au ath +4 f : . ’ . ) sal ty a ‘ | ‘ x . . Ae! ‘ the le . ee airban es i ie} , i r ; a . Ne arme Ca S : Ne oe WF sey hohe 3B yi aaa ne ree image y 7 EVEVI00 T0s0 0 IANO tOHM/18N ee 6 = he POLY PLACOPHORA. MANUAL OF Pe NCH OUEOG ¥ STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUATION BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF N&TURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. MeOivexe Ve. POLYPLACOPHORA, (Chitons.) ACANTHOCHITIDZ, CRYPTOPLACIDA AND APPENDIX. ;TECTIBRANCHIATA. PHILADELPHIA : Published by Conchological Section, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, OF PHILADELPHIA. 1895. PRHEACH. In this volume are contained monographs of two families of Pony- PLACOPHORA: Acanthochitide and Cryptoplacide, with an Appendix, and an Index to the entire group. The APpLACOoPHORA are then described ; and the remainder of the volume is devoted to the various groups of spiral shelled TEcTIBRANCHIATA. As it is not proposed to include the NuprBRANCHIATA’ in the ManvuaAt, the present volume will complete the First Series, as orgin= ally projected by its illustrious founder. The Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences contemplates the commencement of a Third Series of the Manual of Conchology, to include the Marine bivalve Mollusks. The continued ‘support of the subscribers to the First Series is earnestly desired, for without their liberal aid this great enterprise cannot be undertaken. E. J. Nouan, M. D., ANGELO HEILPRIN, Publication Committee. J. H. REDFIELD. H. A. Prussry, Editor. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. MONOGRAPH OF THE POLYPLACOPHORA. (CONCLUDED.) Acanthochitoid Phylum. The systematic position and genesis of this stock of chitons has been indicated on pages xxiv and xxvii of the preceding volume of this work. Two families, Acanthochitide and Cryptoplacide, are recognized, both containing some peculiarly modified forms. The following diagram expresses the approximate relationships and phylogeny of the genera. It must be remembered that those genera which have undergone the greatest modification are in this phylum distinctly degenerate in character, and represented by but few species of restricted range. The reverse is true of the most modified genera of Chitonide. 2 vu o . oO & = S HS) °F Oo xK a Og = Sy fen = = ine & @& O nl (Se) | » Sei lo ee oe > ae = TT iaies © ACANTHOCHITES. 29 sooty, with 9 whitish tufts. Length 25, width 14 mill. (Rochebr., in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1881-82, p. 194.) New Holland (Dussumier; Paris Mus.) ACANTHOCHITES TURGIDUS Rochebr. Shell small, ovate-oblong, pale buff. Anterior valve elongated, posterior rounded, nearly con- cealed ; intermediate valves rounded, covered throughout with swollen tubercles. Girdle gray, with 9 blue tufts. Length 10, breadth 6 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-82, p. 194). New Holland (Peron & Lesueur; Paris Mus.) ACANTHOCHITES JUCUNDUS Rochebr. Shell ovate-elongate, buff, with emerald-green lines and spots. Central areas of intermediate valves smooth ; lateral areas sculptured with radiating beaded lines. Girdle wide, roseate, with 9 green tufts. Length 24, breadth 13 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-’82, p. 194.) New Holland (Belligny); Cook’s Straits (Filhol). Not common ; Paris Mus. ACANTHOUHITES STERCORARIUS Rochebrune. Shell elliptical rather flat, dull olivaceous; anterior valve rounded; posterior small, swollen ; intermediate valves with the central area rugose, lateral areas covered with wide, concentric imbricating sulci. Girdle wide, thick, shistaceous, with 9 greenish bunches. Length 22, breadth 13 mill. (Rochebrune, in Bull. Soc. Philomath. de Paris, 1883-84, p. 32, 1884.) Cape Roxo, west coust of Africa (Paris Mus.) ACANTHOCHITES BELLIGNY: Rochebrune. Shell elongated ; ashen, marbled with white and tawny. Anterior valve rounded elliptical, posterior very minute; intermediate valves having the central areas smooth, lateral areas concentrically scaly, scales spatuliform. Marginal ligament rather wide, brown, with 9 blue bunches. Length 15, breadth 8 mill. (Rochebr., in Bull. Soc, Philom. Paris, 1883-84, p. 37, 1884.) New Caledonia (Paris Mus.) ACANTHOCHITES DAKARIENSIS Rochebr. Shell elongated, buff, with a conspicuous black spot ; anterior valve broad, rounded ; pos- terior valve nearly covered, semi-lunate; intermediate valves rounded, seale-shaped, beaked behind, granulose, the granules sub- imbricated ; anterior area of the valves wide, longitudinally sulcate, the sulci chain-like. Marginal ligament wide, pilose, blackish, beset 30 ACANTHOCHITES. very densely with whitish hairs; bunches 9, glassy, intense green. Length 35, breadth 12 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Svc. Philomath, 1880-81, p. 116; Journ. de Conchyl. 1881, p. 44.) Rocks of Dakar, west Africa (Paris Mus.) ACANTHOCHITES JOALLESI Rochebr. Shell elongated, thick, almost always covered with a calcareous incrustation ; anterior valve semilunar; posterior valve rounded, small; intermediate valves rounded in front, semi-lunate behind; lightly scaly at the base only. Marginal ligament very broad, olivaceous, having sparse, whitish long hairs; 9 wide greenish bunches. Length 24, breadth 14 mill. (Rochebdr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-81, p. 117; Journ. de Conchyl. 1881, p. 45.) Coast of Joalles ; rocks of Rufisque, West Africa (Mus. Paris.) Curron EcHINOTUS Blainy. (Dict. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 552). A species said to be from the Ocean coast (of France), figured in the Encyclop. Méth., pl. 163, f. 14, 15, copied from Chemnitz, vol. x, pl. 173, f. 1688. It is practically unidentifiable, but the figures were in all probability drawn from Acanthochites discrepans. CuHrIron POLYCHETUS Blainville. Body very small, oval; girdle provided with 9 closely placed pairs of large tufts, the spicules equal, silvery. Shell very small; the disc of the intermediate valves quite large and having 5 nearly equal sides; plates of insertion moderate, unifissate far backward; that of the posterior valve with 3 nearly equal lobes. Color greenish-brown. (Blainv., Dict. Se. Nat. xxxvi, p. 995.) Seas of New Holland. CHITON ROSEUS Blainville. Body oval, a little elongated, sub- vermiform; girdle much extended, covered with a very great quantity of crowded hairs, concealing the very small tufts of bristles. Bodies of the intermediate valves subtriangular, the anterior summits truncated ; covered with flat tubercles at the sides. Color of the shell rose; the rest ofa gray black. (Blainv., Dict. Se. Nat. XXXVI, p. 053.) New Holland. Probably a species of Notoplaz. CHITON SUEURII Blainy. Body small, oval, Oniscus-like. Girdle with 9 pairs of tufts of quite small bristles. Intermediate valves having the body trapezoidal, with a brush-like group of striz in the ACANTHOCHITES—NOTOPLAX. ol middle, the plates of insertion of medium size. General color gray- ish. (Bluinv., Dict. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 553.) Port of King George. CuITon scABER Blainy. Body oval, elongated, a little vermiform having the girdle very thick and very wide, covered with quite fine hairs and small tufts. Shell small, occupying only a third of the back, formed of 8 thin, fragile valves, the intermediate ones larger than the terminal, exposed portion triangular and very small in comparison with the plates of insertion, which are wing shaped. Insertion-plate of the anterior valve especially large, 6-lobed ; that of the posterior valve patelliform, with 4 lobes. General color of the shell whitish gray. (Blainv., Dict. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 553.) Seas of New Holland. Section Notoplax H. Adams. Notoplax Av., P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 385 (type N. speciosa H. Ad.).— Macandrellus Cer. MS. in Daut, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, pp. 284, 288 (type M. plumeus Cpr.) Acanthochites in which the posterior valve has the insertion-plate grooved outside and denticulate at the edge, between the usual two latero-posterior slits. Tegmentum reduced in size by the encroach- ment of the girdle at the sutures, the valves nearly or wholly separated there. Anterior valve not distinctly ribbed radially, or lobed around the edge. A rather weakly characterized section, probably artificial, but decidedly convenient at present as a means of splitting the large mass of Acanthochites. It is intermediate between typical Acantho- chites and Cryptoconchus in characters. The girdle has the tufts rather smaller than in the more typical Acanthochites, and the spicular covering of the whole surface varies from nearly obsolete to a dense clothing. The true nature of the girdle in Notop/ax was not known to Dr. Dall when he wrote the notes upon tbe group in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xviii, p. 417. In the typical species, NV. speciosa, it exhibits all the characters of the girdle of Acanthochites. There seems to be no character of more than specific value separating Notoplax and Macandrellus. As to Stectoplax, which Dall (/. ¢.) thinks may prove to equal Notoplaz, it is absolutely nothing but a genuine Acantho- chites. 32 ACANTHOCHITES—NOTOPLAX. The type of Macandrellus is not M. costatus Ad. & Ang., as stated by Dall in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 299, but MZ. plumeus Cpr., teste Dall, 7. c. 1881, p. 288. The first use of the name, being unaccompanied by a diagnosis, will fall. At the time Carpenter established the group for M. plumeus, he had never seen the species costatus. A.sprEciosus H. Adams. PI. 1, figs. 28, 24, 25, 26. Shell elongated ; valves acutely heart-shaped, olivaceous maculated _ with brown ; each valve with a wide, smooth dorsal ridge, the side areas coarsely granulose, the lateral area indicated by a raised line. Girdle brown, spinulose; pores moderate sized, encircled by con- spicuous spicula. Length 72, breadth 24 mill. (H. Ad.) Tasmania (Mus. Cuming); Flinders Island (Jos. Milligan.) Cryptoplax (Notoplax) speciosa H. Anv., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 385. This species resembles A. exquisitus Pils. in the narrowness of the exposed portion of the valves, but in typical specimens of that form the teementum is decidedly narrower. In A. hemphilli Pils. from Florida, which is a Notoplax in its apparently separated valves and denticulate tail-plate, the speciosus differs in the longer, narrower tegmentum, ete. The figures of my plate were drawn by Mr. E. A. Smith from the types. Carpenter gives the following useful notes on the specimens in the British Museum: The lateral areas are distinctly marked off by larger granules along a raised diagonal line. The mucro of the posterior valve is raised, at an angle of about 160°, and situated at the posterior third of the tegmentum. The jugular areas are both smooth and raised ; the scales of the sides are also smooth flat and raised. The girdle is entirely covered by a dense mass looking spongy, but consisting of spicules of moderate length and extremely crowded. There are conspicuous pores but the hairs in them are not longer than the rest, and therefore it is difficult to distinguish them. The sinus is very narrow and deep. Slits all very short. The anterior valve has grooves with raised edges extending from eaves to the slits. Posterior valve having side slits, situated as in Acanthochites, but the posterior plate is pretty regularly grooved radially, so as to crenate the margin, almost amounting to little nicks from slit to shit. a os) Oo ACANTHOCHITES—NOTOPLAX. A. rormosus Reeve. PI. 1, figs. 12, 13 (enlarged.) Shell oblong, rather narrow; valves very finely longitudinally striated at the summit, granulated at the sides. Bright scarlet. Ligament horny, thickly beset with shining white spicula at the side of each valve. Length 3, breadth 7 inch. (Reeve.) Cape Rivers, N.-W. Celebes ; one specimen. Chiton formosus REEVE, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 25; Conch. Icon., t. 26, f.173.—Apams & REEve, Zool. ‘Samarang,’ t. 15, f. 8. Carpenter believed his MS. species Macandrellus plumeus to be the same as this, although he had not, I believe, compared the types. His description is as follows: A.plumeus Carpenter. Shell subelongate, subelevated, the dorsal ridge acute, mucro submedian, hardly raised, the slope behind it concave. Roseate at the sides, olivaceous in the middle. Exposed part of the valves small. Posterior valve subrotund; anterior valve pectinated and 5-angled around the margin; central valves strongly angular, beaked; sutures deeply encroaching on the side-areas. Dorsal areas delicately and closely sublongitudinally lirulate ; lateral areas distinctly defined, sunken; central and lateral areas scaly in radiating, somewhat plumose pattern. Interior: posterior valve hardly sinuated behind, having a slit at each side, the plate between them deeply grooved outside and sub- dentate, shallowly slit at the edge. Anterior valve having 5 slits, the teeth angular at the slits. Girdle leathery, smooth, sometimes somewhat spongy, having minute hairlets, and small tufts of hairs at the sutures. Length 21, breadth 11 mill.; divergence 120°. Habitat unknown (Mus. Cuming, no. 108.) Macandrellus plumeus Cpr. MS.; and in Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 288 (no description.) The irregular, rugose lobes of the tail plate, behind, almost amount to teeth. The head valve is hexagonal. The sculpture resembles the feathers of a bird. The lateral areas are distinct, but sunken instead of raised. ( Cpr.) A. ACUTIROSTRATUS Reeve. PI. 8, figs. 27, 28. Shell elongated, elevated in the middle, somewhat compressed at the sides ; valves obtusely keeled at the summit, smooth ; very closely flatly grained on each side; umbones produced, sharply beaked ; lateral areas of the valves small, rather indistinct, concave. Whit- 3 34 ACANTHOCHITES—NOTOPLAX. ish, stained here and there along the summit with black. Ligament horny, furnished at the side of each valve with a small crest of spicula. (fve.) . Cape Rivers ( Belcher.) Chiton acutirostratus REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 26, f. 137. July, 1847. Voy. Samarang, Moll., t. 15, f. 10. An elongated species of somewhat compressed growth, remarkably distinguished by the sharply beaked structure of the umbones; the flat-grained sculpture of the valves approaches that of C. hirudini- formis, to which it offers a singular contrast of color. (Reeve.) A. HEMPHILLI Pilsbry, n. sp. Pl. 15, figs. 65, 66, 67. Elongated, the valves somewhat exceeding one-third the total width in dried specimens. Valves rather elevated, carinated ; red, more or less maculated with white. Girdle rust-brown. The intermediate valves are not beaked, being somewhat produced backward on each side of the apex ; teymentum reduced to a heart- shaped area by the encroachment of the girdle at the sutures, leaving the valves in contact by only a small point at the ridge. The dorsal band is very narrow, parallel sided, slightly elevated, and having a few longitudinal striz. The latero-pleural or side areas are sculpt- ured with fine flattened pustules, those on the posterior portion of each valve being concave. Posterior valve elevated, the tegmentum small, somewhat pear-shaped, narrow in front, longer than wide, mucro at about the posterior third. Interior light green at the sides, deep rose-red in the middle and at the posterior margin of each valve. Sutural-plates light greenish, the slitsminute. Posterior valvenot bilobed behind, having the usual two slits, and between them a number (6-8) of smaller, irregular and unequal slits or nicks ; posterior sinus obsolete. Girdle wide, rusty-brown, sparsely clothed with short microscopic hyaline spicules, having a fringe of longer spicules at the periphery, and 18 rather small tufts of whitish bristles. Length 24, breadth 11 mill.; divergence about 115°. Key West, Florida (Henry Hemphill.) This species is allied to A. rhodeus in the peculiarly narrow dorsal band, the great encroachment of the girdle at the sutures, ete.; but it differs in the less developed side slits, the higher and narrower tail valve and its peculiar multiple-slitting, and in other features. It was collected by Mr. Hemphill at Key West. There 9 ACANTHOCHITES—CRY PTOCONCHUS. 30 are other specimens in the collection of the Geological Survey of Canada, without locality. The pustules are rounded, flat-concave topped, crowded, and arranged in distinct series. The dorsal area projects anteriorly beyond the latero-pleural areas; it is narrow, elevated and longitu- dinally striated, the strize mostly rather indistinct and subgranulated. The white and crimson pattern gives an appearance of great elegance to the valves. A. CARPENTERI Pilsbry, n. sp. Pl. 1, figs. 14-22. A series of drawings left by Dr. Carpenter, represent an unnamed new species of Macandrellus, of which he had prepared no descrip- tion. It is so strongly marked, however, that the recognition of the form will be easy. Its prominent features are: (1) the broad, ante- riorly produced, slightly asperulate girdle with minute pore-tufts ; (2) the slightly scalloped border of the anterior valve (tegmentum) ; (3) the coarse scale-like granulation of the side areas; and (4) the distinct slitting of the posterior insertion-plate into even, vertical teeth. Length 41, breadth 23 mill. Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. The figures of detached valves are double natural size. Compare Spongiochiton. A. INVoLuTUs Carpenter, n. sp. PI. 1, figs. 27-36. An unpublished species, of which excellent figures by Emerton were prepared for Carpenter. These are reproduced upon my plate, and are sufficient for the recognition of the species, although the sculpture is represented upon the head valve only. AlI the figures are magnified two diameters. Carpenter gives only the following notes: There are only six stumpy [branchial] leaflets on each side of the tail ; vent inconspicuous; foot slight and very thin. Head very small, with copious “ veil” and neck lappets, outside of which there is a sort of hood around the head, extending backward to the ~ gills (fig. 33), without epidermis, like the foot ; outside of all is the large girdle covered inside with granular epidermis.” Zanzibar (Mus. Comp. Zool.) The figures were drawn from alcoholic specimens. \ Section Cryptoconchus Blainville & Guilding, 1829. Cryptoconchus (BLAINVILLE MS. in Brit. Mus. ; Burrow, Elem. Conch., p. 190), Guritp1ne, Zool. Journ. v, p.28 (1829).—Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 66, 69, 169. Type C. porosus. 36 ACANTHOCHITES—CRYPTOCONCHUS. Valves entirely covered by the girdle except a linear area at the ridge of each. Posterior valve having the insertion-plate with several (5-7) slits, anterior valve 5-slit. Girdle leathery, naked, bearing a series (18) of sutural tufts on tubercles, or pores, sometimes sub- obsolete, along the sides of the valves. Gills extending along the posterior half of the foot. This subgenus cannot in fairness be dated from the time of its pullication in Burrow’s Elements, for in that work it is in no way defined and is disowned as a valid genus. Burrows simply says that Blainville has affixed the names Cryptoconchus porosus and C. larve- formis to two specimens in the British Museum. The latter belongs of course to Chitonellus. In 1829, Guilding adopts Cryptoconchus as a genus, and gives a generic diagnosis. Blainville himself ignores the name in his publication on Chitons in 1825, believing it a synonym of Chitonellus. This group is much more closely allied to Acanthochites than to Amicula ; its valves being exactly the form which would be pro- duced by a little further covering of the side areas in a species like A. (Notoplax) hemphilli. The backward prolongation of the sides into posterior lobes is just as great in that species; the main differ- ence being that in Notoplax these posterior lobes are not covered by the girdle. The structure of the tail valve is practically the same in Notoplax, Loboplax and Cryptoconchus. A. porosus Burrow. PI. 3, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62. Shell elongated, all but a linear dorsal area of each valve covered by the integument continued upward from the girdle, but in the dried state showing through it the posterior outlines of the valves. Color when dry dark reddish or blackish-brown. The outer layer of each intermediate valve is reduced to a narrow dorsal area, shaped like an exclamation point without the dot ('); upon each side of the apex, the posterior margin of each valve is pro- duced backward in a rounded lobe, showing plainly through the con- tracted outer skin. A more or less developed groove extends to the lateral slits. Head and tail valves with minute circular exposed dots. Interior light blue-green. Anterior valve having 5, median valves 1, posterior 5-7 slits. Girdle reddish- or blackish-brown in the dried condition, naked, smooth, leathery ; bearing a series of prominent tubercles each with a ACANTHOCHITES—CRY PTOCONCHUS. 3) bunches of short bristles, situated near the sutures upon the sides of the valves, and four around the head valve. Length 34, breadth 14 mill. (dried specimen. ) Length 38, breadth 20 mill. (Q. & G.) Dunedin to Auckland, New Zealand. Chiton porosus BuRRow, Elements of Conchology, p. 189, t. 28, f. 1 (1815).—Cryptoconchus porosus H. & A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll. ili, t. 55, f. 4CuEnu, Manuel, i, f. 2884.—Hutron, Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 118 (1880).— Chiton monticularis Quoy & GAIMARD, Voy. de l’Astrol., p. 406, t. 73, f. 30-35, (1834).—-Sows., Conch. Illustr., f. 129.—REEvks, Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 57.—Chiton leachi BLAINVILLE, Dict. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 554 (1825).—? Cryptoplax depressus BLAINV., l. ¢., vol. xii, p. 124 (1818).—? Cryptoconchus stewartianus RocHeEBrR., Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1881-1882, p. 194. The girdle varies from bright orange to light brown in the living animal (figs. 57, 58). The gills are posterior. A. FLORIDANUS Dall. PI. 3, figs. 63, 64. Elongated and narrow; black, purple-black or light brown, with a linear white space along the summit of each valve. Valves entirely covered except a round dot at the apex of the first, and a narrow band along the ridge of the other seven, the band slightly dilated at the apex of each valve. These exposed portions are whit- ish or purplish, smooth or showing faint transverse growth strie. The posterior edges of each valve, seen through the dried skin, are produced backward in wide but not deep rounded lobes on each side of the apex. Posterior valve with subcentral mucro. The disconnected valves are white or pink and purple; the inter- mediate valves being rectangular in general shape, with a sinus before and behind, the posterior sutural lobes rather narrower than the anterior; and there is one slit on each side. The posterior valve has a gentle wide upward wave posteriorly, with a single Mopaloid slit on each side, and several (4) unequal slits between them. Ante- rior valve having 5 slits. Girdle rather wide, leathery, naked; when fresh having the color and “texture of a moist prune”; bearing at each suture a minute bristle-pore, and four such pores around the head valve ; each pore bearing some short bristles, scarcely projecting above the surface ; pores and bristles always inconspicuous, frequently invisible (aborted ?). 38 ACANTHOCHITES—LOBOPLAX. The gills extend forward half-way to the head. Length 21, breadth 72 mill. (dry specimen.) Length 24, breadth 15 mill. (large alcoholic specimen.) Key West and Key Largo, Florida, on the reefs near low tide (Hemphill); Dry Tortugas (Dr. E. Palmer); Cape Florida (Wurdeman.) Notoplax floridanus Dau, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xviii, Report on the ‘ Blake ’ Mollusca, p. 416, (1889.) This species attracts the attention at once by its dark, glistening girdle, and the long line of white strokes along the median line, like exclamation points without the dots ('). It resembles no known species but A. porosus Burrow, of New Zealand ; but the latter differs in having the dorsal stripes slightly more reduced, and in having a row of projecting pore-hillocks along each side. In floridanus the pores are extremely indistinct even in alcoholic specimens, and in dried examples they can only be detected by looking through the specimen at a strong light. One of the specimens before me, collected by Hemphill lacks black pigment in the girdle, being of alight brown tint. It is prob- ably an albino. Dall says that the portion of the tail plate between the (two) notches is not serrate, but in my specimens it is very dis- tinctly slit. The number of pores around the front margin of the head valve is not 5, but 4, as is the rule in Acanthochites and its sub- genera ; this of course does not include the two at the suture. Section Loboplax Pilsbry, 1895. Phacellopleura Cpr. MS., not Phakellopleura Guilding. Valves partly covered, the anterior valve having 5 radiating ribs, and the same number of lobes along the margin; the posterior valve having the insertion-plate grooved outside, notched and slit along the edge, between the usual postero-lateral slits. Girdle leathery, having minute sutural tufts. Gills (of A. violaceus) extending along the posterior two-thirds of the foot. In the nakedness of the girdle and the form of the individual valves, as well as the strong denticulation of the posterior valve, this group recalls Katharina; but in that genus there are no sutural girdle-pores or tufts whatever, and the tail valve is quite distinctly sinused behind. Loboplax differs from Notoplax in the lobed and ribbed head valve, the more distinct posterior slits, and more naked girdle. ACANTHOCHITES—LOBOPLAX. 39 Carpenter considered “ Phacellopleura ” (porphyretica, violacea) a genus of Ischnoid Acanthopleuroids, but he describes A. costatus in Acanthochites. I cannot give the group generic rank because Notoplax connects it with Acanthochites. A. VIOLACEUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 3, figs. 67-73. Elongated, rather depressed; the valves all of the same width except the last which is narrower. Color typically a rich, dark purple-brown, the girdle darker, varying to violet with a buff tri- angle at the ridge of each valve enclosing a purple stripe or series of spots; or sometimes ashy whitish, faintly tinged with purple along the middle. Intermediate valves (fig. 68) having the teymentum trilobate, much narrowed in front by the encroachment of the girdle at the sutures ; beaks small. Dorsal areas triangular, wide in front, convex, polished, sculptured with elongated punctures along the sides. Latero-pleural areas sculptured with pebble-like low granules, coarser and often con- fluent along a diagonal line from the beak to the outer-anterior angle. Anterior valve (fig. 67) having 5 prominently projecting lobes, corre- sponding to radiating rounded ribs; the scale-granules of the sur- face coalescing more or less on these ribs. Posterior valve (figs. 69, 70) having the tegmentum slightly broader than long, the mucro low, slightly post-median. Interior light blue-green, fading on the sutural-lamine. Sinus deep, angular. Anterior valve with 5, median valves 1 slit. Poste- rior valve having a deep Mopaloid slit on each side, and about 4 shallower slits between, the teeth vertical, deeply grooved outside and lobed at the edge. Girdle wide, leathery, smooth except for a minute pore at each suture and 4 around the head valve; each pore bearing a small tuft of white spicules, usually broken short. Length 50, breadth 25 mill.; divergence of tegmentum 140°. Length 35, breadth 18 mill. ; divergence of tegmentum 130°. Length — breadth — (specimen rolled) ; divergence of tegmen- tum 150°. New Zealand at Tasman Bay (Q. & G.); Auckland (Hutton, Wright); Dunedin; Cook Strait (Hutton.) Chiton violaceus Q. & G., Voy. de l Astrol. iii, p. 403, t. 73, f. 15- 20.—GouLp., U.S. Expl. Exped Moll., p. 331, f. 420. Not Chiton violaceus Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 41.—Chiton porphyreticus REEVE, 40 ACANTHOCHITES—LOBOPLAX. Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 56 (April, 1847).—Phacellopleura porphyre- tica Cpr. MS. This species has a wide range of variation in coloring, in the angle of divergence of the valves, and to a less extent in the contours of the valves. A. cosratus Adams & Angas. PI. 3, fig. 74. Shell elongated ; valves carinated, angularly heart-shaped, gran- ulated, pale brown. Lateral areas separated from the dorsal areas by a prominent rib; dorsal areas smooth and whitish in the middle. Girdle beset with short, white, evanescent spicules, and having bunches of long white spicules. Length 18, breadth 7 mill. (A. & A.) Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Acanthochites costatus A. & A., P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 194—Anaas, 1. ec. 1867, p. 224.—Macandrellus costatus Dau, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. i, p. 81, f. 40 (dentition).—Chiton (Macandrellus) costatus E. A. Smiru, Zool. Coll. ‘ Alert,’ p. 83, t. 6, f. F. Smith gives the following notes on the specimen collected by Coppinger: “The single specimen before me, preserved in spirit, shows the girdle to be of a pale buff color, thick, fleshy, the outer margin being delicately ciliated with a minute fringe of white spicules. The tufts of spicules are seven in number along each side, and four surrounding the front valve. The middle of the central valves is occupied by a raised, transversely substriated flattened ridge, on each side of which the surface is granulated or rather squamose, the scales being flat, imbricating, rather large, and dis- posed in rather regular series. The lateral areas are well defined by a raised keel. The front valve has five radiating coste, and apparently the same number of slits in the thin lamina of insertion of which the three central are quite distinct and the two outer ones only feebly indicated. The single notch on each side the inter- mediate valves is also very slight. The posterior valve has a raised, somewhat excentric and pointed mucro, from which six more or less distinct radiating ridges descend to the margin, beneath which the lamina of insertion is scalloped by a similar number of notches.” A. TRIDACNA Rochebrune. Shell ovate-elongate, white, shining. Anterior valve rounded, strongly 7-lirate radially, the lire thick, rounded, scaly, elevated in front. Intermediate valves broadly triangular, the central areas KATHARINA. 47 longitudinally striated at the apices, scaly at the sides; lateral areas bi-lirate, the lire scaly. Posterior valve very small, nearly con- cealed, subquadrate, bi-lirate. Girdle wide, gray, pilose, clothed with whitish down; tufts 9, white, glassy. Length 27, breadth 16 mill. (Rochebr.) New Caledonia (Presented to the Paris Mus. by the Colonial Museum. ) Acanthochites tridacna RocuEBR., in Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris, 1880-81, p. 121. This is evidently a form allied to A. violaceus and A. costatus. The seven anterior ribs mentioned evidently include the sutural margins, the number five being constant in this group. Genus KATHARINA Gray, 1847. Katharina Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 65. Type C. tunicatus Wood. —Cpr. in Datt, Proc. U. 8. Mus. 1878, p. 312. Valves two-thirds covered by the expanded girdle, the exposed portion divided into dorsal and side areas, instead of central and lateral. Insertion plates sharp, extremely long, thrown forward ; that of the head valve with 7-8 slits ;sinus deep, spongy. Tail valve with a wide caudal emargination or sinus, and several slits, often partly obsolete, on each side. Girdle broad, smooth, poreless, leathery. Gills extending the whole length ef the foot. The poreless girdle, the long (ambient) gills, and the abnormally large number and irregularly placed slits of the head valve, all separate this well-founded genus from related groups. The irre- gularly placed anterior slits it shares with Amicula and Cryptochiton. The long gills are also a character of the last-named genus; but in the multifissate posterior insertion-plate and the naked girdle it resembles Cryptoconchus and Loboplax. There is but one species known. K. tunicata Wood. PI. 1, figs. 1-11. Shell oblong, elevated, the valves mainly covered by the black, leathery girdle, a small cordate or flask-shaped area of a dark brown color, remaining exposed. The exposed portion is about one-third the entire width of the valve; it is broad behind, and often hollowed out by erosion; nar- rowing in front like the neck of a flask. The surface when not eroded shows a distinct, smooth and shining dorsal band, the sides 4? AMICULA. (which are not divided into pleura and lateral areas) being micro- scopically densely punctate. Anterior valve (figs. 3, 4) densely punctate and having a few feeble radii. Posterior valve (figs. 8-11) small. Interior white. Sutural plates enormously produced; the sinus very deep, squared and notched at the sides, exposing a projecting lobe of the extremely porous outer layer. Anterior valve having 7 or 8, central 1 slit, the insertion-plates extremely long, grooved out- side from the short slits to the eaves. Posterior border of the black tegmentum broadly reflexed inward. Posterior valve (figs. 8-11) elevated, vertical behind, with a broad median notch or sinus and a variable number (1-4) of small slits on each side. Girdle leathery, smooth, black. Length 60-75, breadth 32-40 mill. Length 50, breadth 20 mill. Kamchatka; Aleutian Is.; on the north side of the peninsula of Alaska to Port Moller, on the south side east to Cook’s Inlet and south to Catalina Island, California ; low water (chiefly) to 20 fms. Chiton tunicatus Woon, Gen. Conch., p. 11, t. 2, f..1 (1815) ; Ind. Test., Chiton, t. 1, f. 10 (1828)—_Sowerpy, in Beechey’s Voy., Zool. p. 15, t. 61, f. 15—Rekrve, Conch. Icon., f. 61.—Chiton (Pheno- chiton, Hamachiton, Platysemus) tunicatus Mrpp., Mal. Ross. 1, p. 98, t. 10, f. 1, 2— Katharina tunicata Gray, P. Z. §..1847, p. 69; Guide Syst. Dist., p. 185.—H. & A. Ap., Genera Rec. Moll. i, p. 479; ii, t. 54, f. 8—Cpr., Suppl. Rep. Brit. Asso. 1863, p. 648. —Datt, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 313.—Katharina dougla- sie GRAY,'P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 69: “This unmistakeable shell, characterized when fresh by its broad, shining black girdle and almost covered valves, is eaten raw by the natives of the northwest coast, and is said to act as an aphrodisiac” (Dall). The K. douglasie of Gray is founded upon a specimen dried with the girdle flatter and wider. It has no specific or varietal characters. The contour of the exposed portion of the valves, and the number of slits in the tail-valve, vary considerably. The soft parts are of a salmon color in the Northern specimens. Genus AMICULA Gray, 1847. Amicula GRAY, P. Z. 8.1847, pp. 66,69, 169; Guide, p. 187 (and earlier in Syn. contents Brit. Mus. 42d. edit., 1840, pp. 127, 153, AMICULA. 43 without diagnosis; no species mentioned). Type C. vestitus Sowb. —Symmetrogephyrus Mrpp., part, 1847. Valves almost covered by the extention of the girdle over them, leaving only a small rounded or heart-shaped portion exposed at the apex of each; posterior borders of valves produced backward in rounded lobes at each side, the lobes completely separated by a posterior sinus having the tegmentum at its apex. Posterior valve having a posterior sinus and one slit on each side. Girdle more cr less pilose, often having pore rows. The essential features of Amicula are its small exposed portion or tegmentum, situated at the posterior edge, and not extending for- ward to the sinus, its Mopaloid posterior valve, short contour and short gills. Dall has divided the genus into two subgenera thus: Amicula Gray s.s. Gills median, type A. vestita. Chlamydoconcha Dall. Gills ambient, type A. amiculata. On account of the doubt attaching to the identity of Ch. amicula- tus Pallas, we may well suspend judgment pending the receipt of fuller data. The presence or absence of tuft-bearing pores is a very mutable feature and of no specific or varietal valvein Amiula. As the same has been shown to be true of Mopalia (q. v.) Plaxiphora, etc., it need occasion no surprise in this case. \ A. vestiTa Sowerby. PI. 8, figs. 23-26. Oval, rather elevated, the valves nearly covered by a brown (or when young, yellow) skin continued upward from the girdle, but their outlines are plainly visible through this integument. The small exposed portion of each median valve is broadly heart- shaped, and situated at the posterior margin of the valve; it is sculptured with strong concentric grooves and a more or less distinct granulation. There is no differentiation into areas. The exposed portion of the posterior valve is heart-shaped, with the mucro incon- spicuous, near but slightly behind the middle. Interior pure white. Anterior valve having 6-8 irregularly spaced and unequal slits; posterior valve having a deep sinus behind, and a single small mopaloid slit on each side. Jugal sinus rather small; sutural lamin rather less projecting forward than the posterior rounded lobes on each side. 44 AMICULA. Girdle thin, smooth ; adults generally having more_or less devel- oped, but always sparsely scattered, small bunches of hairs. Length 50, breadth 35 mill. Arctic Ocean, eatending southward in the Pacifie region to Hag- meister and St. Paul Islands, Bering Sea; in the Atlantic to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in 5-30 fms., mud and stones. Chiton vestitus Brop. & Sows., Zool. Journ. iv, p. 368 (1829) ; Conch. Ilustr., f. 128, 128a; Zool. Beechey’s Voy., p. 150, t. 41, f. 14.—Amicula vestita GRAY, P. Z. 8. 1847, pp. 65, 69,: 169.—H. & A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 480; iii, t. 55, f. 2—Srimp., Sh. of N. Engl., p. 29.—Cpr., Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155 —Datu, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 307; p. 299, f. 43 (dentition ).— Chiton emersonit CouTHouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 838, t. 3, f. 10 (1838)—Amicula emersonii Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69.— BinnEy’s edit. of GouLp, Invertebrata of Mass., p. 264, f. 427.— Chiton emer- sonianus GouLD, Iny. Mass., p. 151, f. 19.—REEvsE, Conch. Icon., t. 11, f. 62.—Stimpsoniella emersonti Cpr., Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155; Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xiii, p. 122 (1874).—Chiton amiculatus REEVE, Conch. Jcon., t. 11, f. 59, not C. amiculatus Pallas. The relations existing between vestitus, emersonii and pallasti have been clearly stated by Dall, who writes as follows: ‘‘ Much has been said about the presence or absence of pores and hair-tufts. I find from examination of a series that the young emersonii is usually smooth, the large ones always setiferous. These setz are, as described by Dr. Gould, in two rows on each side, or rather six in all if we count the pretty constant tufts behind the exposed apices of the shell. ‘These rows are (1) two behind the shell points as above; (2) two, one on each side at the posterior angle of the submerged expansion of the valve; (3) a series, more or less irregular, along the margin of the girdle. Beside this, in old ones, there are irre- gular tufts all over the girdle, and some of the regular tufts may be missing.” “This species is very close to A. pallasii, but is distinguishable by the larger and laterally much more expanded exposed portions of the valves, by its flatter form, and proportionally sparser and longer setee. When dry, the whole form of the valves is visible in vestita from above, like the bones of a Peruvian mummy ; in pallasii, how- ever, the integument is so much more coriaceous and thick, that in dry specimens hardly anything of these outlines is visible.” AMICULA. 45 The locality given by Sowerby for Ch. vestitus is “ Arctic Ocean” ; but from our knowledge of Beechey’s voyage it must have been collected on the American shore, north or north-east of Bering Strait. Var. ALTIOR Carpenter. Shell similar to emersonii, but much longer, narrower, higher ; the exposed part larger in proportion to the size of the valves, and wider, trilobate on the central valves and conspicuously rugose-granulate, hardly lirate around the margins. Inside normal; posterior valve unknown; central valves with 1, anterior 8 short slits, with delicate grooves extending to the eaves. Length of a central valve 72, breadth 3% mill.; divergence 90°. ( Cpr.) Pleistocene Drift, Lower Canada (Mus. Dawson.) Only one anterior and two central valves have been found of this. On a careful comparison with the corresponding valves of the living species, it appears that the shape more resembles Cryptoconchus ; that the exposed part was nearly as large (in the head-valve decidedly larger) as in a specimen of emersonii nearly double its breadth, and that the ribbed frame-work of the shield was wanting. (Cpr.) A. paLuasit Middendorff. PI. 5, figs. 1-11. Shell nearly concealed by the girdle, a somewhat heart-shaped tegmentum only being visible at the apex of each valve; elevated at an angle of 98°-110° in the young, 120° in large adults; oval, elongated. Valves white, smooth, fragile, the tegmentum cordiform, posterior. Slits in anterior valve 6-8, posterior valve 2. Girdle roundly covering the entire back of the animal, except for 8 small rounded holes along the median line; color dingy buff; dorsal surface bearing all over unequal bunches of reddish hairs, appearing to be sparser inthe young. Branchiz extending forward two-thirds the length of the foot. Length 67, breadth 48, alt. 21 mill. Okhotosk Sea (Midd.); Pribiloff, Aleutian and Shumagin Is. (Dall), in 3-10 fms. Chiton pallasii Mipp., Bull. de la Classe physico-mathém. de VAcad. de St. Pétersb., vi, p. 117 (1847).—Chiton (Pheenochiton, Dichachiton, Symmetrogephyrus) pallasii Mrpp., in Middendorft’s Reise in den diussersten norden und osten Siberiens, ii, Zool. pt. 1, p. 46 AMICULA. 163, t. 18, f. 1-9; t. 14, f. 1-6; Mal. Rossica i, p. 98—Amicula pallasii H. & A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 481—Curnvu, Manuel, i, p. 383.—Dat1, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1878, p.309.—Stimpsoniella pallasii Cpr., Bull. Essex Inst. 1875, p. 155. Although closely allied to A. vestita, this species differs in the more hairy, thicker girdle, the less exposed tips of the valves, which are smaller and less transverse. The figures do not represent dried specimens. ‘The description is from Middendorff. A. AMICULATA Pallas. PI. 5, figs. 15, 16. This species was described by Pallas from a dried specimen measuring 4 inches in length. Figures 15, 16, are copied from his plate. The following note contains all that is useful in his descrip tion: Valves covered with cartilage, scabrous and subverrucose out- side, the part surrounding the valves being thick, harsh, cartilaginous. The 8 valves are white and very fragile, the first being nearly horse- hoof shaped, crenulated on the front margin; the intermediate valves are shaped as if made of two circular disks, and have a trans- verse obsolete swelling above. The first 7 valves have a pentagonal sharply margined piece (tegmentum), truncated behind, at the angle of the posterior sinus. The 8th valve is angular, as if formed of two pentagons, excavated behind. Pallas’ figures of the upper surface (26, 27) de not differ from that of A. emersonii except that the exposed portions of the valves are smaller and of a different shape. His figure of the ventral surface (28) shows the gills to extend from the top of the head completely along both sides and uninterruptedly around the tail! There can be no reasonable question that this is a mistake in the drawing, just as the omission of lateral slits in the intermediate valves is. The gills are probably short, as in vestita and pallasi. Kuril Is. (Pallas.) Chiton amiculatus PALLAS, Nova Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropo- litane, ii, p. 285, t. 7, f. 26-30 (1786).—GmEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3206.—Woop, Gen. Conch. p. 18—Mtpp., Mal. Ross. i, p. 96. Not C. amiculatus Sows., Conch. Illustr., f. 80, nor of Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169=P. stelleri Midd. Not C. amiculatus Woon, Index, Test., f. 12, nor of Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 59=A. vestita Sow. ? Chamydochiton amiculatus DAL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, pp. 1, 310. AMICULA. AT ’ Chiton patlasti Mipp., see below. It would be a distinct advantage to science if the attempt to identify Chiton amiculatus could be given up. The figures of Pallas indicate a species externally very similar to A. vestita in the dry condition, except that the exposed portion of the valves, and as far as known their entire structure, accords completely with that of A. pallasii Midd. There is not much doubt in my mind that the A. pullasii really is the same as the original amiculatus, notwith- standing its apparently thicker and more hairy integument. Carpenter identified as amiculatus a form collected by Dr. New- comb on the Farallones Is., off San Francisco Bay. He describes it as follows: “ Amicula amiculata (? Pallas). PI. 5, figs. 12, (18, 14 ?). Shell externally resembling a young C. stel/eri, but the apices of the valves are present and rounded ; inside the insertion plate of the posterior valve is Mopaloid, having one slit on each side, like the intermediate valves; the caudal sinus is wide and deep. The ante- rior valve has... . ? slits. The anterior sutural-lamine of each valve are moderately connected across the broad sinus ; the posterior sutural-laminz are larger, regularly arcuate, hardly sinuated out- wardly, having a broad deep sinus behind, flat behind the apex and hardly laminated. Slits grooved up to the apices. Girdle coriaceous, smoothish, with two series of larger pores at sutures and margin, and series of smaller pores placed between the valves and irregularly, sparsely scattered over the girdle; setz of the pores few, long, hardly spicular.” “The shell here described must have been about 3 inches long when living, and rather more than half the breadth. It accords sufficiently nearly with the very brief description of Ch. vestitus Brod. & Sby. in the Zoological Journal, but not with the figure of the specimen there described in Conchological Illustrations. Moreover the gills of Ch. vestitus are median, of this (as tar as I can judge from the dried remains) ambient, which is the character of Ch. amiculatus, teste Midd. It wassent by Dr. Newcomb to Dr. Gould as the young of Ch. amiculata Sby. (=stelleri) ; from which it differs (1) in the round mucro, which represents in fact the jugular, central and side areas squeezed up into a knob which alone projects at the posterior part of each of the 7 anterior, and the middle of the hind valve ; (2) in the posterior sutural lamin being a curved continuation behind of theside laminz not separated by waves at the sides, but separated 48 CRYPTOCHITON. by a deep posterior sinus reaching the external knob; (3) in the long hairs of the bunches which are disposed in regular pores along the margin and across the sutures, as well as irregularly over the surface.” Middendorff had never seen specimens of amiculatus, his informa- tion being derived wholly from Pallas’ deseription and figures. Dall has given Carpenter’s description in his paper on the Chitons of the north-west coast (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 310), and proposes the name Chlamydochiton for the species, on account of its ambient gills. See also under Cryptochiton stelleri. Subfamily CRyPTrOocHITONIN &. Genus CRYPTOCHITON Middendorff & Gray, 1847. Cryptochiton Mrpp., Bulletin de la Classe Phys.-math. de l’Acad. des Sci. de St. Pétersb. vii, no. 8, p. 116 (separate copies distributed in Spring of 1847); Beitrige zur einer Malacozoologia Rossica, i, p. 33.—Cryptochiton Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xx, pp. 70, 184 (July and August, 1847); P. Z.S. Lond. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169. Valves entirely concealed in the leathery girdle, and lacking tegmentum ; their posterior margins produced backward in a deep lobe on each side, the lobes united across the median line, causing the apices of all valves to be removed inward from the posterior edge. Slits subobsolete or lacking in the intermediate valves. Girdle covered with minute tufts of short bristles. Gills extending the entire length of the foot. This genus differs from Amicula, and from all other known Chitons, in the union of the posterior lobes of the valves across the median line, causing the apices of the median and anterior valves to be placed subcentrally or at the posterior third, instead of at the posterior margin. C. sTELLERI Middendorff. PI. 7, figs. 7-13; pl. 6, fig. 6. Oblong, rather depressed, the bilobed posterior outlines of the valves (in dry specimens) showing through the leathery integument, which completely covers the valves. Color a dull ferruginous or brick-red, very well preserved specimens being rendered much brighter by the closely placed fascicles of brilliant vermilion spines. CRYPTOCHITON. 49 The valves are wholly concealed, white or flesh-colored, entirely lacking the outer colored layer (tegmentum) of other Chitons ; their edges are more or less thinned and crenulated by radial striz. Anterior valve (figs. 8, 9) having the apex at the posterior third, and with 4 to 7 slits. Intermediate valves (figs. 12, 13) having the apex near the posterior third; formed of two large anterior lobes expanded at the sides, and two smaller, narrow posterior lobes. Posterior valve (figs. 10, 11) having the mucro posterior or near the posterior third; deeply sinused in the rear, and usually having a slit on each side of the sinus. Girdle leathery, thick, red, densely covered with countless minute fascicles of vermilion spinelets (pl. 6, fig. 6.) Length 15 to over 20 cm. Endermo Harbor, south of Jesso, Japan; Sakalin Island ; Kuril Is.; southern extremity of Kamchatka; Aleutian Is.; Alaska and the whole American coast southward to Monterey and the Santa Barbara Is.; just below tide mark. Chiton stellert Mipp., Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. vi, p. 116 (1846 ).—Chiton (Cryptochiton) stelleri Mipp., Mal. Ross. i, p. 93, t. 1-9; Mem. de l’Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb., 6me Sér., vi, p. 101, 157, 1849 (full account of anatomy).—Scurenck, Amurl. Moll., p- 271.—Cryptochiton stelleri Gray, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B. M., p- 185 (1857).—H. & A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 479; iii, t. 55, f. 1—Cpr., Suppl. Rep., ete. Brit. Asso. 1865, p. 648.—GaBB., Paleeontol. Cal. ii, p. 87—Dkxkr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 159.— Smiru, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1875, xvi, p. 115.—Dau1, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 311; p. 299, t. v, f. 44 (dentition)— Cryptochiton stellert var. violacea NORDMANN, Bull. Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, xxxv, 1862, p. 329, t. iv.— Chiton amiculatus Sows., Conch, Tllustr., f. 80, 80bis., and Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, pp. 65, 69,169. Nor of Pallas.—Chiton sitkensis REEVE, Conch. Icon., Chiton, t. 10, f. 55; t. 11, f. 55b (1847); not C. sitkensis Midd.—Chiton chlamys REEVE, J. c., t. 11, f. 60.—Chiton californicus PRescorr, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), xxxviii, p. 185, fig. in text. (Sept., 1864). —?? Chiton giganteus Kamtschaticus Titestus, Mém. de | ’Acad. St. Pétersb. ix, 1824, p. 473, t. 16, f.1, 2; t. 17, f. 83-8 Gn part).— Cryptochiton asmus in the Dorpat Collection, teste Midd., Mal. Ross i, p. 40. The foot and softer parts of this species are eaten raw by the | Aleuts and Indians. 4 50 CRYPTOCHITON. Occasional individuals are variegated with gray-white or pinkish patches, the specimen figured being one so marked, received from Mr. Newcomb, of the Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Col- umbia. The valves of this specimen are of a beautiful pink color inside. The largest specimen I have seen is in the collection of Mr. John Ford; if straightened out it would measure over 8} inches in length. Some other specimens before me are yellow on the back, but a minute examination shows that they have lost the red bunches of minute bristles. The number of slits, and even their presence varies greatly. Valves ii and vii are usually provided with slits, but the other inter- mediate valves lack them. The posterior valve generally has slits, even in individuals quite adult ; but sometimes they are obsolete, being filled in by an excessive thickening of the posterior edge of the valve. The mucro of each valve is in most cases quite inconspicuous, but on some valves of occasional specimens it is raised in a minute point, or marked by a puncture; in either case being still covered by the general integument. It is by no means certain whether any true varieties or geographic races exist; but the following may be accepted provisionally. Var. vioLAcEuS Nordmann. Pl. 6, figs. 1-5. (Living spec- imen. ) . Beautiful violet colored when living, fading in alcohol to a dark brick-red, with large rounded light gray spots. A dried individual is dirty gray-reddish above. Largest specimen measures along the convex back 152 mill.; the smaller individual figured measures 90 by 63 mill. Sachalin I. The colors of the living animal are thus described by Arthur Nordmann : Cryptochiton stelleri varies much in its coloration; in some examples the ground-color of the convex back is clear brownish- red; in others yellowish-red; in still others, but rarer, beautiful dark violet with lighter streaks undulatingly passing outward from the median line, and indicating the number of valves. * * % The under side is dirty yellowish, the foot sometimes butter-yellow, the long, narrow girdle of gills (consisting of 140-150 leaflets) being reddish. Var. APICALIS Pilsbry. All characters as in C. stellert except that the apices of the valves are distinctly projecting as small circular elevations; substance of al CRYPTOPLACID®. I5yIL valves pinkish. Length of valves, measured around back of a curled specimen 117, breadth of widest valve 312 mill. Japan (no. 61399 U.S. Nat. Mus.) Family CRY PTOPLACIDZ Dall. Elongated or vermiform Chitons, having proportionally small valves; tegmentum of each valve (except the first) divided into two latero-pleural areas and a dorsal area. Insertion and sutural plates strongly drawn forward, sharp, smooth, the anterior valve with 3-5 slits, the other valves with one slit on each side or none. Posterior valve having the mucro far posterior, insertion plate continuous behind, not sinused nor slit there. Girdle very thick and wide, spiculose, generally with small sutural tufts and four around the head valve. Gills occupying the posterior third of the parapodial grooves. This family is evidently a comparatively modern branch from the Acanthochitoid stock, differing in the degeneration of the valves in size, consequent upon the adoption of a life in burrows and holes. The number of slits is greatly reduced; and the insertion-plate of the tail-valve has no sinus or upward wave behind. ‘The short gill- row is an inheritance from the Acanthochitide, which in turn inherited this feature from the low Ischnoid or high Lepidopleuroid stock from which they sprung; short, posterior gills being char- acteristic of the lowest Chiton stocks, as well as of the Aplacophora. The zoological rank of the Cryptoplacide has been ably discussed by Haddon (Challenger Polyplacophora p. 46, 47), who concludes that “the genus Cryptoplawx is a highly specialized branch of a low group of Chitons.” To this it should be added that the specializa- tion has been in the direction of degeneration ; the gills are shorter than in the parent stock Acanthochitide ; the foot and valves are notably reduced in size and functional capacity, and the nervous system shows unmistakeable traces of reversion. Two genera, not very diverse in characters, are distinguishable : CRYPTOPLAX Blainv., in which the body is vermiform, the anterior valve having 3 slits, the others none; valves disjointed or merely touching. CHONEPLAX Cpr., more like an ordinary Chiton, but much elongated, the valves all strongly overlapping or imbricating. yy CRYPTOPLAX. Genus CRYPTOPLAX Blainville, 1818. Cryptoplax BLAtNV., Dict. des Sci. Nat. xii, p. 124, for C. larvi- formis and depressus.— Chitonellus LAMARCK, An. sans Vert. vi, p. 317, for C. levis and striatus (1819.)—Ametrogephyrus Mipp., Mal. Ross. i, p. 38, (1847). Much elongated, distinctly vermiform, the valves not nearly cover- ing the entire dorsal surface, the posterior ones either separated from one another or in contact merely at their tips. Insertion and sutural plates very strongly drawn forward, the anterior valve having three slits, the other valves none. Girdle minutely setose, generally hay- ing minute sutural pore-tufts. Gills occupying the posterior third of the branchial groove. Distribution, Philippines to Tasmania and Polynesia. In this genus the sutural-lamine of each valve are entirely separated from the valve next forward, although they are deeply inserted in the muscular integument of the back. The number of slits is more reduced than in any other forms having insertion-plates, approaching in this respect the Lepidopleuride. Only four species of this genus are recognized by Haddon, in his revision of the genus in the Report on the Polyplacophora collected by the Challenger Expedition. They may be recognized by these marks: C. striatus Lam. Large or medium sized, convex above, flat below, the valves all in contact or nearly so, conspicuously wrinkle-sulcate at the sides, with a smooth dorsal band. Pores present or absent, the girdle densely spiculose, without a ventral bounding fringe. C. burrowi Sm. Small; valves iv, v, vi and vii very small and very widely separated from one another; grooved at the sides, with smooth central bands. Pores minute. C. oculatus Q. & G. Smaller, having the latter four valves separated, longitudinally grooved at the sides, having triangular smooth dorsal areas. Pores wanting. Several front valves sur- rounded with fringes of black and of white bristles. C. larveformis Bly. Large, cyclindrical, having the latter four valves widely separated, sculptured with grooves converging forward to a dorsal sulcus, sometimes ill-defined. Minute pore-bunches generally present; having a fringe of spicules bounding the ventral surface. Anterior several valves eroded, not surrounded with black and white fringes of spicules. CRYPTOPLAX. 53 C. striatus Lamarck. PI. 9, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15; pl. 11, figs. 37-39. Elongated, vermiform, very convex above, flat below; hoary gray maculated with rust-brown ; when dry, dull reddish-brown. The valves are in contact with one another, or the posterior four may be separated by short intervals, always much shorter than the valves. Anterior valve having the tegmentum longer than wide, more than twice as long as the anterior teeth; its surface cut into a coarse, irregular granulation by peculiar zigzag impressions [very badly rendered in pl. 9, fig. 11]. Median valves (fig. 13) sagittate, widest at about the posterior third, tapering forward; sculptured with several deep, finely and irregularly zigzag grooves at the sides (sometimes transformed into a pattern of v-shaped granules); the dorsal area narrow, raised, smooth except for slight growth lines. Posterior valve (fig. 14) like the median valves externally, but having a short vertical granulose slope below the mucro. Interior light olive-green, generally becoming pink on the sutural- laminze and teeth. Anterior valve having 3 slits, other valves none; posterior valve having the insertion-plate continuous, but somewhat emarginate behind. Girdle wide, fleshy, densely covered with minute calcareous spine- lets, and in most good specimens showing minute pores at some or all of the sutures, and four around the head-valve. Length 55, breadth 12 mill. (average dry specimen.) Length 61, breadth 22 mill. (alcoholic specimen.) Chitonellus striatus Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 317, 1819.—Desn. in Lam. vii, p. 481, 1836.—Sowp., Genera of Shells t. 139, f. 4; Conch. Illustr., f. 62.—Buatnv., Dict. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 551, 1825.— REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 135, f. 1; Conch. Icon., f. 4.— Chitonellus gunnit Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 5, 1847.—Ch. rostratus Rve., l. ¢., f. 6. Ch. oculatus Rve., l. ¢., f. Ta, b (not of Q. & G.).— Cryptoplazx striata +gunnit+rostrata H. & A. Avams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 484.— Anaas, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 224, 225.—Chiton (Chitonellus) striatus Smiru, Zool. Coll. ‘ Alert,’ p. 84.—Cryptoplax striatus Happon, Chall hep: xv p.og; t. 1. f. 95) t..3; f. 9a—9m. Raines Island, Torres Straits (Reeve, for C. rostratus and C. striatus), Port Lincoln (J. B. Harvey), Newcastle (Dr. Dieffenbach), Port Jackson (Coppinger, Richardson, Jukes, King), Flinders Island (J. Milligan); Tusmania (Reeve, C. gunnii); Tasmania (Macgillivray and Gunn). 54 CRYPTOPLAX. In one (alcoholic) specimen before me, figured on pl. 11, figs. 37, 38, 39, pores are completely absent. Figure 57 represents a portion drawn from the edge of the ventral surface, which, though minutely roughened is not spiculose. The figure is magnified 25 diameters. Var. GuUNNII Rve. PI. 8. fig. 14. “The variety gunnii, from South Australia and Tasmania, may be recognized by the valves being narrower, with the exception of the first two. This form also appears to attain a larger size than spec- imens from New South Wales and other localities further north. A specimen in spirit, from the mouth of the river Tamar, Tasmania, presented to the British Museum by J. Macgillivray, exceeds four inches in length. The mantle of the southern form also appears to be rather less densely covered with the minute conical spines. The number of gills on each side varies with age, and even in individual specimens I have found 30 or 31 on each side in specimens of equal size from both regions—that is, north and south; and in the largest specimen before referred to there are 27 on the right side and 34 on the left, and there is no appearance of any having been removed.” (Smith.) C. BURROWI Smith. PI. 9, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. This curious species is known by the small size of the valves, the remoteness from one another of the fourth, fifth and sixth, and the excessively short and densely packed spines on the mantle. The single specimen in spirit, from Port Molle, is of a buff color, copiously mottled with green: thisaccords with a specimen (also in spirit) mentioned by Reeve, collected by Capt Belcher in the Straits of Macassar. The dried specimens are greyish, more or less rose- tinted. The sculpture of the valves is very like that of C. striatus, consisting of a central smoothish ridge, with two or three finer and more or less wrinkled ones on each side, the front valve of course being wrinkled throughout and lacking the central smooth ridge. They are yellowish at the mucro or posteriorly, and pinkish red in front. The plates of insertion are like those of C. striatus, and of a pale greenish color. (Smith.) Chitonellus burrowi has pores, and is therefore a Cryptoplaa. There is no trace of them externally, and they are only discernible by removing the outer scaly coat; they are then seen (but not dis- tinctly as in the other species) upon the white skin beneath in just ae CRYPTOPLAX. 55 the same position and to the same numbers as in Cryptoplax larve- formis and Cryptoplax striatus. (Haddon.) Port Adelaide (Rve.) and Port Molle (Coppinger); Straits of Macassar ( Belcher.) Chitonellus larveformis RErEve, (not of Burrow or. Blainv.), Conch. Icon., f. 3, 1847.— Chiton ( Chitonellus) burrowt SmirH, Zool. Coll. H. M.S. ‘ Alert,’ p. 85, 1884.— Cryptoplax burrowi Happon, ‘Challenger’ Polyplac., p. 42, t. 3, f 1la—11m. The gill-rows are very short, occupying less than a third the total length, and there are 22 branchie on each side. C. ocuLatus Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 9, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. A chiton with the body small, equally hairy, roseate, and encircled with two black bands; valves glaucous, longitudinally furrowed, the front three ovate, encircled by black and white hairs. A small species which is separated from C. fasciatus, as well as from the two indicated by Lamarck, by its less cyclindrical form, less obtuse extremities and greater flatness; by having the body covered with longer bristles and more crowded than in the above- mentioned species; finally it differs in having the anterior three valves oval, sea-green, surrounded by a circle of black bristles and another, outside of that, of white ones; giving the appearance of eyes to these valves. The other valves are narrower, separated, claw- shaped, and red-brown colored. All except the first are parallel- grooved longitudinally, with a smooth triangle in the middle. It is probable that the plates of insertion are the same asin Ch. fasciatus, but we have not examined them in the single individual in our possession. The color is reddish, with two black transverse bands, confluent on the back. The ventral surface is yellowish. The mouth is encircled by a oval, fringed veil. The branchize occupy a little less than the posterior third of the body ; there are 20 lamellze on each side. Length 2 inches, 6 lines; circumference 1 inch, 5 lines. (Q. & G.) ? New Guinea or Vanikoro (Q. & G.); Samboangan, Philippines in 10 fms. (Challenger); Friendly Is. (Brit. Mus. Coll.) Chiton oculatus Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., Zool. iii, p. 410, t. 73, 37, 38, (1834).— Chitonellus oculatus Du. in Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, p- 482 (1836).— Cryptoplax oculatus Happon, Challenger Polyplac. p- 41, t. 1, £10; t. 3, f, 10a-10m.—Chitonellus fasciatus REEVE, 56 CRYPTOPLAX. Conch. Syst. ii, t. 135, f. 5 (only).—? Chitonellus levis Lam. Not Chitonellus oculatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 7a, 7b.= C. striatus. This species is peculiar in the circles of black and white bristles surrounding the anterior valves. The well-defined dorsal smooth areas, and the apparent lack of pores. These characters readily separate it from C. larveformis, a species otherwise rather similar. It should be noted however, that some individuals of larveformis lack pores. C. LARV#FORMIS (Blainy.) Burrow. PI. 11, figs. 831-36, 40-43. Cylindrical and vermiform, wider posteriorly. Color pale buff, clouded and maculated with reddish, and having two or several transverse bands and a median dorsal line of the same; the ventral surface of a uniform pale tint, separated from the lateral and dorsal integument by a distinct line of longer white spicules. The first four valves are in contact and eroded, the hinder four are widely separated, the greatest space being between valves vi and vii. Anterior valve having the tegmentum about twice as long as the anterior teeth, much eroded, the worn portion generally pink and dull white (the pink sometimes replaced by olive); the unworn outer rim smooth except for growth-lines, and usually reddish. Tegmentum of second valve somewhat pentagonal, broadest in front of the middle, eroded. The other median valves are sagittate, the posterior 3 or 4 being generally but little eroded, and showing a sculpture of coarse, uneven longitudinal furrows, converging forward toward a dorsal sulcus. Posterior valve (figs. 42, 43) having the mucro produced far backward; cavity shallow. Interior of valves white, generally marked with pink in each valve, but sometimes suffused with pale green. Anterior valve with three slits, other valves having none. Girdle clothed with minute calcareous spicules, mostly red in color, but white on the light patches; the spicules very short on the ante- rior part of the body, with some longer ones intermingled, longer on the posterior part (pl. 11, fig. 33). On the ventral surface the spicules are extremely short and blunt; and at the junction of base and sides there is a crowded row of white spinelets (fig.52). At each suture there is a minute bunch of white spinelets (fig. 54), and around the head-valve four such pore-bunches are found. In some specimens some of the posterior pores are absent, and others lack all pores. CRYPTOPLAX. 5 Length 105, breadth 24, thickness 19 mill. (alcoholic specimen.) Viti Islands (A. Garrett!); Tonga Tabu, Friendly Is. (Q. & G.) ; Kandavu, Fiji, (Challenger Exped.) , Dalaquete, Zebu, Philippines (Cuming.) Cryptoconchus larveformis Biy. in Burrow, Elem. of Conch. p. 190, 1815 (mo description).—Chiton larveformis BuRRow, J. c., p. 191, t. 28, f. 2, 3, 4—Buarnv., Manuel de Mal., p. 603, t. 87, f. 6, 1825.— Cryptoplax larveformis Happon, Challenger Polyplac., p. 37, t. 3, f. 12.— Cryptoplax larveformis Buy., Dict. Sci. Nat. xii, p. 124, 1818.—Aps., Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 484.— Chiton chitonellus BLAINV., Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxvi, p. 550.— Chiton vermiformis BLAINV., . €., p. 553.—Chiton fasciatus Quoy & GAtmarD, Voy. de l’Astrol., Zool. iii, p. 408, t. 73, figs. 21-29.— Chitonellus fasciatus Drsu. in Lam., An. s. Vert. vii, p. 482.—ReErveE, Conch. Syst., t. 135, fi 3, 4; Conch. Icon., f. 2.—Gouxp, U.S. Expl. Exped., p. 333, atlas, t. 28, f. 429.— Cryptoplax fasciata Aps., Genera, t. 55, f. 6, 6a.— Chitonellus levis REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 135, f. 2—Chiton eruciformis Sows. Gen. Shells, t. 139, f. 5 (1820-1825.) Readily distinguished from C. burrowi by the form of the poste- rior valve and the absence of a raised smooth dorsal band on the valves. This latter feature seems to separate it also from C. oculutus, in which, besides, the longitudinal grooves on the sides of the valves do not converge forward. There is also a difference in the profile of the tail-valve, in the spicules surrounding the anterior valves, and in the size. On plate 11, fig. 31, 40-43, represent the largest specimen before me. It was collected by Garrett at the Viti Is. Figures 32-34 were also drawn from this specimen, fig. 34 representing a single pore- bunch ; fig. 33 a square mill. from near the posterior valve, and fig. 32 a portion of the marginal row of spinelets showing the minute spicules of the base below, the dark-colored spieules of the side of the animal above. This example shows the 18 minute bunches of white spinelets characteristic of the species, although the posterior ones are very minute. Another specimen (fig. 85) is somewhat differently marked, and lacks all pores or pore-bunches. As this example is excellently preserved in spirit, and not wrinkled, the absolute absence of pores can be affirmed with confidence. [| can see no differences in the valves between this example and the Viti Island specimens. Part of the dried specimens before me seem to lack pore-bunches, but this cannot be determined with certainty. 58 CRYPTOPLAX. Haddon found the posterior pair of tufts wanting in one of the spec- imens collected by the Challenger. He further remarks: ‘“'The only conclusion at which we can arrive in this species is that nor- mally nine pairs of tufts are present, but that in some specimens more or fewer of the posterior pairs may be absent. This further leads us to the supposition that they may be entirely absent, although we have at the present time no direct evidence in support of the last alternative.” False and insufficiently defined Cryptoplaces. The following descriptions are of course worthless for purposes of identification. They are introduced here simply to save students the trouble of looking them up in the original publication. No information other than that here given has been published. Cryptoplax montanot Rochebrune. Corpus ovoideum, crassum, antice rotundatum, intense villosum, aurantiaco fulvum, fasclis nigris luteo marginatis, cinctum; valvis medianibus minutis, rostratis lateraliter striatulatis; area centralis subsquamosa, squamis rectis, acutis ; valvis anticis rotundatis, rugosissimis. Ligamento marginis, pilis brevissimus obsito. Long. 0,045 ; lat. 0,016.( Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1881-82, p. 190.) Borneo; Lucon (Drs. Montano and Rey). Rare. Paris Mus. This is probably a synonym of C. striatus. Cryptoplax peront Rochebrune. Corpus angustum, antice rotundatum, rugosum, violaceum, fasciis albidis passim cinctum ; valva antica subtriangularis; valvis centralibus ovatis, elevatis, radiatim sulcatis, posticalata. Long. 0,022; lat.0,007. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-82, p. 193.) New Holland (Peron and Lesueur). Rare. Paris Mus. Cryptoplax torresianus Rochebrune. Corpus elongatum, antice posticeeque rotundatum, pilosissimum, luteo rufum, valva antica rotundata, subfodiata, valvze centrales elongate, intense umbonate, antice macula nigra pict ; areis lateralibus longitudinaliter gran- ulose striatis, granulis squamiformibus; valya postica umbonata, umbone prealto, conico, obtusissimo. Long. 0,060; lat. 0,004. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1881-’82, p. 195.) Torres Straits. Rare. Paris Mus. Cryptoplax caledonicus Rochebrune. Corpus elongatum, insuper spinossimum, antice acuminatum, postice rotundatum, luteolum, CHONEPLAX. 59 maculis ceruleis marmoratum; valva antica elliptica rugosa; valvarum intermediarum area centralis angusta, rotundata, squamis imbricatis sculpta; areis lateralibus, sulcis divaricatis, rugosis, orn- atis. Ligamento marginis fimbriato. Long. 0,040; lat. 0,008. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-’82, p. 196.) Koué, New Caledonia (MM. Beaudoin and Heurtel). Not common. Paris Mus. Cryptoplax heurteli Rochebrune. Corpus ovatum, villosum, antice posticeque rotundatum ; luteo roseum fasciis 2 latis, rubris cinctum ; valva antica rotundata, levis; valvis centralibus viridescentibus, minutissimis, areis medianis lzevibus, lateralibus longitudinaliter striatis, striis denticulatis. Ligamento marginis, setis longis vestito. Long. 0,028; lat. 0,009. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-82, p. 196.) New Caledonia (M. Heurtel); Rare; Mus. Paris. Cryptoplax unciniferus Rochebrune. Corpus elongatum, antice attenuatum, postice latum, glaberrimum, luteofuscum; valvis ceruleis, antice subquadrata, postice intense umbonate, umbone acuto; ceteris angustis, unciniferis ; area centrales minute punctata ; lateralibus circulariter sulcatis sulcis imbricatis, nodosis. Long. 0,068; lat. 0,010. (Rochebr.). Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-82, p. 197. New Caledonia (Museum of the Colonies; M. Heurtel). Common. Paris Mus. Genus CHONEPLAX Carpenter, 1882. Choneplax Cpr. in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, no. 49, p. 285, 288 (Jan. 20, 1882). Type C. strigatus Sowb.— Chitoniscus Cer. (part) l. ¢., no. 49a, p. 285, 288. Types “ Chitonellus striatus and strigatus Sowerby, Conch. Ill., figs. 62 and 63.” Much elongated, somewhat vermiform. Valves subequal in size and all strongly overlapping, the mucro of the tail valve projecting far backward. Insertion and sutural plates all strongly drawn for- ward, the anterior valve with 3-5 shallow slits, the other valves hav- ing one slit on each side or none. Girdle minutely setose, and hav- ing sutural tufts, sometimes obsolete. Gills posterior. Distribution, West Indies. This genus, whilst closely allied to Cryptoplaz, differs in the strong imbrication of all the valves, and their much greater comparative 60 CHONEPLAX. size. The slits of the insertion-plates are less obsolete than in Cryptoplax. C. tatus Guilding. PI. 8, fig. 15. Elongated, narrow, vermiform ; the valves strongly imbricating, eroded, generally dirty white with a dull brown median band or area, the unworn side margins brown. Interior of valves bluish or gray, generally black in the cavity. The intermediate valves are squarish, very blunt behind, and when unworn are minutely granulated at the sides, with an indis- tinctly defined dorsal smooth band. Posterior valve smaller, with posterior mucro. Interior dark colored, the median valves having the sinus very narrow, deep and square. Anterior valve having 3 slits, other valves none. Posterior valve having a long sharp insertion plate, ~ directed forward ; much hollowed out. Girdle wide, brownish, covered with minute spicules, having a fringe of longer white spinelets around the border of the ventral sur- face, and provided with 9 small tufts of brown spinelets on each side. Length about 25 mill. St. Thomas and Guadaloupe (R. Swift! in Coll. Phila. Acad.) ; St. Vincent (Guilding!) ; Portorico (Blauner!). Chitonellus latus GutLpInG, Zool. Journ. v, p. 28 (1829).— Chiton strigatus Sows., Charlesworth’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 289; Conch. Illustr., f. 68.— Chitonellus strigatus REEVE, Conch. Syst. ui, t. 135, f. 6—Phakellopleura (Acanthochites) strigata SHUTTLW., Bern. Mittheil. 1853, p. 80.— Chitonellus levis REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1. Not of Lamarck.— Choneplax serpens Cer. MS., olim.— Chone- plax strigatus Cer. MS. | The name datus is not preoccupied in the Cryptoplacide and being the earliest published it must be accepted. The valves of this species are greatly eroded in all the specimens I have seen. C. HastaTus Sowerby. PI. 8, figs. 16-22. Shell small, granulated ; valves reclining, acute, the first five very narrow, the latter three wider; the last having a pointed terminal apex ; margin thick, rude, having minute red tufts at the valves. Length 9, breadth 3 mill. (Sowd.) Habitat unknown. Chiton hastatus Sows., Charlesworth’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1840, p- 290, Suppl. pl. 16, f. 4; Conch. Illustr. f, 127.—ReExEve, Conch. Icon., f. 166.— Choneplax hastatus Cpr., MS. CHONEPLAX. 61 This may prove to be the young of C. datus, the pointed shape of the valves being due to their non-eroded condition; but the slits seem to be more strongly developed. Figs. 16, 17, 18, 19 are from Sowerby’s illustrations; figs. 22 are from sketches made by Car- penter from the type. Carpenter writes of the type specimen: I cannot see the very long hairs figured by Sowerby, but here and there are a few very fine dark hairs, looking like pores, and occasionally but not always sutural; round the margin there are a great many extremely minute, rather distinct hairs. Jugular areas long and narrow, in some valves sculptured and colored like the rest, only finer and with long lyrule; in others they are worn and dark colored; in two last valves dark bordered with white, with fine granules over it. Central and side areas not divided, having about 10-12 rows of granules branching out. Inside: anterior valve having 4 slight slits at the end of very long teeth; central valves with one little slit, near the sculptured part; posterior valve with one very decided slit on each side. 62 LEPIDOPLEURUS—TRACHYDERMON. APPENDIX I. The following pages contain the descriptions of certain species omitted in the body of this monograph, and additional descriptive and bibliographic matter relating to other forms. Family LEPIDOPLEURID (Vol. XIV, p. 1.) Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso. L. ALGESIRENSIS Capellini. PI. 14, figs. 20, 21. Shell oval, not carinated ; whitish-tawny; end valves and lateral areas ornamented with concentric folds; central areas smooth to the naked eye, but longitudinally striated when viewed under a lens. Girdle with moderate scales. Length 16, breadth 10 mill. (Capellini.) Algesiras, Andalusia (Tarnier); Coast of Provence (Martin) ; Marseilles (Marion) ; Civitavecchia (Donati) ; Sicily (Caleara, Ara- das, Monterosato) ; Palermo (Monterosato). Chiton algestrensis CAPELLINI, Journ. de Conch., June, 1859, p. 327, t. 12, f. 3, a”, 6”, e”’.—Carus, Prodromus Faune Mediterra- nev, 1, p. 180.—Leptochiton granoliratus Cpr., MS. There can be no doubt of the identity of Capellini’s species with the L. granoliratus of Carpenter, described from Mogador, which I have described and figured (vol. xiv, p. 14), from examples collected by McAndrew. Family ISCHNOCHITONID (Vol. XIV, p. 253.) Genus TRACHYDERMON, Carpenter. Trachydermon Cpr., Prs., Manual XIV, p. 67. Craspedochiton Sars, type C. marginatus Penn.—cinereus L. Boreochiton Sars, part (C. ruber and marmoreus). Lophyrus Sars, (C. albus L. and exaratus Sars)—TuHiriLe, Das Gebiss li, p. 879. (L. albus I). Adriella TuH1ELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 391, 1893. Type A. variegata, Phil. Icoplax THIELE, l. ¢., p. 392. Type I. punicea Couth. Shell oval, carinated. Valves delicate, the lateral areas indis- tinct ; surface minutely granulated, the granulation rather even and TRACHYDERMON. 63 generally in quincuncial pattern. Insertion plates short and sharp, having slits. Eaves solid or slightly porous. Girdle densely clothed with very minute rounded or elongate papille. Type T. flectens Cpr. This group was formerly considered a subgenus of Ischnochiton by me; but a critical review of the species, with the use of power adequate to thoroughly reveal the structure of the girdle, causes me to reinstate it asa genus. It differs from IJschnochiton,—even the smallest species and specimens—in the nature of the girdle cover- ing; and the same is true of its relations with Chetoplewra, Callo- chiton and Tonicia. The first of these three is also distinguished by its peculiar sculpture; the second by its continuous sutural lamine. Tonicia is the genus most allied to Trachydermon; and it was no doubt derived from Trachydermon at no remote time. The types selected by previous authors for this group are in no case tenable. Carpenter’s original list of Trachydermons comprised reteporosus, interstinctus, trifidus, dentiens, gothicus, hartwegu, nut- tallii and flectens. Of these the first three are Ischnochitons ; hartwegii and nuttallii belong to Cyanoplax ; leaving only dentiens, gothicus and flectens available for the choice of a type. The last has been selected. Within Trachydermon three sections may be distinguished, but their differential characters are of little value. I. Trachydermon s. str. (type flectens Cpr). Valves thin ; gills extending forward to } the length of the foot. II. Boreochiton Sars (type ruber L.). Valves variegated ; gills median. Species, 7. ruber, T.punicea, T. steinenit. III. Cyanoplaz Pils. (type hartwegii Cpr.). Valves solid, thick ; eaves wide, pitted; gills as long as the foot. Species, 7. hartwegii, T. bipunctata. Besides these, a subgenus (Spongioradsia) has been created for two divergent forms. The genus is one of great antiquity, being the least differentiated of the Ischnochitonide. The girdle is unspecialized, being clothed with minute bodies which cannot be called either scales or spines, for they are of an intermediate character. See pl. 15, figs. 26 (dentiens) ; 25 (ruber); and 37 (flectens). Thiele has proposed the “ genus” Adriella for one of the typical forms, founding it on a very slight difference in dentition, the value 64 TRACHYDERMON. of which he is himself undecided on. Another “genus,” IJcoplaz, he proposes for the Cape Horn species punicea ; this group also has slight peculiarities of dentition, and if such minute subdivision is desirable, it might be retained as a section. T. atBus Linné. (Vol. XIV, p. 70). Var. infuscatus Schneider. Sculpture, girdle and radulaas in the type, but color yellow-brown or brown-black. West coast of Prince Charles’ Promontory ; Spitzbergen, Quaenan- genfjord, Norway. See SCHNEIDER, Troms6 Museums Aarshefter, vol. 4, 1881, p. 57, and Krause Zool. Jahrb., 1892, p. 348. T. FLECTENS Cpr. PI. 15, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37. For original description see Vol. XIV, p. 75. Shell small, ovate-oblong, moderately elevated. Roseate or deep blood ved, more or less maculated with blue, especially along the sutural margin ; the blue sometimes predominating on some valves. Median valves squared and slightly beaked ; minutely granulated all over, more closely on the lateral areas, which are otherwise scarcely defined (fig. 86). Mucro somewhat anterior, rather projecting (fig. 34). Interior of a beautiful deep rose color. Anterior valve having 8, median valves 1-1, posterior valve 7 slits. Eaves narrow, short and solid. Sinus slightly laminate. Girdle rather densely covered with minute, elongated but scarcely imbricating scales (fig. 37), and fringed with hyaline spinelets. Gills extending forward two-thirds or three-fourths the length of the foot. Length 12, breadth 7 mill.; divergence 110° Puget Sound (Cpr.); off Victoria, British Columbia (Newcombe, 1892); S. Pedro (Cooper). This is a beautiful little species, the examples before me from Victoria, B. C., being especially remarkable for their deep colors. The sculpture and the spotting of the sutural margins reminds one of T. dentiens, which is evidently its nearest of kin. TRACHYDERMON, 65 T. eorHicus Cpr. PI. 15, figs. 28, 29. The originai description will be found on p. 74, vol. xiv. The type of this little shell was collected at Catalina Island by Dr. Cooper. It is an exceptionally elevated species, the dorsal ridge being acute, and the angle of divergence about 80°. The type (Mus. Smiths. Inst. 16271) having been glued to a glass tablet formerly, is not in very good condition, but Carpenter’s excellent description and the figures here given (representing the half of a median valve and a profile of the tail valve), will readily identify it. T. RUBER L. PI. 15, fig. 25 (girdle-scales, x 125). T. DeNTIENS Gld. PI. 15, fig. 26 (girdle-scales, x 250.) Subgenus SponcrorapstA Pilsbry, 1894 (n. s.-g.) Trachyradsia Cpr. in part, exclusive of its type Ch. fulgetrum. Valves smoothish, having two or several side slits, and extremely spongy eaves and sinus, the latter squared. Girdle sparsely beset with minute elongated scales. Type 7’. aleutica. It is somewhat doubtful whether this group should rank under Callochiton or Trachydermon ; but as the girdle, sinus and gills more resemble the latter, I have placed it here. The spongy eaves and radsioid valves resemble Trachyradsia (plus Stereochiton), but the sinus in that group, as in typical Callochiton, is bridged by alamina extending across from one sutural lamina to the other. But two species are known to belong here: aleutica Dall and multi- dentata Cpr. T. ALEuUTICA Dall]. PI. 15, figs. 30, 31, 32, 33. The original description is given on p. 84, vol. xiv. This is a small, dull purplish-red species, much elevated but rounded at the ridge, valves broadly v-shaped, the anterior border of each being concave, the lateral areas a trifle raised but indistinct, whole surface obsoletely punctulated by the comparatively large megalesthetes, and showing some lines of growth. The most prominent characters are presented by the interior of the valves, which are flesh-colored, rather thick, and have the pos- terior border of the tegmentum broadly reflexed. The wide eaves are coarsely and densely spongy, the teeth being reduced to very slight prominences or wholly obsolete on some valves; but the num- ber of punctate slit-rays shows that the side-slits if developed would 66 TONICELLA. be several in number. The sinus is very wide and very spongy (fig. 33) ; the sutural laminz are high and narrow. The girdle issomewhat sparsely clothed with blunt white processes, between spines and scales in form, and some of them show under the lens an excessively fine longitudinal striation (fig. 30.) Gills extending forward two-thirds the length of the foot. The length is about 6 mill.; divergence 90°-100°. Aleutian Is. Views of outside and interior of a median valve, and interior of the head valve are here given. The pores of the eaves and sinus are obviously more than sufficient to afford egress to the minute trunks innervating the megalesthetes and micresthetes; and they probably serve in large part for the attachment of the valves to the girdle, being occupied by connective tissue. This accessory means of attachment is perhaps the cause of the great degeneration of the insertion-plates, which are deprived of their main function. Trachyradsia multidentata Cpr., from the Bonin Is., is evidently closely allied, but it is described as having more strongly developed teeth. Genus TONICELLA Carpenter. Vide vol. xiv, p. 40. Toniciella THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken il, p. 389. Key to species of Tonicella. a. Shell small, less than 10 mill. long; central areas red, lateral areas white, saccharina. aa. Shell larger, much variegated. b. Speckled and maculated with red; minutely granulated ; dorsal angle 90°-100°, marmorea, vol. xiv, p. 41. bb. Having oblique reddish lines; dorsal angle 110°-1380.° c. Very minutely granulated; angle 120°-130°, submarmorea, vol. xiv, p. 42. ec. Not granulated; angle 110°-125°, lineata, vol. xiv, p. 42. T. SACCHARINA Dall. PI. 15, figs. 22, 23, 24. See vol. xiv, p. 44. Figures are here given of a curled specimen, kindly supplied by Dr. W. H. Dall. The girdle is blackish and smooth outside, having a fringe of delicate spicules at the edge, which is curled up in the spec- CALLOCHITON. 67 imen illustrated. The median valves have an obtuse, projecting beak, the back margin being concave on each side of it, and they are nar- rowly rounded at the sides, broadly concave in the middle in front (fig, 22). The granulation is hardly visible; the lateral areas are white, central areas red. The dorsal angle is blunt; divergence about 110°. The T. sitehensis Midd., which has not been identified since Middendorft’s time, should be compared with this species. Genus CALLOCHITON Gray. See vol. xiv, p. 48. Add to synonymy of the genus: Clathro- pleura TIBERI (part), Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. iii, p. 1386, 1877. First species C. levis. C. Levis Montagu. Vol. xiv, p. 49. As an additional synonym, is probably to be ranked Chiton euplee O. G. Costa, Cat. Syst. e Rag. Test. due Sicil., p. i, iv, t. 1, f. 4, 1829. C€. crocinus Reeve. Vol. xiv, pl. 10, fig. 7. Shell ovate; terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest concen- trically sculptured with waved wrinkles, the surface being most minutely punctured ; central areas undulately decussated with minute ridges. Saffron yellow, stained in the middle with light purple. Ligament horny, tessellated. A species most peculiar in color, and not less in sculpture; the surface of the central areas hay- ing the appearance of coarse cloth or canvas. (fve.) Habitat ? (Rve.); (New Zealand (Greenwood, et al.) — C.crocinus Ry., Conch. Icon., t. 22, f. 146, 1847.—Lepidoplewrus empleurus Hutt., Tr. N. Z. Inst. iv, p. 178; Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 115, 1880, teste Hutton in private letter. This, if really from New Zealand, is probably distinct from C. platessa Gld.; but Dr. Carpenter believed them to be identical. C. SANGUINEUS Deshayes. PI. 10, fig. 27, 28. Shell small, regularly ovate, much depressed, equally obtuse at the two ends; blood red all over; end valves semi-lunar ; inter- mediate valves narrow, tripartite, most minutely granulated when viewed under a lens. Marginal girdle narrow, clothed with small scales, regularly articulated with brown spots. Length 8, breadth 5, height 1 mill. (Desh.) Islands of Reunion and Mauritius. 68 CALLOCHITON. Chiton sanguineus DrsH., Catalogue des Mollusques de l’Ile de Réunion, p. 40, t. 6, f. 4-7.—Chiton (Lepidopleurus) sanguineus Martens in Mobius’ Reise nach Mauritius, p. 300.— Callochiton sanguineus THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 392, t. 32, f. 9 (denti- tion.) Figure 27 is much enlarged. Deshayes compares this species to a dried drop of blood. Subgenus TRACHYRADSIA Cpr., 1878. Trachyradsia Cer. in Dall, (part) 1878, type Ch. fulgetrum Rve. vide Manual, xiv, p. 83.—Stereochiton Cpr. in Dall, 1882, type Ch. castaneus Wood ; vide Manual xiv, p. 52. Valves almost smooth, but minutely granulated or punctulate having several slits in each side insertion-plate, very spongy eaves, and shallow sinus, across which the sutural lamine are connected (see vol. xiv, pl. 9, fig. 90). Girdle bearing minute downy scales. Distribution 8. Africa and Tasmania. This group, as here reformed, claims kinship with Callochiton ; and so close is the alliance that it has been by Carpenter and myself ranked as a subgenus or section under that genus. The North Pacific forms formerly referred here have been given place under the genus Trachydermon, in the section Spongioradstia. C. DENTATUS Spengler. (C. fulgetrum Reeve. Vol. xiv, p. 83). The Chiton planatus Spengler (Skrivter af Naturhist.-Selsk. iv, p. 91), is probably the same as C. dentatus of the same author (J. ¢., p- 88), and both seem to agree with C. fulgetrum Reeve. Both are said by Spengler to be from the Cape of Good Hope. See also Mal. Bl. xvii, p. 113. C. castanEus Wood. (Vol. xiv, p. 52.) Spengler’s Chiton bicolor (J. ¢., p. 90, p. 6, f. 18) is this species, and the name has priority, but cannot fairly be adopted on account of the previous use of the name bicolor by Gmelin, for a smooth species apparently different and distinct. C. InoRNATUS Tenison-Woods. PI. 13, figs. 63, 64. “Shell oval, thin, depressed, of a uniform deep brown, very finely dotted all over with minute depressions like the top of a thimble; valves of a uniform width, keeled, slightly beaked ; lateral areas very little elevated, with obsolete radiate striations; central areas finely CHTOPLEURA. 69 marked with concentric striz; terminal valves not large, obscurely ribbed with broad rounded ribs; margin membranaceous, covered with scattered short silvery hairs. “ The distinction of this species is its very uniform ornamentation. In most of the Chitons there is some marked difference between the lateral and central areas of the valves, but here all seems uniform in the color as well as in the ornament. The lateral areas have con- centric lines like those of growth. The minute dots with which the surface is pitted is a feature which this species shares with many others in Australia, but the marks are finer and more shallow than usual. The species is very rare.” (Tenison- Woods.) Length 40, breadth 25, alt. 5 mill. Northern Tasmania. Chiton inornatus T.-W., Trans. and Proc. of the Roy. Soc. of Victoria, xvii, p. 82, pl., figs. 8, 9 (May 10, 1881).—Callochiton (Stereochiton) lobatus Cpr. The representation of the sutural lamine upon the posterior, instead of the anterior border of the single valve illustrated in Mr. Tenison-Wood’s drawing, is of course on error; but it is difficult to to see how such a mistake could occur. I believe that this species is the same as Callochiton (Stereochiton) lobatus Cpr. (Manual xiv, p. 53); and it is upon this ground that I place the form in this genus and section. Tenison- Woods’ descrip- tion and figure give no clue to its generic position. C. lobatus Cpr. becomes a synonym. CuHITON FEsTIvuS Blainville. Shell quite elongated, carinated ; valves narrow, angular like a roof, very finely granulated through- out; lateral areas little indicated; anterior plates of insertion (suture laminz) narrow, the end plate quadridentate. Color varied with brown, red and flesh color outside; white with a dash of rose within. (Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 541.) Seas of Australia. This is a Callochiton of the Section Trachyradsia, and may be either C. fulgetrum, Rv., C. castaneus Wood or inornatus T.-Woods ; The coloration described resembles the first of these. The locality assigned is not to be trusted. Genus CH AXTOPLEURA Shuttleworth. Vide vol. xiv, p. 27. Add to synonyms: Rhyssoplax THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 368, 1893.—(R. janeirensis Gray 70 CH ZTOPLEURA. and segmentata Rve.).— Helioradsia THIELE, t. ¢., p. 885 (H. gemma Carp.). The valves are solid, porcellanous within, having rather long sharp teeth and squared sinus. Externally they are sculptured with longitu- dinal beaded riblets on the central areas, and pustules or pustulose ribs on the lateral areas. Mucro in front of the middle. Girdle having corneous hairs, sometimes rising from a dense mass of chaffy scales. Chetopleura is closely allied to Pallochiton in sculpture and valve structure generally, but Pallochiton has the mucro far to the rear. Thiele has subdivided the genus, but his divisions are based upon trivial features of the radula, which characterize single species or groups of species of less systematic rank than the assemblages called “ sections” in the present work. The species, although few in number, are found in most warm and temperate seas. C. HENNAHI var. JASPIDEA Gould. PI. 10, figs. 29, 30. Shell broad-ovate, thin and light, somewhat strongly carinated ; under a magnifier it is found to be every where punctured in quincunx. It is generally dark liver-red clouded with longitudinal pencillings of more or less deep rose red colors; central areas closely and minutely marked with granulated, longitudinal lines; lateral areas small, distinguished by their greater smoothness, and having four or five rather imperfect granular lines upon them ; terminal valves with radiating lines of distant granules, the posterior one excavated and with a transverse ridge, and strongly marked with the lines of growth. Margin coriaceous, covered with short hoary down. (Gild.) Callao. Chiton jaspideus GouLp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 11, p. 143, July, 1846; Expedition Shells, and Otia Conch. p. 4; U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 3825, atlas f. 414, 414a.—Chetopleura jaspidea THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 380, t. 31, f. 12 (dentition.) This is probably a mere form or variety of C. hennahi, distin- guished by the greater prominence of the pustules upon the lateral areas. C. ASPERRIMA (Couthouy) Gld. PI. 14, figs. Lo: Shell elongated-oval, narrowed anteriorly, moderately convex, sub- carinate, brownish-olive along the back, with a lilac bloom at the CHAZTOPLEURA. ffi margin ; posterior valves semi-lunar; lateral areas large, extending quite to the anterior edge of the valves, ornamented with irregularly scattered, cylindrical eminences, which are easily detached, leaving a scar ; the central areas have thick-set, longitudinal ranges of similar eminences. Margin coriaceous, covered with short and scattered setee. (Gid.) Length one inch; breadth two-fifths of an inch. Itha do Pai, at the entrance of Rio Janeiro Harbor (U.S. Expl. Exped.) Chiton asperrimus Couth. MS., Gouup, U.S. Exploring Exped. Moll., p. 326, f. 418 a-b. This isevidently a Chetopleura ofthe C. apiculata group. Gould’s figures do not show the girdle satisfactorily. Gould compares the granules to little cylindrical pedestals. C. TEHUELCHA Orbigny. Vol. xiv, p. 205. This seems to be a Chetopleura, allied to C. fulva, rather than a Tonicia. I have not seen specimens. C. FuLvA Wood. Vol. xiv, Pl. 44, figs. 62, 63, 64. Shell oval or oblong, elevated, acutely carinated, solid. Color pale buff suffused with rich orange-red toward the apices of the valves, or dull reddish all over, with white threads on the central areas. Valves strong, somewhat beaked ; central areas sculptured with white longitudinal beaded threads, separated by flat dark spaces ; the threads are irregular at the jugum, often divaricating or anasto- mosing. Lateral areas slightly raised, having several subobsolete radii; end valves obsoletely radiated. Interior white, having faint brown streaks diverging from the apices. Sutural plates rounded ; sinus angular, not toothed. Ante- rior valve having 9-11, central 1, posterior 9-11 slits; teeth con- spicuously, coarsely, pectinated outside, crenulated at their tips, and rather obtuse. Eaves short, solid, narrowly grooved along the teeth. Girdle leathery, light brown, bearing small, scattered and whitish hairs. Length 33, breadth 19 mill. Portugal. Chiton fuluus Woop, General Conchology, p. 7, t. 1, f. 2.—Sow- ERBY, Conch. Illustr., f. 53, 83—ReeEveE, Conch. Icon., f. 39.— Chetopleura fulua RocHesrune, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, p. 1387.— THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 381, t. 31, f. 16 (dentition ).— 42 CH ETOPLEURA. Tonicia fulva Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 67, and of Cper., MS—Ch. fulvus “var.? (velatus),” Sows., Conch. Illustr. no. 69, f. 53 (no desc.). Doubtful synonyms: Chiton angulatus SpreNcLER, Skrivter af Naturhist. Selsk. iv, p. 71.—Chiton ferrugineus SpEnG., l. c., p. 72. Cf. Morch, Mal. Blatter, xvii, p. 111.—Chiton lusitanicus TiLEstus, Jahrbuch der Naturgeschichte i, p. 221, t. 6, f. 3, 4, 5, (Leipzig, 1802).— Chiton candisatus gaditanus CuHEM., Conch. Cab., x, p. 374, trl (ef 1691: Wood has given a perfectly recognizable portrait of this species ; and I have therefore hesitated to disturb the current use of his speci- fic name in favor of those proposed by either Spengler or Tilesius, about which there is more or less uncertainty. This species has hitherto been classed in Tonicia, but the total absence of eye-spots, the hairy yvirdle and the less obtuse teeth show it to belong rather to Chaetopleura. Said to have been taken at Cape Horn on ships cable, but this locality requires confirmation. C. PAPILIO Spengler. Vol. XIV, pl. 44, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60, 61. Shell oval, rather elongated, elevated, the dorsal ridge obtuse. Of a deep chestnut color. Valves deeply indented at the sutures; lateral areas moderately raised, and (with the end valves) generally marked with delicate radii; central areas having some delicate longitudinal striz. _Pos- terior valve with the mucro central and rather elevated. Interior: posterior valve having 8-10, central valves 1-1, ante- rior valve 8-10 slits; teeth acute; sinus rather wide, flat, laminate, with a slit at each side. Eaves solid. Girdle wide, clothed with rather stout and long curling black hairs. Length 63, breadth 33 mill.; divergence about 105°. Cape of Good Hope. Chiton papilio SPENGLER, Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, iv, p. 86, t. 6, f. 15.— Ch. castaneus Quoy & GaiMARD, Zool. Astrol. p. 387, t. 74, f. 33, 834.—Ch. watsoni Sows., Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1840, p- 288; Conch. [lustr., f. 81, 82, 130—Krauss, Die Stidafrik. Moll. p. 41.—ReEeEve, Conch. Icon. iv, t. 6, f. 32a, b.— Chetopleura watsont THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 380, t. 31, f. 15 (dentition.) CHTOPLEURA. 73 The following names are probably to be considered synonymous, but I have not seen the types, which alone can fix their identity. Chiton fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. xili, p. 3204, founded upon Chiton Linter Indie orientalis Chemnitz, Conchylien Cab. viii, p. 279, pl. 95, f. 799, 800. This name, if it really belongs to the species, will take precedence of papitio, being anterior in date. The spec- imens figured by Chemnitz were from the cabinet of the Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Chiton linter REEVE, Conch. Icon. iv, pl. 13, f. 72 (March, 1847), identified by Reeve with Ch. linter Indice orientalis Chemn., in ignorance of Gmelin’s prior binomial for the same Chemnitzian form. Reeve’s description is as follows: ‘Shell oblong, a little attenuated anteriorly, valves swollen in the middle, smooth or very minutely impressly striated throughout; yellowish-brown, painted along the middle of each valve with a remarkable triangular brown spot, yellowish on each side; ligament horny, transparent, beset with rather distant rough horny grains. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. vili, p. 279, pl. 95, f. 799. Hab. East Indies. This is another interesting species of Chiton which I have the pleasure of restoring from the obscurity in which it has remained since the publication of the ‘Conchylien Cabinet,’ in 1785.” Reeve’s figure is copied on pl. 49, fig. 35 of vol. xiv. It is prob- ably a worn specimen of papitio. C. pusTULATUS Krauss. PI. 10, figs. 23, 24, 25, 26. Shell oblong-ovate, convex, beautifully painted with spots of white, yellow, rufous and brown, banded in the middle with white. Anterior valve, posterior area of the posterior valve, and lateral areas of the intermediate valves very delicately punctulate and sparsely sculptured with elevated, cylindrical pustules. Central areas longitudinally subgranose and cancellated. The insertion-plate of the anterior valve is weakly striated, pro- jects widely beyond the eaves, and has 9 slits. | Middle valves with 1 slit, posterior insertion-plate much shorter, having 8 slits. Girdle reddish-yellow, sparsely clothed with long brownish hairs. Length 13, breadth 8 mill. Natal, on the shore (Wahlberg.) Chiton pustulatus Krauss, Die Stidafrik. Moll., p. 42, t. 3, f. 7. I have not seen this pretty Chetopleura, the description of which is translated from Krauss’ excellent book. 74 CH ETOPLEURA-—ISCHNOCHITON. C. ASPERIOR Carpenter. PI. 15, figs. 38, 39, 40, 41. Shell small, acutely keeled, the side-slopes straight. Buff-white, marked with purple-black at each side of the dorsal ridge, and at the outer extremity of each valve. Girdle tessellated light and dark. The median valves are squared, minutely beaked; lateral areas slightly raised, and sculptured with about three radial rows of sparsely placed pustules, subject to considerable irregularity. Central areas having 7-9 longitudinal series of beads on each side, those near the middle converging and smaller. Anterior valve having 18 radial rows of white pustules standing on slight, dark, narrow riblets. Pos- terior valve having the mucro slightly in front of the middle, poste- rior slope concave, with sparsely scattered pustules. Interior white, slightly stained under the beaks. Anterior valve having 8, median 1-1, posterior valve 9 slits; teeth long and sharp ; eaves short and solid. Sinus narrow, supplied with a narrow con- cave-edged lamina, notched at each side. Girdle densely clothed with minute chaffy scales, with occasional long corneous hairs (fig. 38). Length 11 mill. ; divergence 130°. Off East Asia. “? Trachydermon” asperior Cpr. MS.; vide Pilsbry, Manual xiv, Pain. The type of this species is a single specimen (Smiths. Inst. Mus.. 24121) in excellent preservation. Valvesi, vii, and viliare detached, the latter two being illustrated on my plate. It is somewhat surpris- ing that Carpenter called this a Trachydermon, for it is an unequi- vocal Chetopleura in girdle, eaves, sculpture and indeed the whole aspect. It belongs to the group of Ch. gemmea. Genus ISCHNOCHITON Gray (Vol. XIV, p. 53). Ischnochiton GRay and authors, type longicymba. Radsiella TureLE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken ii, p. 368, for pune- tulatissimus Sowb., concinnus Sowb., capensis Gray, caliginosus Rv., tessellatus Q. & G., rugulatus Sowb. Not Radsiella Pilsbry, Man. Conch. xiv, p. 54, 189 (July 25, 1892). Stereoplax THIELF, t. ¢., p. 383, for “ multicosiata”” C. B. Ad. Rhodoplax THIELE, t. c., p. 384, for squamulosa C. B. Ad. and erythronotus C. B. Ad. ISCHNOCHITON. 75 Lophyriscus THIEL, t. ¢., p. 377, for textilis and oniseus. Beanella THIELE (not Dall!) t. ¢, p. 388 for rissot Payr. and cajetana Poli! Dr. Thiele has added a considerable number of synonyms to this genus. His group Radsiella consists of small subtypical Ischno- chitons and one true Chiton (capensis). His Stereoplax is founded upon the type ofthe Ischnoid section Jschnoplax Cpr. (see Vol. XIV, p- 64, 65); and he has placed the same species under another name in his “ Stenoplaz.” He fails completely to understand the true characters of Stenoplax Cpr., including Lepidozonas only under that name. Jthodoplax contains two small species of Ischnochiton. Beanella is an odd compound of Ischnochiton and the type of Lepid- opleurus. The true Beanella belongs to Nuttallina, q. v. I. purPpuRAscENS C. B. Ad. (Vol. XIV, p. 58.) Has been collected at Bermuda by Goode, I am informed by Dr WH. Dall. I. Raprans Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 48, 49. Shell oval, rather depressed, carinated, the side-slopes straight. Surface lusterless. Color olive-purplish, radially streaked with whitish dashes or flames, having some purple patches, and on the diagonal line a few snow white spots ; ridge of valves purple or white. Median valves smooth to the naked eye, the lateral areas indis- tinct, not raised, having a few subobsolete radial riblets. Hutire sur- face of all valves evenly, densely and most minutely granulated. End valves having narrow, low, indistinct, numerous radial riblets hardly visible except toward the periphery. Mucro in front of the middle, moderately prominent; the posterior valve being shaped as in J. retiporosus. Interior dark blue. Anterior valve having 10, central valves 1-1, posterior valve 10 slits. Sinus squared, the sutural-plates not con- tinued across it. Girdle speckled, densely covered with shining, rather weakly striated convex scales measuring about $ or + of a mill. in width. Gill row as long as the foot. Length about 12, breadth 7 mill.; divergence 120°. Monterey, Cal. ; San Pedro (Cooper.) The original description will be found on p. 121 of vol. xiv. Car- penter’s type was from Monterey, and was a larger specimen than that here figured and described, which is Mus. Smiths. Inst., 19470. 76 ISCHNOCHITON. The prominent specific characters are the coloration, which is much like typical Mopalia lignosa Gld., and the apparently smooth surface, seen under a lens to be very densely, evenly granulated throughout, and having fine, low, subobsolete riblets on the lateral areas and end valves. These riblets are hardly visible unless viewed under a cross light with a good lens I. scaBRIcosTATUS Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 55, 56. Shell oval-oblong, rather elevated, the dorsal ridge strongly car- inated; side-slopes slightly convex. Orange colored, with a few darker spots along the riblets of the lateral areas and the posterior margin of each valve. Median valves slightly and obtusely beaked (when not eroded), having slightly raised lateral areas, which are weakly, almost obsoletely tricostate, and bear a few inconspicuous low nodules, more numerous on the posterior riblet; the entire lateral areas being covered with a granulation similar to that of the central areas. Central areas closely and minutely scaly-granulose in the middle, ribbed at the sides, the granulation extending over the riblets, crenulating them and causing the interstices to appear pitted. Anterior valve granulated, and having many (about 24) delicate riblets, which are obsoletely pustulose. Posterior valve smaller than the anterior, having the mucro slightly in front of the middle, sculp- tured like the head-valve, but with less distinet radii. Interior flesh colored. Anterior valve with 10, median valves 1-1 slits. Sinus wide, squared. Girdle orange colored, densely covered with very minute, unusu- ally wide and short, striated scales, each measuring about one-ninth of a mill. in width. Length about 72, breadth about 42 mill.; divergence 95°. Catalina Island, California. Carpenter’s description, given on p. 121 of vol. xiv, is misleading in the account of the sculpture. It has no “ rows of prominent gran- ules.” The entire surface is shagreened, the second valve (drawn in figure 56) has several short radiating riblets in the front of the dorsal tract ; the other valves have longitudinal riblets developed on the pleura only. The scale-like granulation of this species is coarse, when we consider the size of the shell, but the girdle scales are unusually small, very short and broad. But one specimen is known to have been found, this being no. 16268 of the Smiths. Inst. Coll. ISCHNOCHITON. Th J. RETEPOROSUS Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 47, 50, 51, 52, 53. The original description will be found on p. 75 of vol. xiv. The shell is rather elevated, distinctly carinated, the side-slopes nearly straight. The color is either (1) dull buffish gray white touched with reddish orange at each beak, or (2) a very pretty shade of reddish-purple, uniform or with a white dorsal stripe and some faint light spots ; in either case the girdle is of the same color as the valves, with or without black scales scattered over it. The valves are parti- ally covered by a black deposit in all of the individuals seen. The slight beaks of the median valves do not modify the slightly concave contour of the posterior border. The lateral areas are not raised ; sculpture consisting of a variable number (generally 4—7) of rather acute radiating riblets (spreading somewhat like those of a Pinna) bearing sparsely scattered, minute pustules which are often lacking on some or all valves; the intervals between riblets finely granulated. Central areas sculptured with a very beautiful and clearly-cut pattern of squarish pits or cells formed by the crossing of fine forward-converging riblets by others curving in a radial direction (fig. 47). Anterior valve having many narrow radial riblets, like those of the lateral areas, some of them generally with minute pust- ules. Posterior valve (figs. 51, 52) having the mucro in front of the middle. Interior bluish-white or pink. Anterior valve having 11, median valves 1-1, posterior valve 11 slits. Sutural lamine low and rounded, continuing in a narrow lamina across the shallow, wide, gently rounded simus. Girdle covered with solid rather flattened scales measuring about one-sixth of a mill. in breadth, and coarsely, deeply striated (fig. 50). Length 15, breadth 8 mill.; divergence 95-100°. San Pedro, California (Cooper); Victoria B. C., 15 fms, (C. F. Newcombe.) The type (Mus. Smiths. Inst., 14917) is a light colored specimen, touched with orange at the beaks, as first described above. Others before me from Victoria B. C. have the same coloration, but most of those I have seen from Victoria are purple. The small acute pust- ules of the lateral areas are very variable, often entirely wanting. The delicate riblets of the lateral areas are generally more numerous than shown in fig. 47, which is drawn from Carpenter’s type ; they have astrong tendency to split. 78 ISCHNOCHITON. Var. PuNcTATUS Whiteaves. Sculpture as in reteporosus, but the riblets of end valves and lateral areas are more delicate, subobsolete ; and the network of the central areas is shallower. Color pale cream, nearly white, with a spot of orange-brown on the ridge of valves ii to viii, and a few irre- gular spots of reddish on the white girdle. Length about 8 mill.; divergence 100° (specimen somewhat curled). Discovery Passage, at Duncan Bay, Vancouver Island, 10-20 fms. (Dawson). Leptochiton punctatus WHITEAVES, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, iv, Sect. iv, p, 125, figs. 1886. This very pretty form may for the present be retained distinct as a color-variety, but intermediate specimens must be expected. The occasional, rather spaced growth lines are more marked than in the typical reteporosus. I am indebted to J. F. Whiteaves F. G. S. for an opportunity of examining the type specimen (at present unique), which is the property of the Canada Geological Survey. I. serratus Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 42, 48, 44, 45, 46. The original description is given on p. 122, vol. XIV. The shell is moderately elevated, bluntly angled along the ridge, side-slopes nearly straight. Color light buff, with small olive spots sparsely scattered along the dorsal ridge and the posterior margins of each valve, and having some irregular orange maculz on the pleura of some valves. The intermediate valves are very minutely and densely granulated throughout; lateral areas raised, composed of 2-3 (on one side of valve ii, 5) wide rounded ribs; the hind border of each valve very unevenly toothed (fig. 43). Central areas having about 12 longitu- dinal low riblets on each side, crossed by several transverse riblets, pro- ducing a shallow and not very distinct appearance of grating. The head and tail valves each have about 20 low ribs, like those of the lateral areas. ‘Tail valve with subcentral mucro (figs. 42, 44.) Girdle faintly tessellated with delicate green and whitish, clothed with solid, somewhat flattened scales, averaging one-sixth of a mill. in width, and when unworn they are very delicately striated (fig. 45, x 150 diameters). The individual scales are dull bluish, fading at the edge. Length 83, breadth 53 mill. Cape St. Lucas. ISCHNOCHITON. 79 The type of this species (Mus. Smiths. Inst., 16204) is a pale little Chiton, the color spots being very inconspicuous. The “ grating” of the central areas is rather shallow ; the pits are mostly squarish. The posterior denticles of the valves are unequal and irregularly spaced. The girdle-scales have a stony appearance, and only reveal the striz under strong magnification, and some scales do not show it at all. I. concinnus Sowerby. PI. 10, figs. 21, 22. Shell oval, wide, subdepressed, most minutely granulated, sub- carinated: valves straight; lateral areas inconspicuous; margin wide, minutely scaly. Length one-half, breadth three-eighths inch. (Sowb.) A very neat, small, dark colored species; granulated, but so minutely as to appear smooth. It is distinctly keeled, yet depressed. The lateral areas are not very distinctly separated from the central. The margin is broad and scaly ; the color dark olive, in some spec- imens nearly black; inside green. (Sowd.) Chonos (Mus. G. B. Sowerby, Sen.) ; Beloneabi (Dr. R. A. Phil- ippi). Chiton concinnus Sows., Charlesworth’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. (n. ser.) iv, June, 1840, p. 293; Conch. Illustr., f. 117, 118.—Radsiella concinna ‘THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 369, t. 30, f. 19 (dentition). This form seems to be nearest to J. punctulutissimus Sowb. (vol. xiv, p. 115). I have not seen specimens. J. inca d’Orbigny. Vol. XIV, Pl. 27, figs. 52, 53, 54. Shell oblong, whitish, depressed, subcarinated ; evenly and very minutely granulated. Length 9 mill. This species is remarkable for its uniform white tint, for its much depressed, subcarinated form, the surface evenly marked with very small points throughout except on the median line, the lateral areas slightly indicated. The margin is very finely scaly. (Ord.) Islay, Peru, in deep water. Chiton inca Orz., Voy. dans l’Amér. Mérid., p. 486, t. 65, f. 20- 24, Probably belongs to the group of Isch. punctulatissimus. The gills are represented as ambient. 80 ISCHNOCHITON. I. BeRGortr Velain. Vol. XIV, PI. 27, fig. 51. Shell elongated, quite narrow, oval, convex and subangulated on the median line, perceptibly narrower in front ; color a rather deep brown-grayish. Intermediate valves unequal, rather wide, ornamented with trans- verse lines impressed in the thickness of the shell, subimbricating, very strong in front and on the lateral portions, where they gener- ally number 3 or 4. The upper portions are smooth or marked with irregular punctations only. End valves semilunar, having impressed striz like the others, but more numerous, stronger and concentric ; anterior valve much narrower and more angular than the posterior ; intermediate valves unequal, with the lateral areas narrow, not distinctly indicated; dorsal [central] areas wide, finely punctate. Border of the mantle yellowish, but little developed, without scales or spines, marked by fine granulations only. ( Velain.) Length 15, breadth 7, alt. 42 mill. Island of St. Paul, on rocks in the littoral zone, rare. (French Transit of Venus Expedition to St. Paul and Amsterdam, 1874). Chiton bergoti VELAIN, Comptes Rendus de |’ Acad. des Sei., vol. 83, p. 285, July 24, 1876 (name only); Arch. Zool. Expér. et Gén. Wie De l2 sob. Ate od 22187 Ue The prominent features of this species seem to be the several con- centric grooves along the anterior and lateral borders of each of the valves, the surface elsewhere punctate. It is probably an Ischno- chiton, although Velain says that the girdle is not scaly but papillose, which suggests Trachydermon. It was collected only within the Crater. The surface is generally corroded, and covered with cal- careous incrustations and Serpulee. I. consranTI Velain. Vol. XIV, PI. 27, fig. 49. Shell oblong, quite thin, uncolored or yellowish-white, equally obtuse at the two ends. Terminal valves unequal, semilunar, the anterior more acute at the summit than the posterior; both orna- mented with concentric stris, as in the preceding species (bergott). Intermediate valves narrow and equal; lateral areas elongated, moderately developed but little prominent or distinct. External surface little convex, with a median angle more or less pronounced ; apparently smooth, but with a strong lens seen to be ornamented with fine granules in very regular series. Border of the mantle nar- row, Whitish or gray, and distinctly scaly. Length 8-9, breadth 4-5, alt. 23 mill. (Velain). ISCHNOCHITON. 81 Islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam (French Transit of Venus Exped., 1874). Chiton constantti VELAIN, J. ¢., p. 124, t. 4, f. 21, 22. This species is abundant throughout the littoral zone of both islands, especially within the crater of St. Paul, where it covers some rocks. I. cessAct Rochebrune. PI. 10, figs. 18, 14, 15, 16, 17. Shell ovate-oblong, subcarinated, painted with various colors. Anterior valve and posterior area of the posterior valve lightly con- centrically lineated, the lines most minute; intermediate valves hay- ing the central areas striatulate, strize interrupted ; lateral areas very delicately undulated. Marginal ligament narrow, scaly. Length 18, breadth 8 mill. (Rochebr.) Strait of Santiago, Cape Verde Archipelago, (Cessac and Bouvier.) Lepidopleurus cessaci ROCHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881, p. 118; Nouy. Arch. du Mus. (2) iv, p. 241, t. 17, f. 11, a-e—Leptochiton cessact RocuHEBR., Journ. de Conch. 1881, p. 48. This species is evidently allied to J. rissot Payr. In the great number of specimens from Cape Verde and the whole west coast of Africa (Bank of Argain, Dakar, Goree, Rufisque and ‘Madeline Is.), twelve color varieties are found, as follows. . Greenish yellow with a brown median line, mantle white. . Deep yellow orange; mantle light yellow. Dark brown with a white median line; mantle gray. . Dark violet; mantle blue. . Light violet ; marbled with white; mantle rose. Olive; mantle white or black. Uniform gray; mantle blue. Gray-white ; mantle orange. . Gray marbled with orange; mantle violaceous. 10. Rose ; mantle gray. 11. Rose, marbled with green; mantle yellow. 12. Finely marbled with red, blue, yellow on a gray or rose ground. I. RUGULATUS Sowb. (Vol. XIV, p. 110.) The name was spelled “regulatus” in the text, by typographical error. CHINA RW HE 6 82 ISCHNOCHITON. I. virncatus Reeve. (Vol. XIV, p. 78.) This is a smooth-scaled Ischnochiton, grouping with J. smarag- dinus and I. lentiginosus. I. LenTIGINOsusS Sowerby. See Vol. XIV, p. 135. This species has been rediscovered by Dr. J.C. Cox at Port Hacking, N.S. Wales. It isa smooth form, with convex, polished girdle-scales, and is remarkable for the coloration of blue spots on an orange, orange-brown or olivaceous ground. It is apparently distinct from J. cyaneopunctatus Kr. Section Hererozona Cpr. (Vol. XIV, p. 65). H. cariosa Cpr. PI. 14, fig. 8. A figure is here given of a larger specimen from the collection of the Geological Survey of Canada. It has the girdle scales more unequal than shown in pl. 24, fig. 21, and they are narrower and more elongated. The granulation of the central areas shown in fig. 20 is much too coarse. A considerable number of specimens received from Dr. J. C. Cox, show great variation in the girdle covering, fully covering the differences between figs. 21 and 23 of pl. 24. Section Lepidozona Pilsbry. Ischnochitons having the girdle-scales strongly convex, smooth or striated ; valves with a lamina across the sinus, separated from the sutural lamine by a notch, and often denticulate ; teeth subrugose ; mucro low, inconspicuous, nearly flat, subcentral. Sculpture consist- ing of pustules or graniferous ribs on lateral areas ‘and end valves, and longitudinal riblets on the central areas, the interstices usually latticed. This section, as here amended, is a very useful one, comprising Ischnochitons of the mertensii group on the west coast of America, and the coreanicus group on Sino-Japonic shores. I. cuttratus Cpr. Pl. 17, figs. 57, 58, 59. The original description is given on page 131 of vol. XIV. The shell is rather elevated and rather sharply carinated, the side- slopes nearly straight. Color whitish or light green, indistinctly mottled and spotted with dark green. Intermediate valves squared, not in the least beaked. Lateral areas raised, having four low rounded ribs separated by rather acute interstices, each rib bearing widely spaced, elevated pustules of a red- dish-brown color, the posterior border of the valve having an addi- ISCHNOCHITON. 83 tional series of pustules which dentate the sulures. Oentral areas hav- ing about 16 acute, narrow, elevated longitudinal ribs, becoming divergent at the outer angle; those at the dorsal ridge smaller and more crenulated ; the deep and wide interstices being finely, irregu- larly wrinkled across. Anterior border of tegmentum elegantly scal- loped. Anterior valve having about 13 (or more) low rounded ribs, bearing brown pustules, like the lateral areas; many of the ribs splitting into two or more toward the peripheral margin, the rows of pustules doubling to correspond. Posterior valve having the mucro flat, and a trifle in front of the middle; the posterior profile of the valve sloping regularly down from the front margin (fig. 59.) Interior white, with a wide dark green ray on each side behind, and a green patch on each side in front of the valve-callus. Anterior valve having 8, median 1-1, posterior 9 slits; teeth acute, but finely roughened inside and out toward the edge. Sinus straight, not denticulate, having a narrow lamina separated from the sutural- lamin by a notch on each side (fig. 58.) Girdle covered with convex, weakly striated scales, averaging ‘37 mill. in width (fig. 57). Length about 17, breadth about 12 mill.; divergence 108°. Hakodadi, Japan. The specimen figured is one of the original lot, no. 24144 of the Smiths. Inst. Mus. The comparisens given on p. 132, of vol. xiv, readily distinguish this from the allied forms. The riblets of the second valve diverge at the ridge. I. BiscuLprus Cpr. PI. 17, figs. 60, 61. The original description is given on p. 119, vol. xiv. The shell is thin, small, elevated, acutely carinated, the side-slopes nearly straight. Pale green or yellow, maculated with dull green. Intermediate valves (fig. 61) squared, not beaked. Lateral areas raised, very minutely granulated, showing a shallow sulcus down the middle, and bearing three (on valve ii, four) irregular radial series of sparsely placed pustules; the posterior ones few, and somewhat dentating the sutures; the median series often reduced to very few pustules. Central areas having on each side about 10 narrow, elevated longitudinal lire, their interstices wide and finely, densely, latticed across; the ridge of each valve free or nearly free of ribs, minutely granulated. Anterior valve minutely granulated, and 84 ISCHNOCHITON. having about 18 radiating, irregular series of pustules. | Posterior valve having the mucro subcentral, much depressed. Interior whitish, but showing through the white layer the tints of the exterior. Anterior valve having 11, median valves 1-1, poste- rior valve 7 slits; teeth short. Sins with a concave, smooth lamina, separated from the sutural laminze by a notch at each side (fig. 61.) Girdle alternately gray-blue and whitish, densely clothed with scales, unequally but generally rather deeply striated, and measuring 2 to °25 mill. in width (pl. 17, fig. 60). Gills slightly over ¢ the length of the foot. Length 11, breadth 6 mill. ; divergence 100° to 110°. Hong Kong, China. This types of the species (Mus. Smiths. Inst. 24117) are before me. The shell closely resembles J. cultratus in general characters, sharing with that species its general plan of sculpture, depressed mucro, ete. But it differs in the partial or total absence of ribs at the dorsal ridge; in the concave lamina across the sinus; in the fewer pustules, and the smaller girdle-scales; but this last feature may be partly due to the fact that the specimens are much smaller than those of cultratus. The sculpture upon the ridge of the second valve is divergent, as in the other species of Lepidozona. J. craTicuLatus Gould. Pl. 17, figs. 62, 63: See p. 130, vol. xiv. Shell elevated and carinated, the side-slopes slightly convex. Color light olive-gray, with rather small dark blue-green spots, mainly visible on the central areas and along the sutural margins. Median valves squared. Lateral areas a trifle raised, sculptured with 8-10 low radial riblets bearing elevated rounded pustules ; the riblets fewer in young shells; posterior row of pustules dentating the sutures. Central areas having 18-22 narrow longitudinal elevated threads, divergent on the ridge of each valve, their interstices minutely latticed. Anterior valve having about 50 pustuliferous riblets. Posterior valve elevated, high at the front margin, the the mucro central and inconspicuous. Interior bluish or greenish-white, each intermediate valve having a pair of wide posterior rays of olive-green, and a small patch of the same color at the bases of the suturallamine. Anterior valve having 10, median valves 1-1, posterior valve 11 slits; the teeth unequal, and in the head valve distinctly notched or nicked at the edges and ISCHNOCHITON. 85 deeply, coarsely grooved outside. Sinus with a somewhat concave lamina, a trifle denticulate in some valves, and nicked at each side. Girdle gray, covered with convex, striated scales measuring ‘33 to ‘37 mill. in width (fig. 63). Length 25 mill.; divergence about 95°. China Seas or Japan. The type is a well-grown specimen, evidently adult, and complete except that valve vii has been lost. Valves i, vi and viii are detached, and the last has lost its sculpture posteriorly from an ill- judged cleaning with some sharp instrument. The remaining valves and the girdle are perfect. This is a well-characterized species, being separated from other allied Lepidozonas by the more numerous radii of lateral areas and end valves. It must, however, be carefully compared with J. corea- nicus A. & R. (Vol. XIV, p. 129), which is prior in date, and which I suspect may prove the same, although I have not seen an authentic specimen. Reeve’s figure of coreanicus is said by him to be enlarged, but the actual size is not stated. I. Luzonicus Sowerby. Vol. XIV, pl. 38, figs. 31, 32 (enlarged). Shell oval, angulate, straw-colored with longitudinal streaks of green; lateral areas and end valves radially granulated; central areas acutely longitudinally suleate ; margin nearly smooth. Length 9, breadth 5 mill. (Sowd.) Luzon, Philippines, on dead shells in 15 fms. Chiton luzonicus G. B. SowerBy, JR., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 104.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 25, f. 167. Carpenter’s remarks upon the type specimens are as follows: 6 specimens, Mus. Cuming. In very poor condition; must have lost the girdle scales, and faded in color. Looks extremely close to the young of coreanicus, which I think it is. The lateral areas have 5 or 6 close granular ribs; central areas having 11 sharp, distinct riblets on each side; the riblets are granulose and are a little decus- sated between ; jugum sharp. Girdle has very few scales to be seen, but these seem to be like Lepidopleurus, not very large but round- ish. Another specimen has about 17 very close moniliform riblets on the central areas, the side areas raised but ribbed only very indis- tinctly, with scattered grains on them. ‘The scales of this shell are very much smaller, and Ischnoid, striated, flat. 86 ISCHNOCHITON. Posterior valve having 14, central 1, anterior 12 slits; typically Ischnoid ; teeth sharp, very thin; sinus appears smooth, rather deep. Length 83, breadth 47 mill.; divergence 108°. Carpenter does not state whether the interior described is that of the “ Lepidopleurus” or the Ischnochiton which are included under this species. Probably both are young, and the types evidently require further study. The name Juzonicus should be restricted to the form with convex, smooth scales, and the systematic position of it is probably in the section Lepidozona of Ischnochiton. Section Ischnoradsia Shuttlew. I. TRIFIDUS Cpr. PI. 17, figs. 64, 65, 66, 67. See Vol. XIV, p. 141, for the original description. The shell is elevated and carinated, side-slopes slightly convex. Color reddish-brown, maculated with buff and purple-brown, the dark color generally predominating. Valves squared, not beaked. Lateral areas slightly elevated, cut into three low, flat ribs by two radial narrow grooves, which are gener- ally somewhat pitted. Central areas having a number of rather strong wrinkles or grooves, im the direction of growth-lines, these grooves being conspicuously pitted or punctured, and closer toward the anterior margin of each valve. Immediately in front of the diagonal slope, especially toward the beaks, the pitting is finer and closer. Anterior valve having about 18-23 broad, low ribs, separ- ated by linear, punctured interstices. Posterior valve having the mucro central, bent downward, but little projecting. Interior white, with purplish-red rays posteriorly. Anterior valve having 13, median valves 2~2, posterior valve 13 slits, teeth dis- tinctly roughened, almost pectinated outside. Across the sinus there ig a narrow lamina, notched where it joins the sutural-lamine. Girdle compactly covered with solid, rather convex scales, which are about ‘3 to °33 ofa mill. in width (fig. 66). Length 27, breadth 17 mill.; divergence 100°-110°. Sitka to Victoria, British Columbia, 9-18 fms. This species is more correctly referred to Jschnoradsia than to Radsiella, the scales being smooth and rather convex. It has no near allies, the pattern of sculpture being extremely peculiar and distinct from all other chitons which I have seen. The closeness of ISCHNOCHITON—CALLISTOCHITON. 87 the pits varies much. At the sides of the pleura there are generally visible slight forward-converging riblets, pitted where they cross the transverse grooves; and these giveakey to the origin of this curious pattern of sculpture. Some black scales are scattered among the reddish ones, on the girdle, and it is besides slightly tessellated with lighter. Fig. 64, 65, is drawn from the type specimen (Mus. Smiths. Inst. 30946) ; fig. 67 is from a specimen taken at Victoria, B. C., in 15 fms., by Mr. C. F. Newcombe. J. ausTRALIS Sowerby. (Vol. XIV, p. 144). Pl. 17, figs. 68, 69. - Young specimens of this species (and adults when not eroded) show a small area at each beak free from longitudinal riblets; but these riblets are developed upon the ridge toward the forward part of each valve, being finer there than upon the pleura. The lateral areas are generally very coarsely sculptured, as in pl. 17, fig. 68; I have seen only one specimen in which the lateral riblets are as fine as in pl. 18, fig. 59 of Vol. XIV. Chiton lugubris Gld. (vol. XIV, p. 146), of which the types (Smiths. Inst. Mus., no. 2075) are before me, is merely a young australis, not eae and showing conspicuously the smooth, micro- scopically granulate space around each beak. As one of the type specimens is dismembered and the other is curled, I have figured a young australis from the Academy collection to illustrate the form ; the specimen selected being almost exactly like the type. I. dugubris will therefore be added to the synonymy of australis. Genus CALLISTOCHITON Cpr. (Vol. XIV, p. 260). C. pEcoRATUus Cpr... PI. 16, fig. 54. (Vol. XIV, p. 269). In some specimens of this species the smooth area at the jugal ridge is decidedly narrower than in the typical form, represented on pl. 58, fig. 18 of Vol. XIV, and the lateral ribs are more elevated, acute, and indistinctly granulated, the girdle being tessellated buff and brownish. Central areas buff, lateral areas olivaceous. Poste- rior rib of each valve split by a shallow, small sulcus; and in the individual described (Mus. Smiths. Inst., 58897) there are 12 ribs on the head valve. Surface lusterless. Sculpture of pleura coarser and sharper. The differences above noted are presented by a specimen from San Diego, collected by Hemphill. Although the divergence from the 88 . CHITON. type is considerable, yet it seems insufficient for specific discrimina- tion, although possibly grounds may be found for separating the San Diego shells as a northern race of the Lower Californian decoratus. The gill-row in this specimen is as long as the foot, as usual in Callistochiton. Genus NUTTALLINA Cpr. (Vol. XIV, p. 277). N. piceo.us Shuttleworth. (Vol. XIV, p. 229). This is no doubt a species of the subgenus Middendorffia, not an Acanthopleura. Family CHITONID & Pilsbry. Genus CHITON L. Chiton L.; Man. of Conch. xiv, p. 149. Monancehian Tree, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 362 for C. olivaceus, cumingi, striatus, tenuistriatus. Chondroplax THIELE, t. ¢., p. 368, for C. granosus and stokesi. Diochiton THIELE, t. c., p. 364, for C. albolineatus. Peciloplax THIELE, t. ¢., p. 365, for C. glauca Gray,=quoyt Desh. Sypharochiton THIELE, t. ¢., p. 365, for C. pellisserpentis. Georgus THIELE, t. ¢., p. 366, for C. rusticus Dh. and “ nigrovir- encens”” Bly. Clathropleura (Tib.) THIELE, t. ¢., p. 367, for C. siewlus Gray and affinis Iss. Anthochiton THIELE, t. ¢., p. 377, for C. tulipa Q. The “genera” enumerated above are, in the opinion of the writer, founded on merely specific characters, or at most they indicate only groups of species of less value systematically than the groups called “sections” in this work. Such multiplication of generic synonyms seems unnecessary and positively harmful. C. sguamosus Linné. (Vol. XIV, p. 155.) Add to synonymy: Chiton spengleri Buatnv., Dict. Se. Nat. xxxvi, p. 538, and Chiton pictus Buatny., l. ¢., p. 541 (incorrect description of teeth) ; this is C. cymbium of the Museum collection, according to Blainville. C. pusio Sowerby. This species was described under Jschnochiton in Vol. XIV, p. 133, but is is probably a true Chiton, and the same as C. murrayi Had- don, vol. xiv, p. 161. CHITON—TONICIA. 89 C. pIScOLOR Souverbie. (Vol. XIV, p. 175). Pl. 10, figs. 3, 4 (this vol.) The reference to plate is incorrect in the text. Synonym is: Lepi- dopleurus ectypus RocHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-1884, p. 37. A well grown specimen before me measures 28 mill. long, 16 broad. It is closely allied to C. canaliculatus Q. & G. C. ruBIcuNDUus Costa. (Vol. XIV, p. 182). Has been reported from the Balearic Is. by Hidalgo. The name C. seytodesma should be removed from the synonymy. Scacchi’s description in Cat. Reg. Neapolitani p. 9, isinsufficient for identifica- tion, but suggests Callochiton lwvis rather than this species. C. sutcatus Wood. (Vol. XIV, p. 191.) The authority “Sowerby ” was wrongly written in the text. Genus TONICIA Gray (Vol. XIV, p. 194.) Add to synonyms: Lucia Gup., Otia Conch, p. 242 (preoc.).— Incilina Daur, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 284,287. (Type of both, C. confossus Gld.). Toniciopsis (in part) THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 371, for picta Rve.; maillardi Dh., wahlbergi Kr. If a separate subgeneric name is needed for the Oriental Tonicias with posterior mucro (division 3, of my arrangement, vol. xiv, p. 206), we may use Lucilina; Toniciopsis becoming asynonym. The latter was founded upon a species of Tonicia (Lucilina), a species of Onithochiton, and a Plaxiphora! This instance well shows the fatuity of founding genera upon slight variations of a single organ, as Thiele has done. Tonicra LINEOLATA (Fremb.) Hutton, Manual of the New Zea- land Mollusca, 1880, p. 114, reported from Dunedin, Auckland Islands and Campbell Island, is not likely to be the Chilian form described in Vol. XIV, p. 198. T. InscULPTA Souverbie. Pl. 10, figs. 10, 11. Shell oval, subdepressed, obtusely carinated, having flat tubercles, and sculptured with depressed points; mainly of a green color. Tubercles subtriangular, depressed and scale-like, but little pro- nounced on the anterior valve, where they are arranged in rays, and extending along the diagonal line of the intermediate valves, with a 90) TONICIA. few longitudinally arranged on the pleura. Triangular punctures elongated, as if engraved with the point of a burin, largest and sparsely distributed on the central areas, and on the lateral areas radially grouped among the rays of tubercles. Posterior valve obtusely umbonated, carinated on each side. Pale flesh colored maculated with dark green, the spots regularly placed, nearly cover- ing the second valve and sides of the fifth and last valves; on the rest of the surface smaller, hardly noticeable, and scattered. Girdle rather wide, nude, reddish. Length 10, width 5 mill. (Sowv.) Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago, one specimen in Bordeaux Mus. f Chiton insculptus Souv., Journ. de Conch. 1866, p. 248, t. 9, f. 5. Not Ch. insculptus Ad.—Chiton montrouzieri Souy., l. ¢., 18738, p. 287. This species is extremely near to 7. confossa Gould. It was described from a single specimen which may not be adult. Adams’ C. inseulptus being a typical Chiton (vol. xiv, p. 177), the change of name proposed by Souverbie becomes unnecessary. T. FLoccaTA Sowerby. PI. 14, figs. 3, 4. Shell oval, depressed, narrowed in front; pale tawny maculated with black, brown, green and rose color. End valves radially sul- cate. Median valves with a single rib on each side; the central areas longitudinally sulcate, lateral areas granulated, margins serrated. ‘Terminal valve obtusely elevated. Margin red or brown, banded with white patches and dots. Length 20, breadth 114 mill. (Sowd.) Cagayan, Misamis, Island of Mindanao, Philippines (Cuming.) Chiton floccatus Sows., P. Z. 8. 1841, p. 104.—ReErEve, Conch. Peonjavedte tli. This species is found at Mindanao under stones at low water, and at Calapan on small stones at a depth of 15 fms. The margin is sprinkled with white patches resembling flakes of snow, on a reddish- brown ground. (Sowb.) Carpenter gives the following descriptive notes on the types: shell moderately elevated, oval. Jugum not sharp, more or less variegated with chestnut-brown, olive, pink and ashy. All of the valves are somewhat thrown forward, with blunt beaks ; jugal areas not defined ACANTHOPLEURA. 91 except by color-stains, the ribs converging and meeting (,-like) forward; central areas having about 14 sharp, rather distant riblets on each side, the intervals quincunically granulated ; lateral areas not much raised and small, the diagonal rib running out to the posterior end of the corner, the sutures deep and rounded ; diagonal rib nodulous; sutural rib much stouter, with larger grains, the space between having metallic dots, [eyes], and often grains intercalated. Posterior valve having the mucro elevated at a slightly obtuse angle one-fifth of the valve’s length from the posterior end. Interior: anterior valve with 8, median valves 1-1, posterior 10 slits; teeth rather conical and thrown forward in the tail valve; and viewed from behind the tooth-row curves upward in the middle, and the teeth are smaller and closer there; the teeth are sharp, and slightly pectinated outside; the anterior and side teeth are smooth. Sinus flat and deep, with about 16 teeth. Girdle having a few scattered hairs, densely and very minutely papillose. Length 20, breadth 11 mill.; divergence 118°. This species belongs to the group of 7. suezensis, nigropunctata and fortilirata (vol. xiv, p. 206), characterized by the posterior mucro, strong longitudinal suleation of the central areas, and the slightly asperulate or downy girdle. Genus ACANTHOPLEURA Guild. (Vol. XIV, p. 2138). Add to synonyms: Rhopalopleura Tu1eLr, Das Gebiss ii p. 373 for “ Chiton aculeatus L.” A. SPINIGER Sowb. (Vol. XIV, p. 221). The citations of Angas and Tapparone-Canefri of New South Wales localities for Chiton “piceus” (vol. xiv, p. 226) refer to LTiolophura gaimardi. Undetermined species. ACANTHOPLEURA RAWAKANA Rochebr. Shell ovate, wide, gray, with spots and lines of blue and red, and scattered black dots. Anterior valve and posterior part of the posterior valve concentric- ally pustulate. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas multi- squamose; central areas very minutely pitted. Marginal ligament rather wide, having acute red spines. Length 19, breadth 12 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881—’82, p. 195.) Rawak, Papua. Rare. Mus. Paris. 92 POLYPLACOPHORA. A. TEsTUDO Spengler. This name is proposed by Spengler for the Red Sea form, which I have treated in vol. xiv, p. 222 as a variety of A. spiniger. This name cannot be adopted in preference to the specific name spiniger, because Spengler gave no description what- ever. See Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, iv, p. 78, and Mal. Bl. xvii, p. 111, 112. The “ Ch. aculeatus” of Spengler is A. spiniger. Rochebrune’s name balanse was applied to the Red Sea Acanthopleura, but it has not been acceptably defined. Family 4 CANTHOCHITID# (Vol. XV, p. 6). Genus ACANTHOCHITES Risso. Add to generic synonyms: Mecynoplaz TH1ELr, Das Gebiss der Schnecken ii, p. 398, for acutirostratus Rve. [?] from Hakodate! Genus AMICULA Gray, (Antea, p. 42). Add to synonyms: Stimpsoniella Crr., Bull, Essex. Inst. 1873, p. 155; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii, p. 122, 1874. APPENDIX II. INSUFFICIENTLY DESCRIBED CHITONS, AND SPECIES OF UNKNOWN GENERIC POSITION. In a group so prolific in specific and varietal forms as the Chitons, we expect to find a certain number of descriptions of supposed new forms so inadequate that their recognition is extremely difficult or impossible. In most groups we find that the earlier authors, not appreciating the niceties of modern species discrimination, having but a few out of the multitude of specific forms, and being without precise technical language, have contributed the greater part of such literature. In the Polyplacophora the bulk of this descriptive matter has been a recent growth, and is in large part due to the labors of Dr. A. T. de Rochebrune, Aid Naturalist at the Paris Museum (Jardin des Plantes). The various memoirs by Rochebrune describe a multitude of supposed new forms, but so incompletely that only in rare instances can they be recognized, and even the genus can scarcely ever be ascertained from his descriptions. In his use of the generic terms of Gray and others he has been most unfortunate, employing them correctly in but few cases. After much study I have ascertained the fundamental principles of Dr. Rochebrune’s classification of Chitons to be as follows: POLYPLACOPHORA. 93 (1). Species with naked girdle he calls Tonicia. (2). Species with scaly girdle are called Lepidopleurus if the scales are small, Gymnoplax if they are larger. (3). Species with spinose or hairy girdles are classed— a. as Acanthochites if tufts are present. b. as Chetopleura if girdle has hairs. ec. as Acanthopleura if girdle has spines. The names Schizochiton, Leptochiton, Onithochiton, etc. are used in a variety of senses, or with no sense at all; but in no case, so far as I can learn, for the groups correctly sotermed. Rochebrune’s types are in the Paris Museum. There are also included herein a few species carefully described by well-known authors, but without reference to the internal char- ‘acters. These are mostly quite recognizable specifically, but they require re-examination to ascertain their generic affinities. The species are grouped geographically. 1. Northern Europe and N. Atlantic species. OnrTocutrTon [sic] RHyGoPHILUM Rochebrune. Shell ovate, car- inated, ochraceous; anterior valve smooth; posterior part of the posterior valve and lateral areas of intermediate valves very minutely granulated ; central areas lacunose at thesides. Marginal ligament somewhat wide, pale rufous. Length 17, breadth10 mill. (Rochebdr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. de Paris, 1883-1884, p. 32). Coasts of Norway (Coll. Petit), rare—Paris Museum. CHIToN RARINOTA Jeffreys. Vol. XIV, Pl. 4, fig. 86. Shell oblong-oval, arched, rather thin and glossy: plates broader in the middle than at the sides; lateral areas indistinct. Sculpture consisting of white tubercles, which are few in number and irre- gularly scattered ; these are round in the middle of the shell, but become more raised and oval at the sides; under a microscope can be detected numerous and close-set lines or strize, which are arranged lengthwise ; colour whitish; beaks none, except on the tail-plate, where they are nearly circular: inside glossy. (Jeffr.) Length 23, breadth 14 mill. North Atlantic. C. rarinota JEFFR., Moll. of ‘ Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine’ Expe- ditions, in P. Z. S. 1882, p. 668, t. 50, f. 1. 94 POLYPLACOPHORA. Although this is a very small species, and might be regarded as the young of some other species, I must observe that I have carefully compared both specimens with the young of all other European species of Chiton known to me, and some specimens of which last mentioned species are much smaller than those which I have now described. The peculiar character of having so very few and scattered tubercles is not presented by any other of those species. The girdle is membranous and thin. (Jeffr.) CHITON SCABRIDUS Jeffreys. Shell oval-oblong, somewhat depressed, of a dull hue, plates narrow; all except the ternimal ones are nearly equal in width; the lateral compartments in each valve are indistinct and not raised above the middle portion. Sculpture consisting of minute tubercles arranged in several longitudinal rows, which are distinctly defined in the middle, and radiate or diverge to the margin on the lateral and terminal spaces. There is no central ridge, color yellowish- brown; beaks inconspicuous, except on the tail plate. Inside glossy, furnished toward each side of all the plates except the head plate with obtusely triangular leaves which serve to interconnect the plates, Margin slightly and irregularly notched. Length ‘2125, breadth 125 inch. (Jeffr.) Goodrington, Torbay; Jersey ; England. Jeffreys, in Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, 1880, p. 33. This may be a Hauleya, as Jeffreys compares it H. hanleyi and mendicarius. 2. Mediterranean and West African species. CHITON PHASEOLINUS Monterosato. Shell narrow, the valves obtuse, not carinated ; lateral areas and end valves not striated, but concentrically rugose; median areas longitudinally 2-3 striate. Girdle subimbricated with most minute scales. Length 15, width 7°5 mill. Naples (A. Costa) ; Palermo (Monts.) Chiton rubicundus var. phaseolinus Monts., Nuova Rivista della Conch. Medit., p. 21, 1875.—Chiton phaseolinus Monts., Carus, Prodr. Faun. Medit. ii, pt. 1, p. 179. Known to me only by the above description. POLYPLACOPHORA. 95 CuHITON FuRTIVUS Monterosato. Shell minute, flat, wide, smooth, the lateral areas concentrically and subquadrately sculptured, little elevated ; girdle covered with a delicate roughness. Length 7°5, width 4°5 mill. Palermo, in 20-30 fms. (Monts.) Chiton furtivus Monrs., Not. Conch. Médit., p. 29; Nuova Rivista ete., p. 21; Journ. Conch. 1878, p. 147.—Carus, Prodr. Faun. Med. ii, p. 179. CHITon minimus Monterosato. Shell small, convex, elongated ; surface puncticulate-perforate; lateral areas littleelevated. Girdle, seen under a lens, most minutely and irregularly scaly. Length 5, width 3 mill. Gulf of Lyons (Martin) ; Marseilles (Marion) ; Palermo (Monts.) ; Dalmatian littoral (Brusina). C. minimus Monts., Carus Prodr. Faun. Med. ii, p. 180. CHITON PACHYLASMA (Seguenza MS.) Monterosato. Shell minute, rough, the lateral areas strongly elevated; posterior valve 7-radiate, anterior valve scabrous. Girdle very minutely gravelly under a lens. Length 5-6, width 3°5 mill. Straits of Messina (Seguenza). Ch. pachylasme (Seg.) Monts., Carus, Prodr. Faun. Med. ii, p. 180. Cuiron sticMa O. G. Costa, Cat. Sist. e Ragionato de’ Test. della due Sicil., pp. i, iv, t. 1, f. 5 (1829). A larval shell ! GYMNOPLAX SENEGALENSIS Rochebr. Shell oblong ovate, car- inated ; rather whitish with sparse rufescent spots. Anterior valve smooth. Anterior area of the posterior valve and central areas of the intermediate valves longitudinally deeply sulcate; lateral areas smooth, bi-lirate atthe base. Marginal ligament wide, granose, pale rose. Length 24, width 10 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-’81, p.118; Lophyrus senegalensis Rochebr., Journ. de Conch. 1881, p. 42.) Rocks of Dakar ; Promontory of Cape Verde; Madeline Is. Rare. Paris Mus. Probably a synonym of Chiton canariensis Orb. TonICIA GAMBIENSIS Rochebrune. Shell elliptical, wide, sub- carinated, roseate painted with blackish spots; anterior valve and anterior part [sic] of the posterior valve radially granose; inter- 96 POLYPLACOPHORA. mediate valves having the lateral areas graniferous; central areas longitudinally most minutely granose-lirate, liree undulating. Marginal ligament broad, corneous, glabrous, brown. Length 9, breadth 4 mill. (Fochebr. in Journ. de Conchy]. 1881, p. 43; and Bull. Soc. Philomath. 1880-’81, p. 118). Cape St. Marie, W. Africa (Paris Museum.) ACANTHOPLEURA QUATREFAGEI Rochebr. Shell subelongated, complanate ; pitchy, marbled with brown and whitish spots. Ante- rior valve, anterior part of posterior valve and lateral areas of the intermediate valves obscurely granose. Lateral areas very densely vermiculate. Marginal ligament thick, corneous, black, beset with obtuse, short, whitish and rufescent spikes. Length 26, breadth 12 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1880-’81, p. 117; Journ. ae Conch. 1881, p. 44). Point of Mammelles ; Joalles; Rufisque (Rochebrune) ; Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope (Verreaux). Mus. Paris. Possibly a Nuttallina LEPIDOPLEURUS SERERORUM Rochebr. Shell small, ovate pellu- cid, ashey ; anterior valve and posterior part of the posterior, bicos- tate, ribs thick, concentric ; intermediate valves having the lateral areas thick, transversely sulcate, subpectinated below. Marginal ligament red, scaly, scales very minute. Length 11, breadth 6 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1880-81, p. 118). Bank of Argain, W. Africa (Mus. Paris.) 3. South African species. ONITHOCHITON ALVEOLATUM Rochebrune. Shell ovate elongate, rotund, gray-greenish, anterior valve, posterior part of posterior valve and lateral areas of the intermediate valves radiately striated, the strie cut across; central areas most minutely reticulate-alveolate. Marginal ligament rather wide, shistaceous. Length 24, breadth 14 mill. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. de Paris, 1883-1884, p. 32). Cape of Good Hope, rare; Paris Museum. I suppose this is one of the S. African Ischnochitons. ACANTHOPLEURA AFRA Rochebr. Shell ovoid, wide, blackish, umbonate, umbones marked with a wide blue band. Anterior valve, posterior part of the posterior valve and lateral areas of the inter- mediate valves regularly and radially strongly granulated. Central POLYPLACOPHORA. 97 areas smooth, rugulosely granulated at the sides. Marginalligament rufous, beset with saffron colored sets. Length 59, width 44 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soe. Philom. 1881-’82, p. 192). Cupe of Good Hope (Verreaux); Madagascar (Cloué). Not common. Mus. Paris. GYMNOPLAX ANAGLYPTUS Rochebr. Shell ovate, subcom- planate; olivaceous, painted with brown strie. Anterior valve, posterior part of the posterior valve, and lateral areas corrugated. Central areas minutely sulcated at the base, the sulci incurved; at apices very delicately (“ mollissime”) striated. Marginal ligament rather wide, bluish-gray (“schistaceo”). Length 15, width 10 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, 1883-’84, p. 33). Cape Good Hope. Rare. Mus. Paris. GYMNOPLAX MELANOTREPHUS Rochebr. Shell ovate, subearin- ate, intense chestnut colored. Anterior valve, posterior part of the posterior valve and lateral areas of the intermediate valves radially _lyrate, the lyr acute, obtusely dentate. Central areas very subtly rugose. Marginal ligament rather wide, chestnut colored, regularly begirt with square orange spots. Length 15, breadth 10 mill. (Rochebrune, in Bull. Soe. Philom. 1883-’84, p. 34). Cape of Good Hope. Rare. Paris Museum. 4, Species from the Red Sea. ACANTHOPLEURA VAILLANTIL Rochebr. Shell ovate elongate, wide; whitish painted with olivaceous spots. Anterior valve and posterior part of posterior valve granulose, and having scattered conic tubercles. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas covered with elongated black tubercles; central areas rugulose in the middle, anteriorly tuberculate. Marginal ligament wide, bearing whitish and green subelongated, conical spines. Length 43, width 32 mill. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-’82, p. 192). Suez Canal (L. Vaillant). Quite common. Paris Mus. TontciA PTYGMATA Rochebrune. Shell subelongate, much elevated, obtusely carinated ; whitish with pale chestnut spots and tawny lines; anterior valve radially striated ; lateral areas and pos- terior area of tail valve strongly and deeply corrugated ; central areas sculptured with lamellose and undulating sulci. Marginal ligament narrow, corneous, rufous. Length 21, breadth 13 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. de Paris 1883-1884, p. 33). Red Sea (M. Botta); Paris Museum. 7 98 POLYPLACOPHORA. LEPIDOPLEURUS BOTT” Rochebr. Shell elongated, carinated ; olivaceous or whitish, painted with buff spots. Anterior valve, and posterior part of the posterior valve, radially widely sulcated. Lateral areas of the intermediate valves trisuleate; central areas longitudinally sulecate, the sulci broad, incurved, very delicately denticulate at the margin. Marginal ligament ashy, covered with minute scales. Length 11, breadth 5 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soe. Philom. 1881-’82, p. 192). Red Sea (Botta). Rare. Mus. Paris, This may possibly be Callistochiton heterodon, but the description is too meager for identification. LEPIDOPLEURUS CONCHARUM Rochebr. Shell ovate, carinated, waxen. Anterior valve, posterior area of the posterior valve and lateral areas of intermediate valves radially minutely striolate. Central areas sulcated, the sulci dentate. Marginal ligament small, waxen, painted with green spots. Length 9, width 6 mill. (2ochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-84, p. 33). Red Sea. Rare. Mus. Paris. 5. Philippine Island species. C. caLicinosus Reeve. Vol. XIV, pl. 37, figs. 9, 10. Shell ovate ; terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately striated, strie here and there bifurcated ; ceutral areas minutely reticulated. Olive variegated with black; posterior margins of the valves articulated with black. Ligament granosely coriaceous. The articulated painting along the posterior edges of the valves is rather a conspicuous feature in this species. (Rve.) Negros, Philippines. C. caliginosus Rve., Conch. Icon., t. 25, f.172 (May, 1847). Probably belongs either to Chiton s.s. or to the section Lepidozona of Ischnochiton. CHITON BIRADIATUS Sowb. Shell oval, subelongated subdepressed, obtusely angulated. Central areas minutely scabrous-sulcated ; lateral areas subelevated, with two bifid, very irregularly moniliform ribs on each side; terminal areas radially rugose-costate; margin most minutely granulose. Color pale tawny, maculated with gray. Margin gray banded. Length ‘60, width °35 inch. (Sowd. in P. Z, S. 1848, p. 102). Dumaguete, Island of Negros, Philippines (Cuming). POLY PLACOPHORA. 99 This species differs from Ch. janeirensis in having the lateral ribs bifid, and the sculpture generally more minute. (Sowd.) 6. New Caledonian species. CHITON OBSCURELLUs Souverbie. PI. 10, figs. 8, 9. Shell ovate-oblong, narrower in front, the back carinated; ante- rior valve radially delicately tuberculate, posterior valve scarcely umbonated, the beak subapical. Anterior margins of the lateral areas a little raised. Entire surface of all valves most minutely, densely granose-scaly. Color brown ferruginous, lusterless, with a line articulated with black and white in front of the diagonal border of each lateral area. Girdle most minutely scaly. Length 5, breadth 33 mill. (S. & JL) Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago. Chiton obscurellus Souv., Journal de Conchyl. 1866, p. 251, t. 9, f. 4. The generic position of this species is quite unknown to me. It was described from a single specimen, now in the Bordeaux Museum. CHITON SUBASSIMILIS Souverbie. PI. 10, figs. 1, 2. Shell ovate-oblong, the back carinated. End valves and lateral areas sculptured with numerous radii, more or less anastomosing and subgranulose, being decussated by growth-lines. Central areas lon- gitudinally traversed by well-impressed, subflexuous, suboblique grooves, deeper and more widely spaced toward the outer edges, becoming obsolete toward the median carina, which is smooth; visibly crossed by fine growth-striz. Entire surface extremely finely shagreened when seen under a lens. Color dark green, with numer- ous longitudinal white lines on the central areas, and small spots of the same color on the end valves. Girdle scaly-corifceous, with large alternate blotches of olivaceous and ashen. Length 20, breadth 94 mill., excluding girdle. (Sowv.) Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago. Chiton subassimilis Souv., Journ. de Conch. 1866, p. 254, t. 9, f. 2. Described from a single example, which is in the Bordeaux Museum. Souverbie compares it to assimilis Reeve. CHITON TUBERCULOSUS Souverbie. PI. 10, figs. 5, 6. Shell ovate-oblong, the back obtusely carinated; grayish-buff, with a dull white spot on each side of the carina. End valves margined 100 POLYPLACOPHORA. with two parallel series of strong tubercles, radially arranged, the inner series hardly noticeable in the posterior valve; lateral areas of the intermediate and posterior valves bordered with a single series of similar tubercles; central areas longitudinally impressed-sulcate on each side; the entire surface of valves most minutely asperulate. Girdle scaly, grayish, maculated with greenish-ashen. Length 64, breadth 34 mill. (Sow.) Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago. Chiton tuberculosus Souv., Journ. de Conch. 1866, p. 251, t. 9, £13: Described from one specimen, which isin the Bordeaux Museum. Its generic characters are not known. LePIDOPLEURUS NOEMI® Rochebr. Shell ovate elliptical, obtusely carinated, whitish, with wide ochraceous spots everywhere. Anterior valve, lateral areas of intermediate valves and posterior area of posterior valve, circularly, deeply waved, and ornamented with regularly placed bead-like tubercles; central areas smooth. Marginal ligament rather narrow, whitish, marked with distant square red spots. Length 17, breadth 10 mill. New Caledonia, M. Belligny. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-84, p. 38). GYMNOPLAX LUDOVICI& Rochebr. Shell ovate, carinated, a little obtuse; greenish variegated with white and blue spots. Anterior valve and posterior area of posterior valve radially tuberculate, the tubercles flattened. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas imbricately sulecate and bordered by a beaded line; central areas most minutely striated. Marginal ligament rather wide, shining olivaceous. Length 24, width 17 mill. New Caledonia. Rare. Mus. Paris. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-84, p. 38). GYMNOPLAX ALPHONSIN® Rochebr. Shell ovate-elliptical, car- inated, very pale green. Anterior valve and posterior area of the posterior valve radially costate, the ribs unequal, somewhat beaded. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas 5-ribbed, the ribs wide, the outer much roughened at the margin. Central areas suleate, smooth at the apices. Marginal ligament narrow, margaritaceous. Length 28, breadth 15 mill. New Caledonia (Belligny). Rare. Mus. Paris. (Rochebr.in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-84, p. 38). GYMNOPLAX RHyNCHOTUS Rochebr. Shell elongated, intensely earinated, pale rose color. Valves rostrate at the apices; anterior POLYPLACOPHORA. 101 valve and posterior part of the posterior valve smooth ; intermediate valves having the lateral areas swollen, smooth, delicately rugate internally; central areas lamellose. Marginal ligament wide, roseate. Length 14, width 9 mill. Mew Caledonia. Rare. Paris Museum. (Rochebr. in Bull, Soe. Philom. 1883-84, p. 39). 7. Australian species. HANLEYA VARIABILIS Adams and Angas. Shell oblong, whitish, variegated with blackish-brown. Valves broad, carinated; dorsal areas longitudinally densely costate, the ribs closely pustulose; lateral areas but slightly elevated, trans- versely undulately costate, the costz closely pustulose. Girdle, hav- ing short white corneous spicules at the margin, and bunches of pale spicules. Length 16, breadth 10 mill. (Ad. & Ang.). Yorke’s Peninsula, S. Australia (Coll. Angas), under stones at low water. 3 Ap. & Ane., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 194—Anaas, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 188. Carpenter surmises that this may be a second species of Angasia, but this can hardly be the case, although the girdle characters sug- gest a superficial similarity. It may be a Chetoplewra or even an Acanthochites. LEPIDOPLEURUS LIRATUS Adams and Angas. Shell small, elongated, convex; yellowish-brown, maculated with pale brown. End valves and lateral areas concentrically remotely sulcated, densely and minutely lirate, the lirse closely pustulose. Posterior valve elevated, lateral areas slightly elevated; median valves obtusely carinated in the middle; dorsal areas longitudinally lirate, the lirze closely pustulose. Girdle pale-brown, densely covered with minute scales. Length 8, width 4 mill. (Ad. & Ang.) Yorke’s Peninsula, S. Australia, under stones at low water (Angas). Lepidopleurus liratus H. Av. & Ana, P. Z.S. 1864, p. 192.— Avyaas l. c. 1865, p. 187. | The generic position of the species is unknown, but it may be an Ischnochiton of the contractus group. 102 POLYPLACOPHORA. LEPIDOPLEURUS VARIEGATUS Adams & Angas. Shell oblong, convex ; whitish, maculated with green and irregu- larly ornamented with brown, the spots closer at the sides. End valves minutely divaricately striated, at the margins radiately cos- tate and concentrically suleated. Median valves subcarinated ; dorsal [central] areas minutely divaricately striated ; lateral areas scarcely elevated, with a few tubercles, radially ribbed, at the mar- gins concentrically sulcated, the interstices minutely granulated. Girdle pale brown, covered with close small scales. Length 18, breadth 8 mill. (Ad. & Ang.) Yorke’s Peninsula, S. Australia, under stones at low water (Angas). Lepidopleurus variegatus H. ApAms & G. F. Anaas, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 192.—Anaas, l. ¢. 1865, p. 187. Generic characters unknown. Probably an Jschnochiton allied to fruticosus, divergens, ete. Carron coccus Menke. Shell elliptical, subdepressed, thin, pel- lucid, ashey. ‘Terminal valves with granose-nodulose rays, the ante- rior 11, posterior 10; other valves with the median areas granulose, marked with a brown spotin the middle, roseate posteriorly ; lateral areas on each side furnished with a pair of strong radiating granose ribs. Girdle very subtly granulose, hoary variegated with dark spots. Length 4, breadth 2 lines. (Mke., in Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1844, p- 62). North-west coast of New Holland, on Tridacna elongata. This may prove to be a Callistochiton. GYMNOPLAX URVILLFI Rochebr. Shell ovate elongated, greenish. Anterior valve and lateral areas of the intermediate valves granose, the grains generally subconical. Central areasstrongly transversely sulcate, the sulci angulose. Posterior valve granulose. Marginal ligament wide, gray, with a minutely reticulated clothing of rhombic scales. Length 27, width 15 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-81, p. 121). King George Sound [S.-W. Australia]. Rare. (Quoy & Gaim- ard). Mus. Paris. Rochebrune thinks that the “ Port du roi Georges” is in Poly- nesia ! POLYPLACOPHORA. 103 CHa&TOPLEURA BIARMATA Rochebr. Shell ovate oblong, pale rose. Anterior valve and posterior part of the posterior valve radi- ally granate. Intermediate valves having the central areas covered with straight beaded lines; lateral areas longitudinally papillose all over with papille or obtuse conic granules. Marginal ligament gray, with scattered whitish sete. Length 24, breadth 14 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 188182. p. 195). King George Sound (Quoy & Gaimard). Rare. Paris Mus. This seems to be a Chetopleura. LEPIDoPLEuRUs Fopratus Rochebr. Shell ovate elongated, fus- cescent. Anterior valve minutely radially suleate, the sulci inter- rupted by concentric lines. Intermediate valves having the central areas ornamented in front with minute undulating sulci; at the sides with many pits (“lateraliter multicavatis”’), the pits minute, ellip- tical or rounded. Lateral areas longitudinally strongly suleate and sculptured with thick concentric ribs. | Anterior part of the poste- rior valve multicavate, posterior part radially suleate. Marginal ligament rather wide, brown, scaly ; scales minute, lenticular, imbri- eating. Length 35, width 18 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1830-’81, p. 120). Australia (Verreaux). Quite rare. Mus. Paris. ScuIZOCHITON NYMPHA Rochebr. Shell elongated, very narrow, obtuse in front and behind, rounded above; schistaceous cinnamon color marked with white spots. Anterior valve smooth; posterior elliptical, hastate ; intermediate valves having the lateral areas thick, much raised, triangular. Marginal ligament narrow, schistaceous. Length 32, width 11 mill. (fochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883- "84, p. 36). Island of King (Péron & Lesueur). Very rare. Mus. Paris. CuHITon TECTUM Blainy. Body oval, short, depressed, strongly carinated in the middle; girdle quite narrow, covered with small very numerous and much crowded scales. Shell large, 8-valved, the end valves ornamented with subtuberculate rays; lateral areas of intermediate valves with 4 or 5 tuberculate rays; the central areas with some coarse straight and flat channelling. Color gray- whitish, with a series of pretty blue spots around the girdle. This pretty species, of which one example exists in the Museum, probably lives in the seas of New Holland. (Blainv.in Dict. Se. Nat. xxxvi, p. 539). 104 POLYPLACOPHORA. This species and the next four probably belong to the restricted genus Chiton. CHITON MULTIMACULATUS Blainy. Body oval, but little elon- gated, the girdle very narrow and finely scaly. Shell large, having 8 narrow valves. Median areas of the 6 intermediate valves smooth or having growth-lines only. Lateral areas with 6-8 granulous rays. End valves with the rays less granulous, straight and diverging from summit to circumference. Anterior insertion-plate divided into 15 teeth ; the posteriorinto 11; all pectinated. Color of the shell green within, and agreeably varied with interrupted lines of a black-violet on a gray ground outside. Three black spots on the posterior mar- gin of the lateral areas. (Blainv. in Dict. Se. Nat., p. 540). Port of King George, Australia. Cur1ron CLYPEuS Blainv. Shell short, oval, swollen; the lateral areas and end valves rayed from summit to circumference. Median areas nearly channelled longitudinally. General color greenish- brown, with small circular spots of aqua-marine or varied with yellow or greenish lunules. (Blainv. . ¢., p. 540). New Holland. CHITON TESTUDINARIUS Blainy. Body oval, swollen, convex, little or not carinated. Girdle covered with very small scales. Shell large, quite smooth and shining. End valves radiated above and especially below by grooves. Plate of insertion divided into 12 strongly pectinated teeth. Lateral areas of the intermediate valves indicated only by a slight carina, a little marked with lines of growth. General color greenish, with spots of darker at the border ; the shell tortoise-shell brown, varied with some lighter spots. (Blu. Dict. Se. Nat. xxxvi, p. 540). Habitat unknown, but probably Australia. CHITON ELEGANS Blainv. Shell oval, of the same form as the preceding species, but more carinated ; composed of 8 valves of nearly the same proportions; but the strongly elevated lateral areas are smooth as the median area; the end valves equally smooth. Color varied with red, black and dull white above, greenish-white within. (Blainv., Dict. Se. Nat. xxxvi, p. 540). New Holland. This may very likely be Chiton tulipa Q. & G., a South African species. It may be mentioned in this connection that Angas has aw POLYPLACOPHORA. 105 reported tulipa from Port Lincoln, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 186. His species can hardly be the true tulipa however. CHITON ELONGATUS Blainville. Body quite long, narrow, convex, rounded equally at the two extremities, not carinated; the end valves sensibly smaller proportionally than in the preceding species, but still alike. Anterior valve tuberculose throughout the greater part of its extent, its border of insertion divided into 15 very short teeth, not pectinated ; posterior valve short with 11 teeth, not at all pectinated ; the lateral areas of the intermediate valvesare quite per- ceptible ; the margin subsquamose; color extremely variable, green on each side, the middle of the back yellowish-white. (Blainv., Dict. Se. Nat. xxxvi, p. 542). Seas of Australia (Péron & Lesueur). Apparently an Ischnochiton, but certainly not determinable. CHITON LINEOLATUS Blainy. Body oval, quite long, the lateral areas of the intermediate valves less distinct than in the preceding species [ C. pictus Blv.] and having numerous strize at the borders ; the scales of the girdle very small; the teeth of insertion not pectin- ated. Color varied with small longitudinal brown spots on a yellow- ish ground. (Bluinv l. ¢., p. 541.) Island of King (Péron and Lesueur). Curron atpipus Blainv. Body oval, thick, quite depressed ; the girdle moderate and covered with short and very fine hairs. Shell large, 8-valved, proportioned nearly as in the preceding species [C. hirtosus]; the lateral areas of the intermediate valves a little indicated by a plane surface, and bordered by some strize of growth. Anterior valve festooned on its margin of adhesion, divided into 9 large and entire teeth ; the posterior valve without slits in its plate ofinsertion. Color of girdle uniform gray-brown ; shell soiled white, or grayish below, of an aqua-marine green within. (Blainv., Dict. Se. Nat. xxxvi, p. 547). Seas of the Island of King. This is evidently a Plaxiphora. Cuiron cosratus Blainv. Body oval, wider in the middle than at the ends; girdle covered with quite long hairs. Shell subearin- ated, 8-valved, the intermediate valves wider than the others, having the summit somewhat beaked, and the lateral areas separated from the median by a projecting rib. Anterior valve small, semicir- 106 POLYPLACOPHORA. cular, with 10 radiating ribs. General color of the shell yellowish, with brown spots, darker outside; white within. (Blainv., Dict. Sci: Nat. xxxvi, p. 548). Port of King George. Probably a Plaxiphora. Cuiton uHirTosus Péron. Body oval, wide, a little thick, depressed ; the girdle moderate, covered with a multitude of little squamo-spinous tubercles. Shell of 8 valves, as in the preceding species [ Liolophura gaimardi], but less long and broader; the mar- ginal strize of growth well marked, coarser; the summits of the areas little pronounced. Anterior insertion-plate very short, having 11 pectinated teeth ; that of the posterior valve almost lacking, and entire. General color white, with irregular spots of brown on the girdle. (Blainv., Dict. Se. Nat. xxxvi, p. 546). Seas of the island of King. This may be an Onithochiton or a Liolophura. 8. New Zealand species. ONITHOCHITON FILHOLI Rochebr. Shell ovate, wide, subearin- ated ; intense olivaceous concentrically ornamented with alternating buff and green lines. Anterior valve radially striated ; posterior part of posterior valve lightly suleate. Intermediate valves smooth on the central areas; the lateral areas most minutely radially striated, at the posterior part, strongly and concentrically bi-lirate. Marginal ligament wide, rubescent, silky. Length 29, width 18 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-81, p. 120). Cooke’s Strait (Filhol); common. Paris Mus. ONITHOCHITON DECIPIENS Rochebr. Shell ovate, wide, subear- inate ; olivaceous ornamented with concentric buff lines. Anterior valve radially striated ; intermediate valves having the central areas smooth ; lateral areas radially most minutely striated, laterally con- centrically bi-lirate. Ligament wide, rubescent, silky. Length 29, width 18 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-82, p. 196). Jooke’s Strait (Filhol). Rare. Paris Mus. ONITHOCHITON NEGLECTUS Rochebr. Shell ovate-elliptical, sub- earinated ; brown with scattered buff or buffish macule. Anterior valve and posterior part of the posterior valve most minutely gran- ulose. Intermediate valves having the central areas smooth, lateral —_—s POLYPLACOPHORA. 107 areas radially granose. Marginal ligament very wide, brows, satiny. Length 26, breadth 17 mill. (fochebr. in Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, 1880-’81, p. 120). Wellington, New Zealand (Quoy & Gaimard). Rare. Paris Mus. ONITHOCHITON ASTROLABEI Rochebr. Shell ovate; rubescent or green, conspicuously ornamented with concentric brown lines. Valves transversely rather narrowed, smooth. Lateral areas obscurely lirate, longitudinally and laterally lineated, the lines granulose. Marginal ligament wide, brownish, silky. Length 16, width 10 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-’81, p. 120). New Zealand (Quoy & Gaimard). Rare. Mus. Paris. LEPIDOPLEURUS MELANTERUS Rochebr. Shell ovoid, rotund ; chestnut painted with black spots. Anterior valve, posterior part of posterior valve, and lateral areas concentrically lyrate, the lyre wide and flattened. Central areas most minutely tessellated. Mar- ginal ligament narrow, dull rufous. Length 20, width 6 mill. (Rochebr.in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883-84, p. 37). Campbell Islund (Filhol). Common. Paris Mus. L¥EPIDOPLEURUS CAMPBEL’LI [sic] Filhol, Length 17, width 8 mill. Color clear yellow, last valve larger than the first, covered with concentric lines, granulated. Lateral areas marked with con- centric lines, having a concavity above. (Comptes Rendus, xci, p. 1095, 1880). Campbell I. ToniciaA GRYEI Filhol. Very variable in coloration. First and last valves smooth in old individuals, granulose in the young. Intermediate valves marked with concentric lines, parallel on the anterior border of the valve (J. ¢., p. 1095). Campbell I. PLAxtrora CAMPBEL’LI [sic] Filhol. Allied to P. biramosa Quoy, but differing from it in the greenish color, by the last valve being covered with projecting concentric lines, and by the presence of very bushy bunches of hairs, not binary (/. ¢., p. 1095). Campbell I. TonIcrIA RUBIGINOSA Hutton. Oblong; margin slightly tomen- tose ; valves rather elevated, subcarinate, flattened on each side; 108 POLYPLACOPHORA. posterior margins straight, produced into an acute central point; lateral areas indistinct, the whole surface rather coarsely granular, the granules smaller on the back. Length:45, breadth 2 inch. Color pink, getting yellowish on the back. (/TZutton.) Cook Strait; Foveaux Straits (A. Filhol.) New Zealand. Tonicia rubiginosa Hurron, Trans. N. Z. Inst. iv, p. 180 (1872) ; Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 114.—Chiton rubiginosus SwAINson in coll. ACANTHOPLEURA COMPLEXA Hutton. Oval; margin broad, velvety, with long spines scattered over it; valves depressed, flat- tened on each side, subcarinate ; posterior margins not covering the next at the corners, rather convex, and pointed in the center; ante- rior valve with radiating moniliform ridges; lateral areas of inter- mediate plates granulose with two prominent, radiating, slightly curved ridges on each side; median areas with finely granular trans- verse waved lines, which pass imperceptibly into the larger lateral granulations; posterior valve small, like the intermediate ones; centers of valves punctate internally. Length, 1 inch; breadth °d5 inch. (/Zutton). Color :—margin reddish-brown, varied with darker; valves grey- ish, more or less varied with yellowish-white, yellow, or brown. (Hutton.) Habitat unknown. Acanthopleura compleca Hutron, Trans. New Zealand Institute iv, p- 181 (1872). Hutton gives assynonyms “ Chiton aculeatus Quoy and Gaim., nee Linn., nec Barnes. Acanthopleura aculeatus Gray, Dieff. N. Z., vol. il, p. 245”; and in his Manual of N. Z. Moll., 1880, he places com- plexa in the synonymy of Mopalia ciliata. It is obvious that the first references are incorrect, Quoy’s aculeatus being merely a form of Acanthopleura spinigera, with which species Hutton’s description can in no way be made to agree. Whether complexais astray spec- imen of Mopalia (an exclusively North Pacific genus) can only be decided by an examination of the type. Von Martens has so affirmed (Zool. Ree. x, p. 151). 9. West Indian species. LEPIDOPLEURUS CoRROSUS Rochebr. Shell ovate, subearinated ; ashen, covered with minute black points. Anterior valve, posterior area of posterior valve and lateral areas of intermediate valves cor- POLY PLACOPHORA. 109 roded. Central areas covered with minute rod-like (“‘virguliform”) strie. Marginal ligament rather wide, white, ornamented with alternate ashen and orange spots. Length 15, breadth 8 mill. (Rochebr., in Bull. Soc. Philom, 1883-84, p. 36). Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Rare. Mus. Paris. GYMNOPLAX SPICIFERUS Rochebr. Shell elongated, carinated ; rose red striated with green lines. Posterior valve obtusely umbo- nated. Anterior valve, posterior part of the posterior valve, and lateral areas of the intermediate valves clothed with radiating beaded ribs. Central areas sculptured with branching sharp radial sulci. Marginal ligament narrow, white, ornamented with elongated green spots. Length 29, breadth 12 mill. (Rochebr.,in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883-84, p. 36). Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Rare. Mus. Paris. OnrIrocHIToNn [sic] PRuINOsuM Rochebr. Shell elongated, rotund ; whitish ornamented with green dots and red spots. | Ante- rior valve, posterior area of the posterior valve, and lateral areas of the intermediate valves regularly and concentrically sulcate ; central areas sculptured with most minute, interrupted, subdichoto- mous strie. Marginal ligament narrow, frosted. Length 27, breadth 10 mill. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883-84, p. 30). Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Quite common. Maus. Paris. ONITHOCHITON MARGARITIFERUM Rochebr. Shell elliptical ; pale rufous, painted with red spots. Anterior valve, posterior part of the posterior valve and lateral areas of the intermediate valves ribbed, the ribs tuberculate. Central areas minutely striated, strize clothed with acute denticles. Marginal ligament very narrow, rufous. Length 10, breadth 5 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-84, p. 35). Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Rare. Mus. Paris. 10. South American Species. CHITON GLAUCocINCTUS Frembly. PI. 10, fig. 12. Shell oblong ovate, reddish, marked with alternate brown and greenish blue stripes. Valves eight, the first and last radiated; dorsal valves smooth, divided into two parts by a transverse ridge ; posterior compartment grooved. Border broad, granulate, pink, 110 POLYPLACOPHORA. with brown spots. Length four-tenths of an inch, breadth one quarter. . 08 10 | Coneinnus Gld. xiv, ee G 15 | Concinnus Sowb. xv, gto 53 | Confossa Gld. xiv, 210 . 116 | Consimilis Nutt. xiv, . 295 . 290 | Conspersa Ang. xiv, . 824 . 290 | Conspicua Cpr. xiv, 63 81 | Conspicuus Cpr. xiv, . 63 69 | Constanti Vel. xv, 80 . 156 | Contractus Rv. xiv, 93 . 197 | Convexus Blainv. xiv, 228 . 199 | Cooperi Cpr. xiv, 127 149 | Coppingeri Smith, xiv, 275 57 | Coquimbensis Fremb. xiv, . 253 52 | Corallinus Risso. xiv, 181 148 | Coreanicus Ad. & Rv. xiv, 129 59 | Corephiwm Gray, xiv, 218 48 | Corrosus Roch. xv, 108 49 | Corrugatus Cpr. xiv, . 124 . 88 | Corrugatus Rv. xiv, 284 51, 59 | Corticata Hutt. xiv, 320 . 826 | Costatus Ad. & Ang. xv, 40 295 | Costatus Blv. xv, 105 303 | Costatus C. B. Ad. xiv, Loe 69 | Couthouyi Roch. xv, 113 69 | Cranchianus Leach, xiv, 49 238 | Craspedochilus Sars. xiv, 67 81 | Craspedochilus Sars. xv, 62 68 | CRAsPEDOcHITON Shutt. foe cae 285 283 | Crassicostatus Pils. 264 14 | Craticulatus Gld. xv. 84 .. 110 | Crenulata Sowb. xiv, 195 | Crenulatus Loc. xiv, 284 69 | Crinitus Penn. xv, 10 124 | Crispus Rv. xiv, 89 INDEX. 125 Crocinus Rv. xv, ‘ 67 | Diochiton Th. xv, 85 Cryprocuiron Midd. xv, 48 Discolor Souv. xiv, ~ 176 Cryproconcnus Bly. & | Discors Mat. & Rack. xiv,. 49 Guild, xv, ; 25 Discrepans Brown, xv, 12 CRYPTOPLACIDZ xv, 51 | Disjunctus Fremb. xiv, 212 CryprorLax Bly. xv, 51,52 | Dispar Ad. xiv, ne Culliereti Roch. xv, : 111 Dispar Sowb. xiv, lait Cultratus Cpr. xv, / 82) |) Dissimillis Riv. xiv, . 184 Cumingi Fremb. xiv, . . 164 | Divergens Reeve, xiv, 90 Cumingsii Fremb. xiv, . 165 | Dorie Capell. xiv, 49 Cunninghami Rve. xiv, . 225 | Dorsuosus Had. xiv, . 135 Cupreus Cpr. xiv, . 828 | Douglasie Gray, xv, 42 Curtisianus Smith, xiv, eA Curvata Cpr. xiv, Te Curvatus Cpr. xiv, eG | Hehinatum Bar. xiv, 218 Cyaneopunctatus a xiv, Kcehinotus Bly. xv, 30) 135; xv, ” _ 82 | Ectypus Roch. xv, 89 CyaNoPLax Pils. xiv, 40, Egregia H. Ad. xiv, 331 44; xv, 63 | Elegans Blv. xv, . 104 Cymbiola Sowb. 3 XIV, 186 | Elegans Fremb. xiv, 196 Cymbium xv, 88 Elenensis Sow. xiv, 267 | Elevata Pils. xiv, 300 Dacrydigera Roch. xv, 111 | Ellinensis Sow. xiv, 268 Dakariensis Roch. XV, _ 29 | Hlongatus Blv. xv, he Dallii Had. xiv, 133. Elongatus Rve. xiv, 236 Daniellii Sowb. xv; 15 | Emersonii Couth.xv, 44 Dawsonia Cpr. xiv, . 989 | Empleurus Hutt. xv, 67 Dah Coes 18 | ENoPLocHitTon Gray, x1V, ; Webeputapecauyes | 19) |) a Re eee Defilippii Tap.-Can. xiv, 243 | Eochiton Fisch. xiv, 00.4) Decipiens Cpr. xiv, 123 Erueiformes Sowb. XV, 57 Decipiens Roch. xv, 106 | Krythronotus Ad. xiv, : 104 Decipiens Tib. xiv, O84 Eschscholtzii Midd. xiv, . 300 Decoratus Cpr. xiv, 269;xv, 87 Estuarii Chier. xiv, - 181 Decussatus Rv. xiv, 93, 94 EUDOXOCHITON Sh u ela Densiliratus Cpr. xiv, HAGD XIV, Ae : . 149, 192 Dentatus Spengl. xiv, 84; Euplew Costa, ee ee nel XV,. ' 68 Euplaxiphora Shutt. xiv, Denticularis Chem. Xv, 157 ; 1, MLeEE sete Dentiens Gld. xiv, 73; xv, 65 | Evanidus Sowb. XIV, . . 145 Depressus Blv. xv, ’ 97 | Exaratus Sars. xiv, . ery | DEsHAYESIELLA Cpr. xiv, 1, 16 | Excavatus Gray, X1V, « - 1657 Diarthrochiton Fisch. xiv,xxi TEexquisitus Pils. Ve 23 Dichachiton Midd. xiv, Xvii | Exiguus Sowb. ING of ge Dieffenbachii Rv. xiv, Bor Excurvata Cpr. ais - 3827 Diegoensis Pils. xv, 25 Expressus Cpr. xiv, . 268 Dimorphus Roch. xy, LTS DINoPLax, Cpr. xiv, 254 | Fallax Cpr. xiv, 59 126 FanneEtrtiA Dall, xiv, 195, 212 Fannia Cpr. xiv, . 212 Fannyia Gray, xiv, . 212 Fasciatus Q. & G. xv, a Oe Fasciatus Ry. xv, : OO Fasciatus Wood, xiv, . 156 Fascicularis L. xv, . Se) Fastigiata Gray, xiv, : Ferrugineus Spengl. xv, . 72 Festivus Bly. xv, ‘ GS Flavescens Cpr. xiv, Moe Flectens Cpr. xv, : . 64 Flemmingius Leach, xiv, . 41 Floccatus Sowb. xv, . ~~ 90 Floridanus Dall, xy, . oud Floridanus Pils. xiv, . 58 Fluxa Cpr. xiv, : . 281 Fodiatus Roch. xv, _. . 103 Fontainei Roch. xiv, . 204 Forbeswi Cpr. xiv, 196 Formosus Rv. xv, : os Fortiliratus Rv. xiv, . e207 Foveolatus Sowb. xiv, 157 Fragilis Monts. xiv, 103 Francisia Cpr. xiv, 219 Freelandi Fbs. xiv, 182 Frembleti Brod. xiv, 318 Frembleya H. Ad. xiv, . 390 FREMBLYA H. Ad. xiv, 312, 330 Fremblyi Brod. xiv, . . 318 Frigida Roch, xiv, oly, Fruticosus Gld. xiv, . s EOL Filholi Roch. xv, 106 Filosus Cpr. xiv, 258 Fimbriatus Cpr. xiv, 265 Fimbriatus Sowb. xv, to Fissa Cpr. xiv, sy DEO Fulgetrum Rv. xy. 68 Fuliginatus Ad. & Ry. AL, 10, 4 Fulminatus Couth. xiv, . Al Fulvus Wood, xv, _ . eel Funiculatus Cpr. xiv, . 108 Furtivus Monts. xv, oD Fuscatus Brown, xiv, 69 Fuscatus Leach, xiv, . ey kA Fuscus Gmel. xv, ; Weare Gabbi Pils. xiv, - 270 INDEX. Gaditanus Chemn. xv, Gaimardi Blv. xiv, Gambiensis Roch. xv, Garnoti Blv. xv, Gaudichaudi Roch. xy, Gemmatus Blainy. xiv, Gemmea Cpr. xiv, Gemmulatus Shuttlw. xiv, Georgianus Q. & G. xiy, Georgus Th. xv, Giganteus Tiles. xv, Gigas Gmel. xiv, Glaucocinctus Fremb. xv, . ahi ~ O20 Glaucus Gray, xiv, . Glaucus Q. & G. xiy, Globulosus Chier. xv, Goodallii Brod. xiv, Gothicus Cpr. xv, Gracilis Jetty. xv, Granatus Ry. xiv, Graniferus Sowb. xiv, Granofilosus Cpr. xiv, XV, | Granosus Fremb. xiv, Granulatus Gmel. xiv, Granulosus Fremb. xv, Grayi Ad. & Ang. xiv, ) Grayi Cpr. xiv, . Grayi Sowb. xiv, Gryei Filh. xv, GUILDINGIA Cpr. xiv, 312 Guildingi Ry. xiv, Gunnii Ry. xv, Gymnoplacide Gr ay, 3 XIV, Gymnoplax Gray, xiv, Haddoni Pils. xiv, Hakodadensis Cpr. xiv, Hahni Roch. xiv, Hamachiton Midd. xi, Hamatus Roch. xv, _ . Hamyi Roch. Hanleia Cpr. xiv, : HANLEYA Gray xiv . Hanleyia Dall, xiv Hanleyi Bean, xiv, Hartwegii Cpr. xiv, 72 . 240 95 14 118 - 999 ol al | 241 88 49 955 109 10 191 65 ii 220 . 200 . 148 Granoliratus Cpr. xiv, 14; 62 _ 167 297 110 21 . 804 - 200 107 , 329 / 291 54 | 150 - 150 88 ay 318, 319 xvii INDEX. 127 Hastatus Sowb. xv, 60 | ISCHNOCHITONID®, xiv, 253 Helioradsia Th. xy, 70 | IscCHNOCHITONIN®, xiv, 254 HEMIARTHRUM Cpr., xiv, i 19 | IscoNoPLAX Cpr. xiv, 64 Hemphillia Cpr. xiv, . . 256 | Ischnoradsia Cpr. xiv, 139 Hemphilli Pils. xv, 34 IscanorapsiA Shuttlew . Hennahi Gray, xiv, eS) xiv, ; 144 Heterodon Pils. xiv, . 276 | Islandicus Gmel. XIV, 14 HETEROZONA Cpr. xiv, 65 | Involutus Cpr. xv, 30 Heurteli Roch. xv, _ . > ood Hindsii (Sowb.) Ry. xiv, . 296 | Jacobeeus Gld. xiv, 267 Hirtosus Péron. xy, . 106 | Jamaicensis Cpr. xiv, . 108 Hirudiniformis Sowb. xv, 27 | Janeirensis Gray, xiv, 37 Holochiton Fisch. xiv, . xxi | Janetrensis Rve. xiv, 39 Hookeri Gray, xv, . 16 | Japonicus Lisch. xiv, . . 242 Horniana Roch. xiv, . . 203 | Jaspideus Gld.xv, . eee) Huttoni Pils. xiv, 194 | Joallesi Roch. xv, 30 Hyadesi Roch. xv, 112 | Jucundus Roch. xv, 29 Jugosus Gld. xiv, : 178 Icoplax Thiele, xv, 62,63 | Juloides Ad. & Ang. xiv, 5d Illuminatus Rv. xiv, eo Imitator Smith, xiv, 116 | Kalison Adans. xv, 13 Imporcata Cpr. xiv, . 802 | Katuarina Gray, xv, 41 Inca d’Orb. xv, . : . 79 | Kennerleyt Cpr. xiv, 304 Incana Haddon, xiv, . . 243 | Kerguelensis Had. xiv, NZ Incanus Gld. xiv, 241 Incarnatus Nutt. xv, 114 | Labeculatus Ry. xiv, ue: Incarnatus Ry. xiv, 81 | Levigatus Flem. xiv, . 41 Inewi Rv. xiv, 248 | Leevigatus Sowb. xiv, 109 Incisus Sowb. xiv, 235 | Levis Lam. xv, ‘ 56 Indus Gm. xv, : . 116 | Levis Mont. xiv, 49; xv, 67 Infortunatus Pils. xiv, . 266 | Levis Penn. xiv, 81 Infuseatus Schn. xv, 64 | Levis Rv. xv, . 57, 60 Inornatus Nutt. xv, 114 | Lamellosus Q. & G. xv, 209 TInornatus T.-W. xv, 68 | Lanuginosus Cpr. xiv, 257 Inquinatus Ry. xiv, 90 Laqueatus Sowb. xiv, 285 Insculpta Souv. xv, 89 | Larveeformis Bly. xv, 56 Inseulptus Ad. xiv, 177 | Larveformis Rv. xv, 55 Insignis Newe. xiv, . 300 | Lateritius Shutt. xiv, 105 Insignis Rve. xiv, : . 42 | Latus Guild. xv, 60 Insularis Roch. 183 | Latus Leach, xiv, 81 Intergranosus Cpr.xivy, . 93 | Latus Lowe xiv, 41 Internexus Cpr. xiv, 12,5 | Latus Sowb. xiv, 161 Interruptus Cpr. xiv, 166 | Leachi Blv. xv, . : Bene Interstinetus Gld. xiv, 119 | Lebruni Roch. xiv, . 205 Intricandus Cpr. xiv. 91 | Lentiginosus Sowb. xiv, 135 Intricatus Cpr. xiv, 91 | Lentiginosus Sowb. xv, 82 Isabellei Orb. xiv, 35 | LepIipOPLEURID#, xiv, heme IscHNOCHITON Gray, xiv, 58, 86 | Lepidopleurus Cpr. xiv, 125, 86 128 INDEX. Lepidopleurus H. & A. Ad. XIV, : 2 LrprporLrurus Risso. XIV, cate Lepidoradsia Cpr. xiv, : 144 Lerprpozona Pils. xv, Oe Lepidus Gld. xiv, : ie elf Leptochitona Gray, xiv, . 150 Leptochiton Gray, xiv, bare, LEPTorLax Cpr. xv,7; xiv, 25 Lignosus Gld. xiv, . . 299 Limaciformis Sowb. xiv, . 57 Limans Cpr. xiv, : . 176 Lindholmi Schr. xiy, Sorrel Lineata Wood, xiv, eae Lineolata Hutt. xv, . woe Lineolatus Blv. xv, . . 105 Lineolatus Frem. xiv, gS Linter Ry. xv, 13 LIoLOPHURA Pils. xiv, 234, 23 LIOLOPHURIN& Pils. xiv, . 232 Liratus Ad. & Ang. xv, . 101 Literatus Kr. xiv, f PAT Lividus Midd. xiv, . yrds: Lobatus Cpr. xv, ; od Logpopuax Pils. xv, . . 38 Longicynba Auct.xiv, . 88 Longicymba Quoy, xiv, . 87 Loochooanus B. & S. xiv, . 244 Lophyriscus Thiele, xv, =. 75 Lophyrus Poli. xiv, . L49 Lophyrus Sars. xv, . On Lorica Ads. xiv, 1230, 256 LoRIcELLA Pils. xiv, 234, 238 Tueia Gld. xiv, ; P41) Lueilina Dall, xv, . 5 ite) Ludoviciz Roch. xy, . » LOO Inudwigi Kr. xiv, : ey) Lugubris Gld.xv, : Soke Lurida Sowb. xiv, . 5 8S) LuridusSowb. xiv, . LSS Lusitanicus Tiles. xv, Aa Intulatus Shutt. xiv, . EO Luzonicus Sowb. xv, Fo kot) Lyellii Sowb. xiv, : . 247 Lyratus Sowb. xiv. . 184 Macandrei Cpr. xiv, . . 182 Macandrellus Cpr. xv, . 31 Macgillivrayi Ad. xiv, . 224 Macgillivrayi Cpr. xiv, - LO Maculatus Gm. xy, . lig Magdalenensis Hds. xiv, . 62 Magdalensis xiv, z - Oe Magellanicus Gmel. xiv, . 227 Magnificus Dh. xiv, . - £60 Magnificus Gray, xiv, . 225 Maillardi Dh. xiv, . . 250 Margaritiferum Roch. xv, . 109 Marginatus auct. xiv, . 49 Marginatus Monts. et al. xiv, 70 Marginatus Penn. xiv, . 69 Marquesanus Pils. xiv, ee et Marmoratus Gmel. xiv, . 158 Marmorea Fab. xiv, . 4 Marmoreus Chem. xiv, Suiliays: Marmoreus Fabr. xiv, . Al Marmoreus Ry. xiv, . 156 Martieli Roch. xiv, . 203 Maugerella Cpr. xiv, 3 01 MAUGERIA Gray, xiv, . 226 Mauritianus Q. & G. xiv, . 188 Maximus Ch. xiv. : . 255 Mecynoplax Th. xv, . . OZ Mediterraneus ae Ry. Xiv, . 103 Melanotrephus Roch. XV; ee Melanterus Roch. xv, Oe Melphictensis Poli. xiv, . 283 Mendicaria Migh. xiv, . 8 Mendicarius Migh. xiv, . 18 Meneghinii Cap. xiv, . . 108 Merckii Esch. xiv, . . 300 Mertensii Midd. xiv, . 2 25 Mesoglyptus Pils. xiv, . 164 Mesoromura Pils. xiv, . 218 Metallicus Rv. xiv, . 145 Micropuax Ad. xiv, 2, pa MIDDENDORFFIA Cpr. xiv, [278, 282 Middendorffii Sehr. xiv, . 301 Millert Gray, xiv, ae I i// Miles Cpr. xiv, . ; “189 Miniaceus Cpr. xiv, . LTS Minimus Chem. xiv, . 5 els Minimus Gmel. xiv, . Pelosi | Minimus Monts. xv, . ey a Minimus Spengl. xiv, Mirabilis Pils. xiv Modesta Cpr. xiv, Molpalia Gray, xiv, Montanoi Roch. xv, Montereyensis Cpr. xiv, Monticularis Q. & G., xv, Montrouzieri Souv. xv, Mopattia Gray, xiv, MopaLiiIp& xiv, Mopauiopsts Th. xv, Mucronulatus Shutt. xiv, Multicostatus C. B. Ad. xiv, Multicostatus Dall, xiv, Multidentatus Cpr. xiv, 85; XV, Minltimaeculatus Bi XV, Muricatus Ad. xiv, Muricatus Tiles. xv, Murrayi Had. xiv, 161; xy Muscarius Ry. xiv, Muscosus Gld. xiv, Nagelfar Lov. xiv, Nebulosus Cpr. xiv, Nebulosus Wood. xiv, Neglectus Roch. xv, Newcombia Cpr. xiv, Newcombi Cpr. xiv, Nexus Cpr. xiv, Nicobaricus Chem. xiv, Niger Bar. xiv, Nigropunctata Cpr. xiv, Nigrovirens Blainy. xiv, Nobilis Gray; xiv,,; 0%. Nobilis (Ry *) Cpr. KIv, Noemize Roch. xv, Noropuax Ad. xv, Noveehollandiz Gray, xiv, Nuttallii Cpr. xiv, NUTTALLINA Cpr. xiv, Nympha Roch. xy, Obesus Shutt. xiv, Obscurellus Souv. xv, Obtecta Cpr. xiv, Obtusus Cpr. xiv, Occidentalis Rve. xiv, INDEX. 129 81 | Oculatus Q. & G. xv, 55 . 263 | Oculatus Rv. xv, -. 53 324 Olivaceus Fremb. xiv, Sabot 294 Olivaceus Speng. xiv, . 180 58 | Oniscus Kr, xiv, : 100 300 OnrrHocHiton Gray, xiv, Si [234, 244 90 Onyx Speng. xiv, seal! 294 | Onythochiton Gray, xiv, 244 293 | Ornatus Nutt. xiv, 295 110 Ornithochiton Cpr. xiv, 244 229 Oryza Spengl. xiv, 71 65 ~ Osteochiton Dall, xiv, 294 o7 | Ovata Hutt. xiv, 332 Owenti Gray, xiv, 222, 65 104 Pachylasme Seg. xv, 95 175 Pagenstecheri Pfeffr. xiv, 12 114 | Pallasii Midd. xv, 45 88 Pallidulus Rve. xiv, 95 132 | Pallidus Rv. xiv, 89 295 | PaLLocuiton Dall, xiv, 256 Palmulatus Cpr. xiy,. 262 18 Papilio Spengl. xv, 12 134 Papillosus Ad. xiv, 114 230 Parallelus Cpr. xiv, 3b4 106 | Patulus Sowb. xiv, 166 290 | Pectinatus Cpr. XIV, 129 120 | Pectinatus Sowb. xiv, . 64 11,5 Pectinulatus Cpr. xiv, 2129 221 | Pellisserpentis Q. & G. xiv, 173 252 | Penicillatus Dh. xv, 5 207 Pergranatus Dall, xiv, 6 187 Peroni Roch. xv, 58 193 Perornatus Cpr. xiv, . (ng 3 Pertusus Rve. xiv, 103 100) Peruviana Lam. xiv, 28 31 |) Perwianus Lam. xiv, 29 145 | Perviridis Cpr. xiv, 170 46 Petaloides Gld. xiv, 118 277 | Petasus Rv. xiv, 311 103 Petholatus Sowb. xiv, A223 Phacellopleura Cp. Xv, 38 226 Phakellopleura Guild. XY, 8 99 | Phenochiton Midd. xiv, .xvul 330 | Phaseolinus Monts. xv, 94 134 | Philippii Issel. xiv, 182 228 | Piceolus Shutt. xv, 88 130 Piceus Angas, xv, Piceus Gmel. xiv, Piceus Rve. xiv, Pictus Bean, xiv, Pictus Bly. xv, Pictus Rve. xiv, Picus Rve. xiv, Placiphora Cpr. xiv, . PLACIPHORELLA Cpr. xiv, Placophora Dall, xiv, PriacopHoropsis Pils. xiv, 3 Planatus Spengl. xv, Platessa Gld. xiv, Platymerus Sowb. xv, Platysemus Midd. xiv, PLAXIPHORA Gray, xiv, Plumeus Cpr. xv, Plumosa Cpr. xiv, Plumosus Gld. xiv, Peciloplax Th. xv, Politi Desh. xiv, Politi Phil. xiv, Politus Speng. xiv, Polychetus Bly. xv, Polyophtalmus Roch. xiv, Porifera Pils. xiv, Porochiton Fisch. xiv, Porosus Burrow, xv, . Porphyreticus Rv. xv, Porphyrius Sowb. xiv, Porrecta Cpr. xv, Prasinatus Cpr. xiv, Princeps Cpr. xiv, Productus Cpr. xiv, Productus Ry. xiv, Proprius Ry. xiv, Proteus Rve. xiv, Pruinosum Roch. xv, Pruinosus Gld. xiv, Pseudodentiens Cpr. xiv, Ptygmata Roch. xv, Pulchellus Cpr. xiv, Pulchellus Gray, xiv, Pulchellus Phil. xiv, Pulcherrimus Sowb. xiv, Pulchrior Cpr. xiv, Pulvinatus Cpr. xiv, . Punctatus Strom, xiv, INDEX. 91 , Punctatus Whiteaves, xv, . 78 228 | Punceticulatus Rv. xiv, 248, 258 226 | Punctulata Kr. xiv, . 100 41 | Punctulatus Leach, xiv, . 49 88 | Punctulatissimus Sowb. xiv, 115 211 | Puniceus Couth. xiv, . roe 111 | Purpurascens Ad. xiv, a 5 }c} 311 | Purpurascens Ad. xv, cama 305 | Pusillus Sowb. xiv, 280 311 } Pusio Sowb,. xiv, 133; scv, anes 313 | Pustulatus Kr. xv, ates 68 | Pygmeus Pils. xv, . . 28 49 : 115 ; Quatrefagei Roch. xv, ./ 96 xvii | Quercinus Gld. xiv, 248 811 | Quoyi Desh. xiv, 172 298 | Radians Cpr. xv, : ile, 329 | Rapsra Gray, xiv, . 151, 189 88 | RapsiELuA Pils. xiv, . 139 181 | Radsiella Thiele xv, . ah ae 284 | Rarinota Jeffr.xv, . sis: 186 | Raripilosus Blv. xv, 116 30 | Rawakana Roch. xv, . cee 236 | Regularis Cpr. xiv, 142 297 | Reteporosus Cpr. xv, . a eae XX1 | Reticulatus Rv. xiv, . LOR 36 | Retiporosus Cpr. xiv, ie 3 Retusus Sowb. xiv, 288 323 | Rissoi Payr. xiv, : 102 19 | Roseus Blv. xv, ‘ wal 34 | Roseus Sowb. xiv, » LS 50.| Rostratus Rv. xv, : Oe 26 | Rhodeus Pils. xv, : . 26 57 | Rhodoplax Thiele xv, Sane: 111 | Rhopalopleura Th. xv, Seis: 91 | Rhygophilum Roch. xv, . 93 109 | Rhynchotus Roch. xv, —. : 100 109 | Rhyssoplax Th. xv, . 309 14 | Rubellus Cpr. xiv, ~. 29082 97 ! Rubellus Nardo, xiv, . 181 266 | Ruber L. xiv, 80; xv, -. 63 271 | Ruber Speng. xiv, . ae 182 Rubicundus Costa xiv, 182 130 | Rubiginosa Hutt. xv, . 107 272 | Rubridens Pils. xiv, » 202 179 | Rubrolineatus Lisch. xv, . 18 Al | Rubrotineta Cpr. xiv, . 26 © rae el INDEX. 131 Rudis Hutt. xiv, . 238 | Serratus Cpr. xv, 78 Fuficostatus Cpr. xiv, . 38 | Setiger King, xiv, 316 Rugatus Cpr. xiv, 11 | Setosus Sowb. xiv, 292 Rugosa Sowb. xiv, . 290 Setosus Tiles. xv, 114 Rugulatus Sowb. xiy, 110; _ Setulosum Cpr. xiv, 20 xy; 81 Shuttleworthianus Pils. xiv, , 273 Rugulosus Ang. XIV, 249 Siculoides Cpr. xiv, 179 Rugulosus Sowb. SVs 114 | Siculus Gray, xiv, 180 Rusticus Desh. xiv, 186 Simplex Cpr. xiv, 320 Simpsont Gray, xiv, 300 Saccharina Dall, xv, 66 Smaragdinus Ang. xiv, Lot Sagrinatus Couth. xiv, 71 | Sinclairi Gray, xiv, 174 Salamander Speng. xiv, 228 | Sinuata Cpr. xv, 303 Sanguineus Dh. xy, 67 | Sinudentatus Cpr. xiv, 128 Sanguineus Ry. xiv, 57. Sitkensis Midd. xiv, -44 Sarcophagus Cpr. xiv, 274 | Sitkensis Rv. xv, 49 Savatiert Roch. xiv, 317 | Solea Sowb. xiv, 98 Savignyi Pils. xiv, 277 | Solidior Cpr. xiv, 76 Seaber Bly. xv, 31 | Solidus Cpr. xiv, 64 Scaber Chem. xiv, 156 Sowerbiana Rv. xiv, 39 Seaber Rv. xiv, 280 Sowerbianus Ry. xiv, 39 Scabra Cpr. xiv, 280 Sowerbyanus Rv. xiv, 39 Scabra Ry. xiv, 280 Sowerbyt Cpr. xiv, 92 Seabricostatus Cpr. xiv, 121 | Sowerby: Rv. xiv, 5 eal! Seabricostatus Cpr. xv, 76 Sparsus Sowb. xiv, shy: Scabriculus Sowb. xiv, 33 Spectosus Ad. & Ang. xiv, 93, 95 Scabridus Jeffr. xv, 94 | Speciosus H. Ad. xv, 32 Scarabeus Ry. xiv, . 158 Spengleri Blv. xv, 88 ScHizocHiton Gray, xiv, Spiciferus Roch. xv, 109 [233, 234 Spiculosus Rv. xv, 22 Scu1zopiax Dall, xiv, 46 Spiniferus Fremb. xiv, 219 Schrammi Shuttlew. xiv, 205 Spinigera Sow. xiv, 222 ScLEROCHITON Cpr. xiv, Spiniger Sow. xiv, 221 [151, 188 Spinosus Brug. xiv, 220 Scoticus Leach, xiv, . 14. Spinulosa Gray, xiv, 38 Serobiculatus Midd. xiv, 76 Spinulosus Gray, xiv, 3 Seulptus Sowb. xiv, 92 SpoNGIOCHITON me xly, Scutiger Ads. & Rv. xv, POA Oy xy, r§ Scytoderma Se. xiv, 182 | SpoNnGIoRApstA Pils. XV, 65 Scytodesma Scac. xv, 89 | Squalidus Ad. xiv, 291 Segmentatus Ry. xiv, 38 Squammulosus Dollf. RAV Ow Semilevis Cpr. Xiv, 184 | Squamosus Chem. xiv, 157 Semisculptus Pils. xiv, 247 | Squamosus Linn. xiv, 155; Senegalensis Roch. xv, S15) || eae ee : : : OS Septemvalvis Mont. xiv, 49 | Squamosus of authors, xiv, 154 Sererorum Roch. xv, 96 | Squamosus Pol. erue et al., Serpens Cpr. xv, 60 xiv, . 180 132 Squamulosus Ad. xiv, Stangert Rv. xiv, Stectoplax Cpr. xv, Steinenii Pffr.. Stelleri Midd. xv, SrenocHiton Ad. & Ang. XIV, SrENOPLAX Cpr. xiv, STENORADSIA Cpr. xiv, Stenosemus Midd. xiv, Stercorarius Roch. xv, Stereochiton Cpr. xiv, 52; V; : Stereoplau Thiele XV, Stewartianus Roch. xv, Stigma Costa, xv, Stimpsoniella Cpr. xv, Stimpsonii Gld. xiv, Stokesii Brod. xiv, Stramineus Sowb. xiv, Streptochiton Cpr. xiv, Stretochiton xv, Striatosquamosus Cpr. xiv, Striatus Barnes xiv, Striatus Chier. xiv, Striatus Lam. xv, Striatus of authors, xiv, Striolatus Gray, xiv, Strigatus Sowb. xv, Styema Roch, xv, Subassimilis Souv. xv, Subatrata Pils. xiv, Subcariosa Cpr. xiv, Subcariosus Pils. xiv, Subclathratus Pils. xiv, Subfuscus Sowb. xiv, . Subgigas Bly. xiv, Submarmorea Midd. xiv, Sueuril Blv. xv, Sulecatus Q. & G. xiv, Sulcatus Risso. xiv, Sulcatus Risso. xiv, Sulcatus Wood, xiv, 192; XV, i é Suezensis Ry. xiv, Superba Cpr. xiv, Swainsoni Sowb. xiv, . Swannwi Cpr. xiv, INDEX. 106 | Symmetrogephyrus Midd. xy, 48 177 | Sypharochiton Th. xv, . oe 9 82 | Tectum Bly. xv, .. 108 48 | Tehuelchus Orb. xiv, . 205 | Tehuelchus d’Orb. xv, Svea 55 | Tenuisculptus Cpr. xiv, . 112 56 | Tenuistriatus Sowb. xiv, . 188 61 | Terminalis Cpr. xiv, . 326 xvii | Tessellata Pils. xiv, . 243 29 | Tessellatus Q. & G. XIV, . slo | Tessellatus Wood, xiv, 154, nay 68 | Testudinarius Bly. KV, 104 74 | Testudo Speng. xv, 92 37 | Tetrica Cpr. xiv, 287 95 | Textilis Gray, xiv, 98 92 | Textilis Nutt. xv, 114 307 | Thalassinus Gm. xv, 116 165 | Thouarsiana Roch. xv, 114 19°) Mierinus Kirin, 143 . 39 Tigris Speng. xiv, 156 19 | Tomochiton Fisch. xiv, Xxl 168 | TonicELLA Cpr. xiv, 40,xv, 66 161 | Tonrcra Gray, xiv, . 149, 194 181 | Toniciella Th. xv, 66 3 | Toniciopsis Th. xv, 89 168 Torresianus Roch. xv, 58 105 | Tortwosus Cpr. xiv, 3 60 | TRACHYDERMON Cpr. xv, . 62 27 | TracuyRapsta Cpr, xv, 68 99 | Tridaena Roch. xv, 41 201 | Tridentatus Pils. xiv, 140 143 | Trifidus Cpr. xv, 86 67 | Tristis Roch. xv, 28 124 | Tropicalis Dall, xiv, . 19 162. Truncatus Sow. xiv, 211 256 Tuberculatus L. xiv, » L538 42 | Tuberculatus Schroet. xiv, . 228 30 Tuberculiferus Sowb. xiv, . 219 188 | Tuberculosus Souv. xv, 99 2 | Tulipa Q. & G 185 180 | Tunicata Wood, xv, 41 _ Turgidus Roch. xv, 29 89 | 206 | Unciniferus Roch. xv, 59 319 | Undatus Speng. xiv, 154 201 | Undulatus Q. & G. xiv, 245 304. Undulatus Sowb. xv, aS Unguiculatus Blainy. xiv, . Unicolor Pils. xiv, Urvillei Roch. xv, Ustulatus Rve. xiv, Vaillantii Roch. xv, INDEX. 228 ; Virgatus Rv. xiv, 78; xv, . . 144 | Virgulatus Sowb. xiv, . 102 | Viridior Cpr. xiv, 96 | Viridis Pse. xv, ; Viridis Q. & G. xiv, . 97 | Viridis Speng. xiv, Variabilis Ad. & Ang. XY, . 101 Variegatus Ad. & ae: xv, 102 Variegatus Phil. xiv, Velata Cpr. xiv, Velatus Sowb. xv, Veneris Roch. xv, Veredentiens Cpr. xiv, Vermiformis Bly. xv, Versicolor Ad. xiv, Versicolor Sowb. xv, . Vespertinus Gld. xiv, Vestitus Sowb. xv, Violacea Nord. xv, Violaceus Q. & G., Virescens Ry. xiv, 10 Viridulus Couth. xiv, Volvox Rv. xiv, | Vulgaris Leach. xv, | Wahlbergi Kr. xiv, Watsoni Sowb. xv, | Wosnessenskii Midd. xiv, Yerburyi Sm. xiv, Zealandicus auct. xv, Zelandicus Q. & G. xv, Zigzag Hutt. xiv, Zonatus Bly. xv, Zschaui Pffr. xiv, 72 ORDER OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. Suborder TECTIBRANCHIATA. Hermaphrodite, Opisthobranchiate, Gastropods, with one branch- ial plume situated on the right side; mantle and shell developed. This suborder differs from the Nudibranchiata in the asymmetrical unpaired gill, the development of a mantle and shell, etc. Itis a synthetic type, from which in the remote past, the Nudibranchiata and Pulmonata have no doubt been derived. Fischer has proposed a classification of this group which seems to be the best yet published covering the entire suborder. In the fol- lowing pages his general arrangement is followed ; but with numere ous minor modifications. ‘The group is primarily divided into three sections, whose characteristic features are well expressed in their names : I. CepHALASPIDEA: Head with a fleshy dise or shield. (Buda, etc.). II. AnasprpEA: No head-disc nor dorsal shield. (Aplysia, ete.) III. NoraspipEa: no head disc; back protected by a large shield or notzeum, and by a true mantle and shell. (Umbrella, etc.) The first of these sections will now be considered. I. TEcTIBRANCHIATA CEPHALASPIDEA. “ All of these animals are characterized by the presence of a head- disc, distinct from the back, bearing the sessile eyes and the tentacles when present. This disc appears to be a tactile organ. It varies in many ways, furnishing good characters for classification. Some- times it is split behind into two tentacle-like projections. Morpho- logically it is considered according to Cuvier, to be formed by the united buccal tentacles and the upper tentacles or rhinophores. The shell nearly always is present, but in some cases is rudimentary. (134) oi ACTZEZONIDA. So It generally has an entire aperture, but a short basal canal is formed in the Ringiculide.” Dr. Fischer, from whom we take the above paragraph, divides the Cephalaspidea into families as follows : ( Operculata Acteonide. No radula Tornatinide. ( Seaphandride. ( Radula present |} Bullide. | Aplustride. Ringiculide. Radula present | Gastropteride. J ( Shell external Inoperculata 4 | | Shell internal Philinide. No radula Doridiide. This grouping is open to some objections, for it places Acteonide, one of the least differentiated, primitive families, next in the linear series to Tornatinide, one of the most divergent; but until the soft parts of a number of the other types are better known, it will be advisable to retain Fischer’s arrangement. In the more ancient, primitive forms the radula is wide, with many rows of similar teeth ; in the divergent groups the radula is often reduced to few longitu- dinal rows (as in teenioglossate and rhachiglossate Pectinibranchs), and the teeth of each transverse series are dissimilar in form. The shell, originally well coiled, has become degenerate and partially un- coiled in numerous distinct genera. Family ACT ZONIDZ Fischer. Acteonide OrBIGNY (in part)— Merk, Amer. Journ. Science (2), xxxv, p. 84, 1863.—Fiscurer, Man. de Conch., p. 551.—Conf. Bouvier, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xi, p. 441, etc. Shell entirely external and capable of containing the entire animal; spiral, with projecting or depressed spire and moderately numerous whorls, the internal whorl-partitions not absorbed ; surface generally sculptured with spiral punctured grooves. Aperture rounded below, with or without columellar folds. Provided with an operculum. Animal having a well-developed head-disk, bearing the sessile eyes, and prolonged in two triangular processes behind ; lateral epipodial lobes not developed; radula composed of many longitu- dinal rows of teeth, all of the same form. 136 SOLIDULA. Synopsis of Genera. a. Columella provided with a spiral fold. b. Genus SOLIDULA Fischer. Shell compact, solid, ovoid, with short spire; aperture long, narrow above, the col- umella bearing a massive, bifid fold. bb. Genus ACTASON Montf. Shell compact, with short spire and large, ovate body-whorl; aperture over half the length of the shell, narrowed above, the columella bearing a single, simple, spiral fold. c. S.-g. Acton Montf. Columella curving regularly into the basal lip. ce. S.-g. Ricraxts Dall. Columella obliquely truncated at base. bbb. Genus LEUCOTINA A. Ad. Shell ovate or ovate-tur- rited, the spire produced ; aperture short, generally less than half the shell’s length, ovate or oblong; columella with a small oblique fold. aa. Columella with no distinct spiral fold above; shell imperforate or nearly so. b. Genus ACTAZONINA Orb. Shell shaped like Actwon, ovate, with elongated aperture, the columella with no fold above, not truncated at base; whorls more or less angulated below the sutures. bb. Genus BULLINA Fér. Shell ovate or oblong, with short spire and long aperture; columella vertical, trunc- ated at base. bbb. Genus OVULACTZON Dall. Shell Cypreiform, in- volute, with an apical perforation as in Bulla. Aperture narrow, as long as the shell ; columella without plaits. aaa, Columella without plaits. Umpbilicus open ; surface cancellated. b. Genus KLEINELLA A. Ad. Shell ovate, umbilicate, surface cancellated ; spire produced ; aperture elongated, angular behind, produced and entire in front. A doubt- ful member of this family. Genus SOLIDULA Fischer de Waldheim, 1807. Solidula F. de W., Mus. Demidoff, iii, 1807, p. 226, type Voluta solidula Linn.—A. Ap., P. Z. 8., 1854, p. 60.—Dactylus ScHUM., Essai, etc., p. 70, 234, 1817, type Voluta solidula Linné.—Bucein- eos ————— SOLIDULA. ile ulus H. & A. ApAms, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 5, 1858. Not of Plan- cus.— Tornatella of authors. Shell ovate or oblong, solid, compact and imperforate, with short, conical spire. Aperture two-thirds as long as the shell or more, narrow above, rounded below, the columella bearing a massive bi- lobed spiral fold, outwardly curving into the lower margin of the peristome ; parietal wall bearing one or more smaller folds. Oper- culum (pl. 49, figs. 17, 18) “ transverse, elongated, curved, with im- bricate elements and a linear scar.” Type S. solidula L. Anatomy and dentition unknown. This genus differs from Acton by its more solid shell, and massive, bilobed, columellar fold. The species are all from subtropical and southern temperate Indo-Pacific seas ; a few species extending northward to Japan, and others south to South Australia and New Zealand. The Americas have as yet furnished no species. This group has usually borne the name Buccinu/us, introduced into binomial literature by the Adams’ brothers. Plancus, in his original publication “Jani Planci Ariminensis de Conchis minus notis, etc.,” (Venice, 1739), gives the phrase-name “ Buccinulus Lit- toris Ariminensis Olive Nucleum cemulans” to what is prob- ably a discolored ae | Mine, Le ‘ PreZy a Ae 2 “Se cP maui LIBRARY) 29 Rie GP > e cy > Y ihe oe 188 TORNATINA. Known from T. infrequens (1) by the smaller size, and more irreg- ular spire; (2) by the suture, which is not channeled ; (3) by the shoulder, which is sharply carinated, with the space hollowed be- tween the keel and suture; (4) by the swelling of the body-whorl at the base; and (5) by the plait which runs more transversely, below the body whorl, instead of obliquely, almost on it, asin 7. infrequens. By some of the above characters it is further distinguished from T. cerealis Gld. which resembles 7. infrequens much more closely than this species. All the three forms begin life as asmall discoidal body, like a tumid Planorbis. After making about two turns of this, they proceed in the regular way affixing the disk vertically, or sometimes in a slanting direction at the top ofthespire. The length of spire in this species, which is not so rare as T. infrequens, is ex- tremely variable. (Cpr.). T. rincuLTA Gould. PI. 59, fig. 15. Shell minute, ivory-white, rather solid, elongate-oval, longitudin- ally most minutely striated ; spire elevated ; whorls 4, squarely ter- raced ; aperture about seven-eights the length of the shell, dilated below; outer lip inflexed, rounded behind; columella arcuate, calloused, with one fold. The spire is sometimes scarcely exserted. (Gld. & Cpr.). Alt. 5°5, diam. 2°5 mill. San Diego (Gld.); Monterey (Gabb), California. Tornatina inculta Gld., Gup. & Crer., P. Z.S. 1856, p. 203.—Cpr. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1856, pp. 227, 318, 351; Moll. Western N. A. p. 79. My figure is drawn from a beach-worn specimen collected by Gabb. The upper half of the body-whorl is rather contracted, the lower half swollen, and the sutures are rather deeply channelled. T. cCEREALIS Gould. PI. 50, figs. 39, 40. Shell cylindrical, with very short spire, light brown. Surface smooth except for curved growth-strie. Aperture long, narrow, somewhat widened below, the outer lip arched forward ; columella rather straight, oblique, with a spiral fold. Alt. 4, diam. 1°9 mill. San Diego, California to Vancouver Island. Bulla (Tornatina) cerealis GuLp., Bost. Journ. N. H. vi, 1852, p. 375; Otia p. 184.--Gup. & Cpr., P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 203.—Cpr., Rep. TORNATINA. 189 Brit.- Asso. 1856, pp. 227, 313, 349 > Moll. W. N. A., Smith. Mise. Coll. 252, p. 23, 138. The height of the spire varies, being sometimes nearly flat, some- times low-conoidal; the uptilted nucleus projecting. In all adult specimens I have seen, the nucleus has been lost by erosion, as in the figures. T. cULCITELLA Gould. PI. 50, fig. 38. Shell cylindrical-fusiform, with elevated, conical spire; solid ; white under a very thin buff cuticle, densely marked with close finely undulating, chestnut spiral lines. Whorls 5, separated by deep sutures, the apical whorl mamillar and uptilted. Aperture long and narrow above, about eight-tenths the entire length of the shell, dilated below, the outer lip arched forward, abruptly and deeply retracted above, effuse below. Columellar fold very strong. Alt. 8°5, diam. 3°2 mill. (San Pedro specimen). Alt. 1, diam. ¢ inch. (Gld.). Santa Barbara (Jewett) and San Pedro, California. Bulla (Akera) culcitella Gip., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi, p. 375, Apr., 1852; Otia, p. 184.— Tornatina culcitella Gu. & Crr., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 203.—Cpr., Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1856, pp. 313, 349; Moll. W. N. A., Smiths. Misc. Coll. 252, p. 23, 133 —KeExEp, West Coast Shells, p. 125. f. 114. The close spiral brown strize are characteristic, as well as the conically elevated spire. T. eximia Baird. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical, greenish-buff, striated, the striae minute, close, undulating ; spire very short and concavely excavated. Aperture long, effuse at base; lip acute, columella abruptly arcuate at base. Alt. 12°5 mill. (Bd.). Esquimalt Harbor, Vancouver's Island. Bullina (Tornatina) eximia Bo., P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 67, and in Lord’s The Naturalist in Vancouver Isl. and Brit. Columbia, ii, p. 361, 1866.— Tornatina eximia Bd., Crr., Moll. Western N. A., pp. 89, 90, 133. 190 TORNATINA. Indo-Pacific and Australian species. T. SANDWICENSIS Pease. Unfigured. Shell small, cylindrical, shining, white, finely striated transversely ; spire elevated; whorls 4; aperture contracted posteriorly, dilated anteriorly ; slight fold on columella. (Pse.). Sandwich Is. (Pease). T. sandwicensis Pse., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 19. T. exiuis Dunker. Pl. 22, fig. 25. Shell white, thin, subdiaphanous, ovate-oblong, very delicately longitudinally striated; spire conical, channelled and mucronate. Aperture narrow above, dilated toward the base; columella with an obsolete fold. Alt. 42, diam. 2 mill. (Dkr.). Japan.. Bulla exilis Dxr., Malak. Bl. vi, p. 222; Moll. Jap., p. 25, pl. 2, f. 14; Index, p. 164—LiscuKk, Jap. Meeres-Conch., p. 105. T. peLicaTuLA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, white, thin, shining, the spire truncated,. apex mammillate ; longitudinally substriate, aperture linear, dilated below, the inner lip with a conspicuous oblique fold; lip margin slightly arcuate. (Ad.). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. (Ad.). T. delicatula Av., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 153. In the obtuse, subtruncate spire and the papillary apex this species. resembles T. pusilla Pfr.; but it is longer and more slender, and the aperture is more produced anteriorly. (Ad.). T. PERSIANA Smith. Unjfigured. Shell very minute, short cylindrical, white, roughened by curved lines of growth; whorls 3, the first consisting of a large tubercle, the rest encircled above by a large rounded cord; suture depressed. Aperture rather wide, shorter than the last whorls, sensibly dilated at base ; columella short, thickened, hardly twisted. Alt. 1°33, diam. °75 mill. (Sm.). Persian Gulf, 14 fms. (Col. Pelly). T. persiana S., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 354 (May, 1872). TORNATINA. 191 Its minuteness constitutes the principal distinctive character of this species. The tubercle which forms the apex is proportionately very large. (Sm.). T. IssELII Pilsbry. PI. 22, fig. 33. Shell minute, cylindrical, smooth, translucid, whitish; apex mucronate; spire nearly flat; whorls 5, separated by a distinct suture, the first extremely narrow, the last long, a trifle tapering at the base. Aperture linear, wider below, rounded ; right margin simple nearly straight ; columella short, intorted. Alt. 2°25, diam. 1:2 mill. (Jsse/). Harbor of Suez. Tornatina pusilla IsseL, Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 172, pl. 1, f. 15, 1869. Not T. pusilla Pfr., or of A. Ad. T. mucronata Philippi. Unfigured. Shell minute, oblong, linear, smooth, surface obsoletely longitu- dinally striated ; spire retuse, produced in a mucro in the middle; whorls 4, deeply plicated at the suture, subcoronated. Aperture narrowly linear above, dilated below, uniplicate; lip straight, a little reflexed in the middle. Alt. 14 lines. (Pih.). Aden (Phil.). Bulla mucronata Putu., Malak. Bl. 1849, p. 22.— Tornatina mucro- nata Phil., Isset, Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 172. This is perhaps the species referred to by Mr. A. H. Cooke as near to 7. knockeri Smith. It evidently belongs to the group of knockeri and isselit. T. OLIVEFORMIS Issel. PI. 22, fig. 34. Shell minute, thin, cylindrical-oblong, whitish, smooth, shining, slightly subdiaphanous; the apex a little acute, sinistral ; spire conic ; whorls 4, separated by achannelled suture, the first narrow, flat, the last large, subcylindrical, over three-fourths the altitude, attenuated at base. Aperture elongated, narrow above, dilated below androun ded; right margin little arcuate, produced, acute ; columella white, callous, at the base uniplicate and a little reflexed. Alt. 4, diam. 1°5 mill. (Isse/). Gulf of Suez. Savieny, Descript. de ’ Egypte, Coq.; pl. 6, f. 25.—Tornatina oliveformis IssEL, Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 171, 1869.—Cookr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 129. 192 TORNATINA. Cooke finds no difference between this and T. fusiformis A. Ad., and considers them synonymous, the latter name having priority. T. pranospirA A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 45. Shell cylindrical, apex truncated (in the very poor type specimen), white, smooth, subpellucid, longitudinally grooved ; spire depressed, level-topped; whorls 4, grooved, radiately striated; aperture nar-. row, anteriorly dilated; columella callous, with a single plait. (Ad.). q Sorsagon, Luzon, Philippines, 4 fms. (Cuming); Red Sea (Cooke) Tornatina planospira Ap. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 568, pl. 121, f. 32; Ann. Mag. (3), ix, p. 153—Cooxn, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130. T. rnconspicua H. Adams. PI. 22, fig. 26. Shell elongate-ovoid, rather solid, delicately transversely striated anteriorly, whitish ; spire little exserted. Aperture narrow, coarc- tate in the middle, dilated below; columella furnished with a minute fold; lip margin arcuate. Alt. 3, diam. 1:5 mill. (H. Ad.). Red Sea. T. inconspicua H. Apv., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 11, pl. 3, f. 12— Conf. Cooker, Aun. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130. Mr. A. H. Cooke considers this very close to, or synonymous with, T. planospira. The “antice transversim tenuissime striata” of H. Adams’ description seems, however, to be a distinguishing character. T. preLex A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 46. Shell cylindrical, apex subtruncated, white, solid, shining trans- versely striated ; spire depressed, whorls four; aperture linear, con- tracted in the middle, anteriorly dilated ; outer lip posteriorly pro- duced, a little receding, reflexed in the middle, anteriorly with a single strong tubercle ; columella with a single plait. (Ad..). China Sea (Cuming). T. biplex A. Av., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 568, pl. 121, f. 33.— Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ii, p. 52. Brazier reports this from Torres Strait. T. potira A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 52. Shell ovately cylindrical, rounded above ; apex truncated, white, solid, shining, inferiorly transversely striated; spire depressed, TORNATINA. 193 whorls three, rounded smooth; aperture narrow, posteriorly pro- duced, rather contracted in the middle, dilated anteriorly, outer lip rather bent in and thickened in the middle ; columella with the fold very distinct. (Ad.). Bay of Manilla, 3 fms. (Cuming). Pepota AX: Ad. Uhes., p. 571, pl. 121, f. 39. T. stmpLex A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 51. Shell ovately cylindrical, white shining, polished, smooth, covered with a fuscous epidermis; spire elevated, whorls five, the first one mammillated ; spiral lamina conspicuous; aperture narrow, dilated anteriorly ; columella slightly callous, plait obsolete. (Ad.). Cagayan, Mindanao, Philippines, 35 fms. (Cuming); Japan (A. AG.). T. simplex Av., Thes. Conch: ii, p. 570, pl. 121, f. 38; Ann. Mag. N: H. (8), ix, p. 153. T. ciIncTELLA A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 48. Shell cylindrically fusiform, apex acuminated, rather smooth, semipellucid, longitudinally sulcated, encircled with two white spiral bands ; spire acuminated, whorls four, the first prominent ; aperture narrow, anteriorly dilated; columella with a very distinct plait; umbilical fissure deep. (Ad.). China Sea (Cuming). T. cinctella A. Av., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 569, pl. 121, f. 35. The two white bands on a pellucid ground, and the umbilical fis- sure distinguish this species. T. coarcrata A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 44. Shell ovately cylindrical, somewhat narrowed in the middle, white, shining, engraved with very fine close spiral lines; spire somewhat depressed, whorls four, suture deeply channelled, encircled with a spiral lamina from the columellar callus; aperture narrow, contracted in the middle, inferiorly dilated ; columellar callus with an obsolete fold; outer lip rounded above, subinflexed in the middle. (Ad.). Ticao, Philippines, in 6 fms. (Cuming) ; Mauritius (Martens). T. coarctata Av., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 568, pl. 121, f. 31.—Mar- TENS in Mobius’ Reise nach Mauritius, p. 308. 194 TORNATINA. ‘'T. eracttis A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 49. Shell cylindrically fusiform, slender, semipellucid, horn-colored, apex acuminated, transversely engraved with a very fine spiral strie ; spire produced, pointed, whorls four, the first prominent ; ‘aperture narrow, dilated anteriorly; columella with a single plait. (Ad.). China Sea (Cuming) ; Japan (A. Av.); Torres Strait (Brazier). T. gracilis A. Ap., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 569, pl. 121, f. 36; Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 153.—Braz. P. L.S., N.S. W. ii, p. 82. This differs from ZT. singaporensis in possessing minute spiral strie. T. SINGAPORENSIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 50, figs. 31, 32, 33, 34. Shell white, slender, elongated-subcylindrical, with elevated spire and very large mamillar apex; post-apical whorls nearly four, slightly convex, separated by narrowly, deeply channelled sutures ; last whorl tapering above and below, smooth except for delicate, curved growth-strie. Aperture narrow and long, two-thirds the entire length of shell ; columella calloused, with an extremely weak fold, and a slight groove in the umbilical region. Alt. 3:2, diam. 1°35 mill. Singapore (Dr. 8. Archer !). This tiny species has an unusually long spire, with very large apical button. The surface entirely lacks spiral striz, and the col- umellar fold (fig. 31) is unusually weak. In the type specimen the spire of the apical whorl is directed away from the face of the shell. Fig. 32 represents a front view of the spire, showing the umbilical aspect of the uptilted apex ; fig. 53 represents a back view of the spire, showing the apical aspect of the nuclear shell. The figures being camera lucida sketches, may be depended upon for accuracy of outline and proportion, qualities unfortunately lacking in many of the figures of Sowerby’s Thesaurus. T. FusirorMis A. Adams. PI. 22, fig. 27. Shell cylindrically fusiform, white, smooth, semipellucid, longitu- dinally somewhat sulcated ; spire elevated, acuminate; whorls 5, somewhat channelled above. Aperture linear, contracted in the TORNATINA. 195 middle, dilated anteriorly ; columella slightly plicated, plait callous: outer lip inflexed in the middle. (Ad.). China Sea (Cuming); Japan (A. Ad.); Port Jackson (Angas, Brazier), and Torres Strait, N. Australia (Brazier); Gulf of Suez (Cooke). T. fusiformis Ap., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 570, pl. 121, f. 37; Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), ix, p. 153.—Anaas, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 226—Braz- IER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ii, p. 52.—Cooxkr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 129.—Dxr., Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 165. T. capiTaTA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 50, figs. 35, 36, 37. Shell minute, white, smooth except for slight, curved growth- strie ; cylindrical, rather obese, with short spire and very large pro- jecting nucleus. Post-apical whorls about 3, hardly convex, separ- ated by deeply channelled sutures; last whorl obese-cylindrical. Aperture long and rather narrow, slightly more than three-fourths the length of the shell; columella calloused, having a weak fold and a slight umbilical groove. Alt. 3, diam. 1°4 mill. Singapore (S. Archer), 5 specimens. The columella is shaped like that of 7. singaporensis, but the spire is notably shorter, and the entire form more obese. This should be compared with T. fusiformis Ad., authentic specimens of which I have not seen. The uptilted apex is unusually large, and in the type specimen its spire is directed forward. Fig. 37, represents the spire viewed from the face of the shell; fig. 35, the spire viewed from behind, showing the umbilical aspect of the nucleus. ‘T. voLuTA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 22, figs. 29, 30, 31. Shell cylindrical, elongated; smooth except for sharp, fine, remote spiral striations; white; spire produced, the apex acute; suture channelled, the top of the whorls excavated into another channel bounded by the upward continuation of the inner lip. Alt. 10, diam. 43 mill. Guam (Q. & G.); Torres Sts. Braz.) ; Levuka, Fiji (Challenger). Bulla voluta Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. ii, p. 359, pl. 26, f. 833-35.— Tornatina voluta ADAms, Thes. Conch. ii, p. 566, pl. 121, f. 24; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), ix, p. 153.—Brazrer, Proce. Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, ii, p. 82.—E. A. Smrru, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 505.— Cooke, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xvii, p. 129.— Utriculus (Torna- tina) voluta Watson, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 656. 196 TORNATINA. Has been reported from Japan by A. Adams, and from the Gulf of Suez by Cooke. T. racruca G. & H. Nevill. PI. 27, fig. 1. Shell narrowly cylindrical, solid, smooth, shining, white ; whorls 3, channelled at the suture ; spire very short, a little exserted, the nucleus mamillate; last whorl a little constricted in the middle. Aperture narrow and linear above, incised at the suture, moderately dilated and rounded below; lip acute, a little produced in the middle; the inner lip slightly convex, a little thickened ; columella bearing one very oblique strong fold. Alt. 83, diam. 43 mill. (Nev). S. Province of Ceylon. Cylichna lactuca G. & H. Nev., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl. p. 2, pl. 1, f. 2, 2a. T. rnvotura G. & H. Nevill. Pl. 27, fig, Oi. Shell cylindrical, solid, white, smooth and shining ; whorls 3, joined by a somewhat channelled suture; spire subconic, exserted, the apex submammillate. Lip nearly straight, thin; inner lip somewhat thickened, incurved below ; columella uniplicate. Alt, 83. diam. 34 mill. (Nev.). S. Province of Ceylon; Bombay ; Penang. Oylichna involuta NEV., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl. p. 3, pl. 1, foo: |. rerEs Philippi. Unfigured. Shell small, cylindrical, very smooth, milk-white; spire very short, nearly retuse ; spire whorls channelled ; aperture linear, the base dilated and distinctly uniplicate. Alt. 22, diam. 1} lines. (Phii.). Habitat unknown. Bulla teres Puit., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1851, p. 65. Shell exactly cylindrical, as in B. cylindracea, but spire distinct, showing all the whorls, which are strongly marked by the canali- culation. It is quite solid for the size. CPhih): T. AMBOINENSIS Watson. PI. 25, fig. 43. Shell small, oblong, truncated at the top and a little so in front, with whorls sharply and expressedly angulated above, and very faintly spiralled, a channelled suture, a minute regularly incoiled — y TORNATINA. 197 apex, a shortish, oblique, toothed, and feebly furrowed pillar, and asmall mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinal—the lines of growth are barely visible. Spirals—a little way below the middle a minute and very shallow furrow is found; below this, at about five times the breadth of the furrow, is another similar, then at half the dis- tance below is another furrow, after which others succeed, becoming more crowded and slightly stronger on the point of the shell ; above there are none of these furrows, only round the top of the whorls runs a sharp keel expressed by a rounded furrow on its outer side and by a deeper and stronger furrow on its inner side. Color translucent glossy-white. Whorls 53. Mouth barely the length of the shell, narrow, straight, small, enlarging quickly, but to no great extent. Outer lip rather thick, almost appressed above, but separated from the body by the sutural canal ; it reaches the top of the shell, but retreats a good deal at this part; its edge line is curved and it is contracted at the middle, in front the edge retreats and is sub- emarginate on the base, where it is considerably thickened by the extention of the pillar tooth, which is continued round the front within the edge of the lip, and separated from the edge by a minute furrow. Top: the shell is slightly contracted, and then sharply and flatly truncate ; round the edge and coiling in to the centre is a sharp, expressed keel; the whole interval between one keel and the next is occupied by the deep, perpendicular-faced sutural canal, the horizontal top of the whorl, and the extracarinal furrow ; the apex is perfectly flat, and is minute and regularly incoiled. Inner lip: a strongish glassy defined callus runs down the rather cylindrical body, disappears in the extra columellar furrow, and reappears in the extreme edge of the outer lip; a strong oblique tooth twists round the base of the pillar, is flattened back on the pillar, and is continued in a small intralabral callus on the base; behind the pillar edge is a strongish but shallow furrow, but no umbilical chink. Alt. 0°083 in. diam. 0°042. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0-009 inch. (Wats.). Amboina, 15 to 25 fms. Utriculus (Tornatina) amboinensis Wats., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 830; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 659, pl. 49, f. 7. This species is at first sight and especially in rolled specimens when the sculpture is effaced, deceptively like Utriculus aratus ; it is really, however, quite different, and in particular the difference 14 198 TORNATINA. may at once be recognized in the top of each. The species seems considerably to resemble Bulla (Tornatina) polita A. Adams, from Manilla, but the lip is not posteriorly produced. (Wats.). T. marta Tenison-Woods. Unfigured. Shell smail, ovate, thin, white, smooth and polished ; spire slightly exserted ; whorls 5; nucleus situated vertically; suture deeply channelled ; aperture narrow, scarcely constricted in the middle, the labrum acute, the columellar lip thickened and twisted in front. Alt. 5, diam. 2, spire hardly 1°5 mill. (7.-W.). North-west coast of Tasmania (Petterd). Tornatina marie 'T.-W., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876, p. 158. T. pacHys Watson. PI. 24, fig. 33. Shell rather large, gibbously oval, being tumid in front and con- tracted upwards, truncated above, where the edge is carinated and furrowed, with an impressed top and a papillary apex. Sculpture: Longitudinals—the lines of growth are few, sinuous, and very slight. Spirals—round the edge of the impressed top is a rounded keel, with an exterior strongish rounded-furrow, outside of which is a narrow sharpish keel; within the apical pore the whorls are sharply keeled above the channelled suture; the only other trace of spiral striation is behind the outer lip, where the fresh shell shows some trace of a spiral texture. Color horny yellowish-white. Mouth club-shaped, large, the full length of the shell being a little produced posteriorly, shortly curved across the body, ample in front. Whorls 4, the earlier ones only indistinctly visible in the impressed top; the apex is papillary. Suture deeply channelled, with a sharp keel above it; this keel runs out not above but on the edge of the funnel-shaped top. Outer lip rises from the inner side of the apical depression, and slopes flatly outwards, forming thus the patulous opening of the funnel-shaped depression; at the apical keel it is angulated ; from this point it makes a convex sweep, which has a slight-contraction about the middle; it is patulous and somewhat elliptical in front. Top nearly flat, only the outer lip rises slightly above the level; the apical depression is funnel-shaped, having a wide converging mouth and a small, not deep hole in the middle, with a papillary apex in the centre. Inner lip; a broadish distinct white glaze extends across the body, on which the curve of the lip is very regularly convex on to the narrow, long, low and twisted t *¥ if TORNATINA. 199 pillar tooth; beyond this the pillar lip is slightly concave, narrow, a little patulous, and appressed. Alt. 0:23 in. diam. 0°14 in.; mouth, breadth at same place, 0°04. ( Wats.). I do not know any other Utriculus so rounded in its outlines as this ;. it is also very broad relatively to itslength. (Wats.). Northeast from New Zealand, Lat. 37° 34’ S., Long. 179° 22/ E 700 fms. Utriculus (Tornatina) pachys Wats., J. L. 8. L. xvii, p. 331; Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 660, pl. 49, f. 8. T. arAtA Watson. PI. 25, fig. 42. Shell small, oblong, truncated at the top, rounded in front, but not truncated, with whorls sharply angulated above and furrowed spirally from end to end, a channelled suture, a papillary apex, a longish, concave, toothed, and furrowed pillar, and a small mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinals—the lines of growth are very feeble. Spirals—from end to end the shell is scored with small but distinct furrows, which on the front of the shell are rounded, but above sharper, shallower and fretted; they are parted by flattish surfaces of double their width in front, but much more than this above, where the furrows are slighter; round the top of each whorl runs a sharp upstanding keel, within which lies the deepish and narrow, but at bottom rounded, sutural canal. Colour ivory-white, with a dull gloss. Mouth barely shorter than the shell, narrow, curved, slowly enlarging, elongately pear-shaped. Whorls barely 3. Outer lip almost appressed above, but separated by the sutural canal; it does not rise quite to the top of the shell, it is very slightly ~ arched, and the edge is scarcely curved, and is hardly emarginate in front. Top: the shell is narrowed and there sharply and flatly truncate; round the edge and coiling in to the centre is a sharp but not expressed keel; the whole interval between the keel of one whorl and that of the next is occupied by the sutural canal, which has a convex slope on the interior side, a rounded bottom, and a perpendicular face on the exterior whorl; the central tip is a (rela- tively) large, glossy, translucent, flatly rounded prominent dome. Inner lip; there is a very thin glaze across the slightly arched body ; round the base of the straightish concave pillar coils a strongish tooth, minutely furrowed longitudinally, and with a sharp twisted inner edge; outside the tooth-edge is a strong furrow with a 200 TORNATINA. minute umbilical chink. Alt. 0°083 in., diam. 0°041. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0011 inch. ( Wats.). West of Cape York, off south-west point of Papua, 28 fms. Utriculus (Tornatina) aratus Wars., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 329; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 658, pl. 49, f. 6. This species very much resembles T. amboinensis, but may at once be distinguished by the top. T. LEPTEKES Watson. PI. 24, figs. 29, 30. Shell rather small, thin, oblong, cylindrical, rounded on the shoulder, very fine pointed, with sinistral upturned apex, narrowed in front, spirally striate, with long, narrow, slowly widening mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinals-—the lines of growth are very slight and regular. Spirals—the whole surface is scored with sharp-cut fine furrows, which are about half the width of the interstices; round the top of the whorls runs a slight but sharp-edged axial keel. Colour almost hyaline white from the extreme thinness of the shell. Mouth a little shorter than the shell, very elongately and slightly curvedly pear-shaped, rather narrow above and there channelled. Whorls3, besides 13 in the sinistral embryonic apex. Outer lip very gently curved ; its edge line retreats very much above and in front. Top: there is a very short scalar spire, in which the first regular whorl is elevated and is truncately conical, the second hardly shows above the third; in the middle rises the small sinistral, more than half turned over apex; the sutural canaliculation is a shallow rounded furrow, with a sharp-edged external border carinating the whorls. Inner lip; there is a thin but distinct labial pad; the curve of the body is convex, and contracts slowly from the top of the mouth to the front, which is not truncated ; the pillar is long, oblique, with a small reverted lip and a very slight-long-twisted tooth, behind which is a feeble furrow, caused by an impression made in the shell. Alt. 0:14 in. diam. 0°06 inch. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0:02 inch. ( Wats.). Raine Island, Cape York, Australia, 155 fms. Utriculus (Tornatina) leptekes Wats., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Xvli, p. 327; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 656, pl. 49, f. 3. This species differs from Utriculus acrobeles in its narrower form and thinner texture, in its sculpture, in its larger mouth, in its spire, it sutural canaliculation, and its apex, which is more prominent. ( Wats. ). TORNATINA. 201 T. ACROBELES Watson, PI. 24, figs. 31, 52. Shell rather small, spirally scored, oval, subcylindrical, bluntly rounded in front, with a low subscalar spire crowned with a minute prominent sinistral apex turned up onitsside. Sculpture: Longitu- dinals—there are faint growth-furrows drawn at the top into short very. oblique folds. Spirals—the whole surface is scored with fine furrows, which are remote above bnt closer in front, where the inter- vening surface is rounded; a rounded keel lies below the suture. Colour trauslucent white. Mouth markedly shorter than the shell, straightish, clavate to pear-shaped, narrow and channelled above. Whorls 4, exclusive of 12 of the apex which is sinistral. Outer lip straight, very slightly appressed above, where it is separated from the body of the slight, shallow sutural canal. Top: there is a short distinct subscalar spire, in which the first regular whorl hardly shows, but which is crowned with the small sinistral half-turned over apex. Inner lip: there is athin but distinct labial pad; the curve of the body is nearly straight, but is convex in front; the pillar is very oblique, broad, flat and patulous, with a very broad, scarcely twisted tooth, which is longitudinally furrowed so as almost to be double ; in front of this tooth the pillar is truncated at its junction with the outer lip. Alt. 0°13 in., diam. 0°055. Mouth breadth at same place, 0°014 inch. (Wats.). Wednesday Island, Cape York, Northeast Australia, 8 fms. Utriculus (Tornatina) acrobeles Warts., Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond. Xvil, p. 327; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 657, pl. 49, f. 4. This differs from Utriculus avenarius in the shape of the shell and of the spire, and in the apex and pillar. Uftricudus canaliculatus (Say), is much stumpier, and has a lowerspire. The upturned apex is like that of Odostomia lactea. ( Wats.). T. aprcina Gould. Unfigured. Shell minute, cylindrical, elongated, white, sculptured with very delicate growth-lines; apex mamillated ; whorls 4; suture channel- led. Aperture three-fourths the length of the shell, very narrow; columellar fold obsolete ; lip arcuate when viewed in profile. Alt. 5, diam. 2 mill. (Gld.). Sydney Harbor, N. S. Wales, Australia. T. apicina Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 189, 1859; Otia, p. 112.—TrEnston—Woopns, P. L. 8. N.S. W. ii, p. 256. 202 TORNATINA. The aperture is broader and pillar fold less definite than in T. fustformis (Gild.). Compare T. brenchleyi Angas. T. BRENCHLEYI Angas. PI. 22, figs. 35, 36. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, shining, very finely striated by the lines of growth, and exhibiting only faint traces of spiral stria- tion; whorls 43, the two apical ones forming a small tubercle, the rest somewhat elevated, turreted, and separated by a deeply but not broadly channeled suture; aperture narrow above, gradually dilat- ing and curved at the base; the outer lip not extending to the top of the whorl and slightly contracted in the middle; the columella furnished with a stout callus plication, which is connected above with the labrum by a thin callous deposit on the whorl. Length 3 lines, breadth 17 lines. (Ang.). Dredged outside Port Jackson Heads in 10 fathoms water (Bren- chley). T. brenchleyi AnG., P. Z.S. 1877, p. 40, 189, pl. 5, f. 20. T. AVENARIA Watson. PI. 24, figs. 37, 38. Shell oval, rounded bluntly in front and sharply above where the papillary apex projects, smooth, angulated above round the outside of the channelled suture, with a strongly toothed twisted oblique pillar, and a smallish mouth, which is shorter than the shell. Sculpt- ure: Longitudinals—there are faint rounded furrows on the lines of growth. .Spirals—on the upper part of all the whorls there seem to be close-set very faint spirals; about the middle of the whorl they become stronger, like very fine remote furrows; a bluntly angulated keel projects axially below the suture. Colour translucent white. Mouth a good deal shorter than the shell, conically elavate, slightly curved, a little blunt at the top. Whorls 4 to 43, angulated above ; each rises distinctly above the one which follows. Outer lip almost appresed above, but separated by the deep sutural channel which runs into the top of the mouth; in front it is very patulous, and obliquely truncate backwards, in the middle it is slightly contracted. Top: the whole upper part of the shell contracts and the spire is roundly conical and subscalar, with the glossy round papillary apex rising slightly above all ; it is scored with the sutural canal, which is narrow and not deep, but well defined by the sharp keel which lies: below it. Inner lip; there is a thick prominent labial pad; the TORNATINA—RETUSA. 203 curve of the body is convex, and so passes on regularly to the point . of the pillar, which is very oblique and carries a strong, twisted, oblique, longitudinally furrowed tooth ;. between this tooth and the body is a very small furrow. Alt. 0:22 in. diam. 0-1. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0°02. ( Wats.). Port Jackson, Sydney, N. S. Wales, 2-10 fms. Utriculus ( Tornatina) avenarius Wars., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 328 ; Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 658, pl. 49, f. 5. Compare T. apicina Gould, and T. brenchleyi Angas. This species a good deal resembles, not the Bulla turrita MOll., but Sowerby’s figure of that species in Thesaurus, pt. 2, pl. exxi, fig. 28. In perfectly fresh specimens the spiral furrows, which I have described as very faint, may be distinct; but in the ten Chal- lenger specimens they are only traceable with certainty near the edge of the labial pad. — Utriculus canaliculatus (Say), is a much smaller and stumpier form, much broader above with a minute apex turned over on its side. ( Wats.). T. HOFMANI Angas. PI. 22, figs. 37, 38. Shell cylindrical, white very finely striated by the lines of growth, with a few distant irregular transverse strive discernible toward the lip on the body-whorl; whorls 53, the upper ones slightly convex, and channelled at the sutures, the last a little shouldered above and very slightly concave in the middle; apex sharp; aperture narrow above, dilated below, and rounded at the base; outer lip thin, arched when viewed laterally, and slightly contracted in the middle ; columella somewhat thickened below, with a small blunt flexuous projection near the base, and covered by a callus extending nearly to the top of the whorl. Length 3} lines, breadth 13 lines. (Ang.). Sow and Pigs reef, Port Jackson (Brazier). T. hofmant Ana., P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 39, 189, pl. 5, f. 19. Evidently not a typical Tornatina. Genus RETUSA Brown, 1827. Retusa Brown, Ill. Conch. Gr. Brit., Edit. 1, 1827 ; Conch. Text- book (edit. 4), p. 97. Bug. Daurz. & Dotur., Moll. Rouss., p.527, — Coleophysis FiscHerR, Manuel de Conch., p. 555, 1885, type trun- catulus Brug.— Utriculus Brown (in part), Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit, 1844 (2 edit ), p.58. Not Utriculus Schumacher, 1817 (Conide). 204 RETUSA. —Cylichnina Monts., Nom. Gen. e. Spec., p. 148, 1884, type B. umbilicata Mont. Shell small, sub-cylindrical, imperforate, with slightly raised, flat, or depressed spire, the aperture as long, or nearly as long, as the shell, narrow above, dilated below. Columella thickened, with a small fold or none. Animal (pl. 60, figs. 1, 2, 3, R. truncatula ; pl 60, fig. 5, R. niti- dula) capable of being retracted into the entirely exposed shell, the head-shield short, produced backward in two narrow lateral tentacu- lar processes. Radula wanting. Gizzard provided with three small, elliptical corneous plates, irregularly tuberculate-dentate on their inner faces, the tubercles longer near one end of the plates (pl. 60, fig. 7, stomach of R. nitidulus containing gizzard-plates and fora- minifera. Fig. 6, plates of the same species. Fig. 8, plates of R. umbilicata. Fig. 4, one plate of R. truncatula). This genus differs from Cylichna in wanting radula-teeth, in the posterior processes of the frontal disc, in the peculiar gizzard-plates, and in the exposed spire of the shell. The species of this genus might be distributed into two groups, as Fischer has done. Part of them have a distinct fold on the colum- ella, as in Tornatina, and for these the genus Retusa Brown was proposed, and also Coleophysis Fischer, the types of both being Bulla truncatula Brug. The other species have no distinct colum- ellar fold, although the pillar-lip is thickened; and these fall. into Utriculus as understood by Sars, Fischer, Dall and others. As this hame is preoccupied in zoology, it must be rejected; and if the division is to be retained a new name must be coined for the forms like obtusa, pertenuis, ete. The value of the distinction seems to me to be hardly worth a name, however, as the strength of the colum- ellar fold is subject to great mutation, and it would be very difficult to decide upon the position of certain species in which the fold is slight, thus bridging the gap between the extreme forms of either group. Dall’s proposition to make “ Coleophysis” a subgenus of Tornatina and Utriculus a distinct genus with Retusa as a subgenus cannot be adopted, being barred by taxonomic canons. Monte- rosato’s group Cylichnina has generally been placed in or next to Cylichna, but, according to Sars’s observations, belongs to Retusa It is distinguished by the narrowly, deeply umbilicated apex. What arrangements may be made when the soft parts'of these small dwellers in the deeps come under scalpel and microscope, cannot now be guessed ; the only thing certain is change. RETUSA. 205 R. TRUNCATULA Bruguiére. Pl. 21, figs. 11,12; pl. 28, figs. 62-64. Shell forming a conical cylinder, narrow on the upper half, more or less deeply constricted in the middle, and expanding on the lower half; it is nearly opaque and glossy: sculpture—numerous longitu- dinal striae or fluted ribs on the upper half; these are often sharp at the apex, not so distinct in the middle of the shell, and usually disappear towards the base, where they are replaced by lines of growth; the spire is frequently striated across, like an Ammonite; epidermis filmy; color white; spire involute, abruptly truncated, and encircled by a narrow and solid rim or rounded keel; whorls 3 —4, gradually decreasing in size towards the center of the apex; the first or innermost whorl is globular; suture deep; mouth narrow for more than half its length on the upper part, pear-shaped and very wide at the base, which is rounded: outer lip gently curved and folded inwards in the middle; the upper part projects (sometimes considerably) beyond the apex ; outer corner rounded ; inner corner receding and obliquely incurved; inner lip slight, continuous with the outer lip above, where it is folded a little over the apex, as well as over the pillar, behind which it forms a small and narrow um- bilical chink ; pillar short, thick, and flattened: fold tooth-like and strong (Jeffr.). Coast of Norway to the Canaries; Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. Bulla truncatula Brua., Eneycl. Méth., p. 877, 1792.— Utriculus truncatulus JEFFR., Brit. Conch., iv, p. 421, pl. 94, f. 2—Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 285, pl. 26, f. 2; pl. 17, f. 18 (war. pellu- cida).—Retusa truncatula Bug., Daurz. & Douur., Moll. Rouss., i, p. 527, pl. 64, f. 12-14.—Bulla truncata Av. (not Gmelin), Tr Linn. Soc., v, p. 1, pl. 1, f. 1, 2—Volvaria truncata Brown, III. Conch., G. B., Ed. 1, pl. 19, f. 17, 18.—Cylichna truncata Loven, Ind. Moll. Skand., p. 42.—Forses & Han.ey, Hist. Brit. Moll., iii, p. 510, pl. 114, f. 7, 8; pl. vv, f. 4 (animal)—MeEYER & Mostus, Fauna der Kieler Bucht, i, p. 87 (animal).— Bulla retusa Marton & Racx., Deser. Cat. in Trans. Linn. Soe., viii, p. 128, 1804. —Retusa obtusa Brown, Pop. Encycl., ii, p. 78, pl. 17, f. 110.— Volvaria pellucida Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. Edit. 1, p. 4, pl. 19, f. 45, 46.— Utriculus truncatulus var. pyriformis Monts., Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 50. 206 RETUSA. Var. PELLUCIDA Brown, PI. 23, fig. 68. Smaller, shorter, thinner and more transparent, slightly less- strongly ribbed or sometimes quite smooth; epidermis slightly prismatic (Jeffr.). Scotland and Norway.. R. TRUNCATELLA Locard. Unfigured. Subconic-elongated, well contracted and longitudinally plicate above, with two opaque bands at middle and base of the last whorl.. Spire quite concave; last whorl highest at its upper extremity, with straight profile; columella feebly folded. Alt. 3-4, diam. 12-2. mill. (Loc.). Mediterranean Cylichna truncatella Locarp, Prodr., p. 73, 5383; Coq. Mar. des Cotes de Fr., p. 28, 1892. R. sEmisutcata Philippi. Pl. 23, figs. 70, 71, 72. Shell thin, cylindrical, elongated, truncated at summit, visibly constricted around the middle, and dilated at base. Spire a little concave, composed of 3 or 4 visible whorls separated by a well- marked suture. Surface of the last whor] traversed from summit to- middle by numerous nearly vertical longitudinal folds. Aperture elongated, narrow above, dilated and pyriform toward the base; lip simple, sinuous, a little bent in the middle; columellar margin very feebly sinuous. Columella thick, arcuate and twisted at base. Color milk white, nearly opaque, with a wide, descending, more transparent band below the middle, and sometimes several narrow transparent lines below it. Alt. 3°2, diam. 1°35 mill. (B., D. D.) Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, littoral and laminarian zones. Bulla semisulcata Puiu., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 128, pl.7, f. 19. —Retusa semisulcata Bug., Daurz. & Douur., Moll. Rouss., p.530, pl. 64, f. 15-17.—?? Bullina striata Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid.., iv, p. 52. More elongated than R. truncatula, with straighter longitudinal folds, and a wide transparent zone. R. MAMILLATA Philippi. PI. 25, figs. 65, 66, 67. Shell convoluted, subpellucid, shining, truncated at summit, of a regularly cylindrical form, a little constricted in the middle. Spire composed of 3 whorls, the first globular and projecting ; suture profound. Sculpture consisting of exceedingly finely punctured spiral striz. Aperture narrow, nearly linear above, dilated and RETUSA. 207 pear-shaped below; lip visibly flexuous, inflected in the middle; columellar margin nearly straight. Columella a little thickened, arcuate, without apparent fold. Color transparent white. Alt. 2°5, diam. 1 mill. (B., D. & D.). Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic from Norway to the Canaries, laminarian zone. Bulla mammillata Puts., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 122. pl. 7, f. 20; ii, p. 96.— Cylichna mamillata Forpes & Han ey, Hist. Brit. Moll. iii, p. 514, pl. 114c, f. 4, 5—Utriculus mamillatus JErFR., Brit. Conch., iv, p. 420; v, p. 223, pl. 94, f. 1.—Retusa mamillata Bug., Daurz. & Doutr., Moll. Rouss., p. 531, pl. 64, f. 18-20.—Bulla minuta MaAcaI.tu., teste Jeffr. Distinguished by the projecting apex and cylindrical form. Except in lacking a columellar fold, this species resembles Torna- tina. R. MARIEr Dautzenberg. PI. 24, figs. 54, 55, 36. Shell 1 mill. high, 2 mill. wide, minute, subsolid, convoluted,. cylindrical, longitudinally arcuately striated, truncate above, con- tracted iu the middle, dilated toward the base. Whorls 3-4, the penultimate obliquely projecting above the last. Suture little im- pressed. Aperture as long as the shell, straight and a little thick ened; lip simple, sinuous, inflexed in the middle, expanded ante- riorly. Color milky, with a subhyaline zone at the middle (Davtz.). San Miguel, Azores. Tornatina mariei Dautz., Contrib. 4 la Faune Malac. des [les Acores, Rés. Camp. Sci., Albert I, p. 21, pl. 1, figs. S3a—3d, 1889. This interesting species seems distinct from all others of European seas, being well characterized by the formation of the summit. In T. mamillata Phil., only the first whorl of the spire projects; in T. mariei this whorl is impressed, and the next-to-the-last whorl is prominent (Dautz.). R. ottvirormis Watson. PI. 25, fig. 50. This large and very interesting species is in too bad condition for satisfactory description. I had called it Utriculus oliviformis from its shape, which is peculiarly stumpy, with an excessively short and broad mouth, and an unusually high and blunt spire; it is sharply fretted all over with spiral lines, and has a strong, little furrow be- hind the sharp-edged twisted pillar. It is ike Utriculus culeitella Gould, or Utriculus lactuca Nevill, in its conical spire, and like 208 RETUSA. Utriculus simplex A. Adams in shortness of body. Tornatina olivula A. Adams is much slimmer, longer in the mouth, and much more cylindrical. It differs from Utriculus spatha Watson in its greater breadth, higher spire, shorter mouth, coarse, sculpture, more numer- ous whorls, and more abrupt truncation in front, where the shell is cut off almost at right angles to the axis. Alt. 0°32 in., diam. 0°17. Mouth, height 0°2, breadth 0-05 ( Wats.). West of the Azores, 1000 fms. (Challenger). Utriculus oliviformis Warson, Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., xvii, p. 332.— Utriculus n. sp. Watson, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 648, pl. 48, £56, R. reucus Watson. PI. 21, fig. 1. Shell strong, cylindrical, with a very slight upward taper, rounded at either end, with an oblique flat apex and a minute perforation round which the edge of the penultimate whorl is visible, and in the middle the sunken apex; the mouth is small and narrow, and in front abruptly truneate, with a short truncate very bluntly toothed pillar. Sculpture: Longitudinals—there are slight, unequal fur- rows on the lines of growth. Spirals—the whole surface is most faintly and doubtfully marked with very feeble furrows, both nar- row and superficial, parted by broadish, flat interstices. Color translucent white, with faint brownish tinge, glossy. Mouth large, narrow, shorter than the shell, straight, with parallel sides, the en- largement in front sudden but very short. Outer lip straight, rounded above, where it springs from the callus of the inner lip; it does not rise so high as the opposite side of the apex, which conse- quently is rather oblique; its edge line is slightly produced in the middle, but not bent in; in front, the lip, in common with the whole shell, is very abruptly truncate, and here it sweeps round with a strong, sharp, bevelled edge to join the pillar lip. Top roundly flattened down and slightly bent in, round the small apical perfora- tion—round which 13 to 2 whorl edges are visible. Inner lip: across the body runs a strongish callus, whose edge is parallel to the edge of the outer lip; in front it is flatly and broadly appressed on, the very stumpy pillar, round which twists a strongish but very blunt tooth. Alt. 0°25 in., diam. 0°11. Breadth of mouth at samé@ place, 0°03 ( Wats.). West of Azores, 1000 fms. (Challenger). Utriculus leucus Wats., J. L. S. L., xvii, p. 384; Chall Gastr., p. 649, pl. 48, f. 8. RETUSA. 209 This species is very like Cylichna alba (Brown), but is squarer both above and below, the obliquity of the line of the top is exactly the opposite of that Cylichna alba, where from the outer lip rising above the top of the shell, the greatest height is at the mouth; while in Utriculus leucus, the top is highest on the side away from the mouth. Uftriculus vortex Dall, appears to present several points of resemblance; but that species seems to taper much more toward the tip, to be differently and much more strongly sculptured, to have no pillar tooth, and to be very much broader in proportion to height. Alt. °3 in., diam. 0°17 in. The Tornatina eximia Baird has a more perfectly cylindrical form, a higher spire, and a much wider mouth ( Wats.). R. TornNaTA Watson. PI. 21, fig. 3. Shell small, cylindrically oblong, a little tumid in front, slightly narrowed backwards, rounded at the shoulder, longitudinally and spirally striate, with a flat top, a small papillary apex and straight club-shaped mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinals—there are many fine, rounded, feeble lines of growth. Spirals—there are many very faint minute superficial spiral lines which owe somewhat of distinct- ness to the color, and to the fact that at somewhat regular intervals there occurs one a little stronger than the rest. Color transparent white, irregularly banded with unequal spiral milky stripes, which are obsolete in many specimens. Mouth club-shaped, the full length of the shell, long and narrow above, slightly enlarged at the top, considerably so in front by the contraction of the body-whorl at the base. Whorls 3, far from distinct, slightly rounded, of very grad- ual increase; the extreme apex is minute, but papillary. Outer lip rises very slightly above the flat crown, and here it is very patulous, and almost emarginate; just where it begins to run forward it is very slightly expanded, from this point to the base it advances quite straight, and a little inflected; on the base it is freely rounded, truncated and patulous. Top is barely oblique, and the rise of the outer lip elevates that side, so that the whole top is almost flat, with more or less of a depression in the middle where the minute dome- shaped apex rises. Inner lip: there is a strong, well-defined labial glaze which runs quite straight and continuously from the outer lip across the scarcely convex body, and passes on with a quick deflec- tion to the left into the slightly concave, scarcely toothed, oblique, truncated pillar, where the lip is narrow, expanded, and appressed, 210 RETUSA. with a minute furrow behind. Alt. 0°092 in., diam. 0:046. Breadth of mouth at same place, 0°005 inch ( Wats.). Madeira; Tenerife, Canaries, 78 fms. Utriculus tornatus Wats., J. L. 8S. L., xvii, p. 335; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 651, pl. 48, f. 10. This is a species extremely abundant at Madeira, where I dredged many thousand specimens. They vary somewhat in the relation of length and breadth, and still more in the form of the crown, which is sometimes flat and broadish, with an impressed suture, at other times narrow, with a small, deep opening and a very depressed apex, the sutures in these circumstances being out of sight. I should ex- pect to find this species among Mediterranean shells, but have not been able to identify it. It is not unlike Utriculus mamillatus (Phil.), but is stumpier and not so cylindrical, being broader in front and more tapering backwards; its papillary apex, too, is much smaller and more sunken into the crown of the shell than it is in that spe- cies: the whole crown is very much like that of Utriculus trunca- tulus (Brug.), but the characteristic constriction and sculpture of that species are wanting ( Wats.). R. uMBiLicaATA Montagu. PI. 29, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14. Shell oblong, not so much attenuated behind as R. nitidula, more solid, nearly opaque, and glossy but not prismatic; sculpture slight and sometimes wavy spiral striz: or impressed lines, which vary in strength and remoteness on the body, and are more or less close-set near the base; they are visible in fresh specimens by means of a low magnifying power, but are not easily observable in rubbed specimens picked out of drift sand; epidermis brownish-yellow, lia- ble to peel off; color creamy, becoming bleached and white in dead shells; mouth somewhat open at the top, contracted and narrow in the middle, pear-shaped and wide at the base, where it is expanded and rounded ; outer lip gently curved; the upper part is obliquely truncated, but it does not project so far beyond the apex or crown as in R. nitidula; apex twisted and somewhat contracted, en- circled by a solid white rim (“ periompbalus,” Lovén), and exhibit- ing a perforation in the center like that of C. nitidula ; inner lip as in R. nitidula; pillar short and thick, furnished with a rather strong tooth-like fold near the base; it has a sharp curve to the left. (Jeffr.). Alt. 2°5, diam 1:2 mill. Norway to Gibraltar ; Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. RETUSA. YA Bulla umbilicata Monr., Test. Brit. (4), p. 222, pl. 7, f. 4.—Cy- dichna umbilicata ForBEs & Han ey, Hist. Brit. Moll. iii, p. 519, pl. 114e, f. 8, 9—JzErrr., Brit. Conch. iv, p. 413; Ann. Mag. 1880, p. 318.— Utriculus wmbilicatus Sars., Moll. Reg. ee Norv. p. 286, pl. 17, f. 14—Cylichna strigella Loven, Ind. Moll. Skand. p. 142. —Bulla blainviliana Récluz and Volvaria subcylindrica Brown, teste, JEFFR.— Bulla truncatula Puru., Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 122, pl. 7, f. 21 (not of Brug.).—Cylichnina umbilicata Monts., Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 143.—Cylichna (Cylichnina) umbilicata Buaq., Davrz, & Douur., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 524, pl. 64, f. 6-8. This species is the type of Monterosato’s genus Cylichnina. Dif: fers from nitidula in being somewhat broader in proportion to its length, and not so much attenuated behind, being spirally striated instead of smooth, having frequently a conspicuous epidermis, in the upper angle of the outer lip not being so prominent, the apical per- foration being larger, and the columellar fold more distinct (Jeffr.). R. cREBRIscULPTA Monterosato. Pl. 27, figs. 7, 8. The form is asin R. umbilicata, but it is larger, solider, date- shaped, the top more attenuated and profoundly umbilicated. The sculpture is composed of vertical and spiral striz, which give it a ‘rough appearance (Monts.). Palermo ; Naples; Gulf of Gascony. Cylichnina crebrisculpta Monts., Nomencl. Gen. e Spec. p. 143. —DavtzenBerG, Mem. Soe. Zool. France, iv, p. 613, pl. 16, f. 1, 2. R. taviscutpra Granata. Unfigured. Shell of quite lengthened, subcylindroid form, contracted above ; with very fine spiral striz; summit truncated; spire profoundly and very narrowly umbilicated ; last whorl flattened above, rounded at the base. Aperture narrow in the middle; columella with a strong fold. Alt. 2-23, diam. 11-13 mill. (Locard.). Marseilles to Italy and Sicily ; Malta. Cylichna levisculpta Granata, Descr., etc., Nap., p. 11, 1877.— Locarp, Coq. Mar. Fr. p. 27.—Cylichnina levisculpta Monts., Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 148. R. crosser Buquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. Pl. 29, figs. 8, 9, 10. Shell 2 mill. high, 1 mill. wide, convoluted, thin, semipellucid, of an ovate form; summit truncated, the spire sunken, having a ‘very narrow and deep central perforation. Surface shining, a mi- 22 RETUSA. croscope showing arcuate growth lines and extremely fine descend- ing spiral striz toward the base. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow and nearly linear above, pyriform at the base: lip arcuate, simple, sharp; columellar margin convex ; columella thick, twisted, provided with a well marked fold. Color uniform hyaline white GB. Di & DS). Eastern basin of the Mediterranean. Cylichna ( Cylichnina) crosset B. D. & D., Moll. Mar. Rouss. i, p. 526, pl. 64, f. 9-11. ; Smaller than R. wmbilicata, more regularly oval, not contracted at the summit nor enlarged at the base and the aperture is not wider at summit than in the middle. R. srrraTuLa Forbes. Unfigured. Shell oblong, cylindrical, milk-white; transversely undulately striated, longitudinally obsoletely striated; vertex subtruncate, con- cave; spire visible; aperture linear above, dilated below, Length one-eighth inch (F'bs.). Rio, Macri, Servi, Crete, ete., Atgean Sea (Forbes); Bay of Na- ples (Tiberi). Bulla striatula Fs., Rep. Augean Invert. Brit. Asso. Rep. for 1843, p. 188.— Utriculus striatulus JEFrR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), vi, p. 84.—[? Bulla (Cylichna) pyramidata A. Adams, teste Jeffreys]. —Cylichna hoernesi WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des Mittelm. 11, p. 197; Bull. Mal. Ital. ii, p. 92.—Cylichna cuneata TiBER1, Journ. de Conchyl. 1868, p. 181, teste MonrrRosaro, Journ. de Conch. 1878, p- 159—Weinxaurr, Bulletino Malacologico Italiano, ii, p. 92, 1870. This species is still unrecognizable to those who have not seen authentic specimens. It is a pity that so many of the Mediterra- nean she!ls are still insufficiently described and unfigured, notwith- standing the large literature upon them, and the multitude of lists by Jetfreys, Monterosato and others. R. nrrrpuva Lovén. PI. 23, fig. 54; pl. 60, fig. 5. Shell thin, subpellucid, white, oblong-cylindrical, rather narrow, more than twice as high as wide; slightly tapering toward the apex, where it is obtusely truncated and narrowly perforated in the mid- dle, the spire indistinct. Aperture very narrow in the middle, dilated below, the outer lip projecting a little above the vertex, RETUSA. Aes lightly inflexed in the middle; columella short, receding, hardly folded: Surface very smooth and a little shining, without spiral lines, the growth striz rather inconspicuous. Alt. 3:5 mill. (Sars.): Scandanavia ; Northern shores of Great Britain. Cylichna nitidula Loven, Ind. Moll. Skand. p. 10—Forspers & Harney, Hist. Brit. Moll. ii, p. 515, pl. 114¢, f. 6—Jerrreys, Brit. Conch. iv, p. 412.— Utriculus nitidulus Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 286, pl. 17, f. 13 (shell) ; pl. 26, f. 3 (animal). This species has somewhat the aspect of the forms referred to Cy- lichnina, but not their sculpture. Compare C. uwmbilicata Mont. Sars has shown nitidula to be a Retusa by an examination of the soft parts. R. ROBAGLIANA Fischer. PI. 27, fig. 6. Shell elongated, cylindrical, whitish, rather solid, not umbilicated, a little dilated below, slightly narrower above; longitudinally densely costellate, the coste close, regular, not sinuous, and some- what latticed with spiral strize, decussating the riblets. Spire um- bilicate, excavated. Aperture elongated, with subparallel margins ; columellar margin short, reflexed. Alt. 3, diam. 14 mill. (Folin.) Gulf of Gascony. Bulla robaghana FiscueEr, in Les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 150, pl. 23, f. 2; Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. xxix, p. 197. This species belongs to the group of nitidula and umbilicata, but is distinguished by the peculiar sculpture of the shell. R. Lactea Jeffreys. Unfigured. A small fragment of another species occurred at Station 12, 1450 fathoms. It consists of the anterior portion of a short cylindrical shell which is of a milk-white color, glossy, and marked with slight, rather distant, spiral strive or rather impressed lines; the sculpture does not extend to the crown; the apex is semiglobose, and sunk within a sharp obliquely encircling ridge. The species may be: called lacteus. I also dredged a young specimen of this species im the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition of 1869, off the west coast of Ireland, at a depth of 1443 fathoms (Jeffr.). North Atlantic. Utriculus lacteus JeEFrr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xix, p. 334. 15 214 RETUSA. R. supstriata Jeffreys. Unfigured. Shell represented by a single specimen, which was unfortunately broken in sifting the dredged material. It resembles Bulla hyemalis Couthouy (=Amphisphyra globosa Lovén, = Utriculopsis vitrea M. Sars) except in being smaller, shorter, and equally broad through- out, instead of barrel-shaped ; the crown is consequently longer in proportion and not so much raised at the point; but the especial difference consists in this being beautifully sculptured, and not smooth like the other species ; besides a few coarse spiral ridges the whole surface is closely and microscopically striated in the same direction. Length 0:1, breadth 0-075 in. (Jeffr.). North Atlantic, 1750 fms. Utriculus substriatus JEFFR., Ann Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 334. Urricutus oBesus Jeffreys, Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1880, p. 387. Bay of Biscay (name only). Urricuus pusituus Jeffreys, /.c. Same locality (name only). UrricuLus Excavatus Jeffreys, J. ce. Same locality (name only). R. oprusa Montagu. PI. 238, fig. 51. Shell forming an oblong cylinder, constricted in the middle, and becoming broader towards the base; it is usually opaque, and rather glossy: sculpture, numerous slight lines of growth; and in young and fresh shells may be somtimes detected under the microscope extremely close-set and fine wavy spiral lines; spire indistinctly striated across; epidermis skin-like, cream-colour passing into brownish-yellow; colour white; spire short, but very variable in that respect, being in some cases almost truncated, while in others it is more or less extended ; whorls 4, slightly angulated at the top; those in the middle gradually enlarge; the apical or central whorl is globular and turned inwards; suture deep and narrowly excay- ated; mouth flexuous, upper half narrow; lower half wide, with a rounded base; outer lip gently curved, never extending to the apex ; it recedes above, so as to leave a space between the outermost whorl and the next, and is contracted and inflected in the middle: outer corner rounded ; inner corner obliquely incurved ; inner lip thicker than in the last species, continuous with the outer lip above; it is reflected over the pillar, behind which it occasionally forms a small » ——— RETUSA. Dts umbilical chink ; pillar broad, flattened and curved; fold obscure. (Jeffr.). Alt. 53, diam. 3 mill. European Seas, from Godhavn, Greenland, to the Mediterranean. Bulla obtusa Monts., Test. Brit. (i), p. 223, pl. 7, f.3.—A. Ap. in Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 571, pl. 120, f. 20.— Utriculus obtusus JFFR., Brit. Conch. iv, p. 423, pl. 4, f. 2, 3 (animal).—Sowsn., Conch. Icon., f. 5.—Jerrr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vi, p. 84 v. minor and (4) xix, p. 333.—Cylichna obtusa Locarp, Coq. Mar. Cotes France, p. 27, fig. 14. Var. TuRRITA Moller. Pl. 23, fig. 52. Shell elongated, nearly twice as high as wide, slightly tapering above; the spire elevated, obtusely conical, with subscalariform whorls. Alt. 8-33 mill. Greenland ; England ; Norway. Bulla turrita MouuEr, Ind. Moll. Greenl., p. 6—A. Ap., Thes. li, p. 067, pl. 121, f. 28.—Ubtriculus turritus Lecur, K. Svensk. Akad. Handl. 1878, p.71—U. pertenuis v. turritus Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 288, pl. 17, f. 20.—U. obtusus v. lajonkaireana JEFFR., Brit. Conch. iv, p. 424. Var. CANDIDULA Locard. Unfigured. Smaller than &. obtusa, more cylindrical, with higher spire; last whorl quite descending toward its termination, with more rectilinear profile; aperture smaller and more regularly narrow. Alt. 2-5, diam. 13-2 mill. (Zoe.). Atlantie coast of France. Cylichna candidula Loc., Cog. Mar. Fr. p. 28, 1892.—C. lajon- kaireana Loc., Prodr., p. 72. This does not seem to differ materially from the preceding variety. Var. MINOR Jeffr. Apex depressed, Mediterranean, 30 fms. (Jeffr.). This form has also received the name Utriculus minutissimus H. Martin (Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 159.— Conf. Locard, Les Coq. Mar. des Cotes de France, p. 29). It is characterized, according to Monterosato, by the small size, and median contraction ; the normally flat spire 216 RETUSA. is rarely mamillate or scalariform. This form is common in the Mediterranean. Alt. 1-14, diam. 3—} mill. R. PERTENUIS Mighels. PI. 23, figs. 48, 49. Shell small, thin, translucent whitish or light brown, cylindrical, the spire very low-convex ; whorls 33, the first somewhat turned in- ward ; sutures deeply impressed ; last whorl descending, sculptured with irregular, light, arcuate growth-striz. Aperture narrow above, dilated below; outer lip strongly arched forward and bent slightly inward in the middle ; columella thickened but not plicate. Alt. 3°2, diam. 1°8 mill. Massachusetts Bay ; Fernandina, Fla.; Coast of Maine; Green- land; Norway. Bulla pertenuis M1cHELs, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 346, pl. 16, f. 3.— Utriculus pertenuis GouLp (W. G. B. edit.) p. 218, fig. 509. —Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 287, pl. 17, f. 19.—Ap., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 871, pl. 120, f. 19.—Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 4—Datt, Blake Gastr., p. 45; Cat. Mar. Moll. S.-E. U.S., p. 86.—Avriviz- Lius, Vega-Exped. Vetenskap. Arbeten iv, p. 371.—Diaphana per- tenuis VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), xx, p. 399. This species has been united with FR. obtusa and R. semen by many authors, but the three are here retained distinct because proof of their complete intergradation is still lacking. R. obtusa seems to be a more solid, larger shell, replacing pertenuis in English and southern European waters; B. semen is a somewhat shorter form from high latitudes. R. seEMeEN Reeve. PI. 23, figs. 55, 56, 57. Shell cylindrical-ovate, rather tumid, the spire depressed convex, suture impressed ; whorls smooth, slightly convex, the last a little descending in front; tawny-white. Of a short cylindrical form, somewhat swollen, with a depressly convex spire, having the suture faintly channelled. (fve.). Port Refuge ; Nova Zemblia. Alt. 6, diam. 33 mill. (Leche). Alt. 43, diam. 3 mill. (Leche). Bulla semen Rve., in Belcher’s Last of the Arctic Voyages, 11, p. 393, pl. 32, f. 4a-c, 1855.—Utriculus semen LecuE, Kongl. Sv. Akad. Handlingar, xvi, no. 2, p. 71, 1878, (with v. elongata). Leche describes a form with higher spire as Var. elongata. It is not the same as Ff. turrita Moll. RETUSA. 1% Northwest Atlantic and West Indian species. R. Goutpu Couthouy. PI. 23, figs. 58, 59. Shell small, ovate, shining, of a dead white color, covered’with a yellowish epidermis; whorls four, rounded at their upper edges, their dividing line well marked ; the last whorl is as long as the shell, and includes all the others; under the magnifier its surface appears covered with revolving lines; the whorls all rise to about the same level, so that the summit is nearly flat ; the anterior extrem- ity is rather narrower than the posterior; the aperture is narrow behind, and suddenly enlarged by the curvature of the inner mar- gin, which is a little thickened, white, and polished. The outer lip, from its junction behind, advances a little as it turns forward by a regular curve, and finally turning backward by a rather sharp turn, it joins the body of the shell with a gentle twist ; umbilicus none. (Gid.). Alt. 73, diam. 3? mill. Maine to Hatteras. Bulla gouldii Couru., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 181, pl. 4, f. 6, 1839.—GouLD, Inv. Mass., p. 163, f. 94—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 15, pl. 5, f. 101 —Ubtriculus gouldii Srmp., Check-lists, p. 4.— ‘GouLp, Inv. Mass. (Binney edit.) p. 217, f. 508.— Utriculus (Retusa) gouldii Dau, Cat. Moll. S.-E. U.S., p. 86.— Cylichna gouldii Ver- RILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), xx, p. 899.—Aplustrum gouldii Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 1. R. perpiicata Dall. Unfigured. Shell ivory white with a very thin translucent epidermis, marked only with delicate lines of growth and a few faint incised spirals near the columella; anterior half of the shell wide and rounded, posterior half narrowing toward the apex with the sides somewhat compressed or flattened; outer lip thin, straight except in front where it expands a little before rounding to the rather thick twisted pillar ; behind deeply notched and behind the notch arching over and turning forward to meet a carina which revolves about the apex; apex truncate, carinated by a line which forms the outer boundary of the path of the notch ; within vorticiform, about one and a half whorls visible around the central perforation and descending into it; body with hardly any wash of callus; pillar strong, with a large horizontal fold and a minute chink behind it; aperture as long 218 RETUSA. as the shell, straight and narrow behind, wide and somewhat oblique in.front ; max. lon. of shell, 5-0; max. lat. 3:0; lat. of apex, 1:75 mill. (Dall). Off Bahia Honda, Cuba, in 220 fms.; Barbados, 100 fms. Coleophysis perplicatus DALL, Blake Rep. Gastr., p. 45. It is difficult, or rather impossible, to determine the generic place of these small Tectibranchs without a knowledge of the soft parts. They are referable to Coleophysis, Cylichna, or Diaphana, or even Sao, at the option of the describer guided only by the characters of the shell. The presence of the plait would indicate the first men- tioned section for the present species. It is perhaps nearest in general form to the Cylichna ovata of Jeffreys, or Diaphana gemma of Verrill, which has no plait and is much more attenuated behind. (Dall). R. spatHA Watson. PI. 25, figs. 53, 54, 55. Shell large, cylindrically oblong, gradually and slightly narrow- ing forwards, more abruptly so up the short stumpy and very blunt spire, thick, exquisitely reticulated, with a truncated and toothed pillar and a straight, slightly contracted outer lip. Sculpture: Lon- gitudinals—the whole surface is delicately and sharply scored in the lines of growth with very fine rounded furrows parted by sharper Spirals—-a little stronger than the longitudinals which they cut across, are spiral lines very distinct above, one or two on the shoulder being even stronger and remote, more delicate and similar to the longitudinals in front, and in the middle very faint indeed, only sufficient to produce a satiny sheen; round the top of the whorls below the suture is a very broad shallow furrow or slight constric- tion bordered by a very feeble keel below, which forms a vague shoulder. Colour ivory-white. Mouth 3 of the whole length of the shell, in shape somewhat clavate, being shortly broad in front, elon- gately conical throughout the most of its length, and rapidly con- tracted at the top. Whorls 23, rounded above with a very slight- concave constriction below the suture, subeylindrical in the middle and rounded in front. Suture linear, impressed, and very slightly horizontally margined below. Outer lip contracted amd appressed above, so that the top of the mouth runs up to a long and very nar- row point, bluntly angulated at the shoulder, below this it is straight but draws in towards the axis, in front it is patulous and well ———— a |e RETUSA. 219 rounded ; the edge line is convex, and retreats very rapidly in front, where the shell is abruptly truncate. Top very bluntly rounded, the apex being to some extent enveloped in the succeeding whorl, which rises slightly above it. Inner lip: a thick pad of glaze, with well-defined edge, extends down the slightly convex body, and passes with gradual sweep into the twisted subconeave pillar which is truncate in front; at the top of the pillar the glaze is much thick- ened, and presents for a short distance two very oblique twisted parallel folds, which are parted by a small furrow; another furrow lies outside, between the exterior fold and the glaze edge. Alt. 0:3 in. diam. 0:14. Mouth, height 0°25, breadth 0:03 inch. (Wats.). North of Culebra I., W. Indies, 390 fms. Utriculus spatha Wars., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 333; Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 649, pl. 48, f. 7. This exceedingly peculiar form in many respects recalls, rather than a Uftriculus, one of the long narrow low-spired Marginellas, such as Marginella nevillii Jouss., or Marginella avena Kien. ( Wats.). R. mayor Dall. Shell solid, white, with a yellowish polished epidermis and well marked lines of growth, spiral strie very faint and few, or none; whorls 33-4, spire distinct, little elevated, nucieus small, rounded, not prominent, aperture long, rather wide and straight, the posterior commissure rounded, the anterior wide, the margin spirally curved showing the axis (though this is not pervious) ; umbilical-chink none, pillar broad, white, oblique without any trace of a plication ; outer lip thin, arched forward in the middle; suture very deep ; inner lip with a wash of callus. Lon. of shell, 8:3; of aperture, 70; max. lat. 4°6 mill. (Dall). Portland, Maine, from fish stomach (Mayo). Utriculus mayoi Dauy, Blake Gastr., p. 46. This shell recalls Budla turrita Moller, but is much larger, with proportionately shorter spire, straighter sides and more width ante- riorly. (Dall). R. FRIELEI Dall. PI. 21, fig. 8. Shell rather large, solid, polished opaque white, broader behind than before its middle; apex perforate, around which the margin of 220 RETUSA. about two turns is usually visible; this margin, formed by the rather broad -shaped posterior sinus of the aperture, resembles the notch- band of some Pleurotomide in that the surface is flattened, with a well-marked boundary on each side, and on this surface the succes- sive marginal edges are often raised into scales, one fitting into another, composed of an extension of the body callus on one side and a reflection of the free margin on the other; the surface of the band varies in different specimens from nearly smooth to distinetly and regularly undulated or imbricately scaled as above mentioned ; other transverse sculpture of lines of growth which are hardly visible while of spiral sculpture there is none, though, with astrong reflected light, under the microscope numerous spiral markings may be observed which are neither grooved nor raised, but are visible in most smooth spiral shells, and are probably due to growth, somewhat as are the lines commonly recognized as “lines of growth.” Aper- ture nearly or quite as long as the shell, narrow, rounded in front, and terminating in the © -shaped sinus behind ; outer lip straight, sharp, thin, not incurved, rounded to join the stout columella into which it passes imperceptibly ; pillar broad, short, with a thin callus which also extends along the body; shell widest about the posterior third; distinctly narrowed anteriorly. Lon. of shell and aperture (the latter occasionally a trifle less), 82. Max. lat. of shell (at pos- terior third), 40; at anterior third, 5:5; of aperture, 1°75; min. lat. of aperture, 0°5 mill. (Da//). Off Cape San Antonio; Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. Utriculus ? frielei Dau, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 104, 1881; Blake Gastr., p. 47, pl. 17, f. 4. Utriculus leucus Watson seem to approach this species as nearly as any known form, but has sundry distinctive characters. There is no doubt, however, that there are differences of form and develop- ment of the tip of the spire in these enrolled forms, in adult individ- uals, as well as during the stages of one individual. It will not do, therefore, to draw the specific lines too taut on this sort of character. (Dall). R. pervius Dall. Unfigured. Shell short, stout, truncate apically, white, polished, sculptured only with faint incremental lines ; form subcylindrical, larger ante- riorly, a little compressed just behind the middle; aperture long, narrow behind and rounded at the posterior commissure, where it RETUSA. bla All has a shallow rounded notch, the outer boundary of whose path is marked by the summit of a raised line; anterior part of aperture wider, not very oblique, rounded in front; outer lip straight, thin, arched forward in the middle; pillar thin, simple, with no trace of a plait; body without perceptible callus; behind the pillar a small very deep umbilical perforation ; apex nearly flat, bounded by the above mentioned raised line, within which the fasciole of the notch is rounded over but does not reach the level of the line referred to; nucleus somewhat depressed, but not deeply; about three and a half whorls are visible on the apex. Max. lon. of shell 4:0; max. lat. 2°5; lat. of apex 1:5 mill. (Dall.). West Indies (U.S. Fish Commission), probably from near Barba- dos, in about 80 fms., sand. Utriculus pervius Datu, Blake Gastr. p. 48. This species is remarkable for its deep though minute umbilicus and its dish-like apex. Its general form is not unlike U. perplica- tus, but the sides are straighter and the other characters quite dif- ferent. The locality is unfortunately doubtful though it was some- where in the Antilles (Dall.). R. ompHatis Morch. Unfigured. Shell subcylindrical, short, slightly contracted in the middle, with obsolete growth strive, regular and elegantly expressed toward the spire ; spiral strize very obsolete, irregular. Spire openly umbili- cated, surrounded by a white pellucid line. Aperture very narrow posteriorly, dilated anteriorly ; columella straight, thick ; external margin acute. Alt. nearly 4, diam. 2 mill. (JL). * St. Thomas (Riise). Retusa omphalis Morcu, Malak. BI. xxii, p. 172, 1874. Not dissimilar from Cylichnella bidentata, but larger, thinner, with umbilicate spire and straight columella, ete. (JL) R. sutcata Orbigny. PI. 23, figs. 73, 74. Shell cylindrical, white, dilated below, thin, pellucid, longitudi- nally suleate, truncated at summit and concave, the spire umbili- cated. Aperture linear, suddenly dilated below. Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. Cape Hatteras ; West Indies, 14-31 fms. Bulla sulcata Ors., Moll. Cuba i, p. 129, pl. 4 bis, f. 9-12.— Utri- culus (Retusa) sulcata Dau, Blake Gastr. p. 45; Cat. Mar. Moll. 5... U.S., p. 86. 222 RETUSA. R. cecrtuir Philippi. Pl. 23, fig. 53. Shell ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, very thin, whitish, the spire depressed-conic ; sutures impressed and plicate; aperture linear, at base dilated. Alt. 5°5, diam. 2°66 lines. Whorls 4-43. (Phil.) Japan (Dkr.); China (Largilliert). Bulla cecillii Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1844, p. 164.—Dkr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 164, (as Utriculus). Shell almost exactly cylindrical, thin, smooth, shining; with arcuate growth-strie, but little conspicuous, but somewhat plicated at the suture. Spire much depressed, obtuse or somewhat acute. Aperture linear, dilated below. This species corresponds to B. jeverensis Schroeter of the German Sea, but is thrice the size } B. voluta Q. & G. is narrower wlth very deep sutures (Ph.) A. Adams gives the locality “ Mexico.” His description is as follows, the above figure being copied from the Thesaurus. Shell ovately cylindrical, thin, smooth, covered with an olivaceous- epidermis, longitudinally substriated ; spire distinct, rather elevated, whorls five, suture corrugated ; aperture narrow, anteriorly widely dilated ; columella arched, simple. Mexico (Mus. Hanley). Bulla (Utriculus) cecillii, A. Abas, in Thes. Conch. ii, p. 572, pl. 120, f. 22.—U. cecillii Sows., Conch. on. f. 3. Southern and Indo-Pacific species. R. succrncra A. Adams. Unjigured. Shell cylindrical, coarctate in the middle, the vertex truncate ; white, longitudinally striate throughout, transversely banded, bands pale and rather distant. Aperture linear, narrowed in the middle, dilated in front, the inner lip obsoletely plicate (Ad.). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 16 fms.; Awa-Sima, at low water (Ad.). Tornatina succincta Ap., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 154. In form the species most resembles 7. truncata J. Adams; but it is more elongated and much narrower, and marked with indistinct pale bands; the whorls of the spire are visible but sunken, and the parietal plica is not conspicuous (Ad.). R. BoRNEENSIS A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 46. Shell ovate-cylindrical, smooth, subpellucid, white, covered with a ferruginous epidermis, longitudinally striated ; spire distinct, flat, RETUSA. DOS whorls 4, rounded, the first mamillate, aperture narrow, dilated in front ; columella long, semitortuous, umbilicus none (Ad.). Borneo (A. Ad.) ; Mauritius (Mobius.) Utriculus borneensis A.. AD., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 572, pl. 120, f. 23.—Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 6.—v. MaArrens, in Mobius’ Reise n. Mauritius, p. 303. A much smaller shell than B. cecillit. It is narrower, more cyl- indrical; the aperture is more produced anteriorly; the colu- mella is longer and straighter, and the spire is more depressed. The mud flats at the mouths of many of the rivers of Borneo are parti- ally covered at low water with this animal; the shell is always cov- ered, when the animal is alive, with a rust-colored epidermis (Ad.). R. COMPLANATA Watson. PI. 21, fig. 2. Shell minute, cylindrical, truncated and flat on top, very much and obliquely truncated in front, with whorls angulated above and furrowed longitudinally and spirally, a papillary apex, a longish piliar, and a club-shaped mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinals—the furrows on the lines of growth are strong and curved. Spirals— the whole surface is scored with sharp irregular furrows parted by flat intervals of about three times their width. Color white. Mouth the full length of the shell, narrow above, oblong and roomy in front, club-shaped. Whorls 3; on the top of the shell they are rounded. Suture slightly impressed. Outer lip rises roundly, the least thing above the top; its course is straight, with a very slight concavity; its edge is prominent. Top perfectly flat, with a roundly angulated edge; the individual whorls are rounded, and are parted by a somewhat impressed suture ; the central tip, which is glossy, is papillary, but depressed. Inner lip is, on the body, slightly concave in its course ; the pillar is oblique, nearly straight, and is patulous. Alt. 0:05 in., diam. 0°028. Breadth of mouth at same place, 0-015 inch ( Wats.). West of Cupe York, off southwest point of Papua, 28 fms. Utriculus complanatus Wars. J. L.S. L. xvii, p. 885; Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 650, pl. 48, f. 9. This is a very small species, the solitary specimen of which is not in good condition. It is a good deal like Ubriculus truncatulus (Brug.); but the sculpture is a very marked feature of difference, and the form is more stumpy ( Wats.). 224 RETUSA. R. AmMpuizostus Watson. PI. 21, fig. 4. Shell small, rather broadly cylindrical, but contracted in the middle, and broadest below the contraction, very bluntly rounded in front, longitudinally striate and very finely spiralled, with a flat but slightly depressed crown and a small papillary apex. Sculp- ture: Longitudinals—there are a great many small hair-like ridges and furrows on the lines of growth; they are nowhere strong, but are feeblest on the base. Spirals—the whole surface is very equally striated, with delicate shallow scratched lines parted by flat sur- faces four or five times the width of the lines; there is a very slight and gradual constriction most apparent near the outer lip about the middle of the body, and in front of this the shell is slightly tumid. Color translucent white, with vague trace of spiral bands. Mouth the full length of the shell; shaped like a racket, being oval in front, long and narrow above; it issmall and rounded at the top, which just rises to the crown. Whorls 4, of which only the small rounded tops are seen on the crown, where they are slightly and radiatingly ridged, the last envelopes all the others. Suture impressed and distinct. Outer lip rounded at the top where it does not rise above the crown ; it runs straight and parallel to the inner lip till below the middle where it bends outwards in exact symmetry with the corresponding bend of the inner lip on the base, forming a very regular oval curve in front; the edge line is regu- larly curved, retreating slightly behind and in front, and advancing in the middle where the lip is contracted. Top flat, but slightly de- pressed, with a small papillary apex in the middle, the outer edge is roundly angulated. Inner lip straight down the body, concave on the pillar, which has a very slight twist and a narrow patulous edge, behind which is a scarcely appreciable umbilical depression ; the point of the pillar projects in front clear of the sweep of the basal curve. Alt. 0°12 in., diam. 0°06. Breadth of mouth at same place, 0°02 inch ( Wats.). Near Cape York, N. E. Australia, 6-8 fms. (Chall.). Utriculus amphizostus Wats., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 8386; Chall. Gastr. p, 652, pl. 48, f. 11. This species is very like Utriculus truncatulus (Brug.); but that has much stronger longitudinals, no spirals, and an oblique crown, sloping down from left to right on which side the top of the mouth and outer lip rise in a rounded loop very considerably above the top of the body whorl ( Wats.). RETUSA. 995 R. FAMELICUS Watson. PI. 21, fiy. 6. Shell long, narrow, subconically cylindrical, with straight out- lines, abruptly truncate above, with a deeply impressed papillary apex, rounded and slightly tumid in front, harshly striate above and delicately so below. Sculpture: Longitudinals—the lines of growth are very slight, but round the top of the shell is a coronal of folds forming ridges and furrows of about equal strength; these ex- tend over the top and into the hollow crown. Spirals—round the top, harshly scoring the coronal, are four or five deep, but not broad, sharp cut furrows, parted by flat surfaces of about twice their breadth ; below these to a fourth of the length, there are distant furrows so obsolete as to be almost invisible; below this the whole surface is superficially scratched with delicate sharp-cut fretted fur- rows parted by broadish flat intervals. Color translucent white. Mouth the entire length of the shell, being considerably produced posteriorly, where it is slightly enlarged; in the middle it is nar- row, the two sides being almost perfectly parallel, in front it is elon- gately oval; in its entire shape it resembles a spoon. Whorls 4, but the earlier ones are so deeply sunken, and the hole in the crown (where alone they are visible) is so small, that it is difficult to count them; the apex is papillary. Suture slight. Outer lip rises straight from the crown, with a slight inclination in towards the center, is narrowly rounded above, and advances straight for about two-thirds of the shell’s length, at which point it is slightly expanded and then becomes somewhat patulous; it sweeps rather freely round to join the pillar. Top small, oblique, harshly radia- tingly striate and deeply narrowly impressed. Inner lip long and straight, slightly convex in front, oblique and slightly concave on the pillar which is bluntly toothed in front, and has a very narrow scarce patulous prominent edge with a minute furrow behind it. Alt. 0°18 in., diam. 0:06. Mouth breaath at same place, 0:019 inch ( Wats.). Levuka, Fiji, 12 fms. (Challenger). Utriculus famelicus Watson, J. L. 8. L. xvii, p. 338; Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 653, pl. 49, f. 1. This species, whose thin and famished look suggested the name chosen, belongs to the group of which the Mediterranean Utriculus striatula. (Forbes) may be taken as a type, though in that species the features attributed to the subgenus Sao (of Cylichna) are much more strongly developed. Compared to this species of the Chal- 226 RETUSA. lenger, Cylichna fijiensis EK. A. Smith is broader, not squarely trun- cate above, and not so plicate around the top of the body. Uftrieu- lus phiala A. Adams, from Japan, is not nearly so long and narrow, and is more cylindrical. Cylichna decussata A. Adams, which is like in sculpture, is shorter, less cylindrical, and the outer lip rises much higher behind. Cylichna pyramidata A. Adams, which is puckered above, is much less cylindrical and is smooth in the body. R. simttuimMa Watson. PI. 21, figs. 9, 10. Shell small, short, truneately conical, with straightish outlines, a perforated crown, and a small papillary apex, rounded and tumid in front. Sculpture: Longitudinals—the lines of growth are very slight; but round the top of the shell is a coronal of delicate folds forming ridges and furrows of about equal strength ; these extend over the top and into the perforation of the crown. Spirals— round the top is a slight but marked constriction ; above this the top converges, and is finely scored with small close-set furrows ; the rest of the shell is superficially scratched with delicate, sharp-cut, fretted, remote furrows parted by flat surfaces; on the base the furrows are closer and coarser, and the intervals rounded. Color translucent white. Mouth the entire length of the shell, being considerably produced posteriorly, where it is enlarged ; in the middle it is nar- row and slightly bent, in front itis large and oval. Whorls 3 to 4; the apex is papillary but very smali and so deeply immersed as to be doubtfully visible. Suture very difficult to distinguish, but ap- parently impressed. Outer lip rises from the inner side of the per- foration and bends in oyer it so as partially to cover it; it arches freely round and is not at all emarginate; it runs pretty straight forward for about three-fifths of its length, at this point it is shightly constricted and contracted, but immediately bends to the right and curves very regularly round the base, where it is patulous. Top contracted, rounded, oblique, harshly radiatingly striate, and deeply narrowly impressed. Inner lip convex, tumid in front, oblique and slightly concave on the pillar, which is feebly toothed, and has a very narrow, scarcely patulous, prominent edge, with a minute fur- row behind it. Alt. 0°1 in., diam. 0°047. Mouth breadth at same place 0:024 inch ( Wats.). Torres Straits and Flinder’s Passage, N. E. Australia, 3-11 fms. Utriculus simillimus Wats., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 840; Chall, Gastr. p. 654, pl. 49, f. 2. RETUSA. Qat This species exceedingly resembles the young of Utriculus fameli- cus Watson, but is very much broader in proportion to its length. Cylichna fyiensis EK. A. Smith is much larger and slimmer ( Wats.). R. EuMIcRA Crosse. PI. 23, figs. 48, 44. Shell imperforate, small, thin, subcylindrical, shining, smooth, subpellucid, white; spire nearly flat, the apex strongly projecting ; whorls 33, the last large, nearly as long as the whole shell; aper- ture narrow, enlarged toward the base. Alt. 43, diam, 2 mill. (C. Spencers Gulf, S. Australia. Bulla eumicra Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl. 1865, p. 40, pl. 2, f. 7. — Utriculus eumicrus ANG., P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 188. H. APICULATA Tate. Pl]. 23, fig. 45. Similar to U. ewmierus Crosse, but distinguishable by its sunken spire, the papillary apex of which is exserted beyond the level of the body whorl. The anterior extremity of the shell is more gradu- ally tapering, and the shoulder of the body whorl is less abruptly arched, consequently U. apiculatus is more fusiform than its ally. It is also much larger. King George's Sound, S. W. Australia. Utriculus apiculatus Tats, Trans. and Proc. and Rep. Philos. Soe. of Adelaide, for 1878-9, p. 138, pl. 5, f. 3. R. ornycrus Watson. PI. 21, fig. 5. Shell subeylindrically oblong, tumid below the middle and rounded in front, obsoletely striate in the lines of growth, truncate above, when the crown is sharply angulately edged and excavated with a papillary apex. Sculpture: Longitudinals—the ordinary ridges and furrows in the lines of growth are feeble, except on the crown, where the old lip edge scars are strongish, close and hair- like. Spirals—none, except that round the edge of the crown there runs a sharp angulation in continuation of the outer lip. Color ivory-white, somewhat streaked longitudinally. Mouth a little longer than the body, and at the top, to a small extent, enlarged, slightly curved on the inner side, and there in front gibbous; on the outer side ft is nearly straight. Whorls 3; the last encircles all the rest, which only appear on the crown, where each rises above its predecessor in a round-faced curve; the first is papillary and immersed, the Jast rises above on the margin in a sharp edge and is 228 RETUSA. a little tumid in front. Suture slightly impressed. Outer lip rounded and cut off backwards above, angulated at its upper outer corner, straight with aslight medial contraction, rounded and patu- lous in front ; its edge line is very regularly curved. ‘Top deeply excavated, with a sharp edge. Inner lip: there is a very thin glaze ; the line across the body is much curved, the narrowing for- ward of the body beginning early and being considerable ; the pil- lar is very oblique, subtruncate, very bluntly and faintly toothed, with a narrow expanded sharpish bordered edge, and an almost im- perceptible umbilical chink behind it. Alt. 0°15 in., diam. 0:07. Mouth breadth at same place 0:01 inch ( Wats.). Ascension Island, 420 fms. (Challenger). Utriculus oryctus Warts., J. LS. L. xvii, p. 337; Chall. Gastr. p- 653, pl. 48, f. 12. The very sharp outer rim of the crown in this species is character- istic. The species slightly resembles a large and stumpy Cylichna umbilicata (Mont.), but is posteriorly squarer and more truncate, the whole top is different, the line of the pillar is straight in its obliquity, not roundly hullowed, and there is no spiral sculpture. ( Wats.). R. anrarctica Pfeffer. Pl. 23, fig. 47. Shell very thin, whitish, cylindrical-ovate, the width five-ninths the altitude; spire elevated, the vertex oblique. Whorls 3, separ- arated by a channelled suture, the last whorl three-fourths the length of the shell, tapering toward the base. Aperture narrower above, much dilated below, the outer lip slightly flexuous, sub- auriculate above, obtusely rounded below ; columella strongly ar- cuate, without fold. Alt. 2°7 mill. (P#fr.). South Georgia. Utriculus antarcticus Prrr., Jahrb. Hamburgischen Wissensch. Anstalten, ili, p. 109, pl. 3, f. 5, 1886. Described from a single specimen found among roots of Hydroids. It is excessively fragile. The attenuation of the body-whorl below is its principal peculiarity. R. rvvoiuta Philippi. Unfigured. Shell small, cylindrical, transversely striated above and below, milk-white; apex retuse and with a profound pit like an umbilicus ; aperture linear, very narrow, suddenly dilated at the base, very ob- RETUSA. 229 tusely plicate; external-basal angle of aperture very prominent; lip thin, contracted in the middle. Alt. 34, diam. 13 lines (Ph.). China (Largilliert). Bulla involuta Puiu, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1851, p. 64. Has much affinity to B. convoluta Brocchi, but shorter, striated above and below, and base of the aperture suddenly dilated (Ph.). The generic position is very doubtful. Perhaps it is a Cylichna. R. seMINULUM Philippi. Unfigured. Shell small, subcylindrical, a little attenuated toward the base, very smooth, milk-white; spire short, obtuse, distinct; aperture linear, a little dilated at the base, obsoletely folded. Alt. 13, diam. ? lines (Ph.). Manila. Bulla seminulum Put., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1851, p. 64. This species is like B. obstricta Gld., B. obtusa Mont, but differs in having the base of the shell attenuated and the aperture much narrower (P4h.). Subgenus Pyruncu.us Pilsbry, 1894. Sao H. & A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 21, Sept., 1854, type S. pyriformis A. Ad.— Conf. Smiru, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), ix, p. 304, 1872. Not Sao Billberg, Enum. Ins., p. 135, 1820 (Crustacea), nor Sao Barrande, 1846 (Trilobita) ; nor Sao Kolliker, 1853 (Siphonophora, Forskaliide). Shell pyriform, wide below, narrowed above, the aperture as long as the shell, and of similar shape, columella thickened. Spire de- pressed and rather shallowly or deeply umbilicated. Surface gen- erally with some basal spiral striz. Soft parts unknown. Adams’ name Sao being thrice preoccupied; has been changed to Pyrunculus. The systematic position of the species cannot be defi- nitely settled until the soft parts are known—Adams considering the group a subgenus of Atys, Smith placing it under Cylichna, while Fischer has Sao as a subgenus of Tornatina. ‘The characters of the shells’ apex seem more like Retusa than Cylichna, so that it may be advisable to retain it as a section of that genus for the pres- ent. R. pyrirormis A. Adams. PI. 33, fig. 68. Shell small, ovate, greatly dilated at the base, gibbose, shining, white, smooth, pellucid, apex truncated, obsoletely longitudinally 16 230 RETUSA. sulcated, above and below transversely striated; spire not visible, apex slightly umbilicated; aperture narrowed above and greatly dilated below ; outer lip acutely truncated above ; columella reflected, rather callous in the middle; umbilicus deep (Ad.). China Sea (Cuming): Bulla (Atys) pyriformis Ap., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 589, pl. 125, f. 128.—Sao pyriformis Av., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 21. R. nitipa A. Adams. PI. 33, fig. 65. Shell very small, obovate, white, opaque, shining, dilated at the base, apex rounded and deeply umbilicated, transversely striated above and below ; aperture produced above and narrow, inferiorly dilated; columeila simple, reflected; umbilicus small; outer lip rounded superiorly and arched (Ad.). Shores of Borneo (Cuming). Bulla (Atys) nitida Av., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 589, pl. 125, f. 127. R. praGenuLa A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell eylindrical-pyramidal, swollen below, the umbilical region impressed, transversely striated, the strize rather distant ; dull white ; apex perforated ; aperture linear, much dilated below; inner lip short, thickened ; outer lip straight, posteriorly produced, anteriorly rounded and arcuate (Ad.). Gulf of Pe-chili, 5 fms. (Ad.) Sao lagenula Av., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), viii, p. 139. R. rotuicutus A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovate, umbilicate, rather solid; base dilated, gibbous; smooth, transversely striated posteriorly ; apex profoundly perforate. Aperture dilated in front, narrow behind; inner lip thickened ; outer lip strongly produced behind and acuminately angular (Ad.). Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. (Ad.). Sao folliculus Ab., Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), ix, p. 160. The only species resembling this is S. pyriformis A. Ad., from the China Sea; but that species is much more ventricose, and more attenuated posteriorly (Ad ). R. porAta A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical-pyramidal, attenuated anteriorly [?], subcon- stricted below the summit, rimate, transversely striated above and below; vertex profoundly perforated; aperture linear, coarctate RETUSA. Dol behind, dilated in front ; inner lip straight, elongated, simple; outer lip strongly produced behind (Ad.). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. Sao phiala Av., Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), ix, p. 160. The peculiar contraction at the anterior part of the body-whorl just below the apex, the produced outer lip, and the,straight simple inner lip are the chief peculiarities of this species (Ad.). R. Evirprica A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell small, white, thin, elongate-ovate, subdilated in front, longi- tudinally streaked, transversely striated above and below; aperture linear, dilated below; inner lip straight calloused in the middle; outer lip with arcuate margin, posteriorly produced, rounded (Ad.). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 16 fms. Sao elliptica A. Ap., Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), ix, p. 160. A small white, longitudinally strigose, ovate species, differing in form and appearance from any other of the group (Ad.). R. PELLY! Smith. Unfigured. Shell pyriform, the base double as wide as the top; white, trans- versely, distantly striated at base; vertex umbilicated, surrounded outside by a lira (decussated by curved longitudinal, rather evanes- cent striz). Aperture narrow above, produced above the vertex, greatly dilated below. Columella short, thickened ; umbilical region perforated. Alt. 4, diam. 2 mill. (S.). Persian Gulf (Col. Pelly). Cylichna (Sao) pellyi KE. A. Smirxa, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), ix, p. 304 (May, 1872). Considerably larger than C. nitida A. Ad., and proportionately narrower towards the upper end. R. opesiuscuLa Brugnone. PI. 23, figs. 60, 61. Shell 5 mill. high, 3 mill. wide, subconic-oval, truncated obliquely above, shining and smooth, with fine and numerous striz of growth, stronger toward the summit; last whorl ventricose. Aperture nar- row and linear above, below enlarged, rounded and everted a little to the left, the outer lip gently curved and projecting a little above the apex ; columella rather straight, inclined to the left, bending outwards, and with an obscure fold in the middle. The apex with a narrow, funnel-shaped, sharp edged umbilicus; base with a small umbilical slit partly covered by the reflection of the columella. 232 RETUSA. Cylichna obesiuscula BRUGNONE, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., III, p. 39, pl. i, fig. 7, 1877.—Diaphana conulus VERRILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus,, IIT, p. 382, 1880; Trans. Conn. Acad., V, p. 543, pl. lviii, fig. 25, 1882; VI, p. 273, 1884.—Retusa ? obesiuscula Brugn., DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 49. Pliocene of Messina, (Seguenza); of Palermo (Brugnone); U.S. Fish Commission Stations 870, 949, 2595, 2602 and 2614, in 63-168 fms., living in about 100 fms. This species is quite distinct from Bulla conica or conulus of De- shayes, Wood, Sars, ete., from C. hernest and C. ovata, with all of which it has been confounded by various authors, especially Jeffreys. Professor Verrill in referring to it noted the discrepancies. (Dall). R. ovata Jeffreys. Pl. 30, fig. 11. ‘“Targer (than Cylichna umbilicata) narrower at the apex, and conical; the upper angle of the outer lip is higher and more pro- jecting ” (Jeffr.). Cylichna ovata JEFFREYS, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1870, Pore. Exp., p. 156; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th ser., X, p. 34, 1882.—Warson, Chall. Rep., p. 664, pl. xlix, fig. 9, 1885.— Utriculus conulus G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 287, pl. 17, fig. 17, 1878.— Cylichna umbilicata var. conulus Jeffr., Brit. Conch., IV, p. 414; V, p. 223. Not Bulla conulus Deshayes, Cylichna conulus of Weinkauff, or Bulla conulus of Searles Wood.—Retusa ? ovata Dawu, Blake Gastr., p. 49. North Atlantic (Porcupine and Triton Expeditions); Bay of Biscay (Travailleur Expedition) ; Azores (Josephine, Porcupine and Challenger Expeditions) ; West Indies; off Pernambuco (Challen- ger Expedition) ; Straits of Florida, 150-465 fms. (Dr. Rush) ; East Coast of North America, 124-400 fms. (U.S. Fish Commis- sion); range 100-1000 fms. over a muddy bottom in all parts of the North Atlantic, with temperatures from 40° to 62° F. R. c#LaATA Bush. PI. 23, fig. 69. Shell rather thick, opaque white, with a slightly lustrous surface of moderate size, somewhat conical in shape, with a truncated tip and an elongated tapering base. Spire concealed within a very deep pit; the two or three whorls are distinctly visible in an end view and are crossed by numerous delicate, little curved riblets which curve over the top of the body-whorl extending down a short distance, and gradually blend with the flexuous lines of growth. VOLVULA. Dist Commencing about the middle of the whorl and covering the base there are numerous, fine, punctate, spiral lines, very much crowded anteriorly. Aperture very narrow, expanded anteriorly ; outer lip a little produced at the top, bending round somewhat abruptly, then following the outline of the body-whorl, and joining the inner lip in a regular curve; inner lip much thickened at its base, with a minute umbilical chink behind it.. Color yellowish-white. (Bush). Alt. 3, diam. 1°5 mill. (Bush). Cape Hatteras, N. C., rare in 15-43 fms. (US. F.C.), Fernandina Florida. Cylichna celata Busy, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 468, pl. 45, f. 15.—Retusa eelata Dati, Blake Gastr., p. 45. Genus VOLVULA A. Adams, 1850. Volvula A. Ap. in Sowerby’s Thesaurus Conchyliorum, ii, p. 558. Not Volvulus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 1815 (Moll.), nor of Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins., 1835, (Coleoptera).— Volvulella R. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards Coll. Brit. Oligocene and Eocene Moll., p. 268, 1891.—?? R hizorus Montr., Conch. Syst., ii, p. 338, 1810. Shell external, subcylindrical or long-oval, tapering at both ends, the body-whorl more or less produced in a beak or spine above. Spire concealed ; aperture as long as the shell, very narrow, the outer lip simple, produced above; columella somewhat thickened, with the trace of a fold. Type V. acuminata. Animal with a squarish frontal disc, produced in two processes behind, as in Retusa, in front of which are the eyes. No epipodial lobes ; foot shorter than the shell. (pl. 60, figs. 9, 10, V. aewminata). The shell differs from Tornatina and Retusa in its attenuation at the ends, the upper extremity of the body-whorl being produced into a sort of spine in the typical species. The animal closely resembles Retusa in external features, but it is not known whether radula-teeth are present or not. The generic term Volvula is not preoccupied. The names Vol- vulus of Oken, and Volvulus of Brullé seem to be sufficiently dis- tinct in form to preclude any danger of confusion with Volvula. V.smirui Pilsbry, n.n. Pl. 26, fig. 65. Shell minute, elongate-ovate, rostrate above, polished, white, transversely striated at both ends, smooth in the middle; aperture 234 VOLVULA. narrow above, dilated below ; columella thick. Alt. 5, diam. 3 mill. (S.). Whydah, W. Africa. Volvula cylindrica E. A. Smita, P. Z.S., 1871, p. 738, pl. 75, f. 29. Not V. cylindrica Cpr. Peculiar for the beaked apex and the (about 12) spiral strize at the upper and lower portions. (S.). V. AcUMINATA Bruguiére. PI. 26, figs. 61, 62; pl. 60, figs. 9, 10. Shell oval-cylindrical, elongated, about three times as high as wide, convoluted, acuminate at the summit, rounded at base, the spire concealed. Thin, translucent and shining, with very weak spiral strize toward the summit and the base. Aperture very nar- row, nearly linear, wider at base; lip simple and sharp, flexuous, rounded at base; columellar margin rounded. Columella visibly twisted, arcuate and thickened. Color hyaline white. Alt. 2°7, diam. 1 mill.; sometimes larger. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, Atlantic from Norway to the Gulf of Gascony, laminarian and coralline zones; Gulf of Suez (Cooke). Bulla acuminata Brue., Encyel. Méth., i, p. 376, 1792.— Paru., Enum. Moll, Sicil. i, p. 122, pl. 8, f. 18—Volvula acumi- nata A. Ap., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 596, pl. 125, f. 152—Bug. Daurz & Douur., Moll. Rouss., p. 534, pl. 64, f. 4, 5—Cooxr, Ann. Mag. (5), xvii, p. 180.—M. Sars, Bidrag til Kundskab om Christian- iafjordens Fauna, 1870, p. 62, pl. 11, f. 19-22 (living animal).— Ovula acuminata Forpes & HAN ey, Hist. Brit. Moll., iii, p. 500, pl. 164B, f. 3.— Cylichna acuminata JEFFR., Brit. Conch., iv, p. 411; v, p- 222, pl. 93, f. 1; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), v, p. 448.—Budlla fucicola CHIEREGHINI, Brustna, Bib. Malac., 11, Ipsa Chier.C onch., p- 117, 1870, (no description ). There can be no doubt that the slender Volvula of the Mediter- ranean is the type of Bruguiére’s description ; his measurements corresponding closely to specimens, which are about three times as long as wide. His reference to Plancus (De Conchis minus notis, etc.) is less happy, for the figures cited can hardly be believed to be this shell. Whether V. owytata Bush and V. persimilis Morch are the same I do not know, asI have not seen specimens of them ; but there is nothing in the descriptions, so far as I can see, to distinguish the American forms from the Mediterranean. Chiereghini’s B. VOLVULA. 235 fucicola is a (posthumous) nude name, absolutely unknown except for Brusina’s statement that it is the B. acuminata Brug. Var. BREVIS Pilsbry. PI. 60, fig. 11. Shell regularly spindle-shaped, or forming an elongated oval which is pointed above and broad below; it is thin, almost trans- parent, and glossy; sculpture slight spiral strize at each end, and very faint microscopic lines in the same direction on the interme- diate space; the strize near the apex are fewer and more remote than those near the base; epidermis inconspicuous; color, clear white. Mouth very long, commencing at the top ina short and slightly recurved spike, and gradually widening towards the base, where it is expanded and rounded; outer lip flexuous, with asharp edge; inner lip consisting of a mere film on the upper part and in the middle, but thickened and reflected at the base, so as to give the pillar the appearance of having a short fold; pillar twisted, and bending a little to the left. (Je/fr.). Alt. 3°75, diam. 1°87 mill. Northern Europe; Mediterranean. This form is far stumpier than the typical V. acuminata, the diameter being nearly one-half the altitude. The references to Forbes and Hanley, Jeffreys (Brit. Conch.), and Adams in the above synonymy, belong to this form. V. oxyTaTa Bush. PI. 26, fig. 638. Shell rather small, somewhat cylindrical, with a sharp, spike-like apex and a tapering, rounded, anterior end, rather thin, semi-trans- parent, somewhat lustrous, with four or five very fine, indistinct, punctate spiral lines on each end, and very indistinct, microscopic striz on the intervening surface. Aperture long, very narrow, ex- panded anteriorly; outer lip thin, following the curvature of the body whorl to just below the middle where it continues in a straight line and joins the inner lip in a broad curve; inner lip very thin, slightly reflected anteriorly over a slight umbilical chink. Color bluish-white under a pale yellow epidermis. Length of one of the largest specimens 4, breadth, 1:5 mill. (Bush). East coast of the United States, from Hatteras to Cuba, 5-65 fms. V. oxytata Busu, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 468, pl. 45, f. 12, 1885.—Dau1, Blake Rep. Gastr. p. 50.—? V. persimilis Morcu, Malak. BI. xxii, p. 179, 1875. 236 VOLVULA. Dall gives the following notes upon this form ; but his Mediter- ranean oaytata are evidently typical acuminata, and the stout form from northern Europe is what I have called var. brevis: “In examining the Jeffreys collection I find this species represented from the Mediterranean from various collectors, and from Adventure Bank, Porcupine Expedition. The British and all the northern specimens, and one Mediterranean lot, are of another species, shorter and stouter, which I take to be the genuine acuminata of Bruguiére. It in its turn differs somewhat from the Crag fossil which has been called by the same name, but perhaps not specifically. I have not seen any specimen of Morch’s shell authentically identified, but his comparative remarks render it highly probable that he had the V. oxytata in view.” Voluula persimilis Morch is referred to V. oxytata by Dall, with a question mark. If identical, it has priority. The original descrip- tion here follows: V. persimilis Morch. Differs from V. angustata A. Ad. in the shell being very subtly spirally striated, hardly visible under a lens ; more solid; columella quite oblique, with thick straight fold. Differs from V. acuta in the subeylindrical shell. Alt. 43, diam. 1? mill. V. acuta Orbigny. PI. 60, figs. 12, 13. Shell oblong, attenuated in front and behind, thin, white, smooth, transversely striated in front, acute behind, not perforated, trans- versely and longitudinally striated ; aperture narrow, sinuous, sud- denly dilated in front; columella subacute. Alt. 2, diam. °75 mill. (Or0.). West Indies, north to Hatteras. Bulla acuta Ors., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 126, pl. 4, f. 17-20.— Volvula acuta Dau, Blake Gastr., p. 50.— Volvula recta Morcu (not Orb.), Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 179.—? Volvula minuta Busu, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 469, pl. 45, f. 11, 1886. This species, when young, seems to me indistinguishable from JV. minuta Bush, so far as the shellsare concerned. I have not seen the soft parts. Northern specimens are a little yellower and more earthy than those from the Antilles, as in the case of many other species having a wide geographical range. Miss Bush’s figure is VOLVULA. Zo more ovate than that of Orbigny, and I find specimens agreeing with both figures in form, with others which appear more or less inter- mediate. This species differs from V. acuminata Brug, in being one quarter shorter with the same width, in having a well marked um- bilical chink, and an apical process averaging shorter in specimens of the same size. (Dall). The V. minuta of Miss Bush, which Dall believes identical with acuta, is described as follows: V. minuta (pl. 26, fig. 57), Shell very small, spindle-shaped, thin, semi-transparent, white, destitute of sculpture with the exception of three or four very indis- tinct, punctate, spiral lines on the base. Aperture very narrow, gradually expanding anteriorly from about the middle, with a reg- ularly curved outer lip. Columella with a slight twist or fold, with a very small umbilical chink behind it. Epidermis indistinct. Length of the largest specimen, 2°5, breadth, 1 mill. V. Busuit Dall. Unfigured. This species is stouter, and its posterior process more acutely pointed than in V. acuta; its posterior end is more inflated and blunt than in V. acuta or acuminata, and the little sharp spine rises more abruptly from this dome. The anterior part of the shell is somewhat narrower than the posterior part, with very straight sides and columella, toward which it is evenly rounded in front. There is along chink behind the pillar, a faint wash of callus on the body, and fine microscopic spiral strizee over the polished surface. The color is greenish-white of a cretaceous quality. The columella is slightly refiected, but not twisted. Lon. 4°6; lat. 2°3 mill. (Dal). Station 2602, 36 miles S. + W. from Cape Hatteras, N. C., in 124 fms., sand, (U.S. Fish Commission). V. bushii Day, Blake Gastr., p. 51. V. asprnosa Dall. Unfigured. Shell white or yellowish, opaque, the young translucent, rather stout, ovate, the aperture as long as the shell, very narrow behind, wider in front, the outer lip sharp-edged, thickened inside, evenly rounded to both extremities, its middle part nearly straight, the left or opposite side of the shell much more arched than the right side ; surface with well-marked incremental lines, numerous small micro- scopic striz a little stronger toward the extremities ; columella thick, 238 VOLVULA. short, straight, with a very minute chink behind it covered mostly by callus; apex dome like, with a small rising in the center, which in the most perfect and especially young specimens is pointed ; callus on the body narrow, but well marked. Lon. 4:0; lat. 2-0. mill. (Dall). Off the North Carolina coast, in 18-168 fms.; Straits of Florida, 150-200 fms., (Dr. Rush). V. aspinosa DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 51. This very interesting species nearly bridges the gap between typical Volvula and Cylichna. Many of the worn or unfinished specimens show hardly a trace of an apical process; with the best developed ones it is only a raised point barely as high as the eleva- tion of the outer lip beyond the apex, and never a spine as in the other species. There is something about its form and facies, how- ever, which indicates its relationship even when the point is absent. Apart from the spine it is perhaps nearer V. Bushii than any of the others, but it is more cylindrical, smaller, and has a narrower aper- ture. The shell seems unusually heavy for its small size when a per- fectly mature specimen is examined. (Dall). V. PAUPERCULA Watson. PI. 26, figs. 58, 59. Shell small, cylindrically oblong, with a short, blunt, but pointed top, white, faintly spiralled. Sculpture: Longitudinals—there are fine close-set lines of growth. Spirals—the whole shell is scored with fine, shallow, remote, scarcely fretted furrows. Colour ivory- white. Mouth arched, narrow above and throughout the greater part of its length, but widening in front, where the body of the shell contracts on the base; above, it rises beyond the top of the body, and in front goes slightly beyond the point of the pillar. Outer lip is gently curved in the middle, with a quick bend at either end ; its edge seems to be nearly level, but emarginate in front. Top con- tracts rather quickly to a small central tip. Inner lip: a pretty distinct glaze covers the body ; in front of this the narrow pillar projects somewhat obliquely, with a slight twist and prominent edge, and is rather abruptly cut off at the point; behind it lies a small furrow running up into a minute umbilical chink. Alt. 0-062 in. diam. 0°03. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0:008 inch. (Wats.). North of Culebra I, West Indies, 390 fms. Cylichna (Volvula) paupercula Wats., Chall. Rep., p. 669, pl. 50, f. 5. VOLVULA. 239 The Volvula acuta d’Orb. a Cuban species, is much sharper and more hunchy. Volvula ungustata A. Adams, is more cylindrical and less stumpily pointed above. (Wats.). ( West-A merican species.) V. cytinprica Carpenter. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical, white, shining, encircled by distant spiral strie ; flattened in the middle, the margins nearly parallel, rather effuse below, suddenly narrowed behind; canal very short; lip acute ; inner lip indistinct; columellar fold small, very sloping. Alt. 17, diam.-O07 1. (Cpr.). Sta. Barbara, California. Volvula cylindrica Crr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xv, p. 179 (March, 1865); Moll. Western N. A., Smiths. Mise. Coll. no. 252, pp. 23, 133, 281. (Indo-Pacific, Japanese and Australian species). V. EBURNEA A. Adams. PI. 26, fig. 66. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, smooth, solid, shining, inferiorly transversely striated, beaked at both ends; aperture narrow poste riorly, dilated anteriorly ; outer lip posteriorly inflexed; inner lip callous; umbilicus none. (Ad.). China Sea (Cuming). B. (Volvula) eburnea Av., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 597, pl. 125, f. 155. V.sTRIATULA A. Adams. PI. 26, fig. 64. Shell small, ovately cylindrical, beaked at both ends, entirely transversely striated; spire concealed; aperture linear, anteriorly slightly dilated ; outer lip straight, slightly inflexed in the middle ; inner lip strongly twisted, with a single plait. (Ad.). China Seas (Cuming). B. (Volvula) striatula Av., Thes. ii, p. 597, pl. 125, f. 156. V. opatina A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell elongate-oval, rimate, white, semipellucid, smooth, shining, obsoletely transversely striated in front; mucro short, produced (with the lip) in an angle; aperture narrow, inner lip thin, oblique, incurved ; outer lip regularly arcuate. (Ad., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 154, 1862). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. 240 VOLVULA. V. spectaBiLtis A, Adams. Unfigured. Shell elongate-oval, acuminate behind, rounded in front; apical mucro short, not produced ; rather thin, white, shining, most min- utely transversely striated. Aperture moderate ; inner lip thin, elongated, scarcely flexuous; outer lip regularly arcuate. (Ad., 1. ¢., p. 154). Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. V. CYLINDRELLA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ecylindric-ovate, obtuse at both ends, transversely striated throughout, the striz close; summit short, acute, not produced ; aperture linear; inner lip subtortuous; outer lip with somewhat straightened margin. (A. Ad., t.¢., p. 155). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. V. ovutrna A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell elongate-oval, subventricose, transversely striated through- _out, umbilicated, somewhat swollen in front, mucro at the summit small, acute, produced (with the lip) in an angle; aperture wide; inner lip tortuous, elongated, widely reflexed in front ; outer lip reg- ularly arcuate. (Ad., t. c., p. 155). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. V. RADIOLA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell subeylindrical, acuminate at both ends, the mucro of the summit produced, acute; white, opaque, transversely striated throughout, the striz distant; aperture linear, dilated in front ; inner lip oblique, straight, somewhat thickened ; outer lip with straight margin. (Ad., t.¢., p. 165). Tabu Sima, Japan, 25 fms. V. ATTENUATA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovate-cylindrical, narrowed at both ends, transversely striated throughout, the stris distant; mucro acute, produced. Aperture linear, slightly dilated in front; inner lip subtortuous, oblique; outer lip with subarcuate margin. (Ad., t. ¢., p. 155). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms. V. anaustaTa A, Adams. PI.26, fig. 67. Shell cylindrical, beaked at both ends, smooth, shining white, longitudinally substriated ; spire concealed ; aperture linear, nar- VOLVULA. 241 rowed in the middle, produced above, dilated below, outer lip con- tracted in the middle; inner lip with a single fold. (Ad.). Cagayan, Mindanao, 25 fms. (Cuming) ; Endermo Harbor, Japan, 4-7 fms. (Smith); Off Katow, New Guinea, 8 fms. (Brazier). B. (Volvula) angustata Ap., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 596, pl. 125, f. 153.—Braz., P. L. S. N.S. W., ii, p. 88.—Smirg, Ann. Mag. N.H. (4), xvi, p. 114. V.RostRata A. Adams. PI. 26, fig. 60. Shell elongately oval, white, pellucid, beaked at both ends, lon- gitudinally substriated, transversely (under the lens) very minutely striated; aperture narrow, linear; outer lip equally arched; col- umella tortuous, with a single plait. (Ad.). Port Lineoln, Australia. B. (Volvula) rostrata A. Ap., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 596, pl. 125, f. 154. V.sutcaTa Watson. PI. 26, fig. 56. Shell oblong, very symmetrically curved, bluntly pointed above, and still more bluntly in front, white, very faintly spiralled, but with the center part of the body plain. Sculpture: Longitudinals —there are very slight lines of growth. Spirals—at the lower end of the shell there are about ten very slight fretted spiral furrows ;: those above are rather sparse and irregular, those toward the point, are crowded and feeble; the larger part of the shell is plain, while above are a few spirals still feebler than those in front. Colour trans- lucent white. Mouth arched; about the middle the arch is flattened and narrowed, broadening a very little above and somewhat more in front ; above, it rises bluntly beyond the top of the body, and in front it just passes the point of the pillar. Outer lip is very little curved in the middle, but bends in toward the axis at either end; its edge retreats a little above, but only very slightly in front. Top is bluntly and roundly pointed. Inner lip: there is a small transpar- ent pointed pad where the outer lip rises from the tip, the curve of the body is regular, but just at the top of the pillar is a slight contraction ; the pillar, which has a very faint tooth at its base is slightly oblique, and markedly twisted out to the very point; it has a flat, expanded and broadening front, with a sharp reverted edge, behind which is a rather strongly marked furrow, but no umbilicus. 242 VOLVULA-SCAPHANDRID®. Alt. 0°074 in. diam. 0°034. Mouth, breadth at same piace, 0:005 inch. (Wats.). Torres Strait, 8-11 fms. Oylichna (Volvula) sulcata Wars., Chall., Rep. Gastr., p. 670, pl. 50, f. 6. In form this somewhat resembles Volvula angustata A. Adams, but the sculpture is quite different. Compared to Cylichna acum- inata A. Adams, the apex of the Challenger species is not spike-like and the spiral strize are stronger. (Wats.). Family SCAPHANDRID & Fischer. Shell spiral, external, the spire sunken or concealed. Animal with a short subquadrate foot, truncated or forked behind; frontal dise without tentacles, the posterior lobes obsolete ; epipodial lobes well developed. Radula having the central tooth small, with a very large lateral on each side of it, and either a few smaller uncini or none. Gizzard containing three calcareous plates, which are not tuberculate. This family differs from Tornatinide in the obsolescence of posterior lobes on the head-shield, in the well-developed radula, and the large lateral epipodial lobes. It differs from Bullide in the highly specialized form of the radula-teeth and their small number in a transverse row. The form of the shell is so various in Scaphandride that no useful diagnosis of the family can be drawn from that organ. It would be very difficult to indicate any means of distinguishing the shells of some species of Cylichna from the genera Retusa and Haminea, although the soft parts of these three genera are very different. As in the case of Tornatinide, the present monograph does not pretend to be a sufficient account of all the species, much less to decide authoritatively questionsof synonymy. In the present state of con- chology, all systematic work on Tectibranchs is of a tentative and superficial character; and if the following account serves the tem- porary purpose of bringing together all of the described forms and their literature, the object of the writer will be attained. It remains for those who have opportunity to observe living examples to prop- erly classify many of the species. SCAPHANDRID. 243 Synopsis of Genera. Genus SCAPHANDER Montfort. Shell involute, oblong or ovate, the spire concealed by a callus, ‘covered with a thin epidermis, spirally striated. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow above, much dilated below, the columellar lip concave, long; columella revolving around a hollow axis; parietal wall smooth. Subgenus SaBatTrA Bellardi. Shell like Scaphander, but parietal wall bearing an entering fold of callus. Genus SMARAGDINELLA Adams. Shell ovate, entirely open from the front and base ; whorls hardly more than one; apex concealed; aperture nearly as large as the shell, ovate; parietal wall bearing a large spirally entering plate, forming a little cup projecting into the aperture. Subgenus Nona H. & A. Ad. Shell white, the outer lip rising well above the vertex. Genus ATYS Montfort. Shell solid, involute, oval, usually with spiral strize at both ends; aperture projecting beyond vertex and base, the lip typically folded above the vertex ; columella plicate or concave, generally partly re- flexed over a small umbilicus. See text for subgenera. Genus CY LICHNA Lovén. Shell rather small and subeylindrical, the spire sunken and um- bilicate or closed by a callus from the inner lip; rather solid; aper- ture as long as the shell, narrow above, somewhat dilated below; columella short, thickened, sometimes sinuous. For subdivisons see text. Genus DIAPHANA Brown. Shell small, thin, corneous-brown, umbilicated, swollen, the last whorl shouldered or globose; spire low or sunken in an apical um- bilicus. Aperture as long as the shell, rising above the vertex ; peristome thin. For subdivisions see text. 244 SCAPHANDER. Genus SCAPHANDER Montfort, 1810. Scaphander Montr., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 334, type S. lignarius.— Assula ScuuM., Essai, etc., p. 78, 258, type A. convoluta=B. lignar- ia L. (1817).—Gioent Gtoent, Descriz.di una nuova Fam. e diun nuovo Gen. di Testacei, trovati nel littorale di Catania, p. xxv, (iii to xxxiv), plate, figs. i-xiil, Naples, 1785 (Gizzard with plates, ete., of S. lignarius).— Gienia Bruc., Encycl. Meth. i. p. 502 (article “char ”’).—Tricla Puitrpsson, Dissertatio Hist.-Nat., Nova Testa- ceorum Genera, p. 8, Lund, 1788 (gizzard with plates). Shell entirely external, imperforate, ovate, rather solid, with the vertex narrow, concave and closed by a callus over the spire; aper- ture as long as the shell, sinused behind, narrowed above, dilated and effuse below ; columella long, simply concave, with reflexed, ap- pressed edge. Type S. lignarius. Animal (pl. 32, fig. 24, S. lignarius) with a large pentagonal or hexagonal frontal disc, the posterior margin produced in two broad, short subobsolete lobes; no eyes; foot about the length of the shell, truncated behind; lateral lobes large and well developed. Gizzard (pl. 61 fig. 36 lateral view, fig. 57 dorsal view) armed with two large flattened subtriangular plates (pl. 61, fig. 83, pl. 52, fig. 25) and one lanceolate, laterally-compressed plate (pl. 61, figs. 34, 35). Radula narrow and minute, tooth-formula 1:1:1. The central teeth are small, subquadrate, subobsolete, not denticulated. Lateral teeth large, sickle-shaped (pl. 61, figs. 39, 40, S. lignarius). The form of the shell is quite characteristic, but the main peculiarities of the anima] are anatomical. The dentition is alto- gether peculiar, although showing much affinity to that of Diaphana and Atys; the external anatomy is most like Atys; the gizzard plates are characteristic, two being very large and subtriangular, while the third is folded upon itself and of a narrow, lanceolate form, fitting between the large ones. Not unnaturally, the gizzard with its plates has been described as an independent genus, and two generic names have been applied to it, both prior in date to Scaphander ; but Draparnaud in 1800 dis- covered their true nature, and it was also known to Montfort. Besides the typical group of Scaphander, in which the parietal wall of the aperture is smooth, a subgenus Sabatia has been institu- ted by Bellardi, for forms in which there is a parietal entering callous fold. These lead the way toward the genus Smaragdinella SCAPHANDER. 245 S. rianaRtius Linné. PI. 31, figs. 21, 22, 23,17. Shell large, solid, ovate, attenuated above, abruptly truncated at the narrow vertex, dilated below. Surface unevenly grooved throughout, the grooves much closer above and below. Aperture as long asthe shell, widely sinused above, where the excavated outer lip is inserted on the calloused, concave vertex ; much dilated below, and effuse. Columella very concave, bordered by an even reflexion of callus which continues up the parietal wall to the vertex. Viewed from the base, all the whorls are seen within the spiral turns of the columella. Color rich reddish brown. Alt. 60 mill. Atlantic Ocean from Norway to Gibraltar ; Mediterranean Sea. Bulla lignaria Linn., Syst. xii, p. 1184.—Scaphander lignarius Monrr., Conch. Syst. 11, p. 334.—J EFFREYs, Brit. Conch. iy, p. 4438, v, p. 224, pl. 95, f. 5—Bug., Daurz. & Dotur., Moll. Mar. Rouss. i, p. 036, pl. 63, f. 1-3.—Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 292, pl. 18, f. 7 (Shell), pl. 26, f. 4 (Animal) ; pl. xi, f. 18 (dentition, anatomy). —Assula convoluta Scuum., Essai, ete., p. 258.—S. giganteus Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mér. iv, p. 51, pl. 2, f. 12.—S. targionius Risso, t. e. pl. 2, f. 13.—S. brownti Leacn, Syn. Moll. G. B. p. 40.—Gienia sicula Brue., Encycel. Méth. i, p. 502. Of this common and well known species we have given above but few references to books, but most of the others may be found in the works cited. It is the largest of the genus. Its food, according to Mme. Jeannette Power (Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xx, p. 385) con- sists of Dentalium, the shells of which are triturated by means of the solid gizzard-plates. Var. minuscula Monts. Small and pale colored, sometimes reddish above. Var. targionia Risso. Rather less swollen than the typical form. Var. brittanica Monts. Moderate sized, shorter and more swollen than the type. Atlantic (pl. 31, fig. 17). Var. curta Jeffr. Very small and short. Var. hidalgoi B. D. D. Small, deep brown, with more numerous and closer spiral strize (fig. 22). Var. alba Jeffr. Entirely white, with a creamy cuticle. Fossil forms of this species have been described under the names S. sublignarius Orb., S. grateloupii Mich., and S. fortisii Grat. (not Brong.). It is wide spread in the Pliocene of Europe. i 246 SCAPHANDER. S. puncrostriatus Mighels. Pl. 31, fig. 16. Shell rather solid, ovate, somewhat narrower but not constricted above, the vertex very narrow, scarcely truncated. Surface sculpt- ured with fine spiral, distinctly punctured grooves. Vertex narrow, not distinctly margined, and but slightly concave, the lip inserted in the middle. Aperture narrow above, broad below; outer lip reced- ing toward the upper insertion, somewhat effuse below. Columella broadly concave, bordered by a narrow white callus, the parietal callus slight and translucent. Only the last whorl is visible from the base. Color buff or pale brown, the interior of the aperture shin- ing, porcellanous, white. Alt. from 8 to 30 mill. Iceland, Shettland and Norway to Bay of Biscay, and off Azores (1000 fms.) ; Palermo, 60 fms. ; northwest Atlantic from Maine and Massachusetts to Culebra I., (390 fms.) and Barbados (288 fms.), and Gulf of Mexico, 533 fms. Bulla punctostriata Micu., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. i, 1841, p. 49; Bost. Journ. N. H. iv, 1842. p. 43, pl. 4, f. 10.—Scaphander puncto- striatus GLp., Inv. Mass. (edit. W. G. B.), p. 215, f. 505.— VERRILL, Tr. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 273.—DaA.u, Blake Gastr., p. 52.—SaRs, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 292, pl. 18, f. 6—JEFFREYs, Brit. Asso. Rep. 1884, p. 554——Warson, Chall. Rep. Gastr, p. 642-——A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 575, pl. 121, f. 50.—Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 2.—S. librar- ius LOvEN, Ind. Moll. Scand. in Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh., 1846, p. 142. Jerrreys, Brit. Conch. iv, p. 446; v, p. 224, pl. 102, f. 9; P. R. S. Lond. xxv, p. 185, 194, ete.; Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 3830.—Monts., Enumerazione, etc., p. 51. This species inhabits comparatively shallow water in the north, but the southern localities are all for examples dredged in great depths. The regularly ovate form and conspicuously punctate strize are its more prominent features. Var. clavus Dall. These specimens exhibit a bluntness at the apex and a more Bulla-like form than the typical ones, and may form a variety ciavus, distinguished from the type by the above features and by the simple apex, where the axis is prolonged into the outer lip directly without being twisted so as to form a sort of cup, as in the type of the species. West Indies, 288-553 fms. ne SCAPHANDER. 247 §. graciiis Watson. PI. 31, figs. 19, 20. Shell thinnish, oblong, slightly flattened, a little narrowed up- ward, obliquely truncate at the top, where the outer lip rises like a tooth on the right ; in front it is a little oblique toward the right, very little expanded, rounded towards the point. The mouth is pear-shaped and small for the genus. Sculpture: Longitudinals— the lines of growth are very slight. Spirals—the whole surface is dotted over with fine remote stipplings somewhat variable in size and shape, running in rather oblique spiral lines, which are a little crowded above and distant in front, where, however, an additional finer line of minute stipplings is often intercalated. Epidermis mem- branaceous, pale lemon-yellow. Colour dead white, with occasional translucent longitudinal bands. Crown consists of the bluntly rounded edge of a smal] shallow round pit, which is partly or wholly choked up with the labial callus; the line across the crown is very oblique. Mouth rather small, pear-shaped, and nearly straight. Outer lip slightly thickened and reflected on the crown of the shell, from which it rises upwards and projects forward like a tooth ; from this point it advances almost straight with a patulous and scarcely convex edge to the beginning of the base, whence it sweeps round, retreating and very patulous to the point of the pillar. Inner lip very slightly convex above, almost straight in its oblique course across the base; on all this part a thickish well-defined glaze is spread on the front of the body ; as the mouth begins to widen, this glaze is pressed out into a blunt angulation, almost a tooth, which is prolonged to the left in the narrow-edged, flat-fronted, truncated, twisted, concave pillar; here the reverted callus, which dies out at the point of the pillar, has behind it a small shallow flat furrow leading up into a pore-shaped umbilicus. Looking up the axis of the shell, though the opening is rather narrow, two whorls can be distinguished. Alt. 0°62 in. diam. 0°34. Greatest breadth of mouth, 0°24 inch. (Wats.). West of Azores, and off San Miguel, Azores, 1000 fms. 8. gracilis Wats., J. L.S. Lond. xvii, 845; Chall. Gastr. p. 645, pl. 48, f. 4. This is along and narrow shell with little of the generic peculiar- ity of shape, though the anterior splay form is recognizable. The singular thickening of the pillar seems to increase with age. In the three specimens from station 78 it is much more strongly marked eo than in the somewhat younger shells from Station 75. The young 248 SCAPHANDER. shells of Scaphander puncto-striatus (Migh.) are squatter, rounder, with a flatter crown, and have the outer lip less produced behind ; their stippled sculpture, which varies a good deal, is often coarser, and forms more continuous spirals; the pillar-lip, too, and shape of the body arevery different. In one of the specimens, from station 78 in particular, the slow wasting away of the surface has scarcely attacked the stippled pits of the spirals which accordingly remain projecting as flat round tubercles. Specimens probably referable to this species are also said to have been collected by the ‘ Challenger’ off Sydney, E. Australia, in 410 fms., an extraordinary distribution if really established (See Smith, Proc. Mal. Soe. Lond. i, p. 60). S. watsoni Dall. Pl. 31, fig. 18. Shell slender, delicate, white or yellowish, polished, posteriorly attenuated, with the outer lip and aperture produced behind the apex; transverse sculpture, none beside the delicate lines of growth, which are perceptible chiefly at or near the tips; spiral sculpture consisting of some twenty-five sharp, strong, channelled, clear-cut grooves, not punctate or in any way irregular, except that they are more crowded near the summit than elsewhere, about half being within the posterior third of the shell ; between these near the ex- tremities, and near the margin of the outer lip, are a few more deli- cate intercalary grooves; posterior apex a minute pit, punctured in the centre, from which the free margin rises, extends backward somewhat more than half a millimeter, then downward, forward almost in a straight line, then with a wide sweep up and around to join the slightly thickened margin of the body, into which it passes imperceptibly ; body with a light-wash of callus; axis coiled so as to be pervious to the summit when viewed from in front. Lon. of shell and aperture, 8°75. Max. lat. of body, 2°5; of entire shell, 4:25; of aperture, 3:25; min. lat. of aperture, 0°75 mill. (Dall). Off Sombrero Island, 54-72 fms.; Barbados, 100 fms. ; off Bahia Honda, 84 fms ; off Hatteras, 63-324 fms. Scaphander ? watsont Dau, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 99, 1881.— Scaphander watsont DALL, Blake Rep., p. 52, pl. 17, f. 10. It is possible that this will prove to be a Philine when the animal is known, but the form and aspect are those of a Scaphander. In general outline it recalls S. ignarius L., though more slender, more attenuated and pointed behind and with the free margin more SCAPHANDER. 249 produced posteriorly. In the former characters it resembles Philine Loveni Malm, as figured by G. O. Sars, but is still more pointed be- hind, and the free margin is of quite a different shape. (Dall). Adults of this species were taken at station 2376 by the U. S. Fish Commission in 324 fms. The shells alone were received. They are the American analogue of the European Scaphander lignarius, which they resemble more closely than any other species, but from which they can be distinguished by their uniformly more slender and cylindrical form and greater posterior attenuation. These dif- ferences hold good for the young as well as the adults. | The outer lip generally rises higher, and the space on the posterior end of the spire is less wide and excavated in S. watsoni than in the other species, but these characters vary somewhat in both species. I doubt if S. watsoni ever reaches the size of the Mediterranean form ; the largest I have seen measured 38:0 mm. long by 19:0 mm. in greatest diameter. 8S. lignarius of the same length generally meas- ures about 24°5 mm. in diameter. The magnificent S. nobilis Verrill, first dredged in 1209 fims., off Delaware Bay, was also found in the Gulf of Mexico by the U. S. Fish Commission in 1639 fms., at Station 2127. S. Nosruis Verrill. Pl. 32, figs. 31, 32. Shell large, swollen, stout, broad-ovate in outline, thin, translu- eent, and of an exceedingly delicate texture. The body-whorl is very large in proportion to the rest of the shell. The aperture is large, broad-ovate in the anterior part, narrowed and curved poste- riorly, extending to the apex of the shell, where it terminates in a notch, the outer lip extending back considerably beyond the notch. The aperture is much encroached upon by the convexity of the body-whorl, but about the middle the inner lip is strongly excav- ated and forms a broad and somewhat sinuous curve; the outer lip is very broadly and evenly rounded throughout most of its extent ; anteriorly the curvature forms the arc of a circle; posteriorly it ex- tends back beyond the apex of the shell in the form of an obtuse and slightly everted process, with its posterior margin concave, somewhat sinuous and spiral, and a little thickened. The surface is smooth and polished, somewhat shining, and everywhere covered by spiral lines formed by series of oblong dots, which are decidedly sunken below the surface and separated by intervals about equal to or less than their own length. The spiral lines are unequal in fineness, the 250 SCA PHANDER. broader ones alternating with finer ones in which the dots are very narrow ; the intervals between the spiral lines are also variable in breadth. None of the specimens appear to have a distinct epider- mis. Length of shell to apex of one of the largest specimens 35 mill.; breadth, 25 mill.; length of aperture, 37 mill.; greatest breadth of aperture, 18 mill. (V.). Off Martha’s Vineyard, in 906-1309 fms. ; off Delaware Bay, 1091— 1209 fms. ; East from Tobago, in 880 fms. (Albatross). S. nobilis VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci. vi, p. 209, pl. 32, f. 18, 18a, (shell) ; f. 185, ¢ (dentition) ; f. 18d (gizzard).— Datu, Blake Gastr. p. 53; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 297. This species bears some resemblance to S. punctostriatus (Migh.) H. and A. Ad., but is much thinner, with a far more delicate texture. Its form is much shorter and more swollen in the middle, and the spiral lines are less numerous, with wider intervals, and have the punctations larger and not so close together, giving a much smoother appearance to the surface, although the. punctate character is quite as evident. The aperture is also much broader, especially in its anterior half, while the body-whorl projects into it much more strongly. The inner lip is much thinner and shows only a slightly thickened fold along the columella-margin. Posteriorly the shell is not at all narrowed, but is evenly rounded, instead of being pinched up as in S. punctostriatus. The posterior process of the outer lip is more flaring, and extends farther backward beyond the apex. The apex of the shell is nearly plain and smooth, though sometimes slightly indented, and does not have a thickened deposit of enamel extending beyond the edge of the notch, as in the latter. (V.). S. INTERRUPTUS Dall. PI. 32, fig. 26. Shell in many respects resembling S. lignarius, and best described by comparison with it. Shell of a livid or grayish straw-color, not the yellow or reddish-brown of lignarius; the tip of the spire is smaller in proportion and more pointed ; the axis is pervious as in lignarvus, but the perforation is more cylindrical and does not become funnel-shaped as the shell enlarges to maturity; the shell averages more slender; the callus on the body is not reflected so far, and especially on the anterior part of the pillar; the grooves of-the sur- face in lignarius without exception are continuous, the punctures being arranged along their channels; in S. interruptus the spiral SCAPHANDER. 251 sculpture is composed of rows of short or longer punctations or grooves, which do not unite to form a continuous line except close to the columella in front, and here rather as the result of crowding and overlapping ; these short grooves are not punctate at the bottom as in S. lignarius, but are apt to alternate stronger and weaker, and are more close set than in lignarius of the same size. Alt. 33, diam. 17°5 mill.; diam. of aperture 13:5 mill. (Dail). West coast of Patagonia, 1050 fms.; near Galapagos Is., 812 fms. S. interruptus Dat, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 297, pl. 12, f. 12, 1889. S. munpus Watson. PI. 31, figs. 18, 14. Shell obliquely oval, thin, opaque, ivory-white, glossy, stippled in spiral lines, above narrowed obliquely, concavely truncated, and on the right bluntly pointed, below rounded. Sculpture: Longitudinals —there are very fine hair like lines of growth, with slight irregular interrupted and unequal undulations. Spirals—the whole shell is covered with small shallow distant impressed dots: these above are roughly rounded or obliquely longitudinal ; but from about one- third of the way down they become transversely elongated ; they are arranged in rows not quite equal, and which are parted by intervals of fully double the breadth of the dotted rows ; toward the point of the base the dots tend to return to the round shape, and the rows of largish dots are parted by rows of minute transversely elongated dots which occur in the intervals. Besides these, there are over the whole surface the close-set superficial microscopic spiral lines, which seem to be a characteristic of the genus. Epidermis excessively thin, membranaceous, and glossy, of a faint straw colour. Colour ivory-white. Crown oblique. There is a slight indentation or small conical pit almost completely coated with the glaze of the lip; this little pit is encircled by a very slight and blunt keel. Mouth irreg- ularly pear-shaped, being somewhat narrowed above and expanded below. Outer lip projects a little angularly behind, and here it is reverted, thickened, and appressed ; from the highest point of its rise it sweeps round to the point of the pillar with a very equable curve ; it is very patulous on the base. Inner lip flexuous, being very con- vex on the body and openly concave on the pillar. A very thin glaze extends from the outer lip above across the body to the pillar, which has a pretty strongly reverted rounded and twisted edge, up which one can just see into the interior of the shell for nearly two 202, SCA PHANDER. turns. Alt. 1:15 in. diam. 0°78. Greatest breadth of mouth, 0°61 inch. (Wats.). Off Arrou I., west of Papua, 500 fms, S. mundus Warts., Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 648, pl. 48, fi 2. This is a delicately beautiful shell, curiously intermediate between Scaphander lignarius (Linne), and Scaphander puneto-striatus (Migh), while perfectly distinct from both. In form it is less likea Bulla than the latter, while the attenuation above is less, and the expansion of the outer lip below is even greater than in the former. Lying on its face, it is broader and is more flattened, and that, too, more obliquely than either. Its puncto-striate spiral sculpture ap- proaches that of Scaphander punctostriatus (Migh). Scaphander no- bilis Verrill, is a good deal like, but then the proportion of the body- whorl to the size of the mouth is greater, and the outer lip rises higher and bends more to the left at the top of the shell; the whole shell, too, is narrower. (Wats.). S. MULTISTRIATUS Brazier. Unfigured. Shell white, thin, transparent, oblong ovate, transversely, obliquely, aud closely striated, attenuated towards the spire; spire truncated, slightly umbilicated ; aperture pyriform; outer lip slightly inflated above, from the centre to the base widely expanded a little thick- ened ; columella obliquely somewhat faintly plicated. Length, 34 lines; breadth at spire, 1 line; at centre, 1{ lines; base, 12 lines; aperture circle at spire, 14 lines; at centre, 13 lines. (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms, sandy mud. S. multistriata Braz., P. L.S. N. 8. W. ii, p. 84. S. nivEus Watson. PI. 31, fig. 15. Shell thinnish, obliquely oval, slightly narrowed and rounded above, where the outer lip rises on the right Jike a tooth; in front it is rounded with a very blunt angulation at the point ofthe pillar ; ivory-white, glossy, striate, but scarcely stippled. The body is rather tumid, and shaped like a Bulla. Sculpture: Longitudinals —there are exceedingly faint hair like lines of growth, of which, at at frequent intervals, one more distinct produces a slight undulation of the surface. Spirals—the whole shell presents the microscopic and very superficial crimpings of the genus, which become rather strong on the base; there are also some very superficial and extremely obsolete bandings or furrows and ridges, which are SCA PHANDER. 253 scarcely appreciable. Besides these, the upper half of the shell and the point of the base are scratched with fine square-cut strize, which, with a little difficulty, can be recognized as formed of minute con- tiguous stipplings ; these are very remote in the middle of the shell, but toward either extremity they become crowded. Epidermis membranaceous. Colour white, with a faint ivory tinge. Crown consists only of the flatly rounded margin of a very small pit-like depression in front of the origin of the outer lip, which rises abruptly above the top of the shell. Mouth curved, rather club than pear- shaped, being gibbously enlarged in front and elongate and rather narrow behind. Outer lip thickened, reflected, and sinuated above, where curving forwards, it rises in a tooth-like form above the crown; from this point it sweeps very equably round to the point of the pillar, the curve being very slightly flattened above and some- what full on the base; it is patulous throughout ; the very thin edge is nowhere very prominent. Inner lip roundly convex on the body, bluntly angulated at the top of the short scarcely curved and barely truncate pillar. A thickish and rather prominent glaze joins the two extremities of the outer lip; near its edge on the upper part of the body this glaze has a few irregular rounded tubercles ; on the base, where it is thickened to a pad, these tubercles increase in size and number, while the reverted pillar-lip is harshly covered with them. The pillar lip is not quite closely appressed, having an over- hanging edge and a closed chink behind it. Alt. 1°15, diam. 0°8. Greatest breadth of mouth, 0°56 inch. (Wats.). South-east of the Philippines, 500 fms. S. niveus Wats., J. L. S. Lond. xvii, p. 348; Chall. Rep., p. 644, pl. 48, f. 3. Only one specimen of this species having been found, it is im- possible to say whether the roughening of the labial glaze is a specific feature as in some of the Volutes, or the result of disease. In this species the general form of the shell, and especially that of the body- whorlis even liker a Bulla than is the case with Scaphander puncto- striatus (Migh) ; but the apex is not perforated. As in that species one, looking up the pillar, can only see a single complete whorl. The minute stippling of the spirals resembles, on astill smaller scale, that feature in Scuphander lignarws (I.inne). Compared to Scaph- ander mundus Watson, this is a much more tumid form, and the sculpture is markedly different. ( Wats.). 254 SCAPHANDER. S. saponicus A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovate, elongate, narrowed behind, dull white, transversely suleate, the sulci rather closely puncticulate; spire concealed ; aper- ture coarctate behind, dilated in front; inner lip thin; outer lip, . produced and obtusely angled posteriorly, rounded in front, the mar- gin regularly arcuate. (Ad., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), ix, p. 156). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. The punctate striz are common to most of the species of this genus. The present species nearly resembles S. lignarius in form,,. but is much smaller (only half an inch long); it is also less ventri- cose, and transverse grooves are puncticulate. (Ad.). S. cuminerr A. Adams. Unjfigured. : Shell oblong-ovate, constricted behind, whitish, transversely obliquely suleate, the sulci closely puncticulate ; aperture ample, strongly coarctate behind, dilated and slightly effuse in front ; inner lip lengthened, subreflexed outwardly; lip produced and acutely angled posteriorly; hind margin inflexed, anteriorly crenulated. Cd. (ep: a6): Mino-Sima, 63 fms. Differs from S. japonicus, which it equals in size, in the last whorl being posteriorly constricted, in the close-set oblique grooves, in the narrowness of the last whorl, and in the acute hind angle of the outer lip. (Ad.). S. ELonGatus A. Adams. Unjfigured. Shell thin, white, elongate-ovate, narrowed at both ends, trans- versely suleate, the sulci distant, punctate; aperture produced in front and dilated, coarctate behind; inner lip thin; outer lip with regularly arcuate margin. (Ad., l. ¢, p. 157). Mino-Sima, Japan, 65 fms. This species is elongate and narrowed at both ends, and the pune- tate grooves are wide apart. The spire of this and of all the other species is “ truncata umbilicata,” or “occulta.” (Ad.). S. sutcarmnus A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell elongate, somewhat solid, posteriorly narrowed, tawny, shining, transversely suleate, the sulci simple and distant ; aperture coarctate posteriorly, dilated anteriorly ; inner lip simple; outer lip with regularly arcuate margin. (Ad., l. ¢., p. 157). Korea Strait, 46 fms. SCAPHANDER. 255 This is a small, smooth, rather solid species, transversely sulcate ; the grooves fine, simple, and more strongly marked at the posterior extremity. (Ad.). S. sresoLtpit A. Adams. Unjigured. Shell small, oblong, white, rather thin, coaretate behind, rather swollen in the middle, transversely sulcate, the sulci distant and punctate; aperture ample, very much dilated below, narrow above ; inner lip reflexed behind, thin and arcuate in front; margin of outer lip slightly straight, posteriorly produced and etanery angled. (Adsine; plat): Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms. This may be a Philine. “The only species at all resembling this is S. pectinatus ; from which, however, it differs greatly ; it is very loosely convolute, and the last whorl is gibbose in the middle. (Ad.). S. prnaratus A. Adams. Unfigured. Sheii ovate, posteriorly narrowed, loosely convoluted, white, thin, transversely striated, the striz close and simple; spire small; aperture ample, narrowed behind, much dilated in front; inner lip thin; outer lip with regularly arcuate margin, posteriorly produced and acutely angled. (Ad., U. c., p. 157). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms. This species is probably a Philine ; but as I have not seen it, and it was described as a Scaphander, the safest course is to leave the form in the latter genus. “This is aslightly convolute, thin, oblong species, with the transverse lines waved but not punctate, and the aperture greatly dilated.” Subgenus Sapatia Bellardi, 1876. Sabatia BEuL., Bull. della Soc. Mal. Italiana, ii, p. 209, type S. isselit BELLARDI, l. c., p. 210, pl. C, f. 5-8.—Da x, Blake Gastr., p. 93. Shell ovate or short-oval, with the aperture as long as the shell, dilated below as in Scaphander ; columella simply concave in adult shells, the parietal wall bearing a spirally entering plicate or smooth callus. Anatomy unknown. Type S. isselii Bellardi, pl. 52, figs. 33, 34. 256 SCAPHANDER. The type of this group is a pliocene fossil of Piedmont in which the callus is plicated. Fig. 84 shows the front view, fig. 33 a dorsal view with the body-wall removed to show the internal continuation of the spiral callus. Bulla grandis Seguenza (Form. Terz, di Reg- gio, p. 250, pl. 16, f. 4, 1880) is another fossil species of the same group. In the recent fauna it is known only from deep water in the Antillean district. S. BATHYMOPHILA Dall. PI. 32, figs. 27 (adult) and 28 (young). Shell large, stout, white, polished, sculptured with numerous puncticulate strive, crowded toward the ends and few and distant in the middle; outer lip extending backward a short distance from the spire, then sweeping downward, forward, outward, and then up- ward, curving downward and backward again to join the subtruncate columella, above and behind which there is almost a canal; col- umella reflected, with a tolerably thick callus, but no umbilicus or umbilical chink ; body with a thin deposit of callus (in one instance much thickened and roughened, apparently by disease) ; aperture very narrow behind, very wide and somewhat oblique in front; lines of growth on the surface hardly visible. Lon. of shell and aperture, 16°5; from summit to oblique truncation of columella, 13:75. Max. lat. of shell, 11:25; of aperture, 7:0; min. lat. of aperture, 1:0 mill. (Dall). Alt. 31, diam, 24 mill. In young specimens 3°5 mm. long there are three and a half whorls; the nucleus is visible turned on its side and half immersed ; it is heliciform, translucent white and minute; the striation is more uniformly distributed over the shell and is exceedingly fine; the nucleus (but not the whorls outside of it) remains partly visible until the shell has attained a length of 8°25 mm. Like most young shells of this group the young are more pointed before and behind, and less expanded than the adult. 100 miles east from Delaware Bay, 554 fms.; Fernandina, Florida; Yueatan Strait, 640 fms.; east from Tobago, 880 tms. Atys ? bathymophila Daut, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 98, 1881.—Sab- atia bathymophila Dati, Amer. Nat. xvi, 1882, p. 884; Blake Gastr., p. 53, pl. 17, £9, 96; Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus: xu, pags: 1889. SMARAGDINELLA. 2am The exterior of this species has the general form of Scaphander nobilis, but the minute sculpture and the characteristics in detail are alike distinct. Additional and mature specimens of this species appear in the collections of 1878-79, from Station 162, off Guadeloupe, in 734 fms., fine gray mud ; bottom temperature 40:0°. These specimens show that the truncation of the axis is a character of the immature shell, and that the adult shows nothing of it, but has the body from one end to the other supplied with a broad solid flattened callus, which is especially protuberant (into the aperture) at the beginning of the posterior third. The outer margin of the callus has a sigmoid curve parallel with the inner outline ofthe columella and body ; the inner margin is, however, somewhat irregularly transversely wrinkled, the mass of callus is much thicker in the middle third, and its surface is ornamented with flattened pustulze irregularly dis- posed. This gives to the shell an abnormal appearance, which I took, in the single large (but as we know, immature) specimen referred to in the description, as an indication of disease in the in- dividual. More material shows these characters to be normal and constant in their general features in the adult shells. The form of the aperture is well shown in the figures; its anterior portion is very oblique,—a feature only visible in a side view. The type species, Sabatia isseli Bellardi, bears no special resem- blance to this shell; it is of quite different shape, sculpture, and pro- portions, with a callus more simple and proportionately less developed. In the latter a minute dimple indicates the position of the wholly immersed apex in the adult, while iz the young the rough callus, though thin, is distinctly apparent in a specimen only 4:0 mm. long, and which has the nucleus and about three turns visible on the apex. The nucleus is reversed and half immersed, smooth and translucent. It is not wholly covered by callus until the shell is more than 7°0 mm. in length. When half covered it resembles the genus Cryptaxis of Jeffreys. The sculpture in the very young is the same as in the adult. Scaphander niveus and gracilis of Watson probably belong to this group. (Da/l.) Genus SMARAGDINELLA A. Adams, 1848. Smaragdinella A. Ap., Appendix to Capt. Belcher’s Narrative of the Voyage of H. M.S. Samarang ii, p. 475, 1848. Type Bulla viridis Q.—H. & A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, p. 22.— Glauconella 258 SMARAGDINELLA. Gray, Figs. Moll. Anim, iv, p. 95 (for G. viridis, glauca, smarag- dina), 1850.—Linteria A. AD., in Sowb., Thes. ii, p. 558 (1850).— Thecaphorus Nurr. ms.. fide Ads. Shell mainly external, oval, formed of little more than one whorl, the entire interior visible from the open front and base. Apex con- cealed. Aperture occupying nearly the whole ventral surface, ovate, with a deep posterior sinus; columella long, curved, with a reflexed adnate callus, the parietal wall bearing an oblique, curved, spirally entering plate, which projects downward into the aperture. Type S. viridis. Animal having a squarish frontal disc bearing well developed eyes, and obsoletely bilobed behind ; foot about as long as the shell, squarish-oblong ; epipodial (lateral) lobes well developed, partially covering the shell. Stomach with cartilaginous plates. Dentition unknown. Smaragdinella lives between tides, exposed to the waves. Its green coloring assimilates the creature to its surroundings. Two subgenera are recognized: SMARAGDINELLA Ad., shell oval, green. (2) Nona Ads., shell white, subtrigonal, the lip more produced above. S. viripis (Rang) Q. & G. Pl. 33, figs. 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49-53. Shell oval, solid, dark green, consisting of about 13 whorls; en- tirely open from the front and base, the aperture occupying nearly all of the ventral aspect; dorsal surface regularly rounded; apex concealed, the vertex in some old shells marked by a tiny keel-encir- cled cup; sculptured with irregular growth lines. Aperture ovate, having a narrow sinus behind, elsewhere broadly rounded. Outer lip thin, rising somewhat above the vertex behind; columellar lip arcuate, nearly as long as the shell, slightly thickened, and with a reflexed adnate callus running backward to the vertex; from this callus springs a wide entering plate, spirally twisted into a saucer- like process projecting into the aperture. Alt. 12, diam. 83 mill. ; Island of Bourbon ; Réunion; Guam ; Sandwich Is. Bulla viridis Rane, in Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. Zool. ii, p. 350» pl. 26, f. 18-16.—Linteria viridis Ap. in Thes. Conch. ii, p. 597, pl. 121, f. 52.—Sows. in C. Icon., f. 3.—Smaragdinella viridis Aps., Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, p. 23.--Marrens, Donum Bism., Sammi. Stidsee- conch. p. 53; Meeres-Fauna Maurit. ete., p. 304.—Linteria glauca SMARAGDINELLA. 259 Ap., Thes. p. 597, pl. 121, f. 53--Sows., C. Icon., f. 4.--Glauconella viridis GRAY, Fig. Moll. Anim. iv, p. 95; Guide Syst. dist. p. 194. — Bulla calyeulata Sows., Genera, f. 5.—Linteria acuminata Sows., ‘Conch. Icon., f. 2, 1870. We are unable to find characters in the shells sufficient to separ- ate the viridis (typical figures 49-52), calyculata, acuminata (figures 56, 57 “ Guadaloupe and Sandwich Is.”’), and the glauca of Adams (fig. 42) and of Sowerby (pl. 33, figs. 45,46). It is doubtful whether the glauca of Q. & G. will prove distinct. The species has also been reported from Pitcairn Island and Japan. Var. FASCIATA Sowb. PI. 33, figs. 54, 55. Shell oblong, subovate, compressed, semipellucid, golden-brown, spirally 3-banded, slightly contracted above the center; aperture large, outer lip elevated, cuneate ; last whorl very narrow, append- age long, acuminated. (Sowb.). Habitat unknown. Linteria fasciata Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 5, 1870. S. GLauca Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 33, figs. 43, 44. Shell a little more convoluted, more oval and more swollen above than S. viridis; sea-green. Animal about an inch long, the frontal dise quadrate, wide, pointed at the sides in front, a little excavated behind; color of the entire animal apple-green, visibly peppered with black, the mouth reddish, eyes black. Port Carteret, New Ireland. Bulla glauca Q. & G., Zool. Astrol. ii, p. 352, pl. 26, f. 10-12. Described from one individual the shell of which was not in good condition. Adams and Sowerby have identified certain shells with Quoy’s species, but their decisions are not to be trusted. The real distinctive characters are in the form of the frontal shield of the animal, and this may be due to the temporary condition of the individual seen by Quoy. The alleged conchological distinctions are quite insufficient. S. minor A. Adams. PI. 33, fig. 58. Shell small, pellucid, yellow, thin, smooth, oval, aperture very wide, scarcely involute, longitudinally very finely, striated ; an un- guiculate process at the spire. (Ad.). Island of Zebu, Philippines (Cuming). 260 SMARAGDINELLA. L. minor Av., Thes., p. 598, pl. 121, f. 54.—Sows., C. Ic., f. 1. May be only a variety of S. viridis, but distinguished by its shorter form. S. aNDERSONI Nevill. PI. 33, figs. 40, 41. Shell oval, glaucous, open, indistinctly longitudinally striate ; spire a little involute ; inner lip bearing a small appendage; aper- ture large, dilated in front, the anterior margin oval-arched, poste- rior margins somewhat coarctate. Length 83, diam. 63, alt. 33 mill. (Wev.). S. Province of Ceylon, on reefs at low water (Nev.); Penang (Stoliezka) ; Suez (Cooke). Glauconella andersoni G. & H. NEvi1, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl, pt. 2, p. 2, pl. 1, f. 13. —Smaragdinella andersoni CooKE, Ann. Mag. N-oHe (); xvii; p. 193: This interesting species in shape closely resembles G. viridis Rang., the body of the shell is, however, considerably more involute and the colour a pale apple-green ; it also differs from the above, as well as from all the other described species of the genus, in the small, almost rudimentary appendage. It is tolerably abundant on reefs at low water in the S. Province, Ceylon. Dr. Stoliczka also found it at Penang. The animal is dull greenish, mottled with brown, the eyes are sessile, very small and black; the shell is completely hidden by the meeting of the lateral expansion of the mantle, in this respect differing from G. viridis, in which according to A. Adams, the shell is only partially hidden. Its mode of progression, at the time, strongly reminded one of us of that of Omphalotropis. (Nev.). S. strepoupr A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovate-oblong, slightly involute, open, thin glaucous, pellucid, the back longitudinally striated ; inner lip bearing a spiral lamella, searcely dilated. (Ad.). Takano-Sima, Japan, between tide marks. Smaragdinella sieboldi Ap., Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), xiii, p. 310, 1864.—Dxr., Index, p. 167. This species differs remarkably from the other species of the genus in the breadth of the spiral lamella which winds round the inner lip. In 8S. viridis, S. glauca, and S. minor the lamella is so broad SMARAGDINELLA-ATYS. 261 that it forms, when it winds, a cup shaped appendage. In S. sie- boldi, however, the lamella is so narrow that a spiral ridge only is visible. (Ad.). Glauconella adamsii Gray, (Bulla smaragdina Adams Mss.) is known only by three sketches by Adams of a living Smaragdinella, published in Gray’s “ Figures of Molluscous Animals,” pl. 178, figs. 1,la, 1b; p. 95. It is, of course, quite unidentifiable. Section Nona H. & A. Adams. Shell internal, subtrigonal, slightly involute, white, fragile; inner lip with a cup-shaped appendage, spirally entering; outer lip pro- duced posteriorly. S. ALGIR# Hanley. PI. 33, fig. 59. Shell subtrigonal, white, thin, concentrically lightly undulated ; aperture very large, trigonal, outer lip elevated above the spire, angulated, acuminated, contracted in the middle, anteriorly pro- duced ; columella much arched, last whorl small, trigonal ; append- agesmall, acuminated. (Sowb.). Algiers (McAndrew), Linteria algire Hanley, A. Ap., Thes., p. 598, pl. 121, f. 55.— Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 6.—Smaragdinella (Nona) algire H.& A, AD., Gen., p. 23. Genus ATYS Montfort, 1810, Atys Montre., Conch. Syst. il, p- $48, type VAR cymbulus=naucum. —Alicula EHRENBERG, Symbol Phys., decas Ist, 1831, type A. cylindrica. Naucum Scuvum., Essai, p. 79, 259, type N. striatulwm Schum.—A. naucum L.—Roxania LEACH ms., GRAY, P. Z. 8S. 1847, p- 161, type B. cranchii—B. utriculus—Roxaniella Monrs., Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 145, type R. jeffreysi Weink.— Weinkaufia. ADAms, Dinia Aps., Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, p. 21, type D. dentifera. Shell varying from globose-oval to subcylindrical-oyal, involute, the spire concealed ; aperture as long as the shell, produced above the vertex ; lip rising from the center of the vertex, and having an angular fold there ; outer lip simple and arcuate ; columella short, generally not wholly closed. Type A. naucwm. 18 'OX4 Pee et cmvag ors \ ep e- BIBRARY) op ‘- wee /> : ) :" 262 ATYS. The anatomy of the typical forms is unknown. In the section Alicula, the frontal dise is wide-ovate, with no anterior or poste- rior auricles; epipodial lobes developed much as in Scaphander, but more prolonged posteriorly (pl. 59, fig. 16, 17, A. cylindrica, after Ehrenberg). Eyes absent. In the subgenus Rowania, the large frontal dise is produced behind in two triangular lobes, the epipodial lobes being as in Alicula (pl. 59, figs. 18, A. utriculus). Eyes absent; foot quadrate, slightly bilobed behind. Giizzard-plates wanting. Dentition (of A. wtriculus) with the formula 1:1:1; central teeth well developed, with multicuspid cusp, slightly emarginate in the middle. Laterals large, subtriangular, with no dentate cusps; un- cini wanting. It, therefore, agrees with Diaphana or Cylichna in the form of the centrals, with Diaphana and Scaphander in the absence of uncini; but it differs widely from all of these genera in the form of the lateral teeth (see pl. 61, fig. 32, A. utriculus, after Sars). The shell in this genus frequently resembles that of Cylichna or of Scaphander, and the exact limits of these groups have not yet been clearly indicated. It is likely that Atys should be restricted to those forms in which the upper lip has an angular fold above its insertion in the vertex, and the forms lacking this feature may then be removed to constitute one or two distinct genera. We prefer to leave the genus, for the present, in its old limits, believing that this is preferable to a re-assortment of its contents prior to the necessary examination of the soft parts in the various subgenera proposed. No really intelligent systematic work can be done in this group by the shells alone. The subgenera referred provisionally to Atys are as follows: Arys s.str. Shell swollen, having the lip plicate above the ver- tex, the columella obliquely truncated or angularly folded. Type A. naucum. AutcuLa Ehrenberg, 1831. Shell cylindrical; lip plicate above the vertex ; columella not distinctly truncated or folded. Type A. cylindrica. RoxantaA Leach. Shell cylindric-elliptical, with spiral punctured strize ; lip not twisted at its superior insertion ; columella subvertical, slightly sinuous. Type A. ufriculus. ATYS. 263 We have above expressed the opinion that this group and the next may eveutually be removed from Atys. Dinta H. & A. Adams, 1854. Shell ovoid, subtruncate above, longitudinally striated ; columella abruptly truncated below, ending in a tooth-like prominence. Type A. dentifera Ad. The next two groups do not appear to offer any differential features of importance. All are characterized by the prominent truncation of the columella and the absence of a fold above the vertex. Roxaniella Monterosato, 1884. Shell diaphanous, date-shaped, with spiral plicate sculpture ; columella with a thickened sinuosity, simulating a fold. No fold above the vertex. Type A. jeffreyst. This group seems to be synonymous with Dinia. Weinkauffia A. Adams. Type A. diaphana Arad. This group offers no tangible differences from Dinia. Subgenus Arys Montf. A. NAuCUM Linné. PI. 28, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Shell globose-oval, inflated, widest at the middle, solid; white under a thin buff or chestnut cuticle. Vertex narrowly concave ; body whorl sculptured throughout with engraved spirals, much closer and uneven toward the ends, more spaced or altogether absent in the middle; base concave around the rimate umbilicus. Aperture as long as the shell, the lip rising high above the vertex and angularly plicate there; columella vertical, angularly plicate or truncated in the middle; outer lip everywhere well curved. Alt. 41, diam. 29 mill., often smaller. Singapore, Borneo and Philippines to Torres Straits, eastward to Viti Is., westward to Red Sea and Madagascar. Bulla naueum L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 726.—Ap., in Thes. Conch. p. 584, pl. 124, f. 107-109.— Atys nauewm Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 1.— K. A. Smit, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 86.—Brazter, P. L. 8. N.S. W. ii, p. 84— Marrens, Mobius’ Reise n. Mauritius p. 302.—Cookk, Aun. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 131.—Atys cymbulus Montr., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 343.—B. (A.) ferruginosa A. Av., Thes. ii, p. 585, pl. 124, f. 110 (not B. ferruginosa Gmel. p. 3482,=young Cyprea) ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 344.—Atys ovoidea An., Thes. Conch. 264 ATYS. p. 585, pl. 124, f. 111, and Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 3 (not of Quoy & Gaimard).—Atys freyi BRAncstk, Jahresh. Trencs. Com. xiii, p. 80. Atys obovata Mxer., Mal. Bl. 1854, p. 46; Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 75. Large specimens of this species are thinner than smaller adults ; and examples of any size frequently develop an obtuse keel above the middle. Adams’ A. ferruginosa (pl. 28, figs. 14, 15) is longitu- dinally marked with brown. Brancsik has described specimens from Nossi-be as A. freyi (pl. 32, fig. 37); they are solid and free from spiral incised lines in the middle; but some from Singapore before me agree in this, which seems to be only an individual vari- ation. The A. obovata of Menke (ovoidea Adams and Sowb), shown in fig. 16 of pl. 28, is a stunted form of this species. A. MuscaRIA Gould. PI. 28, fig. 20. Shell minute, ovate-elliptical, thin, greenish, ornamented with transversely arranged brown dots, cut with striz above and below; vertex funnel-shaped, imperforate. Aperture narrow, effuse in front, lip produced backward, toothed; coiumella short, twisted. Alt. 4, diam. 2 mill. (Gld.). China Seas (Stimp.). Atys muscaria GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 138.—Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 5. A. rortuosa A. Adams. PI. 33, figs. 66, 67. Shell ovoid, produced at both ends, yellowish, pellucid, umbili- cated, anteriorly and posteriorly transversely striated; outer lip posteriorly strongly twisted; inner lip anteriorly straight, with a single fold (Ad.). Camaguin, Philippines (Cuming); Torres Strait (Brazier). B. (A.) tortuosa Ap., Thes. p. 587, pl. 125, f. 120.—Sows., C. Ie. t.2)4.010——BRAZIBR a, 8. IN. S. Wal, p8l- A. AMPHORELLA A. Adams. Unfiqured. Shell ovoid, ventricose, somewhat gibbous in the middle, rimate, thin, smooth, shining, buff, narrowed anteriorly, subacuminate poste- riorly ; inner lip nearly straight, slightly truncated in front; outer lip arcuate, posteriorly produced, tortuous, rounded (Ad., Ann. Mag. (3), ix, p. 158). Lo-shan-kow and Shan-tung, China. Atys tortuosa A. Adams, is the nearest approach to this species which, however, is not striated, and the outer lip has not the spiral ATYS. 265 twist so conspicuous in that species. My Chinese species is shaped hike a little fat Amphora (Ad.). A. scropicuLaTa A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovoid, ventricose, narrowed behind, acuminate in front, dull white, broadly and profoundly umbilicated, margin of the um- bilicus angulated ; aperture much produced at both ends; columel- lar margin straight, simple; anteriorly rounded (Ad., /. ¢. p. 158). Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms, The only shell which resembles this singular little species is A. tortuosa A. Adams; but the great peculiarity of the aperture, which is pointed at both ends and produced beyond the body whorl, dis- tinguishes it from all others (Ad.). Section AticuLaA Ehrenb., 1831. A. cYLINDRICA Helbling. PI. 33, figs. 60, 61, 62, 63, 64. Shell elongated, oblong-oval or subcylindrical, solid, white under a very thin buff cuticle; apex closed; body whorl more or less con- vex, sometimes indistinctly angular above the middle, scu/ptured with ineised spiral lines which become closer toward the ends, and are absent from the smooth middle third. Lip heavy, rising oblique- ly far above the vertex, contorted and angularly plicate; outer lip gently convex; columella short, with a heavy, reflexed lunate cal- lus, its outer edge not appressed, inner edge subconcave, without fold or obvious truncation. Alt. 27, diam. 13-14 mill. Philippines to Torres Strait, eastward to Fiji Is.; westward to Ceylon, Andaman Is., Red Sea, Mauritius and Seychelles Is. Bulla cylindrica HELBLING, Abhandl. einer Privat Gesellsch in Boéhmen, iv, p. 122, pl. ii, f. 30, 31, 1779.—A. Ab., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 585, pl. 125, f. 114.—Atys cylindrica Sows., Conch. Icon. t. 1, f. 4.--Sniru, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 819.—Marrens, Meeres-fauna Maurit. p. 303.—Brazier, P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 85.—Warson, Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 639.—E. A. Smirn, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 344.— Bulla (Atys) elongata A. Av., Thes. p. 587, pl. 125, f. 121.— A. elongata Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 8.—Braz., P. L.S. N.S. W. ii, p. 85.—Bulla solida Brua., Encycl. Méth. i, p. 374, pl. 146, f. 1356, 1357.—Ap., Thes. p. 585, pl. 124, f. 112, 115.—A. solida Sows., C. Icon. f. 4—-Braz., P. L.S. N.S. W. ii, p. 85.—IssEL, Malac. Mar. Rosso, p. 168.—Atys angustata Smiru, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 346. See Ann. Mag. (5), xvii, p. 132.—A. succisa A. Av., Thes. ii, 266 ATYS. p- 586, pl. 125, f. 116—Sows., C. Ic. f. 10 (mot of Ehrenb.).— Bulla albicita Doro, Aun. Se. Nat. xiv, p. 203. This solid, elongated species has several typically quite divergent forms. It is normally moderately convex (figs. 60, 61); but some- times much more cylindrical and elongated, and in this form has been called A. elongata (fig. 62). When subangular it has been named A. solida (figs. 63, 64); and another form, smaller than the type, has been called A. succisa (pl. 33, fig. 73) by Adams, but ac- cording to von Martens it is not the species so named by Ehrenberg. A. PARALLELA Gould. PI. 28, figs. 21, 22. Shell small, thin, pellucid, milk-white, cylindrical, rounded at base, obtusely conical at summit, imperforate at apex; surface deli- cately marked with lines of growth, and these are crossed at the lower and upper third of the shell by somewhat conspicuous, minutely flexuous, revolving lines. The aperture is narrow, widen- ing downwards; lip sharp, rising considerably above the apex of the spire, and at the same time inclining towards it, then turning’ downwards and entering the aperture by a twisted fold, at base it is rounded, and rises upon the columella in the shape of a thick eal- lus, which is not appressed to the body of the shell ( G/d.). Alt. about 123, diam. 5 mill. Tahiti (Martens) ; Levuka, Fiji (Challenger). Bulla parallela Gup., Proce. Bost. Soe. N. H. iii, p. 251 (Dee. 1847); U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 220, f. 267 ; Cylichna parallela Gup., Otia, p. 246.—Atys parallela MArtTENS & LANGK., Donum Bism. p- 53.--Sows., in Conch. Icon. f. 21 ¢ (and 21 a, 6 ?)—Wartson, Chall. Gastr. p. 640. A. DEBILIS Pease. PI. 33, figs. 69, 70. Shell cylindrically ovate, elongate, narrowed posteriorly, pellucid, fragile, white; outer lip produced and twisted posteriorly ; apex umbilicated, and umbilicus striated or grooved, finely striated trans- versely, transverse raised lines at both ends; columella with a fold at the base (Pse.). Alt. 103, diam. 5 mill. Sandwich Is.; Levuka, Fiji. Atys debilis Psx., P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 20; Amer. Jour. Conch. 111, p. 231.—CaARPENTER, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 516.--MartTEns, Donum Bism. p. 58, pl. 3, f. 8.--Sows., Conch Icon. f. 28.—Warson, Chal- lenger Gastrop. p. 640. ATYS. 267 A. cosTULOSA Pease. Unjigured. Shell elongate, subeylindrical, narrowest posteriorly, white, um- bilicate, longitudinally ribbed, crossed at either end by elevated strize, which become more remote towards the middle of the shell and gradually vanish; outer lip posteriorly strongly twisted and produced; columella everted at base, flattened and appressed ; aperture narrow. Oahu (Pse.). A. costulosa Psr., Amer. Journ. Conch. vy, p. 73. I have met with but a single specimen of this interesting species, the sculpture of which is so distinct that it cannot be confounded with any heretofore described (Pse.). A. SEMISTRIATA Pease. PI. 28, fig. 30. Shell oval, contracted posteriorly, thin, fragile, pellucid, white, transverse raised lines at both ends; aperture slightly dilated at the base; apex perforate (Pse.). Sandwich Is. A. semistriata Psr., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 20.—Sows., Conch. Icon. pl. 5, f. 27.—Martens & Lanex., Donum Bism., p. 53, pl. 3, f. 2.-— Cooxk, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 131. This is identical with A. ehrenbergi Issel, a fossil from the Red Sea region, according to Cooke. A. ALIcuLA A. Adams. PI. 33, fig. 74. Shell half an inch in length, subcylindrical, thin, the anterior and posterior ends transversely striated, hyaline; the under part brownish-white; outer lip not reflexed in the middle, with a single fold above, the other end rounded. Animal yellowish; the head and dilated sides of the foot light green; head rhomboid, subacute (Ad.). Near Suez and Djedda, Red Sea (Mus. Cuming). Bulla (Atys) alicula A. Av., Thes. p. 588, pl. 125, f. 126 (not Alicula cylindrica Ehrenb., = Atys cylindrica Helbl.). This is not the Aliewla cylindrica of Ehrenberg, which von Mar- tens considers to be the species of Helbling, from an examination of the type now in the zoological museum of Berlin. A.succisA Ehrenberg. Unjigured. Shell oblong-ovate, thin, transversely striate at both ends, white ; lip uniplicate near its insertion in the concealed spire, the other 268 ATYS. end truncated. Alt. 5, diam. 3 lines. There is the trace of a me- dian gibbosity (Ehrenbd.). Djedda, Red Sea. Bulla succisa EXRENB., Symb. Phys., Bulla no. 5.—CooK®, Ann. Mag. (5), xvii, p. 131. May be a young A. cylindrica. A. nonscripTA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 19. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, subpellucid, longitudinally stri- ated, posteriorly subtruncated, anteriorly produced; outer lip rather straight; inner lip anteriorly strongly truncated, ending in a tooth-like plait (Ad.). B. (Atys) nonscripta Av., Thes. p. 588, pl. 125 f. 125.—A. non- scripta Sows., C. Ic. f. 28. A. ATTENUATA Sowerby. PI. 28, figs. 26, 27. Shell minute, narrow, white, thin; finely spirally striated at both ends; aperture narrow; outer lip subtruncated, columella oblique, subtortuous (Ad.). Habitat unknown. A. attenuata Sows., C. Icon. t. 5, f. 29. A. AMYGDALA Sowerby. PI. 33, figs. 71, 72. Shell subeylindrical, thin, dull white, concentrically finely stri- ated near the ends; longitudinally striated, rather narrow towards the apex, rather inflated in the middle; aperture narrow; colu- mella arched; outer lip raised, acuminated (Sowb.). Habitat unknown. A. amygdala Sows., C. Icon. t. 2, f. 6 a, 6 (1869). Resembling Atys elongata, it is yet, nevertheless, less cylindrical than that species, and is slightly striated in the longitudinal direc- tion (Sowb.). A. PORCELLANA Gould. PI. 28, fig. 23. Shell small, thin, ovate-cylindrical, milk-white, grooved with transverse striz increasing toward the ends; apex funnel-shaped, imperforate. Aperture narrow, widened in front, the base subtrun- cate; columella deeply arcuate, subperforate, provided with a strong callus. Alt. 12, diam. 5 mill. (Gld.). Kagosima Bay, Japan. Atys porcellana Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 138.—Sows. (as of Guilding), Conch. Icon. f. 30. ATYS. 269 Mr. Sowerby’s mistakes in regard to the authority and localities of Gould’s species have been corrected by E. A. Smith, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1872, p. 345. It is not easy to see how so many errors could be made as occur in the later volumes of the Conchologia Iconica, even when it is understood that they were written with- out reference to the literature of the groups monographed. A. wasiosa Philippi. Unjfigured. Shell small, short, ovate, cylindric, very smooth, very delicately transversely striated at the base when viewed under a strong lens; spire retuse, whorls 2; aperture linear, dilated at base and unipli- cate, continued above in a channel to the center of the vertex; margins of inner and outer lips thickened, obtuse. Alt. 1, diam. = lines. (Ph.). China (Largilliert). Bulla labiosa Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1851, p. 64. The generic position is uncertain. An error (probably typo- graphical) in Philippi’s description has been corrected above. A. TRANSLUCENS A. Adams. Unjfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, thin, pellucid, transversely striated at the ends, the strize distant, the median area glabrous. Aperture nar- row; inner lip straight, truncated anteriorly ; outer lip somewhat straightened in the middle, posteriorly twisted and produced, ante- riorly crenulated (Ad.). Port Hamilton, 10 fms. Alicula translucens A. Ap., Ann. Mag. N. H., (3), ix, p. 159. This species most nearly resembles Alicula succisa Ehrenberg, from the Red Sea, but is narrower and more cylindrical in form, and is thin and nearly transparent. (Ad.). A. sECALINA A. Adams. Un/figured. Shell cylindric-ovate, rimate, the apex subtruncate and slightly perforated, semi-opaque, corneous, transversely striated throughout, striz distant, obsolete in middle. Aperture linear; inner lip oblique, somewhat thickened ; outer lip a little straightened in the middle. (Ad.). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms, Alicula secalina Ap., Ann. Mag., (3), ix, p. 159. 270 ATYS. This is a small, grain-like, horn-colored species, with the apex small and truncate, and the outer lip hardly produced beyond it. (Ad.). A. votvutina A. Adams. Unjfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, rimate, acuminate and transversely striated at both ends, the striz distant ; white, thin, opaque, shining. Aper- ture narrow; inner lip obliquely flexuous, thickened in front ; outer lip regularly arcuate. (Ad.). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms, Alicula volvulina Av., Ann. Mag. N. H., (8), ix, p. 159. A little, white shining species, acuminate at both ends, like a Volvula, but with the sunken spire and twisted outer lip of an Atys. (Ad.). A. Exicua A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 24. Shell small, elongately oval, posteriorly narrowed, white, shining, longitudinally substriated, under the lens very minutely striated ; aperture narrow, linear, anteriorly dilated; outer lip posteriorly produced, flexuous; inner lip subcallous. (Ad.). Port Lincoln. B. (Atys) exigua Av., Thes., p. 589, pl. 125, f. 129.—A. exiqua Sows., C. Ic., f. 19. A. PARVULA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 18. Shell small, oval, white, shining, transversely entirely striated, strive close together; outer lip arched, posteriorly produced, ante- riorly dilated ; inner lip slightly tortuous, subtruncated. (Ad.). Port Lincoln. B. (Atys) parvula Av., Thes., ii, p. 590, pl. 125, f. 150.— A. par- vula Sows., C. Ic., f. 25. A. HORDEACEA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 25. : Shell small, oval, white, shining, transversely strongly entirely striated, strie rather wide apart; outer lip arched, posteriorly pro- duced, anteriorly rounded; inner lip anteriorly strongly twisted, subtruncated. (Ad.). Port Lineoln, Australia. B. (Atys) hordeacea Av., Thes., p. 590, pl. 125, f. 151.—A. hor- dacea Sows., C. Ic., t. 4, f. 20. ATYS. 271 A. HYALINA Watson. PI. 32, fig. 36. Shell oval, subgibbous, a little abruptly contracted and slightly constricted and truncated above, striated, thin, hyaline, umbilicated, with a longish curved mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinals—there are very many slight equal hair-like lines of growth. Spirals— with the exception of a narrow, nearly medial band which is smooth, the whole surface is scratched with fine, smooth, regular, square-cut, widely parted furrows. These are rather more regularly arranged above than below, where the interstices are more wide and less reg- ular ; but toward the end of the shell in both directions the furrows tend to become crowded; they extend to the very edge of the fun- nel-shaped depression of the apex; but the depression itself is smooth, except for the twisted edge of the outer lip, which at the generic sinus is reverted as usual, but somewhat narrowly; in front they score the umbilicus on one side, but do not quite extend to the edge of the pillar. Colour hyaline to translucent. Mouth long, curved, rather narrow, and not much enlarged in front. Outer lip convex, posteriorly produced; the generic twisted sinus is rather small, above it the lip rises and advances, and forms a sharp curve, from this point the lip runs out tv the right, at first straight or faintly concave, and here a little contracted, but afterwards with a very regular curve, and increasingly patulous to the point of the shell. Top very obliquely truncate, with a bluntish edge and a small funnel-shaped depression, which, through the generic sinus leads into the interior of the shell. Inner lip: there is no glaze on the body, the curve of which is a little gibbous above; the pillar edge is narrow, reverted, bluntly toothed, twisted and truncated in front ; at the top of the pillar this edge is very much twisted, and is there separated from the body, leaving a very narrow but deep fissure communicating with the deep umbilicus which lies behind, and is partly covered by the expanded and projecting pillar edge. Alt. 0-44 in. diam. 0°24. Breadth of mouth at same place, 0:07 inch ( IWats.). Levuka, Fiji, 12 fms.; Wednesday Island and near Cape York, N- Australia, 6-8 fms. Atys hyalina Wats., Chall. Gastr. p. 640, pl. 48, f. 1. I do not know any Atys with which to compare this very beauti- ful and delicate species. It has something of the gibbosity of Atys cylindrica (Helb.), var. solida, in its stumpiest forms; but the tex- ture of the shell, the sculpture, and the umbilicus, are very differ- Ne ATYS. ent. The specimens from Stations 186 and 187 are quite young shells, but are, I have no doubt, this species. From Honolulu, 40 fathoms, there is a specimen of Atys probably belonging to this species, but in too bad condition for identification with any cer- tainty. A. DARNLEYENSIS Brazier. Unjigured. Shell elongately oval, rather thin, shining, white, attenuated and umbilicated at both ends, longitudinally obliquely plicated, strongly transversely striated at each end, the centre or intermediate space with fine irregular waved striz, sometimes straight ; outer lip thick- ened within, nearly straight posteriorly, slightly twisted and pro- duced ; inner lip at the anterior end forming a thin callous ridge at the side of the umbilicus, slightly reflected, and ending in a denti- form plate. Length 63 lines, breadth 3 lines (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms. A. darnleyensis Braz., P. L.S. N.S. W. ii, p. 85, 1877. A. CHEVERTI Brazier. Unfigured. Shell subeylindrical, white, thin, transparent, smooth and inflated in the middle, transversely striated at both ends, the upper striz extending nearly to the centre; aperture narrowly linear, wide be- low, outer lip slightly twisted and posteriorly produced, inflected and angled in the centre; inner lip anteriorly, with a strong fold. Length 3 lines, breadth 12 lines (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms; Cape Grenville, North East Australia, 20 fathoms. A. cheverti Braz., P. L. S. N.S. W. ii, p. 86,1877. This species is like a miniature Atys elongata. Some specimens have an opaque appearance at the back of the aperture, others very thin and transparent (Braz.). A. PULCHRA Brazier. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical, white, thin (under the lens) longitudinally closely plicated, and transversely very finely striated, giving the shell a rugose appearance, very minutely umbilicated at both ends, aperture rather narrow, wide below; outer lip thin, reflected inside, slightly posteriorly produced; columella with a slight curve, min- utely expanded and reflected, leaving half the umbilicus covered. Length 3 lines, breadth 12 lines (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms. ATYS. 273 A. pulchra Braz., P. L.S. N.S. W. ii, p. 86, 1877. A pretty little species, having the whole surface of a rugose ap- pearance, the transverse sculpture being quite distinct. In some specimens the columella is sometimes straight and not curved. A. DENSA Brazier. Unjigured. Small, oval, thick, dirty white shell, finely plicated, strongly transversely striated; interstices with finer lines (as seen under the lens); aperture narrow, wide below; outer lip regularly arched, posteriorly produced, anteriorly twisted and produced, partly cov- ering the umbilicus. Length 2 lines, breadth 1+ lines (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms. wMedensa DRAZ IE. iS. N.S. W. ii, p..86, 1877. A. pusiosa Brazier. Unfigured. Shell small, oval, white, thin, shining, umbilicated at both ends, the one at the base the largest, transversely very finely striated at each end (scarcely visible under the lens), more distinct at the base, intermediate space smooth, ventricose above the centre; aperture narrow, outer lip angled, posteriorly slightly thickened and pro- duced, below straight ; columella with a single obsolete plait at the base. Length 2 lines, breadth 14 lines (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms. A. dubiosa Braz., P. L. S. N.S. W. ii, p. 86, 1877. A. WANDREWI Smith. Unfigured. Shell elongate-ovate, truncated above, pellucid, encircled by nu- merous narrow milky bands, one in the middle wider; transversely distantly striated at top and base, the interstice smooth ; vertex ex- cavated, bounded by an acute margin. Aperture narrow, produced a little above the vertex, a little dilated and effuse at the base ; lip thin, inserted in the middle of the vertex and sinuated there; colu- mella short, thickened, hardly twisted; umbilical region slightly perforated. Alt. 5, diam. 23 mill. (S.). Laneerote, Canaries. A. mandrewit E. A. S., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 346. It is at once recognized by the numerous lacteous bands upon a pellucid ground. A. CANARIENSIS Smith. Unjigured. Shell ovate, white, pellucid, striated with irregular growth lines, and transversely deeply striated above and below, lightly so in the 274 ATYS. ' middle ; vertex depressed ; aperture moderately narrow above, pro- duced a little above the vertex, dilated somewhat toward the base ; lip thin, thickened toward the middle of the vertex ; columella ar- cuate, a little reflexed; umbilical region distinctly perforated. Alt. 7, diam. 43 mill. (S.). Teneriffe, Ganary Is. A. canariensis E. A.S., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 346. Of the form of the young state of A. naucum; but the strix are less distinct and not so far apart; also very like caribaea D’Orb., but rather broader (S.). A. CARIBHA Orbigny. Pl. 48, fig. 12; Pl. 28, figs. 53, 34. Shell oval, oblong, thin, fragile, smooth, attenuated and trans- versely striated at both ends; spire entirely concealed, marked by an imperforate umbilical depression ; aperture narrow, a little arcu- ate, wider in front ; columella acute, a little separated by an umbil- ical depression. Color uniform white. Alt. 5, diam. 2 mill. (Ord.). Martinique, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, St. Thomas, Cuba. Bulla cavibea Ors., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 127, pl. 4, f. 21-24. Orbigny’s description and figure, given above, are not good. The species is better represented by fig. 12 of pl. 48. The shell is oblong, varying somewhat in length, somewhat more compressed above than below, marked by widely spaced spiral grooves above and below, these grooves becoming closer and deeper toward the ends. From the center of the narrow, concave vertex rises the distinctly plicate lip. The columella is vertical, thickened but not toothed in the middle, the edge reflexed, partly concealing the narrow but distinct umbilicus. Alt. 10, diam. nearly 5 mill. Not having seen the types of the two species following, I am un- able to say whether they are forms of this one or deserving of spe- cific rank. A. guitpinit Sowerby. PI. 28, fig. 46. Shell ovate, thin, dull grayish-white, attenuated posteriorly, spir- ally striated near the ends, slightly longitudinally wrinkled, ven- tricose below the centre, slightly umbilicated at each end ; outer lip elevated above; subacuminated, inflected; columella thin, rather straight (Sowb.). This species is one of the very few in the genus Atys which pre- sents the character of possessing longitudinal wrinkles or striz (Sowb.). St. Vincent, West Indies. ATYS. Tia A. guildinii Sows., Conch. Icon. xvii, pl. 5, f. 26. Seems more pyriform than A. caribea. Sowerby probably in- tended the name as an allusion to that clear-seeing pioneer, GUILD- ING; but in this caSe, as in so many others throughout his mono- graph, the performance fell short of the good intention. A.spreciosa A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 42. Shell oval, perforated, posteriorly narrowed and subtruncated, anteriorly rounded and ventricose, white, semiopaque, shining, lon- gitudinally superiorly strongly striated, inferior strize evanescent, transversely striated at both ends; outer lip thickened within, pos- teriorly twisted, with a single plait; inner lip reflexed, anteriorly semiplicated (Ad.). HAalitat unknown. B. (A.) speciosa A. AD., Thes. p. 587, pl. 125, f. 122.—Sowp., C. Keon. t..3, f.. 14. A. RusEANA Dunker. Unfigured. Allied to Bulla cylindrica Helbl., but much smaller. Alt. 104, diam. 5 mill. (Moreh). St. Thomas (Riise, Ravn.) ; St. Martin ; New Providence ; Trin- dad; Anguilla; Porto Plata (Krebs). Atys riiseana Dkr., MSS., Morcu., Mal. Bl. xxii, p. 178. This does not seem to be different from A. caribaea. A.SANDERSONI Dall. PI. 28, fig. 47. Shell small, thin, fragile, polished, translucent-white, with the aperture longer than the axis of the shell, slender, elongated oval with the posterior fourth bevelled off slightly ; transverse sculpture solely of delicate evanescent lines of growth, sometimes lost in the general polish of the surface ; spiral sculpture of about a dozen in- cised lines near either extremity, more crowded toward the tips and obsolete toward the middle of the shell, reticulating the lines of growth when the latter are present, but delicate, extremely fine, and not puncticulate ; posterior apex a rather deep funiculate pit, from the center of which rises the margin of the aperture, which is here slightly reflected, extends behind the summit of the body and suddenly curves forward, leaving a very narrow aperture, which is produced into a rounded point in front, then sharply recurved and reflected to a point where the reflected part loses itself in the thin callus on the body within the aperture; the anterior reflection is 276 ATYS. sometimes closely appressed and sometimes loose with a chink be- hind it, but there is no anterior pit; the shell is more slender for- ward than behind, the bevelling is more marked in some specimens than in others a fragment from off Havana, if tonspecific, as seems likely, indicates that it reaches a much larger size than the -de- scribed specimens. Lon. of shell and aperture, 6°5. Max. lat. of shell, 3°4, of aperture 1°75 mill.; lat. of aperture 0°5 mill. (Dad/). Off Bahia Honda, Cuba, 220 fms.; Near Santa Cruz, 38 fms. Atys ? sandersont Dauu., Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 99, 1881; Blake Gastr. p. 54, pl. 17, f. 7. A. casta Carpenter. Unjigured. Shell elongated, thin, subdiaphanous, whitish ; a little more swol- len anteriorly ; spire concealed, lacunate, in adult shells hardly umbilicated ; columella a little intorted, effuse; umbilicus small ; lip produced posteriorly, obtusely angulated ; entire surface subtly spirally striatulate. Alt. .4, diam. -18 inch ( Cpr.). Cape St. Lweas. ? Atys casta Cpr., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xii, p. 314, 1864; Moll. Western N. A. p. 104, 212. On the confines of the genus related to Cylichna ( Cpr.). Subgenus Dinra H. & A. Ads., 1854. A. DENTIFERA A. Adams. PI. 27, fig. 81. Shell ovoid, posteriorly subtruncated, anteriorly produced, horny, pellucid, longitudinally sulcated ; outer lip simple, acute ; inner lip anteriorly strongly truncated, ending in a dentiform plate (Ad.). Lord Hood’s Island (Cuming) ; Suez (Cooke) ; Mauritius (Mart.); Levuka, Fiji (Challenger). Bulla (Atys) dentifera Av., Thes. p. 588, pl. 125, f.124.—A. den- tifera Sows., C. Icon. t. 2, f. 13—Cooxksr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 183.—Marrtens, Meeres-fauna Maurit. p. 508.— Radula (pl. 48, fig. 4, B. ampulla) large, with dark chitinous teeth according to the formula 1°2°1:2°1. Laterals not differentiated from uncini. Rhachidian teeth like a transverse bar, its reflexion bearing numerous denticles of which the median one is smaller. Laterals claw-shaped, with about 6 long denticles. Outside of the second lateral lies.a small, thin basal-plate without cusp, the rem- nant of a third lateral tooth. In B. nebulosa Gld. this plate is larger and thicker, but still lacks the cusp. _B. striata presents a radula and gizzard-plates of the same type. The Linnzean genus Bulla consisted of species of the genera Ovula, Physa, Auricula, Melampus, ete., besides the tectibranchiates then known. Bruguiére in the Encyclopédie Méthodique eliminated all but the last, which form a perfectly natural group. Finally Lam- arck, in the Systéme des Animaux sans Vertebres, 1801, cites only B. ampulla L. as an example of the genus, thus fixing that species as the type. The attempts of Menke, Morch and others to substitute other names for the typical group of species, are therefore without basis. “The species of this genus inhabit sandy mud-flats, the slimy banks of river-mouths, and brackish places near the sea; at low- water some of them conceal themselves in the mud and under sea- weed, exuding large quantities of mucus to maintain the moisture of their skin. The shells of Budla, as restricted, are rather solid, smooth, and marbled and mottled like birdseggs.” (H. & A. Ad.) The gizzard of a specimen of B. nebulosa Gld. examined by my- self contained a mass of vegetable fibers, probably algze, but no animal remains. SPECIES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN, ATLANTIC AND GuLF oF Mexico. , The littoral Bullas of this area form a very difficult assemblage, requiring a great mass of material for its elucidation. The creatures — BULLA. 329 themselves are mostly not thoroughly differentiated into “ species,” if by that term we understand isolated and unconnected races. There are, however, geographically restricted forms which in their average features constitute moderately tangible races; and ratherthan lose sight of these average differences which are certainly correllated with geographic range, we have herein recognized the conventional * species” based upon them. Tosome minds who hold the “ species ”’ to be a sacred fetich, the course of the “]lumper” would be more acceptable ; and they may write all there is of the striata group of Bulla, under that name. It is simply a question of what degree or grade of racial deviation is worth formal recognition in nomencla- ture; and this must in the nature of things, remain a question of in- dividual opinion. (Group of B. striata). Under B. striata the genesis of the various races of this group is discussed. B. amyepaa Dillwyn. PI. 38, fi fig. 79. Shell oblong, somewhat cylindrical and narrower toward the vertex, solid, heavy and strong, not very shining, clouded and mottled indistinctly with purplish on a pale ground, more or less obviously spotted or blotched with deep purple or blue-black, the spots shading into the ground color on the left side, whitish-margined on the right side of each. Surface showing under the lens no microscopic spiral striation (such as occurs in B. striata, occidentalis and solida), but having some spaced spiral impressed lines toward the base, and occa- sionally a few near the vertex, but these are more often absent. Vertex not especially compressed having a deep and rather large apical umbilicus, which is more or less lirate within. Outer lip thick, heavily calloused where it rises from the vertex; its outer portion straight, not convex; base broadly rounded. Columella arcuate, with a very heavy reflexed crescentic callus, the outer edge of which is well raised from the whorl throughout, leaving a chink behind it; parietal callus strong and white ; interior lined with a white callus. Alt. 40, diam. 23 mill. Some adults are smaller, alt. 26, diam. 15 mill., and others larger, alt. 46, diam. 27 mill. St. Thomas, Tortola, Curacoa and Gulf of Paria (Robert Swift!) ; West Indies generally. s. 49, 50, 62, 63, 64, 65; pl. 39, 330 BULLA. Bulla ampulla var. GMELIN, SCHROETER et al. Bulla maculosa, oblonga Martint, Conch. Cab., i, p. 290, pl. 22, f. 202-204, 1769.— B. ibyx MeuscuHen, Museum Geversianum, ete., p. 396, 1787.—B. amygdalus Ditiw., Deser. Catal. Rec. Shells, i, p. 480.—An., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 575, pl. 122, f. 63—MkeE., Mal. Bl. i, p. 44.—Sows.,. Conch. Icon. f. 7.—B. striata Orpiany, Moll. Cuba, i, p. 122—B. multistriata A. AD., index to Bulla, Thes. Conch. 11, p. 607 —B. media Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1847, p. 121.—Ap. in Thes., f. 70.— Sows., Conch. Icon., f. lla, 116.—? Bulla (Bullea) marginata MENKE, Mal. BI. 1858, p. 1389. The name proposed by Meuschen is not adopted beeause it was unaccompanied by a description, and refers to a very indifferent figure. The chief characteristics of this species are (1) its solidity, (2) the absence of microscopic strie over the whole shell, (3) the compression of the latter part of the body-whorl, producing a straight outer lip, (4) the thickness of the lip at the vertex, and the very heavy, re- flexed columellar callous with elevated edge. Some of these char- acters, such as the straightened outer lip, oecur in B. occidentalis ; but taking all into consideration, the b. amygdala seems to be a moderately well-defined type. In some specimens the blackish spots or clouds coalesce to form longitudinal irregular or curved stripes (fig. 62). B. RUBIGINOSA Gould. PI. 39, fig. 76. Animal with the head flat, compressed, bilobed in front, the lobes semicircular, with a deep fissure between, on each side of which, in a small circular depression and rather remote, are the eyes; poste- riorly the head is furnished with two thin, prolonged, subtriangular lobes. The mantle is very narrow, hardly surpassing the edge of the shell. The color of the body is light-ochreous, powdered, as it were, with black. Its motions were sluggish. (J. P. C.). The general contour of the shell is like that of Bulla amygdalus, with which it has doubtless been confounded. The animal, how- ever, is very different. In general, the surface was either eroded or covered with a rusty coating, as is most commonly the case with all shells found at the mouths of rivers in brackish waters; when per- fect, it is of a light shining brown, clouded with black. (Gd.). Near the mouth of Rio Janeiro Harbor (Couth.). BULLA. ool B. rubiginosa Gup., Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. iii, p. 107, Apr., 1849; U.S. Expl. Exped., p. 221, f. 266, 266a.—Morcu, Mal. BI. xxii, p. 174.—Bulla (Bullea) suleata Men, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1853, p. 138. I have not seen this species, which is evidently a near ally of B. amygdala, if not identical with it. Menke thus describes B. sulcata : “Shell oblong-elliptical umbilicated at vertex, rather solid, dis- tinctly and closely, transversely striated below, longitudinally irre- gularly and more or less obviously subsuleate; lip somewhat straightened in the middle; rufous-ashy. Length 13, diam. 7 lines. Hab., salt lake at S. Pedro dos Indios, near Cabo Frio, coast of Brazil. The deep longitudinal furrows, always most pronounced on the back and outer lip, distinguish this species. The thin callus of the inner lip ascends to the apical umbilicus, sometimes even in- vading it.” B. occipenTatis A. Adams. PI. 38, figs. 51, 52, 538, 55, 56, 57— 60; pl. 39, figs. 77, 78. Shell excessively variable in size, solidity and coloring, but distin- guished from B. striata by (1) the narrower umbilicus, (2) the absence or obsolescence of transverse grooves near the vertex, (3) the less attenuated posterior end [in all of which it is more like the Algerian variety mentioned under JB. striata]. It is distinguished from B. amygdala by its thinner, more shining, microscopally spiral- led shell. Some forms are small, very thin, fragile, subcylindriecal, densely wave-striated spirally throughout, with the basal grooves scarcely differentiated (pl. 38, fig. 60, pl. 59, f. 78, from a Lake Worth, E. Florida specimen). Some are solider, with close zebra stripes (pl. 38, f. 59) as in certain Bahama shells. The prevalent form along the mainland, Texas to Aspinwall and Trinidad, is larger and moder- ately solid, (1) closely mottled with reddish and white (figs. 51, 52, Vera Cruz) or olivaceous and white, or (2) mottled with olivace- ous and clouded with black and white (figs. 53, 55, 56, Pro- greso, Yucatan). In unworn examples microscopic spiral striz may be seen over the whole surface, and also basal spaced grooves, but the latter are sometimes very weak and hardly seen on the small thin forms from Florida. The coarser shells sometimes show some 332 BULLA. faint grooves above, but this is exceptional. The umbilicus rarely lacks internal lire, but they are generally weak. Alt. 11, diam. 6 mill. (typical occidentalis, Bahamas). Alt. 34, diam. 19 mill. (Vera Cruz specimen). Alt. 21, diam. 123 mill. (Jamaica specimen of ordinary size). Entire West Indies ; Mainland from Trinidad to Vera Cruz, Cor- pus Christi, ete, Florida; Bahamas. B. occidentalis A. ADAms, in Sowb., Thes. ii, p. 577, pl. 123, f. 72, 73 (1850).—Sowps., Conch. Icon., f. 14—Datu, Blake Rep., p. 55.—Bulla alba Turton, Zool. Journ. ii, p. 364, pl. 13, f. 6 (worn and bleached specimens, teste Dall, from Turton’s types)—? B. per- striata MKe., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1853, p. 1388.—? B. nuw MKE,, t.¢., p. 140.—B. striata Brua. (part of synonymy) and of many authors. This is the most abundant and universally diffused of the West Indian Bullas. In examining hundreds of examples, covering the entire region, we are unable to separate the small form originally named occidentalis, from the larger shells known to collectors as “ B. striata.” Every connecting link occurs. Many of the main patterns of coloring are illustrated on my plate, but there are others ; and some have a delicacy quite beyond any published figures. Bulla (Bullea) tenuicula Mke., (Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1853, p. 139, and Malak. BI. i, p. 45, from Puerto Cabello), is probably a form of this species. B. srrrATa Bruguiére. PI. 37, figs. 42, 48, 44, 45, 46. Shell moderately solid, oblong-subeylindrical or oblong ovate, tapering toward the ends; whitish, mottled and clouded all over with purplish and usually showing an indistinct girdle of heavier, darker blotches above the middle; surface smooth, usually showing under a lens an excessively fine, close spiral striation, and having deeper spaced grooves toward the base and a few near the vertex. Toward the top the body-whorl is rather compressed, the vertex being a very narrowly rounded, compressed margin around the wide open and deep apical umbilicus, which is closely spirally grooved within (fig. 46). Aperture narrow above, wider below ; columella with a brown-stained, lunate, reflexed callus; parietal callus thin. Alt. 24, diam. 13 mill. Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic coasts of Portugal and Morocco ; Pliocene of Florida (Dall), and living at Clearwater Harbor, W. Florida (Johnson). BULLA. 533 Bulla striata BRUGIERE, Encycl. Méth. i, p. 572.—Puin. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 121.—Werxavrr, Conchyl. Mittelm. ii, p. 191.—B. om- phalodes Mxe., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1855, p. 157; Malak. BI. i, p. 44.—B. columne DELLA CHIAGE, Test. utr. Sicil. iii, 2, p. 24, t. 46, f. 17, 18.—-B. dactylis Mx, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1853, p. 187.—B. stri- ata var. attenuata Dauu, Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia iii, pt. 2, p. 219, pl. 13, f. 10a. The prominent features of this Mediterranean species are its nar- row vertex, widely open apical umbilicus, and the striation of both ends of the shell. There is a variety (from Algeria, etc.) in which the umbilicus is much narrower, not striated within, and without spiral grooves at the upper end ; but my material is not sufficient to show what status this form has. It may be a variety or a mere random variation. Smith has reported striata from St. Helena, but his synonymy is incorrect. Specimens from the western Mediterranean are large, dilated below, with compressed outer lip and rounded basal lip ; the super- ior strize few or even obsolete, color as in the type, or boldly clouded with black longitudinally. Figures 42, 43 represent shells of this sort. Alt. as much as 30 mill. I have satisfied myself by a comparison of specimens that Dall’s var. attenuata from the Pliocene of Shell Creek, Florida, is absolutely identical with typical Mediterranean shells, such as the Grecian specimen drawn in fig. 46 of pl. 87. It is likely that in Pliocene times the species striata had a wide range embracing the Mediter- ranean, West African and Antillean regions. It has persisted almost unchanged in the former of these, and in West Africa and America has diverged to form several ill-defined species, adansont, occidentalis, amygdala, etc. However, a recent specimen collected by C. W. Johnson at Clearwater Harbor, W. Florida, is indistin- guishable from the Mediterranean types, having the same com- pressed and widely umbilicated vertex, and subtruncate columella. B. apansonit Philippi. PI. 38, fig. 61. Shell ovate-oblong, solid; whitish variegated with gray and black, striated below. Vertex perforated. Aperture dilated below, narrow above, the lip depressed and rectilinear in the middle. Alt. 11, diam. 64 lines. Shell smaller and more ventricose than B. striata of the Mediterranean, and differing in the very narrow apical 334 BULLA. umbilicus. Smaller than B. media, with narrower umbilicus. CPh.). Senegambia. B. adansonii Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1847, p. 121.—A. An., Thes. p. 576, pl. 123, f. 13.—Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 13—Daurz., Mem. Zool. Soc. France, iv, p. 25, 1891.—B. adansonii ? var. minor DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer. p. 4, pl. 4, f. 11, 12. Some specimens I have seen of this species differ from B. striata in the points mentioned by Philippi. The figure on pl. 38 is copied from Reeve, and is larger than the shells before me. Dunker has given two figures of a var. minor. See pl. 39, f. 74, 75. Specimens referable to B. adansoni are also before me from Corisco, W. Africa. They constantly possess basal grooves, but there are none at the vertex. The apical umbilicus is nearly as wide and open as in typical B. striata. The color-pattern is a close, even speckling of white dots, each with a dark brown or blackish dot at its left side, and there are two or three dark girdles. Alt. 24, diam. 15 mill. One of these is shown in pl. 48, fig. 21. It is indeed difficult to distinguish some West African specimens from the Antillean B. amygdala; but as the geographic ranges of the two are now so widely sundered, I consider it best to make the distinction between them here. ‘The only alternative to this course would be to “ lump” the whole striata group. Perhaps mala- cologists may eventually rank the various forms of this group as “subspecies” or geographic varieties; and this would be by no means an unphilosophical procedure. Var. COMPRESSA Rochebrune. PI. 39, figs. 66, 67. Shell distorted elongate, thick, longitudinaliy intensely striated, concentrically, very minutely lirate at the anterior margin, lire dis- tant; vertex obtuse, profoundly umbilicate. Aperture subample, pyriform, narrow in front, dilated behind [sic]; lip equalling the spire; flattened in the middle, thickened and recurved below; col- umella arcuate thickened. Alt. 17, diam. 10 mill. (Rochebr.). Fossil in the conglomerates of Santiago, Cape Verdes. B. compressa RocuHesr., Nouv. Arch. du Mus. (2), iv, p. 265, pl. 1S, fk: Closely allied to B. adansonii and var. minor Dkr. % BULLA. 30D (Group of B. solida). B. perpicinA Menke. Unfigured. Shell elliptical-ovate, somewhat narrowed below, narrowly um- bilicated above, solid, opaque, nearly smooth, the longitudinal striz scarcely seen, spiral strize wanting ; lip subarcuate, with obtuse mar- gin. Bright rufous-reddish, everywhere with whitish blotches and brown dots articulated and somewhat banded. Alt. 10, diam. 6°5 lines. (Mke.). Guinea; Sierra Leone; Benguela. Bulla (Bullea) perdicina Mxr., Mal. Bl. 1853, p. 140.—Dkr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Inf., p. 5. The quite egg-shaped form, solidity, opaqueness, smoothness and light coloring of the shell, distinguish this species from others. (Mhe.). B. soripa Gmel. PI. 43, figs. 1, 2; pl. 38, fig. 54; pl. 37, figs. 36,51, 30: Shell oval, solid and strong, clouded with purple on a diffused light ground-tint of purple and white, spotted with darker dots shad- ing on the left side, bordered with white on the right side. Surface smooth with no spiral grooves whatever, but showing under a strong lens, very dense and minute, spiral strice, much waved and crenulated. Vertex rounded, with a moderate apical umbilicus, showing more or less spiral liration within. Outer lip rising but little above the ver- tex, its outer margin a little arcuate, base widely curved ; columella arcuate, with a wide, reflexed whitish or tinted crescentie callus ; parietal callus strong. Interior rather livid, the lip-edge reddish. Alt. 35, diam. 25 mill. Gulf of Maracaibo (Capt. A. P. Foster!); Vera Cruz, Mexico (Heilprin Exped., 1890!); St. Thomas (Krebs; Riise); Cuba (Orb.); Murtinique (Candé) ; Guadeloupe (Hotess.). Bulla solida Gmen., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 8434, founded upon the Violetfarbiges Kibitz Ey of Knorr, Vergniigen der Augen und des. Gemiiths, pt. 6, p. 40, pl. 21, f. 2—Morcu, Mal. BI. xxii, p. 173.— B. ampulla Orp., Moll. Cuba, p. 121; not of Linné. This is very distinct from other West Indian species in its solid- ity, rounded contour, entire lack of spiral grooves at base or top, etc. The identification of Gmelin’s very inaccurate description is 336 BULLA. not unquestionable, but is likely. Some specimens before me agree very well with Knorr’s figure. On pl. 438 , figs. 1, 2, I have illus- trated what I take to bea typical specimen from the Gulf of Mar- acaibo. Fig. 54 of pl. 38 is also typical, but worn, from Vera Cruz. Figs. 36-38 of pl. 37 represent a large individual with the outer whitish coat worn off, showing the brown under-color; for the purple tint of unrubbed specimens seems to be the effect of a milky film laid over brown markings, just as we find it in many bird’s egas. B. RopeRrIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 48, figs. 19, 20. Shell oval, similar in contour and general appearance to B. solida Gmel., but smaller, thinner, with the internal columellar ledge of callus more developed. Color purplish, irregularly and copiously sprinkled with whitish dots, sometimes coalesing into short zigzags, each shaded on the left side with slaty- or purplish-black. Surface polished, with no spiral grooves at base or vertex, but showing under a strong lens an ex- cessively fine (in places vanishing) spiral striation—far more minute and indistinct than in B. solida. Apical umbilicus moderate, about as in B. solida, with 7-9 spiral grooves on the last whorl within. (In B. solida they are fewer and more spaced, sometimes obsolete). Outer lip evenly arcuate; columella arcuate, with a reflexed crescentic callus the outer edge of which is lead-brown ; inner edge thickened below by a ledge of callus somewhat as in the typical B. striata. Parietal callus thin, extending far out of aper- ture, and downward to the middle of the columeliar crescent, the outer edge of which is elevated below the junction of the appressed parietal film; no umbilical chink. Alt. 22, diam. 15 mill; a smaller specimen measures, Alt. 20, diam. 14 mill. Balearic Is. Several specimens occurred among JB. striata of the form shown in figs. 42, 43 of pl. 37, communicated to me by Mr. E. W. Roper of Revere, Mass. Its only ally in the Atlantic seems to be the West Indian B. solida. B. perdicina Mke., which I have not seen, is a much narrower species; Menke’s measurements being (in millimeters) about 20 by 11 mill. (Deep sea species, white or without mottled color-pattern.) B. GUERNEI Dautzenberg. PI. 39, figs. 68, 69 70. Shell 3 mill. high, 2 mill. wide; convolute, solid, ovate-globose. First whorl almost wholly concealed ; last whorl very narrowly per- BULLA. Sail forated or false-umbilicate above, rimate beneath ; smooth, shining, showing when strongly magnified, numerous very weak growth- strize ; toward the base there are some well-marked, spaced spira} strie. Aperture kidney-shaped, as long as the shell; columella thick, arcuate, a little reflexed ; lip acute and arcuate; color sub- hyaline white. (Dauitz.). Pico, Azores, 1287 meters. Bulla quernei Davutz., Rés. Camp. Sci. Albert IJ, fase. 1, Contr Fauna Malac. des Iles Acores, p. 24, pl. 1, f. 5ad., 1889. B. sEMILAvIS (Jeffr.) Seguenza. I have not access to the work containing a description and figure of this species. Bay of Biscay (Jeffr.); West of Azores, 1000 fms. ; off Fayal, Azores 450 fms., and off San Miguel, Azores, 1000 fms. Chall.) ; Middle Pliocene of Calabria (Seguenza). Bulla semilevis JerFreys, Rep. Brit. Asso. Ady. Sci. 1880, p. 10, name only.—SraueEnza, Form. Terz. Calabria, in Mem. Acad. di Lincei, Ser. 3, vi, p. 251, pl. xvi, f. 5—Warson, Challenger Gastr., p. 638. BuLLA suBROTUNDA Jeffreys (Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1873, p. 113, name only. Monts., Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. vi, p. 77). Off Jij- eli, Algerian coast of Mediterranean; also Atlantic, and fossil at Ficarazzi. B. krepsit Dall. Unfigured. Shell nearly the form of B. occidentalis A. Adams, but more cylindrical and of an ivory porcellanous white. The posterior angle of the aperture is more sharp and the aperture near it narrower, while on the columella there is a faint revolving ridge which sug- gests a plait, though too obscure to be so named. The surface is brilliantly polished, with perceptible incremental lines. Callus on the body thin, with a very minute chink behind that on the pillar. Apex deeply sunken, pervious, scalate, showing nearly four volu- tions, the margin of the vertex rounded, with faint indications of a earinal line. Max. lon. 8:0; max. lat. 5°0 mill. (Dall). Near Guadeloupe, in 769 fms., East from Tobago, 880 fms. Bulla krebsii Dati, Blake Gastr., p. 56; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 1889, p. 298. 338 BULLA. I cannot make this fit in with any previously known species. It may prove not to be a typical Bulla. (Dail). B. ciausa Dall. Unfigured. Shell small, subtranslucent, solid, of the form of B. solida (Gmelin, non Brugiére) pale yellowish-brown verging towards salmon color in the darkest parts; surface polished, with well marked incre- mental lines and extremely fine microscopic wavy spiral strize over the whole surface. Aperture as long as the shell; wide anteriorly with a strongly arched callus, white columella having a groove be- hind it and a thin callus on the body. Apex impeforate, meeting the descendiug outer lip with hardly a dimple. Max. lon. 11°5; Max. lat. 7°75 mill. (Dat). Bulla clausa DA, Blake Gastr., p. 57. Florida, collector unknown, U.S. Nat. Museum, No. 55188. This is the only shell, except the abyssal species like eburnea and abyssicola, having the solidity and characteristic form of typical Bulla, which I have found without an apical perforation or distinct pattern of coloration, yet it seems too heavy and porcellanous to be referred to Haminea. It was probably collected by Stimpson. (Dall). B. aByssicoLa Dall. Pl. 36, fig. 31. Shell of moderate size, and nearly the shape of B. ampulla, but proportionately wider behind, white with an ill-defined band of pale yellow-brown encircling the periphery; aperture as long as the shell; outer lip simple, nearly straight, rounded before and behind, not extending beyond the summit of the left side of the shell; apex depressed, immersed, forming a slight pit with none of the whorls visible ; surface ornamented with fine, minutely punctate spiral grooves, more crowded before and behind, more distant about the periphery, from four to twelve in the width of a millimeter and from eight to ten punctations in the length of a millimeter, according to the part of the shell examined, besides these there are numerous still finer striz, also punctate, but more finely, which, when very faint, appear like rows of very faint puncticulations; otherwise the sur- face is smooth, or even polished, the lines of growth hardly per- ceptible ; aperture narrow behind, wide in front, the pillar reflected, and a thin layer of callus evenly spread over the body within the aperture ; proportions of younger specimens much the same, but a BULLA. 339 little more pointed at the extremities. Lon. of shell and aperture: 12°75. Max. lat. of shell, 9:0; of aperture, 5:25; min. lat. of aper- ture, 1-5 mill. (Dadl/). Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. ; off Frederikstadt, Santa Cruz, 508 fms. (Blake); Bay of Biscay (Travailleur) ; off Fayal, Azores 450 fms. (Chall.). Bulla abyssicola Dawu, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 97; Blake Gastr., p. 56, pl. 17, f. 11.—B. pinguieula Jervr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), vi, p. 818 (name only).—Warson Chall. Gastr. p. 638. The nearest relative of this species appears to be the Bulla utri- culus of Europe, which is longer, less cylindrical, and has a deep pit at the apex. I have been enabled from an inspection of his type to determine that the manuscript name of Dr. Jeffreys applies to this species. (Dail). ; B. Geuma Verrill, Unjigured. Shell white, rather solid, resembling, in size and form, Cylichna occulta (Migh.), but distinguished by having a small, distinct um- bilicus, and also a narrow deep pit at the apex of the spire. Sculpt- ure, a few distinct spiral lines at each end; middle region of shell smooth. Length, 4:2; breadth, 2°5 mill. (V.). Outer banks, off Southern New England (U. S. Fish Com. sta- tions 871, 873). Diaphana ( Utriculus) gemma V., Amer. Journ. Sci. (38), xx, p. 399 (1880). Dall believe this to be the same as his later described B. eburnea. B. EBURNEA Dall. PI. 36, fig. 21. Shell small, ivory-white, polished, ovate, the aperture extended posteriorly a little beyond the left hand summit of the whorl ; sculpt- ure, a few spiral grooves near either extremity, more numerous and crowded anteriorly ; these grooves somewhat zigzag from irregular- ities of growth, but not puncticulate; remainder of the shell with- out sculpture, except most minute microscopic faint indications of spiral strive and faint lines of growth ; apex minutely pitted, but the pit nearly covered by a small reflection of the lip where it joins the posterior face of the body; outer lip thin, sharp, curved round and reflected at the anterior end of the axis; a thin deposit over the 340 BULLA. body within the aperture. Lon. of shell and aperture, 7°25. Max. lat. of shell, 4°25; of aperture, 2°0; mill. lat. of aperture, 0°75 mill. (Dall). Blake Station 48, 339 fms. Bulla ? eburnea Day, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 98, 1881; Blake Rep. p. 55, pl. 17, f. 6—? Diaphana gemma VERRILL Amer. Jourr. Sci. (3) xx, p. 399. I have seen only one specimen of each of the above species, and they certainly appear very different in some respects ; but the range of variation in these forms is little understood, and I do not feel con- fident that it may not be larger than generally supposed. In that case it is possible that the two forms may represent the extremes of one species. This should not be confounded with the Bulla eburnea of A. Adams, which is a member of the genus Volvula. Not possess- ing the soft parts, I have preferred to refer this species to the genus Bulla, though it may belong in the preceding family. (Dal/). SPECIES OF THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA. B. coutpiana Pilsbry. Pl. 56, figs. 22, 23, 24. Shell large, ovate or oval, thin; pinkish fawn-colored dappled with slate-black spots, each shading into the ground-color on the right and bordered with whitish on the left, or with similarly shaded = -shaped or > -shaped markings ; covered when fresh by a yellow- ish-brown or mahogony epidermis. Surface smoothish, with irregular erowth-wrinkles ; showing under a strong lens an extremely minute granulation. Apex narrowly umbilicated, the interior of the per- foration showing no spiral striz, or but a few in its depth. Col- umella thickened with a crescentic callus. Interior of mouth show- ing the external markings viewed by reflected light. Alt. 55, diam. 37 mill. Alt. 40, diam. 30 mill. San Pedro, Santa Barbara and San Diego, California, to Cape St. Lucas; Guaymas, West Mexico and Mazatlan. Bulla nebulosa Gould, A. Ap., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 578, pl. 128, f. 79, 80.—Mxe., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1850, p. 162.—CarpeEnrer, Moll. Western N. A, pp. 22, 26, 79, 85, 107, 1382, 151, 153; Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1856, pp. 198, 233, 234, 237, 284, 289, 313, 352, 353; Mazatlan Catal., p. 173, 540; P. Z.S. 1856, :p. 220.—Sows., BULLA. 341 Conch. Icon. xvi, f. 6—Krep, West Coast Shells, p. 126, f. 117. Not B. nebulosa Schroeter, 1804. This large species is much thinner than B. ampulla. It is larger than any other American form, and has a characteristic pattern of coloration and microscopic sculpture. B. aspersa A. Adams. PI. 37, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28. Shell oblong-ovate, narrowed anteriorly, solid, opaque, longitu- dinally substriated, with numerous very fine stris, painted with white punctured spots; outer lip rather straight, its upper angle produced ; inner lip thickened, white internally. (Ad.). Payta, Peru, 6-8 fms. (Cuming). B. aspersa Av., Thes. p. 578, pl. 123, f. 78—Sows., Conch. Icon., 18. This species is evidently closely allied to B. punctuluta, but the exact relationship of the two can be settled only by an examination of the type specimen. Figs. 27, 28 represent a lower Californian shell referred to this species, but not without some doubt. It differs from punctulata in having the interior of the apical umbilicus sculptured with fewer (8-5) widely spaced spiral impressed striz. B. puncruLaTa A. Adams. PI. 37, fig. 39; pl. 36, figs. 29, 30. Shell oval, solid ; indistinctly clouded with flesh-color on a lighter ground, and usually obscurely blotched with dark, forming two ill- defined girdles; the whole showing few or many dark dots shaded on the left, white-edged on the right side. Surface smooth, showing under a strong lens an excessively close and fine wavy spiral striation. Vertex umbilicated, the interior of the umbilicus sculptured with deep spiral grooves, about a dozen in number. Aperture lined with whitish, scarcely showing the external markings. Columella bear- ing a heavy lunate callus which is often brown-edged; parietal eallus thick and heavy. Alt. 25, diam. 16 mill. Panama (Cuming) ; ‘Mazatlan ; Cape St. Lucas, Bulla punctata A. Av., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 577, pl. 123, f.77. Not of Schroeter.— B. punctulata A. AD., t. ¢., p.604.—SoweErsy, Conch, Icon. f. 8.— Bulla adamsi Mke., Cpr., Maz. Catal., p. 172 (and per- haps B. adamsi Mke., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1850, p. 162, excl. synonymy). —? B. quoyi A. Av., Thes., p. 576, pl. 123, f. 71, and Sows., Conch. Ieon. f. 19. 23 342 BULLA. This species may prove the same as the earlier described B. rufo- labris. It is smaller and much solider than B. nebulosa, with the apical umbilicus wider and strongly grooved spirally within. The external sculpture of close microscopic wavy strize is also character- istic. It is not perfectly clear what Menke intended to indicate by his B.adamsi. He expressly states that it has no spiral striation, and he says that it is the B. australis of Adams (see pl. 35, figs. 15, 16, copies of Adams’ figures), not australis Quoy. Now Adams’ figures show none of the dark and white dotting so characteristic of this west coast species, and are certainly different; and as Menke’s description certainly does not apply well to the species under con- sideration, the name adamsi has better be dropped from the list of West American Bullas. Angas reports B. punctulata from Port Jackson and New Caledo- nia (P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 226). A tray of Australian specimens before me, sent by Dr. J. C. Cox, show no variation whatever from the many specimens before me from Panama, Mazatlan and Cape St. Lucas. B. punctata (A. Ad. MS.) Sowerby (Conch. Icon. f. 15) seems to me only a large form of B. punctulata. In any case the name cannot be used, being preoccupied. Sowerby’s figures are copied on pl. 37, figs. 40, 41, and his description is as follows: Shell ovate-ventricose, solid, smooth, slightly narrowed posteriorly, reddish-grey, clouded with brown, sprinkled with small spots, posterior end obtuse, sides rather compressed, umbilicus large, columella thick, rather straight, outer lip thinly expanded. While the form is like that of Bulla eruentata, the markings of this shell resemble those of B. aspersa, which is more tapering towards the upper end. (Sowd.). Bulla quoyi of A. Adams (pl. 54, fig. 9) is probably a synonym of B. punctulata or B. aspersa. At all events, it is certainly not the true quoyt of Gray. B. ruUFOLABRIS A. Adams. PI. 37, figs. 47, 48. Shell elongately cylindrical, solid, opaque, longitudinally grooved ; reddish, painted with dark ash-colored spots, dotted with white ; lip rather straight, bent in in the middle, the margin of a red color. (Ad.). Galapagos Is., 6 fms. (Cuming). BULLA. 343 Bulla rufolabris Ap., Thes. ii, p. 577, pl. 123, f. 76.—Sows., ‘Conch. Icon. f. 17. I have not seen this species, which seems to be distinguished from B. punctulaeta mainly by its red-edged lip. B. pANAMENSIiS Philippi. Unfigured. Shell oblong-ovate, solid; whitish marbled with brown ; destitute of transverse strie ; vertex umbilicated, spirally striated; aperture dilated below, narrow above ; lip straight in the middle. Alt. 11,diam. 8 lines. (Phil.). Panama (EK. B. Phil.). B. panamensis Pu., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 141. Distinguished from B&. media and B. striata by the lack of all strize (Ph.). This is probably identical with punctulata or aspera, but the description is not sufficient for identification. B. EXARATA Carpenter. Unjigured. Shell small, elliptical, compressed, aperture elongated, narrow ; brown, covered with a thin epidermis; spirally delicately grooved, the lines more or less distant, nearly vanishing in the middle; spire hardly deeply umbilicated, with transverse divaricate strize within ; lip produced above; inner lip forming an umbilicus-like chink toward the columella. Alt. 125, diam. 055 inch. ((Cpr.). Mazatlan, on Spondylus, Liverpool Coll. Bulla exarata Cpr., Maz. Cat., p. 173. Distinguished by the acuminated form, fine, rather distant spiral grooves, narrow produced aperture, and slight umbilical chink formed by a fold of the labium. The small spiral umbilicus ap- pears slightly denticulate within, from the strive of growth being there well marked. The labrum extends ‘005 beyond the spire. MC prs). Inpo-Pactiric SPECIES. B. AMPULLA Linné. PI. 34, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell large, solid, globular-oval, with the lateral outlines every- where well rounded. Closely and finely mottled or speckled all over with pinkish-gray on a creamy or flesh-tinted ground, usually with darker clouds, irregular or > -shaped ; covered when fresh with a 344 BULLA. thin yellowish-brown epidermis. Surface smooth, showing under & lens neither spiral strize nor granulation. Apical umbilicus very small and deep, without spiral strize within when adult. Aperture narrow and curved above, dilated below, lined with white callus; columella heavy and thick, with a crescentic white callus; parietal callus strong. Alt. 51, diam. 39 mill. Vitti Is. (Garrett); Fiji Is. (U.S. Expl. Exped.); Lombok (Tudor); Philippines (Ad.); Port Jackson (Challenger); Port Stephens and Bellenger River (Brazier); Red Sea (Issel) ; Seychel- les, Amirantes, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, (Martens); Natal Bay (Krauss). Bulla ampulla L., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1183.—Sowersy, Genera, pl. 31, f. 4——Ap., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 575, pl. 122, f. 59-62.—Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 3.--IssrL, Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 167, 281.—MAaArTENs, Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 303; Monatsber. Berl. Acad. 1879, p. 737.—Cookk, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130.—Warson, Chal- lenger Gastr. p. 637—Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll. p.70.—ANGas, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 189.—B. villosa Martyn, Univ. Conch. ii, pl. 95; Chenu’s edit. p. 26, pl. 32, f. 3a. The largest species of the genus. It is distinguished from nebu- losa by the greater solidity and the coloration, which never shows- dark shaded spots edged with white on the right side. It is more globose than Bb. australis or B. adamsi. Var. bifasciata Menke. PI. 54, fig. 5. Shell smaller, mottled all over as in the type, but encircled by two dark bands; columella often with a low projection. Fiji Is. ; Moluccas ; Philippines. Bulla collumellaris var. bifasciata Mkx., Mal. BI. i, p. 48, founded upon Martini Conch. Cab. vol. i, f. 190, 191.—B. bifasciata GouLp, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 220, f. 264, 1852, (as of Martini and Chemnitz). Var. trifasciata Sowb. PI. 34, fig. 4. Shell mottled and encircled by three dark bands. Hardly dis- tinct varietally from the preceding. Philippines (Cuming); Hall Sound, New Guinea; Solomon Is- (Brazier). BULLA. 3845 B. trifasciata Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 1, March, 1868.—BrazieEr, Te Nee VV. 11, p. So. Menke attempted to separate from B. ampulla certain forms ‘under the name Jb. columellaris (Mal. Bl. 1854, p. 26); these shells, he claims, are mostly smaller than ampudla, thinner, more translucent, with narrower apical perforation ; the upper process -of the lip is broadly rounded “like the wings of a brooding hen ;” the columella is flattened, and has a low projection. In the suite before me I am unable to make the separation he indicates, as the characters seem to be too variable, and those he mentions are not always correlated with each other. B. cruentatTa A. Adams. PI. 34, figs. 6, 7. Shell ovately-globose, inflated, solid, opaque; variegated with blood-red spots, punctated with white ; white within. (Ad.). Shell ovate-subpyriform, narrowed above the center, solid, smooth, red, variegated with large red-brown patches and blackish spots ; aper- ture large, pale reddish, expanded at the lower part; outer lip rose colored, raised above the apex, rounded ; inner lip white, thickened ; columella thick, broad, arched; apical umbilicus rather wide. (Sowd.). Réunion (Desh.) ; Moluccas (Cuming). B. cruentata Ad., Thes. p. 577, pl. 126, f. 75.—Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 2—Probably Bulla rubicunda Scuroerer, Archiv fiir Zoologie u. Zootomie (Wiedemann’s) iv, pt. 1, p. 18 (Conf. Mal. BI. i, p. 48, and Meeresfauna Maurit., etc., p. 303). Besides the difference in general coloring and the rose bordering of the outer lip, there is a difference in shape between this species and Bulla ampulla, the former being more compressed above the -center. (Sowb.). B. apamstI Menke. PI. 35, figs. 15, 16, 19, 20. Shell oval-cylindrie, solid, closely marbled with reddish on a pale ground, much as in B. ampulla; generally having three or four bands of darker mottling. Vertex umbilicated, the umbilicus not spirally striated within in adults. Outer lip nearly straight in the middle; columella and parietal wall strongly calloused. Alt. 45, diam. 30 mill. Tahiti (Cuming) ; Tonga (Phila. Acad. Coll.) ; Islands in Torres Straits and off N. E. Australia (Brazier). 346 BULLA. Bulla adamsii MENKE, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1850, p. 162; Mal. BI. 1854, p. 48.—B. adamsi BRAziER (again), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, x, p. 92, 1885.—B. australis A. ApAms, Thes. 11, p. 576, pl. 122, f. 64-66—Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 12—Watson (in part) Challenger Gastr., p. 688. Not B. australis Gray nor Sowerby. A more cylindrical, less inflated shell than B. ampulla, and wider than B. australis, with wider umbilicus. In his attempt to rectify the error of Adams, Mr. Brazier added another synonym to this species ; but the name he gives had been anticipated by Menke, thirty-five years previously. B. AUSTRALIS (Gray) Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 35, figs. 17, 18. Shell elongated, cylindrical; color variable, but usually pale,. marbled with reddish, with longitudinal deep brown flames, some- times traversed by a narrow, well defined band. Aperture rising above the spire, enlarged toward the base; vertex impressed and perforated by a very small apical umbilicus. King George’s Sound (Q. & G.) ; between Freemantle and Wood- mans Point, W. Australia (Menke); also Tasmania (Beddome et al); Port Jackson (Brazier) ; Spencer and St. Vincent Gulfs (An- gas); Port Lincoln and Adelaide; New Zealand (Yates and Dief- fenbach). B. australis Gray, Annals of Philos. (n. s.) ix, p. 408, 1825; Capt. King’s Surv. Intertrop. Austr. ii, appendix, p. 490, 1827— Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, x, p. 89, 1885.—B. austra- lis Q. & G. (de novo), Zool. Voy. del’ Astrol. ii, p. 357, pl. 26, f. 38,. 39. Not B. australis A. Ad. or Sowerby.—Bulla oblonga A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 577, pl. 123, f. 74.—Sows., in Conch. Icon., f. 9—? B. substriata Mkr., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1853, p. 136. The typical australis is elongated with the apical perforation minute or closed. This form may be confined to the western and southwestern coasts of Australia. Gray’s several descriptive notices. of the species are wretchedly inadequate, and I have therefore left Quoy & Gaimard’s names stand for it. Brazier has given the synonymy almost in full. The distribution of this species in New Zealand requires confirmation and comparison with Australian spe- cimens. Var. opLonGA A. Adams. PI. 55, figs. 12, 13, 14. Shell oblong, a little narrower above, the side outlines slightly convex. Surface polished, showing when strongly magnified very BULLA. 347 close, fine, crenulated spiral strie. Apical umbilicus about 2 mill. wide, not spirally grooved within ; lip thin at its origin on the ver- tex, curving strongly forward above, straightened in the middle ; columella short, concave, the edge of the reflexed crescentic callus appressed ; parietal callus light. Alt. 53, diam. 30 mill. Philippines and Island of Annaa, on the reefs (Cuming) ; Port Jackson. This variety seems to be less narrow than the type, and the um- bilicus is wider. The specimen described above is from Port Jack- son, collected by Godeftroy. A. anaast Pilsbry. PI. 36, figs. 32, 33. Shell thick, subeylindrical, rather short, posteriorly subattenuated, anteriorly rounded, smooth, whitish, variegated and clouded with red band and broad spots, with white angular lines; aperture white, outer lip thickened within, inner lip strongly arched. (Sow6.) Middle Harbor, Port Jackson (Angas). B. solida A. Ad. MS., Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 10.—B. solida Gmel. MS. Anaas, P. Z.S., 1867, p. 226. Not B. solida Gmelin. Among the many B. solida before me, none show any approach to the style of painting of this species, which I know only from the works of Sowerby and Angas. The latter author says: a prettily painted species, peculiarly marked with large angular blotches of rose liver-color on a grayish-white ground. Length 1 inch. B. TENUISSIMA Sowerby. PI. 34, figs. 10, 11. Shell ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, subpellucid, very thin, pale brown, variegated with subquadrate, dull brown spots, principally arranged in four rows, umbilicus wide, margin of the aperture rather straight, columella margin white, flat, arched, narrow. (Sowd.). Swan River, Australia, B. tenuissima Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 4, Jan., 1868. Remarkable for the thinness of its half-transparent texture. (Sowb.). B. rincoMMopA Smith. Pl. 39, fig. 72. Shell small, narrowly umbilicated, ovate, white, shining, sculp- tured above and below with few transverse strize, striated with lines of growth; apex very narrowly perforated. Aperture narrow, a little dilated beneath, produced above the vertex above ; columella Te cd 348 BULLA. slightly twisted, arcuate below, reflexed,expanded. Alt. 54, greater diam. 33, lesser diam. 3 mill. (S.). Off Sydney; S. Lat. 34° 13’, E. Long. 151° 38’ (Challenger). ‘Bulla incommoda EK. A. Smrru, P. Z.8., 1891, p. 442, pl. 35, f. 20. The few spiral striz at each end are rather far apart with the exception of those immediately around the umbilicus, which are more approximated. (S.). B. quoyir Gray. P1359; fig. 74. Shell oval, solid, indistinctly and closely marbled with fleshy pur- ple gray on a pale ground, with two or three ill-defined encircling zones of heavier, darker mottling. Surface smooth, but sculptured toward the base by separated spiral grooves, becoming closer below ; apical perforation moderately wide, either spirally grooved within or nearly smooth. Columella with a moderate, lunate white callus ; parietal callus thin. Interior whitish or fleshy. Alt. 25-26, diam. 16 miil. Bay of Islands (Quoy) ; Auckland (Hutton ; Wright). Bulla striata Q. & G., Voy. de l’Astrol., Zool. i, p. 354, pl. 26, f. 8,9. Not of Linné.—B. quoyii Gray, Dieffenbach’s N. Z. ii, p. 243.—Smitu, Zool. Erebus & Terror, p. 5, pl. 1, f. 11—Hurron, Man. N. Z. Moll., p.121. Not B. quoyi A. Ad., Sowb. or Cpr. Well distinguished from other species of the southwest Pacific by the spiral grooves at the base. B. PEASIANA Pilsbry, n.n. PI. 34, fig. 8. Shell ovately-oblong, thin, light, perforate ; outer lip straight; longitudinally finely striated, and marked with fine microscopic spiral strive. Color chocolate-brown, mottled with darker, and freckled and blotched with white. (Pse.). Sandwich Islands (Pse.). Bulla marmorea Psx., P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 481.—Sows., Conch. Teon., f. 16. Not B. marmorea Schroeter. The specimens before me are excessively similar to the West Indian B. occidentalis ; in fact would be considered that were it not for the difference in locality. Can the Sandwich Islands specimens be ballast shells? The name of the species is preoccupied by Schroeter. BULLA. 349 B. conspersa Pease. Pl. 39, fig. 73. Shell ovate, rather solid, perforate, smooth, marked faintly with longitudinal strize of growth ; aperture contracted above, expanded below; outer lip slightly produced posteriorly ; white, promiscuously spotted and mottled with white, black and brown of different shades, towards the base encircled with a single red band which is generally obsolete or altogether wanting. (Pse.). Marquesas Is. B. conspersa Psr., Amer. Journ. Conch., v, p. 72, pl. 8, f. 9. 1869. Compare B. ovula Gld. with which this may prove identical. B. vernicosa Gould. Unfigured. Shell ovate-globose, solid, smooth, widely perforated; ashy, variegated with rufous, and encircled by four bands of brown spots sometimes angular. Aperture narrow, lip straight, slightly inflected, rufous-edged ; throat porcellaneous. Alt. 1°3 in.,diam.°8 in. ( G/d.). Liu Kiu Is. (W. Stimp.). B. vernicosa GuLv., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 138, Oct., 1859; Otia Conch., p. 111. Very shining, less inflated and narrower aperture than B. am- pulla ; more globose and more polished than B. australis (Gld.). The following seems to be a synonym or variety of vernicosa. Var. ovuta (Gld.) Sowb. PI. 36, figs. 34, 35. Shell oblong but with convex, not flattened lateral outlines; slightly narrowed above; apical umbilicus narrow (1 to 13 mill. diam.), white and weakly spirally grooved within. Brown with scattered white dots, and showing three or four spiral ill-defined bands of darker clouding or mottling. Columella rather straight- ened, with a chink along the edge of the reflexed crescentic white callus. Alt. 24, diam. 16 mill. Alt. 21, diam. 133 mill. Boshiu, Japan; Liu Kiu Is. (Fr. Stearns). B. ovula (Gould, where?) Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 5, Jan., 1868. Evidently nearly allied to B. conspersa Pse. Perhaps this is the shell Dunker called “ B. ampulla.” Angas (P. Z.S., 1867, p. 227) has quoted “ B. ovulum Gld. MSS. in Mus. Cuming” as a synonym 350 AKERID®. of his B. magdelus Lister, from Middle Harbor and Long Bay, N. S. Wales. The name “magdelus” seems to be an odd error for amygdalus (Lister, pl. 714, f. 72),a West Indian form. x xk * *k * x x x * The following species described by Schroeter are in my opinion not identifiable with certainty unless the types can be found. All but the latter three or four are undoubted typical Bullas. The localities of none of them are known. B. MAppPaA Schroeter, Archiv ftir Zool. u. Zoot. (Wiedemann) iv, p- 17, 1804, may be B. oblonga Ad. or solida Gmel. The coloring is hardly that of ampulla. B. ADSPERSA Schroeter, ¢.c. p. 18, may be B. aspersa Ad., B. solida Gmel., or some other white-sprinkled form. . CINEREA Schroeter, t. ¢. p. 18, may be amygdala Dillw. . rIGRIs Schroeter, t. ¢. p. 19. Undetermined. . RUFESCENS Schroeter, ¢. c. p. 19. Undetermined. . DIscors Schroeter, ¢. ¢. p. 19. Undetermined. . NEBULOSA Schroeter, ¢.c. p. 20, may be B. australis. . MARMOREA Schroeter, t. ¢. p. 20, may be B. adamsi. PENNATA Schroeter, t. c. p.21. Undetermined. . PULVERULENTA Schroeter, ¢. c. p. 21. Undetermined. . LIGATA Schroeter, f.¢. p. 21. Undetermined. . ANNULATA Schroeter, t. c. p. 23. Undetermined. . PUNCTATA Schroeter, ¢. c. p. 24. Undetermined. cole lc -Ilc-Il--l-- Iolo Ilo iil . PURPUREA Schroeter, t. ¢. p. 24, —Achatina purpurea Gmel. Buia (BULLEA) CYPRAEOLA Menke, Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1858, p- 140, habitat unknown. Buia (BULLEA) NuXx Mke.,,¢t. c. p. 140, from Cuba, may prove to be either B. occidentalis or B. amygdala. Butuia (BULLEA) SPLENDENS Mke., t.c. p. 1387, habitat un- known. Family AKERID.® Pilsbry. = Bullide in part, of Fiscuer, Man. de Conch., p. 558. Shell oval or cylindrical, thin and fragile, of a light yellow. brown or green tint, the spire low or concealed. AKERID. 301 Radula having many longitudinal rows of teeth, the centrals narrow, hardly larger than the side teeth, with the cusp serrate ; side teeth faleate with the cusp long and serrate, becoming simple on the outer teeth. The genera here assembled agree in the common character of a light-colored, thin shell, and (as far as known) a multidentate rad- ula with teeth of the primitive Tectibranch type found in Ap/ysii- de, etc. When the anatomy of Cylindrobulla and Volvatella is better known, a division into two or three families may become nec- essary. Synopsis of Subfamilies and Genera. *Epipodial lobes developed, large. Subfamily AKERIN« (Aceride Mazzarelli). Shell fragile, elastic, with entirely exposed, nearly level spire, deep sutural slit and wide anal fasciole. Animal with long narrow head disk, large epipodial lobes reflexed over the shell, and many cartilaginous stomach plates. Contains the single genus Akera (see pl. 42, figs. 11-18). Subfamily Hamryein® Pilsbry. Shell brittle, with concealed spire; a posterior sinus, but no- sutural slit or anal fasciole; the interior not wholly visible from base. Animal with a quadrate head disk, bilobed behind ; epipo- dial lobes large, reflexed over the shell. Principal stomach plates three. Contains the single genus Huminea (see pl. 40, 41). *§ & No epipodial lobes. Subfamily VoLvaTeLLin# Pilsbry. Shell fragile and elastic, with concealed spire, and either a sutural slit or a posterior “spout”; no distinct anal fasciole ; aperture very narrow above, effuse and open below, showing the whole interior from the base. Animal with a quadrate head disk, bilobed behind. No epipodial lobes. Dentition unknown. a. Shell cylindrical, the aperture with a deep narrow slit follow- ing the suture. Genus Cylindrobulla (see plate 42, figs. 19, 20). b. Shell swollen, contracted at vertex into an erect “ spout ” ; no» sutural slit. Genus Volvatella (see pl. 42, figs. 21-23). 2354 HAMINEA. Genus HAMINEA Leach, 1847. Haminea Leach MS. Gray, P. Z.8., 1847, p. 161 (H. hydatis). A. Av., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 557.—Sows., Conch. Icon., xvi—Vays- SIERE, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., ix, 1879-80, and Recherches sur les Moll. Opisthobr., 1re pt., Tectibranches, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Marseille, Zool. ii, p. 18, 1885, (anatomy).—Haminea Lracn, Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 40, 1852. Shell thin and rather fragile, unicolored, corneous, yellowish or greenish, covered with a thin cuticle, globose, ovate or cylindric- oval, the spire sunken and concealed, vertex concave, imperforate or minutely perforate; body whorl large; aperture as long as_ the shell, broadly rounded below, narrow above ; columella simply con- cave, thin, its edge narrowly reflexed, showing a slight fold where it joins the body of the shell; lip retreating above, but not distinctly sinused. Type B. hydatis L. Animal capable of retraction into the shell; cephalic dise large, truncated in front, strongly bilobed behind, the eyes small. Mantle rudimentary, covered by the shell. Epipodial lobes large, reflexed over and partially covering the shell. (pl. 43 fig. 6). Sole long, tapering behind; gizzard very muscular, armed within with three large corneous curved plates (pl. 48, figs. 2, 3), and three pairs of small plates. (See pl. 48, fig. 1, H. navicula; also figs. 9 to 13). Radula having the formula «,1,1,1, 0. Central tooth small, adjacent laterals large, with a long serrate cusp; uncini many (55 in H. navicula) with long, simple cusps. The shell in this genus differs from all other Akeride in being more compactly convoluted with less developed posterior sinus in the outer lip. It differs from Bulla in being thin, unicolored and imperforate or nearly so at vertex. The anatomical distinctions from Bulla are many and important; and it is not easy to see why Fischer placed Haminea under that group as a subgenus. The anatomy has been studied and figured by Vayssiére, and the shells have been monographed by Arthur Adamsand Sowerby. A good figure of the dentition is still lacking. No useful subdivision of the group other than a geographic one can now be made, althongh the different modes of the insertion of the outer lip at the vertex offers a good character (compare H. nav- icula with H. elegans Gray). The animals of the European and West Indian species seem to have a finely peppered or dotted HAMINEA. BYapoS color-pattern, while such of the oriental forms as are known are more boldly spotted. The food of the European species is exclus- ively vegetable, consisting of algze and zostera. European species. There are three European species of Haminea: H. NAVICULA, distinguished by its large size, very concave columella and spiral striation. H. HypAris, smaller (rarely over 12 mill. alt.) with straighter columella and more effaced spiral striation. H. orBIG- NYANA, about the size of hydatis, but having the upper curve of the lip prolonged high above the vertex. H. navicuta Da Costa. PI. 41, figs. 17, 18. Shell thin, oblong-cylindric, truncated above, rounded below ; sur- face corneous or lemon-yellow, marked by irregular growth wrinkles, and showing all over under a lens, excessively fine spiral wavy en- graved grooves, far narrower than their interspaces. Vertex imper- forate, concave and white in the middle. Outer lip slightly arcu- ate, rounded above and below, a little thickened, but not twisted toward the upper insertion. Columedla very concave, thin, reflexed ; parietal callus thin. Alt. 23, diam. 16 mill. Atlantic coast of Europe from England to Spain; Mediterranean Sea. Bulla ampulla Pennant (not L.) Brit. Zool. no. 84, 1776.—B. navicula Da Costa Brit. Conch., p. 28, pl. 1, f. 10, 1778-—Buquoy, Daurz. & Doutr., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 517, pl. 63, f. 4-7. —B. hydatis Brue., Enc. Meth., p. 374, in part—Forses & Hantey, Hist. Brit. Moll., iii, p. 530, pl. 104d, f. 7 (shell); pl. uu, f 3 (animal). —JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch., iv, p. 437; v, pl. 95, fig. 3—Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 4, and of authors generally. Not Bb. hydatis Linné. — Bulla cornea Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 36, 1822—Haminea cuviert Leacu, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 41, 1852.—Haminea subpellucida H. Am. P. ZS. 1869) p. 275, pl. 19, f. 13. This species is generally known as H. hydatis, but it is quite dis- tinct from that species in the larger size, much stronger spiral stria- tion, more marked growth wrinkles, more concave columella, etc. The bibliography of the form is extensive, as usual with European LOS but is mostly under the names hydatis L. and cornea Lmk. Var. globosa Jeftr. (pl. 41, fig. 17). More globular. Var. g/oboso major Monts. Large and globose. Venice. Var. expansa Monts. 354 HAMINEA, Aperture much dilated. Var. subquadrata Monts. Subangular above and below. Var. albina Monts. Entirely white. Var. fer- ruginosa Monts. Ferruginous tawny. Var. glaucescens Monts. Pale yellow or greenish. H. nypatis Linné. PI. 41, figs. 19, 20. Shell thin, subpellucid, oblong-oval, truncated above, rounded below ; surface clear corneous or pale greenish-yellow, with slight growth lines and extremely minute close wavy spiral striz. Ver- tex imperforate, narrowly concave; outer lip arcuate, rounded above and below, slightly thickened toward the upper insertion. Columella short, vertical, rather straightened, its edge reflexed but not closely appressed. Alt. 11, diam. 8 mill. Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic coasts of Spain and France; north to South coast of England. Bulla hydatis Linn., Syst. Nat. xii, p, 1183, 1766—HaAn Ey, Ipsa L. Conch., p. 204.—Sows., Illustr. Ind. Brit. Sh., pl. 20, f. 19. —Hoaa, Tr. Roy. Mic. Soe., xvi, pl. 13, f. 78 (dentition)— Bulla pisum DELLE CuHtaJE, An. s. Vert. ili, p. 26.— Bulla hyalina GMEL., Syst. xiii, p.38432.—Haminea elegans of many authors.—HIDALGo, Moll. Mar. Esp., p. 5, pl. 21, f. 4,5. Not H. elegans Leach !— Bulla folliculus Mxe., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1853, p. 141.—Haminea hydatis Bug., Dautz. & Dotxr., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 515, pl. 163, f. 8, 9. This species is distinguished from 5. navicula by its smaller size, smoother surface, straighter columella, etc. The following color variations, sufficiently described by their names, have been noted by Monterosato: major, media, minor, oblonga, globosa, virescens, albescens, violacea. For the facts relating to Haminea elegans see under West Atlan- tic species. H. oRBIGNYANA Férussac. Unjigured. Shell similar to H. hydatis, but outer lip dilated above, rising high above the vertex. Alt. about 12 mill. Ocean coast of France, dept. Charente-Inférieure (Fischer) ; Rochelle (Fér.); I. of Aix (Le Bahezre) ; J. of Ré (Jeffr.) ; Canary Is. (McAndrew) ; also reported from Falmouth (Leach); Dublin Bay (Turton) and Cork Harbor (Humphreys). HAMINEA. 355 Bulla orbignyana Ferussac, Dict. classique d’Hist. Nat., ii, p. 573, Dec., 1822.—FiscueEr, Journ. de Conch., 1879, p. 21.—B. lilatata Leacu, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 42, 1852. West Atlantic and Antillean species. Analysis of forms. a. Vertex perforated, the lip arising on left side of perforation, and angled near its insertion. b. Large, with close, conspicuous engraved spirals all over, elegans. bb. Small, surface polished, with fewer spirals, glabra. aa. Lip arising on right side of the center of the vertex, not angled. b. Grooved throughout with distinct, spaced spirals, solita- rid, succinea. bb. Spiral strize obsolete or excessively fine. e. Shell subcylindrical, columella gently concave, petitir. ce. Shell globose-ovate, columella very concave, antil- larum. HH. ELEGANS Gray. PI. 41, figs. 37, 38, 39; pl. 40 fig. 88. Shell roundly oval or somewhat cylindrical, truncated above, rounded below. Color pale brownish-yellow or pale greenish, fading to white at vertex and base. Surface with irregular growth wrinkles, sometimes rather coarsely plicated; and showing plainly to the naked eye, close, fine spiral striation. Under the lens the sculpture is seen to be formed of clear-cut incised straight spirals, as if machine engraved, the entire surface being scored with minute, mingled with much coarser unequally spaced grooves. Vertex con- cave and minutely perforated, the outer lip arising from the left side of the perforation, which is encircled by a crescentie projection from the parietal callus, at the upper termination of which there is a salient angle of the arising lip. Outer lip equably arched, well rounded above and below. Columella deeply arcuate, thin, with very narrow white reflexed and appressed edge, and a small fold above; parietal callus unusually thin. Alt. 19, diam. 13 mill. Alt. 203, diam. 16 mill. West coast of Florida and Texas; West Indies; St. Thomas, Cur= acoa, ete.; Rio Janeiro. 356 HAMINEA. Bulla elegans Gray, Annals of Philos. N. Ser. ix, p. 408, 1825 > Index Testae. Suppl., pl. 3, Bulla f. 2 (Good!) ; aud Haminea ele- gans LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 42, at least in part. Not H. ele- gans of authors!—Bulle guildingti Swatns, Malacol. p. 360, and 251, f. 46—B. (Haminea) guildingii Av. in Thes. p. 580, pl. 124, f. 87-89.—H. guildingii Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 5—Morcu., Mal. Bl. xxii, p. 174.—Da.t, Blake Gastr., p. 57, and Cat. Mar. Moll. S. E. U.S., p. 88.—? Bulla diaphana Couth. in Gout, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, p. 91, 1849; Expl. Exped., p. 222, f. 265 (animal and shell). This is one of the most distinct species. The engraved spirals. are clearly visible without a lens, and are uncommonly clear cut and straight. The open apical perforation and the mode of inser- tion of the upper end of the lip are also good diagnostic features. The description of Bulla elegans given by Gray applies undoubt- edly to this form, not to any European species; and Leach’s H. elegans is also the same, although he may have confused other shells with it. Leach always meant “spiral” by his term “longitudinal strie.” By no possible means can Gray’s or Leach’s descriptions be made to fit the H. hydatis cf Europe. The spirals of that form would never have been seen by them, and it never attains the length of three-fourths of an inch. The B. diaphana of Gould from Rio Janeiro, which I think is very likely synonymous, is illustrated on pl. 48, fig. 8. H. guasra A, Adams. PI. 48, fig. 18. Shell fragile, pellucid, translucent, ovate, roundly truncate above, rounded below, color pale greenish-corneous. Surface polished and shining, showing under a strong lens some unequally spaced spiral incised strise, fewer or obsolete in the middle. Vertex concave, with a minute central perforation. Outer lip arising on the left side of the perforation, which is surrounded by the continued parietal callus, at the termination of which there is a salient angle of the rising lip. Columella very concave, with narrowly reflexed edge, hardly folded above. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. St. Thomas (Swift). Bulla (Haminea) glabra A. Av., Thes. p. 581, t. 124, f. 96.-— Haminea glabra Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 27.—Smirx, Ann. Mag. (4), ix, p. 349. HAMINEA. Sor This form is closely allied to H. elegans Gray, but is smaller, more polished and shining, and with the spiral striation far weaker. H. souiraria Say. PI. 28, fig. 44; pl. 41, fig. 32. Shell thin, subcylindrical, with gently convex sides, truncate ver- tex and rounded base; color horny or light brown. Surface shin- ing, having irregular growth wrinkles and (under a lens) fine, deeply impressed spiral grooves, much narrower than their intervals, sometimes with smaller ones intercalated. Vertex white, somewhat impressed in the middle, subperforate. Lip arising to the right of the center, slightly thickened; outer lip gently arched forward. Columella thin, concave. Alt. 10, diam. 63 mill. Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Bulla solitaria Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ii, p. 245, 1822. Complete writings of Thomas Say, W. G. B. edit., p. §4.— Gounp; Invert. Mass. (edit..W. G. B.) p. 222, f.513.—Dant, Cat. Mar. Moll. 8. E. U.S., p. 88.—Bulla insculpta Torren, Journ. of Sei., xxvill, p. 350, f. 4,——Gup., Inv. Mass., f. 92—Ap., Thes. f. 84—Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 1.—Haminea nove-eboraci Sows., C. Teon., f. 6, 1868. This species has the spiral grooves unusually well developed. This, with the cylindric-oval form is the main distinctive character. The species occurs sparingly along the whole Atlantic seaboard. It ‘has also been reported from high northern latitudes. See K.Svensk. Akad. Handl., 1878, p. 72, and Vega Exp., 370. H. succinea Conrad. PI. 48, fig. 18. Shell fragile, horny or whitish, cylindrical, somewhat wider at base; vertex truncated, narrowly and deeply impressed, minutely perforated, the lip inserted on right side of perforation. Surface densely evenly and deeply striated spirally throughout, the strize slightly wavy, aperture long, its upper five-eighths narrow and parallel sided, lower part expanded ; columella very concave, folded above, the lip reflexed and closely appressed in the umbilical region. Alt. 10, diam 53 mill. Indian River to West Coast of Florida. Bulla suceinea Conr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iii, p. 26, pl. 1, f. 5, 1846.—Ap. Thes. p. 584, pl. 124, f. 106.—H. succinea Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 25.—Datu, Blake Gastr. p. 57; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 324. 24 358 HAMINEA. More cylindrical and elongated than H. solitaria, with the colu- mella more concave. H. ANTILLARUM @’Orbigny. PI. 41, figs. 35, 36. Shell fragile, subtranslucent, globose-ovate, narrower above, swol- len below; color pellucid-horny, or slightly green tinted. Surface seen under a lens to be marked by growth striz ; and under a high power fine, close, rather effaced and wavy spiral striz, but this is hardly seen with the ordinary hand lens. Vertex narrowly im- pressed, imperforate, the slightly thickened outer lip arising from the right side of the center, produced high above the vertex ; outer lip produced forward above. Aperture more than twice as wide below as above; columella very concave ; parietal callus light. Alt. 10, diam. 7-8 mill. Tampa and southward, West Florida ; St. Thomas ; Porto Rico. Bulla antillarum Ors., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 124, t. 4, f. 9-12.—Ham- inea antillarum Morca., Mal. BL, xxii, p. 175.—Daut, Blake Gastr., p. 57, and Cat. Mar. Moll. 8S. E.U.S., p. 88.—Bulla (Hami- nea) cerina Mke., Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1853, p. 142, cf. Mal. BI. i, p. 45.—Haminea guadaloupensis Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 14, 1868. The typical @. antillarum is a small shell, nearly white in color. It is abundant on the west coast of Florida. H. cerina Mke. is, I believe, absolutely synonymous. Var. GUADALUPENSIS Sowerby. PI. 41, figs. 30, 31, 33, 34. Shell thin, but rather solid, globose-ovate, distinctly compressed above, swollen below; the vertex narrow, concave in the middle. Color greenish-yellow, subtranslucent when young, rather solid and opaque when adult. Surface having irregular growth wrinkles, often even plicate above in adults, and showing under a strong lens, excessively fine, close and somewhat wavy spiral striw. Outer lip slightly thickened toward its apical insertion, where immediately to the right of the imperforate center of the vertex it is connected by a short vertical curve with the parietal callus. It rises high above the vertex, sweeps forward, and then as it descends, backward to the broadly rounded basal lip. Columella extremely concave, with a very narrow white callus, making a small fold above; parietal cal- luslight. Alt. 18, diam. 14 mill. White Water Bay, West Florida, (Johnson); Cuba, St. Thomas, Guadalupe, Tortola, West Indies. HAMINEA. 359 Much larger than antillarum, and more deeply colored. The contour is the same, except that in this the upper part is often more -constricted. This species is well distinguished by its swollen form, compressed above, excessively fine spiral striation, very deeply concave colu- mella and greenish-yellow color. There is sometimes a slight umbili- cal chink behind the insertion of the lip at the vertex, but there is no trace of atrue umbilicus at base. The flexure of the lip forward above is also noteworthy. (See figs. 31, 33). H. peririt d’Orbigny. PI. 41, figs. 28, 24. Shell cylindric-oval, truncated above, rounded below. Color light yellowish-green. Surface having indistinct growth-lines but free from spiral strize at least under ordinary magnification. Vertex wide, somewhat impressed in the middle, imperforate, the outer lip arising immediately from the right of thecenter. Columella rather straightened, subvertical, its reflexed edge not appressed but leaving a narrow chink; not folded above. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. St. Thomas (Orb., Swift) ; Tampa, west Florida (Dall). Bulla petitii Ons., Moll. Cuba i, p. 130, pl. 4 bis, f. 13-16.— Haminea petitii Morcn, Mal. Bl. xxii, p. 174.—Dauu, Cat. Mar. Moll. U.S; p. 88. This species is similar to H. antillarum in form of the apex and obsolescence of spiral strive ; but it is much more cylindrical and the columella is straighter than in any other West Indian Haminea. This is not well shown in Orbigny’s figure. West American species. H. vesicuta Gould. PI. 41, figs. 28, 29. Shell thin and fragile, globose-oval, slightly narrowed above, rounded below. Color “ pale greenish-yellow.’ Surface sculptured with indistinct growth-lines and close, fine microscopic spiral im- pressed strie. Vertex narrowly but deeply impressed, imperforate ; lip arising from the left side of the center, slightly but quite visibly angulate or sinuous near the insertion; lip bending forward above, broadly rounded at base. Columella very concave, with a narrow reflexed and appressed callus, folded above. Alt. 18, diam. 13 mill. San Pedro, California, south to Cape St. Lucas. 360 HAMINEA. Bulla vesicula Gup., Rep. Expl. and Surv. Pacif. R. R. v, appen- dix, p. 334, 1854.—? Haminea vesicula Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 19.— Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 126, f. 116. The insertion of the lip above is much as in H. elegans of the Antilles, but there is no apical umbilicus. Var. virgo Pils. Pl. 41, figs. 25, 26. Rather shorter and more swollen, translucent white. Alt. 18, diam. 14 mill. Santa Barbara, ete., California. H. cympirormis Carpenter. Unfigured. Shell very thin, whitish, the axis contorted ; much inflated, spire: small, concealed. Aperture ventricose anteriorly, produced behind ; ornamented with close spiral striuiz, growth lines subextant. Inner lip very thin. Only one rather imperfect specimen was found of this beautiful species, which resembles in form a small inflated Cymbium. Length ‘07, diam. ‘05 inch. Mazatlan. Haminea cymbiformis Crr., Maz. Catal., p. 174. May be a young shell, and perhaps the same as the last-described_ form, but Mérch reports it from Puntarenas, west coast Central America (Mal. Bl. vi, p. 123). H. virescens Sowerby. PI. 40, fig. 5; pl. 48 fig. 19. Shell ovate, much compressed and contracted above, globularly.ex- panded below; thin. Color greenish-yellow, subopaque. Vertex very narrow, impressed and minutely perforated in the middle; the rising outer lip thickened, inserted on the right side of the perfora-- tion, ascending far above the vertex. Upper third of aperture nar- row, lower two-thirds much dilated, the columellar outline more arcu- ate. Columella simple and thin, regularly and deeply concave, with. narrowly reflexed, appressed edge. Alt. 14, diam. 103 mill.; often larger, alt. 18 mill. San Pedro, San Diego, etc., California. Bulla virescens SowERBY, Genera of Shells, Cephala, pt. 39, Bulla fig. 2, (1833 ? See R. B. Newron Br. Olig. and Eoe. Moll. p. 322, and SHERBORN, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiii, Apr., 1894, p. 371). HAMINEA. 361 Ap., Thes., p. 579, pl. 124, f. 83.—H. virescens Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 22 (false ? locality, “ Pitcairn’s Island ”’). This species is remarkable for the compression of the upper part -of the whorl, more marked than in any other species. H. peruviana @Orbigny. Pl. 43 figs. 5, 4, 5. Shell oval, ventricose, very thin, transparent, greenish-yellow very finely spirally striated, visibly umbilicated. Aperture wide in front, narrow behind; columella with a prominent cord, which above, where it turns inward, is not applied to the epidermis but stands out in the form of a sharp lamina. Alt. 20 mill. Animal greenish-yellow, peppered with close black dots, less numerous be- low. A salt lake near the sea, south of Callao, Peru. Bulla peruviana Ors., Voy. dans l’Amér. Mérid., p. 211, pl. 19, f. 4-6 (under the name B. hydatis, on plate).—Haminea natal- -ensis SOWERBY, Conch. Icon. f. 7, not of Krauss; Cf. E. A. Smirx, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 347, 1872. The color and striation is the same as in H. navicula, but H. per- uviana is more swollen, less oblong, and the columella is elevated in a sharp plate above, not appressed as in the European species. The three stomach-plates are smooth. Pl. 41, fig. 27 represents the synonymous A. natalensis Sowb., the assigned locality of which is evidently incorrect. Orbigny’s figures (copied on my plate) are double natural size. Species of Japan and China. H. ancusra Gould. PI. 40, fig. 93. Shell small, thin ovate-cylindrical, widened in front, obtusely rounded; yellow-green, engraved with transverse strie; vertex obliquely truncate, subperforate. Aperture enlarged in front ; col- umella hardly excavated, folded and surrounded with a callus. Alt. 6, diam. 4 mill. (G/d.). Simoda, Japan (Stimpson). Haminea angusta Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vil, p. 189.—#H. angustata SowB., Conch. Icon., f. 32. Conf. Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 283, and Smrru, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 348. 362 HAMINEA. H. srricosa A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, rounded at both ends, white, shining, sub- opaque, transversely most minutely striolate throughout, longitu- dinally streaked; aperture narrow, dilated in front ; columellar margin simple, arcuate; lip straight, posteriorly produced and rounded (Ad., Ann. Mag. (3), 1x, p. 156). Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. White, with longitudinal slightly raised streaks, and entirely trans- versely striated. In form it resembles H. lucida A. Adams; but the aperture is rounded anteriorly, and not produced as in that species. (Ad.). ; H. GriseA Smith. Unfigured. Shell shortly cylindrical, subplanate above, rounded below, thin,. imperforate ; blue-white under a thin gray epidermis, tinged with buff toward the apex, shining ; most minutely and closely spirally striate, obsoletely decussated by arcuate growth-lines; aperture nar- row above, slightly produced above the vertex, dilated at base ; columella obliquely somewhat twisted; lip thin, inserted in the middle of the vertex and thickened there. Alt.6, diam.3 mill. (S.). Off Japan, Lat. 42° 52’ N., long. 144° 40’ E., in 48 fms. (St. John). Huminea grisea Smirn, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, 1875 p. 114. H. corticata Moller, is the nearest ally of this species; but the lateral outlines of that species are more convex, and the epidermis of a more yellow color. In H. grisea the columellar portion of the body-whorl is of a yellowish color, and the termination of the slightly olive-grey epidermis is defined by a blackish edge. (S.). H. exArata Philippi. PI. 40, fig. 97. Shell grooved by simple impressed transverse lines; superior angle of the aperture produced, base rounded. Alt. 8, diam. 6, thickness 4 lines. Northern China (Largilliert). Bullea exarata Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 141.— Haminea ex- arata Mxr., Mal. Bl. 1, p. 46.—B. (#Taminea) sinensis A. Av., Thes. p- 584, pl. 104, f. 98.—H. sinensis Sows., C. Icon., f. 21. HAMINEA. 363 Adams’ figure is copied on the plate, and his description is as fol- lows: “ Shell somewhat oval, open, semiopaque, white, longitudinally substriated, with transverse engraved lines rather wide apart ; aper- ture very wide, anteriorly dilated, posteriorly produced.” H. rutera A. Adams. Unjigured. Shell elongate-cylindrical, white, thin, shining, subpellucid, rounded at both ends, transversely striolate throughout, strize most minute and close; aperture narrow, dilated in front; columellar margin acute, arcuate ; lip a little straightened, produced and angled behind. (Ad., Ann. Mag. N. H. (38), ix, 1862, p. 155). Shan-tung (Kala-hat), China. This is a beautiful white, shining, semipellucid species, most like H. curta A. Adams, but more elongate and narrower, and engraved with very fine close set transverse striole. (Ad.). H. tucipa A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, slightly rimate, rounded at each end, dia- phanous, glassy, transversely striated throughout, the striz most minute and close ; aperture narrow, produced in front; columellar margin thin, arcuate; lip rounded posteriorly. (Ad., t. ¢., p. 155). Gulf of Lian-tung ; Hulu-Shan Bay, China (Adams). Like H. brevissima and pygmea A. Adams. An examination of the animal shows it to belong to Haminea, the genus which in all probability includes its above-named congeners. In my Mono- graph of the family (Sowb., Thesaurus, Bulla); they are arranged under Cylichnide. (Ad.). Polynesian Species. H. crocata Péase. PI. 40, fig. 3. Shell ovate-elongated, moderately solid, yellow, becoming orange on the latter part of the last whorl, and opaque above and below. Surface shining, showing slight, irregular growth-wrinkles and ex- cessively fine, close, superficial spiral crenulated strize. Vertex nar- row, very slightly impressed, imperforate or nearly so, opaque-white in the center; lip inserted on the right of the center of the vertex, thickened ; outer lip well curved; columella moderately concave, with a reflexed white callus, not folded above. Alt. 13, diam. 84 mill. Sandwich Is. se) WAL 364 HAMINEA. H. crocata Psx., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 19 (except descr. of animal) ; ¢. c. p. 432 (descr. of animal).—Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 29—Marrens & LancK. Donum. Bism., p. 52.—Aneas, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 189.— H. adamsii Dxr., Mal. Bl. viii, p. 40, 1861; cf. Mal. BI. xxi, p. 49. Angas reports this from Lake Macquarie, N.S. Wales. Animal: Cephalic disk square, oblong, in advance of the shell, slightly notched at the center of the front side, at the posterior side provided with a pair of flat, rather broad, recumbent lobes, which are rounded at their extremities ; lateral lobes reflected on the sides of the shell two-thirds of its length ; foot extending beyond the shell posteriorly, and rounded at its termination. Color cinereous; pel- lucide) CPse.). H. GALBA Pease. PI. 40, figs. 1, 2. Shell oval, light, shining, yellowish; marked with longitudinal lines of growth, and finely microscopically spirally striated; outer lip nearly straight, and very slightly produced posteriorly ; inner lip thickened somewhat at the base, and slightly reflected ; columella strongly arched at lower part. (/se.). Sandwich Is. H. galba Pse., P. ZS. 1860, p. 432. Desc. of animal under H. crocata Pse., t.¢., p. 20.—Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 23. The shell of this species can hardly be distinguished from that of H. crocata ; but the animal differs widely. (Pse.). Animal: Cephalic disk large, oblong triangular, entire in front and truncated, bilobed posteriorly and lobes overlapping ; lateral lobes reflected on the sides of the shell during locomotion, covering about one-half of its length, and nearly meeting on the back ; poste- terior lobe covering the spire; foot subquadrate, extending a short distance beyond the shell posteriorly ; eyes central, immersed, black ; surrounded by white areolae; color of the animal varying from grey to greyish-yellow and in some nearly to black, being closely mottled and freckled with olive or dusky. (Pse.). H. pustnua Pease. Unfigured. Shell small, cylindrically ovate, rather solid, white; surface finely cancellated; apex slightly umbilicated or perforated; aperture nar- row, contracted posteriorly, slight fold at base of columella. (Pse.). Sandwich Is. H, pusilla Psx., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 20. HAMINEA. 365 H. sANDWICHENSIS Sowerby. PI. 40, fig. 4. Shel! pellucid, white, smooth, ovate, roundly subacuminate at each end, apex umbilicated ; aperture rather narrow; columella rather straight with a slight plait. (S.). Sandwich Islands. H. sandwichensis Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 24, 1868. Differing from H. galba in color, in being more ovate and more acuminate at the ends (Sowd.). But probably synonymous with some of Pease’s species. H. nicropuncraTa Pease. PI. 40, fig. 100; pl. 43, fig. 18. Shell thin, subpellucid, suboval, transversely very minutely and closely wrinkled striate, imperforate; lip straight, aperture ante- riorly dilated ; columella deeply arched at lower part and lamin- ately callous. Chestnut-tawny. Alt. 16, diam. 10 mill. (Pse.). Animal subpellucid, side lobes rather posterior. Foot wide, moderately extended behind the shell, truncate in front and bluntly rounded behind. The whole of the animal covered with crowded black dots, which are the largest and most conspicuous, as seen through the transparent shell. Station on seaweed in shallow water. { Pse.). Raiatea (Pse.) ; Tahiti (Mts.). HI. nigropunctata Pse., Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 71, pl. 7, f. 1 (animal), p). 12, f. 19 (shell)—Marrens, Donum Bism., pl. 52, pl. ovale H. ovauis Pease. Pl. 40, fig.94; pl. 43 figs. 9, 10. Shell thin, fragile, pellucid, white or greenish, rather obliquely oval, smooth, somewhat roughened by strive of growth, imperforate ; aperture narrow posteriorly, dilated anteriorly; lip somewhat in- volute, columella callus on its lower part. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. i Pse:). Animal pale watery green, closely dotted with orange and purple. The portion seen through the shell is spotted obscurely with cream yellow, their margin powdered with white. Foot cream-white, remotely dotted with pale orange. Side lobes not extending back over one-half of the shell. Foot regular in width, rather sharply rounded behind. ( Pse.). Tahiti (Pse.). 366 HAMINEA. H. ovalis Psr., Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 71, pl. 7, f. 2 (animal), pl. 12, f. 20 (shell). H. aperta Pease. Pl. 43 fig. 17. Shell thin, pellucid, smooth, ovate, imperforate, white, very finely and irregularly striate longitudinally ; outer lip slightly expanded above ; aperture narrow posteriorly, anteriorly dilated; columella deeply arched below, and strongly callus; callosity somewhat reflexed, rather broad. Alt. 15, diam. 9 mill. Tahiti. H. aperta Pse., Am. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 72, pl. 12, f. 22. Approaches H. cymbalum Quoy, but more ovate, outer lip not being so much expanded. H. smmr_uima Pease. PI. 40, fig. 95; pl. 43, figs. 11, 12. Shell thin, fragile, pellucid, white, abbreviately oval, imperfor- ate; aperture narrow above, dilated below, columella arched ante- riorly and callous; lip slightly involute. Alt. 8, diam. 6 mill. Animal pale green, the portion seen through the shell darker, everywhere conspicuously dotted with rich orange, with a few spots of purplish interspersed. Foot cream color, with close orange dots. Posterior portion of the foot narrow, extending some distance beyond the shell, and terminating in a sharp point. (Pse.). Tahiti. H, simillima Psx., Am. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 72, pl. 7, fig. 3 (animal), pl. 12, f. 21 (shell) —Marrens, Donum Bism., p. 52. H. nigropunctata and H. simillima resemble each other closely in both animal and shell. The latter species is much smaller and differs. somewhat in color, and especially in the shape of its foot, which is constant. H. ovormbEA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 28, figs. 31, 32. Shell ovate, fragile, white, slightly umbilicate, transversely stri- ated in front, and with delicate longitudinal striz. Alt. 6, diam. 4 lines. (Q. & G.). Humata, Island of Guam. Bulla ovoidea Q. & G., Zool. de V Astrol. 11, p. 348, pl. 26, f. 17-1 (not of A. Ad. nor Sowb.). HAMINEA. 367 H. cyMBALUM Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 40, figs. 6, 7. Shell fragile, pellucid, globose, smooth, white; aperture wide in front, narrowed behind ; right margin lightly inflated ; spire retuse. A small species, globulose entirely white, translucid and polished, with slight growth-lines. Aperture large, rounded in front, con- tracted behind ; vertex rounded and impressed but imperforate, the lip rising a little above it. Alt. 7, diam. 5 lines. Island of Guam (Astrolabe). Bulla cymbalum Q. & G. Zool. Astrol. ii, p. 862, pl. 26, f. 26, 27. —Ap., Thes., p. 580, pl. 124, f. 90.—Haminea cymbalum Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 20.—Aneas, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 188.—LiscuKE, Jap. Meeres-Conch., p. 105.—Dkr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 166.—Mar- TENS, Mobius’ Reise n. Mauritius, p. 303; Monatsber. Berl. Akad. Wissensch. 1879, p. 737. Angas reports this species from “ Port Lincoln, in deep water ; ” Lischke from Nagasaki, Japan ; Montrouzier from New Caledonia ; Lienard from Mauritius; Deshayes from Réunion, and von Mar- tens found it in Peters’ collection from the Querimba Is. It remains to be seen whether all of these data really apply to Quoy’s species. Species of S. Africa, Red Sea, Philippines to N. Australia. H. naTaensis Krauss. PI. 40, figs. 80, 81. Shell ovate-globose, subventricose, very thin, pellucid, shining, greenish-yellow, longitudinally striated; vertex impressed but im- perforate. Aperture ample, dilated behind; outer margin arcuate, produced above, rounded. Alt. 4:4, diam. 3°3 lines. (A7.). Natal (Krauss); Black River, Mauritius (Mobius) Bulla natalensis Krauss, Die Stidafrik. Moll., p. 71, pl. 4, f. 14. —H. natalensis MARrreENs in Mobius’ Reise n. Maurit., p. 503. Not B. natalensis A. Ad. in Sowb., Thes. pl. 124, f. 86, nor H. natalensis Sowb., in Conch. Icon., f. 7. The lip is much produced above the vertex, as in H. orbignyana and H. antillarum. Both A. Adams and Sowerby have figured specimens under the name natalensis, but in neither case are they- the same as Krauss’ species, nor do they agree with each other. 368 HAMINEA. H. perersi Martens. Unfigured. Shell thin, oblong, sculptured with rather wide, light, sub- vertical striz, pale yellowish, a little narrowed above, scarcely umbilicated ; upper margin of aperture rising above the spire, nar- rowly rounded ; columellar margin deeply receding, a little thick- ened and simple. Length 19, greater diam. 13, lesser 11 mill. ; aperture, length 25, width below, 73 mill. (Mts.). Mozambique (Peters). Haminea petersi Mrs., Monatsbr. K.-P. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1879, p. 737 (1880). Nearest allied to H. galba Pse., but the columellar margin shows no fold and is more strongly retreating. H. pemputs Philippi. PI. 40, fig. 87. Shell subglobose-rotund, thin, pellucid, rufescent white, sculptured with very fine transverse lines; vertex umbilicated; aperture dilated at base, inner lip narrowly adnate. Alt. 7, diam. 53 lines. (Ph.). Red Sea (Gruner). B. pemphis Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1847, p. 122, not of A. Ad. nor Sowb.; see Smrru, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 847.—Bulla (Ham- inea) tenella A. Av., Thes. p. 585, pl. 124, f. 104.—Haminea tenella Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 18. 2 The figure represents Adams’ tenella, which is thus described : “Shell oval, anteriorly somewhat narrowed, thin, fragile, horny, pellucid, somewhat gibbous in the middle, longitudinally substri- ated, with transverse irregular ridges and very fine lines; outer lip rather angulated in the middle, posteriorly produced and rounded.” H. sAviGNyANA Gray. Uhnfigured. Shell ovate-oblong, buff, thin, pellucid, smooth ; vertex imperfor- ate; aperture narrow; columellar margin subreflexed. Length one- half inch. (G@ray, Annals of Philos. (N.S.), ix, 1825, p. 408). Red Sea (J. EK. Savigny). H. curra A. Adams. PI. 40, figs. 84, 85. Shell elongately cylindrical, thin, pellucid, white, extremities truncated, entirely transversely striated, strise engraved, rather wide apart ; outer lip straight, posteriorly produced. (Ad.). Sandwich Is. (Mts.); Red Sea (H. Ad.) ; Suez (Smith). HAMINEA. 36 B. (Haminea) eurta Av. in Thes. p. 582, pl. 104, f. 100.— H. curta Martens, Donum Bism. p. 53.—H. equistriata Smrra, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 350.—Atys (Alicula) isseli H. Av., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 11, t. 3, f.13. Conf. Cooke, Aun. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 180. The synonymy is that given by Cooke. Martens remarks that the spiral striation and elongated contour resembles Atys. Fig. 85- represents the synonymous A. isseli of H. Adams. Smith’s descrip- tion is as follows: H. wequistriata, shell oblong, cylindrical, with rounded sides, white, pellucid, thin, shining, striated with irregular growth-lines and transverse lines; striw (about 36) equidistant or nearly so; vertex depressed, aperture rather wide, dilated at base ; the thin lip inserted in the middle of the vertex ; columella curved, slightly reflexed. Alt. 12, diam. 6 mill. H. rucosa Smith. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical with curved sides, white, pellucid ; above lightly, below distinctly striated, irregularly roughened by growth-lines; vertex little depressed ; aperture rather wide, dilated at base; lip thin, subangulate above and inserted in the middle of the vertex ; columella short, reflexed, nearly covering a narrow chink, subtrun- cate. Alt.6,diam.3 mill. (3S.). Gulf of Suez and Persian Gulf, H. rugosa Smiru, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 35, 1872. This shell belongs to the same group as brevis Q. & G._ It is peculiar for the longitudinal irregular wrinkles formed by occa- sional deep lines of growth. (S.). H. rusca A. Adams. PI. 40, figs. 89, 90. Shell globosely ovate, inferiorly subventricose, thin, semiopaque, longitudinally obliquely striated, with very fine transverse lines, internally fuscous. (Ad.). Shell subovate, thin, very finely interruptedly irregularly and wavily striated, fawn-colored within, iron-brown without ; sides rather straight ; aperture pyriform, outer lip elevated above, subacumin- ated, produced near the upper terminus; columella arched. (Sowb.). Cagayan, Mindanao, in 25 fms. (Cuming). Bulla (H.) fusca Av., Thes. p. 581, pl. 124, f. 94.—H. fusca Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 10.—H. ferruginea Chemnitz, Sows., Conch. Tcon. f. 30. Conf. Smrru, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 348. 370 HAMINEA. The “ Bulla ferruginosa Chemn.” or rather, Gmelin (Syst., p. 3432) is a young Cyprea. H. perrorata Philippi. Unfigured. Shell ovate-rotund, thin, pellucid, white, sculptured with very fine transverse lines; vertex umbilicated ; aperture dilated at base ; inner lip forming an umbilical fissure. Alt. 8, diam. 53 lines. (Ph.). Manila (Largilliert). Bulla perforata Putx., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1847, p. 122.—B. elegans A. Ap. (description, not figure), Thes. p. 580. Not B. elegans Gray. Very like B. hydatis and B. ovoidea; differing from the first by the umbilical fissure ; from ovoidea in the less narrow mouth dilated at base. (Ph.). Adams’ description is copied from Philippi, but his figure repre- sents the West Indian H. elegans Gray. Sowerby describes and figures the true e/egans, but quotes Arthur Adams as authority for that name, and retains the borrowed locality “ Manila.” There is of course no occasion whatever for confusing the West Indian H. elegans with the oriental H. perforata; the characters and locality given by Philippi amply distinguishing his species. H. consrricra A. Adams. PI. 40, figs. 98, 99. Shell oblong, ovate, narrowed towards the spire, constricted with a linear impression, anteriorly produced, thin, pellucid, horny, sub- fuscous, with very fine transverse lines, longitudinally somewhat striated. (Ad.). Sorsogon, Luzon, Philippines, at low water (Cuming); Japan (Schr.). B, (#.) constricta A. Ap., Thes. p. 581, pl. 124, f. 95.—H. con- stricta Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 16.—Scurenox, Amurl. Moll., p. 462. H. virrea A. Adams. PI. 40, fig. 83. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, pellucid, longitudinally substri- ated, under the lens very finely transversely striated ; outer lip rather straight, posteriorly produced and rounded. (Ad.). Cagayan, Mindanao, and Luzon, Philippines, (Cuming) ; Bet Is- lund, Torres Straits, inside the reefs on the sands (Brazier). HAMINEA. 371 B. (1.) vitrea Av., Thes. p. 583, pl. 124, f.102.—H. vitrea Sows. Conch. Icon. f. 8—Braz., P. L. S. N.S. W. ii, p. 84. H. TENERA A. Adams. PI. 40, fig, 82. Shell obliquely oval, horny, pellucid, longitudinally strongly stri- -ated, rather green, with very minute transverse lines; outer lip straight, posteriorly rounded. (Ad.). Suez (Cooke) ; Mauritius (Lien. Mobius) ; Réunion (Desh). B. (H1.) tenera Av., Thes., p. 583, pl. 124, f. 108.—H. tenera Sows. Conch. Icon. f. 3—Cookxr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 150.—Marrtens, Mobius’ Reise, p. 3038. Cooke considers this identical with the prior H. vitrea. H. papyrus A. Adams. PI. 40, fig. 91. Shell cylindrical, in form of a roll of paper, anteriorly slightly dilated, white, semipellucid, extremities truncated, slightly rounded, longitudinally somewhat striated, entirely covered with transverse engraved lines, lines rather wide apart (Ad.). Borneo (Cuming); Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fms. (Bra- zier). B. (#1.) papyrus A. Av., Thes. p. 582, pl. 124, f.101.—H. papyrus ‘Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 17—Brazrer, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales li, p. 83. H. ampicua A. Adams. PI. 40, fig. 8. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, pellucid, anteriorly attenuated, entirely transversely striated, strize engraved, wide apart ; outer lip somewhat arched (Ad.). “ Port King George, New Ireland” (Mus. Cuming); Réunion (Desh.). B. ambigua Anp., Thes. p. 582 pl. 124, f. 97.—H. ambigua Sows., C. Icon. f. 26.—Desu., Moll. Réun. p.54.—Mrs., Mobius’ Reise p. 303. This form has somewhat the aspect of an Atys. Australian and New Zealand Species. H. pecora Brazier. Unfigured. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, thin, pellucid, longitudinally finely striated, transversely striated with 16 deep engraved lines, rather wide apart, eight being at each end, center smooth ; aper- 372 HAMINFA. ture rather wide, outer lip slightly arched, somewhat acuminately produced above, expanded below, columella nearly straight, re- flected, producing behind it a minute umbilicus. Length 3 lines, breadth 13 lines, alt. 14 lines (B.). Cape Grenville, Northeast Australia, 20 fathoms, sandy mud ; Albany Passage, Cape York, North Australia, 11 fathoms, sandy mud and broken shells. Haminea decora Braz., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ii, p. 83,. 1877. May prove to belong to Atys, but as it is unfigured and not seen. by me, I do not venture to alter Mr. Brazier’s generic reference. This species differs very much from Haminea ambigua (A. Ad- ams), the center of the shell being smooth, and each end having eight deep transverse engraved lines, whereas H. ambiqua is en- tirely transversely striated. H. curIcuLIFERA Smith. PI. 41, fig. 13. Shell elongate-cylindrical, above and below roundly quadrate, thin, white; covered with a whitish epidermis, shining, buff tinged toward base and vertex; having growth lines, and above and at base subdistantly transversely striated. Aperture rather wide, di- lated at base, scarcely produced above the vertex ; columella short, rather straight, reflexed, covering the umbilical region, joined with the vertex by a very thin scarcely shining callus ; lip thin, inserted in the middle of the vertex and thickened there. Alt. 14, diam. 63 mill. (S.). Port Jackson, 2-15 fms. (Coppinger, Challenger, Angas); Le- vuka, Fiji, 12 fms. (Challenger) ; New Zealand. H. cuticulifera Smrra, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 350, 1872; Zool. Col. H. M.S. “Alert, p. 87, pl. 6, f. H—ANGASS BY Zas: 1877, p. 189.—Cylichna cuticulifera Smith, Watson, Chall. Gastr. p- 663. The lateral outlines of this species are nearly straight ; the supe- rior strize are about six in number, the inferior about eighteen. HZ. papyrus A, Ad. is its nearest ally; but it is narrower, more elon- gate, with the striz not covering the whole of the shell, the vertex is more depressed and the aperture is less broadly dilated and more effused at the base (S.). This species belongs to a group of forms somewhat similar to cer- tain species of Cylichna and Atys, like H. decora Braz. and papyrus HAMINEA. 373 Ad. H. brevis Quoy is a shorter shell with more convex outlines. The New Zealand habitat has not been confirmed by local conchol- ogists. Watson remarks: “ This species is peculiar in combining a very cylindrical form with a very narrowly reverted and truncated pillar lip. Mr. E. A.Smith, who kindly examined my specimens, re- marks that the British Museum ‘specimens have the apical foramen covered by a thin callosity,’ which is not present in most of the Challenger specimens. It seems to be very. easily abraded.” H. Brevis Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 40, figs. 9, 10, 96. Shell small, rather solid, cylindrical, the ends truncated, white, striated below. Aperture quite wide throughout its length ; vertex a little impressed, imperforate ; anterior extremity striated with 20 transverse lines, the rest of the shell smooth, showing growth-strize under a lens. Animal white. Stomach containing three oblong deeply toothed plates. Alt. 5, diam. 3 lines (average). Port of King George, Southwestern Australia (Astrolabe); Port LTincoln, Middle Harbor, and Port Stephen (Angas). Bulla brevis Q. & G., Zool. Astrol. ii, p. 858, pl. 26, f. 36, 37. Ap., Thes. p. 581, pl. 124, f. 98 -—H. brevis Sows., C. Icon. f. 15.— An@as, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 188; 1867, p. 227—Bulla ovoidea Mxr. (not Q. & G.), Moll. Nov. Holl. Spee.; of. Mkr.,, Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1844, p. 55. H. wauuisii Gray. Unfigured. Shell ovate, oblong, buff, pellucid, most minutely spirally striated, concentrically substriate; columellar margin subreflexed, white. Vertex imperforate ; aperture coarctate posteriorly. Length one- fourth inch (Gray, Annals of Philos. [N. §.], ix, 1825, p. 408). New Holland (Capt. Wallis). H. zEvANDIzZ Gray. PI. 41, figs. 11, 12; pl. 40, fig. 86. Shell thin, subglobular-oval, covered with a thin pale straw-col- ored epidermis; white at vertex and columella. Surface showing some slight growth wrinkles, but without spiral striz, although under strong magnification many short transverse impressions roughen the surface. Vertex slightly and narrowly impressed, im- perforate, the slightly thickened lip reflexed at center of the vertex, produced above; outer lip recularly: convex; basal lip broadly 25 314 HAMINEA. rounded. Columella very concave, its edge reflexed and closely appressed. Alt. 22, diam. 19 mill. Alt. 13, diam. 103 mill. Auckland, New Zealand. Bulla zelandie Gray, in Dieffenbach’s New Zealand ii, p. 243, 1843.—SmiruH, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Moll. p. 5, pl. 1, f. 10 (Gray’s type figured)—Haminea zealandie Hurron, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 121.—Giiu1kEs, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xiv, p. 171.—H. obesa Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 13.—B. CH.) pemphis Phil., Av., Thes. p. 580, pl. 124, f. 91.— Haminea pemphix Phil., Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 12. Not B. pemphis Philippi, conf. Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 347. An unusually globular species, everywhere well rounded, with no distinct spiral sculpture even under the lens. Fig. 86 represents the synonymous H. pemphix Ad. and Sowb., not Phil. Fig. 11 is the type of zelandie, and f. 12 is Sowerby’s H. obesa. H. castaneA A. Adams. PI. 41, fig. 14. Shell solid, oblong, oval; spire umbilicated, whitish, covered with a brown ferruginous epidermis, engraved (under the lens) with very fine close-set lines, the anterior ones very distinct and wide apart, longitudinally substriated ; inner lip anteriorly white and thick- ened ; aperture white within (Ad.). New Zealand (Ad.). B. (H.) castanea Av., Thes. p. 584, no. 78a, pl. 124, f. 106a.— BA. castanea Sows., C. Icon. f. 28. The locality lacks confirmation by New Zealand naturalists. Species of unknown habitat. H. FuAvescens A. Adams. PI. 41, fig. 15. Shell small, suboval, anteriorly semitruncated, yellowish, pellucid, longitudinally substriated, with very minute transverse lines very close together ; outer lip posteriorly angled and rounded (Ad.). Habitat unknown. B. flavescens A. Av., Thes. p. 582, pl. 124, f. 99.—H. flavescens Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 31. H. MALLEATA Smith, Unfigured. Shell whitish, subpellucid, quadrate-ovate, irregularly malleated, striated transversely delicately, and with growth lines; aperture HAMINEA. 3875 rather wide, dilated and somewhat effuse at base; lip searcely pro- duced above the flat vertex, in the center of which it is inserted ; columella deeply arcuate, callous, reflexed. Alt. 12, diam. 8 mill. (S.). Habitat unknown. H. malleata Smiru, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, 1872, p. 349. This species is remarkable for its short squarish form, the irregu- lar malleation, the reflected columella, and flattened vertex. Here and there are longitudinal depressions, giving the shell a some- what wrinkled appearance (S.). H. PERPLEXA Smith. Unfigured. Shell ovate-cylindrical, bluish-white, pellucid, above and below opaque, milky, and transversely distantly striated, smooth in the middle, striated with growth-lines. Vertex deeply depressed, sub- perforate in the middle ; aperture narrow, slightly produced above the vertex, the base somewhat wider ; columella simple, slightly re- flexed. Alt. 14, diam. 72 mill. (S.). Habitat unknown. H. perplexa Smiru, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), 1x, p. 350, 1872. This species has much of the aspect of the genus Atys; but is without the sinuosity of the Jabrum at the vertex, and is there slightly perforated. The superior striz are about seven in number, the inferior about twice as many (S.). H. rorunpata A. Adams. PI. 41, fig. 16. Shell roundly ovate, thin, horny, semipellucid, rounded at both ends, longitudinally striated under the lens, with very fine trans- verse lines; outer lip equally arched (Ad.). Habitat unknown. B. (H.) rotundata A. Av., in Thes. p. 583, pl. 104, f. 105.—Aam- inea rotunda Sows., C. Icon. f. 9. Sowerby drops a syllable from this name. H. serica Smith, Unfigured. Shell rotundly ovate, very thin, pellucid, whitish, slightly shining, finely and closely striated transversely and with growth lines ; aper- ture rather wide, produced somewhat above the vertex, dilated at base; columella little thickened, spirally twisted; umbilical region 376 AKERA. covered with a thin, scarcely shining callus, which continues to the vertex. Alt. 11, diam. 9 mill. (S.). Habitat unknown. H. serica KE. A. Smiru, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 3849, 1872. This is a remarkably roundly ovate species, very finely trans- versely striated, which produces a somewhat silky appearance, and having the region of the umbilicus covered by a very thin dull eal- losity, which is extended along the whorl to the vertex. Although the sculpture is very like that of the H. insculpta Totten, the form is very different (S.). Genus AKERA Miller, 1776. Akera Muuu., Zool. Daniez, Prodr. seu Anim. Dan. et Norv., etc., p. 242, type A. bullataa—A. Ad., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 572.— Acera of many authors.—Aceras Locarp.—Eucampe LEACH, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 42. Shell ovate or oval-cylindrie, thin, fragile, elastic, with exposed, nearly level spire of several whorls. Last whorl acutely keeled at the shoulder, the keel bounding a flat anal fasciole. Aperture nearly as long as the shell, narrow above and extending in a deep sinus along the suture, dilated below and very effuse, permitting all the whorls to be seen from the base through the spirally ascending col- umella. Columella very concave, thin, with narrowly reflexed edge. Type A. bullata. Animal not completely retractile; head disc depressed, long and narrow, truncated in front, tapering behind; eyes lateral, distinct. Mantle rudimentary, enclosed in the shell, having a posterior fleshy lobe passing backward and ascending the spire in the anal fasciole. Foot long and narrow; parapodial lobes very large, reflexed over the shell, (pl. 48, fig. 5, A budlata). Stomach containing about a dozen subtriangular, pointed, large and small cartilaginous plates. Jaws (pl. 61, fig. below f. 26, and fig. 29) separate, oval, reticu- lated. Radula (pl. 61, figs. 30, 31, A. bud/ata) composed of many longi- tudinal rows. Central tooth subtriangular with bilobed base and reflexed, serrate cusp. Inner laterals faleate, with long serrate cusps ; outwardly the cusps become longer and gradually lose the serration, the outer teeth being acicular. AKERA. one The shell of this genus is peculiar in its sutural sinus or slit, and the wholly exposed spire. The animal is characterized by the very long and narrow head shield, the epipodial lobes being as in Hami- nea. The dentition also resembles that of Haminea, but the stom- ach is differently armed. The young animals use the epipodial lobes as swimming organs, flitting about like butterflies. A. BULLATA Miiller. PI. 42, figs. 11, 12, 17. Shell fragile, ovate, squarely truncated above, the spire nearly flat and encircled by an acute keel as in A. soluta; covered with a thin pale brownish epidermis; surface densely microscopically striated. Aperture nearly as long as the shell, narrow above and deeply sinused, gradually widening below, becoming broadly round- ed at base; outer lip arched forward in the middle; columella sim- ply arcuate with a thin reflexed, appressed callus. Alt. 14, diam. 9 mill., sometimes larger, alt. 28 mill. Norway and seas of North and West Europe generally ; Mediter- ranean. Akera bullata Muuu., Zool. Danica, p. 242, pl. 71, f. 1-5 (1776). —Forses & Hantery, Hist. Brit. Moll., p. 527, pl. 114d, f. 4-6 (shell); pl. vv, f. 6 (animal).—Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 6—Acera bullata Meyer & Mostus, Fauna Kieler Bucht., p. 81, plate (ani- mal).—Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 281, pl. 26, f. 1 (shell), pl. xii, f. 17 (dentition, anatomy ).— LancEeruAUS, Zeitschr. Wissensch. Zool., xxiii, p. 171, pl. 8 (embryology), abstract in Zool. Rec., ix, p. 151.—MazzareE.u, Zool. Anzeiger, xiv, p. 241, f. 6 (genitalia).— VAYSSIERE, Rech. Moll. Opisth., p. 23—Jrrrreys, Brit. Conch., iv, p. 430; v, pl. 95, f. 1.—-Aceras bullatum Locarp, Coq. Mar. France, p- 24, f. 11.— Bulla akera GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3454, and of Montacu, Fieminc, Dittwyn, Woop, and other early English conchologists.—B. norvegica Bruc, Encycl. Méth., i, p. 377, pl. 360, f. 4.— Bulla resiliens Donovan, Nat. Hist. Brit. shells, pl. 79, (1804).—B. fragilis Lam., An. s. Vert. (edit. Dh.) vii, 672.— Buarny., Man. Malac., pl. 45, f. 7—Sows., Conch. Man., f. 247.-— Akera flexilis Brown, Illustr. Conch. G. B., p. 59, pl. 19, f. 31, 32. —B.(A.) bullata A. Av., Thes. p. 572, pl. 121, f. 41.—B. (4.) hanleyi A. Av., l. ce. p. 573, pl. 121, f. 46—Eucampe donovani Leacu, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 42.—Bulla canaliculata OL1v1, et. al., and possibly of Linnazus, see Han ey, Shells of Linn., p. 207.— 378 AKERA. B. globosa CANTRAINE, Mal. Medit., p. 82.—B. elastica Dantto & SanpRI, Gast. Test. Mar., p. 26, (1856), cf. BRusrna, Contr. pella Faun. Moll. Dalm., p. 10.—Aceras elegans Locarp, Coq. Mar. France, p. 24. Smaller, more tapering toward the ends and less cylindrical than A. soluta. Long as is the above list of references, it could readily be doubled; but everything of value is believed to be. here in- cluded. A. sotuTa Gmelin. PI. 42, fig. 18. Shell large, fragile, cylindrical, tapering toward the ends; cov- ered with a thin pale yellowish-brown epidermis. Spire projecting but low and obtuse, terraced; shoulder of whorls acutely keeled, a flat, wide anal fasciole between keel and the deeply impressed suture. Whorls nearly 5, the first one a minute, uptilted and half immersed apical nucleus; body whorl forming most of the shell, densely spirally striated throughout. Aperture narrow in its upper half, with a wide posterior sinus extending back about a third of a whorl ; lower half dilated and ovate, effuse at base. Outer lip fra- gile, arching forward in the middle; columella very concave, with a narrowly reflexed cord-like edge. Alt. 45, diam. 25 mill. Zanzibar; Querimba Is. (Peters) ; Mauritius (Lienard) ; Ceylon (Thorne); Philippines (Cuming) ; Torres Straits (Cuming) ; Port Jackson, Port Lincoln, Hardwick Bay, Botany Bay, etc., New South Wales (Angas) ; Spencer’s Gulf, S. Australia (Angas). Bulla soluta GmpBu., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3484—A. Ap., Thes ii, p. 572, pl. 121, f. 40.—Akera soluta Sows., C. Icon., f. 4—ANGas, P. Z.S., 1865, p. 189; 1867, p. 227.—Smiru, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 87.—Marrtens, Mobius’ Reise n. Maurit., p. 303; Monatsber. K. Akad. Wissensch., 1879, p. 738, and of many authors.—B. ceylan- ica Bruc., Encyc. Méth.,i, p.3877.—B. (A.) tenuis A. ApAms, Thes. ii, p. 573, pl. 121, f. 45—Sows., C. Icon., f. 7. The spire in this form projects more than in any of the other spe- cies. It varies much in size, some Australian specimens being less than half the dimensions given above. Fig. 16 of plate 42 repre- sents the A. tenuis of Adams, which Angas and Smith agree is a synonym. A. Adams and Sowerby have given an incorrect syn- onymy. The animal has been figured by Arthur Adams (Zool. Samarang, pl. 18, fig. 2). CYLINDROBULLA. 379° A. BIcIncTA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 42, figs. 15, 13. Shell ovate-oblong, very thin, fragile; white, encircled by two reddish bands; surface with longitudinal and transverse striz ;. suture fissured. This Bulla has almost entirely the form of the fragile Bulla [A. bullata], only the right margin is more developed and the aperture wider below. Alt. 1 inch, diam. 8 lines. (Q. & G:). Harbor of the Princess Royal, King George's Sound (Q. & G.). B. bicinecta Q. &. G., Zool. Astrol., ii, p. 355, pl. 26, f. 31, 32.— A. Ap., Thes. p. 573, pl. 121, f. 44—Sows., C. Icon., f. 5. A. Tumipa A. Adams. PI. 42, fig. 14. Shell horny, fragile, ovately cylindrical, spire rather flattened, semipellucid, tumid in the middle, and rather gibbous near the in- ner lip, encircled with a faint, scarcely conspicuous fuscous band, transversely very finely striated, longitudinally somewhat plicated ; aperture anteriorly very much dilated. (Ad.). New Zealand (Adams). B. (Akera) tumida A. Av., Thes. p. 573, pl. 125, f. 169.—A. tumida Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 2. The locality requires confirmation. Is it identical with A. bi- cincta ? A. TAsMANICA Beddome. Unjigured. Shell minute, thin, ovate, cylindrical, ventricose ; whorls distinct, channelled at sutures, brown, with two white bands on body-whorl ; aperture elongate, pyriform, rounded in front ; columella excavated. Long. 2 mill., lat. 1 mill. (B.). Off Old Station, Brown’s River Road, 7 fms., and Bruny Island, Tasmania. Akera tasmanica Beppom®, Papers and Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1882, p. 169, 1883. Genus CYLINDROBULLA Fischer, 1856. Cylindrobulla Fiscu., Journ. de Conch., 1856, p. 275, type C. beaw. Shell thin and fragile, evlindrical, with sunken spire; aperture as long as the shell, linear except at base, produced at the vertex in a deep slit following the suture as in Akera; base obliquely truncated, 380 CYLINDROBULLA. entirely open, showing the whole interior of the body whorl as well as the spirally ascending columella, when viewed from below. Type C. beaut. Soft parts unknown. Differs from the allied genus Volvatedla in the deep sutural slit and less inflated form. Of the few species known, oneis West Indian, one Mediterranean, the others from Ceylon, New Caledonia and Australia. C. BEAUI Fischer. PI. 42, figs. 19, 20. Shell very thin and fragile, elastic, cylindrical, abruptly and ob- liquely truncated below, rounded above. Pale straw colored ; sur- face smooth; spire sunken in an apical umbilicus the raised margin of which is formed partly by the erect inner lip continued back- ward overa half whorl, forming an inner edge to the sutural slit, and partly by the elevated angle of the whorl. Last whorl obliquely truncated below; viewed from the base the whole interior of the spire and body whorl is visible. Aperture as long as the shell, presenting a nearly round contour almost as large as a section of the cylinder when seen from the base ; very narrow and linear above, and at the top curving backward and extending in a narrow sutural slit two- thirds of a whorl in length. Alt. 94, diam. 43 mill. Alt. 14, diam. 7 mill. Gaudeloupe (Beau); Smith’s Bay, St. Thomas (Morch). Culindrobulla beaut FiscuEr, Journ. de Conchyl., 1856, p. 275, pl. 8, f. 8, 9—Morcg, Mal. BI., xxii, p. 176. C. FRAGILIS Jeffreys. Pl. 42, tigs. 31, 32. Shell cylindrical, very shining, hyaline; constricted and longitu- dinally striate at apex, elsewhere very smooth ; spire loosely invo- lute; vertex little conspicuous, obliquely attenuated. Aperture narrow above, dilated below and truncate. Alt. one-fifteenth, diam. one-thirtieth inch. (Jeffr.). Off West Coast Italy 1521-1536 fms. (“ Washington”) ; Spezzia, 10 fms. (Jeffr.) ; Atlantic Coast of Spain (McAndrew). Oylichna fragilis Jerrr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), xvii, p. 188, pl. 2, f. 16, 17.— Cylindrobulla fragilis JrEFFR., Ann. Mag. (5), x, p. 34. The “ Washington” specimens are adult; the largest is ro inch long. They are microscopically and regularly striated in a trans- CYLINDROBULLA. 381 verse or spiral direction. I cannot agree with Messrs. Adams that Fischer’s genus Oylindrobulla is the same as Lophocercus, nor with Monterosato in considering it a section of Acera; although the generic characters require some amendment. (Jeffr.). C. riscHeRI Adams & Angas. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical, fragile, thin, white, semipellucid, truncated in front, rounded and radiately striated behind, the strice abruptly ceasing near the posterior end ; aperture linear in the middle, nearly closed, dilated in front. Alt. 3, diam. 13 lines. (A. & A.). Spencer's Gulf, S. Australia (Angas); Lane-Cove River, Port Jackson, N.S. Wales (Braz.). Cylindrobulla fischeri A. & A., P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 87.——Anaas, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 189, and 1871, p. 98. This species differs from C. beaui Fisch., which is the only other described, and which inhabits Guadaloupe, in being white, in the spire being more conspicuous, and especially in the posterior extrem- ity being strongly striate, the striz ending abruptly at the distance of about a line from the suture. (A. & A.). C. souUVERBIEI Montrouzier. Pl. 48, figs. 9, 10. Shell cylindrical, very thin, fragile, subtranslucid, very delicate- ly striated ; anteriorly obliquely truncated and broadly open, poste- riorly roundly subacuminate; white under a very thin straw-col- ored epidermis ; spire small, depressed ; whorls 3 to 33, separated by an incised suture; right margin acute, partly covering the last whorl from the front ; columella spirally ascending, margined he- low by an inflated cord. Alt. 14, diam. 53 mill. (Sowd.). Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago. Lophocercus ( Cylindrobulla) souverbiei Montr. in sched. SouvER- BIE, Journ. de Conch. 1874, p. 195, pl. 7, f. 6. Closely allied toC. beaui, but less obtuse above and more slender. C. scutptTa Nevill. Pl. 42, figs. 36, 37, 38. Shell cylindrical, thin, white, narrowed in the middle, somewhat swollen behind, the suture deeply incised, truncated at the ends. Inner lip thickened; outer lip sinuous, inflexed. Aperture sub- dilated in front and rounded. Surface marked with minute flexu- ous growth striz, which are stronger and straight behind. Alt. 6, diam 4 mill. (Nev.). Ceylon. 382 VOLVATELLA. Cyl. sculpta G. & H. Nevixixi, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii,. p- 68, pl. 13, f. 3, 1869. This species is somewhat swollen toward the vertex and is marked. above with rib-strie, like C. fischert. C. pusILua Nevill. PI. 42, figs. 24, 25, 26. Shell elongate-cylindrical, somewhat swollen behind and trun- cate ; white, shining, pellucid, very thin; with a narrow suture be- hind; lip inflexed. Aperture transversely subdilated, with thin margins; surface marked with minute stris, closer behind. Alt. 4,. diam. 2 mill. (Wev.). Ceylon. Cyl. pusilla G. & H. Nevix1, Ul. c. p. 68, pl. 13, f. 2. Rather closely allied to C. beauti, but differing in the overlap- ping of the outer lip, ete. There also appears to be considerable resemblance to a shell described by H. Pease as Volvatella candida (Nev.). Genus VOLVATELLA Pease, 1860. Volvatella Psr.. Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 20; Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 73. Shell thin and fragile, elastic, swollen in the middle, slightly nar- rower below, abruptly contracted above the vertex into a short tubular open canal formed by the raised continuation of the inner and outer lips. Spire sunken and conclealed in an apical rimation. Aperture as long as the shell, roundly dilated and very effuse below, the whole interior being visible from the base, very narrow in the middle, pro- duced above the vertex in a spout-like channel. Columella thin, spirally ascending. Type V. fragilis. Animal completely retractile into the shell ; head disk subquad- rate, truncate and emarginate in front, strongly bilobed behind; eyes developed. Foot oblong, truncated in front, tapering behind. Epipodial lobes wanting; mantle small, included in the shell. Dentition unknown. Distribution : Indo-Pacific. Living on sea-weed. This group is apparently most closely allied to Oylindrobulla, differing only in the swollen form of the shell and its posterior “spout,” which replaces the Akera-like slit of the other genus. VOLVATELLA. 383 V. cinoTa Nevill. Pl. 42, figs. 33, 34, 35. Shell ovate-cylindrical, membranaceous, involute, a little con- stricted in the middle, produced at both ends; abruptly contracted behind, gently rounded and somewhat dilated in front; Aperture extremely narrow behind, closed by the inflexion of the lip in the the middle, rounded below, the inner lip a little reflexed; outer lip thin, obliquely truncated above, sinuous in the middle ; epidermis corneous, pale brown, with two wide reddish girdles ; growth-striz minute, regularly flexuous. Alt. 113, diam. 63 mill. (Nev.). Ceylon. V. cincta G. & H. Nev., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii, 1869, p. 67, pl. 13, f. 4. Differing from its nearest ally, V. vigowrousii, in the peculiarity of the epidermis and in the anterior part of its aperture being more rounded and not nearly so dilated; there is also no callosity near the margin of the inner lip; the difference in size is equally very great, V. vigourourti being 24 mill. in length and 143 in breadth, The animal resembles that of V. fragilis Pease, the color being bright orange with bands of red aggregated corpuscles ; it lives in shallow water on reefs among corallines, etc.; when molested exudes a milky fluid (Nev.). V. vicouroux! Montrouzier. PI. 48, figs. 6. Shell ovate, few-whorled, corneous, subpellucid, thin, membra- nous ; rounded in front ; subinfiated and produced in a channel be- hind ; whitish and spirally striated under the epidermis ; spire con- cealed ; inner lip produced in a channel behind ; aperture rounded in front, narrowed and channelled behind, somewhat acute above. Alt. 24, diam. 143 mill. (Sowv.). Balade, New Caledonia (Bordeaux Mus.). Lophocercus vigourouai Montr., in Souy., Journ. de Conch. 1861, p. 271, pl. 11, f. 1.—Volvatella vigourouzi Psr., Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 73.—FiscHEerR, Man. de Conch. p. 560, f. 319.— Oxy- noe vigourouxit Morcu, Journ. de Conch. 1863, p. 47. V. PYRIFORMIS Pease. PI. 42, figs. 21, 22, 23. Shell subobliquely cylindrical, thin, fragile, membranaceous; covered with a yellowish epidermis; longitudinally subflexuous- plicate ; left side inflated ; produced in a canal; aperture rounded. in front (Pse.). 384 VOLVATELLA. Animal uniform pale orange ; as seen through the shell, freckled with red, which assumes transverse bands. Head subquadrate, slightly emarginate in front and provided with small lateral crests. Eyes black, inserted in a fissure on the side of the head. Foot ob- long, truncated and widest in front, and gradually tapering toa rounded tip behind. Motions active; when disturbed discharging a viscid white fluid from the vent (Pse.). Huahine. V. pyriformis Psr., Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 73, pl. 7, £5; pl. 12, f. 25.—V. piriformis Mrs., Donum Bism., p. 54, pl. 2, f. 21. Descriptions of the shells of this genus cannot be relied on for reason of the distorted change that takes place soon after they are removed from the animal and become dry. The shell resembles that of Lophocercus vigourouxit Montr. (Pse.). V. FRAGILIS Pease. PI. 42, figs. 27, 28. Shell thin, horny, subpyriform, convolute (finely striated longi- tudinally) covered with a membranaceous epidermis; spire none; aperture wide, dilated at the base and contracted posteriorly ; the lips thin and entire, meeting at about one-half the length of the shell and folding closely one over the other, posteriorly produced in the form of atube, leaving a circular aperture; color yellowish ( Pse.). Sandwich Is. V. fragilis Psz., P. Z.S. 1860, p. 20; Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 73, pl. 7, f. 4. Animal: Mantel not exposed; cephalic disk quadrate, slightly in advance of the shell; tentacular lobes four, produced from the -corners of cephalic disk, round, short and bluntly rounded at their extremities, anterior pair slightly longer; foot small, not extending posteriorly beyond the aperture, and not reaching in front the ante- rior side of the cephalic disc, of an oblong triangular shape, widest in front; eyes minute at inner base of posterior tentacles; anal opening at posterior aperture; color white. This anomalous ani- mal was found on sea-weed dredged from a salt water pond. It re- remained alive several days in a glassjar; it was very timid and slow in its movements. The animal would occasionally protrude slightly from the posterior aperture (Pse.). HYDATINIDA. 385 V. CANDIDA Pease. PI. 42, figs. 29, 30; pl. 48, fig. 11. Shell cylindrical, membranaceous, truncate posteriorly, much convolute, covered with a thin yellowish epidermis; aperture small, not one-half the length of the shell. Animal white, pellucid, neck long; head disk elongate, triangular, with a posterior fissure, Ham- inea-shaped, deeply fissured laterally. Foot oblong, rather wide anteriorly, rounded behind (Pse.). Polynesia. V. candida Psx., Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 72, 160, pl. 7, f. 6; ply 12, f. 24. Resembles Cylindrobulla beauti Fischer (P.). V.cuminer A. Adams. PI. 48, fig. 7. Shell subovate, gibbose, horny, fragile, pe!lucid, slightly involute ; spire concealed ; aperture posteriorly produced, narrow and linear, anteriorly greatly dilated; outer lip slightly sinuous, greatly in- flected towards the body whorl, posteriorly produced ; inner lip ad- hering, slightly reflexed (Ad.). Puerto St. Elena, W. Columbia; sandy mud, 6 fathoms (Cuming). Bulla (Lobiger) cumingii A. Ad., Thes. Conch. ii, p. 599, pl. 121, f. 58.—Oxynoe cumingii Morcu, Journ. de Conch. 1868, p. 47.— Volvatella cumingi FiscHer, Man. de Conch. p. 560. Family HYDATINID. Aplustride FiscuEr, Man. de Conch. p. 560. Shell globose or oval, thin, with exposed, nearly level spire of several whorls and minute, uptilted, nearly immersed nucleus. Last whorl very large, with conspicuously banded color-pattern. Aperture very large, the outer lip but little retreating toward its upper insertion, broadly rounded below, sometimes notched at base of the columella. Animal voluminous, the foot large and flat; head disk bearing four or two tentacular processes in front, produced in two large lobes partly covering the shell behind. Radula lacking central teeth, the laterals numerous and all of the same form. Digestive tract very long. The radula resembles that of Akeride except in lacking central teeth. The present family differs from Akeride in the absence of the deep posterior bay or sinus of the aperture of the shell, and its con- 386 HYDATINA. spicuous color pattern. The animal differs externally in the ten- tacular lobes of the head disk, which are like those of Aplysia, and totally unlike the simple head disk of A keride. Synopsis of Genera and Subgenera. ** Animal with four tentacles ; shell without spiral sculpture. Genus HYDATINA Schum. Shell globose or oval, smooth, with narrow level or concave spire, the aperture broadly rounded below. Subgenus ApLusTRUM Schum. Shell obovate, with wide spire, the aperture deeply notched at base of the columella. *k Animal with two tentacles; shell more or less spirally striated. Genus MICROMELO Pilsbry. Shell globose-oval, with narrow spire, the aperture broadly rounded below; surface striate-punctate, decorated with spiral and wavy longitudinal lines. Genus HY DATINA Schumacher, 1817. Hydatina Scuum., Essai d’un Nouv. Syst. pp. 57, 186, type H. filosa Schum.=physis L.—Bullina (in part) Férussac (see this vol. p. 175). Shell globose or oval, thin, smooth, variegated, spirally banded ; the spire exposed, either convex, flat or concave, apex a minute up- tilted globose nucleus. Aperture about as long as the shell; outer lip not sinused behind, rather effuse or notched at base; columella straight or concave with reflexed edge. Type H. physis. Animal capable of complete retraction, large ; head disk bearing four tentacles like those of Aplysia; produced behind in two large lobes partly covering the shell, the eyes at their bases. Foot very broad, auriculate at the anterior angles, obtuse behind ; epipodial lobes lacking; edges of the large foot reflexed over the shell (pl. 45, fig. 17, H. physis). Radula with many longitudinal rows of similar teeth; centrals lacking ; side teeth with denticulate cusps. HYDATINA. 387 ‘H. puysis Linné. PI. 45, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17. Shell large, globose or oval, thin; under a thin buff cuticle the shell is white, with many close wavy brown spiral lines. Surface very slightly and coarsely waved longitudinally, otherwise smooth. Vertex flat, the spire about level; whorls about 33, the first a min- ute globose, uptilted and half immersed nucleus, the rest separated by deep sutures. Body-whorl globose above, somewhat attenuated below, where there is a convex spiral rib surrounding the umbilical tract ; aperture about as long as the shell, large, ovate, narrower and curved above, dilated below. Lip simple and thin, very little retracted toward its upper insertion, rounded at base, bluntly angled at foot of the columella. Columella gently concave or nearly straight, with reflexed edge, leaving an umbilical chink or rarely none. Alt. 32, diam. 29 mill., often larger. Alt. 29, diam. 20 mill., slender specimen. Natal (Krauss); Mozambique and Imhambane (Peters) ; Mawri- tius (Q. & G., Robillard, et al.); Rodriguez (Robillard) ; Réunion (Desh.) ; Seychelles and Amirantes (Dufo); Red Sea (Ehrenb., Cooke) ; Philippines (Martens) ; Manila; Jeddo, Japan (Lischke) ; Port Jackson, Botany Bay and Moreton Bay, Australia (Angas) ; Sandwich Is. (Newcomb) ; Cuba (Orbigny); Guadeloupe (Beau) ; St. Thomas (Swift) ; St. Vincent Island, West Africa (Geisse). Bulla physis Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 727.—A. Ap., Thes. p. 565, pl. 120, f. 9-11—Quoy & Garm., Astrol. p. 363, pl. 26, f. 1-3 (an- imal).—Krauss, Die Stidafrik. Moll. p. 70—Hydatina physis Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 2—Dkxr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 162.— Marrens, Mobius’ Reise p. 304; Monatsber. K. Akad. Wissensch. Berl. 1879, p. 738.—Mke., Mal. Bl. i, p. 41—Morcu, Mal. BI. Xxii, p. 175.-—-Cooxr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 128.— LiscHke, Jap. Meeres-Conch. i, p. 114——Anaas, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 225. Hydatina filosa Scuum., Essai d’un Nouv. Syst. p. 186.—Bu/- la virgata Martyn, Univ. Conch. pl. 11.—Bulla atrolineata ScHRoETER, Wiedemann’s Archiv fiir Zool. u. Zoot. iv, p. 16.— Bulla quoyana Ors., Moll. Cuba, p. 1381.——Bulla (Hydatina) stami- nea Mxe., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1853, p. 186; Mal. Bl.1, p. 41 (narrow form.) Readily known by the numerous spiral lines. This species has _an extremely wide range, surpassing, probably, any other Tecti- 388 HYDATINA. branch. Itinhabits the Indo-Pacific region, from Africa to Japan, Sandwich Is., and southeastern Australia, and reappears in the West Indies. I am unable to find any constant differences between oriental and occidental specimens. The typical physis is quite globose. The following has been sep- arated as a variety. Var. sTAMINEA Menke. PI. 45, fig. 14. Shell slenderer, oval, having oblique brown streaks. Occurs in both Indian Ocean and West Indies. H. vetum Gmelin. PI. 44, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10. Shell large, globose, thin ; spire flat or sunken, the sutures deep ; under a very thin pellucid epidermis the surface is whitish, streaked closely and longitudinally with light brown; middle with a narrow light girdle, bordered above and below with dark brown girdles; vertex with similar dark girdle, within which it is whiter; base de- fined by a fourth dark girdle; surface smooth; aperture ovate, narrowed and curved above, dilated below, well-rounded at base. Columella concave, reflexed over an open umbilical chink or closed. Alt. 40, diam. 35 mill. Mauritius and Mozambique to Ceylon and East Indies. Vevillum nigritarum, ete., CHEmMN., Conch. Cab. x, pl. 146, f. 1348, 13849.—Bulla vexillum Chemn., A. Av., in Thes. Conch. ii, p. 565, pl. 12. f. 12-14; Voy. Samarang Moll. pl. 19, f. 4 (animal).—. Hydatina vexillum Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 4.— Bulla velum GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 8433 —Hydatina velum Mxe., Mal. Bl. i, p. 41. —Desn., An. s. Vert. vii, p. 670..-Marrens, in Mobius’ Reise, p. 304; Monatsber. K. Akad. Wissensch. Berl. 1879, p. 738.—Bulla circulata Martyn, Univ. Conch. pl. 95; Chenu’s reprint pl. 32, f. 3.—Bulla cinctoria Perry, Conchology pl. 46, fig. 1——B. fasciata Bruga., Ecycl. Méth. i, p.880.—Eyp. & Sout., Voy. de la Bonite, p. 462, pl. 25 (animal and anatomy).——B. amplustra Born, Mus. Cees. Vindob. p. 204, pl. 9, f. 1, not of Linné. The color-pattern is a well marked and constant character of this species. H. auBocrncTa Hoeven. PI. 45, figs. 29, 30. Shell large, thin, spire slightly concave ; inflated, globose or oval; under a very thin pellucid epidermis it is closely and finely ob- liquely streaked with brown, interrupted by five wide, sharply HYDATINA. 389 defined white girdles; one at vertex, one occupying the baso-umbil- ical tract, the others of equal width, equally spaced. Surface smooth ; aperture ovate, narrowed and curved above, broadly rounded below. Columella concave, reflexed. Alt 35, diam. 30 mili. Alt. 36, diam. 26 mill. Nagasaki, Japan (Birileff) ; China (Adams) ; Philippines (Jay) ; Port Stephens, N. S. Wales, Australia (Braz.). Bulla albocincta Van der Horven, Tydschrift voor natuurlyke Geschiedenis en Physiologie, Leyden, vi, 1839, p. 246, pl. 10.—Ap., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 566, t. 120, f. 17, 18.— Hydatina albocincta Sows., Conch. Icon., pl. 2, f. 3—Aneas, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 189.—LiscHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conch., ii, p. 105.—Bulla ferruginosa Perry, Con- chology, pl. 40, f. 2, 1811. Not B. ferruginosa Gmel. As in the other species of Hydatina, the color-pattern is charac- teristic, consisting of white alternating with brown-streaked zones. The name given by Perry is preoccupied, and his figure is hardly recognizable. H. wriata Dunker. PI. 44, figs. 11, 12, 13. Shell large, inflated and globose, wmbilicated, rather thin, semi- pellucid; ashy and pale brown, very densely streaked longitudinally, and marked in the lower part by one white belt split by a brown line ; a wide white band adjacent to the umbilicus; spire deeply immersed, milk-white within. Alt. and diam. 44 mill. (Dkr.). Inland Sea of Japan, at Wakayama. Hydatina inflata Dxr., Malak. Bl. xxiv, p. 69, 1877; Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 162, pl. 2, f. 14-16. Evidently allied to H. albocincta, but broader, with larger umbil- icus, and lacking the broad white zones, which are here represented by one narrow girdle, and apical and umbilical patches. Subgenus APLUsTRUM Schum., 1817. Aplustrum Scuum., Essai, pp. 68, 208, type A. fasciatum Schum. —=B. amplustre Linn.—Aplustra Swatns, Malacol. p. 248.—Bullina (in part) FEerRussac (see ant., p. 175). Shell obovate, thin, vividly banded, covered with a thick corneous cuticle. Columella truncated at base, the aperture notched there. Type H. amplustre. 26 390 HYDATINA. Radula apparently lacking central teeth, the laterals all of the same form, stout thorn-shaped, the cusps not denticulate. In the single species composing this group, the spiral basal funi- cle which is crescentic in Hydatina physis, is straightened and pressed against the columellar lip, and its termination below causes a distinct basal spout, which is only slightly indicated in the Hyda- tina. These differences seem, however, quite insufficient for generic separation. H. AMPLUSTRE Linné. PI. 44, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Shell obovate, thin, wider above, tapering below ; the spire wide, convex ; whorls about 5, the first a minute uptilted, partly immersed nucleus, the following whorls planorboid with impressed suture, the last whorl slowly descending, wide above, tapering below. Under a strong brown epidermis it is crimson or pink, with a broad sub- sutural white zone bordered outside by a black band; a median white zone bordered above and below by black bands (rarely coal- escent across it), and a white umbilical tract bounded above by a . black band. Aperture nearly three times as long as wide, not sin- used above, broadly channelled at base. Outer lip thin, its profile mearly straight, retracted at base. Columella a large subvertical pillar, truncated at base, its inner edge covered with a thin, non- adherent callus. Alt. 25, diam. 19 mill. Bramble Cay, outer Great Barrier Reef, Northeastern Australia ; Aneiteum, New Hebrides, New Caledonia (Brazier) ; Upolu, Raro- tonga (Garrett); Sandwich Is. (Newcomb, Townsend et al.) ; Ré- union (Desh., et al.); Mauritius (Lienard, et al.) ; and I. Fouquets (Mobius) ; Mahé, Seychelles (Dufo). Bulla amplustre Linne, Syst. Nat. x, p. 727; xii, p. 1184.—Han-. LEY, Ipsa L. Conch., p. 206— Woon, Index Testac., pl. 18, f. 26.— Bulla amplustra GMEL., p. 3426.—Bulla aplustre Lam., Anim. s. Vert., vi, pt. 2, p. 35.—Quoy & Garm., Voy. Astrol., ii, p. 366, pl. 26, f. 4-7 (living animal)—Eypoux & Sou.Lryer, Voy. de la Bonite, pl. 25, f. 14-17 (living animal).—Aplustrum amplustre L., Morcy, Catal. Yoldi, p. 187.—H. & A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 7, pl. 56, f. 3—CyENv, Manuel, i, p. 286, f. 2905.— Hydatina aplustre MARTENS, Mobius’ Reise nach Mauritius, p. 304; Donum Bism., p. 51.—Aplustrum fasciatum Scuum., Essai, etc., p. 208, (1817).—Aplustra pulchella Swains. Malacol., p. 248, (1840).— Amplustre thalassiarchi Martini, Naturlexicon, 1, p. 383, pl. 18, f. MICROMELO. 391 10.—B. (A.) thalassiarchi Ap. in Thes. ii, p. 564, pl. 120, f. 4-6.— Aplustrum thalassiarchi Sows., Conch. Icon., xvi, f. 2—BRAzrIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ii, p. 79. The near alliance of this species to the Hydatinas is shown in the convex columellar rib which forms the basal spout, asin H. physis, and the pattern (but not color) of the markings, which is exactly as in H. velum. There can be no doubt of the localities given above, as the extreme eastern and western limits are attested by many ex- cellent authorities, and are represented by many specimens before me. The shell, when fresh, is covered by a thick brown cuticle, which projects at the lip well beyond the calcareous layer. The black bands are reduced to narrow lines in one lot of about 50 specimens from the Sandwich Is., in the Academy collection; one of these being represented in fig. 6, but some others have them still narrower and fainter. This species has appeared in the books under many names, but by the nature of things none can antedate amplustre of Linnzus’ tenth edition of the Systema. Genus MICROMELO Pilsbry, 1894. Bullina Fer. in part (see ant., p.175).— Hydatina Auct. in part. —Bullinula Gray, not Swains. Shell oval, rather thin, with exposed nearly flat spire of several whoris and minute, uptilted, subimmersed nucleus. Last whorl large spirally striate-punctate, with a color-pattern of two or three spiral and many wavy longitudinal lines. Aperture pear-shaped, dilated and rounded below; outer lip a little notched at suture; columella concave, with reflexed edge, obscurely folded above. Type M. un- data Brug. Animal not completely retractile into the shell; head disc bearing two flat tentacular processes in front, produced behind in two large lobes partly covering the shell. Eyes wanting? Foot large; stom- ach without bony plates; dentition unknown (pl. 89, fig. 26, I. guamense). This genus differs from Hydatina and Aplustrum in the spirally sculptured shell, the animal having two, instead of four tentacular processes on the head disk. I have not followed Fischer in consid- ering B. undata Brug. the type of Bullina Fér. because Férussac 392 MICROMELO. calls the species “ undulata Brug.,” and because the shell he meant. was not the species of Bruguiére. Neither have I followed v. Mar- tens in giving B. guamense as the type of Férussac’s group, because Férussac did not mention that species, and the identification of his “ B. undulata Brug.” with guamense is only hypothetical, although extremely probable. Surely if such an identification be sufficient to fix the identity of the genus, it is enough to fix that of the spe- cies; and v. Martens does not go so far as to call qguamense “ wndu- lata Fér.,” as he would be compelled to do were his view followed to its logical conclusion. M. unpaTA Bruguiére. PI. 59, figs. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. Shell oval, rather thin, white with two or three equidistant spiral red lines and many deeply sinuous longitudinal red lines. Surface shining,showing under a lens many unequally spaced spiralscomposed of rounded pits just touching each other; this sculpture oftennearly obsolete and hardly visible except at the base. Vertex rather nar- row, the spire nearly level; first whorl a shining, uptilted, nearly immersed nucleus ; following whorls separated by impressed sutures. Aperture long, pear-shaped, gradually narrowed and curved to the left above, broadly rounded below; lip receding a trifle at suture. Columella broadly concave, with reflexed, appressed edge. Alt. 123, diam. 84 mill. St. Thomas (Swift, Krebs, et al.); St. Vincent (Guilding) ; St. Martin (Krebs) ; Cuba (Sagra). Bulla undata Brue., Encycl. Méth., i p.380.--ORr., Moll. Cubai, p. 182.—Bullina undata Moron, Mal. Bl. xxii, p. 174.— Bulla niti- dula (Solander, MSS., Portland Catal., undesc.) Dittpwyn, Descript. Catal. Recent Shells, i, p. 483.—A. Ap., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 565, pl. 120, f. 15, 16—Hydatina nitidula Sows., C. Icon., f. 1 (false local- ity.)—Bullina elegans Mxr., Syn. Meth. Moll. Mus. Menkeano, edit. 2, 1830, p. 13 (founded upon Lister’s figures). The spiral red lines often occupy the middle of an ill-defined reddish band, and frequently the median line is wanting. M. @uaMENsIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 59, figs. 25, 26. Shell ovate, pellucid, grooved by several black undulating longi- tudinal lines and three transverse lines. It is covered by a thin extended epidermis, and is wider in front than behind. The obtuse re-entrant spire describes a little more than two whorls; the ground MICROMELO. 393 is white, translucent, traversed by three well-defined narrow black lines, which are equally spaced and a little obliquely transverse. At right angles with these are about 10 longitudinal strongly and ir- regularly waved lines of the same color. Length 5, breadth 3 lines. Agagna, Island of Guam. Marianne group (Freycinet) ; Hilo, Sandwich Is. (Garrett) ; Mauritius (Lienard); Réunion (Dh.) and Fouquets (Mobius). Bullea guamensis (Bullée Férussac, on plate) Q. & G., Voy. !’Uranie et la Physicienne, Zool., p. 423, pl. 66, f. 10, 11, 12 (1824). —AHydatina guamensis Psr., Amer. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 132.— Martens & Lanex., Donum Bism., p. 52.—Bulla seripta GaR- RETT, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., i, 1857, p. 103.—? Bullina undulata Brug., Ferussac, Tab. Syst., p. xxx (no description).—Bullinula undata Quoy, Gray, Figs. Moll. Anim., iv, p. 96, 1850; i, pl. 59, f. 6 (copied from Quoy).— Bulla ferussacti DEsu. in Lam., An. s. Vert. vii, p. 57 —CatLow & Rve., Conch. Nomencl., p. 113, 1845. Very similar to the West Indian J. undata, but slenderer, alt. 9, diam. 6 mill., and the markings black, not red; spiral striation very weak, generally distinct only on the base. M. extra Deshayes. PI. 59, figs. 18, 19. Shell ovate-oblong, subeylindrical, thin, pellucid, whitish-roseate, peculiarly ornamented with blackish-brown longitudinal wavy hair lines, and two distant transverse interrupted lines; spire very short, obtuse ; whorls 3, narrow, joined by a linear suture, the last whorl large, smooth in the middle, obsoletely striated in front; aperture large, dilated in the front part, narrower and subemarginate be- hind; columella thin, white, deeply arcuate. Alt. 13, greater diam. 11, lesser 7 mill. (Djh.). Réunion; Mauritius. Bulla eximia Du., Moll. Réun., p. 55, pl. 7, f. 23, 24 (1863).— LIENARD, Cat. Faun. Mal. Maurice, p. 53.—Hydatina eximia Martens, Mobius’ Reise n. Maurit., p. 304. This form is probably a variety or synonym of guamensis. Family RINGICULIDA Meek. Ringiculine Merx, Amer. Journ. Sci., 2, xxxv, pp. 87, 92, (1862). —Ringiculide Merk, Check-list Inv. Foss. N. A. Cret., pp. 16, 34, 394 RINGICULA. 1864.—Gr1, Smiths. Mise. Coll., No. 227, p. 14.—Fiscuer, Man. de Conch., p. 561. Shell short and ventricose, with conic spire of several whorls ; aperture narrow, obstructed by folds on the columellar margin ; peristome thickened outside, often dentate within. Operculum wanting. Animal completely retractile within the shell, with short foot, head-dise wide, prolonged backward in the middle, a sort of siphon being formed by the rolled-in margins; radula without central tooth, laterals two, arcuate, the cusps directed inwards. (See pl. 46, fig. 49). In the recent faunathis family is represented by but one genus, Ringicula. There are several fossil groups, Avellana, Cinulia, Oligoptycha, ete. (See Struct. and Syst. Conch.). Genus RINGICULA Deshayes, 1838. Ringicula Du., Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert., 2d edit.. viii, p. 323, 1838, type Auricula ringens Lam.—Mor.et, Journ. de Conchyli- ologie 1878, pp. 113, 251; 1880, p. 150; 1882, p. 200 (illustrated monograph of recent and fossil species).—-Ringiculina MONTEROSATO» Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 141, type FR. leptocheila (1884). Shell small, solid, nearly white, ovate-globose, the spire conical; aperture from one-half to three-fourths the shell’s length, conspicu- ously notched and channelled at base; outer lip thickened and often dentate or crenulated within, margined with callus outside ; columellar margin heavily calloused, with two to four strong enter- ing folds. Type &. ringens Lam. Jaws as in Akera, etc. The animal is peculiar in the very broad head-disk produced in asort of siphon in the middle behind. The dentition closely re- sembles that of Philine and the Scaphandride. Ringicula ranges over nearly all tropical and subtropical seas. In the geological series it extends to the base of the Eocene with a few forms in the Cretaceous, but below the Tertiary the group is represented mainly by Cinulia and Avellana. About 42 recent and 75 fossil species have been described. Morlet divides the group as follows ; the fossil species are not here enumerated : RINGICULA. 395 Ist Group, lip denticulate (Ringicula s. str.), contains R. caron, denticulata, encarpoferens. 2p GrovpP, lip not denticulate. a. Columellar margin with two folds (Ringiculina Monts.), R- leptocheila, nitida, peracuta, pusilla. b. Columella with three folds, all species not named above and below. e. Columella with four folds, R. conformis, salleana. The larger part of the modern representatives of this genus be- long to the section with non-crenulated lip and 3-plicate columella ; they form a group of very closely allied species, many of which can be identified only with great difficulty, unless authentically named specimens are at hand for comparison. The group has been monographically studied by Commandant L. Morlet; and from his work a large part of the following account has been taken. Mediterranean, North Atlantic and West Indian Species. R. BuccinEA Brocchi. PI. 46, fig. 51. Shell minute, subovate, inflated, smooth ; spire short, acute; col- umella triplicate, the folds acute, lip expanded, adnate; outer lip margined, inflated in the middle, not grooved. (Brocchi). Alt. 4:8, diam. 4 mill. West coast of France and Spain ; Mediterranean. Voluta buccinea Broccut, Conch. Foss. Subap. ii, p. 645, pl. 4, f. 9, 1814.—Auricula buecinea Sows., Min. Conch. v, p. 100, pl. 465, f. 2—R. buccinea Desu., An.s. Vert. viii, p. 344—Mor tet, Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 132, pl. 5, f. 16; p. 278, pl. 8, f. 6 (fossil). Quite closely allied to R. auriculata, but more globose, with shorter spire, heavier calls, the surface always smooth and shining. (Mor.). It occurs also in the middle and upper Miocene and lower Plio- cene. R. AuRICULATA Ménard. PI. 46, figs. 49, 50. Shell minute, ovate, inflated, white, smooth; spire short, acute ; base emarginate; columella triplicate, the folds acute; lip ex- panded adnate; lip margined, callous. Alt. 5-1, diam. 4 mill. (Mén.). Ocean coust of Spain ; Mediterranean ; Madeira. 396 RINGICULA. Marginella auriculata Menarp, Ann. du Mus. xvii, p. 831, 1811. —Puiu., Enum. Moil. Sicil. 1, p. 231.—Ringicula auriculata PHI, loc. cit. 11, p. 198, pl. 28, f. 13.—Mor tet, Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 130, pl. 5, f. 14.—Warson, tom. cit., p. 312, pl. 10, f. 4 (living animal).—JEFFREYs, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), vii, p. 245.—-SEGUENZA, Atti Accad. dei Lincei, Mem. ix, p. 344, figs. Very closely allied to R. buccinea, but distinguished by the less globose form, longer spire, weaker callous and revolving striz. R. conrormis Monterosato. PI. 46, figs. 38, 34. Differs from awriculata in the form and arrangement of the teeth ; the aperture is more ringent, and the surface is not spirally striate. In some localities this species presents an appearance of vertical folds on the earlier whorls. (Monts.). Alt. 4, diam. 3°4 mill. Mediterranean, deep water (Monts.); Cape Breton (Folin). fk. auriculata var. conformis Monts., Nuova Révista Conch. Medit. p. 45, 1875.—R. conformis Monts., Journ. de Conchyl. 1877, p. 44, pl. 11, f. 4—Mor tet, /. c. 1878, p. 131, pl. 5, f. 15—SreuEnza, Atti della R. Accad. dei Lincei, Memorie, ix, p. 344-390, figs. R. TERQUEMI Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 41, 42. Shell small, globose, thin, regularly striate, the strize conspicuous on the apertural face of the last whorl, sometimes obsolete on its back, 3 to 8, three of which are basal ; whorls 43, globose, separated by a channelled suture; last whorl over half the length of the shell, rounded at base; spire short, rapidly increasing ; aperture wide, the margins joined by a thin callus, columellar margin arcuate below, triplicate, the folds thick, short ; upper fold like a twisted callous, lower fold larger than the middle one; lip regularly arcuate, slightly calloused and subdentate in the middle, a little prominent outside. Alt. 8, diam. 12 mill. (Mor/l.). Bay of Smyrna, in 20 meters (Terquem). R. terquemi Mort., J. de C., 1880, p. 159, pl. 5, f. 7. R. SCHLUMBERGER! Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 53, 54. Shell short, globulose, thick ; whorls 5, convex, separated by an impressed suture, ornamented with deep, regularly distant spiral strie, conspicuous on the latter three-fourths of the last whorl ; RINGICULA. 397 penultimate longitudinally costellate; last whorl! two-thirds the total length, rounded at base; spire short; aperture constricted, margins joined by a thick callus, with the lip forming a canal; col- umellar margin arcuate, quadri-plicate, the upper fold delicate, lower two delicate, contorted, horizontal ; lip arcuate, thick, provided in the middle with a tooth-like tubercle, more or less prominent. Alt. 4, diam. 3 mill. (Mor/.). Mediterranean. R. schlumbergeri Mort.., J. de C., 1878, p. 204, pl. 9, f. 4. Cannot be confounded with any of its congenors on account of the short form, the ornamentation consisting of striz and ribs crossing them, and the fourth fold of the interior. R. ADMIRABILIS Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 45, 46. Shell globose, thick, delicately striate and costellate, (transverse striz 38-4 on upper whorls, numerous and dense on last whorl ; cos- tells: less conspicuous on back of the last whorl); whorls 53, slightly convex, separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl three-fifths the total length, rounded at base ; aperture constricted, the margins joined by a thick callus; columellar margin quadripticate, the upper two folds thick, short, the third fold short, contorted, the lower fold delicate and horizontal; lip little arcuate, thickened in the middle and reflexed outside. Alt. 3°5, diam. 2°5 mill. (Morl.). Mediterranean. R. admirabilis Moru., Journ. de Conch. 1882, p. 203, pl. 9, f. 3. Approaches in its striation the miocene and pliocene R. elegans Pecchioli but it is longer, more finely and closely striate, and the lowest fold is horizontal. R. aByssoruM Morlet. Unfigured. Shell thin, globulose, of large size, ornamented with transverse strize and very fine and close longitudinal ribs; the lip peculiar in form. (Mor/.). Mediterranean? (Second Exped. Travailleur, 1881). R. abyssorum Mort., Journ. de Conch. 1882, p. 206. R. SALLEANA Morlet. Shell small, short, ventricose, thick, shining, ornamented with regular, deep spiral strize; whorls 6, convex, separated by a linear 398 RINGICULA. suture, the last whorl four-fifths the length of the shell, rounded at base; spire very short; aperture narrow, margins joined by a thick callus; right margin forming a canal above; columellar margin arcuate, with four folds, the upper two folds thick, short, obliquely. directed downward, lower two folds transverse; lip arcuate, thick within especially at base, narrower above, varicose outside and cover- ing three-fourths of the penultimate whorl. Alt. 5:2, diam. 4:5. mill. (Morl.). Off Cape Breton (Folin). RR. salleana Moru., J. de C., 1880, p. 153. Characterized by the very globular, short form, the four folds of the columellar margin, thickness of the columellar callus bordered. by a distinct groove. R. passreri Morlet. Pl. 46, figs. 39, 40. Shell subventricose, thick, subelongate, regularly striated, the strize impressed, transverse, distant; whorls 7 to 72, convex, separ- ated by a linear, margined suture; last whorl two-thirds the total length, rounded at base; spire elongated ; aperture narrow above, dilated below, margins joined by a callus; columellar margin arcu- ate triplicate; upper fold vertical, lower sinuous; lip thick, prom- inent outside, a little sinuous within, rounded below ; above partly covering the penultimate whorl and forminga canal. Alt. 53, diam. 32 mill. (Morl.). Off Cape Breton (Folin). R. passieri Mort., J. de C., 1880, p. 157, pl. 5, f. 5—Fottn, Les. Fonds de la Mer. iii, p. 334. R. PULCHELLA (Jeffreys) Morlet. PJ. 46, figs. 35, 36. Shell small, thin, more or less elongate ; whorls 5, convex, separ- ated by a deep suture, rather smooth, delicately suleate above; last whorl two-thirds the total length, ornamented with two spiral lines above near the suture, then smooth, transversely punctate-lirate in the middle and below, the base rounded ; aperture ample, margins joined by a thin callus; columellar margin slight!y arcuate, three- folded, the folds minute; lip regularly arcuate, thin, slightly prom- inent outside. Alt. 3°2, diam. 2 mill. (Morl.). West of Ireland, in 1180-1215 fms. ; between Falmouth and Gib- raltar, 227-795 fms. (Porcupine). R. pulchella Jeftr., Moru., J. de C., 1880, p. 158, pl. 5, f. 6. 4 RINGICULA. 399 R. sEMISTRIATA Orbigny. PI. 46, figs. 43, 44. Shell ovate-conic, thick, whitish, smooth posteriorly, transversely striated in front; spire acute, conic, suture impressed; aperture oblong, columella thickened, biplicate, with a spreading posterior eallus ; lip very thick, subtuberculate in the middle. Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. (Orbd.). Jamaica (Candé). R. semistriata OrB., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 103, pl. 21, f. 17-19. R. niripa Verrill. Pl. 46, fig. 38. Shell small, white, smovth, broad oval, with five whorls, spire rapidly and regularly tapered, sub-acute, shorter than the aperture. Whorls very convex, regularly rounded, the sutures well impressed ; a well marked, impressed, revolving line just below the suture ; the surface otherwise nearly smooth, but with more or less distinct, distant, microscopic revolving lines, most distinct anteriorly. Aper- ture somewhat crescent-shaped. Outer lip evenly rounded, forming the segment of a circle, the border regularly thickened, receeding a little posteriorly, near the suture. Callus on the body-whorl narrow, nearly even, but a little swollen in the middle and slightly raised. Columella stout, recurved at the end, with two strong, very promi- nent, equal, spiral folds—the anterior one projecting beyond the canal, with the end rounded. Length, 4:2 mill.; breadth, 3:1 mill. ; length of aperture, 2°5 mill.; breadth of aperture, 11 mill. (V.). Mediterranean in deep water (Monts.) ; Ocean coast of Spain and France, and North Atlantic (Jeffr. and Folin); Bed of Gulf Stream, 447 fms. (Pourtales) ; Yucatan Strait, off Tortugas, off Martinique, off Grenada (Blake); Pliocene of Italy. R. nitida VERRILL, Amer. Jour. Sci. (8), v. p. 16, Jan. 1873 (extra copies issued Dec. 18, 1872); Trans. Conn. Acad. iii, p. 48, pitt. 2: 7. ¢)¥, p. 640.—Datt, Bull. M.C. Z. ix, p. 97; xviii (Blake Gastrop.) p. 43.—R. leptocheila BRuGNoNE, Misc. Malac. p. 11, pl. 1, f. 17, 1873.—AGassiz, Three Cruises of the Blake, ii, p. 70 f. 291—Monts., Nuova Rivista Conch. Med., p. 45; Journ de Conch., 1874, p. 279.—Mor tet, Journ. de Conch., 1878, p.131, 285, pl. 5, f. 17.—Srcuenza, Atti R. Accad. dei Lincei, Mem., ix, p. 344, et seq., figs. The synonymous R. leptocheila is shown in fig. 31, pl. 46. Dall writes: I have satisfied myself by a comparison of authentic specimens, that the species of Verrill and Brugnone are the same, 400 RINGICULA. the former name having priority. The locality, description and figure of R. peracuta agree well with the varieties of R. nitida, with which it does not seem to have been compared. The elevation and the extent of the spiral grooving differ in different individuals, as observed with species of Actwon. R. PERACUTA Watson. PI. 46, fig. 37. Shell ovate, with a somewhat high conical small-pointed spire, smooth and glossy, spirally furrowed below the periphery, with a marginated suture and a largish mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinals —the whole surface is pretty regularly scored with distinct, but not sharp, shallow furrows on the lines of growth. Spirals—just below the suture is a fine furrow fictitiously strengthened by the the shin- ing through of the superior whorl; from the periphery to the point of the base there are rather remote spiral furrows which seem to vary as usual in number and in distinctness. Color, glossy white, with a faint bluish tinge. Spire rather high, conical, scarcely sub- scaler. Apex sharp, for though the extreme tip is a little tumid, it stands well up and is rounded. Whorls 5, conical, slightly convex ; the last is a little tumid above, but a little way behind the outer lip is somewhat contracted and flattened. Suture distinct. Mouth rather large, not very oblique. Outer lip very oblique to the axis of the shell, slightly thickened, toothed and prominent in the mid- dle, with large open sinus above and a very slight one in front. Inner lip: there is a rather slight callus with a small tooth about the middle: the pillar teeth, which are very far from parallel, are nearly equal. Alt. 0:18 in., diam. 0:1. Mouth, height, 0:1 ; breadth, 0:07 inch (Wats.). North of Culebra Island, 390 fms.; off Bermudas, 1075 fms; off Pernambuco, 350 fms. (Challenger). R. peracuta Wats., Chall. Gastr., p. 636, pl. 47, f.11. Conf. Datu, Blake Gastrop., p. 44. Dall considers this a form of R. nitida. Ringicula grandinosa Hinds., from the West African coast, is not unlike this species, but is smaller; the body-whorl in particular is much smaller, while the penultimate is larger; it is without sculp- ture on the base, and the upper whorls are strongly spiralled. Ringicula acuta Phil., from the Red Sea, is smaller, with a less swollen body-whorl and more tumid base, the whorls of the spire are less tumid and less exserted. Ringicula someri De Folin, from the RINGICULA. 401 Cape Verde Islands, which is like in general aspect, is a much smaller, thicker and more spiralled shell, with a less tumid body- whorl and more regularly conical spire, the slope of the whorls being more flattened ; the apex, too, is much finer. Ringicula semistriata d’Orb., from Cuba, is shorter, broader, and less spiralled. Ringicula auriculata Ménard, which is, perhaps, as like as any, has not the contracted base, and its extreme tip is 0'004 in. broad, while here the tip is 0008 in., or twice as much. I have called this species peracuta, because, though certainly not very sharp, it is much more so than Ringicula acuta Phil. ( Wats.). R. caBral Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 47, 48. Shell very minute, subventricose, thick ; whorls 43, slightly con- vex, separated by a channelled suture, ornamented with deep spiral sulci; sometimes with a groove above and several on the base, some- times with equally spaced grooves over the whole surface ; last whorl three-fifths the total length. Aperture large, the margins joined by a thick callus; columella margin strongly arcuate, bearing three minute folds, the upper folds very thick, lower folds delicate and horizontal ; lip arcuate, thick, prominent outwardly, inside with a flat median callus and a small tooth below. Alt. 2°5, diam. 1°8 mill, (Morl.). Island of St. Martha, Columbia. R. cabrai Mort., Journ. de Conch., 1882, pp. 201, 326, pl. 9, f. 1. Resembles R. gowjoni in the lower lip-tooth, but is smaller, with another style of sculpture and with heavier callus and stronger teeth. West African species. R. suTURALIS Smith. PI. 46, fig. 57. Shell ovate, white, polished ; spire acuminate, suture encircled by a callus cord ; whorls 5, convex, spirally sulcate; last whorl having 10 sulci. Aperture pyriform; columella callous, triplicate; lip strongly calloused outside. Alt. 2%, diam. nearly 2 mill. (S.). Whydah, W. Africa. R. suturalis E. A. S., P. Z.S., 1871, p. 738, pl. 75, f. 12. This minute species belongs to the same striated group as R. pro- pinquans Hinds, from the Philippines and FR. someri De Folin, from the Cape Verde Islands. Its much smaller size, the number and position of the teeth, and the callous chord around the suture of the whorls well distinguish it (S.). | 402 RINGICULA. R. soMeR!I Folin. PI. 46, figs. 52, 58. Shell small, ovate-globose, thick, solid, white, transversely mi- nutely and regularly suleate; whorls 6 to 7, subcarinate, the earlier rapidly increasing, last very large, globose seven-tenths the shell’s length; suture simple; aperture elongated, oblique, the margins strongly thickened, toothed; right margin very wide, the left in- flated, broadly reflexed ; teeth large. Alt. 4, diam. 2°6 mill. (Folin). Strait of St. Vincent, Cape Verde Is. R. someri Fourn, Les Fonds, i, pt. 1, pl. 14, pl. 1, f. 7—Mort., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 128, pl. 5, f. 12. R. morirzt Folin. PI. 46, fig. 32. Shell ovate-globose, somewhat glassy, generally much thickened and snow-white, spiraliy and regularly sulcate, the sulci minute, often vanishing; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last very large: globose, half the length of the shell; suture simple ; aperture semi- lunar; left margin thickened, terminating in a rounded canal; right margin strongly reflexed above the base, inflated, toothed, teeth 3; the margins joining above in a rather deep canal. Alt. 2°5, diam. 1°5 mill. (Folin.) Cagnabac, East coast of Africa. R. moritzi Foiry, Les Fonds, i, pt. 2, p. 212, pl. 26, f.10.—Mor., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 129, pl. 5, f. 13. Smaller than R. someri with fewer whorls, wider and less rounded basal canal, and thinner callus on the inner lip. R. SENEGALENSIS Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 55, 56. Shell small, globulose, short, thick ; whorls 5, convex, separated by a deep suture ; the earlier whorls striulate, last whorl radially costellate, except on the back, two-thirds the entire length, rounded at base. Aperture coarctate, margins joined by a thick callus, the callus occupying the base; columella triplicate, the upper fold strong, dilated at base, forming a canal above, median fold short, lower fold delicate, contorted; lip little arcuate, thick, provided with a long median callous subdentate at the ends. Alt. 3, diam. 2°3 mill. (Mor/.). Coast of Senegal, in 72 meters (Schlumberger). R. senegalensis Mort., Journ. de Conch., 1882, p. 202, pl. 9, f. 2. Distinguished by its very globose form, its striation, and espe- cially the projecting callus of the lip. RINGICULA. 403 R. BouRGUIGNATI Rochebrune. Unfigured. Shell thick, subglobose, smooth, pale greenish, the spire acute ; whorls 5, convex, separated by deep sutures; aperture elongate, the columellar margin calloused, tridentate, narrower in the middle ; lip thick, biplicate. Alt. 5, diam. 2 mill. (R.). Mouth of the Casamence, Senegambia, 150 meters. R. bourquignatt Rocwesr., Bull. Soc. Philomath. de Paris (7), vii, 1882-1883, p. 178 (1883). Indo-Pacific Species. R. poutaris Gould. PI. 47, figs. 82, 83. Shell large, thin, ventricose, ovate, whitish; spire acuminate ; whorls 4, rounded, engraved with remote transverse sulci, the last whorl ample; suture profound; aperture large; lip narrow, scarcely thickened; columellar folds delicate, acute; parietal fold small, delicate; siphonal canal moderate. Alt. 5, diam. 3+mill. (Gild.). Hakodate Bay, Japan, 6 fms. (Stimpson). &. doliaris Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 825; Otia, p.121. —Mort., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 126.—Warson, Challenger Gastrop. p. 634, pl. 47, f. 8. Peculiar from its thin lip and general want of callus ( Gid.). The figures are drawn from specimens identified as doliaris by Watson, collected at Port Jackson, Australia, by the “ Challenger.” Watson says of them: ‘“ Gould observes that this species is peculiar from its thin lip and general want of callus. The Challenger shells are somewhat less tumid than the British Museum specimens, want the round swollen shoulder below the suture, the upper whorls, too, are flatter, and the spire is rather higher; in all these respects, how- ever, the species presents considerable range of variation, and, I be- lieve, may fairly admit the Chalienger specimens. The Marquis de Folin, who has a large acquaintance with this genus, kindly exam- ined all the Challenger specimens for me, and I regret that he does not share my opinion regarding the shells under consideration here, which he holds to represent a new species.” R. arctata Gould. PI. 47, figs. 74, 75, 79. Shell solid, ovate, acuminate, white ; whorls of the spire 4, con- vex, the last engraved with 10-12 spiral striz; suture profound ; -aperture ear-shaped, the lip thickened, swollen within, with folds on 404 RINGICULA. the columella; parietal tooth robust, continued as far as the poste- rior angle of the aperture; labial callus wide, passing into the siphonal sinus. Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. (G/d.). Hong Kong (Gld.) ; Nagasaki (Lischke) ; Goat Island, Port Jack- son and Cape York, N. Australia (Brazier). R. arctata Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 325 ; Otia Conch., p. 122. Anaeas, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 98—LiscHKe, Jap. Meeres- Conch., ii, p. 78, pl. 5, f. 16, 17; iii, p. 59.—Mort., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 124, pl. 5, f. 9 Brazier, P. L.S. N.S. W., ii p. 78. Allied to R. caron and propinquans, but the spiral lines are closer. The Australian localities are open to doubt until specimens have been compared with the types. R. @HLERTIANA Morlet. PI. 47, figs. 77, 78. Shell small, thin, globose, regularly and delicately striate; whorls 43 to 5. convex, separated by a subcanaliculate suture ; spire short, acute, subgradate ; aperture wide, the margins joined by a callus, reaching up to the middle of the penultimate whorl; columellar margin arcuate, triplicate, the upper fold short, vertical, and form-. ing a right angle with the callus; lower folds delicate, ascending, contorted ; columella granose-roughened at base; lip little arcuate, subprominent in the middle, channelled above, thickened outside. Alt. 42, diam. 3°6 mill. (Morl.). China Sea (Morlet) ; Seas of Japan, 30-54 fms. (St. John). R. elertiana Moru., J. de C., 1880, p. 156, pl. 5, f. 4. Allied to R. canalieulata, but differs in its thinner, more twisted folds, thinner lip and shell, and the weaker, less extended callus. R. Martel Morlet. Unfigured. Shell very minute, ventricose, elongated, nearly smooth, orna- mented at base with 4—5 spiral strize ; whorls 43, convex, separated by an impressed suture; last whorl slightly more than half the length of the shell, subangulate at base; spire elevated ; aperture narrow, margins joined by a thick callus; columellar margin arcu- ate, having three equal and equidistant, converging folds; lip nearly rectilinear, thick, provided with a tooth-like median tubercle and a basal fold below. Alt. 14, diam. 1 mill. Var. minor, alt. 1. diam. 0°77 mill. (Morl.). Island of Nossi-bé, near Madagascar (Folin). RINGICULA. 405 R. mariet Mort, J. de C., 1880, p. 152. One of the smallest species known. Smaller than R. prismatica, less ventricose, with two lip-teeth and a non-channelled suture. It has a deeper suture than FR. gowjoni, the second fold is stronger and the ornamentation different. R. acuta Philippi. Shell ovate-oblong, acuminate, transversely striated, the last whorl! a little longer than the spire; aperture made ringent by the labrum being strongly thickened in the middle by a produced coare- tate callus. Alt. 33 mill. Aden, Red Sea (Phil.) ; Java (Dupuy) ; Gulf of Oman, Gwadar, Bombay, Ceylon, Arakan (Nevill) ; Singapore (Stoliczka). R. acuta Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849, p. 33—Morter Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 116.—IssuL, Mal. Mar Rosso p. 137.—Nevii1, J. A. 8S. Beng. xliv, pt. 2, p. 101.—F. minuta H. Ap., P. Z. 8.1872, p. 1, pl. 3, f.14. A narrow, acute form, almost exactly the same as R. striata Ph. (fossil), but the strize less closs, less conspicuous, and the lip in adults strongly thickened within, produced in a blunt tooth in the middle. (Bh): Var. minuta H. Ad. PI. 47, fig. 70. Shell solid, acuminate-ovate, sculptured with distant transverse sulci, white; spire acuminate; whorls 4, slightly convex, the last ample ; aperture ear-shaped, inner lip moderately calloused, provided with two folds; parietal tooth conspicuous, delicate; lip thickened, one-toothed within. Alt. 14, diam. } mill. Red Sea. R. savianyt Morlet. PI. 47, figs. 85, 86. Shell small, ovate-globose, smooth, the spire short, acute; whorls 5, convex separated by a simple suture, the last whorl two-thirds the entire length of the shell, base rounded. Aperture coarctate, the margins joined by a callus; columellar margin arcuate, triplicate, the upper fold strong, lower folds thick immersed in the callus, which partly covers the canal; outer lip smooth, rectilinear, margined outside, inside for two-thirds of the length dilated, subdentate. Alt. 3, diam. 23 mill. (Mori). Bay of Suez, Red Seu. 27 406 RINGICULA. R. savignyi Mort., Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 117, pl. 5, f. 1.— Savieny, Descr. de Egypte, Cogq., pl. vi, f. 7. R. prisMATICA Folin. PI. 47, figs. 71, 76. Shell small, ovate-globose, thick, solid, whitish, shining, some- times subdiaphanous; whorls 5, subcarinated, rapidly increasing, the last very large, three-fourths the length of the shell, sulcate at base; suture simple; aperture elongated, oblique, channelled above, the right margin tridentate, reflexed over the base, the teeth sub- acute. (olin). Alt. 2:5, diam. 1°5 mill. Port Louis, Mauritius (Nevill) ; Mauritius (Folin) ; Andaman Ts. and Ceylon (Nevill). R. prismatica Four, Les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 87, pl. 11, f. 1.— Mor-et, Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 118, pl. 5, f. 2—R. apicata NeEvILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x], pt. 2, p. 3,t.1, f. 12, 12a; vol. xliv, p. 102. Distinguished from R. acuta var. minuta by its polished aspect, and by the last whorl having only three striz at base instead of being entirely striate ; it is quite narrow and more contracted, less calloused, with more acute tooth. Fig. 66 of pl. 47 represents the synonymous R. apicata. R. routnt Morlet. Pl. 47, figs. 61, 62, 67. Shell very minute, ventricose, thick, regularly and strongly striated ; whorls 43, slightly convex, separated by a slightly chan- nelled suture, the last whorl half the total length, rounded at base; spire elongated; aperture narrow, the margins joined by a strong callus; columellar margin arcuate, triplicate, the folds equidistant and of equal size; lip nearly straight, thickened, prominent in the middle, varicose outside. (Folin). Alt. 2:7, diam. 1 mill. Carimata (Folin) ; Singapore (coll. Folin). R. folini Mor. in Les Fonds de la Mer, iii, p. 268, pl. 1, f. 8 (“ R. follint” in index, p. 334).—Morter, Journ. de Conch. 1878, padldlOeployst. to. RINGICULA. 407 R. cARON Hinds. PI. 47, figs. 63, 64, 68. Shell ovate, acuminate, striated, shining ; whorls rounded, the last with subtransverse, rounded distant striz ; spire exserted ; aperture subabbreviated, the lip corrugated. (Hinds). Alt. 3°5, diam. 2°5 mill. Strait of Malacca, 17 fms. (Hinds); Goat Island, Port Jackson, Australia 10 fms., and Torres Strait (Brazier); Gwadar (Blanf.). f. caron Hinbs., Zool. Voy. Sulphur, ii, p. 47, pl. 16, f. 15, 16, 1844; P. Z. 8S. 1844, p. 97.—Anaas, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 98.—NeEvILt, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xliv, pt. 2, p. 101, 102, 1875.—Monrt., Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 121, pl. 5, f. 7—Brazrer, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 77. This species is perfectly distinct in all its characters from R. acuta ; the right margin particularly is very different ; the distinct development of the parietal tooth, the different texture and the stria- tion are all distinguishing characters from R. acuta. R. ENCARPOFERENS Folin. PI. 47, fig. 65. Shell minute, globose, white, sometimes subdiaphanous, shining, spirally regularly sulcate ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last very large, five-sixths the length of the shell; suture simple; aperture elongate, the right margin strongly lipped, crenulated with rather rounded lirz, outside broadly extended over the last whorl, inside tumid toward the median part; emarginate at base; left margin strongly reflexed and thickened, strongly toothed within, outward- ly irregularly crenulated (Folin). Alt. 2°5, diam. 2°2 mill. (Folin). Alt. 8, diam. 2°5 mill. (Nev.) Point of Pamalang, Batavia, and N. coast of Sava (Folin); Bala- _ pitt, Ceylon (Nevill). R. encarpoferens Four, Les Fonds i, p. 66, pl. 6, f. 5, 1867-1871. —Mokru., Journ. Conch. 1878, p. 121, pl. 5, f. 5.—R. abbreviata Go& HH. Nuviti, Journ: Asiat. Soc. Beng. xliv, pt. 2, p. 102; 1875. R. CANALICULATA Folin. PI. 47, fig. 69. Shell minute, ovate-globose, thick, solid, white, shining, lower half most minutely transversely sulcate; spire short, subacute ; whorls 5, subconvex, rapidly increasing, separated by a rather deep 408 RINGICULA. suture ; last whorl very large, three-fourths the length of the shell ; aperture narrow; canal wide, truncated in front; right margin strongly lipped, lip thick, very wide, exceeding the last whorl, strongly one-toothed within ; left margin wide, reflexed, thickened, sulcate, three-toothed within, the teeth prominent and elongated. Alt. 3°8, diam. 2°8 mill. (/*olin.) Point Pamalang; Hong Kong (Folin); Java (Desh.). R. canaliculata Fourn, Les Fonds i, p. 67, pl. 6, f. 6—Mor er Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 120, pl. 5, f. 6. The Java example of the Deshayes collection constitutes a variety of smaller size. (Mor/l.). R. PROPINQUANS Hinds. Unfigured. Shell ovate, retuse, striated, shining; whorls rounded, the last large, well rounded, closely striated. Alt. 13. lines (Hds.) Sual, Philippines, 5-7 fms. R. propinquans H1nps, P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 96.—Smiru, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 733.—LiscuKeE, Jap. Meeres-Conch. ii, p. 78, 79.—Monrt., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 122. Here the last whorl is not so square in shape, but very full and rounded, and is neatly striated in a very regular manner, and the spire is short. Till the light is properly thrown on them, these strize are not very evident, but once discovered they will be found con- stant (Hinds). R. exsertTA Hinds. Unfigured. Shell ovate, acuminate, smooth, polished whorls rounded, smooth; spire elongate; lip strongly thickened behind. Alt. 1% lines (Hinds). Camiguing, 40 fms.; Sorsogon, Luzon, 6 fms. Philippines; Port Jackson, Australia (Brazier). R. exserta Hinps, P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 97.—Anaas, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 98.—Mort., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 123. Compared with FR. grandinosa, the last whorl is small, but agrees in being quite smooth and round ; the spire is elongated as in R. caron, and the labrum is even rather more reflected than is usual ( Hinds). RINGICULA. 409 R. GRANDINOSA Hinds. PI. 47, fig. 72. Shell ovate, retuse, smooth, polished; whorls rounded, the last large, subquadrate, rotund; columella strongly calloused above, denticulate. Alt. 13 lines (Hinds). Bais Negros, 6 fms.; Cagayan Mindanao, 26 fms.; Catbalonga, Samar, 10-30 fms.; Sorsogon, Luzon (Cuming); Whydah, West Africa (Smith) ; off Katow, New Guinea (Brazier). R. grandinosa Hinps, P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 96.—Smiru, P. Z.S. 1871, p-733.—Mort., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 123, pl. 5, f.8.—BRaAzIER, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. Wales, ii, p. 78. R. cousont Folin. PI. 47, fig. 738. Shell minute, ovate, subelongate, thick, solid, white, shining ; spir- ally regularly suleate; whorls 5, rather rapidly increasing, joined by a simple suture, the last very large, equalling two-thirds the length of the shell; aperture narrow, a little oblique, the right mar- gin lipped, lip thick, bidentate ; left margin strongly reflexed, thick- ened, tridentate. Alt. 2:1, diam. 1:1 mill. (Folin). N. coast of Java (Folin); New Caledonia (Lambert). R. goujont Foun, Les Fonds i, p. 67, pl. 6, f. 4; ¢. ¢. p. 82, var.— Mor tet, Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 120, pl. 5, f. 4. R. FossuLATA Folin. PI. 47, fig. 84. Shell ovate, globose, the apex acuminate, white, shining ; whorls 5, very rapidly increasing, smooth, at last very minutely spirally suleate; last whorl large, faurAtihe the total length; aperture a little elongated, made sinuous by large teeth ; right margin strongly thickened, fossulate above, the margins of the slot joined above the rather prominent tooth, resembling a single riblet behind, and at base encircling the small rounded canal and passing inward above the lower left tooth; left margin strongly expanded in a wide, thick callus, bearing three teeth, superior tooth tricostulate. Alt. 3°6, diam. 1°8 mill. (Folin). Port of Noumea, New Caledonia. R. fossulata Fourn, Les Fonds, i, p. 251, pl. 31, f. 9—Mort., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 126, pl. 5, f. 11. R. cALEDoNIcA Morlet. Pl. 45, figs. 14, 15. Shell very minute, conic, rather thin, shining, spirally striated ; whorls 5, slightly convex, subgradate, separated by a se see 410 RINGICULA. last whorl half the length of the shell, rounded at base; spire elon- gate; aperture narrow; margined joined by a thick callus; col- umellar margin arcuate, three-folded, the folds strong, upper one oblique, median horizontal, lower fold twisted; lip nearly straight, thick, prominent in the middle, subdentate, thickened outside. Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. (Morl.). Bay of Pouen, New Caledonia, 12 meters depth. R. caledonica Mort, J. de C., 1880, p. 154, pl. 5, f if The surface is brilliant and covered with spiral striz, while R. prismatica is not striated over the greater part of the surface. The shell is more brilliant than that of R. goujoni, and the striz are less crowded, and the lip has but one fold. R. NouMEENSIS Morlet. PI. 48, figs. 20, 21. Shell small, ovate-elongate, ornamented with remote strize ; whorls 5, convex, separated by a linear suture; last whorl two-thirds the length of the shell, rounded at base; aperture wide, the margins joined by a somewhat thickened, little expanded callus; columellar margin arcuate, three-folded, the upper fold thick, short, intermedi- ate fold horizontal, lower fold ascending ; lip regularly arcuate, thin above, thickened in the middle, prominent, subdentate, outside a little reflexed, the basal callus thick, reflexed outside. Alt. 32, diam. 2 mill. (Mor/l.). Nouméa, New Caledonia; Gouenen and Pouen, N. Caledonia (small var.). R. noumeensis Moru., J. de C. 1880, p. 155, pl. 5, f. 3. R. AusrRALIS Hinds. PI. 47, figs. 80, 81. Shell ovate, acuminate, smooth, polished; whorls rounded, the penultimate sensibly smaller; spire elongated, encircled with a somewhat whitish band below the suture. Alt. 13 lines. (Hinds.). Port Lincoln (Mus. Metcalfe); Spencer’s Gulf (Angas); New Caledonia (Lambert) ; Darnley Island, Torres Strait (Brazier). R. australis Hinps, P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 97.—Aneas, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 156.—Crosseg, Journ. de Conch. 1865, p. 44, pl. 2, f. 5—Monrt., J. de C. 1878, p. 125, pl. 5, f. 10.—R. angast Braz., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales ii, p. 78. The only specimen before me has not attained its full adult age. In its characters it is rather intermediate; the spire is not so prom- RINGICULA. 411 inently produced, and the penultimate whorl is more than usually developed, so as to be more intermediate in size between the others. All these species are of one uniform glassy semiopaque color, in some individuals being more glassy, in others more opaque. (Hds.). Crosse gives the following description from a slightly worn specimen collected by Angas: Imperforate, oblong, rather thick, white, smooth ; whorls 53, moderately convex ; the last longer than spire, rotund, attenuated at base, aperture coarctate, subauriform, margins joined by a strong callus which bears a rather prominent tubercle ; columella dilated, biplicate, the basal fold larger; outer lip thick, relexed. Alt. 3, diam. 13 mill. Mr. Brazier apparently did not recognize the fact that Crosse’s R. australis is stated by him to be the species of Hinds. R. DENTICULATA Gould. Unjigured. Shell ovate, acuminate, solid, milk-white, engraved with transverse close strize (narrower ones being sometimes intercalated) ; whorls 5, ventricose ; aperture narrow, lip thickened, denticulate within, nearly interrupted at siphonal sinus, folds transverse, acute, callus moder- ate, hardly appressed, the parietal tooth moderate. Alt. 5, diam. 3°5 mill. (Gild.). Port Jackson (Stimpson). R. denticulata Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 325 (Sept. 1860); Otia p. 121. The numerous striz, denticulate labium, and scantiness of callus about the siphonal notch, mark this species. (Gld.). R. apyssicoua Brazier. Unfigured. Shell thin, white, somewhat acuminate, whorls 43, moderately convex, opaque at the suture, smooth last whorl large, encircled be- low the center with four transverse lines ; columella with two strong plaits turned back over the front of the last whorl, above with one prominent callus like tooth, joined to the upper part near the suture, aperture small, auriform; outer lip thickened and reflected, having in the center a prominent tubercular callosity, with a minute one below near the region of the small canal. Length ? diam., maj. 3 lines. (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits 30 fathoms, sandy mud; 2 spec- imens. R. abyssicola Braz., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales ii, p. 78, 1877 412 RINGICULA. R. pusttuA Watson. PI. 46, fig. 59. Shell minute, ovate, subelongate, pointed, spirally striate from end to end, with slightly canaliculate and submarginated suture and alarge mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinals—there are very slight hair-like lines of growth. Spirals—the whole shell is scored with strongish deepish distant furrows, which are rather more remote above than below the periphery ; the first one below the suture is a little stronger than the others. Color glossy translucent white. Spire rather high, conical, regular, scalar. Apex small, rounded, the small tip being a very little prominent. | Whorls 5, subcylindrical, slightly convex, the penultimate is rather high. Suture canaliculate and submarginated. Mouth large the teeth being small, suboblique. Outer lip somewhat obliquely drawn in and produced on the base, where it is round, patulous, and slightly sinuated; about the middle it is prominent and toothed; above it is narrowly and shallowly sinuated close to the body. Inner lip rather thinly and narrowly thickened, with a small tooth in the middle; two pillar- teeth are oblique, parallel, and nearly equal, the lower being the larger. Alt. 0:067 in. breadth 0:038. Mouth height 0-054, breadth 0-027 inch. (Wats.). Flinders’ Passage and Wednesday Island, Torres Straits, 3-8 fms. R. pusilla Wats., J. L. Soc. Lond. xvii, p. 290; Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 635, pl. 47, f. 9. This species resembles Ringicula goujont De Folin, more than any I know, but the shell is shorter here, with a lower spire and a less exserted tip. The suture in that species is very much less canalic- ulate, the mouth is smaller, and the spirals are much less numerous and are more remote. R. AssuLARUM Watson. PI. 46, fig. 60. Shell small, somewhat lozenge-shaped, the left slope of the spire and the right base, the right slope of the spire and the left base being roughly parallel, smooth and without spiral furrows, with an obtuse spire, a smali but blunt apex, and a mouth much contracted by the callus of the lips. Sculpture: Longitudinals—there are very slight rounded lines of growth. Spirals—none, except one feeble furrow toward the front of the base. Color glossy white, with a faint bluish tinge. Spire short, conical, very slightly subscalar. Apex very small, rounded, prominent, and a little elevated on one RINGICULA. 413 side. Whorls 5, conical, convex; the first which is very small, is a little depressed, but at its origin stands up prominent on one side; the last, viewed as the shell lies on its face, is two-thirds of the whole length. Suture strongly marked, but not impressed, nor canaliculate nor marginated. Mouth small, oblique, very much narrowed by the teeth of both lips. Outer lip very much thickened, with a large prominent blunt tooth on the inner side above the middle; there is a shallow sinus above at the junction of the lip with the body, and a very small one at the point of the pillar. Inner lip: there is a thick toothed pad on the body; of the two pillar teeth, the lower, though stronger, is slightly less prominent than the upper. Alt. 0-11 in. diam. 0:07. Mouth, height 0:064, breadth to outside of callus on both lips, 0°058 inch. ( Wats.). Flinders Passage, Torres Strait, 7 fms. R. assularum Wats., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 291; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 635, pl. 47, f. 10. | This species is not unlike a small Ringicula awriculata Ménard de la Groye; but the spire is more depressed, the apex slightly flatter, and the extreme tip hardly sosmall. ( Wats.). ADDENDA. Page 139, after S. sururALIs A. Ad., read Pl. 20A, fig. 65. SoLIDULA REEVEI E. A. Smith. PI. 20A, figs. 66, 67. Shell short-ovate, acuminate above, rose-gray, with black dots. Whorls 7, turrited slightly convex, separated by a subcanaliculate suture; transversely sulcate ; sulci narrow, longitudinally striated, 3-4 in penultimate, about 15 in last whorl; spire short, conic, acute, Aperture elongate, ear-shaped, about three-fifths the length of shell, showing series of black dots; columella twisted, thickened, white, bifid. Alt. 14, diam. 8 mill. Habitat unknown. Tornatella suturalis part, REEVE, Conch. Icon. xv, pl. 2, f.9 a, b, not S. suturalis Ad.—Acteon reevei KE. A. S., The Conchologist ii, p- 99, March, 1893. This species was figured by Reeve as Torn. suturalis A. Ad., but that species is longer and narrower than this, of a different ground color, and has the spiral sulci more strongly striated or subpunctate. REFERENCE TO (PLATES —— See page 117 for explanation of plates 1 to 17 of this volume. PLATE 18. FIGURE. 68, 69. Leucotina diane Ad. C. Icon, 70, 71. Leucotina lyrata Cpr. C. Icon., 72. Leucotina casta Ad. Thes., : 73, 74. Leucotina speciosa Ad. Thes.,. 75. Leucotina lauta Ad. Thes., : 76. Leucotina amoena Ad. Thes. 77. Leucotina pura Ad. Thes., 78-80. Mumiola spirata. ‘Thes., D iscervol: VI1U, p. 81. Actzon albus Sowb. P. Z.8., 82. Acton oryza Rv. C. Icon., 83. Actzeon perconicus Dall. Proc. Nat. Mus., 84, 85. Solidula alveola Sow. J.deC., : 86, 87. Actzon fabreanus Cr. J. de GC. 88, 89. Leucotina diane Ad. C. Icon., 90, 91. Actzeon senegalensis Pet. C. Teon., 92, 93. Leucotina gigantea Dkr. Ind. Moll. Jap., 94. Solidula alba Hutt. Pli. Moll. N.Z, . 95, 96. Actzeon vagabundus Roch. Moll. Cap. ey 97. Actzon semisculptus Sm. P. Z.S., 98, 99. Actzeon punctatus Orb. Moll. "Cuba, 100, 101. Actzeon venustus Orb. Voy. Am. Mérid., PLATE 19. 1-3. Acton monterosatoi Dantz. Camp. Sci., 4. Acton nitidus V. = exilis Jeffr. Tr. Conn. Ac., 5, 6. Acton exilis Jeffr. Camp. Sci., 7-11, 15. Actzeon tornatilis L., . 12. Actzeon hebes V. Tr. Conn. Acad., 13. Actzon marize Rv. C. Icon., 14. Acton tornatilis v. subulatus Wood. Crag Moll., 16,17. Actzon cumingi Ad. C. Icon., 18, 19. Actzeon siebaldi Ad. C. Icon., 20, 21. Actzeon pudicus Ads iC: Icon., 22. Acton punctostriatus Migh. fi Bost. Soc., 23. Actzeon punctostriatus Mich. *, Conn. Acad., Beye REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 20. FIGURE. 24-26. Actzon austrinus Wats. Chall. Rep., 27, 28. Actzeon amabilis Wats. Chall. Rep., 29, 30. Acton turritus Wats. Chall. Rep., 31. Actzon incisus Dall. Blake Rep... . 32. Acton danaida Dall. Blake Rep., 30. Actzeon melampoides Dall. Blake Rep., 34, Actzon incisus Dall. Blake Rep., . 30. Actzeon delicatus Dall. Blake Rep., 36. Actzon perforatus Dall. Blake Rep., PLATE 20 A. 37, 38. Solidula solidula L. GC, Icon., 39. Solidula suleata Gmel. Specimen, . 40, 41. Solidula coccinata Rve. C. Icon., 42, 43. Solidula tessellata Rv. C. Icon., 44, 45. Solidula solidula L. Specimen, 46, 47. Solidula glabra Rv. = suleata Gm. G Icon., 48. Solidula glabra Rv. == suleata Gm. C. Icon., 49, 50. Solidula cinerea Wats. Chall. Rep., Fig. above 51. Solidula fumata Ry. C. Icon., . 51. Solidula inculpta Ry. C. Icon., : 52. Solidula affinis Ad. Chall. Rep., 538, 54. Solidula fratercula Dkr. Ind. Moll. Jap... 55, 56. Solidula strigosa Gld. Jap. M.—Conch., 57. Solidula nitidula Lam. C. Icon. 58, 59. Actzeon flammeus Gmel. C. Icon., 60, 61. Solidula intermedia Ang. P.Z.8 62. Solidula nivea Ang. P.Z.S., ; 63, 64. Actzon virgatus Rv. C. Icon., . 65. Solidula suturalis Ad. C. Icon., : ; 66, 67. Solidula reevei E. A. Sm. C. Icon. . PLATE 21. . Retusa leucus Wats. Chall. Rep., . Retusa complanata Wats. Chall. Rep., . Retusa tornata Wats. Chall. Rep., . Retusa amphizostus Wats. Chall. Rep., Retusa oryctus Wats. Chall. Rep., . . Retusa famelica Wats. Chall. Rep., . Cylichna vortex Dall. Blake Rep., . . Retusa frielei Dall. Blake Rep., . 9,10. Retusa simillima Wats. Chall. Rep.,. COMA OPN eH 11,12. Retusa truneatula Brug. Moll. Reg. Arct., "139. 416 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PrAnne22. EIGURE, PAGE. 13-15. Tornatina recta Orb. Moll. Cuba, . ; ; . 184 16. Tornatina harpa Dall. A.J.C., . ; : . 186 17-19. Tornatina canaliculata Orb. = bullata. Moll. Cuba, 188 20. Volvula minuta. Tr. Conn. Acad. BSS 21, 22. Tornatina candei Orb. Moll. Cuba, . : é . L85 23. Tornatina canaliculata Say. Inv. Mass., ! ‘ . 184 24. Tornatina obstricta Gld. = canaliculata Say, . ‘ : iS5 25. ‘Tornatina exilis Dkr. Moll. Jap., . ‘ : , » 90 26. Tornatina inconspicua H. Ad. P. Z.S., : 3 . 192 27. Tornatina fusiformis Ad. Thes., . ; : é . 194 28. Tornatina knockeriSm. P.Z.S., . : 2 . 188 29-31. Tornatina voluta Q. & G. Astrol., . F ae USI) 52. Tornatina voluta Q. & G. Thes., . Elis 5) 33. Tornatina pusilla Iss. = isselii Pils. Mal. Mar “Rosso, ST 34. Tornatina oliveeformis Iss. Savigny, . : : sles! 35, 36. Tornatina brenchleyi Ang. P. Z.S., : ; 202 37, 38. Tornatina hoffmani Ang. P.Z.S., . : f . 203 39. Cylichnella oryza. Thes., : : : ; ‘ . 825 40, 41. Haminea petiti Orb. Moll. Cuba, . i : . 859 42. Cylichnella bidentata. Tr. Conn. Acad., 2 : “a2 PLATE (23: 43, 44. Retusa eumicra Crosse. J.deC., . : eh 45. Retusa apiculata Tate. Tr. & Rep. Phil. Soe. : . 227 46. Retusa borneensis Ad. Thes., ; , Ry 47. Retusa antarctica Pfir. Jahrb. Hamb., : 220 48, 49. Retusa pertenuis Migh. Moll. Reg. Arct., 216 50. “ Bulla” fragilis Velain “Arch, Z. 1D cee he Vol. XVI. 51. Retusa obtusa Mont. Thes, . Ree ihc! 52. Retusa obtusa var. territa Mal. Mall. Reg. Arct., py 22115) 503. Retusa cecillei Phil. Thes. . : Be 54. Retusa nitidula Lov. Moll. Reg. Aret., : : . 212 55-57. Retusa semen Rve. Belch. Arct. Voy., : : . 216 58, 59. Retusa gouldii Couth. Bost. Journ., : pa 60. Retusa conulus = obesiuscula. ‘Tr. Conn. Acad., : al 61. Retusa obesiuscula Brugn. Bull. Soc. Mal. . L223 62-64. Retusa truncatula Brug. Moll. Rouss., —. ; . 205 65-67. Retusa mamillata Ph. Moll. Rouss., : ; . 206 68. Retusa truncatula v. pellucida, Sars. . : . 206 69. Retusa celata Bush. Tr. Conn. Ac., : ' 3 oe 70-72. Retusa semisuleata Ph. Moll. Rouss., 2 ; . 206 73, 74. Retusa suleata Orb. Moll. Cuba., . , d . 221 PLATE 24, 29, 30. Tornatina leptekes Wats. Chall. Rep., . . 200 31, 32. Tornatina acrobeles Wats. Chall. Rep., . : Tao REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 33. Tornatina pachys Wats. Chall. Rep., 34-36. Retusa mariei Dautz. Camp. Sci., 37, 38. Tornatina ayenaria Wats. Chall. Rep., PLATE 25. 39-41. Tornatina protracta Dautz. Camp. Sci., 42. Tornatina arata Wats. Chall. Rep., 43. Tornatina amboinensis Wats. Chall. ease 44, Tornatina coarctata Ad. Thes., 45. Tornatina planospira Ad. Thes., 46. Tornatina biplex Ad. Thes., . 4 47. Tornatina olivula Ad. = bullata Kn. hess. 48. Tornatina cinctella Ad. Thes., 49. Tornatina gracilis Ad. Thes., , 50. Retusa oliviformis Wats. Chall. Rep., D1. Tornatina simplex Ad. Thes., 52. Tornatina polita Ad. Thes., . 538-55. Retusa spatha Wats. Chall. Rep., PLATE 26. 56. Volvula suleata Wats. Chall. Rep., 57. Volvula minuta Bush. Tr. Conn. Ac. . 58, 59. Volvula paupercula Wats. Chall. Rep., 60. Volvula rostrata Ad. Thes., ‘ ; 61, 62. Volvula acuminata Brug. M. Sars., . 63. Volvula oxytata Bush. Tr. Conn. Acad., 64. Volvula striatula Ad. Thes., . 65. Volvula cylindrica Sm. = Smithii Pils. P. Z. S., 66. Volvula eburneca Ad. Thes., : 67. Volvula angustata Ad. Thes., ‘ : 68. Austrodiaphana brazieri Ang. P. Z.S... 69. Diaphana expansa Jeffr. Sars., 70, 71. Diaphana hyalina = minuta Brown, 72-74, Diaphana densestriata Leche. Sv. Vet. Handl., 75. Diaphana globosa Lov. Sars., 76, 77. Diaphana seguenzz Wats. Chall. Rep., ‘ 78-80. Cylichna semisuleata Dkv. Ind. Moll. Jap., PLATE 27. 81. Atys dentifera Ad. Thes., . 82. Cylichna decussata Ad. Thes., 83. Cylichna involuta Ad. Thes., 84. Cylichna bizona Ad. Thes., 85. Cylichna biplicata Ad. Thes., 86. Cylichna marmorata Ad. Thes., 418 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 87. Cylichna concentrica Ad. Thes., 88. Cylichna pyramidata Ad. Thes., 89. Cylichna elegans Ang. P. Z.S., 90. Cylichna ordinaria Sm. P. Z.S., 91. Tornatina involuta Nev. J. A.S. B., 92, 98. Cylichna arachis Q. & G. Astrol., 94. Cylichna mica Ehrenb. Savigny, . 95, Cylichna pulviseulus Ehrenb. Savigny, . 96. Cylichna mongii Aud, Savigny, , 97. Cylichna atlantica Sm. P.Z.S., 95. Cylichna villiersi Aud. Savieny, ; 99, 100. Cylichna grimaldi Dautz. Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr,, 1. Tornatina lactuea Nev. J. A.S. BS : 2-4. Cylichna crebripunctata Jeffr. poz S., 5. Cylichna eburnea Ver. Tr. Conn. Acad., 6. Retusa robagliana Fisch. Les Fonds., 7, 8. Retusa crebrisculpta Monts. Mém. "Z,, Soe. Fr, 9, Cylichnella bidentata Orb. Tr. Conn. Acad., PLATE 28. 11-18. Atys naucum L. C. Icon., : 14, 15. Atys naucum v. ferruginosa. C. Icon., 16. Atys ovoidea = obovata Mke. Thes., 17. Atys monodonta Ad. C. Icon., 18. Atys parvula Ad. Thes., 19. Atys nonscripta Ad. Thes., 20. Atys muscaria Gld. C. Icon., ; 21, 22. Atys parallela Gld. U.S. Exped., 23. Atys porcellana Gld. C. Icon., 24. Atysexigua Ad. Thes.,. 25. Atys hordeacea Ad. Thes., é 26, 27. Atys attenuata Sowb. C. Icon., 28, 29. Atys utriculus Broce. F. & H., 30. Atys semistriata Pse. Don. Bism., . 31, 32. Haiminea ovoidea Q. & G. Astrol., 33, 34. Atys caribeea Orb. Moll. Cuba, 35. Atys scalpta Rve. K. Vet. Akad,. 36. Atys occulta Migh. Bost. Journ., . 37-40. Atys propinqua Sars. Sars. . 41. Atys reinhardi Moll. K. Vet. ‘Akad., 42. Atys speciosa Ad. Thes., 43. Haminea solitaria Say. ‘Thes., 44, Haminea solitaria Say. Inv. Mass., ; 45. Atys ovulata Broce. = brocchii Mich. Thes., 46. Atys guildinii Sowb. Thes., ‘ PAGE. . 314 . 310 . 318 . 319 . 196 . 318 ; oll . dll oie . d22 «oe . 291 . 196 . 298 . 298 . 213 . 211 . 325 . 263 . 264 . 264 . 276 . 270 . 268 . 264 . 266 . 268 Beh) . 270 . 268 219 . 267 . 066 . 274 2 2a2 . 292 , 202 . 292 meats) . 307 . 397 e411 . 274 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PratE 29) FIGURE. 1-3. Cylichna cheyreuxi Dautz. Camp. Sci., 4-7. Cylichna richardi Dautz. Camp. Sci., . 8-10. Retusa crossei B. D. & D. Moll. Rouss. 11. Retusa umbilicata Mont. Sars., . ; 12-14. Retusa umbilicata Mont. Moll. Rouss., 15-17. Cylichna cylindracea Penn. Moll. Rouss., PLATE 30. 2, Cylichna noronyensis Wats. Chall. Rep., 4. Cylichna labiata Wats. Chall. Rep. . 6. Cylichna reticulata Wats. Chall. Rep., Cylichna discus Wats. Chall. Rep., . 8, 9. Cylichna subreticulata Wats. Chall. Rep., . 10. Cylichna tahitensis Wats. Chall. Rep., - 11. Retusa ovata Jefir. Chall. Rep., 12. Cylichna ecrispula Wats. Chall. Rep., 1, 3, 5, G PLATE 31. 13, 14. Scaphander mundus Wats. Chall. Rep., . 15. Scaphander niveus Wats. Chall. Rep., . 16. Scaphander punctostriatus Migh. Sars., 17. Scaphander lignarius L. Sars., 18. Scaphander watsoni Dall. Blake Rep., . 19, 20. Scaphander gracilis Wats. Chall. Rep., 21, 22. Seaphander lignarius L. Moll. Esp., 23. Scaphander lignarius L. Moll. Rouss., . PLATE 32. 24, 25. Scaphander lignarius L., 26. Seaphander interruptus Dall. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 27, 28. Scaphander bathymophila Dall. Blake Rep., . ; 29, 30. Atys gibbulus Jeffr. = diaphana Arad. Ann. Mag. 31, 32. Scaphander nobilis Verril. Tr. Conn. Acad., 33, 84. Seaphander issellii Bell. Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., . 35. Atys sandersoni Dall. Blake Rep., 36. Atys hyalina Wats. Chall. Rep., . 37. Atys freyi Brancsik = naucum L.,. : 38, 39. Diaphana seguenze Wats. Chall. Rep., PLATE 33. 40, 41, Smaragdinella andersoni Nev. J. A.S. B., 42. Smaragdinella glaucié = viridis. Thes., . 43, 44. Smaragdinella glauci Q. & G. Astrol., 420 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 45, 46. Smaragdinella glauca = viridis. C. Icon., 47, 48. Smaragdinella viridis Rang. Enlarged, 49-52. Smaragdinella viridis Rang. Astrol., 53. Smaragdinella viridis Rang. ‘Thes., ‘ 54, 55. Smaragdinella fasciata Sowb. C.Icon., . 56, 67. Smaragdinella acuminata Sowb. = viridis. 58. Smaragdinella minor Ad. Thes., 59. Smaragdinella algiree Hanl. Thes, 60. Atys cylindrica Helbl. Thes., 61. Atys cylindrica Helbl. Roe., 62. Atys elongata Ad. Thes., 65, 64. Atys solida Brug. ‘Thes., . 65. Pyrunculus nitida Ad. Thes., 66, 67. Atys tortuosa Ad. C. Icon., 68. Pyrunculus pyriformis Ad. Thes., . 69, 70. Atys debilis Pse. Don. Bism., . 71, 72. Atys amygdala Sowb. C. Icon., 73. Atys succisa Ad. Thes., 74, Atys alicula Ad. Thes., PLATE 34. 1,2. Bulla ampulla L. Thes., 3. Bulla ampulla L. C. Icon., ; 4, Bulla ampulla v. trifasciata. C. Icon., 5. Bulla ampulla v. bifasciata, Specimen, 6, 7. Bulla cruentata Ad. C. Icon., 8, 9. Bulia tenuissima Sowb. C. Icon., . PLATE 35. 12-14, Bulla oblonga Ad. C. Icon. . : 15, 16. Bulla australis Ad. = adamsi Mke. Thes., 19, 20. Bulla australis Ad. — adamsi Mke. C. Icon, . 17, 18. Bulla australis Q. & G. Astrol., PLATE 36. 21. Bulla eburnea Dall. Blake Rep., . : : 22, 23. Bulla nebulosa Gld. = gouldiana. C. Icon., 24. Bulla gouldiana Pils. Specimen, : : 25, 26. Bulla aspersa Ad. C. Icon., 27, 28. Bulla aspersa. Specimen, . : 29, 30. Bulla punctulata Ad. C. Icon., 31. Bulla abyssicola Dall. Blake Rep., 32, 33. Bulla angasi Pils. C. Icon., 34, 35. Bulla ovula Sowb. C. Icon., PAGE. . 258 . 208 . 258 . 258 @olcam 259 259 . 259 . 261 . 265 . 265 . 266 . 266 . 230 . 264 « 229 . 266 . 268 . 266 . 267 . 343 . 343 . d44 . 344 . 345 . 347 . 346 . 345 . 345 . 346 . 339 . 340 . 340 . 341 . d41 . 341 . 308 . 347 . 349 REFERENCE TO PLATES, PrarE 37. FIGURE. 36-38. Bulla solida Gmel. Specimen, . 39. Bulla punctata. Thes., : 40, 41. Bulla punctata Ad. C. Icon. . 42, 45. Bulla striata Brug. Moll. Esp., 44-46. Bulla striata Brug. Sp. from Greece, 47, 48. Bulla rufolabris Ad. Thes. & C. Icon., PLATE 38. 49,50. Bulla media = amygdala Dillw. C. Icon., 51-53, 55, 56. Bulla occidentalis Ad. Specimens, 54, Bulla solida Gmel. Specimens, 57-59. Bulla occidentalis Ad. C. Icon. and Thes., 60. (= pl. 39, f. 78). Bulla occidentalis Ad. Specimen, 61. Bulla adansoni Ph. C. Icon., 62, 63, 65. Bulla amygdala Dillw. Specimens, 64. Bulla amygdala Dillw. C. Icon., : PLATE 39. 66, 67. Bulla compressa Roch. Nouy. Arch. Mus., 68-70. Bulla guernei Dautz. Camp. Sci., 71. Bulla quoyi Gray. Erebus & Terror, 72. Bullaincommoda Sm. P.Z.S., 73. Bulla conspersa Pse. A.J. C., 74, 75. Bulla adansoni v. minor. Ind. Moll. Guin, 76. Bulla rubiginosaGld. Exped., ; 77. Bulla occidentalis Ad. Vera Cruz, Mex., 78. Bulla occidentalis Ad. Lake Worth, Fla., 79. Bulla amygdala Dillw. St. Thomas, PLatTeE 40. 80, 81. Haminea natalensis Kr. Stidaf. Moll., 82. Haminea tenera Ad. Thes., 83. Haminea vitrea Ad. Thes., 84. Haminea curta Ad. Thes., 85. Haminea issellii — curta. P. Z. S., f : 86. Haminea pemphis Sowb. = zelandica. C. Icon., 87. Haminea tenella = pemphis Ph. Thes., 88. Haminea elegans Gray. C. Icon., ; 89. Haminea fusca Ad. Thes., 90. Haminea fusca Ad. C. Icon.,. 91. Haminea papyrus Ad. Thes.. 92. Cylichna brevissima Ad. Thes., 93. Haminea angustata Ad. Thes., 94. Haminea ovalis Pse. A. J. C., 28 422 REFEREX CE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 95. 96. 97. 98, 100. Haminea simillima Pse. A. J.C., Haminea brevis QM. & G. Thes., Haminea sinensis — exarata Ph. Thes., 99. Haminea constricta Ad. C. Icon., Haminea nigropunctata Pse. Don Bis sm., 1, 2. Haminea galba Pse. C. Icon., 9 ° 5 5. Haminea crocata Pse. Specimen, 4, Haminea sandwichensis Sowb. C. Icon., 5. Haminea virescens Sowb. C. Icon., Osi: Haminea cymbalum Q. & G. Astrol., . 8. Haminea ambigua Ad. Thes., . 9, 10. Haminea brevis Q. & G. Astrol., PLATE 41. . Haminea zelandiz Gray. Erebus & Terror, . Haminea obesa = zelandiz Gray. C. Icon., . . Haminea cuticulifera Sm. Alert, . Haminea castanea Ad. ‘Thes., . Haminea flavescens Ad. Thes., . Haminea rotundata Ad. Thes., 18. Haminea navicula Da C. F.& H., Moll. Rouss., 20. Haminea hydatis L. Moll. Esp., . 22. Cylichna auberii Orb. Moll. Cuba, 24. Haminea petitii Orb. Moll. Cuba, 4), 25, 26. Haminea vesicula Gld. Specimen, 27. Haminea natalensis = peruviana. Thes., 28, 29. Haminea vesiculata Gld. Specimen, 30, 31. Haminea guadaloupensis Sowb. Specimen, 32. Haminea solitaria Say. Specimen, ; 33, 34. Haminea guadaloupensis Sowb. Specimen, 35, 36. Haminea antillarum Orb. Specimen, 37. Haminea guildingii = elegans. C. Icon., 38, 39. Haminea elegans Gray. Specimen, PLATE 42. 11,12. Akera bullata Mull. Moll. Arct. ae 13. Akera bicincta Q. & G. Thes., . : : 14, Akeratumida Ad. Thes., . , ; x ; 15. Akera bicincta Q. « Gi Astrols, ; ; 16. Akera tenuis Ad. — soluta. Thes., 17, Akera hanleyi = Enlleita: Thes., : 18. Akera soluta Gmel. C. Icon., f P : : 19, 20. Cylindrobulla beauii Fisch. J.deC., . . 21-23. Volvatella pyriformis Pse. Don. Bism., : 24-26. Cylindrobulla pusilla Nev. J. A.S. B., 7 aly 28. Volvatella fragilis Pse. A. J. C., REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 29, 30. Volvatella candida Pse. A. J.C., . , 31, 32. Cylindrobulla fragilis Jeffr. Ann. Mag., . 33-35. Volvatella cincta Nev. J. A.S.B., . 36-388. Cylindrobulla sculpta Nev. J. A.S. B., PuaTE 48. 2. Bulla solida Gmel. Specimen, 3-5. Haminea peruviana Orb. ee Am. Meér., 6. Haminea navicula DaCosta. F.& H., . 7, 8. Bulla quoyiGray. Astrol., . 9, 10. Haminea ovalis Pse. A. J.C., . 11, 12. Haminea simillima Pse. |e Rreraxts Dall: . 806 | Riiseana Dkr., . 313 | Rimata Ad., . 169, | RrneicuLa DN. . o41 | RINGICULIDZ, . 143) Ringiculina Monts., . 157 | Robagliana Fisch., . 850 Roperiana Pils., . 166 | Rostrata Ad., . 157 Rotunda Sowb., . 246 | Rotundata Ad., 324 | Roxanta Leach., 279 | RoxaNrIeELLA Monts., . 841 Rubicunda Sehr., . 279 Rubiginosa Gld., . 172 | Rufescens Schr., . 156 Rufolabris Ad., . 172.| Rugosa Sm., . 350 Riiseana Dkr., lle Sapatra Bell., i ale 389 Salleana Morl., : 185 Sandersoni Dall, " 9a, | Sandwicensis Pse., FOOSE : ; PoE ee ee” ele : 156 Sao Ad., 914 Sarsii (Ph. ) Ad., pare Savignyana Gr., ° 319 e e : Q Savignyi Mone: ° 310 = 9q _, Scabra Gm., . 929 | Y ; 905 | Scalpta Rv., "999 SCA PHANDER Montfe ScAPHANDRID®, _ Schlumbergeri Morl., . 284-| Scitula Ad., i BSiinl Scrobiculata Ad., . 841 | Sculpta Nev., . 348 | Secale Gld., . 240 . 184 . 415 . 318 . 292 ona . 316 rap Bie 203 . 205 233 _ 293 me 166 20 . 305 . 94 . 393 . 394 - 213 . 336 . 241 . 375 . 375 279 . 263 . 845 . 330 . 300 . 342 . 369 . 278 255 pots) . 275 . 190 . 365 . 229 . d22 . 368 . 405 iG . 292 245, 244 . 242 . 396 sO . 265 . 381 . 149 Secalina Ad., Seguenzze Wats., Semen Rv., Semilzevis Seg., Seminulum Ph., Semisculptus Sm., Semistriata Orb., Semistriata Pse., Semistriata Req., Semisuleata Dkr., Semisuleata Ph., Senegalensis Malz., Senegalensis Morl., Senegalensis Pet., Serica Sm., Sicula Brug., Siebaldii Rv., Sieboldi Ad., Sieboldii Ad., Simillima Pse., Simillima Wats., Simplex Ad., Sinensis Ad., Singaporensis Pils., Sinuata Ang., . Smaragdina Ad., SMARAGDINELLA A d., 243, Smithii Pils., Solida Ang. Solida Brug., Solida Brug., Solidula L., SOLIDULA Waldh es Solitaria Say, ‘Soluta Gmel., Someri Fol. Souverbiei Montr., Spatha Wats., Speciosa Ad., Speciosa Ad., Spectabilis Ad., Speo Risso, : Splendens Mke., Splendidulus Mch., Staminea Mke., Striata Br., Striata Brug., Striata Hutt., 99 - 09 IN DEX. . 269 | Striata Orb., ; . 282 | Striata Q. & G., . 216 Striata Risso, . 807 | Striatula Ad., . 229 | Striatula Fbs., . 152 Striatulum Schum., . 399 | Strigella Ad., . 267 | Strigella Lov., . 278 Strigosa Ad., . 803 | Strigosa Gld.,_ . . 206 Subangulata MOL, 172 Subcylindrica Br., . 402 | Sublignarius Orb., . 152 Subpellucida Ad., . 375 SubreticulataW ats., . 245 Subrotunda Jeffr., . 148 Substriata Jeffr., . 260 Substriata Mke., . 255 Subulata Wood, . 366 Succineta Ad., . 226 | Succinea Con., . 193 | Succisa Ad., . 362 | Succisa Ebr., . 194 Suleata Ad., . 171 | Suleata Ad., . 261 Suleata Gmel., 257 | Sulcata Mke., . 253 | Suleata Orb., . 947 Suleata Wats., . 266 Suleatinus Ad., Suturalis Ad., . 142 | Suturalis Sm., 1 136). . 357 | Tahitensis Wats., . 378 Targionius Risso, _ 402 Tasmanica Bedd., . 881 | TECTIBRANCHIATA, . 218 | Tenella Ad., . 172 | Tenella Lov., . 275 | Tenera Ad., . 240 Tenuicula Mke., . 147 | Tenuis Ad., . 390 | Tenuissima Sby., . 161 | Teres Phil. . 888 | Terquemi Morl., . 292 | Tessellata Rv., . 332 | Textilis Gupp., + 319 | Thalassiarchi Mart., 436 Thecaphorus Nutt, Tigris Schr., Tornata Wats., Tornatella Lam.., Tornatilis L., TORNATINA ‘Ad., TORNATINIDE, Tortuosa Ad., Translucens Ad., Tricla Phil., Trifasciata Sowb., Triticea Blv., Triticea Couth., Truncata Ad., Truneatella Loe., Truncatula Brug., Tubulosa Gld., Tumida Ad., Turgidula Fbs., Turrita MOIlL., Turritus Wats., Umbilicata Mont., Undata Ad., Undata Brug., Undulata Fér., Utriculus Brn., Utriculus Broce., Vagabunda M. & Variegatus Brug., Velum Gmel., Ventricosa Jeffr., Ventrosus Jeffr., INDEX. . 258 | Venustula Ad., . 304 . 350 Venustus Orb., . 164 . 209 Vernicosa Gld., . 349 . 147 Verrillii Dall, . 298 . 152 | Vesica Swains, mes Ai . 181 | Vesicula Gld., . 809 . 180 Vexillwm Chemn., . 388 . 264 | Vigourouxi Montr., » 383 . 269 | Villica Gld., . 307 . 244 | Villiersi Aud., -ok2 . d44 | Villosa Mart., . 844 . 278 | Viridis Rang., . 258 . 291 Virgata Martyn, . 387 . 205 | Virgatus Rv., eel . 206 Virescens Sby., . 360 . 205 | Vitrea Ad., . 370 . 821 | Vitrea Dh., Sev . 379 | Vitrea Pse., Saat . 278 | Vitrea Sars., . 286 . 215 | Voluta Q., ; a GY) 157 | VoLvATELLA, Pse.> syoolbnae2 | VoLVATELLINZ Pils., . 351 919 | Vouvuna Ad., . Sees 177 | Volvulelia Newt., 258 399 ~Volvulina Ad., 2no 393 | Vortex Dall, e295 ; a | Wallisii Gray, . 373 ‘41 Watsont Dall, . 248 ; WEINKAUFFIA Ad., Monts. e20o . 164 | . 151 | Zealandie, . 314 . 888 | Zealandica Kirk, . 820 . 284 | Zelandiz Gray, . 373 . 285 ) Ziczac Miuhl, Bealyac —- “ < 3 Ope) er ar 1 wey ere, ioe’ our ah oI POLYPLACOPHORA. PLATE 2 vag } nt ay h eee: (2 yeas iy ‘i EET OO POR te ie aoe, ~~ = Tite sing “a yea ieee = ee tO bas Yo = < ee Any ‘ ‘ o re *] a ‘ LAL 5 PEAGE, sS ao Neg 6 (a yay see POLY PLACOPHORA. PLATE 4 PLATE 5 POLY PLACOPHORA. Ss oe ee ee | a al : ako ' pyive »'s 8 PLATE POLY PLACOPHORA. PLATE 9Q POLY PLACOPHORA. cee PIVEN PEALE ed © POLY PLACOPHORA. ban et. 5. Bs = . he 1 a Tes , > ~~ i y Pte ie wa “~~ > eat | rm PEATE) 4: x POLYPLACOPHORA. hE 4 Hy itt rs or ry Tet hh ; rs VP... : > ie > t sha i) iP ne i. ; ap PLATE 12 POLY PLACOPHORA. PLATE 18 POLYPLACOPHORA. PLATE 14 POLYPLACOPHORA. POLYPLACOPHORA. 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