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OF

ON COG Y:

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, Je.

CONTINUATION BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

V ol. XX VEE

SCAPHOPODA.
BY
aA Pies BRY and aes Er Ak
APLACOPHORA, |
INDEX TO GENERA AND SUBGENERA, VOLUMES II to XVII

PHILADELPHIA :
Published by Conchological Section

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
OF PHILADELPHIA.
1897-8.

PREHEEACE.

The Scaphopoda have hitherto received comparatively little at-
tention from either conchological or morphological naturalists. No
other molluscan group of like rank and extent exists upon which
the anatomical data are so scanty, or restricted to so small a num-
ber of species; and as the Class consists mainly of deep sea dwellers,
the list of species now known is doubtless a mere fraction of the
grand total of living forms.

Consonant with the general plan of the “ Manual,” this volume
treats primarily of the “system” of Scaphopods, and the determina-
tion of genera and species. A classification of the Dentaliide based
upon features hitherto untried for this purpose is submitted; and the
innovation is made of including a catalogue of fossil species, largely
with a view to rectify the current nomenclature and prevent future
complications by the duplication of specific names. The labor of
collating the references to fossil forms has been, in large measure,
accomplished by Dr. Benj. Sharp.

The work is based upon the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, containing a large proportion of known shore species, and
upon that of the United States National Museum, including the
types of DALL, JEFFREYS, VERRILL and GouLp.

This great collection, undoubtedly richer than any other in exist-
ence in deep sea forms, was, with generosity rarely equalled, placed
at my disposal by Prof. William H. Dall, Honorary Curator, and
the authorities of the Museum. My most earnest thanks are due
to them for this and other courtesies.

The published works of Dall, Watson and Jeffreys have been
freely quoted herein ; and it is to the critical acumen and large ex-
perience of these masters of conchological science, transplanted to
our pages, that much of their value is due.

An account of the Aplacophora is also included in this volume,
partly for the sake of greater completeness, partly to call the atten-
tion of conchologists to this important group, which has doubtless
been neglected by many who have opportunities for collecting.

(iii )

iv PREFACE.

And now it remains to announce the completion of the First
Series of the MANUAL OF CoNnCHOLOGY, with the present volume.
Twenty years have passed since the first number appeared in 1878;
my able predecessor conducting the work until 1588, as far as the
middle of the tenth volume. During the decade of swiftly running
years since then, the work has fallen to me. And while an author
cannot but feel regret—that what he has done is not better—that
long and pleasant relations must suffer interruption—it is still a
great pleasure to acknowledge gratitude for numberless acts of gen-
erosity from conchologists, for the kindly appreciation of good work
and the more kind charity for mistakes, which have rose-bestrewn
the difficult path of science. TT, AL

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Class SCAPHOPODA.

Cirrhobranchiata Blainville, Man. de Malacol. et Conchyl., p.
495 (1825-1832).

Lateribranchiata CLARK, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2) vii, pp. 471, 476
(1851).

*“Solenoconches” Lacaze-Duthiers; Solenoconche and Solenoconchia
of various authors.

Prosopocephala Bronn, Klassen u. Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs,
Malacozoa, p. 523 (1862).

Scaphopoda Bron, t. c., p. 524 (1862).

Bilaterally symmetrical mollusks with the shell (and mantle) a
long, more or less curved and tapering or fusiform tube, open at
both ends, the concave side dorsal; anterior orifice larger, con-
tracted by a muscular thickening of the mantle, and giving egress
to the cylindrical head and the long, pointed foot, which is capable
of being enlarged and variously modified in shape distally; the
smaller (posterior) orifice of mantle and shell giving exit to the
refuse of digestion, respiration and the genital products. Head
with terminal mouth surrounded by a rosette of lobes; no eyes;
otocysts present ; no tentacles, but a close cluster of thread-like, dis-
tally enlarged appendages known as captacula springs from the
base of the snout. Jaw and radula present ; liver two-lobed, sym-
metrical; gut strongly convoluted, the anus opening rather far for-
ward in the mantle cavity, kidney openings near it. Gonad simple,
opening through the right nephridium. No gills, respiration being
performed by the general integument. Heart rudimentary, with
only one chamber, auricles and reno-pericardial ducts wanting.
Nervous system with well-developed ganglia, the cerebral, pleural,
pedal, visceral and buccal ganglia symmetrical.

Marine animals, living partially imbedded in sand or mud on the
sea bottom.

The tubular shell, open at both ends, is characteristic of the
group, and occurs nowhere else in the mollusca. Growth takes

Oe

vi SCAPHOPODA.

place at the larger end and on the inside of the tube, and at the
same time the shell is absorbed at a slower rate from the smaller
end. The slits and notches in this end are therefore formed by ab-
sorption, being wholly different in genesis from similar structures of
the peristome in Gastropods. In some forms (pl. 9, fig. 51; pl. 14,
figs. 20, 21; pl. 18, fig. 4,8) upon the practical cessation of growth
and absorption upon the attainment of maturity, there is a supple-
mentary tube built out from the edge of the anal orifice. This
structure is wholly different from the interrupted “sheath” of very
frequent occurrence (pl. 18, fig. 16, 17) which is due to the slower
absorption of the dense inner layer of the shell.

The shell contains a very slight organic basis, leaving no appre-
ciable amount when dissolved in acid. It is formed of three distinct
layers. The inner layer (hypostracum, pl. 38, fig. 3, h) is composed
of long prisms, rounded at the angles and tapering at the ends.
This layer is thinnest at the aperture, thickest toward the apex.
The thick middle layer (ostracum, pl. 38, fig. 3, 0) is built up of
short prisms in bundles lying at right angles with each other. The
outer layer (periostracum, pl. 38, fig. 3, p) is thin and wholly struc-
tureless. It covers the sculpture, ribs, ete., of the shell.

The snout or proboscis shows considerable variation in form, as
well as in the number and presence of mouth-lobes in the several
species and genera. At its base, there are two plate-like folds of the
integument, which bear numerous, long, extensile filaments, each
terminating in a spoon-shaped expansion. These “captacula” are
prehensile, catching foraminifera, etc., upon which the Scaphopod
feeds (pl. 38, fig. 6, one captacle greatly enlarged).

The foot is inserted immediately adjacent to the head, ventrally.
In Dentaliwm the foot is pointed, with a circular “ epipodial” ridge,
interrupted dorsally, some distance from the end, which gives it a
trifid or fleur-de-lis shape. In the Siphonodentaliide the “ epipo-
dium ” is subterminal, not interrupted dorsally, and forms a disk
with crenate edge, with or without a central filament representing
the conic point of the Dentalium foot. It would seem that this ex-
panded disk (as shown on pl. 24) is capable of contraction to a
slender conic form (pl. 26, fig. 79); burrowing being effected as in
Solen, ete., by thrusting the conic foot downward, then expanding
it distally for an anchor, and pulling the shell down by contraction
of the foot retractor; the process being then repeated.

The gut (pl. 38, figs. 4, 5) is short, closely convoluted. Liver (pl.
38, fig. 1, 2, 7) large, lying along the ventral side.

SCAPHOPODA. Vil

The radula (pl. 39, figs. 8, 9) is short, nearly rigid and curved,
and incapable of being used as a rasping organ as in other mollusks.
Its function is probably largely as a crushing plate, like the “ giz-
zard-plates ”” of Tectibranchs.

The dentition of the Scaphopoda, so far as known, does not show
great diversity. The formula of teeth is 1.1.1.1.1. The median
tooth is always a nearly flat plate, which in Dentalium is much
wider than long, in Entalina is but little wider than long, and in
Cadulus and Siphonodentalium is longer than wide. The single
lateral on each side has an erect, rather shovel-shaped cusp, with
several denticles. In Dentaliwm these denticles are short and in-
conspicuous ; in the other genera Entalina, Siphonodentalium and
Cadulus there are two or three stout and distinct denticles. The
uncini, one on each side, are trapezoidal flat plates, thickened to-
ward their inner edges.

Dentalium.—No species of the typical group or subgenus has been
examined anatomically. In the subgenus Antalis the dentition of
vulgare (tarentinum), entalis and occidentale (“ striolata” Sars) is
known. See pl. 39, fig. 6, D. occidentale Stimp.

In Fissidentalium the radule of D. megathyris, plurifissuratum
and magnificum have been examined, and are said to agree with
Antalis. In Rhabdus I find some divergence in the laterals, the cusp
being rather strongly bidentate (pl. 39, fig. 5, D. rectius Cpr.).

It will be noticed that with the exception of the species last men-
tioned, the forms yet examined belong to two very closely allied
subgenera. When some of the more divergent groups, such as
Bathoxiphus, Episiphon and Fustiaria, are examined, it is likely
that further modifications will be found. The examination of some
species of Compressidens is especially to be desired, as that group
may prove to belong to the Siphonodentaliide, in which case it will
probably be ranked as a subgenus of Siphonodentalium.

Entalina.—The teeth of E. quinquangularis have been examined
by G. O. Sars (pl. 39, fig.10). The rhachidian teeth are wider than
in other known Siphonodentaliide, but narrower than in Dentalium.
The laterals are strongly dentate.

Siphonodentalium.—G. O. Sars has figured the raduls of S. Jo-
batum (vitreum) and S. lofotense. The rhachidian teeth are as long
as wide or longer, and somewhat pentagonal. Laterals strongly
tridentate. PI. 39, figs.7, 8,9, S. lobatum.

Cadulus.—The dentition of C. propinquus is figured by G. O. Sars
(pl. 39, fig. 11). It is similar to that of Siphonodentalium. For

Vill SCAPHOPODA.

further anatomical details and embryology, the reader is referred to
the papers of Lacaze-Duthiers, Plate, Kowalevski and others, or to
the excellent resumé by Simroth in Bronn’s “ Klassen und Ordnun-
gen.”

CHANGES OF THE SHELL WITH GROWTH AND AGE, ETC.

The Scaphopods are like Cecum, Rumina, Cylindrella and many
other Gastropods in successively truncating the shell posteriorly as
growth proceeds at the anterior end. The original apex is retained
only in extremely young individuals. This successive truncation is
necessitated not only by the excessive fragility of the early portion,
which would prevent its retention in any case, but by the necessity
for a larger anal orifice as the amount of water with its load of im-
purities increases with the size of the animal.

The loss of shell substance is due occasionally to accidental break-
age, largely to chemical erosion by the water, but constantly to ab-
sorption by the mantle of the animal itself, such as occurs internally
in Neritide and externally in roughly sculptured gastropods gener-
ally. These several causes, acting in varying combinations, produce
an extraordinary variety of forms, even among individuals of a single
species. The principal modifications are here tabulated :—

I. Apex simple, the orifice without slit, notch or tube (figures on
plate 22).

II. Apex with an supplemental tube, built out. No notch or slit
(pl. 18, figs. 4, 8).

III. Apex with a V-shaped notch on the convex side, the orifice
usually surrounded by a short sheath formed of the inner
layer or lining of the shell left standing after erosion of the
prismatic layer outside of it (pl. 18, figs. 11, 16, 17).

IV. Apex with a long, narrow slit on the convex side (pl. 6, figs.
185719).

V. A very long, straight linear slit on the convex side (pl. 19,
figs. 18, 21).

VI. Slit on the concave face or on the side of the shell. Hetero-
schisma (p. 61), and occasional species or even specimens of
other groups, such as D. sericatum, inversum, alloschismum,
exdispar, pretiosum, etc., have the slit in an abnormal posi-
tion. The other characters of these forms show them to be-
long to various diverse groups.

VII. Slit divided into a series of fissures (pl. 6, figs. 87, 89). In
D. (Schizodentalium) plurifissuratum, D. exuberans and D.

SCAPHOPODA. ix

capillosum (pl. 8, fig. 34) this condition occurs either nor-
mally or in exceptional cases. All of them agree in other
characters with the subgenus Fissidentalium, and are herein
referred to that group.
VIII. Two symmetrical lateral slits (pl. 27, figs. 90-92).
IX. Four or more slits cutting the apical margin into lobes

(plates 28, 29, 30).

These characters have been considered sufficient for the definition
of genera by Stoliczka and some other authors. Dall, on the other
hand, (Trans. Wagner Inst., iii, 436), attaches no systematic import-
ance to the various modifications, which he attributes largely to
erosion and repair of breakage. Neither of these positions seem to
us tenable in the radical sense in which they have been advanced.
The apical characters are subject to much variation in many species,
but they still have considerable value as specific and group char-
acters. It is no valid argument against the systematic value of the
apical teeth in (for instance) Polyschides, to show that they are fre-
quently broken off, although that argument might be held conclu-
sive against using the character as absolutely diagnostic in the de-
termination of species or genera. Again, the accessory tube, de-
scribed in paragraph II above, is not due to repair of an accidental
breakage, but is a normal process following absorption of the shell,
and occurring only in the species of certain subgenera of Dentalium,
although not developed in every specimen of these species, and oc-
casionally in but a small proportion of them. The forms possessing
this structure are not “especially liable to such breakages’? more
than others which never develop the added tube. The theory that
“from a peculiar fragility or liability to transverse breakage in a
species, this condition may [become] almost habitual with the adults
of that species” is not supported by any evidence we have encount-
ered ; and the supporting statement that “no one has ever recorded
a specimen with the posterior end entirely unbroken and yet pos-
sessing the supplementary tubule,” loses its weight when it is re-
membered that no Scaphopod can in the nature of things retain
“the posterior end entirely unbroken” beyond the earliest stages of
growth, the absorption of this end being as essential a process as
growth at the other.

While we do not consider the characters of the posterior orifice as
so unreliable as some authors have thought, it must not be gathered
that we place great weight upon them. That there is a wide range
of variation among individuals of the same species is sufficiently

x SCAPHOPODA.

shown in the descriptive portion of this work. That apical charac-
ters usually cannot be held sufficient for generic and subgeneric
distinctions is recognized by our use of other features, especially
sculpture, for this purpose. And on the whole, while we cannot en-
dorse all the arguments advanced by Dall to support the position,
we thoroughly agree with his conclusion “ abnormalities may usu-
ally be discriminated by comparison with numerous specimens of
the same species. In cases where the student has only one or two
specimens, he should refrain from putting reliance on characters
which may be abnormal as a basis for describing new forms or for
discriminating old ones.”

In many species, especially the groups of D. entalis and D. semi-
striatum, the young shell is sculptured while the later growth is
smooth. Frequently the adult retains some of the sculptured por-
tion posteriorly ; but in some individuals or species this early sculp-
ture is entirely lost by posterior truncation. Such forms are prac-
tically indistinguishable from species which are without sculpture at
all stages of growth, although belonging to quite different groups.
Young or half-grown specimens show the true relationships in these
cases.

Spurious SCAPHOPODS.

Throughout the early period, various Gastropod mollusks such as
Ceecum were occasionally described as Dentaliwm ; and until Berke-
ley defined the genus Ditrupa in 1834, demonstrating its Vermian
nature, the calcareous tubes of species of this genus and of Pomato-
ceras were commonly referred to Dentalium. Paleeontologists, how-
ever, almost up to the present decade, have described the tubes of
worms of the family Serpulide as Seaphopods. So general has been
this error, and so widely is it spread throughout the literature of
Scaphopoda, that we have considered the pseudo dentalia in a sepa-
rate section (page 240) of this volume.

HABITS, FOOD, AND USE BY MAN.

According to Lacaze-Duthiers, the Mediterranean Dentaliwm pre-
fers to live in clean and rather coarse sand, and avoids mud con-
taining decomposition products. Many deepsea forms live in mud.

The animal lives buried at an angle of 45° or less with the sur-
face, the posterior end only projecting. Their food consists of
foraminifera, minute bivalves, and, it is said, infusoria. The prin-
cipal enemies of Scaphopods seem to be molluscan. They have been
found in the stomachs of Scaphander and other opisthobranchs, and

LITERATURE OF SCAPHOPODA. Xi

occasionally, though rarely, shells are found bored by rapacious
gastropods.

Only in a few piaces have Scaphopods been utilized by man. The
aborigines of the Pacific coast used Dentalium pretiosum for currency
and also for personal adornment. D. lessoni seems to be used for
ornament by the natives of New Guinea; and there are probably
other like instances among primitive peoples.

LITERATURE OF SCAPHOPODA.

All that has been written about Scaphopoda from the system-
atic standpoint may be divided into two parts: First, a period of
more or less crude and largely unsystematic attempts to define
species, beginning with ALDROVANDUs, continued by Linnvs,
ScHROE£TER, CHEMNITZ, GMELIN and LAMARCK, and second, the
period of more fundamental knowledge of the biologic relations of
the group, and exact specific definition inaugurated by DresHayYEs.

In like manner, the work of Lacaze-Duthiers upon the anatomy
and embryology of the Secaphopoda, subdivides the second period
into an older and a modern division.

1758. Linnezeus, in the Tenth Edition of the Systema Nature, places
Dentalium between the genera Patella and Serpula. Four species,
elephantinum, dentalis, entalis and minutu [m] are deseribed. In the
Twelfth Edition, aprinum, corneum, politum and eburneum are
added.

In the Thirteenth Edition, Gmelin increase the number to 21,
mainly by the addition of fossil species described by Schroeter.
With inconsiderable additions to the roll of species, the genus
remained without thorough treatment until.

1818. Lamarck, in vol. V of the Animaux sans Vertebres, pp. d41-
346, monographed it, recognizing 21 species, several being new. He
places the genus among the “ Annelides sédentaires,” and includes
a number of worm-tubes in Dentalium. Part of Gmelin’s species
are omitted, probably as unidentified. A yvrouping into striated
and ribbed species is made.

The next work upon Dentalium, passing over that of DeFrance
in Dictionaire des Sciences Naturelles, 1819, mainly a complication,
is:

1825. Deshayes, Anatomie et Monographie du Genre Dentale, in
Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, ii, pp. 321—
378. In this essay the systematic study of these animals was estab-
lished as a science. While before they had been placed indifferently

xil LITERATURE OF SCAPHOPODA.

among either worms or shell fish, Deshayes demonstrated their
mollusean organization ; where before insufficient specific definitions
had been the rule, Deshayes gave full and lucid diagnoses and good
figures. He was cognizant of the variations of the apical orifice,
and used these features in combination with the sculptural varia-
tions for a classification of the species, the number of which was
materially augmented.

Deshayes’ monograph was translated into English by G. B.
Sowerby, who published it in the Zoological Journal, iv, pp. 175-195
(1828), following the descriptions by judicious critical notes.

Substantially the same matter appeared in the second edition of
Lamarck, and of the Encyclopedie Méthodique.

1842. Cuenu, Illustrations Conchyliologiques, Vol. I, Dentahum,
8 pages, 7 plates.

Both recent and fossil species are treated, 31 of the 91 species
being living Dentalia. Several of the others are worm tubes, and
there is one Cadulus. The descriptions are extremely brief, the
localities often lacking or incorrect, and the figures though good are
rather stiff. The work is supposed to illustrate the Paris Museum
and Delessert’s collection, but the types of numerous species, such
as abbreviatum, novemcostatum, semialternans, virginianum, america-
num, alternans, fasciatum, philippii, ensiforme, cylindricum, novum,
dacostianum, sowerbyi, are lacking in these collections, according to
a MS. note by Deshayes, written about 1870.

1856-1857. Lacaze-Durutirrs, Histoire de Vorganisation et du
développement du Dentale, in Annales des Sciences Naturelles (4),
Zoologie, vi, vii. The first accurate and thorough account of the
macroscopic anatomy of Dentalium, with extended and valuable
observations upon the embryology, formation of the primitive
shell, ete., is given in this paper, which remains to this day the
chief source of information upon the general anatomy of tbe genus.

1861. M. Sars published an excellent paper upon Siphonodenta-
lium (Om 8. vitreum, en ny Slegt og Art of Dentalidernes Familie),
first directing attention to the structure of the foot in this group,
with other valuable observations.

1860. G. B. Sowersy, Jr., Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Volume
III, pp. 97 to 104, pls. 223 to 225. A monograph of the recent
species of the genus Dentaliwm. Eighty-five specific names ap-
pear, of which 49 pertain to valid species, 5 are considered
synonyms, 17 are mentioned as fossil species, and 15 forms uniden-
tified or excluded from the genus. No subdivision of the genus is

LITERATURE OF SCAPHOPODA. Xlll

attempted, but a general sequence from smooth to ribbed forms is
followed. This is the first monograph from which non-molluscan
dentaloid forms are rigidly eliminated. The figures are excellent ;
and the main criticism we would make upon the text is that there is
not enough of it. A few species of earlier authors are incorrectly
identified, and those unknown in English collections are omitted ;
but these blemishes are traceable to the general condition of con-
chology and the condensed plan of the Thesaurus, rather than to
any lack of care on the part of the author, whose work on Dentalium
has been of very great value to all subsequent workers.
1872. Much of the same matter, and copies of the same figures
were incorporated by Mr. Sowerby in his monograph of the genus
in the Conchologia Iconica, Volume X VIII, pls. 1-7, with the same
number of leaves of text. A few additional species are figured, but
the lithographic plates are poor, doing but scant credit to Mr.
Sowerby’s pencil.
1880-1895. Numerous contributions to the general morphology,
histology and embryology of Scaphopoda have appeared since 1880.
The more extensive and important memoirs being mentioned below.
During the same period two extensive reports upon deep sea Scaph-
opods appeared :
1886. R. Boog Watson, Challenger Rep., Vol. xv, pp. 1-24. 28
new species are described and figured, and a number of those des-
cribed by Jeffreys and others are further elucidated.
_ 1889. Wm. H. Datu, Blake Rep., pp. 418-432. 22 new forms are
described, with valuable notes on some of the previously known spe-
cies. In Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, iii, pp. 485-446,
the American Tertiary species are discussed ; further information is
given on some living forms, and the value of conchological charac-
ters in classification is considered at some length.
1883. A. Kowatevsk1, Etude sur l’embryogénie du Dentale.
Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Marseille, I.

1885. H. Fon, Sur l’anatomie microscopique du Dentale, in
Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér. (2), vii, pp. 91-148.

1892. L. Puatr, Ueber den Bau und die Verwandtschaftsbezie-
hungen der Solenoconchen. Zool. Jahr., Abth. fiir Anat.
u. Ontog., v, p. 8301-386.

1892. P. PetseneER, La Classification générale des Mollusques.
Bull. Scient. France et Belg., xxiv.

1891-1894. C. GrospBen, Verhandl. der d. zool. Ges., 1891, p.

63; also Sitzber. k. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 1894, p. 61.

X1V LITERATURE OF SCAPHOPODA.

1895. H. Stmrorn, Scaphopoda, in Bronn’s Klassen und Ord-
nungen des Thier-Reichs, new edition, Vol. ili, pp. 356-467. This
contains the best recent general account of the anatomy and onto-
geny of the class, and includes a bibliography of papers upon these
subjects.

1896. S. Ciesstn in the Systematisches Conchylien- Cabinet, IV,
Abth. 5, Heft x, Lieferungen 422, 424, pp. 1-48, pl. 1-11, gives a
monograph of Scaphopoda which is not only one of the worst mono-
graphs in that justly famous series, but perhaps the most ineffective
example of monographie work to be found in modern conchological
literature. Purporting to cover the genera Dentalium, Antalis,
Siphonodentalis (blunder for Siphonoentalis), Siphonodentalium, Cad-
ulus, Dischides and Gadus, it is not only extremely incomplete in
all of them, but the generic limits are everywhere singularly mis-
understood. Thus “ Dentalium” actually contains species of nearly
all the other genera admitted, etc., ete. Most of the figures and
descriptions are copied from the Conchologia Iconica, and credited
to Reeve instead of Sowerby. The synonymy is often hopelessly
muddled, and all borrowed. ‘The author does not seem to have
actually seen more than a half dozen species; and of the three
“new species” described, one is a worm tube, another probably not
distinct from D. rubescens Dh., and the third an absolute synonym
of D. pretiosum Nutt. Clessin apparently had neither the mono-
graphs of Deshayes or Chenu before him, and the important works
of Watson on the ‘ Challenger,’ and Dall on the ‘ Blake’ Scapho-
poda were unknown to him. Several specific names are misspelled.

See table on next page for summary.

DISTRIBUTION OF SCAPHOPODA.

The Scaphopods are in no respect remarkable or anomalous in
distribution, as compared with Gastropod or Pelecypod mollusks.
So many species belong to the deep sea fauna that the lists of spe-
cies under the conventional “ Provinces ” are somewhat misleading,
comprising a shore element with species having the range and
limitations of the shore fauna generally, and a deep water element
with more widely distributed species, frequently common to two or
more of the provinces defined by shore mollusks. It is the pre-
valence of deep water forms which swells the list of North Atlantic _
and Gulf of Mexico species to large proportions compared to Indo-
Pacific regions. The latter are as yet almost untouched by the
dredge.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. XV

Table showing number of species included in the principal mono-
graphic works on Scaphopoda.

| ] oO
| lor
| .
a fe P| Ss | N : 5
Sie lSliealio|si\u
ney a aa x | ed EES
z & = ney | = © ima
Be ileeeh Mceell ey. (le | tee cs
Vel ehe |= |e |s
RIAIS |al/a;ola
| ; EC es RR la a
a ( Recent species. : : 10'| 18 |°30) | 47 | 52°) 48") 158
"2 4 Fossil species. eae: 8|19|48]17| 0| 0 | 308
ral a |
ras | New species or new names... 1019 otita le de \eesol 5p
. 2 { Recent species. Os One On| sath eselon et
aoe |
2° 4 Fossil species. A Ooi BVO Os pe Onis Os trol
ee | |
“3 | New species or new names. On Os) Oe” On Ones 20
Worms, etc., described as Seaphopods.|) 3:0 4512 (Onl One f 0
Total number of specific names, | | |
including synonyms. 23 | 55 | 93 | 85 | 62 | 100 /1013
| | :

Note.—The number of new species in each work is, of course,
taken at the author’s estimate. It is really less in most cases, part
proving to be synonyms.

The genera are practically universal in distribution ; but the sub-
genera Fissidentalium, Heteroschisma, Bathoxiphus, Rhabdus, Epi-
siphon and Compressidens are almost exclusively deep water forms.
Typical Dentalium, Antalis and Graptacme are mainly shore groups.
The subgenera are more or less localized, though not nearly to the
same extent as groups of like rank in the Gastropoda or Polypla-
cophora.

The bathymetric range of Scaphopods is considerable, but as data
thereon are abundantly given in the text, no examples need be cited
here.

Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Species marked with an asterisk in the list following occur also
in the Western Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico. With the exception of
D. entalis, which is a shore form having the northern distribution

Xvl GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

of so many species, all of the Scaphopods common to East and
West Atlantic are essentially deep water species. The Antalis
group is largely special to European seas, having but few West
Atlantic representatives. The polygonal typical Dentalia, and the
subgenera Graptacme and Compressidens, are West Atlantic groups
not represented in the Eastern Atlantic or Mediterranean. The
Polyschides group of Cadulus, well represented in the earlier Ter-
tiary, has not yet occurred in the recent northeastern Atlantic

fauna.

D. vulgare, p. 41, 0-543 fms.

*D. entalis, p. 42, 3-1,750 fms.

*D. agile, p. 46, 400-1,785 fms.

*D. occidentale, p. 47, 50-1000.

D. enigmaticum, p. 49,640-1000.

D. novemeostatum, p. 1.

D. ineequicostatum, p, 52.

D. dentalis, p. 53.

D. panormum, p. 54, 0-195 fms.

D. senegalense, p. 55.

D. concinnum, p. 250, 150 fms.
(Fissidentalium).

D. milneédwardsi, p. 75, 800.

D. semivestitum, p. 75, 500.

D. exuberans, p. 78, 700—2,062.

D

. ergasticum, p. 74, 226-1,073.

Entalina quinquangularis, p. 132
*Siphonodentalium lobatum.
*S. lofotense, p. 158.

S. teres, p. 138.

*S. affine, p. 140.

S. pusillum, p. 140.

Cadulus (Dischides) politus.
C. ovulum, p. 156.

C. cyathus, p. 156.

*C. amphora, p. 161.

C. subfusiformis, p. 163.

D. scamnatum, p. 79, 700 fms.
*D. candidum, p. 72, 410-1,750.
*D. capillosum, p. 77, 100-1,785.
D. rectum, p. 252, deep sea.
(Levidentalium, ete.)
D. caudani, p. 104, 730 fms.
D. rubescens, p. 105, 2-40 fms.
D. siculum, p. 107.
D. tenuifissum, p. 129.
(Episiphon.)
*D). filum, p. 118,
(Bathoxiphus.)
*D. ensiculus, p. 121.
( Heteroschisma.)
*D. subterfissum, p. 61.

C: gibbus, p. 159.

*C. tumidosus, p. 160.
*C. jeffreysi, p. 164.
*C. gracilis, p. 165.

. propinquus, p. 166.
. cylindratus, p. 166.
senegalensis, p. 176.
. strangulatus, p. 176.
monterosatol, p. 177.
. artatus, p. 177.

Seoocec

Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico.

About 66 species, equally divided between the families Dentaliide
and Siphonodentaliide are known; 15, or about 23. per cent, are

common to the East and West Atlantie.

The typical Dentalia of

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Xvil

D. octangulatum group, the subgenera Graptacme, Compressidens,
Polyschides, and the Cadulus acus group, are forms which this region
has in common with the Panamic province, but which are wanting
in the Eastern Atlantic thus far. The list of species common to
both sides of the Atlantic will probably be increased ; but still the
affinity of West Atlantic and especially the Gulf of Mexico Seapho-
pod fauna with that of the Panamic region, is upon the whole as

fundamental as that between the two sides of the Atlantic.

. laqueatum, p. 10.

. gouldii, p. 20, 247.

. picteti, p. 22.

. carduus, p. 30.
(Antulis.)

. disparile, p. 56.

. ceratum, p. 97.

eis) Te tohons,

D. anullarum, p. 957.
D. taphrium, p. 58.
*D. entalis, p. 42.
*D. agile, p. 46.
*D. occidentale, p. 47.
( Heteroschisina.)
*D. subterfissum, p. 61.
D. callithrix, p. 62.
(Fissidentalium.)
D. amphialum, p. 71.
*D. candidum, p. 72.
*D. capillosum, p. 77.
( Graptacme.)
D. sericatum, p. 86.
Entalina platamodes, p. 133.
*Siphonodentalium lobatum.
S. tytthum, p. 137.
*S. lofotense, p. 138.
*S. affine, p. 140.
Cadulus (Polyschides) tetraschis-
tus, 148.
C. (P.) tetrodon, p. 151.
C. (P.) carolinensis, p. 152.
C. (P.) bushii, p. 153.
C. (P.) spectabilis, p. 153.

11

D. eboreum, p. 89.
D. leptum, p. 89.
D. semistriatum, p. 90.
D. circumcinctum, p. 88.
D. calamus, p. 97.
(Levidentalium.)
D. callipeplum, p. 100.
D. ensiforme, p. 101.
D. perlongum, p. 104.
D. matara, p. 105.
D. liodon, p. 107.
(Episiphon.)
D. sowerbyi, p. 117.
*D. filum, p. 118.
(Bathoxiphus.)
*D. ensiculus, p. 121.
( Compressidens. )
D. pressum, p. 124.
D. ophiodon, p. 126.
(Fustiaria.)
D. stenoschizum, p. 128.
*C. amphora, p. 161.
*C. jeffreysi, p. 164.
*C. gracilis, p. 165.
- minusculus, p. 164.
. lunula, p. 167.
- Watsoni, p. 167.
. rushii, p. 168.
. agassizi, p. 168.
. hatteraseusis, p. 169.
. poculum, p. 170.
. vulpidens, p. 170.

Gr@s@-@1G7e. GO

XVlil GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

©. (P-) grandis, p. 154. C. sauridens, p. 171.

C. ampullaceus, p. 158. C. amiantis, p. 174.

C. exiguus, p. 159. C. rastridens, p. 174.

C. obesus, p. 159. C. curtus, p. 175.

*C. tumidosus, p. 160. C. acus, p. 191.

C. cureurbita, p. 161. C. dominguensis, p. 191.

Panamic province—Ecuador to Lower California.

Fourteen species of Dentalium and six of Cadulus are known, five
of the former genus, four of the latter having occurred only in depths
greater than 300 fms. The rest are shore species, all of them prob-
ably to be found living within the 25 fathom line. D. tesseragonum,
quadrangulare, semipolitum, sectum, innumerabile and brevicornu,
and Cadulus perpusillus and panamensis have their nearest allies in
the Antillean Tertiary and recent faunas; some of them being at
most only varietally distinct from their West Indian counterparts.
D. equatorium and dalli and Cadulus albicomatus and striatus are
essentially West American types, having no near alliesin Antillean
or Oriental seas. In general, the deep water Panamic Scaphopods
belong mainly to what seem to be endemic West American groups
of species, while the shore or shallow water species are very inti-
mately related to Antillean forms.

Dentalium oerstedi D. inversum.

D. agassizi, 322-1,020 fms. D. splendidum.

D. tesseragonum. D. sectum.

D. quadrangulare. D. eequatorium, 401 fms.

D. fisheri. D. dalli, 660 fms.

D. megathyris, 812—2,282 fms. D. innumerabile.

D. semipolitum. D. brevicornu, 634-995 fms.
Cadulus striatus, 322 fms. C. californicus, 1,270 fms.

C. albicomatus, 401-1,672 fms. — C. perpusillus, p. 190.

C. platystoma, 401 fms. C. panamensis, p. 191. Me

Key to Panamic species of Dentalium.

a. Shell square at apex, keeled on dorsal, ventral and lateral faces.
6. Smooth and rounded toward aperture; length 20 mill.,
8 times the diam., tesseragonum, p. 34.
b’. Interstices striated throughout.
c. Length 20 mill., 54 times the diam.,
quadrangulare, p. 35.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. KIX

ce Length 14-15 mill., nearly 8 times the diam., fisheri,
p. 36.
a’. Shell longitudinally ribbed.
b. 6-ribbed at apex, increasing to 12, and at aperture with
17-24 alternating riblets; length 27 mill., about 9 times

the diam., oerstedi, p. 24.
b’. Similar, but glossy with finer sculpture and more nu-
merous riblets at aperture, var. numerosum, p. 25.

b”. 12 to 20 sharp riblets at apex, 25-48 at aperture, the
interstices wider than ribs, concave; length 29-65
mill., 9 to 15 times the diam., agassizi, p. 26.
b’’. About 50 riblets and threads; shell very large, strong
and solid ; aperture oblique; length 90-99 mill., 5 to
53 times the diam., megathyris, p. 67.
a”. Shell with fine, evenly engraved longitudinal strie toward the
apex or throughout ; section circular.
b. Apex with a straight, narrow slit across an obliquely
conic, smooth plug; shell cylindrical; length 24 mill.,
15 times the diam., sectum, p. 96.
b’. Apex with slit on concave side; shell translucent whit-
ish with opaque rings; length 30 mill.,16 times the
diam., inversum, p. 95.
b”. Apex simple; length 25-30 mill., 10 times the diam.
semipolitum, p. 91.
a”. Shell without longitudinal sculpture, rounded or oval in sec-
tion.

b. Strongly compressed between convex and concave faces,
rapidly tapering; length 9-5 mill., about 4 times the
diam. brevicornu, p. 125.

b’. Shell compressed laterally, excessively slender, fragile,
salmon tinted ; length 17, greatest diam. 0:8 mill.

innumerabile, p. 119.
6”. Shell subcircular in section.

ce. Well curved, polished, flesh-tinted toward the apex,
which is sometimes slit in front and behind; length
45 mill., 12 times the diam. splendidulum, p. 96.

ce’. Curvature very slight ; thin, white, smooth.
d. Almost perfectly straight, fragile, excessively
slender; length 31 mill., nearly 20 times the
diam., equatorium, p. 112.

1

xX GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

d’. Less straight, decidedly wider; length 45-69
mill]., 11-14 times the diam., dalhi, p. 114.

Peruvian Provinee.

The west coast of South America from Peru southward is not
known to possess any shore Scaphopods; the few species known
from off Chili are deep water forms of the Eastern Pacific, or mem-
bers of the Magellanic fauna.

Magellanic Province.

The few species yet known belong to widely distributed subgen-
era. D. megathyris extends north to the northern limit of the Pan-
amic fauna.

D. majorinum, p. 27, and var. magellanicum. Magellan St., ete.

D. lebruni, p. 102. Magellan Strait.

D- megathyris, p. 67, off Chiloe I., 1,050-1,342 fms.

C. (Polyschides) dalli, p. 155, west coast Patagonia, 122 fms.

In this connection might also be mentioned D. ceras, p. 68, an
essentially mid-Pacific species, which has been dredged from 2,160
fms., west of Valparaiso. It is allied to D. Degathyris.

California to Alaska.

Eight species of Dentalium are known from this region, two of
them, semipolitum and agassizi being southern forms, reaching the
neighborhood of San Diego. D. neohexagonum and D. pretiosum
with its variety indianorum are abundant shore species, the others
being from deeper water.

Six species of Cadulus have been described, mostly within the
past year.

The following species extend into the Panamic province: JD.
semipolitum, agassizi, dalli, C.californicus. The subgenus Rhabdus
is almost peculiar to this and the Panamic region ; the affinities of
the other species are with Panamic forms, with the exception of D.
pretiosum, which belongs to Antalis, a North Atlantic group.

D. neohexagonum. D. watsoni, 786 fms.
D. agassizi, 822 fms. D. rectius, 13-786 fms.
D. pretiosum. D. dalli, 265-786 fms.
D. semipolitum. D. stearnsii, 786 fms.

C. (Polyschides) quadrifissatus. C. aberrans.
C. californicus, 252-822 fms. C. fusiformis.
C. tolmiei, 60 fms. C. hepburni, 60 fms.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. eG

Key to Californian species of Dentalium.

a. Shell longitudinally strongly ribbed.
b. Ribs typically 6, decreasing anteriorly,
neohexagonum, p. 19.
b’. Ribs 12-20 at apex, 25-48 at aperture, —agassizi, p. 26.
a. Shell longitudinally striate near apex (or in young specimens,
throughout).
b. Thin, closely, finely and evenly engraved toward apex,
smooth and polished toward aperture; length 25-30
mill., semipolitum, p. 91.
6’. Rather solid and opaque; larger; unequally lirulate
toward apex, pretiosum var. indianorum, p. 45.
a’. No longitudinal] sculpture.
b. Strong and solid, young striated, pretiosum, p. 44.
b’. Quite thin ; deep water species; no apical notch.
c. Slender, with very slight curvature, and slow in-
crease.
d. Very slightly curved, very slender ; length
30 mill., 16-19 times the diam.,
watsoni, p. 113.
d’. Almost straight, very glossy ; length 30-
40 mill., 12-153 times the diam.,
rectius, p. 113.
d”. Curvature regular but slight ; length 45 to
69 mill., 11 to 14 times the diam.,
dalli, p. 114.
ce’. Short, decidedly curved, very rapidly tapering ;
tube vertically compressed; length 8-6 mill., 44
times the greatest diam., stearnsu, p. 2538.

Japanand China.

Fifteen species of Dentalium, none of them deep water forms, are
known from this side of the Pacific from Hong Kong northward.
Five of these are more or less widely distributed in the East Indies
and Indian Ocean, the others being until now known only from
Japan and China. The dominant group is that of D. octangulatum.
There is one Antalis and three Fissidentalium. Dredging in deeper
water will doubtless reveal a rich fauna.

One nameless Siphonodentalium (p. 141) is recorded from Corea,
and Cadulus clavatus (p. 185) occurs in Hong Kong harbor:

xxil GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

Key to Japanese and Chinese Dentalium.

a. Primary ribs 6-18, strong, angulating the aperture; shell
white or pale.
b. Ribs 6 (rarely 7), strong, intervals with some riblets
generally, length about 55 mill., 12-14 times the diam.,
heaagonum (p. 18); sexcostatum, p. 19-
b’. Ribs 7-9, some interstitial riblets.
c. Ribs 7-8; length 72 mill., 12 times the diameter,
japonicum, p. 17.
’. Ribs 8-9; length 50 mill., 10 times the diameter,
octangulatum, p. 16.
ce’. Ribs 8-9; length 30 mill., 8 times the diameter,
yokohamense, p. 16.
b”. Ribs 11-18, strong and narrow; an interstitial thread
or none; a wide, shallow apical notch; length 70 mill.,
11-12 times the diam., bisexangulatum, p. 16.
a’, 16 narrow riblets at apex, increasing to double that number,
and then vanishing, the large end smooth except for growth-
lines, length 80 mill., 11 times the diam., weinkauffii, p. 40.
vw’, 6-12 riblets at apex, increasing to about double that number.
b. 6, increasing to 12; shell acute, rapidly widening ;
length 18 mill., 8-9 times the diam., intercalatum, p. 28.
b’. 8 ribs, increasing in number toward aperture; cancel-
lated with growth-striz ; length 253 mill., about 8 times

ion}

the diam., cancellatum, p. 50.

b”. 12 delicate sulci, increasing to 30; length 20 mill., 8

times the diam., poreatum, p. 15.

a”. 30 sulci, vanishing toward aperture ; length 30 mill., 10 times
the diam., buccinulum, p 14.

vw”, Smooth, glossy, white; longitudinally finely striate at apex,
becoming smooth, aciculum, p. 98.

Riblets very numerous; shell large and solid.

b. About 40 subequal riblets becoming alternating toward
apex, where there is a long slit; length 90 mill., 8-9
times the diam., vernedet, p. 80.

b’. Many unequal riblets; a series of 2 to 5 holes in place
of the slit; length 47 to 64 mill, about 83 times the
diam., plurifissuratum, p. 82.

b’. Numerous unequal riblets; tawny, irregularly banded
with brown; tube compressed ; length 62 to 72 mill.,
about 6 times the diam., hungerfordi, p. 84.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. XxXili

Indo-Pacific Provinee—East Indies, Philippine Islands, Singapore
to N. Papua.

About 20 species of Dentalium and two Cadulus are reported
from definite localities in the ‘“ East Indies,” nearly all being shallow
water species, the deep water forms being still unknown. No doubt
many other species recorded from China and Japan, Torres Strait,
and the Indian Ocean, also occur here. The specialty of this tract
is the group of green colored species.

D. elephantinum. D. variabile.

D. formosum. D. belcheri.

D. aprinum. D. acutissimum, 1,070 fms.
D. interstriatum. D. bisinuatum.

D. javanum. D. longitrorsum.

D. letsone. D. eburneum.

D. hexagonum. D. philippinarum.

D. bisexangulatum. D. subrectum.

D. pseudosexagonum. Cadulus gadus, p. 186.

D. dispar. C. singaporensis, p. 199.

D. quadrapicale.

Key to species of Dentalium.

a. Shell ribbed, decidedly colored, generally green. (Group of D.
elephantinum, p. 1; and of D. aprinum, p. 3.
a’. Shell ribbed, white or whitish, not green.
b. Square, with four right angles or keels at apex, becoming
rounded at aperture.
e. The four primary ribs bifid or trifid, dispar, p. 32.
ce’. Primary ribs simple; surface costulate, about 36
riblets at aperture, which is very oblique,
quadrapicale, p. 34.
b’. Hexagonal or 6-ribbed at apex.
c. 6-ribbed throughout, intervals smooth or with
several strise toward aperture; length 55 mill., 12—-

14 times the diam. heaagonum, p. 18.
c’. Each interval divided and subdivided by succes-
sively arising riblets, pseudosexagonum, p. 23.

6’. 10-18 ribs, or more.
c. 11-13 ribs throughout, the ribs not dotted ; a weak
thread in intervals or none, biserangulatum, p. 15.
ce’. Ribs dotted or articulated, gray and white,
variubile, belcheri, p. 60.

XXIV

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

a”. No longitudinal sculpture.

=) ol elslleleile) ele!

b. Much curved throughout; amber, carnelian or white;
smooth, glossy, length about 90 mill., about 19 times the
diam., longitrorsum, p. 111.

b’. Curvature moderate or slight; surface with low variceal
swelling or rings; length 50-70 mill., 12 to 15 times the
diam., eburneum, p. 115; philippinarum, p. 116.

b’. Curvature moderate; surface smoothish ; apex notched
on both convex and concave sides; length 33 mill., 11
times the diam., bisinuatum, p. 108.

b’”, Nearly straight, small, fragile and acicular; length 16,

diam. of aperture 1 mill., subrectum, p. 119.

Indo-Pacific Province—Middle Indian Ocean, ete.

. quadrapicale, p. 34. Travancore, 406 fms.; Malabar.

. usitatum, p. 29. Off Ceylon, etc., 597-675 fms.

filosum, p. 13. Tenasserim.

. conspicuum, p. 248. Karachi.

. politum, p. 128. “ Indian Ocean.”

. profundorum, p. 79. Off Colombo, Ceylon, 675 fms.

. magnificum, p. 251. Off east coast Ceylon, 637-800 fms.
. lacteum, p. 99. ‘“‘ India.”

. insolitum, p. 109. Bay of Bengal, 597 fms.

Entalina mirifica, p. 1384. Off Ceylon, 200-350 fms.
Cadulus anguidens, p. 253. Madras.

Southwestern Indian Ocean.

D. bisexangulatum, p. 15. Querimba Is. and Mozambique.
C. gadus, p. 186. t

C. dive, p. 188. Island of St. Paul.

[D. egeum, p. 69. Kerguelen I., 110 fms. ]

South African.

D. strigatum, p. 13. “D. lessoni Desh.” Sowb.

Indo-Pacific Province: Persian Gulf and Red Sea.

Seven species of Dentaliwm are known from this province, only
two of which (longitrorsum and aciculum?) extend far beyond its

limits.

As most of the others are still unfigured, it is possible that

some of them may prove identical with forms described from other
regions ; but on the other hand there will doubtless prove to be

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. XXV

other species when these rich basins are more fully investigated.
See also p. 247.
a. No longitudinal sculpture.
b. Raised growth-strie near apex ; slender, length 22 mill.,
11 times the diam., subtorquatum, p. 101.
b’. Polished, much curved, extremely long and slender;
length 90 mill., about 19 times the diam.,
longitrorsum, p. 111.
a’. Longitudinal striz near apex, elsewhere smooth,
aciculum, p. 93.
«’, Longitudinally ribbed.
b. 9 strong ribs and some interstitial riblets ; length 40-48

mill., about 7 times the diam., lineolatum, p. 11.
b’. 11 indistinct ribs; shell thick, ungraceful; length 44
mill., 8 times the diam., clavus, p. 50.

b”. 11-12 ribs, interstices and ribs strongly longitudinally
lineated ; length 373 mill., 10 times the diam.,

aratorum, p. 10.

6”. 14 slightly elevated ribs, intervals flat; length 31 mill.,

20 times the diam., cookei, p. 29.

6”, 21 subequal ribs, intervals flat; dense, lamellose growth

strie ; length 75 mill., 7 times the diam.,
shoplandi, p. 28..
A single Cadulus, C. minutus, p. 188, is described.

Indo-Pacific Province :— Torres Straits, Papua, New

Caledonia, ete.

Out of some sixteen species of Dentalium recorded from this area,
six are widely distributed Indo-Pacific forms. Of the others only
two have been figured, and comparisons with a good series of species
from other regions would probably develop some synonymy. Still,
it is evident that this region has a somewhat special Scaphopod
fauna. None of its species are known to extend southward to New
South Wales, though they probably follow the Great Barrier Reef
of Queensland.

a. Smooth, or with no longitudinal ribs or riblets.
b. Incised spaced circular lines on smaller end, smooth to-
wards aperture; length 14 mill., anulosum, p. 101.
b’. No conspicuous circular lines; glossy, strongly curved,
very long and slender; length 90 mill., about 19 times
the diam., longitrorsum, p. 111.

XxXVl GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

b”. Glassy, very thin, with fine obliquely encircling striz, and
minutely longitudinally scored when young; very
slender, acutissimum, p. 94.

a. With four angles toward the square apex. |
b. 4 bifid or trifid keels towards apex, with fine riblets
between them, becoming cylindrical and polished toward

aperture ; length 30 mill., dispar, p. 32.
b’. A serrate rib at each angle; white, straightened ; length
16 mill., 8 times the diam., quadricostatum, p. 33.

a’. With 6 to 13 primary ribs, at least on the smaller half of shell.
Section not elliptical.
b. 6 ribs at apex, 12 from middle to aperture, the intervals
smooth; white; length 22 mill., 11 times the diam.,
duodecimcostatum, p. 13.
b’. 6 ribs at apex, numerous striz soon appearing in each
interval ; length 45-50 mill., 11-12 times the diam.,
pseudosexagonum, p. 23.
b”. 7 ribs at apex, with interstitial riblets anteriorly ; white;
length 14 mill., katowense and cheverti, p. 9.
6”. 8 to 10 primary ribs.
c. Ribs 8, prominent, intervals deeply concave, with
a few riblets in adults; white; length 50 mill.
about 10 times the diam., octangulatum, p. 16.
c’. Ribs 8, narrower, intervals wide, flat; tinted ;
length 48-77 mill., 11-13 times the diam.,
javanum, p. 4.
ce’. Ribs 8-10, low, rounded, obsolete at aperture;
length 50 mill., 123 times the diam., Jlessonz, p. 8.
ce”, Ribs 9, rounded, distant, intervals flat; aperture
angular; length 20 mill., 8 times the diam.,
robustum, p. 12.
. Ribs 10, rather sharp, intervals nearly flat, trans-
versely striate; thin, white, tapering; length 20
mill., about 7 times the diam.,
decemcostatum, p. 8.
bh”, 11-13 strong narrow ribs, intervals with a weak thread
or none; length 70 mill., 11-12 times the diam.,
bisexangulatum, p. 15.
a”, 16 angular ribs, smaller ones sparsely intercalated below ; inter-
vals clathrate; tube elliptical in section, clathratum, p. 84.

we

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. XXVil

The Siphonodentaliide are as tollows :
Siphonodentalium eboracense, p. 140.
Cadulus (Dischides) prionotus, p. 146.
Cadulus simillimus, p. 182.

Cadulus ? levis, p. 195.
Cadulus viperidens, p. 184 (Loyalty Is.).

Pacifie species.

Eastward from the region last treated the known species are few,
part being shore forms, part deep water species. None of these have
occurred elsewhere, and no other species are yet known from this
area.

D. diarrhox, p. 109. Northeast from New Zealand, 700 fms.

D. acutissimum, p. 94. North of Papua, 1,070 fms. and mid-Pacific
east of Japan, 2,050 fms.

D. tornatum, p. 121. Levuku, Fiji, 12 fms.

D. complexum, p. 76. Off Honolulu, 295 fms.

D. phaneun, p, 59. Off Honolulu, 298-357 fms.

D. ceras, p. 68. Mid-Pacific, east of Japan in 2,050, and west of
Valparaiso in 2,160 fms.

Cadulus (Dischides) belcheri, p. 145. North Pacific.

C. (D.) dichelus, p. 145. Levuku, Fiji, 12 fms.

C. honoluluensis, p. 185. Off Honolulu, 40 fms.

C. colubridens, p. 184. Northeast from New Zealand, 700 fms.

Australian Province: New South Wales to South Australia and
Tasmania.

Five species of Dentalium and one Cadulus (C. acuminatus, p.
183) are known from this coast, to which a sixth may be added, D.
leptosceles, from lat. 42° 42’ S., south of Australia, in 2,600 fms.
The others are from inconsiderable depths. None of them have
occurred elsewhere. The “ D. octagonum” reported by Angas was
apparently an incorrect identification, and D. novehollandie has
not been found by Australian naturalists.

a. Shell longitudinally ribbed.
b. Equally 8-ribbed, intervals often subcostate ; length 10°5
mill., tasmaniense, p. 9.
b’. Obsoletely equally ribbed ; length 10 mill.,

weldianum, p. 9.

XXVlil GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

b”. Seven-ribbed, the ribs lower and splitting toward aperture ;
length 19 mill., nearly 7 times the greatest diam.,
bednalli, p. 248.
a’. Minute longitudinal striz on the smaller end, the rest smooth ;
length 76 mill., about 18 times the diam., novehollandie, p. 98.
a.” No longitudinal sculpture.

b. Length 11 mill., about 9 times the greatest diam. ; aper-
ture very oblique, wider than long; surface obliquely
wrinkled, platyceras, p. 126.

b’. Decidedly larger, more slender, polished,

leptosceles, lubricatum, erectum, p. 110, 111.

New Zealand.

Five species of Dentalinm are credited to this province, one of
which is a doubtful member of the fauna, and two others of uncer-
tain standing (see synopsis below). All are confined to the prov-
ince. No Cadulus or Siphonodentalium have yet come to light.

a. Shell smooth, white, nearly straight; length 15 mill., about 9
times the diam., : ecostatum, p. 102.
a’. Shell with longitudinal ribs.
b. Principal ribs about 18.

c. Eighteen unequal ribs at aperture, fewer at apex ;

length 15-16 mill., about 6 times the diam.,
huttoni, p. 71.
ce. Eighteen ribs, with intervening riblets, all becoming
subobsolete at aperture ; shell nearly straight, rapidly
tapering ; slit short; length 56 mill., about 72 times

the diam., opacum, p. 70.
6’. Thirty or many ribs; length 57-60 mill., 7 or 8 times the
diam., zelandicum, pacificum, p. 70.

Pabitat unknown.

The habitats of the following are unknown: D. curtum, dipsyche,
aculeatum, dacostianum, translucidum, ambiquum, longum, fistula and
multistriatum. There are also a few others, of which the assigned
localities are more or less doubtful.

Geologically the group is an old one. Dentaliwm first appears in
the Lower Silurian ; though it must be noted that part of the Silu-
rian species, such as some of those described by Eichwald, are very
doubtful members of the group, presenting bizarre sculptural char-

CLASSIFICATION. XX1X

acters and unusual forms. In the Carboniferous numerous very
large species occur, some of them surpassing any of the recent forms.
These belong mostly to thé subgenus Plagioglypta, a group which
became extinct before the close of the Mesozoic.

FAMILIES OF SCAPHOPODA.

I. Width of the median tooth of the radula double its height.
Foot with an encircling epipodial sheath which is discontinuous,
interrupted on the side next to the head. Shell greatest in di-
ameter at the oral opening, DENTALIIDA, p. xxix.

II. Width of median tooth much less than double its length, gener-
ally less than the length. Foot vermiform, capable of expan-
sion into a terminal or subterminal rosette-like disk, not inter-
rupted dorsally. Shell generally smooth, often inflated,

SIPHONODENTALIID&, p. 130.

Family DENTALIIDZE.

Characters given above. <A single genus is generally recognized.
Genus DENTALIUM Linné, 1758.

Dentalium L., Syst. Nat. (10), p.785, and of most subsequent au-
thors.— Dentalites ScHtorHeEtM, Die Petrefactenkunde, p. 93 (1820),
and of BronanrartT, Dict. Classique d’ Hist. Nat., v, p. 419 (1824),
DEF RANCE, Dict. Sc. Nat., xiii, p. 73 (1819).—Entalites Waucu.,
Naturg. Verstein., ii, p. 276 (1768).—Dentalis Ltwyp., 1698, Lana,
1722, Kiet, 1731, and some other pre-Linnean authors.— Dentalites
ScHRoeteER, Litholog. Lex.,i, p. 405 (1779). Syringites, Canalites,
Tubulus and Tubulites of some early authors (see Hermannsen).

The genus Dentalium, as herein understood, is co-extensive with
the family Dentaliide. 'The synonyms cited above are all obsolete,
and none of them available for subgeneric groups.

Key to subgenera of Dentalium.

In using the following key, much difficulty will be found in dis-
tinguishing Dentalium restricted, Antalis and Fissidentalium. These
groups are closely allied, and while natural assemblies, we would
scarcely have segregated them as subgenera had they not already
been named. Moreover, certain species of Antalis and Graptacme,
when old, have lost the characteristic longitudinal sculpture, and
become not readily distinguishable from Levidentaliwm. The sub-
genus Compressidens (which may prove to belong to Siphonodental-

xxx CLASSIFICATION.

ium) sometimes shows longitudinal riblets, and hence has been in-
cluded in both divisions of the key. The other subgenera are
strongly characterized, natural groups, easily distinguishable in the
recent and fossil faunas.

I. Surface distinetly ribbed or striate longitudinally, at least near the
apex.

a. Five-angled, at least apically, Entalina, p. 131.
a. Not pentagonal.
b. Apical slit on concave side ; coarsely striate or ribbed,
Heteroschisma, p. 61.
b'. Close, fine, even, deeply engraved striz near apex or
throughout, section circular or nearly so, white or whitish ;
mainly rather small, Graptaeme, p. 89.
b*. Decidedly polygonal or ribbed, at least near apex; slit
short and on convex side, or wanting,
Dentalium s.s., p.1; Antalis, p. 37.
b°. Circular, solid, becoming striate toward apex, which is
simple, notched, or with a supplemental tube,
Antalis, p. 37.
b‘. Large, with many riblets, the apex simple or with a slit or
row of holes on the convex side, Fissidentalium, p. 63.
6°, Small, thin, rapidly tapering, compressed between convex
and concave sides; riblets very low and slight; see Sec-
tion II, Compressidens, p. 123.

II. No longitudinal sculpture. (See also Siphonodentalium, p. 135).

a. Cavity of shell bicostate, Lobantale, p. X¥XX1.
a’, Cavity of shell simple.
b. Apical slit a very long, straight, linear cleft; shell pol-
ished, curved, smooth or with spaced ring-like grooves,
Fustiaria, p. 127.
6’. Slit normal or wanting.
ec. Sculptured with extremely oblique, crowded, encir-
cling wrinkles, Plagioglypta, p. XXxXi.
ce’. Smooth, or with normal growth lines only.
d. Conspicuously compressed laterally ; apex with
a broad slit on the convex side,
| Bathoxiphus, p. 121.
d'. Subtriangular in section, the concave side wider;
apex simple, Gadilina, p. XXxii.

CLASSIFICATION. XEXKI

d*, Compressed between convex and concave sides ;
small, thin, rapidly tapering; no slit, notch or
supplemental tube, Compressidens, p. 123.

d’, Small, thin, fragile, smooth, very slender, but
slightly tapering; acicular with simple or
notched apex, or truncate with a supplemental
apical tube, Episiphon, p. 117.

d‘. Without any of the foregoing combinations.

e. Quite arcuate, glassy, with numerous low

variceal annular swellings, Rhabdus,p.112.

e'. Almost straight, glassy, smooth, thin, cir-

cular in section ; no slit or notch,

Rhabdus, p. 112.

Arcuate,smooth or with growth-striz, sec-
tion circular or oval, apex slit or simple,

Levidentalium, p. 97.

e’. Smooth, but with longitudinal striz in the
young, lost with age in some specimens;
see Section I,

Antalis, p. 37; Graptacme, p. 85.

e’.

Of the subgenera defined above, the following are known only as
fossils :—

Subgenus LOBANTALE Cossmann, 1889.

Lobantale Cossm., Catal. Ilustr. Cog. Foss. Eoc. Paris, in Ann.
Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., xxiii, p. 7 (1889).

Shell slender, compressed, smooth except for growth-lines, the in-
terior with two longitudinal ribs placed laterally, one on each side,
giving a transverse section a bilobed shape. Type D. duplex Defr.
(including the synonymous D. bicarinatum Desh.). Pl. 89, figs. 12,

Eocene, Paris Basin. No recent species known. <A supplement-
ary apical pipe is sometimes developed, as in species of the group of
D. filum. In some Mesozoic and Paleozoic forms, not allied to the
present group, there are also longitudinal ribs on the inside.

Subgenus Puacrociypra Pilsbry.

Plagioglypta Pils., in Zittel’s Text-book of Paleontology, East-
man’s edit., p. :

XXX CLASSIFICATION.

Shell circular or elliptical in section, without longitudinal sculp-
ture, with close and fine obliquely encircling wrinkles throughout or
on the posterior portion.

Type D. undulatum Minster.

Distribution, Carboniferous to Trias.

An apparently extinct group, differing from Fustiaria Stol.in the
far closer oblique grooves with convex, rib-like intervals, and, so
far as known, no apical cleft. It is especially characteristic of the
early and middle Mesozoic. There are numerous species, such as
D. undulatum Miinst., spitiense Guembel, teniolatum Sandb., annu-
latum Sandb., dunkeri P. & S., tenue Miinst., ete.

Besides the foregoing subgenera, the following groups have been
based upon fossil species, but they hardly seem to possess characters
sufficient for subgeneric rank.

Subgenus GApILINA Foresti, 1895.

Bull. della Soe. Malac. Italiana, xix, p. 259.

Shell smooth and slender, imperfectly triangular in section, the
concave side flattened, convex side rounded. Type D. triquetrum
Brocehi. Lower Miocene (Elvesian) of Piedmont.

The recent D. insolitum E. A. Smith (see p. 109) probably falls
into this group, though in it the subgeneric peculiarities are less ac-
centuated than in the Piedmontese fossil.

Foresti thus defines the group, which he ranks as a subgenus of
Siphonodentalium: Shell triangular in section throughout, not
swollen in the middle; posteriorly tapering and curved; smooth ;
slightly contracted and distinctly oval toward the anterior aperture,
simple and entire at the posterior orifice.

Section Coccodentalium Sacco, 1896.

Boll. Mus. Zool, ed Anat. Comp. R. Uniy. Torino, xi, p. 98; Moll.
Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxii, p. 110.

Shell longitudinally costulate, the ribs strongly granose; apex as
in the D. novemcostatum group of Antalis. Type D.radula Schroter.

This group, which we would hardly be disposed to individualize
by a subgeneric name (see p. 29), comprises besides its type D. rad-
ula of the Piedmont Upper Miocene (Tortonian), a few recent spe-
cies such as D. carduus Dall, its probable ancestor D. callioglyptum
Pils. & Sharp of the San Domingo Oligocene, and D. Tryoni Pils.
& Sh. of the same beds.

DENTALIUM. 1
Subgenus DeNTALIUM (restricted).

Shell prismatic or decidedly ribbed, the ribs often very strong
toward the apex, where there are generally from 4 to 14, but some-
times as many as 20. Apex with no notch or slit, or a short one.

I. Shell decidedly colored, generally green.
a. Shell large, strong and stout, rapidly enlarging, the length
5 or 6 times the diameter 5
Group of D. elephantinum, p. 1.
a’. Shell long and slender, length 9-12 times the diameter
Group of D. aprinum, p. 3.
II. Shell white or pale.

a. 6 to about 20 ribs or riblets at apex, which is without
slit (though rarely with a slight notch). Circular sculp-
ture not conspicuously developed

| Group of D. octangulatum, p. 5.
| Group of D. agassizi, p. 26.

a’. Shell latticed by circular lamellze or strize crossing lon-

gitudinal riblets Group of D. carduus, p. 29.
w’, Square at apex, with four right angles
Group of D. quadrapicale, p. 31.

Group oF D. ELEPHANTINUM.

Shell strong and stout, rapidly enlarging, the length 5 or 6 times
the diameter, with strong continuous ribs; deeply colored. Apical
slit or notch small.

The two species of this Oriental group are not very closely allied.
They differ from the groups of aprinum and octangulatum in being
notched or slit at the apex.

a. Shell dark green, pale at apex, with about 10 ribs
elephantinum.
b. Shell red, green and white, with 13-15 ribs —_formosum.

D. ELEPHANTINUM Linné. PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

Shell robust, the greatest diameter somewhat less than one-sixth
the length, solid, strongly curved ; dark green, fading to white at
the anal opening. Sculpture, about 10 (9-11) strong, projecting
rounded longitudinal ribs, narrower than their intervals, which are
concave, with one or several weak, low riblets; growth striz deli-
cate, inconspicuous. Aperture sub-circular, scarcely oblique, modi-

fied by the ribs, especially on the concave side ; anal orifice circular,
1

2 DENTALIUM.

its edge excavated within and slightly notched excentrically on the
convex side (fig.6). Length 70, diam. at aperture 11°5X11 mill.;
height of arch above chord 155 mill.

Amboyna (Rumphius) ; Philippine Islands (Phil. Acad. Coll.).

D. elephantinum Lrxn., Syst. Nat. (10), p.785 (1758) ; Ibid (12),
p- 1263 (1766).—GmeEx., Ibid (13), p. 37386 (1788).—Lam., Syst.
An. s. Vert., p. 326 (1801); Anim. s. Vert., v, p. 343 (1818).—
Woop, Index Testac., p. 183, No. 2 (1818).—Sows., Thes. Conch.,
iii, p. 102, pl. 223, f. 4 (1860); and in Reeve, Conch. Icon., xviii,
pl. 1, f. 5—Cuenv, Illustr. Conchyl., pl. 1, f. 4-10 —Hantery, The
Shells of Linnzeus, p. 435.—Sows., The Genera of Shells, Dentalium,
f.1; Zool. Jour., iv, p. 196. Not D. elephantinum Brocchi, Conch.
Foss. Subapp., ii, p. 260 (1814), nor of Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil.,
i, p. 245; ii, p. 206, nor of Desh., 1825, nor of Risso, 1826, p. 399.
See D. delessertianwn Chenu.

D. arcwatun GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 8738 (1788).—AnTon,
Verzeich., p. 25.—D. elephantium Born, Mus. Ces. Vindob., p. 431.
—? D. recurvum Da., (by error ?), Monogr. Dent., p. 30.—D. striatum
(in part) Bory, |. ¢., p. 431.

A well known species, well distinguished by its robust form, green
color and (usually) ten strong ribs. The apical orifice often has a
slight rim, as in D. entalis; and the short notch is situated between
two of the ribs a little aside from the median line of the convex
side.

D. rormMosum Adams & Reeve. PI. 1, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell arcuate, rather tumid, 13-ribbed, the ribs rounded, inter-
stices rather wide. Anal end slit, the slit on the convex side, wider
toward the apex. Very beautifully variegated with rose, olive-green
and white (A.& R.). Length 60, greatest diam. 13:5 mill. (from
fig.).

Sooloo Archipelago, outside a coral reef near the city of Sooloo,
in about 16-20 fms., sandy mud (Adams).

D. formosum A. & R., Zool. H. M.S. Samarang, Moll., p. 71, pl.
5, f. 1 a, 6 (1848).—Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 102, pl. 228, f. 2
(1860).—Sows. in Reeve, Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 2, f. 7 (1872).

Of rather lighter and more tumid growth than D. elephantinum,

richly variegated with rose, olive-green and a little white. Sow-
erby figures and describes it as with 15 ribs.

DENTALIUM. 3
Group OF D. APRINUM.

Shell slender and long, well curved, green, with few or many
longitudinal ribs. No apical slit.

Key to species.

JT. 9 to 12 conspicuous, narrow ribs from apex to aperture.

a. Interstitial sculpture weak aprinun, p. 3.
a’, Small interstitial riblets interstriatum, p. 4.
II. 8 ribs, intervals wide and flat javanun, p. 4.

III. Numerous riblets, 17 at apex, about 25 at aperture
letsone, p. 4.

D. aprinum Linné. PI. 1, figs. 8, 12, 14.

Shell long, slender and well curved, the diameter about one-
twelfth the length; solid, glossy, pale green, usually somewhat
lighter toward the anal end. Sculpture, 9-12 conspicuous but
narrow rounded longitudinal ribs, separated by much wider, flat,
polished intervals, often parted by a faint median riblet, and usually
showing numerous very slight longitudinal striz; the ribs stronger
on the concave side; growth striz: inconspicuous. Aperture circu-
lar; anal orifice very small and circular, its edge crenated by the
ribs; no slit. Length 70, greatest diameter 6 mill.

Zebu, Philippine Is. (Cuming).

D. aprinum Lryy., Syst. Nat. (12), p. 1263 (1766).—HaAn_ey,
The Shells of Linn., p. 436.—Gmet., Ibid (13), p. 3756.—Lam.,
An. s. Vert., v, p. 348 (1818).—Desu., Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris,
vii, p. 351, pl. 16, f. 18 (1825)—Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 102,
pl. 228, f. 5, 6; and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 1, f. 2 a, 6—CHENU,
Ilustr. Conchyl., p. 2, pl. 1, f. 11, 12.—D. caprinum Anton, Ver-
zeich., p. 25, (18389).—D. striatulum GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p.38738
(1788).—W oop, Index, p. 84, No. 4.—D. striatum (in part), Born,
Test. Mus. Cees. Vindob., p. 431.

Not D. aprinum Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, p. 899 (1826).
—Broccut, Conch. Foss. Subappen., ii, p. 264 (1814).—Cosra,
Fauna Reg. Nap., p. 34 (1850), or of other authors on Italian mol-
lusks.

The Japanese multangular tusk shells are nearly allied, but are
white, while aprinum is pea green in color.

4 DENTALIUM.

D. INTERSTRIATUM Sowerby. PI. 1, fig. 15.
Shell strongly arcuate, green, narrow; primary ribs about 10,
with smaller ones in the interstices ; apex entire (Sowd.).
Bohol, Philippines, (Cuming) ; Amboina.

D. interstriatum Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 102, pl. 223, f. 7
(1860) ; Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 2, f. 10.

Resembling D. aprinum, but with numerous interstitial strize
(Sowb.). We have seen no authentic specimen of this form, but
from the description and figures would be disposed to consider it a
variety of D. aprinum with somewhat stronger interstitial striz than
usual.

D. sAVANUM Sowerby. PI. 4, fig. 49.

Shell strongly arcuate, pale tawny or greenish, angulated by 8
ribs, the interstices wide and flat ; apical slit small. Differing from
D. aprinum in having 8 instead of 10 ribs, with broad flat surfaces
between. (Sowd.).

Length 77, greatest diam. 7 mill. (from orig. fig.).

Length 48, greatest diam. 5°6 mill.

Java, Malacca (Sowb.); Torres Strait, Cape York, 3-11 fms.;
Wednesday Island, 8 fms.; and west of Cape York, south of New
Guinea, 28 fms. (Challenger).

D. javanum Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 102, pl. 223, f. 12 (1860).
—REEVE, Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 3, f. 14, (1872).— Watson, Chal-
lenger Scaph., p. 12.

Watson remarks that D. octogonum, which this very much re-
sembles, has much stronger intercostal striz and the ribs are much
more sharply prominent. It may be added that in octogonum the
calibre increases more rapidly, and the shell is more curved. The
aperture of D. javanum is as wide as long, and distinctly octagonal.
The single specimen we have seen is nearly white.

D. LeTson Sharp & Pilsbry, n. sp. Pl. 1, fig. 13; pl. 5, figs. 66,
67, 68.

Shell long and slender, the length about 12 times greatest diam-
eter, solid, but rather thin, well and equally curved; pale green,
with numerous indistinctly defined darker zones. Sculpture, 17
longitudinal riblets at the apex, increasing to about 25 at aperture,
rather unequal in size and strength, but not conspicuously so, the
smaller ones being intercalated irregularly ; all the main riblets

DENTALIUM. 5

rather wide and rounded, generally wider than the intervals; the
concave side asa whole with stronger sculpture than the convex
side ; ‘growth strie faint. Aperture slightly compressed laterally,
not oblique. Anal orifice shortly ovate, the narrower end toward
the convex side; no slit or notch.
Length 75, length of aperture 6, breadth 5°5 mill.; diam. of apex
2 mill. ; height of arch from chord 13 mill.
Island of Bohol, Philippines.

With the color and general shape of D. aprinum, this species pre-
sents less prominent and many more longitudinal riblets, without
trace of the definite arrangement seen in that species. It is not es-
pecially related to aprinum except in being of a green color. The
aperture is noticeably compressed from side to side. The figureson
pl. 5 represent the sculpture at the apex and aperture, with an out-
line of the latter.

Group oF D. OCTANGULATUM.

White shells with 6 to 13 strong ribs at the apex, continuing to
the aperture or becoming obsolete, the intervals either smooth, with
several striz, or a median riblet. Apex small; anal orifice simple,
without terminal “ pipe,” slit, or notch (with very few exceptions
where a short slit occurs).

An Indo-Pacific, West American and West Indian group, with
shells somewhat like the group of D. entalis but not colored, and
without the notch, sheath or other apical peculiarities frequently
developed in that series.

Some species possibly belonging to this group have been placed
in the group of D. disparile, q. v.

So many of the species are unfigured and insufficiently described
that a satisfactory “key ” to them cannot now be constructed. The
Australian forms particularly are but little known. In the absence
of something better, the following synopsis may be found of some
use.

Key to Species.

I. Hexagonal or six ribbed at and near the apex.
a. No large intercalated riblets toward aperture.
6. Intervals smooth, with several striz toward aper-
ture; length 55 mill., 12 to 14 times the diameter.
Oriental, hexagonum, p. 18.

6 DENTALIUM.

b’. Smaller shells; length 15 to 35 mill., 10-14
times the diam.
c. West American, neohexagonum, p. 19.
ce’. West Indian, gouldii, p. 20.
b’. Apical orifice contracted at the sides,

picteti, p. 22.
a’. 12 equal or subequal ribs at aperture,

intercalatum, p. 23; duodecimeostatum, p. 18.
w’. Each interval divided and subdivided by successively
arising riblets, pseudosexagonum, p. 23; oerstedt, p. 24.
II. Seven ribbed at and near the apex.
a. 14 ribs from aperture to middle; length 14 mill., 7
times the diam., katowense, p. 9.
‘. Interstitial riblets toward the round aperture; length
14 mill., 10 times the diam.; a minute apical slit,
cheverti, p. 9.
a’. 7-8 thick ribs and interstitial threads; length 72 mill.,
12 times the diam., japonicum, p. 17.
a”. 6-7 ribs, interstices smooth or becoming striate toward
aperture; length 50-55 mill., 12-14 times the diam.,
hexagonum, p. 18.

g

III. Eight ribbed at and near the apex.
a. Ribs strong and very prominent ; interstices deeply con-
cave, with some riblets in adult shells.

b. 7-8 thick ribs; length 72 mill., about 12 times

the diam., japonicum, p. 17.

b’. 8-9 strong ribs; length 50 mill., about 10 times

the diam., octangulatum, p. 16.

6”. 8 strong ribs; length 102 mill., about 7 times the

diam., tasmaniensis, p. 9.

a’. Ribs narrower, less prominent ; interstitial riblets want-
ing or very weak.

b. Pale tawny or greenish; intervals wide, flat; a
small apical slit; length 48-77 mill., 11-13 times
the diam., javanum, p. 4.
White, slender, thin, ribs narrow, interstices
transversely striated; length 65 mill., 13 times
the diam., filosum, p. 18.
6”. 8-9 equal rounded ribs, intervals unequal, shal-

low, with some threads; length 30 mill., 8 times
the diam., yokohamense, p. 16.

~

b3

DENTALIUM. 7

IV. Nine ribbed, the ribs sometimes obsolete near aperture.
a. Ribs rounded, distant, interstices flat ; length 20 mill.,
8 times the diam., robustum, p. 12.
a’. Ribs slender, intervals unequal, shallow, with slight
threads; length 30 mill., 8 times the diam. (Japan),
yokohamense, p. 16.
a’. Ribs strong, equidistant, surface finely lineolate ;
length 40-48 mill., about 7 times the diam. (Suez),
lineolatum, p. 11.
a’. Ribs strong, wide, unequally spaced, surface finely
striated ; length 45 mill., about 73 times the diam.
(CW. Atlantic), laqueatum, p. 10.
a”. Ribs strong, intervals deeply concave with a few rib-
lets; length 50 mill., about 10 times the diam. (Ja-
pan), octangulatum, p. 16.
. Ribs rounded, obsolete toward aperture; length 50
mill., about 124 times the diam. (Papua),
lessoni, p. 8.
V. Ten to thirteen ribs at and near apex, sometims obsolete near
aperture.
a. Surface finely longitudinally striated on interstices and
ribs.
b. 9-11 wide ribs, subobsolete toward aperture; .
length 45 mill., about 7+ times the diam.,
laqueatum, p. 10.
b’. 11-12 distinct ribs, intervals and some ribs lin-
eated ; length 37 mill., 9 times the diam.,
aratorum, p. 10.
b”. 18 strong, sharp ribs, without interstitial riblets ;
surface finely striated longitudinally ; length 15—-

~

Wd
a

18 mill., 6 times the diam., strigatum, p. 13.
a. Surface not longitudinally striated, interstitial strize few
or none.

b. 10 rather sharp ribs, intervals nearly flat, not
lirate; length 20 mill., about 7 times the diam.,
decemcostatum, p. 8.

b’. 8-10 ribs, disappearing toward aperture, length
50 mill., about 124 times the diam., lessoni, p. 8.

b’. 11-13 strong, narrow ribs, intervals with a weak
thread or none; length 70 mill., 11-12 times the
diam., bisexangulatum, p. 15.

8 DENTALIUM.

VI. Twelve to fourteen ribs at apex, increasing to about double that
many at aperture.
a. 12 delicate longitudinal riblets increasing to 20; length
20 mill., 8 times the diam., porcatum, p. 15.
a’. 14 narrow ribs, increasing to 28 equal ones at aperture ;
length 16 mill., about 7 times the diam.,
buceinulum, p. 14.

D. Lessont Deshayes. PI. 6, figs. 86, 90.

Shell rather straight, cylindrical, whitish-gray, with 8 to 10 ribs,
ribs obtuse, depressed, disappearing at the aperture.

Allied to D. novemcostatum, but distinguished by form, curvature,
and disposition of the ribs. It is narrower, longer, less curved, con-
stantly of a yellowish-white uniform color, without transverse zones.
The ribs, numbering 8, 9 or 10, are contiguous at their bases, mod-
erately raised and rounded. They are more elevated toward the
apex, diminishing gradually and disappearing toward the aperture.
They are interrupted by some growth lines. The aperture is small
relative to the length of the shell.

Length 50, diam. 4 mill. (Desh.).

New Guinea (Lesson).

D. lessoni Desu., Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p. 357, pl. 16, f.
13 (1825).—CueEnv, Illustr. Conchyl., i, Dent., p. 5, pl. 4, f. 4 (not
4a). Not D. lessonii Sowerby, 1860, 1872.

Lesson brought a necklace of four strings, composed entirely of
this species, from New Guinea, presumably procuring it from the
natives. The Mediterranean shells identified in the Thes. Conch-
and Conch. Icon. as D. lessoni are D. panormum Chenu. Whether
D. lessoni of Sowerby’s “ Marine Shells of South Africa,” p. 48, is
the true /essoni, or some allied species, we do not know; but it is
more likely D. strigatwm Gld.

D. pECEMCosTATUM Brazier.

Shell tapering, thin, white, slightly arched, longitudinally 10-
ribbed, ribs somewhat sharp, interstices nearly flat, transversely
finely striated, apex with a small perforation ; basal aperture large,
circular. Length 10 lines, diam. of apex }, diam. of base 13 lines
(Brazier).

Katow, New Guinea, 8 fathoms, sandy mud (Chevert Exped.).

D. decemecostatum Braz., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ii, p. 55
(1877).

DENTALIUM. 9

D. TASMANIENSIS Tenison- Woods.

Shell small, solid, white, slender, slowly increasing, slightly
curved; equally 8-ribbed, the intervals often subcostate; apex en-
tire. Length 10°5, diam. 1:5, diam. of apex 0°5 mill. (7’- W.).

Northwest coast of Tasmania (W. F. Petterd).

D. tasmaniensis T.-W., Papers and Proc. and Rep. Roy. Soc. Tas-
mania, for 1876, p. 140 (1877).

Evidently a member of the D. octangulatum group. “ This isa
gracefully tapering shell, curved slightly, with valid ribs and often
smaller ones in the interstices.”

D. aratum Tate and D. nanum Hutton, of the South Australian
and New Zealand tertiaries respectively, are allied species of this
group.

D. WELDIANUM Tenison- Woods.

Shell small, subeylindrical, shining, whitish, somewhat pellucid ;
slightly curved ; obsoletely equally ribbed; apex entire. Length
(decollated) 10, diam. 1°5, diam. of apex 1 mill. (7.-W.).

North coast of Tasmania (W. F. Petterd).

D. weldiana T.-W., Papers and Proc. and Rep. Roy. Soc. Tas-
mania for 1876, p. 140 (1877).

An almost cylindrical shell, subpellucid and shining, with obso-
lete ribs ( 7.- W.).
D. CHEVERTI Sharp & Pilsbry, n. n.

Shell white, slightly arched, 7-ribbed, ribs somewhat sharp, having
finer ones between, extending from the base to the center, interstices
with fine transverse silk-like strie; apex perforated, perforation
with a minute notch-like fissure on the dorsal margin ; aperture cir-
cular, entire. Length, 7 lines; diam. apex,+; base, { lines [14,
0°5, 1°5 mill.] (Braz.).

Evans’ Bay, Cape York, north Australia, 6 fathoms, sand (Chevert
Exped.).

D. septemcostatum Braz., P.L.S. N.S. W., ii, p. 57 (1877). Not
D. septemcostatum Abich, 1859.

D. KATOWENSE Brazier.

Shell white, thin, transparent, slightly arched near the apex; 7-
ribbed, from the center to the base 14, those above being most con-
spicuous ; interstices with minute lengthened striz ; apex thickened ;
perforation small, entire; aperture circular. Length,7 lines ; diam.
of apex, 3; base, 1 line (Brazier).

10 DENTALIUM.

Katow, New Guinea, 8 fathoms, sandy mud and coral (Chevert:
Exped.).

A white species with 14 ribs on the base, having 7 at the apex
more defined (Braz.).

D. katowense Braz., P. L. S. N. S. W., ii, p. 56 (1877).

D. aratoruM Cooke. Unfigured.

Shell solid, pale amber-colored, acuminate, arcuate, not very
strongly but distinctly fluted with 11 or 12 ribs, the interstices and
some of the ribs themselves longitudinally strongly lineated, im-
pressed interstitial lines about 4; apex entire.

Length 1:5, width at base 0:15 inch ( Cooke).

Gulf of Suez, 10-30 fms. (MacAndrew).

“D. belcheri Sow. [aratorum Cooke]” Cooke, Annals and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (5), xvi, pp. 274, 275 (Oct. 1885).—D. reevii Desh.,
MSS., MacAnpreEw in coll. Not D. reevei Dh., Fischer!

Very distinct from D. lineolatum Cooke, which it nevertheless
strongly resembles in its sculpture. This shell is more curved, the
ribs are never less than eleven, and are comparatively obscure,
while in Zineolatum there are always nine, and they are very marked
and prominent ( Cooke).

MacAndrew perceived that “Belcheri Sow.” was wrong, and has
corrected to “Reevii Desh. MSS.” I have no idea what this refers
to, so will describe the species, which is a good one (Cooke).

D. LAQUEATUM Verrill. PI. 7, figs. 1, 2 (immature) ; pl. 5, fig. 73.

Shell rather large, thick and strong, moderately stout, gradually
tapered, gently curved, chiefly behind the middle. The sculpture
consists of about eleven [9 to 11] strong, prominent, broad, obtuse,
longitudinal ribs, separated by deep, concave interspaces, which are
wider than the ribs in the middle of the shell and of about the same
breadth posteriorly ; at about the anterior third the ribs decrease in
prominence, fading out, or becoming flattened into mere obtuse
angles at the anterior end; along the middle of the shell a smaller
rib [or two] intervenes between part of the larger ones; four of the
ribs on the convex side are closer together and narrower than the
rest, while those on the concave side are widest apart. Between
the ribs the whole surface is covered with regular, fine and close,
microscopic longitudinal lines, which also cover the ribs where they
are not worn. Distinct and rather close lines of growth cover the

DENTALIUM. 11

surface, and, in some places, make with the longitudinal striz a fine
reticulated structure. Anterior aperture nearly round, but slightly
angulated in line with the principal ribs ; edges thin, but the shell
is thickened and the interior is circular farther back. The posterior
end is rather small, with a very small aperture, the shell being
thickened, but the tip is so eroded as to render uncertain the exist-
ence of a slight notch. Color dull grayish-white. Length 45, di-
ameter of large end 6, of small end 3 mill. ( Verrill).

D. laqueatum VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 431, pl. 44, f,
18 (1885).—Datt, Blake Rep., Bull. M.C. Z., xviii, p. 426, pl. 27,
fs Bull> U.S. Nat.Mus.; No: 37, p: 76, pli 27,4. 1 (18397.

Off Martha's Vineyard and Chesapeake Bay in 68 fms. (U.S. Fish
Commission); from near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to the vi-
cinity of Cape Florida, abundant (Blake Expedition) ; at Station 9,
Gulf of Mexico, in 127 fms.; off Sombrero, living, in 54 fms. ; off
Havana, in 127 to 177 fms. (Sigsbee) ; off Santa Cruz, in 116 fms. ;
off Dominica, in 118 fms., sand; near the Grenadines, in 164 fms.,
coral ; off Grenada, in 154 fms., ooze ; near Barbados, in 73-84 fms.
(Blake Exped.).

This species is easily distinguished from all others of our coast by
the very large and strong longitudinal ribs, and the fine longitudi-
nal strise between them ( Verrill).

This very fine species reaches the length of 55 mill. The very
young have generally a very slight wave on the convex side of the
anal aperture; in the adults this aperture is somewhat circular and
unslit; sometimes there is a narrow slit 5 mill. long. The very
young have the transverse sculpture most prominent (aside from
the strong ribs which range from 9 to 11), the adolescent part the
longitudinal strize ; while near the lip of the adult both are obsolete.
I am disposed to think the species does not reach more than 200
fms. (Dall.).

It recalls D. octangulatum Don. somewhat, but the secondary
strize in that species, when present, are generally more numerous,
the primary ribs fewer, and the taper at the posterior end much
more abrupt.

D. LInEOLATUM Cooke. Unfigured.

Shell solid, pale amber colored, acuminate, curved toward the
apex, fluted with 9 angulated, very high, equidistant ribs; inter-
stices and some of the ribs themselves longitudinally lineated, and

ty DENTALIUM.

decussated by very minute transverse strive. Apex entire. Length
1:75, breadth at base 0°25 inch (Cooke).
Gulf of Suez (MacAndrew).
D. lineolatum Cooxr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvi, p. 274
(Oct., 1885).

In fresh specimens the interstitial lines are very marked; they
are parallel to the ribs, which are themselves generally bisected by
a similar line ( Cooke).

D. laugieri Jouss. and D. reevei Desh. seem to be identical with, or
at least very nearly allied to, this species. Although reevet has pri-
ority, the absence of a sufficient description would lead us to adopt
Cooke’s name should the specific identity of these forms be confirmed.
The descriptions here follow :

D. laugieri Jousseaume. Shell white, solid, cylindrical, slightly
arcuate, longitudinally costate; ribs 9, equal, strong, rounded,
smooth ; the intervals flat, wider, with 3 to 5 delicate strie. Length
40-48, diam. 7 mill. (Jowss. in Bull. Soc. Philomath. de Paris,
(8), vi, p. 103, 1894).

Aden; Suez.

This form seems to present no tangible differences from D. lineo-
latum Cooke, and from comparison of the diagnoses we believe it a
synonym.

D. reevei “Deshayes”’ Fischer. This species, which will shortly
be described by M. Deshayes, is white, arcuate, having 9 longitudi-
nal ribs. The interstices are very finely striated transversely, and
some longitudinal narrow ribs run along them. (D. reevei De-
shayes, mss., Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl., xix [(8), xi], p. 212,
1871).

Suez.

The above insufficient descriptive note is all that has been pub-
lished on this species. Compare D. laugiert Jouss. and lineolatum
Cooke, with which reevei is probably identical.

D. ropustrum Brazier.

Shell nearly straight, thick, dull white, longitudinally 9-ribbed,
ribs rounded, wide apart, narrow toward the apex, interstices flat-
tened, smooth; apex with small perforation, entire ; aperture thick-
ened, regular. Length 10 lines, diam. of apex %, base 14 line (Bra-
zer).

Katow, New Guinea, 8 fathoms, sandy mud and coral (Chevert
Exped.).

D. robustum Braz., P. L. S. N.S. W., ii, p. 56 (1877).

DENTALIUM. 13

D. DUODECIMCOSTATUM Brazier.

Shell straight, white, thin, shining, smooth, six-sided, having two
longitudinal rounded ribs, one on the edge of each square, from the
center between the interstices one fine rib extending to the base,
making in all 12 ribs; apex tapering, entire, with minute perfora-
tion ; aperture large. Length 11 lines, diam. of apex 1, base 1 line
(Braz.).

Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms, sandy mud (Chevert
Exped.).

D. duodecimeostatum Braz., P. L.S.N.S. Wales, ii, p.56 (1877).

Only one specimen found. It differs from anything at present
known. ‘The shell is six-sided, the base with twelve ribs, and from
the center to the apex six, with the interstices smooth (Brazier).

D. r1Losum Broderip & Sowerby.

Shell slender, thin, white ; with 8 longitudinal threads and very
close transverse strize. Length 2°6, diam. 0-2 inch (B. & S.).
Tenasserim, on shore.
D. filosum B. & §., Zoological Journal, v, p. 48 (1830-1832).

Distinguished from D. octogonwm by its much more slender shape
and its thinner shell. Instead of the eight angles of that species it
has eight distinct, raised, longitudinal threads. Three specimens of
this fine species were lately brought to England by Mr. Hay, who
himself picked them up on the coast of Tennasserim (B. & S.).

It is somewhat peculiar that this apparently distinct and large
species has not been noticed by any author since its original descrip-
tion. Compare D. javanum.

D. stRIGATUM Gould. PI. 5, figs. 69, 70.

Shell considerably curved, solid, rapidly tapering ; surface luster-
less, white with several irregular transverse grayish-translucent
bands. Sculpture of 13 strong and rather sharp ribs continuous from
end to end, separated by wider deeply concave intervals; no trace of
interstitial riblets ; intervals and ribs longitudinally very finely stri-
ated. Aperture hardly oblique, circular, the peristome strongly
scalloped by the ribs, which are represented by grooves within the
tube. Anal orifice much smaller than the truncated apex, oblong,
with a raised ledge at each side.

Length 15:2, breadth at aperture 2°4, at apex 0°9 mill.

Length 18, breadth at aperture 3 mill.

False Bay, Cape of Good Hope (N. Pacif. Expl. Exped.).

14 DENTALIUM.

D. strigatum Gup., Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 166 (1859) ;
Otia, p. 119.

Considerably like D. bisexangulatum on a small scale, but the
concave intervals and sides of the ribs are finely and evenly striated
longitudinally as in D. lineolatum. Figures and description from
one of the original specimens, in U. 8. Nat. Mus. (no. 24189).

D. BuccInULUM Gould. PI. 5, figs. 14, 75, 76; pl. 6, fig. 84.

Shell rather rapidly tapering, solid, the smaller half considerably
curved, later half straight; lusterless, white. Sculpture of 14 nar-
row, rather sharp ribs at the smaller end, separated by wider, deeply
coneave intervals; at the middle of the shell a thread arises in each
interval, those on the convex side appearing first, and at the aperture
there are 28 equal riblets parted by shallow intervals as wide as
themselves. Aperture oblique, circular. Anal orifice small, ovate,
with an extremely slight notch on the convex side. Length 16,
diam. at aperture 2°2, at apex 07 mill.

Kagosima, Japan (N. Pacif. Expl. Exp.).

D. buccinulum Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 166 (1859);
Otia, p. 119.—Sows., Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 7, f. 50.

The specimen described above and figured on pl. 5 is not full
grown. ‘Traces of tertiary threads at the aperture show that a
larger shell would have more riblets. It is no. 24160 U.S. Nat.
Mus. -Gould’s description here follows:

Shell moderate, milk white, ruddy toward the apex, very arcuate ;
longitudinally grooved by about 30 sulci, which vanish toward the
aperture. Length 50, diam. 3 mill. Most nearly allied to D. cur-
tum, but is more deeply grooved. (Gld.).

Sowerby quotes this and Gould’s other species, as MSS. names in
the British Museum ;. but they were all diagnosed by Gould many
years ago in as well-known a work as the Otia Conchologica. The
locality “ Hong Kong” given in the Iconica is incorrect.

D. curtum Sowerby. PI. 10, fig. 65.

Shell greenish, subeylindrical, delicately striated, short. Apex
obtuse, slightly fissured. A small, cylindrical, pale-greenish shell,
with obtuse apex and fine strie. (Sowd.). Length 203, diam. 3
mill. (from fig.).

Habitat unknown.

DENTALIUM. US

D. curtum—? , Sows., Thes. Conch., ili, p. 100, pl. 225, f. 62, under
figs. 47, 48 (1860) ; Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 6, f. 42 (1872).

Short, pale brown, finely striated, strongly arched, rapidly increas-
ing; apex attenuated and acuminated ; apical fissure small. (Sowd.).
D. porcatum Gould. PI. 6, fig. 80.

Shell moderate, chalky, more or less ruddy at the apex, well

curved, with 12 delicate longitudinal sulci, increasing to 20. Length

20, diam. 2°5 mill. (Gd.).
Hongkong Harbor, China (N. P. Expl. Exped.).

D. porcatum Guv., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 166 (1859) ;

‘Otia Conch., p. 119.—Sowg., C. Icon., xviii, pl. 7, f. 47.

D. BISEXANGULATUM Sowerby. PI. 2, fig. 25.

Shell well curved, solid, moderately stout, the length about 11 or
12 times the greatest diameter; white. Sculpture of about 12 (11
to 13) strong longitudinal narrow ribs, about a third as wide as the
concave intervals, which are ribless or show a weak median thread
on the convex side (or occasionally all the intervals except one or
several on the concave side have low median threads) ; growth-striz
fine and superficial. Aperture a trifle compressed laterally, strongly
angulated by the projecting ribs on the concave margin, but much
less so in adult shells on the convex margin. Anal orifice rounded,
with a wide, shallow notch on the convex side.

Length 68, length of aperture 6°5, breadth 6 mill.; height of arch
from chord 10 mill.

Length 72, length of aperture 6:2, breadth 6 mill.; height of arch
from chord 11°5 mill.

Java (Sowerby) ; Singapore (Archer); Yokohama, Japan (Loo-
mis); Gulf of Swez (MacAndrew) ; Torres Straits and vicinity, 8-30
fms. (Chevert Exp.).

D. bisexangulatum Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 102, pl. 223 f. 8
(1860), and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 8, f. 15 (1872).—CooxgE,
Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvi, p. 273.—Brazimr, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.

S. Wales, ii, p. 57 (1877).

So far as our material goes, there are oftener 11 than 12 ribs; and
the development of an intermediate thread in each space over the
greater part of the shell is occasional though probably exceptional.

The specimen from Yokohama which I refer to this species came
with a series of D. octangulatum. It is 11-ribbed, and measures, length

16 DENTALIUM.

47, length of aperture 5, breadth 4:7 mill.; height of arch from
chord 9 mill. The apical third is much more curved than in the
typical form, but this, like the greater ratio of diameter to length, is
a character of immaturity.

D. YOKOHAMENSE Watson. PI. 2, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell much curved when young becoming nearly straight with
later growth, little conical, rather strong, opaque, yellowish-white,
quite dull, but not chalky. Sculpture: Irregular, slightly elliptical,
lines of growth, a little puckered, generally slight, but sometimes
sharp and even; towards the mouth faintly imbricated ; occasion-
ally marked by a deep furrow-like construction of the shell. The
longitudinal ribs are eight to nine in number, equal, rounded, rather
strong, but not very prominent. These are parted by furrows, round
and open, very shallow, and of very unequal breadth. In these
furrows, one, two, or even three thread-like riblets appear, and in the
whole texture the lens shows a tendency to a longitudinal or rod
like structure. At the apex the shell is squarely truncate, and in
the young shell there is, on the convex slope, a slight ragged fis-
sure. Length 1:2, breadth at mouth 0°15; at apex 0°003 inch.
[Length 30, diam. 3°75 mill.]. ( Watson).

Yokohama, Japan, 8 fms. (Challenger).

D. yokohamense Warts., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 517
(1879) ; Chall. Rep., p. 11, pl. 2, f. 1.

The ribs here are much less sharp than they are in Dentalium
dentalis Linn., and there is no trace of the exquisite longitudinal
fretted strize which cover the furrows in that species. The sharp
intercostal strize of Dentalium octogonum are quite absent here; and
in that species, which is much more bent, the ribs are much wider
apart and more equally parted. ( Wats.).

D. ocraNcuLatTuM Donovan. PI. 2, figs. 16, 17, 18, 22.

Shell rather slender, the length about 10 times the greatest diam-
eter, well curved, white or bluish-white ; nearly lusterless or shining.
Sculpture, 8 (rarely 9) longitudinal rounded ribs, extremely strong
and prominent toward the smaller end, often lower toward the aper-
ture, parted by deep concave intervals, smooth in the young, but
usually with several or many unequal longitudinal striz in adult
specimens at least toward the larger end ; growth-lines slight. Aper-
ture somewhat oblique, octagonal, a trifle longer than wide. Anal

DENTALIUM. FE

orifice minute, a little channelled on the convex side but without a
slit.

Length 50, greatest diam. 5, least 1 mill.

Length 52, greatest diam. 5:3, least ‘8 mill.

China Sea (authors) ; Japan, Nagasaki, (figs. 17, 18), and Bay of
veddo, f.16 (Lischke) ; Hakodate (Schrenck) ; Avi coast (Stearns) ;
Ceylon (Tennent). N. Australia at Cape York, Princess Charlotte
Bay, Katow, New Guinea, Darnley Island, Torres Strait (Chevert
Exped.).

D. octangulatum Donovan, Nat. Hist. Brit. Shells, v, pl. 162
(1805) ; quoted “ octangulum” by Turton.—D. striatulum (ir part)
Turton, Conch. Dict. Brit. Is., p. 38 (1819).—D. aprinum Mawe,
Linn. Syst. Conch., pl. 35, f. 1 (not of Linné).—D. octogonum Lam.,
An. s. Vert., v, p. 8344 (1818).—Desn, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris,
li, p. 352, pl. 16, f. 5, 6 (1825).— DELEssrErt, Rec. de Cogq,, pl. 1, f.
1 (1841).—CueEnv, Illustr. Conchyl., i, p. 5, pl. 1, f. 21-23.—Sow-
ERBY, Thes. Conch., iii, p. 102, pl. 223, f. 9 (1860) ; and in Conch.
Icon., xviii, pl. 2, f. 12 (1872).—ReEEvs, Conch. Syst., ii, pl. 36, f. 8.
—LiscuKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., ii, p. 103; iii, p 75, pl. 5, f. 1-8
(1874).—DunkeEr, Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 153.—Brazimr, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1877, ii, p. 55.—? D. octagonum Angas, P.
Z. S., 1878, p. 868 (Henley Beach, South Australia). Not D. octa-
gonum Costa, Fauna Reg. Nap., Dent. p.19, pl. 1, f. 6 (1850).— -
D. octohedra Leacu, ms. label in Jeffreys coll.

Out of 32 specimens before us from Japan, 2 have nine equal and
equidistant ribs, and in another one rib is replaced by two contiguous
smaller ones. The young are much more curved than adults; and
in the latter the larger half of the length is scarcely arcuate. The
number of ribs is practically the chief character separating this from
D. sexcostatum.

In some specimens the primary ribs become much lower toward
the aperture, which, while still octagonal, has the angles rounded
off, not projecting as in the typical form.

Donovan supposed the species to be British ; but there can be no
doubt whatever of the identity of his types with the Lamarckian D.
octogonum. After arriving at this conclusion we found that Des-
_ hayes, in his MS. card catalogue, had adopted the same view.

D. saponicum Dunker. PI. 2, fig. 19.

Shell solid, white, becoming yellowish toward the apex, a little

arcuate ; having 7 or 8 thick ribs, and interstitial riblets; trans-
2

18 DENTALIUM.

versely striated ; apex rather large, entire, without a slit. Length
72, diam. 6 mill. (Dhkr.).
Japan (Dkr.).
D. japonicum Drr., Malak. BL, xxiv, p. 68 (1877); Index Moll.
Mar. Jap., p. 153, pl. 5, f. 2.

Not unlike D. javanum Sowb., but easily distinguished by being
more slender, with stronger interstitial riblets and the whole sculpt-
ure more prominent. (Dhkr.).

It is evidently near D. octangulatum, but the diameter increases
less rapidly, the aperture being contained twelve times in the length.
Not seen by us.

D. HEXxAGONUM Gould. PI. 2, figs. 20, 21, and var. 23, 24.

Shell long, slender, bony, arcuate, hexagonal with obtuse, later-
ally compressed angles, the interspaces unsculptured; peristome
six-angled. Length 55, diam. 4 mill. (Gild.).

Hongkong (N. Pacif. Expl. Exped.) ; Singapore (Sowb., Archer !) ;
Bay of Yeddo, Japan (Lischke).

D. hexagonum Guip., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 166 (Dec.,
1859) ; Otia Conch., p. 119.—Sows., Thes. Conch., ili, p. 103, pl.
223, f. 10 (1860) and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 2, f. 6 (14872).—
LiscuK®, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. iii, p. 74, pl. 5, f. 4, 5 and var., f. 6,
7 (1874).

Not “ D. hexagonum Sby.” of Carpenter and other authors on
West American mollusks.

Several specimens of the original lot are before us, with others
collected by Archer at Singapore. These have sharply cut, high and
rather narrow ribs, separated by flat or concave intervals showing
lines of growth only, although in the largest there are faint traces
of interstitial strie. One out of 5 from China is 7-ribbed (see be-
low). There is no apical slit. The shell is somewhat more slender
than D. octangulatum, the diam. of aperture being contained 12 to
14 times in the length of shell.

Lischke writes as follows: Gould’s diagnosis agrees excellently
with the 16 examples before me, except that the intervals are plain
only in the smaller part of the shell to about 20-25 mill. from the
apex, beyond there having very fine interstitial riblets. These riblets
become more numerous toward the aperture, but they vary in num-
ber, not only in different specimens but in the different intervals on

DENTALIUM. 19

the same shell; usually being 1-3, exceptionally 4, or even 6. My
largest example has a length of 50, breadth 4 mill. With the 16
six-ribbed specimens, there are 4 with seven primary ribs, the largest
one 41 mill. long. These were received with the others, and are
exactly like them except in the number of ribs (pl. 2, figs. 23, 24).
All the seven ribs run from apex to aperture, and the latter is as
pronounced a heptagon as that of the typical form is a hexagon.

Var. SEXCOSTATUM Sowerby. PI. 2, figs. 27, 28.

Shell slender, its smaller half well curved, larger half nearly
straight; white. Sculpture of 6 very strongly projecting rounded
ribs, about half as wide as their interstices; the latter on the smaller
third of the shell concave and plain, beyond that, one or two inter-
stitial threads appear in each interval on the convex side, and later
in those on the concave side; these increasing in number until near
the aperture there are 3-6 unequal threads on the flat ground of
each interval. Aperture hexagonal, the angles more or less project-
ing. Anal orifice a minute ovate foramen, excentric in position on
the star shaped apex; no slit or notch. Length 62, breadth and
length of aperture 5 mill.

Japan, Cape Shima, 18 fms.; Goza Harbor, 6 fms. (St. John) ;
China (Sowerby).

D. sexcostatum Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 1038, pl. 223, f. 11.
(1860) and in Conch. Icon., pl. 2, f. 11 (1872).—E. A. Smirn, Ann.
Mag. N. H., xvi, 1875, p. 118. Conf. Liscakr, Jap. Meeres-
Conch., iii, pp. 74, 75.

This differs from typical hexagonum in the more sculptured inter-
vals, thicker ribs and larger size, but we have little doubt that the
forms intergrade.

D. NEOHEXAGONUM Sharp & Pilsbry, n. sp. Pl. 11, figs. 74-86.

Shell decidedly curved toward the apex in the young, only moder-
ately arcuate when adult ; slender (the length 12-14 times the great-
est diameter, in adults); much attenuated toward the apex; white.
Sculpture of siz strong, rounded, projecting ribs, which on the larger
half or third of the adult shell become reduced to mere rounded
angles ; interstitial riblets wanting, or with one or two low cords
developed in each interval toward the larger end of the shell only ;
usually with coarse wrinkles of growth on the larger half of the length
Aperture hexagonal, but with the angles so rounded as to appear
almost circular; oblique; anal orifice rounded-oval, without notch
or slit.

20 DENTALIUM.

Length 30:5, diam. of aperture 2°5 mill.; height of arch from
chord 4°8 mill.

Length 31°5, diam. of aperture 2°3 mill.; height of arch from
chord 3°7 mill.

Santa Barbara, San Pedro Bay, San Diego, California (south to.
Acapulco ?). Fossil in southern Californian Pliocene.

“ D. hexagonum Sby.,” Cper., Suppl. Rep. Moll. West Coast N. A.,
in Rep. Brit. Asso. Ady. Sci. for 1863, pp. 612, 648 and 668 (“ D.
? hexagonum, var. B”); and in The Mollusks of Western North
America, Smiths. Mise. Coll., no. 252, pp. 98, 134, 154 (1872).—
Gass, Paleeont. of Calif., ii, 1869, p. 86—WzuLiiamson, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., xv, p. 194 (1892).—K rep, West Coast Shells, p. 114.

This species has hitherto been confused with the Japanese D.
heaagonum Gld., a mistake apparently originating with Dr. Car-
penter. It never grows as large as that form, the six primary ribs
lose conspicuously in prominence on the larger part of the shell, and
fewer interstitial riblets develop. The two species are very readily —
separated at all stages of growth, and have only been united because
no comparison of Oriental and Californian specimens seems hitherto
to have been made.

The young shells, as usual, are much more curved and taper more
rapidly than adults. Specimens from the Pliocene at San Diego are
larger than any recent shells we have seen.

There is a form of this species having 7 or even 8 ribs, (pl. 11,
figs. 81, 82, 83, 86) and another with a short apical slit on both con-
vex and concave sides of the tube (pl. 11, fig. 84). We have not
seen specimens enough to be satisfied that these are more than
variations of D. neohexagonum.

D. coutpit Dall. Pi. 7, fig. 14 (var. obscurum).

Shell elongated, slender, slightly arched, vitreous, anteriorly whit-
ish, behind with a yellowish or pale greenish tinge, surface polished,
with fine microscopic longitudinal striz over a large part of the
surface; in well developed specimens the shell is hexagonal and
six-sided, with the sides impressed so that the ribs stand out like
marginating rods; as the shell grows older, the angles become less
marked, although generally quite perceptible at the aperture; the
lines of growth are visible as extremely fine engraved striz; in an-
other mutation of the species (which served the draughtsman for
fig. 14), there are longitudinal threads between those forming the

DENTALIUM. 21

angles, and which obscure the angularity especially in front until
the shell is examined from behind “end on” when it will be per-
ceptible; this form is straighter than the type. The aperture is not
at all oblique. There is a wide rather short notch, perhaps due to
erosion, at the convex side of the anal orifice in the shell figured.
Typical form shows no notch when perfect, and measures 30:0 mill.
long, height of the arch 3°5 mill., aperture 3:0 and anal end 06
mill. in diameter. The variety obscurum is 28°0 mill. long, aperture
2°0 and anal end 0:5 mill. in diameter. (Dall).

Off Havana, in 127 fms. Variety at Station 299, in 140 fms. coral,
near Barbados. Also (the typical form) at U.S. Fish Commission
Station 2145, in 25 fms., mud, near Aspinwall; Galveston and Corpus
Christi, Texas (Singley). Also in 12 fms., twelve miles east from
Frying pan shoals, South Carolina, (Dr. W. H. Rush, U. 8. N.).
Also Barbados (fide H. Cuming), East from Rio Janeiro, 59 fms.
(Albatross). Eocene of Trinidad (Guppy & Dall).

D. gouldii Datu, Blake Rep., Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 424, pl. 26,
f. 4 (1889); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 37, p. 76, pl. 26, f. 4; Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, p. 295 (1890)—Gupry & Datt, Proc.
U.S. N. Mus., xix, p. 825 (1896).—D. sexangulare HitGarp &
Hopkins, Rep. Borings Miss. R. and L. Borgue, Engineers Dept.
U.S. A., p. 48, pl. 3, f. 7 (1878), name preoe.—D. texasianum
Putt. and ?_D. americanum CHENU, see below.

The shell was confounded with D. hexagonum Gould, a large
Chinese species of similar form, by Sowerby and Reeve. The typical
form of D. gouldii is longer, more slender, and less curved than the
figures of Reeve and Sowerby, which represent a young D. hexago-
num. Itis just possible that the supposed variety may prove dis-
tinct, in which case it may be called D. obscurum; but I inclined
at present to believe it to be nothing more than a variety. The
ordinary form is what has been called hexagonum by West Indian
collectors for many years, but the rounding off of the angles as the
shell becomes adult is not paralleled in the Chinese species, which
is much larger, and has a reddish dull surface, like pale terra-cotta.
(Dall).

It is probable that this species was described three times before
the publication of Dall’s description, but some doubt attaches to the
identity in each case. We therefore retain the name gouldii.

The following is probably a young specimen of D. gouldii Dall,
which is known to occur at Galveston.

22 DENTALIUM.

D. texasianum Phil. Shell little curved, slowly increasing in
diameter, white, six-angular ; interstices of the ribs flat, plain at the
apex, but toward the base with 1,2 or 3 elevated strie. Length 10
lines, diam. of base scarcely 1, of apex %. (Phil.).

Galveston, Texas (Roemer).

D. texasianum Putu., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1848, p. 144 (March,
1849).

Readily distinguished from other six-angled species by the size,
the rate of increase, and the interstices of the ribs becoming flat
toward the aperture and delicately striate there (Phi/.).

D. americanum Chenu. (PI. 5, figs. 71,72). Shell with six prin-
cipal projecting ribs, with weak intermediate ribs or none; trans-
verse strize distant.

Length 23, diam. 1:8 mill. (from fig.).

Length 28, diam. 2°8 mill. (from fig.).

Shores of America (Chenu).

D. americanum CHEN, Illustr. Conch., i, p. 1, pl. 4, f. 9, 10.

Chenu’s description and figures are here given for what they may
be worth. We had thought to identify americanum with disparile
Orb., but in view of the strongly 6-angled section of the former, this
is hardly possible. If the locality is correct we are disposed to con-
sider it the same as D. gouldii Dall.

D. picreti Deshayes, n. sp. Pl. 11, fig. 87.

Shell narrowly elongate, slightly arcuate; white, translucid, reg-
ularly 6-angulate, the angles projecting, equal and equally spaced,
very narrow ; the interstices smooth, alternately marked with trans-
lucent and opaque-white. Aperture symmetrical, six-angled ; peri-
stome thin, transverse. Posterior orifice small, circular, somewhat
bi-labiate.

West Indies ? (coll. Delessert).

D. americanum var. c, CHENU, Illustr. Conch., pl. 6, f. 35 (not
pl. 4, f. 9, 10).—D. picteti DesHayes in MS. card catalogue of Den-
talium.

Deshayes, from whose MS. the above diagnosis is taken, states
that Chenu lumps two if not three species under the name D. amer-
icanum. The present form seems to be distinct from D. disparile in
the six continuous prominent ribs with no interstitial riblets, and in

DENTALIUM. pp

the apical contraction, reminding one somewhat of D. sectum, cala-
mus, etc. We have seen no specimens.

D. INTERCALATUM Gould. PI. 11, figs. 88, 89.

Shell strongly curved and conspicuously tapering in its earlier
half, the later half nearly straight and less tapering ; white, luster-
less. At and near the apex hexagonal in section, the angles rather
sharp and a little projecting, intervals nearly flat. Not far from
the apex a secondary riblet arises in each of the two faces on the outer
curve, and somewhat later the lateral faces and those on the concave
side are similarly divided ; the secondary riblets gaining rapidly in
strength, and on the latter part of the shell equal to the six primary
ribs. Toward the aperture there are 12 equal, equidistant ribs,
rounded but well projecting, and about half as wide as the concave,
excavated intervals, which are smooth except for light growth striz.
Aperture circular, the outer edge of peristome scalloped by the ribs.
Apical orifice circular, about half as wide as the truncated apex.
Length 19, diam. at aperture 2:25, at apex 0°9 mill.

China Seas (North Pacif. Expl. Exped.).

D. intercalatum Goutn, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 166 (1859) ;
Otia, p. 119.—Sowerpsy in Conch Icon., xviii, pl. 7, f. 45 (1872).

In D. hexagonum the secondary riblets when developed do not |
arise so soon, and the six primary angles are stronger. Figure and
description from the type in U. 8. National Museum, No. 24183.

Sowerby’s figure copied on plate 6, fig. 85, is not characteristic,
from its much greater proportionate diameter.

D. PSEUDOSEXAGONUM Deshayes. PI. 4, figs. 47, 48.

Shell cylindrical, subulate, somewhat curved, grayish-white, some-
what transparent. At the apex there are 6 strongly projecting
equidistant angles; between each of these ribs a great many strize
arise, covering the shell, and the primary ribs rapidly decrease and
disappear at the first fourth or third of the shell’s length. Growth
strive quite fine and often regular. Length 45-50, greatest diame-
ter 4 mill. ( from Desh.).

Masbate, Philippines; W. Colombia (Sowb.); Cape York, near
Albany I, N. Australia, 11 fms.; Darnley I, Torres Straits, 30 fms.
(Chevert Exp.).

D. pseudosexagonum Desu., Monogr. Dent., Mém. Soe. Hist. Nat.
Paris, ii, p. 358, pl. 16, f. 14, 15, 16 (1825).—Sows., Thes. Conch.,

24 DENTALIUM.

ili, p. 108, pl. 224, f. 34 (1860); Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 4, f. 23
(1872).—Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ii, p. 56 (1877).

Brazier writes: This species is six-ribbed near the apex, finely
striated below, as Mr. Sowerby expresses it. The specimens before
me have very fine, thread-like ribs; the number of ribs in all are
from 24 to 25, and at or near theapex 6. Shell thin, white, slightly
arched.

There can be no reasonable doubt that “ W. Columbia ” cited by
Sowerby as a locality for this species, refers to specimens of D. oer-
stedii Morch. We have unfortunately no Oriental examples for
comparison with the West American species, and published descrip-
tions are insufficient ; but while the forms from opposite sides of the
Pacific may be identical, it is at least unlikely that they are. Des-
hayes was ignorant of the locality of his species, but he was
well supplied with East Indian material and had very little from
the Panamiec Province, so it is somewhat likely that his types were
from the former region. Fig. 47 is a copy of Deshayes original fig-
ure.

D. orrsteEDI Morch. PI. 10, figs. 60, 61, 62, 63, 64.

Shell not much curved, decidedly tapering, rather solid, white.
Sculpture: hexagonal at and near the apex, with a narrow, raised
riblet at each angle, the intervals flat; a short distance from apex
each face is divided by a riblet which soon attains the size of the
six primary ribs, and the tube becomes circular in section. Some-
what further on, each interval on the convex and lateral faces of the
shell bears a (tertiary) riblet, and still later these appear in the in-
tervals on the concave side, so that the number of riblets at the
middle of the shell is 12 (usually with some small threads also), and
at the aperture it varies from 21 (or sometimes as few as 17) to 24,
according to the age, and individual variation in development of
tertiary riblets on the concave face. Near the aperture the riblets
become rather low and wide, and are somewhat unequal. Growth
striz fine and inconspicuous, but occasionally there are low, varici-
form rings on most specimens.

Aperture slightly oblique, circular ; apex small, with circular ori-
fice without slit or notch of any kind.

Length 39:5, diam. of aperture 3°5, of apex 1 mill.

Length 37, diam. of aperture 3:2, of apex 0°9 mill.

DENTALIUM. 25

Bay of Panama, 26 and 30 fms., very abundant ; Galapagos Is.,
in 812 fms.; off Guaymas, 20 fms. (U.S. F. Commission) ; Gulf of
Nicoya (Oersted) ; also Guwaymas (Dall), apparently on the shore.

D. oerstedii Morcu, Malak. Blatter, vii, p. 177 (1861).

The hexagonal six-ribbed apex, with interstitial secondary and
tertiary riblets successively appearing in the intervals, are the more
obvious features of this form. The specimens from Panama Bay
and Galapagos Islands are lusterless and somewhat chalky. This
southern race is evidently the typical D. oerstedi which was de-
scribed from a rather short specimen. A translation of Mérch’s
diagnosis is as follows:

D. oerstedii Morch. Shell arcuate, rather solid, somewhat shin-
ing, white or yellowish, hexagonal at apex. Aperture circular,
having 12 lire, the interstices smooth posteriorly, but toward the
middle divided by a riblet, whence to the aperture there are 24
liree. Growth lines here and there more raised, nearly variciform.
Length 27, diam. 3 mill.

Gulf of Nicoya, west coast of Costa Rica (Dr. A.S. Oersted).

A specimen in the U. 8. National Museum (no. 18,711) from Rio
Janeiro (U. S. Expl. Exped.) considerably resembles this species.

Var. NUMEROsUM Dall, n. var. PI. 10, figs. 70, 71, 72, 73.

This name, which Dall used to cover the entire species, as found
from Lower California to the Galapagos, may be utilized in a re-
stricted sense for the northern form.

The general proportions and curvature are as in typical D. oer-
stedi, but the sculpture is less coarse; tertiary riblets soon appear
on the concave as well as the other sides of tube, and toward the
middle a varying number of threads of a fourth order are inter-
posed ; toward the aperture all sculpture becomes flattened, and
the total number of riblets and threads is decidedly greater than in
typical oerstedi. The primitive 6 riblets retain their predominance
longer than in the type. The specimens are glossy. Length 41:5,
diam. of aperture 3°5, of apex 0°6 mill.

Types of var. numerosum are no. 87,559, U. S, Nat. Mus.

Off Lower California, near Cerros Id., lat. 28° 12’, long. 115° &
in 44 fms., and 24° 18’, 110° 22’, in 26 fms.; off Todos Santos, lat.
23° 33’, long. 110° 37’, in 66 fms. (U. S. Fish Commission).

26 DENTALIUM.
Group oF D. AGASSIZI.

Forms resembling the D. octangulatum group in general appear-
ance, but with more numerous riblets.

Key to Species.

a. 11-20 sharp riblets separated by deeply concave intervals,
increasing to 2448 riblets at aperture; slender,
agassizi, majorinum.
a. About 14 slightly elevated, but well defined riblets; very
® narrow, acuminate; length 31,diam.1°6 mill., cookei, p. 29.
aw’, 20-25 very delicate, equal lirze ; small, moderately slender ;
length 31, diam. 2°7 mill. usitatum, p. 29.
a”, 17-21 narrow, separated riblets, increasing to about 25 at
aperture ; conspicuously transversely striated; large and
stout; length 75-78, diam. 10-11 mill., shoplandi, p. 28.

D. aaassizt Pilsbry & Sharp, n. sp. PI. 12, figs. 90, 91, 92, 93, 94.

Shell gently curved posteriorly, the later half nearly straight,
tapering, solid, white and lusterless (often with a black encrustation
toward the apex, and reddish-brown on the larger end). Sculpture:
at the apex there are 12-20 rather sharp and well raised riblets
separated by wider, concave intervals; ata varying distance from
the apex an interstitial thread appears in these intervals, so that
near the middle of the shell’s length there are double that number
of riblets and threads, alternately larger and smaller, and at the
aperture there are 25-48 unequal riblets and threads, lower and
blunter in large examples. Aperture somewhat oblique, subcircu-
lar, but the are along the concave side is sometimes less curved than
the remainder of the peristome, and the edge is irregular from
breakage. Anal orifice small, circular, no slit or notch, but often
the inner layer projects tube-like from erosion of the softer, more
chalky outer layer.

a. Length 65, diam. at aperture, 4°3, at apex 0°7 mill. (type).

b. Length 31:7, diam. at aperture 3°2, at apex 1 mill.

c. Length 30°7, diam. at aperture 3, at apex 0°7 mill.

d. Length 29, diam. at aperture 3:1, at apex 0°7 mill.

Gulf of Panama, 322 to 1020 fms.; off Acapulco, 660 fms. ;
Santa Barbara Is., California, 414 fms.; off San Diego, California,
822 fms. (U.S. Fish Commission).

DENTALIUM. Dik

D. pretiosum var. indianorum is far less coarsely sculptured than
this species, and the ribs do not crenulate the peristome. D. occi-
dentale is very similar, but the sculpture developed between the
primary ribs is unlike this Pacific form. D. majorinum and its
variety magellanicum are also much like agassizi, but the latter has
finer sculpture. The inner layer of shell substance is very dense
and bluish-white, the outer layer being softer and more chalky, fre-
quently eroded, often exposing the inside stratum which resists the
solvent power, at the apex and elsewhere.

The number of riblets is quite variable; thus the four specimens
measured above have:

(a) At apex 20, at aperture 48 riblets.

(6) At apex 17, at aperture 40 riblets.

(c) At apex 14, at aperture 29 riblets.

(d) At apex 12, at aperture 25 riblets. (Off San Diego).

The number of interposed riblets varies somewhat, but the num-
ber of apparently primary ribs at the apex is also subject to a wider
range of variation than usual.

D. MAgoRINUM Mabille & Rochebrune. PI. 12, figs. 98, 99.

Shell moderately curved posteriorly, the later two-thirds nearly
straight, slender, attenuated toward the apex ; white, the young and
newer growth of adults somewhat translucent; slightly shining.
Sculpture of about 11 narrow, rather acute ribs near the apex, separ-
ated by concave intervals; the number increasing by intercalation
to about 29 at the aperture, where they are approximately equal,
with concave, transversely finely striate interstices, in some of which
a median riblet occurs. Aperture circular, not oblique. Anal
orifice minute and circular, without slit or notch. Length 38:5,
diam. of aperture 3°5, of apex 0:7 mill.

West coast of Patagonia, 122 fms. (U.S. F. C.sta. 2783) ; Orange
Bay, Patagonia (M. & R.).

D. majorinum Mas. & Rocu., Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, vi, Zool.,
Moll., p. 100, pl. 4, fig. 10 (1889).

Something is wrong with Mabille and Rochebrune’s measurements
(their figure measuring, length 50, diam. at aperture 4°3 mill.), and
their description is not very good. It is here translated.

Shell long-conic, rather slowly increasing, much attenuated to-
ward the apex, hardly shining, subpellucid, a little fragile, orna-
mented with numerous, nearly equidistant, somewhat roughened

28 DENTALIUM.

{scabriusculis] ribs; the intervals concave, sculptured with very
minute transverse ribs. Apex entire, minute, somewhat campan-

ulate. Length 0:74, diam. 12 mill. (M. & R.).
Orange Bay, Patagonia.

Another form of this species was collected by the U.S. Fish Com-
mission at Sta. 2777 and 2780 in 773-369 fms., bottom temp. 36°-46°
Straits of Magellan. It has the riblets on the median portion of the
shell unequal, alternating, becoming subequal toward the aperture
where they are rounded and parted by narrow grooves, instead of
acute, with wider concave intervals as in the type. Length 57, diam.
45 mill. This form may be called var. MAGELLANICUM (pl. 12, figs.
95, 96, 97). In the specimen figured there are 12 or 13 riblets at
apex, 24 ataperture. Type no. 87561 U.S. Nat. Museum.

D. sHOPLANDI Jousseaume. PI. 12, fig. 100.

Shell large, but slightly curved, nearly straight, solid, slowly
tapering ; cream-white with gray-white ribs. Sculpture: near the
apex 17 subequal but unequally spaced, narrow, sharply defined riblets
very much narrower than the interspaces; these continue to the
aperture, increasing in size; their number is early increased by the
intercalation of some interstitial threads, mainly on the concave side,
so that at the aperture there are 25 unequal, unevenly spaced ribs
and threads; the whole surface densely and conspicuously striated
transversely, the strize unequal, like cords scattered among threads,
erenulating the riblets. Aperture oblique, subcircular, a trifle wider
than long, the peristome jagged from fracture. Apex large, the
orifice simply circular, without notch or slit.

Length 78:5, diam. at aperture 10, at apex 3°2 mill.

50 miles off Aden, in 678 fms.

D. shoplandi Jouss., Bull. Soc. Philomath. de Paris (8), vi, p.
102 (1894).

A large species, apparently without near allies. It is remarkable
for the prominence of the growth-striz, and the clearly carved ribs
of the surface.

Figure and description are from a specimen in coll. U.S. National
Museum. Jousseaume’s original diagnosis is as follows :

Shell large, gray-white, cylindrical, slightly arcuate, longitudi-
nally costate, transversely densely lamellose-striate; ribs 21, sub-
equal, separated by flat grooves. Length 75, diam. 11 mill.

DENTALIUM. 29

D. cookE! Sharp & Pilsbry, n.n. Unfigured.

Shell thin, very narrow, acuminate, polished, subpellucid, little
arcuate; fluted with about 14 ribs, which are not equidistant, only
slightly elevated, but distinctly defined at their bases; ribs at the
apex coalescent and vanishing ; interstices shallow and polished.
Length 1:25, diam. at base 0°0625 inch. (Cooke).

Gulf of Suez (MacAndrew).

D. acus Cooke, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvi, p. 274 (Oct., 1885).
Not D. acus Eichwald, 1856.

Probably a young shell, but very distinct from any known species.
It is a most graceful shell, exquisitively marked and polished. One
specimen. (Cooke).

D. usiratum E. A. Smith. PI. 10, figs. 68, 69.

Shell small, moderately slender, white, little arcuate; having
about 20-25 very delicate, equal longitudinal lire, sculptured with
oblique lines of growth. Scarcely slit at the apex. Length 31,
greatest diam. 2°7 mill. (Smith).

Off Colombo, Ceylon, lat. 6° 32’ N., long. 79° 37’ E. in 675 fms. ;
Bay of Bengal in 597 fms. (Investigator).

D. usitatum SmitH, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xiv, p. 168, pl. 4,
f. 16, 16a (Sept., 1894).

The two specimens examined do not look as if they were young
shells. The white color is varied here and there with narrow,
oblique, somewhat pellucid zones. (Smith).

Group oF D. cARDUUS.

Shell longitudinally ribbed, latticed by circular riblets or fine
raised lamelle, often rising into minute knots or spines at the inter-
sections.

_ The species following would apparently fall into Sacco’s subgenus
Coccodentalium (Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. R. Univ. di Tor-
ino, xi, 1896, p.98). We have not seen D. radula Schroter, Gmel.,
the type of that group, and Sacco gives no diagnosis, but the descrip-
tion of that Pliocene species indicates sculpture like carduus. Other
members of the same section are D. tryoni Pils. & Sharp of the
Miocene of San Domingo, and possibly the recent D. cancellatum
Sowb.

30 DENTALIUM.

The group Ooccodentalium is hardly equivalent in value to the
subgenera we have recognized, being merely a modification of the
D. agassizi type.

D. carpuus Dall. PI. 7, fig. 6.

Shell pure white, sometimes attaining an ashy or rusty tinge from
extraneous matter, elongated, slightly curved, and with a rasp-like
surface for about half its adult length; longitudinal sculpture of
very numerous fine sharp raised threads with somewhat wider inter-
spaces, in which intercalary threads from time to time arise; trans-
verse sculpture of fine sharp elevated lamelle which cross the threads
and become almost spinulose on the intersections; these can be felt,
but are almost too fine to be clearly seen with the naked eye; in
the perfectly adult shell, this sculpture becomes, through senility or
wear, less sharp on the last half of the shell; though both sorts of
ridges persist, they are thicker and more rounded; shell not very
thick; aperture circular, very little ublique; anal orifice small, with
a short wide slit on the convex side, and no notch or wave on the
other. Length of completely adult shell, 87:0; height of arch from
chord, 7:0; diameter of aperture, 7:0; of anal orifice 0°7 mill.
(Dall).

Near Santa Lucia, in 116 fms.; in 154 fms., ooze, near Granada
(Blake). Also by U.S. Fish Commission, in 338 fms., on the Little
Bahama Bank.

D. carduus Datu, Blake Rep., Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 423, pl.
27, f. 3 (1889) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 37, p. 76, pl. 27, f. 3.

The specimen figured is only 16 mill. long, but shows sufficiently
the characters of the form and sculpture. Better specimens were
afterwards found in some of the Fish Commission dredgings, from
which the above description is drawn. The peculiar sharpness felt
by drawing the shell gently between the finger and thumb is very
recognizable and under the glass the sculpture is very beautiful.
(Dall).

A closely allied species attains a very large size in the Oligocene
of San Domingo.

D. CANCELLATUM Sowerby. PI. 10, fig. 67.

Shell thin, white, acuminate, strongly curved towards the apex,
where it is cancellated by about 8 longitudinal ribs and elevated con-
centric strie, then the shell becoming straighter and the ribs more
numerous (Sowd.). Length 253, greatest diam. 3 mill. (from fig.).

China (Sowb.).

DENTALIUM. 31

D. cancellatum Sows. Jun., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 101, pl. 224, f. 36
(1860); and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 5, f. 29.

Cancellated near the apical end by distinctly raised strize crossing
the longitudinal ribs (Sowbd.).

Group oF D. QUADRAPICALE.

Small or moderate sized shells with the tube square at and near
the apex, having angles on the convex, concave and two lateral
sides, becoming subcireular at the aperture. Generally costulate be-
tween the angles, sometimes smooth ; the apical orifice occupying a
short pipe, or without this and square or round.

Distribution, Pacific shores of tropical and subtropical America,
and of the East Indies south to Torres Strait.

No species of this very distinct group appear in the “Albatross”
dredgings off west America, so it is likely that the species are shal-
low water forms, not descending to archibenthal or benthal depths.

No recent species is yet known with certainty from the Atlantic
or Gulf of Mexico; but in the Miocene of Jamaica and San Do-
mingo D. dissimile Guppy and its probable synonym, D. pondero-
sum Gabb, species allied to D. dipsyche, but much larger and more
solid, occur. Dall has described from the Caloosahatchie Pliocene
a D. caloosaénse, also similar in general characters, and doubtless
the direct descendant of the Miocene species. Another similar form
has been reported by Harris from the “ Galveston deep well” as D,
quadrangulare? Sby., from strata of upper Miocene age. The
fragments seen by us are not large enough to be characteristic, but
it is probably not the recent species. In the same deposit occurs a
form not separable so far as material we have seen shows, from the
recent D. tesseragonum (D. tetragonum Sby., Harris, Bull. Amer.
Paleont., no. 3, p. 18).

Nothing we have seen from the Eocene belongs to this immediate
group.

Key to Species.

I. The four primary ribs bifid or trifid; shell attenuated and stri-
ated toward apex, smooth toward aperture. Length about 30
mill., dispar, p. 82.

II. Primary ribs serrate, intervals ribless; aperture angular,
quadricostatum, p. 33.

32 DENTALIUM.

III. Primary ribs not split or serrate.
a. Surface smooth ; length 20 mill., tesseragonum, p. 34.
a’. Surface costulate,
b. Decidedly attenuated toward the apex ; aperture
somewhat compressed vertically,
32 riblets at aperture, which is hardly oblique ;
length 45 mill., about 11 times greatest diam.,
dipsycha, p. 33.
36 riblets at aperture, which is very oblique;
length 20 mill., about 6 or 7 times greatest diam.,
quadrapicale, p. 34.
b’. Not much tapering, the apex large; aperture cir-
cular.
Length 14 mill., about 8 times the greatest diam.,
fisheri, p. 86.
Length 20 mill., about 54 times the greatest diam.,
quadrangulare, p. 35.

D. quadricostatum Braz., perhaps belonging to this group, is not
clearly enough described to admit of its inclusion in the above
analysis without doubt. Whether the keels are serrate (as in the
fossil D. radula), or divided as in D. dispar, we do not know.

D. pispAR Sowerby. PI. 4, figs. 52, 53, 54, 55, 56.

Shell rather slender, the length about 9 times the greatest diam-
eter in adults; earlier third well curved, the rest of the length but
slightly arcuate; much attenuated toward the fine apex; rather
thin, white or biuish-white, glossy and brilliant. Sculpture: fowr-
angled at apex (square in section), the angles dorsal, ventral and
lateral, continuing as keels which rapidly become obsolete (extend-
ing two-thirds the length of shell in a specimen 15 mill. long, but
only about one-third the length in one 30 mill. in length); each of
the four primary ribs bifid or trifid at summit. Between these
angles, throughout their extent, the surface has very fine longitudi-
nal riblets ; and not far from the apex a secondary rib arises in each
of the four faces, and continues as far as the primary ribs. The
larger moiety of the shell is polished, cylindrical, wholly free from
longitudinal sculpture. Growth striz fine and inconspicuous.

Aperture slightly oblique, sub-circular, the peristome thin ; anal
orifice square with thin walls, and without slit or notch. Length
30, antero-posterior diam. of aperture 3 mill., lateral 3-2 mill.

DENTALIUM. 33

Singapore (Sowerby, 8. Archer); Samar, Philippines (Sowb.) ;
China Sea (A. N.S. P.); Darnley 1., Torres Straits, 30 fms. (Chev-
ert Exp.).

D, dispar Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 103, pl. 224, f. 837 (1860) ;
and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 4, f. 25 (1872).—Brazimr, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ii, p. 58 (1877).

Young shells taper more rapidly, as usual, and of course a greater
part of their length is sculptured. The summits of the four primary
ribs are subdivided by one or two longitudinal grooves in this spe-
cies, but are simple in D. quadrapicale and D. quadrangulare.

D. quADRICOsTATUM Brazier.

Shell white, very slightly arched, four angled, keel or rib at each
angle, rounded, finely serrated, interstices flat, marked with trans-
verse lines; apex perforated, perforation entire; aperture angled.
Length, 8 lines; diam. of base, 1 line [16, 2 mill.]. (Brazier).

Princess Charlotte Bay, north-east Australia, 18 fathoms; York
Island, Torres Straits, 13 fathoms, hard mud; Katow, New Guinea,
8 fathoms, sandy mud. (Chevert Exped.).

D. quadricostatum Braz., P. L.S., N.S. W., ii, p. 58 (1877).

If this species is laid upon its side it forms a true square; when
resting with the arched part of the apex down, it forms four angles,
with a serrated rib on each angle. The 11 specimens from Katow,
16 from Princess Charlotte Bay, and 1 from York Island, all have
the same character. (Brazier).

D. piesycua Pilsbry & Sharp, n. sp. PI. 4, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60.

Shell slender, the length about 11 times the diam., well curved,
attenuated toward the apex; white, nearly lusterless. Sculpture:
at and near the apex square in section, with four acute, narrow, pro-
jecting, longitudinal, pinched-up ribs, the spaces between flat ; not
far from the apex in each face a median thread arises, and soon
equals the primary four in size; each interval then bears a tertiary
thread, and here the section of the tube has become circular. At
about the middle of the length another set of interstitial threads ap-
pear ; so that at the aperture there are 32 flat, equal, low, but abruptly
defined riblets separated by flat interstices of about the same or
slightly greater width. Interstices everywhere plain except for cir-
cular growth-lines, which are moderately obvious throughout.

3

34 DENTALIUM.

Aperture rounded, somewhat compressed antero-posteriorly, the
inner margin less curved; hardly oblique; peristome thin. Anal
orifice circular, occupying a very short tube. No slit. Length 46,
antero-posterior diam. of aperture 3°8, lateral diam. 41 mill.

Habitat unknown.

This species differs from D. dispar in the simple primary ribs,
lack of fine, even longitudinal striation, and persistance of the
sculpture to the aperture. D. quadrapicale is allied, but has a much
more oblique aperture, more rapidly tapering tube, and though far
smaller, a greater number of much finer longitudinal riblets.

D. QUADRAPICALE ‘ Hanley’ Sowerby. PI. 4, fig. 50.

Shell rather stout, apical third strongly curved, the remainder but
slightly arcuate ; white, shining. Sculpture, fowr angles at the apex
(giving that part an almost square section, the two outer sides of the
square slightly longer), situated at the outer, inner and lateral sur-
faces, the faces between them straight and flat; these angles rapidly
lose in prominence, and the intervals become convex; very near the
apex each interval becomes parted by a secondary riblet; and the
interstices between these are again divided by tertiary threads at
about the end of the first third of the shells length ; and subdivision
proceeds until at the aperture there are about 36 low, subequal rib-
lets, with narrow, shallow intervals, and the tube is subcircular, a little
flattened antero-posteriorly, in section. Growth-striz faint. Aperture
very oblique. Anal orifice without slit or notch.

Length 20, length of aperture, measured obliquely 34, breadth 3
mill.

Length 31:5 mill (original figure).

Cochin; Malabar (Hanley coll.).

D. quadrapicale Hanley MS., Sowersy, Thes. Conch., ili, p. 103,

pl. 225, f. 61 (1860); and in Conch. Icon., pl. 7, f. 46.—D. quadri-
picale CLEssin, Conch. Cab., p. 13.

The square apex and rounded, oblique aperture are strong points
of difference from most known species. Sowerby’s figure shows the
anal orifice minute and round; but in the single specimen we have
seen it is large and square, the shell walls thin.

D. TESSERAGONUM Sowerby. PI. 4, fig. 51.

Shell moderately arcuate, tapering, attenuated toward the apex,
rather thin, white. At the apex square, with four equal faces, the

-_DENTALIUM. 35

angles pinched up into narrow ribs, which continue to or beyond the
middle of the shell, gradually decreasing; intervals at first flat or
somewhat concave, soon becoming convex midway between the ribs,
and when perfectly preserved showing faint longitudinal striation at
this place; the convexity increases until the latter third of the shell
is cylindrical, and sculptured with rather conspicuous, oblique growt h-
lines only. Aperture oblique, circular. Apex minute, with a
circular orifice ; no slit or notch. Length 30:5, diam. at aperture
2-9, at apex 0°6 mill.

Gulf of Nicoya and Puerto Portrero, W. coast Central America ;
also Xipixapi, west coast Colombia (Cuming), 10-16 fms., sandy
mud.

D. tesseragonum G. B. Sowersy, P. Z. 8., 1832, p. 29.—D. tetra-
gonum Sows. JR., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 103, pl. 224, f. 21, 22 (1860) ;
and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 4, f. 20a, b.—? CARPENTER, Rep.
Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. for 1863, p. 666; Moll. West Coast N. A., p.
152. Not D. tetragonum Brocchi, 1814.

The original description here follows: Shell thin, milk-white,
smooth, at first tetragonal but becoming cylindrical by the disap-
pearance of the angles; very delicate growth-lines forming sub-
hyaline rings. Length 0°8, diam. 0'l inch. (G. B.S.).

Var.: angles indistinct ; growth-lines forming rings (G. B. S.).

Mr. Sowerby changed the name of his fathers species in 1860
without assigning any cause, or even mentioning that a change had
been made. The etymology of the original name is obvious, and we
do not see that such radical emendation is called for, the more be-
cause the specific name tetragonum had already been used by Broc-
chi.

Carpenter reports tetragonum Sby. from Margarita Bay, Pacific
coast of Lower California in about N. lat. 24°, specimens collected
by one of Harper Pease’s collectors. They may possibly be refer-
able to D. fisheri, q. v. There are some specimens in the collection
of the Academy said to be from Rio Janeiro, collected by the U.S.
Exploring Expedition. We do not know whether the locality is
authentic or not, but it seems doubtful. There were, however,
several species of this type in the Antillean Miocene fauna.

D. QUADRANGULARE Sowerby. PI. 5, fig. 77.

Shell small, white, quadrangular, the angles rather acute, inter-
stices striated. Aperture four-cornered. Length ‘8, diam. *16 inch.

36 DENTALIUM.

[—=20, 3°75 mill.]. The color of this shell is variable, being either
milk-white, yellowish or reddish ; the angles are less acute at the
larger end; and at the smaller end there is sometimes formed a tu-
bular appendage. (G. B.S.).

Xipixapi, West coast of Colombia (Cuming); Realejo, west coast
of Nicaragua (Dr. A. 8. Oersted).

D. quadrangulare G. B. SowErsy, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1882,
p. 29.—Sows. Jr., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 103, pl. 224, f. 31; and in
Conch. Icon., pl. 5, f. 27.—Morcu, Malak. Blatter, vii, p. 176
(1861).

White, small, striated, cylindrical, four-sided at the apical end,
rounded at the other (Sowd.). The single specimen collected by Dr.
Oersted measures, length 62, diam. 14 mill.

D. FISHERI Stearns, n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 61, 62, 68, 64, 65.

Shell cylindrical becoming square toward the apex, not much taper-
ing, and nearly as wide at apex asat aperture; moderately arcuate ;
comparatively solid and strong. White with the riblets gray ; luster-
less. Sculpture of four strong angles at and near the apex, where it is
square; these angles rapidly decreasing in prominence until at the
first third of the shell’s length the section is almost round. Very
near the apex each of the four faces is parted by a median riblet ;
and a little further on a tertiary series of riblets, one in each of the
intervals except the two bounding the keel of the convex side, in
which intervals small riblets develop later. At the middle of the
shell’s length the section is circular and the 28 to 30 riblets nearly
equal in size; a few threads are intercalated toward the aperture,
where the riblets are slightly unequal, low, narrow and close. Aper-
ture circular, slightly oblique. Anal orifice circular, with a slightly
raised rim ; placed in the middle of the square apex. Length 14:1,
diam. at aperture 1°8, at apex 1:2 mill.

Los Animas Bay, Lower California (type no. 46204, U. S. Nat.
Mus.).

D. fisheri SreaRNS, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, p. 157
(“ provisional” name only ; no description).

This species is evidently near to D. quadrangulare Sowb. of Col-
ombia, but it is narrower in proportion to its breadth. We have not,
however, been able to compare specimens of Sowerby’s species. The
general system of sculpture is the same as in several allied species ;

9

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS. ols

and it must be remembered in dealiny with these that an older shell,
or a younger one, would show corresponding differences in the
sculpture at and near the apex, owing to the truncation of this part
with advancing age.

This species is probably what Carpenter reports as D. tetragonum
Sby. from Margarita Bay.

Another specimen (no. 46207, U.S. Nat. Mus.) before us, from
the Gulf of California (pl. 5, fig. 63, apex enlarged), is probably
an older stage of this species, in which the apex has been more trun-
cated, the riblets extending to the extreme end. There is a short
“pipe” for the anal orifice. Length 14°7, diam. at aperture 1°8, at
apex 1°3 mill.

Subgenus Anrauis H. & A. Adams, 1854.

Entalis Gray, P. Z. §., 1847, p. 158, type D. entalis. Not Enta-
lis Sowerby, 1839, = Pyrgopolon Montf. 1810.

Antalis H. & A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll., i, p. 457, examples A.
semistriolata Gldg. and A. entalis L. (1854); from Antale ALDRO-
vanbus, De Reliquis Animalibus exanguibus, lib. iii, De Testaceis
sive conchyliis, p. 282 (1642).

Entaliopsis Newron & Harris, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p.
66 (1894), type D. entalis.

Shell circular or polygonal in section, sculptured with longitudi-
nal ribs or strize at least in the young, often without longitudinal
sculpture in adults, or only so sculptured near the apex; apex gen-
erally with a v-shaped notch at or near the convex side, or with a
solid plug and central short tube or orifice.

Type D. entalis Linn.

Distribution, Mediterranean, North Atlantic, Arctic and North
Pacific. Mainly a group of moderate depths.

These forms differ from the foregoing ribbed species in the pecu-
liarities of the apex mentioned above, which are probably developed
in some specimens of all the species, though examples not showing
them are also abundant in all.

The group as here constituted may seem heterogeneous, including
as it does species with or without a v-shaped apical notch, with or
without a short pipe or tube inserted in an apical plug, and either
heavily ribbed or smooth; but apical characters vary within each
species in limits so wide that they are among the secondary specific
characters, and they are not correlated with sculptural characters.

38 DENTALIUM-—ANTALIS.

Thus, were we to divide into (1) species with a tubular apical fora-
men and (2) those with a v-like notch, such closely allied forms as
D. vulgare and D. weinkauffii would be separated, and a good many
specimens of other species would fail to show the differential feat-
ures; if we divide by a criterion of sculpture, each section would
contain forms with various apical characters, and a number of spe-
cies intermediate in sculpture.

If the characters of the apex be held of subgeneric importance,
then the group with an apical tube, such as vulgare, novemcostatum,
etc., will require a new subgeneric name.

The names for this division of Dentalium are involved in obscur-
ity. Aldrovandus, writing in 1642, proposed to call the smooth
Italian species (probably D. vulgare) Antale ; but as his nomencla-
ture was not binomial, the name has of course only a historic in-
terest in the light of subsequent events. Defrance and other early
French writers enter “ Antale” as a synonym of Dentalium, or
another name for D. entalis (see Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. 11, p. 136,
1816; Encycl. Méth., i, p. 75, 1892, ete.). Schroter, between 1774
and 1784, is said to mention Antale, but his two works on geology,
“ Lithologisches Real- und Verballexicon,” and “ Vollstindige Ein-
leitung in die Kenntniss und Geschichte der Steine und Verstein-
erungen,” are not accessible to us, and it does not appear that he
adopts Anta/e as a genus.

In 1846, Herrmannsen mentions Antalis Aldroy. as a name for
smooth Dentalia, no type species being given.

In 1854 H. & A. Adams recognized Antalis Aldrov. as a second
genus of Dentaliide, with the following diagnosis: “Shell symme-
trical, tubular, subeylindrical, recurved ; apex perforated, perfora-
tion with a notch-like fissure on the dorsal or posterior margin ;
aperture circular, entire. Of the two examples cited, A. semistrio-
lata Guild. is evidently introduced merely as an illustration of the
soft anatomy, but as the shell has no “ notch-like fissure,” it is ap-
parent that the second example, A. entalis L., of which the shell is
figured, must be the type. It agrees with the generic definition,
and with the express statement in regard to the fissure following it.
So far as we can learn, this was the first formal introduction of the
term Antalis into post-Linnzan nomenclature, and although the
name is attributed by Adams brothers to Aldrovandus, it is essen-
tially a new group, the original “ Antale” Aldrov. (D. vulgare=
tarentinum) being omitted from the list given under Antalis Adams,
and placed in Dentalium.

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS. 39

Stoliczka in 1868 restricts Antalis to the species of the type of
D. vulgare, in which there is a supplemental tube at the apex, sep-
arating it generically from Entalis Gray. Tryon and Fischer fol-
low Stoliczka’s definition of Antalis or Antale and Entalis.

Finally, Newton and Harris in 1894 finding Entalis Gray pre-
occupied by Sowerby (but not by Defrance, as they allege) substi-
tute Entaliopsis for the group.

It appears, therefore, that Entalis Gray, Entaliopsis Newton &
Harris and Antalis Ads. are absolutely equivalent, being based
upon the same species as type.

There is another chapter of this history, in which the genesis of
“Entale” (Defrance’s Gallic vernacular for Entalium) is dealt
with, the vicissitudes of its career related, with at last its final trans-
formation into “ Entalis.” The details of this melancholy tale may
be found by the curious in the section of this volume treating of
Pyrgopolon.

Group oF D. ENTALIS.

Shell moderately or very solid, circular in section ; white or red-
dish toward the apex ; near the apex always sculptured with longi-
tudinal riblets or striz, at least in the young, but frequently the
greater part in adults is smooth, with growth-lines only. Apex
typically with a slightly projecting “sheath ” interrupted by a small
v-shaped notch on or near the convex side.

North Atlantic, Mediterranean and North Pacific in distribution,
from shallow water to the greatest depths reached.

In many species of this group the inner layer of the shell is of
more porcellanous, firmer texture than the outer, and by the pro-
gressive erosion of the smaller end with growth this layer projects
slightly as a sort of narrow, elevated rim around the apical orifice,
interrupted on one side by the notch, as shown in fig. 25 of plate 8.
This condition, while usual in some species and likely to occur in ali
of the group, is by no means invariable in any of them. In some
forms the inner layer thus exposed by erosion, may form a longer
tube, as in the voung specimen of D. agile which Jeffreys called D.
vagina. The same structure occurs in D. agassizi and many other
forms. This tube is not homologous with the apical tube of D.
vulgare (which is probably more allied to the novemcostatum group),
or of D. filum, ete.

40 DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.
Key to species.

I. Shell becoming round and nearly smooth toward aperture,
sharply and finely striate longitudinally toward apex, at least
in the young.

a. Very fine longitudinal strie throughout, sharp threads on
on smaller end.
b. No apical notch, the orifice simple or tubular,
vulgare, p. 41.
b’. An apical notch; more than half the length sharply
striate, weinkauffii, p. 40.
a’. Only circular striz on larger part of the shell; apex with
a short sheath and v-like notch, or simple,
entalis, p. 42; pretiosum, p. 44; agile, p. 46.
II. Shell with numerous riblets toward apex, persistent or becoming
obsolete near aperture.
a. About 12 riblets at apex, becoming lower and double as
many and sometimes obsolete near aperture,
occidentale, p. 47.
a’, 26-28 narrow ribs throughout, no interstitial riblets or
strize, enigmaticum, p. 49.

D. WEINKAUFFI Dunker. PI. 2, fig. 26.

Shell large, solid, the smaller third well curved, the remainder
slightly so; stout; the length about 11 times the diam. of aperture ;
apical end not much attenuated. Flesh-colored, fading to whitish
toward the mouth; shining. Sculpture, 76 narrow longitudinal
threads at apex, indistinctly alternating larger and smaller, and inereas-
ing to about double that number at the end of the first third of the
shell’s length. These threads are most prominent at the smaller
end, and gradually decrease in size, obsolete on the larger third of
the shell, where microscopic, superficial longitudinal striz replace
them. Growth-strie conspicuously developed and irregular on the
larger half of the tube. Aperture circular, oblique, with thin per-
istome, the interior white, becoming yellow far within. Anal open-
ing small, narrowly ovate, passing into a small v-shaped notch on the
convex side.

Length 80, diam. aperture 7:3, diam. apex 2 mill. (specimen).

Length 86-87, diam. 8 mill. (Dkr.).

Bishiu coast, Japan (Stearns).

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS. 41

D. weinkauffi Dkr., Malak. Bl., xxiv, p. 68 (1877); Index Moll.
Mar. Jap., p. 153, pl. 5, f. 1 (1882).

Not nearly allied to any other Oriental species, its relationship
being rather with the Mediterranean D. vulgare DaCosta (tarentinwm
Lam.) and the West American D. pretiosum Nutt. The longitu-
dinal sculpture does not stop abruptly, as shown in the figure, but
gradually decreases.

D. vutGARE DaCosta. PI. 8, figs. 22, 23, 24; pl. 9, figs. 53, 54.

Shell moderately curved, solid, nearly lusterless, opaque white,
often with some indistinct dusky zones, and tinted with yellowish-
brown or rose toward the apex. Sculpture of fine close longitudinal
strize, about 30 in number at the apex of an adult, half that many
in a younger shell, increasing by intercalation to double that number
of much less conspicuous, fine, low striz on the larger part of the
shell, persisting to the aperture, although weak there. Aperture
circular, oblique, the peristome thin and jagged from fracture. Apex
truncated in adults; anal orifice small, round or ovate, occupying a
very short tube arising from the middle of the thick apical plug.
“No notch, groove slit or channel.”

Length 38, diam. of aperture 4°7, of apex 2 mill. (adult).

Length 36, diam. of aperture 4°6, of apex 0°5 mill. (younger).

Length 34, diam. of aperture 4°8, of apex 1 mill.

Length 48, diam. of aperture 5:5 mill.

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas ; Atlantic from Spain to Belgium ;
southern England and Ireland. Low water mark to 543 fms. Mio-
cene of Belgium; Pliocene of Italy.

Dentale vulgare DaCosta, Brit. Conch., p. 24, pl. 2, f. 10 (1778)
—Dentalium vulgare MontTERosa 0, Not. int. alle Conch. Medit., p.
28 (1872).—Buaquoy, Daurz. & Doxur., Moll. Mar. du Roussillon,
i, p. 558, pl. 66, f. 1-6.—Daurz., Mém. Soc. Zool. France, viii, p.
370; ibid., iv, p. 609.—D. entalis of OLivi, PAYRAUDEAU, VON
Sais, Poryrprr and others, and in part of Linnr.—D. tarentinum
Lamarck, An. s. Vert., v, p. 345 (1818).—Forses & HANLEy,
Hist. Brit. Moll., ii, p. 451, pl. 57, f. 12 (1853).—Sowp., Ilustr. Ind.
Br. Sh., pl. 10, f. 2% ; Thes. Conch., iii, p. 100, pl. 224, f. 19, 20.—J EF-
FREYS, Brit. Conch., iii, p. 195; v, p. 197, pl. 55, f. 2; P.Z.S.
Lond., 1882, p. 657.—Cuessty, Conchyl. Cab., p. 3, pl. 1, f. 1, and
of many other authors.—D. striatum Monraau, Test. Brit. ii, p. 492
(not of Born).—D. labiatum Turton, Conch. Dict. Br. Sh., p. 38.-—

42 DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.

Browy, Illustr. Conch. G. Brit., p. 117, pl. 56, f. 4, 5—D. politum
De Buaryvy., Dict. Sci. Nat., xiii, p. 70 (1819).—and again Turron,
ibid., p. 88 (not of Linn.), changed to D. eve 'TuRTOoN, ibid., p. 256.
—D. striolatum Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., iv, p. 398 (1826).—
D. multistriatum Risso, ibid., p. 398 (not of Desh.).—D. affine
Bronp1, Atti dell’Accad. Gioenia di Sci. Nat. (2), xiv, p. 120, pl.,
f. 7 (1859).—D. fasciatum GMe.., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 87387.—? D.
nebulosum GMEL., ibid., p. 3738.

Allied to D. entalis L., but when unworn it is lusterless, finely
striated throughout, not slit or notched posteriorly, and it is more
robust. The following forms have received varietal names: elongata
Monts., attenuata Monts., decurtata Monts., albina Monts. (uniform
white), citrina Monts. (lemon yellow throughout), rosea B. D. & D.
(rose-carmine throughout). Sacco has a fossil “ variety ” perstri-
olata.

D. weinkauffi Dky., of Japan, is a near relative of this species,
but that has the apical notch of typical Antalis, while vulgare is like
novemcostatum in apical features.

According to Jeffreys, ‘‘ The stomach of this Dentaliwm is a reper-
tory of littoral Foraminifera. It is not, like Spatangus or Synapta,
an indiscriminate swallower of sand, but a fastidious Pig from the
herd of Epicurus, luxuriously picking out the choicest morsels with
its extensile and delicate captacula. Adriatic specimens of the shell
collected by Professor Stossich are 2} inches in length and very
fine.”

Besides the literature cited above, there are very many references
in local and faunal works, and a number doubtfully applying to this
species or confusing it with D. entalis. Martini, Bonanni, d’Ar-
gentville and other early writers have also noticed and figured it.

D. ENTALIS Linné. PI. 8, figs. 25.

Shell tapering, not much curved, often irregularly divided into
segments by the successive accretions of growth; it is solid, opaque,
and glossy ; sculpture, slight concentric lines of growth, and occa-
sionally a few indistinct and extremely fine longitudinal strize to-
wards the narrower end, these striz, when they occur, are not very
numerous, and are only visible with the aid of a magnifier; color
ivory-white, with sometimes an ochreous stain on the narrower
part, caused by an admixture of mud with the sand in which this
species burrows: margin at the anterior or broader end more or less

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS. 43

jagged, owing to that part of the shell being nearly formed and con-
sequently much thinner than other parts; at the posterior or nar-
rower end it is usually truncated in adult specimens, and furnished
with a very short sloping and oblique pipe or tubular appendage
having a pear-shaped orifice; there is also occasionally at the point
on the convex side a notch or groove, in a line with the front or
smaller part of the tubular appendage, and this notch is rarely ex-
tended into a short and narrow slit or channel. (Jeffreys).

Length 37-42, diam. of aperture 45-5 mill.

Spitzbergen, Scandinavia, Iceland, and Atlantic coasts of Europe,
south to Spain, 83-1750 fms. Coasts of Maine and Massachisetts,
north to Bay of Fundy.

D. entalis Lixn., Syst. Nat. (10), p. 785; (12), p. 1263.—Prnn-
ANT, Brit. Zool., iv, p. 145, pl. 90, f. 154 (1777).— Lamarck, An.s.
Vert., v, p. 845 (1818).—Forses & Haney, Nat. Hist. Brit. Moll.
li, p. 449, pl. 57, f. 11 (1853).—H an ey, Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 437,
048 (1855).—ReEEvE, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 6, pl. 130, f. 3 (1842).—
JFFFREYS, Brit. Conch., iii, p. 191, pl. 5, f. 1; v, pl. 55, f. 1 (1865) ;
P. Z.S., 1882, p. 659.—Warson, Challenger Scaph. & Gastr., p. 5
(1885).—D. entale L., and D. antale of some authors. Not D. en-
talis or D. entale of writers on Mediterranean shells, or of Searles
Wood and some other paleontologists—D. entalum Dr Brarnv.,
Dict. Se. Nat., xiii, p. 70.

D. striolatum Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 114
(1851); Shells of New England, p. 28 (1851).—Entalis striolata
Stimp., Goutp-Brnney, Invert. of Mass., p. 266, f. 528 (1870).
Not D. striolatum of Jeffreys, Watson or Sars. Not D. striolatum
Risso, 1826.

More glossy and ivory-like than D. vulgare, usually more dis-
tinctly annulated, and with the longitudinal striz completely want-
ing except at the smaller end, where their presence is variable. The
posterior termination has either a labial projection which is rather
broadly fissured dorsally (i. e. upon the arched side of the tube) or
if it have not experienced that reparative process is then very taper-
ing, and has a short shelving notch-like dorsal fissure; it is always
entire upon the ventral or incurved side of the shell. In certain
specimens the close approximation of the concentric lines of growth
produces a somewhat annulated appearance. (F. & H.).

D. entalis is an abundant species on the coast of Maine; and
William Stimpson, comparing with the European D. vulgare and
finding differences, distinguished the American shells as D. striolatum,

44 DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.

under which name the species is generally known in American col-
lections. Had he compared with D. entalis, the identity of the two
would no doubt have been recognized. There is no difference, not
even varietal, between English and Maine specimens. D. striolatum
or Entalis striolata of Jeffreys, Sars and Watson is D. occidentale
Stimp. D. striolatwm of Risso is D. vulgare.

There is great latitude of opinion regarding the limits of the species
entalis ; some conchologists holding occidentale, agile and pretiosum
as merely varieties of the Linnean species. The following variations
have been named :

Var. infundibulum Jeffr. Shorter and less cylindrical, being pro-
portionally wider toward the mouth. Loch Fyne (Jeffr., Brit. Conch.
v, p- 197). Var. anulata Jeffr. Narrower and more regularly
cylindrical, ornamented with white ring-like marks of growth (Jeffr.,
Brit. Conch., iii, p. 192).

Var. ORTHRUM Watson.

Rather long and straight, and sharply striate toward the apex,
thus combining the form of D. agile with the sculpture of D. abys-
sorum.

Setubal, 470 fms. ; Fayal, Azores, 450 fms.; Prince Edward Island,
140 fms. (Challenger); Gulf of Gascony (Hirondelle).

D. entalis var. orthrum Wats., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xiv, p.
512 (1879); Challenger Rep., p. 6—Dautzenserc, Mém. Zool.
Soc. France, iv, p. 609, 617.

D. PrETIosUM ‘ Nuttall’ Sowerby. PI. 13, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell rather long, moderately curved and solid ; opaque white,
ivory-like, often with some faint dirty buff rings or tinted with that
color at thesmaller end. Sculpture of fine, irregular growth-striz
and occasional deeper grooves caused by interrupted growth; usu-
ally with no longitudinal sculpture in adults, but sometimes showing
longitudinal striz toward the apex, the young with numerous small
riblets (but in southern specimens the longitudinal sculpture is more
persistent). Aperture circular, oblique, the peristome thin. Apex
rather broadly truncate, the orifice small, oblong, continued in a
short notch on the convex side; often having a narrow raised rim.

Length 55, diam. of aperture 5, of apex 2 mill. (Washington).

Length 41, diam. of aperture 5, of apex 2°7 mill. (Brit. Columbia).

Length 41, diam. of aperture 3°8, of apex 1°5 mill. (Cerros L.).

West coast of America.from Sitka, Alaska, to Cerros I., Lower Cali-
fornia.

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS. 45

D. pretiosum Cpr., Moll. W. C. North Amer., in Rep. Brit.
Asso. Adv. Sci. for 1856, pp. 296, 317 (name only ; “ Central Amer-
ica, Dr. Sinclair in Brit. Mus.”).—D. pretiosum Nurt., Sows., Thes.
Conch., iii, p. 95, pl. 225, f. 57 (1860) ; Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 7, f.
54 (1872).—Cper., Rep. Br. Asso. for 1863, p. 560; (Smiths. Mise.
Coll., No. 252, pp. 31, 46).—Wuiiamson, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus.
xv, 1892, p. 194—Krrp, West Coast Shells, p. 113, f. 101 (1887).
—Entalis pretiosus Nutt., Lorp, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 187 (method of
capture by aborigines).—Dentalium like entalis, Vancouvers Isl.,
Crr., Rep. Br. Asso., 1856, p. 296.

“ Dentalium (var.) Indianorum,” “ Dentalium (? pretiosum Nutt.,
Sby. var.) Indianorum,” and “ Dentalium Indianorum” CARPENTER,
Rep. Brit. Asso. Ady. Sci. for 1863, pp. 612, 648, 683 (1864) ; Moll.
Western N. A., Smiths. Misc. Coll., no. 252, pp. 98, 134, 169.—D.
imdianorum—pretiosum STEARNS, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, pp.
315, 316, f. 8, 9, pl. 1, f. 2 (use as money ).—D. “ preciosum ” CLEs-
sin, Conchyl. Cab., p. 15, pl. 4, f. 8 (1896).—D. “pretionum”
JAMES, Journ. Cincinnati Soe. N. H., viii, p. 36 (1885-6).

D. politum Lamk., MrppenporrFrF, Beitrige Mal. Rossica, ii, p.
98 (not of Lam.).

D. columbianum CuEssin, Conchyl. Cab., vi, Heft x, p. [43], pl.
10, f. 4 (1896).

Very similar to D. entalis, of the North Atlantic and perhaps
better ranked as a subspecies; but in general the Pacific shell is
larger, longer in proportion to the diameter, and whiter; and these
differences, with the geographic separation, make it undesirable to
unite the forms,

Clessin’s D. columbianum is merely a short form of typical pretio-
sum, utterly without specific or varietal characters different from
pretiosum as ordinarily developed in British Columbian waters.

Californian examples are decidedly smaller, and frequently lirate
toward the tip. This form has been called

Var. INDIANORUM by Dr. Carpenter, who describes it as “like
entalis, with very fine posterior striz.”’ Specimens from Monterey,
San Pedro Bay, ete. aresosculptured. In the examples of this form
before me the apex is unslit, the anal orifice circular with thin walls.
Should these differences prove constant, indianorum may perhaps be
elevated to specific rank; but in entalis the apical features are in-
constant. Pl. 13, figs. 6, 7, 8 are normal indianorum ; figs. 4, 5 are
an older shell.

46 DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.

" In some specimens of D. pretiosum before us the apical notch is
excentric, and in one it is directly lateral, as in D. sericatum, although
having the form usual in pretiosum and entalis. We have observed
similar inconstancy in the position of the slit in some other species. ~

D. aciLE M. Sars. PI. 8, figs. 36.

Shell very long and narrow, somewhat attenuated toward the apex ;
very slightly curved, almost straight, not very solid. White, little
shining, generally smooth, rarely lightly striolate toward the apex.
Apical fissure rather deep. Length 57 mill. (G. O. Sars).

Lofoten Is., etc., Norway (Sars); Bay of Biscay (Travailleur) ;
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas (Spratt, Stossich) ; Canaries, Azores
and Ascension I., 420-620 fms. (Challenger, Josephine Exped.) ;
Between Halifax and La Have Bank (U.S. F. C.); Off Morro Light,
Havana, Cuba, 400 fms. (Blake).

D. agile M. Sars, Remarkable Forms of Anim. Life, ete., p. 34,
pl. 3, f. 4, 5 (1872).-—Antalis agilis G.O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct.
Norv., p. 102, pl. 20, f. 9 (1878)—Monrs., Nomencl. Gen e Spec.
Conch. Medit., p. 82—D. agile Daur, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 37
(1881); ibid., xviii, Blake Rep., p. 418 (1889); Trans. Wagner
Inst., iii, p. 44 (1892).—Srurany, Ber. Commis. Erforsch. dst. Mit-
telm, p. 29.—JEFFREYS, P. Z.S., 1882, p. 658; Ann. Mag. N. H.
(5), x, p. 80 (1882); Nature i, p. 166, no description (1869).—D.
entalis var. agile Sars, Wa'rson, Challenger Rep., p. 6 (1885).—
SmiryH, P. Z. S., 1890, p. 321.—D. incertum Puiu., Enum. Moll.
Sicil., ii, p. 207, (1844), not D. incertum Desh.— D. vagina JEFFREYS,
see below.—D. fusticulus BRUGNONE, Mise. Malac., ii, p. 21, f. 31.

“T now find that, compared with D. striolatum or abussorum, the
present species is more slender and not so strongly ribbed, and that
the curve is more gradual and not abrupt towards the point or
base. Perfect specimens of both species have a short terminal pipe
within the slit and occasionally issuing from a truncated and thick-
ened base, asin D. dentalis and D. tarentinum. Philippi was the
first to describe D. agile from the Italian Tertiaries as D. incertum
of Deshayes; but it is not the last named species. It was dredged
in the ‘ Porcupine’ and ‘ Travailleur’ expeditions off the Lusitanian
coasts.” (Jeffreys).

D. vagina Jeffreys. (PI. 9, fig. 52). Narrowly cylindrical,
rather solid, glossy, smooth. Its peculiarity consists in the posterior
termination forming a second and narrower cylinder, which issues

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS. 47

out of the larger and longer one, as if from a sheath. This process
has an entire and circular point; so that the shell cannot be a
species of Siphodentalium. Length 12°5 mill. (Jeffr.).
N. Atlantic, Station 16,1785 fms. (Valorous Exped.).
D. vagina Jerrr., Ann. Mag. N. Hist. (4), xix, (1877), p. 155
(concealed in text relating to D. swbterfissum).

Described from a dead specimen, which Jeffreys was apparently
ashamed to formally introduce as a new species. It is a wretched
fragment of a young shell, which owes the projecting tube to loss
of the outer shell layer, as described under D. agassizi, not to inde-
pendent growth as in D. filwm, innumerabilis, and the vulgare group.
After examining the type and another specimen, we have no hesita-
tion in declaring it a young D. agile. At all events, its absolute
counterpart can be found in the long-dead young of this species.
The figure is an enlarged drawing of the type.

-D. OCCIDENTALE Stimpson. PI. 13, figs. 9,10, 11; pl. 9, figs. 41, 42,
43 (young).

Shell moderately curved, the bend mainly posterior, rather solid,
lusterless; whitish, frequently tinted with yellow or fleshy. Sculpt-
ure of about 12 rather strong ribs toward the apex, gradually be-
coming lower and wider anteriorly, and increased to double that
number by the intercalation of as many intermediate riblets, all of .
which become subobsolete toward the aperture, which is oblique and
circular. Anal orifice circular not notched or slit, or with a short
slit on the convex side.

Length 34, diam. of aperture 3:9, of apex 1 mill.

North Atlantic, from off New England north to Newfoundland ;
Spitzbergen, Norway and Faroe Is. (According to Jeffreys south to
Bay of Biscay and Azores).

D. occidentale Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 28 (1851) ;
no description, being based on D. dentale Gould, Invert. Mass., p.
155, pl. 1, f. 5.—D. occidentale VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vy, pl.
“42, f. 16-18; Rep. Commissioner Fish and Fisheries for 1883, p.
573, pl. 28, f. 125-125.—Wutrraves, Rep. on a Second Deep-sea
Dredgiug Exped to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, ete., p. 17 (1873).—
D. dentale Gu. in Invert. Mass., edit. W. G. Binney, p. 266.—D.
abyssorum Sars, see below.

This shell has curiously enough been mistaken for D. striolatum
Stimpson, by Jeffreys (P. Z.S., 1882, p. 659), Watson (Chall. Gastr.,

48 DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.

p. 5) and G. O. Sars (Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 101). It is, in our
opinion, specifically different from strio/atum Stimp., but seems to be
identical with the later D. abyssorum M. Sars. D. attenuatum Say
is a somewhat similar Miocene species, differing in the characters
of the apex. The description and synonymy of D. abyssorum here
follows.

D. abyssorum M. Sars. (PI. 8, fig. 21; pl. 9, fig. 40). Longer
and more slender than D. entalis; lightly arcuate toward the apex ;
less solid. | White or ashen, little shining, longitudinally striolate,
about 20 (16-24) more distinct strize at the middle, rarely extending
to the aperture, and sometimes quite raised, sometimes less distinct
and almost obsolete. Apical fissure moderately deep; sheath or
tube around the anal orifice short. Length 50, diam. of aperture 44,
of apex 1 mill. :

D. abyssorum M. Sars, Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1858, p. 52 ; Om
de i Norge Forekommende Fossile Dyrelevninger fra Quartr-
perioden (University Programme for 1864), p. 42, pl. 3, f. 100-106
(1865), exclusive of the so-called young—SrarLEs Woop, Crag
Moll. Suppl. i, Pal. Soc. Mem., p. 93 (1871) ; see ibid.,i, p. 189, pl. 20,
f. 2.—D. striolatum Stimp., JEFFR., P. Z. 8., 1882, p.659; Ann. Mag.
N. H. (5), x, p. 830.—D. brevifissum BruGnone, Misc. Malac., il, p.
20, fig. 30 (1876).—? D. cinerascens Anton, Verzeich. Conchyl.
Samml. Anton, p. 25 (1839).—D. entalis var. striolatum Watson,
Chall. Rep., p. 5 (1885).—Antalis striolata G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg.
Arct. Norv., p. 101, pl. 7, f. 1; pl. 20, f. 10a, b,c; Also folded pl.
1, f. 1 (vadula). Not D. striolatwm Stimpson !— D. tarentinum AsB-
JORNSEN, Nyt Mag. f. Naturv., 1853, vii, p.350.—Ma.m, Goteborgs
Vetensk. 0 Vitterh. Samhilles Handl., viii, 1863, p.2, f.3. Not D.

tarentinum Lam.

Var. SULCATUM Verrill.

Shell of moderate size, thin, translucent white, tinged with very
pale yellowish or bluish, moderately curved, more decidedly behind
the middle, tapering regularly and rather rapidly from the anterior
to the very slender posterior end. The entire surface is covered by
well marked, nearly regular, narrow raised ribs with nearly perpen-
dicular sides and rounded summits, separated by well-defined,
strongly marked, concave grooves which are about twice the width
of the ribs anteriorly, but posteriorly are of about the same width.
The ribs and furrows show on the interior of the shell within the

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS. 49

aperture, in reverse, the whole thickness of the shell conforming to
the sculpture as if they were corrugations of its substance. The oval
aperture is relatively large and circular, very little oblique, and
usually with the very thin edge more or less broken. Posterior
aperture very small, usually plain and without any notches, but in
one of the most perfect specimens it has a slight lateral notch on each
side; in others there is a small dorsal notch.

Length of one of the largest specimens 20, diameter at the ante-
rior end 3, at the posterior end 0°6 mill. Some specimens are
slightly more slender than the one measured. (Vervill).

South of Nova Scotia, east of Cape Cod, lat. 41° 9 40” to 41° 13’,
long. 66° 2’ 20” to 66° 50’, at the following Stations: 2076, in 906
fathoms, one living specimen ; station 2077, in 1255 fathoms, four
living, and station 2079 in 75 fathoms, one living specimen (U.S.
Fish Commission).

D. occidentale var. suleatum VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p.
217 (June, 1884).

This variety resembles D. candidwm Jeffreys in its form and lon-
gitudinal sculpture, but lacks the transverse lines between the ribs;
the posterior end is also more slender and more curved than shown
in his figure. It also closely resembles some young specimens of the
typical D. occidentale but the latter has not so strongly marked and
regular ribs and grooves, nor does the sculpture extend entirely
through the thickness of the shell so as to appear on the inside, as
in the present form. Specimens often occur, however, that are
evidently intermediate between the two forms, in the character of
the sculpture and thickness of the shell. ( Verrill).

We have not seen this form.

D. =nicMaticum Jordan. PI. 9, figs. 58, 59.

Shell subeylindrical, very slender, thin, slightly curved, lusterless,
and opaque. Sculpture, 26-28 longitudinal ribs, which are thin,
almost sharp, and traverse the entire length of the shell. No lon-
gitudinal microscopical strize are visible between these ribs, merely
the usual transverse lines of growth. Color, creamy-white, margin
at the anterior end jagged, as is usual in other species of this genus.
No notch or slit is visible at the posterior end, which, however,
appears when examined by a strong lens to be slightly broken.
Length 25, diam. 2 mill. (Jordan).

Faroe Channel, * cold area,” 640 fms. ; off west coast of Ireland, in

1000 fms.
4

50 DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.

Dentalium enigmaticum JoRDAN, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p.
264, pl. 16, f. la, Lb (July, 1895).

From D. agile this species may be distinguished by the persistent
ribs which traverse the entire length of the shell, and by its some-
what more slender form. Herr Herman Friele informs me that D.
agile “is not always so faintly striated as described by Sars.” It
differs from D. striolatum [occidentale] in its more slender form and
stronger sculpture ; from D. candidum in its much more slender
form, and in not possessing the fine transverse intercostal sculpture
of that species; whilst from D. dentalis it is distinguished by its more
slender form, more numerous ribs (about twice as many), which are
thin and not well rounded as in D. dentalis, and by not having lon-
gitudinal microscopical strize between the ribs.

The learned author of “ British Conchology,” in vol. iii, p. 197,
says of D. dentalis, “ It has nine longitudinal ribs, besides frequently
a stria between each rib, but no fine impressed lines as in D. taren-
tinum ;” but in the specimens of D. dentalis which I have examined
longitudinal striz are visible; even in specimens which appeared to
be destitute of them, I have with a strong lens detected them in some
places when holding the shell at a certain angle to the light, and in
many specimens these strize by their intersection with the lines of
growth, impart a microscopical bead-work appearance to the inter-

b

costal spaces.

Mr. E. A Smith informs me that there are two specimens of this
new species in the British Museum (Natural History) from off the
west coast of Ireland in 1000 fms., and that he regards the species as
being quite recognizable. (Jordan).

Group of D. novemcostatum.

Shell stout and strong, moderately curved, with 9 to 13 principal
ribs at and near apex, and usually interstitial riblets. Apex fre-
quently truncate, with a small central tube. Shell often ruddy.

Species of the Mediterranean and immediately adjacent seas,
mainly living at slight or moderate depths.

With the inclusion of D. vulgare, this group would constitute the
genus Antalis of Stoliczka, but not the earlier Antalis Adams; but
it is a matter of common observation that the apical tube is by no
means constantly developed in shells of any stage of growth. In the
following key some species of the preceding group are included.

DENTALIUM-—ANTALIS. 51
Key to species.

I. 9 to 18 strong ribs at and near apex ; an equal number of inter-
stitial ribs often developed, or intervals longitudinally striated.
a. Primary ribs strong, intercalated riblets generally smaller
throughout, shell generally ruddy, novemcostatum, dentalis,
inequicostatum, panormum.
a’, About 11 indistinct ribs, intervals longitudinally striated,
apex wide; white; (Gulf of Suez). clavus, p. 5d.
II. 12 or more low ribs at apex, increasing to double that, and be-
coming lower or obsolete toward aperture, occidentale, p. 47.
IIL. 11-28 primary ribs or riblets, continuous from end to end; no
interstitial riblets or longitudinal strize; white.
a. 11-138 ribs; length 35 mill., 7 times the diam.
senegalense, p. 55.
a’, 26-28 narrow ribs; no apical notch; length 25 mill., 12
times the diam., enigmaticum, p. 49.

D. NovEMcostatuM Lamarck. PFI. 9. figs. 44, 45, 46, 47, 48.

Shell moderately curved, very stout; grayish-white or delicate
rose, usually reddish toward the apex and with encircling zones of
deeper red. Sculpture of 9 rounded ribs, stronger at the apex, weak
or obsolete at the aperture; longitudinally obsoletely striated.
Aperture rounded-angular. Apex wide, truncate, the anal orifice
small, usually occupying a short tube.

Length 32, diam. of aperture 4:7, of apex 2-3 mill.

Ocean coast of France.

D. novemeostatum Lam., An. s. Vert., v, p. 344 (1818); edit.
Desu., v, p. 592 (1838).—Desu., Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p.
356, pl. 16, f. 11, 12 (1826)—Derxerssert, Req. de Cogq,, pl. 1, f. 2a,
2b (1841).—F iscuer, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., xxvii, 1869, p. 115.
—DaniEL, Journ. de Conchyl., xxxi, 1883, p. 8331.—Buaq., Daurz.
& Douur., Moll. du Roussillon, i, p. 565, pl. 66, f. 12-14.—Sowp.,

_Thes. Conch., iii, p. 102, pl. 224, f. 24-27; Conch. Icon., xvii, pl. 3,
f. 13, c, d—Cuesstn, Conchyl. Cab., p. 5, pl. 1, f. 5. —Antale novem-
costatum Sacco, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat, Comp. Univ. Torino, xi,
1396; p. 97.

Stouter, comparatively broader in the adult than the Mediterranean
- D. inequicostatum, and lacking the distinct circular striation of that
form.

BZ DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.

Sacco recognizes ‘ varieties’ pseudaprina, mutabilis, ineequicostata
_decemcostata, undecemcostata, duodecemcostata and tredecemcostata in
the Italian Pliocene. They are probably mere forms, and may be-
long to the closely allied D. inequicostatum Dautz.

D. 1n2zquicostaTuM Dautzenberg. PI. 9, figs. 49, 50, 51.

Shell moderately or slightly arcuate, either decidedly or slightly
tapering, very solid, nearly lusterless. Whitish, with numerous ill-
defined orange-red or roseate zones, and suffused with that color to-
ward the apex. Sculpture of 9-12 strong primary ribs toward the
apex, narrower than their intervals, which are smooth except for
very faint, close longitudinal striation, and rather conspicuous
growth-striz ; smaller secondary ribs, alternating with the others,
soon appear, and toward the aperture, where the sculpture becomes
weaker, some tertiary cords; so the ribs are rather irregularly alter-
nating in size; adults showing some irregular, shallow or deep con-
strictions around the tube, caused by interrupted growth or break-
age. Aperture subcircular, slightly polygonal, somewhat oblique.
Apex wide and truncate in adults, with a small, short central tube.
No slit or notch.

Length 50, diam. of aperture 4°5, of apex 2 mill. (Specimen).

Length 35, diam. of aperture 5 mill. (Bb. D. & D.).

Mediterranean, from Greece and Sicily to southern France, Algeria
and Tunis ; laminarian zone.

D. dentalis Lam., An.s. Vert., v, p. 344.—Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur.
Mérid., iv, p. 398.—Desu., Mém. Soc. H.N. Paris, ii, p. 353, pl. 16,
f. 9, 10.—Paxritirri, Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 243; ii, p. 206.—J Er-
FreEYs, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1870, p. 10—Monrerosato, Not. int.
alle Conch. Medit., p. 28; Conch. delle Rada di Civitavecchia, p. 8.
Not D. dentalis Linné.

D. fasciatum Lam., |. ¢., p. 843. Not D. fasciatum Gmel.

D. novemeostatum Lam., Payr., Moll. de Corse, p. 19.—JEF-
rReEyYs, Moll. Piedm. Coast, p. 26.—WeINKAUFF, Conch. des Mit-
telm., ii. p. 420.—Monrrrosato, Nom. Gen. e Spec., p.31. Not D.
novemcostatum Lamarck.

? D. striatulum DE Buarny., Dict. Sci. Nat., xiii, p. 70 (1819).

D. pseudo-antalis Scaccut, Catal. Conch. Reg. Nap., p. 17 (1836).
Not D. pseudo-antalis Lamarck.

D. alternans Bug., Dautz. & Doutur., Moll. Mar. du Roussilon,
i, p. 561, pl. 66, f. 7, 8,9. Not D. alternans Chenu.

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS. 53

D. ineequicostatum DaurzENBERG, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, pour
1891, p. 53 (footnote); Ibid., 1895, p. 370.

The vicissitudes of nomenclature suffered by this species have been
ably elucidated by the learned authors of Les Mollusques Marins du
Rousillon ; and as their material has been so much more extensive
than any we have access to, we are content to accept their separation
of the form from D. novemcostatum Lam. and D. dentalis Linné.

D. penTAuis Linné. PI. 9, figs. 55, 56, 57.

Shell moderately curved, rather slender ; whitish, zoned and suf-
fused toward the smaller end with rose; sometimes uniform white.
Sculpture of about 10 strong rounded ribs near the apex, rapidly in-
creasing by the intercalation of intermediate riblets to 18 or 20 at the
aperture. Aperture rounded, polygonal, slightly oblique. Anal
orifice small, circular, with very thick walls. No notch or slit.
Length 24, diam. of aperture 2°8, of apex 0°8 mill. (or somewhat
larger).

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas ; Sea of Marmora.

D. dentalis Linne, Syst. Nat. (12), p. 1263 (1766).—Hantey,
The Shells of Linnzeus, p. 436.—O. G. Cosra, Faun. Reg. Nap.,
Tubibranchi, p. 16, pl. 1, f. 83—Monrs., Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 31.—
Bug., Dautz. & Doutur., Moll. Mar. Roussillon, i, p. 564, pl. 66, f.
10, 11.—Cuesstn, Conchyl. Cab., p. 6 (in part)—Srurany, Ber-
ichte der Commiss. fiir Erforsch. des Ostlichen Mittelm., p. 120, in
Denkschr. K. Akad. Wissensch., ]xii, 1895.—DauTzeENnBERG, Mém.
Soe. Zool. France, iv, p. 609.—Carus, Prodromus Faun. Medit., p.
174.—D. dentale and D. linneanum LocarD, Prodr. Mal. Francaise,
in Ann. Soe. d’Agricult., ete. de Lyon (5), ix, for 1886, p. 145 (1887) ;
Coq. Mar. France, in Ann. Soc. Linnéenne de Lyon, for 1890, p.
238 (1891).—? D. simile S. Bronp1 Grunt1, Atti Accad. Gioenia de
Sci. Nat. (2), xiv, p. 120, pL, f. 6 (1859).—D. mutabile DoDERL. in
Hornes, Foss. Moll. Tertiar-Beckens von Wien, in Abhandl. K.-K.
Geol. Reichsanst., iii, p. 654, pl. 50, f. 82 (1856).

Closely allied to D. inequicostatum, with which, indeed, it may
have been associated by Linneus. Sacco has named “ varieties”
astensis, sexdecimcostuta, quatuordecimeostata, paucicostulata and mac-
ulatellata from the Italian Pliocene. It is an interesting collection
of Latin compounds, but probably without adequate foundation in
nature.

54 DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.

Foresti, in Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., xix, p. 249-252, admits these
varieties from the Pliocene: (1) alternans B. D. D., (2) obsoleta
Dod. (=D. obsoletum Doderlein, Cenn. Geol. giacim. terr. Mioce.
sup. Ital. Centr., p. 15, 1862 ;—D. dentalis var. sublevis Cocconi,
Enum. sistem. Moll. Mioc. e Plioc. Parma e Piacenza, p. 240, 1873),
and (3) equicostata Foresti, 1895, Whether these are really refer-
able to dentalis or not is uncertain ; the recent forms of this group
are certainly closely allied though probably specifically distinct, but
some convergence is to be expected in the tertiaries.

D. panorMuM Chenu. PI. 9, figs. 38, 39.

Shell slender and elongated, moderately curved, solid. Flesh-
tinted, or opaque white and tinted posteriorly, where it is also often
encrusted with a black deposit. Sculpture of about a dozen unequal
narrow riblets at the apex, increasing in number but losing in prom-
inence as the tube enlarges; growth striz scarcely noticeable, but
there is often a deep jagged encircling constriction where a former
fractured peristome has been repaired. Aperture circular, hardly
oblique. Anal orifice small, circular or ovate, with thick walls.

Length 53, diam. of aperture 4, of apex 1 mill.

Length 70, diam. of aperture 4, of apex 1:5 mill.

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas ; Bay of Biscay, 30-195 fms.

D. panormum CHEN, Ill. Conch., i, p. 6, pl. 6, f. 13 (1842-1847).
—D. panormitanum JEFFREYS, P. Z. S., 1882, p. 657.—Srur-
ANY, Denkschr. Kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien., ]xiii, Berichte der
Commis. fiir Erforsch Ost]. Mittelm., p. 29.—D. lessoni Sows., Thes.
Conch., iii, p. 100, pl. 224, f. 17, 18.—? And Cressin, Conchyl. Cab.
p.7. Not of Deshayes.— ? D. arguticosta BRUGNONE.

D. pseudoantalis O. G. Costa, Fauna Reg. Nap., Dent., p..17,
pl. 1, f. 2, 8 (1850).

Independently of the much greater length, the ribs are finer and
far more numerous and regular, (than in dentalis), and they are ex-
tremely slight or become mere striz on the anterior part or in front.
The shell isalso more tapering and proportionally narrower. It
attains the length of 3 or 4 inches. Some specimens have the same
pipe at the posterior extremity as in D. dentalis. (Jeffr.).

D. panormum, like the very closely allied dentalis and inequicosta-
twm, repairs a broken peristome very clumsily, leaving a gaping record
of the injury, deeper than in most species of the genus; such breaks

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS. 5D

being seen in the majority of adult specimens. D. semiclauswm Nyst
has been referred here, but is probably distinct.

D. cuavus Cooke. Unfigured.

Shell solid, whitish, ungraceful, slightly arcuate, almost equally
wide from apex to base; fluted with about 11 very indistinct ribs,
interstices longitudinally lineated, the lines sometimes nearly equal
to the ribs; apex entire. Length 1°75, diam. 0-2 inch. (Cooke).

Gulf of Suez (MacAndrew).

D. clavus Cooke, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xvi, p. 275 (Oct.,
1885).

A remarkably ungraceful shell, reminding one of thick specimens
of novemcostatum Lam. The breadth is almost the same throughout,
ribs very indistinct and impossible to count at the base, interstitial
lines proportionately strong. (Cooke).

D. SENEGALENSE Dautzenberg. PI. 15, figs. 13, 14, 15,

Shell 35 mill. long, 5 wide at base; rather thin, elongate, arcuate,
ornamented by 11-13 longitudinal narrow continuous ribs, narrower
than their intervals, and very delicate growth-striz between them,
the interstices without longitudinal sculpture. Apexentire. Aper-
ture polygonal, the peristome very acute, with 11 to 13 grooves
within corresponding to the external longitudinal ribs. Color uni-
form dull, milk white. (Dautz.).

Dakar, Senegal, (‘ Melita’ Exped.).

D. senegalense Dautz., Mém. de la Société Zoologique de France
pour l’année, 1891, iv, p. 53 (p. 38 of separate copy), pl. 3, f. 8a,
8b, 8e.

D. senegalense approaches D. dentalis L. of the Mediterranean in
the equal ribs and white coloring; but it has only 11 to 13 longitu-
dinal ribs instead of 20, it enlarges more rapidly toward the ante-
rior end. It is less like the Mediterranean form described by us as
D. alternans (which name being in use for an earlier species described
by Chenu, we propose to replace by D. inequicostatum), which has
alternately larger and smaller ribs. Finally, the shell approaches
D. lessoni Desh., reported by Lesson from New Guinea. (Dautz.).

GRoupP oF D. DISPARILE.

Irregularly many-ribbed species of rather small size, often with
alternating translucent and opaque encircling bands, or dots on the
ribs; apex either simple, notched or tubiferous.

56 DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.

A few Antillean and Pacific species are grouped here for want of
a better place.

D. DISPARILE d’Orbigny. PI. 14, figs. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21.

Shell small, solid, moderately curved, opaque white, frequently
with some or all of the ribs articulated with dots and dashes of trans-
lucent gray. Sculpture, 9 or 10 primary ribs with smooth (or 1-
ribbed) interstices at and near the smaller end, increasing by inter-
calation to somewhat over double that at the aperture, the interstitial
riblets developed earliest and most numerously on the convex side
of the shell, where they become as prominent as the primary ribs ;
several of the latter, on the concave side of shell, frequently continu-
ing prominent to the aperture. Aperture circular, outer margin of
peristome crenulated by the riblets. Anal orifice small, without slit
or notch, frequently bearing an inner tube (figs. 20, 21).

Length 20, diam. of aperture 2°3, of apex 1 mill. (St. Martin).

Length 19:5, diam. of aperture 2-2, of apex 0°7 mill, ) Marco,

Length 20, diam of aperture 1:9, of apex 0:7 mill. ; Florida.

Length 25, diam. of aperture 3 mill. (Turks I.).

Coast of Florida, in 2-10 fms. (Hemphill, Rush, Vodges et al.) ;
Martinique (Orbigny) ; Bahamas (Rawson, Gabb) ; Havana, Cuba
(Arango); Samana Bay, St. Domingo (Couthouy); Barbados, 100
fms., (Blake Expedition) ; St. Martin (Marie) ; Miocene and Pliocene
of the Carolinas and Florida.

D. disparile OrB., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 202, pl. 25, f. 14-17 (1842).
—Datt, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 37, 1881 (ex parte); Ibid, xviii,
Blake Rep., p. 424 (1889); Trans. Wagner Inst., iii, p. 440; Bull.
U.S. Nat Mus. no. 37, p. 76—ARaANGo, Cont. Faun. Mal. Cub.,
p- 232 (1878).

“This species has no notch or slit when perfect ; when truncate it
repairs damages by projecting asmall tube from the broken end (figs.
20, 21). It recalls D. panormitanum Jeffreys, but is smaller, less uni-
form in sculpture, and has no notch. At the posterior end it is cir-
cular, with the exterior crenulated by the ribs; by this feature it is
distinguished from some of the allied species whose posterior section
is polygonal.” (Dal).

D. disparile has the ribs more unequal than in D. antillarum, and
fewer in number at the aperture. Of course the count of ribs at the
apex depends upon the age of the individual specimen, the secondary
riblets being added very early on the convex side.

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS, oi

D. disparile is very similar to D. variabile Desh. The Oriental
locality of the latter rests upon little satisfactory evidence, unless
Martens’ identification of Anderson’s shells proves unquestionable.
We do not know that the gray-dotted pattern of the ribs in this
species and D. antil/arum has been noticed in print hitherto, though
it is obvious enough in many specimens.

D. ceratum Dall. PI. 7, figs. 4 (young) and 5.

Shell of waxen hue becoming whiter toward the mouth, aculeate,
slightly curved, rather stout, and of glassy texture ; at the anal end
septangular, the angles passing into riblets at the beginning of the
middle third, then becoming gradually much more numerous, finer
fainter, and lastly absent or evanescent on the oral third. Surface
shining, apertures simple, circular. Length 30, anal diam. 0°5, oral
diam, 2°0 mill. (Dall).

West Florida, 50 fms. (Pourtalés) ; Off Havana,in 119-177 fms. ;
Off Morro Light, Havana, in 175 to 250 fms.; Off Virgin Gorda
dead, in 1097 fms. In 213 fms., off Martinique ; Barbados, 100 fms. ;
Of St. Vincent, in 424 fms., sand (Blake). Also by the U.S. Fish
Commission, south of Cuba, in 250 fms., coral.

D. ceratum Dau, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 38 (1881); Ibid, xviii,
Blake Rep., p. 424, pl. 26, f.5; pl. 27, f.2; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Hoo, p- (6, pl..26, f. 5.

This species has about the curve and proportions of D. eireumeine-
tum Watson, but is much smaller, has a wholly different sculpture
and no anal notch.

D. ceratum also recalls D. panormitanum, but is always more
slender, usually shorter, has a yellow waxen instead of an apricot
tint, and the raised sculpture is finer, and more uniform. D. ceratum
has a shallow wave above and below at the anal end, while D. pan-
ormitanum has a true, though short, slit. (Dall).

D. anTILLARUM d’Orbigny. PI. 14, figs. 22, 28, 24, 25.

Shell small, rather stout, solid ; apical third quite strongly curved,
the remainder but slightly or moderately arcuate. White, or with
a faint greenish-yellow tint; all or part of the ribs frequently seen
to be articulated with dots and dashes of translucent gray. Sculpt-
ure of numerous (about 37-43 at the aperture) subequal or alter-
nately smaller longitudinal close riblets, about as wide as the inter-
stices, rather low and rounded ; towards the apex the riblets become

58 DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.

unequal, fewer by loss of those intercalated in the interstices, and the
remaining ribs, about 20 in number, are alternately large and small
(and in younger shells there are 10 strong ribs). Aperture circular.
Anal orifice small, ovate with thick walls, and a wide, shallow tri-
angular notch on the convex side.

Length 23:5, diam. of aperture 2°5, of apex 1°3 mill.

Length 22:5, diam. of aperture 2°3, of apex 0:9 mill.

Entire West Indies and Gulf of Mexico; north in deep water to
Cape Hatteras. Barbados, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vineent, Gren-
ada, Santa Cruz, Arrowsmith Bank, Yucatan, and Yucatan Strait ;
off Cuba; off Cape Fear, N. C. (Blake and Albatross); Off Cape
Hatteras (Rush), 17-1000 fms., Pourtales plateau (lowaS. U. Bahama
Exp.) ; St. Martin, Saba and Key West, Florida (Acad. coll.) ; St.
Thomas (Orbigny).

D. antillarum Ors., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 202, pl. 25, f. 10-18 (1842
or 1846).—Datt, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 37 (1881); Ibid. xviii,
Blake Rep., p. 421 (1889); Nat. Hist. Bull. State Univ. Iowa, iv,
no..1, p. 20.

The riblets on the larger portion of the tube are much more equal
and less coarse than in D. disparile Orb., a species often occurring
with this one, and of equally wide distribution. d’Orbigny’s descrip-
tion and figures were from a young specimen.

Dall writes as follows: This well marked species is uniformly
finely grooved from the tip to the anterior part, the interspaces being
rounded, subequal, and thread-like, growing slightly finer anteriorly.
The section is circular, the notch is on the convex side, shallow and
wide, often decollate. I believe its range extends north to New Eng-
land, and possibly to Nova Scotia, in deep water, judging by spec-
imens so labelled in the National Museum.

D. TAPHRIUM Dall.

Shell short, stoutish, slightly curved, pale apple-green, which is so
alternated in ill-defined zones of translucency and opacity as to give
on a fresh specimen the effect of the silk known as moire antique,
though the sculpture is not modified in these zones ; sculpture of
very fine sharp slightly elevated incremental lines, visible only in.
the interspaces between the longitudinal threads; the latter are
even, squarish, rather flattened threads, with subequal channelled
interspaces, about six threads to the millimeter of circumference ;
close to the aperture they become faint, and posteriorly every alter-

DENTALIUM—ANTALIS. 59

nate thread is weaker until it disappears. Both orifices are circular,
the anal one has the upper, and to a less degree the lower edge
gently concavely waved, but without a slit. Generally this end is
decollate and circular. Length of shell, 17-0; height of arch from
chord, 2°4; diameter of aperture, 2°12; of anal orifice, 0°5 mill.
(Dall).

Off the Carolina coast, in 22 to 52 fms., sand; at U.S. Fish Com-
mission Stations 2598, 2608 and 2612. Station 2405, in the Gulf of
Mexico between the Mississippi delta and Cedar Keys, Florida, in 30
fms., sand.

D. taphrium Dat, Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, Blake Rep., p. 422
(1889) ; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 37, p. 76.

A couple of specimens were obtained, dead and white, in 182 fms.,
coral sand, off Havana, Cuba, by the U.S. Fish Commission. These
though decollate behind, were about nine millimeters longer ante-
riorly than any of the more northern specimens, without gaining
much in diameter. The added part was almost destitute of sculpt-
ure. (Dall).

D. PHANEUM Dall. PI. 20, fig. 24 (enlarged).

Shell rather thin, pale straw color, glistening, nearly straight, the
curve chiefly in the earlier third; the shell originally is smooth or .
with few, feeble elevated lines, which in traversing the distance from
the apex to the aperture revolve one-fourth of a turn to the right;
surface marked by delicate annular lines of growth and longitudin-
ally by about twenty-five very fine, sharp, little elevated threads,
which are strongest about the middle of the shell and more or less
obsolete in front and behind ; between these are faint obscure lon-
gitudinal striz; both orifices of the shell are simply circular, the
anterior sharp-edged and a little oblique. Length of the shell, 35 ;
anterior diameter, 2°2 ; apical diameter, 0°5; maximum deviation of
the curve from a chord drawn between the ends, 3:2 mill. (Dal).

Off Honolulu, Hawaiian Is., 298-351 fms. (Albatross).

Dentalium phaneum Dau, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, p.
686, pl. 26, f. 1.

This species is perhaps most nearly allied to D. antillarum Orb-
igny, of the Antilles, a species which differs in its sharper and more
numerous ribs, which become more prominent toward the apex in-
stead of obsolete.

60 DENTALIUM—ANTALIS.

Of Pacific species, D. numerosum Dall, a form which occurs in
very deep water from the Galapagos to California abundantly, has
the most general resemblance to the present species; but it grows to
nearly twice the length, and when closely examined is seen to have
a sharply pentagonal posterior section with a conspicuous ventral
slit. D. numeroswm is a somewhat straighter and longer shell than
D. phaneum. (Dall).

D. VARIABILE Deshayes. PI. 14, figs. 26, 27, 28.

Shell rather small, moderately arcuate, not much attenuated pos-
teriorly, solid; white, with numerous encircling grayish-translucent
zones, more pronounced on the ribs, which appear articulated with
grayish and white. Sculpture of 10 or 11 strong narrow ribs with
concave interstices, at and near the apex; a median thread soon
arising in each interval, and becoming nearly equal to the primary
ribs, and later other interstitial riblets arise in some intervals, so that
at the aperture there are about 22, 24 or more riblets: Aper-
ture round, slightly polygonal. Anal orifice small and circular with
thick margin. No slit or notch.

Length 19, diam. aperture 2, diam. apex 1°1 mill.

Length 18, diam. aperture 2, diam. apex 1 mill.

Mergui Archipelago at Mergqui on mud-flats and Sullivan J. in 7-
10 fms. (Anderson) ; Philippine Is. (Sowb., Acad. Coll.) found at a
dealers with mainly small Indian shells (Desh.).

D. variabile Desu., Mém. Soe. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p. 367, pl. 16,
f. 30 (1825)—_Sowrrpy, Thes. Conch., iii, p. 101, pl. 224, f. 30
(1860) ; Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 4, f. 26 (1872).—Marrens, Journ.
Linn. Soc. Lond., xxi, p. 200. Not D. variabile Costa or Risso.

Differs from D. belcheri in being narrower and less rapidly en-
larging. The dotted ribs are characteristic, but their number varies
considerable. It sometimes reaches 30 mill. length. Compare D.
disparile Orb.

D. BELCHERI Sowerby. PI. 14, figs. 29, 30.

Shell subeylindrical, equally and closely ribbed, lightly curved
towards the apex ; white or roseate, with pale maculation on the ribs ;
apex entire and obtuse. (Sowb.).

Length 32, greatest diam. 5 mill. (from fig.).

Length 26, greatest diam. 4°5 mill. (from fig. ).

East Indian Archipelago (Sowb.).

DENTALIUM—HETEROSCHISMA. 61

D. belcheri Sows. jun., Thes. Conch., iii, p..101, pl. 224, f. 28,29
(1860) ; and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 1, f. la, 16. (1872).

It is like D. novemeostatum, but with the ribs much more numer-
ous. There is a slight articulated appearance on the costze. (Sowd.).

D. ACULEATUM Sowerby. PI. 10, fig. 66.

Shell white, strongly curved, unequally striated ; apex attenuated,
acuminate, entire. Not unlike the young of D. tarentinum, but more
acuminated, and with unequal instead of equal strize. (Sowbd.).

Length 21, diam. 3°5 mill. (from fig.).

Habitat unknown.

D. aculeatum Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 100, pl. 225, f. 63 (1860).
D. pacosttanuM Chenu. PI. 13, fig. 12.

Shell small, somewhat arcuate, with very numerous and crowded
longitudinal striz. (Chenu).
Length 7°5 mill. (from fig.).
Habitat unknown.

D. dacostatianum CHENv, Ilustr. Conch., i, p. 3—D. dacostianwm
CHENU, pl. 6, f. 33.

Evidently a young shell and a doubtful species. The figures show
five strong ribs at apex and 16 fine ones at aperture.

Subgenus HErERoscuHisMA Simroth, 1895.

Heteroschisma Stmroru, in Bronn’s Klassen u. Ordnungen des
Thier- Reichs, iii, Moll., p. 460 (1895).

Shell coarsely striate or ribbed longitudinally, tapering, and _
with a apical slit on the concave side.

An abnormal position of the slit occurs in some other species, such
as D. leonine, D. inversum and D. sericatum, belonging to quite
different groups. It is no evidence of common origin, so that the
group established by Simroth for all species with the slit on the con-
cave side, is to that extent an artificial one. If adopted as a sub-
generic or sectional name it may be restricted to species of the sub-

terfissum type.
D. suBTERFISssUM Jeffreys. PI. 7, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19.

Shell slender and finely tapering, more curved towards the point,
rather thin, nearly semitransparent, and glossy ; sculpture, from 12
to 16 delicate and sharp regular longitudinal striz, which are con-

62 DENTALIUM—HETEROSCHISMA.

tinued to both ends; color whitish; margin at the posterior end bul-
bous ; slit long and narrow, placed on the lower or ventral side; its
length is double that of the greatest diameter of the shell. Length
0°6, breadth 0:075 inch. (Jeffreys).

Davis Strait, 1785 tms.; Off West coast of Ireland, 1180-1476 fms.
(Porcupine Exped.) ; off Azores Is., 1000 fms., Palma, Canaries 1125
fms., and off Pernambuco, Brazil, 675 fms. (Challenger).

D. subterfissum JEFFR., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 154
(Feb., 1877); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 660, pl. 49, f. 3.—
Warson, Challenger Scaphopoda and Gastrop., p. 10, pl. 1, £10
(1885).

Peculiar in having the slit on the concave side of the tube.

D, CatmiTHRi Dally SPIT, figs:

Shell white, moderately curved, laterally slightly compressed ;
sculpture of about nine primary longitudinal ridges, angulating the
section, with between them toward the middle of the shell three to five
secondary smaller rounded threads, crossed by moderately strong
lines of growth ; the primaries are strongest posteriorly, they become
fainter in front and all the longitudinal sculpture nearly uniform
near the aperture in the adult ; aperture oblique, rounded oval, the
lower lip in advance, margin thin; anal orifice circular, simple in
the young, without notches or slits; adults usually show a short
broadish slit on the concave side, or are irregularly eroded; the
extreme tip in the young is more curved than the body of the shell,
and quite acute. Length 25; height of arch above chord, 5; ver-
tical diameter of aperture, 3°75; transverse ditto, 2‘75; diameter of
anal end in young, 0°25; in figured specimen (eroded) 1 mill. The
shell may attain a length of 43 mill. (Dal/).

Yucatan Strait, 640 fms.; Gulf of Mexico, Blake Station 20, in
220 fms.; Station 41, in 860 fms.; near Guadelupe, in 769 fms.,
sand, off Santa Lucia, in 423 fms., ooze, off Bequia, in 1591 fms.,
ooze; off Cape Fear, in 161 fms., ooze; off Grenada; Also at U.S.
Fish Commission Station 2678, in 731 fms., ooze, off Cape Fear, North
Carolina, and in the Gulf of Mexico, between the delta of the Mississ-
ippi and Cedar Keys, Florida, in 1181 fms., mud; 8S. of St. Kitts, 687
fms.; East from Tobago, 880 fms. (Albatross) ; Rio Janeiro (U.S.
Expl. Exped.).

D. callithrix Datu, Blake Rep., Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 427, pl.
- 27, f. 10 (1889); Bull..U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 37, p. 76, ph 2756 20g
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, p. 294 (1890).

DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM. 63

This is a very characteristic species, in which the longitudinal
sculpture, and even the shell, are often somewhat spirally twisted as
much as one-eighth of the circumference. (Dall).

There are at first 9 narrow, acute ribs, with smooth, wide concave
intervals; then 3, 4 or more narrow riblets appear in each interval
and the section of the tube becomes circular. Toward the aperture,
which is slightly compressed laterally, there are subequal, fine and
inconspicuous riblets. The slit is rather long and on the concave
side.

Subgenus FissrpEnTALIUM Fischer, 1885.

Fissidentalium FiscHEer, Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 894 (1885),
type D. ergasticum Fisch.

Schizodentalium SowERBy, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 158
(1894), type S. plurifissuratum Sowb.

Shell large and solid, sculptured with many longitudinal riblets,
the apex typically with a long slit, but often simple, sometimes with
a slit divided into a series of fissures.

Mainly deep water species, of all temperate and tropical seas,
distinguished chiefly by the large size and solidity of the shell with
numerous longitudinal riblets. The apical slit is a frequent but
by no means invariable feature, being here an extremely mutable
character, as in most other groups of the genus. It is this great var- ©
iability, not only between different species but among the individ-
uals of the same species, that has induced us against preconceived
opinions to merge Mr. Sowerby’s group Schizodentalium into
Fischer’s earlier subgenus. The extraordinary character of a slit
divided into a series of fissures might well induce any conchologist
to found a new genus; but the essential agreement of the type species
with Fisstdentaliwm in sculptural characters and contour, the vari-
‘ation in number of the fissures, and the existence of the same char-
acter to some degree in other species (capillosum and exuberans), all
seem to us to indicate the minor importance of this modification of
the slit, in common with the other several types of apical structure.
In this case, as throughout the Scaphopoda, data upon the soft anat-
omy are required.

Wide as is the distribution of species of this group in modern seas,
the range in time is not less marked. Characteristic fossil forms
are D). grande Desh. of the Paris Basin Lower Eocene, a species not
unlike D. capillosum; D. giganteum Sowb. and D. corrugatum Gay

64 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

of the southern extremity of South America, both probably Miocene
or later; D. mantelli Zittel and D. solidum Hutton of the New Zea-
land upper Eocene or lower Miocene, and other species.

The following is a very imperfect analysis of the species.

Key to species.

I. Shell circular or nearly circular in section.
a. 12-14 high, rather acute ribs toward apex, with numer-
ous riblets developing as the tube enlarges; shell large,
nearly straight ; a long often sinuous fissure. Length 63

-114 mill.

rectum, p. 81; delessertianum, p. 81.

a’. Longitudinal riblets or ribs much more numerous.
b. Slit divided into a series of fissures by bridges of

shell.

c. Stout; length 95 mill., about 52 times the great-
est diam.; off West Africa, exuberans, p. 78.
ce’. Length 64 mill., about 8-9 times the diam. ;
many unequal ribs and striz ; fissures 2 to 5;
Hong Kong ?, plurifissuratum, p. 82.
b’. Slit simple or wanting.
c. Caliber quite rapidly enlarging, the diameter gen-
erally contained 4 to 7 times in the length.
d. 50-80 riblets on larger part of the very
stout shell.

é.

~

~
~

Very large, yellowish, with about 50
riblets; aperture oblique, no slit;
length 90-99 mill., 5-52 times the
greatest diam.; E. Pacific,
megathyris, p. 67.

. 70-80 riblets ; aslit; length 42-45

mill., 43-6 times the diam. ; Pacific,
ceras, p. 68.

. Nearly straight, brownish-yellow,

with a short fissure; about 50 very
slightly raised rounded ridges, faint
toward aperture; length nearly 50
mill., about 62 times the diam.,
amphialum, p. 71.

d’. 30-36 riblets toward larger end, either
alternately smaller or only half as many

DENTALIUM-—FISSIDENTALIUM. 65

at apex; length 56-60 mill., 7-8 times
the diam.; New Zealand,
opacum, p. 70; zelandicum, p. 70 ; pacifi-
cum, p. 70.

d’, About 18 ribs at larger end, fewer poste-
riorly ; white, rapidly tapering, curved ;
length about 16 mill., about 6 times the

diam.

; New Zealand, huttoni, p. 71.

¢’. Tube less rapidly enlarging, the greatest diame-
ter contained 8 to 11 times in the length.

d. 30-35 riblets on larger part of the shell;
length about 8 times the diameter.

é.

~

Long, conic, finely tapering, white ;
30-35 unequal, rounded, close,
high ridges, finally obsolete except
for slight grooves; a short slit;
length 62 mill.; — aegeum, p. 69.

. About 30 unequal grooves near

large end, fewer posteriorly ; white,
solid, slightly curved; length 60
mill.; New Zealand,

pacificum, p. 70.

d’, 40 or more flattened riblets separated by
much narrower grooves.

é.

~
~

About 40 subequal riblets with
much narrower intervals; toward
apex alternately smaller; length
90-133 mill., 8-9 times the diam. ;
a deep slit or none, vernedei, p. 80.

. Solid, glossy, white or ashy-gray,

about 44-48 low, rather flattened
riblets, somewhat fewer posteriorly,
parted by linear grooves, becoming
subobsolete toward aperture; length
74-88 mill., about 9 times the
diam., slit short. candidum, p. 72.

. Similar, but 90 or more riblets,

continuous to aperture ; length 100
-110 mill., 8-10 times the diam.,
meridionalis, p. 73.

66 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

dd
é .

About 40 narrow riblets at apex,
becoming flattened and then ob-
solete; slit 15 mill. long; length
91 mill., 9 times the diam., -
ergasticum, p 74.
Light red; length 82 mill., about
7 times the diam.,
milneedwardsi, p. 75.
More cylindrical than candidum ;
length 78 mill., about 9 times the
diam., complexum, p. 76.

d’. Many thread-like riblets separated by
deeply cut intervals hardly narrower than
the riblets.

é.

yyy

Solid, about 65 even, sharply and
deeply cut rounded equal threads,
with narrow grooves; a slit; length
about 80 mill., 9 times the diam.,
capillosum, p. 77.

. About 40 flat-topped riblets, with

broad square furrows,
paucicostatum, p. 78.

. Striation coarser, slit longer; length

101 mill., about 72 times the diam.,
magnificum, p. 78.

. Sculpture much as in capillosum ;

light reddish-gray; nearly straight;
length 95 mill. 10 times the
diam., scamnatum, p. 79.

. About 80 thread-like riblets; a

notch or short slit; length 90
mill., about 10 times the diam.,
profundorum, p. 79.

¢’. Diam. contained 15 times in length; 75 mill.
long; finely ribbed, senivestitum, p. 75.
II. Shell decidedly compressed, elliptical in section.
a. Tawny, banded with brown; very numerous unequal rib-
lets; slit long and narrow, aperture oval; length 72 mill.,

6 times the diam.,

hungerfordi, p. 84.

a’. White; about 16 angular, narrow, equal ribs, smaller ones

sparsely intercalated toward aperture ; intervals conspic-
uously transversely striated ; a long slit; length 51 mill.,

12-13 times the diam

ss clathratum, p. 84.

DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM. 67

D. MEGATHYRIs Dall. PI. 15, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell remarkably stout and solid, rapidly enlarging ; the earlier
third moderately curved, the remainder much straighter. Surface
where not eroded shining ; texture of shell porcellanous within, with
an external chalky stratum under the smooth exterior ; the poste-
rior half generally much eroded even in living specimens. Color
yellowish-white, generally with some dark extraneous matter lodged
in the interstices. Sculpture: numerous (about 50) strong longitudi-
nal riblets and threads, the latter rather sparsely and irregularly
interposed ; the intervals deep and generally somewhat narrower
than the riblets; longitudinals rather abruptly losing in strength
near the aperture in aged shells. Aperture (fig. 29) decidedly ob-
lique, somewhat wider than long, the peristome subsinuous, acute.
Apex with simple, circular, sharp-edged orifice (fig. 31). No slit or
notch.

Length 99, greatest diam. of aperture 18-1 mill.

Length 97, greatest diam. of aperture 17°9, diam. at apex 2°7 mill.

Length 95, greatest diam. of aperture 17:5, antero-posterior diam.
15°5 mill.

Length 91, greatest diam. of aperture 18, antero-posterior diam.
16°5 mill.

Off Chiloe Island and southeast Chili in 1050 and 1342 fms.
near Galapagos Is. in 812 fms. ; off Ecuador in 1740 fms.; Gulf of
Panama ; s.-w. of Tehauntepec, 2282 fms. ; off Mazatlan, 995 fms. ;
Gulf of California off La Paz, (U.S. Fish Commission).

Dentalium megathyris Dauy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 298, pl.
9, f. 1—Srrarns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, p. 424 (1893).

This is one of the finest species of the genus, and the stoutest
known. Dall writes: “The young recalls D. ceras Watson, but the
shell changes in rate of increase and form of longitudinal ribs as it
grows. It is a little straighter near the anal end, and the adult is
more funnel-shaped, with flatter ribs than in D. ceras.

“The radula is short, with the formula The median

Dit
1+1+1°
tooth is wide, subrectangular, arched a little in front. The laterals
on each side have a projecting stout cusp; the uncini are flat rhom-
boidal plates. The whole radula bears a strong resemblance to that
of Entalis striolata as figured by G. O. Sars. The oesophagus is
short; the stomach short and cordate, stuffed with foraminifera.
The soft parts, as preserved in alcohol, seem ridiculously small and
out of proportion to the massive shell.”

68 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

D. ceras Watson. PI. 3, fig. 41.

Shell like one of the old drinking-horns, stumpy, sbort, and a
good deal bent, rather thin; the newer growth porcellanous, the
older chalky and given to break off in flakes, leaving a perfectly
smooth, brilliant porcellanous core. Sculpture: The surface is
covered with close-set annular strize, which, especially on the longi-
tudinal ribs, show like minute, crisp, round threads. The longi-—
tudinal ribs are very much stronger, but still are fine, rounded,
parted by rounded furrows much like the ribs; both, but especially
the furrows, are irregular in size, fresh riblets arising in the hollows.
There are from 30 to 35 toward the apex, and from 70 to 80 toward
the’ mouth. Color, pure white. Edge thin and broken at the
mouth; at the apex there is an irregular, ragged fissure in the con-
vex curve. Length 1°8, breadth at mouth 0:3, at apex 0-07 inch.
( Watson).

Animal, mantle is white, very thin and transparent ; the adductor
muscles are short and weak. The liver is small, of a light grayish-
brown. The mouth of the mantle is very strong, of a yellowish
color, and the animal is rather fawn-colored ( Watson).

Mid-Pacific, east of Japan, 2050 fms. ; W. of Valparaiso; 2160 fms.
(Challenger).

D. ceras Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 510 (1879).
Not D. ceras Dau, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 37 (1881); Ibid., xviii, p.
425 (1889); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ‘xii, p. 294 (1890) ; Bull. U.S,
Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 76 (1884).—D. keras Watson, Chall. Rep., p.
3, pl. 1, f. 4 (1885).

“ One specimen from mid-Pacific east of Japan is much less curved
than the others. That from W. of Valparaiso (distant more than
7,500 miles in a straight line, 4,500 miles north and south and 6,000
miles east and west) is much broader, length 1:7, breadth 0°36 inch,
and much more bent, but is obviously identical ( Watson).

“The distance by sea from the Pacific, off Valparaiso, to the Gulf
of Mexico, is so enormous that Mr. Dall’s identification of his spe-
cies with this one seemed to need confirmation, and a specimen was
accordingly sent to him for comparison. Mr. Dall sent measketch ©
of his solitary specimen with the following remarks, which his -—
sketch confirms: “ Yours is older, has lost much tip, and widened at
the mouth ; the tip is, perhaps, slightly more curved. The sculpture -
in mine, perfectly preserved, is a little more clearly cut than in yours,

DENTALIUM-—FISSIDENTALIUM. 69

but otherwise identical. Mine was dead and surface not glossy,
yours living (though eroded), and in places quite glossy. If the two
had been dredged together 1 think no question would have arisen as
to their being the same. From such different localities there is
always more doubt, though, in these abyssal things without much
reason for it. Mine has no notch, but I find such differences in this
character in the same species that I put no value on it unless it is
uniform in many specimens. There do not seem to be any other
differences. After a most careful scrutiny, I think there are no
- specific or even definable varietal differences between them.”

“This (D. ceras) compared with Dentalium amphialum Wats. is
more curved ; the longitudinal striz are much narrower, more dis-
tinct, and more persistent. Than Dentaliwm grande Desh. this is
much smaller and especially shorter and stumpier form, without the
regular circular lirae, and the longitudinal ribs are much weaker
and are closer set. Compared with Dentaliwm capillosum Jeftr.,
which it superficially resembles, it differs in texture, form and
sculpture ( Watson).

The specimens from the Atlantic reported as D. ceras, we refer to
D. candidum var. meridionalis, young.

D. zGEUM Watson. PI. 20, fig. 27.

Shell long, conical, finely tapering, much and very equally bent, |
though less, of course, as the shell grows larger; thin, pure white,
porcellanous, a little chalky towards the mouth, but higher up bril-
liant. Sculpture: Longitudinal ridges 30 to 35, unequal, rounded
above, close, rather high, narrow, and parted by furrows which equal
the ribs, but lower down these ribs become broader and flatter, and the
furrows widen, till, towards the mouth, the surface becomes uniform
and the ridges are only indicated by the faint strize of the furrows.
Under a lens the whole surface shows a faint longitudinally striated
texture. On the upper part of the shell the strize of growth are very
faint, but they become rather strongly marked towards the mouth.
Toward the apex the outer layers for half an inch are stripped off
and leave exposed the brilliant, smooth core, presenting many longi-
tudinal facets corresponding with the ridges of the outer layer.
‘There is an irregular short fissure with broken edges at the apex on
the convex curve. Length 2°5 in., breadth at mouth 0°3, at apex
0°33 inch ( Watson).

Off London River, Kerguelen Island, in 110 fms. (Challenger),

70 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

D. egeum Watson, Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., xiv, p. 509 (1879) ;
Challenger Rep., p. 2, pl. 1, f. 2.

Than D. capillosum Jeffr. this is more conical, more curved, the
ridges are fewer, and the furrows between much wider and more
open ( Watson).

D. opacum Sowerby.

Shell nearly straight, attenuated at the apex, its diameter increas-
ing much more rapidly than in the other species; with 17 or 18
rather blunt longitudinal ribs, with a smaller one between each ;
all the ribs nearly obsolete at the wider extremity ; posterior fissure
short, dorsal. Length 2°25, diam. 0°3 inch (G. B.S.).

From South Sea ships, supposed New Zealand (G. Humphrey’s
coll.).

D. opacum G. B.S., Zool. Journ., iv, p. 198 (1828).

A few specimens were preserved in Mr. G. Humphrey’s collection
with the following label: “ White striated elephant’s teeth, per S.
Sea ships, supposed New Zealand” (G. B.S.).

D. zELANDICUM Sowerby. PI. 6, fig. 81.

Shell white, banded with pale gray and tawny ; slightly arcuate,
pyramidal, wide. Ribs numerous, but little elevated and unequal.
Apex slightly slit (Sowd.). Length 57, greatest diam. 8 mill. (from

fig.).
New Zealand (B. M.).

D. zelandicum Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 101, pl. 223, f. 13
(1860) ; Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 2, f. 8 (1872).

Very similar to D. rectum, but the sculpture is far less bold and
coarse (Sowb.).

The length is about 7 times the diameter. D. pacificum Hutton,
in which the length is 8 times the diameter, and D. huttoni Kirk,
with the length about six times the diameter, are somewhat similar
ribbed species, the former perhaps identical. D. conicum Hutton,
of the New Zealand Pliocene, seems also to belong to this immediate
group. Compare also D. opacum.

D. paciFicum Hutton.

Shell solid, tapering, slightly curved, longitudinally grooved ;
grooves unequal, about 30 at the anterior end, but diminishing in
number toward the apex; white. Length 2°4; breadth, anterior
end 0:3, posterior end 0:05 inch=60, 7°5 mill. (Hutton).

New Zealand (Hutton).

DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM. Til

D. pacificum Hutton, Catal. Mar. Moll. N.Z., p. 5 (1873) ; Man-
ual N. Z. Moll., p. [1380] (1880).

It is very likely the same as D. zelandicum Sowb., as Hutton
surmises.

D. nurront Kirk.

Shell white, lustrous; small, curved, rapidly tapering; ribbed,
ribs unequal, about 18 at the anterior end but diminishing in num-
ber towards the apex. Length 0°63, breadth at anterior end 01 inch
—=15°75, 2°5 mill. (Kirk).

Wellington, New Zealand.

D. huttoni Krrx, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), vi, p.15 (July,
1880); Trans. N. Z. Institute, xii, p. 306 (May, 1880).

Three specimens from the stomach of a trumpeter (Latris heca-
teia).

D. ampHiaLum Watson. PI. 8, fig. 37.

Shell long, conical, nearly straight, what curve there is very equal
throughout, of a dirty brownish-yellow, chalky on the surface, por-
cellanous beneath. Both specimens are very much eroded, especially
on the convex curve, and show a prodigious number of layers of
shell, which is, however, thin and slight. There is a short, irregular
anal fissure on the convex curve. Sculpture: There are about 50
very slightly raised, rounded, longitudinal ridges, the furrows be- |
tween which are very much like the ridges reversed, being very
shallow and open. These vary a good deal at different parts of the
shell, and tend to disappear toward the mouth ; they are crossed by
fine, close-set, sharp, but very superficial, irregular scratches, which
run elliptically round the shell, advancing on the concave and re-
treating on the convex curve. As the shell grows, these lines of
growth become harsh and broken. Length 2 inches, nearly ;
breadth 3, nearly; least length 0°05inch. (Watson).

Animal small for the shell, of a pale, ruddy color, which is deeper
and browner on the foot and liver, the latter very large: two large
masses of long, fine, equal captacula fill the mantle cavity ; they
spring from the front of the pedestal out of which the buccal mass
and the foot arise, and of these, two large bunches project through
the mantle orifice ; buccal palps very small ( Watson).

Off mouth of La Plata River, 1900 fms. (Challenger).

D. amphialum Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 510;
(1879) ; Challenger Rep., p. 3, pl.1,f.3.

72 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

This species is somewhat like D. zelandicum Sow., from New Zea-
land, British Museum, but in form is much stumpier, the ridges are
closer and the shell thinner. Than D. grande Desh., “ Japan,”
British Museum, it likewise is stumpier in form; the ridges are less
strong, the furrows less marked, the circular striz less sharp ; in D.
amphialum the longitudinal ridges die out, while in D. grande they
continue equally strong ( Wats.).

D. canprpuM Jeffreys. PI. 15, figs. 39, 40; pl. 8, figs. 27, 28, 29, 30.

Shell rather large and solid, the earlier third or half moderately
curved, the remainder nearly straight : of adrab or ashy-gray color,
the young sometimes brilliant white; glossy. Sculpture, of numer-
ous (44-48) low, rounded and rather flattened riblets parted by im-
pressed linear grooves; toward the apex the riblets or strize become
higher, narrower and parted by intervals as wide as themselves, and
toward the aperture the riblets become lower and nearly or wholly
disappear ; oblique, irregular, sinuously circular growth-lines replac-
ing them. Aperture decidedly oblique and nearly circular. Apex
small, with circular orifice, simple or with a slight encircling ledge
and anotch or slit on or near the convex side.

Length 74, diam. at aperture 8, at apex 1 mill.

Length 76, diam. at aperture 9, at apex 2 mill.

Length 88, diam. at aperture 10 mill.

Northern and eastern Atlantic and Bay of Biscay, 410-1750 fms.
(Valorous Exped.) ; west of Ireland, 664-1476 fms. (Porcupine
Exped.); Western Atlantic from off Nantucket southward to the
Carolina coast in 843-1309 fms. (U.S. Fish Commission) ; Gulf of
Mexico near Jamaica, ete.; southern west Atlantic, 240 miles E. of
Rio Janeiro, 641 fms.; 90 miles N. of Ceara, Brazil, 1019 fms.
(Albatross).

D. candidum JEFFREYS, Aun. Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 153 (1877) ;
P. Z.8., 1882, p. 658, pl. 49, f. 2; Proc. Roy. Soc. London, xxv,
pp. 184, 191, 199, no description (1876).—Datt, Bull. M. C. Z.,
xviii, p. 422; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 37, p. 76 (1889) ; Proe. U.
S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, p. 294 (1890).—D. solidum VERRILL, Trans.
Conn. Acad., vi, pp. 215, 276, 283, pl. 44, f. 16, (1884). Not D.
solidum Hutton, 1873.—D. ceras DALL (not of Watson), Blake Gas-
tropoda, in Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 37 (1881); xviii, p. 425 (1889) ;
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 294 (1890).

DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM. ie

Dall has already announced the specific identity of D. candidum
Jeffr., solidum Verrill and ergasticum Fischer. Jeffreys’ specimens
of D. candidum prove on comparison to be absolutely the same as
the young D. solidum Verrill, though the snowy whiteness of the
original specimens, with their rather narrower, sharper riblets as in
all young shells of the species, give them a different aspect at first
view from the drab or ashen, obsoletely sculptured adult shells
dredged in American waters. The glistening white color is proba-
bly due to local conditions ; Dall remarks: “ Under favorable cir-
cumstances this species may be of a most brilliant milk-white, but
nearly all the specimens are dull ashy-gray in color, even when liv-
ing and in perfect order. I suppose the white ones are those which
happen to live in pure sand, while the ordinary form comes from
mud or ooze.” The young of one lot collected by the “ Albatross ”
240 miles E. by S. of Rio Janeiro, are as pure white as Jeffreys’

ty pes.
Var. MERIDIONALE Pilsbry & Sharp. PI. 15, figs. 32, 33, 34.

Off Brazil the shell becomes larger and still more solid, the strize
more numerous (90 or more), and they persist to the aperture, not
becoming obsolete on the later portion of the tube. The aperture
is more or less compressed between the convex and the concave
sides. Specimens measure :

Length 101, diam. of aperture, transverse, 12°8, longitudinal 12°3
mill.; length of slit 3 mill. (type, no. 87,557 U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Length 108, diam. of aperture, transverse, 14 mill. (off Rio
Janeiro).

Length 110, diam. of aperture, transverse, 11, longitudinal 10
mill. (near Jamaica).

The specimens from near Jamaica and from off Cape Fear are to
some extent intermediate, but nearer to the variety than to typical
D. candidum (solidum). In our opinion the Atlantic shells referred
to D. ceras Wats. by Dall are the young of this large southern race
of D. candidum. Figures 33 (enlarged) and 34 (natural size) show
the variation in development of the apex. We repeat here the orig-
inal description of candidum.

D. candidum Jeffreys. PI. 8, fig. 29, 30.

Shell having the shape of a narrow funnel, tapering, slightly
curved, rather thin, opaque, more or less glossy. Sculpture, about
forty fine and regular rounded longitudinal strize, which disappear

74 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

towards the front margin; these stris are crossed by extremely
numerous and close-set circular microscopic lines. Color, glistening
white. Margin at the anterior or broader end jagged, at the poste-
rior or narrower end abruptly truncated ; there is no notch, groove,
slit or channel. Length 1°75, diam. 0°3 inch.

Body whitish, with a faint tinge of brown; mantle very thin,
forming a collar, which encircles the inside of the upper part of
shell; tentacles very numerous, with pear-shaped tips, issuing be-
tween the mantle and the shell; foot, when at rest, conical, having
a semi-circular lobe or flap on each side, so as to give it a tricuspid
appearance; the lobes are fringed or puckered at the edges (Jef-
freys).

In D. candidum the apical slit varies from a length of several
millimeters to none at all. In one shell before us it is on the side
of the tube. An abnormal specimen collected by the Fish Com-
mission is bent spirally, the torsion amounting to about 80°.

Compared with D. capilloswm this species is more glossy, more
curved, with the grooves between the strize far less impressed, com-
paratively superficial.

Figs. 27, 28, of Pl. 8, are copies of Verrill’s illustrations of D.
solidum. The figures on Pl. 15 were drawn from northwest Atlan-
tic specimens dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission.

D. ercasticum Fischer. PI. 15, figs. 35, 36.

Shell large, thick, conic, little curved, white usually encrusted
with ferruginous substance; posterior end very acute, exteriorly
costulate striate all around, striz close, about 40 in the region of the
slit, acute, narrow, prominent; becoming flat in the middle of the
shell, and at the aperture obsolete; the growth-strie stronger near
the aperture. Slit linear, long, on the convex side. Aperture ex-
actly circular, little oblique, ivory-like and thick inside. Length
91, diam. of aperture 10, length of slit 15 mill. (Fischer).

Gulf of Gascony and Atlantic, in 400-1900 meters (Travailleur
and Caudan Exp.).

D. ergasticum FiscHer, Journ. de Conchyl., 1882, p. 275.—Lo-
CARD, Rés. Sci. de la Campagne du “Caudan” dans le Golfe de
Gascogne, fase. i, p. 170, pl. 6, f. 1, from Ann. de Univ. de Lyon
(1896).

According to Locard the riblets in fully adult D. ergastiewm are
visible the entire length of the shell from apex to aperture, and the

aed

DENTALIUM-—FISSIDENTALIUM. (oO

slit at the apex is longer than in D. capillosum, in which, moreover,
the sculpture is obsolete toward the aperture. The same author
recognizes a var. major attaining the length of 113 mill. We have
seen some hundreds of specimens of D. candidum and a number of
D. capillosum, none with so long a slit as is indicated for the D.
ergasticum, specimens of which we have not seen. Pending full
comparisons of Fischer’s shell with the earlier described forms, it
may be best to let it stand as a species, although the mere length of
the slit is generally a variable character and of correspondingly
minor importance. Fischer’s original diagnosis does not agree fully
with Locard’s remarks. The figure of our plate, copied from Lo-
card, evidently belongs to his var. major, though this is not stated in
his text. It shows an elliptical section, while ergasticum has the
aperture “exucte circularis.” Compare D. capillosum var. pauci-
costatum.

D. MILNEEDWARDs!I Locard.

Shell of large size, of conoid, very elongate form, stout, arcuate
above; base exactly circular, quite oblique, the tube adjacent to it
nearly cylindrical and straight as far as the middle, then tapering
and arcuate, the greater part of the concavity in the upper three-
fourths of the total length. Summit quite thick, very rapidly tap-
ering ; apical slit small, rather wide. Shell very thick, very solid,
ornamented throughout its length with quite strong, quite regular,
flat, compressed longitudinal ribs, separated by simple strize which
are narrow but deep. Growth-striz sloping, weak, a little more
marked toward the base. Coloration a nearly lusterless light red.
Length 82, greatest diam. 12, curvature 3 mill. (Locard).

West coast of Africa, off the Soudan, in 1435 meters.

D. milne-edwardsi Locarp, L’Echange, Revue Linnéenne, No.
146, Feb., 1897, p. 10.

D. sEMIVESTITUM “ Fischer” Locard.

Shell very large, of slender form, very narrowly conoid, very at-
tenuated, subcylindrical for the first two-fifths from the base, thence
slowly tapering to the apex; nearly straight or very feebly arcuate
in the cylindrical part, with a stronger curvature along the latter
moiety of the length, summit slowly and progressively tapering.
Base obliquely truncate and almost exactly circular; apical slit
extremely short, formed simply by a notch. Shell somewhat thin,
solid, a little glossy, ornamented nearly the entire length by very

76 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

narrow longitudinal ridges, not quite regular nor much projecting,
with slightly narrower intervals between them, all much attenuated
at the base, sometimes with the ribs narrower and more separated
at apex; concentric growth-striz little marked, visible especially
toward the base. Coloration, a yellowish-white with narrow brown
rings, more or less continuous, and a wide band of very deep chest-
nut at the base. Length 75, greatest diam. 5, curvature 5 mill-
(Locard).
The Tropics and the Sahara, in from 830 to 1113 meters.
D. semivestitum P. Fischer, Locarp, L’Echange, Revue Linné-
enne, xiii, No. 146, Feb., 1897, p. 9.

D. comMPLEXUM Dall. PI. 20, fig. 25.

Shell large, solid, thick, normally white(?), but discolored by
sediments after death, so that the specimens received are a pale,
rusty brown ; surface glossy, sharply grooved ; with wider, flat in-
terspaces, varying finer or coarser in different specimens; orifices
circular, one specimen showing indications of a wide, shallow ven-
tral sinus at the apex; shell little curved, and the sculpture shows
no rotary tendency. Length of shell 78, diameter anteriorly 8°5,
posteriorly 1°3, maximum divergence from a chord connecting the
extremities 8:5 mill. (Dal/).

Off Honolulu, Hawaiian Is., 295-298 fms. (Albatross).

Dentalium complexum Datu, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1895, p.
686, pl. 26, f. 3.

This species is most nearly allied to D. candidum, but it has more
deeply engraved strix, and the tube tapers less. Dall writes:

This shell differs from D. candidum Jeffreys by being more cylin-
drical and, so far as my present specimens go, without the long,
slender, ventral slit of that species. From D. ceras Watson, as fig-
ured, it is distinguished by being straighter and less sharply sculp-
tured, besides being much larger, but Watson’s specimens were
young. With a few specimens it is easy to separate species of Den-
talium, but if one has numerous specimens from various kinds of
bottom the difficulty increases greatly. D. solidum Verrill, D. ceras
Watson and D.candidum Jeffreys appear to merge into one another,
yet individual specimens appear very distinct when one has not a
connecting series. The present species, by its somewhat more cyl-
indrical form, seems sufficiently distinct to be named, but, with that
exception, is very closely related to the group of forms above enu-

DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM. £7

merated. All the specimens were dead, discolored, and occupied by
annelid tenants (Dal/).
D. caprLiostm Jeffreys. PI. 8, figs. 31, 32, 33, 34, 55.

Shell very slightly curved, solid and strong, white under a dull
gray-brown deposit, lusterless. Sculpture of fine, even, rounded lon-
gitudinal threads, separated by narrow grooves, and roughened by
close, rather irregular impressed growth-lines ; the threads about 65
in number toward the aperture, most of them continuing to the anal
end, varying somewhat in width, but remarkably uniform in appear-
ance. Aperture circular, somewhat oblique, thin-edged. Anal ori-
fice nearly round; slit rather narrow and short, on the convex side.
Length 81, diam. of aperture 8°6, of apex 1°6 mill.; length of slit
3 mill.

Whole North Atlantic, 208-1785 fms. (Valorous, Porcupine) ; off
Bahia Honda, 418 fms.; Bay of Biscay, 882 fms.; N. of Hebrides,
542 fms.; Coast of Portugal, 220-1095 fms.; W. of Azores and off
San Miguel, 1000 fms. ; Setubal, 470 fms. ; off Culebra I., W. Indies,
390 fms. (Challenger) ; off Havana, 119 fms.; off Martinique, 169
fms.; near Santa Lucia, 116 fms. (Blake); Barbados, 100 fms.
(Hassler Exped.).

D. capillosum JEFFR., “ Valorous” Rep., Proc. Roy. Soc., xxv,
1876, pp. 185, 191 (name only); Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xix, 1877,
p. 153; Ibid (5), vi, p. 375, (1880); P. Z. S., 1882, p. 658, pl. 49,
f. 1—Warson, Challenger Rep., p. 1, pl. 1, f. 1.—Daut, Blake
Moll., Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 425; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 37,
p. 76 (1889).

The above diagnosis and fig. 33 are from specimens dredged near
Graciosa, Azores, in 800 fms.

Jeffreys described this species from a young specimen as follows :

D. capillosum Jeffreys, (Pl. 8, figs. 31, 32). Shell tapering to a
fine point, slightly curved, rather solid, opaque, and mostly luster-
less. Sculpture, numerous and sharp (not rounded) longitudinal
strie, some of which are intermediate and smaller than the rest ;
they disappear toward the posterior or narrow end, which is quite
smooth and glossy for one-quarter of an inch; color whitish; mar-
gin at the posterior end having a short and narrow notch; length
1-4 inch, breadth 0°15 inch. (Jeffreys, 1877).

Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys has described the ribs as “sharp (not rounded).”
They rather seem to be sharply cut, but they are rounded on the

78 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

top. Length 2:1 inch, breadth at mouth 0:22, at apex 0°036 inch.

The young specimen from off Azores has at the apex on the con-
vex curve a slit 0:1 inch long, but interrupted by two bridges of the
shell which have not been removed when the fissure was made (pl.
8, fig. 34).

From off the Azores the specimens belong to the typical form ;
that from Setubal, a remarkably large and fine specimen, belongs
to a variety :

D. CAPILLOSUM var. PAUCICosTATUM Wats., with only about 40
instead of 65 longitudinal riblets or threads, which are very flat on
their top and are divided by furrows remarkably broad and square
in form. These differences strike one very strongly at first, but the
transverse sculpture is identical, and there are spots on the typical
specimens which present an exactly similar form of ribbing. Figs.
35. (Watson).

“ All the Blake specimens were dead or fragmentary, and most of
them belong to the variety paucicostatum Watson. In examining
the specimens named D. capillosum in the Jeffreys collection, I find
several of them which he regarded as the young to be of a more
slender and much smaller species, which probably never attains a
large size, though sculptured like D. capillosum. The specimen fig-
ured in the P. Z.S. above cited, is only about one-third the size of
an adult.” (Dall).

D. MAGNIFICUM E. A. Smith.

An Indian Ocean species resembling D. capillosum, but with
decidedly coarser striation and longer slit. Aperture circular.
Length 101, diam. 13°4, length of slit 6°5 mill. It is known to us from
a specimen in the U.S. National Museum. So far as we can learn,
no description has yet been published.

D. EXUBERANS Locard.

Shell of relatively large size, very strongly conoid contour, very
wide at the base, tapering rapidly at first, then more progressively
to the summit ; profile at first straight, but quite conic for a short
distance from the base, becoming more curved further up, but
always quite moderately arcuate. Aperture very oblique, a little
undulated, visibly oval, contracted toward the dorsal, widened to-
ward the inner curve. Summit quite slender, rapidly tapering ;
apical slit elongated, ordinarily constituted of a series of narrow and
successive orifices, more or less regular. Shell quite thin but solid,

DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM. 79

ornamented throughout its length with well developed unequal ribs,
rather narrow and nearly rounded on the dorsal surface, wider and
perceptibly flattened on the opposite surface, the interspaces a little
wider than the ribs. Growth striz oblique toward the base and
quite impressed, spaced and a little irregular, becoming straighter
and less visible toward the apex. Color dull gray above, passing
- into slightly shining white toward the base. Length 95, greatest
diam. 17, curvature 10 mill. (Locard).

West coast of Africa, Senegal, Sahara, Azores between Pico and St.
George, between 1258 and 3650 fms.

D. exuberans Locarp, L’Echange, Revue Linnéenne, No. 146,
Feb., 1847, p. 10.

The slit seems to be interrupted into a series of orifices as in D.
plurifissuratum and the young specimen of eapillosum figured by
Watson, and the aperture is oval.

D. scAMNATUM ‘ Fischer’ Locard.

Shell of relatively very large size, the contour narrowly and pro-
gressively conoid from base to summit, perceptibly curved through-
out the length ; base quite wide, with almost exactly circular aper-
ture, the plane of which is a little oblique.. Apex slender, con-
tracted, slowly tapering; apical slit narrow and long. Shell some-
what thin, quite solid, ornamented throughout with very fine longi-
tudinal costulations, which are regular, a little flattened, closely
crowded and very vaguely subgranulose, the intercostal intervals
shallow and very narrow as though linear. Concentric strie of
growth fine, crowded, scarcely regular, giving the costule a sub-
granulose appearance. Color a light reddish-gray, sometimes paler
at base. Length 95, greatest diameter 9 mill., curvature 4 mill.
(Locard).

West coast of Africa, Cape Ghir, the Azores, and Sargasso Sea,
in 1235-2087 meters.

D. scamnatum P. Fischer, Locarp, L’ Echange, Revue Linnéenne,
No. 146, Feb., 1847, p. 10.

D. proFuNpoRUM E. A. Smith: PI. 6, fig. 82.

Shell large, solid, lightly arcuate, longitudinally very finely
striated and sculptured with oblique growth-lines; dull buff; pos-
teriorly slit. Aperture nearly circular, white inside, thin at the ob-
lique margin and acute. Length 90, greatest diam. 10 mill.
(Smith).

80 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

Off Colombo, Ceylon, lat. 6° 32’ N., long. 79° 37’ E., in 675
fms. (Investigator Exped.).

- D. profundorum Smrtu, Annalsand Mag. N. H. (6), xiv, p. 167,
pl. 4, f 18 (Sept., 1894).

This species rather closely resembles the fossil D. grande Deshayes,
but the style of the striation is not quite the same, and the form is
not quite so slender. The fine thread-like slightly rounded riblets
are about eighty in number, and usually rather broader than the
intervening striz. None of the three specimens examined are per-
fect posteriorly, so it is impossible to describe the fissure properly.
In the largest example a mere notch indicates the existence of a slit
in the normal position.

In a second specimen there is a distinct lateral fissure 3 mill. in
length, but whether this is an accidental fracture is not quite certain.
The surface of this species appears to be subject to erosion, for
patches are broken away here and there throughout the entire length
of the shell.

D. capillosum Jeffreys, is a closely allied species from the Atlan-
tic, but somewhat more slender in form and not quite similar in
sculpture. (Smith).

D. VERNEDEI “ Hanley” Sowerby. PI. 3, figs. 35, 43.

Shell gently curved, solid, whitish, with or without some pale yel-
lowish zones, lusterless. Sculpture, about 40 rounded, longitudinal
riblets on the larger portion of the shell, most of equal size, and
parted by interstices narrower than the riblets; but toward the apex
the riblets become alternately small and large; growth-strize close,
fine and prominent. Aperture circular, at nearly aright angle with
tube. Anal orifice circular, with a deep and rather wide slit on the
convex side.

Length 90, diam. of aperture 11, height of arch above chord 12-
13 mill. (specimens).

Length 133, diam. 15 mill. (Dkr.).

Japan (McAndrew coll.; Dunker); China (Garrett).

D. vernedei Hanley, Sowerby, Thes. Conch., iii, p. 101, pl. 223, f.
3 (1860); Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 1, f. 3 (1872)—Dunker, Index,
Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 153 (1882).—“Antalis verendi A. Ad.,” CLESSIN,
Conch. Cab., p. 26.

This species is more curved and more slowly increasing than D.
rectum, and has the riblets subequal except toward the apex.

DENTALIUM-—FISSIDENTALIUM. 81

One specimen before us (fig. 35) has no slit, there being only a
slight notch on the inner margin of the anal aperture. It measures,
length 94, diameters of aperture 10°3 mill. In another shell 90
mill. long the slit has a length of 7°6 mill.

D. rEctTuM Gmelin. PI. 38, figs. 32, 33, 34.

Shell nearly straight, slightly curved toward the anal end, solid,
whitish, with faint, wider, grayish zones, lusterless. Sculptured at
the anal end with about twelve larger alternating with an equal
number of smaller, rather high, narrow and sharply cut ribs; this
number being increased toward the larger end by the intercalation
of numerous tertiary longitudinal riblets and strie; the whole sur-
face very densely aud finely microscopically striate in a longitudinal
direction, and decussated by equally fine incremental stris. Aper-
ture quite oblique, circular, thin-edged. Anal orifice small, cireu-
lar, with a long, narrow slit on the convex side. Length 633, diam.
of aperture 122 mill.

India (Desh.).

D. rectum GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3788 (1788 ).— Woop, Index
Testac. p. 191, pl. 38, f. 1d (1818).—Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 101,
pl. 223, f. 1 (1860) ; Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 1, f. 4 (1872).— DELEs-
SERT, Rec. de Cogq., pl. 1, f. 3 (1841).— D. elephantinum DesHayes,
Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p. 347, pl. 17, f. 7 (1825) exclusive of
fossil forms and var. a.—Antalis recta CLEss., Conch. Cab., p. 25.

The straight form, more rapidly increasing cone and alternating
ribs readily distinguish this from D. vernedei.

The locality is very uncertain. Sowerby gives “Adriatic,” which
is certainly wrong, unless, indeed, his figures really represent D.
delessertianum. We have a specimen said to be from the Gulf of
California. Compare D. delessertianum Chenu and D. philippit
Monts. not Chenu.

The identification of this shell with Gmelin’s species rests upon
his citation of a figure in Gualtier, reproduced with the embellish-
ment of color, and the omission of some of the sculpture, in Martini,
and a figure of Schréter’s which seems to represent a crinvid stem.
While there is some doubt of the identity of D. rectum of modern
authors with that of Gmelin, it seems inadvisable to change.

D. DELESSERTIANUM Chenu. PI. 6, figs. 78, 79.

Shell large and solid, the apical third somewhat curved, remain-
der nearly straight or slightly recurved. Sculpture of 13-14 high,
6

82 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

rather acute ribs at the apex, becoming rounded anteriorly, and
either splitting to form about three minor riblets, or not noticeably
divided but having several strong longitudinal cords developing in
each interval; all longitudinal sculpture subobsolete near the aper-
ture, where growth-strie predominate in old individuals. Aperture
circular, quite oblique. Anal orifice with a slight sheath (as in en-
talis) and a long, usually crooked slit.

Length 111, aperture 14x 14 mill., slit 12 mill. long (old speci-
men).

Length 99, aperture 15 x 13 mill., slit 19 mill. long (hardly ma-
ture).

Living, in Eastern Atlantic (Travailleur Exped.); Pliocene of
Monte Pellegrino, Sicily, Rhodes, ete.

D. delessertianum CHENU, Illustr. Conch., i, Dentalium, p. 3, pl. 6,
f. 10.—FiscHer, Journ. de Conchyl., 1882, p. 276.—D. delesserti
CuHENv, Manuel de Conch.,i, p. 374 (1859) ; also Dentale de Deles-
sert, Lecons Elém. d’Hist. Nat., p. 141, f. 448 (1847)—Cf. also
Forest, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., xix, pp. 240, 242.—D. elephantinum
and D. rectum of many writers on Pliocene fossils of the south of
Europe.

Our diagnosis is from Monte Pellegrino Pliocene specimens.
Chenu’s description is as follows:

Shell very large, multicostate, with several small riblets between
the ribs. This fossil species is the largest and one of the finest of
the genus. It has 10 or 12 large and raised ribs, with 3 or 4
smaller riblets in the intervals; smaller end obliquely truncate and
well slit (Chenu). Length 114, greatest diam. 13 mill. (from fig.).

The aperture is more oblique than in D. rectum. The identity of
this species with D. philippii Monts. affirmed by DeFranchis and
Foresti is somewhat doubtful, but we have not material enabling
us to attempt a rectification of the nomenclature of Italian Pliocene
and Postpliocene species. The synonymic knots are worse than
Gordian, and there are several tied to each species.

D. PLURIFISSURATUM (Sowerby). PI. 6, figs. 87, 88, 89.

Shell subulate, rather thick, slightly curved posteriorly and at-
tenuated ; pale; longitudinally very delicately striated and having
many unequal riblets; irregularly roughened circularly. Fissures
2 to 5, the first (near the apex) generally long, the rest shorter.
Length 64, greatest diam. 7°5 mill. (Sowd.).

Hong Kong?

DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM. 83

Schizodentalium plurifissuratum Sows., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i,
p. 158, pl. 12, f. 24 (Oct. 1894).—Srmroru in Bronn’s Klassen u.
Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, iii, p. 375, f. 454 (1894).

This species is type of the genus Schizodentalium Sowerby, char-
acterized by having the shell Dentalium-shaped, the convex side
with a longitudinal series of slits in place of the usual fissure, or, in
other words, the fissure is interrupted by several bridges of shell.

The conjectured mode of formation of the slits given by Sowerby
seems to us inadmissable.” They-are, in all cases, so far as present
knowledge goes, absorbed out of the solid shell-wall, and not left
open in the progress of growth as in Emarginula or Haliotis.

In the present lack of knowledge regarding the physiologic role
of the slit, the uncertainty as to whether any other character is cor-
related with it, and the variability of its occurrence in some forms,
it seems to us hardly desirable to base a generic distinction upon
this one modification. Compare D. exuberans Locard, and Watson’s
remarks quoted under D. capillosum, and alluded to below.

Mr. Sowerby further writes of this interesting form as follows:

“ The shell is very like an ordinary multicostate Dentalium, but
distinguished by the following remarkable character. In a line
with the usual apical notch there are several slits on the convex
side, extending from the summit to about a quarter of the length of
the shell. I have three specimens before me, and the dimensions
given above are taken from the largest; it has five perforations, the
first being a narrow slit about 2 mill. in length, the second and
third rather shorter, and the last two only about :75 mill. The
second specimen is about 47 mill. long, and has five slits which are
narrower than in the first, four of them being of nearly equal length.
The third specimen is a young one 28 mill. long, having only two
long narrow slits. A fourth specimen has been, for many years, in
the British Museum unnoticed; it is nearly as large as my largest,
and has four slits.

“Tt is, at present, uncertain how these perforations are formed.
It may be conjectured that when young there has been an open slit
or notch in the anterior margin, as in Emarginula, which has been
enclosed in the next stage, as in Rimu/a, a succession being formed
and enclosed in subsequent stages.

“ The animal is very like that of Dentalium entalis, and the Rev.
Prof. Gwatkin has examined the radula, finding it the same as in
the typical Dentalium.

84 DENTALIUM—FISSIDENTALIUM.

“T am not quite certain as to the habitat of this curious mollusk ;
it was not among those dredged by Dr. Hungerford, but I believe
the three specimens were found in the neighborhood of Hong-Kong.

“ {Since the reading of this paper our President drew my atten-
tion to the fact that the Rev. R. Boog Watson, in his Report on the
Scaphopoda and Gasteropoda of the Challenger, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1b,
noticed something on a very small scale approaching the character
here described in the case of a very young specimen of Dentaliwm
capillosum Jeffreys. He says: “The young specimen from Station
78 has at the apex on the convex curve a slit 0:1 in. long, but inter-
rupted by two bridges of the shell which have not been removed
when the fissure was made. ]”

D. HUNGERFORDI Pilsbry & Sharp, n.n. PI. 6, fig. 88.

Shell rather wide, almost straight, acute; unequally compressed ;
toward the apex slightly inclined. Tawny, irregularly banded with
brown. Sculptured with very numerous plano-convex unequal rib-
lets, and cancellated by but slightly conspicuous transverse striz.
Slit long and narrow. Aperture somewhat oval. Length 72, great-

est diam. 12 mill. (Sowd.).
Hong Kong (Hungerford).

D. compressum Sows., P. Z.8., 1888, p. 569, pl. 28, f.18. Not D.
compressum Watson, 1879, nor of Meyer, nor of Orbigny.

A very distinct and remarkable species, more highly colored than
its congeners; but it is chiefly distinguished by its curiously com-
pressed form. A second specimen, brought by Dr. Hungerford, is
only 62 millimeters in length, and rather wider in proportion. It
is rather lighter in color, but presents all the same characters, con-
firming the specific importance of the chief characteristic, which
might otherwise have been thought accidental (Sowd.).

Apparently more tapering and more finely ribbed than the large,
compressed species of unknown origin described by Chenu as D.
guganieum.

D. cLaTHRATUM von Martens. Unfigured.

Shell rather straight, elliptical in section, white, opaque, with
about 16 angular, narrow, equal ribs, with smaller ones sparsely in-
tercalated towards the aperture, the interstices conspicuously trans-
versely striated. Apical orifice thick-edged ; slit on the convex side,
narrow, long. Length 51, transverse diam. of aperture 4, dorso-
ventral diam. 54 mill., diam. of apex % mill. (Mart.).

Near Moreton Bay, eastern Australia, 550 fms. (Gazelle Exped.).

DENTALIUM-—GRAPTACME. 85

D. clathratum E. von Martens, Sitzungs-berichte der Gesell-
schaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrgang 1881, p. 66,
(April, 1881).

Similar to D. compressum Watson of the West Indies, The in-
terspaces between the ribs are about three times as wide as the ribs
themselves, where smaller riblets are not interposed. (Martens).

Subgenus Grapracme Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897.

Surface sculptured with close, fine, deeply engraved longitudinal
strie near the apex, the remainder smooth; or rarely the strize per-
sist half or all the length. Moderate sized or small species, cylin-
drical in section, and white or nearly so.

Distribution: Antillean and Panamic regions; Indo-Pacific ;
mainly living in quite moderate depths.

There is remarkable diversity in the characters of the apices in
this apparently very natural group. In some species, as D. semi-
striatum and eboreum, the apical orifice is perfectly simple; in
others, such as D. aciculum, a slight notch appears; in D. leptum
there is a slit on the convex side. D. sericatwm has the slit lateral,
and it is on the concave sidein D. inversum. D. sectum and calamus
have the apical aperture reduced to a slit across the summit of a
convex apical plug, an altogether peculiar structure.

In old or worn specimens of some species the striation is lost.

I. Apex with simple orifice or variously slit, not contracted,
Group of D. senustriatum.
II. Apical orifice contracted by a callous plug cleft by a slit from
convex to concave side, Group of D. sectum, p. 96.

Group OF D. SEMISTRIATUM.

I. No slit at the apex; apical seventh to two-thirds with fine,
clear cut incised strix, the remainder smooth and polished.
a. Length 76 mill., about 18 times the diam.; posterior
third striate, novehollandia, p. 98.
a’. Length 20-31 mill., 10-12 times the diam., eborewm,
p- 89; semistriatum, p.90 ; semipolitum, p.91; acieulwm,
p- 98.
II. An apical slit or notch on the side ; young zig-zag clouded with
opaque white ; length 33-35 mill., 9-10 times the diam.,
sericatum, p. 86.

86 DENTALIUM—GRAPTACME.

III. An apical slit or notch on convex side only; not zig-zag
clouded.

a. 17-20 fine sharp ribs, increasing in number, but be-
coming faint toward mouth; puckered elliptically; a

short slit; length 48 mill., 15 times the diam.,
circumeinctum, p. 88.
a’, Very fine strise near apex, then smooth; delicate sal-—
mon tinted; a deep narrow fissure; length 31 mill.,
15 times diam., leptum, p. 89.
a’, Striz fine, faint in adults; long and slim, rather
straight ; an irregular fissure; length 38 mill., 12-15
times diam., acutissimum, p. 94.
aw” Fine striz on posterior seventh only; a slight apical
notch; length 29 mill., about 11 times diam.; white,
aciculum, p. 98.
IV. A slit across the apex ; jana 45 mill., about 12 times the

diam., splendidum, p. 96.
V. A slit on the coneave side ; striate near apex only; length 30
mill., about 16 times the diam., inversum, p. 9d.

D. sericatumM Dall. Pl. 16, figs. 41, 42, 45, 44, 45, 46 ; pl. 7, fig.

12.

Shell considerably curved, rather slender, thin; very glossy.
Subtransparent, bluish-white, with nwmerous finely zig-zag encircling
bands of opaque white, becoming less jagged but still irregular on
the larger part of the shell, and generally disappearing toward the
aperture. Sculpture of deeply engraved and extremely ine,
close, longitudinal strie near the apex (and therefore all over young
shells), but soon disappearing, leaving far the greater part of adult
shells smooth except for faint annular swellings. Aperture some-
what oblique, circular. Anal orifice small, circular, with (in
adults) a short slit which is /atera/ (latero-dorsal to latero-ventral)
in position, and sometimes represented by an internal channel only.

Length 35, diam. of aperture 3°3, of apex 1:1 mill.

Length 33, diam. of aperture 3°8, of apex 1:2 mill.

Length 38°5, diam. of aperture 4, length of slit 2 mill.

Length 37, diam. of aperture 4, length of slit 2°5 mill.

Length 34, diam. of aperture 3, length of slit 1:2 mill. (@mma-
ture).

St. Thomas (Swift); St. Martin (Marie) ; Yucatan Strait in 640
fms. (Blake).

DENTALIUM—GRAPTACME. 87

D. sericatum Dat, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, 1881, p. 37; xviii, Blake
Moll., p. 423, pl. 26, f.1; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 37, Catal. Mar.
Moll. S.-E. U. S., p. 76, pl. 26, f. 1—D. semistriolatum var. B,
GuILpine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xvii, p. 34, pl. 3, f. 6 (1834).—
D. nebulosum Lin., Desu., Mém. Soe. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p. 369,
pl. 16, f. 20 (1825).—Sowersy, Thes. Conch., iii, p. 98, pl. 226, f.
58 (1860) ; and in Conch. Icon., pl. 7, f. 53 (good). Not D. nebu-
losum Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3738.

Remarkable for the zig-zag white rings of the young, and the
position of the slit, which is generally more lateral than ventral,
although intermediate between the convex and lateral sides of the
shell. D. cocconti Sharp & Pilsbry (D. dispar Mayer in Cocconi,
not Sowb.), has a similar lateral slit. The young are densely
striated longitudinally and generally without a slit, and some old
specimens have swollen rings as in D. eburneum, but slighter.

We do not follow Deshayes’ identification of this with Gmelin’s
nebulosum, because the description of that, as well as the locality,
indicate a different form. Some authors have referred it to D. vul-
gare. Gmelin’s description, which is not elucidated by citation of
figures, is as follows:

“ D. testa arcuata, laevissima, alba, fulvo, maculata, nebulosaque.
Habitat in Mari Siculo, fasciato affine, ac testa magis arcuata,
longiore et tenuiore.”

Dall’s description of the single specimen dredged by the ‘ Blake’
is quoted below. We consider it a young shell in which the charac-
ter of being longitudinally striate throughout would disappear in
the adult form. The alternation of translucent bluish with opaque
white bands is but poorly represented by the figure, which shows
the pattern merely. We have compared the type of sericatum with
the adult shells described above, and have before us a full series
connecting the sharply zig-zagged young form with the ring-clouded
adults. The locality given by Deshayes for his nebulosum is incor-
rect.

D. sericatum Dall. (P1.7, fig.12). “Shell small, very thin, acute,
slightly curved, rather rapidly enlarging, covered with fine, sharp,
close-set longitudinal grooves, with narrow thread-like interspaces
separating them, to the number of thirty-six on the middle and
about fifty at the oral end of the shell; plane of oral aperture at
right angles to the axis, both apertures circular, simple; color

88 DENTALIUM—GRA PTACME.

translucent white, with opaque white wavy lines (like those on the
silk goods known as moire antique) encircling the shell with zig-zags,
whose successive irregular bands (08 mill. apart in the middle of
the shell) are sub-parallel with one another, and gradually become
more slender and further apart toward the ends. In a specimen
13 mill. long, there were about fifteen of these bands, each with
about ten or twelve angles. Length 15 mill., eral diam. 1:2 mill.,
anal 0°37 mill. (Dall).

“ This species is more acute than D. taphrium of the same size, and
the moire antique effect is of a much more prominent and zig-zag
pattern. In D. taphrium the sculpture is also coarser. A sonie-
what similar effect is observable on the younger portion of D.
aculeatum Sowerby, which is otherwise very different. The Indo-
Pacific D. nebu/osum Deshayes also exhibits it. The sculpture is
entirely independent of these differences of opacity, which at first
one finds it difficult to realize.” (Dal/).

D. crrgcumcinctum Watson. PI. 8, fig. 26.

Shell very long and narrow, very slightly bent, and that almost
entirely above; a very little flattened on the concave curve, so as to
be slightly trigonal; white, opaquely porcellanous, a little glossy,
not thick but strong. Sculpture: closely and regularly girt round,
elliptically with seratch-like puckerings in the lines of growth, of
which there are about 55 in the tenth of an inch. Longitudinally
striped with fine ribs, of which there are from 17 to 20, sharp and
well defined by still broader furrows toward the apex, but down the
shell these increase in number and steadily decrease in definiteness
till they only show as a feeble system of lines on the rounded sur-
face. At the apex there is on the convex curve a ragged irregular
fissure about 071 inch long, Length 1°93 [48 mill.], breadth at
mouth 0:13 [8°25 mill.], at apex 0°02 inch. (Watson).

Setubal 470 fms.; Sombrero I., W. Indies 450 fms.; off Bermuda
1075 fms.; Pernambuco 350 fms. (Challenger).

D. circumeinctum Warts. Journ. Lin. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 513
(1879) Chall eps pat, apis teased

As compared with D. semipolitum Sow., this isa longer, straighter,
more attenuated shell, with stris stronger, blunter, and more per-
sistent. It is not unlike D. antillarum d’Orb., in texture and in
size, but is much straighter and narrower, and the early ribs are
much finer and fewer. It is intermediate in form between D.

DENTALIUM—GRAPTACME. 89

erectum G. B. Sow. and D. splendidwm Desh. ; a little stumpier and
more curved than the first, and less so than the second ; it is much
more longitudinally ribbed and less polished than either. Than D.
lessonit Desh., it is much more attenuated, and never so strongly
ribbed longitudinally ; than D. inversum Desh., it is more strongly
and persistently striate longitudinally. The young shell is per-
plexingly like that of D. entalis var. orthrum Wats., but is a little
straighter, broadens more slowly, and the ribs project more sharply.
In maturer specimens this species is obviously much more attenu-
ated than the former. ( Wats.).

D. EBOREUM Conrad. PI. 16, figs. 47, 48, 49, 55, 56.

Shell slender, attenuated posteriorly, gently curved, shining,
white. Sculpture: extremely close, fine, but rather deeply en-
graved longitudinal striz toward the apex, the larger part of the
shell smooth and glossy. Aperture slightly oblique, circular; peri-
stome thin. Anal orifice small and round. No notch or slit.
Length 20, diam. of aperture 1°8, of apex 0°35 mill.

West coast of Florida: Tampa (Conrad); Marco (Hemphill) ;
Sanibel Island (Johnson).

D. eboreum Conran, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, p.
27 (1846).

The description and figures are from Conrad’s type specimen in
the collection of the Academy. It is allied to D. semistriatum
Turt., but is less curved and more slender.

Specimens collected at Sanibel Island by Mr. C. W. Johnson,
two of which are illustrated on pl. 16, figs. 55, 56, indicate that the
species attains a much larger size than the types. As the figures
show, they vary much in arcuation ; and they have lost the posterior
striation by truncation in the course of growth. The shells figured
measure :

Length 31, diam. at aperture 2°5, at apex 0°8 mill.

Length 27-4, diam. at aperture 2°2, at apex 0°75 mill.

D. teprum Bush. PI. 16, fig. 50.

Shell of moderate size, very slender, slightly curved posteriorly,
rather thin, delicate, with a very smooth and glossy surface, destitute
of sculpture, except at the posterior end, which is covered with numer-
ous, very fine, raised, longitudinal lines visible only under the lens.
Anterior aperture round, with a sharp, thin edge; posterior aper-
ture somewhat thickened, very small, round, slightly oblique, with

90 DENTALIUM—GRAPTACME.

a deep narrow dorsal notch. Color delicate salmon or yellow,
gradually shading into white toward the anterior end. Length
31°5 mill., anterior diam. 2, posterior diam. about 0°5 mill. (Bush).

Vicinity of Cape Hatteras, N. C., to Charlotte Harbor, Florida in
2-50 fms.; older Miocene of Chipola River, Florida.

D. leptum Busu, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 470, pl. 45, f. 18,
18a (1885); Rep. U.S. Fish Commission for 1883, p. 586 (1885).
—Datut, Blake Rep., Bull. M. C. Z, xviii, p. 421; Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 76; Trans. Wagner Inst., ili, p. 440 (1892).

This beautiful and distinct species is readily recognized by its
orange tint and slender form, delicately and closely striated near
the tip. (Dall).

Some of the Fish Commission specimens marked /eptwm from off
Hatteras proved to be D. matara.

D. sEMIsrRIATUM Turton. PI. 16, figs. 51, 52, 53.

Shell slender, tapering and attenuated posteriorly, translucent-
white, milky, sometimes slightly tinted toward the apex, polished.
Sculpture of fine, regular, clearly cut and close longitudinal grooves
separating narrow lirule, which extend over the posterior third (more
or less) of the shell’s length ; the remainder very glossy, without sculp-
ture other than slight irregularities of growth. Aperture somewhat
oblique, circular. Anal orifice minute, circular, and normally un-
slit.

Length 26, diam. of aperture 2°2-2°6, of apex 0°6 mill.

Carribean Is.: St. Martins (E. Marie), and Saba (Swift).

D. semistriatum Turron, Conchol. Dict. Brit. Is., p. 39, pl. 18, f.
68 (1819) ; compare Forbes and Hanley, Hist. Brit. Moll., 11, p. 454.
—D. translucidum CHeEnu, Ill. Conch., i, p. 8, pl. 3, f. 12, not of
Deshayes.—D. semistriolatum GuiLpInG, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond.,
xvii, pt. 1, p. 34, pl. 3, f. 1-5 (1834).

Both Turton and Guilding have given good descriptions and fig-
ures of this species, although later writers have singularly overlooked
them. We believe the West American form, D. semipolitum B. &
S., with its synonyms, to be identical, numerous specimens before us
showing no constant differential characters. The species differs
from D. sericatum Dall in lacking the conspicuous (though variable)
zig-zag color-pattern, and the tube does not increase so rapidly. D.
leptum Bush is more slender, the length fully 15 times the diameter
of aperture; D. eborewm is also more attenuated and straighter.

DENTALIUM—GRAPTACME. 91

The following specific names are synonymous, in our opinion: PD.
semistriatum Turton (1819), D. semipolitum Brod. & Sowb. (1829),
D. semistriolatum Guild. (1854), D. hyalinum Phil. (1846), D. lira-
tum Carp. (1857), and D. lirulatum Moreh (1861). The known
geographic range includes the Gulf of Mexico and west coast of
Mexico and Lower California. While we have no doubt of the
correctness of the above synonymy, we give below, under separate
heading, a description of the west American race.

Var. SEMIPOLITUM Broderip & Sowerby. PI. 16, fig. 54.

Shell slender, moderately or decidedly curved, attenuated toward
the apex; rather thin, milk white and very glossy. Sculpture:
deeply engraved with very numerous, fine, close, subequal, longitudinal
strie, extending from the apex downward one-third to two-thirds the
shell’s length (and of course covering the entire length of young
shells) ; the remaining one- or two-thirds smooth and polished, bril-
liant, scarcely showing growth-lines. Aperture circular, the peri-
stome thin. Anal orifice minute and round, no notch or slit.

Length 26, diam. of aperture 2°6 mill.

Length 29°5, diam of aperture 2°9 mill.

La Paz; Acapulco; Mazatlan; north to Mulege Bay, Boca de
los Piedras and San Ignacio Lagoon, Lower California, and San
Diego, California.

D. semipolitum B. & §., Zool. Journ., iv, p. 369 (1829).—? D. semi-
politum Sows. Jr., Thes. Conch., ili, p. 100, pl. 224, f. 28; Conch.
Icon., xviii, pl. 4, f. 19.—D. semipolitum Sowb. CARPENTER, Suppl.
Rep. Moll. West Coast N. A., Brit. Asso. Adv. Sei. for 1863, pp. 612,
648, 666 (1864) ; and in Smiths. Mise. Coll., No. 252, pp. 98, 134,
152.—D. semipolitum Cp., STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, p.
158 (1894).—D. hyalinum Puiu. Zeitschr. f. Malak., iii, p. 55
(1846). Not D. hyalinum Ph., CARPENTER, Mazatl. Catal., p. 188.
—D. liratum CARPENTER, [bid., p. 188 (young shell).—SowERBy.
Thes. Conch., iii, p. 101, pl. 224, f. 32; Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 5, f,
34.—D. lirulatum Morrca, Malak. Blatter, vii, p. 177 (1861).

Compared with D. aciculum of the same length, a larger part of
the surface of D. semipolitum is seen to be striated. It is a very
beautiful shell, quite constant in the fine sculpture of the smaller
end, though, as in all species, with diverse ornamentation at the two
ends, the extent of the sculptured and smooth portions varies regu-
larly with age, and somewhat among adults. Quite young and half-

92 DENTALIUM—GRAPTACME.

grown shells are striate throughout ; and in some of the old ones
less than a third of the shell is sculptured. In form there is also
considerable variation, occasional examples fully justifying Philippi’s
term “ subrecta,” while others are very markedly arcuate.

We have noted above the essential identity of this form with the
Antillean D. semistriatum Turton. In the average, a greater por-
tion of the tube is striated in this than in D. semistriatum; but in
many individual specimens this does not hold, and they are quite
indistinguishable. The West Coast form is, at most, only a sub-
species.

The original description of this species is as follows:

“Shell whitish, polished ; posterior end somewhat recurved, very
finely striated; no posterior slit. Length 1:4, diam. 0:1 inch. The
very fine strize continue about half the length of the shell, which is
rather narrower in proportion than D. nebulosum” (B. & S.).

The habitat of the type was unknown, but as a large number of
the shells described in Broderip and Sowerby’s paper, cited above,
were from the west coast of Mexico, it is very probable that the
original semipolitum came from thence, especially as their descrip-
tion agrees perfectly with specimens from that region.

It has also been well-described by Philippi as D. hyalinum, and
young shells, in which the strize extend from end to end, have re-
ceived the names lirulatwm Morch and liratum Carpenter. All
published information upon the latter two forms is given below.

D. lirulatum Morch. Shell arcuate, dilated toward the aperture,
apex attenuated; thin, white, very closely lirulate with beautitul
regularity, the interstices deep, milk-white; growth-striz wanting.
Length 8, diam. 1:25 mill. (Moerch).

Gulf of Nicoya, west coast of Costa Rica (Oersted).

Has the form of D. acwminatum Deshayes. It is probably a
young shell of the D. semipolitum group, and nothing in the diag-
nosis precludes the supposition that it is identical with that species.

D. liratum Carpenter. Shell solid, white, cylindrical, little
curved, very closely covered with very delicate longitudinal lirz
numbering in the young about 12, in the adult about 30; they are
acute and hardly of equal size. Branchial [anal] orifice simple.
One perfect though rather small specimen was found entangled in
the byssus of Modiola capax; fragments occurred of a much larger
size. Length -25, breadth :011-—03 inch [L. 6°25, greatest diam.
0°75, apical diam. 0:275 mill.].

DENTALIUM—GRA PTACME. 93

Mazatlan, off Modiola capax, Chame and Spondyli, very rare.
Liverpool Coll. Tablet 879 contains the perfect specimen, a small
one wedged in the mouth of Trivia sanguinea, and a fragment of a
large one, (065 [= 1°625 mill.] across ( Carpenter).

Carpenter, who described a good deal of trash as well as many
good species inthe Mazatlan Catalogue, makes a wrong identifica-
tion of D. hyalinum Phil., and redescribes its young as above.

D. acicuLuM Gould. PI. 17, figs. 65, 66, 67.

Shell slender, considerably tapering, attenuated posteriorly, mod-
erately curved throughout but more toward the apex ; glossy white,
nearly opaque. Sculpture of fine, close, deeply engraved longitudi-
nal strie near the apex (extending over only a seventh the total
length in the type specimen), the remainder of the shell smooth and
polished, with faint growth-stris only. Aperture circular, a trifle
oblique. Anal orifice with a slight notch on the convex side (fig.
67) and a concave wave on the opposite part. Length 24, diam. at
aperture 2°55, at apex 0°6 mill.

Coast of Whina, 23° 50’ N. lat., in 25 fms. sand (Stimpson).

D. aciculum Gup., Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., vii, p. 165 (1859) ; Otia
Conch., p. 119.—Sows., Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 7, f.52 (1872).

? D. semipolitum Cooke, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvi, 1885, p. 273.
—-Smiru, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, 1875, p.113.

Compared with D. semipolitum from the Gulf of California the
type of D. aciculum is striated for a much shorter distance, increases
slightly less in calibre, and is distinctly notched at apex. Whether
these differences are specific or merely individual we have not
enough Oriental material to decide. Probably Cooke’s semipolitum
from the Gulf of Suez (MacAndrew!) and Smith’s from Cape
Shima and Matoza Harbor, Japan, 6-18 fms. (St. John !) are Gould’s
form, rather than the true semipolitum.

The description and figures are from the type, No. 14149, U.S.
Nat. Mus.

D. NoVEHOLLANDI# Chenu. PI. 17, fig. 64.

Shell subarcuate, whitish, smooth anteriorly, with very minute
striz on the posterior third. A species of large size, white, glossy,
remarkable for the fine striation of the upper (smaller) end, while
the larger portion is smooth with faint growth-strize only (Chenu).
Length 76, diam. of aperture 4:2 mill. (from fig.).

Australia (Chenu).

94 DENTALIUM—GRAPTACME.

D. nove hollandie Curnu, Il. Conch., i, p. 5, pl. 6, f. 14.
Like so many of Chenu’s species, this is known by the original
publication only. It is unusually large for the present group.

D. acurissimum Watson. PI. 20, fig. 26.

Shell long and much attenuated, rather straight and very regu-
larly curved, very thin, brilliant and glassy. Sculpture: The sur-
face is crossed by fine, sharpish, irregular strize, which run very
elliptically round. In the young shell the surface is regularly and
finely scratched by a great number of close-set, regular, sharp and
extremely minute lines, which very gradually become more and
more faint, but are still traceable even in the full-grown shell. The
color is pure white, transparent, and almost hyaline in the fresh
shell, but in the dead shell the interior (not, as usual, the exterior)
layers of the shell become opaque and chalky. The edge is very
thin and irregularly broken. At the apex the end is abruptly
broken off in one specimen, and in the other there is an irregular
fissure with an internal lining process. In one specimen from Sta-
tion 246, which is full-grown, but very short, a large, thin, irregu-
larly shaped process projects, which, being obliquely cut off some-
what across the shell, supplies the anal orifice. Length 1°52 in., of
young specimens from Station 218; breadth at mouth 0°12, at apex
0-026 inch. Length 1:14, of old and broken specimen, Station 246 ;
breadth at mouth 0°23, at apex 0°14 inch ( Watson).

N. of Papua, 1070 fms.; mid-Pacific, E. of Japan, 2050 fms.
(Challenger).

D. acutissimum Warts., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 514;
Chall. Rep., p. 8, pl. 1, f. 8.

Compared with Dentalium leptoskeles Wats. this is more curved,
more conical, and thus not nearly so attenuated. Compared with
Dentalium agile Sars also, this is more curved, rather more conical,
and very much more delicate. It is likewise, when full-grown, ap-
parently larger than either. Than Dentalium lubricatum G. B.
Sow. this broadens more rapidly, is more brilliant, the circular
striz are stronger, the longitudinal are finer, closer and sharper. It
is also straighter than that species. Than Dentalium pretiosum Nut-
tall this broadens faster and is much more brilliant. Dentalium
perlongum Dall lacks the faint longitudinal striz, is much straighter
and is more slender ; thus if one chooses a point where the breadth
in the two species is equal, then within about an inch Dentalium

DENTALIUM—GRAPTACME, 95

perlongum Dall is not so much as two-thirds of the breadth of Den-
talium acutissimum. Contrary to Mr. Dall’s statement, however, the
two species agree in having the anal fissure on the convex side.

In reference to the form of the apex, it may be observed that the
separation of the Dentalia by the absence (Dentalium) or presence
(Entalis) of the cleft-process cannot be maintained. In Dentalium
abyssorum Sars there are some with a fissured process, some with a
fissure without any process, some with neither fissure nor process.
There are cases in which the fissure is very regularly formed, in
others it looks asif it had been gnawed, in others it resembles a
break ; sometimes it is on the convex curve, as in the general ease,
sometimes on the concave as in Dentalium inversum Desh. and in
Dentalium subterfissum Jeffr.; sometimes it is irregularly lateral as
occasionally in Dentalium agile Sars ( Wats.).

D. 1nversuM Deshayes. PI. 21, figs. 47, 48, 49.

Shell rather lightly curved, small, extremely slender, the length
about 16 times the greatest diameter; translucent white, clouded
with opaque white, and becoming reddish toward the apex; very
glossy. Sculpture, very fine and regulur longitudinal striation near
the apex, the greatest part of the shell smooth, free from sculpture,
with very slight variceal rings as in D. eburneum but far less marked.
Aperture circular, the peristome thin. Anal orifice minute, round,
with a deep, narrow slit or a shorter notch, in the middle or excentric
on the concave side. Length 30, diam. of aperture 1:9, of apex 0°6
mill.; length of slit 1°8 mill.

Gulf of California (W. Newcomb, in coll. Acad.) ; Habitat un-
known (Desh., Sowb.).

D. inversum Desu., Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris ii, p. 370, pl. 16,
f. 21, 22 (1825).—Sowerrsy, Thes. Conch., iii, p. 99, pl. 225, f. 42;
and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 7, f. 51.—E. A. Smrru, P. Z. S., 1871,
p- 738.

Remarkable for having the slit on the concave side. Otherwise
the species is not very unlike D. semipolitum. D. sectum Desh.
differs in being less attenuated posteriorly, with differently formed
apex and slit.

One specimen from the Gulf of California, which we refer to this
species, has the apical notch formed as in many D. entalis, with a
slightly projecting rim around the ovate orifice, slit not median, but
decidedly excentric on the concave side. This specimen occurred
with D. semipolitum B. & S.

96 DENTALIUM—GRAPTACME.

Smith reports D. inversum from Whydah, West Africa (Capt.
Knocker!).

D. sPLENDIDUM Sowerby. PI. 15, fig. 38.

Shell thin, polished, flesh-colored at base, milk-white toward the
apex ; posterior orifice with two slits, one dorsal, the other ventral. .
Length 1°8, diam. 0°15 inch.—=45, 3°75 mill. (G. B.S).

Xipixapi, west coast of Colombia, 10-16 fms. (Cuming).

D. splendidum G. B. Sowrrsy, P. Z. §., 1832, p. 29.—Sows. Jr.
Thes. Conch., iii, p. 98, pl. 225, f. 41; Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 5, f.
30.—? D. fissura Lam., Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 98, pl. 226, f. 43,
not D. fisswra of Lamarck, Philippi or Costa.

The apical slit is somewhat as in D. sectum Desh., but not reduced
to a narrow cut above by anapical plug. ‘‘ Generally reddish near
the apex, and white toward the base. In some specimens there are
two fissures, one dorsal, the other ventral.”

Group OF D. SECTUM.

Shell subcylindrical, the apex obliquely truncate, with an oblique,
convex plug, perforated by a narrow antero-posterior slit.

I. Shell longitudinally striated from apex to or nearly to aperture,
calamus.
II. Apical half striated, the rest smooth, sectum.

D. sectum Deshayes. PI. 17, figs. 60, 61, 62, 63.

Shell small, slender, very little tapering, slightly curved, white and
glossy. Sculpture of very numerous, close, subequal fine riblets ea-
tending longitudinally from apex about half way to aperture ; the re-
maining half with fine growth-strie but no longitudinal sculpture.
Aperture circular, not oblique, with acute peristome. Apex witha
high, obliquely conical, smooth plug, perforated by an antero-posterior
slit. Length 24, diam. of aperture 1:7, diam. of apex below plug
1:2 mill.

Gulf of California (W. Newcomb, in coll. Acad.) ; Habitat wn-
known (Desh., Sowb.).

D. sectum Desu., Mém. Soe. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p. 367, pl. 18, f.
12-14 (1825).—Sowersy, Thes. Conch., iii, p. 99, pl. 224, f. 35
(1860) ; and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 5, f. 28 (1872).—Antalis secta
Ciesstn, Conch. Cab., p. 26.—D. diffusum CuxEnv, II]. Conch., i, p.
3; pl.6, f. 2:

DENTALIUM—L/VIDENTALIUM. 97

Very peculiar in the anal plug and slit which are formed as in
D. calamus, a species differing only in being striated throughout.
The sculpture is characteristic of a small group of species comprising
the above named forms and the D. semistriatum group, which though
varying greatly in the details of the anal slit, we hold to be closely
allied.

TD. cALAmus Dall. PI. 17, figs. 55, 56, 57, 58, 59.

Shell very slender, slightly arched, white, translucent, the soft
parts showing through the shell; finely longitudinally grooved
[throughout, or for the greater part of the length], the grooves uni-
form, the interspaces flat and slightly wider anteriorly; aperture
hardly oblique, anal end apparently trimmed off obliquely for a short
distance on the convex side, glandiform, phallic, vertically narrowly slit,
the slit longer on the convex side, the “ glans”’-like portion smooth,
polished, usually with a little ledge around it. Length of shell,
19:5; height of arch from chord, 2:25; diameter of aperture, 1:25 ;
of anal end behind the “glans,” 0°8 mill. Grooves in the middle
part of the shell about sixteen to the millimeter of circumference.
(Dall).

Turtle Harbor, Florida, in 4 fms.; and Cape Fear (Dr. W. H.
Rush, U.S. N.); Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie, Florida.

D. calamus Dawu, Blake Rep., Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 421 (1889) ;
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 37, p. 76; Trans. Wagner Institute, iii,
p. 440.

D. calamus differs from the very closely allied D. sectwm in being
striate for nearly or quite its entire length, while the other is smooth
toward the aperture. Very young specimens of calamus have the
slit much more open, and the form tapering. D. ca/amus attains a
length of 26, diam, of aperture 1°7, of apex 1°3 mill. Figs. 58, 59 are
drawn from a Florida specimen in which the anterior portion of the
tube is smooth for a short distance; figs. 55-57 are from aspecimen
taken off Cape Fear, striate throughout. The name is doubly appro-
priate.

Subgenus LasvipENTALIUM Cossmann, 1888 (s. at.).

Levidentalium Cossm., Ann. de la Soc. Roy. Malacologique de
Belgique, xxiii, p. 9. Type D. incertum Desh.

Shell of moderate or large size, smooth, with growth lines only
circular or slightly oval in section ; apex simple (typically), or with
a short notch on the convex side as in Antalis. Type D. incertum.

t

98 DENTALIUM—-LZVIDENTALIUM,

M. Cossmann founded this group to include smooth species with
the shell oval in section, the posterior orifice without aslit. In deal-
ing with recent species we find it practically impossible to draw the
line between circular and slightly oval forms; and the apical char-
acters seem insufficient ground, in our opinion, for the separation of
species with no slit from those with an Antalis-like extremity. In
accepting the distinguished French palzeontologist’s group, we there-
fore enlarge its bounds beyond those originally intended ; and are
alone responsible if future investigators find that heterogeneous mate-
rials are included therein.

I. Apex simple, without notch or slit, Group of D. lactewm, p. 98.
II. Apex with a slit or notch, Group of D. matara, p. 102.

Group of D. lacteum.

Smooth, polished, moderately curved shells with the apical orifice
simple, not notched or slit.

Of recent species, these are nearest to the type of Levidentalium ;
but the distinction between a notched and simple anal orifice is in
actual practice rather delusive. One encounters many apparently
perfect individuals of species typically notched, in which the apical
margin is entire; and yet no fracture other than the normal trunca-
tion of the apex with increasing age, may appear. It is only when
numerous specimens of various age are available for study, that the
systematic position of some species can be ascertained. Occasional
old specimens of the group of D. semistriatum have the characters of
the present group; and more frequently specimens of the D. matara
group may be looked for here. The key given below must therefore
be used with caution. It is moreover rather unsatisfactory on
account of the absence of readily describable characters in these
smooth simple shells.

Key to Species.

(Consult also the group following this, p.102, and that preceding,
p. 85).

1. Large and stout, length 75 mill., 73 times the diameter ; rather

straight, polished, opaque and solid, rapidly increasing. Cape

Horn, lebruni, p. 102.
II. Small, white, nearly straight ; length 15 mill., nearly 9 times
the diameter. New Zealand, ecostatum, p. 102.

III. Much narrower, the diameter contained over 10 times in the
length.

DENTALIUM—-LEVIDENTALIUM. 99

a. Circular strive or rings toward smaller end.
6.. Transparent, with incised circular lines on smaller,
smooth on larger half of shell; length 14 mill. N.
E. Australia, anulosum, p. 101.
b’. White, thin, narrow, circularly striate at apex;
length 22 mill., 11 times the diameter. Suez,
subtorquatum, p. 101.
a’, Smooth, nowhere conspicuously striate.
b. Quite arcuate. Antillean.
c. White, arcuate, very slender; length 24
mill., 15 times the diameter, ensiforme, p. 101.
c’. White or pale salmon, rapidly tapering;
length 613 mill., about 12 times the diam-
eter, callipeplum, p. 100.
b’. But slightly curved; thin. Habitat unknown.
c. Greenish-yellow ; length 25 mill., 10 times
the diameter, translucidum, p. 99.
ce. Color?; very acute; longer and less curved
than transluctdum; length 37 mill., about
12 times the diameter, ambiquwm, p. 100.
é”. Milky subtranslucent; length 30 mill., 12
times the diameter, lacteum, p. 99.

D. LAcTEUM Deshayes. PI. 19, fig. 1.

Shell cylindrical, somewhat curved, very smooth and polished,
whitish, milky, subtranslucent.

Smaller than entalis, and proportionally less in diameter, invari-
ably of a milky, subtransparent color, thinner than entalis and not
striated at the small end. Length 30, diam. 23 mill. at the base.
No slit. (Desh.).

India (Desh.).

D. lacteum Desu., Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p. 362, pl. 16, f.
27 (not 28, as given by Desh.).—Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 98, pl.
225, f. 48. Not D. lacteum Costa, Faun. Reg. Nap., p.387. Probably
not D. lacteum Dh., Tate, Tr., Proc. and Rep. Roy. Soc. S. Austr.,
seep. 193.

We have not seen specimens certainly referable to this species.
D. rRaNsLucipUM Deshayes. PI. 19, fig. 5.

Shell cylindrical, rather straight, polished, transparent, greenish-
yellow; calcareous and solid, smooth. Length 25, diam. 2°5 mill.
(Desh.).

Habitat unknown.

100 DENTALIUM—LEVIDENTALIUM.

D. translucidum Desu., Mém. Soe. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p. 362, pl.
16, f. 26 (1825). Not of Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 98, pl. 225 f.
47 (1860).—Not Antalis translucidum CuEss., Conch. Cab., p. 24.

The form identified as translucidum by Sowerby has a linear, very
long slit, and belongs to the subgenus Fustiaria Stol. Deshayes
states that there is no slit in his D. translucidwm (see Monogr. Deut.,
p. 345); so it is evident that Sowerby’s shell is a different thing.

D. ampicuuM Chenu. PI. 19, fig. 4.
Shell somewhat straight, smooth; whitish-gray maculated with

black or violaceous, the apex very acute. (Chenu).
Locality unknown.

D. ambiguum CuEnNv, Ilustr. Conch., i, p. 1, pl. 3, f. 1.

According to Deshayes’ manuscript note, the sole example of this
species had long lain dead in the mud, and become blackened in
color in place of the pale corneous or yellow which was probably the
normal tint. It is allied to D. translucidum, but longer and less
arcuate. The surface is smooth and glossy. Length 37, diameter
of aperture 3 mill.

D. CALLIPEPLUM Dall. PI. 19, fig. 9.

Shell ivory-white to pale salmon color, glistening, elegantly arched;
rapidly increasing ; sculpture of faint girdling incremental lines, and
toward the tip faint longitudinal scratches, hardly discernible ; sec-
tion circular, the lower edge projecting a little in the adult aperture ;
tip entire, circular in the youngest, but in the adult with a wide
very shallow notch on the concave side. Anterior diameter, 5:0;
posterior diameter, 0°5; length of shell, 61:5; height of arch above
the chord, 10°0 mill. (Dal).

Near Santa Cruz, in 180 fms. ooze ; off Saba Bank, a fragment, in
150 fms. ; off Guadelupe, in 175 fms., sand; off Santa Lucia, in 116
fms., hard bottom ; off Grenada, in 92 fms., sand (Blake). Also off
South Carolina, in 159 fms., sand, and in the Gulf of Mexico, in 169
fns., mud (U.S. Fish Commission). Also Pliocene of Caloosahat-
chie River, Florida.

D. callipeplum DaAu.u, Blake Rep., Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 419,
pl. 27, f. 12b. (1889); Bull. U.S: Nat. Mus., no. 37> p. 76,ply20
12b (1889); Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, iii, p. 442.

This elegant species has also been received from the coast of Hon-
duras and from Samana Bay, St. Domingo. Its nearest relative is

DENTALIUM—LEVIDENTALIUM. 101

D. rubescens Deshayes, which is less curved in front and more curved
near the tip, is smaller, deeper colored, and has a very long narrow
posterior slit when perfect, quite different from that of eallipeplum.

The specimen figured is young; better specimens, from which the
description was drawn up, were dredged by the Fish Commission.
The striation on the tip is so faint as to be very difficult to see, while
the surface is so brilliant as not easily to be scrutinized. (Dall).
It has the oily luster of D. longitrorsum.

D. ENSIFORME Chenu. PI. 15, fig. 37.

Shell arcuate, smooth, white, the aperture oblique. (Chenu).
Antilles.

D. ensiforme CuENv, Ilustr. Conchyl., i, p. 3, pl. 6, f. 18.

Deshayes remarks: Very near inverswm in curvature and size,
but that differs in the slit; narrower than Jacteum. Length 24, diam.
at aperture slightly exceeding 1°5 mill.

D. susToORQUATUM Fischer.

Shell white, thin, narrow, shining, cylindrical, slightly curved.
Encircled at the apex with minute, close, somewhat raised trans-
verse strie. Apex entire. No longitudinal striation. Length 22,
diam. 2 mill. (Fischer).

Suez (Gaudry).

D. subtorquatum Fiscuer, Journ. de Conch., xix [(3) xi], pp. 218,
212 (1871).

D. ANULOSUM Brazier.

Shell thin, transparent, tapering, slightly curved, marked by in-
cised circular lines from the apex to the centre, and from that to the
base quite smooth, apex thickened, perforated, perforation entire,
aperture circular. Length 7 lines [14 mill.] (Braz.).

Princess Charlotte Bay, northeast Australia, 13 fathoms, sandy
bottom (Chevert Exped.).

Dentalium anulosum BRAztER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ii, p.
58 (1877).

The upper part of this beautiful, thin, transparent shell has a
ringed appearance like a trachea. Allied to Dentaliwm politum
Linn., that species being distinguished by the incised lines that di-
vide its whole length (Braz.).

102 DENTALIUM—LEVIDENTALIUM.

D. ecostatum Kirk. PI. 18, fig. 13.

Shell white, nearly straight, smooth, gradually tapering, faintly,
distantly, transversely striated. Length 0°6, breadth at anterior
end 0°07 inch = 15, 1°75 mill. (47k).

Watkanae, New Zealand (Kirk); also Pliocene of N. Z. at Wan-
ganui and Petane (Hutton).

D. ecostatum Kirx, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), vi, p. 15 (July,
1880); Trans. N. Z. Institute, xii, p. 306 (May, 1880).—Hurron,
Macleay Memorial Volume, p. 80, pl. 8, f. 79.

Shell small, slightly curved, quite smooth, polished (Hutton).
The illustration is from Hutton’s figure of a Pliocene specimen.

D. teEBRUNI Mabille & Rochebrune.

Shell rather straight, slightly curved toward the apex, white,
polished, opaque and solid; at the base rapidly increasing ; apex
entire, neither slit nor emarginate. Length 75, greatest diam. 10
mill. (M. & R.).

Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Lebrun).

D. lebruni Mas. & Rocu., Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, vi, Zool., Moll.,
p- 99 (1889).

A nearly straight shell, only toward the apex a little arcuate.
white, polished, without strize except at the base, where they are
quite perceptible. This species somewhat resembles D. lwbricatum
Sow. of the coast of Australia, but it is larger, narrower, decidedly
less curved, and thinner at the summit (VW. & f.).

Group of D. matara.

Smooth and polished, elongated species, circular or subcircular in
section, with the apical characters of typical Antalis or of Fissiden-
talium—a V-shaped notch or a slit.

Those who attach cardinal value to the modifications of the apex
would place most or all of these forms in Antalis (Entalis or Entali-
opsis). They have a more or less projecting rim or sheath around
the anal orifice, interrupted by a slit or V-shaped notch on the con-
vex side. In including the group under Levidentalium, we empha-
size rather the smooth surface; but neither course is entirely satis-
factory to us.

Key to Species.
I. Shell much curved throughout, amber, carnelian or white, aper-
ture circular; length about 90 mill., about 19 times the diam.,
longitrorsum, p. 111,

DENTALIUM—LEVIDENTALIUM. 1038

II. Shell with slight or moderate curvature.
a. Aperture circular or nearly so.

b. Apex slit on the concave side ; bluish-white, polished ;
length 24-27 mill., 12-13 times the diameter. West
Indies, alloschismum, p. 108.

b’. Apex notched on both convex and concave sides.
c. Moderately curved; yellow corneous; length
33 mill., 11 times the diam., bisinwatum, p. 108.
ce’. Nearly straight ; reddish toward apex; length
5d mill., about 14 times the diam.; Australia,

erectum, p. 111.
6.” No notch on concave side.

ce. Shell white, with annular swellings; Mediter-
ranean, siculum, p. 107.
ce’. No annular swellings.
d. Very slender; length 50-80 mill., about
25 times the diam., —_perlongum, p. 104.
d’, Less slender; salmon or carnelian tinted
toward apex.

e. Length 41 mill., about 15 times the
diam.; Antillean, matara, p. 105.

e’. Length 33 mill., about 9-10 times
the diam. ; Mediterranean, ete.,

rubescens, malzant, pp. 105,107.
d’”. Less slender; white or whitish.

e. Faintly striated longitudinally ;
length 15 mill., about 62 times the
diam. ; quite tapering,

diarrhox, p. 109.

e’. No longitudinal striation ; aperture
slightly compressed vertically ;
length 387 mill., about 123 times
the diam., leptosceles, p. 110.

e”. Length 64 mill., 10-11 times the
diam.; Australia, Jwbricatum, p.110.

e”’. Smooth, subtranslucent, bluish-
white ; a slit on convex side ; length
25 mill., 12-13 times the diameter,
Antilles, liodon, p. 107.

a’. Aperture and section of the tube oval.
6. Large; length 105 mill., 11-12 times the diam.,
caudani, p. 104..

104 - DENTALIUM—LEVIDENTALIUM.

b’. Smaller; tube flattened on concave side; length 36
mill., about 14 times the diam., —insolitum, p. 109.
b”. Smaller; tube slightly compressed vertically ; much
tapering; length 37 mill., about 123 times the diam.,
leptosceles, p. 110.
D. PERLoNGuUM Dall. PI. 18, figs. 10, 11.

Shell solid, opaque white, shining, without sculpture, except. deli-
cate irregularities due to incremental lines; oral aperture simple,
nearly circular, its plane quite or nearly at right angles to the axis.
Anal aperture with a shallow notch (in adult specimens) on the con-
vex side; tube very slightly curved. Length 50 to 80 mill., oral
diam. 3°5 mill. ; anal diam. 0°5 to 0:7 mill. (Dall).

Yucatan Strait, 640 fms.; off Guadelupe in 734-769 fms.; off St.
Vincent in 424-785 fms. ; off Bequia in 1507-1591 fms. ; off Grenada
in 792 fms. (Blake). Off Cape Hatteras, N. C., in 683 fms.; Gulf
of Mexico, between Mississippi delta and Cedar Keys, Fla., in 227-
1191 fms.; Florida Keys; also 90 miles north of Ceara, Brazil, 1019
fms. (Albatross).

Dentalium perlongum Datu, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 36 (July, 1881) ;
Ibid., v, p. 61, 1878 (no description); Ibid., xviii, Blake Moll., p.,
419, pl. 27, f. 6; Bull. 37, U.S. Nat. Mus., Catal. Mar. Moll. S.-E. U.
S., p. 76, pl. 27, fig.6; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, p.294.—DaA.t in
Agassiz, Three Cruises of the Blake, ii, p. 67, f. 284 (1888).

This fine species has been carefully compared with all those from
deep water in the Jeffreys collection, and seems fully distinct from
any of them. Mr. Watson observes that the young resembles D.
longitrorsum Reeve in texture and general appearance, but is
straight. D. acutissimum Watson is stouter and more curved
(Dall).

The fissure is Antalis-like; our figure 11 was drawn from one of
the types.

D. cauDANI Locard. -Pl. 18, fig. 12.

Shell relatively very large, of a very narrowly conoidal form, much
elongated and progressively attenuated, feebly arcuate a little past
the moiety of the length; shell quite thin, smooth and_ glossy
throughout, showing only fine, crowded, irregularly and slightly ob-
lique concentric growth lines; aperture very obviously oval, slightly
oblique; apical fissure narrow and short; color grayish-white.
Length 105, diameter of aperture 9, at apex 1 mill.; curvature 9

mill. (Locard).
Gulf of Gascony, 13800 meters (Caudan Exped.).

.

DENTALIUM—LEVIDENTALIUM. 105

D. caudani Loc., Ann. Soe. Agric. Lyon (7), iv, p. 213 (1896) ;
Rés, Sci. Camp. du Caudan, i. p. 171, pl. 6, f. 2.

Particularly characterized by the great size and the smooth,
glossy shell. It is much less slender than D. perlongum Dall,
straighter below, and oval in section.

D. MATARA Dall. PI. 18, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.

Shell slender, salmon-colored, whiter toward the aperture, glisten-
ing, the lines of growth hardly perceptible in fresh specimens, other
sculpture none; very slightly arched; aperture circular, very little
oblique; anal orifice higher than wide, slightly notched below and
above, with a short, wide notch, but on the convex side this is pro-
longed by a rather wide slit, about 1:0 mill. long. Length of shell
41, diameter of aperture 2°75, of apex 0°6 mill. ; height of arch above
the chord 3°75 mill. (Dal/).

Off Cape Lookout, N. C., in 22-31 fms., sand; off Hatteras, sta-
tion 2276, in 16 fms. ; and in the Gulf of Mexico, in 26 and 111 fms.,
sand and mud (U.S. Fish Commission), also at Samana Bay, Santo
Domingo in 16 fms., mud (Couthouy, in 1854).

D. matara Daut, Blake Rep., Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 420 (1889) ;
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 76.

Belongs to the same group as perlongum; there are no striz
near the apex as in D. leptum, which, moreover, is smaller and less
colored. The apex has an unusually high “sheath ” (figs. 16, 17,
18) in typical specimens, but in some there is only a very short one
(figs. 14,15). The color varies from a flesh tint to carnelian. Dall
writes as follows:

This shell is colored like D. rwhescens, but has a shorter and very
different notch; is slimmer, straighter, and has a proportionally
larger posterior end when perfect. It is less conical, less arched,
and smaller than D. callipeplum, which it resembles in brilliancy.
It entirely wants the fine posterior striation of D. leptum Bush,
which is still more slender (Dall).

D. ruBeEscens Deshayes. PI. 19, fig. 2.

Shell slender, moderately arcuate, but the bend mainly in the
smaller third of the length, rather thin. Carnelian tinted, paler
toward the aperture. Surface smooth and glossy, with no longitudi-
nal sculpture and only faintly-indicated growth-lines. Aperture
circular, the peristome thin and acute; anal orifice circular with
thin margins, and on the convex side a short slit (or according to

106 DENTALIUM—-LEVIDENTALIUM.

Deshayes, an internal groove ending in a slight notch). Length 53,
diam. 3°5 mill.

Mediterranean Sea, coasts of Italy, Sicily and Tunis, 2-40 fms. ;
Canary Islands ; Pliocene of Sicily.

D. rubescens Desu., Mém. Soe. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p. 363, pl. 16, f.
23-25 (1825).—Puiu., Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 244 (1836) and ii, p.
206 (1844).—Arapas, Conch. Mar. della Sicil., p. 117 (1870).—
Ors., Moll. Canaries, Brit. Mus. Catal., p. 28 (1854)—DaurzEn-
BERG, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iv, p. 609.—Sows., Thes. Conch.,
iii, pl. 224, f. 39— Jerrreys, P. Z.S., 1882, p.660.—Pur., Enum.,
i, p. 244; 11, p. 206.—D. fissura Puiu., Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 244.
Not of Lamarck.—D. rufeseens WEINKAUFFE, Conchyl. Mittelm., ii,
p. 420.—CueEssin, Conchyl. Cab., p. 8, pl. 3, fig. 7 (bad ).—Pseudan-
talis rubescens Monts., Nom. Gen. e Spec. Conch. Medit., p. 32.

The specimen before us has the apical features described above,
but, according to Jeffreys, there is in perfect specimens “a small ter-
minal pipe or sheath which is partly enclosed in the shell, but pro-
trudes from it as in D. entalis and many other species; it is slightly
channelled on each side. McAndrew noticed a white variety from
Goletta near Tunis.”

Varieties pallida and albina are mentioned by Monterosato.

Weinkauff changed the name to “rufescens,’ probably inadvert-
ently ; and Clessin, who appears to take all his synonymy at second
hand, perpetuates the blunder, and wrongly quotes Philippi and
others as using that incorrect name. He likewise places D. fidum as
a synonym of “rufescens” and admits it as a distinct species, on one
and the same page of his unspeakable monograph.

Var. ? TENUIFISSUM Monts. PI. 19, figs. 16, 17.

Monterosato proposes the name tenwifissa for examples with a slit.
The latter occur in the same localities with the unslit typical forms.

Deshayes also, in his ms. card catalogue, distinguishes this varia-
tion under the new name D. discretum.

Naples (Phil.) to Sicily (Phil., Monts.).

D. fissura Putu., Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 244; ii, p. 206.—Cosra,

Fauna Reg. Nap., Tubibranchi, p. 25, pl. 3,f.6. Not of Lamarck.

Pseudantalis tenuifissa Monts., Nom. Gen. e Spec. Conch. Medit., p.

33 (1884).—D. discretum Desu., Mss.—D. splendens Cosra, Cata-
logo ragionato, p. 125.

DENTALIUM—-LEVIDENTALIUM. 107

We scarcely endorse the view of Jeffreys, who seems not to have
considered the slit form distinct. The somewhat meagre series of D.
rubsecens seen (Jeffreys and Academy Coll.) is searcely sufficient for
definite decision. D. fissura Lamarck, with which Philippi and
Costa identified this shell, is a Miocene species. D. fisswra Sowerby
may be a large, pale D. splendidum. See under Fustiaria.

D. mauzani ‘ Dunker’ Clessin. PI. 19, fig. 3.

Shell slender, lightly curved, slowing increasing, smooth, some-
what solid, shining, semipellucid; white, with rose colored apex.
Aperture round, margin acute; apex abruptly truncated. Length
33, diam. 3°5 mill. (Clessin).

Gorée, West Africa (Malzan).

D. malzani Dxr. in Paetel’s Catalog, p. 593 (no deseription).—
Ciessin, Conchyl. Cab., p. 42, pl. 11, f. 5 (1896).

Type in the Stuttgart Museum. Occurred with “ D.” goreanum,a
species of Ditrupa or some allied genus, which Clessin (in the year
1896! ! !) describes as a new Dentalium. How slowly moves this
old World! D. malzani may be the same as D. rubescens Desh.
No distinguishing characters have been brought forward.

D. stcuLum Deshayes,n.n. PI. 19, fig. 6.

Shell cylindrical, somewhat curved, continuous, whitish, polished,
with extremely close and delicate strive. ( Costa).

Adriatic Sea and Ionian Is. (Costa).

D. politum Cosra, Faun. Reg. Nap., Tubibranchi, p. 23, pl. 1, f.
4. Not D. pohtum Linn.—D. siculum Desu. in MS. card eata-
logue.

Costa describes the shell as smooth and lustrous, of a shining
milk-white color, somewhat diaphanous, with fine circular strize seen
only under the lens, and indistinct annular swellings (such as occur
in D. eburneum) ; and the apex is formed as in many Mediterranean
tusk-shells, the orifice being small with thick walls and a slight
notch, as shown in the figure. Length 1 inch, 6 lines. | Deshayes
gives no further information on his card, which is dated 1870, and
probably had not seen the shell. Costa’s species has been referred
doubtfully to D. rubescens Dh. by some authors, but if the annula-
tion described be really present, that species apparently is different.

D. tiopon Pilsbry & Sharp, n. sp. _ Pl. 21, figs. 37, 38, 39.

Shell moderately curved, rather slender, attenuated toward the
apex, thin but not fragile. Subtranslucent bluish-white, opaque white

108 DENTALIUM—-LEVIDENTALIUM.

toward the middle, brilliantly polished. Sculpture none, except
for occasional circular grooves indicating growth periods, Aper-
ture subcircular, a little compressed between the convex and con-
cave sides, not oblique. Anal orifice circular, with a narrowly v-
shaped notch on the convex side (fig. 38). Length 25:3, greatest
diameter 2, diam. of apex 0°6 mill.
St. Martin, West Indies (E. Marie).
The general appearance of the shell is like D. semistriatum
Turton, but longitudinal striz are wanting, and it is evidently
allied to D. translucidum and other similar species here grouped.
It differs from translucidum, ambiguum, subtorquatum and lacteum
in having a well developed slit, among other less conspicuous feat-
ures.

Var. ? alloschismum P. & 8S. PI. 21, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Like the preceding, but the slit is on the concave side, either sub-
median (fig. 40) or to the side (fig. 41). :

Length 24:5, diam. at aperture 1:9, at apex 0°6 mill.

Length 27-5, diam. at aperture 2°2, at apex 0°6 mill.

St. Martin (figs. 40, 40); West Indies, without nearer location
(figs. 41, 42).

In view of the considerable variation observed in the position,
shape and even presence or absence of the slit in other species, we
hesitate to give this form rank higher than varietal. The section
of the tube is circular in the variety, a little flattened in the type,
but other characters seem identical. The specimen represented in
figs. 41, 42 seems to be somewhat worn at the apex at the termina-
tion of the slit. The latter is decidedly excentric, fig. 41 being
viewed directly upon the concave side.

D. BistnuatuM André. PI. 19, figs. 7, 8.

Shell conic, perfectly circular in transverse section, little curved,
thin, translucid, glossy, of a yellowish corneous color ; with oblique,
regular, fine transverse striz. Aperture circular, a little oblique ;
peristome sharp, irregular. Apex with two small notches, one ven-
tral, the other dorsal, a little deeper than the former. Length 33:5,
diameter of the aperture 3, of apex 0°5 mill. (André).

Amboyna.

D. bisinuatum ANDRE, Revue Suisse de Zool. et Ann. du Mus.
d’Hist. Nat. de Genéve, iv, fasc. 2, p. 397, pl. 17, f. 9 (Dee., 1896).

This species is allied to D. splendidum Sow.; the size of the lat-
ter is greater, and the notches of the apex are continued in a slit

DENTALIUM—LAVIDENTALIUM. 109

double the length of the notch. D. bisinuatum also approaches D.
erectum Sow., Jr., but is smaller, more curved, and the posterior
notch js not so deep. (André).

D. 1nsotitum E. A. Smith. PI. 22, figs. 56, 57.

Shell slender, conspicuously arcuate, smooth, polished, subpellu-
cid, white ; with the tube hardly circular, being lightly flattened on
each side. Striated with very delicate growth lines, hardly slit at
the apex. Length 36, greatest diam. 2°5 mill. (Smith).

Bay of Bengal, in 597 fms. (Investigator).

D. insolitum Smiru, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xiv, p. 168, pl. 4,
f. 17, 17a (Sept., 1894).

The peculiarity of this species consists in its being a little com-
pressed, so that the tube is not circular. It is broadest along the
concave curve, which is not so round as the opposite side, and al-
most defined by lateral angles. (Smith).

D. prArRHOoXx Watson. PI. 3, figs. 36, 37, 38.

Shell white (chalky), but porcellanous beneath the surface,
rather straight, with a considerable bend near the apex; of rather
rapid expansion from a very fine apex. Sculpture: the whole sur-
face is faintly marked with scarcely impressed longitudinal lines of
very equal interval (about 0:0055 apart) ; transversely it is very
faintly scratched all over by very slight lines, which run elliptically
round the shell. The apex has a very narrow, slightly ragged fis-
sure, about 0:027 inch long, which lies unsymmetrically on the con-
vex curve. Length 0:6, breadth 0:09 inch. ( Watson).

Animal: Mantle white, body pale yellow. Captacula many, fine,
long and equal, with small ovoid points. Foot and collar those of
atrue Dentaliwm.

N.-E. from New Zealand, lat. 37° 34’ S., long. 179° 22’ E., in 700
fins. (Challenger).

D. diarrhoz Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 511
(i879) ; Chall. Rep., p. 4, pl. 1, f. 5.

This differs from D. leptoskeles Wats., in being more curved and
more conical. It resembles in form the young of D. lubricatum
Sowb. “from Australia,” but in that the transverse strize are much
less oblique, and the surface is “lubricate” and polished. ( Wat-
son).

110 DENTALIUM—-L2ZVIDENTALIUM.

D. LeproscELEs Watson. PI. 3, figs. 44, 45, 46.

- Shell very attenuated, thin, brilliant, porcellanous, with longitu-
dinal flecks of opaque white on the translucency of the shell, chiefly
toward the apex, where the shell thickens, very little bent, very
slightly compressed between the convex and concave curves. Sculp-
ture: there is some kind of flexuous longitudinal texture in the
structure of the shell affecting the reflection from the brilliant sur-
face, which is also closely and regularly scratched transversely by
very minute, sharp, but superficial lines, which run round the shell
a little elliptically. Length 1°5, breadth 0:12, at apex 0:04 inch
[37°5, 3 mill.]. ( Watson).

Animal yellow, with a large dark patch in the region of the liver.
A close little bunch of captacula round the mantle opening. ( Wat-
son).

S. of Australia, lat. 42° 42’ &., long. 134° 10’ E., in 2600 fms.
(Challenger).

D. leptosceles Watson, Journ. Linn. Suc. Lond., xiv, p, 513
(1879).—D. leploskeles Watson, Challenger Rep., p. 7, pl. 1, f. 6.

This species in form very much resembles D. evectum G. B. Sow.,
British Museum “ from Sydney,” for while some specimens of that
species are more curved than this, others are even less so; but in
this species the transverse strize are very much more oblique, and in
the former there is no trace of the irregular intratextural longitudi-
nal strie which exist here. Than D. agile Sars, this is a straighter
and much more cylindrical, attenuated, brilliant, and delicate shell.

( Wats.)

D. LUBRICATUM Sowerby. PI. 19, fig. 22.

Shell polished, elongate, white, subpellucid, lightly curved,
slightly slit, gradually increasing. (Sowb.). Length 64, greatest
diam. 6 mill. (from fig.).

Off Port Jackson Heads 45 fms. (Challenger) ; Australia (Sow-
erby).

D. lubricatum Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. [95], pl. 225, f. 56
(1860) ; and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 7, f. 55 (1872).—Brazirr,
Proce. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ii, p. 370 (1878).

Certainly a narrower shell, less solid and of more gradual increase
than either D. entalis or D. pretiosum (Sowb.). Brazier seems to
have obtained a specimen dredged by the “ Challenger” off Port
Jackson.

DENTALIUM—LE/VIDENTALIUM. naa!

D. EREcTUM Sowerby. PI. 19, fig. 23.

Shell polished, narrow, slightly curved, reddish from the middle
to the apex, white toward the aperture ; slit on each side (Sowb.).
Length 55:5, greatest diam. 3:9 mill. (from fig.). Length 1 inch
(Angas).

Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia (Strange; Angas).

D. erectum Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 99, pl. 225, f. 55 (1860) ;
Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 6, f. 41.—Antalis erecta Anaas, P. Z.S.,
1867, p. 220.—CLEssin, Conchyl. Cab., vi, Heft x, p. 29, pl. 9, f. 1
(1896).

This tapering shell is very little curved; the narrow end is
strongly colored, the Jarger end white. There is a slit on each side
of the apex. (Sowd.).

An unusually straight species. It was dredged by Angas near
the “ Sow and Pigs”’ reef.

D. LonGITRORSUM Reeve. PI. 20, figs. 35, 36.

Shell much and evenly curved, very long and slender, the length
(of chord) about 19 times the greatest diameter; thin, but solid,
polished, amber or carnelian colored or tinted, or pure white.
Sculpture none, save inconspicuous growth lines. Aperture circu-
lar, the peristome thin. Anal orifice, circular, entire or ovate, and
with a slight notch slightly aside from the middle on the convex
side. Length 89, diam. of aperture 4:7, height of arch from chord
16 mill.

Darnley Island, Torres Straits 30 fms., sandy mud (Chevert Ex-
ped.) ; west of Cape York, south-west of Papua, 25 fms. (Challenger
Exped.) ; Bombay (Melv. & Abercrombie); Gulf of Suez (Mac
Andrew) ; Philippines (Sowerby ; Phila. Acad. coll.) ; Zanzibar and
China (Brit. Mus.).

D. longitrorsum REEVE, P. Z. 8., 1842, p. 197; Conch. Syst., ii,
p- 6, pl. 130, f. 6, (1842).—Sowrrsy, Thes. Conch., iii, p. 98, pl.
225, f. 59, 60 (1860); and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 2, f. 9a, 6b
(1872).—Wartson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 515 (1879) and
Challenger Scaphopoda, p. 9 (1885).—Brazrer, Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S. Wales, ii, p.59 (1877)—Metvit,t & ABERCROMBIE, Mar.
Moll. Bombay, Mem. & Proce. Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soe. (4),
vii, p. 25 (1893).—Cooxr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvi, p. 271.—D.
lamarckii CHEN, Llustr. Conchyl., i, Dent., p. 5. pl. 6, f. 15, 15a.
—D. longirostrum ParrE., Catalog, i, p. 593.

112 DENTALIUM—RHABDUS.

Easily recognized by its great length, strong curvature and bril-
liant polish.

Subgenus Raappus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897.

Nearly straight or but slightly curved Dentalia, the shell very
thin throughout and of somewhat glassy texture when unworn ;
the surface brilliant, polished, without longitudinal sculpture; both
orifices simple, the smaller end without notch, slit or supplemental
tube. Type D. rectius Cpr.

West coast of North and South America in deep water. A
group of more curved species from the western Pacific may also
form a section of this subgenus.

Key to species.

I. Shell with numerous annular swellings or low rings. Oriental.

a. Length 12-13 times the diam., eburneum, p. 115.

a’. Length 15 times the diam., = philippinarum, p. 116.

II. Shell with dense, fine concentric striz ; white under a thin,
fugitive light chestnut cuticle; length 45-50 mill., about 6
times the diam., perceptum, p. 115.

III. Shell unsculptured, smooth, the length over 10 times the diam-
eter. West American.

a. Almost perfectly straight, excessively slender, much at-
tenuated ; length 31°5 mill., about 19 times the diame-
ter, cequatorium, p. 112.

a’. Very slightly curved, almost straight ; extremely slen-
der but less attenuated posteriorly ; length 29-31 mill.,

16-19 times the diameter, watsoni, p. 113.
a”. Very slightly curved, almost straight ; length 30-40
mill., 12-16 times the diameter, rectius, p. 113.
a”. Slightly curved, less slender; length 45-70 mill., 11-
14 times the diameter, dalli, p. 114.

Group of D. rectius.

D. zquatorium Pilsbry & Sharp, n. sp. PI. 21, fig. 43.

Shell almost perfectly straight, excessively slender, regularly taper-
ing and attenuated toward the apex, thin and very fragile, transluc-
ent and almost colorless except where whitened by erosion, Sculpt-
ure none, growth-striz being nearly or quite invisible except where
slight surface erosion has traced them. Aperture hardly oblique,

DENTALIUM—RHABDUS. Wile

circular. Anal orifice circular, its edge in the type specimen jagged
from breakage, but apparently without true slit or notch. Length
31°5, diam. at aperture 1°6, at apex 0'5 mill.

Off Manta, Ecuador, in 401 fms., bottom temperature 42°9° (U.
S. Fish Commission, Station 2792).

No recent species known to us is so nearly straight as this. It is
smaller at the apex and straighter than D. watsoni, which seems to
be its nearest ally. D. innumerabile is another almost straight
species, but it is smaller, colored and compressed, and belongs to an
appreciably different group of species. D. rectius is like this in
texture, but is of course very much less slender. The unique type
is no. 122759, U.S. Nat. Mus.

D. watsoni Sharp & Pilsbry, n. sp. Pl. 21, fig. 44.

Shell very slightly curved, long, extremely slender, not much taper-
ing, thin, white; surface shining, wholly free from longitudinal
sculpture, the growth-lines fine and inconspicuous. Aperture cir-
cular, hardly oblique. Anal orifice small and circular, simple; no
slit or notch.

Length 31, diam. at aperture 1:6, at apex 075 mill.

Length 29:5, diam. at aperture 1°8 at apex 0°75 mill.

Off Tillamook Bay, Oregon, in 786 fms. (U.S. F. C., sta. 3346) ;
off San Diego, California (U.S. F. C., Sta. 2923).

As straight as D. rectius Cpr., but very much more slender. It is
more curved than the closely allied D. equatorium from off Ecuador,
and slightly larger at the aperture. The specimens are but slightly
translucent, one being quite and the other almost opaque; but they
are both dead shells, and may have been more transparent in life.

Types are nos. 107702 and 107706, U.S. National Museum. It
is named in honor of the learned author of the ‘ Challenger’ Report
on Scaphopoda and Gastropoda.

D. REcTIUs Carpenter. PI. 21, fig. 45.

Shell almost straight, slender and long, attenuated toward the apex,
thin and fragile, bluish-white, somewhat translucent, with some
opaque white flecks or rings, often encrusted near the aperture with
a reddish deposit. Surface very glossy, polished, growth-marks being
only faintly seen, and sculpture absent. Aperture not oblique,
almost circular, but the tube is a little compressed laterally ; per-
istome thin. Apical orifice smal], circular, without notch or slit,
but from its extreme fragility the end is often nicked or broken.

8

114 DENTALIUM—RHABDUS.

Length 40, diam. at aperture 2°6, at apex 1 mill.

Length 30, diam. at aperture 2°5, at apex 0°6 mill.

Near Victoria, Vancouver Id., 60 fms. (Newcombe) ; Puget Sound
(Kennerley, and U.S. F. C.in 82-135 fms.) ; off Tillamook Harbor,
Oregon, 786 fms.; California, off Point Reyes, 50 fms., off Bodega
Head, 62 fms., off Cortes Bank, 984 fms., Sunta Barbara channel,
205-233 fms., Monterey Bay, 13 and 37 fms. (U. 8. Fish Commis-
sion).

D. rectius Cpr., Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci., for 1863, pp. 603, 648
(no description); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 59—NEw-
coMBE, Nautilus x, p. 18.—Taytor, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada (2),
i, p. 56.

Allied to D. watsoni and D. wquatorium, species decidedly more
slender, and to D. dalli, a stouter, larger, more curved species. The
whole series is remarkable for the tenuity of the smooth shell, and
its unusual straightness. The specimen figured is no. 107707, U.S.
Nat. Mus., from Monterey Bay, 37 fms. Carpenter’s type was from
Puget Sound, and measured 1:9 inch. in length.

D. pau Pilsbry & Sharp, n. sp. Pl. 21, fig. 46.

Shell regularly but only slightly curved, evenly tapering, thin
and fragile ; opaque, slightly bluish-white. Surface brilliant, glossy
and polished ; but in all specimens seen, mainly dead or lusterless
whitish, from loss of the greater part of the superficial gloss, which
remains near the aperture only, or sometimes in patches or irregular
rings elsewhere. Growth-strice faint ; no other sculpture. Aperture
circular, not oblique. Apex rather large, with simple, circular, thin-
edged orifice; no slit or notch.

Length 45, diam. at aperture 4, at apex 1°5 mill. (type).

Length 50, diam. at aperture 3°8, at apex 1°5 mill. (Bering Sea).

Length 69, diam. at aperture 4°9, at apex 2°5 mill. (Acapulco).

Bering Sea, N. of Unalashka, 351 fms., Chernoffski, Unalashka,
109 fms., and off Illinlink Harbor, 309 fms. Off Tillamook Bay,
Oregon, 786 fms. Off Point Conception, California, 278 fms., and
Sta. Barbara Channel, 265 fms. Off Acapulco, Mexico, 660 fms.,
bottom temp. 39°. (U.S. Fish Commission).

This species is most nearly related to D. rectius Cpr., but it is
larger, -less slender and more curved. The outer varnish or gloss
seems to be caducious, and is largely lost, leaving a mat white sur-
face, in the specimens seen. JD. pretiosuwm often occurs with almost

DENTALIUM—RHABDUS. 115

exactly the size and figure of D. dalli, but it is a very solid shell,
while our new form is one of exceptional fragility, and moreover
lacks the apical striation of young pretiosum.

The range of Dall’s tusk-shell extends in deep water the entire
length of the North American continent, though apparently more
numerous in the north. We have distinguished it by a specific name
which so long as West Coast shells are studied, will be an honored
one among naturalists.

Imperfect specimens, apparently of this species, were obtained by
the Fish Commission in the Gulf of Panama. Types are no. 107696
U.S. Nat. Mus. ;

Group of D. perceptum.
D. perceprtuM Mabille & Rochebrune.

Shell rather straight, scarcely incurved, densely concentrically
striated, slowly increasing. White, under a caducious bright chest-
nut epidermis; diaphanous, fragile, scarcely shining, apex entire,
nearly tubular. Length 45-50, greatest diam. 8 mill. (Ii. & R.).

Cape Horn.

Dentalium perceptum Mas. & Rocu., Miss. Sei. Cap Horn, vi,
Zool., Moll., p. 99 (1889).

An elongated, straight shell, presenting somewhat of a very notice-
able curvature, delicately ornamented with fine concentric strix, and
pure white under a fugitive, very light chestnut epidermis; diaphan-
ous, fragile, without luster, and of slow increase ; the summit entire,
a little in the shape of the mouth of a huntsman’s horn. (I. & R.).

Group of D. eburneum.

Shell thin, moderately or slightly curved, glossy, with numerous
unequal coarse annular wrinkles ; anal orifice simple.

D. eBuRNEUM Linné. PI. 20, figs. 38, 34.

Shell long and slender, moderately arcuate, attenuated posteriorly,
the length about 123 times the diam.; rather thin ; white, shining.
Sculpture of numerous, unequal, irregularly spaced encircling ribs,
rather low and rounded, with fine growth-lines throughout ; some-
times showing traces of longitudinal striation in places. Aperture
subcircular or rounded-ovate, narrower toward the concave side;
peristome thin. Anal orifice small, rounded-oval, the greatest diam-
eter antero-posterior ; a slight notch on the convex side or none.

116 DENTALIUM—RHABDUS.

Length 59, antero-posterior diam. apert. 4:7, lateral diam. 4°5 ;
diam. apex 0°9 mill.

Length 66, diameters of aperture 5°3, of apex 0°9 mill.

Singapore (Dr. S. Archer) ; Sullivan Island, Merqui Archipelago,
in 7 fms. (Anderson) ; Also Siam and Philippine Is. (authors).

D. eburneum Lryn., Syst. Nat. (12), p. 1264 (1767).—GmMeELin,
p. 3737.—Lam., An. s. Vert., v, p. 346 (1818).—Han ey, Ipsa
Linnei Conchylia, p. 438 (1855).—Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 98,
pl. 225, f. 53 (1860) ; and in Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 3, f. 16 (1872).
—Marrens, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., xxi, p. 200. Not D.
eburneum Desh., 1825,=politum Linn.—D. politwum Mawes, The
Linn. Syst. Conch., p. 191, pl. 33, f. 6 (1823).—Croucg, Illustr.
Introd. Lam. Conch., p. 1, pl. 1, f. 2 (1827).—? Drsu., Mém. Soe.
H. N., Paris, ii, p. 361, pl. 16, f. 17 (1825), and in Lam., An. s. Vert.
edit. 2, v, p. 597. Not D. politum Linné.—D. indicum CuEnu,
Illustr. Conchyl., 1, Dentalium, p. 4, pl. 3, f. 11.—D. annulare G. B.
Sowersy, Zool. Journ., iv, p. 199 (1828).

D. eburneum of nineteenth century authors before 1855 is D. poli-
tum Linn. as Hanley has shown. The species is remarkable for its
irregularly placed, low, swollen rings. All of the specimens before
me with definite and reliable locality data, are from Singapore.

D. PHILIPPINARUM Sowerby. PI. 20, figs. 31, 32.

Shell similiar to D. eburneum, but less curved, less tapering, the
posterior end being larger and the aperture smaller than in spec-
imens of eburneum of the same length ; polished, with low, irregular
variceal rings and some circular impressed lines, and showing dis-
tinct traces of longitudinal striation in some places. Translucent
whitish.

Length 56, diam. of the subcircular aperture 3:7, of the apex 1:3
mill.

Island of Samar, Philippines (Cuming).

D. philippinarum Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 98, pl. 225, f. 54

(1860); and in Conch. Icon., pl. 3, f. 18 (1872).

This tusk-shell is evidently very closely allied to D. eburnewm, but
our material does nut permit us to unite the two, although it is not
improbable that intermediate specimens wi!l be found. Sowerby
thus describes it:

Shell elongated, very narrow, rather straight, semipellucid, highly
polished, somewhat golden brown, banded with numerous elevated

DENTALIUM—FPISIPHON. 1%

concentric rings. Apex attenuated; apical fissure very short.
(Sowb.).

Narrower than D. eburneum, more diaphanous, and of a reddish
color. This is a brightly colored, transparent shell, much narrower
in proportion than D. eburneum. (Sowbd.).

Length 52, greatest diam. 4 mill. (from fig.).

Subgenus EpistpHon Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897.

Small, very slender, rather straight shells, needle-shaped or trun-
cated, slightly tapering, thin and fragile, glossy and smooth, or at
least without longitudinal sculpture; apex with a projecting pipe
or asimple orifice ; no slit, rarely a notch.

Inhabitants of moderately or very deep water in the Mediterra-
nean, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Pacific.

The small accessory tube or pipe at the apex is frequently devel-
oped in most, perhaps all, of the species grouped here; although
most young and many adult shells lack it. The majority of the
species are known by but few specimens, but in D. filum and D. in-
numerabile, of which we have seen a good many hundreds, the spe-
cific characters though not very conspicuous or strongly marked,
seem very constant.

Key to species.

I. Aperture oval, the tube laterally compressed ; salmon colored,
innumerabile, p. 119.
II. Aperture circular.
a. Shell decidedly curved, white or fulvous; length 18,

diam. 1-2 mill., longum, p. 120.
a’. Shell nearly straight.
b. Decidedly tapering, acicular, subrectum, p. 119.

b’. Subcylindrical, usually with an accessory apical
tube in adults, nearly smooth,

sowerbyi, p. 117; filum, p. 118; fistula, p. 118.

b”. Upper part of tube encircled by deep, close-set

grooves ; an apical tube developed; length about

13 mill., tornatum, p. 121.

D. sowErBy! Guilding. Pl. 20, fig. 30.

Shell small, nearly smooth, transversely indistinctly subplicatu-
late, the apex bearing a tube. Length 13 mill. (@ldg.).
Caribbean Sea.

118 DENTALIUM—EPISIPHON.

D. sowerbyi Guitp1nG, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xvii, p. 35, pl.
3, f£.7 (1834).
~ Known only by Guilding’s description and figure.

The relation of this form to D. fistula and D. filum requires in-
vestigation ; but as only the last named of these species is known to
us by specimens, we deem it best to present the information upon
all three, unprejudiced by an attempt at synonymy.

D. FistuLa Sowerby. PI. 18, fig. 4.

Shell subhyaline, narrow, nearly straight, the apex entire.
(Sowb.). Length 21 mill. (from figure).

Habitat unknown (Hanley coll.).

D. fistula Sows., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 99, pl. 225, f. 62, under f.
45 (1860).

Mr. Sowerby seems to consider this doubtfully distinct from D.
duplex Defr., of the Paris Basin Eocene, but in that species the tube
is compressed and provided with two internal ribs. Deshayes in his
MS. catalogue places fistula under D. sowerbyi Guilding. We have
seen no specimen.

D. FituM Sowerby. PI. 18, fig. 9.

Shell extremely narrow and slender, gently curved, thin, nearly
transparent and glossy. Sculpture: slight concentric lines of
growth, which are scarcely perceptible; color clear white. Aper-
ture circular ; margin at the anterior end more or less jagged, owing
to its excessive tenuity and fragility ; at the posterior end truncated,
with an internal pipe (in adult shells) and slightly notched ; in
the fry this latter part has a pear-shaped and perforated point.
Length 123, breadth 14 mill.

Mediterranean, from the Aigean (off Crete 70-250 fms., Spratt),
and Algeria to Gibraltar (MacAndrew); E. Atlantic, Vigo (Mac
Andrew) ; Bay of Biscay (Travailleur). Off North Carolina coast
17-124 fms. (U. S. Fish Comm.) ; older Miocene of the Chipola
Beds, Calhoun Co., Florida (Burns); Pliocene of Calabria

(Seguenza).

Dentalium sp. ined., very slender, MAcANDREWw, Rep. Mar. Test.
Moll. N.-E. Atl., in Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. for 1856, p. 117.—
D. filum Sowersy, Thes. Conch., iii, p. 89, pl. 225, f. 45, Gibraltar
specimens oniy, (1860); Conch. Icon., pl. 5, f. 31 (not fig. 32).—
JEFFREYS, P. Z. S., 1882, p. 660.—H1paxco, Catal. Moll. Espagne,

DENTALIUM—EPISIPHON. 119

p. 148—Dat1, Blake Rep. Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 419 (1889) ;
Bull. 37, U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 76; Trans. Wagner Inst., iii, p. 441
(1892).—D. gracile JeFrREys, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), vi, p. 74
(July, 1870), and (5), vi, p. 317 (1880). Not of Meek.—FiscueEr,
Journ. de Conchyl., 1872, p. 140, pl. 5, f. 5.—D. rufescens (in part)
WEINKAUFF, Conch. des Mitteim., il, p. 420.

Fully mature shells are nearly cylindrical, the truncated and
often tubiferous apex almost as wide as the larger end; the young
are acicular, tapering. Color either white or faintly fulvous. Jef-
freys writes: “ Mr. McAndrew tells me that the animal was of a
greenish color. Not the young of D. rubescens. The present spe-
cies is more regularly cylindrical, narrower and nearly equal in
breadth throughout. It is curved, which shows that it is adult, the
very young of all species of Dentalium being almost straight.”

D. INNUMERABILE Pilsbry & Sharp, n. sp. Pl. 18, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Shell small, but slightly curved, excessively slender, and in adults
only slightly tapering; thin and fragile, glossy, the smoothness of
the polished surface scarcely interrupted by delicate faint growth
strie; no other sculpture. Flesh or salmon colored, fading into
translucent white near the aperture, and often with some oblique
white rings at irregular intervals. Aperture oval, the tube being
compressed laterally. Anal orifice circular, occupying a small and
short projecting pipe in most adults, but this is very short or want-
ing in some examples. Length 17, antero-posterior diam. of aper-
ture 0°8, lateral diam. 0°7 mill.; diam. at apex 0°6 mill.

Panama Bay in 26, 29% and 51 fms. ; off Guaymas in 20 fms. ;
off Lower California near Sta. Margarita Island, lat. 24° 32’, long.
177° 59 in 12 fms.; and near Cerros I., lat. 28° 12’, long. 115° 9,
in 44 fms. (U. 8. Fish Commission Str. ‘ Albatross’).

Like D. sowerbyi, filum and fistula, but the tube is distinctly,
though not much, compressed from side to side. It occurred in great
numbers in the Bay of Panama. JD. ottoi Sharp & Pilsbry (D.
compressum O. Meyer, not Orbigny), is evidently a closely allied
species from the Oligocene of Joachimsthal, Germany. Immature
shells are more tapering, being smaller toward the apex, as usual.

D. suprectuM Jeffreys. Pl. 18, fig. 5.

Shell acicular or needle-shaped, thin, extremely slender, tapering
almost to a point, nearly straight, translucent whitish, with the
faintest reddish tint from the middle to the apex. Surface very

120 DENTALIUM—EPISIPHON.

glossy, smooth, with faint growth-striz only. Aperture not oblique,
circular. Anal orifice minute, circular, with thin, entire edge.
Length 16, diam. of aperture 1 mill.

Philippines (Cuming).

D. subrectum JEFFREYS, P. Z.8., 1882, p. 661 (artfully concealed
in the text under D. filum).—D. filum in B. M., and, in part, of Sow-
erby.

This form was considered by Sowerby the same as that he had
described from Gibraltar as filum; but Jeffreys has indicated the
differences recited below, which we have confirmed. Figured and
described from the type, a specimen in Jeffreys’ collection, now in
U.S. National Museum.

Longer and proportionally broader toward the front or anterior
end than D. filum [gracile Jeffr.], and consequently less slender and
thread-like; also more curved.

D. toneum Sharp & Pilsbry, n. sp. Pl. 18, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell slender, the length about 15 times the greatest diameter,
moderately tapering, rather strongly curved, in section circular.
Surface glossy, whitish, somewhat translucent. Sculpture: faint
fine growth-strie throughout, running circularly around the tube ;
no longitudinal striz. Aperture circular, not oblique (fig. 3). Api-
eal orifice circular, with thin walls and a wide shallow notch onthe
convex side (fig. 1). Length 18:1, diam. at aperture 1:2, at apex
0-5 mill.

Habitat unknown (type no. 71080, coll. A. N.S. P.).

D. longum is decidedly more curved than D. fistula, sowerbyi,
filum, innumerabile or subrectum; and in place of the apical sup-
plemental tube generally developed in adult individuals of the for-
mer four of these, our new species has an open anal orifice with a
wide, shallow notch or emargination on the convex side.

D. attenuatum of Sowerby, 1860 (but not D. attenwatum Say,
1824), is probably the same specifically, although as we have not
had the advantage of comparing the type of that form, no positive
statement can be made. The original figures and description are
here given, together with some additional information obligingly
furnished by Mr. Sowerby.

D. attenuatum (pl. 20, fig. 28). Shell thin, tawny, polished, a
little arcuate, narrower than D. inversum; apex slightly emargi-
nate. A shining, pointed, very narrow species, with a very slight

DENTALIUM—BATHOXIPHUS. NyALl

notch at the apex. It is nearly straight. (Sowb., Thes. Conch., iii,
p. 99, pl. 225, f. 40, 1860; Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 5, f. 32 (not f.
31).

Length 29, greatest diam. 1:6 mill. (from figure).

It is fulvous, shining, semipellucid, larger and more curved than
D. filum. The figures of this species and D. filum were inadvert-
ently transposed in the Conchologia Iconica. (G. B.S. in letter).

D. rornatumM Watson. PI. 3, figs. 39, 40, 41.

Shell small, narrow, very finely tapering, slightly, but very
equably bent, strong, of a quill-like translucency and _ brilliance,
Sculpture: the upper part of the shell is encircled by deep, close-
set, slightly oblique grooves, which look as if they were turned in a
lathe. Farther down the shell they become shallower, and cease at
last rather abruptly. ‘The flat bands of the shell-surface which part
them are of variable widths, and increase with the growth of the
shell from about 0°011 inch to twice that amount. The front part
of the shell is closely, minutely, obliquely striated in the line of
growth, with here and there a very faint depression, just suggestive
of the grooves above. There is besides these a faint, transverse
flocculence in the substance of the shell. Mouth edge thin, not con-
tracted, very slightly oblique. The apex is abruptly broken across,
and there the edge of the shell is thick, and from the opening there
projects a minute, round pipe about 0-008 broad and 0:012 long,
slightly striated obliquely, abruptly broken off at the end. In most
of the specimens only the mere stump of this delicate tube remains.
Length 0°55, breadth 0:038, apex 0°018 inch ( Watson).

Levuku, Fiji, 12 fms. (Challenger).

D.tornatum Wars., Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., xiv (1879); Chall.
Rep., p. 13, pl. 2, f. 3.

This species seems to vary a little in breadth ( Watson).

Subgenus Barnoxrpuus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897.

Shell thin, conspicuously compressed laterally, nearly or quite
smooth, with a broad slit on the convex side of apex.

D. ENsIcuLUS Jeffreys. PI. 7, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.

Shell tapering, considerably and regularly curved throughout or
with the latter half nearly straight. Laterally compressed or flat-
tened ; thin, nearly transparent, and glossy. Sculpture: a sharp keel
on both the dorsal and ventral sides (giving the appearance of a

122, DENTALIUM—BATHOXIPHUS.

double-edged scimitar), becoming blunter toward the aperture in
adults, besides occasionally a few slight, irregular, longitudinal
keels or raised strize and concentric lines of growth. Color, clear
white. Slit of moderate length and very broad, semicylindrical,
placed on the convex side. The slit cuts away about half of the
posterior or narrow end of the shell. Length 273, antero-posterior
diam. of aperture 2, lateral diam. 1:3 mill.; Jeffreys’ type was
smaller, length 0°9, breadth 0:1 inch.

North Atlantic, 1450-1785 fms.; West of Ireland, 1366 fms. ;
Bay of Biscay, 862 fms.; Portugal, 740-1095 fms. (Jeffr.). S.-W of
Nantucket, 1825 fms.; off Chesapeake Bay, etc., 1594 fms. (U.S. Fish
Comm.). Yucatan Strait, 640 fms.; near St. Vincent, 464 fms. ; off
Barbados, 399 fms. (Blake). Yucatan Strait, in 1060 fms., and off
Favana, 1024 fms. (Dr. W. H. Rush). Off Cape Florida, 193 fms. ;
off Sombrero Island, 450 fms. (Challenger). N. of Culebra Island
(Challenger, for D. didymum Wats.).

D. ensiculus JEFFr., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 154 (1877); P.
Z. S., 1882, p. 660, pl. 49, fig. 4—Warson, Challenger Rep., p. 12,
pl. 2, f. 2—VeERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 482 (1885).—Dat.,
Blake Rep., Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 428, pl. 27,f.12; Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus., No. 87, p. 76; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 294.—Dentalium
sigsbeanum Dawu, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 88 (1881).—D. didymum
Warson, Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., xiv, p. 517 (1879) ; Chall. Rep., p.
1Onpl, tf 14,

Easily recognized by the strongly compressed form. Comparison
of a full series by W. H. Dall rendered the above consolidation
necessary.

Mr. Smith has placed on record (Proc. Malac. Soe. Lond., i, p. 60)
a list of characteristically North Atlantic mollusks, believed to have
been dredged by the “Challenger” at Station 164, off Sydney, N.S,
Wales, in 410 fms., including the following Scaphopods: Dentalium
ensiculus, D. panormitanum [| panormum] Chenu, D. capillosum
Jeffr., and Cadulus propinquus Sars or C. curtus Jeffr., the first two
positively identified, the others not absolutely certain, though prob-
ably correct. Taking into account the association of species of
other genera, it seems to us quite incredible that these forms actually
occurred at the Station alleged. It is far more likely that a locality
label became misplaced.

9°

DENTALIUM—COMPRESSIDENS. 123

Var. pipyMuM Watson. PI. 7, fig. 20.

Shell extremely attenuated, very slightly curved, a.little flattened
laterally, and that chiefly towards the convex curve, so that the
form is slightly trigonal, porcellanous, pure white, brilliant. Sculp-
ture: very fine, irregular scratches run around the shell, the sur-
face of which is not perfectly uniform; there are very faint indica-
tions of longitudinal texture, and there is in the substance of the
shell a certain transverse flocculence. Towards the mouth the shell
is extremely thin as usual; but towards the apex it becomes thick
from the smallness of the bore, which lies not in the center, but
nearer the convex curve of the shell. Length 1:08, breadth 0°6, at
apex 0°04 inch. The measurement is taken from the largest of six
fragments, none of which preserve the apex of the shell ( Watson).

This may be a variety, distinguished by the slightly trigonal or
ovate section, typical ensiculus being regularly, symmetrically ellip-
tical at the aperture, as shown in fig. 7.

Subgenus ComMPREsSIDENS Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897.

Shell small, decidedly tapering, conspicuously compressed between
the convex and concave sides; weakly sculptured, nearly smooth ;
anal orifice simple, without slit or notch. Type D. presswm Sharp
& Pilsbry. .

The few species of this well-defined group inhabit widely separ-
ated areas. D. pressum and ophivdon are Antillean, D. brevicornu
west American, and D. platyceras Australian. The occidental forms
live in deep water. Specimens of all of them have been examined
in the preparation of the following pages. The figures on plate 22
are from camera lucida drawings, representing concave and lateral
aspects of each species.

An Oligocene member of the group is D. precursor Pilsbry &
Sharp from San Domingo. It was probably an ancestor of the re-
cent American species.

Key to Species.

I. Shell but slightly curved, strongly compressed.
a. Length about 9°5 mill., about 4 times the greatest diam-
eter; Panamie, brevicornu, p. 125.
a’. Length 11-13 mill., about 6 to 74 times the greatest
diameter ; Antillean, pressum, p. 124.

124 DENTALIUM—COMPRESSIDENS.

II. Shell strongly curved, but little compressed, densely obliquely
striated, the length 8°5 mill., about 43 times the greatest diam-
eter, West American, simplex, p. 125.

III. Shell decidedly curved, length 9 to 93 times the greatest diam.,
a. Length 12-16 mill., faintly finely striate longitudinally ;
Antillean. ophiodon, p. 126.

a’, Length 11 mill., circularly wrinkled; Australian,
platycerus, p. 126.

D. pressum Sharp & Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 22, figs. 50, 51, 52; pl. 7,
fied

Shell small, slightly and evenly curved, thin, considerably taper-
ing, the tube strongly compressed between its convex and concave
sides, almost subangular on the lateral sides. White, somewhat
shining. Sculpture: faint, low, regular, longitudinal riblets with
very shallow intervals, crossed at right angles by close, “sharp,
irregular scratches in the line of growth,” bent forward on the con-
cave side of the tube, which is also faintly wrinkled in the same
direction toward the larger end. Aperture decidedly oblique, oval,
the are along the concave side generally less curved than the rest of
the peristome. Apical orifice oval, without slit or notch.

Length 12, greatest diam. of aperture 2, least 1°75 mill., diam. at
apex 075 mill. (S. & P. type).

Length 0°45, greatest diam. at aperture 0:06, least 0°05 inch.,
diam. at apex 0°019 inch = 11°25, 1:5, 1:25, 0°475 mill. (Watson’s
type).

N. of Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fms. (Challenger). Off
Cape San Antonio, in 418 fms.; near St. Vineent, in 424 fms.
(Blake). Gulf of Mexico between Mississippi River delta and Cedar
Keys, Fla., 111 fms. (Albatross). Thirty-three and one-half miles
S. of Rebecca Shoal, lat. 24° 02’ N., long. 82° 31’ 30”, 430 fms. (Dr.
W. H. Rush).

D. compressum Wats., Journ. Linn. Soc. London., xiv, p. 516
(1879); Chall. Rep., p. 9, pl. 1, f. 9—Datt, Bull. M. C. Z., 1x, p. 38
(1880) ; Ibid., Blake Rep., p. 426; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, p.
76. Not D. compressum Orz., Prodr. Paléont. Strat., i, p. 2383, no.
135 (1850).

As Dall remarks, the posterior half of well-preserved specimens is
coarsely obscurely striated. This is variable, however, in specimens
of the same age and condition, and sometimes almost imperceptible.

DENTALIUM—COMPRESSIDENS. 125

The strong compression from concave to convex sides is a very con-
spicuous feature of the species. Ina section of the tube the are
along the concave side is much less curved than the other. The pe-
culiar “texture of the shell which thus seems to be built up of
minute, square-faced rods laid side by side,” as Watson describes it,
is not noticeable in the specimens before us.

The calibre of the tube increases more rapidly than in the closely
allied D. ophiodon Dall, and it is more compressed.

D. BREVICORNU Sharp & Pilsbry, n.sp. PI. 22, figs. 58, 54, 55.

Shell small, moderately curved, strongly compressed between the
convex and concave faces, rapidly tapering, thin, buffwhite. Seuip-
ture: rather inconspicuous growth-lines and wrinkles, and exces-
sively shallow, hardly noticeable traces of longitudinal depressions
scarcely to be called sulci. Aperture not oblique, irregularly ovate,
the outer margin rounded, inner much flattened. Apex not very
small, its orifice rounded-oval. Length 9°5, transverse diam. of
aperture 2°2, diam. from convex to concave sides 1:7 mill., greatest
diam. at apex 0°7 mill.

Near Galapagos Is., 634 and 812 fms., bottom temp. 40°; off
Mazatlan, 995 fms. (U.S. Fish Commission),

Very closely allied to the Antillean D. pressum Sharp & Pils.,
but the tube increases more rapidly in calibre and is decidedly less
compressed on the outer curve. Type is No. 122809, U.S. Nat.
Mus., from the locality first mentioned above.

D. stmpLEx Pilsbry & Sharp, n. sp. Pl. 27, figs. 88, 89.

Shell short, decidedly curved, the bend mainly in the posterior
half, very rapidly enlarging, tapering regularly from the large apert-
ure to the apex; thin, bluish-white, a little translucent, more or less
flecked with opaque white (by incipient surface decay), or with
eroded spots. Glossy, with close, fine, distinct growth-striz, very
obliquely passing around the tube, bending backward on the convex,
forward on the concave side ; in most specimens also showing faint,
low traces of longitudinal cords on the convex side. Aperture some-
what wider than long, quite oblique, the peristome thin. Anal
orifice circular, simple when perfect, but often with irregular, broken
edge. Length 8°6, diam. at aperture antero-posteriorly 1°75, laterally
19 mill.; diam at apex 0°7 mill.

Off Tillamook Harbor, Oregon, in 786 fms. (U.S. Fish Commis-
sion ).

126 DENTALIUM—COMPRESSIDENS.

Less compressed and much more arcuate than D. brevicornu, and
more distinctly striated circularly. It tapers more rapidly than D.
pressum and is less compressed: D. ophiodon and D. platyceras are
conspicuously slenderer. The longitudinal cords are variable in
prominence, sometimes hardly noticeable. When well developed
they are rather coarse, and of the same character as in D. pressum.

Type no. 107700 U.S. Nat. Mus.

D. opHi0pon Dall. PI. 7, fig. 13; pl. 22, figs. 61, 62.

Shell considerably curved, thin, slowly tapering, strongly com-
pressed between the convex and concave sides. Grayish-white, some-
what glossy. Sculpture: faint, fine irregular longitudinal strize with
very superficial interstices, crossed by fine irregular growth striz and
wrinkles, which bend forward on the concave side. Aperture irreg-
ularly oval, oblique, the peristome less curved along the concave
side. Apex oval. anal orifice simple, unslit.

Length 15°5, greatest diam. at aperture 1°75, least 1-5 mill.

Length 12:5, greatest diam. at aperture 1°3, least 1:1, diam. at
apex 0°27 mill.

Barbados in 100 fms. (Hassler Exped.) ; Blake stations 19-21, in
220-310 fms; 10 miles off Cuba, lat. 22° 38 40”, lon. 82° 28’ in
780 fms. (Dr. Wm. H. Rush).

D. ophiodon Dau, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 427 (1881); Ibid., xviii,
Blake Rep., p. 427, pl. 26, f. 9 (1889); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no.
31, p../0, ple 2; aad:

The tube increases less rapidly in width than in D. pressum, it is
decidedly more curved, and the longitudinal sculpture is finer and
fainter. Dall writes as follows:

“ About the same length as the last species (D. pressum), more
slender, more acute, more translucent, more curved, and without the
evanescent indications of longitudinal striation ; the compression
results in less tendency to angulation, and there is an evident tend-
ency, in adult specimens, for the diameter at the mouth to be some-
what less than at a short distance behind it,—a very marked dis-
tinction as between the two. The shellis quite translucent, and very
thin ; there is very little variation between the specimens.

“ The flattening is most prominent a little way behind the mouth
in the adult, and is best seen in an adolescent specimen.”

D. PLATYCERAS Sharp & Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 22, figs. 58, 59, 60.

Shell small, slightly curved, strongly tapering, dull, glossy toward
the aperture, white. Sculpture of rather irregular and decidedly

DENTALIUM—FUSTIARIA. U7

oblique encircling wrinkles (sometimes indistinct from superficial
erosion), obsolete toward the aperture where there are fine growth
strie only; no longitudinal sculpture. Aperture very oblique, oval,
wider than long ; the peristome thin and fragile. Anal orifice cir-
cular and simple.
Length 11, antero-posterior diam. of aperture 1:1, ele to left
diam. 1:25 mill.
Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia (John Brazier).

Allied to D. pressum and D. brevicornu Pils. & Sharp. It is
smaller and less compressed on the inner curve than the former, with
no trace of longitudinal sculpture and more oblique growth: strive.

Subgenus Fusrrarta Stoliczka, 1868.

Fustiaria Stou., Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Cretaceous Fauna of
Southern India, 11, p. 439; types D. eburneum Lam. and circinatum
Sowb. (1868).—Pseudantalis MonrEROsATO, Nomencl. Gen. e. Spec.
Conch. Medit., p. 32, for fissura Lam., inversum Dh., rubescens Dh.,
tenuifissa Monts. and fiduwm Sby. (1884).

Shell regularly tapering, arcuate, polished; either smooth or
sculptured with regular encircling grooves, dividing the surface of
the tube into short oblique segments. Aperture circular. Anal
orifice round or ovate. Slit a very long, straight, linear cleft on the
convex side. Type D. circinatum Sowb.

Soft anatomy unknown. Species Eocene to recent.

Some recent authors have treated this group as of generic value;
but unless we dismember Dentalium and recognize a dozen or more
genera in its stead, we are obliged to rank Fustiaria as a subgenus.
The more conservative course has been chosen because the anatom-
ical characters of Scaphopods are still but little known; the study
of the class is in its infancy. Those who come after, when scalpel
and microtome have given their testimony, will be better able to
decide upon the true generic groups of the Scaphopoda, than we are
now, when the soft anatomy of but a handful of species belonging
to two or three of the groups has been worked out.

But one or two living species of Fustiaria are known; but there
are numerous Tertiary forms, and perhaps some from the Cretace-
ous.

I. Shell annulated, D. politum.
II. Shell smooth, D. stenoschizum, D. tenutfissum.

128 DENTALIUM—FUSTIARIA.

D. pouitum Linné. PI. 19, figs. 18, 19, 20, 21.

_ Shell slender, long, slowly tapering and regularly arcuate, polished.
Sculptured with many narrow encircling grooves, parallel with the
peristome, and dividing the surface into narrow, oblique segments.
Aperture somewhat oblique, circular, the peristome acute. Anal
orifice rounded-ovate, somewhat channelled within at the position of
the slit. Slit an extremely narrow and long cleft on the convex
side.

Length 58, diam. aperture 49 mill.

Length 39, diam. aperture 3°3 mill.

Paris Basin Eocene at Grignon, etc. ; recent in Indian Seas (Desh.,
Hanley).

Dentalium politum Linne, Syst. Nat. (12), p. 1264 (1766)—Han-
LEY, Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 438 (1855) ; SowERBy, Thes. Conch, iii,
p. 99, pl. 225, f. 46; Conch. Icon., pl. 6, f. 88 (1872).—D. eburneum
Sows., Genera of Shells, Dentalium, f. 6—DeEsu., Mém. Soc. Hist.
Nat. Paris, ii, p. 368, pl. 17, f. 8, 9 (1825); An. s. Vert. Bassin
Paris, ii, p. 215, pl. 2, f. 11-13 (1864). Not D. eburneum L.—D.
subeburneum OrB., Prodr. de Paléont., 11, p. 372 (1850).

This species is closely allied to D. circinatum Sowb., but is less
slender. The two were formerly united by Deshayes, and Newton
(Brit. Oligocene and Eocene Moll., 1891) still includes both under
circinata. Whether the Eocene and living specimens referred to D.
politum are identical is a question we have no means of answering,
as we have seen no recent specimens. It is admitted to the modern
fauna on the authority of Deshayes.and Sowerby who state that they
have examined oriental recent shells, although the former in his Paris
Basin Invertebrates (p. 216) thinks that Linnzeus’ shell may have
been a fossil one.

D. stENoscHizuM Pilsbry & Sharp, n.sp. Pl. 19, figs. 10, 11, 12,

13, 14, 15.

Shell rather strongly arcuate toward the smaller end, rapidly
tapering, the earlier portion slender and delicate, the length about 10
times the diameter of aperture. Milk-white, somewhat translucent.
Very glossy and polished throughout, and entirely without sculpture
except for slight, inconspicuous annular irregularities of growth.
Aperture slightly oblique, nearly circular, being a trifle compressed
laterally ; peristome thin. Anal orifice circular, with thin edges.
Slit extremely narrow, linear, and long, its length contained about
3% times in length of shell, situated on the convex side.

DENTALIUM—FUSTIARIA. 129

Length 35, antero-posterior diam. aperture 3:4, lat. diam. 3:2 ;
diam. of apex 0°6 mill.
Length 34:5, antero-posterior diam. aperture 3°5, lat. diam, 3°4 ;
diam. of apex 0°5 mill.
West Indies.

D. translucidum Desh., SowerRBy, Thes. Conch., iii, p- 98, pl. 225,
f. 47 (1860) ; Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 6, f. 39 (1872). Not D.trans-
lucidum Desh., 1825.

Distinguished by its rapidly tapering form, the smoothness of its
elittering surface, with no trace of -strize even at the apex, and the
long linear slit of a Fustiaria. D. translucidum Desh. is an unslit
species and less attenuated toward the apex. Types in Coll. A. N.
eee. no. 71081.

Fig. 13 shows the actual length of the slit. Figs. 10, 11 are en-
larged ventral and dorsal views of the apex. Fig. 15 isan old shell.

D. rENuIFIssuM Monterosato. Pl. 19, figs. 16, 17.

This form is much like D. rubescens except that there is a very
long, linear slit on the convex side. We have followed Jeffreys in
treating it as a variety of D. rubescens (see p. 106) ; but the form is.
more likely to prove a distinct species of Fustiaria.

130 SIPHONODENTALIID&.
Family SIPHONODENTALIID &.

. =Siphonopoda Sars, Gadiline Stoliczka, Siphonodentaliine Tryon,
Siphonodentaliide or Siphonopodide Simroth.

Scaphopoda having the foot either expanded distally in a sym-
metrical disk with crenate continuous edge with or without a
median finger-like projection, or simple and vermiform, without de-
veloped lateral processes. The shell is small and generally smooth,
often contracted towardsthe mouth. Other characters essentially as
in Dentaliide.

Distribution, all seas, almost exclusively in deep water.

The essential character of this family is in the structure of the
foot. In the Dentaliide there is an “ epipodial” sheath, which is
discontinuous or interrupted on the side toward the head, and emar-
ginate or deeply notched on the opposite side, being most expanded
laterally ; the foot itself projecting asa well developed conic mass
beyond the sheath, and with the subtriangular lateral expansions of
the latter, having a more or less trifid or fleur-de-lis appearance.
In the Siphonodentaliide the “ epipodium” forms a continuous disk,
apparently terminal upon the foot in some forms, like a daisy on its
stem; in others, with a small finger-like median process homologous
with the large conic central body of the footin Dentalium. In Cadu-
lus (Helonyx) clavatus (Gld.), as figured by Stimpson, no epipodium
of any sort is developed.

There cannot be much doubt that the shape of the epipodial disk
is subject to considerable change during the process of burrowing,
as its hollow or channelled structure is to some extent comparable
with that of the foot of Solen and other digging Pelecypods; but so
far as now known, there is no Siphonodentaloid form haying the
epipodium interrupted dorsally and the foot itself well developed
beyond it, as in the Dentaliide.

We know of no family of like extent so imperfectly known ana-
tomically as this one. With the exception of some excellent work
by the Sars, father and son, a few descriptions by Jeffreys and others,
and an outline drawing by Stimpson, no data have been-published.
What little is known of the soft parts indicates that important re-
sults may be expected from observations on a larger number of
species, especially in the genus Cadulus. At present it is only possi-
ble to base the genera and subgenera upon characters of the shell.
For further anatomical details see the introductory portion of this
work, where the distribution of the species is also discussed.

ENTALINA. 131

There has been no monograph of Siphonodentaliide published, or,
at least, none of any value; but a very large amount of information
is contained in the works of M. and G. O. Sars, Jeffreys, Watson,
Dall and Verrill. Dr. Simroth gives a very valuable general account
of the group in the new edition of Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen
des Thier-Reichs, iii, 1895.

Key to genera of Siphonodentaliida.

I. Shell largest at aperture, thence tapering to apex.
a. Longitudinally ribbed, angular in section at least near the
apex, ENTALINA, p. 181.
a’. Smooth ; circular or subcircular in section throughout,
SIPHONODENTALIUM, p. 135.
b. Apex cut into lobes or teeth, Section Siphonodentalium.
6’. Apex simple, unslit, Section Pulsellum.
II. Shell more or less swollen near the middle or anteriorly, con-
tracting toward the aperture as well as tapering posteriorly,
CADULUS, p. 142.
a. Apex with slits or notches.
b. Apex with two lateral slits, Section Dischides.
b’. Apex with four or more slits, Section Polyschides.
a’. Apex entire, unslit.
b. Obese; both ventral and dorsal outlines convex and
projecting beyond a chord connecting the adjacent
lip edges, Section Cadulus s. s.
b’. More slender or attenuated; ventral outline convex ;
dorsal outline as a whole concave, not projecting
beyond a chord connecting the ends of shell.
Section Gadila.

Genus ENTALINA Monterosato, 1872.

Entalina Monts., Notizie intorno alle Conchiglie Fossile di Monte
Pellegrino e Ficarazzi, p. 27, for D. quinquangulare Forbes.—Pul-
sellum StoticzKa and Siphonentalis G. O. Sars, in part.—Dentalium
sp. of some authors.

Shell Dentaliwn-like, largest at the aperture, thence tapering to
the apex ; strongly ribbed, and angular in section near the apex.
Foot expanding distally into a disk with digitate periphery, and
having a median process or filament. Type E. quinquangularis
(Forbes).

132 ENTALINA.

With the shell of Dentalium, this group combines the form of foot
of Pulsellum. It differs from all other Siphonodentaliide in the
strong sculpture of the shell; and in a group otherwise so constantly
characterized by smooth, rounded shells, this strongly angular ex-
terior is apparently as important as anything. Even though’ Cadu-
lus, Siphonodentalium and their satellite groups be merged into one
genus, we would still segregate Entalina.

E. QUINQUANGULARIS (Forbes). Pl. 24, figs. 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,

38.

Shell small, slender, evenly and considerably tapering from base
to apex, the apical half strongly curved, larger half of the tube
nearly straight. Very faintly buff tinted, bluish-white in places;
lusterless. Sculpture: at and near the apex five-sided and five-
angled, the angle along the incurved side obtuse, the others nearly
right angles; spaces between the angles flat, gradually becoming
convex as the tube enlarges, the angles at the same time becoming
weaker and then obsolete, so that the later third of the shell is cylin-
drical; between the angles several cord-like riblets appear a short
distance from the apex, and continue to the aperture, where they
number about 28 or 80. Aperture quite oblique, circular in adult
shells; apex minute, the orifice with simple edge or variously irreg-
ularly chipped or nicked by breakage. Length 12-13, diam. at
aperture 1°5 mill.

Lofoten, Norway to Spain ; Mediterranean, east to the Afgean, 5 to
650 fms.; Pliocene of S. Italy and Sicily.

Dentalium quinquangulare ForBES, Rep. A{gean Invert., in Rep.
Brit. Asso. Ady. Science for 1843, p. 188 (1844).—SoweErBy, Thes.
Conch., iii, p. 103, pl. 224, f. 33 (1860).—Siphonodentalium quin-
quangulare Forbes, JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xx, p.
251 (1867); (Series 4), v, p. 442, and vi, p. 74 (1870).—WeEIn-
KAUFF, Conch. des Mittelm., ii, p. 421 (1868) Arapbas & BENoIr,
Conch. Viv. Mar. Sicil., p. 118 (1870).—Locarp, Prodr. Mal. Fr.,
in Ann. Soe. d’Agricult. Lyon, (5), ix, 1886, p. 149.—DauTzEn-
BERG, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iv, p. 609.—Siphodentalium quin-
quangulare Forbes, JEFFREYS, P. Z. 8. 1882, p. 663.—Siphonentalis
quinquangularis Jeffry. Carus, Prodr. Faun. Medit., p. 176.—Enta-
hina quinquangulare Forbes, Monts., Nomencl. Gen. e Spec. Conch.
Medit., p. 33 (1884).

ENTALINA. 1838

Dentalium? (Entalina) tetragonum Broce. MonrEerRosato, Notiz.
Conch. Foss M. Pellegr. e Ficarazzi, p. 27 (1872).—Siphonentalis
tetragona G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 105, pl. 20, f. 13
a-¢, shell; and pl. I, f. 4, dentition (1878).—Siphodentalium tetra-
gonum Brocchi, JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 3817 (1880).
—Entalina tetragona Broce., Monts., Bull. Soc. Malae. Ital., vi, p.
64 (1880). Not Dentalium tetragonum Brocchi.

“ Dentalium dentalis or quadrangulare” MacANDREW, Rep. Brit.
Asso. Adv. Sci. for 1850, p. 267 (1851).

Dentalium abyssorum, juv., M. Sars, Om dei Norge forekom-
mende fossile Dyrelevninger fra Qvarterperioden, University Pro-
gramme for 1864, p. 43, f. 107-109.

Siphonodentalium pentagonum M. Sars, Forh. Vidensk.-Selska-
bet i Christiania, for 1864, p. 307, pl. 7, f. 45-51 (1865).

The strongly pentagonal posterior part of the shell, with rather
coarse riblets between the angles, and an oblique, circular aperture,
readily distinguish this from any Dentalium.

The soft parts, as figured by M. Sars (see pl. 14, figs. 30, 37, 38)
have the characters of Siphonodentalium. The very young have a
bulbous, pear-shaped nucleus, as in Dentalium. Jeffreys states that
“the terminal notches, usually one on each side, agree with those in
most species of Siphodentalium. Some Norwegian specimens have
five notches, and are jagged like S. vitrewm.” The specimens we
have seen are either even-edged or irregularly jagged at the apex.

We have compared specimens of FE. platamodes Watson, and
consider it sufficiently distinct.

E. PLATAMODES (Watson). PI. 23, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Shell small, solid, finely tapered, curved, especially toward the
apex, five-sided, with four sharp corners, which are nearly right
angles, and one very obtuse angle along the concave curve; these
all tend to disappear toward the apex, the young shell being rounded.
Sculpture: the angles of the shell project more or less in a sharp
rounded rib, which is sometimes double; there are a few longitudi-
nal striz, regular, 0‘01 inch apart, strongest near the angles, more
or less obsolete as they recede from these. Neither end is fresh
enough for description. Length 0°47 inch, breadth 0-049 inch.
( Watson).

North of Culebra Island, West Indies, lat. 18° 38’ 30” N., long.
65° 5’ 30" w., 390 fms. (Challenger) ; Florida Strait, 33% miles S. of

134 ENTALINA.

Rebecca Shoal, lat. 24° 02’, long. 82° 31’ 30” in 430 fms. (Wm. H.
Rush).

Siphodentalium platamodes Wats., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv,
p. 519 (1879) ; Chall. Rep. Scaph. and Gastr., p. 18, pl. 2, fi 4—
Dentalium platamodes Dawu, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 37, p. 76
(1889).

I have hesitated a good deal in separating this from Siphodental-
ium tetragonum Broe.=quinquangulare KE. For., with which it
agrees more closely than with Stphodentalium pentagonum Sars.
Here, however, the longitudinal ribs are much closer, as well as
much more obsolete ; the shell is more curved throughout its whole
length, is more attenuated, and retains its square form and sharp
angles instead of becoming rounded as in S. tetragonum Brocchi.
Amidst all the variations of that very variable form I have not seen
any that connect it with this species (Watson). It may be added
that the specimens dredged by Dr. Rush confirm the distinctions
between this species and the preceding.

K. MIRIFICA (Smith). PI. 20, fig. 29.

Shell small, strongly curved and acuminate toward the apex,
quadrate tubular, wider along the inner curve than along the outer ;
longitudinally delicately striate, very delicately sculptured with
growth-lines ; subconecave between the angles. Length 19, greatest
diam. 23 mill. (Smith).

Off Trincomalee, Ceylon, 200-350 fms.

Dentalium mirificum E. A. Surry, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xvi,
p. 9,pl. 2, f.1 (duly, 1895).

This little species is remarkable for the sharply curved end and
the subquadrate form. The four angles are acute at the tip, but
gradually become obtuse as the shell increases. ‘The incurved side
is the broadest of all, and up the middle of it, especially towards the
apex, there is a raised striation more conspicuous than the rest.
This is so prominent at the end that, when viewed with the opening
towards the eye, five angles are visible. The two angles on the ex-
curved side, which is the narrowest of all, become almost obsolete
near the aperture. The form of the aperture, owing to the greater
width and flatness of the incurved side, is very like the letter D.

Siphodentalium quinquangulare Forbes is a much more slender
species, and more circular in section near the aperture.

SIPHONODENTALIUM. 135

I have placed this species temporarily in Dentaliwm, as the tips
of the four specimens examined are all damaged. Possibly more
perfect examples may exhibit slits as in Siphodentaliwm (Smith).

The single specimen we have seen (in Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) is so
similar to E. quinquangularis that we adopt Mr. Smith’s suggestion
that it may belong near that species. The apical slitting is a vari-
able character, and rarely developed in Entalina.

Genus SIPHONODENTALIUM M. Sars, 1859.

Siphonodentalium M. Sars, Forh. Videnskabs-Selskabet i Chris-
tiania, Aar 1858, p. 52 (1859). Om Siphonodentalium vitreum, etc.,
Univ. Programme for 1861.—G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p.
103, restricted to S. vitreum.

Siphodentaliwum MonrERosaTo, Journ. de Conchyl., 1874, p. 258,
and in subsequent papers.—JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4),
xix, p.155 (1877), and in later papers.— W atson, Challenger Report
on Seaphopoda (1886).

Siphonodontum or Tubidentaliwum Locarp, Prodr. Mal. Fr. in
Ann. Soc. d’Agricult. Lyon, 1886, p. 149, footnote; emendations of
Sip honodentalium.

Shell an arcuate, slightly tapering tube, largest at the aperture,
circular or nearly so in section, and smooth externally. Apex
rather large, typically slit into lobes, but sometimes simple. Foot
- capable of expanding into a terminal disk. Type S. lobatwm.

A widely distributed genus of few species, confined to deep water
except in high latitudes.

G. O. Sars divides Siphonodentalium into two groups: Siphono-
dentalium (restricted), in which the apex of the shell is cut into
lobes (pl. 28, fig. 12), and the terminal pedal disk is concave in
the middle, without a central process (pl. 23, figs. 9, 18).

Siphonentalis Sars, having the apex of the shell entire (pl. 24, fig.
42), and the terminal disk of the foot convex in the middle, with a
long central process (pl. 24, fig. 40).

This division is based upon too few species to warrant the adop-
tion of two genera; the more as we have found the development of
slits to be a feature of minor importance in other groups of Scapho-
poda.

Key to Species of Siphonodentalium.

I. Apex with slits.
a. Slowly tapering; apex 6-lobed; length 10 mill., lobatwm.

136 SIPHONODENTALIUM.

a. Rapidly tapering ; apex with at least two slits; length 5:5
mill., tytthum.
a”. Apex 2-slit, the clefts dorsal and ventral; length 8-9 mill.,

teres.
II. Apex simple, unslit.

a. Atlantic and Mediterranean species.
b. White, but slightly pellucid ; aperture 3 times as

wide as apex ; length 6 mill or less, lofotense.
b’. Very pellucid, smooth; aperture twice the width of
apex ; length 4°5 mill., affine.

b”. Transparent, obliquely banded with opaque white ;
sharply scratched with minute transverse strize ;
length 3 mill., pusillum.

a. From Torres Strait. Very gradually tapering, translucent
and transparent in alternate bands; excessively minute
longitudinal striz ; length about 3°5 mill., eboracense.

Section SrPHONODENTALIUM (restricted).
S. LOBATUM (Sowerby). PI. 23, figs. 8 to 21.

Shell cylindric, very smooth and glossy, thin, pellucid, glassy ;
arcuate ; slowly tapering from the aperture to a rather large apex,
which is cut into six lobes or teeth: a subtriangular one on each
side, two contiguous lobes on the convex side (figs. 14, 19), and two
very short lobes on the concave side (fig. 18). Aperture circular,
oblique. Length 10 mill.

Arctic Ocean from Spitzbergen and Novaia Zembiia to Finmark
(Sars and others); North Atlantic between Faroes and Orkney Is.,
560 fms. ; off coast of Portugal, 740-1095 fms. (Lightning and Por-
cupine Expeditions); Gulf of St. Lawrence, 150-200 fms. (White-
aves); Gulf of Maine and off Martha’s Vineyard (U.S. Fish Com-

mission ).
Dentalium vitreum M. Sars, Nyt Mag. f. Naturvidenskaberne, vi,

p- 178 (1851). Not Dentalium vitreum Gmel. Syst. Nat. (138), p.
4739.

Siphonodentalium vitreum M. Sars, Forh. Videnskabs-Selskabet i
Christ., Aar 1858, p. 52 (1859); Om Siph. vit.,en ny Slegt og Art
af Dentalidernes Familie, Universitets-Program for forste Halvaar,
1861, pp. 29, pl. 1-3 (except figs. 78-81) ; Om de i Norge Forekom-
mende Fossile Dyrelevninger fra Qvarterperioden, Univ. Progr.,
for 1864, p. 42, pl. 3, f. 99 (1865).—G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct.

SIPHONODENTALIUM. 137

Norv., p. 103, pl. 7, f. 2 a-c, and pl. I, f. 2 (radula).—VERRILL,
Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., v, p. 557, pl. 42, f. 19; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
iii, p. 394.

Siphodentalium vitreum M. Sars, JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), xix, p. 155 (1877); P. Z.S., 1882, p. 662.

Dentalium lobatum G. B. Sowersy, Jr., Thes. Conch., iii, p. 100,
f. 44 (1860); Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 5, f. 36 (1872).—CLEssIN,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 15, pl. 4, f. 6 (1896).—* D..labiatum Sow.” in
Zoological Record for 1877, Moll., p. 79.

The well-known name vitrewm being preoccupied, we have been
compelled to substitute dobatwm Sowerby, which applies to exactly
the same form, as Jeffreys and others have recognized.

Jeffreys describes the soft parts as follows: ‘‘ Body whitish, gela-
tinous, and nearly transparent ; mantle rather thick, forming a collar
round the foot; tentacles thread-like, very slender, and having
oblong tips or bulbs; they are not numerous, but extensile and irre-
gular in length, issuing from underneath the edge of the mantle:
foot cylindrical, extensile, and attaining a length equal to that of the
shell ; when at rest it is conical; but the point fully stretched out
expands into a round and somewhat concave disk with serrated or
notched edges; excretal fold or tail at the narrowest end of the shell,
tubular, and having the front split open and exposed diagonally ;
edges jagged ; externally covered with very fine and close set cilia ;
liver dark-brown ; ovary lemon color.”

S. TYTTHUM Watson. PI. 23, fig. 2.

Shell minute, very conical, 7. ¢., broadening rapidly, much bent»
very thin, but not hyaline, apparently horny when living, and be-
coming opaque when dead, and then also glossy but not brilliant.
Sculpture: some very faint traces of circular striz on the lines of
growth. Mouth-edge very thin and chipped. Apex broken, but in
one specimen showing the two lateral clefts common in the genus.

Length 0:22 inch., breadth at mouth 0°049; at apex 0°018 inch.
( Watson).

North of Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fms. (Challenger).

Siphodentalium tytthwnm Wats., Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, p. 520
(1879) ; Chall. Rep., p. 14, pl. 2, f. 5.

In texture and general form this is like S. vitreum Sars, but it
broadens much faster and is more curved. (Watson).

There is apparently no contraction toward the aperture.

138 SIPHONODENTALIUM.

Group of S. teres.

S. TEREs Jeffreys. Pl. 26, fig. 72.

Shell cylindrical, gradually tapering to the basal point or poste-
rior extremity, gently curved, thin, glossy, and semitransparent.
Sculpture, none except fine and numerous lines of growth; color
whitish ; mouth circular; apex slightly but distinctly notched above
and below. Length 0°35, breadth 0°05 inch. (Jeffreys).

North Atlantic, (‘ Porcupine’ Stations 16, 17, 17a).

Siphodentalium teres JEFFR., P. Z. 8., 1882, p. 661, pl. 49, f. 5.

The position of the terminal notches in this species differs from
that of the slits in Dischides, being placed one on the convex and
the other on the concave end of the shell in S. teres, instead of being
bilateral as in thatshell. (Jeffreys).

Section PutsELitum Stoliczka, 1868.

Pulsellum Srou., Cret. Fauna of S. India, ii, p. 441, for S. lofo-
tense, affine and pentagonum=quinquangulare——FIscHER, Manuel
de Conchyl., p. 894.

Siphonentalis G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 104 (1878),
for S. lofotensis, S. affinis and S. tetragona=quinquangulare.

Siphonodentalis [sic] CLesstn, in Systemat. Conchylien-Cabinet,
vi, Heft xi, 424te Lieferung, p. 30 (1896).

Similar to Siphonodentalium except that the shell has no apical
slits and the foot-disk bears a terminal filament. Type S. lofotense
Sars.

The name Pulsellwm was proposed for the same three species upon
which Siphonentalis was founded a decade later. Meantime, Mon-
terosato had removed S. quinquangulare to his new genus Entalina,
leaving S. lofotense and affine to bear the earlier name. The addi-
tional species now placed here are of uncertain affinities; and the
posterior simplicity may in some cases be the result of loss of teeth
by breakage, which is frequent enough in Siphonodentaliide with
lobed apices to pretty thoroughly vitiate any attempt to draw hard
and fast lines using the slits as a basis.

S. LOFOTENSE M. Sars. PI. 24, figs. 40, 41, 42, 43, 44.

Shell rather solid, white, but little pellucid, cylindrical, smooth ;
growth-strize somewhat oblique, moderately conspicuous; form nar-
rowly subarcuate, moderately attenuated toward the apex. Aper-

SIPHONODENTALIUM. 139°

ture nearly three times the width of apical orifice. Length as much
as 6 mill. (G. O. Sars).

Lofoten Is. and other places from Christiania fjord to Haswig in
Finmark, 30-3800 fms. (Sars and others); Hebrides and Shetland,
40-140 fms. (Jeffreys) ; Clyde district and Lismore (Chaster and
Heathcote) ; West of Ireland in 90-1630 fms. ; Bay of Biscay, 227-
1095 fms.; Vigo Bay, 20 fms. (Porcupine Exped.); Gulf of Gas-
cony, 60-80 fms. (Folin) ; Mediterranean and Algean Seas, 50-1456
fms. (Porcupine, Acton, Spratt, Monts.) ; Off New England, 500
fms. (Verrill) ; Pliocene of Calabria and Sicily.

Siphonodentalium lofotense M. Sars, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania,
1864, p. 29, pl. 6, f. 29-33 (1865)—Jrrrreys, Nature, i, p. 135;
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xx, p. 250 (1867); (A), ii, pp. 299, 301
(1868); v, p. 442 (1870); vi, p. 74 (1870); Brit. Conch., v, 195,
pl 101, f..2; Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond= xxv, p. 199.

Siphodentalium lofotense Sars, JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4),
mip. 156 (1877); (©), vi, p. 317 (1880); xi, p. 395 (1883); BP. Z.
S., 1882, p. 662.—Siphonodentaliwm lofotensis Sars, ARADAS & Ben-
ort, Conch. Viv. Mar. Sicilia, p. 118 (1870).—Siphonentalis lofo-
tensis M. Sars, G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 104, pl. 20, f
1la-b; pl. I, f. 3, (1878).—VeErRriL1t, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus,, iu, p.
395; Amer. Journ. Sci., xx, 1880, p. 392; Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci.,
v, p. 508.—Pulsellum lofotense Sars, CHASTER & HEATHCOTE,
Journ. of Conch., vii, p. 304.

Specimens from the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean are
usually much smaller than those from more northern seas. (Jef-
freys).

Jeffreys remarks: “The shell may easily be passed (as it was by
me) for the young Dentalium entalis; but it is more curved and
eylindricai, the mouth and corresponding lines of growth slope back-
wards, and the margin of the posterior orifice is regularly jagged
(having two slight notches on each side), and this extremity does
not form a bulbous point in the fry. One of the characters given by
Sars (“ margine aperture posterioris integro”) should be amended.
My observation of the animal agreed with his, except that the foot
is vermiform and has a fine point, the disk being expanded and
assuming the shape of a flower only when the Siphonodentalium
wishes to obtain a fulerum and keep its place inthesand. The foot
of Nucula and Leda is somewhat similar, its disk when expanded
resembling the leaf of a palm.”

140 SIPHONODENTALIUM.

8. arrive M. Sars. Pl. 24, figs. 45, 46, 47.

Shell thin, very pellucid, shining, very smooth, the growth striz
but slightly visible; cylindric, slightly subarcuate, a little tapering
toward the apex; aperture about twice the width of the apex, which
is circular with entiremargin. Length 43 mill. (G. O. Sars).

Finmark and Lofoten Is., 100-3800 fms. (Sars); West of Ireland,
1215-1380 fms., and Channel slope, 690 fms. (Porcupine) ; Bedford
Basin, near Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 35 fms. (Verrill).

Siphonodentalium affine M. Sars, Forh. Videns. Selskabet Christ-
iania for 1864, p. 3800, pl. 6, f. 34, 35 (1865).—Siphodentalium affine
M. Sars, JEFFREYs, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 156 (1877);
P. Z.S., 1882, p. 661.—Siphonentalis affinis M. Sars, G. O. Sars,
Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 104, pl. 20, f. 12 (1878).—VERRILL,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 395; Trans, Conn. Acad., v, p. 558,
pl. 42, f. 20u, 6.

Not the young of S. vitreum [lobatum], which in all stages of
growth is more conical and not so cylindrical as S. affine; and the
point is also different. The present species is not half the size of S.
teres, and is much less slender and tapering. (Jeffreys).

S. pusttLuM Watson. PI. 23, fig. 6.

Shell minute, attenuated, slightly bent, thin, transparent, irregu-
larly banded with opaque white, which runs elliptically round the
shell. Sculpture: there is no trace of longitudinal striz, but the
whole surface is sharply scratched with minute transverse stric,
which run (as usual) not directly round the shell, but advance on
the concave and retreat on the convex curve. Length 0:12 inch.,
breadth at small end 0°01; at broad end 0:02. ( Watson).

Palma, Canaries, 1125 fms. (Challenger).

Siphodentalium pusillum Wats., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv,
p. 520 (1879); Chall. Rep., p. 14, pl. 2, f. 6.

The specimens are young, and both ends are chipped. It is
straighter and more tumid than Dentalium filum Sow. (in part),=
Dentalium gracile Jeffr., but more curved and broader than the
young of D. capillosum Jeftr. It is much larger, more tumid, and
straighter for the same length than Siphodentalium lofotense Sars.
( Watson).

S. EBORACENSE Watson. PI. 26, fig. 75.

Shell small, narrow, tapering very gradually throughout, toward

the apex bent, thin, brilliant, translucent, and transparent in alter-

SIPHONODENTALIUM, 141

nate bands. Sculpture: there are a few remote, irregular oblique,
transverse striz; in the young shell the whole surface is covered
with longitudinal strize, excessively minute (0°0005 in. apart), sharp
and regular, but which seem very easily rubbed off (on two specimens
they are barely traceable), and which disappear towards the mouth.
The mouth is round, very oblique, sharp, and thin. The apex is
minute, and is broken straight across, and somewhat chipped.
Length 0°185 inch., breadth 0:024 ; at apex,0:008 inch. (Watson).

Torres Strait, Cape York, N. E. Australia, 3-11 fms. (Challenger).

Siphodentalium eboracense Wats., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv,
p. 523 (1879) ; Chall. Rep., p. 17, pl. 2, f. 10.

Than Siphodentalium prionotum Wats., this is smaller, straighter,
but toward the apex more bent, not narrowed at the mouth; smaller
at the apex, and the whole texture of the shell is different. Than
Siphodentalium vitreum Sars, this is less cylindrical, is not con-
tracted toward the mouth, and is much smaller toward the apex.

( Watson).

SIPHONODENTALIUM (?) N. sp. PI. 28. figs. 6, 7, 8, 9.

A species of Siphonodentalium, or an immature Cadulus allied to
C. dalli, is represented in the Jeffreys collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., ~
by two individuals, the smaller of which is figured on pl. 28, figs. 6,
7, lateral and convex aspects, figs. 8, 9 representing the larger shell.
The surface is smoothish and polished, with perceptible growth-striz ;
hyaline, with some obliquely encircling white lines; section subcir-
cular, a mere trifle compressed vertically. Apex with two lobes or
teeth on the convex side, but apparently broken along the line of
growth on the concave side from one lateral slit to the other, so that
the number of teeth upon this margin is unknown; both specimens
being alike in this particular.

Length 3:3, mill. ; diam. at aperture 0°6 x 0°64, at apex 0°26 mill.
(figs. 6, 7).

Length 4-4 mill.; diam. at aperture 0°6 x 0°62, at apex 0:26 x 0°28
mill. (apical teeth broken ; figs. 8, 9).

Korea, in 54 fms. (St. John). U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 107705.

The material is too imperfect for generic determination, although
taking locality into consideration, the specific form should be recog-
nized from the above details when again encountered.

142 CADULUS.
Genus CADULUS Philippi, 1844.

Includes Cadulus Phil., Gadila Gray, Gadus auct., Helonyx
Stimp., Dischides Jeffr., Loxoporus Jeffr., Polyschides P. & S.

Tubular, circular or oval in section ; somewhat arcuate; varying
from cask-shaped to acicular; more or less bulging or swollen near
the middle or above, contracting toward the aperture. Surface
smooth or delicately striated.

The genus Cadulus, as we use that term, contains species of a
great variety of shapes, and with various apical modifications, but
having in common an inflated bulging shell which contracts more or
less in caliber near the aperture as well as posteriorly. It is this
anterior constriction which separates Cadulus from Siphonodental-
ium.

In some species of all the sections of the genus, a circular rib is
developed within the apical orifice, while others lack it. This strue-
ture is not, therefore, characteristic of the typical division only, as
some authors have claimed.

The subdivision of Cadulus by conchological characters (and
there are as yet no adequate data upon the soft anatomy), is attended
with difficulties; but as the size of the genus and the heterogeneous
nature of its contents render some subdivision a convenience, the
following scheme is offered.

The recognition of Gadila is an expedient of doubtful utility, for
there are no very definite features separating it from the typical
forms of Cadulus. The other sections are probably natural groups,
although when the teeth are broken off, not an unusual accident,
their differential characters are no longer apparent. It is hardly
necessary to warn the investigator against this pitfall; but we may
perhaps be allowed to beg indulgence lest we may not in every case
have avoided it ourselves.

Key to sections of Cadulus.

I. Apex with slits or notches.
a. Apex with two lateral slits only, Section Dischides, p. 143.
_ a’. Apex with four or more slits, Section Polyschides, p. 146.
II. Apex entire, unslit.
a. Obese; both ventral and dorsal outlines convex and project-
ing beyond a chord connecting the adjacent lip edges,
Section Cadulus s. s., p.

CADULUS—DISCHIDES. 143

a’. More slender or attenuated ; ventral outline convex ; dorsal
outline as a whole concave, not projecting beyond a chord
connecting the ends of shell, Section Gadila, p.

Section Discurprs Jeffreys, 1867.

Dischides JkrrR., Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist. (8), xx, p.
251 (in text).

Gadus “ Rang,” DesHayes, Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin de Paris,
ii, p. 217, 1864, (in part) for G. parisiensis [= C. denticulatus Dh.],
G. bilabiatus [=C. bifissuratus Dh.], and G. brevis Dh.

Shell rather slender, not much bulging ; apex cut into an anterior
and a posterior lobe by two deep lateral slits, one on each side.
Type C. (Dischides) politus S. V. Wood.

Distribution: Recent in both the Atlantic and Pacific; Paris
Basin Eocene to Pliocene of Europe.

Jeffreys describes the soft parts of C. politus as follows;

Body whitish, gelatinous; mantle rather thick, forming a collar
round the front opening of the shell ; captacu/a issuing from within
the mantle, numerous, capable of so great an extension as to exceed
the shell in length; stalks very slender; terminal bulbs oval; foot
cylindrical and narrow, protruded from the middle of the mouth as
from a sheath; it is occasionally thrust out in a darting manner and
suddenly withdrawn, and so swiftly that the point of the foot could
not be observed; the foot is usually curved towards the puvint ;
anal tube protruded beyond the narrower end or extremity of the
shell; it consists of an outer and inner part, the latter being folded
to suit the slit on each side; gills rather short, of a brownish color.

Key to species of Dischides.

I. Slender, but little contracted anteriorly, the length of shell 8 or
9 times its greatest diameter.
a. Slits at apex narrow and deep; tube contracting quite
noticeably and suddenly near aperture ; length 7°6 mill.,
about 92 times the greatest diam., politus.
a’. Slits wide and triangular ; tube very little contracted to-
ward the aperture; length 9:2 mill., about 83 times the
greatest diam., belcheri.
a’. A shallow, rounded hollow on each side of apex; tube
gently contracted at mouth; length 82 mill. about 83
times the greatest diam., prionotus.

144 CA DULUS—DISCHIDES.

II. Considerably contracted anteriorly; slits deep and narrow;
length 9 mill., about 63 times the greatest diam., dichelus.

C. potitus (Searles Wood). PI. 27, figs. 90, 91, 92, 93, 94.

Shell small and slender, thin, arcuate, considerably tapering;
translucent bluish-white, with many unequal obliquely transverse
lines and bands of opaque-white. Sculpture of fine, inconspicuous
growth-striz, running obliquely around the tube. Near the aperture
the tube contracts quite noticeably. Aperture oblique, round-oval,
a trifle wider than long; peristome thin and simple. Apex bilabi-
ate, narrowly and deeply slit on each side, edges of the apical lobes
bevelled.

Length 7°6, greatest diam. antero-posteriorly 0°81, laterally 0°81
mill. ; aperture, greatest diam. 0°67, least 0°63 mill.; diam. at apex
0°31 mill.

Mediterranean, from Sicily to Gibraltar. Atlantic: Morocco; Can-
aries; Portugal at Setubal Bay; Gulf of Gascony; Benzert Road,
Adventure Bank. Pliocene, Coralline Crag, England ; Italy.

Ditrupa polita 8. V. Woon, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 459, pl.
5, f. 14 (August, 1842).

?? Dentalium pusillum Putix., Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 245 (1836),
li, p. 206 (1844).

Dentalium coarctatum Putt., Enum. Moll. Sicil., 1, p. 208 (1844),
not of Lam.

Dentalium levigatum DE RAYNEVAL, v. D. HecKE & Ponzi,
Catal. foss. du Mont Mario, Versailles, 1854 (not seen by us). Not
D. levigatum Schlotheim, 1830.

Dentalium bifissum 8. V. Woop, Crag Moll., i, p. 190, pl. 20, f. 3,
a-b (1848).

Dischides bifissum [us] Wood, JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8),
xx, p. 251 (1867); P. Z.S., 1882, p. 663.—ARap. & BEn., Conch.
Mar. Sicil., p. 117 (1870).—We1nkaurr, Conch. des Mittelm., ii,
p. 421 (1868).—Monrs., Nom. Gen. e Spee. Conch. Med., p. 34
(1884).

Dischides olivi Se., JEFFREYs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vi, July,
1870, p. 73.

The anterior contraction is much more abrupt than in Dischides
belcheri or D. brevis. CC. bifisswratus is a stouter, larger shell. The
present species was first well defined as Ditupa polita, but this name
has since been forgotten, and olivi, coarctatum and bifissum have been

CADULUS—DISCHIDES. 145

used. There is a good deal of doubt about Philippi’s D. pusillum ;
so much that in the absence of a sufficient diagnosis it need not pre-
judice the use of Searles Wood’s name polita, unmistakably fixed
as it is by a sufficient diagnosis and good figures.

C. BELCHER! Pilsbry & Sharp, n. sp. Pl. 26, figs. 84, 85, 86, 87.

Shell small, moderately arcuate but the bend mainly posterior,
tapering, slightly swollen above the middle, and thence a very little
contracted to the aperture. Thin, translucent whitish, slightly
flecked with opaque posteriorly. Smooth and glossy, growth-strize
being hardly apparent under the lens. Aperture nearly circular,
but a trifle shorter than wide, the peristome oblique, thin. Anal
end bilabiate, with a wide triangular fissure on each side.

Length 9°2, diam. at aperture 95x 1-0; at greatest girth 1:05 x
1:08; at apex 0°4 x 04 mill.

North Pacific (Sir E. Belcher!).

Less abruptly contracted anteriorly and with more open lateral
slits than C. politus Wood. This is the form mentioned by Jeffreys
in P. Z.S., 1882, p. 663. Type is no. 107703 U. S. Nat. Mus.,
formerly in Jeffreys’ collection. C. dichelus is a stouter species.

C. picHELus (Watson). PI. 26, fig. 73.

Shell long, slightly swollen at about three-fifths of its length; the
swelling bulges on the concave curve, but the convex curve is un-
interrupted ; between these two curves it is compressed by one-sixth
of its breadth, a little contracted in front, bent and attenuated to-
ward the apex; thin, brilliant, white, almost hyaline, with a few
minute, transverse, curdy streaks, but weathering to opaque. There
is an opaque band round the apex. Sculpture: most faint and
delicate microscopic scratches on the lines of growth, with a minute
transverse flocculence and some vague indication of longitudinal
texture in the substance of shell. The mouth is large, very oblique,
with a smoothly rounded edge, which is sharp on the inner margin ;
both it and the posterior opening are oval. The apex, which is
small, is split on either side by a deep, narrow, slightly widening,
smooth, clean-cut, but not perfectly regular cleft, which is evidently
carried down the shell as the growth of the animal demands, for it
cuts across the transverse strive, as Mr. Searles Wood remarks is the
case with Siphodentalium (Dischides) bifissum. Within the opening
a short, minute, longitudinal, rib-like process projects along the

10

146 CADULUS—POLYSCHIDES.

middle of the posterior (7. e. convex curve) wall ; a little farther in,
a thin, narrow, circular callus runs round the opening.

Length 0°35 in. breadth at mouth 0:032; broadest 0°055; apex
0:022. (Watson).

Levuka, Fiji, 12 fms, (Challenger).

Siphodentalium dichelum Wats., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p.
521 (1879) ; Chall. Rep., p. 15, pl. 2, f. 7.

This is much larger than S. tetraschistum Wats., and much less
cylindrical, being much more contracted towards the mouth. The
posterior internal rib is a curious feature. It shows through the
shell like a crack or depression, but is a true internal rib ( Watson).

C. prionotus (Watson). PI. 26, fig. 74.

Shell long, narrow, tapering, gently contracted at the mouth,
slightly bent throughout; rather strong, polished, but hardly bril-
liant, translucent white. Sculpture: very faintly transversely stri-
ated on the surface, and a very minute flocculence in the same direc-
tion in the texture. For the breadth of the shell the mouth is large,
perfectly round, oblique, with a smoothly rounded edge, which is
sharp on its inner margin. ‘The apex is small, much chipped, but
that in such a way as in all the specimens to produce a shallow
rounded hollow on either side, with a sharp, projecting point before
and behind. Within the opening a short excessively minute riblet
runs out along the middle of the posterior wall; it shines through
the shell like a depression, being a little more transparent than the
shell-wall.

Length 0°328 in. breadth at mouth 0:028; greatest 0°039 ; at apex
0:013 inch. (Watson). |

Raine Island, Cape York, N. E. Australia, 155 fms. (Challenger).

Siphodentalium prionotum Warts., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv,
p. 522 (1879); Chall. Rep., p. 16, pl. 2, f. 9.

This species differs from the previous [dichelus] in being much
narrower and having no swelling. From Siphodentalium tetraschis-
tum Wats. it differs in being more elongated, more attenuated be-
hind, and in the character of the posterior opening. (Watson).

Section PoLyscuipEs Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897.

Shell inflated above the middle or not much bulging; apex cut
into a number of lobes, generally four, by as many slits. Type C.
(Polyschides) tetraschistus W ats.

CADULUS—POLYSCHIDES. 147

This group differs from Siphonodentalium in having the tube con-
tracted toward the aperture; from Dischides in the greater number
of terminal lobes, and from Cadu/us in the presence of slits at the
apex. The typical forms have four teeth, dorsal and ventral, and
on each side; in a few species the apex is differently incised, hav-
ing two symmetrically placed side-slits as in Dischides, deeper than
those above and below. OC. dalli Pilsbry & Sharp from off western
Patagonia, and C. parisiensis (Deshayes) from the Parisian Eocene
represent this type, which is about intermediate between Polyschides
and Dischides, if not actually nearer the latter group.

Immature specimens have the characters of Siphonodentalium; and
when the apical lobes are broken off the shell is like the Gadila or
Helonyx manifestations of Cadulus.

Polyschides species of the typical quadridentate form appear
numerously in the Eocene, together with species of the type of
0. dalli and of Dischides.

Key to Spectes.

I. Shell slowly tapering, hardly inflated, the apertural contrac-
tion slight and short ; apex large, cut into 4 bevelled teeth by
4 subequal slits ; length 63-10 mill., about 7 times the greatest
diameter.

a. West Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico species,

tetraschistus, quadridentatus, incisus, p. 148.

a. Californian species, quadrifissatus, p. 150.

II. Shell quite noticeably or strongly inflated, with marked con-
traction toward aperture ; apex 4-slit or notched ; known spe-
cies West Atlantic.

a. Small, moderately swollen, fusiform, with a long, gentle
taper toward each end; teeth large; length 5 to 5.6
mill., 53 times greatest diam., tetrodon, p. 151.

a’. Larger, moderately swollen anteriorly, attenuated poste-
riorly, circular in section throughout; length 73-10
mill., 6 times greatest diam., more or less; 4 short teeth,

carolinensis, p. 152.

a’. Large and stout, the greatest inflation at the anterior
third ; aperture broad-elliptical ; 4 rounded apical teeth ;
length 15 mill., about 44 times the greatest diam.,

grandis, p. 154.

148 CA DULUS—POLYSCHIDES.

a”, Large, strongly swollen close to the oblique, markedly
contracted and oval aperture; a moderately deep apical
notch on each side and smaller ones above and below ;
length 22 mill., 52 times the greatest diameter,

spectabilis, p. 153.

III. Moderately inflated anteriorly ; apex with a deeper notch on

each side, the margin along convex side subdivided into 2, that

along concave side into 3 rounded teeth; length 11-14 mill.,
about 53 times the greatest diam. Off west coast Patagonia,

dalli, p. 155.

C. rETRASCHISTUS (Watson). PI. 23, fig. 1.

Shell cylindrical, tapering, bent and attenuated from about the
middle to the apex ; toward the mouth very slightly contracted. It
is rather strong, and has the dull gloss and white translucency of a
quill. There are two opaque bands round the apex.

Sculpture: There are traces, exceedingly faint, of fine close-set
strise, which run elliptically round the shell on the lines of growth,
and in some lights there is just a reflection as of some sort of remote
longitudinal texture (very like that in Siphodentalium (Dischides)
bifissum Wood). The edge of the mouth slopes backward very
obliquely from the concave to the convex side of the shell; it is
thick, and all round it is smoothly rounded off. The apex projects
on the convex side of the shell, and is split by four opposite, shal-
low, unequal, irregular, rough-edged, gaping clefts, so arranged as to
leave the teeth at the convex and concave curves and at the two
sides. The bands round the apex are two narrow, callus-like inter-
nal ribs. Length, 0°298 inch ; breadth at mouth, 0:03 ; at broadest,
0°035; at apex, 0°017 inch ( Watson).

Anchorage off Fernando Noronha, 25 fms. (Challenger).

Siphodentalium tetraschistum Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond.,
xiv; p. 521 (1879); Chall. Rep:, p: 15, pl..2, £38:

Siphonodentalium quadridentatum Datu, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
ix, p. 36 (July, 1881)—Cadulus quadridentatus Dau, Blake Gas-
tropoda, p. 428, pl. 27, f. 5 (1889) ; Trans. Wagner Inst. Sei., iii, p.
445 (1892); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 76, pl. 41, f. 20 (1889);
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 295 —C-. incisus Busn, Trans. Conn.
Acad. Sci., vi, p. 471, pl. 45, f. 20 (June, 1885).

C. tetraschistus is the senior or earliest-described member of a
group of closely allied forms having similar 4-cleft apices, from the

CADULUS—POLYSCHIDEFS. 149

western Atlantic, extending off the east coast of the United States
to the island Fernando Noronha off Brazil, and with one representa-
tive in the Pacific (California). The Atlantic forms differ from one
another only in size and length of the teeth ; and seem to us to be
merely local races or subspecies rather than of specific rank. As
others may prefer to retain the several forms as species, we give be-
low full information upon them with the original diagnoses.

Var. QUADRIDENTATUS (Dall). PI. 23, fig.7; pl. 28, figs. 1-5.

Shell moderately arcuate, the bend greater posteriorly, not much
tapering; milky-bluish, glassy, smooth, the growth-striz very slight ;
gradually increasing to a point quite near the aperture, thence
slightly contracted. Greatest diameter contained about 7 times in
the length of shell. Tube nearly circular in section, slightly com-
pressed vertically. Aperture very oblique, transversely oval. Apex
cut into four rather conic teeth, which toward their points are
bevelled at the outside edges, by four deep slits; the tooth on con-
vex side longest, the other three subequal in length, that on the con-
cave side widest and obtuse.

Length 9°75, diam. at aperture 1:0 x 1:1; diam. at largest 1:32 x
1°38; diam. at apex 0°75 x 0°76 mill. (specimen from Florida
Strait).

Largest specimen of a series from off Cape Fear, 9 mill. long;
smallest adult 6°6 mill.

Bermuda (Heilprin) ; Cape Hatteras (U.S. F. C., Rush) south to
west coast of Florida, 30 fms. (Pourtalés) ; Fernando Noronha; and
mouth of the Rio la Plata, in 103 fms. (U.S. Fish Commission) ;
Pliocene of Caloosahatchie River, Florida.

The differences between C. tetraschistus, C. quadridentatus and C.
incisus seem to be pretty well covered by the variations observed
among individuals dredged off the southeastern U.S. We do not
see that there is any considerable or sufficient difference, when the
measurements of all are compared. C. quadridentatus may be con-
sidered a large race or subspecies, and C. incisus a form intermedi-
ate-between the two extremes. As to contour, they are all prac-
tically alike. The specimen figured by Dall has the teeth abnor-
mally obtuse, probably from old age and wear. Watson’s figure of
tetraschistum does not show the tooth on convex side as long as it is
in perfect North American specimens. We repeat here Dall’s
original description, and give a copy of his figure, pl. 23, fig. 7.

150 CA DULUS—POLYSCHIDES.

“This species is best described by comparing it with S. tetraschis-
tum Watson, to which it is pearly allied. The present form, which
may prove eventually to be a large race of Watson’s species, seems
to differ from it in its proportionally greater stoutness and actually
larger size, in the want of any sculpture on its polished surface, and
in the proportionally smaller and narrower slits at the anal end of
the tube. The dimensions of quadridentatum are: Lon. 10-0, max.
diam. 1°3, oral diam. 0°8, anal diam. 0°4 mill. The same in Mr.
Watson’s species are 7°7, 0°81, 0°75 and 0:4 mill. respectively. His
specimens came from Fernando Noronha, 25 fms.; ours is from
Pourtalés’ dredgings on the west coast of Florida in 30 fms.

“In other respects than those mentioned, Watson’s description
and figure agree almost exactly with our specimen” (Dall, 1881).

The original description here follows of

Var. incisus Bush. PI. 25, fig. 65.

“Shell rather small, slender, somewhat cylindrical, slightly con-
tracted dorsally, just back of the anterior aperture, tapering and
curving gradually from about the middle toward the posterior end.
It is thin, semitransparent and very lustrous. Anterior aperture
is oval and a little oblique; the posterior aperture is very ob-
lique with four narrow very deep notches, two on each side, form-
ing four conspicuous points on the end of the shell. Length of
largest specimen 8, diam. anterior aperture 1, posterior aperture 0°5
mill. The other specimen is smaller and more slender, measuring,
length 7, diam. anterior aperture 0°8, posterior less than 0°5 mill.”
(Bush).

This form is from the Hatteras region.

C. QUADRIFISSATUS (Carpenter), n. sp. . Pl. 29, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13.

Shell arcuate, the bend greater posteriorly, slender, but slightly
tapering, not swollen, subtransparent bluish, with a milky band near
the larger end; smooth and rather glossy, the growth lines hardly
visible; posterior third slowly tapering, the tube then nearly cylin-
drical almost to the aperture; quite near the latter it is contracted,
the contraction greatest on the convex side. Greatest diameter
contained about 7 times in the length of the shell. Aperture ob-
lique, transversely oval; apex cut into four conic teeth by the same
number of short slits; the tooth on convex side slightly longest,
the other three subequal in length, that on concave side wider and
obtuse ; edges of the teeth somewhat bevelled distally.

CADULUS—POLYSCHIDES. ot

Length 86 mill. diam. at aperture 0°85 x 1:0, at largest 1:12 x
1:22, at apex 0°65 x 0°7 mill.

San Diego, California, 10 fms. (Henry Hemphill, in Acad. coll.) ;
San Pedro (Smithsonian Institution).

Siphonodentalium 4-fissatum CAREENEE, mss. label in Smithso-°
nian Institution collection.

Extremely similar to C. quadridentatus of the Antillean fauna ;
but in the Californian species the aperture is somewhat less oblique,
the apical slits are shorter, the teeth all more conspicuously bevelled
and the tooth on the convex side less elongated. These differences
we would hardly hold of specific value were it not for the geographic
separation of the two species; still they seem constant so far as our
material goes.

The figures and measurements are from a San Diego specimen in
coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. The Smithsonian Institution example,
which bore the above name, is somewhat smaller, not fully adult,
length 7-2 mill.

C. TETRODON Pilsbry & Sharp, n.sp. PI. 29, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.

Shell small,slender, slightly arcuate,translucent and slightly bluish
with a white line or band near the apex ; but little inflated, the great-
est girth at the anterior two-fifths of the length, from this point quite
perceptibly tapering toward each end. Outline of concave side a trifle
convex in the region of inflation; greatest diameter contained about
5% times in the length of the shell. Surface glossy, without percep-
tible growth striz. Aperture oblique, nearly circular, the blunt
peristome a little contracted along the convex margin. Anal orifice
rounded-oval, slit into four blunt lobes or teeth, one on the convex
side slightly longer, rounded; one on concave side truncated, the
two lateral lobes slightly narrower; each more or less bevelled to
an edge.

Length 5°6 mill., diam. at aperture 0°57 x 0°6, at greatest inflation
0°95 x 1:0, at apex 0°35 x 0°43 mill.

Length 5 mill., antero-posterior diam. at aperture 0°6, at greatest
0°88, at apex 0°4 mill.

ive miles off Cape Florida, in 8 fms. (Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S.
W..).

This species is smaller than C. tetraschistus, quadridentatus and
meisus, and is decidedly more swollen and fusiform, the difference
in this respect being particularly conspicuous. In general outline

152 CADULUS—POLYSCHIDES.

it is very near Dall’s CO. amiantus, but that species is stated to have
“both orifices circular and not notched,” and with a length of 5°75
it has a greatest diameter of 1:4 mill., while in a specimen of our
species 5°6 in length, the greatest diameter is only 1:0 mill. In
other words, the greatest diameter of amiantus is contained 41
times in the length of the shell, and that of tetrodon 5°6 times. The
slender specimens of amiantus reported from off Cape Florida by
Dall may be individuals of our species with the teeth broken off.
Types are No. 71,070 coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

C. CAROLINENSIS Bush. PI. 25, fig. 64; pl. 30, figs. 24, 25, 26, 27.

Shell of medium size, semitransparent (perfectly fresh specimens
are almost transparent and glassy, showing the animal quite dis-
tinctly), very glossy, bluish-white, nearly circular throughout its
entire length. Greatest diameter at about the anterior third,
diminishing moderately to the round, very oblique anterior aper-
ture, and backward to the posterior end, at first very gradually and
further back more rapidly. Curvature well marked in some speci-
mens, slightly in others, nearly uniform along the convex side ; the
outline of concave side somewhat, though but slightly, convex along
the swollen half or more of the length, concave posteriorly. Great-
est diameter contained 5? to 6°6 times in the length of the shell.
Aperture oblique, subcircular, the peristome inflexed along the con-
vex margin. Posterior aperture very small, round and with four
small distinct notches, two on each side ; teeth very short.

Length 9°8, diam. at aperture 1 x 1, at greatest inflation 1°6 x
1.6, at apex 0°52 x 0°6 mill.

Length 9°7, antero-posterior diam. at aperture 1:0, at greatest in-
flation 1°45, at apex 0°5 mill. (specimens).

Length 9°5, greatest diameter about 2°0; anterior aperture 1:0,
and posterior aperture 0°4 mill. (Bush).

Cape Hatteras, very abundant in 7-48 fms. (U.S. Fish Commis-
sion, Rush) ; Old Providence in 382 fms. (Dall); Vera Cruz, Mea-
ico (Heilprin & Baker).

C. curolinensis Busu, in Verrill, Res. Exp]. Albatross, 1883, Ann.
Rep. Commissioner Fish and Fisheries for 1883, art. xvi, p. 587,
(1885); Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 471, pl. 45, f. 19 (June, 1885).
—Datt, Rep. Blake Gastr. & Scaph., p. 480 (1889); Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 78.

CA DULUS—POLYSCHIDES. 153

This species does not attain the dimensions of C. spectabilis, and
it differs from the tetraschistus group in being decidedly inflated.
The aperture is formed as in tetraschistus.

Specimens in rather poor condition from Vera Cruz, Mexico, are
small, length 7:5 mill., but we do not doubt their specific identity
with the Carolinian examples, some of which are under 8 mill. long.

Var. BusHIt Dall. PI. 33, figs. 58, 59.

Shell resembling C. carolinensis, but somewhat smaller, more
abruptly constricted behind the swollen portion, and with the
posterior orifice a little smaller. Length 65; max. diam., 1:25
mill.

Barbados, in 100 fms. (Blake.)

Cadulus (carolinensis var. ?) Bushii Dau, ‘ Blake’ Gastr. and
Scaph., p. 480, 1889.

In the present uncertainty as to what constitutes a species in this
group, or what is the range of specific variation, it is impossible to
say whether this form should be regarded as a species, or as a
variety of C. carolinensis Bush. (Dall.)

The figures are from camera lucida sketches kindly furnished by
Dall.

C. specTaBILis Verrill. Pl. 25, fig. 64.

Shell very large for the genus, rather strongly curved, especially
behind the middle, swollen and somewhat angular and gibbous a
short distance back of the aperture. The gibbosity or swelling
affects most the dorsal side, but is distinct also on the sides and
ventrally ; in advance of this swollen part the shell narrows rapidly
to the aperture, the decrease being much the greatest on the dorsal
side. The aperture is oblique and elliptical in outline, the dorsal
margin being distinctly flattened. From the anterior swelling the
shell tapers regularly and gradually backward, with an increasing
curvature. The posterior opening is not very large, a little flat-
tened, and its margin, when perfect, has a moderately deep notch
on each side and a shallower one both above and below. The shell
is translucent and the surface is everywhere smooth and polished,
but shows irregular alternating bands of lighter and darker shade,
due to greater or less transparency of the substance, and there are
also faint longitudinal whitish lines visible in the substance of the
shell, but not affecting the surface (Verril/).

154 CA DULUS—POLYSCHIDES.

Length, 22 mill.; greatest diameter, 4; breadth of the oral aper-
ture 2; diameter of posterior aperture, 1 mill.

Atlantic, east of New Jersey and Maryland, from “Albatross.”
Station 2,043 in 1,467 fathoms (lat. 39° 49’, lon. 68° 28’ 30” to sta-
tions 2,174, 2,221, 2,222 and 2, 228 (the latter in lat. 37° 25’, lon..
73° 06’), in 1,525 to 1,594 fathoms (U.S. F.C.). Near St. Vincent,
West Indies, in 464 fms. (Blake Exp.).

Cadulus spectabilis VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 432, pl.
44, f. 19, (1885).— Dati, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xviii, p. 429
(1889): Bull. U.S: Nat: Mus: Ne. 37, pp. 76; plaa6; aed a:

“The specimen from St. Vincent is of a more even ivory white,
and rather less attenuated posteriorly than the specimens from New
England ; otherwise it seems to agree fairly with them (Dall).

“The species is remarkable for its great size, exceeding even C.
grandis; for its gibbous swelling close to the anterior end; and for
the rapid and strongly marked contraction of the oral aperture.
By the last named feature it is readily distinguished from C. grandis.
Taken in the largest numbers at Station 2,221, lat. 39° 05’ 30”, lon.
70° 44’ 30”, where about twenty-five specimens occurred, part of
them living” (Verrill).

C. cgRaNbDis Verrill. Pl. 25, fig. 66.

General appearance of the shell much like that of C. pandionis,
but more than twice as large, without the abrupt bulging at the
largest part, which is a characteristic feature of the latter, and with
a relatively larger posterior aperture.

The shell is, for the genus, large and strong, translucent bluish-.
white when living, milk-white when dead, with a highly polished
surface, only faintly marked by the lines of growth when perfect.
The shell is moderately curved, the greater part of the curvature
being behind the middle, and is largest at about the anterior third,
the decrease being very gentle and regular in both directions, but a
little more rapid towards the anterior end. The dorsal side is a lit-
tle flattened towards the aperture, which is decidedly oblique and
very broad-elliptical. ‘The posterior aperture is relatively rather
large, circular, with the edge a little thickened and divided into.
four rounded notches, the two upper ones being usually a little
deeper and farther apart than the two ventral ones.

Length of one of the largest examples, 15 mill.; greatest diam-
eter, 3°5; transverse diameter of the oral end, 3; vertical diameter,

CA DULUS—POLYSCHIDES. 155.

2°5; diameter of the posterior end, 1°3 mill. Some specimens exceed
these dimensions ( Verrill).

Off eastern coast of the United States, from “Albatross”? Station
2,052, south of La Have Bank, east from Nantucket, lat. 39° 40’ 05”,
lon. 69° 21’ 25”, in 1,098 fims., to Station 2,115 near Cape Hatteras,
in 843 fms.; at several intermediate stations in 906-1,290 fms. At
Station 2,043 in 1,467 fms., one large malformed specimen occurred
(U.S. Fish Commission).

Cadulus grandis VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 219, pl. 44,
f. 20 (1884).

This species might readily be mistaken for a large form of C.
pandionis, but it differs from the latter in having a larger posterior
aperture, a more nearly circular oral aperture, and especially in the
absence of the abrupt bulging at the largest part. The form is
usually less curved, although in this respect both species are some-
what variable. This shell is, however, much thicker and in every
way more robust ( Verrill).

C. pau Pilsbry & Sharp, n.sp. PI. 30, figs. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.

Shell rather large, but little curved, smooth and glossy, but upon
revolving the shell a sort of excessively shallow, irregular, longi-
tudinal suleation may be seen by the play of light on the larger
third of the shell, at least in some specimens; bluish-white and
slightly translucent, sometimes more opaque upon the dilated por-
tion. Moderately swollen posteriorly, the greatest diam. contained
about 53 times in the length of the shell, equator not defined, at
about the anterior third to fourth of the length, in front of that
point moderately contracted, behind it rather rapidly tapering.
Outline of concave side slightly or not perceptibly convex in the
neighborhood of the inflation ; otherwise nearly straight along the
larger half or two-thirds of the length, concave posteriorly. Tube a
trifle compressed vertically in the inflated part, elsewhere nearly
circular in section. Aperture slightly oblique, circular or nearly
so, the peristome thin and acute. Anal orifice subcircular, the edge
with a rather deep incision on each side, the dorsal (concave side)
margin cut into three, the ventral (convex) into two rounded lobes
or teeth by shallower incisions; a short distance within a slight cal-
lous ring may be seen.

Length 13:7 mill. ; diam. at aperture 2:0 x 21, at greatest infla-
tion 2°45 x 2°56, at apex 09x 0°9 mill, (the antero-posterior dimen-
sions in each case preceding).

156 CADULUS.

Another specimen, figs. 21,22, 23, measures, length 11:2, diam at
aperture 1°66 x 1°66, at greatest 2°22 x 2:22, at apex 0°72 x 0°8 mill.

West Coast of Patagonia at Fish Commission Station 2,783, S. lat.
51° 2’, lon. 74° 8’, in 122 fms. mud, bottom temp. 47°; Sta. 2,784,
S. lat. 48° 41’, lon. 74° 24’ in 194 fms., temp. 51°; and at other
stations in 258 and 449 fms.; Magellan Strait in 369 fms., bottom
temp. 46°.

Comparatively few specimens show the terminal teeth; they are
usually broken off, leaving only the two deeper lateral slits visible.

The apical slitting, when preserved, is on the plan of C. parisien-
sis (Desh.) in having two deeper lateral slits, but the lobes of the
anterior and posterior segments are fewer. None of the Atlantic
species with denticulate apices are like this, so far as we can judge
by what we have seen and the published figures. The specimen
drawn in figs. 21-23 is more contracted towards the mouth than
the larger one figured, and is quite circular in section, the other
being a mere trifle flattened. C. dalliis more inflated than C. quad-
ridentatus or quadrifissatus.

Types are No. 123,746, U.S. Nat. Mus., from Station 2,783 ; the
smaller specimen figured is one of No. 122,736. The specimens
from Magellan Strait are not so large, two measuring, a, length 9,
greatest diam. 1°8 mill.; 6, length 10°7, greatest diam. 1°8 mill.

Section Capuius Philippi, 1844.

Cadulus Puru., Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 209. Type Dentaliwm
ovulum Phil.

Shell somewhat cask-shaped, short and obese, conspicuously swol-
len in the middle, tapering rapidly toward both ends: convex on
all sides, though less so dorsally. Aperture with simple, thin peri-
stome; anal orifice comparatively large, with simple edge, con-
tracted by a wide circular callus or ledge just within the opening.

Cadulus in the restricted sense comprises the short, obese forms,
in which no side of the shell is really concave, although the dorsal
is less convex than the other contours, and the apical orifice is con-
tracted by a conspicuous callous ring just within the edge. This cal-
lus is also developed in many species of Polyschides, Gadila, etc., but
in these it is situated further within and is a comparatively feeble
structure.

The species now known are all Mediterranean and North Atlan-
tic, and are all quite small. This is, geologically, the latest in ap-
pearance of the several subordinate groups of the genus.

CADULUS. iT

C. ovutum (Philippi). PI. 32, fig. 40, 41.

Shell egg-shaped, inflated in the middle, more convex on one side,
very smooth; apertures circular and subequal. Length 3, diam. 2
mill. (Phil.)

Bay of Naples (Acton); Bay of Biscay (Travailleur Exped.,
1880) ; Pliocene of Calabria and Sicily ; Miocene, Piedmont.

Dentalium ovulum Patx., Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 208, pl. 27, f.
21 (1844) ; Handbuch der Conch. u. Malac., p. 222 (1853).—O. G.
Costa, Fauna di Napoli, p. 56, pl. 4, f. 3—C. ovulum JEFFREYS,
Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 375 (1880); P. Z.S., 1882, p. 666.—
Monts., Nuova Rivista Conch. Med., p. 21.—C. ovulus Sacco, Moll.
Terr. Terz. Piedm.e Ligur., xxii, p.115, pl. 10, f. 59-63.

This species is the type of the genus Cadulus. Philippi remarks
substantially as follows: Shell cask shaped, narrow at both ends,
almost circular in transverse section. Greatest thickness not in the
middle, but a little nearer the anterior end, which is obliquely
truncated and with a circular aperture 7s of a line wide and sur-
rounded by a simple peristome. The orifice at the posterior end is
7z wide, contracted, with a margin within, the peristome incised
and crenate. The affinity to D. coarctatum is evident, but the much
shortened form and large posterior aperture indicate a new genus
which may be called Cadulus.

A var. gibba from the Calabrian Pliocene is described by Segu-
enza, Form. Terz. Prov. Reggio (Calabria), p. 276, 1880.

C. cyatuus (Cristofori & Jan.). PI. 32, figs. 36, 37, 38, 39.

Shell small, thin, but rather solid, short, very much inflated in
the middle or slightly nearer the aperture, the inflation less on the
dorsal side (fig. 37) ; rapidly tapering toward each end. Surface
glossy, without visible growth striation. Aperture (fig. 36) rounded
oval, slightly wider than long, somewhat oblique, its diameter about
half that of the widest part of the shell; peristome simple, thin.
Anal orifice not much smaller than the aperture, round-oval, not
oblique, with a wide callous ring or shelf just within the edge, con-
tracting the orifice (fig. 38).

Length 2:2, antero-posterior diameters, aperture 0°58, greatest
1:21, apex 0°5 mill.; lateral diameters, aperture 0°63, greatest 1:21,
apex 0°66 mill.

Italy and Sicily ; Pliocene of Sicily and Calabria.

158 CADULUS.

Creseis cyathus Dr Cristorort & JAN, Catal. rer. Nat., p. 1.
—Cadulus ovulum var. attenwata Mon'rEeRSATO, Notizie Conch. foss.
Monte Pellegrino e Ficarazzi, p. 27 (no description).— Cadulus cya-
thus C. & J., Monts., Nuova Rivista, p. 21—C. “ alternatus”
Monts., JEFFREYS in coll.

Fossil at various points in the Pliocene. Smaller than C. ovulwm,
not so swollen in the middle of the dorsal part. This is the form
found living in the Mediterranean. It is apparently quite distinct
from CO. ovulum. We have not seen Cristofori & Jan’s catalogue,
and adopt the name cyathus from Monterosato, who identifies his
C. ovulum var. attenuata with that species.

The figures represent lateral, ventral and apical views, and out-
lines of aperture and “ equator.”

C. AMPULLACEUS Watson. PI. 25, fig. 58.

Shell small, rounded, but not symmetrical in its two curves, con-
tracted in front, pinched in behind so as to form a short tube, swol-
len, the fullest bulge lying behind the middle. Pretty strong,
polished and translucent white, with an opaque band close to the
apex; sculpture none; mouth large, very slightly oblique; edge
thin and chipped. Apical opening slightly oval, small, straight,
roughened, narrowed inside by a flat, concentrically puckered and
margined ring, which occupies nearly half its diameter (0°014 and
0:006 inch). The margin (about 0:001 thick) of this ring is formed
by the projecting end of a short pipe (about 0:005 long) which
passes up into the interior of the shell. Length 0:08 inch, breadth
at mouth 0°02, at broadest 0:047, at apex 0°016 inch. ( Watson).

Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fms. (Challenger).

Cadulus ampullaceus Warson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p.
529 (1879) ; Chall. Scaph., p. 28, pl. 3, f. 11 (1885).

This species is not only much smaller than C. ovudum Phil., from
the Mediterranean, but is obviously very different in form and pro-
portions. It differs from C. exiguus Wats. in being much rounder,
has no tube anteriorly, is not nearly so elongated posteriorly, and
is provided with a distinct posterior pipe. ( Wats.).

I think it not impossible that C. gibbus, which I know only from
description and figures, may turn out to be my C. ampullaceus.

( Wats.).

CADULUS. 159

‘C. aipsus Jeffreys. Pl. 24, fig. 24.

Shell barrel shaped, gibbous in the middle, whence there is an
abrupt slope towards each end; these are equal in breadth; it is
rather solid, glossy and semitransparent; sculpture none; color
white. Mouth obliquely truncated ; base slightly notched, but not
quite perfect. Length 0:1, breadth 0°05 inch. (Jeffreys).

Bay of Biscay (Travailleur Exp.) and North Atlantic (Porcupine
Exp., 1870, Sta. 13).

— Cadulus gibbus JEFFR., P. Z. S., 1882, p. 666, pl. 49, f 10; Amn.
Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), vi, p. 375 (no description).

Allied to C. ovulum of Philippi, but much smailer and not so
oval, and the ends are equal in size. (Jeffr.).

C. Exicuus Watson. PI. 25, fig. 6.

Shell very small, short, broad, pinched in and projecting at both
ends, very slightly bent, and that almost entirely in front; very
much swollen in the middle, bulging on the concave curve, a little
more attenuated behind ; pretty strong, polished, translucent and
white, with an opaque white band round the apex. Sculpture none ;
mouth large, straight; edge thin and chipped. Apical opening
small, straight, chipped, narrowed inside by a minute shelf-like pro-
jecting ring. Length 0:076 inch, breadth at mouth 0:016, at broad-
est 0°035, at apex 0°01 inch. ( Watson).

Lat. 18° 38 80” N., Long. 65° 5’ 30" W. Culebra Island, West
Indies, 390 fathoms (Challenger).

C. exiquus Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 528 (1879) ;
Chall. Report, Scaphopoda, p. 23, pl. iii, fig. 10 (1885).

It differs from Cadulus ovulum Phil. in being very much smaller,
rounder, and contracted into a tube at either end. ( Watson).

€. opEsus Watson. PI. 25, fig. 53.

Shell short, very broad, narrowed at both ends, little bent, and
that almost entirely toward the mouth, very much swollen in the
middle, and bulging a good deal on the concave curve, a little more
attenuated behind, and very slightly laterally compressed (in the
proportion of 14 to a little less than 15). It is pretty strong,
polished, translucent white, with one, sometimes two, opaque rings
near the apex. Sculpture: a few very vague and faint, distant,
transverse lines; mouth rather large, straight; edge thin and much

160 CADULUS.

chipped. Apical opening small and straight, chipped, narrowed
inside by a minute shelf-like projecting ring. Length 0-109 inch,
breadth at mouth 0-02, greatest 0°04 ; at apex 0:01 inch. ( Watson).

Lat. 18° 38’ 80" N., Long. 65° 5 30" W. Culebra Island, West
Indies, 390 fathoms (Challenger).

C. obesus Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 527, 528.
(1879); Chall. Report, Scaphopoda, p. 22, pl. 3, fig. 8.—Daut,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 36; “ Blake’ Scaphopoda, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., xvii, p. 431.

This is nearly of the same proportions as Cadulus curtus except.
being very much broader ; like that too, it is narrowed laterally. I
have hesitated very much in making it more than a variety, but on
the whole, think it safer to reckon it as distinct. One specimen has
its width exaggerated by a gibbous pad of enamel. ( Watson).

C. rumrposus Jeffreys. PI. 25, figs. 67, 68, 69.

Shell forming a short spindle, slightly bulging in the middle on
the lower or more concave part, and very gibbous on the back or
outside, somewhat curved, contracted towards both ends, but much
narrower at the base, rather solid, glossy and semitransparent.
Sculpture none, except microscopic and close set lines; color whit-
ish; mouth roundish-oval, obliquely truncated or sloping to the
back; the inner margin is furnished with a slight circular rib or
thickening like that in many species of Helix; base notched on each
side, asin C. subfusiformis. Length 0-2, breadth 0-075 inches. (Jef-
freys).

Channel Slope, 557 fms. (Porcupine Exped.); Bay of Biscay,
292-1095 fms. (Josephine Exped.) ; Azores, 1000 fms., and Cana-
ries, 1125 fms. (Challenger) ; 90 miles N. of Ceara, Brazil, in 1019
fms. (Albatross) ; Fossil in Pliocene at Messina (Seguenza).

Cadulus tumidosus JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 156
(1877); P. Z. S., 1882, p. 665; pl. 49, £8; Ann= Map, Noda
vi, p. 317 (1880).—Warson, Chall. Rep., p. 22, pl. 3, f. 9 (1885).—
Datu, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 295 (1890).

This is much larger and more gibbous than C. subfusiformis, and
like that species, it varies in shape and size. It has the character
on which Monterosato lays stress in generically separating C. sub-
fusiformis from C. ovulum, viz., in the month or anterior opening
being more or less thickened inside by a circular rib. Some speci-
mens are faintly or indistinctly striated lengthwise. (Jeffr.).

CADULUS. 161

I have failed to see the callus-rib in the mouth to which Jeffreys
refers; but there is within the posterior opening a circular rib or
narrow sharp ledge, which, from the outside, is seen as an opaque
band, but with some difficulty may be seen within as a narrow pro-
jJecting shelf. The edge of the apex seems to me rather chipped
than regularly notched ( Watson).

This species, known to me by specimens in Jeffrey’s collection, is
rather more slender than C. cyathus.

C. curcuRBITA Dall. PI. 25, fiy. 54.

This little shell is perhaps best described by saying that in form
it is about midway between C. obesus Watson and C. tumidosus
Jeffr.; being larger than the former and more evenly tapered from
the middle than either. It wants the ledge within the aperture at
both ends, is polished, translucent, and without perceptible sculp-
ture ; neither of the apertures appear to be oblique; both are circu-
lar.

Length 4:0, oral diameter 0°62, anal diameter 0°37 mill.; maxi-
mum diameter 1°25 mill. (Da//).

Fernandina to Florida Strait, 294-310 fms.

Cidulus eurcurbitus Dat, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 35 (1881).—
Cadulus curcurbita Daux, Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, Blake Rep., p. 431,
pl2/, t. 12d;-Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 78.

The single specimen obtained [by the Blake] recalls C. gibbus
Jeffreys, but is very much larger and differently proportioned

(Dail).

C. ampHora Jeffreys. Pl. 24, fig. 25.

Shell resembling in shape an ancient wine-vessel without handles,
bulging towards the middle, gently curved, narrowing towards each
end, but more contracted at the base or point, rather solid, glossy
and opaque ; sculpture consisting of a slight but distinct keel which
encircles the shell on the upper two-fifths of its length ; that part is
somewhat excavated or flattened ; no striz of growth are percepti-
ble. Color white. Mouth circular, not oblique or sloping; base
notched on each side. Length 0:1, breadth 0°35 inch (Jeffreys).

Atlantic Station 16, Porcupine Exp. 1870.

Cadulus amphora JEFFR., P. Z. S., 1882, p. 665, pl. 49, f. 9.
ah

162 CADULUS—-GADILA.

Section GapiLA Gray, 1847.

Gadila Gray, P. Z.S., 1847, p. 159, for Dent. gadus Mont.

Helonyx Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Conch., i, p. 63 (1865), for Dent.
clavatum Gld.

Gadus “ Montagu? Rang, 1829,” Conrap, Amer. Jour. Conch.,
ii, p. 75, for pusillum Gabb, subcoarctata Gabb, thallus Conr. ; also of
Gaps and some others. Not Gadus Linn. (Pisces). Ditrupa of
Gabb, Guppy and some other authors. Not Ditrupa Berkeley
(Vermes). Dentalium sp., of some early authors.

? Loxoporus JEFFREYS, apparently undescribed, and type un-
known (said by Sacco to be C. subfusiformis Sars.)

Shell decidedly curved, the general contour convex ventrally,
concave dorsally; more or less swollen near the middle or toward
the aperture, more tapering toward the apex ; apical orifice not con-
tracted by a callous ring, or with the callus far within and weak ;
edges not slit. Type C. gadus Mont.

The synonym Gadus, used by some authors for this genus, seems
to have originated in a series of errors. The name Gadus was used
by Montagu for a species of Dentalium as he understood that genus.
It was never used by him for a genus. Rang, in his Manuel de
V Hist. Nat. Moll., p. 116, 1829, seems to think that Montagu made
a genus Gadus. It is mentioned by him in the text under “ Crests,”
a new genus of Pteropods. He merely says: “ Nous réunissons, par
analogie, les genres Vaginelle de Daudin et Gadus de Montagu,
connus A état fossile.”’ Deshayes adopts Gadus Rang for three
species of Dischides and Polyschides, but from his remarks it may
be gathered that he would also include the species of Cadulus proper.

It need only be added that Gadus was preoccupied when Rang
wrote, by Linnzeus, for a genus of fishes of which the common cod is
the type.

Loxoporus Jeffr. seems never to have been recognized by its author
in print. The genus loving Italians have adopted it for C. subfust-
formis, though the etymology suggests rather its pertinence to typi-
cal Cadulus.

This group, which includes a great majority of the species of the
genus, is more attenuated and more bent than typical Cadulus, and
lacks the apical slits and teeth of Dischides and Polyschides.

There are several quite strongly marked groups of species, and
one, the group of C. dentalinus, will probably form a separate section
eventually. Meantime, a geographic grouping of the forms, accord-

CADULUS-GADILA. 163

ing to the scheme given below, will probably be the most generally
useful.
I. Species of moderately stout figure.
1. Species of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Gulf of Mex-
ico.
2. Species of west America, Cape Horn to Alaska, p. 177.
3. Indo-Pacific and Australasian species, p. 182.
II. Needle-shaped species, with the swelling very near the aperture.
Group of C. dentalinus, p. 188.

1. Atlantic, Mediterranean and Antillean species.
Group of C. subfusiformis.

Small forms, but little swollen, with the greatest diameter situated
near the middle of the length.

C. SUBFUSIFORMIS (M. Sars.) PI. 24, figs. 29,31, 32.

Shell cylindric, long, subfusiform, only a very little swollen in the
middle, a little arcuate, almost equally tapering at each end, thin,
pellucid, very smooth, shining, the apical orifice a little narrower
than the mouth. Length 2°6, diam. 0°5 mill. (G. O. Sars).

Scandinavia, from Finmark to Christiana Fjord, in 40-650 fms.
(Sars). Shetland (Jeffreys). Bay of Biscay (Travailleur). Pal-
ermo (Monterosato).

Siphonodentalium subfusiforme M. Sars, Forh. Videns. Selskabet,
1865, p. 301-307, pl. 6, f. 36-40; pl. 7, f. 41-44.—Cadulus subfusi-
formis Sars, JEFrREys, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xx, p. 251 (1867) ;
(4), ii, p. 299, 301 (1868) ; (4), v, p. 274; vi, p. 74 (1870); (5), vi,
p. 875 (1880); P. Z.S., 1882, p. 664.—Arap. & Ben., Conch. Mar.
Sicil., p. 118 (1870).—G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 106, pl.
20, f. 14 a-6.

Helonyx subfusiformis and var. abyssicola Monts., Nuovo Rivista
Conch. Med., p. 20, 21 (1875). Not C. subfusiformis Jeffreys, Brit.
Conch., v, p. 196, pl. 101, f. 83=C. jeffreysi Monts.

In C. subfusiformis the mouth is circular and abruptly truncated ;
in C. jeffreyst the mouth is rounded-oval and obliquely truncated.
Both species occur on the western coast of Norway as well as in
Shetland (./effr.).

Var. abyssicola Montersato. Very small, although adult.
Palermo, in 210 meters.

164 CADULUS-GADILA.

C. minuscutus Dall. PI. 32, figs. 42, 43.

Shell minute, fusiform, moderately swollen in the middle, the
greatest diameter contained nearly four times in the length of the
shell. Convex outline regularly and strongly arcuate ; opposite out-
line nearly straight, very slightly convex near the middle and as
slightly concave toward each end ; lateral outlines as seen in a dor-
sal or ventral view, strongly arcuate, much tapering toward each
end. Greatest girth about median, or a little nearer the aperture.
Tube a little compressed between the concave and convex sides in the
middle, subcircular in section toward the ends. Surface smooth,
glossy, whitish. Aperture hardly oblique (broken in the specimen
seen), circular. Anal orifice nearly as large as the aperture, sub-
circular, unslit.

Length 2°33 mill.; antero-posterior diameter of aperture 0°342, of
greatest girth 0°58, of apex 0°29 mill.; lateral diameter, aperture
0:342, equator 0'616, apex 0:3 mill.

| Off Hatteras in 63 fms. (U.S. Fish Commission).

Cadulus minusculus Day, Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, Blake Rep., p. 432
(1889); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 78.

Very similar to C. subfusiformis in form and size, but minusculus
is somewhat stouter, with the aperture less oblique. C. jeffreysi is
larger with oval apertures, and is more attenuated toward the apex.
Our figures and description are from the type, No. 93,122, U.S. Nat.
Mus.

C. JEFFREYsI (Monterosato). PI. 24, fig. 39; pl. 32, figs. 44, 45, 46.

Shell small, thin, quite arcuate, moderately swollen, the greatest
diameter contained slightly over 4 times in the length of the shell.
Convex side with strongly, regularly arched outline, concave -side
with gently but distinctly convex swell in the middle, concave toward
each end. Greatest girth nearly median, but slightly nearer the
oral end, the swelling everywhere gentle, “equator” indistinct.
Tube circular in section at the middle, laterally compressed toward the
aperture, vertically compressed toward the apex. Surface glossy,
smooth ; of a bluish-milky color, a little translucent, becoming more
translucent near the aperture. Aperture oval, being compressed from
side to side, somewhat oblique, the peristome thin. Anal orifice
strongly compressed between the convex and concave sides, with unslit
edges.

CADULUS-GADILA. 165

Length 3:16 mill. ; antero-posterior diameter of aperture 0°37, of
greatest swelling 0-766, of apex 0°25 mill.; lateral diam. of aperture
0°45, greatest 0°766, apex 0°342 mill.

Mediterranean Sea, from the Afgean, 130-250 fms., to Palermo and
St. Vito, 90-200 meters (Monterosato) ; Naples (Acton, et al.) ; off
Bayonne (De Folin) and Marseilles; north and east Atlantic from
the Canaries (Challenger), Josephine Bank and Azores (Josephine
Exp.), Bay of Biscay (for var. tumidula Jeffr.), north to Valentia,
west of Ireland, Shetland and Norway (Jeffreys) ; west Atlantic, off
Martha’s Vineyard in 115 fms. (U.S. Fish Commission), off Barba-
dos (Blake); south Atlantic, St. Helena (Smith); Pliocene of Calabria
and Sicily.

Cadulus subfusiformis Sars, JEFFREYS, British Conchology, v, p.
196, pl. 101, f.3. Not of Sars.—Helonyx jeffreysti Monts., Poche
note sulla Conch. Medit., in Atti Accad. Palerm. Sci. (Ser. 2), v,
p- 20; Nuova Rivista Conch. Medit., p.20 (1875); Enum. eSinon.,
p- 17; Nomencl. Gen. e Spee. Conch. Medit., p. 34 (1884).— Cadu-
lus jeffreysi Monts., JEFFREYS, P. Z. S., 1882, p. 665.—VERRILL,
Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., v, p. 559 (1882); Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
iii, p. 895 (1880).—Datt, Bull. M. C. Z., xviii; Blake Rep., p.
430 (1889) ; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 76.—Smrru, P. Z.S.,
1890, pp. 253, 800.—Marsna LL, Journ. of Conch., vii, p. 248.—C.
propinquus VERRILL, Tr. Conn. Acad., v, p. 558, pl. 58, f. 31, 32.
Not of G. O. Sars.— C. diploconus SeGuEnza, according to Jeflreys.

Although it varies in size, the shell is always much larger and
more swollen than C. subfusiformis ( Jeffreys).

Our figures and description are from a Palermo specimen from
the Jeffreys collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 107,704. The var.
tumidula mentioned by Jeffreys, has not, so far as we know, been

described.

C. Graciis Jeffreys. Pl. 24, fig. 23.

Shell more curved and cylindrical than C. subfusiformis (to
which it is evidently allied), not swollen in the middle, but through-
out nearly equal in breadth; the mouth slopes more, and has a
slight circular rib or thickening within; base broader. Oblique
marks of growth are conspicuous. Length 0:2, breadth 0°04 inches
(Jeffreys). z

Bay of Biscay (Travailleur Exped.) and north Atlantic (Porcupine
Exped.), 652-1,450 fms. Off San Miguel, Azores, 1,000 fms., and

166 CADULUS-GADILA.

Canaries, 1,125 fms. (Challenger). Off Cape Hatteras in 843 fms.
(U.S. Fish Commission).

Cadulus gracilis JurrReEys, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 157 (Feb.
1877), and (5), vi, p.375 (1880); P. Z.S., 1882, p. 664, pl. 49, f. 7—
Warson, Challenger Rep., p. 20, pl. 3, f.5 (1885).—Da tt, Bull. M.
C. Z., xviii, Blake Rep., p. 482 (1889).

It is very like C. jeffreysi Monts., but is larger and a little more
compressed (in the proportion of z's) between the convex and con-
cave curves as compared with its breadth, which is not the case in
C. jeffreysi. It is not so swollen, and the posterior opening is larger
than in that species ( Watson).

C. propinquus G. O. Sars. PI. 24, figs. 27, 28.

Shell rather solid, pellucid, glassy, slightly curved, conspicuously
fusiform, the middle moderately swollen, ventral [convex] side
equably arcuate, dorsal side slightly rising in the middle: anteriorly
tapering. Aperture little oblique, suddenly contracted behind ;
apical orifice much narrower than the mouth, circular, with entire
margin. Surface very smooth and shining, generally with a sub-
opaque zone anteriorly ; there is a readily observable internal, sub-
apical annular fold. Length 3-2, diam. 1 mill. (G. O. Sars).

Finmark and west coast of Norway, 100-450 fms. (Sars); Bay of
Biscay (Travailleur Exped.).

Cadulus propinquus G. O.S., Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 106, pl.
20, f.15 a—-6b, and pl. I, f. 5, dentition (1878).—JerFrreys, Ann.
Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 875 (1880); P. Z. S., 1882, p. 664. Not C
propinquus Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 558, pl. 58, f. 31, 82.

C. CYLINDRATUS Jeffreys. Pl. 24, fig. 26.

Shell forming a narrow cylinder, slightly contracted at each
end, gently curved, thin, transparent and glossy; sculpture none,
except a few microscopic and faint lines of growth. Mouth some-
~what obliquely truncated, but not thickened; base circular, with
numerous minute notches, which are not perceptible to the naked
eye. Length 0525, breadth 0°075 inch. (Jeffreys).

Off west coast of Ireland, 1,215-1,475 fms. (Porcupine Exped.) ;
Bay of Biscay, 652-1,450 fms. (Travailleur Exp.).

Cadulus cylindratus JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 158
(1877); P. Z.8., 1882, p. 664, pl: 49, f. 6; Ann. Mag: N. Ea

CADULUS-GADILA. 167

vi, p. 375, name only (1880).— VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p.
220 (1884).

Verrill reports this species from Fish Commission Station 2,041, in
1,608 fms.

C. LuNuLA Dall. PI. 25, fig. 55.

Shell translucent white, smooth, destitute of sculpture ; dorsum
nearly straight, slightly inflated near the middle; oral end con-
tracted, not flattened, and more slender at the mouth than the pos-
terior end; the shell largest in the middle, and tapering nearly
equally to both ends; apertures simple, circular, the oral one ob-
lique and quite contracted in proportion to the rather stout form of
the shell, which, but for the curve of the convex side and extreme
ends, would be nearly evenly fusiform ; there is no gibbosity, and,
though the anal aperture is the larger, it seems unbroken. Length
6:0 mill., oral diam. 0°75, anal 0°87 mill.; maximum diam. 1°5 mill.
(Dall).

Off Cape Lookout, N. C., 18 fms. (Albatross) ; Barbados, in 100
fms. (Blake); Florida Keys, in deep water.

C. lunulus Dawn, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 85 (1881).—C. lunula
Datt, Ibid, xviii, p. 431, pl. 27, f. 8 (1889); Bulli. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
INGwo, p. (8, pli27, £3.

Most like C. simillimus Watson, from which it differs in its more
even half-moon shape and proportions. (Dal/).

Group of C. olivi.

Species in which the greatest diameter is at the anterior third or
fourth of the length, the shell tapering considerably posteriorly.

C. watsoni Dall. PI. 25, fig. 50.

Shell translucent white, polished, showing faintly the annular
lines of growth; slightly curved, with the greater portion of the
curve in the anal third ; tapering rapidly from the oral third to the
posterior end; the oral third flattened on the convex side toward
the mouth; this portion also tapered laterally in the same direction ;
oral aperture perceptibly oblique in the most perfect specimen,
slightly so in another; the transverse diameter of the mouth very
slightly longer than the vertical diameter. Length 13:0, oral diam.
15, anal 0°6 mill ; maximum diam. 2°25 mill. (measured from front
to back); maximum transverse diameter 2°9 mill. (Dall).

168 CADULUS-GADILA.

Yucatan Strait, near Cape San Antonio, in 413 and 1,002 fms.
(Blake) ; also off Old Providence, in 382 fms. (U.S. Fish Commis-
sion). °

Cadulus watsont Dau, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 34 (1881); xviii,
Blake Rep., p. 429, pl. 27, f. 12a (1889); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No.
37, p. 76.—VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vi, p. 219 (1884).

It is reported from off Cape Hatteras by Verriil, who compares
the species to C. pandionis. The greatest diameter is contained 43
times in the length in C. watsont. In C. rushii it is decidedly less,
being contained nearly 6 times in the length, and the tube is less
compressed at the equator.

C. rusau Pilsbry & Sharp,n. sp. Pl. 27, figs. 94, 95, 96, 97.

Shell moderately solid, large, moderately arcuate, the bend mainly
posterior; outline of convex side almost evenly arched, but more
convex near the larger end; outline of opposite side nearly straight
along the anterior half, the posterior half decidedly concave; great-
est diameter contained 53-6 times in the length of shell. Swelling
quite moderate, greatest at about the anterior fourth of the length,
thence tapering gently to the aperture, and decidedly toward the
apex, the posterior half of the shell being conspicuously attenuated.
Tube compressed between the concave and convex sides throughout.
Surface glossy and smooth; opaque white. Aperture quite oblique,
subcircular, but viewed in line with the axis of the latter portion of
the tube it is oval. Apex small, rounded-oval, its margin even.

Length 11:6; antero-posterior diameter at aperture 1:4, at great-
est swelling 1:8, at apex 0°53 mill.; lateral diameter at aperture 1°6,
at greatest 2:0, at apex 0°6 mill.

Off Cape Hatteras, lat. 35° 19’ 30", long. 75° 14’ 12”, in 293 fms.
(Dr. Wi. ic hush):

The equator is more anterior than in C. pandionis, and the swell-
ing decidedly less in proportion to the length of the shell. The
tube is less flattened vertically than in C. watsoni Dall, the aperture
a shorter, rounder oval, and the whole shell more slender.

There is generally no noticeable callous ring within the anal
opening, but in some specimens a very slight one, far within, seems
to be developed.

C. acassizit Dall. PI. 25, fig. 57.

Shell translucent white, with more opaque annulations, shining,
destitute of sculpture, excepting nearly imperceptible lines of growth,

CADULUS—GADILA. 169

very slightly curved, the dorsum being nearly straight except at the
posterior fourth, oral end very slightly tapered, not flattened ; pos-
terior part gently tapering from the anterior third; anal end rather
stout, opening simple, circular; oral end thin, mouth forming an
angle of 45° with the axis, simple, quite circular; the tube with no
pronounced gibbosity. Length 9, max. lat. 2, oral diameter 1°5
mill,; anal diam. 0°75, maximum diam. 2 mill. (Da//).

‘ Blake’ Station 5, in 229 fms. (Blake).

Cadulus agassiziti Dat, Bull. M.C. Z., ix, 1881, p. 35; Ibid, xviii,
Het30, pl.27,1.12¢; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus:, 37, po78; pl. 27,4, 12¢.

No more specimens of this species have come to hand. It is very
like C. pandionis Verrill, but has the anterior aperture less oblique,
the equator more marked, the posterior part proportionally shorter
and less attenuated. It is also smaller than C. pandionis. The
latter has about the same range as C. carolinensis, but has not been
found yet south of Fowey Rock, Straits of Florida, where it was
collected by Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S. N. (Dall).

Var. HATTERASENStS Sharp & Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 33, figs. 50, 51, 52,
53, 5-4.

Shell moderately strong, not much curved, the convex curve
more arcuate toward the larger end, opposite outline slightly con-
vex at the anterior third, concave behind and slightly so in front of
the convexity. Swelling moderate, greatest near the anterior third
of the length, thence tapering considerably toward each end; great-
est breadth contained about 43 times in the length of the shell.
Circular in section from the middle to the aperture, decidedly com-
pressed vertically at the apex. Surface smooth and glossy ; opaque
white, irregularly banded obliquely with translucent. Aperture
quite oblique, circular, the peristome inflexed along the convex
margin. Anal orifice transversely oval, with a stout callous ring a
short distance within.

Length 7'8 mill.; diam. at aperture 1:1 x 1:0; at greatest inflation
1:67 x 1°76; at apex 0°8 x 0:85 mill.

Length 7:9 mill.; diam. at aperture 1:°2x 1:25; at greatest 1°7
x 1:87, at apex 0°8 x 0°9 mill.

Off Cape Hatteras, lat. 35° 19’ 30”, lon. 75° 14 12”, in 293 fms.
qr WH. Rush, U.S. N.):

Probably referable to C. agassizii Dall as a variety, but showing
some rather prominent features not mentioned in Dall’s description.

170 CADULUS-GADILA.

It is also somewhat allied to C. watsoni in shape and proportions,
but our form is not “ flattened on the convex side toward the mouth,”
and the equator is subcircular, but little greater in transverse than
in vertical diameter. The callous ring within the vertically com-
pressed apical orifice is a conspicuous feature in hatterasensis.

C. wquauis Dall. PI. 25, fig. 48.

Shell opaque white, polished, without sculpture except a rare line
due to growth or some irregularity; very slightly curved with
hardly any gibbosity perceptible, such as there is being in the ante-
rior fifth of the shell; anal opening circular, simple, thin-edged, not
oblique; anterior opening somewhat oblique, slightly contracted,
nearly circular; the shell on the whole tapering regularly toward
the posterior end, which is stouter than usual in the genus. Length
15 mill., oral diam. 2 mill., anal 1 mill.; maximum diameter 2:5
mill. (Dall).

Near Tortugas, in 339 fms. (Blake).

C. equalis Dauy, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p.34 (1881) ; Ibid.,
Xviii, p. 429, pl. 27, fig. 9 (1889); Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum, No.
37, Pp: WO, pl. 2a tgs

This fine species is the least swollen of any of the forms from this
region, and only C. cylindratus Jeffreys exceeds it in this particular.
Its nearest relative is C. spectabilis Verrill, which is larger, less
cylindrical, more curved and more attenuated behind (Dal/).

C. otivi (Scacchi). Pl. 31, figs. 33, 34, 35.

Shell rather thin, moderately curved, the bend mainly posterior ;
moderately swollen, the “ equator” indistinctly angular, at the ante-
rior third of the length, slightly oblique; thence tapering moder-
ately to the mouth, and more rapidly posteriorly, becoming attenu-
ated toward the apex. Outline of concave side slightly modified,
becoming a trifle convex in the region of greatest inflation. Great-
est diameter contained 5 times in length of the shell. Tube very
slightly compressed between front and back curves. Surface polished,
without perceptible growth-striation. Aperture oblique, rounded
oval; anal orifice subcircular, its edge even, unslit.

Length 11:7 mill.; diam. at aperture 1:24 x 1°37, at greatest infla-
tion 2°06 x 2°33, at apex 0°48x 0°55 mill. (the antero-posterior di-
mensions given first in each case).

Pliocene of southern Italy and Sicily.

CADULUS-—GADILA. jab

Dentalium olivi Scaccut, Not. foss. Gravnia (Ann. Civ., 1835), p.
56, pl. 2, f.6, a, b (so quoted by Jeffreys; we have not seen the pub-
lication).

? Siphodentalium hyalinum BruGnong, Misc. Malace., pt. 2, p. 21,
fig. 32 (1876), according to Jeffreys.

Cadulus olivi Seacchi, JEFFREYS, P. Z.8., 1882, p. 663; Ann. Mag.
Nel..(4), xix, p. 157 ; also (5), vi, p. 317.

The specimen drawn and described is a Jeffreysian example from
the Sicilian Pliocene. The type locality is Gravnia, in southeastern
Italy. It is still somewhat doubtful whether the species has been
found living.» Jeffreys certainly confused at least three species
under the name ©. olivi at various times. We are disposed to be-
lieve that his “ o/ivi” with apical slits and a thickened rim around
the mouth belonged to some other species. He refers C. pandionis
to olivi as a synonym, but we do not think them identical. His
localities for recent specimens are: Flord, Norway (Norman) ; Bay
of Biscay; Palermo (Monts.) west of Ireland, 1,230 fms. ; south of the
English Channel, 862 fms. (Porcupine Exped.).

Siphodentalium hyalinum Brugnone, which Jeffreys refers to C.
olivi as a synonym, is thus described: Shell short, rather broad,
eylindric; arcuate, thin, very smooth and very shining; anterior
part obscurely attenuated ; aperture round, oblique; apex broken.
Length 8 mill. Ficarazzi. This was described from one specimen
and seems a rather doubtful form. Brugnone’s figure is reproduced
on pl. 33, fig. 61.

C. panpionis Verrill & Smith. PI. 25, fig. 63.

Shell very large for the genus, white, transparent, very smvoth
and polished, shining, strongly curved, largest in front of the mid-
dle, with the aperture oblique; sculpture none, the shell issomewhat
transversely elliptical in section, slightly gibbose and most swollen
at about the anterior third, on the convex side; from this point
gradually tapering to the slender posterior end and to the mouth,
which is slightly broader than high, and recedes considerably on the
convex side of the shell, with a thin, smooth margin. Posterior
opening small, with a semicircular notch above and below. Length
10, breadth 2:25, breadth of aperture 1°75, of anal aperture 0°40 mm,
(V. & S.)

South of Nantucket, east of New Jersey, at numerous stations near

40° N. lat., 85-500 fms. (Albatross).

p rp? CADULUS-GADILA.

Jadulus pandionis V. & S., VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Science, xx,

pp. 392, 399 (Nov. 1880) ; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 395 (1880) ;

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 558, pl. 58, f. 30, 30a; Rep. Commissioner

Fish and Fisheries, for 1883, appendix D, Nat. Hist., p. 573 (71),
pl. 28, f. 126 (1885).

C. pocuLuM Dall. PI. 33, figs. 56, 57.

Shell solid, opaque white, strongly arcuate, the bend mainly in
the posterior half. Equator at the anterior fifth, the swelling being
short and high, subangular on the convex side, in front of it the tube
is conspicuously compressed between the convex and concave sides,
and behind it regularly tapering to the apex ; outline of the concave
side slightly convex in the region of the equator, elsewhere concave ;
lateral outlines much contracted above. Surface polished, smooth,
Aperture extremely oblique, subcireular, but if viewed from above in
the line of the axis of the latter part of the shell, appearing trans-
versely elliptical. Anal orifice small, subcircular, with thick, slitless
walls.

Length 12:2, antero-posterior diameter at aperture 1°2, at equa-
tor 2:11, at apex 0°8 mill.; lateral diam. at aperture 1°65, equator
2°45, apex 0°83 mill.

Off Cape San Antonio, Cuba, in 640 fms. ; near St. Vincent, West
Indies, in 464 fms. (Blake).

Cadulus poculum Datu, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xviii, Blake Rep.,
p- 429 (1889). : .

The figures represent the lateral and convex aspects. “ This spe-
cies is remarkable for the obliquity of the equator and of the slope
on the convex side from the summit to the anterior margin. In
these particulars it is more strongly marked than any other species
I have seen.” (C. platystoma is stouter and not angularly hump-
backed like C. poculum. Figures and description from a specimen
in National Museum.

C. VULPIDENS Watson. PI. 25, fig. 51.

Shell like the canine tooth of a small Carnivore, long, sharp, bent,
swolien (a little obliquely) toward the mouth. The swelling is
greatest on the convex curve, and lies there a little nearer the end
(about one-fourth of the length) than it does on the concave, where
it is at about one-third of the length. The obliquity makes the form
a little unsymmetrical. From the swelling the shell contracts more
rapidly towards the mouth. Toward the apex the bend increases,

CADULUS—-GADILA. lic:

and the end of the shell is a very little contracted. The shell is
pretty strong, brilliant, opaquish white. Sculpture: Very minute,
but sharp, microscopic scratches on the lines of growth. Mouth
small, round, obliquely truncated backward toward the convex
curve. Edge thin and sharp. Posterior opening round; the edge
thick, flat, slightly gnawed and broken, projecting a little on the
convex curved side. Length 0°35 inch, breadth at mouth 0:039: at
swelling 0'069 ; at apex 0:03 ineh ( Watson).

Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fms. (Chall.).

Cadulus vulpidens Wars., Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., xiv, p. 524
(1879); Chall. Rep., p. 18, pl. 3, f. 2.

This is smaller and less symmetrical than Cadulus colubridens,
and the mouth is much smaller, Than Dentaliwm clavatum Gould,
which it much resembles, this is more contracted in front and less
so behind, and has more of angulation in its tumidity. Than Cadu-
lus gadus Mont., this is a much less stumpy shell, being less swollen
in the middle and more drawn out before and behind ; it is also
straighter. Cadulus ventricosus Bronn has the swelling nearer the
mouth ( Wats.).

C. sAURIDENS Watson. PI. 25, fig. 56.

Shell long, narrow, scarcely bent, swollen very slightly near the
middle of the convex curve, just perceptibly and a little more ante-
riorly on the concave; both the bend and the contraction are greater
towards the apex than towards the mouth. There is a very slight
compression between the back and the belly of the shell; it is thin,
brilliant, scarcely opaque, white. Sculpture: There is none, except
perhaps some very faint microscopic traces of longitudinal texture.
Mouth rather small, very oblique; edge thin, but not chipped.
Apical opening small, straight across the shell, thin, chipped. Length
0:12 inch, breadth at mouth 0-01, at swelling 0:02, at apex 0.009
inch. ( Watson).

Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fms. (Challenger).

Cadulus sauridens Wars., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 525
(1879) ; Chall. Rep., p. 19, pl. 8, f. 4 (1885).

This differs from Cadulus rastridens Wats., in being less bent, less
swollen, the swelling more central, more apparent on the convex
curve; the shell is less attenuated posteriorly and more so ante-
riorly ; there is no transverse sculpture; the mouth here is oblique,

174 CADULUS—GADILA.

the shell at the anal opening is not thickened, and both ends are
narrower. Than Cadulus gracilis Jeffr., this is much smaller, more
attenuated, has a gibbous swelling, and not a mere equable enlarge-
ment, and has both openings much smaller. —

From Cadulus jeffreysi Monter., it differs still more strongly in
these very respects, except that in size it is nearer.

C. amrantus Dall. PI. 25, fig. 52.

This species, first identified by me with C. sauridens Watson, was
submitted to Mr. Watson forexamination. He writes: “Compared
with C. sauridens it is three times as long, mouth not oblique nor
regular; form much more bent, swelling much more pronounced
and nearer the anterior end. The transverse contour line is more
circular, there being little if any flattening between the convex and
coneave slopes. It is more like C. vulpidens Watson, but is only
half the length of that species, and less conical behind the ‘ equa-
tor,’ and more conical in front of it. The equator is less angulated
than in C. vulpidens, and not so near the mouth.” The length of
©. amiantus is 5°75, its maximum diameter 1°4 mill. Both orifices
are circular and not notched, and the swelling evenly shades off
toward the extremities. ‘The specimens obtained off Cape Florida
are more slender than the typical form. (Dal/).

Off Cape San Antonio, Cuba, in 1,002 fms, (Blake); off Cape
Florida, in 8 fms. (Dr. W. H. Rush).

Cadulus sauridens Dawu, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 36 (1881); not of
Watson, 1879.—Cadulus amiantus Dauu, Bull. M. C. Z., xviii,
Blake Rep., p. 43], pl. 27, f. 7.

C. RASTRIDENS Watson. PI. 25, fig. 62.

Shell like the tooth of a rake, small, narrow, bent, swollen, and
on the convex curve very faintly angulated at about five-eighths of
its length, from which point both the bend and the narrowing of
the shell is greater (proportionally) toward the mouth than it is
toward the apex. Between the back and the belly there is a very
slight compression of the shell. It is pretty strong, brilliant, more
or less obscurely banded transversely with alternate equal threads
of opaque and transparent white. Sculpture: Very faint, superfi-
cial, transverse scratches. Mouth pretty large, not at all oblique,
thin, sharp and chipped; posterior opening round, straight; edge
thickened, and less chipped than the mouth. Length 0-119 inch,

CADULUS-GADILA. VS

breadth at mouth 0:015, at swelling 0°023, at apex 0:01 inch. ( Wat-
son).

Lat. 18° 38’ 30” N., long. 65° 5’ 30" W., Culebra Island, West
Indies, 390 fms. (Challenger).

C. rastridens Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Vol. xiv, p. 525
(1879) ; Chall. Report, Scaphopoda, p. 19, pl. 3, fig. 3 (1885).

©. curtus Watson. PI. 25, fig. 60.

Shell short, broad, narrowed at both ends, scarcely bent, and that
almost wholly near the mouth ; swollen in the middle, so as to bulge
a little on the concave curve. Though the mouth is larger than the
apex, the whole shell is a little more pinched in front than behind,
and is very slightly laterally compressed (in the proportion of about
14 to 15). It is thin, polished, translucent white, with one, some-
times two opaque rings near the apex. Sculpture: Only under a
high power of the microscope can some very close transverse striz
be seen in the texture of the shell. Mouth rather large, very
slightly oblique; edge thin and generally much chipped ; apical
opening small, straight, chipped. The opaque rings result from
thickening, caused by a thin projection which narrows the opening.
Length 0:1 inch, breadth at mouth 0:019, greatest 0°03, apex 0.012
inch. ( Watson).

Lat. 18° 38" 30" N., long. 65° 5’ 30” W., Culebra Island, West
Indies, 390 fms. (Challenger).

C. curtus Warson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 527 (1879) ;
Chall. Report, Scaphopoda, p. 21, pl. iii, fig. 7.

Than C. curtus var. congruens Wats., this is not only very much
smaller, but here the mouth is oblique, and the shell is straighter
behind and more bent in front, where, too, it is much more pinched
in. It is nearly of the same length as C. obesus Wats., but is very
much narrower. ( Wats.).

Var. CONGRUENS Watson. PI. 25, fig. 59.

This differs from Cadulus curtus Wats., in being one-third larger,
the mouth is, perhaps, less oblique, but being in both specimens
much chipped, this may be accidental. The most remarkable feat-
ure of difference is that it is perfectly round, and not like the other,
laterally compressed ; I attribute this difference to age. At all

176 CADULUS-—GADILA.

events, in the absence of a larger series of specimens, I believe it
safer to include both under one species. ( Watson).

Station 24, lat. 18° 38’ 30” N., long. 65° 5’ 30” W., Culebra
Island, West Indies, 390 fathoms.

O. curtus var. congruens Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Vol.
xiv, p. 527 (1879); Chall. Rept., Scaphopoda, p. 21, 22, pl. 3, fig.

Ta.

C. SENEGALENSIS Locard.

Shell of relatively large size, of strongly conoid form, rather
short and stout, quite arcuate throughout, a little contracted at
base, tapering slowly and progressively toward the apex; inferior
region terminating in a transversely oval section in a quite oblique
plane, contracted for a distance apparently equal to one-tenth the
total length, in such a manner that the maximum inflation of the
shell is well downward and at the same time but little prominent ;
anterior and posterior profiles subsymmetrical; shell rather thin,
solid, subopaque, of a dirty ivory white tint after death of the
animal, very glossy, appearing completely smooth. Length 20,
maximum diam. 3°5, curvature 1°5 mill. (Locard).

Senegal, 3200 meters depth.

Cadulus senegalensis Loc., L’Echange Revue Linnéenne, Jan.,
1897, p. 3.

C. sTRANGULATUS Locard.

Shell of small size and narrowly elongated subcylindroid form,
little inflated, feebly arcuate, conspicuously more contracted in the
superior region than in the inferior; superior region very short,
terminating above by a slightly oval section in a noticeably oblique
plane; inferior region delimited, quite high, terminating in a feebly
oval section in a decidedly oblique plane. Anterior profile nearly
straight, very feebly arcuate above, a little salient below the median
region; outer profile very plainly arched, continuous above, with
the edge of the superior region, the maximum bulging a little
below the middle, shell thin, quite solid, subtransparent, becoming
opaque white after death, smooth and glossy. Length 4°5, greatest.
diam. 1, least 0°5 mill. (Loe.)

Gulf of Gascony and off Marseilles, between 555 and 2018 meters
depth.

Cadulus strangulatus Loc., L’Echange, 1897, p. 4.

CADULUS-GADILA. 7.

C. MONTEROSATO!I Locard.

Shell of subtruncate conoid (“subtronconoide”’) form, but little
arched altogether, strongly swollen in the region above the middle.
Superior region very short, a little more constricted than the
inferior, terminating in a circular section in a horizontal plane;
inferior region short, but a little longer than the superior, terminat-
ing in a noticeably oval section in a slightly oblique plane.

Anterior profile undulating, feebly projecting above the middle;
posterior profile notably more arched, with the greatest convexity
a little above the middle, more abruptly tapering upward than
downward, Shell somewhat thin, quite solid, subtransparent,
smooth, very glossy, becoming a porcelain white after death.

Alt. 6, greatest diam. 2, least 1 mill. (Loc.)

West of Cape Finistere, 2018 meters depth.

Cadulus monterosatot Loc., L’Kchange, 1897, p. 4.

C. artatus ‘ Jeffreys’ Locard.

Shell of narrowly subconoid shape, well curved, and inflated
throughout the median region; superior region more constricted
than the inferior and more lengthened, terminating in a perceptibly
circular section, in a slightly oblique plane; inferior region a little
greater in diameter, a little shorter, terminating in a distinctly oval
section, in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the shell.
Anterior outline regularly arched, with a slight swelling a little
below the middle; posterior outline well arched, with a very
regular, very long swelling, making a nearly continuous curvature
of the superior and inferior regions, the greatest convexity a little
helow the middle. Shell rather thin, fragile, subtransparent,
diaphanous, becoming opaque with death of the animal, smooth
and glossy. Alt. 4, greatest diam. 0°75, least 0°5 mill. (Loe.)

Gulf of Gascony, 1019 to 2651 meters depth.

Cadulus artatus Jeffreys, Locarp, L’Echange 1897, p. 4.

CADULUS SEMISTRIATUS and C. ARTaTus Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N.
H. (5), vi, p. 317, are merely list names, which Jeffreys did not make
good by descriptions. Locard has lately given a diagnosis of the
latter, translated above.

Species of the West Coast of North and South America.
I. Shell large (about 24 mill. long), longitudinally striated.
a. Strive close, even, deeply engraved; length 7 times the

greatest diameter, albicomatus, p. 178.

12

178 CADULUS—GADILA.

a’. Strie slight, shallow, less evenly developed; length 8%
times the greatest diameter. striatus, p. 179.
II. Shell smaller, not striated longitudinally.

a. Species of stout or rather stout figure, the inflation mod-
erate or conspicuous, greatest diameter at the anterior
third or fourth of the length.

b. Tube approaching circular in section at aperture
and equator, californicus, p.180; — tolmiei, p. 181.
b’. Tube markedly flattened at aperture and equator,
platystoma, p. 180.
a’. Very slender species, with the slight inflation anterior,
contraction toward the mouth very short; diameter con-
tained 7-10 times in the length.
b. Shell smooth throughout; anterior contraction
slight.
c. Length 13:5 mill., 10 times the diam.,
aberrans, p. 195.
ce’. Length 10°3 mill., about 9 times the diam.,
fusiformis, p. 1938.
e”. Length 10 mill., about 7 times the diam.,
hepburni, p. 194.
b’. Shell circularly corrugated near the apex,
perpusillus, p. 190; panamensis, p. 191; major, p. 192.

C. aALBIcoMATUS Dall. PI. 35, fig. 15.

Shell resembling C. spectabilis Verrill, but larger, with a less
prominent equator, more compressed in an antero-posterior direc-
tion, and with the anal opening produced at the sides and roundly
excavated in front and behind instead of notched laterally and pro-
duced medianly. Color milk-white; incremental sculpture indi-
cated only by more or less translucent rings in the shell substance ;
longitudinally sculptured by extremely fine sharp grooves with equal
interspaces, which cover the whole of the shell; curvature moderate,
nearly uniform, slightly more marked near the anal end ; the whole
shell distinctly compressed, though not flattened, except below the
oval aperture, where the shell is impressed, making a shallow sul-
cus extending backward nearly two millimeters, and in front arch-
ing the margin so that the perfect aperture is distinctly uniform
with sharp, thin edges. There is no swollen equatorial girdle; the
greatest diameter is near the posterior end of the above-mentioned

CADULUS—GADILA. 179

sulcus, whence the shell tapers evenly backward ; aperture slightly
oblique; anal aperture nearly circular, concavely arched, but not
notched in front and behind ; longitude of shell on its dorsal chord,
24; perpendicular to the chord, 2; diameter of oval aperture, 3;
antero-posterior diameter, 1°5; diameter of anal aperture 1; maxi-
mum diameter of shell, 3:4; antero-posterior diameter of shell, 3
mill. (Dail).

Off Manta, Ecuador, about 40 miles south of the equator, in lon.
81° W., 401 fms.; Gulf of Panama, 1,672 fms. (Albatross).

Cadulus albicomatus DAL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 259, pl. 9,
f. 8.

This species was obtained about 40 miles south of the equator in
west longitude 81°. It is one of the largest and finest species of the
genus, and the only one known to me which is distinctly longitudi-
nally sculptured (Dall).

The longitudinal striation is similar to that of Dentalium calamus,
but rather finer. The grooves are very regularly and rather deeply
engraved.

C. striatus Dall, n.sp. PI. 35, figs. 9, 10, 14, 12, 13.

Shell very large, rather slender, moderately bent; bluish-white,
more opaque white near the apex and upon the most inflated por-
tion ; surface glossy, seen under a lens to be densely and finely stri-
ated longitudinally, the striation subobsolete near apex and aperture.
Tube without any pronounced inflation, somewhat compressed be-
tween the convex and concave sides, gradually increasing from the
apex nearly to the aperture, then then abruptly depressed or con-
tracted on the convex side, with a small, flattened, slightly concave
area just behind the lip; slightly contracted laterally but not on
the concave side. Aperture oblique, oval, somewhat flattened on
the convex side; peristome acute, excised on the convex side. Anal
orifice simple, subcircular, the edge excavated in front and behind
(fig. 12).

Length 24-8 mill. ; diam. at aperture 2:0 x 2°5, at largest 2°7 x 2°9.
at apex 1 x 1:2 mill. x

Gulf of Panama, in 322 fms. (Albatross).

Very similar to C. albicomatus Dall, but the longitudinal striz
which in that species are close, even and deeply engraved, are here
more slight, shallow, less regularly and evenly developed. It is also
a more slender species. - Numerous specimens were taken at Fish

180 CADULUS-GADILA.

Commission Station 3,354, in the Gulf of Panama. Types are No.
122,992, U.S. Nat. Mus.

C. pLAtystomMA Pilsbry & Sharp, n.sp. PI. 35, figs. 17, 18.

Shell rather large, much bent; bluish-white, somewhat translu-
cent posteriorly; smooth and glossy, growth-striz being scarcely
discernable. Strongly swollen posteriorly, the greatest diameter
contained about 4°4 times in the length of theshell ; equator between
the anterior third and fourth of the shell’s length, the tube rapidly
tapering posteriorly, less rapidly anteriorly, where it is decidedly de-
pressed or flattened on the convex face, the flattening increasing to-
ward the aperture, just behind which there is a slight concavity on
the middle of the convex side (fig. 18). Outline of convex side de-
cidedly more arcuate toward the aperture ; concave outline modified
and slightly convex in the region of the inflation. Posterior end
attenuated. Tube compressed between the concave and convex
sides at and anterior to the inflation, subcircular in section at the
apex. Aperture irregularly elliptical, much flattened along the con-
vex side, the peristome thin, jagged from fracture. Anal orifice sub-
circular, with simple edge.

Length 12:7 ; diam. at aperture, 1°3 x 2.0, at greatest inflation 2°52:
x 2°92, at apex 0.8 x 0°8 mill. (the antero-posterior dimensions pre-
ceding).

Off Manta, Ecuador, U.S. Fish Commission Station, 2792 in 401
fms. mud, bottom temp. 42°.9 F. (Albatross).

Somewhat like C. poculum in being much bent, with the tube
markedly compressed anteriorly, but in the Pacific species the infla-
tion is much more extensive and not angular, the posterior attenua-
tion less great, ete. It differs from C. dalli in being more bent,
without apical nicks, and conspicuously in the shape of the aperture.
In the form of the aperture it is somewhat similar to C. albicomatus,
but that is a sculptured species.

The unique type is No. 107,699, U. S. Nat. Mus.

C. caLtFornicus Pilsbry & Sharp, n. sp. PI. 34, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8.
Shell large and solid, well curved; smooth and glossy, growth-

lines being very faintly indicated ; opaque white, the posterior half

bluish, subtranslucent, with a similarly colored rim at the mouth, or
sometimes slightly bluish throughout. Stout, decidedly swollen an-
teriorly, the greatest diameter contained 45 to 4% times in the length
of shell; the equator about at the anterior fourth, either oblique,

.

CADULUS-—GADILA. 181

well-marked and slightly subangular or less distinct and gently
rounded, tapering rapidly toward both ends; outline of concave side
noticeably convex in the region of greatest swelling. Section of
tube a trifle flattened between the convex and concave sides at the
equator or throughout. Aperture subcircular, somewhat oblique.
Anal orifice rather large, slightly oval, with no noticeable callus
within, its edge irregular from breakage, but possibly two lateral
nicks (see fig. 7) may be normally present.

Length 143 mill.; antero-posterior diam. at aperture 2°25, at
largest 3°33, at apex 1:0 mill.; lateral diam. at aperture 2°3, at
largest, 3°4, at apex 171 mill.

A more slender specimen measures: length 14°6, diam. at aperture
2:3 x 2°5, at largest 2°9 x 3°1, at apex 1:2. x 1°4 mill.

Off Tillamook Bay, Oregon, in 786 fms., bottom temp., 37°.3 ; off
Cape St. Martin, California, in 218 fms., temp., 43°.2; off San Luis
Obispo Bay, 252 fms.; off Santa Barbara Is., 414 fms. ; off San
Diego, in 822 fms., temp., 39° ; also Gulf of Panama, in 1,270 fms.,
temp., 36°.4 (U.S. Fish Commission).

A large stout species, much exceeding C. toliniei, C. clavatus and
C. dalli in size, and more swollen and robust than either. The
equator is nearer the aperture and more pronounced than in C- tol-
miei Dall. The Atlantic forms C. grandis and C. spectabilis Verrill
are somewhat similar, but the former is stouter, the latter longer
than C. californicus. It varies considerable in inflation, some speci-
mens (figs. 7,8) being decidedly less swollen than that selected as
type (figs. 5, 6).

The type specimens are No. 107,698, U.S. Nat. Mus.

C. rotmie! Dall. PI. 34, figs. 3, 4.

Shell thin, polished, slightly bluish-white, a trifle translucent,
rather arcuate; moderately swollen, the greatest diameter contained
about 5 times in the length, situated about at the anterior third,
thence tapering at first gradually and then rapidly to the apex,
only slightly contracting toward the aperture; convex side strongly
and evenly arched, opposite outline straight along the anterior half,
concave posteriorly. Tube a trifle compressed vertically in the
middle and anteriorly ; sculpture none, or only of obscure, incre-
mental lines. Aperture oblique, nearly circular ; anal orifice sub-
circular, simple.

Length 10-7, antero-posterior diameter at aperture 1°65, at greatest
bulging 2-0, at apex 0:77 mill.; lateral diam. at aperture 1°72, at
greatest 2'1, at apex 0°72 mill.

182 CADULUS-GADILA.

Type measures: length of shell, 12:0 ; max. diam., 2:0 ; min. diam.,
0:7 mill.
— Near Victoria, Vancouver Island, in 60 fms., with C. hepburni
(Nat. Hist. Soc. Brit. Columbia).

Cadulus tolmiei DALL, Nat. Hist. Soc. Brit. Columbia, Bull. No. 2,
pls, pl. det. 8 (1897):

“This species is markedly different, both in arcuation and the in-
flation of the anterior part, from either C. aberrans or C. hepburni.
I have named it in honor of the late Dr. William Tolmie, of Vic-
toria, sometime officer of the Hudson Bay Co., who for many years
contributed valuable material to the students of the ethnology and
natural history of British Columbia, both in America and England.”
(Dall).

C. tolmiei is smaller and less inflated than C. californicus Pils. &
Sharp, and the equator is less distinct. It is very similar to C.
rushii from the Hatteras region in the Atlantic, but that is more
attenuated posteriorly. With the type a specimen occurred differ-
ing in several respects, and probably at least varietally distinct.

C. (tolmiei var.?) NEWCOMBEI P. &S.,n. var. PI. 34, figs. 1, 2.

About the length of tolmiei, but decidedly more slender, greatest
diameter contained nearly 6 times in length, section of the tube
markedly oval, compressed vertically throughout; aperture oval.
Length 11:0; antero-posterior diam. at aperture 1°45, at greatest
bulging, 1°66, at apex 0°66 mill.; lateral diam. at aperture 1°55, at
largest 1:9, at apex 0°75 mill.

Indo-Pacific and Australian Species.

C. stmILLIMus Watson. PI. 26, fig. 77.

Shell very like Cadulus gracilis Jeffr., rather broad, narrowed at
both ends, very slightly and symmetrically bent, but a little more
towards the mouth, with a very slight bulge, which just shows on
the concave curve. It is thin, polished, translucent (weathering
opaque), with an opaque ring near the apex. Sculpture: Very
minute and faint and superficial oblique striz, with a faint floecu-
lence in the substance of the shell. Mouth rather large, oblique>
edge thin, but rounded; apical opening small, thin, and chipped.
Length 0:16 inch, breadth at mouth 0:02, greatest 0:036, at apex
0-014 inch. ( Watson).

Raine Island, Cape York, N. E. Australia, 155 fms. (Challenger).

CADULUS-GADILA. 183

Cadulus simillimus W ats., Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv., p. 526 (1879) ;
Chall. Rep., p. 20, pl. 3, f. 6 (1885).

This differs from C. gracilis Jeffreys in being broader, with a
slight bulge on the concave curve, in being a little more bent, and
in not being compressed ; it is also larger. It is extremely like C.
jefireysi Monter., but is a little more bent, especially in front, is
larger, and seems a thinner shell. ( Watson).

C. acumrinatus Tate. PI. 82, figs. 47, 48, 49.

Shell quite thin, moderately arcuate and not much swollen, fusi-
form, the greatest girth about median, thence very gradually taper-
ing toward the ends, which are rather large; the median bulging
being about as obvious in a dorsal or ventral (fig. 48) asin a lateral
view of theshell. Tube somewhat flattened antero-posteriorly throug h-
out, the compression slightly greater at the ends. Surface appear-
ing perfectly smooth and glossy; translucent-whitish throughout,
eacept for an opaque white ring around the tube a short distance from
the smaller end, produced by a narrow internal callous ledge. Both
openings oval, their outlines more flattened on the convex than on
the other side, and both cut the tube nearly at right angles; and
the peristomes are simple. Greatest diameter of apex about two-
thirds that of the aperture.

Length 6:4; tube measuring 1°11 by 1:25 mill. at point of great- .
est diameter ; aperture 0°705 by 0°9 mill.; apex 0°564 by 0°66 mill.
(figs. 48, 49).

Another specimen (fig. 47) measures: Length 5:2 mill.; antero-
posterior diam. at greatest amplitude 0:9, at aperture 0°6, at apex
0:47 mill.

St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia (Tate, Bednall) ; Port Stephens,
New South Wales (Dr. J. C. Cox).

Cadulus acuminatus Tarr, Proc. and Rep. Roy. Soc. S. Australia,
ix, p. 193 (1887).—C. acuminatus Desh. MS. in Coll. Cuming,
Anaas, P. Z. 8., 1878, p. 868.

The specific name is singularly inappropriate. Professor Tate de-
scribed it from the oyster beds of the Upper Aldinga series (Plio-
cene).

Numerous specimens vary between the more obese and the slen-
der specimens figured. The white girdle near the smaller end is
constantly conspicuous on the milky translucent color of the rest of
the shell. This girdle is removed from the apex a distance about

184 CADULUS-GADILA.

equal to the diameter of the latter. There is no thickening of the
shell wall toward the aperture, and no appearance of strize under
considerable magnification.

The greatest diameter of the tube is contained about 5 times in
the length of the shell; that of the aperture is contained about 7
times.

This species is considerably like the North Atlantic C. subfusifor-
mis in contour. C. simillimus Wats., is a more swollen species.

C. COLUBRIDENS Watson. PI. 26, fig. 71.

Shell like an adder’s fang, long, sharp, bent, very slightly flat-
tened, swollen near the broader end. The swell, which is faintly
angulated and is at one-fourth of the length, is chiefly on the con-
vex curve, but is visible on the concave curve too. From the angu-
lation the curve is very equable in either direction till about two-
thirds along toward the apex, where it bends a little more. The
shell is thin, brilliant, semi-opaque, white. Sculpture: Very faint
and fine scratches on the lines of growth. Mouth large, oval, very
slightly flattened on the ventral side, from which the thin, sharp
edge is obliquely cut off upwards towards the convex curve. The
posterior opening is much smaller, nearly round, and the edge is
thin and chipped. Length 0°58 inch, breadth at mouth 0-067,
greatest 0:1, at apex 0:033 inch. ( Watson).

Lat. 37° 34 8., long. 179° 22’ E., N. E. point of New Zealand,
in 700 fms. (Challenger).

C. colubridens Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 523
(1879); Chall. Rep., Secaphopoda, p. 18, pl. ili, f. 1 (1886).

This is twice the size of C. gadus Montagu, but it resembles that
in the angulation, which, however, is here more marked at the sum-
mit of the swelling; its expansion from the smaller end is more
gradual, and its contraction from the angulation to the mouth is

more rapid. ( Wats.).
C. VIPERIDENS Melvill & Standen. PI. 33, fig. 55.

Shell of medium proportions, somewhat curved, very smooth, a
little tapering towards the apex as well as at the aperture; delicate,
pellucid, milk white. Aperture rounded, the margin thin; poste-
rior orifice very small, the margin acutely cut into two lobes, thin.
Length 6°5, diam. of aperture 1, of apex 0°5 mill.

Lifu, Loyalty Is. (Mr. & Mrs. Hatfield).

CADULUS-—GADILA. 185

Cadulus viperidens Mety. & STANDEN, The Journal of Conchol-
ogy, vill, p. 274, pl. 11, f. 79 (Oct., 1896).

Several specimens of a somewhat incurved, perfectly smooth
translucent, milky-tinged Cadulus, precisely corresponding with
unnamed specimens in the British Museum from the shore of North
Australia. In form it slightly recalls C. colubridens Wats. from
New Zealand, but is more uniform in width and less ventricosa
towards the base. It is likewise simaller than either that species,
the common tropical C. gadus Montagu, or C. jeffreysi Monts. ‘The
mouth is simple, round, the posterior or apical orifice also rounded
in diameter, has its edges labially bisected by a sharply cut channel.
(Melv. & Stand.).

C. ctavatus (Gould). Pl. 26, figs. 80, 81, 79.

Shell rather slender, moderately solid, considerably curved ;
maximum diameter situated near the larger end, gradually taper-
ing posteriorly, anteriorly rather rapidly contracting at the sides
and especially on the convex face, and very slightiy on the concave
face. Tube slightly flattened between the convex and concave sides
throughout, least so at the apex. Bluish-white, becoming opaque-
white near the ends from the greater thickness of the shell there.
Surface smooth, glossy, showing no striation; aperture (fig. 80)
slightly oblique, rounded-oval, a little more flattened on the convex
than on the concave side. Apex small, rounded oval, with perfectly
simple, sharp edge. Length 11, diameter at aperture 1:2 x 1:4, at
greatest girth 1°76 x 1°85, at apex °55 x 0.6 mill.

Hong Kong Harbor, China, 6-20 fms. (Wm. Stimpson).

Dentalium clavatum GouLp, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., vii, p. 166
(1859).— Helonyzx clavatus Stimpson, Amer. Journ. Conch., i, p. 63,
pl. 9, f. 14 (1865).

Stimpson has figured and described the living animal (fig. 79) :
“Foot greatly elongated, cylindrical, and obtuse at the extremity ;
collar apparently entire ; anal siphon longer than in Dentalium, not
fissured.”

Mr. A. H. Cooke reports C. clavatus from the Gulf of Suez,
dredged by MacAndrew (Ann. Mag. N. H. [5], xvi, p. 275).

Our figures and description are from the type, U. S. Nat. Mus.

C. HONOLULUENSIS (Watson). PI. 26, fig. 76.

Shell cylindrical, bent, and attenuated from about the middle to
the apex, toward the mouth very slightly contracted, of a dull white

186 CADULUS-GADILA.

translucency, and not glossy. Sculpture: The surface, especially
toward the apex, is faintly marked by microscopic, remote, oblique,
raised, encircling rings, parallel to which there are fine scratches in
the intervals. Edge of the mouth very oblique, blunt; apex not
small, broken. Length 0:21, breadth, greatest 0:°031, at mouth
0:028, at apex 0:016 inch. ( Watson).

Reefs off Honolulu, 40 fms. (Challenger).

Siphodentalium honoluluense Wats., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xv,
p- 89 (1880) ; Chall. Rep. p. 17, pl. 2, f 10.

This species closely resembles Siphodentaliwm tetraschistum Wats.,.
but, besides the obvious difference in size, that species is a little more
cylindrical and is much more strongly and uniformly sculptured. I
say nothing of the peculiar feature of the apex of that species, be-
cause the point being broken in the solitary specimen of the present.
species, comparison is impossible. ( Watson).

C. capus (Montagu). PI. 31, figs. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32.

Shell small, rather thin, but little curved and that mainly poste-
riorly ; anterior half considerably and very regularly swollen, the
greatest diameter slightly behind the anterior third of the length ;
tapering toward the aperture on all sides, a little more rapidly
tapering posteriorly, decidedly attenuated toward the small apex.
Outline of concave side decidedly modified and quite convex in the
region of the inflation. Greatest diameter contained 4% to 47 times
in the length of the shell. Surface smooth, with a glimmer some-
what like that of C. incisus; no perceptible growth-striz ; color
whitish, imperfectly translucent. Tube slightly compressed from
front to back, throughout. Aperture quite oblique when unbroken,
and rounded-oval. Anal orifice very small, of the same shape, its
edge apparently free from slits when uninjured.

Length 7:6 mill.; diam. at aperture 0°95 x 1:26; at largest 1°68
x 1°79; at apex 0°47 x 0°48 mill.; the antero-posterior diameter
given first in each case.

Length 6°53 mill. ; diam. at aperture 0:82 x 0:9; at largest 1°37

x 1:58, at apex 0°33 x 0°42 mill.
Habitat uncertain.

Dentalium gadus Mont., Testacea Britanica, p. 476, pl. 14, f. 7
(1803).— Cadulus gadus Mont., JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag.N.H.(4), xix,
p. 157 (1877).—? Cadulus gadus Cooks, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvi,
p. 275.—? C. gadus Sowb., Metvitt & ABERCROMBIE, Mem. &
Proc. Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soc. (4), vil, p. 25.

loa

CADULUS-GADILA. 187

Our figures and description are from specimens in the Jeffreys
collection (U. S. Nat. Mus.) which agree thoroughly with Montagu’s
figures, and which perhaps came originally from Humphrey’s stock
of shells. The species is quite distinct in its flask-like form, being
conspicuously and evenly swollen but not in the least angulated
anteriorly, and a good deal attenuated posteriorly. This peculiar
and characteristic shape is fur some reason more conspicuous in the
shells themselves or in a natural size figure, than it is in the much
enlarged camera drawings, although the latter are faithful in pro-
portions. Jeffreys writesas follows: “ C. gadusof Montagu resem-
bles C. olivi; but it is not only very much smaller, but is proportion-
ally shorter and less slender, and the anterior end is more con-
tracted. The locality given by Montagu (‘many parts of the Brit-
ish Channel’), with the mariner’s name ‘ Hake’s-tooth,’ is at least
very doubtful as regards this species; and it is not unlikely that he
may have mistaken for the ‘ Hake’s-tooth’ Ditrypa arietina (a testa-
ceous annelid), which is frequently found adhering to the grease or
‘arming’ of the deep-sea lead in soundings. But his description
and figure evidently apply to a species of Cadulus from the noted
collection of old George Humphreys, the shell-dealer, of which I
possess specimens. This species was dredged by the late Professor
Barrett at Jamaica; and it is a fossil of the Sicilian tertiaries. I
received specimens of the latter from the Marquis di Monterosato as
‘ Cadulus subfusiformis Sars,’ and from Dr. Tiberi as ‘ Siphonoden-
talium olivi var. minor Scace.’”

The typical shells figured are without habitat. Whether the
localities ‘‘ Jamaica” and “ Sicilian Tertiaries” really refer to the
same specific form is open to question. Mr. A. H. Cooke reports
C. gadus from the Gulf of Suez, dredged by Mac Andrew; and
Melvill and Abercrombie include it in their Bombay list. It is
evident that some of these localities are questionable; and the true
habitat remains to be ascertained.

C. gadus has been identified by Sacco (Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e
Ligur., xxii, 116) from the northern Italian Miocene; but his fig-
ure proves the identification incorrect.

Montagu gives the following description; and his figures are
copied on my plate (fig. 27); the latter are characteristic, though
the enlarged view is somewhat exaggerated.

“Dentalium with a subpellucid, subarcuated shell, tapering to a
small point, pervious, contracting a little towards the larger end; is

188 CADULUS-—GADILA.

white, glossy, and perfectly smooth, without the smallest appearance
of wrinkles or strie. Length scarce three-eighths of an inch ; diam-
eter of the largest part, about one-sixteenth.” (Mont.).

C. piv# (Vélain). PI. 26, figs. 82, 83.

Shell thin, white, transparent, elongated, moderately arcuated ;
obviously swollen at the upper third; surface smooth and glossy,
showing some unequally spaced growth-striz when sufficiently
magnified. Anterior aperture perfectly circular, not oblique, con-
tracted, with simple and sharp peristome; posterior orifice quite
large, simple, oblique, entire, without lobes or lateral slits. Length

4, diameter above ?, below 3 mill. (Vélain).

Island of St. Paul, in the crater, 90 meters (French Transit of
Venus Exped., 1874).

Gadus dive [sic] Ca. Veutain, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér., vi,
p: 128, pl. 5) f; 1,,2-@3877).
Apparently resembles C. gadus. We have not seen specimens.

C. minutus H. Adams. PI. 26, fig. 78.

Shell smooth, thin, arcuate, a little contracted anteriorly, whit-
ish. Aperture circular, slightly oblique. Length 4, diam. } mill.
(H. Ad.).

Red Sea (MacAndrew).

Cadulus minutus H. Av., P. Z. 8., 1872, p. 10, pl. 3, f. 9.—Den-
talium minutum SowERBY, Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 7, f. 48 (1872).—
Cooker, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvi, p. 273 (1885).—C.Ess1n, Con-
chyl. Cab., p. 18 (1896).

This may be a Dischides, but the apex has not been described.

Group of C. dentalinus.

Slender forms with the greatest girth situated very near the aper-
ture, the constriction short and rather abrupt ; both apertures sub-
circular and simple ; surface smooth or circularly finely ribbed.

This group contains the most slender members of the genus Cad-
ulus. The shell is considerably like that of Ditrupa, but less earthy
and of more regular growth. The species are of two kinds: circu-
larly wrinkled and smooth.

The sculptured series probably begins with C. perpusillus (Sowb.),
imperfectly described in 1832, but this is not positively known, as
the minute features of the surface of that species are still undescribed ;
the next species in point of seniority is C. dentalinus (Guppy) of the

CADULUS-GADILA. 189

Jamaican Oligocene. This has modern descendants in C. acus of
the Gulf of Mexico, and C. panamensis and var. major of the Pan-
amic region. It is extremely probable that all the above mentioned
forms fall within the limits of one single species. A smaller but
allied species, C. singaporensis, occurs in the East Indian fauna.

The series of smooth species is also represented in the Antillean
Oligocene. C. elegantissimus Pils. & Sharp and C. phenax P. & S.
belong here. Recent, it has occurred only in the Californian fauna,
where C. aberrans Whiteaves and the very closely allied C. fustfor-
mis 8. & P., and C. hepburni Dall, also similar, are found.

As to C. dominguensis (Orb.), its characters have been too inde-
finitely described to permit a positive location; and it is likewise
doubtful whether C. levis belongs to this group or some other;
and it may even be non-molluscan. Dentaliwm corrugatum Cpr. is
a young shell of the annulated C. dentalinus group.

Key to species.

J, Shell circularly corrugated toward the apex.
a. More or less of a short inflation near the larger end ; length
7-11 mill.; American forms.

b. West American.
c. Length 7:5 mill., 9 times the diam. (sculpture
unknown), West Columbia, perpusillus, p. 190.
ce’, Length 7 mill., 73-9 times the diam., Panama
to L. Cal. panamensis, p. 191,

ce”, Length 8-10 mill., 6-74 times the diam.,

major, p. 192.

b. Antillean forms.
c. Length 7-7-5 mill., 7{-102 times diam., Oligo-

cene of Jamaica, dentalinus, p. 190.
c. Length 8 mill., 103-11 times the diam. ;
recent, acus, p. 191.

a’. Not inflated near larger end; less annulated; length 5:6
mill., 74 times the greatest diam. ; Singapore,
singaporensis, p. 198.
II. Shell smooth, not circularly corrugated.
a. Length 28 mill., 14 times the diam. A doubtful member
of the genus. N.-E., Australia, levis p. 195.
a’, Smaller and not nearly so slender; anterior constriction
slight; West American.

190 CADULUS-GADILA.

b. Length 13:5 mill., 10 times the diam.,
aberrans, p. 193.
b’. Length 10°3 mill., about 9 times the diam.,
fusiformis, p. 193.
b”. Length 10 mill., about 7 times the diam.,
hepburni, p. 194.
CO. dominguensis (p. 191) is not included in the above table.

C. pERPUSILLUs (G. B. Sowerby). (Unfigured).

Shell small, thin, narrow, curved, polished and white. Apex
acute ; aperture contracted, oblique. Length three-tenths, diam.
one-thirtieth inch. (G. B.S.).

Puerto Salango, west coast of Colombia (Cuming).

Dentalium perpusillum G. B. SowERBy, P. Z. 8., 1832, p. 29.

“This is related to D. gadus, but is much more slender, and the
aperture is obliquely truncated from the dorsal to the ventral mar-
em. (G2 B38.):

In the Thes. Conch., ili, p. 104, this is referred to Ditrupa, not an
unnatural conclusion. The shape and small size, length 7:5, diam.
0:83 mill., indicate, however, that it is a member of the C. denta-
linus group of Cadulus, and perhaps identical with C. panamensis.
Should this surmise prove correct, the name perpusillus will take
precedence; and itis not unlikely that C. dentalinus, acus and pana-
mensis may be ranked as mere varieties.

C. DENTALINUS (Guppy). PI. 36, figs. 21, 22.

Shell acicular, very slender, abruptly swollen near the larger end ;
smaller half closely, circularly costulate.

Length 7, greatest diameter 0°9 mill.

Length 7:5, greatest diameter 0°71 mill.

Jamaica, an Oligocene fossil.

Ditrupa dentalina Guppy, Geological Magazine, (n. ser.) decade
II, Vol. I, 1874, p. 445, pl. 16, f. 11 (bad, no description).—Ditrupa
dentalinum Guepy, Geol. Mag., 1875, p. 42.

Outline figures drawn from author’s examples of this Jamaican
Oligocene species are here given for comparison with the following
recent forms, which we hesitate to separate as species. There is
considerable variation in proportions, a slender and a stouter shell
being figured. The annulation is similar to that of C. panamensis
and C. acus, q. v.

CADULUS-GADILA. 191

©. acus Dall. -Pl. 36, fig. 27.

Shell small, very slender, slightly curved, variegated with trans-
lucent and opaque white rings and encircling bands, which become
broader toward the anterior extreme; aperture circular, slightly ob-
lique, the shell behind it rapidly increasing to its point of maximum
diameter, from which it very gradually tapers toward the almost
acute posterior extremity. Surface smooth, with extremely fine
circular grooves or lines, which under a strong magnifier are visi-
ble over most of the posterior third of the shell, with their inter-
spaces, recalling the rings of Caecum trachea on a much more minute
scale; the rings of opaque color sometimes coincide with the sculp-
ture, but not constantly. Length of shell 8-0, diameter of aperture
05, greatest diam. 0°75, posterior diam. 0°12 mill. (Dadd).

Samana Bay, 8S. Domingo, in 30 fms. (Capt. Couthouy, U.S. N.).

Cadulus acus Datu, Bull. M.C. Z., xviii, Blake Rep., p. 482, pl.
ieee LSS). epull:, U.S; Nat. Mus... Noi37, py (8, pla2iqt da.

Very closely allied to C. dentalinus Guppy of the Jamaican Oli-
gocene or Miocene, and possibly also to C. dominguensis d’Orb.

C. DOMINGUENSIS (Orbigny). PI. 36, fig. 26.
Shell lengthened, narrow, arcuate, smooth and shining; apex
acuminate. Length 7 mill. (Orb.).
San Domingo, Martinique and Cuba, on the sand (Orb.).

Dentalium dominguense D’OrB., (“1846”), Hist. ete., d’Ile de
Cuba (de la Sagra), Moll., ii, p. 201 (1853); Atlas, pl. 25, f. 7, 8, 9.

This little species is easily recognized by the contraction of the
aperture, which is oblique and oval. (Ord.).

It is known only by d’Orbigny’s description and figures. Type
was deposited in British Museum (Catal., p. 34).

C. pANAMENSIS Sharp & Pilsbry,n. sp. or var. PI. 36, figs. 25, 24

25.

Shell very slender, acieular, quite arcuate, the bend mainly poster-
ior; encircled quite near the aperture by a convexity or swollen band,
from which it contracts rapidly to the aperture, and posteriorly
tapers gradually to the small apex; circular in section. Bluish-
white, a little translucent, the anterior swelling opaque white. Sur-
face closely and finely sculptured with encircling wrinkles or riblets
from the apex nearly to the middle, the remainder smooth except
for light growth-lines, shining. Aperture circular, somewhat ob-
lique; apical orifice circular with unslit edges.

192 CADULUS-—GADILA.

Length 7, diam. at aperture 0°625, at greatest bulging 0°93+4, at
apex 0°25 mill.

Length 7, diam. at aperture 0°5, at greatest °75, at apex 0:2 mill.

Panama Bay, in 26 and 51 fms., mud ; off Guaymas, Mexico, in
20 fms. ; in the Pacific off Lower California, ‘ Albatross’ Sta. 2,830,
lat. 23° 33’, long. 110° 37’, in 66 fms.; near Cerros Id., 26 fms. (U-
S. Fish Commission) ; Mazatlan (Cpr.).

Dentalium corrugatum Crr., Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 189 (1857),
a very young shell. Not D. corrugatum Gay, 1854.

This species is extremely similar to C. dentalinus (Guppy) from
the Jamaican Oligocene, but the concentric wrinkles are perceptibly
more crowded and less oblique in the living than in the fossil form.
Compared with the Antillean C. acus Dall, our species or variety is
decidedly stouter and more curved, with stronger constriction at
the mouth.

Types, No. 122,795 U.S. Nat. Mus.

The shells from off Guaymas and Cerros Island are the size of
the types, but more annulated.

Var. major P. & S. PI. 36, figs. 28, 29, 30.

A larger form of this species occurs off Lower California at Station
2,830 of the Fish Commission, in 66 fms. sand. The larger speci-
mens are annulated for a shorter distance from the apex than in the
Bay of Panama types. Three specimens (illustrated) measure:

Fig. 28, length 10°37, diam. at aperture 1°12, at greatest 1-72, at.
apex 0°75 mill.

Fig. 29, length 8°62, diam. at aperture 1:0, at greatest 1°37, at
apex 0°37 mill.

Fig. 30, length 8:12, diam. at aperture 0°87, at greatest 1:12, at
apex 0°44 mill.

The specimens of this form are No. 96,570, U.S. Nat. Mus.

The dimensions of Carpenter’s Dentaliwm corrugatum, length
1:25, greatest diam. 0°25, apical diam. 0°125 mill., indicate, as Car-
penter says, a very young specimen. One only was found; the
concentrically wrinkled surface being its most remarkable character.
We have little doubt that itis the very young of Cadulus panamen-
sis, which is also annulated ; but in any case the name is preoccu-
pied for a Chilian Tertiary species of the group of D. ceras, and will,
therefore, be dropped. Carpenter’s description here follows :

“ D. corrugatum. Shell whitish-corneous, subdiaphanous, little
arcuate, slender. Surface concentrically, irregularly corrugated,

CADULUS-GADILA. 193

the wrinkles small and very close. Branchial aperture simple.
Length 0:05, breath 0:005-0°01 inch.” (Cpr.).

Mazatlan, on Spondylus calcifer.
C. ABERRANS Whiteaves. PI. 35, fig. 16.

Shell slender, moderately but distinctly curved, large and much
elongated for the genus, increasing very slowly but regularly in
diameter, not distinctly (if at all) swollen in advance of the middle,
and very slightly and scarcely perceptibly constricted immediately
behind the aperture. Test extremely thin, surface polished, very
glossy and shining, smooth to the naked eye, but under a lens it is
seen to be marked with minute and transverse but somewhat oblique
lines of growth ( Whiteaves). ;

Length of an average full-sized example 13°5 mill., greatest
breadth of the same near the anterior end 1°3 mill. ( Whiteaves).

Quatsino Sound, British Columbia, abundant (Whiteaves).

Cadulus aberrans WHITEAVES, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, iv, Sect.
4, p. 124, f. 2 (1887).—Taytor, Ibid. (ser. 2), i, Sect. 4, p. 56.

This little shell, which is, nevertheless, of large size for the genus,
looks not unlike an immature Dentalium, and, at first sight, speci-
mens of it might be easily mistaken for half-grown examples of D.
pretiosum Nuttall, which the Indians say occurs at the same local-
ity. It may, however, be distinguished from any Dentalium by its
thin test and highly polished outer surface, though the swelling of
the shell in advance of the middle and the constriction behind the
aperture which are usually marked characters in the genus Cadulus,
are reduced to a minimum in this species, and in most specimens are
quite imperceptible ( Whiteaves).

C. rustrorMis Pilsbry & Sharp, n.sp. PI. 35, fig. 14.

Shell but little curved, long and slender, the greatest diameter
contained about 9 times in the length of the shell; swelling hardly
perceptible, the tube very gradually enlarging from the small apex
to the beginning of the last third of the length, thence an equal size
is maintained almost to the aperture, just before which it is gently
but quite perceptibly contracted on all sides. Surface smooth and
glossy, bluish-white, scarcely translucent, with oblique rings of more
opaque white, and near the apex some longitudinal white lines; a
pellucid ring bordering the lip-edge, behind which there is a short,
opaque white tract, passing gradually into the bluish and banded
general color. Tube a mere trifle compressed vertically at the

13

194 CADULUS-GADILA.

widest part. Aperture oblique, and (measured obliquely) a trifle
longer than wide (in the ratio of 35:33); lip thin, sharp. Anal
orifice circular and simple.

Length 10°37 mill.; antero-posterior diameter at aperture 1:0, at
widest 1:14, at apex 0°37 mill.; greatest transverse diameter 1°17
mill.

San Pedro, California (J. G. Cooper) ; fossil in well at San Diego,
Cal., at 150 ft. depth (Hemphill).

CO. fusiformis “ Phil.” Cooper in U. 8. National Museum, and
HEMPHILL in collection Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

Closely allied to C. hepburni Dall and C. aberrans Whiteaves ;
but it is decidedly slenderer than the first, and less curved than the
other of these species. The type is a specimen collected alive, No.
133,809, U. S. Nat. Mus.; other and fossil specimens from a San
Diego well (Pliocene) have been collected by Henry Hemphill.
The specific name “fusiformis Phil.” seems to have obtained cur-
rency on the West Coast, but we have been unable to find it in
Philippi’s writings, or, in fact, in any printed work. There is also
a dead shell, perhaps Pliocene, in the U.S. Nat. Mus., with the name
“©. intentior Cpr.,” identical with this species.

C. HEPBURNI Dall. PI. 35, figs. 19, 20.

Shell slightly arcuate, the latter half nearly straight, narrow, the
greatest diameter contained about 7 times in the length of the shell ;
calibre gradually increasing from the apex to within about a miilli-
meter of the aperture, then quite perceptibly contracting. A trifle
compressed between the concave and convex sides. Surface polished,
smooth, white. Apertures subcircular, their margins simple.

Length 10 mill.; antero-posterior diam. at aperture 1°11, at great-
est 1°33, at apex 0°45 mill.; lateral diam. at aperture 1:23, at great-
est 1:4, at apex 0°5 mill.

Type measures: length of shell, 11; diameter at anterior end,
1:25; at posterior end, 0°75 mill.

Near Victoria, Vancouver Island, in 60 fms. (Nat. Hist. Soe. of
British Columbia).

Cadulus hepburnt Daw, Nat. Hist. Soc. Brit. Columbia, Bull. No.
2; pid 2) pl dsr ts (sar:

The contraction toward the aperture is very slight, and mainly
confined to the covex side. The surface is eroded near the apex in
all the specimens collected, so the measurements of apex are approxi-

CADULUS-GADILA. 195

mate. While quite slender, it is still somewhat stouter than C. aber-
rans ; and C. fusiformis is less curved and less constricted at the aper-
ture. Our description and figures of this species and C. tolmiei are
from part of the original specimens, kindly transmitted by Dr. C. F.
Newcombe. Dall writes :—

“This shell, in some lights, appears to have longitudinal streaks
of more or less opaque white, but there is no development of longi-
tudinal sculpture.

“The only other species described from this region is Cadulus
aberrans Whiteaves, which is larger and more arcuate. An appar-
ently undescribed species from the east coast of North America,
near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, is very close to C. hepburni,
though the slight differences observable may be thought sufficient,
taking the habitat into consideration, to separate it specifically. I
have named the Columbian species in honor of the late James Hep-
burn, Esq., one of the earliest collectors of British Columbian mol-
lusks, and who is well known for his contributions to the herbaria
of European botanists.”

C. SINGAPORENSIS Sharp & Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 36, figs. 30, 31.

Shell small, very slender, closely striated obliquely with alternate
white and translucent bands, smooth and glossy on the larger part,
encircled by low, close wrinkles near the apex. Gradually increasing
from the apex to quite near the aperture, then contracting moder-
ately on all sides; equator or point of greatest diameter, at about the
anterior ninth of the shell’s length, the diameter there contained
about 74 times inthe length. Tube faintly compressed vertically
throughout. Aperture not oblique, subcircular ; anal orifice simple.

Length 5:6 mill.; diam. at aperture 0°56 x 0°6, at greatest 0°75 x
0°77, at apex 0°29 x 0°34 mill. (the antero-posterior dimensions in
each case given first).

Singapore (Dr. S. Archer).

Allied to C. dentalinus and its recent varieties panamensis and
acus, but smaller, less distinctly and for a shorter distance annulated,
not swollen near the larger end, etc. It isa very much smaller
shell than either C. hepburni, C. aberrans or C. fusiformis.

C.(??) Lavis (Brazier).
Shell light amber-color, sometimes white, smooth, glossy, strongly

arched, half-moon shaped, basal margin pinched in about two lines
long, forming somewhat like a shoulder, then slightly ventricose,

196 CADULUS-GADILA.

from that to the apex regularly tapering, apex with a minute per-
foration entire. Length, 14 lines; diam. of base at shoulder, 1 ; be-
low, 3 line [28,2, 1 mill.] (Brazier).

Princess Charlotte Bay, northeast Australia, 13 fathoms, sandy
mud; Cape Grenville, northeast Australia, 20 fathoms, mud; York
Island, Torres Straits, 13 fathoms, hard mud bottom; Darnley Is-
land, Torres Straits, 5, 15,20, 30 fathoms (Chevert Exped.).

Dentalium leve Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ii, p. 59
(1877). Not D. deve Schlotheim.

The lower part of this species resembles the spines of the sea-
urchins (Echinide). The greater part of the specimens are en-
crusted over with a fine coating of coral-like substance (Braz.).

Described as a Dentalium, the specific name being preoccupied.
It seems to be a Cadulus or a Ditrupa. We have not seen speci-
mens, but the last clause of Brazier’s observations suggests the latter
genus.

DENTALIUM. 197

Appendix A. Fossil Scaphopoda.

The references given below comprise the original description of
each species, usually with some of the most useful subsequent refer-
ences. It has not been considered advisable to cite the full litera-
ture of each species. The synonymy, while partly original, has been,
in large measure, adopted from various specialists upon molluscan
fossils of the several formations.

Genus DENTALIUM L.
I. CENOZOIC OR TERTIARY SPECIES.

(Recent species extending into the Pliocene are generally omitted
from the following list).
D. assconpituM Deshayes, 1864. Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin
Paris, Vol. ii, p. 212-218, pl. 1, figs. 15-17.
Eocene, Paris Basin.
D. AcrE Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898. New name for D. acicula
Deshayes 1864, not Gld. 1859.
D. acicula DEsHAYES, 1864 (not of Gould, 1859), Descr. Anim. s.
Vert. Bassin Paris, Vol. ii, p. 202-203, pl. 1, figs. 31-32.
Eocene, Paris Basin.
D. acricuLum (Tate), 1887.
Entalits acriculum Tare, 1887. Trans. & Proc. R. Soc. S. Aus-
tralia, Vol. ix, p. 192, pl. xx, fig. 11.
Eocene, Lower beds of Muddy Creek, Victoria, Australia.
D. acuticosta Deshayes, 1825. Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii,
p. 397, pl. xviii, fig. 3.
Eocene, Paris Basin.
D. acurum Hébert, 1849. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 2, Vol. vi,
p. 469. Not of Deshayes, Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, Vol.
li, p. 205, pl. 20, figs. 1-3.
D. grande Nyst, 1836, not of Deshayes. Rech. Coq. foss. de
Hoesselt et K1., p. 39, No. 108.
D. nystti D’ORBIany, 1852 (proposed for D. grande Nyst, 1848,
not of Deshayes, 1825); Prodr. Paléont. Strat., Vol. iii, p. 18, No.
277.

198 TERTIARY—DENTALIUM.

Entalis cf. acuta? Héb. var. apenninica Sacco. Moll. Terr.
Terz. Piem., xxii, p. 106. (Probably belongs elsewhere).
Eocene, Mayence Basin, ete.
D. aArQuaLE Deshayes, 1864. Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin
Paris, Vol. ii, p, 204, pl. 20, figs. 5-7.
Eocene, Paris Basin.
D. AGILE var. OLEACINUM Dall, 1892. Trans. Wagner Free
Inst. Sci., Vol. iii, p. 441.
Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie, Florida.
D. ALTERNANS Chenu, 1842, (“Museum de Paris”). Illustr.
Conch., Vol. i, p. 1, pl. 4, fig. 17.
Probably Tertiary ; locality unknown (Dentalium s. str. group of
D. octangulatum).
D. anceps Sowerby, 1837. Trans. Geol. Soc. London (2d Ser.),
Vol. v, p. 136, pl. viii, fig. 19.
Fustiaria anceps R. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards Coll., p. 284.
Entaliopsis anceps Newton & Harris, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond.,

i, p. 66.
Eocene, London Clay.

D. anaustum Deshayes, 1864. Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin
Paris, Vol. ii, p. 210-211, pl. 1, figs. 1-3.

D. striatum J. Sowerby, 1814. Min. Conch., i, p. 160, pl. 70,
f. 4.

D. (Entalis) striatum CossMAnNn, Ann. Soe. R. Malac. Belg., Vol.
SEKI, ps0.

Fustiaria striata Newron, 1891. Brit. Oligocene & Eocene
Moll., p. 286.

Entaliopsis striata Newron & Harris, 1894. Proc. Malac. Soe.
London, Vol. i, p. 68.

D. costatum J. de C. Sowb., 1850, in Dixon, Geol. of Sussex, p.
96, pl. vii, fig. 2. Not D. costatum J. Sowb., 1814.

D. striatum Brander, 1775. Foss. Hantoniensia coll. et Mus.
Brit. depos., pl. 1, fig. 10. So quoted by Deshayes in Deser. Anim,
s. Vert. Paris Bassin, Vol. ii, p. 206. In Brander’s work of this
title, published in 1766, the same figure is called D. elephantinum.
Deshayes may quote from another edition which we have not seen.
See also Sowerby, Min. Conch. (1814), Vol. i, p. 160, pl. 70, f. 4.

Eocene, Paris Basin and the Barton Beds of England.

D. ANNULATUM Meyer, 1886. Geol. Surv. Alabama, Bull. No.
1 (2), p. 64, pl.1,f1. (Not D. annulatum Gmelin).

Eocene: Claiborne, Alabama.

TERTIARY—DENTALIUM. 199

Considered by Dall a form of D. minutistriatum Gabb.

D. ANNULATUM Gmelin, 1788. Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3,738, No. 15.
We have not access to Guettards work in which this is figured, and
are, therefore, ignorant of its characters and geological horizon.
Sacco refers it with doubt to D. jani Hornes, q »v.

D. aratum Tate, 1887. Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Australia,
Wolix;, p. 192, pl. xx, fig. 8.

Eocene, Victoria, Australia.

D. ARAucANUM Philippi, 1887. Tertiar. und Quartir. Verstein.
Chiles, p. 107, pl. xii, fig. 17.

Tertiary of Chili.

D. ARCIFORME Conrad, 1846.

D. areiformis Conrap, Amer. Jour. Sci. (2 Ser.), Vol. i, p. 212,
pled, fig. 3.

D. leai Meyer, 1885. Amer. Jour. Sci. Vol. 29, p. 462; fig-
ured in Geol. Surv. of Alabama, Bull. No. 1, (2), pl. 1, figs. 2, 2a.

Eocene, Alabama.

D. ATTENUATUM Say, 1824. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
Vol. iv, p. 154, pl. 8, fig. 3.

D. dentale Conrad, 1840. Fossils of the Medial Tertiary of the
Wee. No. 2; p. 78) pl. 44, fig. 9.

D. duodecenaria ConrRAD, 1862. Proc. Ive Nat. Sci. Phila., p.
570.

Chesapeake Miocene, from Maryland to South Carolina; Alum
Bluff, Fla.

D. ausrrauis Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898. New name for Entalis
annulatum Tate, 1887, preoc. by Gmelin and by Meyer.

Entalis annulatum Tats, 1887. Trans. & Proc. R. Soc. 8. Aus-
tralia, Vol. ix, p. 191-2, pl. xx, fig. 6a, b.

Earlier Tertiary, Muddy Creek, S. Australia.

D. BADENSE Partsch, 1856, in Hoernes, Abhandl. K. K. Geol.
Reichs. Anst. Wien, p. 652, pl. 50, fig. 30.—Entalis badensis Sacco,
Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte e Liguria, xxii, p. 107, pl. 9, f. 17-20,
with var. pliocenica, laticostata, pseudobouei, paucicostata, planicos-
tata of Sacco.

D. rectum Gmel. var., of BoNELLI, SISMONDA and some others.

Lower Miocene: Aquitanian, Elvezian, ete., of South Germany
and Austria and northern Italy.

200 TERTIARY DENTALIUM.

D. prrrons Tate, 1887. Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Aus-
tralia, Vol. ix, p. 192-3, pl. xx, fig. 5.
Miocene, upper beds at Muddy Creek, Victoria, Austraha.
FusTIaARIA BISIPHONATA “Edwards” in Nrewron, 1891. Brit.
Oligocene & Eocene Moll., p. 284.
Lower Eocene, London Clay, at Haverstock Hill, England.
Not described, and as the species is not mentioned by Newton &
Harris in their later revision of British Eocene Scaphopods, it is
probably either not valid or based on material unsuitable for char-
acterization.
D. srrusatum Meyer, 1886. Alabama Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 1
(2), p. 64, pl. 3, fig. 1.
Eocene, Jackson, Mississippi.
D. suANDUM De Gregorio, 1890. Ann. Geol. et Palaeont., 8
livr., p. 172, pl. 17, figs. 26-31.
Eocene, Claiborne, Alabama.
D. Bouvet Deshayes, 1825. Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p.
355, pl. 18, fig. 8—Antale bowei Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte
e Liguria, xxi, p. 98, pl. 8, f. 6-12, with var. tauraspera, perlevis
and taurogracilis Sacco.
D. intermedium Horrnes, Fauna Schliers v. Ottnang, p. 32
(part).
D. borcei MtcHetotti, Etudes Mioc. Inf. Ital., p. 186, 1861.
Oligocene, northern Italy and Austria.
D. BREVE Deshayes, 1864. Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin Paris,
Vol. ii, p. 201-202, pl. 1, figs. 7-8.
Entaliopsis brevis Newron & Harris, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., i,
p. 67.
Fustiaria brevis Newron, 1891. Brit. Oligocene & Eocene
Moll., p. 284.
Eocene, Paris Basin; Thanet Sands, England.
D. BrEvIFIssuUM Deshayes, 1825. Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris,
Vol. ii, p. 366, pl. xvii, figs. 13-14.
D. brevissimum Anton, 1839. A misspelling for D. brevifissum
Deshayes, 1825. Anton, Verzeich. Conch., p. 25.
Near Anger, France.
D. BRONGNIARTI Deshayes, 1864. Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin
Paris, Vol. ii, p. 212, pl. 2, figs. 20-21.
Eocene, Paris Basin.

TERTIARY DENTALIUM. 201

D. BURDIGALINUM Mayer, 1864. Journ. de Conch. (3), Vol.
iv, p. 357, pl. xiv, fig. 4.
Miocene, Bordeaux.
D. sutini Nyst, 1854. Encycl. Pop. Geol., p. 382. New name
for D. brevifissum Galeotti, 1837, not of Deshayes, 1825.
This is taken from the MS. card catalogue of Deshayes ; we have
not seen the work.
D. brevifissum GALEoTtTI, 1837. Mem. Const. Geol. de Brabant,
p. 150.
Tertiary of Belgium.
D. cADULOIDE Dall, 1892. Trans. Wagner Free Inst., Vol. ili,
p- 442, pl. 23, fig. 25.
Miocene of Maryland.
D. cALABRUM Costa, 1851. Fauna Reg. Napoli, Dent., p. 35,
pl. iii, fig. 4.
? Pliocene, Calabria.
D. caLtiiociyptum Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 468, pl. 10, f. 10,12; pl. 11, f. 21.
Oligocene of San Domingo.
D. CALOOSAENSE Dall, 1892. Trans. Wagner Free Inst., Vol.
iu, p. 441, pl. 23, fig. 24.
Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie, Florida.
D. caANnALicuLAtum Klipstein, 1843. Beitr. Geol. Kennt. Oestl.
Alpen., p. 206, pl. 14, fig. 28.
We have not seen this publication, and the exact locality and
geological horizon of the species is unknown to us.
D. CAKkOLINENSE Conrad, 1862. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp.
288 and 570 (1863).
Chesapeake Miocene of North Carolina, James River, Va., Alum
Bluff, Fla.
D. CAsTELLANENSE d’Orbigny, 1850.
D. castellanensis D’ORBIGNY, 1850, Prodr. Paléont. Strat., Vol. ii,
p. 320, No. 430.
Tertiary at Le Vit, Basses Alpes, France.
D. crrcrnatum Sowerby, 1823. Genera of Shells, Dentalium, fig.
5.—Desnayves, Deser. An. s. Vert., ii, p. 216, pl. 2, f, 8-10.—Coss-
MANN, Ann. Soc. R. Mal. Belg., xxii, p. 10.
Eocene of the Paris Basin.

202 TERTIARY DENTALIUM.

D. cocentum Hoeninghaus, 1831. Jahrb. Min. Geol., p. 155,
nomen nudum.
Tertiary, Tabbiano.
D. contcum Hutton, 1873. Cat. Tertiary Moll. New Zealand, p.
1; figured in the Macleay Mem. Volume, 1893, p. 73, pl. viii, fig. 77.
Pliocene of New Zealand.
D. constrictum Newton & Harris, 1894. Proc. Malac. Soe.
London, Vol. i, pt. 2, p. 64, fig. in text.
Eocene: London Clay, Fareham and Portsmouth, England.
D. cossMANNIANUM Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila) 1997, p:.467, plat0; fal ape Wile Olle
Oligocene of San Domingo.
D. cost# Deshayes, 1898. New name for D. lactewm Costa,
1850, not of Deshayes.
D. lacteum Costa, 1850. Faun. Reg. Napoli, Tubibranchi, p. 37,
plo 3, fot
Italian Pliocene, Amato, Gravina, ete.
D. costatum Sowerby, 1814. Mineral Conchology, Vol. i, 1814,
pl. 70, fig.8. See also Nyst, Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., iii,
pt. 1, p: 121, pl 7, & oss):
Pliocene: Coralline and Red Crag, Sutton, etc., England ; Yellow
Scaldisien, Antwerp, Belgium.
D. panar Meyer, 1885. Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. xxix, p. 462; fig-
ured in Alabama Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1 (2), 1886, pl. 3, figs. 2—2a.
Eocene: Jackson, Mississippi.
D. peEFRANCIT Deshayes, 1864. Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin
Paris, Vol. ii, p. 211, pl. 2, figs. 14-16.
Eocene of the Paris Basin.
D. DELPHINENSE Font. Cf. Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e
Ligur:; xexiep. 95:
D. pensmurRiIs Mayer, 1858. Journ. de Conch. (2), Vol. iii, p. 79,
pl. iv, fig. 3.
Miocene, St.-Jean-de-Marsacq, near Daz.
D. pesHayest! Risso, 1826. Hist. Nat. Europ. Mérid., Vol. iv, p.
400.
A Pliocene or Miocene species described from “la Trinite et
Saint-Jean.” Has not been recognized by later paleontologists.
D. pISCREPANS Risso, 1826. Hist. Nat. Europ. Merid., Vol. i, p.

125. Nomen nudum.

TERTIARY DENTALIUM. 2038

D. DisstMILE Guppy, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xxii, p. 292, pl. 17,
f. 4 (1866).—Pitspry & SHarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897,
p- 469, pl. 11, f. 3-5.
Oligocene, Bowden, Jamaica.
D. DISSIMILE var. PONDEROSUM Gabb, 1873. Pitspry & SHARP,
t.c. p. 470, pl. x, figs. 1, 2,3; pl. xi, figs. 15, 16.
D. ponderosum Gass, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (N. Ser.), xv, p.

244.
Oligocene of San Domingo.

D. poriFust Koenen, 1883. Neues Jahrb. Min. & Geol., Beilage-

Band, ii, p. 326.
Miocene of North Germany, ete.

Proposed as a new name for D. costatum Nyst in Dewalque, Pro-
drome d’une Descript. Géol. Belgique, p. 425; 2d edition, 1880, p.
483,

Koenen states that this is not the costatum of Sowerby ; but it is
doubtful whether he had the real costatum of Nyst. The species
dollfusi rests therefore upon Koenen’s description only.

D. purreEsnit Deshayes, 1825, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. ii,
p- 361, pl. xvii, fig. 18.

Pliocene ? “Marcigny en Borgogne,” France.

D. puPLEex Defrance, 1819. Dict. Sci. Nat., Vol. xiii, p.71. Fig-
ured in Deshayes, Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, Vol. 1, pl. 1,
figs. 36-39.

D. bicarinatum DEsHAYEs, 1826. Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris,
Vol. ii, p. 364, pl. xviii, figs. 16-17.

Eocene of Paris Basin.

Type of the section Lobantale Cossmann.

D. ENTALIOPsIS Sharp & Pilsbry, n. n.

Entaliopsis annulata Newton & Harris, Proc. Malae. Soe. Lond.,
i, p. 67, pl. 6, f. 1. Not D. annulatum Gmel., or Meyer, nor Entalis

annulata Tate.
Eocene, London Clay, Portsmouth, ete.

D. ENTALOIDES Fleming, 1825. Edinburgh Phil. Jnl., Vol. xii,
p- 240. New name for D. entalis ? Sowb., Min. Conch., i, pl. 70, f. 3.
Hordwell Cliffs and Stubbington, England.
See Searles Wood, Crag Moll., i, p. 189, who considers the speci-
mens of doubtful identity, probably having lost the outer coat.
D. rucent Dall, 1892. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Vol. iii,

p. 488, 442,
Eocene, Prairie Creek, Ala.

204 TERTIARY DENTALIUM.

D. EXLAMARCKI (Sacco), 1897.

Entalis exlamarcki Sacc., new name for D. lamarcki Mayer, 1864,
not of Chenu.

D. lamarcki Mayer, 1864, Journ. de Conch. (8), IV, p. 357, pl.
xiv, fig. 5, No. 102.

Piacenzian Pliocene of Castelnuovo-d’ Asti.

D. FissuRA Lamarck, 1818. Anim. s. Vert., Vol. v, p. 346; fig-
ured in Desh., Descr. Anim.s. Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, pl. i, figs. 24—
25, 26.

D. nitens J. DE C. SowerRBy, Dixon’s “‘ Sussex,” 1850, p. 95, pl.
7, f.3 (not of J. Sowerby, 1814).

Fustiaria fissura NEwron & Harris, Proc. Malac. Soe. Lond., i,

. 64.

: Eocene, Paris Basin and Bracklesham Beds, England.

D. FossILE Gmelin, 1788. Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3,738.—Antale fos-
sile Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte e Liguria, xxii, p. 99, pl. 8, f.
22-80, with var. raricostata Sace.

D. catenulatum CHEenu, 1842. Llustr. Conch., Vol. i, p. 2, pl. 4,
fig. 11. <A discolored D. fossile Gmelin.

Tortonian Upper Miocene, to Astian Upper Pliocene, Piedmont.
D. FRITSCHI vy. Koenen.

A European Oligocene species, of which we have not seen the
description. It is considered by Sacco a probable ancestor of D.
rubescens.

D. runicuLus Brugnone, 1877. Bull. della Societa Malacolo-
gica Italiana, iii, p. 44, pl. 1, f.5.

Pliocene, Ficarazzi, Italy.

Probably a synonym of D. filum Sowerby, notwithstanding the
slight differences indicated by Brugnone.

D. cast Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1897, p. 470; plL0si6, ole pla, 4572.

D. affine Gaps, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (N. Ser.), xv, p. 244
(1873). Not D. affine Deshayes, 1864, nor of Biondi, 1859.

Oligocene of San Domingo.

D. cay Philippi, 1887. Tertiir. und Quartir. Verstein. Chiles,
pe 107, plexi, feat9:

Tertiary of Chili.

D. Geminatum Goldfuss, 1844. Petref.Germ. pt. 3, p. 4, pl. 166,
f. 13.—Speyer, Paleontographica, xvi, p. 29, pl. 2, f. 9-11.

Upper Oligocene, Gottentrup ; Doberges bei Biinde.

TERTIARY DENTALIUM. 205

D. GeRMANICcUM Chenu, 1842. Illustr. Conchyliologiques, i, pl.
5, f. 15a, b. No description. Evidently a European Tertiary spe-
cies.

D. enizum De Gregorio, 1890. Ann. Geol. et Palaeont., 8 livr.,
p- 173, pl. 17, figs. 42-43.

Eocene, Claiborne, Alabama.

Probably a young Cadulus. Unrecognizable.

D. GRANDE Deshayes, 1825. Mém. Soe. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol.
li, p. 365, pl. xvii, figs. 1, 2, 3; Descr. An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, ii,
p. 205, pl. 2, f. 1-4, 23-26.

Fustiaria grandis Newton, 1891. Brit. Oligocene & Eocene
Moll., p. 285.

Entaliopsis grandis Newron & Harris, 1894. Proe. Malacol.
Soe. London, Vol. i, p. 67-68.

Eocene, Paris Basin; England.

D. GurpoTrit Sacco, 1897. Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte e Liguria,
xxii, p. 95. New name for D. deshayesii Guid., 1873; not of Risso,
1826.

D. deshayesii Guiporri in Cocconi, Mem. Acad. Sci. Bologna (3),
Vol. ili, p. 644-645, pl. vi, fig. 17-17’.

Piacenzian Pliocene of Rivalta nel Piacentina, Italy.

D. HAERINGENSE Dreger, 1892. Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmu-
seums Wien, Vol. vii, p. 12, pl.i, figs. 2 a—b.

Pliocene? Bavaria.

D. HANNoNICUM Briart & Cornet, 1889. Mém. Acad. Roy de
Belgique, Vol. 67, p. 81.

Upper Eocene of Mons.

D. HAYTENSE Gabb, 1873. Piuspry & SHARP, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 471, pl. xi, figs. 8-9.

D. haytensis Gass, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (N. Ser.), XV, p.
244.

Oligocene of San Domingo.

D. In=QUALE Bronn, 1831. Italien’s Tertiair. Gebild., p. 84.—
Sacco Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte, pt. 22, p. 95, f. 70-73, with var.
rotundatior Sacco.

D. orsum Bonelli, in Stsmona, Syn. Meth., edit. 1, p. 25.

Upper Miocene ( Tortonian) of Piedmont and Liguria, Italy.

D. rrxzquicosta Seguenza, 1880. Real. Acad. Lincei, An. 1879-
80, Form. Terz. Prov. Reggio (Calabria), p. 117, pl. xi, fig. 48, 48a.

Miocene, Tortonian stage, Italy.

206 TERTIARY DENTALIUM.

D. INCERTULUM (Sacco), 1897.

Fustiaria incertula Sacc., Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxii,
p. 113, pl. 10, f. 34.

D. intermedium Corri, Framm. di Paleont. Modense, p. 16, Boll.
R. Comitato Geol. Ital.. vii, p. 203, 1876, not of Gay, 1854.

Upper Miocene, Tortonian and Piacenzian, S. Agata and Monte-
gibbio, N. Italy.

D. IncERTUM Deshayes, 1826. . Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris,
Vol. ii, p. 862-363, pl. xvii, fig. 17; Descer. An. s. Vert. Bassin
Paris, ii, p. 202, pl. 1,4 265727.

Eocene of the Paris Basin.

D. rnctstssrmuM Meyer & Aldrich, 1886. Journ. Cincinnati Soe.
Nat. Hist., Vol. ix, p. 40, pl. 2, fig. 1.

Eocene ( Oligocene) Wautubbee, Mississippi.

D. rnctsuM Chenu, 1842. Illustr. Conch., Vol. i, p. 4, pl. 6, figs.
8-9.

Described from Italy, without more exact locality. It is prob-
ably pliocene, and is not unlike D. agile.

D. ryoprnatum Mayer.

A European Eocene species allied to D. sexangulum, of which we
have seen no description.

D. INTERMEDIUM Hupé, in Gay, 1854. Hist. Chile, viii, p. 276,
Atlas, Zool., pl. 2, fig. 9.

Tertiary, coast of Topocaima, Chili.

D. InTERRUPTUM Gmelin, 1789. Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3,7389.—
Entalis interrupta Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxii, p.
108, pl. 9, f. 36-46.

Tortonian upper Miocene, S. Agata, Stozzano, Montegibbio, north-
ern Italy.

D. tRREGULARIS Risso, 1826. Hist. Nat. Europ. Mérid., Vol. iv,
p- 400.

Probably Pliocene or Miocene, at “Trinité.” Not recognized
thus far by other authors.

D. sant Hornes, 1856. Foss. Moll. Tertiar Beckens Wien, p.
657, pl. 50, f. 37—QueEnsTeEDT, Petrefactenkunde, vii, p. 807, pl.
217, f. 84, 85.—Fustiaria jant Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e
Ligur., xxii, p. 112, pl. 10, f. 25-33 with var. striatellulata Sace.

Miocene and Pliocene, Tortonian to Astian, Northern Italy and
Austria.

TERTIARY DENTALIUM. 207

_ D. xicxxu Nyst, 1843. Bull. Geol. Soc. France, Vol. xiv, p.
454; figured in Descr. Coq. et Polyp. foss. Tert. Belgique, pl. xxxvi,
fig. 1.

D. acuticosta Kontncx, 1837. Not of Deshayes. Mém. Roy.
Acad. Belg., Vol. xi, p. 29, No. 50. We have not seen this work
and take the quotation from Nyst (below).

D. acuticosta Nysr, 1835. Not of Deshayes, 1825. Recher. Coq.
foss. prov. Anvers, p. 36.

_ D. fossile Patiippr, 1846, not of Gmel. Verz. Gegend Magde-
burg. Tert. Verstein., Paleeontograph, Vol. i, p. 80.
| Eocene of Belgium, Magdeburg, Paris Basin.
_ D. ka@nicranvum Risso, 1826. Hist. Nat. Europ. Merid., Vol. i,
p. 125.— Nomen nudum.
_ D. La&ve Hilgard & Hopkins, 1878 (not of Schlotheim, 1820).
Report Borings, Mississippi River and Lake Borgne (Engineer
Depart. U.S. Army), p. 48, pl. iii, fig. 6.

Post Pliocene, borings for the Lake Borgne outlet, Lousiana.

Based upon young shells and fragments, probably referable to D.
filum Sowerby (p. 118) of the recent and Pliocene faunas.

D. LaviGAtuM Eichwald,1830. Nat. Hist. Skizze von Lithuanen,
p. 199; Lethzea Rossica, Vol. iii, 1853, p. 136, pl. iii, fig. 18.
Pliocene? Zukowce, Russia.

D. La&vicAtum Ponzi, 1858, not of Eichwald, 1830. Bull. Soe.
Geol. France (2), Vol. xv, p. 558.— Nomen nudum.
: Pliocene, Rome.

D. LANDINENSE Vincent, 1877. Ann. & Bull. Soc. Malac. Belg.,
Vol. xi, p. 158-159, pl. ix, figs. 12a-b-e.

Lower Eocene of Belgium.

D. LEBUENSE Philippi, 1887. Tertiir. und Quartar. Verstein.
Chiles, p. 106, pl. xii, fig. 18.

Tertiary of Chili.
_ D. Leonra Meunier, 1878. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, Vol.
86, p. 122.
Eocene of Paris Basin, Sables-moyens, at Jaignes (Seine-et-Marne).

D. leonine Stmroru, in Bronn, Klassen u. Ordn. des Thier-
Reichs, new edit., iii, p- 375.

__D. uryyet Foresti, 1895. Bull. Soc. Malac. Italiana, Vol. xix, p.
246.
{ Pliocene, Ponticello, val di Savena, Italy.

208 TERTIARY DENTALIUM.

D. LtucrpuM Deshayes, 1864. Descr. Anim.s. Vert. Bassin Paris,
Vol. ii, p. 214, pl.i, figs. 18-20.

D. incertum D’OrBIGNy, 1850, not of Deshayes, 1825. Prodr.
Paleont. Strat., Vol. ii, p. 393.

D. nitens Drxon, 1850. Geology of Sussex, p. 95, pl. vii, figs.
3-3a.

Fustiaria lucida Newton, 1891. Brit. Oligocene & Eocene
Moll., p. 285.

Fustiaria lucida Newton & Harris, Proce. Malac. Soc. Lond., i,
p. 65. :

Eocene, Paris Basin, Bracklesham Beds, England.

“TD, MAGNISTRIATUM Deshayes”’ quoted by Anton, Verz. Conch..
Anton, p. 25, 1839.

We do not know where it was described; probably nowhere.
2—=multistriatum.

D. maanum Briart & Cornet, 1889. Mém. Acad. Roy. de Belg-
ique, Vol. 67, p. 81, pl. 24, fig. 6.
Upper Eocene of Mons, Belgium.

D. masus Sowerby, 1846,in Darwin’s Geol. Obs. on S. America,
p. 263, pl. ii, fig. 3.
Tertiary of Chili, Huefo Island.
D. MANTELLI Zittel, 1865. Novara Exped., Palaeont. N. See-
and, p. 45, pl. 13, fig. 7.
Entalis mantelli Tatr, Trans. & Proc. R. Soc. 8S. Australia,
1887, p. 190.
D. kicksii Tentson-Woopns, Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875, p. 15.
D. kickii Eraer., Cat. Austr. Foss. p. 162.
Miocene, Pareora, New Zealand ; also Victoria, Australia.
D. irregularis Hurron 1873, (not of Risso, 1826.) Cat. Tertiary
Moll. New Zealand, p. 1.
D. tenuis Hurron, 1873. Cat. Tertiary Moll. New Zealand, p. 1.
Omaru, New Zealand.
D. MAYERI Guembel, 1861. Geognos. Beschreib. Bayerisch.
Alpengebirg., p. 740.
Oligocene, Lohergraben, Bavaria.
D. MEcCHELINIT Rouault, 1850. Mém. Soc. Geol. France (2), Vol.
lii, pt. 2, p. 473, pl. xv, fig. 6a, b,c.
Eocene, Bos d’ Arros (Basses-Pyrenees)..

TERTIARY DENTALIUM. 209

D. MEDIAVIENSE Harris, 1896. Bull. Amer. Palaeont., Vol. i, p.
ea, pl. 17, fie; 1 (No. 4, p.738, pl. 7, fig. 1).
Eocene, Midway stage, Alabama and Mississippi.

D. micneLorrit Hoernes, 1856. Foss. Moll. Tertiar Beckens von
Wien, p. 654-655, pl. 50, fig. 383—Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Pie-
monte e Liguria, xxii, p. 96, pl. 7, f. 84-86, with “ varieties” inter-
cosicillata, rotundulina, rotundosimplex, costulatior, costulatissima
Sacco.

The involved synonymy includes D. pseudosexagonum Bonelli,
not Dh, pseudoentalis Sismonda not Lam., lamarcki Mayer (in
part).

Miocene of the Vienna Basin and Piedmont.

D. microstria Heilprin, 1880. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1880, p. 375, pl. 20, fig. 3.

Eocene, Lignitic, Woods Bluff, Alabama.

D. MInuTISTRIATUM Gabb, 1860. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
(2d Ser.), Vol. iv, p. 386, pl. 67, fig. 46.

Lower Claiborne Eocene of Texas.

D. mrocentcum Michelotti, 1847. Desecr. Foss. Terr. Mioe. Ital.
Septrion, p. 144-145, pl. 16, fig. 12.— Entalis miocenica Sacco, Moll.
Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxii, p. 108, pl. 9, f. 31-35.

Lower Miocene of Piedmont.

D. MIOPSEUDOENTALIS (Sacco), 1897.

Entalis miopseudoentalis Sacc., Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte e
Liguria, xxii, p. 106, pl. 9, f. 7-11, with var. costatior Sace.

Miocene of Piedmont.

ID. MISSISSIPPIENSE Conrad, 1847.

D. mississippensis CONRAD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1846-
7, p. 282 ; figured in the Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2), Vol. i,
plexi, fir. 1.

D. densatum Conrav, Amer. Journ. of Conch. i, p. 212, pl. 20,
f. 15.

Oligocene, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

D. virginianum CueEnv, Ill. Conch., i, pl. 4, f. 8, 8a, 8b, unde-
scribed, may possibly be this species. DD. densatum Conr. (from
type) is a fragment of an old individual of Mississippiense.

D. MonTeNnsE Briart & Cornet, 1889. Mém. Acad. Roy. de Bel-
gique, Vol. Ixvii, p. 60, pl. 24, figs. 12 a—b.

Upper Eocene of Mons.
14

210 TERTIARY DENTALIUM.

D. MuttannuLatum Aldrich, 1895. Bull. Amer. Pal., Vol.i, p.
Hoy plljt. 3 (No.2) sp. 3, pl.el mena):
Eocene, Lignitic, Gregg’s Landing, Ala.

D. nanuM Hutton, 1875. Cat. Tertiary Moll. New Zealand, p.
1; figured in the Macleay Memorial Volume, 1893, pl. viii, fig. 78.
Pliocene, New Zealand.

D. NAVIDADENSE Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. New name for D.
gracile Philippi, 1887, preoe.
D. gracile Puriierr 1887, (not of Hall and Meek.) ‘Tertiar. und
Quartir. Verstein. Chiles, p. 107, pl. xii, fig. 15.
Tertiary of Chih.
D. nICEENSE Bellardi, 1850. Liste foss. Form. Nummulit. de
Nice, Bull. Soc. Géol. France (2), Vol. vii, p. 681. (No descrip-
tion, but probably described in Mém. Geol. Soc. de France, Vol.
iv, p. 229, which we have not seen).
D. nitense GUEMBEL, 1861. Errorfor D. niceense Bellardi, 1850,
Guembel, Geogn. Beschr. Bayer. Alpengeb., 1861, p. 604.
Oligocene, Nice, ete.
D. ntrens J. Sowerby, 1814. Mineral Conchology, Vol. i, p. 159,
pl. 70, fig. 1-2.
Fustiaria nitens (J. Sowerby) Newron, Syst. List Edwards Coll.
B. M., 1891, p. 285. .
London clay, Lower Eocene, England.
D. nrripum Deshayes, 1864. Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin Paris,
Vol. ii, p. 208, pl. 1, figs. 29-30.
Eocene, Paris Basin.
D. NoBILE Mayer, 1863. Journ. de Conch. (3), Vol. iii, p. 97.
Lower Tertiary of Hoering.
D. NovAKI von Koenen, Norddeutsch. Unteroligoc., iv, p. 978,
pl. 59, f. 78; Journ. de Conch., 1892, 330.
D. acutum Du., Deser. An. 8. V. B. Paris, ii, p. 205, pl. 20, f.
1-4 ( not of Hébert).
Morigny, France.
D. novum Chenu, 1842. Illustr. Conch., Vol.i, p.5, pl. 6, fig. 23.
Tertiary; locality and horizon unknown.

D. NovemciInctTuM Sacco, 1897. Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte, ete.,
KX pig, qple to itnon-
Oligocene, Tongrian stage, Sasselo, Italy.

TERTIARY DENTALIUM. PII

D. novemcostatumM Lamarck (p. 51).

D. mutabile Doderlein 1856, in Hoernes, Moll. Tertiar. Beckens
von Wien, p. 654, pl. 50, fig. 32.

Miocene of the Vienna Basin and Italy.

Varieties pseudaprina Sace., mutabilis Doderlein, inequicostata
Dautzenb., decemcostulata Sace., undecimeostata Sace., duodecimeos-
tata Sace. and tredecimcostata Sacc. are described and figured by
Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte e Liguria, xxii, pp. 103, 104, from
the Italian Miocene and Pliocene.

D. opsoLetuM Doderlein 1862 (not of Schlotheim, 1832). Cenni
geologici intorno la giacitura dei terreni miocenici superiore dell’
Italia centrale, p. 15, in Atti de x Congr. d. Scienz. ital. ten. in
Sienna, 1562 (not seen by us).

Upper Miocene, Piedmont.

Said to — D. dentalis var. sublevis Cocconi, 1873.

D. ocrocosTELLATUM Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. New name for
D. octocostatum Thering, 1398, not of Frass, 1867.

D. octocostatum Ihering, 1898. Revista do Museu Paulista, ii,
p. 266, pl. 4, f. 16.

Santa Cruz Formation, Patagonia.

D. orror Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898. New name for D. compressum
Meyer, 1883, not of Orbigny, 1850.

D. compressum Meyer, 1885. Bericht. Senckenb. Naturforsch.
Gesellsch., 1883, p. 258, figs. 4 a-c.

Oligocene, Germany.

D. PAREORENSIS Sharp & Pilsbry. New name for D. laevis Hut-
ton, 1873.
D. laevis Hutton, 1873 (not of Schlotheim, 1820), Cat. Tertiary
Moll. New Zealand, p. 2.
Tertiary (Pareora), New Zealand.

D. PARISIENSE D’Orbigny, 1850. Prodr. Paleont. Strat., Vol. ii,
p. 372, No. 701; figured in Deshayes Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin
Paris, Vol. ii, pl. 2, figs. 17-19.

D. semistriatum DESHAYES, 1825 (not of Turton, 1819). Mém.
Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. ii, p. 367, pl. xvii, fig. 15-16.

Fustiaria parisiensis R. B. Newron, Brit. Oligocene & Eocene
Moll., p. 286, 1891; Entaliopsis parisiensis Newron & Harris,
Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 68.

Eocene of Paris Basin and Bracklesham Beds, England.

212 TERTIARY DENTALIUM.

D. parvum Mayer, 1864. Journ. de Conch. (8), Vol. iv, p. 858,
pl. xiv, fig. 6.
Upper Tertiary, Léognan, France.
D. PASSERINIANUM Cocconi, 1873. Mem. Accad. Sci. Bologna
(3), Vol. iii, p. 646, pl. vi, figs. 18-19.—Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz.
Piem. e Ligur., xxii, p. 96, pl. 7, f. 76-79, with var. striatissima.
D. striatissimum DopERLEIN, 1862. Giae. Terr. Mioce. Italia
Centr., p. 15 (in part), and of some other authors.
Piacenzian, at Castelnuovo d’ Asti, Majatico, Bordighera, ete.,
Italy.
D. pELLUCENS Deshayes, 1864. Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin
Paris, Vol. ii, p. 214, pl. 1, figs. 21-23.
Fustiaria pellucens Newton, 1891. Brit. Oligocene & Eocene
Moll., p. 286.
Upper & Middle Eocene of England ; Paris Basin.
D. PHILIPPIANUM Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. New name for
D. parvulum Phil. not Stoliczka.
D. parvulum Philippi, 1887. Tertiar. und Quartar. Verstein.
Chiles, p. 107, pl. xii, fig. 16.
Navidad and Lebu, Chili.
D. poruippit Chenu, 1842. Illustr. Conch., Vol. 1, p. 6, pl. 6, fig.
life
Miocene or Pliocene of Italy.
Doubtless identical with some of the well known ribbed species
of Antalis from this region.
D. purAnatum Bronn, 1831. Ital. Tert. Gebild. (Heidelberg), p.
84.
Tertiary, Italy.
D. PLEIOcCENUM Tuomey & Holmes, 1857. Pliocene Fossils of
South Carolina, ete., p. 105-106, pl. xxv, fig. 2.
Pliocene, Pee-dee, South Carolina.
D. poLyeDRUM Seguenza, 1879. Form. Terz. Prov. Reggio
(Calabria), p. 275.
Pliocene, Astian Stage, Italy.
D. pracursor Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1897, p. 472, pl. 11, f. 12-14.
Oligocene of San Domingo.
D. prisma Dall, 1892. Trans. Wagner Inst., iii, p. 442, pl. 15, f. 5,
Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie River, Florida.

TERTIARY DENTALIUM. Alle

D. pRisMATICUM Seguenza, 1880. Form. Terz. Prov. Reggio
(Calabria), Real. Accad. Lincei, An. 1878-80, p. 117, pl. xi, figs.
49, 49a.

Miocene, Tortonian Stage, Italy.

D. PROLIFERUM Chenu, 1842. II]. Conch., Vol. i, p. 6, pl. 4, fig.
5.

Pliocene or Miocene, Italy.

D. psrupoantTaLis Lamarck, 1818. Anim.s. Vert., Vol. v, p.
345; figured in Deshayes as D. pseudo-entalis, Descr. Anim. s.
Vert. Bassin Paris, Vol. ii, pl. 1, figs. 4-6.

D. pseudo-entalis DEFRANCE, Dict. Sci. Nat., Vol. xiii, p. 72.

Eocene of the Puris Basin.

D. psruponyMA Pilsbry & Sharp. New name for Teredo sub-
striata Conr., 1850, not D. substriatum Desh., 1825.

Teredo substriata ConRAD in Dana’s Geology of the U.S. Expl.
Exped. (Wilkes) Appendix, p. 728, pi. 20, f. 7, 7a, 7b.

Miocene, Astoria, Oregon.

D. pyrum Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1897, p. 472, pl. 11, f. 12-14.

Oligocene of San Domingo.

D. QUINDECIESSTRIATUM Eichwald, 1853. Lethza Rossica, Vol.
ap. 137; Atlas, pl. iii, fig. 19.

D. striatum E1tcuwaup, 1830 (not of Lamarck, 1818). Nat.
Hist. Skizze von Lithuanen, ete., p. 199.

Pliocene, Zukowce, Russia.

D. rapuLaA Schroeter, 1784. Einleitung in die Conchylien
Kenntniss, Vol. 1i, p. 530.—GMEL., Syst. Nat., (xiii), p.-8,738.

D. aspersum Micuevorti, 1847. Descr. foss. Terr. Miocénes
Italie Septentrion, p. 144, No. 6, pl. 5, figs. 20-21.— Coccodentalium
radula Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxii, p. 111, pl. 10,
f. 7-21, with varieties gracillima and raricostata Sace.

? Dentalites radularis ScHLOTHEIM, Die Petrefactenkunde, p. 95,
(1820).

Upper Miocene, Tortonian stage, Stazzano, S. Agate and Montegib-
bio, Piedmont.

D. Rectum Gmelin, 1788. Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3,738.—D. deles-
sertianum CHENU, Illustr. Conch.,i, p. 3, pl. 6, f. 10.—D., elephanti-
num of various authors upon Italian Tertiary fossils, not of Linné.
—Entalis recta Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxii, p.

214 TERTIARY DENTALIUM.

110, pl. 10, f. 1-6, with varieties pliocenica, dertonensis and elatt-
costa of Sacco.—D. suleatum Scaccut, not. Lam. See also Searles
V. Wood, Crag Moll. Suppl., 1872, pl. 5, f. 19.

Var. MonterosaTor Pils. & Sharp, 1898. New name for D.
Philippii Monts. not Chenu.

D. striatum Putvippr, 1844. Enum. Moll. Siciliz, Vol. ii, p.
208, (1844). Not of Born.

D. philippti Montrerosato, 1872. Notiz. Conch. foss. Monte
Pellegrino e Ficarazzi, p. 27, for D. striatum Philippi, not of
Lamarck ; see also De FrRaAncuis, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., xix, p. 202,
plo2, tLe Spl aaie2.

D. delessertii De Srerant, Excurs. Scient. Calab., pp. 236, 241
(1883-4); Osservaz. Stratigr. sul Plioc. e sul Postplioc. di Sciacca,
pp. 14, 17, 18, 22 (1889).

This form is distinct from D. badense Partsch (Hornes Abh. K.-
K. Geol. Reichsaust, iii, p. 652, 1856), which Hornes identifies with
striatum Lam, and Phil. De Franchis claims D. delessertianum to
be identical with philippii, but his figures do not bear out the state-
ment, in our opinion. We think it a recognizable variety.

Pliocene, Southern Italy.

See also this Vol., pp. 81, 82, D. rectum and D. delessertianum,

with the figures and references there given.

D. rex Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. New name for D. giganteum
Chenu, 1842, not Phillips, 1836.

D. giganteum CHEN, 1842 (not of Phillips, 1836), Ill. Conch.,
Voliipp./4, pil nes.

Locality and horizon unknown.

D. RUBESCENS Deshayes. (See p. 105).

D. fissura of Bonetur, Bronn, StsmonpA and some other
writers on Italian Miocene fossils.—-Pseudantalis rubescens Sacco,
Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxii, p. 111, pl. 10, f. 21-23.

Miocene and Pliocene of Italy. Recent.

D. RUBESCENS var. EXDISPAR (Sacco), March, 1897. L.c., p.
112. New name for D. dispar Mayer, not Sowerby.

D. dispar C. Mayer in Cocconi Mem. Accad. Sci. Istit. Bologne,
(series 3), Vol. iii, p. 650, pl. 6, f. 20-22 (1873).

D. coccontt Sharp & Pilsbry, 1897. This Vol., p. 87 (Oct.,
1897). New name for D. dispar C. Mayer in Cocconi, not of Sow-
erby.

Miocene, Majatico, Italy.

TERTIARY DENTALIUM. ZA

D SANDBERGERI Bosquet, 1859. Neerland. Verh. Kon. Akad.
Wetensch.. Vol. vii, p. 20, pl. ii, fig. 7.

D. entalis Braun (not of Linn.) Walchn. Geognos., IT Aufl., p.
1,121 (quoted by Pictet & Campiche, Paleont. Suisse).

D. fissura Nyst, 1848 (not of Lamarck, 1818). Mém. Courron.
Sav. Etrang. Brussels, Vol. xvii, p. 346.

Eocene, Paris Basin, ete.

D. SEMIALTERNANS Chenu, 1842. ~ Illustr. Conch., Vol. i, p. 7, pl.
4, fig. 7.

Horizon and Habitat unknown. Probably Tertiary.

D. semicLausum Nyst, 1835. Recherches Coq. foss. prov. An-
vers, p. 36, pl. 5, fig. 53. See also Nyst, Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist.
Nat Belg., ii, pt. 1, p. 120, pl. 7, f. 14.

Pliocene, Scaldisien stage, near Antwerp, Belgium.

D. seminupuM Deshayes, 1864. Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin
Paris, Vol. ii, p. 200, pl. 3, figs. 11-14.

Eocene of the Paris Basin.

D. SEXANGULUM Gmelin, 1788. Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3,739, no.
21.—Broccut, Conch. foss. Subapp., ii, pl. 15, f. 25.—Sacco, Moll.
Terr. Terz. Piemonte e Liguria, pt. 22, p. 92, pl. 7, f. 48, to 54.

D. elephantinum Broccat, t. ¢., p. 260 (in part)—DESHAYES,
Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 347, 348—Russo, Hist. Nat. Eur.
Mérid., iv, p. 899, and of some other authors.

D. sexangulare LAMARCK, 1818. Anim.s. Vert., Vol. v, p. 344,
and of most other authors.

D. sexangulare var. acutangularis Cocconi, 1873. Mém. Accad.
Sci. Bologna, 3°, Vol. ili, p. 645.

D. secangulare var. subrecta Coceoni, 1873. Mem. Accad. Sci.
Bologna, 3°, Vol. ili, p. 645.

? D. noe Bonelli in Stsmonpa, Osserv. Miner. e Geol. Piemonte,
p- 35. D’Orbigny, Prodr. Paléont. Strat., Vol.iii, p.178. No. 255.
This may be referable to D. subsexangulare Orb., q. v.

D. stmpLex Michelotti, 1861. Et. Mioce. Inf.,in Natuurkundige
Verhandl. Hollandsche Maatschappij Wetenschappen te Haarlem
yxy, p. 136 pl. 13) f. 12, 13.

Oligocene of Italy, at Carcare, Dego, Mioglia, Pareto, Cassinelle,
ete.

D. sottpum Hutton, 1878. Cat. Tertiary Moll. New Zealand,

ads
4 Tertiury (Pareora), New Zealand.
Referred to D. giganteum Sowb. as a synonym by some authors.

216 TERTIARY DENTALIUM.

D. sowersyr Chenu, 1842 (not of Guilding, 1834). Illustr.
Conch., Vol. i, p. 7, pl. 6, fig. 2. Loeality and horizon unknown;
but it is probably a Pliocene specimen of D. entalis L. or some
closely allied species.

D. sowerByt Michelotti, 1847 (not of Guilding, 1834, nor of
Chenu). Descr. foss. terr. mioc. Italie Septentr., p. 145.

Miocene, Turin.

D. speciosum Guembel, 1861. Geognos. Beschreib. Bayerisch.
Alpengebirg., p. 668.

Eocene, Bavarian A Ips.

D. sPIRALE Risso, 1826. Hist. Nat. Europ. Mérid., Vol. iv, p.
401.

Phocene? © Trinité.”

D. suscompressuM Meyer, 1885. Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. 29, p.
462, figured in Alabama Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1 (2), 1886, pl. 3,
fig. 3, 8a; also Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1887, p. 54, pl. iii, fig. 13
(Vicksburg).

Eocene and Oligocene: Jackson Red Bluff and Vicksburg, Miss.

The figured type-specimen is from Jackson (Meyer).

D. SUBEBURNEUM d’Orbigny, 1850. Prodr. Pal. Strat., 11, p.372.
D. eburneum G. B. Sowrersy, Genera Rec. & Foss. Shells, 1825,
no. 15, f.6; Desh., Descr. Annim. S. Vert. Bassin Paris, 1861,. ii,
pp. 215, 216, pl. 2, f. 8-18. Not of Linnezeus.
Fustiaria cireinata R. B. Newron, Syst. List Edwards Coll., B.
M., 1891, p. 284. Not D. circinatum Sowb.
Fustiaria subeburnea Orb., Newron & Harris, Proc. Mal. Soe.
Lond., i, p. 65.
Eocene, Paris Basin and England.
The last-quoted authors distinguish this as a species distinct from
the recent eburneum Linn. (from type), and the Eocene circinatum
Sowb.
D. suBENTALIS d’Orbigny, 1850. New name for D. entalis Lam-
arck and Deshayes, Prodr. Paleont. Strat., Vol. II, p. 320, No. 431.
Lower Eocene, Suessonien, Cuise-Lamotte, etc., France.
Probably a synonym of D. entale.
D. suBFIssuRA (Tate) 1887.
Entalis subfissura Tate. Trans. & Proc. R. Soc. S. Austral.,
Vol. ix, p. 191, pl. xx, figs. 4a—4b.
Earlier Tertiary, south Australia.

TERTIARY DENTALIUM. PA ff

D. suBGIGANTEUM d’Orbigny, 1852 (new name for D. gigantewm
Sowerby, 1846, not of Phillips, 1836). Prodr. Paléont. Strat., Vol.
iii, p. 94, No. 1,764.

D. giganteum SowERBY, 1846 (not of Phillips, 1836). Darwin’s
Geol. Observations on 8. America, p. 263, pl. ii, f. 1.

D. corrugatum Hupé in Gay, 1854. Hist. Chili, p. 276, Atlas
Zool., pl. 2, fig. 8.

Earlier Tertiary, coast of Topocaima, Chili; also New Zealand
Miocene.

D. suBIRREGULARE Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. New name for
D. irregulare Seguenza not Risso.

D. irregulare SeGuenza 1879, Form. Terz. Prov. Reggio (Cal-
abria), p. 275, pl. 10, f. 38, 33a.

Pliocene, Astian Stage, Italy.

D. sUBSEXANGULARE (’Orbigny, 1852. New name for D. sexan-
gulare Deshayes, 1825. Prodr. Paléont. Strat., Vol. iii, p. 94, No.
1,755.

D. subsexangulatum p’ORBIGNY, 1852. A mistake for D. subsex-
angulare VOrb. Prodr. Paléont. Strat., 1852, Index, p. 59.

D. sexangulare DesHayes, 1825. Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii,
p- 390, pl. xvii, figs. 4-6. Not of Lamarck.

Sacco (1. ¢.) recognizes and figures varieties striolatissima Sacco,
noe Bon. (=aprinum Brocchi and others), magnocostata Sacc., pera-
cuta Sace., acutangularis Coce. (=colligens Sacc.).

Tortonian stage, Upper Miocene, to the Astian, Upper Plocene,
Piedmont.

D. sussrrratuM Deshayes, 1825. Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris,
Vol. ii, p. 366, pl. xviii, figs. 1-2.

Fustiaria substriata NewTon, 1891. Brit. Oliogocene & Eocene
Moll., p. 286.

Entaliopsis substriata Newron & Harris, 1894. Proc. Malacol.
Soe. London, Vol. i, p. 68.

D. acuticostum var., J. DE C. Sow., in Dixon’s Sussex, 1850, p. 96,
pieiet. 16.

Eocene, Barton and Bracklesham beds, England ; Paris Basin.

D. sutcatum Lamarck, 1818. Anim. s. Vert., Vol. v, p. 343;
figured in Deshayes, Descr. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, Vol. ii, pl.
1, figs. 33-35, 1864.

Eocene of the Paris Basin.

218 TERTIARY DENTALIUM.

D. suLcosum Sowerby, 1846. Darwin’s Geol. Obs. on S. America,

p. 263, pl. ii, fig. 2.
Tertiary, Navidad Chili.

D. rarer Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898. New name for D. triquetrum
Tate, 1887, preoccupied.

D. (2) triquetrum Tate (not of Brocchi, 1814). Trans. & Proc.
Roy. Soc. S. Australia, Vol. ix, p. 193, pl. xx, fig. 3 (1887).

Tertiary, South Australia.

D. 'rauRocostTaTum (Sacco), 1897.

Antale? tawrocostatum Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte e Lig-
uria, xxii, p. 101, pl. 8, f. 50-54, with varieties costulatior, atava,
octogonalis and septemcostata Sace.

Oligocene, Elvezian stage, Monte dei Cappuccini, N. Italy.

D. TAUROSTRIATUM (Sacco), 1897.

Entalis taurostriata Sacc., Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxi,
p- 109, pl. 9, f. 47-57, with varieties simplicior, subjuvenis, decem-
costata, anomalocostata of Sacco.

Oligocene, Baldissero, northern Italy.

D. renurtstRiatuM Rouault, 1850. Mém. Soc. Geol. France (2),
Vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 473, No. 50, pl. xv, fig. 5.

Eocene of Bos d’ Arros (Basses-Pyrenees)..

D. THALLOIDE Conrad, 1833.

D. thalloides Conrav, 1833. Fossil Shells of Tertiary, p. 54;
2d ed., p. 39, pl. 15, fig. 10; figured in Amer. Journ. Sci. (Ser. 2),
Viol 1; ple lations!

D. alternatum LEA, 1838. Contrib. to Geol., p. 34, pl. 1, fig. 2.

D. asgum Dr Grecorio, 1890. Ann. Geol. et Palaeont.,8 Livr.,
1890, p.171, pl. 17, fig. 22, 23 a—b, 24.

D. (asgum) var. tirpum DE Gregorio 1890. Ann. Geol. et
Palaeont., 8 Livr., p.172.

D. bimiztum De Grecorto, 1890. Ann. Geol. et Palaeont., 8:
Livr., p. 172, pl. 17, figs. 32-34.

Eocene, Claiborne, Alabama.

D. TRAUTSCHOLDI v. Koenen, 1868. Bull. Soe. Impér. Natural-
istes de Moscou, xli, pt.i, p. 160. New name for D. badense Trautsch.,
not Partsch.

D. badense TRautscHoLp, 1859. Bull. Soe. Impér. Nat. Mos-
cou, xxxii, p. 313, pl. 6, f. 4.a,b,c¢. Not of Partsch.

Lower Oligocene, Aral Sea.

DENTALIUM, MESOZOIC. 219

D. tricgonuM Hoeninghaus, 1831. Jahrb. Min. Geol., p. 155.
Nomen nudum.
Tertiary, Tabbiano.
D. TRIQUETRUM Brocchi, 1814. Coq. foss. Subapp., ii, p. 628.—
Gadilina triquetra Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxii, p.
113, pl. 10, f. 35-46, with var. tawrogracilis Sace.
Elvezian, Tortonian and Piacenzian stages, Montegibbio, Bordig-
hera, Monte dei Cappuccini, ete., N. Italy.
D. rryont Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
T307,ps 4600; pl.10;f.5, 9; pl. 11, £..22.
Oligocene of San Domingo.
D. virreuM Gmelin, 1788. Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3,739, No. 20.
—Antale vitreum Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte e Liguria,
xxii, p. 100, pl. 8, f. 42-49.
Lower Miocene to Upper Pliocene, Elvezian to Astian stages, north-
ern Italy.
D. VULGARE (Da Costa).
Sacco describes a Pliocene variety perstriolata in Moll. Terr. Terz.
Piem. e Ligur., xxii, p. 98, pl. 8, f. 1-5.
D. x1putas Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898. New name for D. affine De-
shayes, 1864, not of Biondi, 1859.
D. affine Deshayes, Deser. Anim. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, Vol. ii,
p. 201, pl. 1, figs. 12-14. of
Eocene, Paris Basin.
MEsozOIC SPECIES.

D. aLtatum Gardner, 1878. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond.,
Vol. 34, p. 60, 61, pl. iil, figs. 16-20.

Cretaceous, Gualt at Folkstone, England.

D. ANDLERI Oppel, 1856. Jahresh. Ver. fiir Vaterl. Naturkunde
in Wuerttemberg, Jahrg. xii, p. 213.

Lower Lias, zone of Ammonites angulatus, near Vaihingen.

D. ANGULATI Quenstedt, 1852. Handb. Petrefaktenkunde, p.

443. Nomen nudum.
Lias of Europe.
D. arcotinum Forbes, 1846. Trans. Geol. Soc. London (Ser. 2),

Vol. vii, p. 188, pl. 12, fig. 16.
Cretaceous of India. (Pondicherry).

Antale arcotinum SroniczKa, 1868. Cret. Faun. Southern India,
Vol. ii, p. 445, pl. xxvii, fig. 23.

220 DENTALIUM, MESOZOIC.

D. arctum Pichler, 1857. Jahrb. Min. & Geol., p. 695; Giimbel,
Geognostische Beschreib. des Bayerischen Alpengebirges, p. 274
(1861).

Trias, Tyrol.

D. sicosraLE Ryckholt, 1852. Mem. Couronn. Acad. Roy. Sci.
Belg., Vol. xxiv, p. 71, pl. ii, figs. 43, 44.

Cretaceous, Tournay, Belgium.

This is considered by Gardner a synonym of D. decussatum Sowb.

D. prnkHorst! Pilsbry & Sharp, 1598. New name for D. nysti
Binkhorst, 1861, not of d’Orb. 1852. See Binkhorst, Monogr.
Gastérop. et Céphalop. Craie Supér. du Limbourg, p. 61, pl. 6, f. 2
a, b, ¢.

Cretaceous of Belgium.

D. CALIFORNICUM Stanton, 1895. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No.
123, p. 62, 63, pl. xii, fig. 3.

Cretaceous (Knoxville beds) California.

D. cHILENSE D’Orbigny, 1847. Voy. Péle Sud, (Astrolabe and
Zelee) Geology, pl. iv, fig. 37, 38.

Cretaceous, Chili.

D. crparis Geinitz, 1849. Quadersandsteingebirge, p. 144. New
name for D. striatum Geinitz, 1839, not of Sowerby.

D. striatum Getnirz, 1839 (not of Sowerby). Charac. Schicht.
u. Petrifac. Saechs. Kreidegebirg., p. 74, pl. 18, fig. 27.

D. striatum “Sowerby,” MAnTELL, Geol. of Sussex, etc., p. 87,
pl. 19, f. 28; Reuss, Verstein. Bohm. Kreideform., p. 41, pl. 11, f.
18. (Not of Sowerby, 1812, nor of Born, 1780).

D. reussianum RycKuHout, 1852. Mém. Couronn. Acad. Roy.
Sci. Belg, Volo xxiv, p..10:

Cretaceous, Belgium, Saxony and England.

D. caLaTuLuM Baily (in Salter), 1857. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soe.
Lond., Vol. xiii, p. 87, pl. ii, fig. 8.

Cretaceous, Upper Greensand, Aberdeenshire.

D. compressumM D’Orbigny, 1850. Prodr. Paléont. Strat., Vol.
1, p. 233, No. 135.

Jurassic, France.

D. conrusum Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898. New name for D. alter-
nans, Ryckholt, Mém. Couronnes et Mém. des Savants Etrangers,
pub. par l’Acad. Roy. Sci. de Belgique, 4to, xxiv, 1850, 1851, p.
71, pl. 2, f. 45, 46 (1852). Not D. alternans Chenu, 1842.

Turonien, at Visé, Belgium.

DENTALIUM, MESOZOIC. 221

D. cooperit Gabb, 1864. Geol. Sury. California, Paleontology,
i, p. 189, pl. 21, fig. 100.

Cretaceous, San Diego, ete., California.

D. coraLiinum D’Orbigny, 1850. Prodr. Paléont. Strat., Vol.
ii, p. 12, No. 201.
Jurassic, La Rochelle, France.
D. crassuLuM Stolicezka, 1868. Cret. fossils of Southern India,
Vol. ii, p. 444, pl. 27, fig. 21. :
Cretaceous, India.
D. cRETACEUM Conrad, 1852. U.S. Exped. Dead Sea & River
Jordan (Lynch), p. 228, pl. 1, (Appendix), fig. 1.
Cretaceous, Safed, Syria.
‘“D. syriacum Conrad (Off. Rep. App. 1. 1),” so quoted by Frass,
1867. The species there figured is D. cretaceum Conrad, 1852. See
Frass, Jahrb. Vater]. Naturkunde, Wtrtemberg, p. 239.

D. pEcorATUM Muenster, 1844. Goldfuss, Petrifac. German.,
Vol. iii, p. 3, pl. 166, fig. 9.
Trias, St. Cassian.
Angular, somewhat as in Entalina.

D. pecussatuM Sowerby, 1814. Mineral Conch. Gt. Brit., Vol.
i, p. 161, pl. 70, fig. 5—Garpner, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond.,
xxxiv, 1878, p. 58, pl. 3, f. 1-12.
Cretaceous, Gualt, Cambridge, England.
D. nutans KNeER, 1852. See Avru, Naturwiss. Abhandl. (Hai-
dinger), iii, p. 226, pl. 4, f. 10.
Cretaceous, Nagorzany, East Galizia.
D. ellipticum SowERBy, 1814. Mineral Conch. Gt. Brit., Vol. i,
p. 161, 162, pl. 70, figs. 6, 7.— Conf. GARDNER, |. c, p. 59.
Cretaceous, Folkstone, Kent.
D. prtaTatuM Philippi, 1887. Tertiar. und Quariir. Verstein.
Chiles, p. 105, pl. xii, fig. 13.
Cretaceous, Chili.
D. pivIstENsE Gardner, 1878. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soe. London,
Wool: st, p. 00, ‘pl. ii, fig. 15.
Cretaceous, Upper Greensand, Devizes.
D. punKERI Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898. New name for D. rugosum
Dunker, 1848, not of Eichwald, 1846.

222 DENTALIUM, MESOZOIC.

D. rugosum DuNKER, 1848, (not of Eichwald, 1846). Kasseler
Muschelkalk Mollusken, Programm in der Hoheren Gewerbschule
in Cassel, p. 16, 17.

Cretaceous, Cassel.

D. ELoncatuM Muenster, 1844. Goldfuss, Petrifac. German.,
Vol. iii, p. 2, pl. 166, fig. 5.

D. cylindricum Roemer, (not of Sowerby, 1814). Verstein.
Nord. Deutsch. Oolithen. Gebirg., (1836-1838), p. 184.

Tias, Bauz, Bavaria.

D. FILICAUDA Quenstedt, 1852. Handb. Petrifactenkunde, p. 443.
pl. 35, fig. 18.

Upper Lias, Doerbach.

D. filicauda opalina QuENSTEDT, 1858. Der Jura, p. 328, pl. 44,
fig. 16.

D. rractLe: (Meek & Hayden), 1856.

D. fragilis Merk & HaypeEn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
p. 69.

Cretaceous, Montana.

D. GARDNERI Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898.

D. acuminatum GARDNER, 1878, (not of Deshayes, 1825). Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., 1878, Vol. 34, p. 62, pl. iil, figs. 84-39,

Cretaceous, Great Britian.

D. GetnirztANumM Ryckholt, 1852. Mem. Couronn. Acad. Roy.
Sci. Belg., Vol. xxiv, p. 70.

D. medium Getnitz, Charakteristik der Schichten und Petre-
facten des sichsischbohmischen Kreidegebirges, p. 74, pl. 18, f. 25,
26.—Reuss, Verstein. Bohm. Kreideform., pl. 11, f. 4. Not of J.
Sowerby.

Turonien, Tournay, Belgium.

D. arcanreum Phillips, 1836. Illustr. Geol. Yorkshire, Vol. i,
p. 136, 170, pl. 14, fig. 8.

Lias, Robin Hood’s Bay.

D. GLABELLUM Bean, 1839. Magazine of Nat. Hist., Vol. iii, p.
62. Nomen nudum.

“ Cornbrash Limestone,” Scarborough, England.

D. GLABRATUM (Stoliezka), 1868.

Antale glabratum SrouiczKa, Cret. Faun. South. India, Vol. ii,
p. 445, pl. xxvii, figs. 24-25.

Cretaceous, India.

DENTALIUM, MESOZOIC. 223

D. euapiouus Eichwald, 1846. Geogn. de Russie, p. 447 ; Leth-
zea Rossica, 1868, Vol. ii, p. 799.
D. ceylindricum G. Fiscuer, 1843, (not of Sowerby, 1812). Bull.
Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, Vol. 16, pt. 1, p. 139.
D. subanceps TRAUTSCHOLD, 1860. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
Vol. 838, pt. 2, p. 350-352, pl. viii, figs. 16-17.
Jurassic, Oxfordian stage, Goliowo and other localities near Mos-
cow, etc., Russia.
D. GRACILE (Hall & Meek,) 1854.
D. gracilis Haru & Merex, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci.,
Vol. v, (new series), p. 398, pl. 3, fig. 11 a-e.
Cretaceous, Montana and Wyoming.
D. JEFFREYSI Gardner, 1878. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London,
Vol. 34, p. 61, pl. ill, figs. 26-33.
Cretaceous, Gault at Folkstone, England.
D. L&vE (Schlotheim), 1820.
Dentalites levis ScutoTHEIM, Die Petrifactenkunde, 1820, p. 98.
Trias, Germany, Denmark.
D. LaticosratuM Reuss, 1844. Geognos. Skizz. Boehm., Voll. ii,
p- 201. We have not seen this work.—Reuss, Verstein. Boehm.
Kreideformation, 1845-6, Abth. i, p. 41, pl. xi, fig. 3.
Cretaceous, Bohemia.
D. LINEATUM Gueranger, 1853. Essai d’un Répert. Paléont. de
la Sarthe, p. 33. Quoted by Pictet & Campeche, Pal. Suisse (3),
2d pt., p. 726. We have not seen the work.
Cenomanian, Mans, France.
D. magsor Gardner, 1877. Geol. Mag. (Dec. ii), Vol. iv, p. 556,
pl. xvi, fig. 2.
D. majus GARDNER, 1878. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London,
Vol. 34, p. 56, 61.
Cretaceous, Folkstone; Grey Chalk, Dover.
D. mepium Sowerby, 1814. Mineral Conchology, Vol. i, p. 181,
pl. 79, fig. 5—GARDNER, Q. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., xxxiv, 1878,
paod, pl. 3, fld, 14.
Cretaceous, Blackdown, England.
D. MEYERI (Gardner), 1878.
Entalis meyeri GARDNER, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, Vol.
04, p. 62, pl. 3, fig. 40.

Cretaceous, Great Britain.

224 DENTALIUM, MESOZOIC.

D. micuauxiAnum Ryckholt, 1852. Mém. Couronn. Acad. Roy.
Sci. Belg., Vol. xxiv, p. 72-78, pl. ii, figs. 47-48.
D. ellipticum “Sowerby,” Reuss, Verstein. Bohm. Kreideform.,
p. 41, pl. 11, f. 20. Not of Sowerby, 1812.
Turonien, near Liege, Belgium.
D. minimum Strickland, 1845. Geol. of Cheltenham, p. 101.—
Tare, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. Lond. xx, 1864, p. 111.
“DPD. tenue PorrLock, Rep. Geol., Londonderry, 1843,” p.? .
Not of Goldfuss.
Lias, Cracombe; Island Magee, Antrim Co., Treland.
D. moore! Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. New name for D. lineatum
Moore, 1870, not Gueranger, 1853.
D. lineatum Moore, 1870, (not of Gueranger, 1853). Quart.
Jour. Geol. Soe. London, Vol xxvi, p. 256.
“ Queensland Series,’ Wollumbilla, Queensland, Australia.
The description is nearly worthless, but it will doubtless be iden-
tified by the locality and horizon.
D. MorEANUM “ D’Orbigny, 1845” in Murchison, Verneuil et
Keyserling, Géol. Russ. d’Eur et de lOural, Vol. ii, p. 454, pl. 38,

fig. 10.
Jurassic, Lower Oxfordian stage, France and Russia.

D. moreauanum Bronn, Nomencl. Pal., 415.—E1cHwa.p, Lethea
Rossica, ii, p. 797.

D. MUELLEKIANUM Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. New name for D.
alternans Muller, 1849, (q. v), not of Chenu, 1842.

D. alternans Miller, 1849. Programm Koen. Gymnasiums
Aachen, p. 5, pl. iii, fig. 1. Reprinted in the Monograph. Petrifac.
Aachener Kreideformation, ii Abth., which was published by the
Ver. Preuss. Reinl. & Westphal., Bonn, 1851, p. 5, pl. iii, fig. 1.
(Not D. alternans Chenu, 1842).

Cretaceous, ‘ Konigsthore,” near Aix la Chapelle.

D. muensterr Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898. New name for D. cine-
tum Miinster in Goldfuss, not of de Konick.

D. cinectum Muenster, 1844 in Goldfuss, Petrifact. German., Vol.
iil, p. 3, pl. 166, fig. 7.

Jurassic, Derneburg, Germany.

D. MULTICANALICULATUM Guembel, 1861. Geogn. Beschreibung
d. bayr. Alpengeb., p. 572; figured in Boehm, Palaeontographica,

Vol. 38, 1891, p. 69,pl. 3, fig. 1 a—b.
Cretaceous, Bavaria.

bo
bo
Or

DENTALIUM, MESOZOIC.

See also Res, Geognost. Jahreshefte, 1896, p. 79, pl. 9, f. 5.

D. NANAIMOENSE (Meek), 1858.

D. nanaimoensis Meek, 1858. Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. iv, p.
44-45,

D. komooksense Mrrx, 1876. Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey Terr.,
Vol. ii, No. 4, p. 364, pl. 3, 6. The description of both of these
species is from the same specimen.

Cretaceous, Vancouwver’s Island.

D. nopuLosum (Schlotheim), 1820.

Dentalites nodulosus ScHLOTHEIM, Die Petrifactenkunke, p. 94.

Cretaceous, Island of Moen, Denmark.

D. NormANIANUM D’Orbigny, 1850. (New name for D. nitens
Deslongchamps, 1842, not of Sowerby, 1814). Prodr. Paleont. Strat.
Vol. ii, p. 46, No. 52.

D. nitens DELoNGcHAMps, 1842 (not of Sowerby, 1814). Mém.
Soc. Linn. de Normandie, Vol. vii, p. 129.

Kimmeridge Clay, Villerville.

D. NupuUM Zekeli, 1852. Abhand. K. K. Geol. Reichs-Anstalt
Wien, Vol. i, p. 118, pl. xxiv, figs. 11-12.
Senonian, “ Gosaugebilde,’ Edelbachgraben, Gosau Valley.

D. opsoLtetuM Schlotheim, 1832. Syst. Verzeich. Petrifac.

Samml., p. 67. Nomen nudum.
“ Lohberg, bei Tonna.”

D. ooirHicum Piette, 1856. Bull. Soc. Géol. France (2), Vol.
xiii, p. 598, pl. xv, figs. 28, 29.
D. entaloides DestonccHamps, 1842 (not of Fleming, 1825),
Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie, Vol. vii, p. 128, pl. 7, figs. 36-38.
D. nitens TERQUEM ET JouRDY, Bath. de la Mos., p. 69. (Not
of Sowerby).
Jurassic, Bathonian stage, Rumigny, Hedrequent, Domfront-en-
Champagne, etc., France; Nemitz, Baltic region.
D. orTHOCERAS Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. New name for Entalis?
filosa Koninck, 1883, not D. filosum Brod. & Sowb., 1830-’32.
Entalis? filosa Koninck, 1883. Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat.
Belgique, viii, pt. 5, p. 219, pl. 49, f.23, 24. (Not D. filosum Brod.
& Sowb., 1830-1832, see p. 13).
Carboniferous, Visé, Belgium.
D. ovALE Malm. (Description not seen by us).
Jurassic, Dogger: Germany.

15

226 DENTALIUM, MESOZOIC.

D. ovosectum Sharp & Pilsbry. New name for D. glabrum
Geinitz, 1839, not of Montagu, 1804.

D. glabrum Gernirz, 1839, not of Montagu, 18038. Charae. d.
Schichten and Petrefac. Sichisch.-bohm. Kreidegebirg. Heft i, p.
74, pl. 18, fig. 28; and Heft. i, p. 11, pl 1; fig. 27,

Cenomanien, Tyssa, Limburg, Gorlitz, ete.

D. PARKINSONI Quenstedt, 1852. Handb. d. Petrefactenkunde,
Tuebingen, p. 443, pl. 35, fig. 19. 2d edit., p. 531. Der Jura, pl.
65, f. 5, 6.

Middle Jurassic, Popielany, ete.

Dunker considers this identical with D. entaloides Desl.; see
Paleontographica, xiii, p. 187.

D. PARVULUM (Stoliczka), 1868.

Fustiaria parvula StoviczKA, Cretac. Faun. south. India, Vol. ii,
p. 445, pl. xxvil, fig. 22.

Cretaceous, India.

D. pAUPERCULUM Meek & Hayden, 1860. Proceed. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., p. 178.

Cretaceous, Nebraska and S. Dakota.

D. PENTAGONALE Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. New name for D.
quinquangulare Guembel, 1861, not Forbes, 1844.

D. quinquangulare GUEMBEL, 1861. Geognos. Beschreib. Bayer-

isch. Alpengebirg., p. 409.
Trias of the Bavarian Alps.

May be an Entalina.
D. PLANICOosTATUM Hébert, 1855. Mém. Geol. Soc. France, 2
Ser., Vol. v, p. 374, pl. 29, fig. 11.
Cretaceous, Mendon, France.
D. potyconum Reuss, 1844. Geogn. Skizz. aus Bohmen, Vol.
ii, p. 201-202. We have not seen this work. The reference is
taken from Reuss, Verstein. Bohm. Kreideform., 1845-6, Abth., I,
p. 41 pli to:
Cretaceous, Bohemia.
D. PUNCTATOSTRIATUM Guembel, 1861. (Nomen nudum), Geo-
gnos. Beschreib. bayerisch. Alpengebirg., p. 274.
Trias, Lodensee.
D. quENSTEDTI Blake, 1875. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London,
Vol. xxxi, p. 226; figured in Quenstedt Der Jura, p. 98 (no name).
Kimmeridge Clay, England.

DENTALIUM, MESOZOIC. 227

D. RHODANI Pictet & Roux, 1849. Mém. Soc. Phys., Nat. Hist.,
Geneva, Vol. xii, p. 150, pl. 27, fig. 18.
Cretaceous, Gualt, Mouths of the Rhone; Saxonet, France.

D. RHOTOMAGENSE D’Orbigny, 1850. Prodr. Paléont. Strat.,
Vol. ii, p. 156, no. 226.

D. rothomagense D’Orbigny, 1852. Misspelling for D. rhotoma-
gense D’Orbigny, 1850. Prodr. Paléont. Strat., Vol. iii, index,
p. 59.

Cretaceous, Rouen, France.

D. RIPLEYANUM Gabb, 1860. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
(2 Ser.). Vol. iv, p. 393, pl. 69, fig. 48. See also, WHITFrEeLp,
Paleont. N. J. Gastr. and Ceph., p. 167, pl. 69, f. 48.

Cretaceous, Ripley Group, Eufaula, Alabama.

D. RuGosuM Mueller 1849 (not of Eichwald, 1846 nor of Dunker,
1848). Ueber die Gastrop. der Aachener Kreide, in Programm
Koen. Gymnas. Aachen, p. 6, pl. iil, fig. 2; also reprinted in Mon-
ogr. Petrifac. Aachener Kreideform. which was published by the
Ver. Preuss. Rhein. & Westphal. Bonn, p. 6, pl. iii, fig. 2.

Cretaceous, Lusberg.

This may prove to belong to the Serpulida, or possibly Teredide.

The name is preoccupied.

D. rucosum Spillman, 1860 (not of Dunker, 1848). Geol. Report
of Mississippi, p. 889. Nomen nudum.
Cretaceous, Green Sand, Tombigbee.

D. sacnert Alth, 1850. Geogn. Paleont. Beschreib. von Lem-
berg, in Haidinger’s Naturw. Abhandl. (Wien) Vol. iii, pl. 226, pl.
12, fig. 2. Bohm, Die Kreidebildungen des Fiirbergs u. Sulzbergs-
bei Siegsdorf, Paleeontographica, xxxviii, p. 70.

Cretaceous, Lemberg, Bavaria.

D. saturn Goldfuss, 1844. Petrifac. German., Vol. iii, p. 1, pl.
166, fig. 1.

Mont Eifel.

D. stM1LE Wissman, 1841. Beitrige Geognos. u. Petrefactenkunde
s. 0. Tyrols. (Muenster), p. 91, pl. ix, fig. 8.

Tias.

D. soriticum Piette, 1855. Bull. Soc. Geol. France (2), Vol.
Xi, p. 1122.

Jurassic, Rumigny, France.

228 DENTALIUM, MESOZOIC.

D. sPITIENSE Guembel, 1866. Sitzungsber. K. bayer. Akad. Wis-
sensch. Miinchen, Jahrg. 1865, Vol. ii, p. 360, plate, fig. 7.
Trias, Thibet.
D. sTRAMINEUM Gabb, 1864. Geol. Surv. California, Paleont.,
bE pe 139, pl. 21, fe. 101:
Cretaceous: Northeast of Martinez, San Diego, etc., California.
D. suBARCUATUM Conrad, 1858. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
(2 Ser.), Vol. ii, p. 276, pl. 24, fig. 13.—WuITFIELD, Paleontology
of New Jersey, Gastrop. and Ceph. Raritan Clays and Green Sand
Marls, p. 166, pl. 20, f. 19-24.
Cretaceous: Lower Green Marls, Mullica Hill, and underlying
clays at Crosswicks and Haddonfield, N. J.
D. suscyLinDricuM Philippi, 1887. Tertiair. und Quartar.
Verstein. Chiles, p. 105, pl. 12, f. 14.
Cretaceous, Algarroba and S. Vicente, Chili.
D. suBPLANUM Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898, n. n.

D. cylindricum GARDNER, 1878. Quart. Jnl. Geol. Soe. London,
1878, Vol. 34, p. 61, pl. iii, figs. 21-25.
Cretaceous, Blackdown, England.
This is not D. cylindricum of Sowerby, according to Gardner, J. ¢.
It may possibly be a Ditrwpa, but in any case requires a new name.
D. suBQUADRATUM Meek, 1860. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
p- 311.
Jurassic, North Platte River.
D. TENUE Muenster, 1844. Goldfuss, Petrifac. German., Vol. iii,
p. 2, pl. 166, fig. 6.
Jurassic, Pappenheim, Bavaria.
D. TENUICOsTATUM Boehm, 1891. Palseontographica, Vol. 38,
p- 69, pl. ii, fig. 34a.
Cretaceous, Gerhardtsreiter Graben, Bavaria.
D. rorquatum (Schlotheim), 1820. GuEMBEL, Geol. von. Bay-
ern. (3 Lief.), p. 669, 670, f. 19.
Dentalites torquatus Scuu., Die Petrefactenkunde, p. 94.
D. tonosum ZENKER, 18387, in Geinitz, Beitr. Kennt. Thueringer
Musch. Gebr., pl. i, fig. 2.
Triassic Muschelkalk, Germany.
D. TURONIENSE Woods, 1896. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond.,
Vol. 52, p. 96, pl. iv, figs. 16-17.
Cretaceous, Winchester, ete., England.

DENTALIUM, PALZOZOIC. 229

D. uNDULATUM Muenster, 1844, Goldfuss, Petrifac. Germ., vol.
iii, p. 3, pl. 166, fig. 8.
Trias, St. Cassian, Tyrol.
D. VALANGIENSE Pictet & Campiche, 1864. Paléont. Suisse, (3),
pt. 2, Foss. Terr. Cretac. Sainte Croix, p. 723, pl. 98, f. 16-18.
Valangian stage of the Neocomian, at Villers-le-Lac, near le Locle,
Switzerland.

PAL#ozoIc SPECIES.

There may possibly be some accessions to the roll of Palseozoic
scaphopods from the genus Coleolus of Hall, supposed to belong to
the Pteropoda. The species are mainly thinner and straighter than
the shells of Dentalium; but there are also thin and nearly straight
Dentalia, as in the subgenus Rhabdus.

D. acuMEN (Koninck), 1883.

Entalis acumen Kon., Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belgique, viii,
pt. 4, p. 216, pl. 49, f. 22 (1883).

Carboniferous, Visé, Belgium.

D. acus Eichwald, 1856. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, Vol.
Xxix, pt. 22, p. 584; Lethza Rossica,i, p. 1062, Atlas, pl. 40, fig.
10.

Silurian, Orthoceratites limestone near Poulkovo, government of St.
Petersburg, Russia.

D. acutTisuLcatum Gurley, 1883. New Carb. Foss., p.7. (“ Pub-
lication not valid”, see Miller, North American Geology and
Paleontology, 1889, p. 402).

Carboniferous, U. 8.

D. ANNULIFERUM Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. New name for D.
annulatum Sandb. not Gmel.

D. annulatum SANDBERGER, 1842. Neues Jahrb. Min., Geogn.,
Geol., etc., p. 399, (no description) ;- Versteinerungen des Rhein-
ischen Schichtensystems in Nassau, 1850-1856, p. 241, pl. 26, f. 20,
20a.

“ Stringocephaluskalk,” Villmar, Prussia.

D. ANNULOSTRIATUM Meek & Worthen, 1870. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philada., p. 45; Palseontology of Illinois (Geol. Surv. IIL, v),

pr 089; pl: 29, f. 7.
Carboniferous, Danville, Illinois.

230 DENTALIUM, PALOZOIC,

D. antiquum Goldfuss, 1844. Petrifac. German., Vol. ii, p. 2,
pl. 166, fig. 2.
D. priscum “Muenster” in SANDBERGER, Jahrb. Min. Geol.,
1842, p. 399.
Of. W.arreaves, Contrib. to Canadian Palzont. I, pt. iv, p. 311,
pl. 45, f. 1, 2.
Devonian, at Mont Evfel, Visé, ete.
D. ARENARIUM Romer, 1855. Geol. Kennt. n.-w. Hartzebirges.
Paleeontographica, Vol. v, p. 13, pl. iil, fig. 16.
Spirifer-sandstone, Hartz Mountains.
May prove to be a Pteropod, Coleolus.

D. BARQUENSE Winchell, 1862. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
p. 425.

Subcarboniferous ; Marshall Group, Michigan.

D. canna White, 1874. Rep. Invert. Foss., p. 23; Rep. U. S.
Geograph. Surv. West of 100th Merid., Vol. iv, pt. 1, p. 156, pl.
12 fOr dSr0).

Carboniferous, Utah and Arizona.

D. cornu Koninck, 1877. Foss. Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud, pt.
3, p. 315, pl. 23, fig. 4.

Karu, N. S. Wales.

D. cYRTOCERATOIDES (Koninck), 1883.

Entalis eyrtoceratoides Kontncx, Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat.
Belgique, viii, pt. 4, p. 216, pl. 49, f. 15-15.

Carboniferous, Visé, Belgium.

It is allied to D. priscum.

D. (2) DENTALOIDEUM (Phillips). (Orthoceras dentaloidewm
Phillips, 1836). Illustr. Geol. of Yorkshire, pt. ii, p. 239, pl. xxi,
fig. 12.

Carboniferous, England.

A doubtful Dentalium. L.-G. De Koninck considers it equally
likely to be a Cyrtoceras.

D. GRAND&vuM Winchell, 1863. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
p. 18.

Subcar boniferous, “ Marshall Group,” Burlington, Iowa.

D. eranosum Eichwald, 1856. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,

Vol. xxix, pt. 2, p.584; Lethzea Rossica, i, p. 1061, Atlas, pl. 40,
fig. 7.

DENTALIUM, PALOZOIC. 231

D. granosum var. levigatum E1rcHwap, 1860. Lethza Rossica,
Vol. i, pl. 40, fig. 11, no text.

‘ Orthoceratites limestone, Poulkova, Russia.

D. HERCULEUM Koninck, 1863. Quart. Journ. ‘ Geol. Soe.
London, Vol. xix, p 8, pl. iv, figs. 10-12.

Entalis hereulea WAAGEN, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Productus
Limestone fossils, p. 181-182, pl. xvi, figs. 1, 2, 3 (1887).

Carboniferous ‘‘ Productus Limestone,” Salt Range, India.

D. IBERGENSE Remer, 1855. Geol. Kennt. n.-w. Hartzgebirges.
Paleontographica, Vol. v, p. 36, pl. vil, fig. 7.

Upper Devonian, Iberg White Chalk, Hartz Mountains.

D. ILLINOIENSE Worthen, 1883. Geol. Surv. of Illinois, Vol. 7,
p- 325.

Subcarboniferous ; Lowest beds of the Chester limestone (Kaskaskia
Group), Chester, Illinois.

D. 1nGENns Koninck, 1841. Descr. Anim. foss. terrain Carbon-
ifére Belgique, p. 317, pl. 22, fig. 2. Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Belg.,
viii, pt. 4, p. 217, pl. 49, f. 10-12, 18, 19 (1883).

Carboniferous, Visé, Belgium.

A large species, shaped like D. ceras, but smooth with circular
instead of longitudinal wrinkles. It attains a length of 200 mill.

D. inequale RycK Hott, 1852, not of Bronn, 1831. Mém. Cou-
ronn. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg., Vol. xxiv, p. 67-68, pl. ii, figs. 41-42.
(Carboniferous at Visé)=D. ingens de Kon., internal cast.

D. rvornatum M’Coy, 1844. Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 47,
pl. 5, f. 30.—R. ErHeringsr, Geol. Mag. (dee. ii), iv, p. 248, pl.
ios £: 1',

Carboniferous, Ireland ; and “ Ardross limestone,” near Elie, Fife,
Scotland.

D. MARTINI Whitfield, 1882. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. ii, p.
203; Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vii, p. 423, pl. 3, f. 10.

Devonian, Upper Helderberg limetone, near Dublin, Ohio.

D. MEEKIANUM Geinitz, 1866. Carb. und Dyas in Nebraska, 13,
pl. 1, f. 20; Geol. Surv. Llinois, Vol. v, p. 590, pl. 29, f. 8.

Carboniferous, Danville, Illinois.

D. MISSOURIENSE Swallow, 1863. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
Wl; ii, p. 99.

Subcarboniferous, Kaskaskia Growp, Chester, Illinois, and St.
Mary's, Mo.

232 DENTALIUM, PALAOZOIC.

D. navicanum Ryckholt, 1852. Mém. Couronn. Acad. Roy.
Sci. Belg., Vol. xxiv, p. 169, (no description), pl. x, f. 11.
Devonian, near Visé.

D. NoTABILE Ejichwald, 1856. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
Vol. xxix, pt. 2, p. 583; Lethza Rossica, i, p. 1061, Atlas, pl. 40,
fig. 9.

“ Orthoceratites limestone” of Poulkova, Popovo and Poutilivo,
Government of St. Petersburg, Russia.

D. ornnATuM Koninck, 1841. Descr. Anim. Foss. Carbonif.
Belgique, p. 318, pl. 22, fig. 3; Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Bel-
gique, viii, pt. 4, p. 218, pl. 49, f. 4-9, (1883).

Carboniferous, Visé, Belgium.

D. dentaloideum “ Phillips” Rycknout, Mélanges Paléont., pt.
1, p. 68, (not Orthoceras dentaloideum Phill.).

D.? PERARMATUM Ryckholt, 1852. Mém. Couronn. Acad. Roy.
Sci. Belg., Vol. xxiv, p. 67, pl. il, figs. 39-40.

Carboniferous, Visé.

With dekKoninck, we doubt if this be a Dentalium. It bears
spines toward the smaller end, being elsewhere smooth ; circular in
section.

D. PRIMARIUM Hall 1858. Rep. Geol. Surv. Iowa, i, pt. 2, p.
666, pl. 23, f. 16.

Subcarboniferous, Warsaw Group, Hancock Co., Illinois.

D. priscum Miinster, 1844. Goldfuss, Petrifac. German., Vol.
iii, p. 2, pl. 166, fig. 3; Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., viii, pt.
4, p. 215, pl. 49, f. 1-3, 20, 21.

Carboniferous, Tournay, Belgium.

Reported, but probably incorrectly, from Scotland.

D. rEcrIuscuLUM Eichwald, 1846. Geogn. de Russie, p. 428;
Lethza Rossica, i, p. 1062, Atlas, pl. 40, fig. 12.

Upper Carboniferous, Goniatites beds of Kasalschy-datschy, Oural
Mts., and near Serpoukhow, government of Moscow, Russia.

D. rucosum Eichwald, 1846. Geogn. de Russie, p. 425; Lethza
Rossica, i, p. 10638, Atlas, pl. 40, fig. 8.
Upper Carboniferous: Sloboda, government of Toula, Russia.
D. scorrcum Young, MMS. in Kirby, 1880. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. xxxvi, p. 563 and 589. Nomen nudum.
Calciferous series of the Carboniferous, Great Britian.

DENTALIUM, PALZOZOIC. 233

D. sors King, 1850. Monogr. Permian Foss., p. 218.
D. sorbyi of some authors.
D. speyert GEIn1TZ, 1852. Jahresber. der Wetterauer Gesellsch.,
1850-51. p. 198.
Permian: Ireland, Germany.
D. SUBCANALICULATUM Sandberger, 1842. Jahrb. Min. u. Geol.,
1842, p. 399 (no description) ; Verstein. Rheinischen Schichtensys-
tems Nassau, 1850-1856, p. 240, pl. 26, f. 19, 19a.
“ Stringocephaluskalk,” Villmar, Prussia.

D. susL#vE Hall, 1877. New name for D. obsoletum Hall,
1858, in Miller, 1st edition Amer. Paleozoic Foss., p. 244.
D. obsoletum Haur, 1858. Rep. Geol. Surv. of Iowa, i, pt. 2, p.
724, pl. 29, f. 16,17. (Not of Schlotheim, 1832).
Coal measures of Iowa.
D. TAENIOLATUM Sandberger, 1856. Verstein. Rhein. Schicht.
Nassau, 1850-56, p. 241, pl. 26, figs. 21-21a.
Carboniferous, “ Stringocephaluskalk,”’ Nassau, Germany.

D. TENUISSIMUM Koninck, 1876. Paleont. Nouv.-Galles du
mud, pt. 2, p. 117, pl. 4, fig. 3.

Devonian, Yass, N.S. Wales, Australia.

D. venustumM Meek & Worthen, 1861. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., p. 145.

Subcarboniferous, St. Louis limestone, Waterloo, Monroe Co., Illi-
nots.

D. verrucosum Eichwald, 1856. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
Vol. xxix, pt. 2, p. 584; Lethzea Rossica, i, p. 1063, Atlas, pl. 40,
fig. 6.

Carboniferous: Artiuskian stage of the Permian, Artiusk, Oural
Mts.

D. WALCIODORENSE (Koninck), 1883.

Entalis waleiodorensis Kontnck, Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Bel-
gique, viii, pt. 4, p. 215, pl. 49, f. 16, 17 (1883).

Carboniferous, Belgium.

Family SIPHONODENTALIIDZ.

The earliest forms referable to this family appear in the middle
Cretaceous, the number of species rapidly increasing to the present
time, as shown in the following table:

234 FOSSIL SIPHONODENTALIIDZ.

Cadulus Siphonodentalium Entalina.

Cretaceous 4 — 2
Eocene and Oligocene 26 3 —
Miocene and Pliocene 20 3 2
Recent 65 8 3

Genus ENTALINA Monterosato.

See p.131. This genus first appears at the base of the Ceno-
manien, continuing to the present time.

FE. curva (Gardner), 1878.
Siphonodentalium curvum GARDNER, 1878. Quart. Jnl. Geol.
Soe. London, Vol. 34, p. 63, pl. ii, figs. 45-47.
Cretaceous, Gault at Folkestone, England.
This may be serpulid and allied to Hamulus.

E. GARDNERI Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898. New name for S. affine
Gardner, 1878, not Sars, 1864.

Siphonodentalium affine GARDNER, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.
London, Vol. 34, p. 62, 63, pl. iil, figs. 41-44.

Cretaceous, Gault at Folkestone, England.

E. TETRAGONA (Brocchi), 1814.

Dentalium tetragonum Brocce., Conch. Foss. Subapp., ii, p. 627,
pl. 15, f. 26—Entalina tetragona Monterosato, and of Sacco,
Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Liguria, xxii, p. 114, pl. 10, f. 47-55,
with var. paucistriata Sace.

Dentalium karrerit R Hornes,

Miocene, Northern Italy and Vienna Basin.

Genus SIPHONODENTALIUM M. Sars.

S. DILATATUM (Cossmann), 1888.
Pulsellum dilatatum Cossm., Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., xxiii,
p- day plat 2.
Parisian Eocene, near Soissons.
S. HyaLinum Brugnone. Mise. Malac., pt. 2, p. 21, f. 32 (1876).
Pliocene, Ficarazzi, Italy.
Referred by Jeffreys to Cadulus olivi, but probably incorrectly.
peewpreliall:
S. microceRAs Bttg. Meyer, Bericht. Senck. Naturforsch Ges.,
1882, 1885, p. 259 «no description).
Oligocene of Germany, Joachimsthal, Offenbach.

FOSSIL SIPHONODENTALIID®. DENT:

S. NEGLECTUM (Cossmann), 1888.
Pulsellum neglectum Cossm., Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., xxiii,
Peale pl. 1, f 2.:3.
Parisian Eocene, Le Guepelle, Marines, Chaussy.

Genus CADULUS Philippi.

This genus first appears in the middle Cretaceous. The early
forms are typical examples of the group Gadila, showing no feat-
ures unlike the recent species of that section. The species are gault-
ianus Gardner, obrutus Conr. and gabbi Pils. & Sh.

In the Eocene there are numerous forms; and species of Dischides
and Polyschides also make their advent; and in the Oligocene the
number of species is further augmented, all of the modern types
except the short, obese forms being represented, the latter appear-
ing in the Miocene. Nearly all of the known Pliocene species are
also recent, and hence are to be found in the text of this work
rather than in the following list.

CaDULUs ABRUPTUS Meyer & Aldrich, Journ. Cincinnati Soe. N.
Hix, 1887, p. 40, pl. 2,f.2. .

Oligocene, Newton and Wautubbee, Mississippi.

Considered by Dall and Aldrich a probable synonym of C.
subcoarcuatus Gabb.

C. ANNULATUS Pilsbry, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Oligocene, Bowden, Jamaica.

C. BELLULUs Clark, 1895. Johns Hopkins Univ. Circular, xv,
peo; Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 141, p. 72, pl. 14, f. 6.

Eocene, Woodstock beds, Matthias’ Point, King George Co., Vir-
ginia.

C. (DIscHIDES) BILABIATUS (Desh.).

Dentalium bifissuratum Desu., Traité Elém. de Conchyl., Atlas,
plool yf. 11,12, 14 (1864).

Gadus bilabiatus Du., Descr. An. s. V. Bassin Paris, ii, p. 219,
pl. 3, f. 22-24.—Siphonodentalium bilabiatum CossMann, 1888.

Eocene, Paris Basin.

C. (DiscHIDEs) BouRYI (Cossmann), 1888.
Siphonodentalium bouryi CossMANN, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac.
Bele Vol. xxii, p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7.
Parisian Eocene, Parnes, Méontainville.

236 FOSSIL SIPHONODENTALIIDZ.

C. (DiscHIDEs) BREVIS (Deshayes).
Gadus brevis Du., Descr. An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, p. 219,
~ pl. 3, f. 25-28.—Siphonodentalium breve Cossm., 1888.
Paris Basin, Eocene.
C. coLosus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1897, p. 474, pl. 11, f 17-20.
Oligocene of San Domingo.
C. CORPULENTUS O. Meyer. Bull. No. 1, Geol. Survey of Ala.,
p- 66; pl"3, fo (@es6):
Oligocene, Red Bluff, Mississippi.
C. cucumis vy. Koenen. A European Oligocene species of which
we have seen no description.
C. DENTALINUS (Guppy). PitsBRy, in this Vol., p. 190, pl. 36,
fee:
Ditrupa dentalina Guppy, Geol. Mag. n. ser., dec. ii, vol. I,
1874, p. 445.
Oligocene, Jamaica.
C. DEPRESSICOLLIS Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1897, p. 473, pl. 11, f. 25-27.
Oligocene of San Domingo and Jamaica.
C. pEPREssUS Meyer. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, p. 111,
fig. in text.
C. compressus MEYER, Amer. Journ. Science (3), xxix, p. 463.
(Nude name).
Eocene, Claiborne, Alabama.
C. pipLoconus Seguenza, 1880. Form. Terz. Prov. Reggio
(Calabria), p. 276.
Pliocene, Astian Stage, Italy.
C. ELEGANTIssImMus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 473, pl. 11, f. 28-30.
Oligocene of San Domingo.
C. FLoRIDANUsS Dall. Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., iii, p. 446, pl.
23, f. 26 (with var. burnsii Dall).
| Miocene, Chipola beds, Appalachicola River, Florida.
C. GABBI Sharp & Pilsbry, 1898. New name for Dentalium
pusillum Gabb, not Philippi.
D. (Ditrupa?) pusillum Gaps, 1864. Paleont. of California, i,
p. 139, pl. 21, fig. 99. Gadus pusillus Gasp, olim.
Cretaceous, northeast of Martinez, Alizos Creek, near Fort Tejon —
and Tuscan Springs, California. —

FOSSIL SIPHONODENTALIID. 237

C. eApuLus (Doderlein), 1862.
radus gadulus Dop., Giac. Terr. M. Pl. Ital. Centr., p. 16.—
Dentalium gadulus Montg., ARpDuINI, Conch. Pl. Bac. Albenga, p.
41, 1895 —Gadila gadus var. gadula Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz.
Piem., p. 118, pl. 10, f. 88, 89.
Tortonian Miocene, Montegibbio, Albenga, ete., northern Italy.

C. GAULTIANUS Gardner, 1878. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lon-
don, xxxiv, p. 63, pl. 3, f. 48.
Gault, Folkestone, England.

C. suvenis O. Meyer. Bull. No. 1, Geol. Survey of Ala., p. 66,

pl. 3, f. 4 (1886).
Oligocene, Jackson, Mississippi.

C. MepIuS Deshayes, MMS., 1898. New name for D. coarctatum
Costa not of Lamarck.

D. coarctatum Costa, 1850, Faun. Reg. Napoli, p. 38, pl. 3, fig. 11,
not of Lamarck, 1818.

We know nothing of the validity of this species except what may
be gathered from Costa’s work.

C. MEYERI (Cossmann), 1888.
Siphonodentalium meyert CossMANN, Ann. Soe. Roy. Mal. Belg.,

Vol. xxiii, p. 12, pl. i, figs. 4-5.
Parisian Eocene, Chaussy, Houdan.

C. mucronatus Tate. Trans., Proc., Rep., Roy. Soc. South Aus-
tralia, ix, 1887, p. 193, pl. 20, f. 10.
Muddy Creek Beds, South Australia.

C. (POLYSCHIDES) NEWTONENSIS Meyer & Aldrich. Journ. Cin-
cinnati Soc. N. H., ix, p. 41, pl. 2, f. 3 (1886). |

C. jacksonensis O. Mryrer, Amer. Journ. Sci., xxix, 1885, p.
462; Geol. Surv. Ala., Bull. No. 1, p. 65, pl. 3, f. 8 a-b.

Oligocene of Newton and Jackson, Mississippi. Miocene of Chipola
R., Fla. and Patuxent R., Md. (Dall).

C. nutans Bohm, 1891. Die Kreidebildungen des Furbergs u.
Sulzberg bei Siegsdorfin Oberbayern, in Palzeontographica, xxxviii,
p. 70, pl. 4, f. 26a.

Cretaceous, Hopfling, Bavaria.

C. opLiquatus v. Koenen. A European Oligocene species, of
which we have not seen a description.

238 FOSSIL SIPHONODENTALIID.

C. opruTUS (Conrad), 1869.
Gadus obnutus ConRAD, Amer. Journ. Conch., v, p. 101, pl. 9,
f.18. See t.c. p. 227, errata. Gadus obrutus.
Gadus obrutus Conr., Boye, Bibl. N. A. Mesozoic Invert. Bull.
102, U.S. Geol. Surv., p. 131.
Cretaceous, Haddonfield, New Jersey.
C. oxtvi (Scacchi), 1885. See p. 170, pl. 31, f. 33-35.
Pliocene of Southern Italy and Sicily.
This species has repeatedly been reported as recent, but its actual
occurrence living is doubtful. See text, p. 170.
C. pARIANUS Guppy, 1896. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xix, p. 325,
pl. 30, f. 7.
Oligocene, Trinidad.
C. (PoLYSCHIDES) PARISIENSIS (Deshayes).
Dentalium denticulatum Desu., Traité Elément. de Conchyl.,
Atlas, pl. 61, f. 13, 15, 16 (1864).
Gadus parisiensis Du., Descr. An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, p.
218, pl. 3, f. 18-21.—Siphonodentalium parisiense CossMANN.
Parisian Eocene.
C. PHENAX Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1897, p. 472, pl. 11, f 23, 24.
Oligocene of San Domingo.
C. (POLYSCHIDES) QUADRITURRITUS O. Meyer. Geol. Survey of
Alabama, Bull. No. 1, p. 65, pl. 3, f. 7, 7a (1886).
Oligocene, Red Bluff, Mississippt.
C. SALICENSIS Seguenza, 1880. Form. Terz. Prov. Reggio (Cala-
bria), p. 276.
Pliocene (Astian stage), Italy.
A variety of C. ovulum ?
C. stmRoTHI Pilsbry, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Oligocene, Bowden, samaica.
C. suscoarcuatTus (Gabb), 1860.
Ditrupa subcoarcuata Gass, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2),
iv, p. 386, pl. 67, f. 47 (1860).
Gadus subcoarctatus Gabb, of Conrad. Cadulus subcoarctatus of
Dall, Aldrich et al.
Eocene: Wheelock, Texas.
‘The etymology of this name has been emended by various writers ;
but Gabb’s intention is shown by his use of the name as here printed

FOSSIL SIPHONODENTALIID. 239

in the explanation of plates as well as in the text of his paper, and
upon his autograph label still preserved with the types in the collec-
tion of the Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia.
C. SUBFUSIFORMIS Jeffr., var. TAUROMINIMA (Sacco), 1897.
Loxoporus subfus. v. taur. Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur.,
sexi, p.. 116, pl 10: £78:
Lower Miocene of northern Italy.
C. TAUROTUMIDOSUS Sacco, 1897. Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e
Ligur., xxii, p. 115, pl. 10, f. 68-73.
Lower Miocene, Sciolze northern Italy.

C. TAUROVULUS Sacco, 1897. Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Ligur.,
xxii, p. 115, pl. 10, f. 64-67.
Lower Miocene, Monte dei Cappuccini, Italy.
C. TENUIS (Seguenza), 1880.
Aelonyx tenuis SrG., Formazioni Terziarie nella Prov. di Reggio
(Calabria), Real Accad. dei Lincei an. 1879-80, p. 118, pl. 11, f. 50.
Upper Miocene (Tortonian), Italy.
C. rHALLUs (Conrad). Dau, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., iii, p.
445.
Dentaliwm thallus Conr., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vii, p.
142, 1834.
Miocene: Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina and Florida.

C. TRANSSILVANICUS (Boettger), 1897.
Siphonodentalium transsilvanicum BorrTcer, Verh. u. Mittheil.,
Siebenb. Vereins fiir Naturwissensch. zu Hermannstadt, xlvi, p. 55.
Middle Miocene, Kostej, Banat, Hungary.

C. Tumiposus Jeffr., var. PARVULINA Sacco, 1897. Moll. Terr.
Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxii, p. 116, pl. 10, f. 74-76. Also var. PER-
INFLATA Sacco, J. c., pl. 10, f. 77.

Tortorian Miocene, S. Agata, northern Italy.

C. rureipus O. Meyer, Bull. No. 1, Geol. Survey of Ala, p. 65,
pl. 1, f. 10— Harris, Bull. Amer. Paleont., i, No. 4, p. 187 (73),
pl. 7, f. 2.

Midway stage of Eocene, Matthew's Landing, Alabama.

C. (PoLYSCHIDES) TURRITUS (Lea), 1833.

Dentalium turritum Lea, Contributions to Geol., p. 35, pl. 1,
fig. 3.
Eocene, Claiborne, Alabama.

240 CADULUS, SPURIOUS SCAPHOPODA.

C. vENTRICOsUs (Bronn), 1827.
Dentalium ventricosum Bronn, Verz.im Heidelb. Compt. befindl.
~ Conchylien Jahrb., ii, p. 589.—Gadila gadus var. ventricosa and
gracilina Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem. e Liguria, xxii, p. 117, pl.
10, f. 80-85.— Creseis gadus Bronn, Lethzea Geogn., ii, p. 984, pl.
40, f. 3—Dentalium coarctatum Lam., An. s. Vert., v, p. 346.—
Loxoporus ligusticus Razzore, Ale. Scafop. Plioe. Ligur., p. 17,
1896.

Miocene of Northern Italy.

C. vICKSBURGENSIs O. Meyer. (Amer. Journ. Sci., xxix, 1885,
p. 463), Geol. Survey, Alabama, Bull. No. 1, p. 65, pl. 3, f. 6
(1886).

Oligocene, Red Bluff, Vicksburg, Mississippi; Older Miocene,
Florida.

APPENDIX IJ. SPECIES DESCRIBED AS SCAPHOPODA BUT
BELONGING TO OTHER GROUPS.

The false- Dentalium species may conveniently be discussed under

the following arrangement :
1. Molluscan, but non-Scaphopod species.

(2. Worm-tubes, Serpulide (p. 241).
(3. Sundry other organisms (p. 247).

Most of the following species are here for the first time removed
from the Scaphopoda; but a part of them, such as the common
European Ditrupa, have long been known to be non-molluscan, and
various rectifications of the position of sundry species may be found
scattered through the literature. Locard (Ann. d’Agricult. Lyon,
1896, p. 253) has discussed the topic at some length.

Non-mollusean

1. Various other mollusca described as Scaphopods.

Dentalium aciculatum Hall, 1860. 13th Rep. N. Y. State Mus.

Nat. Hist., p. 107.
Paleozoic ; Marcellus Shale and Portage Groups.

= Coleolus aciculatus, referred by Hall to Pteropoda, but it may
as likely be a Scaphopod.

Dentalium annulatum Mighels, Jay’s Catalogue, edit. 4, p. 96,
from Maine, may be a Cecum. It is not D. annulatum Gmel.

Siphonodentalium breve R. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards Coll.
B. M., 1891, p. 287=Euchilotheca elegans Harris, Proc. Malac. Soc.
Lond., i, p. 61. An Eocene Pteropod.

SPURIOUS SCAPHOPODA: SERPULID®. 241

Dentalium corniculum Costa, Fauna Reg. Nap., Tubibranchi,
Appendix, p. 55, pl. 4, f. 2. Belongs to Cecide.

Dentalium cinectum Ioninek, 1843. Deser. Anim. Foss. Terrain.
Belgique, p. 318, pl. 25, fig. 3. Orthoceras subcentrale Koninck, p.
514, pl. 44, fig. 3. Carboniferous, Belgium.

Coleolus crenatocinetus Hall, 1879. Pal. N. Y. v, pt. 2, p. 188,
pl. 82, f. 1-3; pl. 32a, f. 3, 4. Considered a Dentalium by Whit-
field.

Dentalium glabrum Montagu, 18035, Test. Brit., p. 497.=Ceeum
glabrum (Montagu).

Dentalium imperforatum Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 496.—Coewm.

Dentalium imperforatum Turton, Conch. Dict. Brit. Is., p. 39, 1819
(Walker Test. minuta rariora, etc., p. 4, pl. 1, f. 15). Caeum.

Dentalium intestiniforme Linn.==Thylacodes polyphragma Sassi
(Morch, P. Z. S., 1862, p. 66).

Dentalium jungti d’Orbigny, 1852. Prodr. Paleont. Strat., Vol.
iii, index, p. 59.—=Fusus jungii, a mistake in indexing.

Dentalium pygmeus Defrance, 1819. Dict. Sci. Nat., Vol. xiii,
p. 71.=Cecum. Q

Dentalium spinulosum Miller, MSS.—Hamites spinulosus Sowb.,
Min. Conch., 1, p. 29; pl: 246, f. 1 (1821).

Dentalium trachea Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 497, pl. 14, f. 10.—
Caecum.

2. Vermes of the Family Serpulide.
Genus Dirrupa Berkeley, 1834.

Zoological Journal, v, p. 426.

Worms of this genus form a calcareous shell shaped like a Den-
talium or a narrow Cadulus (such as C. acus or panamensis), gener-
ally constricted anteriorly or with swollen rings or constrictions at
irregular intervals along the tube, which is very earthy and brittle.

Various species have been described as Dentaliwm, such as D.
strangulatum Desh., D. swhulatum Dh. (pl. 37, fig. 16), D. arietinwn
Miiller (pl. 37, fig. 19), and D. goreensis Clessin (pl. 37, fig. 17).
Forms a good deal like D. subulatum occur in the West Indies, and
there is a multi-annulate East Indian species. They probably occur
in most seas. The irregularity and earthy texture of the tube are
generally sufficiently conspicuous to prevent any confusion with
Scaphopod shells. Some related genera of Serpulide have more or
less similar shells; but the generic and specific characters of these

16

242 SPURIOUS SCAPHOPODA: SERPULID®.

organisms are to be found in the opercula, gills, ete., rather than in
the tubes, which give characters of but little value to the modern
helminthologist.

In early Tertiary and Cretaceous deposits there are several species
with solid, thick, heavily ribbed shells, such as Serpula heptagona
Sowb., “ D.” rudis Gabb, ete. Their exact generic relations are not
known to me, but they are obviously members of the family Serpul-
ide, (see pl. 87, fig. 20, ‘ D.” abbreviatum Dh.).

The species are arranged alphabetically without regard to geologi-
eal horizon, and no attempt at synonymy, even when obvious, has
been made.

Dentalium abbreviatum Deshayes, 1825. Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Paris, Vol. ii, p. 352, pl. xviii, figs. 21-22; see also Descr. Anim. s.
Vert. Bassin Paris, Vol. ii, 1864, p. 199, pl. 3, figs. 5-7; Eocene of
the Paris Basin(—=“ Serpula” heptagona Sow.).

Dentalium arietinum Miiller, Zool. Danicee Prodromus, p. 236,
1776.

Dentalium bulbosum Bronn, 1831. Ital. Tert. Gebild., p. 85
(“=D. entalis Brocchi in part”). See also Ercaowa.p, Lethxa
Rossica, iii, p. 136—Sreranr & PANTANELLI, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital.,
iv, p. 67.—“ Unbekannte Versteinerungen” HoERNnes, Foss. Moll.
Tert. Beckens Wien, in Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-k6éniglichen
Geologischen Reichsanstalt, 1856, p. 664, pl. 50, f. 41. Pliocene,
Italy, Russia, ete.

Dentalites cingulatus Schlotheim, Die Petrefactenkunde, p. 94.

Dentalium carinatum O. G. Costa, Faun. Reg. Nap., Tubibranchi,
pp. 24, 52 (1851).

Dentalium coarctatum Brocchi, 1814. Conch. Foss. Subapp., ii,
p. 264, pl. i, fig. 4. A Calabrian Pliocene Ditrupa !

Dentalium corneum Linn., Syst. Nat. (12), p. 1263 (=Ditrupa
arietina).

Dentalium cylindraceum Costa, 1850. Faun. Reg. Napoli, Dent.,
p. 39, pl. 3, fig. 10=Ditrupa. Italian Pliocene? near Caramanico.

Dentalium cylindricum Sowerby, 1814. Mineral Concholugy,
Vol. i, p. 179, pl. 79, tig. 2. Emsworth, England. According to
Gardner, this Ditrupa is a synonym of Dentalium planum Sowerby,
described on the same page.

Dentalium deshayesianum Galeotti, 1837. _Mém. Couron. Acad.
Roy. Bruxelles, Vol. xii, p. 62, pl. 4, f. 7. Plateau D’Assche of
Brabant.

SPURIOUS SCAPHOPODA : SERPULIDA. 243

Dentalium deforme Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., v, p. 844, 1818.

Dentalivm difforme J. de C. Sowerby, in Dixon, 1850. Geology
of Sussex, p. 348, pl. xxix, fig. 10.

Dentalium faleatum Conrad, 1869. Amer. Journ. Conch., v
1869-70, p. 44, pl. 1, figs. 12-16. See under Hamulus.

Dentalium goreeanum Clessin, Conchyl. Cab., p. 42, pl. 10, f. 9, 10.

Dentalium hamatum Forbes, 1846. Trans. Geol. Soe. Lond. @)}
Vol. vii, p. 138, pl. xv, fig. 8. Cretaceous of India. An imperfect
east of a longitudinally ribbed worm tube.

Dentalium incrassatum SOwWERBY, 1814. Mineral Conchology, i
p- 180, pl. 79, fig. 3, 4.

Dentalium incurvum Renter, 1804. Tavola Alfabet. Conch.
Adriat. Not seen by us.

Dentalium indistinctum FLeminc. Edinburgh Phil. Journ., xii
p. 241, pl. ix, fig. 2 (1825). Carboniferous, England.

Dentalium minutu Linn., Syst. Nat. (10), p. 786 = D. minutum
L., Syst. Nat. (12), p. 1264, and of Gmelin, p. 3737, is not identifi-
able, but Hanley surmises that it may be Cadulus gadus.

Dentalium nigrofasciatum Ercuwaup. Naturhist. Skizze Lithu-
anen, Volhyn., etc., p. 199.—Dentalium incrassatum Sow. E1ca-
WALD, Lethza Rossica, iii, p. 136, pl. 3, f. 20a, b. Pliocene, Zu-
kowce, Volhynia, Russia.

Dentalium nigrum Lam., 1818. An.s. Vert., p. 345; see also
Chenu, Illustr. Conchyl., i, pl. 3, f. 9. Tube of Ditrupa or some
allied genus of worms.

Dentalium pellucidum GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3738 (Schroe-
ter, Einleitung in Conch. 2, p. 529, pl. 6, f. 17).

Dentalium pusillum Puitipri, 1836. Enum. Moll. Sicilize, Vol.
i, p. 245 (Palermo), has been referred to Dischides politus, but it
may be a Ditrupa.

Dentalium planum Sowersy, 1814. Mineral Conchology, i, p.
iio pl. 79, fig. 1.

Dentalium radicula Lamarck, 1818. Anim. s. Vert., Vol. v, p.
345.

? Dentalium rudis Gass, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (n. ser.), xv,
p. 244 (1873). See also Pilsbry & Sharp, Proc. A. N. S. Phila,
1897, p. 474, pl. 10, f. 4, 8. Oligocene, San Domingo.

Dentalium septangulare Fleming, Edinb. Philos. Journ., xii, 1825,
p- 240. Probably = the following.

bd

?

by

244 SPURIOUS SCAPHOPODA : SERPULID®.

Dentalium septemcostatum Abich in Trautschold, 1859. Bull.
Soe. Nat. Moscou, xxxii, pt. i, p. 314, pl. 6, fig. 5. Eocene and
Oligocene, Armenia. Probably = ‘‘ Serpula” heptagona Sowerby,
with which Trautschold, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose., 1868, pt. 1, p. 168,
identifies it.

D. serratum Pictet et Roux, 1849. Mém. Soe. Hist. Nat. de
Genéve, 1849, Vol. 12, p. 150, pl. 27, f. 12 a—b. Cretaceous, Mouths
of the Rhone, France. Probably belongs to Hamulus.

Dentalium sexcarinatum Goldfuss, 1844. Petrifac. German., Vol.
iii, p. 4, pl. 166, fig. 12.

Dentalium sexradiatum Goldfuss. “Craie super. Maestricht.”’ We
have seen no work in which this species is described. It may be
an error for sexcarinatum.

Dentalium sowerbyi Michelotti, 1847. Terr. Mioe. de Ital. Sep-
tentr., p. 145, 1847.

Dentalium strangulatum Deshayes, Mém. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de
Paris, ii, p. 382, pl. 16, f. 28 (1825). ;

Dentalium strangulosum ‘“ Deshayes,” Gtimbel, 1861 (misspelling
for D. strangulatum Deshayes). Gtimbel, Geognos. Beschreib.
Bauerisch. Alpengebirg., p. 604.

Dentalium subcarinatum Munster in Goldfuss. Quoted by
Ryckholt, Mem. Couron. Belg., 1850-51, Vol. xxiv. This may be
a misspelling for D. sexcarinatum Minster in Goldfuss, 1844.

Dentalium subulatum Desh., Mém. Soe. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p.
3738, pl. 16, f. 29 (1825).

Dentalium undatum Defrance, 1819. Dict. Sci. Nat., Vol. xiii, p.
72. Near Angers (=Ditrupa).

Genus Hamutus Morton, 1834.

Hamulus Mort., Synopsis Organic Remains of the Cretaceous
Group of the U.S., p. 73, type H. onyx Mort.—Fualeula Conran,
Amer. Journ. Conch., vi, July, 1870, p. 77, type D. hamatus Con.,
1870, error for D. faleatum Con., 1869.

Shell tubular as in Dentaliwm, but very much and progressively
more curved toward the smaller end ; exterior coarsely and rudely
ribbed longitudinally ; aperture contracted, circular, smaller orifice
simple, without an accessory tube. Type H. onyx Mort.

Cretaceous of the United States, Europe and India.

This genus is like Pyrgopolon in the contracted aperture and
rude, irregular growth, but it is more curved and apparently with-

SPURIOUS SCAPHOPODA : SERPULIDZ. 245

out an inserted apical tube. We do not hesitate to refer it to the
Serpulide. See pl. 37, fig. 12, H. onyx Mort., Alabama.

The genus Faleula of Conrad was based upon internal casts of
Hamulus. Type F. falcata Conr., pl. 37, figs. 10, 11, from the
Lower Green Marls at Crosswicks, N. J.

Hamulus onyx Morton, l. c., pl. 2, f.8 (Lynch’s Creek, S. C.) ; pl.
16, f. 5 (Erie, Ala.), is the type of the genus.

Hamulus squamosus Gasp, Journ. A. N.S. P. (2), iv, p. 398,
pl. 68, f. 45.

Hamulus major GABB, t. ¢., p. 399, pl. 68, f. 46, Ripley Group,
Eufaula, Alabama.

Hamulus faleatus Conrap, Amer. Journ. Conch., v, p. 44, pl.
1, f. 12, 16 (as Dentalium falcatum), including D.? hamatus Conr.,
Amer. Journ. Conch., vi, p. 77, from the New Jersey Cretaceous,
described from internal casts, by which it is still solely known.

It scarcely falls within the province of this work to enumerate
the European and Indian species of similar forms, except when
described as Dentalium.

Dentalium octocostatum Frass, 1867. Jahresh. Nat. Kund.
Wuerttemberg, Vol. 23, p. 239, pl. iv, fig. 18.

Cretaceous at Marsdba, Palestine.

Genus Pyrcororon Montfort, 1810.

Py gopolon Montr., Conch. Syst., i, p. 894 (1810), type P. mose
Montf.— Entalium DEFRANCE, Dict. Sci. Nat., xiv, p. 517 (1819),
type E. rugosum Defr.—‘ Entale Defrance” Buatny., Man. de
Malac., p. 628 (1825), type D. duplicatum.— Entalis Defr.,”
SoweErBy, A Conchol. Man., p. 42 (1839), type D. duplicatum
Blainv.—Pharetrium Kornta, Icones Fossilium Seciles, p. 4 (1825).

Shell club-shaped, straight, or curved toward the apex, the out-
side bevelled (as though constricted, but the lumen does not con-
tract) at the oral aperture; dull, chalky, with irregular encircling
undulations; the inner layer generally projecting as a tube at the
apex.

Type P. mose Montf., pl. 37, fig. 13; see also P. clava Lam., pl.
37, figs. 14, 15.

Upper Cretaceous, especially at Maestricht in the Netherlands.

Blainville, as was his custom, used Defrance’s French vernacular
name “ Entale” instead of his Latin form, and for some occult rea-
son he changes the name of the species. Sowerby’s variation was

246 SPURIOUS SCAPHOPODA: SERPULID2.

obviously due to a desire for pure Latinity, his information being
from Blainville. Subsequent developments ensued, further compli-
cating the question. Gray (P.Z.S., 1847, p. 159) evidently thought
that the apical tube was due to repair of injuries, and he establishes
a genus Entalis with Dentalium entalis as type. This of course is
totally different from Sowerby’s “ Entalis,” which was a Latiniza-
tion of “ Entale,” and based ultimately upon the type of Entalium
Defrance.

In short, Entalium Defrance, Entale Blainville and Entalis Sow-
erby pertain to Pyrgopolon,a worm; Entalis Gray and later authors
is a form of Dentalium. See also page 37 of this volume.

The irregular growth and two-layered structure of these shells is
conclusive evidence that they belong to the Serpulid worms. A num-
ber of species have been described under various generic names—
P. mose Montf., Dentalium clava Lam., D. erassum Desh., Phare-
trium fragile Konig—but they are probably variations of one or two
Protean species. D. tricostatum Goldf. is apparently a Pyrgopolon.

Dentalium browni HistnGErR, 1837. Lethzea Suecica seu Petrifak.
Sueiciz, p. 21, pl. iv, fig. 9 (not seen by us).

Dentalium clava LaMARCK, 1818. Anim.s. Vert., v, p. 346.

Dentalium crassum DEsHAYES, 1825: Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Paris, ii, p. 373, pl. 18, fig. 20.

D. duplicatum BuAINvILue, Man. de Mal., p. 628 (1825); a
nude name.

Pyrgopolon mose Montrort, 1810: Conch. Syst., i, p. 394-396.

Dentalium tricostatum GoupFuss, 1844. Petrifac. German., iii,
p- 3, pl. 166, fig. 11. Cretaceous, Westphalia.

Dentalium wilsont Frass, 1867. Jahresh. Nat. Kund. Wirttem-
berg, Jahrg. xxiii, p. 239, pl. iv, fig. 12.

Cretaceous, Marsaba, Palestine.

SPIRODENTALIUM Walcott, 1890.

Spirodentalium Watcort, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, p. 271.

“Shell tubular, curved, opened at both (?) ends, attenuated pos-
teriorly ; aperture circular, surface spirally striated.”

Type S. osceola Walcott, (J. ¢., pl. 20, f. 12) from the upper por-
tion of Cambrian (Potsdam terrane), Osceola Mills, Wisconsin.
Pl. 37, fig. 18.

Described from one specimen occurring “in a friable, brown
sandstone as cast and the matrix.” “ Longitudinally marked by

SPURIOUS SCAPHOPODA, ADDITIONS, ETC. 247

several narrow grooves.” ‘Surface ornamented by spiral striz
that, from the portion of the surface preserved, passed around the
tube three or four times in a length of 6 centimeters, the tube hav-
ing a diameter of 7 mill. at aperture and 2°5 mill. at the posterior
end.”

The character of the sculpture—longitudinal grooves and spiral
strize—is radically unlike any form known to belong to the Scapho-
poda, and the genus can scarcely be admitted to be molluscan with-
out more evidence than the wretchedly preserved specimen yet
known affords. It may belong to the Vermes, or to the ancient
group of so-called Pteropoda.

3. Sundry other non-molluscan organisms.

Dentalium clausum Turton, Conch. Dict. Brit. Is., p. 39 (1819).
Quill of a sea-bird’s wing feather, teste Forbes & Hanley, and Jef-
freys.

Dentalium cornicula d@’OrBIGNY, 1852. Prodr. Paleont. Strat.,
Vol. iii, index, p. 59, = Dentalina cornicula (Foraminifera). <A
mistake in indexing.

APPENDIX III.

Additional data upon Recent and Fossil Scaphopoda.

(Recent species).

D. ELEPHANTINUM L. (p. 1).
Reported from the Red Sea by Issel, Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 235.

D. BISEXANGULATUM Sowb., (p. 15).

Reported from the Querimba Islands and Mozambique (Peters
coll.) by von Martens, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879,
p. 739.

D. ocrANGULATUM Donovan (p. 16).

Under the name D. octogonum, von Martens (Vorderasiatische
Conchylien, p. 102) records this from Bender-Abbas, Persian Gulf
(G. Doria!). See also Issel, Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 302.

D. TEXASIANUM Philippi. PI. 37, figs. 1-9.

See pp. 20-22, as D. gouldii. Two specimens are illustrated on
plate 37, collected at Sanibel Island, west coast of Florida, by Chas.
W. Johnson. They show considerable variation, but correspond

248 ADDITIONS-RECENT SPECIES.

well with Philippi’s description of D. terasianum. We are, there-
fore, disposed to rank D. gouldii asa form of texasianum, which has
many years of priority of description. To the references should be
added D. texusianum Ph., RoEMER, Texas, p. 454 (1849).

Possibly the “ D. pseudosexagonum Dh.” reported from Tucacas,
Venezuela, by Higgins & Marratt, Moll. Voy. ‘ Argo,’ Proc. Lit.
and Philos. Soe. Liverpool, xxxi, 1877, p. 416, is this species. There
are many errors in the ‘ Argo’ identifications.

D. BEDNALLI Pilsbry & Sharp, n. sp. Pl..39, figs. 1525.3;

Shell soiled or Isabella-whitish, moderately arcuate, the curvature
mainly posterior. Sculpture: at and near the apex with 7 strong,
rounded ribs separated by deeply concave and decidedly wider in-
tervals; passing anteriorly the ribs become lower and wider, and
tend to split by the appearance of progressively deepening sulci on
their side slopes, so that at the aperture there are about 10 very low
ribs of unequal prominence, besides some incipient ones; the inter-
vals shallow and narrower than the ribs. Growth striz fine and
rather inconspicuous throughout, no longitudinal striation. Aper-
ture subcircular, retaining a slightly hexagonal form, as long as
wide ; apex rather large, the orifice small, oval, longer than wide,
with thick walls; no slit or notch. Length 19, diam. at aperture
2'8, at apex 1:3 mill.

St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia (W. T. Bednall).

? D. octogonum of Adcock’s Hand List of the Aquatic Mollusca
inhabiting S. Australia, p. 10 (1893).

The fundamental form may prove to be six-ribbed rather than
seven-ribbed. The two costate species of this region, D. tasmanien-
se and D. weldianwm, are not known to me by specimens, and
neither of them have been figured, but from the brief descriptions
published (see p. 9) this species seems distinct from either of them.

D. consprcuum Melvill. PI. 33, fig. 60.

Shell shining, subulate, arcuate, milk-white, longitudinally deli-
cately striated, the stris unequal, here thin and there thicker,
spirally irregularly concentrically encircled by lire; at the apex
octagonal, toward base vanishing, the baseitself very smooth, rotund.
Length 1%, diam. 75 inch (Melv.).

Karachi.

ADDITIONS—RECENT SPECIES. 249

D. conspicuum Mertv., Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and
Philos. Soc., xli, pt. 8, 1896-97, p. 21, pl. 7, f. 28 (1897).

A milk-white, conspicuous species, slightly arcuate, eight-angled
at the apex, the longitudinal strise very unequal down the body of
the shell, and entirely vanishing before the base, which is very
smooth and round at the orifice. It is concentrically unequally
lirate ; two specimens (Melv.).

D. concINNUM von Martens.

Shell weakly curved, with distinctly defined but not sharp longi-
tudinal ribs, at the apical end 12 in number, increasing anteriorly
by intercalation to more than double that number, separated from
each other by about double the breadth of the ribs ; becoming weaker
anteriorly, and with fine, crowded circular lines equally developed
upon ribs and interstices ; white, somewhat shining. Apex without
slit, thick-margined, with 12 small notches outside. Aperture some-
what elliptical and oblique to the axis. Length of chord 44, of are
46 mill.; longer diameter of aperture 4, shorter 33 mill. ; diameter
of the apex 1 mill. (Martens).

West Coast of Africa, N. lat. 10’ 6’ 9”, W. lon. 17° 16’ in 150 fms.
(Gazelle Exped.).

D. concinnun MARrens, Sitzungs-Bericht Ges. Naturforschender
Freunde zu Berlin, meeting of June 18, 1878, p. 154.

Evidently a member of the group of D. agassizi (p. 26), and to
be placed near D. shoplandi.

D. QUADRAPICALE Sowerby (p..34).

Reported by Mr. E. A. Smith from off the coast of Travancore,
South India, in 406 fms., dredged by the ‘ Investigator’ (Ann. Mag.
N. H., xviii, p. 371, November, 1897). The specimens are some-
what larger than that figured by Sowerby, the largest having a
length of 40 mill.

A section of Dentalium, TEssERACME, may advantageously be

erected for the forms included in the “group of D. quadrapicale,”
p. ol.

D. pretiosum ‘ Nutt.,’ Sowerby (p. 44).
Carpenter says somewhat enigmatically that the D. pretiosum of
the Mazatlan Catalogue is probably D. lacteum Phil. We know of

no such species. See Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci., 1868, pp. 545,
666, and Moll. Western N. A., pp. 31, 152.

250 ADDITIONS—RECENT SPECIES.

There is also a museum name afloat “ Antalis denseliratum Cpr.”
for young indianorum with a distinct slit on the convex side. One
‘such in U.S. Nat. Mus. from San Pedro (No. 19,463), is 19 mill.
long, 2°9 wide at aperture.

D. AGILE Sars (p. 46).

Off C. Spartel, Marocco, Sahara and Azores, 337-650 fms.,
‘Talisman ’ Exp. (Jeffreys, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 147).

D. EnTALIs L. (p. 42).

Mr. J. T. Marshall records new British localities for the varieties
anulata and infundibulum in Journ. of Conch., ix, p. 61. The for-
mer “lives in fine sand in deep water, while the var. infundibulum
occurs on rough ground; the latter is really a stunted form, caused
by the action of a rough bottom wearing away and successively
breaking off the point.”

D. OCCIDENTALE Stimp. (p. 47).

Verrill (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 394) called attention in
1880 to the singular error of Jeffreys, Sars and others in regard to.
this species, which I have noticed at the foot of p. 47. He gives.
the range as all along the coast of New England and Nova Scotia,.
abundant on muddy bottoms in 50 to 300 fathoms. Jeffreys adds
the locality Bay of Biscay, 1,062 fms., ‘Travailleur’ Exp. (Jeff
reys, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 147, as “ D. striolatum ”).

D. DENTALIS Linné (p. 53).

Var. crocea Monts., of a beautiful saffron yellow, with the apex.
rose tinted, and var. rosea Monts., entirely rose colored, are reported
from the Gulf of Gabes by Ph. Dautzenberg, Journ. de Conchyl.,.
1883, p. 302.

D. PANORMUM Chenu (p. 54).

Second paragraph of references should read D. pseudo-entalis O.
G. Costa; not “ pseudo-antalis.”

Jeffreys (P. Z. S., 1884, p. 147) records it from Cape St. Vincent.
and off Senegal, in 323 to 1,723 fms. (Talisman Exped.).

D. DISPARILE Orb. (p. 56).

D. eburneum Turton, Conchol. Dict. Brit. Is., p. 37 (1819) = D.
album Turton, t. ¢., p. 256, is evidently either D. disparile or varia-
bile, but which is uncertain. The doubt causes us to reject the
name album, which is prior to those of both species mentioned.

ADDITIONS—-RECENT SPECIES. 251

D. MULTISTRIATUM Deshayes. PI. 39, fig. 5.

Small, narrow, generally but little curved, white, yellowish or
grayish ; entirely covered with fine, crowded strize, continuous from
base to apex. In some individuals these striz area little wider, less
crowded, with a fine thread interposed ; but in the majority of shells
they are equal, rounded, sometimes quite regularly spotted with
gray or translucent white on an opaque white ground. Apex ordi-
narily worn, the strize often deeper than at the base; aperture per-
ceptibly oblique, with very sharp peristome. Length 20, greatest
diam. 3 mill. (Desh.).

Found with D. variabilis, and presumably from India. (Desb.).

D. multistriatum DrsHAayEs, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii, p.
358, pl. 18, fig. 11.

Apparently resembles some forms of D. antillarum. It is known
to us only from the above description and figure.

D. canpipum Jeffreys (p. 72).
Off Marocco, Sahara and Canaries, 629-1,429 fms., ‘ Talisman’
Exp. (Jeffreys, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 147).

D. capiLLosum Jeffreys (p. 77).
Off west coast of Africa and Azores, 681 to 2,711 fms., ‘ Talis-
man’ Exp. (Jeffreys, P. Z.S., 1884, p. 147).

D. mageniFicum E. A. Smith, (p. 78).

Shell large, thick, moderately curved, perceptibly tapering pos-
teriorly, obliquely truncated anteriorly ; sculptured everywhere with
many delicate ribs crenulated by transverse striz ; slit narrow, of
varying length. Length 115, greatest diam. 15 mill. (Smith).

Lat. 8° 40' N., long. 81° 27’ 35” E., in 637-800 fms.; off Trin-
comalee, east coast of Ceylon.

Dentaliwm magnificum Surry, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 371,
Nov., 1896.—PitssRy, this vol., p. 78.

The description of this species was overlooked by me when the
MS. for part 65 of this volume was in preparation. Mr. Smith
writes :

“This fine species is as large as the Japanese D. vernedei or the
fossil D. grande Desh. The form, however, is more rapidly taper-
ing than that of either, and the sculpture is not precisely similar ;
the aperture is larger than in either of the species quoted and almost

252 ADDITIONS—RECENT SPECIES.

circular. The longitudinal ridges are fine and numerous, number-
ing about twenty-five to thirty at an inch from the apex. Towards
the anterior end intervening riblets appear, so that the interstices,
which above are broader than the lirse, become narrower. The
lines of growth are distinct, and on crossing the riblets towards the
posterior end produce a granulated appearance ; the ridges are much
smoother anteriorly and less elevated. The length of the fissure is
variable, but this is probably chiefly due to damage. In the most
perfect specimen it is 13 millimetres in length and rather more than
half a millimetre in width. All threespecimens exhibit reparation
of injuries at the anterior end, and in two the posterior extremity
has been broken off; these injuries are probably done by fishes or
crustaceans. The shells are whitish, but coated with a dark brown
earthy deposit. The Rev. Professor H. M. Gwatkin informs me
that the radula is quite normal, and that the figure given by Sars of
Antalis striolata closely represents it, except that in the present
species ‘ the central tooth is a little wider and the inner edge of the
lateral makes a smoother muzzle.’ ”

D. EXUBERANS Loc. (p. 79).

By oversight, the date “1847” instead of 1897, appears in the
reference line below this species and D. scaimnatum, on the same
page.

D. REcTUM Gmel. (p. 81).

The locality “India” is incorrect, the species being an Italian
Pliocene fossil which also occurs living in deep water in the eastern

Atlantic, according to Fischer. D. delessertianum is a synonym.
See p. 213.

D. sEMIPoLiItuM B. & S&S. (p. 91).

Additional localities are: San Pedro, California; Margarita Bay
on the Pacific coast of Lower California. A specimen from Boca
de los Pedras, in the Gulf of California, measures: length 34, diam.
3:2 mill., and is lemon-tinted toward the apex (No. 46,203 U.S.
Nat. Mus.). Another from San Ignacio Lagoon, on the ocean
coast of the Peninsula, measures length 34, diam. 2°7 mill.

D. EBURNEUM Linn. (p. 115).

Reported under the name “ politum Lam.,” from the Gulf of
Suez at.10 meters depth by Issel, Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 236. We do
not vouch for the correct identification of the specimens.

ADDITIONS—RECENT SPECIES. 253

D. FrLuM Sowerby (p. 118).

To the synonymy of this species should be added: D. funiculus
Brugnone, 1877 (see p. 204) of the Italian Pliocene, and D. leve
Hilgard & Hopkins, 1878 (p. 217) from the Pleistocene of Louis-
jana.

Jeffreys (P. Z.8., 1884, p. 147) adds the locality: off Sahara,
1,261 fms. (Talisman Exp.).

D. srearnsit Pilsbry & Sharp.

New name for D. simplex P. &.S., 1897, not D. simplex Miche-
lotti, 1861; see p. 125. This little species now has the honor of
bearing the name of a life-long student of West American mollusks.

D. hyalinum “ Leach MS. in Brit. Mus.,” Sowerby in Conch.
Icon., pl. 7, f. 49 (Antalis hyalina Clessin) is asmooth species with
the apex and slit much as in D. splendidum; locality unknown.
As the name is preoccupied by Philippi, and the specific value of
the form is doubtful, it had better be dropped.

“ D. erectun Verkrz., Jam.” of Paetel’s Catalogue, i, p. 593, is
unknown to us. There is an erectum of Sowerby, but it is from
Australia, not Jamaica.

“DT. zonatum Orb., Jam.” Paetel’s Catalogue, i, p. 594 is un-
known to us.

DENTALIUM MODICELLUM Kurtz.

Catalogue of Recent Marine Shells found on the coasts of North
and South Carolina p. 6, (Portland, 1860). South Carolina. Name
only.

SIPHONODENTALIUM LOBATUM Sowb. (p. 136).

Add the synonym Siphonodentalium exvitreum Sacco, Moll. Terr.
Terz. Piem. e Ligur., xxii, 1897, new name for D. vitreum Sars not
Gmel.

New British localities for S. lofotense and S. affine are recorded by
Marshall, Journ. of Conch., ix, p. 61, 62.

Section Discu1pEs Jeffr. (p. 143).
Add synonym Dicides Sacco, t. ¢., p. 115.
Section GapiLa Cray.
CADULUS ANGUIDENS Melvill & Standen. PI. 39, fig. 4.

Shell a little arcuate, tapering toward the apex, pellucid white.
Aperture rounded-ovate, the margin oblique; posterior orifice

254 ADDITIONS—FOSSIL SPECIES.

small, round, simple and thin. Length 8, diam. at mouth 1, at apex
0°5 mill. (M. & S.).

Madras (Henderson).

Cadulus anguidens M. & 8., Journ. of Conch., ix, p. 32, pl. 1, f.
6 (January 1, 1898).

“A graceful, attenuate, slightly arcuate Cadulus, gradually in-
creasing in diameter till the oblique aperture is reached. The shell
is subpellucid, white, quite smooth; posterior or apical orifice
minute, simple, round, thin, the mouth being roundly-ovate, with
very oblique margin. Two specimens, differing from any in the
national collection” (M. & S.).

(Fossil species of Dentalium).

D. ANGULARE Kaunhowen, Die Gastropoden der Maestrichter
Kreide, in Paleontologische Abhandlungen (n. F.) iv, Heft 1, p.
13, plat, 1, Tardis:

Cretaceous, Maestricht.

D. cATULLOI Vinassa, 1896. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., xv, p.
Lower Miocene, Italy.
D. cosTARICENSE Pilsbry, 1898. oo Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
D. dentale Gasp, Journ. A. N.S. Phila. n. ser., vili, p. 369 (in
part).
Pliocene: Costa Rica.
D. HEXAPLEURON Kaunhowen, Die Gastr. der Maestr. Kreide,
Paleont. Abhand. (n. F.) iv, Heft 1, p. 13, pl. 1, f. 2, 2a (1897).

Cretaceous, Maestricht.

D. MAcILENTUM Pilsbry, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Oligocene: Bowden, Jamaica.

D. scuumor Pilsbry, 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Oligocene: Bowden, Jamaica.
D. cernitzu (J. Bohm) 1885.
Fustiaria geinitzii J. Boum, Der Griinsand von Aachen und seine
Molluskenfauna, p. 34, pl. 1, f. 7 (1885).
D. glabrum Mutu., Monographie, ii, p. 5.
Entalis geinitzii Bohm, Houzaprer, Moll. Aachener Kreide,
Palsontographica, xxxiv, p. 177, pl. 20, f. 11 (1887).
Cretaceous, Vaals and Aix-la- Chapelle.

ADDITIONS—FOSSIL SPECIES. DAIS,

D. GARDNERI (Holzapfel) 1887.

Entalis gardneri Hotzaprer, Moll. Aachener Kreide, in Palzeon-
tographica, xxxiv, p. 178, pl. 20, f. 10.

A smooth species of Fustiaria.

Cretaceous: Greensand at Vaals.

D. 1nFortTuNAtTUM Pils. & Sh., 1898. This name will replace D.
gardneri S. & P. = D. acuminatum Gard., (p. 222), not of Holzap-
fel.

“ Muller described from the Cretaceous of Aix-la-Chapelle, D.
cidaris, D. ellipticum and D. rugosum. ‘The last species is certainly
not a Dentalium, but the internal cast of a Gastrochena (?), of which
the shell has not yet been observed, though the fossil is very abund-
ant. What Miiller understood to be D. ellipticwm I cannot say,
nor what he identified as D. cidaris. In Miiller’s collection there
is a piece of chert containing the impression of the anterior end of
a Cidaris spine with the label Dentalium cidaris Gein.” (Holzapfel,
Palzontographica, xxxiv, p. 179).

CADULUS AQUENSIS (Holzapfel), 1887.

Gadila aquensis Houz., Paleeontographica, xxxiv, p. 179, pl. 20,
if 8:

Cretaceous: Greensand of Vaals.

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

[Names of genera and other groups are in SMALL CAPITALS;
those of valid species of Scaphopoda in Roman type; all synonyms
and non-Scaphopod names are in Jtalic type].

PAGE

Abbreviatum Dh. (Dentalium) ; ; . 242
Aberrans Whit. (Cadulus) : : .. 29s
Abruptus M. & A. (Cadulus) . : . 235
Absconditum Dh. (Dentalium) : Page! |
Abyssicola Monts. (Cadulus) . : : » Gb68
Abyssorum Sars (Dentalium) . : : . AS
Acicula Dh. (Dentalium) P : ; oof achat
Aciculatum Hall (Dentalium) . : . 240

Aciculatus Hall (Coleolus) — . . 240
Aciculum Gld. (Dentalium) . : 5 gees
Acre S. & P.(Dentalium) ; : . ae
Acriculum Tate (Dentalium) . : : iy ALSh
-Aculeatum Sby. (Dentalium) . : : Bebe 1!
Acumen Kon. (Dentalium) —. : : » ee
Acumen Kon. (Entalis) : : : peed
Acuminatum Gardn. (Dentalium) : . 222, )256
Acuminatus Tate (Cadulus) . : ; . 183
Acus Cooke (Dentalium) : : ee,
Acus Eichw. (Dentalium) : : . 229
Acus Dall (Cadulus) . : : : . Foe
Acutangularis Coce. (Dentalium) ; : S21 ee
Acuticosta Dh. (Dentalium) . ; ; : 2 19m
Acuticosta Kon. (Dentalium) . : : . 208
Acuticostum J. de C. Sow. (Dentalium) : i . ag
Acutissimum Wats. (Dentalium) : : : . 94
Acutisuleatum Gurl. (Dentalium) ; : : ae
Acutum Desh. (Dentalium) . : . : . ~oe
Acutum Héb. (Dentalium) : : ; . Lom
#geum Wats (Dentalium) . ; : = Ge
nigmaticum Jord. (Dentalium) ; : : of ae
quale Dh. (Dentalium) : : : : . 19s
Equalis Dall (Cadulus) e : : am . Lig
Aquatorium P. & S. (Dentalium) . : : .
Affine Biondi (Dentalium) : ’ : . 42

(256)

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Affine Desh. (Dentalium)

Affine Gabb. (Dentalium)
Affine Gard. (Siphonodentalium)
Affine Sars (Siphonodentalium)
Agassizii Dall (Cadulus)

Agassizi P.&S. enn)
Agile Sars (Dentalium)

Agilis Sars (Antalis)

Alatum Gard. (Dentalium)
Albicomatus Dall (Cadulus)
Album Turt. (Dentalium) :
Alloschismum P. & S. (Dentalium)
Alternans B. D. & D. (Dentalium)
Alternans Chenu (Dentalium)
Alternans Mull. (Dentalium) .
Alternans Ryck. (Dentalium) .
Alternatum Lea (Dentalium) .
Alternatus Jeffr. (Cadulus)
Ambiguum Chenu (Dentalium)
Americanum Chenu (Dentalium)
Amiantus Dall (Cadulus)
Amphialum Wats. (Dentalium)
Amphora Jeffr. (Cadulus) :
Ampullaceus Wats. (Cadulus)
Anceps Sowb. (Dentalium)
Andleri Opp. (Dentalium)
Anguidens M. & 8. (Cadulus) .
Angulare Kaun. (Dentalium) .
Angulati Quen. (Dentalium) .
Angustum Dh. (Dentalium)
Annulare Sow. (Dentalium)
Annulata N. & H. (Entaliopsis)
Annulatum Gm. (Dentalium) .
Annulatum Mey. (Dentalium)
Annulatum Migh. (Dentalium)
Annulatum Sandb. (Dentalium)
Annulatam Tate (Entalis)
Annulatus Pils. (Cadulus)
Annuliferum P. & 8. (Dentalium)
Annulostriatum M. & W. (Dentalium)

Anomalocostata Sace. (D. taurostriatum var.) .

Antale Aldr. .

Antale Auct. (Dentalium)
Antauis H. & A. Ad.
Antillarum Orb. (Dentalium)
Antiquum Goldf. (Dentalium)
Anulata Jeffr. (D. entalis var.)

le

57,
44.

t)

258 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Anulosum Braz. (Dentalium) .
Apenninica Sace. (Dentalium)
Aprinum Broce. (Dentalium) .
Aprinum L. (Dentalium)
Aprinum Mawe (Dentalium) .
Aquensis Holz. (Cadulus)
Aquensis Holz. (Gadila)
Aratorum Cooke (Dentalium) .
Aratum Tate (Dentalium)
Araucanum Phil. (Dentalium)
Arciforme Conr. (Dentalium) .
Areciformis Conr. (Dentalium) .
Arcotinum Forbes (Dentalium).
Arctum Pich. (Dentalium)
Arcuatum Gm. (Dentalium)
Arenarium Rom. (Dentalium)
Arguticosta Brugn. (Dentalium)
Arietinum Mill. (Dentalium)
Artatus Jeffr. (Cadulus)

Asgum Greg. (Dentalium )
Asperum Mich. (Dentalium) .
Atava Sace. (D. taurocostatum var.) .
Attenuata Monts. (Cadulus)
Attenuatum Say (Dentalium) .
Attenuatum Sow. (Dentalium) .
Australis (australe) Sh. & P. (Dentalium)

Badense Partsch (Dentalium) .
Badense Trauts. (Dentalium) .
Badensis Sace. (Entalis)
Barquense Winch. (Dentalium)
BatHoxreuus Pils. & Sh. :
Bednalli P. & S. (Dentalium) .
Belcheri P. & S. (Cadulus)
Belcheri Sowb. (Dentalium)
Bellulus Clark (Cadulus)
Bicarinatum Dh. (Dentalium)
Bicostale Ryck. (Dentalium) .
Bifissum Wood (Dentalium)
Bifissuratum Dh. (Dentalium)
Bifissus Jeffr. (Dischides)
Bifrons Tate (Dentalium) 5
Bilabiatum Dh. (Siphonodentalium )
Bilabiatus Dh. (Cadulus)
Bilabiatus Dh. (Dischides)
Bilabiatus Dh. (Gadus) :
Bimixtum Greg. (Dentalium) .

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Binkhorsti P. & S. (Dentalium)
Bisexangulatum Sow. (Dentalium)
Bisinuatum André (Dentalium)
Bisiphonata Edw. (Fustiaria) .
Bitubatum Meyer (Dentalium)
Blandum Greg. (Dentalium) .
Borcei Mich. (Dentalium)

Bouei Dh. (Dentalium)

Bouryi Coss. (Cadulus)

Bouryi Coss. (Dischides) :
Bouryi Coss. (Siphonodentalium)
Breve Desh. (Dentalium)

Breve Dh. (Siphonodentalium)
Breve Newt. (Siphonodentalium)
Brevifissum Brugn. (Dentalium)
Brevifissum Dh. (Dentalium) .
Brevifissum Gal. (Dentalium) .
Brevicornu S. & P. ae
Brevis Dh. (Cadulus) .

Brevis Dh. (Gadus)

Brevis N. & H. (Entaliopsis) .
Brevis Newton (Fustiaria)
Brevissimum Ant. (Dentalium)
Brongniarti Dh. (Dentalium) .
Browni His. (Dentalium) !
Buccinulum Gld. (Dentalium)
Bulbosum Bronn (Dentalium)
Burdigalinum Mayer Sean)
Bushii Dall (Cadulus) .

Butini Nyst. (Dentalium)

Cadulvide Dall eek:
Capuuus Phil..

CacuM

Calabrum Costa (Dentalium) .
Calamus Dall (Dentalium)
Californicum Stanton (Dentalium)
Californicus P. & 8. (Cadulus)
Callioglyptum P. & S. (Dentalium)
Callipeplum Dall (Dentalium)
Callithrix Dall (Dentalium)
Caloosaense Dall (Dentalium)
Canaliculatum Klip. (Dentalium)
Canalites Auct.

Cancellatum Sowb. (Dentalium)
Candidum Jeffr. (Dentalium) .
Canna White (Dentalium)

131, 142, 235

260 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Capillosum Jeffr. (Dentalium)
—Caprinum Ant. (Dentalium) .
Carduus Dall (Dentalium)
Carinatum Costa (Dentalium )
Carolinense Conr. (Dentalium)
Carolinensis Bush (Cadulus)
Castellanense Orb. (Dentalium)
Castellanensis Orb, (Dentalium )
Catenulatum Chenu (Dentalium)
Catulloi Vin. (Dentalium)
Caudani Loc. (Dentalium)
Ceras Dall (Dentalium)
Ceras Wats. (Dentalium)
Ceratum Dall (Dentalium)
Cheverti S. & P. (Dentalium)
Chilense Orb. (Dentalium)
Cidaris Gein. (Dentalium)
Cinctum Kon. (Dentalium)
Cinctum Miinst. (Dentalium) .
Cinerascens Ant. (Dentalium)
Cingulatus Schloth (Dentalites)
Circinatum Sow. (Dentalium) .
Cireumcinctum Wats. (Dentalium)
Oirrhobranchiata Blainv.
Clathratum Marts. (Dentalium)
Clausum Turt. (Dentalium)
Olava Lam. (Dentalium)
Clavatum Gld. (Dentalium)
Clavatus Gld. (Cadulus)
Clavatus Stimps. (Helonyx)
Clavus Cooke (Dentalium)
Coarctatum Broce. (Dentalium)
Coarctatum Costa (Dentalium)
Coaretatum Lam. (Dentalium)
Coarctatum Phil. (Dentalium)
CoccoDENTALIUM Sacco 5
Cocconii 8. & P. (Dentalium) .
Cocentum Hoen. (Dentalium)
Ceelatulum Baily (Dentalium)
Colligens Sace. (Dentalium)
Colobus P. & S. (Cadulus)
Colubridens Wats. (Cadulus) .
Columbianum Cless. (Dentalium)
Complexum Dall (Dentalium)
CompressiDEns Pils. & Sh.
Compressum Meyer (Dentalium)
Compressum Orb. (Dentalium)

« SERoRU KCl

XXX,

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA. 261

Compressum Sowb. (Dentalium)
Compressum Wats. (Dentalium)
Compressus Meyer (Cadulus) .
Concinnum Marts (Dentalium)
Confusum P. & S. (Dentalium)
Congruens Wats. (Cadulus)
Conicum Hutt. (Dentalium)
Conspicuum Melv. (Dentalium)
Constrictum N. & H. (Dentalium)
Cookei S. & P. (Dentalium)
Cooperi Gabb (Dentalium)
Corallinum Orb. (Dentalium).
Corneum L. (Dentalium)

Cornicula Orb. (Dentalium)
Corniculum Costa (Dentalium)
Cornu Kon. (Dentalium)
Corpulentus Mey. (Cadulus)
Corrugatum Cpr. (Dentalium)
Corrugatum Hupé (Dentalium)
Cossmannianum P. & §. (Dentalium)
Costze Desh. (Dentalium)
Costaricense Pils. (Dentalium)
Costatum Nyst. (Dentalium) .
Costatum Sowb. (Dentalium) .
Costatum J. de C. Sowb. (Dentalium)
Costulatior Sacc. (D. taurocostatum var.)
Crassulum Stol. (Dentalium) .
Crassum Dh. (Dentalium)
Crenatocinctus Hall (Coleolus)
CRESEIS

Cretaceum Conr. (Dentalium)
Crocea Monts. (D. dentalis var.)
Cucumis Koen. (Cadulus)
Curcurbita Dall (Cadulus)
Cureurbitus Dall (Cadulus)
Curtum Sowb. (Dentalium)
Curtus Wats. (Cadulus)

Curva Gard. (Entalina)

Curvum Gard. (Siphonodentalium)
Cyathus C. & J. (Cadulus)
Cylindraceum Costa (Dentalium)
Cylindratus Jeffr. (Cadulus)
Cylindricum Fisch. (Dentalium)
Cylindricum Gard. (Dentalium)
Cylindricum Rom. (Dentalium)
Cylindricum Sow. (Dentalium)
Cyrtoceratoides Kon. (Dentalium)

262 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Dacostatianum Chenu (Dentalium)
Dacostianum Chenu (Dentalium)
Dalli Pils. & Sh. (Cadulus)

Dalli P. & S. (Dentalium)

Danai Mey. (Dentalium)

Decemcostata Sacc. (D. taurostriatum var.)

Decemcostatum Braz. (Dentalium)

Decemcostulata Sacc. (D. 9-cinctum var.)

Decoratum Miinst. (Dentalium)
Decussatum Sow. (Dentalium)
Deforme Lam. (Dentalium)
Defrancii Dh. (Dentalium)
Delessertianum Chenu (Dentalium)
Delesserti Chenu (Dentalium)
Delessertit Stef. (Dentalium)
Delphinense Font. (Dentalium)
Densatum Conrad (Dentalium)
Denseliratum Cpr. (Antalis)
Densmuris Meyer (Dentalium)
Dentale Conr. (Dentalium)
Dentale Gabb (Dentalium)
Dentale Gld. (Dentalium)
Dentale Loe. seat
DENTALIIDE

Dentalina cornicula
Dentalina Guppy (Ditrupa)
Dentalinus Guppy (Cadulus) .
Dentalis Lam. (Dentalium)
Dentalis L. (Dentalium)

Dentalis Llwyd. :

Dentalites Schlotheim .

Dentalites Schroter

DeEnTALIUM L.

Dentaloideum Phill. (Dentalium 2)
Dentaloideum Phill. (Orthoceras)
Dentaloideum Ryck. (Dentalium)
Denticulatum Dh. (Dentalium) .
Depressicollis P. & S. (Cadulus)
Depressus Meyer (Cadulus)
Deshayesianum Gal. (Dentalium)
Deshayesii Guid. (Dentalium)
Deshayesi Risso (Dentalium) .
Diarrhox Wats. (Dentalium) .
Dichelum Wats. (Siphodentalium)
Dichelus Wats. (Cadulus)
Dicides Sacco .

Didymum Wats. (D. ensiculus var.) .

81,

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Difforme Sow. (Dentalium)
Diffusum Chenu (Dentalium) .
Dilatatum Coss. (Pulsellum)
Dilatatum Coss. (Siphonodentalium) .
Dilatatum Phil. (Dentalium) .
Diploconus Seg. (Cadulus)
Dipsyche P. & S. (Dentalium)
Discuipes Jeffr.

Discrepans Risso (Dentalium).
Diseretum Dh. (Dentalium)
Disparile Orb. (Dentalium)

Dispar May. (Dentalium)

Dispar Sowb. (Dentalium)
Dissimile Guppy oa
Dirrupa Berk.

Dive Vél. (Cadulus)

Divisiense Gard. (Dentalium) |

Dive Vél. (Gadus)

Dollfusi Koen. (Dentalium)
Dominguense Orb. (Dentalium)
Dominguensis Orb. (Cadulus) .
Dufresnii Dh. (Dentalium)

Dunkeri S. & P. (Dentalium)
Duodecenaria Con. (Dentalium)
Duodecimeostata Sace. (D. 9-cinctum var.)
Duodecimeostatum Braz. (Dentalium)
Duplex Defr. (Dentalium)
Duplicatum Blainy. (Dentalium)

Eboracense Wats. ep ucencdentalnas)
Eboreum Con. (Dentalium)
Eburneum L. (Dentalium)
Eburneum Sowb. (Dentalium)
Eburneum Turt. (Dentalium) .
Ecostatum Kirk (Dentalium)
Elegans Newton (Euchilotheca)
Elegantissimus P. & S. (Cadulus)
Elephantinum Auct. (Dentalium)
Elephantinum Born (Dentalium)
Elephatinum Brand. (Dentalium)
Elephantinum L. (Dentalium)
Ellipticum Reuss. (Dentalium)
Ellipticum Sow. (Dentalium) .
Elongatum Miinst. (Dentalium)
Ensiculus Jeffr. (Dentalium) .
Ensiforme Chenu (Dentalium)
Entale Auct. (Dentalium)

142, 143,

56,

115,
128.

81, 213,

vi

264 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Entale Defr., Blainv. .
Enrauina Monts.

Entaliopsis N.& H. .
Entaliopsis 8. & P. (Dentalium)
Entalis Braun (Dentalium)
Entalis Defr., Sowb.

Entalis Gray :

Entalis Linn. (Dentalium)
Entalites Walch.

Entalium Defr.

Entaloides Desl. (Dentalium)
Entaloides Flem. (Dentalium)
Entalum Blv. (Dentalium)
Episipaon Pils. & Sh. .
Erectum Sow. (Dentalium)
Erectum Verkrz. (Dentalium)
Ergasticum Fisch. (Dentalium)
Eugenii Dall (Dentalium)
Exdispar Sace. (Dentalium)
Exiguus Wats. (Cadulus)
Exlamarcki Sacce. (Entalis)
Exuberans Loc. (Dentalium) .
Exvitreum Sace. (Siphonodentalium; sy

Faleata Con. (Falcula)
Faleatum Con. (Dentalium)
Faleatus Con, (Hamulus)
Faleula Con.

Fasciatum Gm. (Dentalium)
Fasciatum Lam. (Dentalium) .
Filicauda Quen. (Dentalium)
Filosa Kon. (Entalis) .
Filosum B. & 8. (Dentalium)
Filum Sow. (Dentalium)
Fisheri Stearns (Dentalium) .
FissIDENTALIUM Fischer
Fissura auct. Ital. (Dentalium)
Fissura Lam. (Dentalium)
Fissura Phil. (Dentalium)
Fissura Sowb. (Dentalium) - .
Fistula Sow. (Dentalium)
Floridanus Dall (Cadulus)
Formosum A. & R. (Dentalium)
Fossile Gm. (Dentalium) ;
Fossile Phil. (Dentalium) ‘
Fragile Konig (Pharetrium) .

131,

142, 216,
295,

0:6.

118,

Xk

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA. 265

PAGE,
Fragile M. & H. (Dentalium) ; . 222
Fritschi Koen. (Dentalium) . ‘ 2 : . 204
Funiculus Brug. (Dentalium) : : 204-6255
Fusiformis P. & S. (Cadulus) : ay als}
Fustraria Stol. : : ‘ : ge i
Fusticulus Brugn. (Dentalium) : F 21-46
Gabbi S. & P. (Cadulus) ; 2s
Gabbi P. &. S. ene) : : : i . 204
GADILA Gray : : : eGo
Gadiline Stol. f : : : : 10
GADILINA Foresti é : : : ‘ BP.O.e.5T
Gadula Sace. (Gadila) : ; ; : eros t
Gadulus Ard. (Dentalium) . : : ! = ol
Gadulus Dod. (Cadulus) | ; ; : ; . | 238
Gadus Auct. . : : , tea eee Ge
Gadus Bronn (Creseis) : : : . 240
Gadus Mont. (Cadulus) ‘ f ; : AL S6
Gadus Mont. (Dentalium) : 3 : ao LSC
Gardneri Holz. (Dentalium) . : : ; . 205
Gardneri Holz. (Entalis) : ; : : . 255
Gardneri S. & P. (Dentalium) : = 2225) 250
Gardneri S. & P. (Entalina) . d : é . 234
Gaultianus Gard. (Cadulus) . ‘ : 4 . 23
Gayi Phil. (Dentalium) ‘ : ‘ - 204
Geinitzianum Ryck. (Dentalium) : : . 222
Geinitzii Bbhm (Dentalium) . : : : . 254
Geminatum Goldf. (Dentalium) : i : . 204
Germanicum Chenu (Dentalium) : : : . 205
Gibbus Jeffr. (Cadulus) : : i ; ees)
Giganteum Chenu (Dentalium) ; 4 ‘ . 214
Giganteum Phill. (Dentalium) é . 2 9222
Giganteum Sowb. (Dentalium) : 5 it
Glabellum Bean (Dentalium) . 5 : . 222
Glabratum Stol. (Antale) : : Z ; » 2222
Glabratum Stol. (Dentalium) . 5 574222
Glabrum Gein. (Dentalium) . : k A 226
Glabrum Mont. (Dentalium) . é : ; . 241
Gladiolus Eich. (Dentalium) . : : : . 223
Gnizum Greg. (Dentalium) . : : 205
Goreeanum Cless. (Dentalium) : ‘ . 248
Gouldii Dall (Dentalium) ‘ : 20, 247
Gracile Jeffr.(Dentalium) i : : og
Gracile H. & M. (Dentalium) : ; , S223
Gracile Phil. (Dentalium) . ; : oh 2TG
Gracilina Sacc. (C. ventricosus var.) . j : . 240

Gracilis Jeffr. (Cadulus) : : : : - 165

266 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

PAGE
Gracilis H. & M. (Dentalium) ; ‘ ; . 228
Grandevum Winch. (Dentalium) ‘ : : . 230
Grande Dh. (Dentalium) : é ‘ i . 205
Grande Nyst. (Dentalium) . J : ; oe
Grandis Verr. (Cadulus) : : j ‘ 9 fod
Granosum Eichw. (“ Dentalium ” ; not a Scaphopod !) 230:
GRAPTACME P.&S. . : 4 ; >) eae
Guidottii Sacc. (Dentalium) . : : : . 205
Heringense Dreg. (Dentalium) : . : . 205.
Hamatum Fbs. (Dentalium) . , : . 243.
Hamatus Con. (Dentalium) . : . 245
Hamites spinulosus Sowb. : : : . 241
Hamutus Mort. : ‘ : . 244
Hannonicum Br. & Cor. (Dentalium) ; 4 . 205.
Hatterasensis S. & P. (Cadulus) ; ; : £69
Haytense Gabb. (Dentalium) c 4 : : 205
Haytensis Gabb. (Dentalium) : : : - 205
Helonyx Stimps. ; : : . 162
Hepburni Dall (Cadulus) 4 : : : i Nalge
Heptagona Sow. (Serpula) : , § . 242, 244
Herculea Waag. (Entalis) : ‘ ’ ; 2 2a
Herculeum Kon. (Dentalium) : : : a 25
Hexagonum Cpr. (Dentalium) ; : : 17020
Hexagonum Gld. (Dentalium) : : : Ae ico
Hexapleuron Kaun. (Dentalium) ; : . 254
Honoluluensis Wats. (Cadulus) ; ' . 185
Honoluluensis Wats. (Siphodentalium) ; : . 186
Hungerfordi P. & S.(Dentalium) . ; ; oe
Huttoni Kirk (Dentalium) . 3 ! «0 ava
Hyalinum Brugn. (Siphodentalium) 5 . 171, 284
Hyalinum Leach. (Dentalium) : : : . 253:
Hyalinum Phil. (Dentalium) . z : ; «S08
Ibergense Rom. (Dentalium) . : : . 2a8
Illinoiense Worthen (Dentalium) d : : . 2oil
Imperforatum Mont. (Dentalium) ' : : - 24a
Inequale Bronn (Dentalium) . : : : . 205
Inequale Ryck. (Dentalium) . : : . 2al
Inzequicosta Seg. (Dentalium) : 3 : . 205
Inzequicostatum Dautz (Dentalium) . : ‘ . ee
Incertula Sace. (Fustiaria) . 2 ; : . 206
Incertulum Sace. (Dentalium) ; ; : . 205
Incertum Desh. (Dentalium) . : : : | Oh
Incertum Dh. (Dentalium) . 3 : : . 206
Incertum Dh. (Dentalium) . ; ; ‘ . 208

Incertum Phil. (Dentalium) . : : ; . 46

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Incisissimum Meyer & Aldr. Oey
Incisum Chenu (Dentalium)

Incisus Bush. (Cadulus)

Incrassatum Sow. (Dentalium)
Incurvum Ren, (Dentalium)
Indianorum Cpr. (D. pretiosum var.)
Indicum Chenu (Dentalium) .
Indistinctum Flem. (Dentalium)
Infortunatum P. & S. (Dentalium)
Infundibulum Jeffr. (D. entalis var.) .
Ingens Kon. (Dentalium) ; :
Innumerabile P. & S. (Dentalium)
Inopinatum Mayer (Dentalium)
Inornatum M’Coy (Dentalium)
Insolitum Smith (Dentalium)
Intercalatum Gld. (Dentalium)
Intermedium Cop. (Dentalium)
Intermedium Hoernes (Dentalium)
Intermedium Hupé (Dentalium)
Interruptum Gmel. (Dentalium)
Interstriatum Sow. (Dentalium)
Intestiniforme L. (Dentalium)
Inversum Desh. (Dentalium) .
Trregulare Seg. (Dentalium)
Irregularis Hutt. (Dentalium)
Irregularis Risso (Dentalium)

Jacksonensis Meyer (Cadulus)
Jani Hornes (Dentalium) ;
Japonicum Dkr. (Dentalium)
Javanum Sowb. (Dentalium) .
Jeffreysi Gardn. (Dentalium) .
Jeffreysi Monts. (Cadulus)
Jeffreysi Monts. (Helonyx)
Jungii Orb. (Dentalium)
Juvenis Meyer (Cadulus)

Karrerit Horn. (Dentalium)
Katowense Braz. (Dentalium)
Keras Wats. (Dentalium)

Kickii Ether. (Dentalium)

Kicksii T.-W. (Dentalium)

Kickxii Nyst (Dentalium)
Keenigianum Risso (Dentalium)
Komooksense Meek (Dentalium)
Labiatum in Zool. Rec. (Dentalium) .

44,

137

268 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Labiatum Turt. (Dentalium) .
Lacteum Costa (Dentalium)
Lacteum Desh. (Dentalium)
Leve Braz. (Dentalium)

Leve H. & H. (Dentalium)

Leeve Schl. (Dentalium)

Leve Turt. (Dentalium)
LavIDENTALIUM Cossm. :
Levigatum de Rayn. (Dentalium)
Levigatum Kichw. (Dentalium)

Levigatum Eichw. (Dentalium granosum, var.)

Levigatum Ponzi (Dentalium)
Levis Braz. (Cadulus ?)

Levis Hutt. (Dentalium)

Levis Schl. (Dentalites) :
Lamarekiit Chenu (Dentalium)
Lamarcki May. (Dentalium)
Landinense Vine. (Dentalium)
Laqueatum Verrill (Dentalium)
Laterobranchiata Clark. :
Laticostata Sacc. (D. badense var.)
Laticostatum Reuss. (Dentalium)
Laugiert Jouss. (Dentalium) .
Lea Meyer (Dentalium)
Lebruni M. & R. (Dentalium)
Lebuense Phil. (Dentalium)
Leoniz Meunier (Dentalium)
Leonine Simr. (Dentalium)
Leptosceles Wats. (Dentalium)
Leptoskeles Wats. (Dentalium)
Leptum Bush (Dentalium)
Lessoni Dh. (Dentalium)
Lessoni Sowb. (Dentalium)
Letsonez S. & P. (Dentalium)
Ligusticus Raz. (Loxoporus) .
Lineatum Guer. (Dentalium)
Lineatum Moore (Dentalium)
Lineolatum Cooke (Dentalium)
Linneanum Loe. (Dentalium)
Linnei Foresti (Dentalium)
Liodon P. & S. (Dentalium)
Liratum Cpr. (Dentalium)
Lirulatum Moérch (Dentalium)
LoBANTALE Cossm. .
Lobatum Sow. (Siphonodentalium)
Lofotense Sars (Siphonodentalium)
Longirostrum Paetel (Dentalium)

207, 253

91, 92
91, 92

136, 253
138, 253

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Longitrorsum Rve. (Dentalium)
Longum 8. & P. (Dentalium)
Loxoporus Jeffr.

Lubricatum Sow. (Dentalium)
Lucidum Dh. (Dentalium)
Lunula Dall (Cadulus)

Lunulus Dall (Cadulus)

Macilentum Pils. (Dentalium)
Magellanicum P. & S. (Dentalium)
Magnificum Smith (Dentalium) :
Magnistriatum Dh., Ant. (Dentalium)

Magnocostata Sace. (D. subsexangulare var.)

Magnum B. & C. (Dentalium)
Major Gabb (Hamulus)

Major Gardn. (Dentalium)

Major P. & S. (Cadulus)
Majorinum M. & R. (Dentalium)
Majus Gardn. (Dentalium)

Majus Sowb. (Dentalium)

Malzani Dkr. (Dentalium)
Mantelli Zitt. (Dentalium)
Martini Whitf. (Dentalium)
Matara Dall (Dentalium)

Mayeri Giimb. (Dentalium)
Mechelinii Rouault (Dentalium)
Mediaviense Har. (Dentalium)
Medium Gein. (Dentalium)
Medium Sow. (Dentalium)
Medius Dh. (Cadulus)

Meekianum Gein. (Dentalium)
Megathyris Dall (Dentalium)
Meridionale P. & 8. (D. candidum var. ')
Meyeri Coss. (Cadulus)

Meyeri Coss. (Siphonodentalium)
Meyeri Gardn. (Dentalium)
Michauxianum Ryck. (Dentalium)
Michelottii Hoer. (Dentalium)
Microceras Bttg. (Siphonodentalium) |
Microstria Heilpr. (Dentalium)
Milneedwardsi Loe. (Dentalium)
Minimum Strick. (Dentalium)
Minuseulus Dall (Cadulus) .
Minutistriatum Gabb. (Dentalium)
Minutu L. (Dentalium)

Minutuwm L. (Dentalium)
Minutum Sowb. (Dentalium) .

270 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Minutus Ad. (Cadulus)
Miocenicum Mich. (Dentalium)
Miopseudoentalis Sacc. (Dentalium) .
Mirifica Smith (Entalina)
Mirificum Smith (Dentalium) .
Mississippiensis Conr. (Dentalium)
Missouriense Swal. (Dentalium)
Modicellum Kurtz (Dentalium)
Montense B. & C. (Dentalium)
Monterosatoi Loc. (Cadulus) .
Monterosatoi P. & S. (Dentalium)
Moorei P. & S. (Dentalium)
Moreanum “ Orb.” (Dentalium)
Moreauanum Bronn (Dentalium)
Mose Montf. (Pyrgopolon)
Mucronatus Tate (Cadulus)
Muellerianum P. & S. (Dentalium)
Muensteri S. & P. (Dentalium)
Multannulatum Ald. (Dentalium)

Multicanaliculatum Gtimb. (Dentalium)

Multistriatum Dh. (Dentalium)
Multistriatum Risso (Dentalium)
Mutabile Dod, (Dentalium)

Nanaimoense Meek (Dentalium)
Nanaimoensis Meek (Dentalium)
Nanum Hutt. (Dentalium)
Navicanum Ryck. (Dentalium)
Navidadense P. & S. (Dentalium)
Nebulosum Desh. (Dentalium)
Nebulosum Gmel. (Dentalium)
Nebulosum Gm. (Dentalium) .
Neglectum Coss. (Pulsellum)
Neglectum Coss. (Siphonodentalium) .
Neohexagonum S. & P. (Dentalium) .
Newcombei P. & S. (Cadulus)
Newtonensis M. & A. (Cadulus)
Niceense Bell. (Dentalium)
Nigrofasciatum Eich. (Dentalium)
Nigrum Lam. (Dentalium)

Nitens Desl. (Dentalium)

Nitens Dix. (Dentalium) :
Nitense Guemb. (Dentalium) .
Nitens J. de C. Sow. (Dentalium)
Nitens Sow. (Dentalium)

Nitens Terg. & Jourd. (Dentalium)
Nitidum Dh. (Dentalium)

53,

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA. 271

PAGE
Nobile Mayer (Dentalium) ; { : 7/210
Nodulosum Schl. (Dentalium) : viii. : . 225
Nodulosus Schl. (Dentalites) . ; : : +, 225
Noe Bon. (Dentalium) : : a ee 2
Normanianum Orb. (Dentalium) : : ; £226
Notabile Eich. (Dentalium) . : é ; ezee
Noveehollandiz Chenu (Dentalium) . ; : SPSS
Novaki Koen. (Dentalium) . : ‘ ; a 20
Novemcinctum Sace. (Dentalium) : : . 210
Novemecostatum Lam. (Dentalium) . 5iy 204
Novum Chenu (Dentalium) . : : : 210
Nudum Zeck. (Dentalium) ; ; . 295
Numerosum Dall (Dentalium oerstedi var. Nhe 3 Se 5,
Nutans Bohm. (Cadulus) : ; ‘ , 250
Nutans Kner (Dentalium) : : ; 5 . 221
Nysti Binkh. (Dentalium) : : é 3 2220
Nystvi Orb. (Dentalium) : : : : Baer ae:
Obesus Wats. (Cadulus) , : pr alog
Obliquatus Koen. (Cadulus) . : 5 2a
Obnutus Con. (Gadus) : : - 238
Obrutus Con. (Cadulus) ‘ : i 2 4238
Obrutus Con. (Gadus) ‘ é . 238
Obsoletum Dod. (Dentalium) — ; : 54, 211
Obsoletum Hall (Dentalium) . } : F . 233
Obsoletum Schl. (Dentalium) . : : 225
Occidentale Stimp. (Dentalium) : 47, 250
Octangulatum Don. (Dentalium) ‘ : , 16, 247
Octangulum Turt. (Dentalium) ; ae ele
Octocostatum Frass (Dentalium) : : . 245
Octocostatum Iher. (Dentalium) , gael
Octocostellatum P. & S. (Dentalium) : cot
Octogonalis Sace. (D. taurocostatum var.) . : ye oe
Octogonum Lam. (Dentalium) : : : 17, 248
Octohedra Leach (Dentalium) ; : : aie
Oerstedii Morch. (Dentalium) 24
Oleacinum Dall (Dentalium) . ; : : Be Lets:
Olivi Jeffr. (Dischides) ; i : : . 144
Olivi Seac. (Cadulus) . : : : a OR 86
Olivi Seac. (Dentalium) : 2. ly
Onyx Mort. (Hamulus) . 245
Oolithicum Piet. (Dentalium) : . 225
Opacum Sowerby (Dentalium) : : : EO)
Opalina Quen. (Dentalium) . ; } f Mier 7
Ophiodon Dall (Dentalium) . ; ; ; ALEZE
Ornatum Kon. (Dentalium) . : s 232

Orthoceras Pils. & Sh. (Dentalium) . 3 220

272 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Orthrum Wats. (D. entalis var.)

_ Orsum Bon. (Dentalium) ,
Osceola Wale. (Spirodentalium)
Ottoi S. & P. (Dentalium)

* Ovale Malm (Dentalium) ;
Ovosectum Sh. & Pils. (Dentalium)
Ovulum Phil. (Cadulus)

Ovulum Phil. (Dentalium)

Ovulus Sace. (Cadulus)

Pacificum Hutt. (Dentalium) .
Panamensis S. & P. (Cadulus)
Pandionis V. & 8. (Cadulus) .
Panormitanum Jeffr. (Dentalium)
Panormum Chenu (Dentalium)
Pareorensis S. & P. (Dentalium)
Parianus Guppy (Cadulus)
Parisiense Orb. (Dentalium)
Parisiensis Dh. (Cadulus)

Parisiensis Dh. (Gadus)

Parkinsoni Quenst. (Dentalium)
Parvula Stol. (Fustiaria)

Parvulina Sace. (C., tumidosus var. )
Parvulum Phil. (Dentalium)
Parvulum Stol. (Dentalium )

Parvum May. (Dentalium)
Passerinianum Coce. (Dentalium)
Paucicostata Sacc. (D. badense var.) .
Paucicostatum Wats. (D. capillosum var.)
Pauperculum M. & H. (Dentalium)
Pellucens Dh. (Dentalium)
Pellucidum Gm. (Dentalium) .
Pentagonale P. & S. (Dentalium)
Pentagonum Sars (Siphonodentalium )
Peracuta Sacc. (D. subsexangulare var.)
Perarmatum Ryck. (Dentalium)
Perceptum M. & R. (Dentalium)
Perleevis Sace. (D. bouei var.)
Perlongum Dall (Dentalium) .
Perpusillum Sowb. (Dentalium)
Perpusillus Sowb. (Cadulus)
Phaneum Dall (Dentalium)
Pharetrium Konig

Phenax P. & S. (Cadulus)
Philippianum P. & 8. (Dentalium)
Philippii Chenu (Dentalium)
Philippii Monts. (Dentalium) .

157,

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA. Die

PAGE
Philippinarum Sow. (Dentalium) ; : SLAG:
Picteti Dh. (Dentalium) : ; - 3 22
PLaGioGLyPta Pils. . F } ; UGK
Planatum Bronn (Dentalium) ' ; we 22,
Planicostata Sace. (D. badense var.) . F : Eg
Planicostatum Héb. (Dentalium) : ; : L226
Planum Sow. (Dentalium) : ; ; A DPS)
Platamodes Wats. (Entalina) . : : d le
Platamodes Wats. (Siphodentalium) . : : Be 3}
Platyceras S. & P. (Dentalium) : : : bo 126
Platystoma P. & S. (Cadulus) ‘ } : . 180
Pleiocenum T. & H. (Dentalium) : f : pee
Pliocenica Sacc. (D. badense var.) : ! . 199
Plurifissuratum Sow. (Dentalium) . " : heey
Poculum Dall (Cadulus) : , : : ws WD
Polita Wood (Ditrupa) : : : . 144
Politum Blainvy. (Dentalium) . : ‘ ; wh 42
Politum Costa (Dentalium) . ; E : a BO
Politum L. (Dentalium) : : : : 1 128
Politum Mawe (Dentalium) . : ; ; <aG
Politum Midd. (Dentalium) . : ; ; Bh Te
Politus Wood (Cadulus) : : ; : . 144
Polyedrum Seg. (Dentalium) . ; ; ioe
Polygonum Reuss. ( Dentalium) : ve226
PotyscHipes Pils. & Sh. : ; : : 3) lA4G
Ponderosum Gabb. (Dentalium) . : j 2203
Porcatum Gld. (Dentalium) . ; 5 tS
Precursor P. & S. (Dentalium) : ‘ : 212
Preciosum Cless. (Dentalium) , : ‘ Sab
Pressum S. & P. (Dentalium) : ; : . 124
Pretionum James (Dentalium) : ; ; eA
Pretiosus Lord (Entalis) Ey Ate gee é j . 4d
Pretiosum Nutt. (Dentalium) . ‘ : : 44, 249
Primarium Hall (Dentalium) 3 ; : e252,
Prionotum Wats. (Siphodentalium) . : . 146
Prionotus Wats. (Cadulus) . é : ‘ * 146
Priseum Miinst. (Dentalium) . : 4 ; Doe
Priscum Mst., Sandb. (Dentalium) . F , . 230
Prisma Dall (Dentalium) ; P : é iy)"
Prismaticum Seg. (Dentalium) : : : 213
Profundorum Smith (Dentalium) ; ; : Pat
Proliferum Chenu (Dentalium) : : By alls:
Propinquus Sars (Cadulus) .. : : : too
Prosopocephala Bronn : : d ; Vv
Pseudantalis Monts. . : , Rea iy
Pseudaprina Sace. (D. 9- cinctum var. ) : ie2d4
Pseudoantalis Lam. (Dentalium) ; : + ZnS

18

274 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

PAGE
Pseudoantalis Scac. (Dentalium) , : : . ee
Pseudobouei Sace. (D. badense var.) . : : . 199
Pseudoentalis Costa (Dentalium) : : : . 250
Pseudoentalis Defr. (Dentalium) , ; ; 5 ees
Pseudoentalis Sism. (Dentalium) A : , . 209
Pseudosexagonum Bon. (Dentalium) . i : . 209
Pseudosexagonum Dh. (Dentalium) . ; : ~ See
Pseudonyma P. & 8. (Dentalium) é : > H2US
PuLsELLUM Stol. : - # MSS
Punctatostriatum Giimb. (Dentalium) , : . 226
Pusillum Gabb. (Dentalium) . : : : . 236
Pusillum Gabb. (Ditrupa) . : . 236
Pusillum Ph. (Dentalium) : . 144, 248
Pusillum Wats. (Siphonodentalium) . : ‘ ee)
Pygmeus Defr. (Dentalium) . ; : 23)! 1. eee
PyrRGopoLon Montf. . ‘ ; ; . 246
Pyrum P. & S. (Dentalium) . : t ; 2208
Quadrangulare Sowb. (Dentalium) . : é <a eo
Quadrapicale Han]. (Dentalium) : ; : 34, 249
Quadricostatum Braz. (Dentalium) . : 4 . 3d
Quadridentatum Dall (Siphonodentalium) . : . 148
Quadridentatus Dall (Cadulus) : ; 3 . 149
Quadrifissatus Cpr. (Cadulus) ’ . : 2 AO
Quadriturritus Mey. (Cadulus) : ; : . 233
Quenstedti Blake (Dentalium) , : . 226
Quindeciesstriatum Eich. (Dentalium) ‘ : ~ 12k
Quinquangulare Forbes (Dentalium) . : ; .) 182
Quinquangulare Giimb. (Dentalium) . : : 220
Quinqguangularis Fbs. (Entalina) : ; : ~ Lez
Radicula Lam. (Dentalium) . 3 : : . 243
Radula Schroter (Dentalium) : : A » 2218
Radularis Schl. (Dentalites) . : : : . 218
Raricostata Sacc. (D. fossile var.) —. : ; . 204
Rastridens Wats. (Cadulus) . : ; : . 174
Rectius Cpr. (Dentalium) , : ; é cle
Rectiusculum Eich. (Dentalium) , ; : . 232
Rectum auct. Ital. (Dentalium) : : : wie
Rectum Gmel. (Dentalium) . f ; 81, 213, 252
Recurvum Dh. (Dentalium) . : : : : 2
Reevet Dh. (Dentalium) ; : : 5 ae
Reevii Dh. (Dentalium) : : : . >
Reussianum Ryck. (Dentalium) ‘ : : . 220
Rex P. & 8. (Dentalium) ; : ‘ : . 214
Raasvus Pils. & Sh. : é « xxx

Rhodani P. & R. (Dentalium) é ; 3 . 22m

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Rhotomagense Orb. (Dentalium)
Ripleyanum Gabb. (Dentalium)
Robustum Braz. (Dentalium) .
Rothomagense Orb. (Dentalium)
Rotundatior Sace. (D. inequale var.)
Rubescens Dh. (Dentalium)
Rudis Gabb (Dentalium) 3
Rufescens Weink. (Dentalium)
Rugosum Defr. (Entalium)
Rugosum Dkr. (Dentalium)
Rugosum Eich. (Dentalium) .
Rugosum Mill. (Dentalium) .
Rugosum Spill. (Dentalium) .
Rushii P. & 8. (Cadulus)

Sacheri Alth (Dentalium)
Salicensis Seg. (Cadulus)
Sandbergeri Bosq. (Dentalium)
Saturni Goldf. (Dentalium)
Sauridens Wats. (Cadulus)
Scamnatum Fisch. (Dentalium)
ScapHopopa Bronn
Schizodentalium Sowb.

Schumoi Pils. (Dentalium)
Scoticum Young (Dentalium)
Sectum Desh. (Dentalium)
Semialternans Chenu (Dentalium)
Semiclausum Nyst. (Dentalium)
Seminudum Dh. (Dentalium)
Semipolitum B. & S. (Dentalium)
Semistriatum Dh. (Dentalium)
Semistriatum Turton (Dentalium)
Semistriatus Jeffr. (Cadulus) .
Semistriolatum Gldg. (Dentalium)
Semivestitum Fisch. (Dentalium)
Senegalense Dautz. (Dentalium)
Senegalensis Loc. (Cadulus)
Septangulare Flem. (Dentalium) “
Septemcostata Sacc. (D. taurocostatum var.) .
Septemcostatum Abich. (Dentalium)
Septemcostatum Braz. (Dentalium)
Sericatum Dall (Dentalium)
SERPULIDE .

Serratum P. & R. (Dentalium)
Sexangulare Dh. (Dentalium)
Sexangulare H. & H. (Dentalium)
Sexangulare Lam. (Dentalium)

105,

63,

91,

276 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Sexangulum Gmel. (Dentalium)
_ Sexcarinatum Goldf. (Dentalium)
Sexcostatum Sow. (Dentalium)
Sexradiatum Goldf. (Dentalium)
Shoplandi Jouss. (Dentalium)
Siculum Dh. (Dentalium)
Sigsbeanum Dall (Dentalium)
Simile Biond. (Dentalium)
Simile Wiss. (Dentalium)
Simillimus Wats. (Cadulus)
Simplex Mich. (Dentalium)
Simplex P. & S. (Dentalium) .
Simplicior Sace. (D. taurostriatum var.)
Simrothi Pils. (Cadulus) ‘
Singaporensis S. & P. (Cadulus)
Siphodentalium Auct.
Siphonentalis Sars,
SIPHONODENTALUDE
SIPHONODENTALIUM Sars,
Siphonodentalis Cless.
Siphonodontum Loc.

Sip honopoda Sars.

Sip honopodide Simr.
Solenoconches Lacaze-Duthiers.
Solenoconchia Auct. .

Solidum Hutt. (Dentalium)
Solidum Verr. (Dentalium)
Soliticum Piet. (Dentalium)
Sorbii King (Dentalium)

Sorbyi Auct. (Dentalium) :
Sowerbyi Chenu (Dentalium) .
Sowerbyi Gldg. (Dentalium) .
Sowerbyi Mich. (Dentalium) .
Speciosum Gtimb. (Dentalium)
Spectabilis Verr. (Cadulus)
Speyert Gein. (Dentalium)
Spinulosum Mill. (Dentalium)
Spirale Risso (Dentalium)
SPIRODENTALIUM Walcott.
Spitiense Gtimb. (Dentalium)
Slendidum Sow. (Dentalium) .
Splendens Costa (Dentalium) .
Squamosus Gabb (Hamulus) .
Stearnsii Pils. & Sh. (Dentalium)
Stenoschizum P. & 8. (Dentalium)
Stramineum Gabb. (Dentalium)
Strangulatum Dh. (Dentalium)

xxix, 130,
131, 135,

216,

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Strangulatus Loc. (Cadulus) .
Strangulosum Giimb. (Dentalium)
Striatellulata Sace. (D. jani var.)
Striatissimum Dod. (Dentalium)
Striatulum Bly. (Dentalium) .
Striatulum Gm. (Dentalium)
Striatulum Turt. (Dentalium) .
Striatum Born (Dentalium) .
Striatum Eich. (Dentalium)
Striatum Gein. (Dentalium)
Striatum Mont. (Dentalium)
Striatum Phil. (Dentalium)
Striatum Sowb. (Dentalium)
Striatus Dall (Cadulus)
Strigatum Gld. (Dentalium)

Striolatissima Sacc. (D. subsexangulare, var.)

Striolatum Jeffr., Wats., Sars (Dentalium)
Striolatum Risso (Dentalium) :
Striolatum Stimp. (Dentalium)
Subanceps Traut. (Dentalium)
Subarcuatum Con. (Dentalium)
Subcarinatum Ryck. (Dentalium)
Subcanaliculatum Sandb. (Dentalium)
Subcentrale Kon. (Orthoceras)
Subcoarctatus Conr. (Gadus)
Subcoarctatus auct.(Cadulus) .
Subcoarcuata Gabb (Ditrupa)
Subcoarcuatus Gabb (Cadulus)
Subcompressum Mey. (Dentalium)
Subcylindricum Phil. (Dentalium)
Subeburnea N. & H. (Fustiaria)
Subeburneum Orb. (Dentalium)
Subentalis Orb. (Dentalium) .
Subfissura Tate (Entalis) : ;
Subfusiforme Sars. (Siphonodentalium)
Subfusiformis Jeffr. (Cadulus) .
Subfusiformis Sacc. (Loxoporus)
Subfusiformis Sars. (Cadulus)
Subgiganteum Orb. (Dentalium)
Subirregulare P. & S. (Dentalium)
Subjuvenis Sacc. (D. taurostriatum var.)
Subleve Hall. (Dentalium)

Sublevis Coce. (Dentalium) .
Subplanum P. & S. (Dentalium)
Subquadratum Meek (Dentalium)
Subrecta Coce. (Dentalium)

Subrectum Jeffr. (Dentalium)

278 INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA.

Subsexangulare Orb. (Dentalium)
Subsexangulatum Orb. (Dentalium)
Substriata Conr. (‘Teredo)
Substriatum Dh. (Dentalium)
Subterfissum Jeffr. (Dentalium)
Subtorquatum Fisch. (Dentalium)
Subulatum Db. (Dentalium)
Suleatum Lam. (Dentalium) .
Sulcatum Scac. (Dentalium)
Sulcatum Verr. (D. occidentale var.)
Suleosum Sowb. (Dentalium)
Syriacum Frass (Dentalium) .
Syringites auct.

Teeniolatum Sandb. (Dentalium)
Taphrium Dall (Dentalium)
Tarentinum Lam. (Dentalium)
Tasmaniensis T.-W. (Dentalium)
Tatei S. & P. (Dentalium)
Tauraspera Sace. (D. bouei var.)
Taurocostatum Sacc. (Antale)
Taurogracilis Sacc. (D. bouei var.)
Taurogracilis Sacc. (D. triquetrum var.)
Taurominima Sacce. (C. subfusiformis var.)
Taurostriata Sacc. (Entalis)
Taurostriatum Sace. (Dentalium)
Taurotumidosus Sacc. (Cadulus)
Taurovulus Sacc. (Cadulus)

Tenue Miinst. (Dentalium)

Tenue Portl. (Dentalium) :
Tenuicostatum Bohm. (Dentalium)
Tenuifissum Monts. (Dentalium)
Tenuis Hutt. (Dentalium)

Tenuis Seg. (Cadulus)

Tenuis Seg. (Helonyx)

Tenuissimum Kon. (Dentalium)
Tenuistriatum Rouault (Dentalium) .
TEREDO

Teres Jeffr. (Siphonodentalium)
TESSERACME Pils.

Tesseragonum Sowb. (Dentalium) :
Tetraschistum Wats. (Siphonodentalium)
Tetraschistus Wats. (Cadulus)
Tetragona Broce. (Entalina) .

Tetrag gona Sars (Siphonentalis)
Tetragonum Broce. (Dentalium)
Tetragonum Monts. (Dentalium)

INDEX TO SCAPHOPODA. 279

PAGE
Tetragonum Sowb. (Dentalium) ; : : ik 515)
Tetrodon P. & 8. (Cadulus) . . : ; f v5
Texasianum Phil. (Dentalium) : : : Pap ty ea
Thalloide Conr. (Dentalium) . : ‘ bly 25 ls)
Thalloides Conr. (Dentalium) : : ; AES
Thallus Con. (Cadulus) : ; ; : ezoo
Thallus Con. (Dentalium) ; ‘ ; ; SABE
Thylacodes polyphragma : ‘ : : « 24)
Tirpum Greg. (Deutalium) ; drake
Tolmiei Dall (Cadulus) : : ; : Bao!
Tonosum Zenk. (Dentalium) . ; : : 228
Tornatum Wats. (Dentalium) : : : . aed
Torquatum Schloth (Dentalium) : : eee2s
Torquatus Schl. (Dentalites) . ; : : “228
Trachea Mont. (Dentalium) . : : : . 241
Translucidum Chenu (Dentalium) . : : yy so)
Translucidum Desh. (Dentalium) : 2 SOG
Translucidum Sow. (Dentalium) : : eA
Transsilvanicum Bttg. (Siphonodentalium) é : 42389
Transsilvanicus Bttg. (Cadulus) 289
Trautscholdi Koen. (Dentalium) 4-218
Tredecimcostata Sacc. (D. 9-cinectum var.) . : Sa el
Tricostatum Goldf. (Dentalium) f : . 246
Trigonum Hoen. (Dentalium) ; : ae AS,
Triquetrum Broce. (Dentalium) ; “9219
Triquetrum Tate (Dentalium) : : 218
Tryoni P. & S. (Dentalium) ; : peeshe
Tubidentalium Loc. . : : : . 135
Tubulites auct. ; : ; Be.
Tubulus auct. ; é ; : HPo.a.<
Tumidosus Jeffr. (Cadulus) : : : say LOO 239
Tumidula Jeffr. (Cadulus) ‘ : : : PGs
Turgidus Mey. (Cadulus) : ! sag
Turoniense Woods (Dentalium) 5 ; : Be Ke)
Turritum Lea (Dentalium) . : e238
Turritus Lea (Cadulus) : 7239
Tytthum Wats. (Siphonodentalium) : : selon
Undatum Defr. (Dentalium) : : wwe
Undecimeostata Sacc. (D. 9-cinctum var.) . ; Salil
Undulatum Miinst (Dentalium) : B24)
Usitatum Smith (Dentalium) . ; ee)
Vagina Jeffr. (Dentalium) . 46
Valangiense P. & C. (Dentalium) : : ; me RAD)
Variabile Dh. (Dentalium) : 60, 250

Venustum M. & W. (Dentalium) ; : ; . 233

280 INDEX TO SUAPHOPODA.

Ventricosum Bronn (Dentalium)
Ventricosus Bronn (Cadulus)
Verendi Cless. (Antalis) af
Vernedei Hanl. (Dentalium)
Verrucosum Eichw. (Dentalium)
Vicksburgensis Meyer (Cadulus)
Viperidens M. & S. (Cadulus)
Virginianum Chenu (Dentalium)
Vitreum Gmel. (Dentalium)
Vitreum Sars. (Dentalium)
Vitreum Sars (Siphonodentalium)
Vulgare DaC. (Dentalium)
Vulpidens Wats. (Cadulus)

Walciodorense Kon. (Dentalium)
Walciodorensis Kon. (Entalis)
Watsoni Dall (Cadulus)

Watsoni P. & S. (Dentalium)
Weinkauffi Dkr. (Dentalium)
Weldiana T.-W. (Dentalium)
Weldianum T.-W. (Dentalium)
Wilsont Frass (Dentalium)

Xiphias 8. & P. (Dentalium)
Yokohamense Wats. (Dentalium)

Zelandicum Sby. (Dentalium)
Zonatum “ Orb.” (Dentalium)

Aah

PAGE,

240

240
184

APLACOPHORA, 281
Order APLACOPHORA v. thering.

Aplacophora Inertine, Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Malak. Ges., 1876, p.
136 (as a Class of the Phylum Amphineura, of the Vermes) ; Ver-
gleich. Anat. Nervensyst. u. Phylog. Moll., p. 31.

Telobranchiata KorEN & Danterssen, Arch. Math. og Natur-
vid., ii, 1877, p. 128 (as an Order of Opisthobranchiata). See for
translation, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iii, p. 323.

“Grade Lipoglossa, Class Solecoemorpha” [Scolecomorpha] Lan-
KESTER, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. (n. ser.) xvii, p. 448 (1877).

Solenogastres GEGENBAUR, Grundriss der Vergleich. Anat., (2d
edit.), 1878. English trans. by Jeffrey Bell, p. 127 (Division of
Vermes).

Orders Neomenie and Chetoderma LANKEsTER, Encyclop. Brit.
(Edit. 9), xvi, art. Mollusca, p. 641 (1883).

Vermiform Amphineura without calcareous plates along the
back ; covered with a spiculose integument, continuous around the
body or interrupted by a longitudinal furrow beneath, in which lies
the foot, which is much reduced or wanting; gills when present
lying in a posterior cavity or cloaca,in which the anusopens. Gut
not convoluted, with a blind sack or numerous lateral pouches ap-
parently with the function of a liver. Pharynx with or without a
radula, or with it represented by one conical tooth. Nervous sys-
tem composed of four ganglion-bearing longitudinal trunks, two
pedal and two lateral, the latter uniting posteriorly above the gut,
and all uniting anteriorly in a circumeesophageal ganglionic ring.

The Aplacophora or Solenogastres escaped the notice of naturalists
until about 1845, when Lovén described specimens collected by him
under the name Chetoderma nitidulum. Subsequently M. Sars
found but did not describe, another form which he called Solenopus,
locating it in the Mollusca. It was not until 1875 that this animal
was described and figured as Neomenia carinata by Hubrecht, who
at first hesitated whether to place it with the Gephyrian worms or
the mollusks. After this time the publications upon Chwtoderma,
Neomenia and related forms rapidly multiplied. The discovery of
a radula in some of the genera influenced most investigators to con-
sider the group mollusean; and the investigation of the nervous
system which proved to show remarkable agreement with Chiton,
soon caused the group to be located near the Polyplacophora. In
1890, Pruvot, at the Banyuls laboratory, studied the embryology of
an Aplacophore, and ascertained that at one stage of development

282 APLACOPHORA.

it has a dorsal armor ot seven slightly imbricating plates, exactly
comparable with the seven-valved stage in the development of
Chiton. This observation definitely fixes the position of the Apla-
cophores, as a degraded group of Amphineura, which had its incep-
tion in a Chiton-like ancestor, and has undergone reduction of the
foot and dorsal armor by living in mud at depths below wave dis-
turbance.

The simplification of the digestive tract in Aplacophores has
doubtless been a secondary modification, due, as Simroth holds, to
the adoption of a carnivorous diet; but the posterior gills, reduced
to asingle pair (for the numerous gill folds of Neomenia, ete., are
not true ctenidia), the spiculose integument and the nervous system,
are doubtless primitive structures inherited from polyplacophorous
ancestors.

There is considerable diversity in habits and mode of life among
the forms now known. Chetoderma, Neomenia, Proneomenia and
Ichthyomenia are free-living forms, lying imbedded in mud, head
downward, like a Dentalium, selecting their food of organic parti-
cles from the surrounding ooze. Rhopalomenia, Nematomenia, Lepi-
domenia, ete., are parasitic upon Hydroids, Gorgonians and Corals,
upon the branches of which they crawl and coil themselves.

It is likely that future search will reveal Aplacophores in all
seas, those at present known being a mere fragment of the existing
fauna. ;

I am informed by Prof. A. E. Verrill that no less than six species
of three or four genera, including Neomenia, occur in the Fish
Commission collections off the eastern U.S. They are still un-
published.

The best general account of the anatomy of the group is that of
Simroth in Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, Vol.
III. The memoirs of Wirén, Pruvot, Thiele, Kowalevski and
Marion and Hubrecht, are the most important special treatises upon
the subject.

Development.

Pruvot (Comptes Rendus cxi, p. 689-692, 1890) has observed the
development of Myzomenia banyulensis. A brief summary of his
observations is as follows:

The eggs are globular, and laid singly, few at a time. Segmenta-
tion begins an hour after they are laid, proceeding rapidly, and

APLACOPHORA. 283

is unequal from the first. The mode of segmentation resembles that
of Dentaliwm and many Lamellibranchs. After 24 hours there
appears a median corona of vibratile cilia, while two ciliated areas
appear at the cephalic pole and the point of invagination respect-
ively. The embryo elongates and becomes divided by two annular
constrictions into three segments. The cephalic segment is formed
of two rows of ciliated cells; some of the cilia become longer than
the rest, and one finally becomes much larger, and forms the term-
inal flagellum. The second segment or velum is formed of a single
layer of cells, which have a single row of cilia; these grow and
form the ciliated corona, the chief organ of locomotion. The third
or pallial segment is formed of two rows of cells which are entirely
covered by fine cilia (pl. 48, fig. 5, larva of 36 hours). In a larva
of 100 hours (pl. 48, fig. 6) three imbricated spicules are to be seen
on either side of the ventral line, still enclosed in their mother-
cells. The spicules increase in number. The conical body elongates
rapidly and becomes curved on its ventral surface, while the mantle
is gradually reduced, and the embryo falls to the bottom, as the
ciliated corona is unable longer to support it in the fluid.

Only one of the embryos passed safely through the critical period
of metamorphosis, which is on the seventh day. This change
consists in the casting off of almost the whole of the external envel-
ope of the larva, that is to say, of the cells of the velum and the two
rows that form the pallial lobes. Seven dorsal calcareous and
slightly imbricated plates were observed in the surviving embryo
(pl. 48, fig. 7, plates seen along the right margin).

Classification.

The Aplacophora present two divisions of unquestionably higher
rank than families.

Suborder I. Chetodermatina Simroth (—Ord. Chetoderma Lank.).

Spiculose integument continuous all around the body.

Family Chetodermatide, p. 284.

Suborder II. Neomeniina Simroth (Ord. Neomenie Lank.). Spie-

ulose integument interrupted beneath by a longitudi-

nal ventral furrow. Family Neomeniide, p. 288.

In the present condition of knowledge it would seem inadvisable

to recognize more than one family in each of the suborders; but it

should be mentioned that Simroth (in Bronn, p. 225) suggests, but

does not adopt, a division of the Neomeniide into four families, thus :

284 CH #®TODERMATID®.

NEoMENUD#, Neomenia; PRONEOMENIIDH, Proneomenia, Solen-
opus, Rhopalomenia, Macellomenia; DonpDERsIID&, Dondersia, My-
zomenia, Nematomenia ; PARAMENIID&, Paramenia, Ismenia, Lepi-
domenia, Echinomenia.

Thiele (Zeitsch. wiss. Zool., lvili, 278) suggests splitting the Neo-
meniide into two families: NroMENIID# to contain the genera
Proneomenia, Rhopalomenia, Pruvotia, Neomenia and Paramenia,
and Myzomentip& for Macellomenia, Dondersia, Myzomenia, Nema-
tomenia, Ismenia, Lepidomenia, and Echinomenia. The distinction
is based largely upon features of the cuticular layer.

Family CHAVTODERMATIDZE.

Body elongated, vermiform, the mouth and cloaca terminal ;.
head defined by a constriction; body cylindrical, clothed with
spiculose cuticle all around, without a foot-groove ventrally. Two
well developed feather-like gills; genital openings separated, the
genital ducts also functioning as nephridia. Sexes separated; no
copulating organ. Radula reduced to a conical peg of conchiolin.
Mid-gut with a posteriorly lying blind sack acting as a liver.

Genus CHAZTODERMA Loven, 1845.

Chetoderma Loven, Ofversigt of Kung]. Vet. Akad. Forh., i, p.
116.—Crystallophrysson Moxtus, 1875.

Characters those of the family. Spicules alike all around the
body, of needle-shaped and flat forms.

Chetoderma lives upon mud bottom, mainly at a depth of 20 to
40 meters. It burrows in the mud, so that the dredge must be
weighted to secure them. Wirén writes as follows of specimens
kept by him in an aquarium, the bottom of which was covered by
a layer of mud:

“ When they were not disturbed they remained throughout the
day almost motionless in a perpendicularly descending burrow, the
anterior end directed downwards, the posterior upwards. The upper
mouth of the burrow was completely closed by the wider bell-shaped
posterior end, so that from the surface one noticed only the up-
wardly directed points of the two red gills.

“ When the animal was disturbed by the approach of any object.
to the gills, it instantly contracted and bored down several inches
with extraordinary swiftness. It effected this progress by alterna-
tive lengthening and contraction of its body. In this the ante-

CHATODERMA. 285

rior, most movable part of the body, as well as the great spines of
the posterior end, played the leading part. These spines are so
placed that in the contracted animal they converge backward, but
in the expanded condition they diverge, pointing obliquely back-
ward and laterally. When the animal expands these prickles must
accordingly grip into the side walls of the burrow and thus lend
support to the posterior end, preventing any movement upward of
this end. Consequently, with each elongation the anterior end is
pushed forward a distance equal to the difference in length between
the extended and the contracted animal. In a great contraction
the anterior part of the prothorax is swollen to a thick bulb,
whereby the anterior part of the animal is apparently wedged in the
burrow, the small spines of that end, which are directed obliquely
to the side, affording insufficient support. The great spines of the
hinder end at the same time become loosened from the walls of the
burrow. With each contraction the hinder end draws itself forward
without change in the position of the anterior end.

“J have never observed an animal which had burrowed deeply
in this manner, come up in the same burrow in which it had de-
scended. In order again to reach the resting position the animal
must first bore upward and on reaching the surface, again bore
downward. It describes, therefore, during its wanderings from the
first resting position to the second, the curve represented in pl. 41,
fig. 26. The animal proceeds a short distance on the surface, in-
deed, it sometimes crawls several inches, before it again bores down-
ward. This is a very slow procedure and attended with considerable
difficulty, the hinder part of the body swinging now to right, now
to left, by means of alternating expansion and contraction. Gen-
erally, particularly ona slightly uneven surface, Cheetoderma makes
wholly irregular tracks; on even surfaces, however, and when the
animal crawls straight forward, we obtain that peculiar regular
appearance which the subjoined drawing (pl. 41, fig. 27) presents,
which might easily convey to the paleontologist the idea of a plant
impression.

“JT have never seen Chetoderma performing swimming move-
ments, nor has it seemed able to crawl up the walls of the aquarium.
It is wholly adapted to life in the slime bottom, and the knowledge of
this circumstance is of importance for the proper understanding of
the organization of the animal in reference to its relationships with
allied forms. Chetoderma does not devour sand or slime as many

286 CHETODERMA.

worms which creep aboutin mud do. Its intestine is usually almost
empty, its contents always consist of minute animal or plant organ-
isms, principally of diatoms, sometimes also of foraminifera or other
protozoans.

“ When the animal remains undisturbed in its burrow, the upper
mouth of the burrow, as has been mentioned above, is entirely filled
up. Since Chetoderma lacks the abdominal groove present in all
other Solenogastres, naturally none of the surface water finds its
way to the mouth opening. Accordingly the animal cannot, as for
example, is the case with the Siphoniata living in mud, feed upon
organisms swimming about in the sea water, but must be limited
exclusively to those foundin the slime bottom. These are obtained,
naturally, by means of the anterior end. Not only the strong and
manifold movements of the prothorax, but also the occurrence of a
peculiar sense organ, the mouth shield, has this function. This
organ, for discussion of which we will have greater opportunity
later, is not only an organ for digging and grubbing, but is cer-
tainly a sense organ also. It is not present in other known Soleno-
gastres.”

Synopsis of species.

a. Length of the body often exceeding 100 times the breadth (of
the narrowest part). Mouth-shield convex. Dorsal sense-organ
not covered by large spicules, surrounded on each side by a
tract covered with numerous small spicules. Tongue posteriorly
circularly closed, with large, lens-shaped thickenings of the cuti-
cle at the sides. Each gill with three free lamelle

C. productum.

a’. Length of the body usually only 40-50 times the breadth
Mouth-shield flat. Dorsal sense-organ surrounded by a few
rows of small spicules, and almost entirely covered with large
spicules. Tongue open behind, no lens-shaped cuticular thick-
enings at the sides of the tongue. No free Jamellee on the gills

C. nitidulum.

w’. Shorter and thicker. Spicules flat and elliptical anteriorly,
further back becoming broad keeled spear-like points, and
toward the posterior end long stout prickles C. militare.

\

C. pRoDUCTUM Wirén. PI. 41, figs. 16-26.

Length of largest specimens 130-140 mill., breadth of the pro-
thorax 2, of the metathorax 1-3, of the abdomen 3-2 mill. Much

CHETODERMA. 287

attenuated, especially the metathorax, which forms about two-thirds
the entire length. Smaller individuals with more the proportions
of C. nitidulwm ; in one about 70 mill. long, the prothorax measures
13, metathorax nearly 1, abdomen 3 mill. in diameter. Mouth-
shield (fig. 16) more convex than in C. nitidulum. Dorsal sense-
organ (figs. 25, 26) longer, extending to margin of cloaca, having a
wide area of short spicules on each side. Gills like those of nitidu-
lum, but with not quite so many lateral lamellee, scarcely 20 on each
side. Tongue covered with a thick cuticle, which on each side of
the tooth and a little backwards is strongly thickened, which is not
the case in C. nitidulum. The tooth is almost wholly sunken in the
radula sack. Internal structure not differing greatly from C. niti-
dulum.

Kara Sea (Djimnfa Exped.).

Chetoderma productum Wu1rEN, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-
Akademiens Handlingar, xxv, art. No. 6, p. 8, pl. 1, f. 1-5, 8-16
(1892).—Srmroru, Thier-Reich, p. 226, and p. 133, fig. 1.

C. nitipuLuM Lovén. PI. 40, figs. 1-11, 13-15.

Large individuals 80 mill. long, 3 mill. wide in the middle; aver-
age length 30-50 mill. Body cylindrical, of a gray satin-like luster
and color, the gills light blood-red or yellowish-red. Dorsal sense-
organ (pl. 40, fig. 8), covered with long spicules.

West coast of Sweden; Norway; North Sea at Silverpit ; Spitz-
bergen; Kara Sea, east coast of Nova Zemblia; Omenak, northern
Greenland, 10 to 250 fathoms; Casco Bay, Maine, 48-64 fms.
(Verrill).

Chetoderma nitidulum Loven, Ofversigt af Kungl. Vet. Akad.
Forh., 1844, i, p. 116, pl. 2 (1845); Reprinted in Archiv Skandi-
navischer Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte, 1845, p. 169, pl. 2, and in
Froriep’s Neuen Notizen, xxxiy, 1845, figs. 45-45e—K EFERSTEIN,
Beitragen zur anatomischen und systematischen Kenntniss der
Sipunculiden, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., xv, 1865, p. 442.—HAnNsEN,
Anatomisk Beskrivelse af Chetoderma nitidulum Lovén, in Nyt
Mag. for Naturvidensk. Christiania, xxii, pp. 354-377, pl. 1-5
(1877) ; Neomenia, Proneomenia und Chiitoderma, Bergens Mu-
seums Aarsberetning for 1888, art. No. vi, p. 6 (1889)—GrarrF,
Anatomie des Chetoderma nitidulum Lovén, in Zeitschr. ftir wiss.
Zoologie, xxvi, pp. 166-192, pl. 11-13 ; Neomenia und Cheetoderma,

288 CHATODERMA-—NEOMENIID~.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., xxxiii, p. 568, f. 2 (1877).— Wiren, Histolo-
giska meddelanden om Cheetoderma nitidulum Lovén, in Biologiska
-Foreningens Forhandlinger, Stockholm, iii, pp. 87-49 (1890);
Mittheilungen iiber den Bau des Cheetoderma nitidulum Lovén, 1.
c. il, No. 7, pp. 68-73; Monographie des Cheetoderma nitidulum
Lovén, in Kong]. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., xxiv, No. 12, pp.
1-66, pl. 1-7 (1892)—Simroru in Bronn, p. 226, pl. 1, f. 1-18.—
VeRRILL, Explorations of Casco Bay, in Proc. Amer. Asso. Adv.
Sci. xxii, 18738, p. 347, pl. 6, f. 6.— Crystallophrysson nitens Mostus,
Jahresber. der Commission zur wissensch. Unters. der deutschen
Meere in Kiel, ii, iii, Zool. Ergebnisse 5, Vermes, p. 157, pl. 3, f.
6-12 (1875).

Verrill reports this species as common in 10 to 100 fathoms,
muddy bottom, off northern New England and Nova Scotia.

C. MILITARE Selenka. PI. 40, figs. 12, 16, 17, 18.

The calcareous spicules of the proboscis are in the neighborhood
of the mouth (fig. 16) flat and elliptical; further back they are
larger and have the form of shovel-like or tongue-like plates (figs.
17,), and finally they gradually become smaller again and take
the form of keeled spear-like points. The body proper bears only a
few thinly scattered rounded calcareous plates, but at the posterior
end there are again large plates, which towards the anus become
long stout prickles, with a cross-section between circular and ellip-
tical. Round about the anus are numerous small prickle-like or
awl-shaped calcareous needles (fig. 12).

East of Panay, Philippines, Lat. 9°, 26’ N., Long. 123° 45’ E.,
375 fms. in blue mud.

Chetoderma militare SELENKA, Chall. Rep., Vol. xiii, Report on
the Gephyrea, p. 23, pl. 4, f. 28-82.—Simroru in Bronn, pl. 1, f.
14, 15.

Fig. 18 shows the animal natural size. Description and figures
from Selenka.
Family NEOMENIID.

Body bilaterally symmetrical. Head and cloaca not defined from
the body, or but slightly so. Mouth subterminal on the ventral
side when the animal is at rest, the cloaca-opening similarly situated
or terminal. Ventral groove provided with a foot-ridge, or at least
a longitudinal strip desitute of cuticle ; foot-gland present. Gills

NEOMENIA. 289

* developed as simple folds of the circum-anal border, never feathery.
Hermaphroditic. Genital ducts uniting into one median opening
below the anus. As nephridia act apparently certain pre-anal
glands which open into the cloaca. Radula of the usual kind, or
entirely wanting. Mid gut without blind sac, with numerous lateral
pouches. Animal living free or parasitic.

[ Nore.--The “preliminary notice” reigns supreme among the “mor-
phologists,” nearly every paper upon Solenogastres having been pre-
ceded by one or more of these troublesome notes. No species mon-
ger ever carried the struggle for priority to the extreme ordinarily
met with in the literature of this group. The genera Rhopalomenia,
Macellomenia, Nematomenia, Myzomenia and Echinomenia, and the
species Proneomenia langi, were proposed in the new edition of
Bronn’s Thier-Reich and in Zeitschrift ftir Wissenschaftliche Zoolo-
gie, lvi, pp. 322-525, 1893, nearly simultaneously. In the text I
have cited Bronn only, as that has probable priority of publication,
though the other paper may have been prepared first.

Pruvot’s genera and species were briefly diagnosed in Arch. Zool.
Expér. et Génér. (2), viii, p. xxii, xxiii, prior to the publication of
his elaborate and excellent work of the following year].

Genus NEOMENIA Tullberg, 1875.

Neomenia Tutus., Bihang k. Sv. Akad. Handl., iii, No. 15
(1875).—Wrren, K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., xxv, p. 15.—Solenopus
M. Sars, Forh. Videns. Selsk. Christiania, 1868, p. 257 (name only,
no description)—Koren & Dantetssen, Archiv for Math. og.
Naturvid. Christiania, 1877, p. 6.

Body short, plump, similarly shaped at the two ends, cloaca sub-
terminal, the foot-groove continued to it (except iv NV. grandis) with
7-13 longitudinal folds within; a rudimentary sole present. In-
tegument with a simple layer of spicules, part of them grooved,
part needle-shaped, projecting well from the cuticle between large,
several.celled papille. A circle of short branchial folds around the
anus. Mouth terminal, with numerous thread-like cirri; no radula
or salivary glands; pharynx protrusible. A copulating organ gen-
erally developed. Type, V. carinata.

The most extensive and elaborate work upon this genus is that of
Axel Wirén, cited above. Simroth has given a good synopsis in
the new edition of Bronn. Wirén gives the following observations
upon the habits of NV. carinata :

290 NEOMENIA.

“ The Neomeniz inhabit preferably rather deep water; apparently
they generally live on muddy bottom. They differ widely as well
in habits as in station from the more elongated Neomeniens of the
Mediterranean, which live upon narrow fixed objects, Hydroids,
Gorgonians, roots of Algze, ete.

‘Koren and Danielssen who have observed Neomenia carinata (?)
in the living state, assert that, by throwing the margin of the mantle
to one side so that the foot becomes visible, it is able to creep up the
sides of the aquarium ‘like other mollusks ;’ indeed, that it is able
to swim on the surface of the water with the curved foot upward
and the back down. As has been already indicated, it may be
doubted whether the animal observed by Koren & Danielssen was
in reality Neomenia carinata. The facts cited above appear highly
improbable, and may prove to be erroneous. What is one to un-
derstand by the statement that Neomenia creeps with great rapidity
like other mollusks, considering that mollusks as a rule cannot
boast of great speed—the snail’s pace having always served as the
type of the slowest progress—it appears improbable that Neomenia
should be distinguished by this charaeteristic—Neomenia, in whose-
so-called foot there is no muscular fiber and in whose body walls.
but a weakly developed musculature, and which never possesses an
abdominal disk suitable for creeping. Moreover no other Neomenia
has been observed to move at other than an unusually slow pace.

“ T myself observed not many yearsago a Neomenia carinata which
was kept for some days in a vessel of water. I observed no other
movements than an opening and closing of the mantle opening, an
alternating extension and retraction of the proboscis, and a con-
traction of the body into an arched form with subsequent extension
so that it became almost entirely straight. During the entire time
the animal remained quietly in the same spot.

“ Prof. Tullberg similarly kept for some days living Neomenia
carinata in a vessel of water, and during this time observed no other
movement than the opening of the cloaca.

“Prof. Théel, who observed during a longer period, a living indi-
vidual in an aquarium, the bottom of which was covered with sand,
informed me that the animal when undisturbed remained motionless,
buried in the sand in a vertical position, so that only the mouth of
the cloaca and gills were visible. If the animal was removed it
bored directly down again until the old position was reached. No
voluntary change of position was observed. From these observa-

NEOMENIA. 291

tions I gather that Neomenia carinata resembles Cheetoderina in
habit. The latter lives in the soft bottoms, in which it rests with
posterior end up and anterior down, so that the mantle opening is
at the same level as the surface of the ground. Apparently Neo-
menia bores into the above described position by help of its protru-
sible proboscis, the only part of the body provided with a powerful
musculature.

“Tn all the Neomenie which I examined, the intestine was almost
empty. Inno case did it contain sand or mud, and identifiable parti-
cles were never found. The Neomenias feed, as does Chetoderma,
not upon mud, but upon organic particles, which alone are taken
into the alimentary canal. It is impossible for Neomenia to find and
seize these particles separately by means of its large and unwieldy
proboscis, although it is extensible. The food is obtained by the
action of the cirri in the mouth, which remind one in a great meas-
ure of the cirri of the Scaphopoda, although the corresponding organ
in Neomenia, in case that my animal has not been injured, is ap-
parently shorter in the extended condition.

“ Observations on habits have been made on Neomenia carinata
only. The other species are entirely unknown in this respect. Neo-
menia afinis and microsolen are very similar to NV. carinata, and
similarity in habits may, therefore, be inferred. Neomenia Dalyell
may show greater variation in regard to habit, since it lacks the
penis and as it appears, the protrusible proboscis.”

* Body keeled dorsally.

N.carinata Tullberg. Pl. 42, figs. 1-9.

Length (in contracted state) 8-30 mill. Body curved into a half
moon shape when contracted, compressed above into a dorsal keel,
which is scarcely one-fifth the height of the body. Light gray, with
a shade of rosy red around the anus. Spicules small, 0-1 mill.
long, simple and needle-like on the sides, but channelled and with
arrow-like points on the back, stomach folds 9, branchial folds 40-
45. Copulating organ present.

West coast of Sweden, 60-200 fms. ; Shetland Islands.

Solenopus nitidulus M. Sars, Forh. i Videnskabs-Selskabet i
Christiania, 1868, p. 257 (name only, no description)—KorEn &
DanieEtssen, Archiv for Mathem. og Naturvidenskab. Christiania,
1877, p.6 (trans. in Ann. Mag. N. H. [5], iii, p. 324)—Neomenia
carinata TULLBERG, Neomenia, a new genus of Invertebrate Ani-

292 NEOMENIA.

mals, Bihang till K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., iii, No. 13, pp.
1-12, pl. 1, 2 (1875).— Hansen, Neomenia, Proneomenia und Cha-
-toderma, Bergens Museums Aarsberetning for 1888, art. vi, pl. 1, f.
1-7.—Norman, Ann. Mag.N. H. (5), iv, p. 165 (1879).—Simroru
in Bronn, p. 227, pl. 2, f. 1-15.—WiureEn, Studien tiber die Soleno-
gastren II, Cheetoderma productum, Neomenia, Proneomenia acum-
inata, in Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., xxv, art. 6, p. 15, ete., pl.
1, f. 17-20; pl. 2, f. 8, 7-9; pl. 3, f. 1-8, 11-14; pl.4; pl. 5,f.7;
pl. 6, f. 2, 3, 5-9, 12,14, 15,17; pl. 7; pl.8; pl. 9, f. 1-4, 1b-13;
pl. 10, f. 50, 31.—Pruvor, Organization de quelques Néoméniens,
in Arch, Zool. Expér. et Génér. (2), 1x, p. 728.—Grarr, Neomenia
u. Cheetoderma, in Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., xxviii, p. 557, f.1 (1877).
—Garstane@, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., ii, p. 124, f. 2.

N. arrinis (Koren & Danielssen). Pl. 42, figs. below 6 and 7.

Dorsal keel distinctly defined at base, high, fully one-third the
height of the body ; spicules as in NV. carinata ; anatomy unknown.
Length 16, width 6, height 6 mill.

Messina 20-30 fms. ; Genoa.

Solenopus affinis Kor. & Dan., Beskrivelse over nye arter, hen-
horende til sleegten Solenopus, samt nogle oplysninger om dens or-
ganization in Archiv for Mathem og. Naturvidenskab, ii, 1877, p.
127.—Neomenia affinis W1rEN, Kong]. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., xxv,
No. 6, p. 15, pl. 1, f. 21; pl. 2, f.4,10—Simroru in Bronn, p. 227.
—Pruvot, Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gen. (2), ix, p. 728.

Internal anatomy not yet investigated. Differs from NV. carinata
in the much greater height of the dorsal keel.

N. Granvis Thiele. Pl. 42, figs. 10-16.

Back keeled, the keel reaching to the mouth, where it is widened.
Ventral surface somewhat flattened, the ventral groove commencing
just back of the anterior end, with a furrow along each side of it,
defining two lips, the furrows meeting just in front of the cloaca,
folds of the ventral groove 13, decreasing to 5 behind. Gill folds
42. Cloaca situated ventrally behind, appearing as a longitudinal
crevice. Spicules (figs. 138, 14) long or short, needle-like or gut-
tered, those upon the cuticle inflected, in the anterior part of the
mouth small, lancet-shaped (fig. 11).

Length about 40, breadth 10, height 8 mill.

Naples.

Neomenia grandis Tame, Zeitschr. fiir Wissensch. Zool., Vol.
58, p. 223, pl. 12, f. 1-50 (1894).

NEOMENIA—PRONEOMENIA. 293
* * Body rounded, not keeled dorsally.

N. DALYELLI (Koren & Danielssen). Pl. 41, figs. 28-31.

Body circular in section, not keeled, spicules (fig. 28) large, 0:2
mill. long, those of needle-shape as long as the guttered ones. A
large spicule on each side of the cloaca. No digitiform glands;
stomach folds 9; gill folds about 40. No organ of copulation.
Length 20, width in the middle 7 mill.

Coast of Norway, 2-300 fms.; North Atlantic, lat. 64° 9 N., long.
6° 6 E., 157 fms. ; Scotland ?

Solenopus dalyelli Kor. & Dan., Archiv for Math. og Natur-
vidensk., ii, p. 127 (1877), trans. in Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iii, p. 327.
—Neomenia dalyeli Norman, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 165.—
WirREN, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., xxv, p. 16, pl. 1, f.22; pl. 2,
mo,ti-15 5 pli3,f9; pl.5,f.1-6,8=11; pl. 6,£.4,.10,11, 16; pl. 9;
f. 5-10.—Pruvor, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér. (2), ix, p.728.—
Srmrorsa in Bronn, p. 227.—Garstana, Proce. Malac. Soc. Lond., ii,
p. 124.

?Vermiculus crassus DALYELL, Powers of the Creator, ii, p. 88, pl.
MO i 11.

N. MICROSOLEN Wirén. PI. 41, figs. 32-35.

Body laterally compressed, higher than broad (?) ; spicules small,
the gutter-shaped and part of the needle-shaped ones 0°075 mill.
long, part of the needle-shaped only half that length. No large
cloaca spicules. Ventral furrow smaller than in the above species,
with 7 ventral folds. Gills 35.

Santa Lucia, West Indies, 160 fms.

Neomenia microsolen WrrREN, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., xxv,
Ho: O, p. 16-ple1, f. 23 pl. 2, f.5,16; pl.3,f.10;) pl. 6, f. 1.—Sine
ROTH, in Bronn, p. 227.

Genus PRONEOMENIA Hubrecht, 1880.

Proneomenia Huprecnat, Zool. Anzeiger, iii, no. 70, p. 589.

Body elongated, vermiform, the length 9-14 times the diameter,
tapering behind. Cloaca opening ventral. Foot present, the foot
groove passing into the cloaca. Cuticle thick with crossed spicules.
No gills. Radula multidentate. Twosalivary glands. Penis want-
ing, numerous calcareous spicules functional as excitation organs.

Type P. sluitert.

294 PRONEOMENIA.

P. sturreRI Hubrecht. PI. 43, figs. 17-22.

Body, in the preserved condition, stiff and light brown, cylindri-
~ eal, thicker toward the anterior extremity ; integument densely beset
with spicules (fig. 21) placed at right angles to each other, and about
0:2 mill. long, shaped like elongated cones, pointed at one end,
truneated at the other. Radula (fig.22) multiserial. Length 105
—~148 mill., about 14 times the breadth.

Barents Sea, 110-160 fms.

Proneomenia sluiteri Hupr., Zool. Anzeiger, iil, no. 70, p. 589
(1880); Niederlindisches Archiv fiir Zoologie, Supplementband, 1,
pp. 1-75, pl. 1-4.—Pruvor, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér., (2), ix, p.
731.—Simroru, in Bronn, p. 228, pl. 3, f. 1-16.

Var. LANGI Simroth. PI. 48, figs. 23, 24.

Animal having a neck-like constriction behind the anterior end ;
breadth somewhat greater compared with the length. Length 98,
greatest height and breadth 10 mill.; least height 8, least breadth
6 mill., mouth 4 mill. long, the ventral groove beginning 1 mill. be-
hind it; cloaca 6 mill. from hind end of ventral groove and 2 mill.
long. A smaller specimen had a length of 75, greatest height 10,
greatest breadth 93 mill.

Northern part of Olga Strait, between Konig Karls Islands, North-
eastland and Barentsland, 70-80 fins.

P. sluiteri HevuscueEr, Vierteljahrisch. Naturforsch. Gesell. Ziirich,
xxxvii, 1892, pp. 148-161, figs. 1-4; Jenaische Zeitschr. fir Natur-
wissensch., xxvii, p. 476 to 512, figs. 1-4 and pl. 20-283—(Quart.
Journ. Roy. Mic. Soc., 1893, p. 313; 1892, p. 771).—Lane, Lehr-
buch der Vergleich. Anat., p. 569, fig. 386; and H. M. & M. Ber-
nard’s translation, Text-book of Comp. Anat., pt. 2, p. 3, f. 2.—P.
langi Surrora in Bronn, p. 228.

Doubtfully distinct from P. sluiteri.

P. austRALIs Thiele.

Similar to P. sluiteri. Cuticle 0°33 mill. thick, beset with spicu-
les of the usual form, mostly hollow ; those near the cloacal opening
with the points bent toward the middle; in immediate proximity to
the cloaca are very numerous smaller spicules, which are also fre-
quently bent hook-like; to the right and left is a flat excavation,
clothed with cuticle and these spicules. The dorsal posterior sense
organ is also surrounded with small spicules. Ventrally runs the

PRONEOMENIA. 295

ciliated longitudinal groove, anteriorly expanded, containing 5 longi-
tudinal folds in front, then three, of which the two lateral ones unite
posteriorly with the median. Radula small, with two rows of teeth,
each tooth rather straight, long-conic, somewhat over 0:2 mill. long.
There are 13 rounded receptacula seminis on each side. Length
90, diameter anteriorly 5 mill.

Northwest coast of Australia, 60 fms. (Gazelle Exped.).

Proneomenia australis TH1iELE, Zool. Anzeiger, xx, p. 399 (1897).

Differs from P. slwiteri mainly in the biserial radula and numer-
ous receptacula seminis.

P. rycrustatTa (Koren & Danielssen).

Body cylindrical, 30 mill. long, 8 broad, pointed towards the an-
terior, truncate at the posterior extremity; strongly incrusted with
particles of sand, so that it has a rugged appearance. Mantle desti-
tute of the spear-shaped calcareous spicules along the back.

Hasvig, Finmark, 200-300 fms.

Solenopus incrustatus Kk. & D., Beskrivelse over nye arter hen-
horende til Slegten Solenopus, samt nogle oplysminger om dens
organisation, in Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, ii, p.
128 (1877). Trans. in Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iti, p. 8328.—Proneo-
menia incrustata HANSEN, Bergens Mus. Aar., 1888, p. 4, and of
Provor and Simrora.

Known only by the above insufficient description.

P. BOREALIS (Koren & Danielssen).

Body cylindrical, 25 mill. long, 3 broad, rounded and rather nar-
rower at the anterior end, truncate at the hinder extremity, and in-
crusted with sand. Along the whole of the back runs a rather fine
but sharp line, which is but slightly elevated and richly beset with
short, thick, needle-shaped calcareous spicules.

Lofoten, etc., Norway, 40-400 fms.

Solenopus borealis K. & D., l.c., p. 128; Ann. Mag. t.c., p.328.—

Proneomenia borealis HANnsEn, l. ¢., p. 4.
Known only by the original description, translated above.

P. rrurrorMis Hansen.

Animal 61 mill. long, 0°75 mill. thick ; anterior end rounded ;
_ posterior end obliquely truncated (Hansen).
Sweden.

296 PRONEOMENIA.

Proneomenia filiformis Hansen, Bergens Mus. Aarsberetning,
1888, no. 6, p. 10.

Simroth and Pruvot simply repeat Hansen’s brief diagnosis. The
specimen is unique in the Bergen Museum, and has not been cut, so
that the internal features are still unknown.

Subgenus Amphimenia Thiele, 1894.

Amphimenia Ture ek, Zeitschr. f. Wissensch. Zool., lviii, p. 273,
244.

Radula uniserial ; having gullet glands and lobed salivary glands ;
spicules of two forms; cloaca simple. Type P. neapolitana.

P. NEAPOLITANA Thiele. PI. 48, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28.

Body elongated, round, with very strong integument, bearing two
kinds of spicules: some small, hollowed, tapering to a point at each
end, usually somewhat curved, and others considerably larger,
pointed at one end only, being rounded at the other or running out
in a sharp margin (fig. 26, 27). The smaller spicules lie tangential
or obliquely in the cuticular layer, the larger ones perpendicular, with
projecting points (fig.25). Ventrally the latter sort fails, and the
smaller ones become perpendicular. Ventral groove with a rather
narrow median fold, a smaller one on each side of it, bordering the
spiculose cuticle ; wholly disappearing before it reaches the cloaca ;
in the space between them lies a preanal gland, below the hypodermis.
Radula with one row of teeth, each tooth rounded in the middle in
front, tapering at the sides, narrowed behind and running out in two
rather long and acute points, which overlie the following tooth (fig.
28). Cloaca small. No copulating organ or penis spicules. Length
about 30, diam. 1°5 mill.

Naples.

Proneomenia neapolitana THIELE, Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., 1889,
xlix, p. 429 (footnote); 2. ¢., p.392 (no name); Biol. Centralbl., xi,
p. 725.—P. (Amphimenia) neapolitana THIELE, Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool.,
Iviii, p. 244, pl. 14, 15, f. 51-94.

Subgenus SimROTHIELLA Pilsbry, 1898.

Solenopus (in part) Koren & Dantevisen, Arch. Math. og
Naturvid., ii, p. 120.—Srmrorg, in Bronn’s Klassen u. Ordnungen »
des Thier-Reichs, p. 228. Not Solenopus Schonherr, Curcul. Disp.
Meth., p. 268, 1826.

PRONEOMENIA—RHOPALOMENIA. 297

Body elongated, vermiform. Length 8-23 times the breadth.
Gills present in the form of longitudinal folds. Radula and two
salivary glands present. Having single tube-shaped penes (?). ‘Type
S. sarsii.

This subgenus differs from Proneomenia in the development of
gills.

P. MARGARITACEA (Koren & Danielssen).

Body round, thick, strongly glistening, pointed at the anterior end,
truncated transversely posteriorly ; 12 mill. long, 13 mill. thick at the
broader posterior end. Mantle covered with needle- and lancet-
shaped spicules. Two tubular penes.

Avidingsoerne, Stavanger, Norway, 40-60 fms.

Solenopus margaritaceus Kor. & Dan, /.¢., p. 128 (trans. in Ann.
Mag. N. H. (5), iii, p.328).—Simrorg, /.¢., p. 228.— Neomenia mar-
garitacea PRuvor, Arch. Zool. Expér. (2), ix, p. 729.—Proneomenia
margarttacea HANSEN, Bergens Mus. Aarsberetning for 1888, p. 4.

P. sarsit (Koren & Danielssen). PI. 43, fig. 29.

Body cylindrical, 70 mill. long, 3 mill. diam., the posterior [an-
terior] end transversely truncated, the anterior [posterior] end
snout-shaped, extended.

Christianafjord, 100-200 fms.

Solenopus sarsii Kor. & DAN., l.c., p. 128 (Ann. Mag. N. H. (5),
iii, p. 828).—Simrors, J. ¢., p. 228.—Proneomenia sarsiti HANSEN,
Bergens Mus. Aarsberetning for 1888, no. 6, p. 1-11, pl. 1, f. 8-10.
—Neomenia sarsii Pruvot, Arch. Zool. Expér. (2), ix, p. 729.

Fig. 29, one gill containing blood corpuscles. According to Hansen
(i. c., p. 10) the descriptions of the two ends of this species given
by Koren and Danielssen should be transposed.

Genus RHOPALOMENIA Simroth, 1893.

Rhopalomenia Stwroru, Klassen u. Ordn. des Thier-Reichs, p.
229.

Body vermiform, pointed in front and behind. Cloaca opening
a ventral longitudinal slit, passing into the foot-groove. Foot pres-
ent. Cuticle thick, enclosing obliquely crossed, needle-shaped spic-
ules, pointed at each end, free from the epithelium ; with club-
shaped, narrow pedicled papillz, projecting in the cuticle near to
the surface. Gills wanting. Radula many pointed or wanting.

20

298 RHOPALOMENIA.

Salivary glands 2; penial exciting organs two or none. Length 6-
60 mill., 6 to 25 times the breadth.

- This genus is evidently composed of somewhat heterogeneous
elements, which, however, share the peculiar shape and arrangement
of spicules described above, and the same mode of existence, differ-
ing in both from the northern genus Proneomenia.

Thiele (Archiv Wiss. Zool., lvili, p. 273) proposes to restrict Rho-
palomenia to the species aglaophenie and eisigi, and relegate vagans,
desiderata, gorgonophila and acuminata to Proneomenia. I have,
however, considered it advisable to leave the group within the lim-
its fixed by Simroth, except that sopita is removed, as it obviously
differs sufficiently to form another genus.

Key to Species of Rhopalomenia.

Cuticle Exciting Salivary Radula. 2Gille Length Species
papille organs glands index

one-celled 0 . 2 present. none 25 gorgonophila.
many-celled 2 2 present 6 vagans.
: 0 2 present none 6 = desiderata.
| none none 13 aglaophenie.

Of these species, the first is separated widely from the others by
its peculiar cuticle-papille. The West Indian A. acuminata is still
too little known to be included in the table.

R. GORGONOPHILA (Kowalevski). Pl. 44, figs. 30, 31, 32.
Elongated, cylindrical, winding around Gorgonia stems, upon

which it is parasitic. Length 60 mill.
Algerva and Provence.

Neomenia gorgonophila KowAu., Bull. Roy. Soc. Friends of Nat.
Science, etc., 1881 (Russian) ; Zool. Anzeiger, ili, p. 190.—Proneo-
menia gorgonophila Kowa. & Marron, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Mar-
seilles, III, p. 75, pl.7, f. 18-21—Rhopalomenia gorgonophila Stm-
ROTH, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, p. 230, pl. 4. figs. 2-4.

Fig. 30 represents the animal in its natural position. Fig. 32
section showing foot-groove and foot. Fig. 31 section through the
skin, showing epithelium above, below it the peculiar club-shaped
inter-cuticular papille, and lower the horizontal spicules, with a
layer of circular muscle beneath.

RHOPALOMENIA. 299

R. vaGans (Kowalewski & Marion). Pl. 44, figs. 37, 38, 39.

Cylindrical, both ends similarly roundly-pointed. Cuticle homo-
geneous. Free living upon Zostera; 6 mill. long, 6 or 7 times the
diameter.

Gulf of Marseilles.

Proneomenia vagans Kow. & Mar., Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Mar-
seilles, ili, p. 29, pl. 3, 4, 5, 1887.—TutExE, Zeitsch. Wissensch. Zool.,
Iviii, p. 258, pl. 15, f. 95-107.— Rhopalomenia vagans StmrorH, l. ¢.,
p- 280, pl. 5, figs. 1-7.

Fig. 38 shows the animal magnified 30 diameters, with the dorsal
integument removed by the microtome, showing the intestinal coeca
and (by transparence) the longitudinal salivary glands lying under
them. Fig 39, ventral view of the hind end. Fig. 37, a spicule,
x 510.

R. DESIDERATA (Kowalewski & Marion).

Body cylindrical, rounded at the two ends, 10 mill. long; cuti-
cular layer relatively not very thick, formed of distinct layers, ir-
regularly superimposed ; cutaneous papillze small, several-celled, for
the most part not extending near the outer surface. Spicules all
acicular, perceptibly curved. Radula well developed.

Marseilles, on Posidonia.

Proneomenia desiderata Kow. & MaAr., l.c., p. 59, pl. 5, f. 28-34.
—Pruvort, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér. (2), ix, p. 732.—Rhopalo-
menia desiderata Stmrotu, /.¢., p. 280, pl. 4, fig. 5, 6.

R. AGLAOPHENI# (Kowalewski & Marion). PI. 45, figs. 46-56.

Elongated, somewhat narrowed behind. Cuticle homogeneous.
Frontal sense-tubercle retracted into the mouth cavity. Length 32
mill. Although the radula may be lacking, its supporting mem-
brane and sheath remain. Parasitic.

Marseilles, Banyuls, Naples and Plymouth on Aglaophenia.

Proneomenia aglaophenie Kow. & Mar., Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.
Marseille, iii, p. 65, pl. 6, 7—Pruvor, Arch. Zool. Exper. (2), ix,
pp. 720, 732, 760 ; Comptes Rendus, exiv, p. 1211 (embryology ).—
Rhopalomenia aglaophenie Simroru in Bronn, p. 2380, pl. 4, f. 7-16.
—THIELE, Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool., lviii, p. 265, pl. 15, f. 108-114; pl.
16, f. 115-122—-Garsranc, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., ii, p. 124, pl. 10,
f. 3.

300 RHOPALOMENIA.

Fig. 50 shows the animal upon a branch of Aglaophenia myrio-
phyllum. Fig. 53 shows one of the cuticular papillee in section.

The specimens from Banyuls (pl. 45, figs. 46, 47, 53) examined
by Pruvot may possibly belong to a distinct species, differing from
typical aglaophenie in wanting the radula. They measure 30 mill.
long, 24 wide; color cream-white ; form strictly cylindrical with no
trace of a dorsal ridge or line. The caudal sensory knob is retract-
ile, without a corona of spicules different from those of the general
integument ; it is thesame with the cephalic knob (fig. 46). Always
oceurs coiled around Aglaophenia myriophyllum, in 60-80 meters
depth.

R. erstai Thiele. Pl. 44, figs. 40-45.

Closely allied to R. aglaophenie. Length 25, diam. somewhat over
1 mill. <A strong hump above the somewhat attenuated anterior
end. Spicules similar to those of aglaophenie, but the largest seem
to be more strongly curved, and the smallest have no hollow (figs.
40-42). A rudimentary radula sheath present. Salivary glands
and genitalia as in aglaophenie.

Naples.

Rhopalomenia eisigi THIELE, Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool., viii, p. 269, pl.
16, figs. 123-129 (1894).

Distinguished from R. aglaophenie by the hump on the head, ete.
The ventral fold is sharper, and the epithelium of the mid-gut more
strongly developed than in that species.

R. ACUMINATA (Wirén). PI. 44, figs. 33-36.

Body 9 or 10 times as long as wide, rounded in front, pointed be-
hind, in section triangular with rounded angles. Spicules lying
mainly within the cuticle, 0°5 mill. long; those along each side of
the ventral furrow standing radially, 0°25 mill. long. Radula very
small, not occupying a cavity of the pharynx wall, composed of a
basal membrane and transverse rows of rudimentary teeth (or low,
transverse threads?). Dorsal sense-organ oval, cleft-shaped, situ-
ated about 2 mill. from the posterior end. Length 283 mill.,
breadth about 3 mill.

Proneomenia acuminata W1REN, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl.,
xxv, p. 68, pl. 10, f. 1-29 (1892).— Rhopalomenia acuminata SIM-
ROTH in Bronn, p. 231.

NOTOMENIA—PRUVOTIA. 301

Genus NOTOMENIA Thiele, 1897.

Notomenia THIELE, Zool. Anzeiger, xx,p.399 (see also Q. J. Roy.
Mic. Soc., 1897, p. 527).

Small Solenogastres with moderately strong cuticle, club-shaped
calcareous spicules and ventral ciliated foot-groove; fore-gut with-
out a radula, with lobed salivary glands; mid-gut with lateral con-
strictions ; efferent ducts of the gonads wholly separated and inde-
pendent, with the receptacula seminis opening directly outward.

N. cLAVIGERA Thiele.

Animal about 4 mill. long, oval in section, rounded in front, biunt
behind. Body-covering of moderately strong cuticle, from which
project club-shaped, somewhat curved, transversely annulated spic-
ules, which are about 60-100 micro-millimeters long and 12-15
thick ; the annulation being produced by ring-shaped folds upon the
inside of the hollow calcareous bodies. Ventrally a ciliated longi-
tudinal furrow runs with one bluntly projecting fold; large glands,
which lie in the neighborhood of the upper oesophageal ganglion,
opening into the expanded anterior end.

The so-called mouth cavity is capacious, filled with numerous
sensitive cirri. As well as can be seen, the fore-gut is separated off,
as described for Rhopalomenia, and it seems to be formed as in this
genus; without a radula, its sheath being perhaps represented by a
ventral blind sack ; two large, lobed, salivary glands; further back-
ward the midgut has strong, regular lateral constrictions ; behind, the
gut contracts, and opens into the cloaca. No copulating organ.

Torres Strait, 20 fms. (Haddon).

Notomenia clavigera TH1ELE, Zool. Anzeiger, xx, p.398 (1897).

Genus PRUVOTIA Thiele, 1894.

Pruvotia THIELE, Zeitsch. f. Wissensch. Zool., lviii, p. 272 (in text),
type Proneomenia sopita Pruvot.

Similar to Rhopalomenia, but with no trace of a radula or sali-
vary glands, and with a highly developed pre-anal gland.

P. sopira (Pruvot). PI. 46, figs. 57, 58, 59.

Similar in size, arrangement of spicules and color to R. aglaophe-
nie, but never living coiled around Hydroids, but always on Sertu-
lariella polyzonias. In rest it is always at length along a branch,
the head a little raised and the cloaca half open. The cloacal re-

302 PRUVOTIA—MACELLOMENIA.

gion is globose and separated from the rest of the body by a slightly
marked groove, which disappears when the animal moves. Move-
ment is very slow. Thereisno caudal sensitive knob; on the other
hand, the cephalic knob shows good differences between this species
and P. aglaophenie. Fig. 59 shows the ventral face, with the cir-
cumbucceal ridge, against which the fine tactile bristles stand, with,
in the middle, the sensitive knob bearing four short, parallel rows of
little foliated spicules, one on each side of the base and two on the
summit, limiting three little clear spaces. Length of largest speci-
mens 22 mill.

Banyuls, on Sertulariella polyzonias, in 45-70 meters depth.

Proneomenia sopita Pruvor, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér. (2), ix,
pp. 721, 732, 764, pl. 30, f. 50; pl. 31, f. 84.— Rhopalomenia sopita
SrmrorH, in Bronn, p. 230, pl. 5, f. 8-12.— Pruvotia sopita THIELE,
Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool., lviii, p. 273.

Very similar to Rhopalomenia aglaophenic, differing in the ab-
sence of a caudal sense-papilla or knob, the supra-buccal papilla
with four series of small lanceolate spicules, and the radula absent.

Genus MACELLOMENIA Simroth, 1893.

Macellomenia Simr., in Bronn’s Thier. Reich., p. 231.— Paramenia
Pruvot in part.

Body cylindrical, short, somewhat smaller in front, transversely
truncated behind. Cloacaterminal. Foot-groove subobsolete, curv-
ing into the cloaca. Cuticle lacking papille, bearing shield-like
scales narrowing into spines (pl. 46, fig. 62). A circle of gills pres-
ent. Radula with many-pointed teeth (pl. 46, fig. 63, denticle shown
at d). Two salivary glands. Two stimulation glands, without
stimulating organs. Length four times the breadth. Type ©. pal-
ifera.

M. PALIFERA (Pruvot). PI. 46, figs. 60-63.

Body yellowish-white, very stout, curving in a crescent shape, 8
mill. long when extended, and about 1 mill. wide, without real keel
but with a median dorsal line formed by the converging spicules ;
the cloacal orifice large and transverse, broadly notched in the mid-
dle by the termination of the pedal groove, and with 18 yellowish,
ciliated branchial folds (fig. 60). No projecting foot, the foot-groove
subobsolete, rather shallow, and marked only by the difference of
the spicules: there being on each side a band of long and flattened

DONDERSIA—MYZOMENIA. 3038

spicules (fig. 61). Over the remainder of the body the extremely
thin cuticle is beset with little spicules of a very characteristic form
(fig. 61) like a round-bladed shovel, very densely placed, having
the flattened end against the cuticle, the narrowed portion lying
free. Radula multidentate, very small.

North of Port Vendres, on tube of Myxicola infundibulum, in 80
meters.

Paramenia palifera Pruvor, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér., (2),
ix, pp. 727, 790, pl. 31, f. 74-78; pl.25,f.4. Cf. Wiren, K. Sv.Vet.
Akad. Handl., xxv, p. 17.—Macellomenia palifera SimRoTH in
Bronn, p. 231, pl. 6, f. 1-4.

Genus DONDERSIA Hubrecht, 1888.

Dondersia Husrecnat, Donders Feestbundel, ete., p. 324.

Body elongated, vermiform, cylindrical. Anterior end thickened,
club-like. Cloaca opening ventral, the tail projecting above and
beyond it finger-like. Foot-groove curving into the cloaca. Foot
present. Spicules needle- and shovel-shaped. No gills. Radula
present. Ventral and dorsal salivary glands. Length 10 times the
breadth.

D. restivA Hubrecht. PI. 46, figs. 64-68.

Body narrow, pointed posteriorly, 10 mill. long, 1 mill. wide ;
violet colored. Spicules of two kinds: some acicular, others like a
shovel or ladle. No caudal sensory organ. Radula much reduced.
One pair of short salivary glands.

Gulf of Naples.

D. festiva Huprecut, Donders-Feestbundel Neder]. Tijdschr.
Geneesk., 1888, p. 324-339.—Pruvor, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér.
(2), ix, p. 730.—Simroru in Bronn, p. 231, pl. 9, f. 1-6.

Genus MYZOMENIA Simroth, 1898.

Myzomenia Smir., Broun’s Thier-Reichs., p. 231.—Dondersia
Pruvort, in part.

Elongated, vermiform, cylindrical. Extremities as in Dondersia.
No foot. Foot-groove smoothed out, reduced to a ventral longi-
tudinal streak (pl. 47, fig. 75). Spicules shield-shaped or leaf-shaped.
shaped. No gills. Noradulaor radula sheath. Oesophagus long.
Two salivary glands. A globular organ above the cesophagus.
Length 30 times the breadth.

304 MYZOMENIA—NEMATOMENIA.

M. BANYULENSIS (Pruvot). Pl. 47, figs. 74-77.

Body much attenuated, 30 mill. long, 1 wide; brilliant reddish-
‘purple, with silvery reflections due to the colorless layer of spicules,
the young paler, somewhat orange, there being less red pigment,
allowing the yellow color of the intestine to show through by trans-
parence. Spicules of two kinds: wide and flattened (fig. 77)
applied to the cuticle by the notched base, and imbricating regularly
from below upward, over the entire surface ; between them are ir-
regularly placed club-shaped spicules (fig. 76), less numerous and
on the ventral surface passing into a third type (76), which are
winged, and form a row projecting on each side of the pedal groove,
which is protected by their depression when the animal is contracted.
There is a dorsal keel, formed solely by the converging spicules at
the median line.

Coiled around stems of Lafoea dumosa, Banyuls and Roscoff, in 45
—300 meters depth ; also Naples (Thiele) and Plymouth (Garstang).

Dondersia banyulensis PRuvor, Arch. Zool. Expér. (2), viii, p. 22 ;
ix, p. 715, 777, pl. 25, f. 1; pl. 26, f. 8, 9; pl. 28, f. 20-33a; Comptes
Rendus, exiv, p. 1214—Myzomenia banyulensis StmRoTH in Bronn,
p. 231, pl. 8, f. 1-13.--THIELE, Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool., lviii, p. 278, pl.
16, f. 182-143.—GarsranG, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., ii, p. 124, pl. 10,
f. 4.

Genus NEMATOMENIA Simroth, 1893.

Nematomenia Simr., Klassen u. Ordn. des. Thier-Reichs, p. 282.

Body proportioned like Myzomenia. Spicules leaf shaped. Rad-
ula wanting, its sheath present. Oecsophagus short. Four salivary
glands.. Length 40 times the breadth.

N. FLAVENS (Pruvot). PI. 47, figs. 78-82.

Externally similar in form to Myzomenia banyulensis, having the
same cephalic “bib” of erect spicules (fig. 79), with fine tactile
bristles along the whole buccal margin (fig. 79); the same dorsal
carina formed entirely by the converging spicules, and the same more
projecting border of spicules along the pedal groove. But the body is
a beautiful citron-yellow from the shining through of the intestine.
The tissues appear more delicate, the body less rigid, susceptible of
being more closely coiled than the Myzomenia. The spicular cov-
ering resembles in general that of M. banyulensis, being composed
of flat, upwardly imbricated spicules, very readily detachable from

NEMATOMENIA—ICHTHYOMENIA. 305

the cuticle, on which they rest only by the bases; but these spicules
are narrower, lanceolate (fig. 81, below), always notched at the base,
with some sparsely scattered among them (fig. 81, above) of a club-
shape; there are also all transition forms between these. The tail
end (fig. 80) instead of being slightly narrowed asin M. bunyulensis,
is transversely truncated ventrally, prolonged dorsally in a short
finger-shaped appendage. The sensitive organ, situated on the
median dorsal ridge some distance from the lower end of the body
(fig. 82) consists of a small hyaline prominence bristling with a
great number of extremely fine tactile bristles, and encircled by a
crown of very small lanceolate spicules. Length 40 mill., width 1
mill.

On Lafoea dumosa, at Banyuls, in 45-90 meters.

Dondersia flavens Pruvot, Arch. Zool. Expér. (2), ix, p. 718,
781; pl. 25, f. 2; pl. 31, f. 81—Nematomenia flavens SIMROTH in
Bronn, p. 232, pl. 6, f. 5-11.

Genus ICHTHYOMENIA Pilsbry, 1898, n. n.

Ismenia Pruvot, Arch. Zool. Expér. (2), ix, p. 719, 784, 1891.
Not Jsmenia King, 1850 (Brachiopoda) nor Jsmenia Desv., 1863
(Diptera).

Body cylindrical-conic, broader behind, narrowed in_ front.
‘Cloaca opening a terminal transverse slit, a prominence in front of
it. Foot-groove and foot present, disappearing posteriorly. Cuticle
not papillose, the ventral spicules leaf-shaped, the rest scale-like,
imbricating. No gills. Radula well developed, apparently with
two rows of teeth. Length 5 to 6 times the breadth.

I. icptHyopes (Pruvot). Pl. 46, figs. 69-73.

Body pale yellowish roseate, 12 mill. long, without a keel, but
with a median dorsal line formed by the convergent spicules ; pedal
groove large (fig. 70) ; cuticle smooth, with leaf-shaped spicules (fig.
71) near the ventral sulcus, 0:06 mill. long and a third that
breadth, outside of which is a wide band of strong spicules shaped
like a paper-knife, 0:1 mill. long, covering and protecting the
former; then follow spicules (fig. 73) of nearly the same form but
smaller and striated ; the rest of the surface with smaller discoidal
spicules (fig. 72), which are very thin, with pectinated edge and a
smooth, thick semicircular ridge. Their form and imbrication re-
call the ctenoid scales of fishes. The conspicuous peculiarity of the

306 ICHTHYOMENIA—PARAMENIA.

animal is the large and strongly two-lipped cloaca, which looks like
the mouth of a reptile or fish.

Off the mouth of the Tech, in 80 meters depth, among Bryozoa
and Hydroids.

Ismenia ichthyodes Pruvot, Arch. Zool. Expér. (2), ix, p. 719,.
784, pl. 25, f. 3; pl. 31, f. 79, 80 (1891).—Srmrrora in Bronn, p.
232, pl. 9, f. 7-11.

Genus PARAMENIA Pruvot, 1890.

Paramenia Pruvot, Arch. Zool. Expér. (2), ix, p. 786.—Sim-
RovH in Bronn, p. 232.

Body short, cylindrical, obliquely truncated behind. Cloaca ter-
minal. Spicules partly needle-shaped, partly fish hook-shaped
(Pl. 47, figs. 87). Foot and foot-groove present, curving into the
cloaca. Radula with two longitudinal rows of teeth. Length 5 to
6 times the breadth.

Two subgenera are recognized by Simroth, Paramenia and Par-
arrhopalia.

Subgenus PARAMENIA (restricted).

Cuticle thin, without sense-tubercles. Cloaca with a circle of
gills. No excitation-bodies. Length six times the breadth.

P. iMpEXA Pruvot. PI. 47, figs. 83-87, 90.

Body cream-white, cylindrical, 12 mill. long, 2 mill. wide, trans-
versely truncated, with 12-20 branchiz around the cloaca; supra-
buccal tubercle with two concentric corone of lanceolate spicules..
Radula biserial.

P. impexa is a stout form, incapable of coiling itself, with cream-
white, regularly cylindrical body, not keeled dorsally, rounded at.
the head end but truncated transversely by the cloaca (fig. 86). The
pedal groove is well developed, as well as the foot, and is continued:
to the cloaca as a ventral sinus. The spicules of the general sur-.
face (fig. 87) are like those of P. pruvoti, but project a little less.
from the integument. The two sensory knobs of head and tail are
very distinct, especially the latter (fig. 83), which is nearly cylin-
drical, very elevated, and bears, besides the usual corona of small
lanceolate spicules a complete covering of little acicular spicules,
very much crowded. The sensory knob of the head is distinguished

PARAMENIA. 307

from that of other forms by its two concentric circles of foliated
spicules (figs. 90).
Banyuls, among Hydroids and Bryozoa.

Parameniaimpexa Pruvor, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér. (2), ix, p.
724, 729, 786, pl. 30, f.5; pl. 31, f. 64-73a, 82, 83.—Simrora in
Bronn, p. 233, pl. 7, figs. 1-9.

P. SIERRA Pruvot. PI. 48, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11.

Body somewhat yellowish-white, 12 mill. long, truncated trans-
versely by the cloaca, which shows 28 roseate branchial folds; back
with a many-lobed keel ; spicules needle-shaped or hooked ; cuticle
rather thick, almost destitute of cutaneous papille. Radula_bi-
serial.

Known by one adult individual. Easily distinguished from the
preceding by the very strong dorsal keel, which has about 20 some-
what irregular, laterally compressed lobes (fig. 8). The spicules
resemble those of P. impexa, some being acicular (fig. 10) others
hook-shaped (fig. 11), but they are larger. All around the pedal
fossa they are radiating (fig. 9).

Off the Island of Pultelo, Spain, in 80 meters depth, on Aglao-
phenia, in company with Proneomenia aglaophenie.

Paramenia sierra Pruvot, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér. (2), ix,
pp. 725-788, pl. 25, f. 6; pl. 30, f. 61-63, 83.—Simrora in Bronn, p.
238, pl. 7, f. 10-14.

“Solenopus” affinis Kor. & Dan. resembles this in the high dorsal
keel, but it is shorter, with the keel continuous.

Subgenus PARARKRHOPALIA Simroth, 1893.

Pararrhopalia Smrp., t. ¢., p. 232.—Proneomenia (in part) PRu-
VOT:

Cuticle thick, with club-shaped papille as in Rhopalomenia ; no
gills. Excitation body large. Length five times the breadth.

P. pruvori Simroth. PI. 47, figs. 88, 89, 91-93.

Body small, hardly 5 mill. long, generally compressed, bristling
with spicules, mostly of the needle-shaped form, but some are fish-
hook shaped. Supra-buccal sense tubercle small. with a tuft and a
basal palisade of lanceolate spicules, caudal tubercle terminal, with
many tactile bristles and a basal circle of lanceolate spicules. Penes

exsertile, two. Radula produced, biserial (figs. 91, 93).

308 PARAMENIA—ECHINOMENIA.

It is the most agile of the Neomenians, travelling about among
the contents of the dredge, hydroids and bryozoans, without fixing
upon any special host. The body is slightly yellowish-white, stout,
and squarely truncated at the two extremities (fig. 92). The
mouth relatively very large, the foot groove and foot well marked.
At the cloaca end, in fully adult individuals, there are two long,
slender bunches of straight penial spicules (fig. 92). The general
covering of the body is characterized by the great number and large
size of the spicules, which give it a particularly bristling appear-
ance. Mainly acicular, and of the type represented by fig. 87,
there are scattered, especially toward the tail, spicules of a barbed
hook shape. The dorsal sensory knob is terminal, bristling with
very numerous tactile hairs, and encircled by a regular, circular
palisade of little lanceolate spicules (fig. 89). At the oral extrem-
ity there is another sensory knob in the middle of the buccal bor-
der, also showing a complete basal corona of little lanceolate spic-
ules and an apical tuft of similar ones (fig. 88).

Banyuls, on sandy bottom with hydroids, 80 meters.

Proneomenia vagans Pruvor, Arch. Zool. Expér. (2), ix, p. 723,
pl. 25, f. 7, and pl. 31, f. 86,87. Not of Kow. & Mar.— Paramenia
(Pararrhopalia) pruvoti Simrotsy, /. ¢., p. 232, pl. 6, figs. 12-17.

Genus ECHINOMENIA Simroth, 1893.
Echinomenia Simroru, Bronn’s Thier- Reich, ii, p. 233.

Body elongated, vermiform, equal in breadth throughout its
length, laterally compressed. Cloaca opening ventral. Foot and
foot-groove present, curving into the cloaca; spicules are curved
needles, truncated below, erectile; no gills. Radula biserial (?).
Length 18 times the greatest diameter; height 3 times the width.

Differs from Lepidomenia in its compressed, elongated form, and
the erectile spicules.

E. CORALLIOPHILA (Kowalevski). PI. 48, figs. 94-98.

Animal 14-18 mill. long, living on red coral ( Corallium rubrum)
among the polyp bearing branches of which it crawls rapidly ; sides
and back covered with movable scales, which cause the color of the
animal to change by their erection or depression, so that it may ap-
pear either whitish as the tentacles of the expanded polyp, or red
like the stem. The naked ventral surface forms a creeping sole.
Besides the scales, there is a bunch of straight spicules on the pos-

ECHINOMENIA—LEPIDOMENIA. 309

terior end in front of the anus. Of the internal organs, only the
intestinal tract, a dorsal gonad and the four longitudinal nerve
trunks typical of the Amphineura, were distinguished, the specimen
being in bad condition (fig. 94). A second specimen of the same
species was found at Marseilles by Kowalevski and Marion in 1882
and more exactly studied. The scales of this animal were not so
moveable as those of N. coralliophila, but fast in the integument.
Intestine and genital glands showed no constrictions, but formed two
straight canals lying over one another. On the floor of the ceso-
phagus a small radula was found, consisting of six pairs of hooklets ;
those of the forward three pairs were small and curved, the hind
three pairs much larger and branching. Heart, uterus and oviduct
resembled the corresponding organs in Proneomenia. In reference
to the characteristic scaly integument, the generic name Lepidome-
nia was proposed for this species. (Kow.).
LaCalle, Algeria on red coral; (Marseilles ?).
Neomenia coralliophila Kow., Bull. Roy. Soe. Friends of Natural
Science, etc., 1881, vol. 43, p. 5, pl. 1, 2 (Russian) ; Zool. Jahres-
bericht for 1882, p. 28 (abstract by Kowalevski).—Lepidomenia
coralliophila Kow. & Marion, Contributions 4 histoire des Solén-
ogastres ou Aplacophores, in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille, iii, p.

7, 1887.—Echinomenia coralliophila Stwrory in Bronn, p. 233, pl.
10, f. 11-15.

The notes on the Marseilles specimen given above apparently
apply to L. hystrix, subsequently defined. Simroth has restricted
the name Lepidomenia to the latter species, although from the pub-
lished record, the propriety of such a course is open to question.

Genus LEPIDOMENIA Kowalevski & Marion, 1887.

Lepidomenia Kowaevskt, Zool. Jahresbericht fiir 1882, Mol-
lusea, p. 29 (1883) ; referring to article on Neomenia coralliophila
and Celoplana metschnikowii in Bull. Soc. of Friends of Natural
Science, ete., Moscow, xliii, 1881 (Russian).—Lepidomenia K. &
M., Comptes Rend., ciii, p. 757; Aun. Mus. Marseille, ii, 1887,—
Pruvor, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér. (2), ix, p. 730.—SmrrorH
in Bronn, p. 233.

Body short, vermiform, tapering behind ; cloacz opening ventral.
Foot groove passing into the cloaca posteriorly ; foot flattened
behind. Spicules part scale-like, part needle-shaped, part pyra-
midal, immobile; radula well developed, biserial. No gills.

310 LEPIDOMENIA—DENTALIUM.

The name Lepidomenia was first used by Kowalevski in 1881
or 1883 in connection with Neomenia coralliophila and a Marseilles
form supposed to be specifically the same as coralliophila, but ap-
parently identical with what was subsequently described as L. hys-
triz. Simroth has chosen to restrict Lepidomenia to the later de-
scribed species, although the record would incline one to choose NV.
coralliophila as the type.

L. HystrRIx Kowalevski & Marion. PI. 48, figs. 99, 1-4.

Body yellowish; length a little over 2 mill.; section circular,
tapering toward the posterior end; apparently covered with scales,
but they are hyaline spicules, broad, and in juxtaposition at the base,
with long projecting points (fig. 4). Salivary glands voluminous;
radula biserial. A caudal sense-pit, surrounded by finer spicules.

Gulf of Marseilles, in calyx of the coral Balanophylla italica, in
30 fms.

Lepidomenia hystrix K. & M., Organisation du Lepidomenia hys-
trix, nouveau type de Solenogastre, Comptes Rendus, ceili, pp. 757—
759 (1887). See also Q. Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc., 1887, p. 218;
Aun. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Marseille, iii, p. 7-25, pl. 1, 2—Pruvor,
l.c., p. 7380.—Simrorg, l. ¢., p. 238, pl. 10, f. 1-10.

The “second specimen” from Marseilles commented on in the
description of Echinomenia coralliophila seems to be L. hystrix, so
far as I can see from the decidedly confused literature.

v8) DAB’ i Bvee

DENTALIUM ATRAMENTUM Schliter, Kurzgefasstes Systematisches
Verzeichniss meiner Conchylien-Sammlung, 1838, p. 39. Name
only ; fossil.

DENTALIUM MINIMUM Eth. & Bell, Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn-
wall, 1897, XII, p. 156 (1898).

Pliocene; St. Erth, Cornwall.

The name is preoccupied; but as this is probably not a valid
species, it need not be renamed.

DENTALIUM GRANOSUM Eichw. (p. 280). This Lower Silurian

species is probably to be removed from the Scaphopoda. Koken
writes: the structure of these tubes is wholly diverse from that of a

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Dentalium (Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci.,

914).

DENTALIUM ALTERNANS Mill. (p.

D. alternans Ryck. (p. 220).

xxxiv, p. 178.

As the name is preoccupied,

will replace it, D. muellerianum becoming a synonym.

CapULUS OBRUTUS Conrad (p. 288).

Add reference:

obrutus Conr., Amer. Journ. Conch., V, p. 227.

oll

St. Pétersb. [5], vii, 1897, p.

224) is probably the same as
See Holzapfel, Paleeontographica,
D. confusum 8. & P.

Gadus

Index to Families, Genera and Sub-
genera, Volumes II to XVII.

[Norre—The names of genera are printed in Roman type;

of

groups higher in rank in SMALL CAPITALS; of synonyms in Italic. |

Abretia Ads., vii,
Acanthina Fisch., ii,
Acanthochetes Auct., xv,
Acanthochetes Leach, xv,
Acanthochistes Costa, xv,
Acanthochites Risso, xv,
ACANTHOCHITID# Pils., xv,
Acanthochiton Herrm., xv,
Acanthopleura Gray, xiv, . :
Acardo Lam., xvi,

Acera Auct., xv,

Acera Cuv., xvi,

Aceras Locard, xv,
Achates Gistel, ix,
Acicularia Monts., viii,
Aciculina Ads., iv, Halo
Aciculina Dh., viii,

Acinopsis Monts., ix, 319
Acinus Monts., ix,

Aciona Leach, ix, :
Acirsa Morch, ix, 50,
Aclesia Gray, xvi, . :
Aclesia Rang, xvi, . 135,

Aclisina de Kon., ix,

aAanoon5omn

Aclis Lovén, ix, en OCR BOO
Acmeza Esch., xii, . 7, 166
ACM IDA, ail. sere)
Acme H. & A. Ad. pio, 316
Acrilla Ads., ix, sOlance
Acroculia Phill, viil, 107
Acrostemma Cossm., xvi, . 233
Acrybia Ads., viii, 8
Actzeonema Conr., 1x, 53
ACTHONID# Fisch., xv, 135
Acteonidea Gabb, xv, 166
Actzeonina Orb., xv, 186, 172

Actzon Montf., xv, 1386,
147, xvi, 229

Actzopyramis Fisch., viii,
297 ole
Acteon Montf., xv, 147
Actita F. de Waldh., viii, . 105
Actonia Monts., ix, . 319, 368
Acus Humph., vii, 6
Adamsia Dkr., ii, 156
Addisonia Dall, xii, 138
ADDISONIIDA, Xi, 138
Adelactzeon Cossm., xvi, 230

312

ADEORBIIDA, X,
Adeorbis 8S. Wood, x,

13,
13,

Adinus H. & A. Ads.,iv, 6, 16
Admete Kroy., vii, 66, 84
Admetopsis Meek, Vii, 66
Adriella Thiele, xv, 62
Adusta Jouss., vii, . - 461
Aesopus Gld., v, PO2 138
Afer Conr., iii, 47, 69
Acama Latr., ii, aon
Agaronia Gray, v 60, 88
Agasoma Gabb, iii, 104
Agatha A. Ad., viii, . 296, 309
Agathirses Montf, viii, 168, 189
Aglaja Ren., xvi, 43, 44, 259
AGLAJIDA, xvi, 43
Agnewia T.-W., 157
Aidone H. & A. man see,
Akera Miull., xv, 35, 6
. : xvi, 230
AKERID#, XV, ; . 350
Alaba A. Ad., ix, . 298, 281
Alaria Mor. & Lyc., vii, 105
Alcira Ads., v, . . 108, 188
Alcithoe Ads.,iv, : toe
Alcyna Ad., x, _ Lose 181
Alectrion Montf.,iv,. 6, 27
Aletes Carp., viii, . 165, 174
Alia Ads., v, om O2e 6
Alicula Ehrenb., xv, 265,
xvi, Zor
Alicula Eichw., xvi, Dot
Aliculastrum Pils., xvi, 237
Alina Reel., x, . So PeeOe Nie
Alora Ads., ix, : . 40
Alvania Risso, ix, . 319, 359
Alvinia Monts., ix, . 319, 366
Amea Ads., ix, . 50, 78
Amalda Ads., v, 200
Amalthea Schum., viii, 108
Amathina Gray, viii, 106, 133
Amathis A. Ad., viii, 296, 309
Amaura MOll., viil, 42
Amaurella A. Ad., vil, 8,
3. 260, 286
Amaurellina Bees aad 7
Amaurochiton Thiele, xv, 88
Amauropsis Morch, viii, 8, 53

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Amblychilepas Pils., xii,
Amethistina Schinz, ix,
Ametrogephyrus Midd., xv,

D2, Xiv, p. XVil

34

Amicula Gray, xv,_ . . 42
Ammonicerina Costa, ix, 324
Amoria Gray, iv, s 92
Amoura Folin, viii, | 995, 304
Amphimenia Thiele, xvii, . 296
Amphinerita Marts., Xs 18
Amphiperas Gronov., vii, . 243
Amphisphyra Lovén, xv, . 280
Amphissa Ads., v, 103, 197

Amphithalamus Cpr.,1x, 317, 339
Amphitomura Pils. xiv, . 230
Amplostoma Stol., viii, 11
Ampullina Lam., viii, 7, 652
Ampullinopsis Conr., vill, . 7

Amyela Ads., v, . a ET)
Amyzxa Trosch., x, . 219
Anabathron Ffid., ix, 317, 341
Anachis Ads., v, » LOZ. pe
Anadema Ads., x, . 246
Anandria Stimps, . i, 62
ANASPIDEA, XV, : hs

Anatomus Ads., xii, 49
Anaulax Roissy, v 201
Anazola Gray, v, 201
Anchura Conr., vil, 105
Ancilla Lam., v, . 208
Ancillaria Lam., v, Gi, age
ANCILLARIINA, V, 59; = Smt
Ancillopsis Conr., v, . 61
Ancistrobasis Dall, x1, 426
Ancistromesus Dall, xiii, 107

Ancistrosyrinx, Dall, vi, 155, 176
Anellum Cpr., viii, . 214
Angaria Bolt., x, ; . 266
Angarina Bayle, x, > 26bnuee
Angasia Cpr., Xiv, 286

Anisochiton Fisch., xiv, . XxXl

Anisocycla Monts., viil, 319
Anolacia Gray, v, 96
Anolax Borson, v, 201
Ansates Sowb., xiil, 109
Antale Aldrov., xvii, . 37
Antalis H. & A. Ad., xvii, 37

Anthochiton Thiele, xv, . 88

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Anthora Gray, xi, . 8,
Anticalyptrea Quenst., Viil,
Anura Bellardi, 11,
Aphera Ads., vii, ‘
Aphanistylus Fisch. yx, 117,
Aphanitoma Bell., vi,
Aphanotrochus Mts. Mie 2
Apicalia A. Ad., viii, 260,
Apicularia Monts., I Ree,
Apiotropis Meek, iii,
APLACOPHORA, XVIi, .
Aplustra Swains., xv, .
Aplustride Fischer, xv,
Aplustrum Schum., xv, 386,
Aplysiella Fisch., xvi,
APLYSIID®, XVI,
APLYSIIN Pils., xvi,
Apollon Montf., ii,
Aporrhais Dillw., vii,
Aptyzxiella Fisch., viii,
Aptyxis Trosch,, ii
Aptyxis Zitt., viii,
Aquillus Montf., iii,
Aquilonaria Dall,
Arabica Jouss., vil,
Aradasia Gray, xi,
Aranea Perry, il,
Architectoma Gray, ix,
Architectonica Bolt., ix,

103,

Archytzea Costa, x, 135
Arcotia Stol., viii, :
Arcuella Nev., viii, ;
Arcularia Link.,iv, . 6,
Arena Ads., x, . me aly.

Argobuceinum Klein, iii,37,
Ariadna Fisch., ix,
Aricia Gray, vii,
Arrhoges Gabb, vii,
Arthuria Cpr., xiv,
Ascoglossa Bgh., xvi,
Aspa H. & A. Ad., iii,
Assula Schum., xv,
Astralium Link, x,
Astyris Ads., v, .
Athleta Conr,, iv,
Atilia Ads., v,
Atoma Bell., vi, .
Atractus Ag., Sow., iil,

21

. 104,

aT
190,

- 102,

ix, 230, 2

Atresius Gabb, ix, .
Atys Montf., xv, 243, 261;
xvi,
Aulacochiton Shutt., xiv,
Aulica H. & A. Ads,, iv,
Auriculina meek vill,
Aurinia Ads.,
Aacisteeuaiene ,Vlil, 321,
Ausoba Ads., iv, t
Austrocochlea Fisch., xi, 9,
Austrodiaphana Pils., XV,

Austrofusus Kob., iii, 99,
Autodetus Linds., viii,

Bacula Ads., viii, 5 PATS),
Balanetta Jouss., v, 15,
Baleis Leach, viii, .
Bankivia Beck, xi, 10,
Barleeia Clark, ix, . 321,
Basilissa Wats., xi, 15,

Basterotia Bayle, vii, .
Bathoxiphus Pils. & Sh.,
Xvi,
Bathymophila Dall, xi,
Batillaria Cantor, ix, ;
Batillus Schum., x, . 29
Baudonia Bayan, Vili,
Bayania Mun.-Chal., viii,
Beanella Dall, xiv,
Beanella Thiele, xv, .
Beania Cpr., xiv, é i
Bela Leach, vi, aoby
Belangeria Fisch., xi, 8,
Bellardia B., D. & D., vi, .
Bellardia Mayer, ix, :
Bellardiella Fisch., vi, 160,
Belomitra Fisch., vi, . 156,
Bembix Wats. ( = Bathy-
bembix Crse.) xi, ie
Benthodolium V. & S., vii,
Bernaya Jouss., vl, P
Berthella Blainv., xvi,
Bertinia Jouss., Xvi,
Bezanconia Bayle, ix,
Bezoardica Schum., vii, 269,
Bicatillus Swains., viii, 102,
Biforina B., D. & D., ix,
Bifrontia Desh., ix,

314

Brachytrema Mor. & Lyc.,

Biplex Perry, iii, . 236
_ Birostra Swains., vii, . . 244
Bittium Leach,ix, . 115, 150
Bivonia Gray, viii, . 166, 176
Bolina Risso, x, - : . 229
Bolma Risso, x, . lO 229
Bonellia Dh., viii, 2 261
Boreochiton Sars, xv, 63
Boreofusus Sars, iii, . 48
Borsonia Bell., vi, . 157, 227
Bourguetia Dh., viii, . 263
Brachystoma Gardn., vii, 104
Brachystomia Monts., vill, . 820
Brachytoma Swn., vi, 155, 176

ix. Maal
Brachy sphingus Gabb, iii, 106
Brocchia Bronn, viii, 106
Brochina Gray, viii, 213
Brochus Brown, viii, . 213
Broderipia Gray, xii,. 7, 46
Brontes Montf., ii, 224
Brotia H. Ad., ix 116
Brownia, viii, ; See)
Buccinanops Orb., iv, 5, 18
Buceinatorium Pet., iii, 237
BUCCINID4, iii, . Epon
Buccinofusus Conr., iii, 47, 7
Buccinopsis Jeffr., ii,. 100, 195
Buceinor bis Conr., ii, . 224
Buccinulus H. & A. Ad.,xv, 136
Buccinum L.., iii, = LOO, Ge
Buccitriton Conr.,, iii, 106
Bufo Montf., iii, . 36
Bulbifusus Conr., iii, . 102
Bulbus Brown, viii, 8
Bulbus Humph., ii, 224
Bulimella Hall, viii, 265
Bulimorpha Whitf., viii, . 265
Bullea Lam., xvi, Sy ee
Bulla Linne, xv, 327; xvi, 232
Bullata Jouss., v, 15
Bullea Blainv., xv, 327
Bullia Gray, iv, . OsteeS,
BULLID&#, xv, . o26
Bullidium, Leue, xvi, 44
Bulliopsis Conr., ili, 238
Bulliopsis Conr., iv, 8 ; v, 16

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Bullina Fér., xv, 136, 175, 391
Bullina Risso, xv, . 288
Bullinella Newton, XV, 287
Bullinulla Gray, xv, . 391
Bullinula Swains, xv, 175
Bullus Montf., xv, 327
Burgersteinia Bet., x, 7
Bursa Bolt., iii, . 238
Bursatella Blainv., xvi, 135
Burtinella Morch, viii, 167
Busycon Bolt., iii, 140
Cabestana Bolt., iii, 15
Cadium Link, vii, . 258
Cadulus Phil.,xvii, 131 142,
250.) 260
Cecalium Maeg., viii, 213
CCID, vill, . . ang
Ceecum Flem., Vii, 213, 215:
_ XVii, 240, 241
Celatura Conr., 53
Cesia H. & A. ne iv, 55
Calana Gray, x, )
Calcar Montf., x, 220
Calcarella Souleyet, viii, 5
Calceolina A. Ad., x,. 15, 105
Caledoniella Souv., viii, 12, 65
Callianax Ads.,v, . 60, 87
Calliostoma Sw., xi, 14 aa2
Calliotrochus Fisch., xi, 197
Callipara Gray, iv, . 100
Callistochiton OPE xiv, 5260,

XV, 87
Callithea Sw aing,, iv, . _ 164
Callistoplax Cpr., xiv, 288
Callochiton ia xiv, 48;

es i (Ge
Callogaza Dall, ale dg Pees 5 <
Callomphala Ad. & Ang., iii, 238
Callonema Hall, ix, 538
Callopoma Gray, x x - 190, 210
Calpurnus Montf., vii, 245, 256
Calvertia Bet., x, 7
Calypeopsis Less., viii, - 102
Calyptrea Lam., Vili, 103, 119
CALYPTRAEIDA&, Viii, . 101
Calyptrophorus Conr., vii, 103
Camitia Gray, xi, 16, 464

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Campanile Bayle, ix,. 114, 149

Campulotus Guett., ii, . 225
Canalispira Jouss., v,. 15, 49
Canalites Auct., xvii,. © xxix

Canarium Schum., vii, 101, 118

CANCELLARIID, Vi, > 200
Canidea H. Ad., ili, . 101, 208
Cancilla Swains., iv, . les
Cantharidella Pils., xi, Oi
Cantharidus Montf., xi, 10, 120
Cantharulus Meek, iii, 104
Cantharus Bolt., ii, . 100, 1538

Canthorbis Swains., x, ARG
Cantrainea Fisch., x, .
Capulacmea Sars, vill, 105, 152

Capulus Montf., viii, . 105, 131
Caragolus Monts., xi, . 9 92
Cardinalia Gray, xi, . 7, 19
Careliopsis Morch, viii, 297, 315
Caricella Conr., iv, 67
Carinea Swains., vil, . 244
Carinidea Sw., x, . 201, 241
Carmione Gray, v, . . 206
Casmaria Ads., vii, . 269, 277
Cassidaria Lam., vii, . 269, 279
Cassidea Swains., vii, . 269
CASSIDID A, VI, . 268
Cassidulus Ads., iii, 107
Cassiope Coq., vill, . 194
Cassis Lam., vii, SPAR PATAY)
Catillina Gray, vili, . 102
Catillus Swains., x, 10
Catinella Stache, viii, 13
Catinus Klein, viii, 10
Cellana H. Adams, xiii, 123
Cemoria Leach, xii, 228
Cemoria Risso, viii, 108
Centronotus Swains., li, 226

Cepatia Gray, viii, . 8

CEPHALASPIDEA, XV, 134
CEPHALOPODA, vol. I.

Ceratia Ads., ix, 318, a0!
Ceratophorus Cpr., xiv, 290
Ceratosiphon Gill, vii, 104
Ceratozona Dall, xiv, 290

Ceritella Morr. & Lyc., ix,
Cerithidea Swains, ix, 117,
Cerithidium Monts., ix, 115,

Cerithiella Verr., ix,
CERITHIIDA, ix,
Cerithioderma Conr., ix,
Cerithiolum Tib., ix, .
Cerithinella Gemm., ix,
Cerithiopsis F. & H., ix,

119, 168
Cerithium Brug., ix, 112, 122
Cernina Gray, viii, Bad
Cerostoma Conr., ii, (ea,
Chetoderma Loven, xvii, 283
CHETODERMATIDA, xvii, . 283
Cheetopleura Shuttlw., xv,
69) xivs Ze
Charonia Gist., iii, . 240
Chascax Wats., ili, 89
Cheletropis Forbes, ii, 168
Chelidonura A. Ad., xvi, 1, 34
Chelinodura Fisch., xvi, 34
Chelinotus Swains., viii, 11, 62
Chelyconus Mch., vi, . », (68
Chemnitzia Orb., viii, 265, 317
Chicoreus Montf.,ii, . 73, 88
Chilotygma Ads., v, 91
Chitonellus Lam., xv, 52
CHITONID Pils., xiv, XXvi
Chitonisceus Cpr., xiv, xx,
xv, 09
Chiton L., xiv, 149, xv, 88
Chlamydoconcha Dall, xv, . 48
Chlamydoglyphis Pils., xii, 198
Chlanidota Mart., ili, 101, 201
Chlorodiloma Pils., xi, 10, 110
Chlorostoma Sw., x1, HMeaGes
Chondroplax Thiele, xv, 88
Chonechiton Cpr., xiv, D4
Choneplax Cpr., xv, ile a9
Choristes Cpr., ix, 324, 398
CHORISTID&, ix, 323, 398
Chorus Gray, il, 75,. 197
Chromotis A. Ad., x, 164, 176
Chrysallida Cpr., vili, 297, 311
Chrysame Ads., iv, . 148
Chrysodomus Swains,, iii, . 240
Chrysostoma Sw., xi, 16, 466
Cidaris Swains., x, 2S
Cimber Montf., x, . NO aak
Cinctella Monts., ix, . 119

316

Cingilla Monts., ix, . 318
Cingula Flem., ix, . 318, 342
Cingulina A. Ad., villi, 318, 338

Cingulina Monts. ix, 318, 356
Cioniscus Jeffr., ix, Sate
Circulus Jeffr., x1, ee ae|

Cirrhobranchiata Blainy., xvii, Vv

Cirsonella Ang., x, 16, 107
Cirsotrema Morch, ix, 50, 81
Citharopsis Pse.,v, . OATS
Cithna A. Ad., a F234 268
Cittarium Ph., BAC
Cladopoda Gan vill, 166
Clanculopsis Monts., xi, 47

Clanculus Montf., xi, 8, 47
Claneop hila Gray, Vace 208
Clathrella Recl., ix, 2o5
Clathurella Cpr., vi, . 159, 274
Clathropleura Tiberi, ay. 67, 88
Clathrus Oken, ix, 50
Clavatula Lam., vi, . 157, 228
Clavella Si ima ii, 47, 70
Clavellithes Swains., 111, 24()
Clavifusus Conr., 111, . 104
Clavus Montf,, vi, 2 1bds 185
Clea A. Ad., iii, . SL Ow 20,
Cleanthus Leach, xvi, 192
Cleantus Leach, xvi, . 191
Climacina Gemm., viii, 264

Climacopoma Fisch., ix, . 7
Clinwra Broec., v1,

Glionelin Gray, vil alt 208
Clisospira Bill, viii, 158
Clistaxis Cossm., XVIl, Dat

Clithon Montf., x, tf
Closia Gray, Vv, . 2 ODS ar:

Closteriscus Meek, 1 i . 108
Clypeola Gray, viii, . 103
Clypeolum Reel., Kien sigs OU
Clypidella Swains., <i; 175
Clypidina Gray, xii, iis)

Coceodentalium Sacco, XVll, XXXli

Coccopygia Dall, xii, Biles
CoccULINID Dall, Xil,, 7. od
Coceculina Dall, xii, wonlesit
Cochlolepas Klein, viii, . 108
Cochlidium Gray, i ill, ad
Ccelotrochus Fisch., xi, 8, 42

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Coleolus Hall, xvii,
Coleop hysis Fisch, XV,
Colina Ads., ix, .
Colliculus Monts., xa
Collisella Dall, xiii,
Collisellina Dall, xiii,
Collonia Gray, x,
Colobocephalus Sars, viii,
Colobocephalus Sars, xvi,
Colpodaspis Sars, xvi,
Colubraria Schum., iii, f
Columbarium Mts., vi, 154,
Columbella Lam., v, . 102,
Columbellaria Rolle, v, :
Columbellina Orb., v, 108,
CoLUMBELLID&, v, . 100,
Columbellopsis B., D. & D.,

aS

V,
Columbus Monttf., v,
Colus Bolt., ili, .
Colus Humph., iii, . :
Cominella Gray, iii, . 101,

Compressidens Pils. & Sh.,
XVii,
Compsopleura Conr., ix,
Concholepas Lam., il,
Conchopatella Chemn, ii,
Conchulus Raf., i,
OConella Ads., v,
Conella Swains., v, 101, 208,
vi,

75,

CoNID VI, 5 ,
Conidea Swains., Viuine 102,
Conomitra Conr., Was
Conomurex Bayle, Vil, 101,
Conopleura Hinds, vi, 155,
Conorbis Swains., vi, .
Conotrochus Pils., xi, :
Conradia A. Ad, 1X25 2007
Constantia A. Ad.,ix, 51,
Conus Linn., vi, . ; ;
Cookia Less., x, BIG).
Coralliophila H. & A. Ad.,
i
Cordieria Rouault, iii, 50,
vi,
Corena A. Ad.,ix, . 317,
Corephiwm Gray, xiv,

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Coriocella Blainv., viii, 11
Corniculina Miinst., viii, . 213
Cornulina Conr.,, ili, . 102
Cornuoides Brown, viii, . 213
Coronaxis Swains., vi, i) 2)
Costellaria Swains, iv, . 164
Costellifer Meek, ix, 120

Couthouyia A. Ad., bg 236, 273
Cranopsis A. Ad., xii, . 240
Craspedochiton Shutt., xiv, 285
Craspedochilus Sars, xiv,
dex, (62
Craspedostoma Linds., x, . 17
Craspedotus Ph., xi, . 449
Crassispira Swn., vi, . 155, 191
Cremides Ads., xii, 15S
Cremnobates Blanf., ix, BE
Cremnoconchus Blanf., ix
231, 256
Crenilabiwm Cossm., xvi, . 229
Crepidula Lam., viii, 108, 123
Crepiemarginula Seg., xii, . 246
Crepipatella Less., viii, . 104
Cribraria Jouss., vii, . S161
Crithe Gould, vii, . 244, 255
Cronia H. & A. Ad., ii, 159, 179
Crosseia A. Ad., ix, 51, 84
Crossostoma Morr. & Lyc.,
5 oe life
Crucibulum Schum., viii,
102, 117
Crypta Gray, viii, . 104
Crypta Humph., viii, . 104, 129
Cryptaxis Jeffr., xv, 287,
xu
Cryptobia Desh., viii, 169,
Cryptobranchia Midd., xiii,
67, 68
11
48
78

237
191

Cryptocella Ads., viii, .
Cryptochiton Midd., xv,
Cryptochorda Mch., iv,
Cryptoconchus, Blv. &
Guild., xv, , a Oo
Cryptoconus Koen., vi, . 154
Crystallop hrysson Mob., xvii, 288
Cryptophthalmus Ehr., xvi,
as36

CRYPTOPLACIDH Dall, xv, 51

Cryptoplax Blainv., xv, 51, 52
Cryptoplocus Pict. & Camp.,

Vill 20o
Cryptorhytis Meek, iii, 50
Cryptospira Hinds, v,. 15, 3
Cryptostoma Blyv., viii, 10
Cryptothyra Mke., viii, 11
Cucumis Klein, vy, : PANG
Cuma Humph. (=Cymia

Mch.), ii, dehy)

Cumia Biv., iil, . bese
Cyanogaster Rud, XVl, 223
Cyanoplax Pils., xiv, AA, xv, 63
Cyclidea Rolle, x, 12
Cyclocantha Sw., Mey t 190, 230
Cyclocheila Conr., ibs 233
Cyclocyrtia Agas., iv, . 211
Cyclomolops Gabb, vii, 1038
Cyclonassa Swains., iv, 211
Cyclops Risso, iv, 64
Cyclora Hall, ix, 35
Cyclostoma Lam., ix, 2 00)
Cyclostrema Marr.,x, 14, 88
CYCLOSTREMATIDE, x, 14, 88
Cylichna Loven, xv, 2438, 287
Cylichnella Gabb, xv, 325
Cylichnina Monts., xv, 204
Cylinder Montf., vi, 88
Cylindrella Swn., vi, 71
Cylindrella Swains.,xv, . 287
Cylindra Schum., iv, . 109, 196
Cylindrobulla Fisch., xv,

351, 379
Cylindrus Breyn., v, . BOA)
Cyllene Gray, iii, ~ LOR G223
Cymatium Bolt., iii, 9, 18, 244
Cymatium Link.,, iii, . 244
Cymatochiton Dall, xiv, Xix
Cymbancilla Fisch., v, 210
Cymbiola Gray, iv, Piet
Cymbium Klein, iv, 10; 8
Cymbula H. & A. Ad., XI) Ol
Cymostyla Mts., x, 18
Cynisca Ads., x, 16, 107
Cynodonta Schum., iv, . 212
Cyphoma Bolt., vii, 44, 250
Cyphosolenus Piette, vii, 104
Cyphotifer Piette, vii, 105

318

Cypreea Linn., vii, . 162, 164
Cypreecassis Stutch., vil,
268, 272
Cypredia Swains,, vii, elon
CYPRZID#, Vii, . . 153
Cypreorbis Conr., vii, 5 OZ
Cypreovula Gray, vii, 163, 196
Cyrtulus Hinds, ii, 70, 244
Cystiscus Stimps., v, . 46
Cythara Schum., vi, . 159, 261
Cytharella Monts., vi, . 159
Cytharopsis A. Ad., vi, 159, 274
Cytharopsis Pse., vi, 559
Cythnia Cpr., viii, . 262, 293
Dactylidia Ads., v, pera
Dactylus Humph., v ee kal
Dactylus Klein, v, . 214
Dactylus Schum., xv, . . 136
Dallia Jeffr., xii, = lest
Danilia Brus., x1, , . 448
Daphnella Hinds, vi, 160, 300
Dardania Hutt. [= -Faton-
iella], ix, Boy a5. oteltl
Daronia A. Ad., x, 14, 99
Dawsonia Cpr., xiv, 282
Defrancia Mill., vi, 159

Dejanira Stol., x, ; seen)

Delphinoidea Brown, ix,
S207, a
Delphinula Lam., x, . 266
Delphinulopsis Wright, x, . 266
Dendroconus Swn., vi, 16
DENTALIID&, XVil, RoR:
Dentaliopsis Clarke, viii, . 213
Dentalis Llwyd, xvii, . EXE X:
Dentalites Schl., xvii, IK

Dentalium, xvii, xxix, 247,
Ineo)
Dentiora Pse., vii, . 241, 242
Dentistyla Dall, xi, J Ald
Deshayesia Raul., x, . Se ek
Deshayesiella Cpr., xiv, 1, 16
Desmoulea Gray, iv, . 7, 65
Diadora ae Tee 228
Diala A. Ad., 1 239 22
Diameza Da vii, : . 245

Diaphana Brown, eV, 243,
280, Vil eo i

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Diaphorostoma Fisch., viii,
Diartema Piette, vii,
Diarthrochiton Fisch., xiv,
Diastoma Desh., ix ;
Dibaphus Phil., iv, . 109,
Dichachiton Midd., xiv,
Dicroloma Gabb, vii,
Diempterus Piette, vii,
Diloma Phil., xi, ers
Dinoplax Cpr., xiv,
Dimorphosoma Gardn., vii,

Dinia Hs & Ay Ads tea
(0,
Diochiton Thiele, xv,
Diodora Gray, xii,
Diotocardia Mch., ii
Dipsaccus Klein, vy, . 61,
Dipterophysis Pils., xvi,
Dischides Jeffr., xvii, 131,
Discoides Ren., xvi, :
Discopsis Folin, x, 15,

Disculus Desh., ix,
Dispotea Say, viii, .
Distorsio Bolts i, 2 os
Distorta Perry, i ill,
Distortrix Link.,

Ditoma Bell, vi,

Ditretus Piette, ix,
Ditrupa Berk., xvii,
Dofania Gray, vill,
Dolabella Lam., xvi, 65,
DoLABELLIN® Piles Mivils
Dolabrifera Gray, xvi, 64,
Dolabrifer Fisch., xvi,
DoLABRIFERIN & Pils., xvi,
Dolichotoma Bell, vi.
Doliella Monts., viii,
DoLiips#, vil,
Doliopsis Conr., vii,
Doliopsis Monts. ., Vil, :
Dolium Lam., vii, . _ 258,
Dolophanes Gabb, vii,
Dondersia Hubr., oul
Donovania B., by & D., vi,
Doridiide, xvi,

Doridium Meck., Xvi,
Dorsanum Gray, lv,

Dostia Gray, x, . Aon
Drillia Gray, vi, - 150;

. 321,

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Drupa Bolt., ii, . . 231
Duncania Bayle, viii, 263
Dunkeria Cpr., viii, . 818, 337
Eatonia Smith, ix, . 2 ool
Eatoniella Dall,ix, . 321, 391

Ebala Leach, ix, : 5
Eburna Lam., iii, a tO15 209
Ececyliomphalus Portl.,ix,. 8

Echinella Swains., ix, mol
Echinomenia Simr., xvii, . 308
Echinora Schum., vii, . 269
Ectracheliza Gabb, iii, . 105
Echinospira Krohn, viii, 5
Ecphora Conr., ii, 202

Eglisia Gray, ix, acol; 86

Egonena Jouss.,v, — . sili
Eidothea Risso, xvi, . . 44
Eiione Risso, iv, : 2S
Elana Gray, x, . : ad
Elara Ads., x, . nm LOVsel
Elasmonema Fisch., ix, . 53
Elea Zieg).,x, . : setyth
Elenchus Ads., Xi, sala
Elenchus Sw., xi, , el 20)
Elephantulum Cpr., vill, . 214
Elodia Folin, viii, . 321, 355
Elusa A. Ad., viii, . 296, 310

Emarginella Pils., xii, 249, 269
Emarginula Lam., xii, 5 ES
EMARGINULINA, Xii, . 20
Eochiton Fisch., xiv, . ap
EorLacoPpHora Pils., xiv, xxiv
Epheria Leach, ix, . 233, 266
Epidromus Klein, iii, 9, 25
Episiphon Pils. & Sh., xvii, 117
Episcynia Morch, ix, (ee 24

Epona Ads., vii, Gar. 197
Eneta Ads., iv, . f . 104
Endoptygma Gabb, viii, . 157

Engina Gray, ili, 220, v, 103, 188
Enida A. Ad., xi, elo 240
Enoplochiton Gray, xiv, . 252
Entalina Monts., xvii, 131, 234
Entaliopsis Newton & Har.,
VIN od
Entalis “ Defr.”, xvii, » 245
Entalis Gray, xvii, . rail

319

Entalites Walch, xvii, XXIx
Entalium Defyr., xvii, PAD
Entemnotrochus Fisch., xii, 70
Entoconcha Miill., viii, 26a
Eratoidea Weink., v, . 15, 213
Kratopsis Heernes & Auinger,

Vikan lel
Erato Risso, v, . (pave
Ergea Ads., vili, . 104
Erginus Jeffr., xiii, . Bay,
Eripachya Gabhb, iii, . 105
Ermea Gray, viii, . ot al
Erosaria Trosch., vii, 160
Erronea Trosch., vii, . 160:
Ersina Gray, vii, . 270
Eruca Tornefort, xiii, 1 80
Escoffieria Font., ix, 118
Esmia Leach, xvi, . 2a GD
Etallonia Dh., vi, ~ Lo6
Ethalia Ads., xi, . 15, 457
Eucampe Leach, xv, . 376
Eucasta Dall, xi, : » B02
Euchelus Ph., xi, 15, 429

Euchrysalis Laube, viii,
Eucithara Fisch., vi, .
Euclia Ads., vii, =) (ODF eS
Eucosmia Cpr. preoe.=Eu-
lithidinum) Pils) 2 1645077
Eudora Leach, x, ;
Eudoxochiton Shutt., xiv, .
Eulima Risso, vii, . 258, 266
Eulimella Forbes, vili, 319, 339
EULIMID#, Vill, :
Kulimopsis Brugn., viii,
Eumargarita Fisch., xi, — . 285
Eumeta Morch, ix, . 120, 176
Eunaticina Fisch., vili, 10, 58

EUOMPHALINA, 1x, . eae
Euomphalus Sowb., ix, . 8
Euplaciphora Cpr., xiv, 311
Euplaxiphora Shutt., xiv, . 311
Eupleura H. & A. Ad., ii,

74, 157
Euprotomus Gill, vii, 100, 110
Euryta Ad., vil, . 2 (Osa
Eurytrochus Fisch., xi, 197
Euselenops Pils., xvi, . 191, 228
Euspira Agas., vill, . Pes

320

Eustoma Piette, ix,

Kuthria Gray, ii, . 100,

Euthymia Jouss., ix, .

Eutrochus Ad. (—Astele
Sw.), xi, 14,

Eutrochus W hitf., Viii,
Eutropia Leach, x,
Evalea A. Ad., Viii, Sov aile
Evarne H. & A. Ad., iii,
Exelissa Piette, ix,
Exilia Conr., 111,
Exilifusus Conr., iii,
Exilifusus Gabb, iil, ?
Exogyroceras M. & W., viii,

Fairbankia Blanf.,ix, 321,
Faleula Conr., xvii,
Fannettia Dall, x1V;
Fannia Cpr., xiv,
Fannyia Gray, xiv,
Fartulum Cpr., viii,
Fasciolaria Lam., iii, .
Fasciolina Conr., ili,
Fastigiella Rve., ix,
Fenella A. Ad., ix,
Fibula Piette, ix,
Ficula Swains., Vil, hs
Ficulopsis Stol., iv, 78, vii,
Ficus Klein., vii,
Fissidentalium Fisch.,
Fissilabra Brown, ix,
Fissurella Brug., xii, .
FIssURELLID Xil,
Fissurellidea Orb., xii,
FIssURELLIDINZ, Xli,
FIssURELLINA, Xi,
Fissuridea Swains., xii,
Fissurisepta Seg., xii,
Flemingia Jeffr., ix, . z
Fluxina Dall, ix, ae 20%
Folinia Crosse, ix, . 316,
Forskalia Ads., xi, ;
FossaRID&, IX,
Fossarina Ad. & Ang., ix
236,
Fossariopsis Laube, ix,
Fossarus Phil., ix, . 230,
Fragella Sw., xi,

48,

. 822,

XVii,

his

149
122

402

. 158
. 164

309

. 246
. 119

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

20

Francisia Cpr., xiv, . BAe,
Frembleya H. Ad., xiv, . 330
Fremblya Ad., xiv, . 330
Fulgoraria Schum., iv, ; 288
Fulgur Montf., iii, 99, 189
Funis Seeley, ix, 51
Fusip&, iil, : © AG
Fusimitra Conr., iv, "109; 217
Fusinus Raf., iL . 248
Fusispira Hall, iii, 102:

viii, 265
Fustiaria Stol., xvii, Beare

Fusus Lam., ili, AT O22

Gadila Gray, xvii, . 131, 162
Gadilina Foresti, xvil, XXXli
Gadus Conr., xvii, Alor
Gadus Desh., uh, 1 143

Gaillardotia Bet., x, . ened

Galeoderia Conr., vii, . 269
Galeodea Link, vii, 269
Galeodes Bolt., iii, 24a

Galeodina Monts., ix, 319, 366

Galeola Gray, v, . 216
Galericulus Seeley, viii, . 106
Galeropsis Conr., vill, . 1038
Galeropsis Hupe, ii, . 211
Galerus Humph., viii, . 1038
Gallinula Klein, vii, . 101, 114
Ganesa Jeffr., x 14, 100
Gargania Guisc., x, 11

Garnotia Gray, viii, . 103, 129
Gaskoinia Roberts, vii, 168, 196

GASTEROPODA, li, 12
Gasteropteron Auct. Leas 39
Gastridia Gray, ii, 235
Gastridium Sowb., ii, 235
Gastroplax Blv., xvi, 176
GASTROPTERID&, XVi, ao
Gastropteron Kosse, xvi, 39
Gaza Wats., xi, 1 de
Gegania Jeffr., vill, . 195, 211
Gemmula Weink., vi, 154, 173
Gena Gray, Xi], 1, ae
Genea, Bell, iil, 20a
Genotia Ads., vi . 154, 174

Georgus Thiele, xv, . . 88
Gervisia Q. & G., xvi, . 192

INDEX, VOLUMES IT TO XVII.

Gibberula Swains., v, 15, 41, 216
Gibbula Risso, xi, 2. 195
Gibbulastra Monts., xi . 195
Gienia Brug., xv, . 244
Gient Giceni, xv, : . 244
Giraudia Bet., ix, 7209, 289
GIRAUDID4&, ix, : 5 ey
Gisortia Jouss., vii, . 160, 245
Glabella Swains., v, WE Ae.
Glauconella Gray, xv, NT:
Glauconia Geib., viii, . 194
Globularia Swains., viii, ri
Globulus Schum., xi, . 450
Glomulus Monts., xi yale
Glyphis Cpr. (preoc.—Fis-
suridea Swains.), xii, . 203
Glyphostoma Gabb, vi 159, 271
Goniochila Gabb, vii, . 104
Gosavia Stol., vi, 5, iv, 5 fhe
Gottoina A. -Ad., ix, . 236, 274
Gourmya Bayle, ix, eo le
Granula Jouss. »V, shaw)
Graphis Jeffr., ix, ey aisle)
Graptacme Pils. & Sh., xvii, 85
Gryphochiton Gray, xiv, xix
Guildfordia Gray, x, . 190, 228
Guildingia Cpr., xiv, . 329
Gutturnium Klein, iii, oP als)
“Gymnarus Gabb, vii, : Poi
Gymnoplaz Gray, xiv, 150
Gymnoplax Rochebr., xv, 93
Gymnotoplax Pils. xvi,
210
Gyrina Schum., 250
Gyrineum Tinie iii, i, 250, 3
Gyriscus Tib., ix, tai fe LU:
‘Gyrodes Conr., seh, 9
Gyrotropis Gabb, ix, 41
Heedropleura Monts., vi,
156, 223
Halia Macgil., iii, . » 20
Halia Risso, vi, 161; 318
Haliella Monts., viii, . 259, 282
HALIOoTID®, xii, 72
Haliotoidea Swains., viii, 103
Haliotinella Souv., xvi, 191, 209
Haliotis L., xii, . 75

Haliphebus Fisch., viii,
Halloysia Briart & Corn.,
Vill,
Haloconcha Dall, ix, . 234,
Hamachiton Midd., xiv,
Haminea Leach, xv, 351,
o02; Xvi,
Hamulus Mort., xvii,
Hanleia, xiv, : :
Hanleya Gray, xiv, . 1,
Hanleyia, xiv,

Haplocochlias Cpr.,x, 16,
Harpagodes Gill, vii, :
Harpago Klein, vii, . 102,
Harpa Lam., v 61,
Harpalis Link, v,
Harparia Raf, v,
HARPINA, V,
Harpula Swains., iv,
Harttia Walc., viii,
Hastula Ads., vii,
Hatina Gray, viii,
Haustator Montf., viii, 193,
Haydenia Gabb, iii,
Hebra Ads. “7 Tipe Mee ast
Hela Jeffr., ix, .
Helcioniscus Dall, xiii, ., 123,
172; Xvi,
Helcion Montf., xiii, . 108,
Heliacus Orb., ix, :
Helicaulax Gabb, vii,
Heliotropis Dall, iii, . 99,

Helioradsia Thiele, xv,
Helminthochiton Salter,

x1Veus

Helonyx Stimp., Xvii,
Hemiaclis Sars, 1x, 52,
Hemiarthrum Cpr., xiv, 1,
Hemifusus Swains., ili, 98,
Heminerita Mts., x,

Hemistomia Crosse, 1x, 317, §

Hemitoma Swn., xii,

Hemp hillia Cpr., xiv,

Heptadactylus Klein, vii,
101,

Hercoles Montf.. x,

Hercorhyncus Conr., iil,

Hermania Monts., xvi,

399

Hermes Montf, vi,
Herpetopoma Pils, ap 430,
Hersilia Monts.,
Heteroschisma aa a xvii,
Heterozona Cpr., xiv,
Hiatula Swains., v,

Hima Leach, iv, uae
Hinea Gray, ix, 4 a
Hindsia H. & A. Ad.,
Hippochrenes Montf., vii,
Hipponyx Defr., viii, : 108,
Hirundella Gray, xvi,
Holcostoma Ads., ix, . 238,
Holochiton Fisch., xiv,
Holopea Hall, ix,
Holopella M’Coy, ix, .
Holopella Sandb., viii,
Homalaxis Fischer, Px
Homalocantha Mch., il, 73,
Homalogyra Jeffr., ix, 324,
HoMALOGYRID&, IX, . 394,
Homalopoma Cpr., x, .
Homotoma Bell, vi,

Hoplopteron Fisch.,viii,261, :

Hutionia Kirk., xi, . . 429
Hyala Ads., ix, . fold. Bol
Hyalina Schum., v, : 219
Hyalopatina Dall, xvi, . 184
Hybochelus Pils., xi, 480, 443
Hydatina Schum., xv, 386
HyDATINIDA, Xv, 385
Hypodema Kon., x 12
Tanacus Morch, viii, . 104, 130
IANTHINIDA, 1x, . BS
Janthina: Lam; 1x; . S38). 36
Icarus Forbes, xvi, 162
Ichthyomenia Pils., . xvii, 305
Icoplax Thiele, xv, 62
Igoceras Hall, viii, » LOT
Iidiea Bergh: xvi, 2 171, is
Ilyanassa Stimps.,iv,. 7, 60
Ilynerita Mts., x, 18
Imbricaria Schum. ike 109, 199
Impages Sim., vii, sia 6
Imperator Montf, x LOM 27
Inella Bayle, ix, 122

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Infundibulops Pils., xi, 8, 40
Infundibulum, Auct., viii,
103 227
Infundibulum Montf., xi,7, 24
Iniforis Jouss., ix, . . 122
Ino Hinds., ix, 122
Iodes Leach, ix, . 34
Todina Morch, ix, 34
Toeranea Raf., iii, . 253
Tolea A. Ad., ix, 53, 89
Topas H. & A. Ad., ii, 75, 180

Iopsis Gabb, viii, ; . 260

Tothia Gray, xiii, 70
Iphinoé Ads., ix, . 40
Iphitus Jeffr., ix, 236, 274
Ipsa Jouss., vii, . apr ta
Travadia Blanf., 1x, .°322;.393
Isanda Ads., xi,. 16, 463
Isapis Ads., ix, . . 235, 272

Isara H. & A. Ad., iv, sepa
Ischnochiton Gray, xiv, 53;

XV, saa

IscHNOCHITONID” Pillees

XIV, “xxiv
Ischnoplax Cpr., xiv, . 64
Ischnoradsia Shutt.,xiv, v,144,

XV, . 86-
Isonema Meek, Wills nS
Tsopleura Meek, Vii, 102
Ispidula Gray, v, 220
Isseliella Nev., ix, B yA

Isselia Semp., ix, . 821

Jacinthinus Monts., x1, 332°
Janella Grat., viii, 261
Jania Bellardi, iii, 226.
Janthina, 1x, 36
Janthoscala March., 50

Jasonilla Mac D., vii HE ES

Jeffreysia Ald., = . d26, o9G
JEFFREYSIIDA, ix, . 322, 396.
Jenneria Jouss., Vil, 161
Jeranea Raf., ili, 253
Joannisia Monts., xvi, 185.
Johania Monts., xvi,. 3, 27
Jopas, H. & A. Ad., ii, 180:
Josepha Ten.-Woods, ili, . 207

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII. 320

Jujubinus Monts., xi, . 332
Katharina Gray, xv, . 41
Keilostoma Desh., ix, 321
Kilvertia Lycett, ix, =p JS)
Kleinella A. Ad., xv, 179;

Xvi, ; ; 5250
Koonsia Verr., xvi, . 191, 221
Korenia Friele., xi, al gs
Krebsia Moreh, viii, 108
Labio Oken, xi,. 5 Ele
Lachesis Risso, vi, . 106, 224
Lacinia Conr., iil, 106
Lacuna Turt., ix, SAAD
Lacunaria Conr., viii 10; ix, 284
Lacunaria Dall, ix, 234
Lacunella Dall, eo 234
Lacunella Desh., f . 234
Leocochlis Dkr. «© Mtz., ix,

120, nerd
Levidentalium aa Sai on
Leyvilitorina rite 230, 254
Lagena Bolt., 254
Lagena see il . . 96
Lainbertia Souv., vill, 260, 286
Lambidium Link, vii, 270
Lamellaria Mont., viii, 11, 60
Lamellilitorina Tryon, ix,

230; 2038
Lampanella Morch, ix, 118, 167
Lampania Gray, ix, . 118, 166
Lampas Schum., ili, . 387, 38
Lamprodoma Swains., v,60, 72
Lamprostoma Swains., x, 6
Lamprostoma Sw., xi, fg ee
Lampusia Schum., ii, 254
Lancea Pse., viii, eo
Laodia Gray, x, 5 KO
Waona A. Ad, xvi, . 9, 26
Laplysia L., xvi, Go
Lapparia Conr., BV" ne)
Later Time lrard Clk XG ean
Latiaxis Swains., 203
Latirus Montf., i 48, 87, 225
Latona Hutt., xi, Py)
Latrunculus Gray, iii, 254
Lecania Cpr., xiii, 65
Legrandia Bedd., xii, 294

Leiodomus Gray, vii, . gO
Leiodomus Swains., iv, 14
Leioderma Conr., iv, . Benet eré
Leiopyrga Ads., xi, 10; 139
Leiostoma Swains., ill, S102
Leiostraca Ads., vill, . 259, 278
Leiorrhinus Gabb, vil, 103
Lementina Risso, viii, 167
Leucorhynchia Crse., x, 15, 106
Leucostoma Swains., ix, . 288
Leucotina A. Ad., xv, 136, 166
Leucostis Swains., vii, 13
Leucozonia Gray, iii, 48, 94, 226
Lepeta Gray, Xiil, . 67,0708
LEPETIDA, Xiii, 2 G6
Lepetella Verrill, ME GeO ee
Lepidomenia Kow. & Mar.,
xvil, 309
LePIDOPLEURID#Pils.,xiv,
SERV ye ok
Lepidopleurus ee Xiv,
eo eteKay : 62
Lepidoradsia Cpr., xiv, 144
Lepidozona Pils., xiv, 125;
XV, 3 tte 2
Leptoconus Mch., Vd, 2, p20; ene.
Leptochiton Gray, XIV, 2

Leptoplax Cpr., xiv,25; xv, 7
Leptonotus Conr., vill, oe LB

Leptonyx Cpr., x, . 245
Leptothyra Cpr., x, . 190, 245
Lepyrolobus Schliiter (—Ama-
thina Gray).
Lernea Bohad., xvi, OD
Levenia Gray, vil, 268, 272
Levibuccinum Conr., 1s at OA
Levifusus Conr., 111, . 104

Tey meria M. Chal., Sas
Lia Folin (preoc. ; eae

morpha Pils.) viii, 318, 339
Lienardia Jouss., vi, . a aia
Limneria Ads., viii, 13; 66
Limnotrochus Smith,ix,232, 264
Linatella Gray, iti, 255
Linatella Morch, iii, . . 14
Linteria A. Ad., xv, . - 258
Lintricula Ads. v, WES:
Liomesus Stimp., ili, . . 256

324

Liostomia Sars, viii, . 319, 344
Liotia Gray, x, . 17, 108
LIOTIIDm, xX, . Ai. hOS
Liotina Mun.-Ch., x,. 17, 112
Liocerithium Try., ix, 113, 142
Liolophura Pils., xiv, . 239
Liopyrga Fisch., xi, . 1389
Liotrochus Fisch., xi, . 407
Lippistes Montf., ii, » 241
Lipoglossa Lank., xvii, see xoMl
Lirofusus Conr., iii, | 103
Lirosoma Conr., ili, 50

LTischkeia Fisch., xi, . oon
Lispodesthes White, vii, . 104
Lissacteon Monts., xvi, eee}
Lissochilus Petho, x, . Mf ab)

Lithedaphus Owen, viii, . 108
Lithoconus Mérch, vi, 10, 48
Lithopoma Gray, x, . 190, 223
Lithotrochus Conr., viii, . 194
Litiopa Rang, ix, . 238, 280
LITIOPIN#, 1x, ‘ eon
Lattorina én. i) 7 229240
LITTORINID®, 1x, spas)
Littorinopsis Morch, ix, . 230
Livona Gray, xi, Lo 207
Lobantale Cossm., xvii, XXXxi
Lobaria Blainv., xvi, . as
Lobaria Mill., xvi, . ee
Lobiger Krohn, xvi, . 162, 166
Loboplax Pils., xv, . AN wate)

Loncheeus Morch, viii, 295, 301

Lophocercus Krohn, xvi, 162
Lophyriscus Thiele, xv, 75
Lophyrus Auct., xiv, - 149
Lorica Ads., xiv, 236
Loricella Pils., xiv, 238
Loricites Cpr., xiv, Xix
Lotorium Montf., iii, 256
Lotor Montf., iii, 256

Lottiade Gray, xiii, . Me)
Lottia Gray, xiii,

Lovenella Sars, ix, . 119,

Loxonema Phill., viii, 264
Loxoporus Jeffr., xvii, 162
Loxotrema Gabb, vii, 105
Lucapina Ads., xii, 2038

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Lucapina Gray, xii,
Lucapinella Pils., xii,

Lei;

198

. 195

Lunatia Gray, viii, . 6, 39
Lupia Conr., viii, - 0
Luponia Gray, vii, . 163
Luria Jouss., vii, om
Lyneina Trosch., vii, . . 160
Lyosoma White, Vill, 135 sues
Lyra Griff., v, : 223
Lyria Gray, i 1V5..6 76, 101
Lyroscapha Conr., vill; | p14
Lysis Gabb, ii, 75, 180; viii, 11
Macandrellus Cpr., xv, cf
Macellomenia Simr., . xvii, 302
Macheroplax Friele.,xi, . 307
Maclurea Les., x, « k
MaCLUREIDA, Xx, A any (|
Macrocheilus Phill., viii, . 263
Macrochilina Bayle, viii, . 263
Macron H. & A. Ad.,iii,101, 214
Macrophagma Carp., vill,
yaa Wes:
Macrochisma Sw., xii, . 189
Macroschisma Sw., xii, . 189
Mada Jeffr., ili, . . 257
Magilina Vélain, ii, 76, 218
Magilus Montf., ii, 76, 214
Magulus Monts., xi, . 195
Malea Val., vii, . . 258, 265
Mamillana Crosse, iv, 101
Mamillaria Schum, viii, 6
Mamilla Schum., viii, Ee
Mamma Klein, villi, . 6, 42
Mancinella Link, ii, 242
Mandolina Bayle, vii, 160
Mangelia Auct., vi, . 158
Mangilia Risso, vi, . 158, 248
Manotrochus Fisch., xi, . 332
Maravignia Arad. & Mag,,
rb: ‘ . 238
Margarita Leh., xi; 13, 285
Margarites Leh., xi, 285
Marginella Tam., Vila) Gaels
MARGINELLIDE, Viren 5
Marmorostoma Sw., x, 190, 215
Marsenia Leach, viii, 11

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Marsenina Gray, viii, 12,
Massotia B., D. & D., ix,
319;
Massyla Ads., vii,
Mastoniceforis Jouss., ix,

129

64

365
65

Mastonia Hinds, ix, . 122, 182
Mathilda Semp., viii, . 195, 210
Maugerella Cpr., xiv,. 61
Maugeria Gray, xiv, . . 226
Mauritia A. Ad., iv, . plip2
Mauritia Trosch., vii, . 160
Mauryna Greg., vii, . 1038
Mausxiena Jouss., vil, . = G0
Mauzonia Brus., ix, . 316, 33
Mayeria Bell., iii, . 226
Mazza Klein, iv, 67
ees Conr., iii, "995:

; 67
Ren phic Thiele, XV, 92
Medoria Leach, ix, . 233, 267
Megalomphalus Brust, 1x,

234, 267
Meganema Conr., iii, . . 258
Megaptygma Conr., iv, . 225
Megastomia Monts.,viii,320, 349
Megatebennus Pils., xii, 182
Megatylotus Fisch., viii, 7
Megistostoma Gabb, xvi, 3
Meioceras Cpr., viii, 214, 222
Melanochlamys Cheesem.,
xvi, 44
Melapium H. & A. Ad., ii
76, 218
Melaraphe Mihl., ix, 230, 248
Meleagris Montf., xi, . Pari
Melo Humph., iv, 15,580
Melongena Schum., iii, 98,
HOe229
Menestho MOIL, viii, 320, 344
Menippe Jettr., ix, . 53
Merica Ads., vii, 65, 74
Merria Gray, viii, east
Mesalia Gray, viii, . 193, 209
Mesomotomura Pils., xiv, . 218
MESoOPLACOPHORA Pils.,
XiV, XXIV
Mesorhytis Meek, iii, . 50
Mesostoma Desh., ix, sab lS

Metalepis Jouss., ix, 122
Meta Rve., v, 102, 183
Metaxia Monts., ix, TIS Ba Gries
Metoptoma Phill., viii, 106

Metula H. & ie Ad., iii,
100, 152
Metulella Gabb, iii, . 104
Meyeria Dkr. & Mtz., ii, 48, 73
Metzgeria Norm., iii, . 73
Micana Gray, v, | 225
Microbeliscus Sandb., vill . 319
Microgaza Dall, xi, 11, 160
Mieromelo Pils. Ks 386, 391

Microplax A. & A. (preoe.
—=Choriplax Pils.), xiv, 1
Microschiza Gemm., Vill, «265
Microsetia Monts., ix, 318, 353
Microspira Conr., v, 16
Microstelma A. Ad. BS; 390, 379
Microtheca A. Ad., x, 16, 106
Microtina Ads., xii, MSD
Microtis: Ads) xin +4 ehleneop
Microtoma Swains., ii, n243
Microvoluta Ang., iv, 76, 105
Middendorffia Cpr., xiv, 282
Millipes Klein, vii, . 101, 125
Minolia A. Ad., xi, 135.209
Minosia Dkr., xi, . 209
Miralda A. Ad., vili, 321, 355
Mitella Leach, viii, 0s
Mitchelia Rom., viii, 264
Mitchellia Kon., viii, » 263
Mitrzefusus Bell., i11, 226; vii, 102
Mitra Lam., iv, » 108; 108
Mitraria Raf., iv, 226
Mitrella Gray, viii, 108
Mitrella Risso, v, 102, PG
Mitrella Swains., iv, 226
Mitreola Swains.,; iv, . 226, 153
MirrID4&, iv, 106
Mitroidea Pse., iv, 109; 162
Mitrolites Krug, iv, 226

Mitromorpha A. Ad., vi,
161, 317

Mitropsis Pse., iv, 227; v,
2, 180

Mitrularia Schum., viii,
108, 187

326

Mnestia H. & A. Ad., xv, . 328
Modelia Gray, x, » 190.213
- Modulus Gray, ix, . 232, 260
Mohnia Friele, iii, 5, 133
Mohrensternia Stol., ix, . 316
Molopophorus Gabb., iv, if
Molpalia Gray, xiv, . 294
Monetaria Trosch., vii, vO.
Monilea Sw., xi, 12, 246
Monoceros Flem., iv, SeDOT
Monoceros Lam., ii, 75, 1938
Monocyphus Piette, vii, 104
Monodactylus Klein, vii,
LOT 112
Monodon Schweig., xi, 86
Monodonta Lam., xi, 8, 86
Monodontes Montf., xi, 86
Monophorus Grillo, ix, 122
Monoplex Perry, iii, 259
Monoptygma A. Ad., xv, . 166
Monoptygma Gray, viii, 297
Monoptygma Lea,v, 61, 91
Monostichoglossata Pag., xvi, 161
Monotocardia Mch., ii, 63
Mopalia Gray, xiv, 294
Mopaiip Pils., xiv, , 248
Morechia A. Ad., x1, 16, 106
Morchiella Nev., ix, . 320, 587
Morelita Folin, viii, 214
Morio Montf., vii, —. . 269
Mormula A. Ad., viii, 297, 312
Morula Schum., i : 244
Morum Bolt., vil, 270
Morvillia Gray, viii, 13
Mucronalia A. Ad.,_ viii,
260, 284
Mumiola A. Ad.. viii, 297, 315
Murchisoniella Morch, viii,
318, 339
Murex Linn., ii, ney cea bd
Muricanthus Sw., 1, 244
MurIcip&, li, ; wae,
Muricidea Swains., ii, 116, 244
MuRICIN#, li, ; AN
Murula Dh., ii, . 245
Musica Humph., iv, 3 227
Mutyea Ads., iv, 162
Myonia A. Ad., xv, 166

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Myristica Swains., 1ii, . 107
Myurella Hinds, vii, SS
Myzomenia Simr., xvii, . 303
Nacella Schum., xiii, . 114, 172
Nana Schum., iv, 228
Nanina Risso, iv, 228
Narva Gray, vii, 1459
Narica Reel., viii, ats
Narona Ads,, vii, 65, 75
Nassa Lam., iv, = AG. lan
Nassaria Link, iii ¢ 1029226
Nassodonta Ads.,iv,. 6, 37
Natere Gray, x, . 4, 78
Natica Adans., viii, . 5, 14
Naticaria Swains., viii, 7
Naticella Guild., viii, 6
NatiIcip&, viii, 3
Naticina Gray, ‘viii, 10
Naticina Guild., viii, 6
Naticodon Ryckh., viii, 14
Naticopsis M’Coy, viii, 8: x,y, 12
Natiria Kon., viii, 14
Naucum Schum., Xa : - 261
Navanax Pils., xvi, 48, 57
Navarchus Coop., Ba 57
Navicella Lam., fis
Naytia H. & A ae iv, 6, Pa
Neaplysia Coop., xvi, 68
Nebularia-Swains., iv, 228
Neda Ads., xvi, 228
Neleta Gray, viil, 102
Nematomenia Simr., xvii, . 304
Neobuccinum Sm., iii, 100, 197
Neodiloma Fisch., xi, Senge
Neomenia Tullb., xvii, 289
NEOMENIIDZ, Xvi, 288
Neomphalius Fisch., xi, 163
Neosimnia Fisch., vii, 244, 253
Neptunea Bolt., iii, 98, 118, 230
Neptunella Meek, iii, 260
Neptunella Verrill, iii, 260
Neridomus Morr. & Lye, X0 oe
Nerinza Defr., viii, . 298
Nerinella Sharpe, Vili, 298
Neritea Roth, x, oi ats
Nerita Lam., x, 4, 18
Neritella Humph., oe, 6

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

NERITIDA, X, .
Neritilia Mts., x, 7
Neritina Lam., x, sum SOS
Neritoconus Kob., x,
Neritodonta Brus., x,
Neritodryas Mts. x, . 6,
Neritoglobus Kob., x, ;
Neritoides Brown, ix, 230,
Neritoma Morr., x,
Neritomopsis Waagen, viii,

ou xe
Neritona Mts., x, bathe
NERITOPSID&, X, 12,
Neritopsis Grat., x, iy
Neritrema Reel., ix ,

Neritula Planc., ue Awe)
Neripteron Less., matey
Nescea Risso, vi,
Nesta H. Ad., xii,
Neverita Risso, viii, . 6,
Nevillia A. Ad., ix, . 319,
Newcombia Cpr., xiv, :
Nina Gray, ix,
Ninella Gray, x, :
Niotha Ads., iv, ae bs
Niphonia A. Ad., xii, 6,
Nisea M. de Serr., ii,. 76,

Niso Risso, viii, 261,
Nitidella Swains., v, . 102,
Niveria Jonas, vii,

Nodulus Monts., ix, . 317,

Nemia Folin, viii,
Noicia Gray, viii,
Nona H. &. A. Ad. px 1,248,
Northia Gray, iv, d 2
Norrisia Bayle, xi,
Notarchus Cuv., xvi, 64,
135,
NoTAsPIDEA, xvi, 170. xv,
Notomenia Thiele, xvii,
Notoplax H. Ad., xv,
Nubecula Klein, vi,
Nuclearia Jouss., vii, F
Nuttallina Cpr., xiv, 277,
XV,
Nux DaCosta, xv,

Obeliscus Morch, viii,

327

Ocana Ads., x, . Soa SK we
Oceanida Folin, viii, . 319, 343
Ocellaria Weink., vii, Bag)
Ocinebra Leach, ii, 74, 116
Odetta Folin, viii, . o2l
Odontidium Phil., viii, . 213
Odontina Zhorz., viii, ks
Odontis Sby., xi, 186
Odontobasis Meek, iii, 5 OS
Odontopolys Gabb, ii, . 136
Odontostomia Jeffr., viii, . 320
Odontostoma Mch., x, 5, 30
Odontostoma Turt., viii, . 320
Odontotrochus Fisch., xi,11, 148
Odostomia Flem., viii, 320, 346
Odostomiella B., D. & D.,
vili, 821, 355
Olana H. & A. Ad., xiii, 94
Olearia Klein, x, evo
Oligotoma Bell., vi . 154
Oliva Brug., v, + OO tie
Olivancillaria Orb., v, 60, 90
Olivaria Raf., v 2 . 230
Olivella Swains., v, 59, 68, 198
Olivia Cantr., xi, 15, 448
OLIVIDA, v, : 59
Olivina Orb., v, . . 230
OLIVINA, v, O9G2
Olivula Conr., v, : samo
Omalalaxis Dh., ix, 7, 24
Qmalaxis Desh.,ix, 7,5 24
Omalogyra Jeftr., ix 324
Ombrella Blv., xvi, 176
Omphalia Zek., viii, 194
Omphalius Ph., xi, . 26s
Oncidiopsis Bk. Bergh, viii,
IDS 64
Oncochilus Petho, x, )
Oncoma May., vii, . ~ LOL
Ondina Folin, viii, . 320, 350
Onithochiton Gray, xiv, 244
Oniscia Sowb., vii, . 269, 280
Oniscidia Swains., vii, 270, 282
Onoba Ads., ix, . OliS) o46
Onustus Ads., vill, . 157, 162
Onythochiton Gray, xiv, 244
Oocorys Fisch., vii, 267
OocORYTHIDS, Vil, 267

328

Oonia Gemm., vill, . 265
Opalia Ads., ix, . ee)
Operculatum Ads., xvi, . 176
Ophileta Vanux., ix, . Shia
OPpISTHOBRANCHIATA, xv, . 184
Orina A. Ad:; viiz, = 296, 30

Oriostoma Mun.—Chal, viii, 9
Ornithochiton Cpr., xiv, . 244
Orthaulax Gabb, vil, hos
Orthomesus Pils., x, . 164, 179
Orthonema Meek & Worth.

vill, 264
Orthonychia Hall, vii, =. 107
Orthopoma Gray, x, . » . 10
Orthostelis Arad., Vili, molly
Oseanius Leach, xvi,. 191, 212
Oscilla A. Ad., viii, . 296, 309
Osilinus Philo Be ROS Oe
Ossiania Monts., xvi, hig ee
Osteochiton Dall, xiv, Boe
Otavia Risso, xi, 47
Otocheilus Conr., iv, 78, vi, 159
Otopleura Fisch., viii, 295, 304
Otostoma d’Arch., x, . i NAH)
Ovula Brug., vii, . 2438, 246
Ov ulactseon Dall, xv,. 136, 178
OvULID&, vil, , 2438
OXYNOEID, Xv, GL
Oxynoe Raf., xvi, 5 162
Oxystele Phil., xi, LO. 12
Pachybathron Gask., vii,

270, 283
Pachypoma Gray, x, . 190, 244
Pachystylus Gemm., vill, . 299
Pacobranchus Gray, xevile en lel
Padollus Monttf., xii, TOs 20
Pagodella Swains., xs, . 231
Pagodus Gray, ix, . . 231
Paleatractus Gabb, i; 2 2 LOS
Paleoniso Gemm., vill, . 261
Pallochiton Dall, xiv, . 256
Papillina Conr., iii, . 108
Paramenia Pruv,, xvii, . 806
Paranassa Conr., iv, Bets)
Paraplysia Pils., xvi, 64, 115
Pararrhopalia Simr., xvii, 307
Parastrophia Folin, viii,214, 223

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Paria Gray, x, 105 1S
Parkeria Gabb, x, 15
Parmophorus Cantr., xvi, . 186
Parmophorus Blainy., xii, . 287
Parthenina B., D. & D., viii, 321
Parthenia Lowe, viii, . 321
Parthenopia Oken, xvi, 39
Paryphostoma Bayan., ix, . 321
Parvisetia Monts., ix, 319, 358
Pasithea Lea, viii, . 259, 263
Patella Linn., xiii, 80; da
Patellastra Monts., xiii, bre
PATELLID#, Xiii, 172
Patellidea Thiele, xiii, 7d
Patellites Walch, xiii, 80
Patelloidea Q. & G., xiii,
Patellona Thiele, xiii, al
Patellopsis Thiele, xiii, it
Patellus Montf., xiii, 80
Patina Leach, xiii, 109
Patinastra Thiele, xiii, ak¢ii
Patinella Dall, at waG
Payr audeautia B., D. & Dé

Vili, 6, 42
Peasiella Nev., ix, . 232. 263
Pectinodonta Dall, xiii, 6
Pedicularia Swains., vii, 241
PEDICULARIID#, Vii, . 241
Pelecydium Fisch., ix, 317, 341
Pelicaria Gray, vii, . 105, 134
Pellilitorina Pffr., ix, 230, 255
Peloronta Oken, x, 4,18, 24
Pelia Quatr., xvi, | Titi e239
Peltarion Desl., x, aes
Peltide, xvi, 170
Pentadactylus Klein, ii, 248
Perdix Montf., vii, 258
Pereirszea Crosse, vii, , 101
Peribolus Adans., v, 232
Peringiella Monts., ix, sa Wy
Perissolax Gabb, iii, 104
Peristera Raf., v, moe
Peristernia Morch, iii, 48, 79
Perotrochus Fisch., xii, 70
Perrinia Ads., x1, 15, 416
Perrona Schum., vi, . 157, 231
Persephona Leach, ix, 316, 330
Persicula Gray, v, 15, 36

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Personella Conr., ii,
Petalifera Gray, xvi, .

Petaloconchus Lea,viii, 165,

6,
64,

264
128
172

imereiiinia, Bet. x, . 7
Phacellopleura Cpr., xv, 38
Phenochiton Midd., xiv, . xvii
Phakellopleura Guild., xv,. 31
Phalium Link, vii, ADS)
PHANEROGAMA Latr., il, 63
Phanerophthalmus Ad.,xvi, 35
Phaneta H. Ad., xii,. 6, 30
Pharetrium Konig, xvii, 245
Phasianella Lam., x, . 164
PHASIANELLIDA, X, . elG2
Phasianema §S. Wood, ix,
US IA
Phasianotrochus Fisch., x1,
LOFTS
Phasmoconus Mch., vi, 52
Pherusa Jeffr., ix, GW aet)
Philine Asc., xv 255; xvi,
PS te
PAILINID#, XVI, 1
Philinopsis Pse., xvi, . 56
Philippia Gray, ix, Sow 4
Phenospira Hinds, v, . 232
Phorculus Monts., Xi, . 195
Phoreus Ads., xi, aaliGS
Phorcus Risso, x1, 195
Phorus Montf., viii, ONT:
Phosinella Morch, ix, 320, 381
Phos Montf., ii, eon, 21
Photinula Ads., xi, 13, 278
Phrontis Ads., iv, G39
Phycophila Ad., xvi, 68, 114
Phyllaplysia Fisch., xvi,
sw lb2
Phyllocheilus Gabb, vii, . 102
Phyllonotus Sw., ii, . 738, 99
Physema H. & A. Ad., xv, 280
Pila Klein, x, Salo ei,
Pileolus Cooks., Sow., x, ita
Pileopsis Lam., viii, . 105
Pilidium Forbes, xiii, 67, 70
Pilidium Midd., vii, . 105
Piliscus Lov., viii, . 105
Pinaxia A. Ad., ii, 75, 198
Pionoconus Mch., vi, . 52

22

329

Pirenella Gray, ix, . 117, 165
Pisania Biv., 111, . 100, 145
Pisinna Monts., ix, sy olad:

Pitonellus Montf., xi, . . 450
Placiphora Cpr., xiv, . ol
Placiphorella Cpr., xiv, —. 305

Placobranchus Gray, xvi, . 114

Placophora Dall, xiv, Souk
Placophora Sher., xiv, wee
Placophoropsis Pils., xiv, . 313
Plagioglypta Pils., xvii, xxxi
Plagiorhytis Fisch., xii, . 283

Plagiostyla Fisch., ix, 318, 352

PLANAXIDA#, 1x, FeZone
PLANAXINA, 1X, : sou
Planaxis-am., 1x, . 7237, 276.
Planaxis Risso, iv, Zsa
Platyceras Conr., viii, 5106
Platygyra Morch, ix, . us
Platyostoma Conr., vill, 9, 107

Platyschisma M’Coy, ix, . 5

Platysemus Midd., xiv, . Xvil
Plaxiphora Gray, xiv, 311
Plectostylus Conr., viii, 263
Pleioptygma Conr., iv, 78

Plesiotrochus Fisch., ix, 282,

Pleistocheilus Meek, iii,
Pleurobranchzea Leue, xvi,

HOME 22 3
Swains.,

KV, 220
PLEUROBRANCHID#, xvi, . 190
Pleurobranchidium B1v.,

XVI wae
Pleurobranchillus Bgh., xvi, 221
Pleurotoma Lam., vi, 154,
Pleurobranchus Cuv., xvi, .
Pleurotomaria Sowb., xii,
PLEUROTOMARIID®, Xil,
Pleurotomella Ver., vi, 161,
PLEUROTOMID, V1, .
Plicatella Swains., iii, :
Plicifer H. Ad., viii, . 262,
Plocamobranchia Gray, viii,
Plocamotis Fisch., xii, 37,
Plochelzea Gabb, v, :
Poculina Gray, viii,
Poeciloplax Thiele, xv,

Pleurobranchena

330

Polinices Montf., viii, .
Pollia Gray, ii,
- Polydonta Schum., Xi,
Polygona Schum., iii,
Polyp hemopsis Portl., Vili,
PoLYPLACOPHORA, XiV, XV.
Polyschides Pils. & Sh., xvii,

fea
Polyspirella Cpr., viii, :
Polytropa Swains., i, 109,
Pomatobranchia ii, ;
Pomaulax Gray, x, . 190,

Ponda Jouss., vil,
Porcellana Klein, vii,
Porcellanella Conr., v,
Porochiton Fisch., xvi,
Porphyria Bolt., v,
Portlockia dekKon., ix,
Posterobranchea Orb., xvi,
Posterobranchus Rochebr.,
MV
Potamides Brong., ix, 115,
Precia Gray, xi, Se:
Priamus Beck, vi, 5
Priene H. & A. Ad., iii, 9,
Priotrochus Fisch., xi,
Priscochiton Bill., xiv,
Priscofusus Conr., iil, .
Prisogaster Mch., x,
Probolceum Cpr., xiv,
Proneomenia Hubr., xvii,
Propilidium Fbs. & Han.,
xiii, 67,
Proscenula Perry, viii,
PROSOBRANCHIATA, Li,
Prosopocephala Bronn, xvii,
Proto Auct., viii,

Protoma Baird, vill, . 194,
Protopoda Gray, viii, .
Prunum Ads,, v, 14,

Pruvotia Thiele, xvii,
Psephzea Crosse, iv,
Pseudomaura Fisch., viii,
Pseudantalis Monts., xvii,
Pseudaplysia Pils., xvi,. 129
Pseudobuccinum, iii, .
Pseudocassis Pict., vii,
Pseudocerithium Cossm., ix,

190, 2

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Pseudodactylus Herrm., ii,
Pseudoliva Swains., ii, 79,
Pseudomalaxis Fisch., ix,
Pseudomarginella Maltz., v,
Pseudomelania Pict. &
Camp., viii, :
Pseudomurex Monts., ii,
Pseudophorus Meek, viii,
Pseudorbis Monts., x,
Pseudorotella Fisch., x,
Pseudosetia Monts., ix,
Pseudostrombus Klein, iv, 5,
Pseudotoma Bell., vi,
Psychrosoma Caneb., ix, .
Pterocera Lam., vii, . 101,
Pterocerella Meek, vii,
Pterochiton Cpr., xiv,
Pterodonta Orb., vii, .
Pteronotus Swains., il,
Pterorhytis Conr., ii, .
Pterostoma Desh., ix,
Pterygia Link, v,
Pterygophysis Fisch., xvi,
Pteryonotus Swains., i,
Ptychatractus Stimp., iii, 48,
Ptychomphalus Ag., Xi,
Ptychoris Gabb, iv,
Ptychosalpinx Gill, iv,
Ptychostoma Laube, vill,
Ptychostylis Gabb, xi, .
Ptychosyca Gabb, vil,
Ptygmatis Sharpe, vill,
Pugilina Schum., iii, . 107,
Pugnellus Conr., vii, :
Pugnus Hedley, xvi, .
Pulsellum Stol., xvii,
Puncticulus Swn., vi, .
Puncturella Lowe, xii,
Puperita Gray, x, 2) ERG:
Pupillea Gray, xii,

is:
15,

73;

Pupillia Gray, xii, :
Purpura Brag.ii; 7;
Purpurella Dall, ii, . 158,

PURPURIN Il,

Purpurina Orb, il, 250; 1S,
Purpuroidea Lycett, ne 75,
Pusia Swains., iv,
Pusillina Monts., ibe

. 249

196
it
234

, 232
180
182

_ 316

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Pusionella Gray, vi, . 158, 234
Pusiostoma Swains., v, 103, 196
Pustula Jouss., vii, wGl
Pustularia Swains., Vil, 163, 196
Puteolus Monts., xi, > 195
Putilla A. Ad., ie ene 322, 396
Putzeysia Sull., xi, . 413
Pygmea Humph., v Oi
Pyramidella Lam., viii, 295, 299
PYRAMIDELIID&, Viil, . 294
Pyramidelloides Nev., ix

320, 391
Pyramis Couth., viii, noZ0)
Pyrazisinus Heilpr., ix, . 116
Pyrazus Montf., ix, . 116, 158
Pyrelia Swains., iii, . 266
Pyrene Bolt., v, : : SHOW
Pyrgisculus Monts. viii 318, 325
Pyrgiscus Phil., viii, . Bis) Wf)
Pyrgolidium Monts. vill,

318, 326
Pyrgopolon Montf., xvii, . 245

Pyrgostelis Monts,, viii, 318,

326

Pyrgostylus Monts., viii,
318, 327
Pyrgulina A. Ad., viii, 821, 359
Pyrifusus Conr., 1ii, . 108
Pyropsis Conr., iii, . 104
Pyrula Lam., vii, : Tae 265
Pyrulofusus Mch., . 266
Pyrunculus Pils., xv, 229
Pyxipoma Moreh, viii, , 168, 191
Quadrasia Crosse, ix, . 238, 279
- Quoyia Desh., ix, 2250, 280
Radius Montf., vii, mae
Radsia Gray, xiv, . 189
Radsiella Pils., xiv, . 139
Radsiella Thiele, xv, . 74
Ramola Gray, v, 236
Rana Humph., iii, TOO
Ranella Lam., iii, 6, 36, 225
Ranellina Conr.,, iii, cea 0
Ranularia Schum., lil, 268
Rapa Klein, ii, 76, 214
Rapana Schum., 76, 202
Rapella Baainsh ii, #251

Raphistoma Hall, ix, oO
Raphitoma Bell., vi, . 160, 307
Raphium Bayan, viii, 319
Rapum Humph., iv, 236
Raulinia Mayer, ix, . 236, 274
Raynevallia Ponzi, viii, 10
Reclusia Petit; ix, 307 38
Retusa Brown, xv,181, 208;

Xvi, 233
Reymondia Bet., 1x, | 239, 285
Rhabdoconcha Gemm., viii, 265
Rhabdopleura Kon., ix, 231
Rhabdus Pils. & Sh., xvii, . 112
Rhinacantha H. & A. Ad.,

il, 13, 98
Riinoclanis Swains., xe 114
Rhinodomus Swains., lil, 268
Rhizochilus Steenstr. sly Ose 205
Rhizoconus Morch, vi, 29, 39
Rhizorus Montf., xv, . 233
Rhodoplax Thiele, xv, T4
Rhombus Montf., vi, . ff
Rhopalomenia Simr., xvii, . 297
Rhopalopleura Thiele, xv, . 91
Rhyssoplax Thiele, xv, 69
Rictaxis Dall, xv, 166
Ricinula Lam., i, Op 182
Rigauxia Cossm., vill, . 264
Rimella Agas., vii, . 102, 129
Rimula Defr., xii, : . 269
Ringicula Desh., xv, a

Xvi, 233
Ringiculella Sacco, Xvi, 233
RINGICULID#, XV, 393
Ringiculina Monts, RV, 394
Risella Gray, ix, 232, 262
Rissoa Frém., ix, 014, 325
Rissoella Gray, ix, 323
Rissoia Auct., 1x, 314
RIssorp#, 1x, 314, 325
Rissoina Orb., ix, 319, 369
Rissolina Gld., ix, 320, 3/4
Rissopsis Garr., 1x, 319, 359
Rissostomia Sars, ix, . 315, 329
Ritena Gray, X, kame
Rostellaria Lam., iy NOD tT
Rostellites Conr., re ah
Rostrisepta Seg., xiii, ‘ 72

332 INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Rotella Lam., xi,
Rouaultia Bell., vi,

. 450
. 154

Roxania Leach, xv, . 262, 279
Roxaniella Monts., xv, . 263
Rudolpha Schum., 1i, 4
Ruma Chemn., Ads., viii, ff
Rumella Bet., viii, . 10, 54
Runcina Forbes, xvi, . 171, 289
RUNCINID&, XVI1, - 170
Sabanzea Leach, ix, . 316, 339
Sabatia Beil., xv, 255; xvi, 235
Sacoglossa Iher., xvi, - 61
Sagenella Conr., 111, . 106
Saginella Conr., iii, . 270
Saintsimonia Bet., x, . 7
Sandalium Schum. ee . 104
Sandbergeria Bosq,, i Lbs
Sandella Gray, v, ¢ . 238
Sao H. & A. Ad. MV, O29
Sarcopterus Raf., xvi, . ser oo
Sarmaticus Gray, x, . 190, 218
Seabriola Swains., iv, . 132
Sczevola Gemm., x, Ler
Sezvogyra Whitf., viii, 3
Seala Klein, ix, . 50
Sealaria Lam., ix, 49
ScALARIID, 1x, ; . 49
Sealaspira Conr., 11,152; ili, 49
Sealenostoma Dh., viil, 260, 287
Sealina Conr., ix, ; er)
Sealiola, A. Adj ix,- 2 pl, 285
Sealites Conr., ix, : a 3%)
Seapha Gray, iv, : 239
Scaphanidea Rolle, x, 12
Scaphander Montf., xv, 248,
244; xvi, . 234
ScaPHANDRID® Fisch. Ba:
Seaphella Swains., iv, 239
ScAPHOPODA, ie Vv
Scaphula Gray, v, . 238
Scaphula Swains., v, . 238
Schismope Jeffr., xii, . , 49
Schisomope, error for Schis-
mope, Xi, 49
Schizodentalium Sowb., xvii, 63
Schizoplax Dall, a 46
Schizopyga Conr., = | OOss209
Schizochiton ae xiv, 234

Schizostoma Bronn, ix, 8
Schizotrochus Monts., xii, 49
Schwartzia B., D. & D., ix,
316, 330
Schwartziella Nev., ix, 320, 379
Scissurella Orb., xii, . 49
ScISSURELLIDA, Xil, 49
Sclerochiton Cpr., xiv, 188
Scobinella Conr., vi, . lon
Scolecomorpha Lank, xvii, . 281
Scolymus Swains., iv, . 239
Sconsia Gray, vii, . 269, 280
Scrobs Wats., ix, old
Scurria Gray, xiii, 61
Scutella Brod,, xii, . Bley)
Scutellastra ef & A Ads

xiii, i j 94
Seutellina Auct., xii, . 70
Scutellina Gray (preoc. =

Phenacolepas Pils.) xii, . 127
ScUTELLINID Xi, 12%
Seutum Auct., xii, . 250
Scutus Montf., xii, 287
Seguenzia Jeffr., ix, . 41, 46
Seila A. Ad., ix, . 119, 174
Selma A. Ad., vili, . 260, 285
Semicassis Morch, vii, 268, 274
Semifusus Fisch. = Hemifu-

sus.

Semineila Pse., v, 102, 165;

Vil oes , : 160
Semperia Crosse, xii, . 248
Senectus Swains., x, . . 191
Separatista Gray, 11,76, 213,

1D: eee : . 41, 46
Septaria Fér., 4 .
Seraphs Montf., Vil, 103
Serpula, xvii, . 241
Serpulorbis Sassi, viii, 166
Serpulus Montf., viii, . 166
Serrata Jouss., v, . 15338
Serrifusus Meek, 111, . 4
Setia Ads., ix, . . 018, 358
Sigapatella Less., vili, 108, 122
Sigaretus Lam., viii, . 10, 695
Siliquaria Brug., viii,. 168, 188
Simnia Risso, vii, . 244
Simpulum Klein, iii,. 9, 11

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Simrothiella Pils., xvii, . 296
Sinistralia H. & A. Ad., iii,

47, 66
Sinusigera Orb., ii, . 168
Sipho Brown, xii, . 228
Sipho Klein, iii, OOF 128
Siphonalia A. Ad., iii, 99, 133
Siphonella Iss., xii, 5 Oe:
Siphonentalis Sars, xvii, . 138
Siphonium Morch, viii, 167, 183
Siphonodentalium Sars,

mv, Lol, 130,204, 253
SIPHONODENTALIIDA, XVil,

oc). + 130
Sip honodentalis Cless., Xvii, 138
Siphonopoda Sars, xvii, 130
Siphonotus Ads. & Rve.,

Xvi, 65
Siphonor bis Mch. yi, yp
Siphopatella Less., viii, 104, 130
Sistrum Montf., ii, 185
Skenea Flem.,ix, . 323, 398
SKENEIDS, ix, . YA, ele)
Seenella Pfir.,ix, .322, 396
Smaragdia Iss, x, . 7, 54
Smaragdinella ‘Ad. XV 243, 257
Smithia Malz., ix, ; 52
Solanderia Fisch. (—Rossi-

femorbraz ext,» |. 12,' 256
Solariella Wood, xi, 14, 307
SoLARIIDS, ix, . ; 3
Solariorbis Conr., ix, . 5
Solarium Lam., ix, 5, 8
Soleniscus Meek & Worth. Fe

Vili, SoS)
Wolenoconchia Auct., XVii, Vv
Solenogastres Gegenb., Xvii, 281
Solenopus Sars, xvii, 289
Solenopus Simr., xvii, 296
Solidula F. deWald., xv,

186, 413
Sormetus Fér., xvi, 2
Sparella Gray, v, 240
Speo Risso, xv, 147
Spinigera Orb., vii, 105
Spiricella Rang, viii, . 106
Spirilla Humph.s iii, . 273
Spirobranchus Blainv., ii, . 255

Spiroclimax Morch, viii,
Spirocrypta Gabb, viii,
Spirodentalium Wale., xvii,

Spirogly phus Daud.,viii, 166,

Spirolidium Costa, viii, 213,
Spironema Meek, ix, .
Spirotropis Sars, vi, . 155,
Spongiochiton Cpr., xv, 7
Xiv,
Spongioradsia Pils, xv,
Stanleya Bet., x, a
Staphylea Jouss., vil,
Stectoplax Cpr., xv,
Stella Klein, x, :
Stenochiton A. & A ealivieee
Stenoplax Cpr., xiv,
Stenopoma Gray, x,
Stenoradsia Cpr., xiv,
Stenosemus Midd., xiv,
Stenotis A. Ad., ix, . 234,
Stephanoconus Mch., vi,
Stephopoma Morch, viii,167,
Stereochiton Cpr., xv, 68;
Xiv, ;
Stereoplax Thiele, XV,
Steromphala Gray, xi,
Sthenorytis Conr., ix, ;
Stigmaulax Morch, viii, 6,

.
b]

Stilbe Jeffr., ix, . 53,
Stilus Jeffr., ix, AGES,
Stimpsoniella Cpr., xv :
Stoa Serres, viii, 166,

Stolida Jouss., vii,
Stomatella Lam., xii, 6,
STOMATELLID&, Xli,
Stomatia Helbl., xii, . 6,
Stomatia Hill, viii,
Stomatiide; xii,
Stomaxz Montf., xii, ;
Stossichia Brus., ix, . 320,
Stramonita Swains., i, 159,
Strategus Coop., Xvi,
Strebloceras Cpr., viii,
Strephona Browne, vy, .
Strepsidura Swains., iii,
Streptochiton Cpr., xiv, :
Streptosiphon Gill, iii, 99,
Strigatella Swains., iv, 108,

14, 2

334

Strobeus Kon., viii, :
Strombella Gray, iii, . ; ole
- STROMBID®, vil, ' , eo
Strombina Moreh, v, . 102, 183

Strombolaria Greg., vii, . 102
Strombus L., vii, . 100, 106
Strongylocera Mch., iii, 215

Strophostylus Hall, vii, . 9

Struthiolaria Lam., vii, 105, 135
Stylia Jouss., 1x, 122
Stylifer Brod. Seville: | 262, 289
Styliferina A. Ad, Vil, 260,

2501 six. ; 239, 284
Stylina Flem., viii, a Oe
Stylocheilus Gld., xvi, 135, 13
Stylopsis A. Ad., viii, 319, 344
Styloptygma A. Ad., viii,

297, 312
Subemarginula Blv., xii, . 273
Subeulima Sow., viii, . 260, 287

Subulites Conr., viii, . . 264
Subularia Monts., viii,
Suleobuceinum Orb., ii
Sulcoeyprzea Conr., vii, . 162
Suleulus Ads., xii, . Po

Sureula Ads., vi, . 158; 236
Surculites Conr., vi, 158
Susania Gray, xvi, 212
Swainsonia Ads., iv, . 130
Sychar Hinds, ix, . 122, 188
Sycopsis Conr., ili, —. . 108
Sycotypus Ads., vii, 259

Sycotypus Gill. iii, . se 142
Sycum Bayle, iii, :
Symmetrogephyrus Midd.,
Xiv, XVli; Xv, : «438
Sympterus Raf, Xvi,
Synaptocochlea Pils., xii, 6, 25
Sypharochiton Thiele,xv, . 88
Syphonepyge Bronn, xvi, . 65
Syphonota Pse., xvi, . ‘G5

Syringites Auct., xvii, xxix
Syring Bolt., iii, . . 274
Syrnola A. Ad., viii, . 296, 306

Syrnolopsis Smith, viii, 298, 315

Tallorbis Nev., xi,
Talopia Gray, xi,

. 446
e 246

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Talparia Trosch., vii, . :
Taphon H. & A. Ad., iii, 99,

Taranis Jeffr., vi, . 160, 315
Tatea T.-W.., ix, «323; 0918
Tectura Auct., xili, . ore
Tecturina Cpr., xiii, . Rep)
Tectarius Val.,ix, . 231, 256
TECTIBRANCHIATA, Xvi, ot
Tecturella Cpr., xiii, . Jon
Tecturide, xiil, . 4 SaeS

Tectus Montf., xi, Jo) ae
Tegula Less , xi, ! . 168
Teinostoma Ads.,x, . 15, 108
Teinotis Ads., xii, .. 75, 126
Telasco H. & A. Ad.,iv, . 30
TELEOPLACOPHORA, XIV, . XXVI
Telescopium Montf., ix, 117, 161
Telobranchiata Kor, & Dan.
xvii, 281
Temana Leach, ix, i
Tenagodes Guett., vill,
Tenare Gray, x, . ae

Terebellopsis Leym., vii, . 103
Terebellum Klein [=Ser-
aphs Montf.], vii, . 103, 180
Terebra Adans., xii, . 8
Terebralis Swaine, [Xe iG: 160
TEREBRIDZ#, Vil, : 3
Terebrispira Conr., 11, 50, 275
Teres B., D. & D., vi, 160, 313

Teretopoma Rochebr., ix, . 7

Tessarolax Gabb, vii, 104
Tessellata Jouss., vil, . es 3).
Tethys Auct., xvi, .) 6b) aGh
Tethys: 1s.) xvii e: . 64, 65
Tetranemia Morch, viii, 166.
Textilia Swn., vi, 88
Thala H. & xe Ad., iv, 108, 159

Thalessa H. & A. Ad., ii,
159,
Thallepus Swains., xvi, 117,

Thalotia Gray, xi, 10, 141
Thapsia Monts., ix, . . 319
Thapsiella Fisch., ix, . 319, 366

Tharsis Jeffr., x, 3 may
Thatcheria Ang., ili, . 98,
Thecaphorus Nutt., xv,

Theliostyla Mch., x, . 4, 18

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Theodoxus Montf., x, 6,
Thesbia Jeffr., vi, . 160,
Thethys Auct., xvi,
Thiarella Swains., iv, :
Thyca Ads., viii, . 106,
Thyreus Phil, vil,

Thy lacodes Guett,, Vili, 166,
Tiara Swains., iv,
Tiberia Jeffr., viii,
Tigris Trosch., Willen
Tinostoma Fisch.— —Teinos-
toma
Tinotis Fisch., xii,
Titiscania Bergh, ‘xiii,
TITISCANIID®, X1il,
Tomella Swn., vi, and,
Tomochilus Gemm., ix,
Tomochiton Fisch., xiv,
Tomostoma Dh., x,
Tonicella Cpr., xiv,
Tonichia Gray, xiv,
Tonicia Gray, xiv, 194, XV,
Toniciella Thiele, xv,
Toniciopsis Thiele, Savi

; ae

40, xy

Torcula Gray, viii, . 198,
Torellia Lovén, ix, 41,
Torinia Gray, ix,

6,
TORINIINA, ix, . E
Tornatella Lam., xv, .
Tornatina A. ide XV, 181,

Xvi,
TORNATINIDA, XV,

Tortifusus Conr., ili, . ;
Tortoliva Conr., v, 60; v,

Trabecula Monts., viii,
Trachydermon Cpr., xiv, 67;

XV,
Trachydomia Meek «&
Worth., viii, 8; x,

Trachyoma Seg., ix,
Trachyradsia Cpr., xv,
Trachysma Jeffr., x,
Trachytriton Meek, ii, ;
Tragula Monts., viii, 317,
Transovula Greg., vii,
Trelania Gray, viii, 102,
Tribulus Klein, ii, . 159,

Trichophora Desh., ix,

TRICHOTROPID®, IX, . 40
Trichotropis B. & ey LX, 40, 42
Tricla Philippson xv, 244
Tricolia Risso, x, : 164, 167
Tricoliella Monts., x, . a L6T
Triforis Desh., ix, ZONE
Trigonostoma Blainv., vii, . 77
Ty ipaloia het. x, 7
Triptychus Moreh, ee 304
Tristoma Blainv., 121
Tritiaria Conr., Bier ba Alice
Tritia Risso, iv, . T;. 66
Tritonella Ads., iv, 244
TRITONIDZ, ili, . ano 220
Tritonium Cuv., 111, BOE
Tritoniwm Fabr., iil, 207
Tritonium Mill. iii, . ne AUS?
Triton Montf., iii, : 2 6, 225
Tritonofusus Beck., iil PAE
Tritonopsis one Wis. 6
Trituba Jouss., 122
Triumphis nee iii, Qi
Trivia Gray, vil, 5 Gowns
Triviella Jouss., vil, . 161
Trivirostra Jouss., vil, - IGE
Trochalia Sharpe, viii, 298
Trochatella Less., viii, 1038
Trochella Gray, viii, 103
Trochia Swains., ii, . 159, 169
TROCHID®, Xl, 1
Trochilina Gray, viii, 108
Trochiodon Sw., xi, . 86
Trochiseus Sby. (= Norrisia
Bayle), xi, . oy Lo 205
Trochita Schum., Viil, 103
Trochius Lch., x1, 92
Trochocochlea Ads., Xi, 92
Trochulus Humph., xi, 86
Trochus L., xi, & G6
Trona Jouss., vu, . 160
Trophon Montf., ii, 74, 188
Truncaria Ads. & Rve., iv,
ec
Tryblidium Linds., viii, 106
Tuba Lea, ix, 236
Tubicanthus Swains., x, 229
Tubifer Piette, ix, . 120
Tubiola A. Ad., x 14, 95

336

Tubulites Auct., xvii,
Tubulites Davila, ii,

XxXIx

. 259

Tubulibranchiata Cuv., villi, 163
Tubulostium Stol., viii, Se ovre
Tubulus Auct., xvii, XX1X
Tudicla Bolt., iii, 99, 144
Tudicula Ads., iii, . 144
Tugalia Gray, xii, . 284
Tugurium Fisch., viii, 157, 161
Tumulus Monts., xi, 2 NS)
Turbella Leach, ix, 316, 332
Turbinella Lam., iv 67
TURBINELLIDA, iv, 2 166
TURBINIDZ, x, ot
TURBININA, X,. . 184
Turbinopsis Conr., Vil, 5 OO
Tubispira Desh., viii, . 163
Turbovix., 12 S SOR ae
Turbo Moreh, ix, 50
Turbonilla Risso, vili, 317, 322
TURBONILLID&, Vill, mere ye
Turcica Ads., xi, 14, 414
Tureicula Dall, xi, 14, 330
Turricula Klein, iv, . 109, 164
Turris Montf., iv, . 244
‘Turrispira Conr., i, w 49
Turritella Lam., viii, . 192, 195
‘TURRITELLID2, Vili, . 92
‘Turritellopsis Sars, viii,
193, 207
“‘Tychonia Kon., viii, 9
Tylacus Conr., viii, . 104
‘Tyiodina Raf., xvi, . 176, 185
Tylostoma Sharpe, vili, 9
Tympanotonus Klein, ix,
16, 159
‘Typhis Montf,, ii, 74, 136
Typhlomangilia Sars, vi,
156, 223
Ultimus Montf., vii, 244
Umbella Orb., xvi, 176
Umbilia Jouss., vii, . 160
Umbonella Ad., xi, 16, 464
Umbonium Link, xi, 15, 450
UMBRACULID&, XVI, . 175
Umbraculum Schum., xvi, . 175
Umbrella Lam., xvi, 176

INDEX, VOLUMES II TO XVII.

Urosalpinx Stimp., ii, 74, 151
Usilla H. Ad., ii, . sit
Utriculina Gray, v, 245
Utriculopsis Sars, xvi, 2
Utriculus Brown, xv, . 203
Uvanilla Gray, x, . 190, 240
Uzita H. & A. Ad., iv, ie
Valvatella Gray, xi, . . 285
Vanesia A. Ad., viii, . 319, 339
Vanikoropsis Meek, viii, 13
Vanikoro Q. & G., vili, 18, 67
Vasum Bolt., iv, Od, a
Velainia Mun.-Chal., viii, 7
Velatella Meek., x, 8
Velates Montf., x, Bay i
Velutella Gray, viii, 1S, 1G
Velutina Flem., viii, . 12, 65
Verena Gray, ix, 40
VERMETID#, Vill, .- . 163
Vermetus ‘Adans., viii, 165, 169
Vermicularia Lam., viii,

, 186
Vermiculus List., vili, . 168
Vertagus Klein, ix, 114, 145
Vesica Swains., xv, 327
Vespertilio Klein, iv,. . 86
Vexilla Swains., ii, 75, 181
Vexillum Bolt., iv, . 246
Vicaria d’Arch., ix, . _ olka
Viriola)Jouss;,1x,. 2a 2atse
Vitreolina Monts., viii, 259
Vitrinella C. B. Ad., x, 15, 100
Vitularia Swains., ii, . 74, 183
Volema Bolt., iii, . 102. 102
Volusia A. Ad., viii, . 261, 289
Voluta L., iv, . 10; 82
Volutella Ads., v, 15, 35
Volutella Orb., iv, ~ “88
Volutella Perry, Re 246
Volutella Swains., » 247
Volutharpa Higela iii, 100, 197
VOLUTID#, iv, 73
Volutifusus Conr., iv, 1h
Volutilithes Swains., Iv, 100
Volutoconus Crosse, iv, 100
Volutoderma Gabb, iv, 1G
Volutolyria Crosse, iv, 7)

INDEX—EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII.

Volutopsis Morch, ili, 99, 118 Xenophora F. de Waldh.,
Volutomitra Gray, iv, . 108 vill, 157, 159
Volutomorpha Gabb, iv, . 77 XENOPHORID., viii, 156
Volva Bolt., vii, . 244, 253

Volvaria Lam.,v, . 7, 47 Yetina Gray, iv, 247

Volvarina Ads., v, _ . . 15 Yetus Adans., iv, 247

Volvatella Pease, xv, 351,

3962; xvi, 231 Zafra A. Ad:, vi; SlG0s als

Volvula A. Ad.,xv, . 181, 233 Zaphon H. & A. Ad., iv, 30
Volvulella Newton, xv, 233 Zaria Gray, viii, AOS 20K
Vulgusella Jouss., vil, 160 Zebina Ads., ix, . 820, 389
Vulpecula Blainv., iy, 246 Zebinella Morch, ix, . 320, 385

Zeidora A. Ad., xii, . 246

Wataonia Folin, vii, 214,203 “ome HG A Ae aes

Weinkauffia Adams, xv, 263; Fonsi onden ay 6. 30)

xvi, 236 ae th At Lia ear ees Ke

Westernia Q. & G., xvi, . 192 Be See eae ae aa

eer abb tw, 76, 214}, Lidora Fisch, xii, 246

iNeed wean eet pke

Woodwardia 0. & F., xii, . 60 yan tend i, | 316, 331

Ziziphinus Gray, Xi, 392

Xanius Bolt., iv, . 247 = =Zoila Jouss., vii, 160

Xanthonella Gray, xvi, . 88 Zonaria Jouss., vii, 161

Ee CeEANATION OF PEATEs
WO Qh
PLATE 1 (Dentalium).

FIGURE PAGE
1. D. elephantinum L. From Thes. Conch., 1
2, 3, 6, 7. D. elephantinum L. From Chenu, 1
4,5. D. elephantinum L. Specimen, 1
8. D. aprinum L. Specimen, 3
9. D. formosum A. & R. From Thes. Conch., . 2

10,11. D. formosum A. & R. From Zool. Samarang, 2

12. D.aprinum L. From Thes. Conch., 3

13. D. letsone n. sp. Specimen, 4

14. D. aprinum L. From Chenu, . : 3

15. D. interstriatum Sowb. From Thes. Conch., 4

338 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII.

PLATE 2,
FIGURE

16-18. D. octangulatum Don. From Lischke,
the hee Bs dapont cum Dkr. From Dunker, . .
20, 21, 23, 24. D. hexagonum Gld. From Lischke,
22. D. octangulatum Don. Specimen, .
29)-D: bisexangulatum Sowb. Thes. Conch.,
oo D. weinkauffi Dkr. From Dunker,
. D. sexcostatum Sowb. Specimen,
28 D. sexcostatum Sowb. From Thes. Conch.,

29-31. D. yokohamense Wats. From Challenger Zool., .

PLATES.
32. D. rectum Gmel. From Conch. Icon.,
33. D. rectum Gmel. Specimen,
34. D. rectum Gmel. From Thes. Chnvelne
35. D. vernedei Hanl. Specimen,
36, 37, 38. D. diarrhox Wats. From Chall. Zobl.,
39-41. D. tornatum Wats. From Chall. Zool.,
41. D. ceras Wats. From Chall. Zool.,
42, 43. D. vernedei Han]. From Mies. Couche
44-46. D. leptoskeles Wats. From Chall. Zool.,

PLATE 4.

47. D. pseudosexagonum Dh. From Deshayes,
48. D. pseudosexagonum Dh. From Thes. Conch.,
49. D. javanum Sowb. From Thes Conch.,

50. D. quadrapicale Sowb. From Thes. Conch.,
51. D. tesseragonum Sowb. From Thes. Conch.,
52. D. dispar Sowb. From Thes. Conch.,

53-56. D. dispar Sowb. Specimen,

57-60. D. dipsyche n. sp. Specimen,

PLATE 5.

61-65. D. fisheri Stearns. Type specimens,
66-68. D. letsonz n. sp. Type specimen,

69, 70. D. strigatum Gld. Type specimen,
71, 72. D. americanum Ch. From Chenu,
73. D. laqueatum Verr. Specimen, :
74-76. D. buccinulum Gld. Type specimen, .

77. D. quadrangulare Sowb. From Thes. Conch., :

PLATE 6.

78, 79. D. delessertianum (—rectum). From owt

80. D. porecatum Gld. From Thes. Conch.,

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII.

FIGURE
81. D. zelandicum Sowb. From Thes. Conch.,

82. D. profundorum Smith. From Ann. Mag, .
83. D. compressum [=hungerfordi]. From P. Z.8.,
84. D. buccinulum Gld. From C. [con., E
85. D. intercalatum Gld. From C. Icon.,

86. D. lessoni Dh. From Deshayes,

87-89. D. plurifissuratum Sowb. From P. Mal. Soe,
90. D. lessoni Dh. From Chenu,

PLATE 7.

.laqueatum Verr. From Tr. Conn. Acad.,

. laqueatum Verr. From Blake Rep.,

. callithrix Dall. From Blake Rep., ‘
. ceratum Dall (young). From Blake Rep., .
ceratum Dall. From Blake Rep., :
. carduus Dall. From Blake Rep.,

. ensiculus Jeffr. From Blake Rep.,

D. ensiculus Jeffry. From P. Z.S.,

~y

SRNR OR GOD
Slejishelsie)l= cio} \s|\s)

—

. ensiculus Jeffr. From Chall. Rep.

. compressum Wats. (—pressum). From Chall. Rep.
. sericatum Dall. From Blake Rep.,

13. D. ophicdon Dall. From Blake Rep., _.

14. D. gouldii var. obsoletum Dall. Pre Blake Rep.,

15, 16. D. subterfissum Jeffr. From P. Z.S., : ‘
17-19. D. subterfissum Jeffr. From Chall. Rep.,

20. D. didymum Wats. From Chall. Rep.,

=
—

PLATE 8.

21. D. abyssorum Sars (A. strio/ata Sars). From Sars, .
22, 23. D. vulgare DaCosta. From Moll. Rouss.,

24. D. vulgare DaCosta. From Forbes & Hanley,

25. D. entalis L. From Forbes & Hanley,

26. D. cireumcinctum Wats. From Chall. Rep.,

27, 28. D. solidum Verr. (=candidum). From Tr. Conn.

Aead.; : : ‘
29.30. 1: candidum Jeffr. From Po Zi 8S;
31, 32. D. capillosum Jeffr. From P. Z.S.,
33. D. capillosum Jeffr. Specimen,

34, 35. D. capillosum Jeffr. From Chall. Rep.
36. D. agile Sars. From Sars,
37. D. amphialum Wats. From Chall. Rep.

PLATE 9.

38. D. panormum Chenu. Specimen, .
39. D. panormum Chenu. From Thes. Conch.,

340 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII.

FIGURE *

40. D. abyssorum Sars. From Sars,

- 41-438. D. occidentale Stimp., young. From Verrill,
44-46. D. novemeostatum Lei From Moll. Rouss.,
47, 48. D. novemcostatum Lam. From Thes. Conch.,

49. D. alternans (=ineequicostatum Dtz). From Moll. Rouss.,

50, 51. D. inzequicostatum Dautz. Specimen,

52. D. vagina Jeffr. Jeffreys’ type, :

53. D. vulgare DaCosta. From Thes. Coneh.,

54. D. vulgare DaCosta. Specimen, :

55. D. dentalis L. From Costa, .

56, 57. D. dentalis L. From Moll. Rouss,,

58, 59. D. enigmaticum Jord. From proc Mal. Soc,

PLATE 10.

60-64. D. cerstedi Morch. Pilsbry, del.,

65. D. curtum. From Thes. Conch., :

66. D. aculeatum Sowb. From Thes. Conch.

67. D. cancellatum Sowb. From Thes. Couche

68, 69. D. usitatum Smith. From Ann. Mag.,

70-73. D. crstedi var. numerosum Dall. Pilsbry, del.,

PraTEell:
)-80. D. neohexagonum P. & 8S. Pilsbry, del.,

81-86. D. neohexagonum P. & S. var. Pilsbry, del.,
87. D. picteti Desh. From Chenu,

88, 89. D. intercalatum Gld. Type specimen, Pilsbry, del.,

PLATE 12.

90-94. D. agassizi P. & S. Pilsbry, del., :
95-97. D. magellanicum P.& 8. Pilsbry, del.,
98, 99. D. majorinum M. & R. Moll. Cap Horn, .
100. D. shoplandi Jouss. Pilsbry, del., . :

Prats}:
eee 103 pretiosum Nutt. Pilsbry, del., .
4-8. D. pretiosum var. indianorum Cpr. Pilsbry, del.,
9-11. D. occidentale Stimps. Pilsbry, del.,
12. D. dacostianum Chenu. From III. Conch. ss
13-15. D. senegalense Dautz. Mém. Soe. Zool. Fr.,

PLATE 14.

16-18. D. disparile Orb. Pilsbry, del.,
19. D. disparile Orb. Moll. Cuba, .

52
52
46
41
41
53
53
49

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII. 341

FIGURE "PAGE
20, 21. D. disparile Orb., apices of two specimens. Pilsbry,
deli. ; ; : : : . ; : foo
22. D. antillarum Orb. Moll. Cuba, . ; : OL
23-25. D. antillarum Orb. Pilsbry, del., : : : ots
26. D. variabile Dh. From Thes. Conch., . ’ 60.
27, 28. D.variabile Dh. Pilsbry, del., . ; , : 3 fol)
29, 30. D. belcheri Sowb. Thes. Conch., : ; Emo
PLATE 15.
29-31. D. megathyris Dall. Pilsbry, del., . 67

32, 33. D. candidum var. meridionale P. & S. Pilsbry, del 73
34. D. candidum var. meridionale P. & S. oo of. Baul

specimen. Pilsbry, del., 3 : ee
39, 36. D. ergasticum Fisch. ‘From 1 Locard, : : Heese!
387. D. ensiforme Chenu. From Chenu,. : sala
38. D. splendidum Sowb. From Thee. Conch., : : ap ke
39, 40. D. candidum Jeffr. Specimens. . : : penile

PLATE 16.

41-44, 45, 46. D. sericatum Dall. Pilsbry, del., . . 86

47-49. D. eboreum Conr. Type specimen. Pilsbry del., fc)

50. D. leptum Bush. From Tr. Conn. Acad., : ye,

51-53. D. semistriatum Gldg. From Tr. Lai, SOceuene a)

54. D. semipolitum B. & S. From Thes. Conch., . ole,

55, 56. D. eboreum Conr. Specimens, . ‘ : PES
PLATE 17.

55-57. D. calamus Dall. Frying Pan Shoal. Pilsbry, del., . 97
58, 58 and 59, 59. D. calamus Dall. Off a Fear. Pilsbry,

del., A : : kes)
60-63. D. sectum Desh. ‘Pilsbry, del., : : ; . eae
64. D. noveehollandize Chenu. From Chenu, : . 93
65-67. D. aciculum Gld. Type specimen. Pilsbry, del., ee

PLATE: 18.

1-3. D. longum 8. & P. Pilsbry, del., : ‘ : . 120
4, D. fistula Sowb. From Thes. Conch., : pls:
5. D. subrectum Jeffr. Type specimen. Pilsbry, del., » AD
6-8. D. innumerabile P. & 8. Pilsbry, ee : : « £19
9. D. filum Sowb. From Journ. de Conch., ' : . 118
10. D. perlongum Dall. From Blake Rep., . ; : . 104
11. D. perlongum Dall, apex. Pilsbry, del., . : z . 104

12. D. caudani Loc. From Locard, 3 ; 5 . . 104

342 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII.

FIGURE
13. D. ecostatum Hutt. From Macleay Mem. Vol.,
14-18. D. matara Dall. Pilsbry, del.,

PuaATE 19.

D. lacteum Dh. From Deshayes,

D. rubescens Dh. From Deshayes, .

D. malzani Dkr. From Clessin,

D. ambiguum Chenu. From Chenu,

D. translucidum Dh. From Deshayes,

D. siculum Dh. From Costa, :

D. bisinuatum Andre. From Rev. Suisse Zool.,
D. callipeplum Dall. From Blake Rep.,
10-15. D. stenoschizum P. & S._ Pilsbry, del.,
16,17. D. tenuifissum Monts. From Costa,
18, 19. D. politum L. From Thes. Conch.,
20, 21. D. politum L. From Deshayes, :
22. D. lubricatum Sowb. From Thes. Conch.,
23. D. erectum Sowb. From Thes. Conch.,

oe

PLATE 20.

24. D. phaneum Dall. From Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
25. D. complexum Dall. From Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
26. D. acutissimum Wats. From Chall. Rep.,

27. D. egeum Wats. From Chall. Rep.,

28-aD: attenuatum Sowb. From Thes. Gonch.,

29. Entalina mirifica Smith. From Ann. Mag.,

30. D. sowerbyi Guild. From Tr. Linn. Soe.,

31. D. philippinarum Sowb. From Thes. Conch.,
32. D. philippinarum Sowb. Specimen, .

33. D. eburneum L. Specimen,

34. D. eburneum L. From Thes. Coneh., :

35, 36. D. longitrorsum Rve. From Thes. Conch.,

1eieuiay Balle

87-39. D. liodon P. & S. Pilsbry, del., . ;
40, 40. D. lioden y. alloschismum. Pilsbry, del.,
41, 42. D. liodon vy. alloschismum. Pilsbry, del.,
43. D. aequatorium P. & 8S. Specimen, ;
44, D. watsoni P.& S. Specimen, .

45. D. rectius Cpr. Specimen,

46, 46. D.dalli P.&S. Specimen, .

47,48. D. inversum Dh. Pilsbry, del. .

49. D. inversum Dh. From Thes. Conch.,

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII.

PLATE 22.
FIGURE
50-52. D. pressum Sh. & P. Pilsbry, del., .
538-55. D. brevicornu P.& 8. Pilsbry, del.,
56, 57. D. insolitum Smith. From Ann. Mag.,
58-60. D. platyceras P. & S._ Pilsbry, del.,
61,62. D. ophiodon Dall. Pilsbry, del.,

PLATE 23.

1, Cadulus quadrischistus Wats. From Chall. Rep. .
2. Siphonodentalium tytthum Wats. From Chall. Rep.,
3-5. Entalina platamodes Wats. From Chall. Rep.,

6. Siphonodentalium pusillum Wats. From Chall. Rep.,
7. Cadulus quadridentatus Dall. From Blake Rep.,
8-21. S. vitreum (= lobatum). From Sars,

PLATE 24:

22. Cadulus gracilis Jeffr. From Chall. Rep.,
23. Cadulus gracilis Jeffr, From P.Z.S., .

24. Cadulus gibbus Jeffr. From P. Z.S.,

25. Cadulus amphora Jeffr. From P.Z.S, .

26. Cadulus cylindratus Jeffry. From P.ZS.,

27, 28. Cadulus propinquus Sars. From Sars,

29, 31, 82. Cadulus subfusiformis Sars. From Sars,

30, 33-38. Entalina quinquangularis Forbes. From Sars,
39. Cadulus jeffreysi Monts. From Brit. Conch.,

40-44. Siphonodentalium lofotense Sars. From Sars,
45-47. Siphonodentalium affine Sars. From Sars, .

Pram 25,

48. Cadulus eequalis Dall. From Blake Rep.,

49. Cadulus acus Dall. From Blake Rep.,

50. Cadulus watsoni Dall. From Blake Rep.,

51. Cadulus vulpidens Wats. From Chall. Rep.,
52. Cadulus amiantus Dall. From Blake Rep.,

53. Cadulus obesus Wats. From Chall. Rep.,

54. Cadulus curcurbita Dall. From Blake Rep.,
55. Cadulus lunula Dall. From Blake Rep.,

56. Cadulus sauridens Wats. From Chall. Rep.,
57. Cadulus agassizi Dall. From Blake Rep., :
58. Cadulus ampullaceus Wats. From Chall. Rep.,
59. Cadulus congruens Wats. From Chall. Rep., .
60. Cadulus curtus Wats. From Chall. Rep.,

61. Cadulus exiguus Wats. From Chall. Rep. .
62. Cadulus rastridens Wats. From Chall. Rep., .
63. Cadulus pandionis Verr. From Tr. Conn. Acad.,

343

PAGE

. 124
225
aecllO9
. 126
. 126

. 148
nelond
. 138
. 140
. 149
. 136

. 165
. 165
. 159
Show
. 166
. 166
. 165
. 132
. 164
. 138
. 140

aA,
oom
volGe
se
. 174
. 159
= Lo
+ LOK
1S
. 168
. 158
mf)
Ls,
5 169
. 174
Palit

344 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII.

FIGURE PAGE
64. Cadulus spectabilis Verr. From Tr. Conn. Acad. . . 153
65. Cadulus incisus Bush. From Tr. Conn. Acad., : me 5)
66. Cadulus grandis Verr. From Tr. Conn. Acad., : . 154
67. Cadulus tumidosus Jeffr. From Chall. Rep., . ; . 160
68, 69. Cadulus tumidosus Jeffr. From P. Z.S., . , . 160
70. Cadulus carolinensis Verr. From Tr. Conn. Acad., . 1o2
Piearn 26:

71. Cadulus colubridens Wats. From Chall. ae ; . 184

72. Cadulus teres Jeffr. From P. Z.S., : . 138
73. Cadulus dichelus Wats. From Chall. Rep., ‘ ‘ . 145
74. Cadulus prionotus Wats. From Chall. Rep., : . 146

75. Siphonodentalium eborasense Wats. From Chall. Rep., . 140
76. Siphonodentalium honoluluense Wats. From Chall. Rep., 185

77. Cadulus simillimus Wats. From Chall. Rep., . 162

78. Cadulus minutus H. Ad. From P. Z.S%., : , A kiste!

79. Cadulus clavatus Stimp. From Am. Jour. Conch, . . 185

80, 81. Cadulus clavatus Stimp. Type specimen, Pilsbry,del., 185

82, 83. Cadulus dive Vélain. From Arch. Zool. Exp., . SLs

84-87. Cadulus belcheri P. & 8. Pilsbry, del. . : . 145
Pyare 27:

88, 89. Dentalium simplex (=stearnsii P. & 8.). Pilsbry, del.,
125, 253

90-93. Cadulus politus Wood. Pilsbry, del., . ; : . 144
94-97. Cadulus rushii P. & S. Pilsbry, del., . : . 168
PLATE 28.

1-5. Cadulus tetraschistus var. Pilsbry, del., : : . 149
6-9. Siphonodentalium sp. Korea. Pilsbry, del., . : . 141
PLATE 29.

10-13. Cadulus quadrifissatus Cpr. Pilsbry, del., , . 150
14-18. Cadulus tetrodon P.& 8. Pilsbry, del., . : elo
PLATE 30.

19, 20. Cadulus dalli P. & S. Pilsbry, del., . ‘ : a5
21-23. Cadulus dalli P. & S. var. Pilsbry, del., . ; . 155
24-27. Cadulus carolinensis Bush. Pilsbry, del., . 5 . 152
PLATE 31
27. Cadulus gadus Mont. From Test. Brit., . ; : . 186

28-32. Cadulus gadus Mont. Pilsbry, del., . ; ; . 186
33-85. Cadulus olivi Seac. Pilsbry, del., : ; : « 17

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII.
PEATE 32.
FIGURE

36-39. Cadulus cyathus C. & J. Pilsbry, del., .

40, 41. Cadulus ovulum Ph. From Phil. and Costa,

42, 43. Cadulus minusculus Dall. Type specimen. Pilsbry,
deli; -. ‘ : ; ‘

44-46. Cadulus jeftr eysi Monts. Pilsbry, del.,

47-49. Cadulus acuminatus Tate. Pilsbry, del.,

PLATE 33.

50-54. Cadulus hatterasensis P. & S._ Pilsbry, del., A

55. Cadulus viperidens Melv. & Stand. From J. of Conch.,

56, 57. Cadulus poculum Dall. Type specimen, Pilsbry, del.,

59, 59. Cadulus bushii Dall. Type specimen, Dall, del.,

60. Dentalium conspicuum Melv. From Lit. & Philos. Soe.
Manch., : : :

61. Siphonodentalium hyalinum Brugn. From Mise. Mal.,

PLAatre 34.

1, 2. Cadulus tolmiei Dall. Pilsbry, del., .
8, 4. Cadulus tolmiei Dall, var. Pilsbry, del.,
5-8. Cadulus californicus P. & 8. Pilsbry, del.,

PLATE 35.

9-13. Cadulus striatus Dall. Pilsbry, del.,
14. Cadulus fusiformis P. & 8. Pilsbry, del.,

i eesdalacalbicomatns Dall, . Krom Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
16. Cadulus aberrans Whiteaves. From Tr. Roy. Soc. Can.,
17, 18. Cadulus platystoma P. & S._ Pilsbry, del.,
19, 20. Cadulus hepburni Dall. Pilsbry, del.,

PLATE 36.

21, 22. Cadulus dentalinus Guppy. Pilsbry, del.,

23-25. Cadulus panamensis P. & 8. Pilsbry, del.,

26. Cadulus dominguensis Orb. From Moll. Cuba,

27. Cadulus acus Dall. From Blake Rep.,_ . s :
28-30. Cadulus panamensis v. major P. & 8S. Pilsbry, del.,
31, 32. Cadulus singaporensis P.& 8. Pilsbry, del.,

PLATE 37,

1-4, 5-9. Dentalium texasianum Phil. detail and natural size
views of two specimens. Pilsbry, del.,
10, 11. Hamulus faleatus Conr. ned W hitfield,
12. Hamulus onyx Mort. Specimen, . : :
18. Pyrgopolon mose Montf. From Zittel.,
23

346 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII.

FIGURE PAGE
14,15. Pyrgopolon clava Lam. From Chenu, : . 245
16. Ditrupa subulata Dh. From Deshayes, . ‘ . 241
17. Ditrupa goreensis Cless. From Conch. Cab., . ; . 241

18. Spirodentalium oceola Walcott. From P. U.S. N. M., . 246
19. Ditrupa arietina Mull., much enlarged. From Chall. Rep., 241
20. Ditrupa (?) abbreviata Dh. From Deshayes, . : . 242

PLATE 38 (Dentalium vulgare).

1,2. Ventral and lateral views of animal with the shell re-
moved, ; 5 : : , ; t se PNA
3. Section of the shell, 3 ; . ; ; : : i awe
4. Gut, viewed ventrally, ; é , : ; : mes
5. Alimentary tract, dorsal view, . : : ; ; 5 OuENe
6. One of the captacula, much enlarged, : ‘ : 2 Qa
7. Animal in feeding position, : : : Be |

(All figures of this “plate from Lacaze- Duthiers).
PLatE 39.

1, 2, 3. Dentalium bednalli P.& 8. Pilsbry, del., : . 248
4. Cadulus anguidens M.& 8. J. of C, ix, . : : 258
5. Dentalium multistriatum Dh. From Deshayes, : . 201
). Dentalium rectius Cpr., teeth. Pilsbry,del., . : . vil
6. Dentalium occidentale Stimps. Teeth. From Sars, . vil
7, 8, 9. Siphonodentalium lobatum Sowb, Teeth. From Sars. vii
10. Entalina quinquangularis Fbs. Teeth. From Sars, baal
11. Cadulus propinquus Sars, teeth. From Sars, . vil

12. Dentalium (Lobantale) duplex Defr. From Deshayes, XXXi
Puate 40 (Chetoderma).

1-4. C. nitidulum, nat. size; fig. 5, head end, enlarged; fig.
7, oral shield from in front; fig. 8, posterior end from
above; fig. 9, the same from the side; fig. 10, diagram-
matic section of radula in its sack and tongue; fig. 11,
the tooth ; figs. 138-15, spicules, those on the left from the

arterior, on the right from the middle and posterior parts

of the body. After Wirén and others, . Pe t3
12, 16, 17. Cheetoderma militare, spicules ; fig. 18, sniinaels nae
tral size. After Selenka, ‘ : ; 5 E 2268

Puate 41 (After Wirén).

16. Cheetoderma productum, head ; figs. 17-19, Animal, natu-
ral size; figs. 20-24, spicules; fig. 25, fig. 26, caudal
sense organ, . é 3 . 286
aCe Track of Ch. Aiced ulin: From Wirén, . ‘ ; . 285
28. Burrowing of Ch. nitidalum., From W irén; © *s : . 285

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII. 347

FIGURE PAGE
29-31. Neomenia dalyelli K. & D., . : 5 : : . 293
32-35. Neomenia microsolen Wirén, : ‘ : : . 298

Piate 42 (Neomenia).

1, 2. Neomenia carinata, longitudinal and vertical sections, . 291
3-5. Neomenia carinata, side, ventral and dorsal views, natu-
ral size; after Tullberg. Fig. 9, N. carinata, ventral view
of a living specimen; after Hansen. Fig. 6, spine from
the ridge of the back, viewed from the grooved side, and
the same from the side (Tullberg) ; fig. 7, grooved spine
from side of the animal; fig. 8, curved spine (Tullberg) . 291
Figs. below 6 and 7, Neomenia affinis. From Wirén, . 7202
10. Neomenia grandis, natural size ; figs. 11-14, spicules; figs.
15, 16, anterior and posterior ends from below (Thiele), . 292

Piate 43 (Proneomenia).

16, 20. P. sluiteri, natural size; figs. 18,19, anterior and poste-
rior ends; fig. 21, spicules ; fig, 22, radula (from Hu-

brecht), . : ; Y : ; ; 3 94
Dome ky. iaieent var. langi, natural size (after Lang), . . 294.
25-28. P. neapolitana (after ee ‘ : : : - 2:6
29. P. sarsi (after Hansen), . : : : 3 . 200

Puate 44 (Rhopalomenia).

30-32. R. gorgonophila (after Kow.), — . : : 5 ake}
33-36. R. acuminata (after Wirén), ; : : d . 300
37-39. R. vagans (after Kow. & Mar.), . ; : 5 28H)
40-45. R. eisigi (after Thiele), ; ; : : : . 300

PLATE 45 (Rhopalomenia).

46, 47, 53. R. aglaopheniz (after Pruvot), . : S254
48-56. R. aglaopheniz (after K.& M.), . - BEY.
PLATE 46.

57-59. Pruvotia sopita (after Pruvot), . 3 : : . 301
60-65. Macellomenia palifera (after Pruvot), . : : . 302
64-68. Dondersia festiva (after Hubrecht), . : ; . 3038
69-73. Ichthyomenia ichthyodes (after Pruvot), . : . 305

PLATE 47.

74-77. Myzomenia banyulensis (after Pruvot), ; . o04
78-82. Nematomenia flavens (after Pruvot), . ; : . d04
83-87, 90. Paramenia impexa (after Pruvot), : : . 306

88,89, 91-93. Paramenia pruvoti (after Pruvot), . . Bei

a48 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, XVII.

PLATE 48.

FIGURE PAGE
94-98. Echinomenia ecoralliophila (after Simroth), . : . 308
99, 1-4. Lepidomenia hystrix (after K. & M.), : é . 310
5-7. Myzomenia banyulensis, embryos (after Pruvot), . . 283
8-11. Paramenia sierra (after Pruvot), . ; ; : . 807

DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF VOL. XVII.

Part 65,’ pp. 1-80, pls. 1-9, May 11, 1897.
&. 66," \Sl=l44 © 210-26; Oct Ao soe
“67, “© 145-224 * 27-37, May 3; 1398:
“ 68, “ 295-348 Beteher, 1898.
VOOase i-xxxil, pls. 38-48, October, 1898.

PLATE 1,

DENTALIID@,

PLATE 2.

DENTALIID€.

PLATE 3.

DENTALIID.

45 AG

A3

A

37

PLATE 4.

DENTALIIDA.

PLATE 8.

DENTALIIDA.

Ces ~~ ~---

GN SOSA IR GEN ORE OS

Geena ie LONE P TO EE

76

PLATE 6.

DENTALIIDA.

—

of uh : }e si ont

PLATE 7.

DENTALIID.

.

PLATE 8

DENTALIID&.

PLATE 9.

DENTALIID@,

eo

nerf

>

PLATE 10

REAR ARS lauraa laa peste

61

DENTALIIDA.

Mg

=
seal

e
-
t

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2
Ae

a
oe
a

~

os ‘
=

PLATE 11

DENTALIID4.

[ See, oO
Emsam
Sear reise

i" ) Sinestro ce |
; chris atte ec Le ee a

—
aay:

: aD (resp mummers iG
WR Ff nc xe
Se ne es 1S =

85
87

2
Elie DN OMAR Rae a, MSL ta Ronen -~ =
Re Sete: ‘Na a Cre ey aren v IS
ney ORR BANC ivtnsutcne as Ree STE

{AAA AUN RISER Has \ Pb eelieretent tos Niacin aces

82

L
=)

6
77,

PLATE 12

DENTALIID.

SPORE eS A pears en RT FP ete ace
Pe Renee WCRI eh tis
SATS ES HIE No cen ars :

i

PLATE 13

ST LRSM) CILLA UES LORS SALA LNW CITE

|

!
i
i
es
os

DENTALIID&.

be ce

7

aoe
itedee each od

Sinineweitars retire
nicer rorevosiocsoeeni

PLATE 14

Ubon, et ein
ORS UR AO eee cite rn toma oe men

SOU ak EAA eA ab oa LA nee Sno
RECS pet ena :

Tien aA ave acoA Dd re

nay er acl

DENTALIID2.

PLATE 18

DENTALIID2:.

PLATE 16.

DENTALIIDA.

tot en Are tHe eet meh est

gens

ene

\

‘,

PLATE 17.

DENTALIIDA2.

NRT TO CET tees

S77
Pp ra a
usu Cae
pet Fea ie)

oe

Brita
ins
awhcokaee

Brier PAU Ho maK ES Ta
Deca atie aatasetacal Onan aro

PLATE 18

DENTALIIDZ.

PEST rene

AST teense,

meres

PLATE 19.

r rT wa
Pbpeayee
iH eset LS RA IHS

2)

20

4
i
i
i
'
4
t
\
'

i kee ON HAN RST ON

DENTALIIDA:.

a)

PLATE 20.

DENTALIIDA.

W

1
i}
’
1
1
1
'
1
'
4

s,

PLATE 21,

}
4
t
’

TORUS

i

PLATE 22

DENTALIID@.

nnd

ae PE LPT

SOE LSS AER

PLATE 23.

DENTALIIDA:.

=F:

DENTALIIDA,

As7

AS 46

AA

43

AO

PLATE ’5.

DENTALIID.

87

ss

Sines oa eo

BS

PLATE 26.

————— :

DENTALIID&.

PLATE 27,

DENTALIIDZ.

coaiainiaeateemceoes

1

Ions 9 ertign-capserincmectete renown cc,

SIPHONODENTALIDZ&

etn Catenion rae boro

pened on iA ormarapnnene

oe

——

ie
Pe artes mtn
Vm Ae ae a NT
rev eseneyyuermmmsintini ce peers

eannanessie mss neat

Pm re nat otal

Us Rohe Ra abasic

PLATE 29.
|
i
q
\
'

ee eereenev ney rae eee ney mememmenl

Ai

J

salosee

RANE Tien iathadcatone

a a

aa: ns

SIPHONODENTALID&.

sae SR eee ne

a eee oe KK ete Saeed

se Wad i: 5 soe
\ ee an = 4 age

PLATE 380.

nen

SIPHONODENTALID-.

PLATE 31

SIPHONODENTALID2,

aise fuimrnsnien

Sa RR Caos a ray,
ARLES

pevwrarreralenres

oe Ne

ee ee at

32

39

a

.

~ SIPHONODENTALID2&.

PLATE 33,

SIPHONODENTALIDA.,

oA

eee
<

ee
}
{
\
q

cs ites nate he x
AA ey paramere Reet i te Sn POOR AION COON EAI
™
/
“ = 7
tA
Deedee F i
ali eee :
nee Meee, .
or OV nee
oe * Kad
oo : :
f a
= a ee ee ee
<< Sere
Vie \ = 8) ins

ee S
- ees \H

<A Ae ma a mR MIT by ch RR

eT en renin

NE aetna rent

MON Fe parent mememoms nore ete Hiner wen

SIPHONODENTALID 2.

=y

PLATE 85

rote Syeaeee
Tas ee ‘ zits it
ONS Ral See

SIPHONODENTALIDA&.

6

1g

18

17

PLATE 36.

SIPHONODENTALIDA.

Beer aca eae ase

Gaia.

Senne ~ ay

LASERS aon

passe area

oy)
thi Ou peer eee

A e pana
Se aaa

| coe]

=D

ee of at R

20

a

a>

DENTALIID.

sie

20

lf

18

17

i

Mates
Se, enn

\.

2p aa maa earemeeememeoner ts
os So one es

DENTALIIDA&.

PLATE 39

DENTALIIDA.

Ve)

2

)

cp ene ISTE SPELT SIS
ANNE N O

kO

PLATE

wt

~

I ee q

\
, =
= Seen

tm
rr ent pe

=>

LIE ORE

aie ca EL |

2
wv

—
See

a

CHASTODERMATID2

SS,

oe

PLATE 41
A

eee err eeonwra,
® _/

=) : s
“I s ous’
ee ae ee ee im aa)
(an)

On Se ee eee

A
2

a
y

f

Sn a a ES

se

a een

oe rent

CHATODERMATID4:

NEOMENIID4:2

ese

en a

be

. aot Ney a car ero Nea
aa al

oo
as i —— ae.

pA ge

an recente

—
“4

eg ispecies ONO rd

eae

&.

PLATE 43.

WOMEN sree,

3]

it

oy
be

MM

ee

ba giecin a ec MEH

“gp GEREN STRAT 23
aida
TNS

NEOMENIID4:

PLATE 44.

NEOMENIID4

er mene

evs rs te A rae ae pe =
Porter ae

nine cre mre Pee paeaet emma on

<i

Pa

PLATE 45

NEOMENITIID4E

4

Cen

Lt

eite

(RDM AE

NEOMENIID4 PLATE 46.

oa ¢

Pt Retssi seas

gunn

c

eae Ta

i “73

Sy

eg

NEOMENIID= PLATE 47.

a ait! {
Lah Vanes.

Sse Mod 2 f
; a * Nivyay ih 4 4 4

ee %

2 %
a

=

a: a = 3 )
a, < + = =}

.

PLATE 48.

NEOMENIID =

=

vey

4

Na
,

nfs

Mae a
on Ans ‘i ;
eee H

aa
it}
Bier

SS5c
=

=<

Ee ahi
He ini
ii Wise
Uni 2 vA

i i
Ht h He td

a=

he
Mite
aA
HA ies i icin
ut y

Mayr

SS
ae

— ————
ae =
eS
Se =
<<. =
=

Nt
i)

Vana
Hy Nia i \

HAG a
At i it ‘i WEN
iV yt ,
Wt
OT
a

vi
NA
es i i i)
Hiliy
we
A

a \\ ; ANT { My) a As MAH
mK ¥ ‘ i ‘\ ‘fi
eo eo , yi a co

Sto

—-
Ss

1

hh at 3}
i ye i UN un
i ‘i

ae a
ae

nia i
Ni ie
i nt a mu ‘y it
WW, ny hy i

it i
Beat

SU Ne AAR CAIR A
va i ‘ Tea
iy Nal

MNT ay
Wyn!

a
a
ae