb., 
Patricius Phil., 
Patula Monts., 


| Pauperculus Lke., 


Pellis-serpentis Wood, 
Pellucidum Val., 
Pennanti Phil., 
Peramabilis Cpr., 
Perdix Koch., 
Perobtusus Pilsbry, 
Peroni Phil., ; 
Perplexa Pilsbry, 
PERRINIA Ad., 


| Persica Gld., 
| Persicus Mart., 


15, 


514 INDEX. 
Personatus Phil., . 56 | Plumbea Ad., 
Perspectivum Koch, . 405 | Plumbea Hutton, 


Perspectivus Ad., . 402 
Perspicua (Ethalia) Ad., . 461 
PERRINIA Ad., . . 416 
Petholatus Dillw. B : ed 
Pfeifferi American Authors, 172 
Pfeifferi Dohrn, see dohrni 
Pilsbry, . : . 469 
Pfeifferi Phil., 167 
Pharaonis Kn., 49 
Pharaonius Linn., 48 
Phasianella Desh., . 200 
PHASIANOTROCHUS Fischer, 
eae ; LO, 134 
Philberti Réel , 200 
Philippensis Wats., 271 
Philippiana Dkr., 256 
Philippi Ad., 256 
Philippi Cantr., 275 
Philippi Koch, . 52 
Philippina Ad., 447 
Philippinarum Fischer, 34 
Philomenz Ten.-W oods, 61 
Phorculus Monts.,- 195 
Phoreus Ad., 163 
Puorcus Risso., 204 
Photina, Ad., 278 
PuHorTInuta Ad., Fev peel 
Pica Linn., Qik: 
Picifer Fischer, 152 
Picoides Gld., Zin 
Picturata Ad. & Ang. 215 
Picturata Ad., 140 
Picturatum Ad. i 399 
Pictus Phil., 126 
Pictus Phil., 206 
Pictus Wood, 141 
Pintado Gld., 473 
Piperina Phil., 110 
Pisum Phil., : 241 
Pitonellus Montf., 450 
Planospirus Kn., 85 
Planulata Verrill, 309 
Platinum Dall, 363 
Plebeius Phil., 79 
Plicata (Ethalia) Smith, 461 
Plicata Sars., 312 


- Polymorphus Cantr., 


Plumbea Hutton, 
Polaris Danielss., 
Polaris Phil., .. 
Polita (Ethalia) Ad., 
Polychroma Ad., 
Polydonta Schum., 


Pompholugotus .Wats., 
Ponsonbyi Sowb., 
Poreatus Ad., 
Poreatus Phil., 
Porcellana Ad., . 


Poreifera Ad., 


Porcifera Watson, 
Poupineli Montr., 
PRacia Gray, 
Prasina Garrett, 
Prasinus Mke., 
Preissiana Phil., 
Preissii Mke., 
Principalis Pilsbry, 
Priorrocuus Fischer, 
Prodicta Fischer, 
Producta Bugq., . 
Protumida Locard, 
Proximus Ad., . 
Pruininus Gld., . 
Pruinosa Rochebr., 
Psyche Dall, 
Ptychostylis Gabb, 
Ptychomphalus Ag., 
Pudibunda Fischer, 


_ 388, 


Pulchella (Isanda) = Etha- 


lia pulchella, .. 
Puella Phil., ; 
Pulchella (Ethalia) Ad., 
Pulchellum Phil,, A 


iPuleher Ad., 
-Pulcherrimus Wood, 


Pulcherrima Ang., 
Pulcherrima Ad., 
Pulcherrima Ad., 
Pulcherrima Ad., 
Pulehra Ad., 
Pullatus Anton, 
Pulligo Mart., 


Pumilio Phil., 
Punctata. Ad., 
Punetatus Ren., 
Punctigera Ad., 
Punctocostata Ad., 
Punctulata Lam., 
Punctulatum Mart., 
Punctulosus Ad., 
Puniceus Phil., 
Pupilla Gld., 
Pupillus Hutton, 
Purpurascens Ad., 
Purpuratus Forbes, 
Purpuratus Mart., 
Pusilla Ad., 
Pusillus Ad,, 
Pustulosus Phil., 
Puteolus Monts., 
Putzerysia Sul., 
Pygmea Risso, 
Pygmeeus Phil., . 
Pyramidalis Lam., 
Pyramidatus Lam., 
Pyramidea Sw., . 
Pyramis Born, 
Pyramis Rve., 
Pyramis Schum., 
Pyrgos Phil. . 
Pyricallosa (Ethalia) Smith, 
Pyriformis Gld., : 


Quadricarinatus Chem., 
Quadricinctum Wood, 
Quadricostatus Wood, 
Quadrisuleatus Phil., . 
Quesita Ad... : 
Quoyi Kn., 


Quoyi Phil., 


Racketti Payr., 
Radiatus Anton, 
Radiatus Gmel., 
Radula Parr., 
Ramburi Crosse, 
Raphaeli Ten.-Woods, 
Rarilineatus Mich., 
Rarus Dufo, 

Rathuni Dall, . 
Reclusa (Ethalia) Dall, 


_ 197, 


INDEX. 
. 400  Redimita Gld., 
. 259 | Reevei Montr., 
. 395 | Regalis Verrill, . 
. 447 | Regius Desh.., 
. 244 | Resurrecta Rochebr., 
96 | Reticularis Gray, 
334 | Reticulatus Wood, 
149 | Rhina Wats., 
49 | Rhodomphala Souv., 
295 , Rhysus Wats., 
130 | Richardi Payr., . 
159 | Rigata Phil., 
278 | Ringei Pfeiffer, 
124 | Ringens Mke., 
255 | Ringens Phil., 
65 | Rioensis Dall, 
30 | Robertsi Pilsbry, 
. 195 | Rochia Gray, 
413 | Roissyi Blainv., 
212 | Roissy: Payr., 
476 | Rosea Hutton, 
21 | Rosea Lam., 
395 | Rosea (Rotella) Lam., 
16 | Rosea Monts., 
20 | Rosea T. ~Woods, 
395 | Roseocarnea Monts., 
19 | Roseola Nev., 
. 144 | Roseolum Dall, . 
462 | Roseus Krauss, . 
. 169 | Roseus von Salis, 
Rossti Phil., 
430 | Rostratus Gmel., 
394 | Rota Dkr., 
179 | Rotella Dall, 
470 | Rotelleformis Jay, 
281 | Rotelleformis Phil, . 
97 | Rotellina (Camitia) Gld., 
132 | Rubella Mke., 
Rubens (Ad.) "Angas, . ; 
212) Rubidus Gld., . : 
. 207 | Rubiginosus Val., 
37 | Rubra Ad., 
101 | Rubricatus Phil, 
469  Rubicundus Dkr., 
60 | Rubroflammulatum Koch, . 
208 Rubropunctatum Ad., 
~ 682), RudistA ds, 
. 157 Rudis Gray, 
J AG2S 


516 INDEX. 
Rufozona Ad., . . 150 | Semistriata (Rotella) Orb., 463 
Rufula (Ethalia) Gld., . 463 | Semiusta Fischer, . 270 
Rugatum Gld., . 193, 194 | Sericifilum Dall, 412 
Rugosum Ad., . 173 | Seriopunctatus Ren., 393 
Rugulosa Ad., . 118 | Senatorius Phil., 19 
Rugulosus Koch, . 25 | Serpentinus Quoy., 145 
Ruscurianum Weink., . 399 Seychellarum Nev., 438 
Rustica Gmel., . 166 Shayert Phil., 138 
Rutilus Ad., . 1386 Sigaretina Sowb., 280 
| Signatus Jonas, 258 
Sacellum Phil., 34  Similaris Rve., 357 
Saga Phil., . ‘ : . 41 | Simplex Wats.. . 422 
Sagittatum ( Umbonium ) | Sinensis Gmel., : 112 
Hinds, ; 4 . 452  Singaporensis Pilsbry, 270 
Sagittifera Lam., : 114  Sismondee Issel, . 213 
Sagittiferus Hidalgo, 114  Smaltata Fischer, 221 
Salmonea Cpr., : 295 Smaragdinum Monts., 396 
Samanz Dall, . . 306 Smaragdus Rve., 25 
Samoensis Hombr. & Jaca, 3) S| Snaithi Dkr 2. . 438 
Sandwichensis Soul., 29 Smithii Tap.-Can., . 182 
Sandwichiana Ad., _ 281 Smithii Wood, . : 65 
Sandwichiana Ad., 475 Sobrina (Ethalia) Ad., . 461 
Sandwichiensis Soul., 29 | SOLANDERIA Fischer, 12, 256 
Sanguineus Gray, 131 Solandri Phil., . 252 
Sapidum Dall, 378 | SOLARIELLA §..Wood, 14, 307 
Sartor Arad., 396 Solariiformis Sby., —. . 265 
Satorius Desh., 233 Solida (Ethalia) Dall, 462 
Satrapius Mart., 71) Solidum Phil., 393 
Sauciata Koch., 113. Solutus Fischer, 435 
Sauleyi Orb., 201 | Sordida Hancock, 292 
Sayanum Dall, 407  Sordidus Phil., 188 
Seaber Fischer, 458 Sowerbyi Pilsbry, 540 
Seabriculus Busch., 192 | Spadiceus Phil., 76 
Seabriuscula Dall, 330 | Speciosa Ad., 245 
Scabriusculus Ad., 445  Speciosum Ad., . B92 
Seabrosus Phil., 44 | Spectabilis Ad., 332 
Scalare Anton, 185 | Spenglert Gmel., O+ 
Scamnata Fischer, 220 | Spilota Ad., ; 118 
Schrayeri Troschel, . 1387  Splendens Cpr., . 362 
Scintillans Wats., 305 | Splendidus Phil., 300 
Scitulum Ad., 402 Splendidulus Swains, . 148 
Schantarica Midd., 293 | Spongiarum B. D. & 1D, ost 
Scobinatum Ad., 308 | Spratti Forbes, . 206 
Scrobiculatus Souv., 437 | Spurca Gid., 213 
Selectum Chemn., 335 | Spuria Gld., 255 
Semigranosus Ad., . 178 | Squamigera Ad., 32 
Seminodosum Ad., . 194. Squarrosus Lam., 3 
Seminula Phil., . 222 | Stellata Ad., 418 


Stellio Fischer, 
Stenomphalus Jonas, 
Stephanephorum Wats., 
Sterompha/a Leach, 
Stictica Ad., ; 
Stigmatarius Ad., 
Stirophorum Wats., 
Stoliczkana Nev., 
Strangei Ad., 

Strangei Ad., 

Striata Brod., 

Striata Garrett, . 
Striata Leach, 

Striata Monts., 
Striatula Garrett, 
Striatula Weink., 
Striatulus Kn., 
Striatum L., 

Striatus Phil., 
Strigata Ad... 
Strigillatus Ren., 
Strigilatus Anton, 
Strigosum Phil., : 
Striolata (Ethalia) Ad., 
Striolata Q. and G., 
Streptophorus Wats., . 
Sturnus Miuhlf., 
Suarezensis Fischer, 
Suavis Phil. 
Subelevata Cpr., . 
Subfuscescens Schrenck, 
Subgranulatum Dkr., 
Subinearnatus Fischer, 
Subplicata Ney., 
Subrostrata Gray, 
Substriatum Pilsbry, . 
Subviridis Phil., 
Succineta Cpr., 
Succinctus Monts., 
Sulearius Ad., 

Sulcata Sowb., 

Sulcatus (Brit. Mus), 
Suleatus Wood, 
Sulcifera Ad... 
Sulcifera (Isanda) Ad., 
Suleosa Ad... 
Superba Dall, 
Superba Wats., 


INDEX. 
434 | Superbum (Umbonium) 
175 Bs ; j : 
337  Supragranosum Cpr., . 
195  Supranitidus Wood, . ‘ 
227  Supravallata (Ethalia) Cpr., 
69 Suppressa (Ethalia) Dall, 
377 | Surgillatus Rve., : 
217  Suturale Phil., ‘ F 
231 | Suturale (U mbonium) Lam., 
447 Suturalis Ad., ; 
292 | Swainsonii Ad., 
233. | 
291 | Tabidus Rve., 

76 Tabularis Krauss, 
249 Teeniata Wood, 
275 Teniatus Q. & G ‘ : 
172 | TaLuLorsis Neyv., $29) 
395 | Talopia Gray, : 
274 Tampaénsis Conr., 
152 | Tamsi Dkr., 
395 Tapparonei ‘Caram., 
169 | Tasmanica (Ethalia) iM -W., 
412. Tasmanica Petterd, 
460 | Tasmanica T.-Woods, 

99  Tasmanicus T.-Woods, 
304 | Tecrus Montf., . ts 
108 | Tegula Lesson, 
130 | Tenebricus Rve., 
117 | Tenebrosus Ad., 
297 | Tener Troschel., . 
189  'Tentorium Gm., 
403 | Tenuiliratus Dkr., 

26 | Tenuwisculpta Cpr., 
269 | Tenuwis Mont., 
101 Tessellata Ad. 
187. Tessellata Ten. Woods, 

39  Tessellatus Gmel., 
297 | Tessellatus Phil., 
202 | Tessellatus Salis., 

85 | Tesserula T.-Woods, 
291 | Tessulatus Born, 
137 | Textilis Rve., 
100 | Texturatus Gld., : 
447 | THALOoTIA Gray, 10, 
464 | Thomasi Crosse, , 
243 | Thomasi (Umboniu m) 
156 Crosse, ; 
424 


518 


Tiaratus Q. & G., 
Tiara Wats., 
Tiberiana Crosse, 
Ticaonicum Ad., 
Tigrina Ad.. 
Tigrina Chemn., 
Tigris Mart., 
Tincta Hemphill, 
Tinctum Wats., 
Tinei Cale., 

Tineis Forbes, 
Tonnerrei Nev., 
Torquatus Anton, 
Torosus Quoy, 
Torresi Smith, 
Torulosus Phil., 
Tranquebaricum Pfr., 
Transenna Wats., 
Triangulosa Sowb., 
Tricarinata Lam., 
Tricarinatus Wood, 
Tricatenatus Rve., 
Tricingulata Ad., 
Tricingulata Ad., 
Tricolor Gabb., 
Tricolor Risso, 
Tridens Mke., . 
Tridentatum P. & M., 


Trilobata (Ethalia) Sowb., 


Triserialis Lam., 
Tritonis Ad., 
Trochidon Sw., 
Trochiscus Sowb., 
Trochius Leach, 
Trochocochlea Klein, 
Trochulus Humph., 
Trocuus Linn., 
Tropidophorum Ad., 
Troscnelii Phil., 
Tryoni Pilsbry, . 
Tuberculata Ad., 
Tuberculata Gray, 


Tuberculatus Da Costa, 


Tuberculatus Risso, 
Tubiferus Kn., 


Tumens (Globulus) Cpr, 


Tumida Mont., 
Tumulus Monts., 


INDEX. 

. 42 | Turbinata Born., 

. 380 | Turbinata T.-Woods, 

. 222 | Turbinatum Ad., 

. 3894 | Turbinatum Ad., 

. 265 Turbinatus Pse., 

. 113 | Turbinoides Ad., 

. 333 | Turbinoides Desh., 

»169") TorcrcasAds 

. 808 | TurcicuLa Dall, 

. 449 | Turdus Phil., 

. 449 | Turriculum Phil., 

. (2) Purris Phil., 

. 386 | Turrita Mke., 

. 125 | Turritellina Anc., 

. 145 | Typus Nardo, 

a is} 

. 388 | Umbilicalis F. and H., 
345 | Umbiliecalis Brod., 
265 | Umbilicaris Linn., 
431 | Umbilicatus Mont. 
275 | UMBonELLA Ad., 

36 | UMBONIUM Link, 
153 | Undatella Gld., . 
447 | Undatella Mke., 

370 | Undata Sowb., 

395  Undatoides Ten -Woods, 
175 | Undatus Lam., 

175 | Undosa Ad., 

460 Undulata Sowb., 

21 | Undulosa Ad., 

44 Unedo Ad., ; 

86 Unicarinata Fischer, . 
275  Unicinetum Ad., 

92 | Unicum Dkr., ... 

92 Unidentatum Phil., 

86 Urbanus Gld., 

16 | 
175 | Vahlii MOll., 

142 Vaillanti Fischer, 
239  Valvatella Gray, 
118 Vancouverensis Smith, 
3 | Variabilis Ad., 
198 | Varians Beck, 
199 | Varians Desh., 
31 | Varicosa Migh., 
462  Variegatum Cpr. 
212 | Variegatus Ad., 
195 Vuriegatus Anton, 


14, 
14, 


16: 
15, 


Variegatus Risso, 
Varius Linn., 
Vascoi Fischer, 
Venetus Rve., 
Venusta Ad., 
Venustum Dkr., 
Vermiculata Fischer, . 
Vermiculosus Kn., 
Vernicosa Gld., 
Vernus Gmel., 
Verruca Gld., 
Verrucosa Gm., . 
Versicolor Mke., : : 
Vestiarium Linn. (Umboni- 
um), 
Vexillum Rve., 
Viaginalis Rochebr., 2 
Vieillotii Payr., 
Villanus Phil., 
Villieus Phil., 
Vimontz Monts., 
Vinetus Phil., 
Violacea King, . 
Virgata Mke., 
Virgatus Gm., 
Virgineus Chemn., 
Virgulatus Phil., 
Viridis Gmel., 
Viridis Lam., 
Viridis Wood, 
Viridulus Gmel., 
Viridulus Mke., 
Vitiligineus Mke., 
Vividus Rve., 
Vorticifera Dall, 
Vulgaris Ad., 
Vulgaris Gray, . 


INDEX. 

210 | Vulgaris Leach, 

204 Vulgaris Risso, . 

113 | Vulnerata Phil., 

38 | 

244 | Warneforti Nev., 

399 | Watsoni Dall, 

89 Weldii Woods, 

132 | Wiseri Calc., 

254  Woodsiana Angas, 
25 

468 Xanthostigma Ad., 
25 

367  Yamadana Smith, 

Yatesi Crosse, . 3 

450  Yessoensis Schr., (in text; 

307 should be jessoensis. ) 

281 | Yokohamensis Bock, . 

74 Yucatecanum Dall, 
63 

205 | Zealandicus Ad., 

211 Zebra Mke., 

341 | Zebrides Ad., 

279 | Zebrides Ad., 

133-.| Zebrides Ad., 

19 | Zebrinus Phil , 

365 | Zebuensis Reeve, 

133 | Zebuensis Ad., . 4 
43 | Zelandica (Ethalia) Hombr. 
88 | Zelandicus Q. and G., 

99 | Zeus Fischer, 

175 | Zelandica Hutton, 

138 | Ziziphinus Leach, 

249 | Zizyphinum Linn., 

37 Zonamestum Ad., 

288 | Zonata Wood, 

151 | Zonatus Jeftr., 

388 


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