68 DRYM^US, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

B. heynemanni and B. inglorius, and after having examined a con-
siderable number of specimens collected by Herr Hoge, I quite agree
with him." (Martens.)
Var. heynemanni (Pfr.). PI. 3, figs. 44, 45, 47-52.

Boldly marked with wide, irregular black-brown stripes.

E. Mexico: Orizaba (Botteri). Central Mexico : Tecomavaca, in
the State of Puebla, S. E. of Tehuacan, Cactus- and .M'/woso-region
(Hoge). £ Mexico : Cerro de San Antonio de la Cal, in the State
of Oaxaca, on shrubs (Boucard); Tlacohda, in the same State, copi-
ously (Hoge).

Bulimus heynemanni PFR., Malak. Blatt., xiii, p. 83 (1866) ;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent., vi, p. 110; Novit. Conch., iii, p. 423, pi. 96,
fig. 3, 4 — Bulimulm (Scutalus) heynemanni FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 527. — Bulimulus heynemanni STREBEL,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. Conch, v, p. 68, pi. 6, fig. 7 — Buli-
mulus (Scutalus] inglorius FISCH. & CROSSE, loc. cit., p. 538, pi.
21, fig. 9, 9a (not of Reeve). — 0. inglorious var. heynemanni MAR-
TENS, Biologia, p. 220, pi. 14, f. 1, la, 4, 4a.

GROUP OF D. TRIPICTUS.
D. IRAZUENSIS (Angas). PL 6, figs. 16-20, 24, 25.

Shell somewhat elongately ovate, rimate, moderately thin, longi-
tudinally irregularly striated, shining, more or less longitudinally
striped or freckled with black, and ornamented with numerous small
white spots ; whorls 6, rather convex. Spire a little shorter than the
aperture. Aperture oblong-ovate; lip thin, simple, tinged inside with
rose color.

Alt. 25, diam. 12J mill. (Angas.)

Central Costa Rica : Volcan de Irazu, on low aromatic bushes on
the eastern slope (Boucard); Tierra Blanca, on the southern slope of
the Volcan de Irazu, at an elevation of 1800 metres above the sea
(Biolley).

Bulimus irazuensis ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 73, pi. 5, fig. 17-20.
— Otostomus irazuensis VON MART., Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 224, pi. 14,
f. 12, 12a, 13, 13a.

The following principal color-patterns occur :

a. More or less numerous zigzag stripes (figs. 17, 18).

b. Pale brown, sprinkled with white dots (figs. 16, 24, 25).

c. Three rather wide brown, white-spotted bands (figs. 19, 20).

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 69

" The varieties a and b have been procured in company, together
with specimens approaching to c (see fig. 16), both by Boucard
and Biolley, on the slopes of the Volcan de Irazu. Of var. c, I know
of only one specimen, here figured, found among those collected by
Van Patten : in one of his examples the peristome is slightly ex-
panded.

" This species agrees with 0. tripictus in having a rose-colored,
simple peristome, but differs from it in the more elongate form and
the rougher sculpture of the shell, also in the style of painting."
(Martens.'}

D. TRIPICTUS (Albers). PL 6, figs. 12, 13, 14, 15.

Shell very narrowly perforate, ovate, ventricose, thin ; white or
yellowish-white, with three to five brown girdles elaborately figured
with white, or reduced to bands of arrow-shaped spots ; sometimes
landless, longitudinally streaked and more or less variegated with ob-
lique, zigzag whitish lines. Surface glossy, striatulate, without spiral
striae. Spire short, conic, the apex obtuse, with typical Drymceus
sculpture. Whorls 4j, rather convex, the last ventricose.

Aperture large, oblique ; peristome thin, not expanded, bordered
inside and out with pink ; columella pink, slender, subvertical, more or
less concave, the edge shortly reflexed above.

Alt. 20, diam. 13, length of aperture 12J mill.

Alt. 17, diam. 11, length of aperture 10^ mill.

Costa Rica (Coll. Mousson, Carmiol, Gabb).

Bulimus tripictus ALBERS, in Malak. Blatt. iii, p. 97 (1857) —
PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 468. — VON MARTENS, in Jahr-

biicher d. deutschen Malak. Ges., iii, p. 256 ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1879,

p. 478. — Otostomus tripictus MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 225,
pi. 14, f. 11, lla (var. hojfmanni). — Bulimulus rhodotrema, VON
MART., in Malak. Blatt. xv, p. 156 (1868); see also Jahrb. d. M.
Gesell. iii, p. 256 (1876). — Bulimus rhodotrema PFR., Novit. Conch,
iii, p. 463, pi. 101, fig. 10, 11; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii, p. 146.

Easily recognized by its globose form, roseate peristome and the
complicated pattern of the bands, which are cut into spots .or figures
of very irregular and various shapes by oblique or zigzag lines or dots,
in endless variety of design. Often the bands, typically five in num-
ber, are reduced to three by loss of the upper and lower ones, or their
coalescence with the adjacent bands ; and sometimes they are re-

BERKELEY

DIVERSITY OF JREESE LIBRARY

CALIFORNIA y

OF THE

OF CALIFORNIA.
Deceived ^\J^, , ISffl
Accession No. '/X//t~) Y- Class No.

IB

_

•'*• • *4&£wivv- >•*•;
>^\¥ry*«^;v;.y.:

s&fcj

SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL IND SYSTEMATIC. '

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE ¥. TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc. D.,

CONSERVATOR or THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Vol. XII.

AMERICAN BULIMULID^E: NORTH AMERICAN AND ANTILLEAN DRY-
S, LEIOSTRACUS, ORTHALTCIN^E AND AMPHIBULIMIN^.

//

PHILADELPHIA:

'ublished by the Conchological Section,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. I9TH AND RACE STS.
1899.

EARTH

SCIENClt

LIBRARY

.

CONTENTS.

[The present volume completes the account of American Bulimu-
lidce, with the exception of the toothed genera, Odontostomus, Anctus,
Tomigerus and Anostoma, which form a sub-family to be mono-
graphed in the next volume, which will be occupied chiefly with the
Australian and Oriental groups of Bulimulidce, completing the mono-
graph of this family.]
Family BULIMULID^E (continued).
Subfamily BULIMULIN^K (continued).
Genus Drymasus Albers.

Species of the West Indies, Trinidad and Florida, . 1
Species of Mexico and Central America, . . .29
Subgenus Leiostracus Albers, . . . . .90

Subfamily OKTHALICIN^:, ....... 99

Genus Oxystyla Schliiter, - . . . . . .101

Antillean and Floridian species, .... 105

Mexican and Central American species, . . .111
South American species, ...... 132

Genus Porphyrobaplie Sliuttleworth, .... 149

Genus Liguus Montfort, . . . . . . .160

Subgenus Liguus Montf., . ..... 161

Subgenus Corona Albers, 175

Subgenus Hemibulimus Martens, .... 184

Genus OrthaKcus Beck, . . . . . . .186

Subgenus Metoithalicus Pilsbry, . . . .192

Subfamily AMPHIBULIMIN^E, 211

Genus Simpulopsis Beck, . . . . . .212

Section Bulimulopsis Pilsbry ..... 220

Subgenus Platysuccinea Ancey, .... 223

Genus Gceotis Shut tie worth, . . . . . .227

Genus Peltella Webb & v. Beneden, . . . .231

[Genus Cryptostrakon W. G. Binriey, . . . 232]

Genus Amphibulima Lamarck, . . . . .232

Subgenus Rhodonyx Fischer, ..... 239

Subgenus Pellicula Fischer, ..... 241

Explanation of plates, ........ 244

Dates of issue of vol. XII, 258

(iii)

i, Ml A".

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Vol. JLII—BUL1MUL1DJE.

Genus DRYM^EUS Albers. (Continued.)

II. SPECIES OF THE WEST INDIES, TRINIDAD AND FLORIDA.

With the exception of D. undulatus and D. elongatus and its im-
mediate allies, the Drymczus species of this area form a homogeneous
group, undoubtedly derived from the group of allied forms in Vene-
zuela and the adjacent region, which has the same characters. There
are also a few species in eastern Mexico belonging to the same group.
While some of the species have the expanded lip of typical Drymcem,
others have no perceptible expansion, and would technically be classed
in Mesembrinus ; but the distinction here is purely artificial, and had
better be disregarded. With an identical pattern of sculpture, the
various forms show gradations in texture from the excessive fragility
of D. dominicus to the solidity of D. liliaceus. In the more fragile
forms, the upper whorls of the spire usually exhibit an excessively
dense and minute granulation, below the grated apical portion.

The land snails of the Lesser Antilles are in large measure peculiar
to the region ; and though there are conspicuous exceptions, the local-
ities on the mainland of South America which authors quote for them
are to be received with great caution. There can be no doubt that
many such records which have been copied by Pfeiffer in the Mono-
graphia, and thence by Mr. Smith in some of his valuable Antillean
lists, were based upon errors of determination or false locality labels.
Drouet has been particularly unfortunate in the introduction of such
errors, and except where the extrinsic evidence corroborates the state-
ments in his " Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusks of French Guiana,"
I do not consider them worthy of quotation. Among the snails cred-
ited by him to Guiana, there are many species such as Helix nuxden-
ticulata, dentiens, Isabella, badia, orbiculata, Bulimus perversus, papy-

(i)

2 DRYM^US, FLORIDA AND WEST INDIES.

raceus, multifasciatus, virgulatus, exilis, tenuissimus, auris-sileni,
Achatina virginea, etc., which we cannot, without further confirma-
tion, consider actual inhabitants of that region. See also pp. 39, 40
of volume XI.

Besides the species described below, the following forms have been
attributed by Beck to the Antilles:

Bulimus (Bulimulus) venustus Beck, Index Moil., p. Go, "I.
Antill."

Bulimus (J3ulimulus) pugio Beck, Index Moll., p. 66, "I. Antill."

Bulimus (Bulimulus} ochraceus Beck, Index Moll., p. 67, " I.
Antill."

Bulimus (Mastus] niveus Beck, Index Moll., p. 73, " I. Antill."

Bulimus {Cochlicellus} subantiquatus Beck, Index Moll., p. G3,
"I. Antill."

All are nude names, unknown to subsequent authors. The Index
Molluscorum was, according to a MS. note (apparently by Beck) in
my copy, projected to consist of three parts, of which "fasciculus 3
nondum publicatus, dontinet speciarum novarum descriptiones."

D. DORMANI (W. G. Binney). PI. 5, figs. 14, 15, 1(5, 17.

Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, thin (oiten fragile), white or cor-
neous-white, opaque or somewhat transparent, with (typically) four
spiral bands of squarish brown spots, the upper band narrow, often
wanting; the spots frequently irregular, oblong, or coaiescent verti-
cally or horizontally, or even wholly wanting. Surface smooth,
glossy or corroded, with delicate spiral strise when not effaced. Spire
decidedly conic; apex obtuse. Whorls 5^ to G, the last convex.

Aperture oblique, ovate, showing the external markings within;
peristome simple or a trifle expanded, the columellar margin dilated,
reflexed.

Alt. 29, diam. 16, length of aperture 15 mill., often smaller.

Peninsular Florida: mouth of the St. John's River, and Cedar
.Keys, south to the Caloosahatchie River.

Bulimus dormani W. G. B., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Oct.,
1857, p. 188; Terrestr. Moll, iv, p. 132, pi. 80, f. 10.— PHR., Malak.
Bl., 1859, p. 45; Monogr. vi, p. 109. — Bulimulus dormant. W. G. B.,
Land and Fresh-water Shells N. A., i, p. 194, f. 339 ; Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., 1876, p. 190 (anatomy); Terrestr. Moll, v, p. 397,

DRYM.EUS, FLORIDA AND WEST INDIES. 3

f. 280, pi. x, f. F (teeth), pi. xv, f. J (genilalia): Man. Arner. Land
Shells, p. 406, f. 44G, 447; Fourth Suppl. Terr. Moll, v (Bull. M.

C. Z. xxii, no. 4), p.. 191, pi. 1, f. 6. — SIMPSON, Proc. Davenport
Acad. Nat. Sciences, v, p. G7 — Liostracus dormani TUYON, Amer.
Journ. .Conch, iii, p. 169, pi. 13, f. 8. — Drymceus dormani PILSBRY,
Nautilus ix, p. 115.

Larger and more conic than D. dominicus (marielinus) or D. mac-
ulatus. Figures 14 and 15 represent the typical form as found in the
northern St. John's valley, where it is large, rather opaque, and
more or less deficient in basal bands in the adult. Further south in
the St. John's valley the shells are generally thinner and smaller,
with two or three spot-bands above, and two continuous bands below,
the lower one circum-umbilical. While quite variable, D. dormani is
a perfectly distinct species, not especially close to any other described
form. Among other differences, D dominions and its several varie-
ties have the two basal bands contiguous, the lower one not close to
the axis.
Var. albida B. H. Wright. PI. 5, figs. 16, 17.

More slender and elongated than the type, whorls as many as 6^;
very thin and glossy ; whitish-hyaline, somewhat translucent, im-
maculate or with two or three subcontinuous brown bands, the sub-
peripheral band widest, circum-umbilical and peripheral indistinct.

Alt. 32, diam. 15^, length of aperture 14J mill.

A " hammock " near Lake Helen, Florida. (G. W. Webster.)

Bulimulm dormani var. albida WRIGHT, Nautilus iv, Oct., 1890,
p. 61 — WEBSTER, t. c., p. 86. Of. SIMPSON, t. c., p. 79. — Bulimulus
dormani forma nov. subfatciatus COCKERELL, Zoe ii, p. 18 (April,
1891).

The specimens figured are banded, but as Mr. Webster has pointed
out, they vary in the original locality by imperceptible stages from
3-banded to bandless. The bands are represented as too dark and
distinct in fig. 16. The narrow contour is characteristic of this local
form.

D. DOMINICUS (Reeve). PI. 20, figs. 30, 31, 32; pi. 5, fig. 26.
Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, thin and fragile, yellowish or whit-
ish corneous, more or less translucent, with typically four or five spiral
dark-brown bands, the upper three (typically) interrupted into small
spots, the lower two continuous or nearly so, contiguous and nearly

4 DRYM^EUS, FLORIDA AND WEST INDIES.

midway between axis and periphery on the base. Surface smooth,
showing light growth lines and fine engraved spirals under the lens,
becoming densely and most minutely puncticulate or beaded above.
Spire conic, apex usually brown-tipped and with typical Drym&us
sculpture. Whorls 5^, the last oval, equably rounded, subangular in
the immature shell.

Aperture ovate, oblique ; peristome thin, simple ; columellar margin
narrowly reflexed and mainly adnate above.

Alt. 15J, diam. 8^, length of aperture 8 mill. (Porto Plata.)
Alt. 15^, diam. 7-J, length of aperture 7^ mill. (Yuma R.)
Island of Hayti : San Domingo, without exact locality (Salle) ;
environs of Santiago and at Porto Plata (Hjalmarson), and Yuma
river (H. Prime). Cuba: Mariel (Poey), Manzanillo, Trinidad S*la
Ferina en Bemba (Gundlach), Cayo Carenas, near Cienfuegos (Cis-
neros). Florida: Upper Matacumba Key (Hemphill, Velie), near
Miami river (Binney), Micco (Baker), and on the west coast at Marco,
near Charlotte Harbor (Hemphill), and on the Caloosahatchie river
below Fort Thompson (C. W. Johnson), with'/?, dormani ; also, Lake
Helen (Wright). Mexico: Chiapa, State of Chiapas (Ghiesbreght),
State of Tabasco, Mirador, State of Vera Cruz (Berendt), Callejon de
la Zamorana, near Vera Cruz (Strebel), Labna, Yucatan (Heilprin
Exped.). Nicaragua: San Nicolas (Tate).

Haitian references : — Bulimus dominicus REEVE, Conch. Icon.

pi. 88, f. 659 (Feb., 1850) PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 410 Bulimulus

dominicus CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1891, p. 128.

Cuban references : — Bulimus marielinus POEY, Memorias sobre
la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, i, p. 204, 212, 213, 447, pi.
12, f. 32, 33 (1851).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 406; Malak. Bl., 1854,

p. 195 ARANGO, Fauna Malac. Cubana, p. 80 — Bulimus (Lepto-

merus) marielinus TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch, iii, p. 174, pi. 14,
f. 23. — Bulimulus marielinus CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1890, p.
200.

Floridian references : — Bulimulus marielinus BINNEY, Land and
Fresh-water Shells N. A. i, p. 193, f. 337 (1869); Terrestr. Moll.

v, p. 398, f. 281 ; Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 408, f. 450 DALL,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 260 Bulimulus flon danus W. G.

BINNEY, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 408, f. 449 ; Third Suppl.
Terr. Moll, v (Bull. M. C. Z. xix, no. 4), p. 201, fig. in text.—

DRYM^EUS, FLORIDA AND WEST INDIES. O

Bulimus floridanus PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 330 ; Monogr. iv, p. 406.
— Bulimus floridianus (sic) W. G. BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll, iv, p.
134. — Bulimulus hemphilli B. H. WRIGHT, West American Scien-
tist, vi, April, 1889, p. 8 (referring to fig. 449 of Binney's Man.
Amer. L. Shells). See also WRIGHT, Nautilus iii, p. 19 ; iv, p. 61.

Mexican references : — Bulimulus dominicus FISCHER and CROSSE,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll., i, p. 540 — STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land
und Siisswasser-Conch., iv, pi. 6, f. 17; v, p. 94. See also, von
MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 237. — Bulimus maculatus
Lea, TATE, Amer. Journ. of Conch.,' v, p. 156.

D. dominicus is the senior name for a shell existing under various
names — dominicus^ marielinus, floridanus, hemphilli — in Haiti, Cuba,
Florida and eastern Mexico. The San Domingo specimens before
me from two collectors show conclusively that the doubt expressed
by Crosse as to its occurrence there is not well founded, and it is
equally certain that the true dominicus occurs in eastern Mexico,
Yucatan and Nicaragua. Having specimens before me of undoubted
authenticity as to locality, I fail to find the slightest grounds for sep-
arating the Mexican from the Haitian shells as a variety, much less
a species, though on a priori grounds 1 would be inclined to do so
if I could.

Reeve's figure (copied on my pi. 5, fig. 26) is faulty in showing
the columellar expansion too broad, but is otherwise a good represen-
tation of the shells before me from Porto Plata (pi. 20, fig. 31). Those
from Yuma R. (pi. 20, fig. 30) are more slender, with the earlier
whorls reddish. All of these San Domingo shells have the bands
above the periphery spotted, in this respect differing from most, though
not all Floridian specimens, in which all the bands are usually sub-
continuous.

Mexican shells are very like Haitian. In that described and fig-
ured by Strebel, band i (subsutural) is wanting, as in some Haitian,
Cuban and Floridian shells. The Labna, Yucatan, shell wants
bands i and ii, band iii (peripheral) being dotted, bands iv and v con-
tinuous and contiguous. Two specimens collected by Prof. Ralph
Tate in Nicaragua, and listed by him under the name " B. macu-
latus" are wholly typical in -coloring.

Cuban specimens are either practically typical, like Poey's type of
marielinus (pi. 5, figs. 24, 25), which has the formula 00345, the

6 DRY.M.EUS, FLORIDA. AND WEST INDIES.

third or third and fourth bands dotted, .or they have all the bands
subcontinuous as in most Floridian shells.

Floridian specimens (pi. 5, figs. 18, 21, 22, 23, and pi. 20, fig. 32)
are the most variable of all. In one lot from the Caloosahatchie
river there are two specimens with the typical band-formula 12345,
upper three bands dotted ; four with the formula 10345, the upper
band very faint,- dotted, the peripheral also dotted; two without
bands, and one (pi. 20, fig, 3-2) with faint traces of the basal bands.
Mr. Hemphill found the same form in the vicinity of Charlotte Har-
bor, Fla., -one- of his specimens'.figured .by Binney (Man. Amer. Land
Shells,, p. 408, fig. 449), having the formula 12345, the upper three
bands broken into dots. , The shell, in this form, is often. more ven-
tricose with shorter spire than in most Cuban marielinus, but this
varies a good deal. Mr. Wright's B. hemphilli applies to these forms.
It is the ordinary South Florida form of the species, stated to be a
"thinner shell than J5. marielinus Poey,. and more corpulent, while
the revolving bands are redder, finer and continuous in. the last-named
species ; the substance of the shell of B. marielinus is white, while
that of B. hemphilli is light amber colored." These supposed differ-
ences are largely due to erroneous ideas regarding marielinus, which
is really not " white " nor has it " continuous " bands ; and Cuban
specimens are .fully as, thin as "J9. hemphilli."

Specimens from Upper Matacumba Key, near Miami river, and
Micco, vary from 12345 to 02345 or Q0345, all bands generally con-
tinuous though irregular (pi. 5, (igs. 22, 23). These often exceed the
dimensions of .the largest Haitian shells I have seen, reaching as great
a size as alt. 21^, diam. Ill, length of aperture 10.J mill. t The shell
varies from as obese as typical dominicus to as narrow as Binney's
figure of " marielinus." This is what was figured by Binney as B.
marielinus. A Cuban specimen before me has the same characters,
alt. 17, diam. 8^, length of aperture, 10^ mill.

Still another Floridian form remains to be noticed : the bandless,
oblong shells, light brown, very translucent, with indistinct corneous
streaks, alt. 19^, diam. 10, length of aperture 10 mill. (pi. 5, figs. 18,
21). The apical whorl is a little more depressed than in the typical
dominicus. It occurs at Lake Helen, Volusia Co., and between
Mosquito lagoon and the Atlantic. This local variety, which has no
name, has been referred by Mr. Wright to his B. hemphilli, but is
not mentioned in the original account of that form. Similarly col-

DRYMyEUS, WEST INDIES. 7

ored specimens were collected with typical dominions on the Caloosa-
hatchie river by C. W. Johnson.

Pfeiffer's B.floridanus (name pre-occupied by .Conrad), was based
upon slender specimens with interrupted bands. Whether the figures
given by Binney (copied on my pi. 5, figs. 19, 20), are floridanus
or not, they certainly do not represent Pfeiffer's type, as he mentions
no bandless form of his species. See W. G. Binm-y, Terr. Moll, iv,
pi. 79, f. 3 ; L. and Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., f. 338 ; Terr. Moll, v, f. 282 ;
Man. N. A. Land Shells, f. 448; Third Suppl. to Terr. Moll, v
(Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix, no. 4), pi. 3, f. 7 ; also Wright, Nauti-
lus iv, p. 62. The above references to Binney's work do not include
his description, which is in each case an inaccurate translation of
Pfeiffer's diagnosis. As the name is pre-oceupied, and in all prob-
ability a pure synonym of dominicus, it had better be dropped.

In conclusion : Throughout its range, D. dominicus shows no ap-
preciable variation -in texture or sculpture- ; it ;vari^s in degree of in-
flation, the variation not being correlated with geographic location.
It varies in coloration, the typical pattern occurring in Haiti, Cuba,
Florida and .Mexico, forms with subco.ntinuous bands and of larger
size in Cuba and Florida, and bandless forms in Florida only, so far
as known, though often associated there 'with banded individuals. It
attains a larger size in Florida than elsewhere. All the synonyms
are based upon specimens with dotted bands above*

The distribution of D. dominicus is enigmatic, but D. multiline atus,
the melanocheihis group of Orthalicus, and Cerion uva, offer similar
anomalies.

D. HJALMARSONI (PfeifFer).

Shell subperforate, oblong-fusiform, thin, nearly smooth (seen
under a strong lens to be very finely decussated), shining, diapha-
nous, whitish, indistinctly painted with series of spots. Spire long-
conic, rather acute. Whorls 6, moderately convex, the last as long
as the spire, somewhat attenuated at base. Aperture oblique, oblong-
oval; peristome thin, narrowly expanded ; columella thread-like,
slightly arcuate, entering; the columellar margin slightly dilated
above, nearly adnate.

Alt. 21, diam. 9, length of aperture 11, width of mill. (Pfr.).

Pajas plantation, Manati, Porto Rico (Hjalmarson).

Bulimus hjalmarsoni PFR., Malak. Bl. iii, 1856, p. 51 ; Monogr..

8 DRYM^EUS, WEST INDIES.

iv, p. 398. — Bulimulus (Drymceus) hjalmarsoni CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1892, p. 23.

Apparently none but the original lot have been found. It may
prove to be a form of D. dominions or closely related thereto.

D. MOUSSONI (Pfeiffer).

Shell perforate, oblong-conic, rather smooth (marked with im-
pressed spiral obsolete lines), rather shining, white, ornamented with
about 5 roseate bands. Spire conic, the apex acute, red. Whorls
6, nearly flat, the last a little shorter than the spire. Aperture ob-
long-oval, colored within like the outside ; peristome simple, unex-
pancled, the columellar margin reflexed, vaulted ; columella arcuate,
somewhat twisted above.

Alt. 26, diam. 12, length of aperture 12, width 7 mill. (Pfr.).

Yaquesi, San Domingo, Haiti (A. Salle).

Bulimus moussoni PFR., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 147; Monogr. iii, p. 423.
— Bulimulus (Mesembrinus) moussoni CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl.
1891, p. 129.

The bands and red apex are distinguishing characters of this un-
figured species, which was described from the Cuming collection.

D. BAHAMENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 13, figs. 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.

Shell oblong-turreted, openly rimate, rather solid, opaque ; uniform
white, or marked with tawny brown streaks parallel with growth-
lines, arid generally interrupted by two white basal bands, and often
having wider vertical purplish clouds above the periphery. Surface
glossy, under the lens showing faint growth-lines and minute, close,
superficial spiral incised stria3. Spire long, its lateral outlines nearly
straight; apex minute, obtuse, with typical Drymceus sculpture.
Whorls 7, slightly convex, the sutures at first hardly impressed, be-
coming deeper below.

Aperture decidedly less than half the total alt., ovate, rather ob-
lique, white or faintly streaked within; peristome very slightly ex-
panded along the outer, more along the basal margin ; columella
straight, slightly oblique, the margin broadly reflexed above.

Alt. 31, diam. 13, alt. of aperture 12J mill.

Alt. 32, diam. 13, alt. of aperture 14 mill.

New Providence, Bahamas (Bland, Bendall, et «/.).

Bulimus bahamensis PFR., Malak. Bl. ix, 1862, p. 204; Monogr.

DRYM^US, WEST INDIES. 9

viv p. 50; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 415, pi. 94, f. 21-24.— Bulimulus
bahamensis BLAND & BINN., Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y. x, 1871, p.
82, pi. 2, f. 3, 4 (dentition) — Drymceus bahamensis W. G. BINN.,
Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci. iii, p. 121, pi. xii, f. F. (jaw and dentition).
— Bulimulus (Drymceus) bahamensis BENDALL, Proc. Malac. Soc.
Lond. i, p. 293.

Bendall found it on trunks of cocoanut palms. It is closely allied
to D. immaculatus of Jamaica, although rather more elongated and
without the basal pink tint common in that species.

For Haitian references see D. sallei var. haitensis. I have not seen
specimens from Durham Creek, Great Inagua (Sargent), which are
on record.

D. ERUBESCENS (Pfeiffer). PL 13, fig. 89.

Shell perforate, oblong-turreted, thin but moderately solid, whitish-
flesh or yellowish-flesh colored, becoming pink or pinkish-brown above;
surface rather dull, smooth, showing faint growth-lines and indistinct,
fine, spiral lines under the lens. Spire much elongated, apex sub-
acute, with typical Drymceus sculpture. Whorls about 6, nearly flat.

Aperture less than half the length of the shell, oblique, pinkish
inside, peristome thin, the outer and basal margins somewhat ex-
panded, columella oblique, slightly twisted above, its edge reflexed
above.

Alt. 29, diam. 11, length of aperture 13 mill.

Alt. 21, diam. 8, length of aperture 10 mill.

Alt. 24, diam. 10, length of aperture 12 mill.

Jamaica.

Bulimus erubescens PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 112; Monogr. ii, p.
44; vi, p. 57. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 57, f. 381.

The exceptionally slender form and ruddy color of the spire are
characteristic. Probably Gray's B. rufescens belongs here. It is
known only by the following description :

Bulimus rufescens. Shell ovate-conic, perforate, glabrous, very
minutely striated, buff-whitish ; apex acute, brown ; peristome simple.
Length 1 inch. Jamaica (Gray, Ann. of Philos. (N. Ser.), ix, 1825,
p. 414). This name is prior, but may I think fairly be held insuf-
ficiently diagnostic.

10 DltYMxKUS, WEST INDIES.

D. IMMACULATUS (C. B. Ad., Reeve). PI. 13, figs. 8G, 87, 88.

Shell perforate or nearly closed, oblong-conic, solid ; opaque white?
suffused with pink below, and sometimes brownish around the colu-
mella; but some shells have a delicate canary-yellow tint instead of
pink. Surface somewhat glossy, showing growth-lines and fine spiral
striation under the lens. Spire straightly conic, .the apex slightly
obtuse, 1-f earlier whorls with typical Drym&us sculpture. Whorls
6^ to 7, but slightly convex, the last tapering below.

Aperture slightly oblique, irregularly ovate; peristome simple,
hardly expanded below ; columella with slightly oblique, straight
edge, or (in quite old specimens) strongly projecting in the middle,
the reflexed margin becoming very heavily calloused with age.

Alt. 28, diam. 18, length of aperture 12^ mill.

Alt. 32^, diam. 13J, length of aperture 15 mill.

Alt: 26, diam. 13, length of aperture 13 mill.

Alt. 25, diam. 11, length of aperture 11^ mill.

Jamaica at Mandeville (Gloyne), Port Maria (Rush, Henderson),
Long Mt. (Henderson and Simpson).

Bulimus immaculatus C. B: Adams MS. in Cuming collection,
REEVE, Conch. Icon.- pi: 85, f. 631 (Feb., 1850). — PFR., Monogr.
iii, p. 4-11.— GLOYNE, Journ. de Gonchyl. xx, 1872, p. 32.-—BuIi>n-
ulus immaculatus \V. G. BINNEY, Bull. Mus. (Jomp. Zool. v. p. 338,
pi. 1, f. D (jaw and dentition). — HENDERSON, Nautilus viii, p. 19.
— Thaumastm immaculatus Ad., W. G. BINNEY, Ann..N. Y. Acad.
Sci. iii, p. 122, ph 12, f. H^(radula).

Fresh specimens are somewhat roseate throughout, though only on
the last whorl is the tint pronounced. Old cabinet specimens fade
.to white. In D. liliaceus the columella has more of a spiral twist,
and so far as I know the shell is never pink tinted. The two species
are very closely allied. The uniform white form of D. bahamensis is
also excessively like some specimens of immaculatus. The dentition
is like that of D. bahamensis.

D. LILIACEUS (Ferussac). PI. 13, figs. 90, 91, 92.

Shell perforate, oblong-conic, with long spire, solid; rather glossy
and cretaceous ; opaque white more or less stained with bluish or with
a narrow bluish streak or two. Growth-stria? fine, the lens revealing
minute spiral incised lines. Spire with nearly straight lateral out-
lines, the apex somewhat obtuse, with typical Drymceus sculpture.

DRYMJEUS, W-EST INDIES. 11

Whorls 6^ to 7, hardly convex, the' last rathe? swollen at "and below
the periphery.

Aperture ovate, oblique, white: within ; peristome very slightly ex-
panded, col u me Iht rather sinuous, the margin reflexed and pressed in
above.

Alt. 33^, cliiim. 141, length of aperture 15 mill.

Alt. 28, diarn. 121, length of aperture 12^ mill. , -

Porto Rico: San Juan and Mayaques (Swift); Las Pietras and
Humacao (Blauner); Quebradillas and Utuado (Gundhich); Ponce
(A. D. Brown coll A Also reported from Dominicd (Angas, Ram-
age), and Les Cayes, Haiti (Rolle).

Helix (Cochlogena) /?7wcm FER., Prodfonrf. p. 54, no. 401;.Hist-
oire, pi. 142 B. f. 11 (\&'2\}.—Bulirhm UUaceus PFE., Symbolae ad
Hist. Hel. i, p. 43 ; Monogr. ii, p. 203. — DESIIAYES, Hist, ii> p. 83.
— SHUTTLW., Diagn. n. Moll., no. 6, Bern Mittheil. 1854; p; 136.
— Not B. liliaceus REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 45, f. 287, inor of
ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 596. — Bulimus (Leiostracus) liliaceus
E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) ii, p. '230,' ±l(J.—£iilimulus
liliaceus CROSSE, Journ de' Concliyl. l'89l, p. 128, 2()5 ; 1892, p.
23, 65. — STREBEL and PFEFFER, Beifr.' Mex. Land und1 Siissw.
Moll, v, p. 90, pi. 15, f. 3 a-d ; pi. 16, f. 5, 6 (anatomy)-— Otbstomus
liliaceus MARTENS, Jahrb. d. m. Ges., 1877, p. 350; Biol.f Centr.
Amer., p. 226, pi. 14, f. 19, 20.

This species wras originally described from Porto Hico. It has also
been reported from Haiti, St. Kitts, Dominica and Mexico. The
Mexican specimens, supposed to be liliaceus, have been referred
to D. sulphureus by Dr. von Martens, in my opinion correctly. That
species is thinner than liliaceus, with the body whorl 'more tapering
below — the base in liliaceus being decidedly convex, and the texture
solid and cretaceous in adult specimens. Numerous specimens are
before me from Porto Rico, but I have seen none from Haiti, St.
Kitts or Dominica.

D. SALLEI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 15.

Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, thin ; white, delicately tinted with
lemon-yellow on the spire and often on the base. Surface rather
glossy, with slight growth lines and very fine, dense, engraved spiral
strise. Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse, with very minute
typical Drymceus sculpture. Whorls 5|, hardly convex, the last

12 DRYM^EUS, WEST INDIES.

subangular at the periphery. Aperture ovate, oblique, slightly ex-
ceeding half the length of shell ; outer lip acute, simple ; columella
concave below, straight above, the edge reflexed, appressed.

Alt. 16, diam. 9, length of aperture SJ mill,

Island of Haiti, around San Domingo and Rancho Arriba (Salle) ;
around Port-au-Prince (Park hurst).

Balimus stramineus Richard, BLAND, Ann. New York Lye, N, H.

xi, p, 84, 1876 Bulimus stramineus WEINLAND, Jahrb. D. M, Ges.

vii, 1880, p. 376. — Bulimulus stramineus CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl,,
1891, p. 127.

It is with some hesitation that I describe these shells which Bland
thinks may be a variety of D. lilaceus, and Weinland refers to D.
stramineus; but I am satisfied that they cannot be a variety of the
former species, and the latter is widely separated geographically and
presents several differential characters. The specimens before me,
from the Robert Swift and A. D. Brown collections, are probably
none of them quite mature.

Var. HAITENSIS n. var. PL 39, fig. 4.

Shell short and rather stout, thin, somewhat translucent whitish,
with 5 dark-brown spiral bands, the lowest circumumbilical, those
above the periphery interrupted by occasional rather opaque, white
longitudinal streaks, or even broken into squarish spots. Surface
glossy, engraved with fine spirals.

Alt. 17, diam. 9^ mill, (immature).

Alt. 21, diam. llj mill

Alt. 16, diam. 8 mill.

Haiti (Bland, in A. D. Brown coll.); Fort Jacques, near Port-au-
Prince (Linden).

Bulimulus bahamensis BLD., Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y. xi, p. 199.
— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1891, pp. 128, 206. — Bulimus baha-
mensis WEINLAND, Jahrb. d. mal. Ges. vii, 1880, p. 376.

The exact position and status of this form are not easily decided.
It seems to be what Bland and others have referred to bahamensis as
a variety. Some forms of D. palpaloensis Strebel are very similar,
and the more slender forms are not unlike D. semimaculatus Pilsbry.

D. VIRGINALIS var. DOMINICANUS Pilsbry. n. v. PL 12, fig. 24.
This Venezuelan species has already been discussed in vol. xi, p.

DRYM^US, WEST INDIES. 13

309. Specimens from Dominica are white, with barely 6 whorls
(instead of 6J as in the typical form), the last subangular at the
periphery in front, decidedly tapering below. Peristome with a very
slightly expanded edge, the columella straight above, the reflection
decidedly pressed in at its insertion. Smaller than Venezuela speci
mens.

Alt. 22-22J, diam. 10, length of aperture 10 mill.

D. STRAMINEUS (Guilding). PI. 12, fig. 7.

Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, thin ; faint straw-colored or white.
Surface rather glossy, with slight growth-lines and fine spiral engraved
striae. Spire conic with nearly straight lateral outlines, the apex
rather obtuse, earlier If whorls with typical Drymceus sculpture ; last
whorl somewrhat tapering below, often showing a faintly indicated
peripheral angle in front.

Aperture oblique, half the length of shell, ovate ; outer lip thin, a
trifle expanded at the edge ; columella nearly straight, the edge re-
flexed above, appressed, leaving a mere chink at the axis.

Alt. 30, diam. 14J, length of aperture 15 mill.

Alt. 28, diam. 15, length of aperture 14 mill.

St. Vincent (Guilding et aL) ; Mustique, Grenadines (Bland, H. H.
Smith, Rawson) ; Becquia, Grenadines (H. H. Smith) ; Dominica
(Sharp).

Bulimulus stramineus GLDG., Trans. Linn. Soc., London, xiv, p.

340 (1824); Zool. Journal, iv, p. 170 BLAND, Ann. Lye. N. H.

N. Y. xi, 1875, p. 84.— SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond., i, p. 304,
321, with var. fasciata, op. cit. p. 305, pi. 21, f. 9. — not B. stram-
ineus CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1891, p. 127 (Haiti). — Bulimu*
stramineus PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 44; viii, p. 57. — REEVE, C. Icon,
pi. 85, f. 632. — Not Bulimus stramineus WEINLAND, Jahrb. D. M.
Ges. 1880, p. 376 (Haiti). — Bulimus lucidus REEVE, C. Icon. pi. 40,
f. 245 (1848).— ? Bulimulus debilis BECK, Index Moll., p. 65 (1837),
based on Fer. Hist., pi. cxlii B, f. 10. See vol. XI, p. 311.

Much thinner than D. liliaceus, less straightly conical, and pale
yellow in color, though fading in time to white.

Mr. Smith, in his article cited above, refers to a B. lucidus Beck ;
evidently an error for B. debilis Beck. Fresh specimens are almost
of a golden yellow, but this soon fades to nearly white. Guilding
writes: "It abounds in rainy weather in the underwood about Fort

14 DKYM^EUS, WEST INDIES.

Charlotte and other parts of this island, and when withdrawn into
the shell resembles the pale green side of a reversed leaf, an appear-
ance which renders it difficult to be found, and doubtless protects ij;
from the birds." H. H. Smith found it "common locally, princi-
pally on the leeward side, in rather damp forest hillsides below 1,500
feet. In damp weather it is found on leaves or tree-trunks; conceals
itself at roots of trees in dry weather."

Specimens before me from Mustique do not differ appreciably
from those of St. Vincent. Examples of the shells referred to
stramineus by Weinland and Crosse, from the Haitian localities men-
tioned by the latter are before me, and while very similar to the true
strctmi/teus, I prefer to consider them a variety or species allied to
D. liliqeeus.

Several specimens were collected by Dr. Benj. Sharp on ihe wind-
ward side of Dominica a few years ago, which are so similar to
D. stramineus that I dare not call them anything else, though the
island is rather separated from the well established range of the
species.

Var./am'tfta Smith. PL 12, fig. 8.

Like the type, but banded with purplish black or purplish red.
There are usually four bands on the body-whorl — one at the middle,
one-half way between it and the suture, the third equally distant be-
low the middle, and the fourth around the umbilicus (Smith).

Leeward side of St. Vincent, in dry forest below 1,000 feet, on
leaves in wet weather, or at roots of trees and in crevices of rocks in
dry weather. The animal is green like the allied (typical) form,
and this is probably a variety, but i.t is found in much dryer situa-
tions, principally on the ridges between Cumberland and Largon.
Rarely the two forms are associated ; nowhere common (//. H.
Smith}.

D. MULTIFASCIATUS (Lamarck). PI. 13, figs. 93, 95, 90, 97.

Shell perforate, oblong-conic, thin ; white or yellowish, with Jive
dark purple-brown bands, the uppermost narrow and sutural, the
second about midway between suture and periphery, the third wider,
just above the periphery, the space between these two crimson, or
occasionally the two widen and coalesce ; fourth band the widest ;
fifth a mere crescent around the perforation, the space between bands
iv and v crimson. Surface glossy, with fine growth-lines and minute,

PRYMJLUS, WEST INDIES. 15

crowded, spiral incised lines. Spire rather long, somewhat slender,
the apex somewhat obtuse, with typical Drymtzus sculpture, several
earlier whorls black or blackish. Whorls about 6, somewhat convex,
the sutures rather impressed, defined by a white line.

Aperture short ovate, rather oblique, banded within ; outer lip
thin, a trifle expanded ; columella somewhat concave, its edge re-
flexed above and impressed at the insertion ; the peristome not angular
at juncture of columellar with basal margins.

Alt. 25, diam. 12, length of aperture 10^ mill.

Alt. 23, diam. 12, length of aperture 10 mill.

Martinique, at Fort de France, and Massif des Pitons, living
mainly between 100 and 150 meters alt., on leaves of trees. Guade-
loupe, numerous localities between 375 and 610 meters above the sea
(Maze). Dominica (Angas, Brown, Ramage).

BuUmu? multifasciatus LAMARCK, An. s. Vert, vi, p. 123 (1819) ;

Edit. Desh. viii, p. 233.— DELESSERT, Recueil, pi. 28, f. 3

REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 46, f. 295. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 108 ; iii,
343 ; iv, 406 ; vi, 52 ; vii, 66.; Conchyl. Cab. p. 239, pi. 63, f. 11,
12. — Bulimus (Leiostracus) multifasciatus E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag.
N. H. (6), ii, p. 230, 419. — Balimulus multifasciatus BECK, Index,

p. 65 MAZE, Jour, de Conchyl. 1874, p. 163, with var. albicans ;

also 1883, p. 16.

/ Liostracus multifasciatus FFLD., Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien,
xix, 1869, p. 874.

Helix (Cochlogena) pictnrata FER., Prodr. p. 54, no. 400 — Buli-
mus picturatus POT. and MICH., Galerie, i, p. 147 (1838).

The crimson zones between bands ii and iii, and iv and v remind one
of some forms of D. pcecilus Orb. In some Martinique shells bands
ii and iii are coalescent, and this is perhaps invariable in Dominica
specimens.

Besides the localities recorded above, the species has been re-
ported from Trinidad, Cayenne and La Guayra. The continental
localities are so doubtful and ill-attested that I wholly discredit them.
Lamarck's t} pes probably come from Martinique, as they agree per-
fectly with specimens from that island.

The Guadeloupe form, according to Maze, is quite different from
that of Martinique, and is distinguished by a thin, fragile shell, of a
beautiful light golden-yellow, with numerous transverse bands of vio-
laceous brown on the last three whorls. Whorls 6^. Some specimens

16 DRYM^EUS, WEST INDIES.

measure alt. 33. diam. 14, length of aperture 16 mill.; the ordinary
size of the species being, alt. 25, diam. 12, length of aperture 12 mill.

Of Dominica specimens collected by Ramage, Smith writes:
" Three specimens from Dominica are very different in colouring
from the type as figured by Delessert (Recueil, pi. xxvii, fig. 3}.
They are of a warm reddish-pink color, banded with purple-black.
The upper whorls exhibit two bands, one just beneath the suture and
the other, a trifle broader, rather below the middle. The body-whorl
has a third zone beneath the centre somewhat narrower than the one
above it. The fine spiral striae correspond with those of the typical
form, and the minute pitting of the dark apical whorls is the same."

Var. alMcans Maze. Shell entirely white except the earlier three
whorls, which show faintly three brown bands.

St. Pierre, Martinique, at 200 meters alt.

Var. christopheri Pilsbry, n. v. PL 13, figs. 98, 99.

Similar to D. multifasciatus in texture and sculpture, but without
pink markings, the fourth band with a light-brown border above, the
same tint also appearing around the fifth band and sometimes above
the third; spir<j, stouter, with somewhat convex lateral outlines;
aperture longer, less rounded ; umbilicus more open.

Alt. 25, diam. 12J, length of aperture 12J mill.

St. Christopher (Swift, Bland).

There is also a clear lemon-yellow tinted whitish form of this vari-
ety, agreeing with the banded specimens in contour. Bland has
already reported it from St. Christopher under the name Bulimus
multifasciatus.

W. G. Binney has described the jaw and radula of a shell from
Antigua, which he refers to Liostracus multifasciatus (Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. iii, p. 121).

D. LATICINCTUS (Guppy). PL 13, fig. 94.

Shell perforate, conic-elongate, thin, fuscous or yellow, shining,
decussate, zoned by four dark chestnut bands, of which two are visi-
ble on the upper whorls, the second (reckoning from the suture) be-
ing the widest. Whorls 6, a little convex, regularly increasing, the
last about two-thirds the length of the shell; spire elongate, the apex
acuminate. Aperture semi-oval ; peristome simple, acute, hardly
expanded ; columellar margin reflected over the narrow perforation ;
columella slightly twisted.

DRYM^SUS, WEST INDIES. 17

Alt. 24, diam. 10, length of aperture 10, width 5 mill. (Guppy.)

Var.: like the type, but yellowish or greenish, devoid of color-
bands, and somewhat broader.

Dominica (Guppy, Ramage, G. E. & A. H. Verrill).

Bulimulus laticinctus GUPPY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), i, 1868, p.

431 BLAND & BINN., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x, 1871, p. 81, pi. 2, f. 1,

5 (dentition). — PILSBRY, Trans. Conn. Acad. viii, p. 356. — Buli-
mus (Leiostracus) laticinctus E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6),
ii, p. 230. — Mormus laticinctus W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
iii, p. 122, pi. 12, f. I (radula).

M6re slender and elongated than D. multifasciatus, but similar in
texture and sculpture. The broad second band may be regarded as
formed by the coalescence of bands ii and iii of a 5-banded parent
stock.

D. VINCENTINUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 13, figs. 1-7.

Shell subperforate, fusiform, thin ; white or faintly yellow tinted,
unicolored or with five chestnut or bluish-brown spiral bands, usually
subequal in width, and equidistant, or with the upper and lower in-
tervals slightly wider. Surface glossy, showing fine growth-lines and
minute engraved spiral strise ; spire conic, the apex rather obtuse,
with typical Drymceus sculpture, and usually reddish or blackish in
banded specimens. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last tapering be-
low the periphery.

Aperture oblong, decidedly oblique, the length usually exceeding
twice the width (measured inside),. yellow tinted or showing bands
within ; peristome thin, the lower part of the outer, and the basal
margin well expanded ; columella with convex inner edge, obliquely
truncated at base (figs. 4, 6), with no perceptible fold above ; the
margin triangularly reflexed above, nearly closing the perforation.

Alt. 30, diam. 12, length of aperture 15 mill.

Alt. 261, diam. 12, length of aperture!3J mill.

Trinidad (Guppy and others) ; Tobago (Dr. B. Sharp) ; St. Vincent
(Pfr.).

Bidimus vincentinus PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 30 ; Monogr. ii, p.
103; iii, 338; iv, 397; vi, 44; viii, 56. — REEVE, Conch. Icon,
pi. 55, f. 366. — BLAND, Amer. Jour. Conch, iv, p. 182. — Bulimulus
vincentinus CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1890, p. 42. — GUPPY,
Journ. of Conch, vii, p. 219 (1893). — Bulimulus vincentinus Pfr.,
2

'

18 DRYMJEUS, WEST INDIES.

var.f W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. N. S., Phila., 1874, p. 53 (jaw
and dentition). — Bulimulus (Drymceus) vincentinus Pfr.,E. A. SMITH,
Journ. of Conch, viii, p. 244 (Oct. 1896) ; Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond.
i, p. 305. — Drymaus vincentinus Pfr., var. W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N.
Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 120 (jaw and radula of Tobago specimens). —
Bulimulus multifasciatus Lam., GUPPY, Proc. Scient. Asso. Trini-
dad, 1866, p. 17 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xvii, 1866, p. 49 (exclusive
of var. imperfectus) — Bulimus immaculatus C. B. Ad., GUPPY,
1. c. p. 49, not of C. B. Adams.

The long, narrow, oblique aperture, decidedly expanded lip, effuse
at base, and the abrupt backward bend of the columella belows are
characteristic.

Some specimens show a varix or two, caused by continuation of
growth after an expanded peristome had been formed. Like many
allied species, two forms occur: a five-banded, the typical vincentinus
of Pfeiffer, and a baridless, yellowish-white, which may be known as
form purissimus. Bland writes of the experiences of Gill and Guppy
as follows : " The banded form lives on trees and is found through-
out the colony, being perhaps more common at Monos Island. The
yellowish-white, bandless variety is found on the tops of trees in the
forests over a great part of the island. It is very abundant in some
localities, particularly in some gardens at Port-of-Spain."

Pfeiffer gave the locality St. Vincent, upon whose authority does
not appear. It has not been found there by several naturalists who
have collected land snails on the island, and there is ground for
Bland's belief that it does not occur. D. vincentinus has also been
reported from the mainland in Venezuela. This too requires con-
firmation. The Tobago form (figs. 5, 6, 7) is rather smaller and
more slender than that from Trinidad, and the bands, when present,
are wider. Binney examined the radula of a specimen from this
island.

Var.Jlavotmctus Pilsbry, n. v. PL 12, fig. 11.

Shorter, more ovate, the spire short, whorls hardly 6, almost flat,
the sutures not impressed. Aperture very large; lip broadly ex-
panded below. Glossy, white, with the three earlier whorls and a
basal patch pale yellow.

Alt. 28, diam. 14, length of aperture nearly 16 mill.

Trinidad.

Somewhat like D. eurystomus Phil,

DRYM^EUS, WEST INDIES. 19

D. IMPERFECTUS (Guppj). PL 12, figs. 1, 2, 14.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong conic, thin; milk-white, translu-
cent below the periphery and on the spire, with five chestnut bands,
the second (from above) usually narrowest, the fourth widest, apical
two whorls red-brown. Surface very glossy, under a strong lens
showing delicate growth-lines and minute engraved spiral striae.
Spire straightly conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5^, nearly
flat, the earlier 1^ convex, with typical Drymceus sculpture, the last
whorl perceptibly angular at the periphery in front.

Aperture less than half the shell's length, oblique, ovate ; outer lip
thin, unexpanded, white-edged, the bands not continued quite to the
edge ; columella slightly concave, triangularly reflexed above.

Alt. 15, diam. 7^, length of aperture 7 mill.

Alt. 14, diam. 7, length of aperture 6^ mill.

Southern part of Trinidad (Guppy).

Bulimus multifasciatus var. imperfectus GUPPY, Ann. Mag. N. H.
(3), xvii, 1866, p. 49 ; BLAND, Amer. Jour, of Conch, iv, 1868, p.
184 — B. aureolus var. imperfectus GUPPY, Amer. Jour, of Conch,
vi, p. 308; Jour, of Conch, vii, 1893, p. 219. — Bulimulus (Drymceus)
trinitarius E. A. SMITH, Jour, of Conch, viii, p. 242, pi. 8, f. 7, 7a
(1896) — ? Bulimulus aureolus var. fasciatus GUPPY, Amer. Journ.
Conch, vi, p. 184.

With the band pattern of D. vincentinus, this shell is smaller and
has an aperture and lip of very different form. Description and fig-
ure 14 are from specimens received from Mr. Guppy. The series
of seven before me shows but slight variations.

Mr. E. A. Smith has described the same species as B. trinitarius
(figs. 1,2), apparently overlooking Mr. Guppy's good diagnosis of
imperfectus published thirty years previously. His specimens are a
little larger than those before me, alt. 19, diam. 9, length of aperture
9 mill., with 6 whorls, and the lip is described as somewhat expanded
in front.

It is allied to D. rufolineatus Drouet, but differs somewhat in form
and banding.

D. AUREOLUS (Guppy). PL 12, fig. 3.

Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, rather acuminate, thin, yellow,
shining, translucid ; finely striated by minute and close longitudinal
lines of growth, crossed by finer decussating striae. Whorls 5 to 6,

20 DRYM^US, WEST INDIES.

or in large specimens 6J to 7, scarcely convex, except the last, which
is somewhat carinate. Aperture ovate ; peristome acute, slightly
effuse.

Alt. 25, breadth 10, length of aperture 10 mill. (Guppy.)

Savana Grande, Trinidad, on trees (Guppy).

Bulimus aureolus GUPPY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xvii, 1866, p. 49.
— BLD., Amer. Jour, of Conch, iv, p. 184. — PFR., Monogr., p. 148.
— Bulimulus aureolus GUPPY, Amer. Jour. Conch, vi, p. 307 (exclu-
sive of varieties fasciatus, imperfectus and rawsoni); Jour, of Conch,
vii, p. 218 (exclusive of same varieties); Jour, of Conch, i, p. 109. —
CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 42 — Bulimulus (Drymceus)
aureolus SMITH, Journ. of Conch, viii, p. 241, pi. 8, f. 6.

D. RAWSONI (Guppy). PI. 12, fig. 6.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-conic, rather thin, glossy, milk
white, with the apex and a small area around the columella luff.
Growth' striae fine and faint, decussated by minute engraved spiral
striae. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse, showing typical Drymceus
sculpture. Whorls about 6, slightly convex, the last subangular in
front in young, and slightly so in most adult individuals; tapering
below.

Aperture slightly oblique, oblong, narrowed toward the ends and
acuminate above, white inside ; peristome thin, simple, the outer lip
slightly sinuous, basal lip a trifle expanded, columella straight, ob-
liquely truncated below, the profile view showing a projecting angle
as in D. vincentinus ; margin reflexed above.

Alt. 24, diam. 11, length of aperture 11-llJ mill.

Island of Tobago (Rawson).

Bulimulus aureolus var. rawsoni GUPPY, Amer. Journ. of Conch,
vi, 1871, p. 308, pi. 17, f. 6 — Bulimus (Drymceus) rawsonis H.
ADAMS, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 208, pi. 23, f. 12. — PFR., Monogr. viii,

p. 151 Bulimulus (Drymceus) rawsoni H. Ad., SMITH, Journ. of

Conch, viii, p. 242. — Drymceus rawsonis W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. iii, p. 121 (radula).

Milk white, with yellow apex and columellar streak ; the aperture
decidedly less than half the total length, shaped much as in D. vin-
centinus except that the peristome is not expanded. Mr. Smith in-
cludes it in his Trinidad list, but I know of no record of its occur-
rence outside of Tobago.

DRYMJEUS, WEST INDIES. 21

D. MOSSI (E. A. Smith). PI. 12, fig. 4 ; pi. 39, fig. 6.

Shell elongate, rimate ; white, yellowish at the apex and around
the base ; spire acuminate ; whorls 5 to 6, the upper two embryonic
whorls punctate-reticulate, a little convex, the restless convex, sepa-
rated by slightly oblique sutures, edged below the suture by a very
narrow opaque white line ; sculptured with very delicate oblique
growth-.lines and somewhat waved, extremely fine spiral lines ; last
whorl elongated. Aperture reversed ear-shaped, exceeding half the
total altitude of the shell ; outer lip thin, a little expanded anteriorly ;
columella thin, reflexed over the narrow perforation. Alt. 21^,
diam. 9J, length of aperture 12, width 6^ mill. (Smith.)

Trinidad (W. E. Broadway).

Bulimulus (Drymceus) mossi SMITH, Journ. of Conch, viii, no. 8,
p. 243, pi. 8, f. 8 (Oct. 1, 1896).

In color this species resembles B. Rawsoni of H. Adams. It differs
from that species, however, in form, the more effuse outer lip, and
the more narrowly reflexed columella. In B. Rawsoni the spire is
longer and the aperture shorter than in this species, and the relative
proportions are quite different. The single specimen examined has
been kindly submitted to me for examination by Mr. W. Moss, after
whom I have the pleasure of naming the species. (Smith.)

D. BINOMINIS (Smith). PL 12, fig. 9.

Shell subperforate, somewhat thin, oblong-conic, rather ventricose,
pale reddish-brown or inclining to yellowish-white. Whorls 6, grad-
ually increasing, the last somewhat ventricose, equal to two-thirds of
the length of the shell. Spire conic, sharp. Aperture oblong-oval ;
peristome acute, not expanded ; columellar margin reflexed over the
narrow umbilicus. Dimensions of a typical example, alt. 23, diam.
12, length of aperture 11, width 6 mill. (Guppy.)

Island of Grenada, shady places, 500-1500 feet alt., on trees ;
rather rare (H. H. Smith).

Bulimulus indistinctus GUPPY, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), i, p. 436
(June, 1868). — BLAND, Amer. Jour. Conch, iv, p. 188. — Bulimus
indistinctus Guppy, PFK., Monogr. viii, p. 184. Not B. indistinctus
Pfr. 1852. — Bulimulus (Drym&us) binominis E. A. SMITH, Proc.
Malac. Soc. London, i, p. 316, pi. 21, f. 13 and f. 14, var. lascel-
lesiana.

22 DRYM^EUS, WEST INDIES.

Var. lascellesiana Smith. PL 12, fig. 10.

Of a very dark, almost black, tint, with two narrow yellowish or
whitish transverse zones on the penultimate whorl, and four on the
last. The edge of the peristome is also whitish. The third zone
from the suture is the broadest, and the fourth or basal one is some-
times somewhat indistinct (Smith). It is, I believe, only found on
the Annandale estate, and only on one small part of that — a strip of
land facing west on a rocky mountain side, at an elevation of 1,000
to 1,200 feet (Lascelles).

Mr. Smith's figure shows five bands upon the last whorl.

D. BROADWAYI (E. A. Smith). PL 12, fig. 5.

Shell short, ovate, slightly rimate, thin, subpellucid, whitish-cor-
neOus with a brown band at the suture. Spire short, conic, rather
obtuse and blackish at the apex. Whorls 5, somewhat rapidly in-
creasing, a little convex, earlier two minutely punctate cancellate,
the following a little shining, striated with delicate growth-lines ;
last whorl slightly globose, having slender, oblique, more or less
numerous riblets. Aperture a little exceeding half the total altitude
of the shell; peristome very thin; columellar margin slightly thick-
ened, thinly and narrowly reflexed.

Alt. 14, diam. 8J, length of aperture 8, width 6 mill. (Smith).

Trinidad (W. E. Broadway).

Bulimulus (Drymceus) broadwayi SMITH, Journ. of Conch, viii,
p. 243, pi. 8, f. 9 (Oct. 1, 1896).

Mr. Moss informs me that this very interesting addition to the
fauna was discovered by Mr. W. E. Broadway, who at that time was
an assistant in the Botanic Gardens, Trinidad. We are also in-
debted to him for the discovery of the preceding species (D. mossi).
Mr. Moss, who has received from him a fine series of the Trinidad
shells, has liberally placed one of his three specimens of this species
in the British Museum collection. It is very different from all the
other indigenous forms, and quite distinct from any of the continental
species. The fine rib-like lines of growth on the body-whorl are
peculiar, and the style of coloration is very remarkable. I have
much pleasure in naming this very interesting form after Mr. Broad-
way (Smith).

D. TJNDULATUS (Guilding). PL 13, figs. 77, 78, 79, 80.

Shell perforate and openly rimate, ovate-conic, moderately solid ;

23

white or yellowish with numerous purple-brown longitudinal undula-
ting stripes which are widened at intervals, forming on the body-
whorl four spiral bands of spots, sometimes in part coaleccent spirally,
three on the spire, leaving the umbilical area and a band along the
outside of the lip light ; markings absent on the earlier whorls. Spire
conic, apex rather obtuse, white, with typical Drymaus sculpture.
Whorls about 6, slightly convex, the last not descending.

Aperture vertical, elliptical, narrowed above and below, maculated
inside, one-half the length of the shell ; peristome rather broadly
bordered with white, moderately expanded, the columellar lip dilated,
columella slightly concave, with a faint fold above.

Alt. 28, diam. 13^; alt. of aperture 14 mill.

Alt. 34, diam. 14; alt. of aperture 17 mill.

St. Vincent, on a mountain ridge between Mt. $t. Andrews and the
Grand Bonhomme, about 2000 ft. alt., damp forest, generally on the
leaves of palm trees (H. H. Smith).

Bulimulus undulatus GUILDING, Zool. Journal iv, p 169 — Buli-
nus undulatus SOWB., Conch lllustr, f. 54 — Bulimus undulatus

REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 40, f. 247 PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 95 ; iii,

374; iv, 444; vi, 80; viii, 112; Conchyl. Cab. p. 167, pi. 50, f. 7.
— Bulimus (^Plecochilus} undulatus E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. i,
p. 306. Not Plekocheilus undulatus GLDG., see vol. x, p. 65. —
Bulimulus Jluctuatus BECK, Index, p. 66.

This species has the color-pattern of a typical Drymceus, though
with the lip less expanded than usual. The pattern of scalloped
streaks is broken into spots on the spire, in the usual and typical
form. Figs. 79, 80, copied from Pfeiffer, represent a variety or form
with quite modified color-pattern.

Beck has named three varieties : exalbidus^ subfasciatus and litur-
atus ; the latter only is defined by a reference to Sowerby's Conch,
lllustr. f. 54. This figure is somewhat more slender than my fig. 77,
but has no claims to varietal distinction so far as I can see.

D. ELONGATUS (Bolten). PI. 11, figs. 1-26.

Shell oblong-conic, perforate or closed, solid and strong. White,
yellowish or red, unicolored or variously banded or streaked with
chestnut, chocolate or purplish-brown. Shining, smoothish, with
slight growth-lines and generally minute, sub-obsolete spiral striation.
Spire straightly conic, long, apex rather obtuse. Whorls about 6£,
but slightly convex.

24 DRYM^EUS, WEST INDIES.

Aperture ovate, ochre, red or brown inside, slightly oblique, gen-
erally less than half the shell's length ; outer lip thickened within, a
trifle expanded at the edge; columella subvertical, generally brown,
often white.

Alt. 30, diam. 13^, alt. aperture 15 mill. (Porto Rico.)
Alt. 30, diam. 12, alt. aperture 13 mill. (Porto Rico.)
Alt. 26, dia'm. 12J, alt. aperture 14 mill. (Porto Rico.)
Alt. 27 -J, diam. 14, alt. aperture 14 mill. (Anageda.)
Alt. 27, diam. 12^, alt. aperture 12 mill. (Anageda.)
Alt. 26, diam. 11J, alt. aperture 11^ mill. (S. Eustatius.)
Alt. 31, diam. 13^, alt. aperture 15 mill, (extinctus.)
Alt. 23, diam. 9±, alt. aperture 10 mill. (S. Croix.)
Alt. 33, diam. 14J, alt. aperture 15 mill. (S. Croix.)
Porto Rico, Virgin Is. and Northern Caribbean Is., Curasao and
Bonaire. Porto Rico : Fojardo and Ceibo (Blauner) ; Manati, Are-
cibo, Quebradillas Guanica, Utuado (Gundlach) ; Penuelas (Sinten-
sis) San Juan (Swift). Vieque (Blauner, Swift). Anageda (Cleve).
Tortola (Swift). St. Thomas (Bland, " hills about Baker's," Swift).
St. John (Bland, Swift). St. Croix, Recovery Hill (Riise). St.
Martins, on the mountains (Swift); Simson Bay (Kohlmann, Van
Rijersma). St. Bartholomew (Dr. Cleve). St. Eustatius (F. Ober,
John E. Hill). Antigua (Rev. A. Hamilton). Gaudeloupe (Beau,
Schramm, Bland). Bonaire (Bland). Oruba (Hartert). Curacao
(Raven). Doubtful localities: Martinique (Bid. in coll. A. N. S.).
Caracas, Venezuela (Ernst).

Typical Form.

Helix elongata BOLTEN, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 107, no. 1371, based
upon Chemnitz, ix, pi. 134, f. 1225a (1798). — Bulimus elonc/atus
Bolt., PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 482; vi, 128; viii, 165. — Bulimulus
elongatus E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 113. — Helix
(Cochloaena) virgulata FERUSSAC, Tabl. Syst., p. 54, no. 396 (1822);
Histoire, pi. 142 B, f. 1-7. — Bulimus virgulatus MENKE, Syn.,

edit. 2, p. 27 POT. & MICH., Galerie i, p. 132, pi. 12, f. 7, 8

(young). — PFEIFFER, Monogr. ii, p. 202 ; iii, 421 ; Conchol. Cab.,
p. 161, pi. 46, f. 9, 10. — DESH. in Fer., Hist, ii, p. 91, pi. 150, f. 7,
8. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 49, f. 320. — SHUTTLEWORTH, Diag-
nosen neuer Moll., no. 6, Bern Mittheil., 1854, p. 136. — BLAND in
Adams' Contrib. to Conch., no. 11, p. 220 (1852) Bulimulus vir-

DRYM^EUS, WEST INDIES. 25

gulatus MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1883, p. 18 ; 1890, p. 25

CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1892, p. 24, 62, 66, 67 MARTENS,

Jahrb. D. Mai. Ges. iv, 1877, p. 350; Nachrbl., 1891, p. 132

SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll., p. 153, pi. xv, f. 4
(genitalia), pi. xvii, fig. 6 (teeth) — Otostomus virgulatus MARTENS,
Binnenmoll. Venez., p. 184 (28). — Helix detrita Mull., CHEMNITZ,

Conchyl. Cab. ix, p. 161, pi. 134, f. 1225 a, b. (not of Miiller)

Helix exilis } GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3669.— Bulimus caribce-
orum LAM., Anim. s. Vert, vi, pi. 2, p. 124 (1822); Edit. DESK.,
viii, p. 233 — Bulimuhis caraibceorum BECK, Index, p. 66.

Fossil form.

Bulimus extinctus PFR., Malak. Bl. ii, 1855, p. 103, pi. 4, f. 9, 10 ;
Monogr. iv, p. 470. — Bulimulus extinctus BLD., Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. ii, p. 122.

Blue tipped form.

Bulimus apiculatus GRAY, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 66 — PFR., Monogr.
ii, p. 209 — Bulimus k'dmrnereri MORCH, Catal. Conch. Yoldi, p. 23
(1852) ; no description. — B. virgulatus var., PFEIFFER, Monogr. iii,
p. 421 (1853), referring to Conchyl. Cab. pi. 46, f. 11, 12.

Red color -variety.

Bulimulus protevs GUILDING, in Swains., Malacology, p. 335 (nude
name) of. PFR., Monogr. ii, 202 — Helix ludovica RANG, in Paris
mus. (j*de Pf'r., Monogr. ii, p. 202.) — Bulimus elongatus var. rubra
Pfr., Monogr. iv, p. 482. — Bidimidus virgulatus var. carnea MORCH,
Catal. Yoldi, p. 23 (nude name).

Variety anguiUensis.

Bulimm anguiUensis PFR., Malak. Bl. xii, 1865, p. 123; Novit.
Conch, fasc. 23, p. 281, pi. 69, f. 3-6 ; Monogr. vi, p. 146.

This is one of the most variable species of the genus. The color-
varieties may be arranged as follows :

1. Uniform white, the columella generally brown stained, and in-
terior of aperture olive or brown. Apex generally white, often blue
(fig. 5).

1 a. White or whitish, with three or four spiral bands of chestnut
or purplish, either continuous or interrupted (fig. 6).

1 b. White or whitish, with many narrow longitudinal streaks, no
3

26 DRYMJEUS, WEST INDIES.

bands. This is the typical color-form of the species, historically
(figs. 3, 8).

1 c. The same, but streaks coalescent.

2. Flesh, salmon or scarlet red, paler above. (Form ludovica
<Rang' Pfr., pi. 11, fig. 16).

2 a. Red or reddish, with three spiral bands, subcontinuous or in-
terrupted into spots (figs. 15, 17).

2 b. Red or reddish, with longitudinal streaks, no bands (fig. 13).

3. Dirty white, with blue apex and wide spiral zones composed of
vertical lines or streaks. (Form apiculatus Gray, pi. 11, figs. 4, 12.)

4. Fossil in St. Croix ; rather slender with pyramidal spire of flat
whorls (form extinctus Pfr., pi. 11, f. 24-26.)

5. Small, rather slender, bands when present purplish, " dis-
tinguished from all forms of elongatus by the much more lengthened
contour, narrow aperture and lip-like internal thickening of the peri-
stome" (Form anguillensis Pfr., pi. 11, f. 20-23.)

None of the patterns of coloring seem to be constant or sharply
restricted geographically, although frequently the specimens from
one special locality are alike. Thus of 34 specimens from Porto
Rico there are 7 uniform white, 5 red, 2 red with bands, 5 whitish
with interrupted bands, 10 with narrow streaks, and the rest various
transitions. In Tortola the various forms with red ground color pre-
dominate, but forms 1,15 and Ic also occur. In a series of 27 from
Curacao there are 6 red, 3 red with bands, 2 white, 15 white with
bands or spots (some with the apex blue), and 1 white with streaks.

While I have above given the names applied to various forms, 1
do not regard them as of subspecific value ; my conclusions being
based upon a series of some hundreds of shells covering every island
mentioned in the above paragraph of geographic distribution.

B. extinctus Pfr. (pi. 11, figs. 24-26), originally described from
one specimen, is shown by my series to be absolutely equivalent to
elongatus (virgulatus), numerous specimens intergrading perfectly.
It is from Pleistocene deposits of St. Croix.

B. anguillensis Pfr. (pi. 11, figs. 20-23), is typically rather small,
slender and pale colored. It also intergrades with virgulatus through
the form apiculatus Gray (kammereri Morch). Typical anguillensis
is from Anguilla, but a series of twenty shells from St. Croix (pi.
11, figs. 18, 19) exactly correspond in form and color, but are thinner,
with the lip hardly thickened ; these being the thinnest specimens of

DRYM^EUS, WEST INDIES. 27

the species I have seen. Some of the St. Martin and St. Barts ex-
amples might also be called " anguillensis." It seems to be an ill-
defined or incipient subspecies.

Red forms, both plain and banded, occur on Porto Rico (rare),
Tortola, Bonaire and Cura9ao ; also Guadaloupe and Martinique.
It is possible that the specimens from the latter two islands are an
importation. If so, the anomaly of the occurrence of virgulatus in
Cura9ao is even more accentuated ; but that island has also a species
of Cerion, a genus not occurring in the Caribbees, but common on
the Virgin Islands.

Figs. 1-4 are from Porto Rico shells ; 5, 6, Anageda ; 7, 8, St.
Thomas; 12, St. Eustatius; 13-17, Tortola; 18, 19, St. Croix;
20-23, Anguilla; 24-26, St. Croix.

D. MULTILINEATUS (Say). PI. 11, figs. 27-33.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-pyramidal, solid; opaque white,
faintly blue- or brown-tinted, becoming purplish-blue on the earlier
whorls, irregularly obliquely streaked with chestnut, having a blackish
chestnut band below the suture and an umbilical patch of the same, usu-
ally with a basal band also, and often another narrow one a short
distance below the sutural band. Surface slightly shining, densely
but rather obsoletely striated spirally. Spire long, straightly conic,
the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 7, rather convex, the last decid-
edly so.

Aperture oblique, oblong-ovate, streaked within, its length con-
tained nearly or quite 2^ times in that of the shell ; peristome simple,
broadly dark -bordered inside and out; columella concave, dilated
and sub-appressed above.

Alt. 25, diam. 10.8 ; alt. of aperture 10 mill.

Alt. 24, diam. 10.5; alt. of aperture 10.2 mill.

Florida: Key West, Balda Honda Key and Lower Matacumba
Key; north to Marco. Yucatan: Sisal (Morel et). Colombia: Santa
Marta, Magdalena, Bambo Bay and Barranquilla (Swift, Bland),
Savanilla and Carthagena (Gibbons). Venezuela: Maracaibo and
Puerto Cabello (Swift), Valencia (Simon), Aagostura or Ciudnd Boli-
var (Gruner, Swift). Island of Curacao (Swift, Gibbons).

Bulimus multilineatus SAY, Journ. Acad. Phil, v, p. 120 (1825).
— PFR. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 204 — Mesembrinus multilineatus
TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch, iii, p. 169, pi. 9 (13), fig, 11, 12,^-

28 DRYM^US, WEST INDIES.

Bulimulus (Mesembrinus) multilineaius BINNEY & BLAND, Land

and Fresh-water Shells of N. A., i, p. 197, fig. 344 FISCH. &

CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 545. — Bulimulus mul-
tilineatus BINNEY, Terr, air-breath. Moll, of N. A. v, p. 395 ;

Manual of Am. Land-Shells, p. 404, fig. 443 DALL, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 260 — GIBBONS, Journ. of Conch. (Leeds), ii,
p. 136. — Bulimus menkei, GRUNERin Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. 1841,
p. 277, pi. 11, fig. 2.— PFR. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 176 ;
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. -Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 190,
pi. 49, figs. 19, 20 — Bulimus (Mesembrinus) menkei ALBERS, Die

Helic, ed. I, p. 157 PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 158 (1855)

Bulimulus (Mesembrinus^) menkei, VON MART, in Albers' Die Helic.
ed. 2, p. 214 — Otostomus (Mesembrinus) menkei, MART., Binnen-
moll. Venezuela's p. 28 ; Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll., p. 235. — Mesem-

brinus menkei Jouss., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, ii, p. 241 Bulimus

sisalensis MORELET, Test. Noviss. i, p. 9 (1849), ii,p. 27 — Bulimus
venosus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 45, fig. 285 — Bulimus
virgulalus (Ferussac), LEIDY, in Binney's Terr, air- breath. Moll, of
N. A. i, p. 259, pi. 15, figs. 7, 8 (anatomy). — BINNEY, op. cit. ii, p.
278, pi. 58. — Bulimus parvus LEA, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vi,
p. 84, pi. 23, f. 96 (June, 1838) ; Obs. Gen. Unio, ii, p. 84, pi. 23,
f. 96.

The geographic range of this species is remarkably discontinuous,
but with large series before me from Venezuela, Colombia and Flor-
ida, I am compelled to agree with von Martens and others that no
specific separation is possible. There are, however, one or two in-
cipient subspecies in South America. These are too ill-defined to
deserve names, but as the tendency toward differentiation exists, I
have below used the names already given. The South American
forms are doubtless the parent stock, and the Floridian probably a
colony introduced by some " accidental " or rarely efficient agency.

The typical Floridian form always has the earlier whorls dark blue
with a light subsutural border, and the color-pattern of the whole shell
is well developed. Some South American shells (form menkei Gruner,
pi. 11, fig. 33) also show these characteristics ; but the majority have
the earlier portion of the spire white or rose-tinted, and very frequently
the color-pattern throughout is weaker, spiral bands absent (fig. 31)
or all the streaks lost except a few on the latter part of the last whorl
(fig. 30, Yaracui, Venezuela).

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 29

The shells from Curayao often lack the subsutural and umbilical
markings, and show traces of a peripheral band (fig. 32), but occa-
sionally lack all spiral bands ; the apex generally white. They are
readily distinguishable from D. elongaim Bolt., which occurs on the
same island, the only locality to my knowledge where the two are
associated.

Form parvus Lea. (PI. 25, figs. 37, 38 ; vol. XI, pi. 25, f. 58.)
In Colombia, at Carthagena and Barranquilla, a very pale form
occurs, the purple on spire either faint or of typical intensity
oblique streaks varying from numerous to very few, of paler tint
than typical ; spiral bands faint, subobsolete in the adult, subsutural
and umbilical bands wanting ; outer lip with an ochraceous border
inside.

Lea's type specimen of B. parvus (see vol. XI, pi. 25, fig. 58), is
a half-grown shell, dead and lusterless, with purple tip, radially
striped base and with a single narrow, occasionally interrupted tawny
band on the upper whorls, with some spots indicating the presence of
the other band mentioned in the description ; the periphery is ab-
ruptly angular; whorls 5 J ; alt. 13, diam. 7 mill. It corresponds
exactly with young of the form figured on pi. 25, figs 37, 38. The
type of parvus is no. 105077 U. S. National Museum. The shell has
been broken and repairt, 1.

I have not seen specimens from Yucatan, but there is no doubt of
their essential identity with multilineatus, as they have the same form,
size and coloration, "apex violet-bluish."

III. SPECIES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Of the 50 or more species of the genus known from this area, all
of which the apices have been examined show the grated sculpture
typical of Drymceus. The species have been distributed among var-
ious subgenera by authors ; thus Dr. von Martens, in his excellent
account in the Biologia Centrali Americana, recognizes the subgenera
DrymczuS) Mesembrinus, Mormus and Scutalus, though he evidently
lays no great stress upon them ; and previous authors accept even
more groups. Of these subgenera, Scutalus is a subordinate group
of Btdimuhtt) and is here misapplied ; the type of Mormus probably
has no close genetic relation to Mexican species ; and between Dry-
mceus and Mesembrinus there is a complete chain of intermediate
forms. Under these circumstances, subgeneric divisions having any

30 DRYMJSUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

natural basis whatever, cannot be made ; and while there is a great
variety of forms among the several species, they must still be re-
garded as a nearly homogenous assemblage.

The origin of the main mass of this stock may be traced to forms
emigrating from the adjacent portion of South America, at various
times, probably beginning immediately after the last interruption of
communication between the two oceans at the Isthmus, and contin-
uing to the present day. A small number of forms, including prob-
ably D. domim'cus, totonacus, and some of their allies, were possibly
derived frpm the Antilles by way of Cuba and Yucatan ; though the
ancestors of this fauna also were ultimately from the Spanish main.
That the Mexican Drymcevs species are comparatively recent intrud-
ers from South America, is shown by their close alliance to Colom-
bian forms, most of the "groups" into which the species fall being in-
separable from those of northern South America, and by the fact that
the number of these " groups " becomes much greater as we go
southward, from northern Mexico to Costa Eica. Were they an old
constituent of the Mexican fauna, we would expect peculiarly Mexican
types, such as occur among Helices, etc.

In the following account of the species, I have quoted largely
from Dr. von Martens, whose work on this genus, in the Biologia,
is worthy of high praise ; though the material studied has caused me
to reach different results in some instances, as would be expected.
With the earlier great work of Crosse & Fischer, Strebel & Pfeffer's
Beitrage, and von Martens' Biologia, the Mexican Bulimulid fauna
may be considered comparatively well known ; though so numerous
are the local races and closely allied species that much doubtless re-
mains to be done.

Mexican Groups of Drymaus.
a. Peristome conspicuously expanded.

b. A broadly open rimation ; no spiral stria?.

Group of D.josephus, p. 31.

£>'. Perforation narrow. Group of D. serperastrum, p. 33.
a'. Peristome but slightly or not expanded.

b. Short-oval, no spiral striae, peristome colored.

Group of D. tripictus, p.

bf. Elongated, moderately opaque, and usually streaked or
spotted.

DRYMuEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 31

c. More or less wrinkled or plicatulate.

Group of D. sitlcosus, p.

c1. Smoother. Group of D. attenuates, p.

I". Elongated, thin, often translucent, unicolored or with
bands or rows of spots ; spirally striated, nearly smooth,
glossy. Group of D. totanacus, p.

Group of D. sulphureus, p.
Group of D. altemans, p.
bf". Elongated, rather opaque, streaked or banded.

Group of D. multilineatus, p. 27.

GROUP OF D. JOSEPHUS.
D. ZHORQUINENSIS (Angas). PL 26, figs. 14, 15.

Shell perforate and openly rimate, ovate-conic, rather solid ; whit-
ish, with oblique, spaced brown streaks, narrower than their inter-
vals. Surface smooth, marked with slight growth lines. Spire conic,
the apex rather obtuse ; whorls nearly seven, convex, the first with
typical Drymam sculpture, the last full, very convex below, ascend-
ing toward the lip.

Aperture vertical, ovate, the peristome very broadly expanded,
white; columellar margin broadly dilated, channelled at its junction
with the whorl ; columella with a deep spiral fold. Alt. 44, diameter
23J, length of aperture 23^ mill.

S.-E. Costa Rica: middle Zhorquin to Cuabre, on low hills and flat
ground (Gabb).

Bulimus zhorquinensis ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 478, pi. 40, f. 4.
Otostomus zhorquinensis MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 202. — Buli-
mulus (Scutalus) pallidior, "specimens from Costa Rica," DALL,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 640.

Allied to D.josephus only, among known Mexican shells, though
as Angas remarks, the great expansion of the peristome gives it a
resemblance to D. expansus, Pfr., which also has a widely-open
rimation. Angas' figures (which are copied on my plate) do not
show the broad flare of the columellar lip very well. The brown
streaks are also closer than in the specimen in the Academy collec-
tion. Somewhat worn and decolored specimens collected by Senor
Zeledon in Costa Rica were referred by Dall to B. pallidior, which
they much resemble.

32 DRYM^TJS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

D. JOSEPHUS (Angas). PI. 26, figs. 6-13.

Shell oblong-turreted, broadly rimate, thin but solid ; white with
thin pale buff cuticle, unicolored or with longitudinal stripes or spiral
series of spots of brown. Surface glossy, smooth, the growth-lines
inconspicuous, some very fine spiral lines generally to be seen on the
base, under a strong lens. Spire long, conic, with convex or nearly
straight lateral outlines, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, convex, the
apical with typical Urymceits sculpture, the last very convex and
full below, slightly ascending in front.

Aperture decidedly less than half the length of shell, ovate, the
peristome thin ; broadly expanded, columellar margin very much
dilated, impressed or channelled at the insertion above, the outer edge
produced in a wide lobe ; columella with a deeply entering fold.

Alt. 32, diam. 14^, length of aperture 15 mill.

Alt. 32J, diam. 15, length of aperture 13J mill.

Alt. 30, diam. 14J, length of aperture 13 mill.

Puerto Viejo, on the Rio Sarapfgui, in N.~E. Costa Rica (Biolley);
San Jose (Boucard) and Talamanca (Gabb) in central ; and on the
banks of Rio Pacuare del Sur^ in its middle course at about 500 meters
alt., valley of the upper Savegal, at 1000 meters alt., and in tlie ivoods
near Terr aba ; Quelrada de Tocori in the valley of the Rio Paquete,
and El Pital in the valley of the Rio Naranjo, in S.~ W. Costa Rica
(Pittier).

Bulimus josephus ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 73, pi. 5, f. 13, 14;

1879, p. 478 Otostomus josephus MART., Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll.,

p. 202, with var. maculosus, pi. 12, f. 7, and var. concolor, pi. 12, f.

8-10 (Aug., 1893) Bulimulus (Leptolyrsus} zeledoni DALL, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus. xvi, p. 644, pi. 71, f. 2 (Nov. 23, 1893).

Closely resembles D. zhorquinensis in the form of the umbilicus,
peristome and columella, as wrell as in the color pattern ; but smaller,
with longer spire and less dilated last whorl.

The typical color-form (figs. 11, 12) is striped longitudinally with
brown, the stripes either straight or somewhat angulated.

Color- var. maculosus Martens (fig. 9), has four series of square
spots. It is from the banks of the Rio Pacuare del Sul, in south-
western Costa Rica.

Color-var. concolor Mart. (figs. 6, 7, 8, 10, 13), uniform pale yel-
lowish. Occurs in N.-E., Central and S.-W. Costa Rica. Ball's
B. zeledoni (fig. 13) is a synonym.

DRYM^US, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 33

GROUP OF D. SERPERASTRUM.

D. DOMBEYANUS (Ferussac). PI. 2G, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Shell rimate-umbilicate, ovate-acuminale, white, solid, longitudi-
nally rugose. Spire acuminate ; whorls 7, flattened. ColumelJa
nearly straight, brown. Aperture oval-oblong, brown in the throat ;
peristome brown, very broadly expanded and reflexed ; the columellar
margin dilated (Pfr.). Alt. G2, diam. 34, length of aperture 38 mill.

Central Mexico : On the slope of the hill Ajusco, near the city of
Mexico (Hahn, var.) ; IF. Mexico: Venta de Zopilotc, State of Guer-
rero (H. H. Smith).

Helix dombeyana, Ferussac, in Mus. Paris, PFR. Symb. Hist.

Helic. ii, p. 76 (1842) (without description) Bulimus dombeyanus^

PFR. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii, p. 114 (1842), iii, p. 83 (1846) (first
description of the shell) ; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 57, vi. p. 38.
— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 30, f. 186. — Bulimus (Dry-

miens') dombeyanus, PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 151 (1855) Bull-

mulus ( Otostomus) dombeyanus, v. MART, in Albers' Die Helic. ed.

2, p. 211 ; Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 23 (1865) Balimulus (Scutalus)

dombeyanus, FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Sclent. Mex., Mollusca, i, p.
515 — Lymnaa ruyosa* VALENC., in Humboldt & Bonpland's Obs.
Zool.,ii, p. 250, pi. 56, fig. 5 (young) (1833).

Bulimus alcantarce, BERNARDI. Journ. de Conch., iv. p. 35, pi. 3.

fig. 1 (1853).— PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 393 Bulimulus

dombeyanus, var. p, FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,

1, p. 516. — Bulimulus dombeyanus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land und
Siissw. -Conch, v, p. 74, pi. 7, fig. 3a, b.

The largest species of the genus. The variety alcantara Bernard!
(pi. 26, figs. 4, 5) is distinguished by its white peristome. Von
Martens writes as follows : Of three full-grown specimens before me,
two exhibit the prominent edge of a former lip on the back of the
last whorl, one-third or one-half of the circumference backwards frcm
the aperture. The color of the peristome varies in these specimens
from very pale brown to white, which proves that B. alcantarce can
scarcely be distinguished even as a variety ; Strebel came to the same
conclusion. The interior of the aperture is also, in the variety,
brownish. The young specimen from Venta de Zopilote (pi. 26, figs.

2, 3), has a pale-brown band immediately below the angular periph-
ery, as in the figure given by Valenciennes.

34 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

It is a curious fact that previous to the year 1882 no exact locality
was known for this very remarkable shell, the largest of the Mexican
species of this genus. It seems that in the Paris Museum it has been
mixed with shells collected by Mr. Dombey in Peru, or rather Chili:
see Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. ed. I, vi, p. 141,
Auricula (Chilina) dombeyana, and ibid. p. 76, Helix peraviana,
identical with laxata, Fer., which botli inhabit Chili and not Peru;
hence the name " dombeyanus" and the erroneous indication of
Peru as habitat. Bernard! 's assertion that his specimen came from
the Solomon Islands is still less trustworthy.

The name alcantarce was given in honor of the then Prince-Royal
of Portugal, Dom Pedro de Alcantara, afterwards king (1861).

D. FENESTRATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14.

Shell rimate-umbilicate, conic-ovate, rather solid, sculptured with
oblique minutely undulating, close stride and some spiral impressed
lines; brown-whitish, painted with five interrupted blackish bands;
spire conic, rather acute, pale flesh colored above. Whorls 7, a
little convex, the last very shortly ascending in front, narrowed and
rounded at base.

Aperture oval-oblong, little oblique, a little exceeding half the
shell's length; columella pliciform, receding, intense violaceous;
throat violaceous-brown ; peristome rather widely reflexed, white ;
columellar margin somewhat dilated, white ; parietal callus distinct,
violaceous (Mart.).

Alt. 51, diam. 26, length of aperture 28 mill.

ManzaniUo near Colima, western Mexico (Pieschel).

Bulimus fenestratus PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 29 ; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent., ii, p. 101 — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v., Bulimus, pi. 36, fig. 214.
Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) fenestratus H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Moll. ii.
p. 157. — Bulimulus (Scutalus) fenestratus FISCH. and CROSSE, Miss.
Scient. Mex. Mollusca, i, p. 528. — Bulimulus (Otostomus) piescheli
v. MART, in Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1863, p. 541 ; Malak. Blatt.

xii, p. 22, pi. 1, fig. 10 (1865) Bulimus piescheli PFR., Monogr.

Helic. Vivent, vi. p. 38 — Bulimulus (Scutalus) piescheli FISCH. and
CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 509. — Bulimulus pies-
cheli STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sussw.-Conch. v, p. 77.
Otostomus fenestratus v. MART., Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 200,
pi. 12, f. 1, 1 a, b.

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 35

Fig. 11 is Pfeiffer's original fenestratus ; figs. 12-14 represent the
unique type of piescheli Mart.

This species, writes von Martens, is somewhat intermediate be-
tween 0. dombeyanns and 0. lilacinus, but is nearer to the latter,
from which it differs chiefly in the much rougher, wrinkled and
malleated sculpture. The apex is unicolorous white with a reddish
hue. and smooth ; the band commences on the third whorl, and only
three are visible on all whorls except the last, the two others being
concealed by the following whorl. The sculpture consists of broad
raised wrinkles, most of which are covered by much finer undulated
lines.

I have seen only one specimen (pi. 7, figs. 12-14), collected at the
above-mentioned locality and given to the Berlin Museum by Herr
Pieschel, once Secretary of the Prussian Embassy to Mexico. From
Reeve's figure it is evident that the original specimen of Pfeiffer's
Bulimus fenestratus in Cum ing's collection belongs to the same
species ; but in the German collections this name has been applied
by Philippi to another species, in which the light intervals between
the dark bands and streaks have not the appearance of bow- or bay-
windows, but the interrupted brown bands themselves represent
square windows.

Pfeiffer himself seems to have confounded afterwards his own
species with another, figured by Philippi as " B. fenestratus " (see
0. dunkeri, Pfr.), as the specimen from Pfeiffer's collection de-
scribed and figured by Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land und Siissw.-
Conch. v, p. 75, t. 6, fig. 19, evidently belongs to the latter; there-
fore neither the name of Liebmann as collector,) which is not men-
tioned by Pfeiffer in the first description,) nor its position in the
subgenus DrymcEus, close to B. dunkeri (Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt.
1855, p. 151), can be safely quoted for this species.

D. LILACINUS (Reeve). PI. 7, figs. 1-10.

Shell umbilicate, oblong-pyramidal, rather solid, somewhat roughly
striate ; white, ornamented with purple-brown bands which are here
and there interrupted. Spire long conic, rather acute ; whorls 7^ to
8, a little convex, the last about two-sevenths the entire length, base
somewhat compressed around the rather wide, compressed, violaceous
umbilicus. Columella inflated, somewhat twisted, lilac colored.
Aperture little oblique, semioval-auriform, lilac within, banded ;

36 DRYMuEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

peristome broadly expanded, white, the columellar margin much
dilated, vaulted. Alt. 47, diam. 18, length of aperture inside, 18
mill. (Pfr.)

Western and southwestern Guatemala ; Nicaragua.

Bulimus lilacinus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 74, fig.
532 (1849) (young specimen). — PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii,
p. 326 — Bulimus (Drymceus) lilacinus PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p.
151 (1855). — Otostomus (ffamadryas) lilacinus H. & A. ADAMS,
Gen. Moll, ii, p. 150 — Bulimulus (Drymceus) lilacinus ALBERS,
Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 211 — FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex.,

Mollusca, i, p. 479, pi. 20, figs. 1, 2 ; pi. 24, figs. 5, 5a Otostomus

(Drymceus} lilacinus v. MART., Conch. Mittheil. ii, p, 191 ; Biol.
Centr. Amer., Moll, p. 201, pi. 12, f. 3-6. — Bulimus patricius
REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 81, fig. 600 (Dec. 1849).

"According to the MS. notes of Dr. O. Stoll, this species, and
especially the var. unicolor, is characteristic of the forests of the west-
ern or Pacific slope of the Guatemalan Cordillera, at an elevation of
between 3000 and 4000 feet above the sea, descending in some local-
ities nearly to 2000 feet. The specimen collected by Mr. Champion
at El Reposo in the lowlands between Retalhuleu and the Pacific
coast is remarkably small, attaining only 36^ millim. in length ; it
exhibits, nevertheless, the remains of an older expanded aperture
(such as is often to be seen in 0. dombeyanus) at the back of the last
whorl, which corresponds to a length of 30 millim. This early build-
ing of an aperture, as if it were adult, seems to indicate a longer in-
terruption or slowness of growth, caused by unfavorable conditions of
the locality. The var. d, which I know only from the description
and figure of Fischer and Crosse, closely resembles, at first sight, 0.
chiapensis.' ' ( Martens. )

Von Martens gives the following varieties :

a. Typical (figs. 1, 2, 3). 4-5 purple brown bands, striolate, fre-
quently interrupted ; throat violaceous ; peristome yellow-bordered
outside. (Reeve, fig. 600 ; Fisch. & Crosse, pi. 20, fig. 1, 2.)

S. W. Guatemala: San Augustin, department of Solola (Bocourt) ;
same locality, at an elevation of 3000 feet above the sea (Stoll).

b. Undulosus (fig. 4). ' Pale violaceous, with undulating vio-
laceous streaks ; throat violaceous, peristome yellow outside.

W. Guatemala : Hacienda de las Nubes, Cerro Zunil, Pacific slope,
4000 feet alt. (Champion).

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 37

c. Unicolor : white, the columella only violaceous, peristome
yellow outside.

Bulimulus (Drymaus) lilacinus var. /3, FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 479. — Bulimulus delattrei, schlanke
Lokalform, STOLL, Guatem. Reisen, p. 198 (1886).

W. Guatemala: Cholhuitz (Stoll); Cerro Zunil 4000 feet; El
JReposo 1000 feet (Champion) ; Hacienda Buenavista and Hacienda
Helvetia, in virgin forest, at an elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet,
descending in some localities to about 2000 feet (Stoll); Cuesta be-
tween Antigua and Escuintla (Stoll).

d. Crossei (figs. 5, 6). White, with three narrow brown continu-
ous bands, the peristome whitish outside.

Bulimulus (Drymaus) lilacinus var. y, FISCH. & CROSSE, loc. cit.
p. 479, pi. 24, fig. 5, 5a.

N. Guatemala: Aha Vera Paz (Sarg).

e. Jansoni (figs. 7, 8, 9). Fleshy, whitish, with 4 purple-brown
interrupted bands, and some narrow streaks ; peristome whitish out-
side, the throat roseate. Alt. 46, diam. 22, apert. 24 mill.

Nicaragua (Janson).

f. Ictericus (fig. 10). More slender, unicolored, yellow, the colu-
mella only violaceous.

W. Guatemala, Cerro Zunil (Champion).

D. SERPERASTRUM (Say). PI. 9, figs. 34-41.

Shell umbilicate, oblong-ovate, thin but moderately strong ; white
or ochre tinted, with six blackish bands, the upper four or all of them
irregularly interrupted into oblong spots, bands iii and iv frequently
having the spots coalescent ; in some specimens all markings absent.
Surface shining, somewhat wrinkled and finely malleated, the degree
of rugosity very variable ; some fine interrupted spiral lines generally
visible under the lens. Spire long, conic, the apex rather obtuse,
with typical Drymaus sculpture. Whorls 6 to 6§, moderately convex.
Aperture ovate, banded within ; peristome expanded, white, thin,
the columellar margin reflexed above.

Alt. 38, diam. 18, length of aperture 18 mill. (Say's type.)
Alt. 35, diam. 16, length of aperture 16 mill. (Ticul.)
Alt. 33, diam. 16±, length of aperture, 17 mill. (Ticul.)
Alt. 30, diam. 14, length of aperture, 15 mill. (Sitilpech.)
Alt. 33^, diam. 13£, length of aperture, 15 mill. (Tekanto.)

38 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Bulimus serperastrus SAY, New Harmony Disseminator, Jan. 1,
1829, p. 25 (ed. Binney, p. 30).— PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii,
p. 102; iii, p. 341 ; and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab.
ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 82, pi. 32, fig. 1, 2, pi. 39, fig. 5 — REEVE,
Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 40. fig. 252. — PHILIPPI, Abbild. neuer
Conch, iii, p. 97, Bulimus, pi. 9, fig. 6. — BINNEY, Terr. Air-breath.
Moll. N. Am., ii, p. 274, pi. 50, fig. 2, and iv, p. 126 — Bulimus
(Drymaus) serperastrus PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 152 (1855). —
Bulimulus (Drymceus} serperastrus v. MART., in Albers' Die Helic.,

ed. 2, p. 212 BINNEY & BLAND Land and Fresh-water Shells of

N. Am., i, p. 192, fig. 334, 335 (the latter copied from a drawing by
Mrs. Say) — FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p.
488, pi. 24. fig. 4 (copied from Mrs. Say's drawing) — Drymaus
serperastrus TRYON, in Am. Journ. Conch, iii, p. 167, pi. 9 (13),

fig. 4 Bulimulus serperastrus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land und

Su'ssw. -Conch, v, p. 83, pi. 6, fig. 12. — STEARNS, North Amer.
Fauna no. 7, p. 274 — Bulimus liebmanni PFR., in Zeitschr. fur

Malak. 1846, p. 158; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 106 Bulimus

ziebmanni (error for liebmanni} REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus,

pi. 70, fig. 506 Bulimus (Mesembrinus} liebmanni ALBERS, Die

Helic. ed. i, p. 157. — Orlhalicus (Mesembrinus) liebmanni H. & A.
ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 157. — Bulimus nitelinus REEVE,
Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 59, fig. 398 (young specimen). — Bull'
mus paivanus PFR., in Malak. Blatt. xiii, p. 81 (1866); Novit.
Conch, iii, p. 309, pi. 75, fig. 4, 5 ; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p.
35. — Bulimulas (Drymceus) paivanus Fisci-i. & CROSSE, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 490, pi. 21, fig. 1, la. — Bulimulus
paivanus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land und Su'ssw. -Conch, v, p.
82, pi. 6, fig. 11 ; pi. 12, fig. 18; pi. 13, fig. 12 (radula), pi. 14,
fig. 9 G. (genitalia), 10 A, B, D, 11 ; pi. 16, fig. 3 (jaw) — Otostomvs
paivanus v. MART., Conch. Mittheil. ii, p. 192. — Otostomus serper-
astrum v. MART., Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 203.

E. Mexico : on the road between Vera Cruz and Mexico (Say) ;
Jalapa (Ho'ge); Tierra Colorada, between JaJapa and Vera Cruz
(Dona Estefania); Paso de San Juan and Loma de Piedra on the Rio
Jamapa, near Vera Cruz ; and between Paso de Ovejas and the plan-
tation of Mirador (Strebel); Bobo, near the Port of Vera Cruz (Ho'ge);
Vera Cruz, in the littoral region (Berendt). N.-E. Mexico : Hidalgo,
Tamaulipas (Wm. Lloyd). Yucatan: Sisal (Morelet); Port of

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 39

Silam, Ticul, Tekanto, Sitilpech and Uxmal (Heilprin, Baker
et al.).

Seems to range from the State of Tamaulipas to Yucatan, where,
in the northern part of the peninsula at least, it is a common species.
Although extremely variable in coloration, form and size, it is readily
recognized, and not closely allied to any species but the following.

Fig. 35 is copied from a drawing by Mrs. Say of the type speci-
men, which is still extant in the collection of the Academy. It is
the largest shell of a considerable series before me.

Binney records serperastrum from Texas, but without giving any
definite locality. Its occurence north of the Rio Grande requires
confirmation, as it has not been found in Texas during the last forty
years or more.

D. ZIEGLERI (Pfeiffer). PL 40, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell oblong-conic, rather slender, perforate; opaque white, uni-
colored or with a few oblong spots arranged in vertical rows, or
interrupted bands (six in number when most developed) of dark
brown: surface lightly striatulate and showing fine faint spiral lines
under the lens. Spire long, apex obtuse, yellowish-corneous, with
typical Drymceus sculpture. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last
somewhat tapering below.

Aperture less than half the shell's length, oblong, the lip slightly
expanded below, columellar lip reflexed ; columella nearly straight.

Alt. 29, diam. 12^, length of aperture 13^ mill.

Mazatlan, N.-W. Mexico, also Altata (Stearns).

Bulimulus ziegleri PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 113, exclusive of var. j3.
Orthalicus ziegleri CPR., Maz. Catal., p. 177. Bulimulus zieglen

BINNEY, L. and F.-W. Sh., N. A., i, p. 193, f. 336 STEARNS,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvii, p. 165. — Bulimus caltfornicus Reeve.

The description and figures 4, 5, are from Mazatlan specimens
in the collection of the Academy. These vary from whitish without
markings to sparsely spotted, and finally to as fully developed a pat-
tern as D. serperastrum. Perhaps Carpenter's Orthalicus f mexicanus
(Maz. Cat. p. 177) was a banded specimen ; it was a solitary shell.
Fig. 6 is copied from Binney's figure of a specimen received from
Pfeiffer.

Closely allied to D. serperastrum, but more slender, smoother,
more polished than most specimens of that species, and showing

40 DRYMJEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

microscopic, close spiral striae more clearly on the base. The main
distinction, however, is geographic, serperastrum being an eastern,
ziegleri a western form. So far as present information goes, its
range is separated from that of serperastrum by the table-land of
Mexico.

The original description of B. ziegleri Pfr., which was drawn from a
small or immature specimen, is as follows: Shell subperforate, ovate-
conic, thin, closely striatulate, obsoletely decussated with spiral lines,
under the lens ; whitish ; spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 6, a
trifle convex, the last subangulate in the middle, a little shorter than
the spire ; columella a little receding ; aperture oval ; peristome sim-
ple, the columellar margin narrowly reflexed, subappressed. Long.
21, diam. 10 mill. Aperture 10 mill, long., 6 wide (Pfr., Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1846, p. 113). Locality unknown.

A var. P, with the shell pellucid, buff, encircled by chestnut bands,
on the upper whorls interrupted into spots, is also described. This
variety is figured by Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 58, f. 389. Von Mar-
tens refers it to B. emeus Say. Probably it has nothing to do with
the typical ziegleri.

In the Monographia, Pfeiffer gives the localities Central America
(Largilliert) and Mexico ? (Liebinann). Pfeiffer furnished to Bin-
ney the shell figured as ziegleri in L. and F.-W. Sh. N. A., p. 193,
f. 336. Carpenter records it from Mazatlan, as Orthalicus ziegleri
(Maz. Catal. p. 177).

From the series before me, I am disposed to consider the Mazatlan
ziegleri as identical with californicus specifically; the description of
the latter here follows :

B. californicus Reeve (pi. 49, fig. 34). "Shell somewhat acumin-
ately ovate, rather thin, scarcely umbilicated ; whorls 6 in number,
smooth ; columella reflected ; lip simple. Cream color, encircled with
interrupted transverse blue-black zones."

Gulf coast of Lower California (Stearns), or perhaps mainland
coast of the Gulf; California (Hartweg, according to Reeve).

Bulimus californicus REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 56, f. 378 (Dec.,

1848). PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 122. — BINNEY, Land and F.-W. Sh.

N. A., i, p. 199, f. 345 — Bulimulus (Drymaus) californicus DALL,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvi, 1893, p. 641 — STEARNS, ibid, xvii, 1894,
p. 165.

As stated above, this is apparently the much variegated extreme

DRYM^US, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 41

of the typically spotless ziegleri. It is of course not found in Cali-
fornia in the present limits of that State, and probably not on the
peninsula.

D. LATTREI (Pfeiffer). PI. 8, figs. 15-26, 28.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, thin but rather solid ; white or whit-
ish, either unicolored, or 4 or 5 banded, or longitudinally streaked
with brown or purple-brown. Surface shining, irregularly striated,
finely malleated, and usually showing fine spiral lines in places.
Spire conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5§-6^, but slightly convex,
the last large, oval.

Aperture large, but slightly oblique, colored within like the out-
side; outer lip reflexed, white; columellar lip reflexed and appressed ;
columella and part of the parietal wall purple.

Alt. 40, diam. 19, length of aperture 22 mill.

Alt. 45, diam. 19, length of aperture 25 mill.

Alt. 43, diam. 23, length of aperture 27 mill.

Northern and Central Guatemala.

Bulimus lattrei PFR. in Philippics Abbild neuer Conch, ii, p.
112, pi. 4, fig. 11 (1846); Monogr. Helic. Viv. ii, p. 56— DESHAYES,
in Ferussac's Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr, ii, 2, p. 48, pi. Ill, figs. 12, 13,
pi. 149, figs. 12, 13. — Bulimus (Gonyostomus) lattrei ALBERS, Die
Helic. ed. 1, p. 150. — Bulimus (Eurytus) lattrei, v. MART, in Albers'
Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 195. — Bulimus {Drymceus} lattrei PFR. in
Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 151 (1855). — Otostomus (Goniostomus) lattrei,
H. & H. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 151 — Bulimulus (Drymteus)
delattrei FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex. Mollusca, i, p. 481,
pi. 20, fig. 3 (living anim.), 4; pi. 22, fig. 1-14 (jaw, radula,
anatomy. — Otostomus (Drymezus) delattrei, v. MART. Conch. Mitt-
heil. ii, p. 191 ; Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 204, pi. 12, f. 11-14.
Bulimus focillatus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 36, fiV. 211

(1848) Bulimus pazianus, TRISTR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 230 (not

Pfr. nor Orbigny).

A large species, varying much in contour, comparative size of
aperture and coloration. In some obscurely streaked examples, such
as that shown in fig. 25, the interior of the aperture is purple ; and
this color almost always tints the columella. Very commonly two or
more of the color-varieties defined by von Martens occur together.

Von Martens recognizes the following forms :
4

42 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Normal form. Sculpture strong; aperture about ^ the length of the
shell ; large (length about 40 mill.).

a. (Fig. 20.) Pale lilac, with a few narrow brownish streaks.
(Pfr., Monogr. ii, p. 56, form a; REEVE, loc. cit. fig. 211 c; Des-
hayes, loc. cit. p. 48, troisieme variete.)

N. Guatemala: Vera Paz. (by error " Vera Cruz" in Mono-
graphia); Ooban (Salvin, Bocourt). Central Guatemala: Depart-
ment of Salama (Morelet); San Geronimo near Salama (Champion).

b. (Figs. 21-24). Pale lilac, with interrupted bluish bands (Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 56, form /?, and in Philippi, loc. cit.
middle fig.; Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 211 b; Deshayes, loc. cit. pi. 111.
fig. 12, 13; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 481 ; Martens, fig. 11).

North Guatemala: Vera Paz (Delattre). Central Guatemala:
San Geronimo (Champion).

c. (Figs. 15, 16). Uniform straw colored or whitish, the columella
violaceous. (Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 56, form y, and in
Philippi, loc. cit. right fig.; Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 21 la; Deshayes, loc.
cit. pi. 149, figs. 12, 13 ; Martens, fig. 12).

North Guatemala: Vera Paz (Delattre); Coban (Salvin, Bocourt,
Conradt). Nicaragua (Janson).

Var. hiabundus Martens. Smoother, aperture about ^ the length
of shell ; small (length about 30 mill.).

d. White, with 3-5 wide purple-brown bands (fig. 17-19).

e. uniform white (fig. 28).

W. Guatemala: Cerfo Zunil (Champion).

D. CHIAPASENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 8, figs. 27, 29-33.

Shell narrowly perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, striate and de-
cussated by very fine spiral striaB ; dull whitish, the spire conic with
slightly convex outlines, apex rather acute, suture lightly impressed,
very finely serrate. Whorls 5^, a little convex, the last longer than
the spire, ascending slightly in front, subcompressed at base. Colu-
mella thread-like, slightly arcuate. Aperture oblique, oval ; shining
white inside ; peristome simple, the outer margin strongly dilated
below, expanded ; columellar margin dilated above. Alt. 35, diam.
14, length of aperture 21 mill. (Pfr.}

States of Chiapas and Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Bulimw chiapasensis PFR. in Malak, Blatt. xiii, p. 81 (1866);

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 43

Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 42 ; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 417, pi. 95,
figs. 3-6 — Balimulus (Drymceus) chiapasensis FISCH. & CROSSE,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 483 — Bulimulus chiapasensis
STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Su'ssw. -Conch., v, pp. 70-73, pi.
5, fig. 14 a, b, c ; pi. 6, fig. 13, 15, 16 ; pi. 12, fig. 19 a, b, c.—Buli-
mulus (Drymaus] delattrei, var. $, £, FISCH. & CROSSE, loc. cit. pi. 20,
fig. 5, 6. — Otostomus chiapensis v. MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer.,
Moll., p. 205, pi. 12, f. 15.

Dr. von Martens arranges the color-varieties thus :

a. typicus: Uniform white (figs. 27, 30, 31). (Pfr. Novit. Conch.,
fig. 5, 6; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. fig. 6 ; Strebel, loc. cit. pi. 6, fig.
13; pi. 12, fig. 19 b.)

E. Mexico: Cordova (Salle); Cerro de Palmas near Cordova (Hoge);
Orizaba (Berendt, Botteri); Coatepec (Quirozj. Central Mexico:
Cuautitlan (Strebel). S. Mexico: Cumbre de Manzanilla, in the State
of Chiapas (Ghiesbreght).

b. quadrifasciatus. Whitish with four continuous brown bands.
(Fig. 32.) (Bulimulus chiapasensis, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit.
fig. 6 ; B. chiapasensis-delattrei, Strebel, loc. cit. fig. 19 a, c.)

E.Mexico: Matlaquihahuitl, in the State of Vera Cruz (Salle);
Cerro de Plumas near Cordova (Hoge).

c. nebulosus: clouded, the suture white, throat brown (fig. 33).
(Bulimulus chiapasensis, form D (part), Strebel, loc. cit. p. 72, pi. 6,
fig. 15, 16.)

E. Mexico: Coatepec (Quiroz); Quimistlan, between Coatepec and
the borders of the State of Puebla (Dona Estefania). Central Mexico ;
Cuautitlan (Strebel).

D. CASTUS (Pfeiffer). PL 9, figs. 42-53.

Shell perforate or nearly closed, ovate-fusiform, rather thin, white
or whitish, often becoming pink or brown on the spire, and either
without markings or with three spiral bands, or spaced longitudinal
streaks of purplish-brown. Surface glossy, densely and regularly
spirally striate under a lens. Spire long, the apex rather obtuse,
with typical Drymczus sculpture, last whorl lengthened and graceful.

Aperture large, white or marked inside ; peristome very broadly
expanded, flaring, white or pinkish ; columellar margin narrowly re-
flexed, and with the parietal wall, pink in color.

Alt. 34, diam. 15, length of aperture 18 mill.

44 DRYMJEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Alt. 27, diam. 12, length of aperture 14^ mill.

Northern Guatemala.

Bulimus castus PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 112 ; Monogr. Helic. Vi-
vent. ii, p. 47 — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 45, fig. 282.
— TATE, Am. Journ. Conch, v, pp. 152, 156 (1870). — Bulimus
(Leiostracus) castus PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 153 (1855). — Otos-
tomus (Leiostracus) castus, H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p.
151 — Bulimulas castus v. MART., in P. Z. S. 1875, p. 648 — Bull-
mulus (Drymceus) castus, FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Sclent. Mex.,

Mollusca, i, p. 485, pi. 24, figs. 11, 11 a-d Otostomus castus v.

MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 206, pi. 12, f. 16-21.

Peculiarly graceful in contour, and while allied to the two species
preceding, yet easily distinguished by its slender form, smooth, not
malleated surface, fine spiral striation, and purity of coloring.

Pfeiffer's types were whitish, with a blush toward the base and
aperture, the peristome roseate. Dr. von Martens offers the follow-
ing arrangement of varieties and variations.

A. typicus ; Small, length 19-23, diam. 11, aperture 10-12^ mill.
a : unicolored, white, peristome, more or less roseate.

b: irregularly streaked with brown (Fig. 42).

c: Three blackish-brown bands, either interrupted (Reeve,

loc. cit. fig. 282) or continous (fig. 43, 44).

Central America : probably Vera Paz (Delattre var. a). ' N. Guat-
emala: Coban (Morelet, Salvin : varr. a, b, c); Tamahu (Sarg).

B. xantholeucus : large, a little more inflated, length 25, diam.

14, apert. 15 mill.); white, apex and peristome yellowish (Fig- 52, 53).
N. Guatemala : Sabo, in a tributary valley of the River Polochic,

at an elevation of 3800 feet above the sea (Champion).

C. porrectus: Elongated, more slender, length 30-35, diam. 14-

15, apert. 18-19 mill.)

a. Uniform white, the columella only pink (Figs. 47, 49), (Bali-
mulus castus var. B, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. fig. 11 b.)

b. Two or three purple-brown bands, the aperture roseate (figs.
45, 46). (Bulimulus castus var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. fig. lie, d).

c. Streaked, columella only roseate (Fig. 48.)

N. Guatemala: Coban or Tamahu (Morelet or Sarg.: varr. «, b)\
Vera Paz (Stoll : varr. b, c).
" The three varieties, A, B, C, appear to be distinct at first sight,

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 45

but there are transitions between them in size, form, and color. For
example, one of Dr. S toll's -specimens from Vera Paz (fig. 48) is
only 27 millim. long, but it exhibits the slender figure and more solid
shell of Var. C. Fischer and Crosse do not give separately the
localities for the different varieties which they have described and
figured. Tate doubtfully records the occurrence of the species in
Nicaragua — * in the mountain-forests of Javali and Pena Blanca,
at an elevation of about 2500 feet above the sea,' and at ' Chontales;'
he does not mention either the size or the coloration of his specimens,
so that we cannot refer them even by conjecture to any of the three
forms which are indicated above." (Mtirtens.)

D. DUNKERI (Pfeiffer). PI. 10, figs. 54, 55 j pi. 15, fig. 31.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, longitudinally roughly
striate and obsoletely reticulated by impressed spiral lines; whitish-
buff, streaked and maculated with reddish-brown, and with smaller
scattered white spots. Whorls 6, rather fiat, the last as long as the
spire. Columella vertical, inflated : aperture oblong-oval ; peristome
simple, the margins distant, outer lip somewhat expanded, columellar
lip broadly reflexed; Alt. 37, diam. 16, length of aperture 19 mill.

Central Mexico : State of Michoacan (Hegewisch, Uhde); Lake
Patzcuaro, in the same state (Baker, Heilprin). W. Mexico : Tepic
(Richardson); inland from Guaymas (Gabb, pi. 15, fig. 31).

Bulimus dunkeri PFR. in Philippi's Abbild. neuer Conch, ii, p. 112,
pi. 4. fig. 10 (1846); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 101— REEVE,
Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 74, fig. 533 — Bulimus (Mesembrinus)
dunkeri ALBERS, Die. Helic, ed. i, p. 157. — Bulimus (Drymceus)
dunkeri PFR. in Malak. Bliitt., ii, p. 151 (1855). — Orthalicus
(Mesembrinus) dunkeri, H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 157.
— Bulimus (Scutalus") dunkeri v. MART, in Malak. Blatt., xii, p. 36
(1865) — FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 511.
— Bulimulus dunkeri STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. v, p. 76. — Otostomus dunkeri v. MART., Biol. Centr. Amer.,
Moll., p. 207, pi. 13, f. 1.

The typical form (pi. 10, figs. 54, 55 ; pi. 15, fig. 31, specimen
from inland from Guaymas) is easily recognizable by the pale round
spots on a brownish ground. In the variety the brown color is
limited to more or less numerous patches, which are either somewhat

46 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

square and arranged in spiral rows (fhilippi^ and specimens from
Chihuahua), or more irregular and combined, sometimes at acute
angles (specimen from Ventanas). In a specimen from Chihuahua
the pale spots of the type are seen within some of the larger brown
patches. The sculpture of this species is somewhat coarsely rugoso-
striate, but it cannot be termed undulated, as in 0. fenestratus Pfr.
Most of the -specimens I have seen show remarkable irregularities
and scars, some even at the apex, caused by previous fractures dur-
ing life. Probably they live on conspicuous objects during the wet
season, and often fall to the ground. (Martens.)

Var./orrm (Mousson). PL 10, figs. 56, 57, 58.

Shell oblong-ovate, rimate-perforate, rather thin, irregularly sub-
plicose-striate ; dull whitish, painted with grayish spots in series or
obscure zigzag streaks and clouds. Spire conic, the outlines a trifle
convex, apex white, polished ; suture a little impressed, rather ir-
regular. Whorls 6, a little convex, regular, the last not descending,
ovate, subvertical, longer than the spire. Aperture broadly oval,
whitish inside, weakly showing the markings through ; peristome
well expanded, acute, the margins converging, joined by a very
thin lamina ; columellar margin broadly reflexed. Alt. 37, diam.
21 mill. (Mouss.)

N. Mexico: Chihuahua (Hoge) N. W. Mexico: Ventanas, State of
Durango (Forrer), and near Mazatlan (Gabb).

Bulimus fenestratus (Pfr.), PHILLIPI, Abbild. neuer Conch, iii, p.
96, pi. 9, fig. 1, 5. — Bulimulus fenestratus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex.

Land- und Siissw. -Conch., v. p. 75, pi. 6, fig. 19 Bulimus (Mesem-

brinus) fenestralis ALBERS, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 157 (misprint). —
Bulimulus forreri, MOUSSON, Journ. de Conch., xxi, p. 217, pi. 9,
2 (1883). — Otostomus dunkeri var. forreri MARTENS, Biol. Centr.
Amer.,MolL, p. 207, pi. 13, f. 2, 2 a.

D. CHAPERI (Crosse & Fischer). PI. 15, figs. 29, 30.

Shell nearly covered perforate, long- ovate ; dull whitish, with
rather widely-spaced pale-brown . streaks and longitudinal, close,
somewhat oblique impressed wrinkles. Spire rather long, the apex
rounded, suture simple. Whorls 6-J, a little convex, the first two
smooth, the following strongly wrinkle-striate, last longer than the
spire, ventricose, inflated, tapering at base.

Aperture oblong-ovate, whitish inside ; peristome simple, whitish,

DRYMJEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 47

the margins distant, columellar margin expanded, nearly closing the
perforation, basal and outer margins thin, subexpanded, a little re-
flexed.

Alt. 43, diam. 25, length of aperture 26 mill. (C. $ F.)

Island of Mescala, in lake Chapala, State of Jalisco, Mexico.
(diaper).

Bulimulus chaperi C. & F., Jour, de Conch., 1892, p. 296 (1893);
1893, p. 31, pi. 1, f. 1, 2 — FISCHER, t. c., p. 32, pi. 1, f. 2 (animal
living).

This species, of which I have not seen specimens, should probably
stand as a race or variety of D. dunlceri. It is near var. forreri
Mousson.

D. COLIMENSIS (Rolle).

Shell conic-elliptical, perforate, rugose-striate, whitish, ornamented
with three series of violaceou s-brown spots on the whorls of the spire,
five on the last whorl. Whorls 6-J, rather flattened, separated by a
slightly impressed suture, the upper 3 whorls unicolored, apex rather
obtuse, last whorl more convex, perceptibly tapering at base, brown
tinted in the umbilical region.

Aperture elliptical, very slightly oblique ; peristome narrowly ex-
panded, thin, white, the basal margin narrowly rounded, columellar
margin rather widely reflexed, triangularly dilated above, violaceous
tinted in well-preserved specimens; parietal callus thin but distinct.

Alt. 31, diam. 15, length of aperture 15 mill. (Rolle).

Colima, Mexico.

Otostomits colimensis ROLLE, Nachrichtsbl. d. d. Malak. Ges.,
xxvii, p. 130 (August, 1895).

According to Rolle this is nearest to D. fenestrellus and D. dunkeri
var. forreri j distinguished from the former by the reflexed peristome,
from the latter by the more lengthened contour and less obese whorls.

GROUP OF D. SULCOSUS.
D. BOTTERII (Crosse and Fischer). PL 15, figs. 34, 35.

Shell perforate, oblong-conic, rather thin, but somewhat solid, a
little shining, impressed with rather strong, somewhat distant longi-
tudinal wrinkle-striae, decussated by numerous very delicate transverse
visible only under a lens ; pale fleshy reddish, transversely

48 DKYMJEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

banded obscurely with brown. Spire conic, the apex a little obtuse,
suture irregularly impressed. Whorls 5-^, a little convex, the em-
bryonal 1-J smoothish, pale fleshy-brown, the last whorl a little longer
than the spire, obscurely three-banded with brown.

Aperture subovate, shining and fleshy-white within, vividly show-
ing the external bands; peristorne a little expanded, milk white, the
margins separated ; columella somewhat twisted inside, reflexed, di-
lated, partly closing the perforation ; basal arid outer margins a little
reflexed, the outer narrowing toward its insertion.

Alt. 32, diam. 15; length of aperture scarcely 17 mill. (G. # F.)

Near the city of Orizaba (Botteri.).

Bulimulus (Drymceus) botterii, CROSSE & FISCII. in Journ. de
Conch, xxiii, p. 52 (1875); Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 487,
pi. 24, fig. 10, 10 a — Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-
Conch. v, p. 63 — Bulimus botterii PFR. Monogr. Helic. Vivent., viii,

p. 61 Bulimus sulcosus, form A (part), STREBEL, loc. cit. p. 61,

pi. 6, fig. 17; form B, p. 62, pi. 5, fig. 4 (teste Martens) — Otostomus
sulcosus var. botterii MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll., p. 208.

Considered a variety of D. sukosus by von Martens; but it seems
to differ in the fine spiral sculpture, which is wanting in sulcosus.

D. SULCOSUS (Pfeiffer). PL 10, figs. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63.

Shell oblong-conic, perforate, solid and strong; opaque-bluish, or
fleshy- white, frequently clouded longitudinally with reddish-brown on
the spire, and sometimes showing faint traces of three wide bands on
the last whorl. Surface lustreless, deeply, coarsely and irregularly
wrinkled, the spire smoother, conic, apex with typical Drymaeus
sculpture, whorls 6-6^, convex.

Aperture ovate or squarish-ovate, pinkish-purple within, moderately
oblique ; peristome blunt, whitish, someAvhat expanded, columeliar
margin reflexed above; columella nearly straight above, and white,
or with the parietal wall, purple-tinted.

Alt. 33 J, diam. 17, length of aperture 16 mill.

Alt. 42, diam. 17J, length of aperture 20J mill.

Central Mexico : near the city of Mexico (Boucard, Hahn); valley
of Mexico (Bourgeau); Tacubaya (Hegewisch); summit of the Sierra
de las Aguas Escondidas, at an elevation of 9500 feet above the sea
(H. H. Smith); Tuxpan (Strebel), Soledad, State of Guerrero (H. H.

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 49

Smith); Mountains near Chilpancingo, Guerrero, in pine and oak
forest at 9500 feet elevation (E. W. Nelson).

Bulimus sulcosus PFR. Symb. Hist. Helic., i. p. 43 (1841) PHIL-

IPPI, Abbild. nener Conch, i, p. 56, pi. 1, fig. 9 — PFR. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 196 — Bulimus (Mesembrmus') sulcosus ALBERS,
Die Helic. ed. i, p. 157.— PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 158 (1855).—
Ortltalicus (Mesemlrinus) sulcosus, H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll,
ii, p. 157 — Bulimiilus (Scutalus) sulcosus MART, in Albers' Die
Helic., ed. 2, p. 217 — FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mol-
lusca, i, p. 520, pi. 23, fig. 2, 2 a, b — Otostomus (Scutalus) sulcosus
MART. Conch. Mittheil. ii, p. 193; Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p.
208, pi. 13, f. 3, 3a, 4 — Bulimus hyematus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v,
Bulimus, pi. 49, fig. 324 (I848).—Bu,limulus (Scutalus) sulcosus var.
a, hiemalus MART, in Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 33 (1865).

Very closely allied to rudis and glneslreghti, all of them character-
ized by the very strong folds of the last whorl. It is likely that the
three may prove to be merely varying races of one species. In most
specimens the columella and parietal wall are whitish, but in those
above recorded from Soledad and Chilpancingo the upper portions of
the columella and the parietal wall are deep purplish-rose, the other
characters being typical. The interior of the aperture is purplish-
rose in all of the specimens before me. Von Martens writes as fol-
lows : " All authors describe the aperture of this species as having a
simple (not reflected) edge, but I can see in some specimens a very
faint, but distinct, expansion of the edge outwards : in one of the ex-
amples collected by Mr. H. H. Smith it is quite strong and 2
mill, broad* The interior of the aperture is described as chocolate-
colored : in the specimens collected by Uhde it is of a greyish
rose-color, in those by Mr. H. H. Smith either rose-colored or pure
white ; the columella is in all of them white. The largest specimens,
long. 44 mill., unicolorous, white, are from the summit of the Sierra
de las Aguas Escondidas, 9500 feet, near Omilteme, in the State of
Guerrero, collected by Mr. H. H. Smith."

D. RUDIS (Anton). PI. 15, figs. 43-46 ; pi. 10, figs. 65, 66, 67.

Shell openly perforate, ovate-conic, sculptured with coarse, irreg-
ular growth strias ; a little shining ; white, flamed and banded with
brown and livid. Spire rather lengthened, the apex acute. Whorls
5^, a little convex, the last inflated, as long as the spire. Aperture

50 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

oblong-oval, brownish [or white] inside, black-striated, shining ;
peristome acute, the columellar margin vaulted, dilated (Pfr.).

Alt. 23, diam. 13, length of aperture 12 mill.

Alt. 24J, diam. 13, length of aperture 12^ mill.

Central Mexico : environs of the city of Mexico (Halm); Chapulte-
pec (Hegewisch, Heilprin); Anganyues, State of Michoacan (Deppe).

Bulimus rudis ANTON, Verz. d. Conch. Samml. p. 43 (1839)

PFR. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii, p. 50 ; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 197.
— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 44, fig. 286. — Bulimus
(Mesembrinus) rudis ALBERS Die Helic. ed. i, p. 157. — PFR. in
Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 158 (1855) — Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) rudis,
H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 157. — Bulimulus (Scutalus)
rudis, FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 523, pi.
23, figs. 6, 6a ; pi. 22, figs. 7-11 (jaw, radula, anatomy) Bulimu-
lus rudis STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v, p. 63,
pi. 5, fig. 3; pi. 6, fig. 9. — Otostomus (Scutalus) rudis, MART.,
Conch. Mittheil. ii, p. 193. — Bulimulus sulcosus, form A, STREBEL,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v, p. 61, pi. 5, figs. 1,2; pi.

11, flgs. 12 a, b, 13, 14, 15; pi. 13, fig. 8 (radula) ^Bulimulus

(Scutalus) sulcosus, var P- fenestratus, MART, in Malak. Blatt. xii,
p. 34 (1865) — Otostomus rudis MART., Biologia p. 209.

The thinner, more ventricose shell, usually much le&s strong sculp-
ture, and bold striping, distinguish this species from D. sulcosus. Of
twelve specimens before me, two show three somewhat interrupted
spiral bands in connection with the usual streaks ; the others have
longitudinal stripes or ragged streaks only. Figs. 43, 44 of pi. 15
are drawn from specimens from the gardens of Chapultepec, near the
City of Mexico, collected by Heilprin's Mexican Expedition. They
are very smooth for the species, being merely wrinkle-striate, and
thin, almost fragile. Figs. 45, 46 are from specimens more like that
illustrated by Fischer & Crosse. The blackish streaks vary from a
dozen on the last whorl, to two or three, and may be either continuous
or ragged and blotched.

D. GHIESBREGHTI (Pfeiffer). PI. 15, figs. 32, 33 ; pi. 1, figs. 72-80.
Shell perforate, ovate-conic, solid, somewhat rugulose-striate,
scarcely shining ; white, ornamented with sparse brown streaks.
Spire rather regularly conic, the apex somewhat acute, suture mi-
nutely serrulate. Whorls 6, the upper ones hardly convex, the last

DRYMJEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 51

about equal in length to the spire, more convex, slightly tapering at
base. Columella lightly arcuate, lilac colored. Aperture slightly
oblique, acuminate-oval; peristome simple, the right margin narrowly
expanded, columellar margin vaulted, reflexed.

Alt. 31-32, diam. 13, length of aperture 16± mill. (Pfr.)

S.Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght); Tlacolula (Ho'ge).

Bulimus ghicsbreghti PFR., in Malak. Blatt. xiii, p. 82 (1866);
Novit. Conch, iii, p. 309, pi. 75, figs. 6, 7 ; Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
vi, p. 46 — Bulimulus (Scutalus) ghiesbreghti FISCH. & CROSSE,

Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 522, pi. 23, fig. 4 Bulimulus

ghiesbreghti Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. -Conch, v," p. 60,
pi. 6, fig. 14 — Otoftomus ghiesbreghti MART., Biol. Centr. Amer.,
Moll., p. 209, pi. 13, f. 5-10 (with varieties).

The typical form of D. ghiesbreghti (pi. 15, figs. 32, 33), is rather
smooth, and has narrow brown streaks. Von Martens recognizes
the following varieties.

Var. stolli Martens (pi. 1, figs. 72, 73, 76, 77, 78). More rugose.

Bulimulus (Scutalus~) ghiesbreghti FISCH. & CROSSE, loc. cit., p.
522, pi. 23, fig. 4a — Bulimulus ghiesbreghti STREBEL, loc. cit. pi.
5, fig. 5. — Bulimulus jonasi var. stolli MART., in Sitz.-Ber. Ges.
Naturf. Freunde Berl. 1886, p. 161. — Otostomus g. var. stolli MART.,
Biol. Centr. Amer. pi. 13, f. 5-8, 10.

Central Guatemala : Llano of Quezaltenango, at an elevation of
from 6000 to 9000 feet above the sea, common, chiefly on Agave,
and on various shrubs (Stoll); Argieta, department of Solola, in the
" tierra fria " (Bocourt); Los Encuentros, at an elevation of 8000
feet, at Tecpam 7000 feet, also on the northern slope of the Volcan
de Agua, in the belt of tall forest-trees, at from 8000 to 9000 feet,
and at Antigua (Stoll). W. Guatemala: in the forest above the
Hacienda de Las Nubes, on the southern slope of Cerro Zunil
(Champion).

Var. interstitialis Martens (pi. 1, fig. 75). Regular white or
brownish longitudinal ribs, the intervals tawny on the last whorl;
parietal wall of the aperture pale rose, columella white.

Central Guatemala : Cumbre de San Martin, on the N. W. slope
of the Cordillera, at an elevation of 6000 feet (Stoll).

Var. iodostylus Pfr. (pi. 1, figs. 79, 80). Sculpture less strong.

Bulimus iodostylus PFR. P. Z. S., 1861, p. 23; Malak. Blatt, xi,
p. 13 (1864); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 48 ? Bulimulus

52 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

(Scutalus) iodostylus FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mol-
lusca, i, p. 539 — Balimus iodostylus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land-
und Siissw.-Conch. v, p. 70, pi. 12, figs. 8a, 8fr.

S. W. Mexico : Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

The variety stolli is so much like D. sulcosus as to suggest specific
identity. Von Martens writes as follows: Dr. 0. Stoll states, in his
MS. notes, that this species is very common at the above-mentioned
elevations, but apparently dees not occur on the most elevated ridges
between Totonicapan and Tecpam, nor lower than 6000 feet on the
terraces of the Cordillera at Santa Maria and San Martin. In dry
weather it conceals itself on the lower face of blades of grass, but
during and after rain it creeps about freely.

The relative proportion of the breadth to the length of the shell is
very variable, as is also the size in this species. Its chief character-
istics are the coarse plaits of the last whorl, the preceding whorls
being remarkably smoother, and the rose-color of the apertural wall
and of the columella. The last-mentioned character distinguishes
it — with few exceptions — from 0. sulcosus, which is the corresponding
form in the elevated plain of Central Mexico. The rose color, how-
ever, is somewhat variable ; it is never wanting, and more or less
intense on the upper half of the columellar margin, and extends
sometimes upwards on to the parietal wall and beneath to near the
base of the aperture; in some specimens the whole interior of the
aperture is pale rose-colored, and a stripe which on the outside is
dark brown appears in the interior intense reddish-brown.

D. HEGEWISCHI (Pfeiffer). PI. 1, figs. 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.

Shell ovate, thin but moderately strong, very narrowly perforate ;
whitish, usually stained in places with light brown, and having un-
equally spaced, narrow, brown longitudinal streaks which do not ex-
tend to the suture above, and are often obsolete at the base. Surface
shining, irregularly wrinkle-striate, and showing fine, subobsolete
spiral lines under the lens. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, with typi-
cal Drymczus sculpture ; whorls 5J, but slightly convex, the last oval.

Aperture long-ovate, light brown or yellowish inside, showing dark
streaks ; peristome thin and unexpanded, acute ; columellar margin
reflexed for a short distance above, nearly closing the perforation.

Alt. 25, diam. 12^, length of aperture 14 mill.

Central Mexico: environs of Mexico, in tierra fria, on Cactus

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 53

(Salle and Boucard); San Antonio, near City of Mexico (Heilprin
Exped.); Toluca (Hoge); Cuernavaca (Godman); Puebla and Tehu-
acan (Uhde); Tenango (Hegewisch).

? Bulimus (Bulimulus) nitidulus BECK, Index Moll., p. 67 (1838)
(without description) — Bulimus hegewischi PFR., Symb. Hist. Helic.
ii, p. 46 (1842) (excl. var.); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 172. —
REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 70, fig. 508 — Bulimus (Mesem-
brinus') hegewischi ALBERS, Die Helic. ed. i, p. 157 — PFR. in Malak.
Blatt. ii, p. 158 (1855). — Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) hegewischi, H. &
A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 157 Bulimulus (Mormus) hege-
wischi MARTENS in Albers' Die Helic., ed. 2, p. 216; Malak. Blatt.
xii, p. 28 (1865). — Bulimulus (Scutalus) hegewischi Fiscu. &
CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 526, pi. 23, fig. 10, 10a,
and var. minor, gracilior, f. lOb. — Bulimulus hegewischi STREBEL,

Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v, p. 66, pi. 6, fig. 10 Otos-

tomus hegewischi MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 211, pi. 13, f. 14.

Var. c, yellowish, with numerous chestnut streaks.

Bulimulus (Mormus) hegewischi Var. e, MART, in Malak. Blatt.
xii. pp. 28, 29 (1865). — Bulimulus hegewischi, No. 2, STREBEL, loc.
cit. p. 67.

E. Mexico : Orizaba (Uhde).

Var. d, yellowish, with faint diaphanous streaks (fig. 82).

W. Mexico, Omilteme, in the State of Guerrero at an elevation of
8000 feet (H. H. Smith).

Differs from the foregoing species in the long, oval body-whorl and
narrower perforation. Figs. 84 and 85 show this characteristic
shape better than the others. The longitudinal stripes vary from
many to very few and inconspicuous. Dr. von Martens writes :
This species is about intermediate between 0. recluzianus and 0.
ghiesbreghti, Pfr.; it is rougher than the former and not so coarsely
wrinkled as the latter ; the stripes are ordinarily not abrupt below,
and the columellar margin is white. Of the var. c, 1 know of only
two young specimens ; their stripes break up at the same height, but
perhaps in the adult shell this may be otherwise. It is strange that
the vars. c and d should not have been found by other collectors, but
I am unable to refer them to any other known Mexican species. I
have already stated that the locality Pazqqaro (Patzcuaro), state of
Michoacan, is given in Pfeiffer's first description only for the var-
iety /?, " fasciis latis tesselatis violaceo-fuscis," which is probably my

45 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

O.femstrellus; but in his other work it stands alone for the whole
species, owing possibly to the unintentional omission of the locality
Tenango. Neither Fischer and Crosse nor Strebel have noticed this.

D. JONASI (Pfeiffer). PI. 10, figs. 64, 68, 69, 70, 71.

Shell perforate, oblong-conic, rather thin but moderately solid ;
shining, white or buff, with numerous narrow longitudinal corneous or
corneous -brown streaks, occupyiny the sulci between prominent, unequal
wrinkles or folds of the surface; rather slight and superficial spiral
striae appearing under the lens. Spire long, the apex obtuse, with
typical Drym&us sculpture, whorls nearly 6, moderately convex, the
last revolution of the suture deeply impresses

Aperture long-ovate, colored within like the outside; peristome
thin, acute, the outer lip moderately expanded in large individuals;
columellar margin reflexed for a short distance above.

Alt. 26, diam. 11, length of aperture 121 miH.

Alt. 24^, diam. 11, length of aperture 12 mill.

Central Guatemala : Environs of the city of Guatemala (Salle, Stoll);
Antigua and Amatitlan (Stoll) ; Duenas (Champion). [? N. Guat-
emala: Vera Paz. (by error Vera Cruz) (Delattre) ; Coban
(Salvin)]. Costa Rica (van Patten in Berlin Museum).

Bulimus jonasi PFR. in Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch, ii, p.
125, pi. 5, fig. 4 (1846) ; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 107 ; in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. -Cab., ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 168,

pi. 50, figs. 11, 12 DESHAYES, in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr.

ii, 2, p. 183, pi. 150, figs. 17, 18 REEVE, Conch. Icon, v,

Bulimus, pi. 55, fig. 363.— Bulimus (Leiostracus) jonasi PFR. in

Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 153 (1855) Otostomus (Leiostracus) jonasi H.

& A. ADAMS, Gen. Reo. Moll, ii, p. 151 — Bulimulus (Morrnus)
jonasi MART, in Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 216 — BINNEY, Am.
Journ. Conch, vii, p. 182 (1872) (jaw, radula).

Bulimulus (Scutalus) jonasi FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 525, pi. 23, figs. 7, 7a. — Bulimulus jonasi
MART, in P. Z. S. 1875, p. 648; Jahrb. d. M. Ges. iii, p. 257.—
O. STOLL, Guatem. Reisen, p. 53 (1886). — Otostomus (Mormus)
jonasi MART, in Conch. Mittheil. ii, p. 193; Biol. Centr. Amer.,

Moll., p. 212, pi. 13, f. 11-13 Mormus jonasi W. G. BINNEY,

Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 123 (jaw and teeth).

D. jonasi, like the allied ghiesbreghti, varies a good deal in the

DRYMJEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 55

^

prominence of the fold-like sculpture. Four specimens before me
collected by Morelet have three broad, continuous or interrupted,
dark purple-brown bands (fig. 64).

D. AURIFLUUS (Pfeiffer). PL 1, figs. 86, 87.

Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, thin, pale whitish corneous, with
numerous longitudinal brown streaks alternating with white ones of
the same width or wider; surface glossy, nearly smooth, with faint
growth-lines and extremely fine, close superficial spiral striae. Spire
conic, whorls 5J, slightly convex, the last tapering below.

Aperture long-ovate, striped within ; peristome thin, acute and not
expanded ; columellar margin with a short, narrow reflection above.

Alt. 201, diam. 10^, length of aperture llf mill.

E.Mexico: Jalapa (Hoge); Mirador (Berendt); Cordova (Salle,
Hoge); Plantation Toxpa (Tospan) near Cordova (Berendt). — S.
Mexico: Yalalag, near Villa Alta in the Stale of Oaxaca, on the
eastern slope of the Cordillera, in dense forest (Hoge) ; Juquila,
State of Oaxaca (Hoge).

Bulimus aurifluus PFR. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 319, pi. 35, fig. 10;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 400 ; Novitat. Conch, iii, p. 420, pi.
95, figs. 13, 14 — Bulimulus (Mormus) auriflum, MART in Albers
Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 216. — Bulimulus (Drymceus} aurifluus FISCH.
& CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 499, pi. 20, figs. 21,
22. — Bulimulus aurifluus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Su'ssw.-
Conch. iv, pi. 6, fig. 14; v, p. 79 — Otostomus aurifluus MART.,
Biologia, p. 213.

'•At first sight this species much resembles 0. jonasi; in 0. auri-
foms, however, the yellow stripes are on the same level as the whit-
ish ground, whereas in 0. jonasi the pale brown stripes are placed in
depressions between the elevated whitish plaits. The edge of the
aperture is also distinctly expanded in 0. aurifluus, but only in full-
grown specimens. The locality, 'Vera Cruz,' quoted by Dr. Pfeiffer,
is probably intended for the State of that name, not the town."
(Martens.^

D. RECLUZIANUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 1, figs. 92, 93, 94, 95.

Shell subperforate, subfusiform-oblong, rather smooth, delicately
sculptured with close spiral lines; shining, opaque, flesh- colored,
ornamented with wide, irregular chestnut and grayish-purple streaks.

56 DRYM.EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Sp:re conic, the apex rather obtuse, suture white-margined. Whorls
6, a little convex, the last as long as the spire. Columella thin, lightly
arcuate, somewhat twisted above. Aperture subvertical, oblong ;
peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin reflexed and sub-
adnate above.

Alt. 30, diam. 12, length of aperture 16, width 7-J mill. (/yV.)

South Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght). Central ('osta Rica: San
Jose (Pittier and Biolley); La Uruca, near San Jose, at an elevation
of 1,100 metres above the sea (Biolley); San Francisco de Jos Rios,
also near San Jose, on hedges which surround the plantations of coffee
(Pittier).

Bulimus recluzianus PFR. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1847, p. 82 ;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, 172, and iv, p. 468 ; and in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 119, pi. 36, figs. 5,
6. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 74, fig. 530. — Bulimus
(Oxycheilus^ recluzianvs ALBERS, Die Helic. ed. i, p. 174. — Bulimus
(Mesembrinus) recluzianus PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 159 (1855).
Orthalicus (Oxycheilus} recluzianns H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec.
Moll, ii, p. 155. — Bulimulus (Drymceus^ recluzianus MART, in Al-
bers' Die Helic., ed. 2, p. 212. — Bvlimulus (Scutalus) recluzianus
FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 510. — Bull-
mulus recluzianus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. -Conch.,
v, p. 68, pi. 6, fig. 8. — Otostomus recluzianus MARTENS, Biologia, p.
213 (with " var. lineolatus").

The Costa Rica localities given above are for what von Martens
calls var. lineolatus, identifying it with the species so named by Con.
rad. It is not, however, the true lineolatus, and may be called var.
martensianus. Smaller, yellowish, the length of the aperture not
exceeding the diameter of the shell.

Dr. von Martens further remarks: "The stripes of this species
are very irregular ; even in the same specimen some are near one
another, and others have large intervals between them ; often they
are more greyish violet than brown, from being situated in a more
internal layer of the shell, and covered by a thin whitish superficial
coating. Ordinarily, the stripes break up at the same height at
some distance from the umbilicus; in young specimens, as a general
rule, they break up at the angularity in the middle of the whorl.

" The specimens from Costa Rica have generally a thinner and
more yellow-colored shell, and the largest which I have seen from

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 57

that country is only 20 millim. long, perhaps not full grown. 0.
roseatits, Reeve, from Columbia, comes very near this species."
(Martens.)

D. LINEOLATUS (Conrad). PL 1, figs. 90, 91.

Shell scarcely perforate, ovate-conic, thin but moderately solid ;
opaque white, somewhat more than the lower half of the last whorl
tinted with light chestnut ; striped longitudinally with dark purplish-
chestnut, the stripes not reaching to the suture above, nor to the
base below. Surface glossy, smooth, showing traces of an excessively
fine, dense spiral striation in places. Spire rather short, conic, with
slightly convex lateral outlines ; apex obtuse ; sutures but slightly
impressed. Whorls 5J.

Aperture oblong, decidedly exceeding half the total length of
shell, and greater than the total diameter; sub vertical, streaked in-
side ; columellar margin reflexed and closely appressed above, pressed
in at its insertion ; columella cord-like, vertical and straight; outer
lip a little and gently expanded.

Alt. 25, diam. 13, length of aperture 15, width within 7-J mill.

Alt. 25, diam. 11.8, length of aperture 14, width within 6§ mill.

Volcan de Cartago, Central Costa Rica.

Bulimus lineolutus CONRAD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, p.
42 (1855) — PFR. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 398 — not Otosto-
mus recluzianus var. lineolatus Martens, Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll.,
p. 214.

The spire is decidedly shorter than in D. recluzianus Pfr. , the
aperture longer, produced at base, and -with less arcuate outer lip,
and the1 columella is cord-like, and almost perfectly straight and ver-
tical. Description and figures are from the types in coll. A. N. S. P.

D. LIRINUS (Morelet). PL 1, fig. 96.

Shell nearly imperforate, oblong-fusiform, irregularly rugate-
striatulate, very obsoletely decussated (under the lens) with incon-
spicuous transverse lines, thin, delicate, milk-white. Spire length-
ened, the apex rather obtuse ; suture impressed, whorls 6, a little
convex, the embryonal 1^ smooth, corneous, the last scarcely longer
than the spire ; columella spirally twisted, filiform, of the same color.
Aperture acuminate-oblong, shining and white within ; peristome
5

58 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

simple, the terminations separated, columellar margin a little ex-
panded, reflexed and appressed, basal and outer margins acute.

Alt. 30, diam. 11, length of aperture 15£ mill. (C. $ F.).

N. Guatemala: San Luis de Peten (Morelet).

Bulimus lirinus MOREL., Testae. Noviss. ii, p. 11 (1851) — PFR.,
Monogr. iii, p. 313; viii, p. 26 — Bulimulus (Drymceus} lirinus FISCH.
& CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll, i, p. 494, pi. 20, f. 10.

D. CUCULLUS (Morelet). PI. 1, figs. 88, 89.

Shell imperforate, oblong-ovate, thin, rather obliquely rugose-
striate, milky-whitish, spire rather long, the apex rounded, rather
obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls 4, convex, the embryonal 1 J
smooth, hyaline, the last whorl large, ventricose, longer than the
spire, somewhat attenuated at base. Aperture acuminate-ovate,
within shining and colored like the outside ; peristome simple, the
margins joined by a rather thick white callus ; columellar margin
dilated, whitish ; basal and outer margins acute.

Alt. 18, diam. 8, length of aperture 9^ mill. (C. $. F.)

Yucatan: Sisal, on sandy ground (Morelet).

Bulimus cucullus MORELET, Test. Noviss. i, p. 9 (1849) — PFR.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii, p. 383 ; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch. Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 217, pi. 60, fig. 11, 12.— Bulimus
(Leptomerus) cucullus PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 159 (1855).—
Bulimulus (Mormus} cucullus MARTENS in Albers' Die Helic., ed. 2,

p. 216 Bulimulus (Scutalus} cucullus FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss.

Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 519, pi. 20, fig. 11 ; with var. gracilior,
loc. cit. p. 519, pi. 20, fig. 12.

The var. gracilior, pi. 1, fig. 88, is probably only an extreme indi-
vidual variation rather than a true variety. It measures: alt. 17,
diam. scarcely 7, length of aperture 9 mill.

GROUP OF D. ATTENUATUS.

D. FENESTRELLUS (v. Martens). PL 2, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Shell minutely perforate, ovate-conic, thin but moderately strong ;
white, with 4 or 5 broad interrupted bands composed of large square
purple-brown spots : the bands rarely subcontinuous, occasionally re-
duced to few spots or none by encroachment of the white streaks.

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 59

Surface glossy or dull, with inconspicuous wrinkles of growth, on the
base decussated or scratched by impressed spiral lines. Spire conic,
subacute, black-tipped in banded specimens. Whorls fully 6, mod-
erately convex, the last ventricose. Aperture oblong-ovate, inside
white with vivid chestnut spots ; outer lip acute, white-edged, not
expanded ; columellar lip shortly reflexed above.

Alt. 26^, diam. 14, length of aperture 14 mill.

Alt. 241, diam. 12J, length of aperture 12J mill.

Central Mexico : elevated plain of Mexico (Uhde); Matamoras Izu-
car, Slate of Puebla (Boucard); Puebla (Berkenbusch); Patzcuaro,
State of Michoacan (Hegewisch).

? Bulimus hegeivischi var. ft PFR. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii, p. 46 ;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 173. — Bulimulus (Scutalus) fenestrellus
MART, in Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1863, p. 541 ; Malak.
Blatt. xii, p. 35 (1865) (part). — FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 529. — Bulimus fenestrellus PFR. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vi, p. 144. — Bulimulus fenestrellus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siissw-Conch. v, p. 64, pi. 5, fig. lOb ; pi. 13, fig. 5
(radula) ; pi. 14, fig. 6 A, B (anatomy). — Bulimus gealei, H.

ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 309, pi. 19, fig. 21 PFR. Monogr. Helic.

Vivent. vi, p. 110. — Bulimulus (Scutalus) gealei, FISCH. & CROSSE,
loc. cit. p. 536, pi. 21, figs. 3, 3 a, b — Otostomus fenestrellus
MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 214.

More inflated than any form of D. attenuatus, with shorter aperture
and smaller triangular columellar reflection.

Var. subunicolor Martens (pi. 2, iig. 5). White, with light
chestnut bands showing only in the throat.

Bulimulus (Mormus} hegewischi, varr. c, d, MARTENS in Malak.
Blatt. xii, pp. 28, 29 (1865). — Bulimulus (Scutalus) gealei var. ft,
FISCH. & CROSSE, loc. cit. p. 536, pi. 21, figs.*3c, 3d — Bulimulus
fenestrellus var., STREBEL, loc. cit. p. 65, pi. 5, fig. lOa. — Otostomus
fenestrellus v. MARTENS Conch. Mittheil. ii, p. 193 ; var. subuni-
color v. MARTENS, Biol., p. 215.

'Dr. von Martens writes: The variety seems to be found in com-
pany with the banded specimens. In the disposition of the bands
this species bears some resemblance to Otostomus serperastrum and
even to 0. emeus; but the sculpture is distinctly more coarse, the
vertical strire are somewhat more wrinkled and prominent, the spiral
strise are not so fine and crowded, but rather irregular and broad,

60 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

and, finally, the whole shell is more or less provided with small
rounded impressions, which look as if they had been inflicted by
blows from a hammer (malleated).

D. ATTENUATES (Pfeiflfer). PI. 2, figs. 6-16.

Shell oblong-fusiform, thin but solid ; white, with irregular purple-
brown longitudinal blotched streaks, generally broken into spots ;
all markings sometimes lacking. Surface glossy, with inconspicuous
growth-stride and very fine, dense, shallowly engraved spiral lines
throughout. Spire conic with slightly convex outlines, the apex ob-
tuse. Whorls 6, the earlier ones yellowish ; last whorl oblong, tap-
ering below.

Aperture oblong, white or showing the markings inside ; peristome
very gently expanded, white, thin ; the columellar margin reflexed
above, with an impression or groove at its insertion; the columella
cord-like, ivith a long fold above.

Alt. 30J, diam. 12^, length of aperture 16 mill.

Alt. 311, diam. 13J, length of aperture 17 mill.

E.Mexico: Vera Cruz (coll. Cuming); Orizaba (Boucard, Bot-
teri); Cordova, commonly, on orange-trees (Hoge, Berendt); Atoyac
(H. H. Smith); Mirador (Sartorius).

Bulimus attenuatus PFR., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 256; in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 83, pi. 30, figs. 9,
10; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii, p. 336 (not of Mousson, 1854). —
Bulimus (Liostracus) attenuatus PFR. in Malak., Blatt. ii, p. 152
(1855). — Bulimulus (Drymceus} attenuatus VOK MARTENS in Albers'

Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 212 FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex.

Mollusca, i. p. 491, pi. 23, figs. 1, la. — Bulimulus attenuatus STREBEL,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Su'ssw. -Conch, v. pp. 79-81, pi. 5, figs.
7a, b (not full-grown), 8a, b, c; pi. 13, fig. 13 (jaw); pi. 5, f. 15
(white form). — Otostomus (Drymaus) attenuatus VON MARTENS
Conch. Mittheil. ii, p. 192; Biol. Centr. Amer. p. 215, pi. 13, f. 15,

16 Bulimus Kefersteini PFR., in Malak. Blatt. xiii, p. 82 (I860);

Novit. Conch, iii, p. 310, pi. 75, fig. 8; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi,
p. 53.

Specimens collected by W. M. Gabb in Costa Rica (locality not
more exactly recorded) are somewhat thinner than Mexican speci-
mens; see pi. 12, figs. 16, 17. Some of these shells look deceptively

DRYM^US, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 61

like D. papyraceus, having quite the color and pattern of some forms
of that Brazilian species.

D. attenuatus is closely allied to D. costaricensis, but differs some-
what in the pattern of coloring, and in being more elongated than
the typical form of the latter species. Costa Rican specimens col-
lected by Gabb practically efface this distinction, however, having
the long form of attenuatus and the color-pattern of costaricensis.
The spotless form (var. concolor Martens, pi. 2, fig. 14) occurs with
the typically colored form.

Dr. von Martens writes: The brown stripes are nearly perpendic-
ular, often interrupted near the suture, and ordinarily less numerous
in the last whorl than in the preceding ones ; in some specimens they
are entirely wanting in the last whorl, these forming a transition to
the white variety. In a few specimens the stripes become broader
and look rather like those of 0. serperastrum var. paivanus ; but the
shell is easily to be distinguished from that of Otostomus serperastrum
by its more attenuated shape and the much thinner, conspicuously
spirally-twisted columella. The apex of the shell and the inside of
the aperture are in some specimens yellowish. The var. pittieri,
from Costa Rica, differs in the shell being smoother and rather yel-
lowish, the streaks not interrupted ; it has the aperture formed ex-
actly as in typical attenuatus.

Var. VARICOSUS Pfeiffer. (PI. 15, figs. '36, 37; pi. 2, figs. 9-11).
A little more ventricose ; alt. 36-37, diam. 16-18, length of aperture
17-19 mill.

Bulimus varicosus PFR., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 256; in Martini & Chem-
nitz, Syst. Conch. -Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 83, pi. 30, figs. 7, 8;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii, p. 326 — Bulimus kefersteini var. /?, PFR.
Novit. Conch, iii, pi. 76, fig. 9 — Otostomus attenuatus var. varicosus
MARTENS, Biologia, p. 216, pi. 13, f. 16.

Var. PITTIERI von Martens (pi. 2, fig. 16). Lightly striatulate
and with scarcely noticeable spiral lines, yellow, shining, with con-
tinuous, undulating widely separated streaks. Long. 30, diam. 13,
apert. long. 15, diam. 8 mill.

Bulimus attenuatus ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 478 0. attenuatus

v. pittieri VON MART., Biologia, p. 216, pi. 16, f. 1.

S. W. Costa Rica : Alto de Mano Tigre, near Terraba, 690 metres
above the sea (Pittier); Central Costa Rica: Dota, a high hill-region,
south of San Jose (Gabb).

62 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

D. TRIMARIANUS (von Martens). PI. 2, figs. 17, 18.

Shell riinate perforate, ovate-fusiform, rather thin, lightly striatu-
late, somewhat shining ; white, usually painted with fragments of
interrupted bands. Spire attenuated, rather acute, the apex pale.
Whorls 7, a little convex ; suture impressed, delicately and irregu-
larly crenulated, the last whorl moderately attenuated at base. Aper-
ture nearly vertical, less than half the total length of the shell, oval-
oblong; peristome a little thickened, narrowly expanded, white ;
columellar margin nearly straight, a little thickened, reflexed, half
covering the perforation (Martens).

Alt. 32, diam. 14, length of aperture 14J, breadth 7 mill.

Alt. 27, diam. 12, length of aperture 12J, breadth 7 mill.

N.-W. Mexico: Tres Marias Islands (Forrer and Richardson).

Otostomus trimarianus v. MART., Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p.
216, pi. 13, f. 17 (August, 1893).

" This species almost forms a connecting link between Otostomus
attenuatus, 0. serperastrum and 0. pallidior Sow. the latter from the
Peninsula of Lower California ; it resembles 0. attenuatus but has
not its thread-like, twisted, columellar margin. From 0. pallidior
it is distinguished by the less conical, in the last whorl much more
oblong, form, the thinner shell, and the narrower aperture ; from 0.
serperastrum also by the general shape of the shell. Some specimens
are entirely white; others' have more or less distinct traces of pale
brown spots on the penultimate whorl arranged in four spiral rows,
corresponding in position to those of 0. serperastrum (the fifth and
sixth being covered by the following whorl) but they do not extend
over more than half the whorl in the spiral direction " (Martens.)

D. HEPATOSTOMUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 2, figs. 23-27.

Shell perforate, subfusiform-oblong, rather solid, smoothish ; white,
marked sparsely with brown streaks. Spire conic, rather acute ;
suture subnaargined. Whorls 6, moderately convex, the last a little
longer than the spire, somewhat tapering at base. Columella verti-
cal, straightened. Aperture scarcely oblique, oblong, liver-colored
inside, glossy ; peristome white, the right margin narrowly expanded,
columellar margin flat, broadly reflexed.

Alt. 32, diam. 13, length of aperture 17 mill. (Pfr.)
S. Mexico: Tepanistlahuaca (Boucard); Juquila, State of Oaxaca
(Hoge).

DRYALEDS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 63

Bulimus hepatostomus PFR. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 23, pi. 3, fig. 4; Malak.
Blatt. viii, p. 13 (1861); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 43. — Bulimulus
(Drymaus) hepatostomus FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mol-
lusca, i, p. 493, pi. 21, fig. 2, 2a. — Otostomus hepatostomus MARTENS,
Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll., p. 217, pi. 13, f. 18-20.

" Nearly allied to 0. attenuates, but less attenuated, also somewhat
variable in form. The brownish hue of the inside of the aperture is
in some specimens very distinct, in others scarcely to be seen. On
the outside of the second half of the last whorl the shell becomes in
some examples rather wrinkled." (Martens.)

D. COSTARICENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 2, figs. 19, 20 (21, 22).

Shell perforate, ovate-fusiform, rather solid, irregularly striate,
whitish, painted with interrupted or serrate streaks of buff and light
red. Spire conic, the apex rather acute, corneous. Whorls 5,
scarcely convex, the last three-fifths the total length of the shell, more
inflated, having a prominent varix in the middle, tapering at base;
columella compressed, thread like, slightly twisted. Aperture sub-
vertical, oblong-oval; peristome simple, narrowly expanded.

Alt. 23, diam. 11, length of aperture 14J mill. (Pfr.)

Alt. 31J, diam. 18J, length of aperture 16 mill. (Martens.)

Central Costa Rica: San Jose (Pittier and Biolley) ; San Fran-
cisco de los Rios, near San Jose, on hedges (Pittier) ; Alajuela, at an
elevation of 900-1000 metres above the sea (Orqsco) ; Cartago and
Navarro (Boucard) ; elevated plain of Costa Rica (Hoffmann).

Bulimus costaricensis PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ix, p. 153 (1862) ;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 47 ; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 419, pi. 95,
figs. 11, 12.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 478.— Bulimulus (Drymaus)
costaricensis PAETEL, Catalog, p. 100 — Otostomus costaricensis
MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer. p. 217. — Bulimus navarrensis ANGAS,
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 73, pi. 5, figs. 15, 16.

" Very near Otostomus attenuatus and 0. hepatostomus, but less
attenuated, and with the stripes more interrupted, appearing in the
upper whorls rather like interrupted spiral bands. Rather variable
in size and proportional breadth : see the measurements given under
the description above. Most of the specimens I have seen are some-
what more elongated and less ventricose than Pfeiffer's original type ;
but there are many gradations in this respect.

" Dr. Pfeiffer received his specimen of this species from Dr. von der

64 DRYMJEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Busch, in Bremen, with the statement that it came from Costa Rica.
The Berlin Museum received examples of it many years ago from
Mr. Carmiol, who travelled in Costa Rica, but he could not give the
locality more definitely. Dr. Gabb has also reported it from the
same country, without nearer indication." (Martens.*).

The specimens collected by Gabb are intermediate between costa-
ricensis and attenuatus, but in my opinion referable to the latter.
See pi. 12, figs. 16, 17.

B. navarrensis Angas (pi. 2, figs. 21, 22) is referred to costaricensis
as a synonym by Dr. von Martens.

D. PLUVIALIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 3, figs. 28, 29.

Shell subperforate, oblong-turrited, rather solid, rudely rugose-
striate ; whitish, painted with linear rufous streaks which are zigzag
on the penultimate whorl. Spire elevated-conic, the apex rather
acute, buff; whorls nearly 6, a little convex, the last a little shorter
than the spire, obsoletely subcompressed at base. Columella arcuate,
thread-like. Aperture little oblique, elliptical ; peristome simple,
unexpanded, the columellar margin narrowly reflexed.

Alt. 22, diam. 9J, length of aperture 11^ mill. (Pfr.)

Costa Rica (von d. Busch).

Bulimus pluvialis PFR., in Malak. Bl. ix, 1862, p. 153; Monogr.
vi, p. 115; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 423, pi. 96, f. 5, 6. — Otostomus plu-
vialis MARTENS, Biologia Centr. Amer., p. 218.

Differs from D. costaricensis in the peristome not being expanded
and in the more numerous linear brownish streaks.

D. BUGABENSIS (von Martens). PI. 3, figs. 34, 35.

Shell subimperforate, oblong-fusiform, rather thin, lightly striatu-
late, shining, yellow, painted with rather wide black, flexuous
streaks, mostly short above. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse,
colored like the shell or whitish. Whorl 6, a little convex, the last
perceptibly attenuated at base. Aperture half the length of the shell?
subperpendicular, ovate-oblong, colored within like the outside ; per-
istome slightly expanded, the columellar margin somewhat thickened,
distinctly twisted. Alt. 27, diam. 11, length of aperture 7^? mill,
(Mart.).

S. Panama : Bugaba, Department of Chiriqui, at an elevation of
1000 ft. (Champion).

DRYM^US, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 65

Otostomus bugabensis von MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p.
218, pi. 13, f. 21, 21a (Sept., 1893).

The two specimens obtained have the aperture damaged, but I
cannot refer them to any known species (Martens}.

D. SARGI (Crosse & Fischer). PI. 3, figs. 30, 31, 32, 33.

Shell scarcely rimate, oblong-ovate, thin, a little shining, nearly
smooth, with rather distant, obsoletely rugulose, scarcely percepti-
ble striae; dull whitish, painted with transversely interrupted dark
blackish-brown streaks and spirally-arranged series of spots. Spire
conic, the apex rather obtuse, suture somewhat irregularly impressed.
Whorls 5-J, moderately convex, the embryonal first 1J smooth, livid
brownish white ; the last whorl a little longer than the spire (as
12:10), inconspicuously submargined at the suture, painted with
twice interrupted longitudinal streaks and three spiral series of spots,
sometimes confluent, lost on the base and toward the lip. Aperture
acuminate-ovate, dull whitish inside, showing the bands and spots
through ; peristome simple, whitish, the margins joined by a very
thin callus ; columellar margin twisted inside, outwardly dilated,
almost completely closing the umbilical chink ; basal and outer mar-
gins a trifle expanded.

Alt. 22, diam. 10, length of aperture scarcely 12 mill. ( C. $ F.}

Northern Guatemala: Tamahu (Sarg).

Bulimulus sargi CROSSE & FISCH., in Journ. de Conch., xxiii, p.
52 (1875). — Bulimulus (Scutahu) sargi FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 534, pi. 24, fig. 6, 6a. — Bulimus sargi
PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent., viii, p. 59. — Otostomus sargi MAR-
TENS, Biologia, p. 218, with var. motagua, pi. 14, f. 2, 2a.

" Distinct from its allies by the smaller size, and the dark, almost
completely black, stripes on a white ground " {Mart.}

Var. motagucK Martens (pi. 3, figs. 32, 33). Smaller, the streaks
more distinct, straight, wanting on the upper whorls.

Alt. 19-21^, diam. 8J, length of aperture 11 mill. (Mart.)

Central Guatemala: Valley of the Rio Motagua (Stoll).

D. DROUETI (Pfeiffer). PI. 3, figs. 36-43.

Shell nearly covered perforate, ovate conic, thin, rugulose-striate
(very obsoletely decussated with spiral striae); pale straw-colored,
typically marked with five reddish-chestnut interrupted bands formed

5

66 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

by the transverse coalescence of blotches on longitudinal streaks, but
varying considerably in development of bands or streaks; spire conic,
rather acute. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last slightly longer than
the spire.

Aperture oblique, ovate; peristome thin, a trifle expanded, the col-
umellar margin dilated above, abruptly reflexed; columella narrow.

Alt. 24, diam. 10J, length of aperture 13 mill.

E. Mexico : Pacho, Molina de Pedreguera, Coatepec, Chirimoyo,
all near Jalapa, and Barranca de Mahuistlan, and San Jose Miahu-
atlan (Strebel); Jalapa (Hoge); Mirador (Berendt); Orizaba (Bot-
teri, Salle); Cordova (type locality, Salle, Hoge); Plantation Toxpa
(Tospan)^ near Cordova (Berendt), Atoyac (Hoge).

Bulimus droueti PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 319, pi. 35, f. 12; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 399. — Bulimulus (Scutalus) droueti FISCH. &
CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 533, pi. 23, figs. 9, 9a,
b. — Bulimulus droueti STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. iv, pi. 6, fig. 13 ; v, p. 77, pi. 6, fig. 6. (young); pi. 12, figs.
7a, b, c — Bulimus sporlederi PFR., Malak. Blatt. xiii, p. 83 (1866);
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 112 — Bulimulus (Scutalus) sporlederi
FISCH & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 535, pi. 21,
figs. 5, 5a — Bulimulus sporlederi STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Siissw.-Conch. iv, pi. 6, fig. 12 ; v, p. 78, pi. 12, fig. 9 ; pi. 13, fig. 10
(radula); pi. 14, fig. 18 A, B, C (anatomy) — Otostomus (Scutalus)
sporlederi v. MART., Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 193 — Otostomus droueti
v. MART., Biologia, p. 218.

The coloration described above is that of Pfeiffer's type, the spe-
cimen used being from Mirador, which is also the type locality of
sporlederi. Dr. von Martens enumerates the following color-forms.

a: (Typical form, pi. 3, figs. 36, 37, 38, 43). Streaks and spiral
bands in combination. (Pfr. P. Z. S., 1856, pi. 35, fig. 12 : Fisch.
& Crosse, loc. cit. pi. 23, figs. 9, 9a; Strebel, loc. cit. iv, pi. 6, fig. 13;
v, pi. 12, fig. U.)

1): Streaks rather numerous and wavy. (Strebel, loc. cit. iv, pi.
6, fig. 12; v, pi. 12, figs. 7«, 7c.)

c: (Var. sporlederi, pi. 3, figs. 40, 41, 42). Streaks fewer,
straight, oblique (Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. pi. 23, fig. 95, droueti,
var. y.)

" The vars. a and b have been procured together at Cordova by
Herr Hoge, the var. b only at Atoyac by the same collector. The

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 67

var. d is only known from Orizaba. The var. c (sporlederi) is per-
haps also distinguished by somewhat more flattened whorls, but in
this respect there is also much variation in vars. a and b. Pfeiffer
has placed his Bulimus sporlederi far apart from B. droueti in another
sub-division, because his specimen was not full-grown and had there-
fore the peristome quite straight, whereas in adult specimens it is a
little expanded, though always very thin."

D. INGLORIUS (Reeve). PL 3, figs. 44-52.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid. Striate, obsoletely gran-
ulated by impressed spiral lines ; dull white, painted with narrow,
brown, white-dotted streaks. Spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 5^,
a little convex, the last slightly exceeding the spire in length,
rounded at base. Columella somewhat straightened. .Aperture lit-
tle oblique, oblong-oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the col-
umellar margin dilated above, vaulted, reflexed.

Alt. 26, diam. 12, length of aperture 14 mill. (Pfr.).

S. Mexico : Juquila, State of Oaxaca (Ho'ge).

Bulimus inglorius REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus^ pi. 55, fig.
368 (1848).— PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii, p. 419. Bulimus
(Mesembrinus) inglorius PFR., Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 159 (1855) —
Otostomus inglorius MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 219.

The typical form (pi. 3, fig 46) u has only a few scattered brown
stripes, ornamented by white dots ; but the var. heynemanni is very
richly painted with broad black stripes on a ground which is whitish
on the upper whorls and becomes more and more ochraceous-yellow
towards the lower half of the last whorl. The stripes often include
small pure white round spots, or are jagged on the side towards the
aperture, sometimes projecting two or three branches in that direc-
tion, which, if they are repeated in the following stripes, may form
three broad interrupted spiral bands. All the stripes break off at the
same distance from the umbilicus. Inside the aperture the black
stripes are quite as conspicuous as on the outside. In Dr. Pfeiffer's
monograph, Bulimus heynemanni Pfr., and B. inglorius Reeve, are
somewhat widely separated, the former in § 49, u subperforati vel
obtecte perforati," and the latter in § 54, " perforati vel umbilicati."
The umbilicus is always minute, but in some specimens cleft-like,
oblong ; in others from the same locality, similar in all other respects,
it is nearly circular. Strebel has already suggested the identity of

68 DRYM^US, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

B. heynemanni and B. inglorius, and after having examined a con-
siderable number of specimens collected by Herr Hoge, I quite agree
with him." (Martens.)
Var. heynemanni (Pfr.). PL 3, figs. 44, 45, 47-52.

Boldly marked with wide, irregular black-brown stripes.

E.Mexico: Orizaba (Botteri). Central Mexico : Tecomavaca^m
the State of Puebla, S. E. of Tehuacan, Cactus- and Mimosa-region
(Hoge). S. Mexico : Cerro de San Antonio de la Cal, in the State
of Oaxaca, on shrubs (Boucard); Tlacolula, in the same State, copi-
ously (Hoge).

Bulimus heynemanni PFR., Malak. Blatt., xiii, p. 83 (1866) ;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent., vi, p. 110; Novit. Conch., iii, p. 423, pi. 96,
fig. 3, 4 — Bulimulus (Scutalus) heynemanni FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 527. — Bulimulus heynemanni STREBEL,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. Conch, v, p. 68, pi. 6, fig. 7 — Buli-
mulus (Scutalus) inglorius FISCH. & CROSSE, loc. cit., p. 538, pi.
21, fig. 9, 9a (not of Reeve). — 0. inglorious var. heynemanni MAR-
TENS, Biologia, p. 220, pi. 14, f. 1, la, 4, 4a.

GROUP OF D. TRIPICTUS.
D. IRAZUENSIS (Angas). PI. 6, figs. 16-20, 24, 25.

Shell somewhat elongately ovate, rimate, moderately thin, longi-
tudinally irregularly striated, shining, more or less longitudinally
striped or freckled with black, and ornamented with numerous small
white spots ; whorls 6, rather convex. Spire a little shorter than the
aperture. Aperture oblong-ovate; lip thin, simple, tinged inside with
rose color.

Alt. 25, diam. 12J mill. (Angas.)

Central Costa Rica : Volcan de Irazu, on low aromatic bushes on
the eastern slope (Boucard); Tierra Blanca, on the southern slope of
the Volcan de Irazu, at an elevation of 1800 metres above the sea
(Biolley).

Bulimus irazuensis ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 73, pi. 5, fig. 17-20.
— Otostomus irazuensis VON MART., Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 224, pi. 14,
f. 12, 12a, 13, 13a.

The following principal color-patterns occur :

a. More or less numerous zigzag stripes (figs. 17, 18).

b. Pale brown, sprinkled with white dots (figs. 16, 24, 25).

c. Three rather wide brown, white-spotted bands (figs. 19, 20).

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 69

" The varieties a and b have been procured in company, together
with specimens approaching to c (see fig. 16), both by Boucard
and Biolley, on the slopes of the Volcan de Irazu. Of var. c, I know
of only one specimen, here figured, found among those collected by
Van Patten : in one of his examples the peristome is slightly ex-
panded.

" This species agrees with 0. tripictus in having a rose-colored,
simple peristome, but differs from it in the more elongate form and
the rougher sculpture of the shell, also in the style of painting."
(Martens.')

D. TRIPICTUS (Albers). PI. 6, figs. 12, 13, 14, 15.

Shell very narrowly perforate, ovate, ventricose, thin ; white or
yellowish-white, with three to five brown girdles elaborately figured
with white, or reduced to bands of arrow-shaped spots ; sometimes
band less, longitudinally streaked and more or less variegated with ob-
lique, zigzag whitish lines. Surface glossy, striatulate, without spiral
striae. Spire short, conic, the apex obtuse, with typical Drymczus
sculpture. Whorls 4f, rather convex, the last ventricose.

Aperture large, oblique ; peristome thin, not expanded, bordered
inside and out with pink ; columella pink, slender, subvertical, more or
less concave, the edge shortly reflexed above.

Alt. 20, diam. 13, length of aperture 12^ mill.

Alt. 17, diam. 11, length of aperture 10^ mill.

Costa Rica (Coll. Mousson, Carmiol, Gabb).

Bulimus tripictus ALBERS, in Malak. Blatt. iii, p. 97 (1857) —
PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 468. — VON MARTENS, in Jahr-

biicher d. deutschen Malak. Ges., iii, p. 256 ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1879,

p. 478. — Otostomus tripictus MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 225,
pi. 14, f. 11, lla (var. hoffmanni). — Bulimulus rhodotrema, VON
MART., in Malak. Blatt. xv, p. 156 (1868); see also Jahrb. d. M.
Gesell. iii, p. 256 (1876). — Bulimus rhodotrema PFR., Novit. Conch,
iii, p. 463, pi. 101, fig. 10, 11; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii, p. 146.

Easily recognized by its globose form, roseate peristome and the
complicated pattern of the bands, which are cut into spots ,or figures
of very irregular and various shapes by oblique or zigzag lines or dots,
in endless variety of design. Often the bands, typically five in num-
ber, are reduced to three by loss of the upper and lower ones, or their
coalescence with the adjacent bands ; and sometimes they are re-

70 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

duced to simple rows of spots (fig. 12). In other specimens, bands
are wanting; inconspicuous or distinct corneous-brown streaks, with
more or less zigzag white lineolation composing the pattern (fig. 13).
The apex may be either roseate or pale, in perfectly preserved shells.
Var. hoffmanni Martens. PL 6, figs. 5, 6.

More slender, the upper and lower bands simple, the middle band
only being maculated.

Alt. 19, diam. 9J, aperture 10 J mill.

Central Costa Rica: Woods of San Lorenzo de Dota, 1300 metres
above the sea (Pittier). S. W. Costa Rica: Heredia, on trees (Carl
Hoffmann, 1856).

D GABBI (Angas). PL 6, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.

Shell imperforate or subperforate, obliquely ovate, obese, thin but
rather solid ; white or light greenish-yellow, unicolored, or pale
fleshy with scattered white dots and several spiral bands composed of
irregular brown spots. Surface very glossy, smooth, with slight
growth-lines but no spiral sculpture. Spire short, conic, the apex
with typical Drymteus sculpture ; whorls 4^-4f , slightly convex, the
last large, oblique, flattened above on its latter portion, inflated at
the periphery.

Aperture ovate, oblique, whitish within ; peristome thickened within,
a little expanded, rose colored ; columellar margin narrowly reflexed
above ; columella narrow, concave ; parietal wall deep rose-colored.

Alt. 22, diam. 14, length of aperture 12 mill.

Alt. 15, diam. 11^, length of aperture 8^ mill.

Central Costa Rica, upon the flank of Pico Blanco, alt. 3000-6000
ft., on the ground (Gabb); N.-E. Costa Rica at La Paz, on the road
to the Rio Sarapiqui (Biollev).

Bulimus gabbi ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 477, pi. 40, f. 3, 3a.
Not Bulimulus gabbi Crosse & Fischer, 1872, see p. 147 — Otostomus
angasi v. MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 207 (August,
1893). — Bulimulus irazuensis BINNEY, Ann. New York Acad. i, p.
262, pi. 11, fig. 1 (radula, jaw) (1879) — Bulimulus gabbianus BIN-
NEY, Ann. New York Acad. iii, p. 124, pi. 12, f. L (jaw, teeth).

A very distinct and peculiar species, slightly resembling D. castus
in the pink peristome, but much more closely allied to D. tripictus
Alb., in form, absence of spiral sculpture, and in the color pattern.
The peculiar oblique compression of the last whorl, most conspicuous
as seen from behind, is a characteristic feature.

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 71

Von Martens changes the name to angasi on account of the prior
Bulimalus gabbi of Crosse & Fischer ; but the latter was described
as a Bulimnlus, not as a Bulimus ; and as the present species is not a
Bulimulus, and was not described as such, I fail to see that there is
any conflict of names.

Binney has figured the radula under the names B. irazuensis and
B. gabbianus. It has typical Drymcem dentition.

GROUP OF D. TOTONACUS.
D. SEMIMACULATUS Pilsbry. PI. 5, figs. 8, 9.

See vol. xi, p. 297. Described from Colombia, but specimens col-
lected in Nicaragua by Gabb agree exactly with the types. The
locality, " San Nicolas, Central Nicaragua," given on the authority
of Tate (Amer. Journ. Conch., 1870, p. 156), should be deleted,
Tate's specimens, some of which are before me, proving to be typical
D. dominions.

D. TOTONACUS (Strebel). PL 5, figs. 11, 12, 13.

Shell thin though pretty solid, somewhat glossy, and rather trans-
lucent ; bluish- or milk-white, sometimes with occasional transparent
growth striae, but always with widely-separated, small, triangular or
rounded chestnut-brown spots, which are regularly placed in the line of
growth-striae, but more obviously along the spiral direction, forming
five narrow bands represented by these spots, more distinct on the
upper whorls where the spots are more closely placed. Sculpture of in-
conspicuous, fine longitudinal wrinkles with some coarser ones inter-
mingled, decussated by fine and close, sharply-engraved, short-waved
spiral lines, which are often interrupted and in places disappear on
the last whorl. Whorls 5|-6|, rather convex, the last somewhat
ventricose (in young shells weakly keeled). Peristome generally
expanded, the columellar margin narrowly reflexed above.

Alt. 34.6, diam. 13.4, length of aperture, 11.7 mill.

Alt. 28, diam. 11.2, length of aperture 8.6 mill.

E. Mexico : Rancho de Quilate, near Misantla (Dona Estefania,
Hoge); Agua Caliente, also near Misantla (Dona Estefania).

Bulimulus totonacus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. v, p. 84, pi. 5, fig. 13, 13a (shell); pi. 13, fig. 11, A. H.
(radula); pi. 14, ng. 9 A-F, and 10 E (anatomy). — Otostomus (Mor-
mus) totonacus MART., Conch. Mittheil. ii, p. 193 ; Biologia, p. 221.

72 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

'* This fine species is distinguished by its thin pure white shell,
with not very numerous round brown spots ; these are arranged on
the last whorl in four spiral rows, on the preceding whorl in three, in
the one before that in two rows, those of the second row being often
a little larger than the others. The spots are placed rather distant
one from the other, and they can also be regarded as being arranged
in vertical rows, forming interrupted stripes from the suture towards
the umbilicus, but this arrangement is not so regular as the spiral
one. The spiral* striae of the shell are exceedingly fine. The aper-
ture is pure white, the peristome very slightly reflected.

"The average length of the shell is 28-30 mill.; but one figured
by Strebel (fig. 12) attains even 34^ mill., and one reported by Herr
Hoge, from Mexico, the locality of which is not especially stated, is
only 24 mill. long. The breadth of the shell is equal to the length
of the aperture and to about half the length of the whole shell."
(Martens.)

The only species closely allied to this is D. dormant, but in that
the spire is more conic. The name totonacus is derived from the
name of the tribe of the Totonacs, that dwell in the district of Mis-
antla.

D. DOMINICUS Reeve. (See p. 3.)

Callejon de la Zamora, near Vera Cruz (Strebel); Mirador and
Tabasco (Berendt); Chiapas (Ghiesbreght); Labna, Yucatan (Heil-
prin Exped.); San Nicolas, central Nicaragua (Tate).

D. ALBOSTRIATUS (Strebel). PI. 12, figs. 25, 26.

In most respects so similar to D. dominicus that only its differen-
tial characters need be stated. The shell is only slightly shining,
light horn-color, and has separated, rather wide, whitish growth-
streaks shading out on both sides. Apex brownish horn-color; be-
tween the 2d and 4th whorls three narrow dark brown bands appear,
mostly interrupted and crossed by brown longitudinal streaks, form-
ing an irregular marking quite similar to that of B. heterogeneus.
The sculpture does not differ, and of the structure and form of the
whorls it is only to be said that the basal half of the last whorl is
sometimes darker colored. There is on the inner margin of the peri-
stome a rather strongly thickened whitish streak, showing the whit-

DRYM^US, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 73

ish streaks of the surface to be growth-periods. Columellar reflec-
tion, columella and umbilical chink as in dominions.

Alt. 14.2, diam. 8.4, length of aperture 5.3 mill.; whorls 5J.

Alt. 13.6, diam. 8.3, length of aperture 4.8 mill.;

Tehuantepec

Bulimulus albostriatus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Su'ssw.-
Conch. v, p. 94, pi. 6, f. 3 (1882).

Based on four similar specimens received from an English dealer
as an unknown species, among material from Tehauntepec, which in
all probability was collected by Dr. Sumichrast. Very likely a form
of dominions.

D. CHAMPIONI (von Martens). PI. 5, fig. 10.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, thin, closely and finely spirally stri-
ated, shining, diaphanous whitish. Spire conic, the apex rather ob-
tuse ; whorls 6^, slightly convex, regularly increasing, with the suture
white, the last whorl ventricose ; painted with a subsutural brown
band becoming obsolescent in front, and some sparse brown spots.
Aperture rhombic-oval, a little oblique ; peristome thin, a trifle ex-
panded, the columellar margin triangularly dilated, vertical, whitish.

Alt. 27, diam. 14J, length of aperture 13, width 9 mill. (Mart.).

W. Guatemala: Hacienda de Las Nubes, Cerro Zunil, Pacific
slope, in the vicinity of the coffee plantations, elevation about 5000
ft. (Champion.)

Otostomus championi MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 222, pi. 14,
f. 5 (Sept., 1893).

Described from a single specimen.

D. EMEUS (Say). PI. 4, figs. 52-61.

"With crowded, minute, transverse striae. Inhabits Mexico. Shell
conic or elongate ovate, slightly angulated on the middle of the volu-
tions, and covered with minute, undulated, impressed, capillary lines;
whitish, with maculated bands; suture not deeply impressed ; aper-
ture shorter than the spire; labrum exteriorly simple, interiorly with
a thickened submargin ; columella short, recurved ; umbilicus small,
but distinct ; spire with the angulation concealed by the suture ; body
whorl with the angulation almost obsolete. Length thirteen-tvventieths
of an inch ; greatest breadth (parallel to the suture) three-tenths.
(Say.)

OF THE

^NIVERSITY

74 DRYM^US, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

E. Mexico: Papantla and Misantla, in woods (Deppe and Schiede);
Quilate, Arroyo del Obispo, Camino de Arroyo Hondo, and Rancho
de Guerrero, all near Misantla (Berendt and Strebel); Nautla, Molino
de Pedreguera, Coatepec, Dos Arroyos, Pacho, and Cuauatitlan, all
near Jalapa (Berendt and Strebel); Jalapa, Playa Vicente, Cordova,
and Atoyac (Hoge); on the road from Vera Cruz to Mexico (Say);
San R afael, Jicaltepec (Townsend.) S. E. Mexico: Teapa in Tabasco
(H. H. Smith).

Bulimus emeus SAY, New Harmony Disseminator, Jan. 1, 1829,

p. 26 (ed. Binney, p. 40) PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 221.

— Otostomus emeus (Say) MARTENS, Biologia Centr. Amer., Moll.,
p. 222, pi. 14, f. 6, 6a, 8, 8a. — Bulimus mexicanus, var. p. gracilior
PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 102 — Bulimus mexicanus (La-
marck), REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 40, fig. 244. — Buli-
mus (Liostracus) mexicanus^ var. P. gracilior MARTENS in Malak.
Blatt. xii, p. 23 (1865). — Bulimus ziegleri, var. P, PFR., Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 175 — Bulimus ziegleri REEVE, Conch. Icon, v,
Bulimus, pi. 58, fig. 389. — Bulimulus (Thaumastus) tryoni FISCH. &
CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 565 (part.) — Bulimulus
(Liostracus) alternans, var. d, FISCH. & CROSSE, loc. cit., p. 501 —
Bulimus baezensis (Hidalgo), PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii, p.
47 (part.). — Bulimulus palpaloensis STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land-
und Sussw.-Conch. v, pp. 85-87, pi. 5, figs. 12 a-c ; pi. 13, fig. 14
(radula); pi. 15, figs. 1 A-L (anatomy); pi. 16, figs. 4, 7, 8, 11 (jaw).
— Otostomus (Drymaus) palpaloensis MARTENS, Conch. Mittheil. ii,
p. 190 — Bulimulus sulphureus Pfr., PILSBRY, Nautilus x, p. 59
(1896).

The following arrangement of color and local varieties is given by
Dr. von Martens :

b. hypozonus : small, a little more ventricose, peristome unex-
panded, usually yellow ; bands only 1 or 2, basal, continuous. (Bu-
limulus palpaloensis, var. Strebel, loc. cit. p. 85, pi. 5, figs. 12d, 16).

E. Mexico : Jalapa and Cordova (Hoge, M. Trujillo).

c. albivaricosus : much smaller ; nearly unicolored, with few white
streaks, bands visible only on the upper whorls (figs. 56, 57).

E. Mexico : Playa Vicente, dense forest, oaks prevailing (Hoge).

d. membranaceus : unicolored, diaphanous whitish. (Otostomus
(Mormus} membranaceus von Mart., Binnenmoll. Venez., p. 30 (speci-
men from Mirador) — Bulimulus palpaloensis, var., Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v, p. 85, pi. 5, fig. 12e.)

DRTM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 75

E.Mexico: Mirador (Sartorius); at one or more of the above-
named localities, probably Misanila (Strebel).

This is identified by von. Martens with B. membranaceus Phil.,
with some doubt. I consider that species as more likely to be an
Andean form. See vol. xi, p. 237.

B. emeus var. membranaceus is recorded by J. G. Cooper (Proc.
Cal. Acad. 2d ser., p. 166) from the vicinity of Tepee, in western
Mexico. This lends some color to the locality given in Monographia
vi, p. 57 : " Hab. in provinciis mexicanis pacificis ;" but still I con-
sider it improbable that a Drymceus of the east Mexican lowland
should re-appear at Tepee.

Von Martens gives the following notes on D. emeus: The varia-
tions in color are fully described by Strebel ; the ground-color is either
white or pale yellow, and there are ordinarily five reddish-brown
bands, which are either continuous or interrupted into rows of spots,
or also very pale with darker spots. The lower bands are mostly
continuous. The uppermost or the two upper bands are absent in
several specimens ; if also the third is wanting, we have the variety
hypozonus, which, however, is ordinarily of a more ventricose form.
Many young specimens show only two lower bands. The two and a
half upper whorls are finely cancellated.

" Strebel states that this species is often found on a shrub called
' huichin,' which bears umbels of 40-50 yellow flowers (capitula?)
and belongs to the natural order Compositse ; the botanical name of
this plant he could not ascertain. Palpalo is the name of a river in
the district of Misantla.

" This species has been greatly misunderstood and confounded with
others, no doubt on account of its great variation in color and its
peristome being so slightly expanded ; in an artificial system it might
quite as well be placed among the species with simple and straight as
among those with expanded peristome. From the original descrip-
tion, together with the locality indicated, I have no doubt that Say's
Bulimus emeus is identical with Strebel's Bulimulus palpaloensis "
(Martens). For Bulimus mexicanus of Lamarck, see vol. xi, p. 291.

D. TRYONI (Fischer & Crosse). PI. 3, fig. 53.

Shell acuminately ovate, thin, but slightly umbilicated, whorls 6
to 7 in number, longitudinally finely striated ; coiumella reflected, lip
thin, simple. Whitish encircled by three or four zones of blackish-
brown (Reeve).

76 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Alt. 28, diam. 14, length of aperture 13 mill, (from fig.)

N. W. Mexico : Sinaloa (Tryon). Mexico, without nearer indica-
tion of locality (Reeve).

Bulimus mexicanus (Lamarck), REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus,
pi. 40, fig. 244 — Drymceus mexicanus (Lamarck), TRYON, Am. Journ.
Conch, iii, p. 168, pi. 9 (13), fig. 5 (copy from Reeve) (1867). Not
B. mexicanus Lam., see vol. xi, p. 291. — Bulimulus (Thaumastus)
tryoni, PISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Sclent. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 565,
and v. pochutlensis, pi. 24, f. 3, 3a. — Otostomus tryoni MARTENS,
Biologia, p. 232.

A somewhat doubtful species, based upon Reeve's figure of "B.
mexicanus" I do not know where the specimens are upon which
Tryon based the locality " Cinaloa." It seems to be near 1). emeus
Say.

Var. POCHUTLENSIS Crosse & Fischer. PI. 3, figs. 54, 55.

Encircled by brown, white and pale tawny bands ; peristome
whitish-brown.

Alt. 24, diam. 11^ mill. (C. & F.)

W. Mexico: Pochutla, near Chilapa, in the State of Guerrero (Salle).

GROUP OF D. SULPHUREUS.
D. SULPHUREUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 4, figs. 65, 66, 67, 68.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, thin, somewhat translucent, pale sul-
phur colored or (probably by exposure to light) white. Surface
glossy, with slight growth striae and fine, regular engraved spiral
lines. Spire lengthened-conic, apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5|-6
(6^ according to Pfr.), but slightly convex, the last convex. Aper-
ture decidedly oblique, ovate; peristome slightly and narrowly ex-
panded at the edge, the columellar margin shortly reflexed above, im-
pressed at its insertion ; columella straight above.

Alt. 29|, diam. 15, length of aperture 14^ mill.

Alt. 28, diam. 14, length of aperture 13^ mill.

Central Mexico : near the city of Mexico (Hahn). E. Mexico :
Consolapa and Soncoantla, both near Jalapa (Strebel) ; Mirador
(Strebel); Atoyac and Orizaba (Hoge); Cordova (Salle); S. E. Mex-
ico: Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith). N. Guatemala: Cubilgmtz,
north of Coban, in the dense forests of Vera Paz, drainage into the
Rio de la Pasion (Champion); Chiacam^ near Lanquin, on the Ca-

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 77

baton River (Champion); Coban (Sarg); San Joaquin, below San
Cristobal, in the valley of Rio Chisoy (Champion); Chacoj and Sen-
aim, Polochic Valley (Champion); Panzos in the same valley (Con-
radt and Godman). Nicaragua: La Libertad (Belt).

Bulimus sulphureus PFR., P. Z. 8., 1856, p. 318, pi. 35, fig. 11;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 412 — Bulimulus (Drymaus) sulfureus
vox MART., in Albers' Die Helic., edit. 2, p. 212 — Bulimulus (Dry-
mceus) sulphureus FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
i, p. 495, pi. 23, figs. 3, 3a — Bulimulus sulphureus STREBEL, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Susswasser-Conch., v, p. 87, pi. 5, figs. 11 a-d ; pi.

1.3, figs. 15, 15&, 16 (radula); pi. 15, figs. 2 A-C (anatomy) Otos-

tctnus (Drymceus) sulfureus VON MARTENS, Conch. Mittheil., ii, p.

192; Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 225, pi. 14, f. 14-18 Bulimus mori-

candi (Pfr.), TRISTR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 230.

Dr. von Martens writes of this species thus: "Animal greenish
(Berendt). Animal of var. citronellus white; tentacles very long ;
arboreal (Gabb). H. Pittier found the same variety under the bark
of a dead tree.

" This species has been confounded sometimes with the white 0.
(ffelix) liliaceus of Ferussac (antea, p. 10), from Porto Rico. Ac-
cording to the specimens collected by Herr Gundlach at Quebradil-
las and elsewhere in this island, 0. liliaceus differs from 0. sulphur-
eus not only in its pure white, somewhat cretaceous color, but also in
the more conical form of its shell, the last whorl being less attenuated
beneath, more bag-like (saccatus)." As the difference is more easily
explained by a drawing than by description, the figures of the Porto
Rican shell should be referred to (pi. 13, figs. 90, 91, 92).

"Although neither the figure in Deshayes' continuation of Fe>us-
sac's Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr., pi. 142 B, fig. 11, nor that given by
Fischer & Crosse (pi. 23, fig. 8), exhibits this difference very clearly,
I prefer to restrict the name liliaceus to the Porto Rican shell. Fer-
ussac's, fig. 14, and Fischer & Crosse's, fig. 8a, well represent 0.
flavidus Menke, from Venezuela : see my essay on the Land and
Fresh-water Mollusca of Venezuela (Die Binnenmollusken Venezue-
la's), p. 29 (1873). 0. virginalis Pfr., from Venezuela, common
near Caracas, also belongs to the same group ; it is white, and nearly
as slender as var. b of sulphureus, with proportionately smaller aper-
ture, only two-fifths of the length of the shell. Pfeiffer (Novitates
Conchologica?, iii, p. 422), mentions a variety of it from Chiapas,

78 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

distinguished by the more rounded last whorl and a rounded aperture ;
I suspect this is a whitish specimen of 0. sulphureus, var. b.

" The specimens of 0. virginalis examined by Strebel, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siisswasser-Conch. v, pp. 88, 89, were from Caracas."

Dr. von Martens notes the following variations :

b. Whitish. (Fisch. & Crosse, 1. c. p. 496. pi. 23, f. 8). Jalapa
(Hoge) ; Teapa, in Tabasco (H. H. Smith); Northern Guatemala
at San Luis de Peten (Morelet), and Coban (Bocourt, Salvin).

c. Var. gracilior. PI. 4, fig. 65. Length 28-29, diam. 11-12,
aperture 11-13 mill. (F. & C., 1. c. p. 496, pi. 23, fig. 8a ; Strebel,
1. c., p. 88, pi. 6, fig. 5.)

N. Guatemala: Senahu (Champion). W. Guatemala; Retalhulen
(Stoll). S. W. Guatemala: San Agustin (Bocourt); Zapote, on the
slope of the Volcan de Fuego (Champion). Nicaragua: La Liber-
tad (Belt).

" Our var. c, gracilior, is very near O.flavidus Menke [see vol. xi,
p. 310, pi. 26, figs. 71-73; Ferussac, pi. 142 B. fig. 14; Reeve,
Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 45, fig. 287 (liliaceus)]; but I have not
yet seen a specimen from Mexico or Central America with the deli-
cate rosy hue on the lower half of the last whorl, which is so charac-
teristic of this species."

d. Var. citronellus: Angas (pi. 4, fig. 67), subconic, bright yellow,
the suture white. Length 27, diam. 13, aperture 12 mill. (Buli-
mus citronellus Angas, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 479, pi. 40, fig. 5).

N.-E. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo on the Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley).
Central Costa Rica : San Jose, and La Uruca near San Jose (Biolley);
Alajuela at an elevation of 900 to 1000 metres above the Sea (Orosco);
Suralres, alt. 600 metres, near San Mateo (Biolley). S. W. Costa
Rica: Boruca, alt. 450 metres (Pittier); Alto de Mano Tigre, 690
metres (Pittier). S. E. Costa Rica : between Urea and Liporia, on
the low hills (Gabb).

e. Var. obesus Mart. (pi. 4, fig. 68). Subconic, shorter, uniform
whitish. Long. 26, diam. 14, apert. 13 mill.

E. Mexico : Huatusco, in the State of Vera Cruz (Hille, in Bun-
ker's collection).

D. MORICANDI (Pfeiffer). PI. 4, figs. 62, 63, 64.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, thin, engraved with subcontinuous
spiral lines ; subdiaphanous, citron-colored. Spire conic, rather

DRYM^US, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 79

acute ; suture submargined with a paler tint. Whorls 6, slightly
convex, the last as long as the spire ; columella straightened ; aper-
ture suboblong, truncate-oval, colored within like the outside ; peri-
stome simple, narrowly expanded, the columellar margin shortly re-
flexed above.

Alt. 24, diam. 12, length of aperture 13 mill. (Pfr.).

N. Guatemala: Coban (Delattre); Vera Paz (Morelet).

Bulimus moricandi PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 113; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent., ii, p. 109 — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 45, fig.
283. — Bulimus (Leiostracus) moricandi PFR., in Malak. Blatt. ii, p.
153 (1855). — Bulimulus (Liostracus} moricandi MART., in Albers'
Die Helic., ed. 2, p. 213. — Bulimulus (Drymceus') moricandi FISCH.
& CROSSE, Miss. Seient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 497, pi. 24, figs. 9, 9«.
— Otostomus moricandi VON MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer. p. 227.

Var. hyalino-albidus. Clear whitish. Bulimus moricandi var.,
Pfr., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 398 ; Bulimulus (Drymaus) mori-
candi var. Pt hyalino-albida Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit., p. 498).

S. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght); Yucatan (F. D. Godman); E.
Guatemala: Tzabal (Stoll).

Evidently very close to D. sulphureus, from which its somewhat
more ventricose form, larger aperture, and stouter, perhaps convexly-
conic spire, may perhaps distinguish it. Specimens before me lab-
elled " B. moricandi, Guatemala, Sarg," prove to be merely sulphureus.

GROUP OF D. MULT1LINEATUS.

D. MULTILINEATUS (Say). See page 27.

D. MORITINCTUS (von Martens). PI. 6, figs. 26, 27, 28, 29.

Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, rather thin, irregularly striatulate,
shining; isabelline-whitish, with very few oblique streaks, a single
rather wide peripheral band of blackish, and sparsely scattered dots
of the same color. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse, blackish or
brown. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last slightly attenuated basally,
and sometimes rose-tinted there.

Aperture half the length of the shell, a little oblique, acuminate-
oblong, colored within like the outside; peristome simple, not ex-
panded, the columellar margin thin, lightly arcuate, shortly reflexed
and appressed at the umbilical chink.

Alt. 26-29, diam. 13, length of aperture 14-15 mill. (Mart.)

80 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

W. Mexico: Chilpancingo, State of Guerrero, at an altitude of
4600 ft. (H. H. Smith.)

Otostomus moritinctus MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 228, pi.
14, f. 9, 10 (Sept., 1893.)

A very distinct species, allied to D. livescens, but thinner, larger,
with more ventricose whorls and larger aperture. One of the speci-
mens before me shows scarcely any of the scattered dots mentioned
above, and in another the peripheral band is only faintly indicated.
The apex shows the fine grating characteristic of Drymceus. Von
Martens writes:

" Varies somewhat in the more or less pure whitish, yellowish or
slightly reddish hue of the general coloration, in the more or less
broad and dark peripheral band, in the presence, disposition, and
number of the black points, which are either arrow-like or rounded,
and in the presence or absence of a large brown streak near the
aperture; the base of the shell near the umbilical cleft is in some
examples bright rose-colored. The uppermost whorl is curiously
punctured."

D. LIVESCENS (Pfeiffer). PI. 4, figs. 76-81.

Shell scarcely perforate, ovate-turreted, smooth, livid-whitish
marked with a few brownish streaks. Spire long, acute. Whorls 7,
nearly flat, the last shorter than the spire. Aperture narrow, oblong,
brownish inside ; peristome simple, the columellar margin slightly
revolute, covering the small perforation.

Alt. 23, diam. 9, length of aperture 10, width 5 mill. (Pfr.)

Central Mexico : Tehuacan (Hegewisch, Uhde); Tecomavaca, in
the State of Puebla, S. E. of Tehuacan, Cactus and Mimosa region
(Hoge). W. Mexico: Chilpancingo, in the State of Guerrero (H. H.
Smith).

Bulimus livescens PFR., Symb. Hist. Helic. ii, p. 48 (1842);
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 175 — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus,

pi. 47, fig. 304 PHILIPPI, Abbild. neuer Conch, iii, p. 96, pi. 9,

fig. 3 Bulimus (Mesembrinus] livescens ALBERS, Die Helic. ed. 1,

p. 157 — PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 158 (1855).— 0rthalicus (Me-
sembrinus) livescens H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 157. —
Bulimulus (Mesembrinus) livescens VON MART, in Albers' Die Helic.,
ed. 2, p. 214; Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 27 (1865) — FISCH. & CROSSE,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca i, p. 543 — Bulimulus livescens STREBEL,

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 81

Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v, p. 91, pi. 6, fig. 4. — Otos-
tomus livescens VON MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 228, pi. 15, f.
7, 8 (var.).

The original diagnosis describes the shell as streaked, no bands
being mentioned ; and the locality was merely " Mexico." It seems
allied to moritinctus and especially to discrepans. Von Martens
enumerates the following color-forms :

a. Brown bands and streaks distinct.

b. Bands and interstitial streaks paler.

c. Three bands, no streaks (fig. 79).

d. Upper band narrow, lower a little wider, a series of spots be-
tween (fig. 78).

e. Two basal bands (figs. 80, 81).

f. Subunicolored whitish, with a few streaks (typical form).

D. DISCREPANS (Sowerby). PI. 12, figs. 18, 19.

Shell subperforate, oblong-ovate, thin ; whitish, with few or num-
erous narrow, brown, obliquely-longitudinal streaks, interrupted at the
periphery by a narrow white spiral band, below which there is a faint
or distinct, wide corneous band upon which the streaks reappear, suc-
ceeded by a wide whitish band ; a very narrow umbilical area being
defined by a narrow brown band. Surface shining, smooth, under a
strong lens showing slight growth-striae and faint, fine, dense spiral
lines. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, with typical Drymaus sculpture.
Whorls nearly 6, moderately convex.

Aperture less than half the shell's length, ovate, striped inside,
oblique ; peristome thin and not expanded ; columellar margin nar-
rowly reflexed at the perforation, which it nearly closes.

Alt. 18, diam. 9, length of aperture 8 mill.

Alt. 17, diam. 8, length of aperture 1\ mill.

Central Guatemala: Salama (Morelet); San Geronimo near Salama
(Champion). E. Guatemala: Zacapa, on Cereus sp. (Stoll). Sal-
vador: Conchagua, under the bark of trees (Cuming; type locality).
Central Nicaragua : Granada, Masapa, San Nicolas, in the Savana
region (Tate). N. W. Costa Rica: Guanacasta, in the Bay of Sali-
nas, in the woods (Pittier).

Bulinus discrepatis SOWERBY, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 72; Conch. II-
lustr., Bulinus, fig. 52. — Bulimus (Bidimulus^) discrepans BECK,
Index Moll., p. 65. — Bulimus discrepans DESHAYES, in Lamarck's

82 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert., ed. 2, viii, p. 279 PFR., Monogr.

Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 176. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 23,
fig. 145 — TATE, Amer. Journ. Conch, v, pp. 152, 156 (1870).—
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) discrepans ALBERS, Die Helic. ed. i, p. 158

—PFR., in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 158 (1855) Orthalicus (Mesem-

brinus) discrepans H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 157. —
Bulimulus (Liostracus) discrepans FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 503. — Otostomus discrepans VON MARTENS,
Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 230.

Allied to D. livescens and some forms of D. multilineatus^ but thin-
ner than the latter, with fewer whorls and somewhat different color-
ation. Some specimens show a narrow spiral band revolving a little
above the middle on the ante-penultimate and next earlier whorls.
Specimens from Guenacasta examined by Dr. von Martens are
smaller, measuring: Alt. 16, breadth 8, and aperture 9 mill. Sow-
erby's type from Conchagua measured : Alt. 0.7, diam. 0.33 inch.

D. SEMIPELLUCIDUS (Tristram). PI. 4, figs. 71, 72, 73.

Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, fragile, shining, semipellucid,
white, marked with sparse opaque streaks. Spire conic, acute: suture
deep. Whorls 6, convex, the last a little longer than the spire, in-
flated, rounded at base ; columella vertical, straightened. Aperture
slightly oblique, angulate-oval ; peristome thin, the right margin very
little expanded, columellar margin shortly reflexed.

Alt. 18, diam. 8 mill. (Tristr.)

Guatemala (Salvin). N. W. Costa Rica: Guanacasta, in the Bay
of Salinas (Pittier). N. E. Costa Rica : Puerto Viejo, on the Rio
Sarapiqui (Biolley). Central Costa Rica: Alajuela (Orosco).

Bulimus semipellucidus TRISTRAM, P. Z. S., 1861, p. 230, pi. 26,
fig. 8. — PFR. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 22 — Bulimulus (Liostra-
cus) semipellucidus FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
i, p. 507. — Otostomus semipellucidus MARTENS, Biologia, p. 236, pi.
15, f. 10.

" I am rather inclined to think that this is an albino variety of 0.
discrepans. The specimen from Guanacasta, from which our figure
is taken, has a few brownish oblique stripes on the whorl before the
last, whereas in all respects it agrees with the Rev. H. B. Tristram's
description and figure ; but as the whorls are a little more convex
than in 0. discrepans, and the umbilical cleft completely closed, I

DRYMJEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 83

dare not assert it positively. Tristram's figure is somewhat magni-
fied, as is proved by his statement in the text, that the length of the
shell is 18 mill. He gives the breadth as 8 mill.; but this is too nar-
row, as by reducing the measurements of his figure we find 9J mill,
as the breadth of the last whorl. Probably he has, judging from the
example of Dr. Pfeiffer, measured the breadth just above the upper
edge of the aperture, which is in reality the breadth of the penulti-
mate whorl. This must be kept in mind when comparing my meas-
urements with those given by Dr. Pfeiffer.

" The Costa Rica specimens have stripes only on the upper w norl-
and also here less numerous than in the type." (Martens.)

•

D. UHDEANUS (v. Martens). PI. 15, figs. 47-53.

Shell rimate, oblong-conic, rather thin, perpendicularly rather
coarsely striate, showing very fine spiral lines under a lens, opaque,
fleshy-straw-colored, usually ornamented with three white bands.
Spire long-conic, rather acute, the apex corneous-yellow. Whorls 6,
convex, the last tapering at base. Aperture oval-oblong, colored
within like the outside and slightly roseate, columella a little arcuate,
rose colored; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin
narrowly reflexed and overhanging.

Alt. 22, diam. 10, length of aperture 10 mill. (Mart.).

Mexico, without nearer indication of locality ( Uhde). JE. Mexico :
Aculcingo, State of Vera Cruz, south of Orizaba (Boucard). W.
Mexico: Sayula, State of Jalisco (Hoge).

Bulimulus (Mesembrinus) uhdeanus VON MART., in Monatsber.
Akad. Wiss. BerL, 1863, p. 541 ; Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 25, pi. 1, figs.

4, 5 (1865). — PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 114 Bulimulus

(Scutalus) uhdeanus FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
i, p. 530, pi. 21, figs. 4, 4a. — Bulimulus uhdeanus STREBEL, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v, p. 90, pi. 11, figs, lla, b — Otos-
tomus uhdeanus MARTENS, Biologia, p. 233, pi. 15, f. 1-6 (with vars.
cuernavacensis, tepecensis and borealis (Sept., 1893.)

"The first one and a half whorls are unicolorous, yellow, and finely
reticulated. The typical form may be described as white with fawn-
colored bands, or fawn-colored with white bands ; the latter defini-
tion is perhaps the best, as the fawn occupies a greater part of the
surface, and is the only color present in subvar. c, and I have used it
in my earlier descriptions. But if we examine the var. cuernavacen.

84 DRYM^US, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

sis, and the majority of the other species of this genus, we shall, per-
haps, prefer to regard the coloration as white with fawn bands, but
then we must admit that the uppermost band reaches the suture and
the lowest one the umbilicus, and that the unicolorous subvariety c
is produced by all the bands uniting together. The variation in the
number of bands is caused by the uppermost disappearing, and by the
fourth and fifth uniting into one.

k' This species, as regards the shell, bears some resemblance to
Bulimulus exilis Gmel. (guadelupensis Brug.), the type of the genus
Bulimulus ; but having examined the radula of 0. uhdeanus, I have
found that it agrees better with that of Otostomus, the median tooth
being also remarkably smaller than the neighboring ones" (v. Mar-
tens).

The following varieties are distinguished by von Martens :

A. Typical. Length 22, diam. and aperture 10 mill.

a. Whitish, with 3-5 pale fulvous equal bands (figs. 49, 50).

b. Whitish, with 5 pale fulvous bands spotted with brown

(fig. 48.)

c. Unicolored pale fulvous (fig. 47).

B. Var. cuernavacensis C. & F. (pi. 15, figs. 42, 51). Larger, the
bands more distinct, rather broad ; length 29, diam. 15, aperture 13
mill.

Central Mexico : Cuernavaca (Boucard). E. Mexico, Orizaba and
Maltrata, a little west of Orizaba (Hoge).

Bulimulus (Scutalus) cuernavacensis CROSSE & FISCH., in Journ.
de Conch, xxii, p. 283 (1874); FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca i, p. 532, pi. 23, fig. 11, lla (young?) — Bulimus
cuernavacensis PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii, p. 152. — Bulimulus
cuernavacensis STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v, p.
65, pi. 12, fig. 17.

0. Var. tepecensis Martens (pi. 15, fig. 52). Smaller, upper whorls
banded, median ones maculated, the last pale, with one wide weak
band on the base. Alt. 18, diam. 9, aperture 8-| mill.

West Mexico: Tepee, State of Jalisco (Hoge).

D. Var. borealis Martens (pi. 15, fig. 53). Smallest, grayish-white,
above with 1-3 series of spots, beneath with one wide pale band.
Alt. 15, diam. 8, aperture 7 mill.

N.- W. Mexico : Ventanas, State of Durango, at 2000 ft. elevation.
(Forrer.)

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 85

D. HETEROGENEUS (Pfeiffer). PL 12, figs. 22, 23.

Shell subperforate, ovate-turreted, thin, striatulate, decussated with
microscopic spiral lines, slightly shining, whitish-corneous. Spire
elevated conic, the apex rather acute, suture impressed, simple.
Whorls 6^, a little convex, the apical unicolored, following with
chestnut lines and dots, last two painted with pale corneous streaks,
on the penultimate whorl irregularly spotted ; last whorl about ^ the
total length, rounded at base. Columella receding. Aperture ob-
lique, angulate lunar ; peristome simple, the right margin a trifle
expanded, columellar margin dilated above, overhanging, subap-
pressed.

Alt. 17, diam. 7-|, length of aperture 8 mill. (Pfr.)

W. Mexico: Tepee, State of Jalisco (Hoge). E. Mexico: Mirador,
Pala Gacho, on the road from Vera Cruz to Jalapa, and Rinconada
near the same place (Strebel); Vera Cruz (Berendt, type locality).

Bulimus heterogeneus PFR. in Malak. Blatt. viii, p. 118 (1866);
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 118. — Bulimulus (Liostracus) hetero-
geneus FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca i, p. 506.—
Bulimulus heterogeneus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. iv, pi. 6, fig. 18 a, b; v, p. 92. — Otostomus heterogeneus MAR-
TENS. Biologia, p. 235.

" The species approaches 0. livescens, as Strebel has already stated,
and 0. discrepans. From 0. livescens it differs in the somewhat
more convex whorls, the less tapering spire, the more yellowish hue
of the white color, the subangular last whorl, and the very slight
turning out of the apertural margin ; the last mentioned character
proves it to be adult, although the shell has one whorl less than that
of 0. livescens. The stripes are pale brown, disposed at unequal in-
tervals, and very variable ; they are seen chiefly on the whorl before
the last, sometimes also on the last, while on the other whorls spiral
rows of spots, or even bands, also pale, however, predominate. On
account of some of the whorls being differently painted to the others,
Dr. Pfeiffer seems to have used the name "heterogeneus" which at
first leads one to suppose that the species possesses much more pecul-
iar and unusual characters " (v. Martens).

D. TROPICALIS (Morelet). PI. 6, figs. 21, 22, 23.

Shell sinistral, perforate, long ovate-conic; moderately solid ; white
with two or three pink or pinkish-brown spiral bands, the tip of the

86 DRYMJEUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

apex of the same color. Surface somewhat shining, smooth, showing
fine, superficially engraved spiral lines under a strong lens. Spire
high, straight-sided, the apex obtuse, with typical Drymceus sculpture.
Whorls 6^-7, but slightly convex.

Aperture small, ovate, typically showing the bands inside; peri-
stome acute, thin, unexpanded ; columellar lip triangularly reflexed
above ; columella straight.

Alt. 28, diam. 12, length of aperture 12 mill.

Alt. 21J, diam. 10, length of aperture 9 mill.

Yucatan: Campeche, on the shore (Morelet); Tabi, S. of Merida,
in the interior (F. D. Godman, Febr., 1888); Ruins of Labna (Heil-
prin Exped.).

Bulimus tropicalis MORELET, Test. Noviss. i, p. 9 (1849). — PFR.,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. -Cab., ed. 2, Bulimus* p. 198,
pi. 55, figs. 5, 6 ; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii, p. 424. — Bulimus
(Pyrgus) tropicalis PFR., in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 159 (1855) — Bui-
imulus (Liostraeus) tropicalis FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i, p. 504, pi. 20, figs. 7, 8 — Bulimulus tropicalis STREBEL,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch., v, p. 95. — PILSBRY, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 315. — Otostomus tropicalis MAR-
TENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 233.

The specimens collected by Morelet (pi. 6, figs. 21, 22) have three
brownish-red bands on the last whorl, and are 27 to 28 mill, long,
with 7 wrhorls. Those taken at Labna by the expedition from the
Academy (fig. 23) are smaller, 21-22 mill, long, with the bands pink,
the upper two almost obsolete, and with a pink band just behind the
columella, which is somewhat stained with the same tint. The young
are a little keeled and the bands are more brown. This is the only
sinistral species of Drymaus known.

GROUP OF D. ALTERNANS.

D. ALTERNANS (Beck). PI. 15, figs. 38, 39, 40.

Shell narrowly perforate, ovate-conic, thin but moderately solid ;
white or faintly buff-tinted with five spiral brown bands ; the upper
one narrow, bordering the white-edged suture, the fifth forming a
rather large umbilical patch. Surface glassy, smooth, with slight
growth wrinkles and close, fine, engraved spiral striae, in some speci-
mens subobsolete in places. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse,
having typical Drymseus sculpture. Whorls 5^, moderately convex.

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 87

Aperture ovate, banded inside, oblique ; peristome thin, not ex-
panded, the columellar margin. triangularly reflexed above ; columella
straight or with a low convex fold above. Alt. 20, diam. 11, length
of aperture 9-10 mill.

JV. Guatemala: Panzos (Conradt). Central Guatemala: San
Geronimo, near Salama (Champion); vicinity of Guatemala City
(Stoll). Central Costa Rica: San Jose (Pittier); La Uruca, near
San Jose, at an elevation of 100 metres above the sea, under dry
leaves (Biolley); Alajuela (Orosco). S.Panama: hla del Rey (San
Miguel) in the Pearl Islands, and Taboga Island* both in the Bay of
Panama (coll. Cuming).

Bulinus vexillum BRODERIP, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 105. — SOWERBY,
Conch. Illustr., Bulinus, fig. 26. — Bulimus vexillum DESHAYES, in
Lamarck, Hist, des Anim. sans Vert., ed. 2, viii, p. 272. — REEVE,
Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 23, fig. 152 (not of Wood, 1828). —

Bulimus (Bidimtdus) alternans BECK, Index Moll. p. 65 (1837)

Bulimus alternans PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 207. — Bulimus
(Leptomerus) alternans ALBERS, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 166. — PFR., in
Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 160 (1855) — Orthalicus (Leptomerus} alternans
H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 156. — Bulimulus (Liostracus)

alternans v. MART., in Albers' Die Helic., ed. 2, p. 213 BINNEY,

Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., x, p. 305 (jaw and radula) — FISCH.
& CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 500, pi. 23, fig. 5. —
O. STOLL, Guatem. Reisen. p. 33. — Liostracus alternans W. G.

BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 122 (jaw and radula) B*

alternatus FORBES, P. Z. S., 1850, p. 54 (not of Say).

More allied to the thin, banded species of Colombia, Trinidad,
etc., than to any of the preceding Mexican species. The number of
bands is constantly five, in the series before me, but they vary in
width. Usually the fourth band is wider than those above, and the
second band narrow ; but in some shells the second band is wide,
and the third reduced. Von Martens writes :

"• Dr. O. Stoll has observed this species upon a shrub, Baccharis
salicifolia, in company with 0. jonasi but much less frequent. Dur-
ing the dry season it conceals itself beneath stones and amongst the
roots of the above-mentioned shrub, more rarely on its branches, and
closes the aperture with a thin transparent epiphragma ; in this state
it often becomes the prey of the rapacious Glandina aurata, which
does not ascend the shrubs. He mentions also that full-grown spe-

8 DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

cimens are comparatively rare. An unusually large specimen — long.
28, diam. 14, apert. 11 mill. — found at Panzos (Conradt), has been
sent to me by Prof. Hausknect of Weimar ; its bands are very dark,
nearly black, the shell thus approaching 0. nigro-fasciatus Pfr., from
Colombia [vol. xi, p. 307, pi. 50, figs. 98, 99], but differs from it in
the distinct spiral striation and the comparatively narrower bands."

Var. JUQUILENSIS Martens (fig. 40). Bands narrower. Length 19^,

diam. 9-10 mill.

S. Mexico: Juguifa, in the State of Oaxaca (Boucard) ; Oaxaca
(Uhde). N.Guatemala: Vera Paz (Salvin).

Bulimus virgulatus TRISTRAM, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 412 — Bulimus
alternans var. #, PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 131. — Bulimu-
lus (Liostracus) alternans, var. /3, FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca i, p. 501, pi. 23, fig. 5a. — Otostomus (Liostracus)
alternans VON MART. Conch. Mittheil. ii, p. 192. — Bulimulus (Lios-
tracus} mexicanus, var., VON MART., in Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 24
(1865) (ex parte).

D. TRICINGULATUS (Anton).

Shell oval-conic, spire nearly steeple-shaped, acute ; 7 rather flat
whorls with deep suture, the last whorl two-fifths the whole length ;
translucent, shining, smooth ; light yellow with three dark-brown
bands on the last whorl, and two light brown ones on the others ;
perforate ; aperture oval-oblong. Alt. 1 inch 1 line, diam. 6 lines.
(Anton.) Saboja Ins. (Anton).

Bulimus tricingulatus ANT., Verzeich. der Conch. Sammlung
H. E. Anton, p. 43, no. 1566 (1839) PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 212.

More lengthened than vexillum (Brod.), the last whorl more obese,
somewhat shorter, and, therefore, more conic-oblong. Besides the
ground-color, the slim form and delicate peristome also distinguish it
from trifasciatus Brug. (Anton.)

Has not been recognized by later authors. The locality is evi-
dently Taboga island, in the Bay of Panama.

D. HONDURASANUS (PfeifFer). PI. 15, fig. 41.

Shell openly perforate, ovate-conic, smooth, shining ; yellowish-
white, ornamented with three bands and an umbilical area of rose-
brown. Spire conic, acute, whorls 6, a trifle convex, the last a little
shorter than the spire ; columella straightened, vertical, the aperture

DRYM^EUS, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 89

oval-oblong, colored within like the outside ; peristome unexpanded,
simple, the columellar margin expanding in a triangular plate. Alt.
18J, diam. 10, length of aperture 9 mill. (Pfr.)

Honduras (Dyson).

Bulimus Jiondurasanus PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 29; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. ii, p. 209. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 59, fig. 400.
— ? Bulimus honduratianus TRISTRAM, P. Z. S., 1861, p. 230. — Buli-
mus (Leptomerus) Jiondurasanus PFR. in Malak Blatt. ii, p. 160
(1855). — Orthalicus (Leptomerus) hondurasanus H. & A. ADAMS,
Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 156. — Bulimulus (Liostracus) Jiondurasanus
FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 503. — Otosto-
mus honduranus VON MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer. p. 232.

Known to rne only by the description and Reeve's figure, and per-
haps, as von Martens remarks, not separable from D. alternans. l'A
very delicate, transparent, rose-tinged shell." (Rve.)

D. TRANSLUCENS (Broderip). PI. 24, figs. 28, 29.

Shell oblong-pyramidal, with a small umbilical chink, pale yellow-
ish white, translucent, thin ; surface glossy, showing fine, irregular
growth lines and some faint, almost obsolete spiral strias under the
lens. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, with typical Drymceus sculpture;
whorls 5, a little convex, rapidly widening, the last ventricose,
(keeled in immature shells). Aperture ovater large, about half the
length of the shell ; outer lip thin, unexpanded ; columella reflexed
and appressed above, somewhat excised and slightly subtruncate
below.

Alt. 22, diam. 12.5 mill.

King's and Saboga Is., Bay of Panama, (Cuming).

Bulinus translucens BROD., P. Z. S., 1832, p. 31. — SOWB., Con-
chol. Illustr. f. 11. — Bulimus (Bulimulus) translucens BECK, Index
Moll. p. 67 — Bulimus translucens DESH., in Lam. An. s. Vert, viii,
p. 265 — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 195; iii, p. 437; iv, 501; vi, 151; Con-
chyl. Cab. p. 241, pi. 63, f. 27, 28.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 13, f.
71. — Bulimulus (Leptomerus) translucens v. MART., in Alb., Die
Hel. (2), p. 222; Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 250.

This species " when in fine preservation is so translucent that the
internal pillar and structure of the shell may be plainly viewed
through its glassy surface" (Brod.). It has hitherto been referred
to Leptomerus, but the apical sculpture shows it to belong to Drymceus.

90 DRYM^US LEIOSTRACUS.

Var. subfloccosus, n. v. PI. 24, figs. 26, 27.

Smaller and more slender ; whorls 6 ; later whorls showing a slight
irregular malleation under the lens. Translucent whitish, with more
or less opaque white strigation, and often some scattered dots; sev-
eral post-nepionic whorls densely spirally striated.

Alt. 19, diam. 9, length of aperture 8-J mill. (Nicaragua).
- Alt. 15J, diam. 7J, length of aperture 6J mill. (Honduras).

Nicaragua (Bridges); Honduras (Hjalmarson).

D. PANAMENSIS (Broderip). PI. 24, fig. 30.

Shell ovate-fusiform, somewhat glossy, diaphanous, pale fulvous.
Whorls 6, subventricose ; lip slightly subreflexed.

Alt. 1, diam. ± inch (Brod.).

Isla del Rey (San Miguel}, one of the Pearl Islands, and Taboga
Island, both in the Bay of Panama, on the trunks of large trees
(Cuming).

Balinus panamensis BRODERIP, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 105 — Sow-
ERBY, Conch. Illustr., Bulinus fig. 25. — Bulinus panamensis DES-
HAYES, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert., ed. 2, viii,
p. 273.— PFR. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 206.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon, v, Bulimus, pi. 13, fig. 70. — Bulimus (Bulimulus) panamensis
BECK, Ind. Moll., p. 67. — Bulimus (Leptomerus) panamensis ALBERS,

Die Helic., ed. I, p. 166 PFR. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 160 (1855).

— Orthalicus (Leptomerus} panamensis H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec.
Moll, ii, p. 156 — Otostomus panamensis MARTENS, Biol. Centr.
Amer., Moll., p. 236.

Reeve's figure shows darker obliquely longitudinal tawny streaks
on a paler ground. It is probably, as Dr. von Martens remarks, a
Drymeeus rather than a Leptomerus, and may prove to be a bandless
form of one of the preceding species inhabiting the Pearl Islands.

Subgenus LEIOSTRACUS Albers, 1850.

Leiostracus ALBERS, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 156 (exclusive of all

except Brazilian species) Liostracus VON MARTENS, 2d edition of

Die He!., p. 213 (same exclusions), type B. vittatus Spix. Not Lios
traca Burmeister, Handbuch der Entomologie iii, p. 589, 1842 (Cole-
optera); not Leiostraca H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 237,
Dec., 1853 (Mollusca); not Liostracus Angelin, Palaeont. Suec. ii,
1854 (Trilobita).

Perforate, ovate-pyramidal shells, with the spire somewhat turreted,

DRYM^EUS LEIOSTRACUS. 91

straight-sided, the lip narrowly expanded, surface smooth, without
spiral striae; protoconch with excessively fine spiral striae, but no
vertical sculpture except occasionally some coarse, low, hardly notice-
able wrinkles. Type D. vittatus Spix.

The species are illustrated on plate 14.

Distribution, eastern Brazil. Habits arboreal.

Leiostracus^ as defined by Albers and retained by von Martens and
other authors, was a. heterogeneous mass of thin-lipped species from
both North and South America. As here restricted, it includes a
very natural group of tree snails dominant in the Province of Bahia,
Brazil, remarkable for their almost smooth apical whorls, straight-
sided and pyramidal spires, and usually conspicuous band or stripe
pattern of coloration. The anatomy of the group is wholly unknown ;
and it is placed under Drymceus as a subgenus mainly on account of
the general appearance of the shell.

The apical whorls in vittatus, onager, vimineus, manoeli, cinna-
momeolineatus and perlucidus show no fine vertical sculpture, but only
spiral striae, very fine and close, usually more or less interrupted by
shallow rugosities of the surface, and often wholly effaced in adult
shells by superficial erosion. D. obliquus, which I have not seen, is
said by Dohrn to have a " ganz fein gegittertes Embryonalende"
This indicates the close alliance of that species to Drym&us, and
perhaps its removal from Leiostracus.

As naturalists now generally adopt the principle that a name
should be written as its author wrote it, even when the customary
system of transliteration from Greek to Latin has been transgressed,
it would seem that Leiostracus may stand, though there is an earlier
generic term Liostraca, of the same derivation and significance.

D. VITTATUS (Spix). PI. 14, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Shell umbilicate, oblong-turreted, thin but moderately strong;
yellow or corneous-buff, unicolored or variously banded or streaked
with dusky reddish brown. Surface glossy, smooth, the growth-
striae faint. Spire long conic, with straight lateral outlines, the apex
rather obtuse. Whorls 7 to 8, moderately convex, the last well
rounded at the periphery and below ; sutures impressed.

Aperture oblique, colored within like the outside ; peristome white,
thin, decidedly but very narrowly expanded at the edge, the outer
lip more arcuate above, basal lip well rounded, columellar margin

92 PRYM^EUS LEIOSTRACUS.

broadly expanded above, impressed at its junction with the whorl ;
columella concave below, straight or a little convex above.

Alt. 33£, diam. 14-16, length of aperture 14^ mill.

Alt. 29^, diam. 15, length of aperture 13 mill.

Provinces of Bahia and Pernambuco (Spix, Acad. coll.); forests
of llheos (Blanchet); Forest of St. Gonzales and at Caxoeira, prov.
Bahia (Blanchet, for H. coxeirana); Bahia (Ihering, Paz).

Bulimm vittatus SPIX, Testae. Bras. p. 7, pi. 7, f. 4 (1827). —

DESK, in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 243 PFR., Monogr. ii, 105;

iii, 342; iv, 403; vi, 51 ; viii, 65 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 259, pi. 70, f.
7-11. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 44, f. 279. — HIDALGO, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1870, p. ±1 .—Bulimulw vittatus BECK, Index Moll., p. 65.
— CLESSIN, Mai. Bl. 1888, p. 166, — Not Otostomus vittatus SEMPER,
Reisen in Arch. Philippinen, Landmoll. iii, p. 156, pi. 15, f. 15
(anatomy )» specimens from Mexico and Caracas. Helix coxeirana
MORICAND, Mem. Soc. Phys. d'Hist. Nat. Geneve, vii, p. 433, pi.
2, f. 7-11 (1836). — Bulimus coxeiranus DESK, in Lam., p. 240. —
H. caxoeirana MORIC., Mem. Geneve ix, p. 59. — Bulimus candidus
GRAY, in Maria Emma Gray's Figs. Moll. Anim., iii, pi. 302, f. 4
(copy from Moricand), and iv, p. 115 (1850) — Bulimus omphalodes
MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 144. — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 105.

Apparently differs from D. obliquus in having the aperture longer
and the apical sculpture different. The number of bands varies from
4 to 0, but the uppermost, a line al the suture, is generally absent.
It varies considerably in degree of elongation, some shells before me
having the body-whorl shorter and more convex than any of those
illustrated on my plate. Menke's B. omphalodes was founded on
short examples, with the aperture relatively larger than in the types,
measuring 15 mill, long with a shell length of 31 mill.

The coloring of Spix's type is that shown in fig. 1, streaked, with
a basal band. Moricand based his coxeirana upon banded shells, and
gave names to the several color-forms. But slight systematic im-
portance attaches to these band-varieties, which are as follows :
Viitato-ezonata, streaked like fig. 1, but bandless ; unicolor, citron
yellow throughout (fig. 4) ; trizona, three dark bands on a light
ground (fig. 2) ; dizona, two bands (fig. 5) ; nigrescens, upper two
bands united (fig. 3) ; purpurascens, a single subperipheral vinous
band.

Hidalgo reports vittatus from Rio Janeiro, on the authority of Sr.

DRYM4SUS LEIOSTRACUS. 93

Paz ; but the specimens were probably purchased or given to him
there, not collected, as other naturalists report it solely from more
northern provinces.

D. OBLIQCUS (Reeve). PI. 14, figs. 6-15.

Shell umbilicated, subpyramidal-ovate, the base obliquely pro-
duced ; rather solid, smooth ; pale rose-colored, the last whorl encir-
cled by a single chestnut band. Spire long-conic, rather obtuse.
Whorls 7-8, rather flattened, the last shorter than the spire, rotund.
Columella subplicate. Aperture a little oblique, suboval : peristome
expanded, the columellar margin dilated, vaulted, refiexed.

Alt. 23, diam. 10 mill.; aperture 9 mill. long. (Pfr.)

Province of Bahia (Cuming, Will), and Minas Geraes (Holler-
bach), Brazil.

Bulimus obliquus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 76, f. 551 (August,
1849) — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 342. — Bulimulus obliquus DOHRN,
Jahrb. D. Mai. Gey. x, 1883, p. 352, pi. 11, f. 8-15.— MARTENS,
Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, 1885, p. 191. —
— Bulimus Jeffrey si PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1852, p. 93 : Monogr. iii,
p. 342 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 187, pi. 49, f. 9, 10.

Fig. 14 is typical obliquus, and fig. 15 the original jeffreysi. Dohrn
writes that different as are Pfeiffer's diagnoses of obliquus and jef-
freysi, he is unable to separate the two upon comparing over a hun-
dred specimens. In the various color-varieties the form is sometimes
more slender, sometimes more obese, and the aperture varies con-
comitantly in length, and in being more or less oblique. In those
with long, subvertical mouth the columellar margin of the lip is nat-
urally formed somewhat differently than in shorter shells. Common
to all the examples is the quite finely latticed and reddish embryonic
extremity of the smooth shell. The following color-varieties occur :

1. White, bandless.

2. White or even milk-while or yellowish-white or bluish white or
reddish, with a band below the periphery (J9. obliqaus}.

3. Straw-yellow, with rose-colored bands so broad that the ground
color almost disappears, and either with a brown band below the
periphery, or with also a quite narrow brown sutural stripe, frequently
demarked by a white line bounding it below.

4. Like no. 2, but having a brown band around the umbilicus and
two narrow, brown, band-like series of flecks above the periphery.

94 DRYMJSUS - LEIOSTRACUS.

5. With three dark bands upon a whitish or yellowish ground

6. With four dark bands, the uppermost from the suture on cover-
ing half of the whorls.

7. With four or five bands, the lowest around the umbilicus light
brown or dark, the rest always dark ; the uppermost and middle ones
generally narrow and light brown, the second always lilac or rose,
sometimes decidedly wider than the others ; and frequently there is
a fine, dark autural line. Measurements of several specimens are:

Alt. 30, diam. 13 ; aperture, length 12, width 8 mill.

Alt. 27, diam. 14; aperture, length 11^, width 1\ mill.

Alt. 26, diam. 13 ; aperture, length 12, width 8J mill.

Alt. 24, diam. 11J; aperture, length 10, width 7 mill.

Alt. 22^, diam. 12 ; aperture, length 10, width 6J mill.

This species is undoubtedly distinct from B. vittatus Spix. It is
doubtful, in my opinion, whether B. coxeiranus Moric., placed by
Pfeiffer as a synonym of B. vittatus* will not have to be removed
thence and united with the present species. (Dohrn.)

D. OLOUEI (Pfeiffer).

Shell perforate, ovate-turreted, rather solid, striated and sometimes
submalleate; white, irregularly marked with streaks, spots and dots
of corneous-brown. Spire long-conic, rather acute. Whorls 7, mod-
erately convex, the last scarcely equal to three-sevenths of the total
length, subangular, having a corneous band around the impervious
perforation. Columella shortly receding. Aperture oblique, sinuate-
oval, brownish within ; peristome narrowly expanded, the columellar
margin dilated above, reflexed, then descending to an obtuse basal
angle. Alt. 22, diam. 10 mill.; aperture 10J mill, long, 6 wide. (Pfr.)

Brazil (Cloue, in Cuming coll.).

Bulimus clouei PFR.. P. Z. S., 1856, p. 390 ; Monogr. iv, p. 408.

Very similar in form to B. obliquus Rve.

D. ONAGER (Beck). PI. 14, figs. 16, 17.

Shell perforate, oblong-turreted, thin but rather solid ; white,
creamy or yellow, with longitudinal purple-brown stripes which may
continue to the base, or be interrupted by a basal light zone bordered
by dark bands ; the stripes generally irregular or forked above. Sur-
face glossy, smooth except for slight growth-lines. Spire long, apex
rather obtuse. Whorls 6^ to 7, convex, the last decidedly so.

DRYM^EUS LEIOSTRACUS. 95

Aperture oblique, small, showing the external pattern within ;
peristome thickened, white or tinted, expanded, the columellar mar-
gin triangularly dilated above ; columella straight and vertical above.

Alt. 25, diam. 13, length of aperture 11 mill.

Alt. 26, diam. 12, length of aperture 10 mill.

Alt. 20, diam. 10^, length of aperture 9 mill.

Forests of Prov. Bahia, Brazil (Spix).

Bulimus zebra SPIX, Testae. Bras. p. 8, pi. 7, f. 5 (not of Brug.).
— DESH. in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 242. — Helix zebra MORI-
CAND, Mem. Geneve, vii, p. 432 — Bulimulus onager BECK, Index
Moll. p. 64 (1838), based upon Spix's B. zebra. — Bulimus onager
REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 45, f. 284 — DESH. in Fer., Hist., p. 73,
pi. 145, f. 10, 11.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 167, pi. 50, f. 9, 10;

Monogr. ii, 107; iii, 342; iv, 403; vi, 50 Bulimus vittattis KCSTER,

Conch. Cab., pi. 16, f. 16.

D. onager is allied to D. vimineuf, but the aperture is entire and
rounded below, while in the other species it is produced and effuse at
the lower outer part.

The typical form (fig. 16) has longitudinal stripes, usually quite
irregular and often bifurcating near the suture, but extending to the
base. This varies to forms having a small uniform brown tract
around the columella, or enlarged to cover half or even all of the
base.

Color-var. subtuszonata n. v. (fig. 17). Base with a wide white
zone, bounded by dark bands above and below. In this form the
longitudinal stripes are generally broad and bold, and the shell is
frequently larger than the typical form, attaining a length of 28 mill.

D. VIMINEUS (Moricand). PI. 14, figs. 18, 19, 20.

Shell perforate, oblong-pyramidal, rather solid ; white or whitish,
with longitudinal stripes of purple-brown extending from suture to base,
some of them often accompanied by ochre-colored stripes ; with
sparsely irregularly scattered dark dots, which are translucent by
transmitted light. Surface smooth except for slight growth lines,
somewhat shining. Spire high, the apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls
7, moderately convex, the last obscurely angular at the periphery, in
front.

Aperture oblique, chestnut-colored and streaked within, more or
less produced at the outer basal portion, like a wide, shallow channel

96 DRYMJEUS LEIOSTRACUS.

or spout ; peristome thickened and broadly white-edged within,
slightly expanded, the columellar margin with a short triangular re-
flexion above, narrow below.

Alt. 24, diam. 12, length of aperture 11^ mill.

Bahia, Brazil (Blanchet).

Helix (Cochlogena) viminea MORICAND, Mem. Soc. Phys. et d'

Hist. Nat. Geneve, vi, p. 540, pi. 1, f. 5 (1833 ?) Bulimus vimineus

POT. & MICH., Gal. du Douai, i, p. 150, pi. 13, t. 19, 20. — DESK, in
Lam., p. 242 — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 40, f. 246. — PFR., Monogr.
ii, p. 95 ; iii, p. 375 ; iv, p. 444 ; vi, p. 80 ; viii, p. 113 — HIDALGO,
Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 59 — BuUmulus vimineus BECK, Index
Moll., p. 64, with var. normalis and leucostoma (undescribed).

Closely allied to D. onager; but the aperture is always produced
or channelled more or less at the outer basal portion, there are some
ochre-colored stripes among the purplish and white ones, and dots are
sparsely scattered over the surface. The pattern of coloring is not so
mutable as in onager, the variation being in the width of the stripes,
greater or less prominence of the ochre coloring, and number of dots.
There is wide variation in the shape of the aperture, but the outer lip
is shown too arcuate in fig. 20.

Hidalgo reports vimineus from Rio Janeiro, on the authority of
Paz ; but I do not think it inhabits that province.

D. MANOELI (Moricand). PI. 14, figs. 23, 24.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid though thin ; fleshy- or
yellowish-white, usually with indistinct purplish streaks above, with
two rather narrow purple bands, one basal, the other peripheral, as-
cending the spire, where it is partially disclosed above the sutures ;
the upper part of the spire generally corneous. Surface smooth
except for slight growth-lines, shining. Spire conic, the apex rather
obtuse. Whorls 6J to nearly 7, moderately convex, the last well
rounded.

Aperture oblique, ovate, white with two bright chestnut bands
within, and often clouded with chestnut above the upper band ; per-
istome white, very narrowly expanded, the columellar margin trian-
gularly dilated above.

Alt. 21, diam. 11£, length of aperture 10 mill.

Bahia, Brazil (Blanchet, Anthony, Ihering).

Helix (Cochlogena) manoelii MORIC., Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist.

DRYM^EUS — LEIOSTRACUS. 1)7

Nut. Geneve, ix, p. 59, pi. 4, f. 4, 5 (1838?). — Bulimus manoelii
PFK., Symbolse iii, p. 55; Monogr. ii, p. 110 — REEVE, pi. 48, f.
311 DESHAYES in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 54, pi. 145, f. 12, 13 Bu-
limus coxiranus POT. & MICH., Galerie, i, p. 138, pi. 13, f. 1, 2. —
BiiUmulus (Liostracus) manoeli CLESSIN, Mai. Bl. 1888, p. 166.

Very variable in the amount of purple or reddish streaking and
suffusion above, this species seems to constantly have two purplish
bands, invariable in position but showing some variation in width.
In some shells there is a wide obscure zone above and adjacent to
the peripheral band, and ascending the spire. It is named in honor
of a Creole who assisted Blanchet to collect natural history specimens.
Fig. 24 was drawn from a specimen received from Moricand.

There is a later Helix manoeli of Pfeiffer, which is a synonym of
Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus) manueli (Higgins).

D. CINNAMOMEOLINEATUS (Moricand). PI. 14, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, thin but usually rather solid ; whitish
with numerous narrow, irregular light reddish-brown oblique streaks
continuous from suture to base or leaving a small light umbilical area,
or nearly uniform white or yellowish throughout, broken by incon-
spicuous grayish or yellowish oblique streaks. Spire pyramidal with
straight lateral outlines, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6f, somewhat
convex, the last with a slight keel sketched around the periphery.

Aperture oblique, ovate, white or streaked with gray inside ; the
peristome thin, very narrowly expanded at the edge, columellar mar-
gin triangularly reflexed above.

Alt. 21^, diam. 11^, length of aperture 9| mill.

Alt. 18^, diam. 10, length of aperture 8^ mill.

Alt. 17, diam. 9, length of aperture 1\ mill.

Province of Bahia, Brazil (Blanchet and others).

Bulimus lineatus SPIX, Test. Bras. p. 8, pi. 7, f. 6 (1827). — DESH.
in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 244. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 62, f.
428. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 109 ; vi, p. 52. Not B. lineatus Brug. —
Helix (Cochlogena) cinnamomea-lineata MORICAND, Mem. Soc. Phys.
Hist. Nat. Geneve, ix, p. 60, pi. 4, f. 6, 7 (183&?) — Bulimus
cinnamomeo-lineatus PFR., Symbolse ad Hist. Hel. iii, p. 53 ; Monogr.
ii, p. 109 ; iii, 343 ; iv, 407. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 46, f. 293. —
?? TROSCHEL, Archiv fiir Naturg. 1849, i, p. 231, pi. 4, f. 4 (teeth
and jaw) — ? ? DROUET, Moll. Guyane Francaise, p. 61.
7

98 DRYMJEUS LEIOSTRACUS.

The species upon which Moricand inflicted the more than sesqui-
pedalian name of cinnamomeolineatus is usually somewhat smaller
than any of the preceding, and streaked rather than striped with cin-
namon brown, or with the streaks obsolete. The peripheral keel,
while so slight as to hardly affect the rotundity of the last whorl, is
still quite perceptible.

I consider the locality, Guiana, given by Troschel on the evidence
of specimens collected by Schomburgk, as in all probability erron-
eous. TroscheFs investigation of the teeth was made on Schom-
burgk's material, so that this citation also is open to doubt. See
Schomburgk's " Reisen in Britisch-Guiana," vol. iii, p. 546. Drouet
quotes the species, on the authority of Schomburgk, in his French
Guiana catalogue.

D. PERLUCIDUS (Spix). PI. 14, figs. 21, 22.

Shell perforate, pyramidal, thin but moderately strong; subtrans-
lucent opaline white throughout, or with the tip of the spire red-brown.
Surface smooth except for slight oblique growth lines and in places
some nearly obsolete short spiral impressions. Spire long-conic with
straight lateral outlines, the apex somewhat obtuse, usually with a
minute terminal dark spot. Whorls 7 to 7^, the first smooth, the
rest slightly convex, last whorl decidedly keeled at the periphery, mod-
erately convex above and below the keel.

Aperture small, oblique, ovate ; peristome narrowly expanded at
the edge, the columellar margin triangularly reflexed above.'

Alt. 231, diam. 12^, length of aperture 10 mill.

Alt. 21, diam. 11, length of aperture 8f mill.

Province of Bahia, Brazil (Blanchet, Will).

Bulimus perlucidus SPIX, Test. Bras. p. 7, pi. 7, f. 2 (1827).—
DESK, in Lam. An. s. Vert., viii, p. 248 — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 204 ;
iv, p. 405 ; vi, p. 51. — Bulimulus perlucidus BECK, Index Moll. p.

67 DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Gesellsch. x, 1883, p. 351.—

Bulinus opalinus SOWB., Conch. Illustr. f. 47; Beechey's Voy.
"Blossom," p. 144, pi. 38, f. 8. — Bulimus opalinus PFR., Monogr.
ii, p. 107 ; iii, p. 347. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 58, f. 394 HI-
DALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1870, p. 47. — Helix (Cochlogena) angulosa
FER., Prodrom. p. 54, no. 402 (according to Beck). — MORICAND,
Mem. Geneve vii, 435 — Bulimulus angulosus BECK, Index Moll. p.

64 Liostracus angulosus, FFLD., Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xix,

1869, p. 874.

ORTHALICIN^E. 99

Aside from some resemblance to Oxycliona pileiformis, already no-
ticed by Dohrn, this species resembles no other South American
snail, though it is obviously related to D. cinnamomeolineatus and
its allies. Out of nine specimens before me, two lack the reddish tip
at the apex, and one has a light red line bordering the suture below,
and about 1 mill. wide. As Dohrn remarks, the whorls vary in con-
vexity in different specimens. He gives the following measurements
of the largest and smallest specimens: Alt. 30, diam. 13, length of
aperture 13 mill.; alt. 19, diam. 10, length of aperture 10 mill. The
soft parts are said to be light green with yellowish sole.

On the authority of Paz, Hidalgo records this species from Rio
Janeiro ; but 1 am disposed to believe that some one in that city gave
or sold it to Paz with a number of other north Brazilian snails.
There is no sufficient evidence to show that any Leiostracus occurs
living in the province of Rio Janeiro.

Subfamily ORTHALICIN^E.

Shell varying from ovate to oblong-conic, wholly imperforate, with
solid axis, the aperture ovate, toothless, columellar lip closely ap-
pressed, the lip-ends distant.

Jaw composed of about 15 broad plates, overlapping or imbricating
as usual in Bulimulidce, the median plate usually subtriangular.
Radula peculiar, the basal-plates short, oblong or quadrate, the
cusps short and blunt or rounded, gouge- shaped throughout, or a few
median teeth have pointed cusps : no division into ectocone, entocone
and mesocone except on the marginals, where it is 'not strongly indi-
cated.

Genital system simple, except that there is a small appendix or
accessory gland about midway on the penis, rarely replaced by a cir-
cular swelling. No flagellum.

Oviparous. The eggs are elliptical, brown or whitish, and rough-
ened by distinct granules.

Distribution : tropical and subtropical America. Most of the spe-
cies live on trees and bushes, but probably Hemibulimus and part of
Orthalicus s. str. are terrestrial.

This subfamily differs from the Bulimulince in the imperforate, not
even rimate shell, the broad plates of the jaw and their small num-
ber, the highly modified, gouge-shaped teeth, and the presence of an
appendix on the penis. It is a very natural group, comprising several
quite closely-allied genera.

100 ORTHALICINJ2.

The form of the cusps of the central and inner lateral teeth varies
within several of the genera, which are based almost wholly upon
characters of the shell. In Oxystyla, Liguus and Orthalicus there are
species with the median teeth lance-shaped and others with them
blunt. It is not possible to divide the series in any rational manner,
using this character as a basis.

The fundamental color-pattern consists of five spiral bands (gener-
ally reduced to three) and numerous longitudinal stripes. The modi-
fications of pattern are further discussed under the several genera.

In the subdivision of the Orthalicince into genera, there has been
wide divergence of opinion ; but few who have occasion to study ex-
tensive series will dissent from the view that the fundamental division
of the group cannot be based upon the lanceolate or obtuse form of
the median teeth, nor upon the truncate or continuous condition of
the columella, nor upon the simplicity or thickening of the outer lip.
These characters all intergrade imperceptibly, sometimes even within
the limits of one single species. A far more stable feature is found
in the sculpture of the nepionic shell ; and I would divide the sub-
family primarily into (1) forms with the ante-natal shell pitted like
a thimble, and (2) those in which it is smooth or slightly wrinkled
longitudinally. The senior name for the first series of species is
Orthalicus of Beck, 1837. That for the second series is Liguus of
Montfort, 1810.

These two groups are easily of generic rank ; but when further
subdivision into genera is attempted, it is obvious that we are dealing
with groups of less systematic value than the genera of Bulimulince
recognized in this work. The usage of most conchologists in recent
years, however, has been to recognize two or three genera within the
group with smoolh early whorls; and keeping in mind the fact that
their differences are not of much significance, it may be best to adopt
some further division. I would, therefore, arrange the genera and
subgenera thus:
I. Early whorls pitted, ORTHAHCUS, with the subgenus Metor-

thalicus.
II. Early whorls smooth or nearly so,

LIGUUS, with subgenera Corona and Hemibulimus.

OXYSTYLA.
PORPHYROBAPHE.

Or, to show more clearly the true rank and relationship of the
groups :

OXYSTYLA. 101

/•v Ai i. ( Orthalicus s. str.

Orthahcus -

( Metorthahcus.

( Liguus s. str.

Liguus ....•< Hemibulimus.
( Corona.

Oxystyla . . < Oxystyla B. *tr.
( Porphyrobaphe.

Orthalicus, in the sense here intended, includes Soutli American
species only, the restricted subgenus pertaining to 0. gullina- sultana
and its immediate allies ; Metorthalicus being a new subgenus for spe-
cies with pitted apex and thick or reflexed lip.

Liguus may well include Corona and Hemibulimus until some char-
acters of importance are found to separate them. The nepionic shell
generally has some longitudinal wrinkles, and the columella is fre-
quently truncated below.

Oxystyla is the earliest name for the so-called Orthalicus of Mexico
and the West Indies, the type being the common 0. undatus Brug.
The group Porphyrobaphe, type iostoma, is rightly only a subordinate
group to Oxystyla, toward which it bears a relation parallel to that
held by Metorthalicus toward Orthalicus. On account of its consid-
erable superficial modification, Porphyrobaphe will probably be con-
sidered to rank as a genus, though its claims to that position are
presumptuous.

It will be seen that in any case, the B. undatus group cannot be
called "Orthalicus." If Oxystyla be not recognized as a valid genus,
the species will revert to Liguus, its next of kin.

Genus OXYSTYLA Schliiter, 1838.

Oxystyla SCH LIFTER, Kurzgefasstes systematisches Verzeichniss
meiner Conchyliensammlung (Halle, 1838), p. 7; Sole species undata
Schliit. = B. undatus Brug. — Zebra SHUTTLEWOKTH, Notitia? Con-

chologicse, i, p. 60 (1856) PFR., Nomencl. Helic. Vivent., 1878, p.

258 — Orthalicus and Bulimus sp. of some authors — Ortalichus v.
MARTENS, Biologia Centrali-Americana, mollusca, p. 179 (May,
1893).

For anatomy, see Crosse & Fischer, Miss. Scient. Mex. Moll., p.
429; Binney, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 128; Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Susswasser-Conchyl., Heft v; Semper, Reisen in
Archip. Phil., Landmoll., p. 248.

102 OXYSTYLA.

Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, usually rather thin but strong, com-
posed of 5 to 8-J- moderately or slightly convex whorls ; apex obtuse,
the earlier 2 or 3 whorls smooth; aperture ovate, oblique, rounded be-
low, the Up simple and unexpanded; columella slender, straight or with
a moderately convex fold, not truncated at base. Coloration usually
of longitudinal, waved or zigzag stripes, more or less modified by three
equidistant spiral bands.

Type Bulimus undatus Brug. Distribution, tropical and sub-tropi-
cal America.

Genitalia without accessories except a small lobed gland upon the
penis, rarely obsolete. Teeth usually with rounded cusps, but those
of the median teeth are rarely pointed, and in some species, such as
0. princeps, the cusps vary in different individuals from long and
lance-shaped to short and obtuse.

The fundamental color pattern is a combination of three bands at
equal distances on the last whorl, with longitudinal stripes, the bands
being probably the more fundamental and older element. These
bands are apparently the remnant of an original five-banded pattern,
such as may be seen in various forms of Drymceus ; and following
the usual notation, a banded Oxystyla has the band formula 02340.
In some species and races, such as 0. melanocheilus, tricinctvs,flori-
densis, this pattern stands alone ; in others, such as reses, ferussaci
deceptor, it is found in combination with stripes ; while in the striped
forms without distinct bands, their position is indicated by a sinua-
tion, angle or spot in the stripes, showing the fundamental impress
of the tendency to trifasciation in the organization of the animal.
Striped species seem to have a tendency to revert to the trifasciate
condition; and the full recognition of the several ," melanocheilus "
forms (pi. 18) occurring in Mexico, Central and South America, and
Florida, as parallel modifications of several flammulate specific or
varietal stocks, arid wholly independent of each other, is the main
contribution I would make to the body of general ideas bearing on
the study of species and races. In a few forms, such as 0. longa, the
bands seem wholly lost, the stripes being straight. In 0. zonifera
there is a tripartite division in the general color tone of the shell.

VARICES, as the black or dark streaks reminiscent of former peri-
stomes or lt resting periods " may be called, are doubtless directly
due to climate ; their number and spacing depending upon the two
factors of rate of growth of the individual, and frequency or rarity of

OXYSTYLA. 103

of its partial or complete interruption by dry periods. The influence
of these dry seasons is to check growth ; the dark pigment, which
during rapid growth in seasons of humidity is distributed in flames
or bands, is concentrated in. the narrow, slowly forming lip-streak;
finally growth ceases, the aperture is firmly sealed to the bark of a
shrub or tree by a thick epiphragm, and metabolism is reduced to a
minimum until the recurrence of wet weather abruptly initiates a
new period of active growth.

Each varix corresponds to a light or imperfectly pigmented sig-
moid streak on the parietal callus, apparently caused by a temporary
deficiency of coloring matter upon the resumption of growth after a
resting period. Specimens having varices upon the latter portion of
the last whorl show these pale streaks on the callus. From the fore-
going, it will be obvious that local climatic conditions govern the
development of varices to a great extent ; and these markings are
therefore characteristic of the local races into which Oxystyla every-
where splits.

The sculpture varies somewhat in different species, consisting of
spiral stride and oblique malleation. In 0. undata jamaicensis it is
almost or entirely obsolete ; in obducta it is very faint ; in princeps
sharp, irregular, the striae anastomosing or descending at short inter-
vals in a series of steps. In 0. bensoni the spiral lines are strongly
developed, decussating the longitudinal striae.

None of the species, so far as now known, are common to South
America and Mexico or Central America ; the supposed Central
American obducta being a form of 0. princeps, and the Colombian
and Venezuelan shells referred by von Martens and Strebel to 0.
ferussaci and 0. tricinctus prove to belong to 0. maracaibensis.

The Middle American species have been monographed by Fischer
and Cros»e, later by Strebel and Pfeffer (1882), whose work contains
a great amount or original and valuable information, and lastly by
Dr. E. von Martens (1893) who gives an excellent and succinct
account, marred only by an insufficient appreciation of the status of
the " melanocheilus " forms, and the inclusion of 0. obducta, a species
not occurring in North America.

The species are all variable. Those of " Mexico and Central
America of the 0. undata-princ.eps group are nearly allied inter se,
and it may be questioned whether they do not run one into the other,
so much so as to be regarded as varieties of one and the same species.

104 OXYSTYLA-

Most authors, however, including Shuttleworth, in his valuable mon-
ograph, have treated them as distinct, and I adopt this plan ; but I
confess that in some cases it is very difficult to decide to which species
a single specimen may belong." The material I have studied fully
supports Dr. von Martens' remarks just quoted. It should be added
that there are several species of the undata-princeps group, such as
obducta and longa, which are readily distinguishable and undoubtedly
"good" species, and in fact forms occur of every grade between species
and mere local races. There is no particular advantage in lumping
them under one name, as the forms are definitely limited geographi-
cally, and the knowledge already gained of their variation and dis-
tribution would be largely lost by lumping all of them under one or
two of the old names.

The species are herein grouped geographically under (1) Mexican
and Central American, (2) species of the Antilles and Florida, and
(3) South American. This arrangement separates some closely-
allied forms, such as 0. undata, maracaibensis and ferussaci, but is
probably more convenient than a strictly natural sequence.

The oldest description of a species of this genus, Buccinum zebra
Miiller, Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, ii, p. 138 (1774),
would apply to various species, but is so vague that it cannot be fixed
upon any one of them. As illustrations of his species, Miiller cites
numerous figures: Lister, pi. 11, f. 6 = Perideris ; 9, 4 and 10, 5
= Limicolaria f ; 580, 34= Orthalicus prince ps f or undatus f young;
578, 33 = Achatina fulica ; Petiver, Gazophyl. 44, 7 = a uniform
white Oxystyla, possibly 0. maracaibensis f. imitator ; Seba, The-
saurus, pi. 39, f. 54, 55 = O.ferussacif and f. 50, 51 = 0. melano-
cheilus, tricinctus or imitator.

The terms of the specific description exclude Achatina. The name
practically covers the entire genus Oxystyla, with similarly marked
species of Limicolaria ; but in my opinion neither the melon ocheilus-
like form selected by Shuttleworth, nor the 0. undatus of Bruguiere
can fairly be called zebra ; the first because Muller's name and de-
scription point rather to a zebra-striped and not a three-banded shell,
the second because undatus was the first species to be segregated from
Muller's composite group, and hence has a valid claim to retention.

There is a specimen in Muller's collection which Morch took for
the type, apparently either melanocheilus, tricinctus or imitator / but
Miiller states that the type is in Spengler's collection.

OXYSTYLA, ANTILLES. 105

1 would therefore uphold the decision of Dr. von Martens (Malak.
Blatter xii, p. 44, 1865), that the name zebra be wholly given up.
The data are too indefinite to permit us to fix upon any of the modern
species as the true zebra of Miiller, either by the process of elimina-
tion or otherwise.

It should be mentioned that Messrs. Crosse & Fischer, not recog-
nizing the right of Bruguiere to dismember a composite species, have
arrived at the conclusion that the name zebra was " avec une certi-
tude presque complete " based upon the Antillean form, and should
replace that of undatus. Their remarks on the subject are worthy of
careful consideration, in which, however, the "presque" should re-
ceive due attention.

Agatina varieyata Rafinesque, Enumeration and Account of some
remarkable Natural Objects, etc., p. 3 (1831), Binney & Tryon's
reprint, p. 68, is an unidentifiable species of Oxystyla.

Zebra loxensis Miller = Strophocheilus hartwegi Pfr., vol. x, p. 52.

Antillean Species.
O. UNDATA (Bruguiere). PI. 27, figs. 16-26.

Shell ovate-conic, varying from ventricose to elongate, rather solid
and strong, wholly denuded of cuticle or with it thin and inconspicu-
ous: white or brownish, with numerous ii regular undulating longi-
tudinal stripes, often forked above, and three frequently-interrupted
spiral bands, often indistinct ; apex white or brown-tipped. Surface
with irregular growth-wrinkles, more or less puckered or plicatulate
below the suture, but showing no spiral striation on the last whorl, or
only the faintest indication of it in places. Whorls 6^ to nearly 7,
moderately convex.

Aperture ovate, white with bluish or brown dark markings inside,
oblique ; peristome thin, narrowly edged with brown ; columella
oblique or subvertical, white, the parietal callus varying from dark
chestnut to very pale.

Antilles, Southern Florida.

A species of peculiar distribution, closely allied to 0. maracaibensis
Pfr., and distinguished from allied Mexican forms chiefly by the
obsolescence of the spiral striation. Several well-marked geographic
races are indicated by the extensive series of specimens examined, as
follows :

106 OXYSTYLA, ANTILLES.

Typical UNDATA. PI. 27, figs. 16, 17, 18.

The terms of Bruguiere's description agree best with specimens
before me from Trinidad, collected by Mr. Guppy, from the Bahamas,
Bendall and White, and from St. Thomas, StrebeL The ground-color
is pale brownish-yellow or white ; the stripes are purplish-brown,
rather wide in the median region of the last whorl, and mostly forked
above, and on the penultimate whorl often spread into blotches, as in
0. princeps ; they do not continue to the base, there being a lighter
basal area; blackish-brown varices narrow, two or three on the last
whorl ; the three bands may be seen on some part of the last whorl,
though often not distinct ; but on the spire the band above the mid-
dle is usually conspicuous, though narrow, and the edge of another
may often be seen in the suture. The summit of the first whorl is
dark or blackish-brown. Columella subvertical, the white part nearly
straight. Parietal wall rich chestnut-brown. Surface often rather
coarsely and shallowly plicatulate.

Alt. 51, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 30 mill.

Alt. 49, diam. 26J, longest axis of aperture 27 mill.

Trinidad (R. L. Guppy); Union Island, Grenadines (C. D. Stew-
art); Cariacou, Grenadines (Sir R. Rawson); St. Thomas (Strebel);
Andros (White) and New Providence (Bendall), Bahamas.

Balimus undatus BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 320 (1792) Ortha-

licus undatus BLAND, Amer. Journ. of Conch, iy, 1868, p. 185. —
GUPFY, Journ. of Conchology vii, 1893, p. 217 — 0. ferussaci-
undatus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien v,
p. 24, pi. 2, fig. 10. — Bulimus zebra GUPPY, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(3), xvii, 1866, p. 48 ; Proc. Scient. Asso., Trinidad, 1866, p. 16.—
Orthalicus zebra CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy]., 1890, p. 41 (peculiar
synonymy). — E. A. SMITH, Journ. of Conchology viii, 1896, p. 240.
— Achatina undulata GUILDING, Zoological Journal iii, p. 531
(1828?).

One specimen from Union Island, Grenadines, is before me, agree-
ing in all respects with the Trinidad form. Mr. Smith also reports
it from the adjacent Cariacou Island, though exactly what form
occurred there I do not know (0. zebra, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i,
p. 321). As Union Island was the locality of Guilding's Ach. undu-
lata, and the description tallies well with the present form, that name
is in all probability a synonym.

Mr. E. A. Smith also reports this species from St. Vincent, on the

OXYSTYLA, ANTILLES. 107

authority of specimens in the collection of Sir Rawson Rawson,
which he received from the late Thomas Bland (0. zebra Mull.,
Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 306).

This species has been reported from St. Thomas by Strebel, who
gives the following notes: 0. undatus, form B ; form from St.
Thomas. A specimen in the Berlin Museum, from Gruner. It
differs from those of Jamaica in the more ventricose form, and the
less oblique, sinuous columella. The flame-marking continues over
half the last whorl, the general coloration being characteristic of the
species; embryonic whorls with a small brown tip; the peripheral
and upper spiral bands are well developed on the latter half of the
last whorl. Alt. 60.1, diam. 36.3, length of aperture 35 mill.; whorls
6J. (Beitrage Mex. Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien, v. p. 27).

The locality lacks verification by other observers, and can hardly
be accepted unreservedly until confirmed, although in view of the
occurrence of the species in the Bahamas, there is nothing intrin-
sically improbable in the record. It is evidently the typical form of
the species.

Mr. Bendall reports the species living high up in large trees in
New Providence, Bahamas (0. zebra Brug., Bendall, Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond. i, p. 293). He very kindly sent me a young specimen,
which proves to be like the Trinidad form in markings and apex,
and the dark parietal callus.

A specimen from Andros, Bahamas (J. J. White), before me be-
longs also to the dark tipped, chestnut calloused Trinidad form. It
would seem therefore that in the Bahamas, 0. undata belongs to the
typical form, not to the Jamaican or Floridian races. Whether
man's intervention has been a factor in the distribution of 0. undata
is problematic.

Var JAMAICENSIS n. v. PI. 27, figs. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.

Form more elongated ; solid ; destitute of cuticle ; white with numer-
ous bluish-black or bluish-brown stripes, mostly continuing on the base
to the columellar callus ; bands variable, but rarely so conspicuous on
the spire as in Trinidad shells; apex white; aperture showing blackish
bands and streaks within, more or less distinctly, on a white ground ;
the lip black or dark brown ; parietal wall with a thin wash of diluted
chestnut, or if it be moderately dark, there is a while zone around the
insertion of the columella; columella a little sinuous or concave.

108 OXYSTYLA, ANTILLES.

Alt. 50, diam. 27-J, longest axis of aperture 28 mill. (Kingston).

Alt. 70, diam. 39, longest axis of aperture 40 mill. (Yallahs).

Alt. 59, diam. 32, longest axis of aperture 33 mill. ( Yallalis).

Alt. 53J, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture 28^ mill. (Yallahs).

Jamaica : " Rock Fort," etc., near Kingston (Gloyne, Feilden, W.
J. Fox, C. W. Johnson) ; east of Kingston, and Hope River (Hen-
derson & Simpson); Tallahs (U. C. Smith). Transported from near
Kingston to the Suburbs of Bridgetown and on Pelican Island, Bar-
bados (Feilden),

Bulimus zebra Mull., C. B. ADAMS, Contrib. to Conch, no. 3, pp.
40, 48; Catalogue of Land Shells which inhabit Jamaica, 1851, p.
184. — Orthalicus zebra (Mull.), E. A. SMITH and H. W. FEILDEN,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), viii, 1891, p. 253 (exclusive of reference
to Reeve). — CROSSE & FISCHER, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll., p. 441
(exclusive of much of the synonymy and distribution), pi. 18, f. 8
(epiphragm).

Orthalicus undatus var. a, SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitiae Malacologicae
i, p. 63, pi. 3, f. 4. — Orthalicus undatus Brug., GLOYNE, Journ. de
Conchyl., 1875, p. 120. — W. G. BINNEY, Annals of the Lyceum of
Nat. Hist, of New York xi, p. 41, and also the notes on genitalia
(and probably jaw and dentition) of undatus in Terr. Moll, v, p. 410,
and Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 440. — STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land-
und Siisswasser Conchylien v, p. 26, form A, pi. 2, f. 11 (shell of a
Jamaican specimen) — TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch, iii, p. 166, pi.
13 (9), f. 1. — HENDERSON, Nautilus viii, p. 19, 1894.

More or less doubtfully pertaining to the Jamaican form : Bulla
zebra <?, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3431, based on Zebra mulleri
CHEMNITZ, Syst. Conch. Cab. ix, pt. 2, p. 24, pi. 118, f. 1015, 1016.
See also new edition, Bulimus, pi. 2, f. 4, 5. — Helix (Cochlostyla')
undata FERUSSAC, Prodr. no. 337; Histoire, pi. 114, f. 5, 6 — Orthal-
icus undalus (in part) Beck, Index, p. 59. — ? Orthalicus zebra O. F.
Miiller, STREBEL, Beitrage Mex. Land- und Siisswasser- Conch, v, p.
24, pi. ll,f. 20.

The dead, lustreless, and rather rough surface of most Jamaican
shells is apparently due to the extreme dryness of the climate of the
southern portion of the island. East of Kingston the species is locally
very abundant, on trees, but its range is confined to a small area. This
limited range, with the fact that the species lives mainly near human
habitations, caused C. B. Adams to suggest that it had been intro-

OXYSTYLA, ANTILLES, FLORIDA. 109

duced into Jamaica by the agency of man. Against this view is the
strong individuality of the Jamaican race. I am informed by Pro-
fessor Cockerell that materials which have been traced to flood-debris
of the Orinoco, are commonly cast upon the southern coast of Jamaica
near Kingston. I would suggest from this circumstance that 0. un-
data may have been carried from Trinidad to Jamaica sealed to the
projecting limb of a floating tree. If so, the Floridian and Bahama
colonies are possibly traceable to similar flood waifs.

" It is very common in the neighborhood of Kingston, Jamaica,
but seems confined to that area, and may be seen clinging in hun-
dreds to the prickly-pear plants bordering the roads. I have not met
with it in any other part of that island. In 1889 I brought a small
basket full of them from Jamaica to Barbados ; but being on arrival
placed in quarantine, on Pelican Island, I turned them out there on
the bushes. Subsequently I found them in limited numbers already
introduced to gardens in the suburbs of Bridgetown." (Col. H. W.
Feilden.)

Var. RESES (Say). PI. 27, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Form ventricose; thin and light, less solid than the Jamaican or
Trinidad races. White or slightly brown-tinted, this tint deepening
near the lip or behind the later varices ; stripes few, purplish brown,
running with the growth-lines, and mingled with streaks of the same
or a bright rust color, the stripes and the streaks often interrupted
between the bands, and mostly not extending below the lower one ;
varices rather numerous, usually 3 or 4 on the last whorl ; three spiral
bands strongly indicated; apex black or chestnut. Aperture large,
showing the varices^ bands and streaks vividly inside; columella
straightened above ; parietal callus chestnut with pale sigmoid streaks,
and no white area around the axis.

Alt. 52, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 31 mill. (Sugar Loaf
Key.)

Alt. 46, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 27-J mill. (Sugar Loaf
Key.)

Sugar Loaf Key, Florida (F. E. Blanes) ; Key West (Rugel,
Simpson).

Bulimus reses SAY, New Harmony Disseminator, Dec. 28, 1831
(as synonym of B. undatus}; Say's reprint, p. 25 ; Binney's reprint,
Complete Writings of Thomas Say, p. 39.

110 OXYSTYLA, FLORIDA.

Bulimus zebra D'ORBIGNY, in Ramon de la Sagra's Hisjoire Phys.,
Polit. et Nat. de P ile de Cuba, Moll., i, p. 174 (exclusive of syn-
onymy and distribution), pi. 6, f. 9, 10. Conf. ARANGO, Fauna
Malac. Cubana, p. 130 — Bulimus zebra A. BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll.
N. A. ii, p. 271 (in part), pi. 54, lower figure only (good).

Orthalicus undatus var. B, SHUTTLE WORTH, Notitiae Malacologicee
i, p. 63, pi. 3, f. 5 (a Key West specimen coll. by Rugel). — Orthali-
cus undatus BINNEY & BLAND, Land and Fresh- water Shells of
N. A., i, p. 217 (exclusive of part of synonymy and remarks), fig.
372. — W. G. BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll, v, pp. 406, 408 (with same
reservation), fig. 285 (jaw), pi. 54, lower figure only; pi. xvi, f. M,
pi. x, f. H, (radula); Manual of American Land Shells, p. 438 (same
exclusions), f. 482. — SIMPSON, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. v,
p. 67.

Very readily distinguished from the Jamaican race by its more
ventricose form, lighter texture, more lively color both outside and
within the aperture, the greater prominence of the three bands, and
the dark apex and parietal wall. It is less solid than the Trinidad
race, brighter colored, with more prominent bands and varices.

I have revived the name proposed by Thomas Say for this form,
as it is what his brief remark under ]3. undatus indicates. In form-
ally introducing and defining the race, I select the form found on
Sugar Loaf Key as the type.

D'Orbigny figures exactly this form in de la Sagra's History of
Cuba, but Arango repudiates it as a Cuban species, in his Fauna
Malacologica Cubana, p. 130.

Var. FLORIDENSIS Pilsbry. PI. 18, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.

Ventricose, moderately solid, white, often becoming tinted with
light brown on the latter part of the last whorl ; lacking longitudinal
flames, but with a few tawny streaks and 1 to 3 blackish varices (on
the whole shell); encircled by three brown or purplish bands, the basal
one generally widest, the peripheral narrow, and the upper one often
subobsolete; tip of the apex dark; aperture showing the bands, but
usually no varices inside ; lip and the broad parietal callus deep chest-
nut colored ; columella white, straight.

Alt. 52, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 31 mill.

Alt. 48, diam. 28, longest axis of aperture 27 mill.

Florida : near Cape Sable (Hemphill, Simpson) ; Key Biscayne
(Binney); Indian Key (Wurdemann).

OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC. Ill

Bulimus zebra W. G. BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll, iv, p. 225, pi. 78,
f. 12. — Orthalicus zebra BINN. & BLAND, Land and Fresh- water
Shells of N. A., i, p. 216, f. 370 (exclusive of synonyms and fig.
371). — Orthalicus melanoclteihts, specimens from Indian Key, only,
CROSSE & FISCHER, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll., p. 458 — 0. undatus
var., W. G. BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll, v, p. 410, f. 286, specimen from
Key Biscayne ; Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 440, f. 483 ; Fourth
Supplement to Terrestr. Moll, v, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxii, no.
4, p. 201, pi. 2, f. 4. — SIMPSON, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. v. p.
67. — 0. melanocheihts var.floridensis PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1891, p. 317, fig. (Aug., 1891) ; Nautilus viii, pp. 37, 38, fig.;
p. 57.

Not 0. zebra of Milller or Shuttleworth ; not 0. rnelanocheilus
Valenciennes ; not 0. undatus Bruguiere.

Closely allied to 0. undata reses, from which it differs in the absence
of longitudinal flames and the far smaller number of black varices.

Quite similar to this variety are 0. melanocheilus, 0. ferussaci
tricincta and 0. longa strebeli of Mexico, and 0. maracaibensis imi-
tator of Venezuela and Colombia. They are parallel modifications
of various more or less diverse flammulate species.

It may prevent confusion to place on record here the identity of
the specimens figured in the most used works on the United States
fauna. In Terrestrial Mollusks iii and v, pi. 54, the lower figure is
0. undata reses ; the two side figures are young 0. princeps; the
upper figure is unknown, the heavy columella being unlike any
species known to me, and very unlike undatus. In Terrestrial Mol-
lusks iv, pi. 77, fig. 13 is typical 0. princeps; pi. 78, fig. 12 is 0.
undata Jloridensis. In the Manual American Land Shells, fig. 480 is
0. princeps, and the paragraph at the foot of p. 439 beginning " The
most beautiful form of the species " also describes princeps. Fig. 482
is 0. undata reses ; fig. 483 is 0. undata floridensis, and fig. 484 is
correctly labeled 0. meJanocheilus. In Tryon's monograph, Ameri-
can Journal of Conchology iii, pi. 13, f. 1 is 0. undata jamaicensis ;
fig. 2 is 0. undata reses ; fig. 3 is 0. longa uhdeana. I have exam-
ined the specimens figured.

Mexican and Central American Species.

a. Shell white, yellow or pale brownish with 0-3 spiral bands, no
longitudinal stripes except the varices, or streaks left by former
peristomes.

112 OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC.

b. Varices few, gray ; apex and peristome white ; no bands ;
surface plicatulate leucochilus, p. 129

bl. Varices few, blackish, the peristome also dark.

tricincta, p. 120

ft2. Varices numerous, several on the last whorl, and blackish
like the peristome ; bands 0-2. melanocheilus, p. 122

a1. Shell rather thin, with longitudinal stripes in addition to vari-
ceal streaks.

ft. Varices few, narrow, 1 or 2 on the whole shell.

c. Last whorl without spiral bands ; stripes 2- or 3-forked
above, widening into broad blotches above the peri-
phery ; last whorl large. princeps, p. 113

zonifera, p. 123

c1. Similarly blotched, but with 2 obscure bands below ;

form more slender and acuminate. livens, p. 118

c2. Last whorl with thrice angulated narrow continuous

stripes. crossei, p. 116

trifracta, p. 115 uhdeana, p. 129

c3. Last whorl with a peripheral band of oblong blackish,
alternating with buff spots ; mottled ; 2 narrow bands
on spire ; shell large, with long, straight columella.

deceptor, p. 116

c*. Last whorl with simple, rarely forked or zigzag brown

stripes, crossed by three spiral bands, ferussaci, p. 119

c5. Last whorl with a light zone below the suture and

another around the base, the wide intervening belt

darker, with wider stripes. zonifera, p. 123

c6. Shell large, with close, pale violaceous nearly straight

stripes, and few varices. livida, p. 124

ft1. Varices 1-4, narrow, a perceptibly paler zone on the

closely streaked shell below the suture. zonifera, p. 1 23

a2. Shell solid and strong with longitudinal stripes or spots, and

varices.

ft2. Varices rather wide, the lip very broadly dark-bordered
inside ; shell heavy and thick, boldly striped above, gener-
ally becoming rich reddish-brown on the last whorl.

ponderosa, p. 130

ft3. Varices usually 4 to 6, wide and prominent ; lip generally
rather broadly dark-bordered; usually a white subsutural
band ; shell solid.

OXYSTTLA, MEXICO, ETC. 113

c. Streaks straight, or reduced to spots , aperture rather
short, oblique, longa, p. 126

c1. Streaks straight or waved, generally rich blackish-
brown, with tawny ones intermingled boucardi, p. 128
c2. Streaks angulated or obsolete, two or three broken
spiral bands developed. uhdeana, p. 129

c3. Solid, plicatulate, conic, mainly white, the varices
generally narrow, columella short, oblique, truncate
below. strebeli, p. 128

O. PRINCEPS (Broderip). PI. 16, all figures; pi. 17, figs. 10-12
(varieties).

Shell ovate-conic, rather wide, moderately solid ; growth stria3
inconspicuous. Nearly white or cream-tinted, with waved stripes
which are dilated into broad quadrate or irregular blotches along a
super-peripheral belt, each forking into several branches along the sub-
sutural zone, and bi- or trifurcate below, a girdle of small blotches
formed at angles in the stripes, encircling the middle of the base ;
dark varices few, rarely exceeding one or two on the whole shell.
Whorls 6^, convex, the apex obtuse, usually with a minute black tip.
Aperture ovate, quite oblique, white or showing angular streaks
within ; peristome not thickened, usually dark-edged ; columella
thin, white, straight or a little concave; parietal callus thin, dark
brown.

Alt. 57, diam. 34, longest axis of aperture 31 mill.
Alt. 63, diam. 35, longest axis of aperture 33 mill.
Alt. 43, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture 25 mill.
Young (figs. 3, 4) with continuous or subcontinuous peripheral,
circum-umbilical and intermediate bands, and broad stripes above,
the earlier 3 whorls corneous, without markings.

W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Reigen, Forrer), Presidio de Mazatlan
(Richardson); Tepee (Cooper); Tres Marias Islands (Forrer, Rich-
ardson); Colima (Rolle). E. Mexico : Papantla (Deppe); Misantla
(Salas); Rancho de la Lima and Rancho de Quilate, both near Mis-
antla (Dona Estefania); Playa Vicente, in dense oak-forest (Hoge);
Coafepec, above Jalapa (Strebel, form C); Almolonga, below Jalapa
(Hoge); Mirador (Strebel, form C); Callejones de Malibran, near
Vera Cruz, living on trunks of trees and on fences (Strebel, form A);
Cordova (Hoge); Atoyac, near Cordova (H. H. Smith); Vera Cruz
(Salle, Heilprin exped.). S. W. Mexico: Panistlahuaca and Ixtapa,

114 OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC.

both in Oaxaca (Boucard); Cerro de Acatepec, near Tuletepec in
Oaxaca, on evergreen oaks (Shuttleworth). Yucatan : Merida
(Strebel, form D); Tabi, south of Merida (F. D. Godman); Shkolak,
Tekanto, Ticul, between Sitilpech and Tunkas, and at Si/am (Heilprin
exped.). N. Guatemala : Cahabon (Sarg); Coban (Conradt); Senahu
and Chacoj (Champion), Panzos (Conradt), all in the Polochic val-
ley. W. & S. W. Guatemala : Western lowlands, at Retalhalen and
San Francisco Miramar, also near Capetillo, ascending to an eleva-
tion of 3,500 feet above the sea, generally on trees, especially the
guava and "volador" (Stoll.); El Reposo, below Retalhulen, Cerro
Zunil, and at San Isidro near Mazatenango (Champion) ; San
Agustin (Bocourt, var B). Salvador: Conchagua (Cuming). Nica-
ragua (Levy, Janson): Woods of Nicaragua, in the hollows of trees
(Cuming). N. W. Costa Rica: Guanacaste, at an elevation of 250
metres above the sea, in woods round the Bay of Salinas (Pittier,
A. Alfaro). Panama (Cuming, Martinez).

Bulinus princeps (Broderip), Sowerby, Conch. Illustr., Bulinus, f.

18 (1833) Bulimus (Orthalicus} princeps Beck, Index Moll., p. 59.

— Orthalicus princeps SHUTTL., Notitia3 Malac. i, p. 64, t. 3, f. 6, 7.
— PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 589. — MORCH, in Malak. Blatt.
vi, p. 112 (1859) — v. MART, in Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 40 (1865) —
FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca i, p. 455, pi. 18, f.

2, and varieties f. 2 a, 2 b STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und

Siissw.-Conch. v, pp. 11-16 (forms A-D, not E, F), pi. 3, f. 1 a-d;
pi. 4, f. 1-5, 7, 8, 10, pi. 8 (anatomy), pi. 9, f. 1-11, and pi. 11, f. 1,
3 (radnla); pi. 10, f. 1, 4, 7-10, 12-14, 16, and pi. 11, f. 2 (jaw), 5
(embryonic shell). — PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1891,
p. 317. — HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacifico, p. 136; Journ. de Conchyl.,
1870, p. 64.— COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. (2), v, p. 166 (1895).—
Ortalichus princeps von MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 182, pi.
10, -f. 3-6, with var. Jischeri, p. 183, pi. 10, f. 7 — Bulimus undatus
(Brug.), VALENCIENNES, Recueil d* Observ. Zoo'l. ii, p. 245, pi. 55,
f. 1 a, b (1833). — Bulimus zebra, var. <?, PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
ii, p. 144. — Bulimus zebra, var., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus,
pi. 15, f. 90. — Bulimus zebra (part), BINNEY, Terr, air-breath, Moll.
N. A., pi. 54, two smaller middle figures. — Orthalicus zebra (Mull.),
CARPENTER, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, pp. 176, 177 — H. & A. ADAMS,
Gen. Rec. Moll., pi. 75, f . 6 a (shell).— ? ANGAS, P. L. S., 1879, p.
483. — ? Orthalicus undatus Brug., STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC. 115

xvii, 1894, p. 162. — BALL, N. A. Fauna no. 14, p. 11. — ? BLAND in
Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiv. p. 303 (1872), specimens
from Socorro I. — ? SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll.,
p. 248, pi. 15, f. 9 (genitalia).

The type locality is Conchagua, in the republic of Salvador. In
its typical development, this species is distinguished by its rather
broad, full form, and the series of wide, squarish or angulated, dark
blotches above the periphery, branching upward and below (figs. 1,
5, 6). The surface is smooth to the eye, black varices are wanting
or few — one or two on the whole shell — and spiral bands, conspicuous
in the young, are lacking in adult shells, this being the main differ-
ence between princeps and ferussaci.

The most slender specimen I have seen is shown in pi. 16, fig. 5.
The characteristic pattern of typical princeps passes by imperceptible
degrees into that shown in fig. 8 of pi. 16, and fig. 10 of pi. 17, in
which the blotches of the median third of the whorl are split, the
surface of the last whorl divided into four subequal zones by three
series of arrow -spots, or three belts of angulation of the stripes. It
sometimes becomes difficult or impossible to separate such examples
from 0. ferussaci, which is merely a less developed or retarded race.

Bland referred specimens of an Oxystyla, collected on Socorro Is-
land by Col. Grayson, to Orthalicus undatus Brug. Probably it is
0. princeps which lives there.

Var. trifracta n. var. PI. 17, figs. 10, 11.

Contour typical and sculpture well developed ; ground-color pale
above, becoming decidedly yellow on the last whorl, with numerous
dusky stripes thrice broken by girdles of angle-spots, and partially
obsolete below the lowest girdle ; spire with broad stripes and two
continuous or subcontinuous bands, one above the middle, the other
above or at the suture. Apex with a dark dot.

Alt. 50, diam. 32, longest axis of aperture 30 mill.

Alt. 53, diam. 33, longest axis of aperture 30J mill.

Salvador (Swift).

?0. princeps var. (3, FISCHER and CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll., p. 455, pi. 18, f. 2 b.

Specimens submitted by Robert Swift to Shuttleworth were con-
sidered by him a new species allied to obductus, according to a MS.
note on the label of the type.

116 OXYSTTLA, MEXICO, ETC.

Var. crossei Martens. PI. 17, fig. 12.

Subelongate-conic, the whorls less convex, with numerous narrower
stripes. Alt. 54, diam. 30, aperture 28 mill.

Belize, British Honduras (Bocourt, Parsons); Costa Rica (van
Patten).

0. princeps var. y CROSSE & FISCHER, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.,
p. 455, pi. 18, f. 2 c. — 0. zoniferus var. crossei MARTENS, Biol. Centr.
pp. 180, 186.

Fig. 8 of pi. 16 shows a specimen somewhat transitional between
princeps and this variety.
Var. fischeri Martens. PL 16, fig. 9.

Tawny, with numerous slightly darker streaks which are but little
undulated; apex with minute brown dot; peristome narrowly brown-
edged, the parietal callus brown. Alt. 55, diam. 33, length of aper-
ture 30 mill. (Martens.}

El Reposa and San Isidro, near Mazatenango, western Guatemala
(Champion).

Ortalichus princeps var. jischeri MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer.,
pp. 180, 183, pi. 10, f. 7 (exclusive of synonymy).

Var DECEPTOR, n. v. PI. 24, figs. 19-25.

Form and size about as in obductus ; general color -tone paler, the
ground purplish, olivaceous-yellow or pale fawn, mottled in indistinct
pattern with dusky purplish or pale olive-brown streaks and clouds?
and with the peripheral band (or three bands) developed as series of
oblong blackish spots alternating with light buff spots. Spire with
whitish ground, irregular, often sparse flames, and two brown bands,
one median, the other super-sutural. Varices few. Sculpture of
0. princeps. Columella long and straight.

Alt. 67, diam. 40, longest axis of aperture 38J mill.

Alt. 49, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 28^ mill.

British Honduras : Belize, in the woods (Bocourt). N. Guate-
mala: Coban (Sarg). Central Guatemala: San Geronimo (Cham-
pion) Polvon, Nicaragua, (MacNiel); Panama (Cuming) ; Islands in
the Bay of Panama (MacNiel).

Orthalicus obductus FISCHER & CROSSE, Miss Scient. Mex., Mol-
lusca, i, p. 456 (exclusive of South American references and locali-
ties) BINNEY, Ann. Lye. N. York, xi, 1874, p. 37, pi. 6, f. iii, and

Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 128, pi. 12, f. B. (radula)— STREBEL,

OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC. 117

Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 34, form A, 4, form B, C,
pi. 3, f. 7b, 7c, 4a, b — Ortalichus obductus v. MARTENS, Biol. Centr.
Amer., pp. 181, 187 (exclusive of South American references and
localities).

This is so like the Venezuelan 0. obducta that it has deceived
a number of excellent conchologists, as may be seen by the above
references. Under the lens, one at once sees strong sculptural
peculiarities, deccptor having a comparatively coarse pattern of spiral
threads, very irregularly waved, and modified by fine malleation,
over the entire surface of the last whorl ; while in obducta the
spirals are very much finer, usually obsolete or nearly so over a
great part of the surface, and in place of the malleation, which is
wanting, there are distinct wrinkles along the growth-lines. 0.
princeps var. trifracta is to come extent a transition form to true
princeps.

It is further distinguished from 0. obducta by the general color-
tone and pattern of the last, and especially of the earlier whorls ; a
comparison of thirty specimens from numerous Central American
and Venezuelan localities showing these features to be constantly
different. The long, straight columella is like that of 0. obducta.

Figures 19 and 23 of pi. 24 were drawn from specimens from Pol-
von, Nicaragua, the type locality. Fig. 24 is from Nicaragua. Fig.

20 is a very pale, partially albino specimen from Honduras. Figs.

21 and 22 represent a very aberrant shell, collected by Prof. Ralph
Tate in Nicaragua, exact locality not known ; on a white ground, it
is blotched with purplish-black and has three interrupted bands of
tawny brown. The long, straight columella causes me to refer it to
deceptor rather than to ferussaci.

Another aberrant shell is shown in fig. 25. It is from Panama,
and differs from all the preceding by its elongate spire with the whole
first whorl black, the striping conspicuous throughout, columella
strongly convex, and aperture small. The sculpture is typical. This
may be called form perlonga. Alt. 50, diam. 27 J, longest axis of
aperture 25^ mill.

The following west Mexican forms, elegans and colimemis, are
known only by brief differential diagnoses, insufficient to establish
their specific distinction, though they may be valid species.
0. elegans (Rolle).

Shell very similar to 0. princeps, but differing in the more slender

118 OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC.

form ; columella scarcely twisted, nearly vertically descending. Alt.
62, diam. 28.5, alt. of aperture 28, width 14 mill. (Rolle.}

Colima, Western Mexico.

Orthalicus elegans ROLLE, Nachr. Bl. D. Malak. Ges. 1895, p. 131,
no. 15.

''Closely allied to 0. princeps, but evidently separable specific-
ally." It has not been figured.
0. colimensis (Rolle).

Differs from 0. princeps in the more solid shell and much more
twisted columella. Alt. 58, diam. 30, alt. of aperture 28, diam. 15
mill. A form standing between 0. princeps and 0. ferussaci, of
which unfortunately only specimens collected dead are before me ; it
appears to me specifically different. (Rolle.)

Colima.

Orth. (colimensis n. sp.f) ROLLE, t. c. p. 131, no. 18.

O. LIVENS (Shuttleworth). PL 23, fig. 15.

Shell elongate-acuminate-ovate, thin, striatulate, marked with
close and very minute undulating spiral lines ; dull buff, ornamented
with brown, somewhat waved streaks, subinterrupted or obsolete
below the periphery of the last whorl, which is narrowly and incon-
spicuously two-banded. Spire conic, livid above, apex intense purple-
black. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last about as long as the spire ;
columella slender, thread-like, rather straightened. Aperture ob-
lique, truncate-oval, white inside, and somewhat streaked ; peristome
unexpanded, bordered with intense chestnut-brown, the margins con-
nected by a chestnut-brown callus. Alt. 48, diam. 22, longest axis
of aperture 25 mill. (S/mtt.)

Mexico, probably near Vera Cruz (Sandoz).

Orthalicus livens SHUTT., Notitiae Malacologies i, p. 64, pi. 3, f. 8
(1856) — PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. iv, p. 589. — ? FISCHER & CROSSE,

Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll, i, p. 453, pi. 18, f. 6, Qa ?0. livens BECK,

Index, p. 59 (nude name).

The typical 0. livens is still known solely by Shuttleworth's de-
scription and figure. He remarks that the apex varies from intense
to pale purple-black, and the streaks are sometimes wider and darker
colored. It is allied to 0. princeps, but differs in the more slender
form, the last whorl not ventricose, base narrower, and the color,
pattern and thinness of the shell.

OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC. 119

The above description, comparisons and figure, from Shuttleworth,
contain all the definite information available on this species, the type
of which is in Shuttleworth's collection in Berne. The name was
adopted from Beck, who simply enumerates 0. livens among the spe-
cies without any reference or description, and consequently it had no
standing before 1856. According to Morch (Malak. Bl. xii, 39,
1865), Beck's type was a rather solid, very obsoletely keeled, white
shell, like Ferussac's pi. 115, fig. 2 — possibly an albino form of 0.
longa ; but this fact has only antiquarian interest. The forms re-
ferred to livens by Crosse & Fischer and Strebel seem to me different,
and probably members of the 0. longa mutation-series. See 0. longa
var. uhdeana.
O. FERUSSACI (von Martens). PI. 17, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.

Shell ovate conic, rather solid, lightly striatulate, somewhat plicate
at the sutures, sculptured with very fine and close undulating and
frequently interrupted spiral lines ; white, with rather close purple-
brown streaks, generally simple and straight, rarely zigzagged or
forking and narrow, a few spiral bands, sometimes obsolete. Spire
conic, uniform white above, the apex with a minute brown spot,
whorls 6, nearly flat, the last moderately swollen. Aperture rather
oblique, half the length of the shell, oval, acute above, white inside
and showing the streaks; columella straightened, thin, white; peri-
stome unexpanded, acute, narrowly brown edged ; parietal callus of a
more or less intense brown. Alt. 65, diam. 33, length of aperture
31, width 17 mill. (Martens.)

S. W. Mexico: Tehuantepec, on a species of Taberncemontana, be-
longing to the family Apocynere (type locality; Deppe). Yucatan :
Shkolak (Heilprin). N. Guatemala : Panzos, in the Polochic valley
(Conradt), Vera Paz (Stoll). Central Guatemala : San Geronimo
(Champion) ; Zacapa, on a species of Cereus, in the treeless region
(Stoll). Nicaragua: Acoyapa (Belt). Costa Rica: Guanacaste
(Pittier) Salinas Bay (A. Alfaro).

Cochlea vesicaria fluviatilis exotica, fyc., SEBA, Thesaurus, iii, pi.
39, f. 54, 55 (1761) — Zebra mulleri CHEMNITZ, Conch. Cab. ix, 2,

p. 24, pi. 118, f. 1015, 1016 (1786) Helix undata FERUSSAC, Hist,

Nat. Moll. Terr, et Fluv. t. 115, f. 1, 4 (living animal)-; Tabl. Syst.,
p. 48, no. 337 (part).^-Bulimus undatus (Brug.), PFR, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. -Cab., ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 7 (part) pi. 2,
fig. 5 (copy from Chemnitz) — Orthalicus ferussaci, v. MART, in

120 OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC.

Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 542; Malak. Blatt. xii, p.
42 (1865). — PFR. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 199 — FISCH. &
CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 447 — PILSBRY, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 1891, p. 317 — Orthalicus princeps STOLL,
Guatem. Reisen, p. 430. — Ortalichus ferussaci MARTENS, Biol.
Centr. Amer. p. 184, pi. 10, f. 8-10 (exclusive .of South American
localities and references).

Not 0. ferussaci MARTENS, Binnenmoll. Venez., nor of STREBEL,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien, = 0. maracaibensis
Pfr.

"This species is chiefly characterized by the combination of streaks
and spiral bands. Some specimens come very near to the young
state of 0. princeps ; and others to 0. undata Brug., from the Carib-
bean islands and Florida, which, however, is ordinarily more ellipti-
cally elongated, and has paler, rather bluish-livid, bands and streaks."

The description given above is that of Dr. von Martens, and fig-
ures 16 and 17 represent the typical specimens figured by him. Figs.
14, 15 are specimens from Salinas Bay, Costa Rica, where it occurs
with 0. princeps. Fig. 13 represents a shell from Shkolak, Yucatan.

In my opinion, the shells from Colombia and Venezuela referred
to ferussaci by von Martens and Strebel are forms of 0. maracaiben-
sis Pfr., the large series before me practically demonstrating this
position. In fact, 0. ferussaci belongs to an appreciably different
stock, that of 0. princeps; agreeing with that species in the smooth-
ness of the surface, rarity of black varices (not more than one or two
on the whole shell, and those usually remote from the lip-edge), and
in contour. It is sometimes a mere matter of opinion whether a
given specimen be referred to princeps or to ferussaci. It is perhaps
better as a sub-species of princeps than as a distinct species.

In its retention of spiral bands in the adult, 0. ferussaci shows a
more primitive condition of the color pattern than 0. princeps.

VAR. TRICINCTA (von Martens). PI. 18, figs. 4, 5, 6 ; pi. 17, fig. 18.

Form as in ferussaci or somewhat more slender, the aperture less
than half the length of the shell; yellow or brownish below, paler
above, with three brown spiral bands, the upper one often faint,
almost wanting ; longitudinal streaks typically wanting, but some-
times present though very faint ; apex blackish ; dark varices few or
one, usually none on the latter half of the last whorl ; peristome

OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC. 121

brown-edged, parietal callus brown. Last whorl puckered a little
below the suture.

Alt. 49, diam. 29, length of aperture 23-24 mill.

Alt. 43, diam. 25, length of aperture 20 mill.

Nicaragua (Levy, Gabb). N. W. Costa Rica : Quebrada (ravine)
del Vijaqual, in the valley of the Rio Saveyre, at an elevation of 150
metres (Pittier); woods at Terraba, at an elevation of 250 to 270
metres ; Alto de Mano Tigre, 690 metres ; JBoruca, at an elevation of
450 metres ; El Pozo, 50 metres, common in clear primeval woods
(Pittier); Costa Rica, without nearer indication of locality (Carmiol,
in Berlin Museum).

Helix undata FERUSSAC, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr, et Fluv., pi. 115,

f. 3, 5 (living animal); Tabl. Syst., p. 48, no. 337 (part) Bulimus

(Orthalicus} zebra (Mull.) BECK, Index Moll., p. 59. — Orthalicus
zebra (Mull.) SHUTTL., NotitiaB Malac, p. 61, pi. 8, f. 3, 4. — PFR.,
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 589. — H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Moll.,
pi. 75, f. 6 (living animal, copied from Ferussac). — Orthalicus prin-
ceps MORCH, in Malak. Blatt. vi, p. 112 (1859) — Orthalicus melano-
cheilus (Val.), FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca i, p.
458 (in part), pi. 18, f. 5, 5«. — Ortalichus tricinctus MARTENS,
Biol. Centr. Amer. pp. 180, 185, pi. 11, f. 8 (1893).

" This species has been confounded with the North Mexican 0.
melanocheilus, from which it differs in the more ovate and thinner
shell, and the ordinarily well-defined three dark brown spiral bands."
It is smoother than most specimens of the three-banded form of 0.
maracaibensis, with fewer black varices, and a shorter body-whorl
and aperture. In 0. undata var. Jloridensis the lody-whorl and
aperture are larger.

Typical 0. tricincta might well be considered a distinct species
were it not that among the specimens collected by Gabb in Nicaragua
there is one (pi. 17, fig. 18) showing faintly but unmistakably the
longitudinal flames of O.ferussaci, though with all the other features
of the tricincta with which it was found associated. This causes me
to consider tricincta an extreme form of ferussaci, which in another
direction merges into princeps.

I have also before me two specimens labeled " Nicaragua," col-
lected by Gabb, in one of which the three bands are faintly visible
on close inspection, the other totally wanting them, being marked
with dark varices only.

122 OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC.

O. MELANOCHEILUS ( Valenciennes). PL 18, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell rather elongate-conic, with lightly convex whorls ; tawny-
yellow, unicolored or rarely with one or two narrow spiral bands;
last whorl with several narrow blackish varices ; apex white. Aper-
ture white inside, showing a black varix or two ; peristome slightly
thickened, with a rather wide black-brown border.

Alt. 60, diam. 34, aperture 28 mill.

Alt. 50, diam. 28, aperture 21 mill.

N. W. Mexico: Tres Marias Islands (Forrer, Richardson);
Mazatlan (Reigen) ; Sierra Madre (? Tonald in Jalisco) (Xantus) ;
Colima (Rolle).

Bulimus melanocheilus VALENC. in Humboldt & Bonpland's Recueil
d'Observ. Zool., ii, p. 246, pi. 55, f. 3 «, b. (1833).— 0rthalicus
melanochilus (Valenc.), v. MART, in Malak. Blatt. xii, pp. 45, 70

(1865) BINNEY, Terr. Air-breath. Moll. U. S., v, p. 410, f. 287 ;

Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 440, f. 484.— ROLLE, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges-
1895, p. 130 — Ortalichus melanochilus v. MARTENS, Biol. Centr.

Amer., Moll., pp. 181, 190, pi. 11, f. 6, 7, 7a (1893) Bulimus

zebra var. e. PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 144 — Orthah'cus
zebra (Miill.), CARPENTER, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, pp. 176, 177. —
BINNEY & BLAND, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. America, i, -
217, f. 371, p. 215, f. 367 (jaw).— Orthah'cus undatus Brug., var.
? = 0. melanocheilus Val., STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvii,
1894, p. 163.

The more oblong body- whorl, obsolescence of the dark spiral bands,
and numerous blackish varices are the main features separating this
from O.ferussaci var. tricincta, which, moreover, seems to be widely
separated in geographic range from what has been selected as true
melanocheilus by Dr. von Martens.

It should be said, also, that the selection of the Northern Mexican
form as the true melanocheilus is wholly arbitrary. The original
specimen may have been either 0. ferussaci tricincta or 0. maracai-
bensis imitator. As to the original locality, " Valenciennes gives
simply l Nouvelle Espagne,' that is to say Mexico and Central
America; his figure, although showing distinct bands, agrees better
in its more elongated form with the N. W. Mexican species than with
the Central American O.ferussaci, var. tricinctus."

It is not known from what striped form of Orthalicus the north-
western melanocheilus arose ; but probably future collections will show

OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC. 123

its genesis by bringing integrading forms to light ; and it may then
prove to be merely a form of some flammulate species, probably prin-
ceps orferussaci, rather than an independent species.

O. ZONIFERA (Strebel). PI. 23, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.

Shell ovate, moderately solid, smooth, with the usual microscopic
sculpture, finely plicate or puckered at the sutures. Whitish, closely
marked with numerous blackish-brown or bluish-brown streaks, some
in harmony with the growth-lin. s, others sinuous, narrower and gen-
erally forked at the upper fourth of the last whorl, wider in the middle,
and again narrower on the basal fourth ; penultimate and next earlier
whorls with broad patches, forked or narrow above, earliest 2^ whorls
yellowish-corneous with a minute blackish apical mark ; black-brown
varices narrow, widely separated, generally 2 to 4 on the whole shell,
1 to 3 on the last whorl. No trace of spiral bands on the last whorl,
but the antepenultimate or next earlier whorl has one submedian
band. Aperture ovate, streaked white and dark or mostly blue-white
within, quite oblique ; peristome with a narrow black-brown edge ;
parietal wall dark brown.

Alt. 60, diam. 35.5, length of aperture 33 mill.

Alt. 52.6, diam. 35, length of aperture 29.6 mill.

Alt. 50.1, diam. 30.8, length of aperture 27.1 mill.

Alt. 50, diam. 27, length of aperture 25.5 mill.

Alt. 44, diam. 28, length of aperture 25 mill.

Rancho del Platanillo near Iguala (Dona Estefania); Chilpancingo
and Venta de Zopilote (H. H. Smith); Monte Pelegrino, north of Aca-
pulco (Berendt), all in the state of Guerrero. Colima, typical (Rolle).
Oaxaca (Hoge).

Orthalicus zoniferus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Susswasser-
Conch. v, p. 28, pi. 1, f. la, Ib, pi. 3, f. 11 (shells), pi. 11, f. 7, la,
8, 9 (anatomy) (1882). — Ortalichus zoniferus VON MARTENS, Biol.
Centr. Amer. p. 180, 186, pi. 10, f. 12, 13 (exclusive of var. crossei).

The main differential feature of this species is the distribution of
color on the body- whorl, the upper fourth and a tract around the
columella being paler and whiter, with narrower streaks than the
broad intervening belt, upon which the ground is often yellowish or
light brown, and the stripes wider and darker ; the surface being thus
divided between two pale polar zones and a broad darker equatorial
zone. The whorls of the spire are broadly blotched, as in 0. prin-

124 OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC.

ceps, so that the young could scarcely le distinguished from that
species.

Von Martens refers the var. crossei to this species ; but, though it
occupies an intermediate place, I consider it, from the material seen,
and the geographic location, as decidedly nearer 0. princeps.

0. nobilis (Rolle).

Differs from 0. zoniferus, which is near it, in the flat whorls,
scarcely impressed suture, black apex and lip, columella nearly ver-
tical, margin vertical, only slightly arcuate below. Alt. 59, diam.
29, alt. of aperture 28, width 16 mill. Holds the same relation to
0. zoniferus that 0. elegans does to 0. princeps (Rolle).

Colima, western Mexico.
Orth. nobihs ROLLE, Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges. 1895, p. 131, no. 16.

Completely typical 0. zonifera also occurs at Colima, according to
Rolle.

O. LIVIDA (von Martens). PI. 19, figs. 18, 19.

Shell ovate-conic, rather solid, regularly striated, plicatulate at the
sutures, decussated by very fine spiral lines ; dull buff, painted with
close, pale violaceous, nearly straight streaks and some brown-black
varices. Spire conic, apex with a large purple-black spot, whorls 7,
the upper rather flat, the last a little more swollen. Aperture oblique,
hardly half the length of the shell, oval, acute above, milky-purple
inside ; columella moderately twisted, milk-white ; peristome unex-
panded, black-brown, the terminations joined by a broad black-brown
callus. Alt. 79, diam. 43, longest axis of aperture 43 mill. (Mart.}
Another specimen measures : 62, 36, 34 mill.

W. Mexico: Mazatlon (Melchers). Central Mexico: Province of
MichommH, especially at the Volcan de Jorullo (type locality ; Uhde).

Bulimus zebra var., MENKE, in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. vii, p. 163
(1850) — PFR. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2,
Bulimus, p. 377, pi. 22, f. \2.— Orthalicus lividus v. MART, in
Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 542 ; Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 57

(1865) — PFR. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 99 FISCH. & CROSSE,

Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca i, p. 448. — STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land-
und Siissw.-Conch. v, pp. 29-31, pi. 1, f, 8, pi. 4, f. 6 (and 9?), pi.
11, f. 18. — Ortulichus lividus v. MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer. pp.
180, 186, pi. 10, f. 11, lla (1893).

OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC. 125

O. MACLrR^E (v. Martens). PI. 21, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, delicately spirally striatulate, plicatulate,
at the sutures; yellowish, painted with wide, nearly straight black-
brown streaks. Whorls 6J, a little convex, the upper three yellow,
not streaked, apex generally brown ; last whorl regularly ovate.
Aperture a little less than half the length ; peristome rather widely
black-brown, a little thickened ; columella white, parietal callus in-
tense chestnut-brown. Alt. 52, diam. 29, aperture 27 mill.

a. Last whorl equally streaked, apex pale or minutely brown (fig.
40).

b. Last whorl with the streaks confluent, anteriorly subequally
tawny, varices repeated, two spiral bands continued from the fourth
to the first part of the last whorl ; apex broadly brown-black ; colu-
mella narrowly whitish (fig. 41).

c. Albinistic; streaks and callus very pale fulvous, apex and peri-
stome white (fig. 42).

N. W. Nicaragua : Cacao, in the Bay of Fonseca, on trees of the
yellow-wood, Madura aurantiaca, family Morece (Capt. Joh. Schaf-
fer).

Ortalichus maclurce v. MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., pp.
181, 188, pi. 11, f. 1-3 (August, 1893).

" Owing to the kindness of Fr. Bocherding, Vegesack, Bremen, I
have before me twenty-two specimens collected at the same locality,
which cannot be separated specifically one frotn the other. The
ground-color is very pale yellow, in worn specimens white ; the
streaks are broad, dark blackish-brown, the interstices between them
mostly about equal in width to the streaks themselves ; in the upper
whorls, however, the interstices are often even broader, and in this
respect young, somewhat bleached specimens very much resemble
0. boucardi; in some adult specimens, on the contrary, the streaks
are narrower and more numerous in the last whorl, these examples
approaching 0. zoniferus. In most specimens the streaks are not
forked at their upper end ; in some, however, a few streaks are forked,
but in none is the forking so constant and conspicuous as it is in 0.
princeps. In a few examples, one, two, or three narrow dark spiral
bands are present on the fourth and fifth whorls, the lowest of them
in the suture. In some specimens the apex is of the same pale yellow
as the three upper whorls ; in others, it is to a very small extent dark
brown ; in others, again, nearly the whole first whorl is dark. The

126 OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC*

coloration of the tip does not coincide with the more or less numerous
streaks on the last whorl ; but in the specimens with spiral bands the
dark color of the tip is rather more extended. The sculpture usually
consists of spiral striae only ; but in several specimens numerous mal-
leated impressions are also visible, sometimes in rows descending
towards the aperture. The dimensions given above are taken from
a most typical example of middle size ; the largest specimen measures
58, 30 and 29 millim., but it is one of those which approach 0. zoni-
ferus. The variety b shows a prevalent dark coloration of the tip,
the last whorl, and the aperture, together with a spiral band which
is constantly present in the first half of the last whorl. The var. c
may be termed an albino specimen, the brown color being very pale
in the callus of the aperture, and wanting altogether at the tip and
on the external edge of the aperture. In short, these twenty-two
specimens prove that it is very difficult, or rather impossible, to trace
clear and precise specific distinctions in this genus." (Martens.)

O. LONGA (Pfeiffer). PI. 21, figs. 33, 34; pi. 22, all figs.

Shell elongate-conic or ovate-conic, rather thick and strong, white,
or yellowish on the last whorl, boldly marked with black-brown or
purplish-black stripes which are usually straight on the body-whorl,
irregularly flexuous on the spire, and are often narrowly bordered
with rust-reddish ; varices prominent, broad, black, often bordered
behind by a blue-gray stripe, and usually 4 to 6 on the whole shell,
3 or 4 frequently being upon the last whorl. A narrow brown band
sometimes appears just above the suture on the spire. Surface nearly
lustreless, with rather coarse growth-wrinkles, and subobsolete, mi-
nute, irregular spiral striae. Whorls 6^ to 7, the earlier ones slightly,
the last two strongly convex. Apex obtuse, white or black.

Aperture small in the typical form, very oblique, ovate, white with
black or purple stripes at the positions of the varices within ; peri-
stome simple, broadly black bordered outside and within ; columella
short, concave, wholly black, or white-edged ; parietal callus black-
brown.

Alt. 56, diam. 30.4, alt. of aperture 26.1 mill. (Pfeiffer's type.)

Alt. 60, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 32 mill.

Alt. 56, diam. 27^, longest axis of aperture 28 mill.

^Localities for forms referred to 0. longa (the type locality of which
is unknown) : Central Mexico : State of Michoacan, especially at

OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC. 127

Ario (Uhde); Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos (Boucard). S.
Mexico: State of Oaxaca (Boucard).

Localities for forms referred to 0. boucardi: S. W. Mexico: Villa
Aha in Oaxaca, on the slope of the central elevated plateau towards
the Rio San Juan, copiously (Hoge); Oaxaca (Hb'ge); Mountains
of Betaza, 20 leagues from Oaxaca (Boucard); Cerro Negro, Tehuan-
tepec (Suinichrast); Tehuantepec (Strebel, Richardson, Dr. J. H.
Streets).

Bulimus zebra var. p PFR., Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 144 —
Orthalicus longus PFR. Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 39 (1865). — FISCH. &
CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca i, p. 450, pi. 18, f. 4. — STRE-
BEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. -Conch, v, p. 43, pi. 6, f. 1 a, b,
c, d. — Ortalichus longus v. MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., pp.
181, 189.

Orthalicus boucardi PFR., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 138, pi. 51, fig. 7;
Malak. Blatt. viii, p. 16 (1861).— v. MART. Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 37

(1865). — PFR. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi, p. 200 FISCH. & CROSSE,

Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca i, p. 451, pi. 18, f. 3, 3 a, b. — STREBEL,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v, pp. 40, 41 (forms A B), pi.
1, f. 1 a, 2 a-g (form C) pi. 1, f. 1 b, c. — Ortalichus boucardi v. MAR-
TENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., pp. 181, 187, pi. 11, f. 4, 5, 11.

The solidity of the shell, boldness of the dark and rather straight
streaks on a white or in part rusty ground, and numerous broad vari-
ces, as well as the rather short aperture with broadly black-edged lip,
distinguish this species when typically developed. It is, however,
extraordinarily variable, and I am compelled to unite 0. boucardi as
one of its satellite forms.

In Pfeiffer's type of longa (pi. 21, fig. 34), which has been photo-
graphed and described by Strebel, the stripes are but little angulated
but are mostly forked on the upper fourth of the last whorl, and are
grayer there, giving the zone below the suture a paler tone, the
suture being also bordered below with white. The color of the stripes
is not so vivid as in 0. boucardi, and especially on the last whorl
becomes grayish ; they are mostly chestnut-edged, or there are also
handsome chestnut-brown growth-streaks besides the black variceal
streaks. The nuclear point of the apex is brown, and on the third
or third and fourth whorls a submedian band, though sometimes in-
terrupted, is distinctly developed. There are no bands on the last
whorl, and the longitudinal streaks continue to the base.

128 OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC.

The specimens before rne show several striking divergencies from
the above. In one lot from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec the short,
concave columella is black-brown throughout, the shell long and
narrow. Some of them (pi. 22, fig. 2) are white, with widely sepa-
rated grayish-purple streaks, extending neither to suture or base;
some of the varices edged with rust-brown. In others (pi. 21, fig.
33) the streaks are somewhat better developed, with some bright
chestnut ones intermingled, and considerable suffusion of chestnut
on the latter part of the last whorl. Sometimes a narrow band ap-
pears just above the suture on some whorls of the spire. Suture
white-bordered below. In all this lot the earlier 3 whorls are white,
without dark apical spot. The specimen figured by Crosse and Fischer
(pi. 22, fig. 1) is similar to the Tehuantepec shells, though rather
more closely streaked, and with white columella.

Another series of three shells (pi. 22, fig. 6), also white at the
apex, has wide, waved grayish-purple flames shading into reddish on
one edge ; the columella is light-edged and folded, and the surface
shows rather strong and regular folds. The largest one is shown in
the figure. Alt. 68, diam. 37, longest axis of aperture 34 mill.

Var. strebeli n. v. (pi. 22, figs. 7, 8, 9). Shell short, conic, solid,
with sub-regular fold-like growth-wrinkles ; white, with some brown
flames or traces of them on the spire, sometimes a few narrow, straight
ones on the body-whorl, and with several very narrow varices; apical
one or two whorls dark ; oolumella passing gradually into the parietal
wall, and obliquely truncate at base, white or brown with white edge;
parietal wall light or dark brown.

Alt. 47, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 28-J mill.

Alt. 46, diam. 27^, longest axis of aperture 26 mill.

Var. boucardi (Pfeiffer). PI. 20, figs. 20-26, 29.

The type of 0. boucardi is represented by fig. 26 of plate 20. It
is white with broad brown bands and black varices, the suture white-
bordered below. Other forms, in which the white predominates, and
the stripes are reduced, sometimes very widely separated, seldom
bent in zigzag, and often shortened into mere spots, as in figs. 20, 21,
24, 25, are also referred to this variety. Another of its manifesta-
tions is the " form A" of Strebel, in which the stripes are very broad
in the young and on the spires of adults (pi. 20, figs. 23, 29). On
the whole, the bands are more vivid than in 0. longa. The apex is
generally white.

OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC. 129

Var. (pi. 21, figs. 3*5, 36). This is the " melanocheilus form" of
0. boucardi, reported by Strebel. Six specimens, part of them young,
were collected by Sumichrast in the Cerro Negro near St. Efigenia,
Tehuantepec, together with "form A" (pi. 20, f. 23, 29). They
agree with boucardi except in wanting stripes. The separated vari-
ces are narrow, brown-black ; two adult and two young examples
show two bands weakly indicated on the last whorl.
Var. uhdeana von Martens. PI. 23, figs. 16, 17, 18 ; pi. 22, figs. 3,

4,5.

Dull buff, with close, wide, continuous zigzag streaks of purplish-
chestnut, the last whorl interruptedly 2 or 3 banded ; apex purple-
black ; whorls 6J, but slightly convex ; peristome broadly dark-
bordered.

Western Mexico: State of Michoacan (Uhde).

Orthalicus livens v. MARTENS, Malak. Blatter xii, p. 38 (1865)

PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. vi, p. 200 (note). — FISCHER & CROSSE,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll., p. 453, pi. 18, f. 6, 6a. — STREBEL, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siisswasser-Conch. v, p. 32, pi. 11, f. 19. — Ortali-
chus livens var. uhdeanus v. MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 181,
189 (1893) — Orthalicus undatus (part), TRYON, Amer. Journ.
Conch, iii, pi. 13, f. 3.

Resembling 0. longa in the broad dark varices, small aperture and
general form, this differs in the less convex whorls and spiral bands
or angulated stripes. The two specimens illustrated on pi. 22, figs.
3, 4, 5, were collected by Gabb, marked simply " Mexico." Another
individual of this lot was figured by Tryon as 0. undatus (Am. Jour.
Conch, iii, pi. 13, f. 3). Fig. 5 resembles Fischer & Crosse's figure
of *' livens," but on the back the penultimate whorl shows angulated
stripes like those on the last whorl of fig. 3. The latter figure cor-
responds well with the Michoacan specimen collected by Uhde, de-
scribed by von Martens and figured by Strebel.

O. LEUCOCHILUS (Fischer & Crosse). PL 21, figs. 37, 38, 39.

Shell ovate-conic, rather solid, longitudinally and somewhat ob-
liquely wrinkle-striate, but little shining; white, with ashen varices;
sj)ire conic, the apex rather obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 6£,
a little convex, the first two smooth, glossy, white, the last whorl
slightly descending, slightly longer than the spire, more strongly
wrinkle-striated. Aperture oblong-oval, somewhat obliquely reced-

130 OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC.

ing, white inside; peristome simple, white, the terminations joined
by a thin callus of the same color; columellar margin dilated, ap-
pressed, basal and outer margins slightly thickened. Alt. 53, diam.
30, longest axis of the aperture 28 mill. ( C. fy F.)

Orizaba, prov. Vera Cruz, Mexico (Berendt).

Orthalicus leucochilus C. & F., Journ. de Conchyl. xvii, p. 423
(1869); Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. p. 459, pi. 18, f. 7, 7a.

In the single specimen before me (fig. 38), from the original local-
ity and collector, the second whorl is yellowish, and there are some
very faint broad yellowish streaks behind the outer lip. It resem-
bles 0. longa var. strebeli in the coarse surface folds, but not in the
shape of either spire or columella. There is one greenish-gray varix
on the back of the last whorl, and another bluish one at the begin-
ning of the penultimate whorl. It apparently belongs to the group
of 0. longa.

O. PONDEROSA (Strebel). PI. 19, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.

Shell thick, hardly shining, apparently without cuticle, embryonal
whorls black shading into dark brown, often with a violaceous tinge.
Ground-color dirty whitish, with a yellowish tint above, the last whorl
more or less reddish brown. On the third whorl longitudinal brown
stripes begin, rapidly becoming broad, angularly broken and forked
above, sharply defined against the ground-color, but on the last whorl
frequently losing in intensity and becoming of a grayish tint, and
giving place to continuous streaks or entirely disappearing, so that
only the ground-color and the narrow black-brown or dark brown
varix-streaks remain, these being bordered behind by a brownish-
gray or greenish-gray streak, and near the aperture often crowded.
The earlier whorls usually show traces of one band and the last whorl
of three indistinct ones. Peristome broadly bordered inside with
black-brown, fading though brownish-purple to the white of the in-
terior. Sculpture of more or less coarse flat folds, so that the shell
appears irregularly, more or less coarsely striated ; toward the suture,
where the color is lighter, the folds are sharply developed. Spiral
grooves weak, often mingled with coarser furrows, and weak mallea-
tion. Columella very strong, short, white, and vertical.

Alt. 64, diam. 39.6, aperture 33.6 mill., whorls 7.

Alt. 50.7, diam. 35.2, aperture 30.8 mill., whorls 6.
Western Mexico : San Bias, State of Jalisco (Wessel, in coll. Dun-

OXYSTYLA, MEXICO, ETC. 131

ker); Tepic (Richardson); Culata, near Manzam'llo, State of Colima
(Lloyd, June, 1889); Colima (Rolle); Dos Arroyos, 25 miles N. E.
of Acapulco, State of Guerrero, at an elevation of 1000 feet above the
sea (H. H. Smith). S. W.Mexico: Tehuantepec (Strebel).

Orthalicus ponderosus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. v, pp. 35, 36, pi. 7, f. 1, 5, 8.— ROLLE, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges.,
1895, p. 130. — Orthalicus boucardi-ponderosus STREBEL, ibid., p. 39,
pi. 1, f. 4 a, b (corrected on p. 132 to ponderosus-boucardi). — Orthal-
icus lividus-princeps STREBEL, ibid., p. 31, pi. 1, f. 6 — Ortalichus
ponderosus v. MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., pp. 181, 190,
pi. 11, f. 9, 10, lOa.

" Strebel did not know the exact locality of the specimens which
he described ; but the collection of Dunker and the materials placed
in my hands by Messrs. Godman and Salvin show that this remark-
able species belongs to the western coast of Mexico, where it is some-
what widely distributed. In the Berlin Museum there is a shell
much resembling this species, received from Dr. H. Dohrn, and said
to have been found at Juraty, on the Amazon river. A similar shell
is also stated to have been found in Colombia, in the holes of trees,
by Wallis (see Mousson, Malak. Blatt. 1869, p. 179).

The apex is generally dark chestnut-brown, but in some appar-
ently fresh specimens it is pale. The broad black lip inside the
aperture is to be seen in young specimens measuring 43 mill, in
length. The aperture is all around of a shining black, only the colu-
mellar edge itself is pinkish-white, with the base of the aperture black,
the white forming a more or less narrow streak on the columella.
The general color of the shell is yellowish-brown ; the dark streaks
are more distinct on the upper whorls, confluent and often very in-
distinct on the last." (Martens.)

O. DECOLOR (Strebel). PI. 54, figs. 43-47.

Shell ovate-conic, thick and ponderous. First whorl black, second
and third yellowish or pink, small brown streaks appearing on the
third whorl ; on subsequent whorls of the spire the ground is whitish,
with broad dark-brown angular stripes, usually forked above, and a
super-median interrupted dark band. Stripes sometimes continue
upon the first half of the last whorl, angulated at positions of the upper
and peripheral bands, and terminating at an interrupted basal band;,
the latter half of the whorl reddish- or orange-brown, longitudinally

132 OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN.

Clouded with lighter, and with wide, ill-defined bluish or olive-green
streaks behind the extremely narrow blach'sh varices ; entire last whorl
sometimes without light flames or stripes. Varices narrow, two or
three on the last whorl, one or two above it. Surface with 'fine,
irregular spiral striae and some shallow coarser furrows, somewhat,
but finely, malleated ; plicate below the sutures, and sometimes shal-
lowly so on the body whorl generally. Whorls 6|, slightly convex.

Aperture oblique, pure white or purple-tinted inside, often showing
tlark stripes at the positions of the varices ; peristome obtuse, unex-
panded, olivaceous-bordered outside, with a blackish border within,
shading into violaceous. Parietal callus strong, black ; columella
heavy, vertical, straight, truncate or subtruncate at base, white or
white-edged.

Alt. 67, diam. 38, longest axis of aperture 36 mill.

Alt. 63, diam. 37, longest axis of aperture 34| mill.

Alt. 57-ff, diam. 31 J, longest axis of aperture 31 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Orthalicus decolor STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siisswasser-
Conch. v, p. 37, pi. 7, f. 2, 3, 4 (1882).

One of StrebeFs specimens was labeled "Bulimus mars, Costa
Rica." Those in the collection of the Academy have borne the same
specific name, with the localities " Ecuador " and " Brazil;" but I
attach no weight whatever to these data. Similar to 0. mars in
general features, this species differs markedly in the straight, vertical
columella, without a fold above. 0. ponderosa I have not seen, and
it is not unlikely that decolor may prove to be a form of that species.
The differences do not seem to be great.

South American Species.

A. Longest axis of aperture exceeding half the length of the shell;
columella concave or straight.

b. Ventricose, with pairs of yellow lines forming large zig-
zags; whorls 5^; alt. 50-57 mill. bifulgurata, \). 143
bl. Ovate-conic, uniform whitish or with three bands, no lon-
gitudinal flames. maracaibensis form imitator, p. 140
b2. With longitudinal flames.

c. Large, alt. 56-68 mill., with inflated body-whorl;
spire flamed, the last whorl brown with obscure or
sub-obsolete flammulation, spiral bands inconspicu-

OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN. 133

ous, the basal one usually obsolete ; columella long
and straight. obductvs, p. 134

cl. Smaller, regularly ovate-conic, the last whorl oval,
flammulate, varices few, ground-color yellow or
brownish, often with a light band below the per-
iphery, parietal wall generally chestnut, alt. 44-51
mill.

d. Stripes numerous^narrowsmd regular ; 3 bands.

pulchella, p. 135
dl. Stripes wide, irregular

pulchella v. prototypus, p. 137

c2. Ovate-conic, isabelline with pale blackish streaks
and three narrow, interrupted brown bands ; no
dark parietal callus ; alt. 49 mill.; Peru.

isdbellina, p. 142

tf3. Ovate- or oblong-conic, with the cuticle thin or

wanting ; white or pinkish, with narrow, straightish

streaks and several varices ; usually 3-banded

(rarely with wide stripes). maracaibensis, p. 137

c4. Similar, but obscurely angular at the periphery.

fulvescens, p. 141

A.1 Longest axis of aperture less than half the length of the shell ;
columella with an oblique fold above ; form stout ; thick and
solid, smoothish, the columella, parietal wall, and a wide in-
ternal lip-border blackish. mars, p. 143
-42. Longest axis of aperture less than, or about equal to, half the
length of the shell ; columella convex in the middle or straight.
b. Strongly striated spirally, granulose. bensoni, p. 147
b[. Spiral striae slight or wanting.

c. Columella convex, black ; irregularly streaked and
spirally banded ; diameter less than half the alti-
tude ; Bolivia. phlogera, p. 145
c1. Columella pale-edged ; cliam. less than half the alt.
d. Alt. 70, diam. 30 mill.; spire with 2 or 3
articulated bands, wanting on last whorl ;
Peru. macandrewi, p. 147
d.1 Alt. 52, diam. 23 mill.; with narrow, nearly
straight and close stripes throughout ; no
bands; Ecuador. pfeifferi, p. 146

134 OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN.

c2. Colurnella white-edged ; diam. half the alt.; streaked
and maculated; Venezuela. varia,^. 144

O. OBDUCTDS Shuttleworth. PL 25, figs. 31-36.

Shell large, ovate-conic, with large, rather inflated body-whorl,
short, straightly conic spire, and obtuse apex ; thin but moderately
solid ; surface rather lustreless, with moderate growth-wrinkles, sub-
obsolete, delicate, waved microscopic spirals or none, and conspicuous
folds below the suture ; yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, becoming
whitish on the spire, which is conspicuously marked with brown stripes
angulated and dilated near the middle to form an interrupted girdle,
the stripes becoming narrower and closer on the latter part of the
penultimate whorl, nearly or ivholly obsolete on the last whorl, which
shows traces of two or three narrow girdles or none, and is more or
less obscurely streaked obliquely, with some angulated white, and
wider blackish stripes in places. Dark brown varices narrow, 1 to
4 in number, usually all on the last whorl. Antepenultimate or next
earlier whorl often with a submedian band ; apex with a comma-
shaped spot, the following two or three whorls uniform yellowish or
brownish.

Aperture large, ovate, milky with some dark markings inside ;
peristome narrowly brown-bordered ; columella white, straight ; pari-
etal callus broad and dark brown.

Alt. 68, diam. 41, longest axis of aperture 39^ mill.

Alt. 56, diam. 32, longest axis of aperture 32 mill.

Venezuela : "Barquimeseto" probably Barquisimeto, S. E. of
Valencia (from the late dealer Ed. Miiller); on the borders of the
lake of Valencia (Moritz); Puerto Cabello (Strebel, Swift); Caracas
(Swift); Western Venezuela, on the coast (Blume). Ecuador: Nabon,
8000 feet above the sea (Wallis).

Orthalicus obductus SHUTTL., Notitiae Malac. i, p. 61, pi. 3, f. 1-3
(1856).— PFR. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv, p. 587. — MOUSSON, in
Malak Blatt. xvi, p. 179 (1869).— v. MART., Die Binnenmoll.
Venez., p. 33 (189), pi. 2, f. 15 a, b (jaw and radula) — STREBEL,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siisswasser-Conch., v, pp. 33, 34, form A,
no. 1, 2, 3, 5, pi. 3, f. 7a (shell), pi. 12, f. 4, 5 (radula) — SEMPER,
Reisen im Archip. Phil., p. 248, pi. 15, f. 8 (genitalia). — Zebra ob-
ducta MILLER, Malak. Bl. xxv, p. 186 (1878). — COUSIN, Fauna
Malac. Rep. de 1' Equateur, p. 43, in Bull. Soc. Zool. France xii, p.

OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN. 135

199 (1887).— 0. zebra H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 154,
pi. 75, f. 6 a.

The full body-whorl, short, strictly conic spire, with the flamed
upper, and brown clouded last whorl, are characteristics of this spe-
cies, which is better defined than most of the princeps group. The
variations in color-pattern are well shown on the plate.

Central American examples referred here by authors on that fauna,
are distinct from the South American shell, and in fact not closely
related. See under 0. princeps var. deceptor.

Figures 31, 32 are copied from Shuttleworth's original illustrations.
Figs. 35, 36 are specimens from Pto. Cabello, and fig. 34 represents
an unusually boldly marked shell from Caracas, where the species
does not attain so large a size as around Puerto Cabello.

The young of typical obductus (pi. 25, fig. 33) has, as Shuttleworth
remarks, some resemblance to 0. pulchella, showing numerous nar-
row parallel dusky stripes, bent or anastomosing at the positions of
the three spot-bands, on a yellow ground. As a general rule, no
varices are formed until near or at the end of the next-to-the-last
whorl.

According to Semper, the penial accessory gland is so small and
so united with the penis that it is hardly noticeable. This is quite
different from the well-developed gland in 0. princeps.

O. TULCHELLA (Spix). PL 28, figs. 27-37.

Shell ovate-conic, rather thin but usually moderately solid, nearly
smooth, the lines of growth hardly or not visible to the naked eye,
with rather coarse, low, short folds below the suture, and fine, crowded
superficial microscopic spiral lines. Surface lustreless, often with a
velvety dullness. Variceal streaks narrow, brown, generally a single
one developed, but sometimes none, or in some old shells a number
appearing on the latter half of the last whorl. Flesh-tinted under a
thin light yellow cuticle, marked with narrow, crowded, equal, purple-
brown longitudinal stripes, about as wide as their intervals, nearly
straight, but bent a little below the sutures and at the positions of three
girdles of small spots or lunate and more or less confluent dilations of
the stripes; the stripes becoming irregular and wider spaced and the
upper (now median) band stronger, on the spire. Apex with ter-
minal dark dot, obtuse. Whorls 6, moderately convex, the last oval.
Aperture ovate, oblique, light flesh-tinted inside, and faintly showing

OF THE

\. C

136 OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN.

the external markings in lilac ; peristome narrowly edged with chest-
nut; columella concave or nearly straight, white, thin; parietal
callus rather thin, chestnut-colored, often in part wanting.

Alt. 44, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture 27 mill.

Alt. 51, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 31 mill.

Eastern Brazil : Province of Para (Spix's type locality); Pernam-
buco (Moricand); Bahia (Blanchet, von Ihering, et at.). Southwest-
ern Brazil : Corumbd, prov. Matto Grosso (H. H. Smith, Germain).
Dutch Guiana or Surinam (Cuming coll.). Venezuela : Barcelona
(C. Blume).

Achatina pulchella SPIX, Testae. Brasilia pi. 9, f. 2 (legend at
foot of plate) (1827) — Bidimus pulchellus PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 144;

iii, p. 389 Orthalicus pulchellus BECK, Index Moll., p. 59. —

SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitise Mai., i, p. 62, pi. 4, f. 6, 7. — PFR.,
Monogr. iv, p. 588, vi, p. 199 — ANCEY, Journ. of Conch, vii, p. 94.
— Bulimus undatus WAGNER, in Testae. Bras., p. 9. — Helix undata
var. FER., Hist., pi. 117, f. 1. — Orthalicus zigzag BECK, Index Moll.,
p. 59 — /? Bulimus zigzag LAMARCK, An. s. Vert, vi, 2d part, p.
118, no. 4 (1822); Edit. Deshayes viii, p. 223.

The typical form (pi. 28, figs. 27, 28, 29) appears at Para and
Pernambuco ; the variety at Bahia (figs. 36, 37) and in Venezuela
(figs. 34, 35). In Surinam the shells are nearly typical in coloring,
according to Shuttleworth's figures. I have not seen specimens from
Matto Grosso, and do not know what form of the species occurs there.
Figs. 30, 32, 33 are drawn from specimens labelled "Amazon River."

It is a beautiful species, very easy to recognize when typically de-
veloped (figs. 28, 29) by its crowded, narrow, dull purplish stripes,
intersected by three narrow girdles, on a buff-fawn ground.

By coalescence of some of the stripes at the positions of the bands,
triangular blotches separated by cream tinted intervals are sometimes
developed (fig. 27).

The young (figs. 30-33) has less crowded, wider and more angu-
lated stripes and continuous or subcontinuous girdles, assimilating to
the ancestral type of the whole group. There is generally an almost
white band below the peripheral girdle, and below the basal another,
the latter bounded below by a circum-columellar dark band which
does not occur in other species of the Zebra group, and is obsolete in
adults of pulchella. The bands are dark brown within the mouth,
the streaks a little lighter, and the white markings alluded to are
very distinct.

OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN. 137

Shuttleworth examined the radula and jaw, stating that the latter
is composed of 22 segments.
Var. prototypus n. v. PI. 28, figs. 32-37.

Stripes on the median portion of the last whorl having a tendency
to become broad, irregular, interrupted; the girdles composed mainly
of arrow-shaped or wedge-shaped rather large spots ; markings
blackish-purple.

Bahia, Brazil; Barcelona, Venezuela.

0. pulchellus var. P SHUTTLEWORTH, 1. c. — Helix undata MORI-
CAND, Mem. sur les coq. terr. et fluv. de Bahia, in Me"m. Soc. Phys.
et d' Hist. Nat. de Geneve vii, p. 423.

This is an earlier, less differentiated form of the species, of which
typical pulchella is an extreme and more local development. It is
more widely distributed than the typical form, occupying the north-
western and southern peripheral portions of the range of the species.

Figs. 36, 37 represent Bahia specimens not quite mature. Figs.
34, 35 are drawn from Barcelona, Venezuela, examples. The young
.of this form sometimes lack the cream-white sub-peripheral and basal
bands, or have them but faintly developed. The apex has a large
dark spot; the subsutural puckering may be either strongly developed
though short, or almost wholly wanting ; and in the specimens before
me there is a single dark varix or none. The parietal wall is only
lightly washed with chestnut; the markings are not so dark as in
Bahia specimens, and the ground-color is browner.

That the Venezuelan specimens approach certain form of 0. mara-
caibensis Pfr., there can be no doubt ; but there does not seem to be
an actual intergradation. The general tone of color is much browner,
not pinkish or white, and the young are differently marked.

Possibly Strebel's 0. pnnceps form E, from the Amazon (Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Susswasser-Conch. v, p. 16, pi. 3, f. 5) is identical
with this variety. It measures 40 to 50 mill, long, with 6| to 7
whorls. The largest specimen of prototypus before me is 45^ mill,
long, with 6^ whorls.

O. MARACAIBENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 29, figs. 40-46 ; pi. 30, figs.

49-57.

Shell of the usual ovate form, thin but moderately solid, irregularly
wrinkle-striate and with very fine, shallow, partially obsolete spiral
striae; nearly lusterless ; no noticeable cuticle. Typically white, of

138 OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN.

a cold, faint flesh-tint on the last whorl, with three more or less
noticeable spiral bands, the median one most persistent, narrow, and
nearly continuous, the others wider, fainter, and often discontinuous
or obsolete ; longitudinally marked with light purple or bluish-brown
undulating stripes, frequently mingled with narrower straight brown-
ish ones in the direction of growth-striae, or entirely without stripes ;
varices narrow and rather numerous, often three or four on the last
whorl. Apex generally with a minute brown dot. Whorls 6 to 7.

Aperture ovate, purplish-flesh-tinted inside, showing the external
markings; parietal callus thin, light chestnut, with paler streaks;
peristome simple, narrowly dark edged.

Alt. 48, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 29 mill.

Alt. 44, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture 26 mill.

Alt. 67.8, diam. 40, longest axis of aperture 36.4 mill.

Venezuela: Maracaibo (Gruner, C. F. Penny); Barcelona (C.
Blume) ; /. of Margarita (Couthouy); near the Lake of Valencia
(Moritz); Caracas (Lansberg); Angostura, on the Orinoco (Gruner).
Colombia : Region of the lower part of the R. Maydalena, in holes in
tree-trunks, not higher than six feet above the ground (Wallis);
Barranguilla (Swift), Santa Marta (Grosskopf); Rio de la Haclia
(Wessel, Swift); Savana Grande at Santa Marta and Valley Cosai
(Sievers); Sierra Nevada, on the trunks of Hecastophyllum dubium
(family Papilionaceae), and at Urumita in the Cordillera de Los
Andes (Sievers). Ecuador: San Juan de la Cosia (Reiss). Peru:
Maranon R. (Warschewitz).

Typical form.

Orthalicus maracaibensis PFR., Malak. Blatt. iii, p. 186 (1856);
Monogr. iv, p. 588. — MARTENS, Binnenmoll. Venezuela's p. 32, in
Festschrift zur Feier des 100-jalirigen Bestehens der Gesell. Natur-
forsch. Freunde zu Berlin, p. 188, pi. 1, f. 7 (1873).— STREBEL,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siisswasser-Conch. v, p. 27, pi. 3, f. 8 a, I), c.
— Orthalicus ferussaci v. MARTENS, Binnenmoll. Venez., p. 32 (188),

pi. 1, f. 6 Ortalichus ferussaci v. MARTENS in pa>rt (all South

American localities and references), Biologia Centrali-Americana,
Moll., p. 184. — Orthalicus ferussaci forms A and C, STREBEL, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siisswasser-Conch. v. pp. 18-21, 23, 24, pi. 2, f. 4
a, 5, 5 a, 6 a-d, 7, 9 or, b, 8 (shell), pi. 10, f. 2, 6, 17, pi. 12, f. 4, 5
(anatomy). — ? 0. princeps form E, STREBEL, t. c., p. 16, pi. 3, f. 2,

OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN. 139

5. — ?£ulimus undatus APPUN, Unter den Tropen i, p. 141. — ?Tno-
SCHEL in Schomburgk's Reisen in Britisch-Guiana iii, p. 548.

Three-banded form.

Orthalicus zebra SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitiae Malak. i, p. 61, pi. 8,
•f. 3, 4. — PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 588. — MOUSSON in Malak. Blatt. xvi,
1869, p. 179. — Orthalicus ferussaci form B, STREBEL, Beitr. Mex.
und Siisswasser-Conch. v, p. 21, pi. 2, f. 1 a-e, 2 a-d, 3 a, b (shells),
pi. 9, f. 12, 13, pi. 10, f. 3, 5, pi. 11, f. 6, 6 a (anatomy).— Ortalichus
tricinctus v. MARTENS in part (all South American references and
localities), Biologia, p. 185 (1893). — Orthalicus melanochilus, in part
(all South American references and localities) FISCHER and CROSSE,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll., p. 458.

The literature of this species lias been almost inextricably confused
with that relating to 0. ferussaci and its form tricincta. The large ser-
ies before me demonstrates the complete intergradation of the striped
with the three-banded and Landless forms, and fully supports Strebel's
contention that these are only extremes of a variable species, against
Dr. von Martens' distribution of them between the two species fer-
ussaci and tricincta.

Numerous specimens before me from Maracaibo and the neighbor-
ing island of loas agree with Pfeiflfer's types, as described by him
and redescribed and figured by Strebel (pi. 29, fig. 41, type, and figs.
40, 42 other specimens from PfeifFer's collection). They are rather
livid, faded-out shells, though in quite fresh condition. Sometimes
there are no bands on the penultimate whorl, and in some cases there
are rather broad markings on the spire, bifurcate above, somewhat
as in 0. princeps.

There also occurs at Maracaibo a form in which the stripes are
broad and dark bluish-brown throughout, the surface less wrinkled
and less interrupted by vicissitudes of growth (pi. 29, figs. 44, 45).
Some of these approach 0. pulchella var. prototypus, but they do not
have the brown ground-color of that form, it being nearly white. A
wholly similar form occurs at Barcelona.

Another Maracaibo specimen, pi. 29, fig. 46, somewhat simulates
0. pulchella, having numerous thrice angulated flesh-colored stripes
on a warm, pale, flesh-white ground.

On the island of Margarita an ill-defined form occurs (pi. 30, fig.
58) with very concave columella, narrow purple-brown stripes obso-

140 OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN.

lete in places and on the base, on a dirty flesh-tinted ground, and no
dark varices, though of rude, frequently arrested growth. The lip,
parietal wall and apex are whitish.

From the Rio Hacha, a series of eight specimens is before me,
some of which are figured, pi. 30, figs. 55, 56, 57. They vary from
the typical coloring to more heavily-marked forms, and through
specimens with fainter and fainter stripes, to a white form with no
stripes, a chestnut basal band, and traces of a peripheral band. The
intergradation is quite complete, and could be doubted by no one who
saw the shells. All of them are smaller than Maracaibo specimens,
an average one measuring, alt. 40, diam. 23, longest axis of aper-
ture 22 mill.
Form imitator n. PI. 30, figs. 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54.

From near Maracaibo we have a series of shells (pi. 30, figs. 49,
50, 51, 52) which vary from (1) slightly yellowish-white, absolutely
bandless and with no stripes; varices none, or one narrow olive line;,
aperture white or yellowish inside, the apex, lip and parietal wall
white, to (2) one to three banded with brown or purplish-brown on
a white or flesh-tinted ground, varices, lip and parietal wall dark, apex
dark or white, or (3) in addition to these markings, having extremely
faint gray or brown longitudinal undulating stripes, apex white (fig,
50). Measurements are as follows :

Alt. 52, diam. 30J, longest axis of aperture 31 mill, (albino).

Alt. 51, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 29 mill. (3-banded).

The young (pi. 30, fig. 52) look like 0. ferussaci tricincta, but
there is a fourtli (circum-columellar) band well developed.

Exactly the same form occurs at Barranguilla (pi. 30, figs. 53, 54),
the columella in these being either rather straight and stout, and the
spire without markings, or the columella slighter and concave, spire
conspicuously banded ; varixed, and with a chestnut streak behind
the varix.

Besides the localities mentioned above, this form has been collected
at Santa Marta, in Colombia, by Grosskopf : on the Magdalena river,
by Wallis, and in Ecuador at San Juan de la Costa, by Dr. Reiss.
It occurs almost everywhere with the striped typical form of the spe-
cies. Dr. von Martens reports it, under the name tricincta, from the
Maranon river, Peru.

OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN. 141

Var. SUBPULCHELLA n. v. PI. 28, figs. 38, 39.

Small and rather thin, smooth, showing under the lens fine, dense,
irregular, wavy or anteriorly-descending spiral striation with occa-
sional slight malleation, exactly as in 0. princeps and its allies.
White, with rather close, fine markings of longitudinal undulating
stripes, and three interrupted or subcontinuous spiral bands, the
stripes generally split above the upper band, as in many specimens
of 0. pulchella var. prototypus ; varices narrow, black and conspicuous,
generally 2 or 3 on the last whorl, and one or more on the next earlier;
apex black. Aperture conspicuously striped inside ; peristome edged
with blackish ; parietal callus dark chestnut, rather thin ; columella
rather straight, and white. Whorls 5|.

Alt. 34, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 20^ mill.

Union Island, Grenadines (C. D. Stewart).

Paler and more finely marked than the Trinidad 0. undata, and
differing conspicuously from all forms of .that species in the fine
sculpture. It lacks the yellow or brown cuticle of 0. pulchella and
its variety prototypus. It seems to lie on the debatable borderland
between undata, maracaibensis and pulchella.

O. FULVESCENS (Pfeiffer). PI. 29, figs. 47, 48.

Pfeiffer's type, as described by Strebel,- is a thin though strong
shell, with dirty Isabella tinted ground-color, becoming lighter toward
the apex, darker below, the embryonal whorls with no brown dot;
sometimes spiral bands appear, but usually only narrow brown-black
varix-streaks, light bordered in front. Whorls 6|. The peristome
is narrowly dark-edged outside, the dark more broadly spreading
inside ; the parietal callus is chestnut-brown, and the interior of the
aperture brownish-purple-white. The sculpture consists of incon-
spicuous longitudinal wrinkles, a slightly-developed plication at the
suture, and fine, distinct spiral grooves. The white columella is sin-
uous and stands oblique to the axis of the shell. The last whorl is
distinctly keeled at the periphery.

Alt. 51.1, diam. 29.9, aperture 25.3 mill. (type).

Alt. 42.3, diam. 24.8, aperture 22.2 mill. (Rio Hacha specimen).

Rio Hacha, Colombia (Strebel).

Bulimus zebra -y PFR., Monogr. Helic. Viv. ii, p. 144. — B. zebra

var., PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 377, pi. 22, f. 11 Orthalicus fulves-

cens PFR., Malak. Blatter iii, p. 187 (1856); Monogr. iv, p. 590 —

142 OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN.

STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siisswasser-Conch. v, p. 42, pi. 6,
f. 2 a-c.

The obtusely angulated periphery of the last whorl and distinct
spiral striae seem to distinguish this form from those varieties of 0.
maracaibensis which have a similar " griseo-fulvescens " color, nar-
row varices with clear light border, and three bands or none. The
words " obsoletely clouded with bluish " of Pfeiffer's diagnosis should
be deleted, as that appearance is due to the dried soft parts, accord-
ing to Strebel.

A young specimen with the type in Dohrn's collection has three
faint but distinct spiral bands. Strebel's specimens were received
with shells from the Hacha river, and in all probability came from
that place. The smaller one shows some faint longitudinal streaks
on the third and fourth whorls, which pass into spots and then disap-
pear farther on. The larger (fig. 48) shows a narrow peripheral
band of light chestnut right above the suture on the fourth and fifth
whorls, fading and changing to a whitish band on the last whorl ; the
upper band appears on the fourth whorl, is white, and continues,
though indistinct, to the aperture. The white part of the bands is
more transparent than the rest of the shell.

0. ISABELLINA (von Martens). PI. 31, fig. 66.

Shell ovate-conic, rather thin, very lightly striatulate, plicatulate
at the suture, sculptured with very close, fine spiral lines ; isabelline,
with pale blackish streaks and three narrow brown bands, generally
frequently interrupted, and with a few brownish varices. Spire conic,
the apex brown or white ; whorls nearly 6, a little convex, the last
moderately swollen. Aperture rather oblique, a little exceeding half
the shell's length, rhombic-oval, brownish and variegated with chest-
nut inside ; columella straight, thin, white ; peristome unexpanded,
acute, isabelline or pale brownish ; no parietal callus.

Alt. 49, diam. 23^, length of aperture 21 J, width 13 mill. (Mts.)
Peru, forests of the eastern slope of the inland cordillera (Tschudi).

Bulimus zebra var. 6 TROSCHEL, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte 1852,

1, p. 195. — Orthalicus isabellinus von MARTENS, Binnenmoll. Vene-
zuela's, in Festschrift Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, p. 191, pi.
1, f. 8 (1873).— PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. viii, p. 263.

Apparently belongs to the group of 0. ferussaci. Dr. von Martens
figures a smaller specimen than his measurements indicate as the size

OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN. 143

attained by the species. It is distinguished from most of the closely
allied forms of the 0. ferussaci type by wanting a chestnut parietal
callus.

O. BIFULGURATA (Reeve). PI. 31, figs. 59, 60, 61,

Shell jm perforate, ovate-conic, striate and minutely decussated
with spiral lines; greenish-brown, elegantly decorated with pairs of
yellow zigzag lines. Spire convex-conic, obtuse ; whorls 5J, a little
convex, the last somewhat longer, inflated, somewhat tapering at
base. Aperture a little oblique, oval-oblong; peristome simple, un-
expanded ; the columella rather straight, compressed, white, its mar-
gin a little reflexed and adnate.

Alt. 57, diam. 36, longest axis of aperture 33 mill.

Alt. 50, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture 28 mill.

Andes of Colombia (Reeve); Pilaton Valley, Ecuador, 1000 meters
alt. (Wolf).

Bulimus lifulguratus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 82, f. 606 (Dec.,
1849).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 388.— HIGGINS, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 687.
— Orthalicm bifulguratus SHUTTLE WORTH, Notitiae Malacologies i,

p. 60 Zebra bifulgurata COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France xii, p.

198 Zebra fulgur MILLER, Malak. Blatter xxv, p. 186 (1878), and

(n. F.) i, p. 201 (as Orthalicus fulgur), pi. 6, f. 1 «, b. Of. DOHRN,
Jahrb. D. M. Ges. vii, p. 88.

The ventricose form and elegant coloration are characteristic. Fig.
61 is the synonymous Z. fulgur of Miller.

O. MARS (Pfeiffer). PI. 53, fig. 42.

Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, solid, nearly smooth ; flesh-colored,
livid-clouded ; spire conic, the apex obtuse ; suture crenulated. Whorls
7, moderately convex, the middle marbled with grayish-white, the
last whorl about two-fifths the length of the shell, wrinkle-striated
anteriorly. Aperture oblique, oval, pearly white in the interior;
peristome unexpanded, obtuse, black-bordered inside, the termina-
tions connected by an entering black callus ; columella black, callous,
twisted and folded. Alt. 77, diam. 35, aperture 36 mill, long, 21
wide (Pfr.).

Ecuador (Cuming Coll.).

Orthalicus mars PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 25, pi. 2, f. 8 ; Malak.
Blatter 1861, p. 77 ; Monogr. vi, p. 202. — Corona mars COUSIN,

144 OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN.

Bull. Soc. Zoo\. France xii, 1887, p. 193.— MILLER, Malak. Bl. xxv,
p. 185, 1878.

Known only by the description and figure given by Pfeiffer. The
folded columella apparently separates this species from 0. ponderosa
and 0. decolor, which are extremely similar in form and coloration.
See pp. 130, 131.

O. VARIA (von Martens). PI. 32, figs. 69-77.

Shell oblong-conic, rather thin but solid, the surface slightly glossy,
with slight, fine growth -wrinkles but no spiral slrice or only faint stri-
ation in places; ground-color whitish, light yellow, light olivaceous-
brown or pink, generally marked with several narrow interrupted
blackish-brown or purple-brown girdles, and numerous narrow longi-
tudinal stripes above the upper girdle, and often irregular streaks or
blotches over the rest cf the last whorl ; usually several blackish
varices on the last whorl, sometimes wanting or pale. Spire long,
the apex obtuse, whitish. Whorls 6|— 7, convex.

Aperture small, less than half as long as the shell, somewhat oblique,
whitish, variously marked within ; peristome thin and acute, narrowly
dark-edged ; columella convex, twisted, its edge white, in old speci-
mens calloused ; parietal wall dark chestnut or blackish, rarely
colorless.

Alt. 45, diam. 22-^, length of aperture 23 mill.

Alt. 42^, diam. 23, length of aperture 22-J mill.

Alt. 43, diam. 21^, length of aperture 21| mill.

Venezuela: Angostura (Gruner, Blume); Caracas (Ernst, Salle);
British Guiana: Demerara (Cuming coll.)

Bulimus phlogerus PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 145 (exclusive of syn-
onymy); Conchyl. Cab., Bulimus, p. 196, pi. 47, f. 7, 8 (?) Orthal-

icus phlogerus var. /3 and y, SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitiae Malak. i, pp.
65, 89, pi. 4, f. 1, 2 — SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll.,
p. 248, pi. 15, f. 2 (genitalia). — Orthalicus varius \\ MARTENS, Bin-
nenmoll. Venez., p. 34, in Festschr. Feier 100-jahrigen Bestehens
Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, p. 190, pi. 1, f. 4a, 4b (1873).
PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 264 — Achatina flogera POTIEZ & MICHAUD,
Galerie i, p. 127, pi. 12, f. 1, 2 (young shells).

Extremely variable in coloring, yet readily distinguished from all
other species of the same region by its elongated form and small aper-
ture. It is allied to 0. phlogera and 0. bensoni. The latter is

OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN. 145

readily distinguished by its granulose surface, being scored by distinct
spiral stride cutting the growth-wrinkles into granules. 0. phlogera
is more allied in its smooth surface, but the black columella and de-
tails of coloration, the narrower mouth and more oblong last whorl,
probably indicate specific distinction, in view of the widely separated
habitats. The principal color-forms are :

1. Uniform flesh-pink, varices light brown, parietal callus trans-
parent (fig. 74).

2. Yellow below, pink above, with a peripheral girdle of purple-
brown spots, a narrow interrupted line above, and narrow streaks
below the suture (fig. 75). •

3. Brown or olive-brown, like the last or wanting the peripheral
girdle (figs. 76, 77).

4. Variously and elaborately striped and streaked or blotched on a
yellow or whitish ground (figs. 69, 70, 71).

Some specimens labelled " Brazil " are in the series of the Acad-
emy.

Semper found the accessory gland of the penis wanting in. this
species.

Drouet's Bulimus zebra (Moll. terr. et d'eau douce de la Guyane
Fran9aise, p. 66, pi. 4, f. 48, 49) is evidently something of the nature
of 0. varia or 0. bensoni, but I cannot reconcile his figures with
either. Perhaps we have here to deal with another and still unde-
fined species. It is from around Cayenne, the forest of Rouza, and
Oyapoc, French Guiana. The " variete " figured does not look much
like the k' type."

0. PHLOGERA (Orbigny). PI. 32, figs. 67, 68.

Shell elongated, quite thin, smooth ; spire long, perceptibly swollen,
the apex obtuse, black ; composed of 7 slightly convex whorls ; aper-
ture oval, quite wide, the lip thin, acute ; columella twisted, blackish,
subtruncate in the young, rounded in adults. Colors : general tint
whitish or purplish, paler on the last whorl ; ornamented from place
to place with large longitudinal brown stripes, especially on the last
whorl ; a wide band formed of dark purple-brown spots interrupted
and flamed, appears around the middle of the last whorl and the
upper portion of the others, bounded above and below by a blackish
interrupted line ; the other portion is marked with little longitudinal
bands, equally spaced, of a purple-brown color ; the summit is con-
10

146 OXYSTTLA, SOUTH AMERICAN.

stantly black-brown, and this dark shade colors the right margin of
the lip and the whole columella. Alt. .55, diam. 24 mill.

Around the Missions of San Xavier and Concepcion, Prov. Chiqui-
tos, Bolivia (Orb.).

Helix phJogera ORB., Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 8. — Bulimus phlogerus
ORB., Voy. dans 1'AmeV. Merid. p. 257, pi. 29, f. 6, 7.— PFR., Monogr.
ii, p. 145 (part). — Orthalicus phlogerus BECK, Index, p. 59. — Acha-
tina phlogera PFR., Symbolae ii, p. 134.

Orbigny's description, from which the above is taken, does not
tally very well with his figures of this species. It is evidently allied
to 0. bensoni Rve., a larger and granulose species, occurring in a
moister and more tropical region. The smaller size of 0. phlogera,
the less developed color-pattern on the last whorl as compared with
0. bensonij and the broad variceal streaks, are all attributable to the
sparsely w7ooded and dry character of the region it inhabits.

O. PFEIFFERI (Hidalgo). PI. 55, figs. 48, 49, 50.

Shell oblong-conic, rather solid, smooth, little shining ; whitish-
violaceous, very closely painted with longitudinal somewhat waved
brown lines, and wide straight (variceal) streaks at irregular dis-
tances, each composed of a white and a brown streak ; covered with
an olivaceous cuticle. Spire long-conic, the apex tawny, rather ob-
tuse ; suture simple or lightly plicate. Whorls 7-8, nearly flat,
widening at a moderate rate, the last not descending in front, slightly
angular at its origin, somewhat tapering below.

Aperture oblong-semioval, three sevenths the length of the shell,
dull white or brown inside; peristome simple, acute, broadly black-
bordered inside, the margins joined by a blackish entering callus;
columella a little twisted, rather straight, black, covered inside with
a thick whitish callus. (Hid.)

Alt. 52, diam. 23 mill.

Canelos, Ecuador (Martinez).

Orthalicus pfeifferi HID., Journ. de Conchyl., 1869, p. 41; Catal.
Coq. Am. Merid., p. 39 (in Journ. de Conchyl., 1870), pi. 6, f. 8 ;
Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, p. 135, pi. 8, f. 3, 4. — PFR., Monogr. viii,
p. 261 Zebra pfeifferi MILLER, Mai. Blatt. 1878, xxv, p. 186.

The longer spire, flatter whorls, structure of the columella and sys-
tem of coloration, are the characters separating this species from 0.
phJogera Orb.

OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN. 147

There are sixty longitudinal lines on the last, 51 on the penulti-
mate whorl in the type specimen in the collection of Sr. Paz. In one
in the Madrid Museum there is a whitish zone in the middle of the
last whorl, interrupting most of the longitudinal stripes (fig. 50).

O. MACANDREWI (Sowerby). PI. 41, fig. 5.

Shell elongated ; grayish-fulvous, streaked and zoned with brownr
here and there radiated with black. Apex a little obtuse, grayish-
lilac. Whorls 8J, regularly increasing, a little convex, longitudinally
lightly striated, separated by impressed sutures, spirally marked with
three slightly conspicuous, brown and white articulated lines, vanish-
ing on the whorls after the penultimate one ; the last whorl about as
long as the spire, roundly convex, with a grayish-fulvous zone above,
brown ones at the middle and beneath ; columella nearly straight,
rather thin, grayish-lilac within, black outside. Aperture semioval,
lilac within ; peristome simple, hardly reflexed, slightly thickened,
black-edged ; columellar margin covered with a wide black callus
spreading inward. Alt. 70, diam. 30 mill.; aperture 28 mill, long,
16 wide (Sowerby).

San Diego de Cou, Peru.

Orthalicus MacAndrewi Sows., Journ. Linn. Soc. London xx,
Zoology, p. 399, pi. 25, f. 18 (December 31, 1889).

u This species, of which I have seen only a single specimen, is
similar in form to 0. bensoni, but it has no spiral sculpture, and the
coloring consists principally of light brown zones with a few longitu-
dinal streaks of brown and black. The articulated painting is very
slight, and is only to be seen on the upper whorls." (Sowb.)

O. BENSONI (Reeve). PI. 31, figs. 62, 63, 64, 65.

Shell acuminate-oval, moderately solid, purplish or fleshy-white,
usually covered with a greenish-yellow cuticle, and varied with
numerous narrow longitudinal purple-brown stripes fading at their
edges, or fewer wide stripes, and encircled by three narrow girdles of
purple-brown oblong or arrow-shaped spots alternating with shorter
cream-white intervals, the basal girdle less distinct, the median and
upper ones ascending the spire ; one variceal streak or none. Surface
scarcely shining, with close and rather irregular wrinkles of growth,
decussated and rendered granose by fine, close, deeply- cut spiral strife.
Spire long, a little contracted near the obtuse apex ; whorls 7£ to 8,

148 OXYSTYLA, SOUTH AMERICAN.

the first one black-tipped, nearly planorboid, the earlier two or three
smooth except for short low folds just above the suture, the following
whorls moderately convex.

Aperture somewhat oblique, rather small, purple-tinted, white in-
side; peristome simple, broadly bordered with purple-brown inside
and out, columella subvertical, rather long, slightly convex, or some-
what calloused, white or dark chestnut colored ; parietal callus
chestnut.

Alt. 62, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 27^ mill, (specimen).

Alt. 85, diam. 40 mill. (Crosse).

Banks of the Amazon (Reeve); Upper Amazon (Orton); Mission
of Sarayacu, Peru (Castelnau); Napo, Ecuador (Martinez).

Bulimus ( Orthalicus) adamsoni (Gray), BECK, Index, p. 60 (1837).
— Helix (Cochlitoma) regina var. P minor, FERUSSAC Tabl. p. 49;
Histoire, pi. 119, f. 1, 2. — Bulimus bensoni REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi.

78, f. 571 (Sept., 1849) PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 388; viii, p. 261;

Conchyl. Cab. p. 75, pi. 21, f. 1. — HUPE in Castelnau's Exped., p.
31. — Orthalicus bensoni SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitiae Mai. p. 60, pi. 4,

f. 3, 4, 5.—CHENU, 111. Conch, i, p. 439, f. 3225 HIDALGO, Journ.

de Conchyl. 1870, p. 64 ; Viaje al Pacifico, Mol., p. 133, pi. 7, f. 13.
— -CROSSE, Journ.de Conchyl. 1871, p. 318. — Zebra bensoni MILLER,
Malak. Blatter xxv, p. 186 — COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France xii,
p. 198.

The long spire with large, rather mammillar apex, the three articu-
lated girdles, and the fine but strong decussation of the surface are
characteristic. There is a single variceal purple-brown streak on the
penultimate whorl of the specimen drawn in fig. 62; one of Shuttle-
worth's illustrations shows a similar stripe, and F£russac's shell has
one. The pattern varies, some specimens having narrow, others
wide stripes, and the greenish-yellow cuticle of some shells is largely
wanting, or very thin and pale yellow below on other specimens,
otherwise in good condition. The large specimen from Napo (length
80, not 85 mill.), commented on by Hidalgo (fig. 65) has "a callos-
ity superimposed upon the columella, as in 0. regina, and due with-
out any doubt to advancing age." This group of Oxystyla certainly
approaches Corona in the convex form of the columella.

This species was noticed first by Ferussac, who considered it a
small form of his H. regina, and figured it on the plate of that spe-
cies. Beck, in 1837, gives the name "0. adamsoni (Gray) B." to

PORPHYROBAPIIE. 149

these figures, referring to Ferussac's plate ; and as a synonym he
quotes "Achatina adamsonii Gray! Gray, Sp. Z. fasc. 2, f. 4, 5."
No such species occurs in either the text or plates of our copy of
Gray's u Spicilegia Zoologica," which is evidently the work referred
to; but in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1833, Gray
described a Bulinus adamsonii, which is a species of the subgenus
Metorthalicus.

Fig. 64 represents Reeve's type.

It is a species of the Upper Amazon region, and the localities
" Guiana " and " Pernambuco," cited by some authors, require con-
firmation. Ferussac gives *' Cayenne " as the locality.

Genus PORPHYROBAPHE Shuttleworth, 1856.

Porphyrobaphe (in part) SHUTTL., Notitiae Malacol. i, pp. 69, 70
(for adamsoni, iostoma, kelletii, latevittata, labeo, irrorata] — VON
MARTENS in Albers, Die Hel. edit. 2, p. 227, type 0. iostomus Sow.
(1860); and of many recent authors — BORUS, in part, of MORCH,
Catal. Yoldi, 1852, p. 27, and of H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll,
ii, p. 148.

Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, with about 2J smooth apical
whorls ; aperture ovate, rather large, with the lip reflexed, expanded,
or merely blunt and somewhat thick.

Jaw, dentition, central nervous system and genitalia (of P. iostoma)
similar to those of Oxystyla, except that the penis is shorter and the
spermatheca is larger with shorter duct. The penis bears a lobed
appendix as in Oxystyla.

Type, B. ioftoma Sowb. Distribution, northwestern Peru, to
Colombia.

The only difference of much importance between Porphyrobaphe
and Oxystyla is in the peristome, which is thick and blunt or reflexed
in the former, thin and acute in the latter group. This is hardly of
itself sufficient ground for generic separation ; but as the name has
already come into general use, and the soft anatomy may, when more
fully examined, show other differences, it is probably best to adopt
the group as of generic value. It differs from Orthalicus proper and
from Metorthalicus in the smooth, not pitted, embryonic shell.

Key to Species of Porphyrobaphe.
[P. integer is not included in this table. J

150 PORPHYROBAPHE.

a. Lip blunt, not expanded or reflexed, brown or white, the colu-
mella and parietal callus pale ; profusely mottled, and with
several pale bands; finely decussated. dennisoni, p. 158.

a1. Lip expanded or reflexed, at least below.

b. Parietal wall blackish brown ; lip usually colored ; spiral
striation when present rather finer than the longitudinal
wrinkling.

c. Lip and columella purple ; surface ashen or brown,
usually mottled or dappled. iostoma, p. 150.

c1. Lip and columella blackish ; surface striped and
black-varixed on a light ground. saturnus, p. 153.
bl. Parietal callus white or bluish ; spiral striae separated,
irregularly cutting the surface wrinkles into long gran-
ules ; spire rather attenuated above.
c. Base rounded.

d. Columella folded, lip yellow or pinkish, shell
purplish brown with light spots, sometimes
yellowish. irroratus, p. 155.

dl. Columella hardly folded ; peristome and pari-
etal callus white ; yellow, with some brown
streaks and spots. grevillei, p. 156.

c1. Base strongly carinated ; lip brown or white, pari-
etal callus white. tm, p. 157.

GROUP OF P. IOSTOMA.

P. IOSTOMA (Sowerby). PI. 49, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, varying from rather thin to thick. Color
(1) pale brownish or pink tinted, almost uniform or faintly mottled
with purplish flesh-tint, or (2) creamy or light brown copiously strewn
with dark brown or purplish-brown oblong spots, the spire with
ragged or zigzag brown streaks, or (3) rarely pure white ; frequently
marked with a few dark variceal streaks. Surface dull or somewhat
glossy, with coarse, usually irregular growth-wrinkles, more or less
strongly plicatulate below the sutures, sometimes with a projecting
varix or two on the last whorl; a lens often showing close, fine, spiral
striation on the spire, or in smoother, thin-lipped shells, finely striated
spirally throughout. Apex obtuse, the earlier 2-J whorls forming the
smooth nepionic shell. Whorls 5^ to 6, convex, the last well rounded.

Aperture ovate, white within (sometimes showing the external

PORPHYROBAPHE. 151

spots), slightly oblique ; peristome somewhat thickened, or very
heavily thickened and built forward, of a rich purple color; columella
with a moderate white fold above ; parietal wall with a thick dark
chestnut callus, sometimes purple-edged.

Alt. 2f, diam. 1£ inch (Sowerby).

Alt. 60, diam. 35 mill, (typical form).

Alt. 66, diam. 37 mill. ) ,., ,

v var. bilabratus.
Alt. 54, diam. 31 mill, j

N.-W. Peru: Lechugal, near Tumbez (Stolzmann); Western
Ecuador: Prov. del Oro, at Chacras, on the Rio Zarumilla (Wolf),
Santa Rosa (Dohrn) ; Prov. Guayas at Puna Island (Martinez),
Guayaquil (Fontaine, Paz and others), Colonche (Wolf); Prov.
Manabi at Portoviego (Cousin), Montechristi (Lehmann), Island of
Plata (Cuming, Wolf); Prov. Esmeraldas at Esmeraldas (Lehmann),
a small form. Andean region in the Pilaton Valley, Prov. Pichincha,
at 1000 meters alt. (Boetzkes), and Macas in the Amazonian drain-
age, Prov. Chimborazo (Martinez).

Bulimus iostoma SOWERBY, Zoological Journal i, p. 58, pi. 5. f.

1 (1824) DUNKER, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 379 —

Pachyotis iostoma BECK, Index Moll. p. 56 (1837).— Bulimus yos-
tomus VILLA, Dispositio Syst. p. 20. — Bulimus iostomus PFR., Monogr.
Hel. Viv. ii, p. 29 ; iii, 307 ; iv, 370 ; vi, 14 ; viii, 22 ; Conchyl. Cab.
p. 190, pi. 56, f. 1, 2. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 44;
Viaje al Pacifico, p. 60, pi. 5, f. 7, 8. — Bulimus (Borus) iostoma
ALBERS, Die Hel., 1850, p. 142. — Orthalicus {Porphyrobaphe) iosto-
mus MARTENS in Alb., Die Hel. (2), p. 227 (1860). — REIBISCH,
Sitzungsber. u. Abhandl. Nat. Ges. Isis, 1896, p. 58 (1837).— Buli-
mus (Porphyrobaphe) iostomus Sow., LUBOMIRSKI, P. Z. S., 1879,

p. 721 Porphyrobaphe iostoma SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitia3 Malak. i,

p. 70 (1856) MILLER, Malak. Blatter xxv, p. 184 (1878)

DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 110 (variation). —
KOBELT, Illustr. Conchylienbuch, pi. 82, f. 12. — Porphyrobaphe ios-
tomus COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France xii, 1887, p. 202.— Conf.
FISCHER, Exped. Scient. Mex., Moll, i, p. 433 (brief account of
anatomy). — Porphyrobaphe jostomus P^ETEL, Catal., p. 99.

Bulimus phasianella VALENCIENNES in Humboldt & Bonpland's
Rec. d' Obs. Zool. ii, p. 244, pi. 55, f. 4 (1833).— DESHAYES in Fer.,
Histoire ii, p, 24, pi. 143, f. 1-3. — Bulimus phasianellus DESH. in
Lam., Anim. s. Vert, viii, p. 259. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 15, f.

152 PORPHYROBAPHE.

88 (1848) — ORBIGNY, Voy. dans 1' Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 295.—
Helix (Cochlostyla) phasianella FER., Tabl. System, p. 48, no. 336
(nude name). — ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 7.

The well authenticated range of this species extends from extreme
N.-W. Peru, and the neighborhood of the bay of Guayaquil, to Es-
meraldas in N.-W. Ecuador, including the island of Plata. It thus
inhabits both the arid coast region and the moister tract of low moun-
tains and coast, chiefly of tertiary or later age, though also ascending
the Pilaton valley to 1000 meters above the sea. There i« no evidence
of its occurrence in Chili, the old citations being either erroneous or
based upon former temporary political boundaries. With one excep-
tion, all of the localities are in the Pacific drainage, Macas being the
sole place east of the main chain of the Andes whence it has been
reported.

Cuming found it clinging to trees on the island of Plata, and in
such profusion that they looked as if laden with fruit. This is con-
firmed by Dr. Wolf. Others have reported it from inside hollow logs,
gregarious and in copious numbers. In consequence, the; shell is
abundant in collections, though a sufficient account of the anatomy is
still to be supplied.

Sowerby's original account, and all of the published figures, per-
tain to the form with only moderately thickened lip and spirally
striated last whorl. The spirals are sometimes very close, regular,
and though minute, still strong, especially on the heavily mottled
shells. The color varies from creamy brownish, paler above, to brown
and copiously mottled ; and there is often a pale band a little way
below the suture.

Nine specimens in the series before me differ in having the spiral
striation obsolete on the last whorl, and the lip and columellar margin
greatly thickened and built forward beyond the reflection (pi. 50,
figs. 26, 27). This form may be called var. bilabratus. It is lustre-
less, without conspicuous spots.

Var. bilabratus attains a larger size than the typical form, one col-
lected by Dr. Wolf measuring 82 mill. long. The tendency to form
a second or third expanded lip, leaving the former peristomes pro-
jecting as varices, is more usual than in thinner shells.

Hidalgo, Dohrn and Reibisch have discussed the variations of P.
iostoma, but only the latter author notices the oblong, thick-lipped
form. Dohrn has called attention to the relationship existing between

PORPHYROBAPHE. 153

iostoma and saturnus, Both have strongly defined varices indicating
periodical growth and rest periods, and in both the color and sculp-
ture usually change a little at each varix. P. saturnus shows more
clearly than iostoma the close relationship to Oxystyla in its colora-
tion of waved stripes.

The young of P. iostoma (pi. 49, fig. 18) are exactly like Oxystyla
in form, the columella being slender and straight, the outer lip thin,
and the apex, of course, smooth.

The jaw and teeth are similar to those of the Mexican u Orthali-
cus," according to Fischer.

P. INTEGER (Pfeiffer). Unjigured.

Shell imperforate, solid, obliquely irregularly rugulate, spirally
sulcate (the interstices closely arcuate-lineolate), flesh colored,
painted with gray-brown streaks and flammules. Spire elongated-
conic, rather obtuse ; suture crenulated. Whorls 7^, a little convex,
the last a little shorter than the spire ; columella grayish-lilac, cylin-
drical, somewhat twisted, arcuately passing into the peristome.

Aperture nearly vertical, truncate-oval; peristome somewhat

thickened, narrowly expanded, the columellar margin subdilated,

adnate. Alt. 82, diam. 39 ; aperture, alt. 40, width 22 mill. (Pfr.).

Province of Quito, Ecuador (Ida Pfeiflfer).,

Bulimus integer PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 114; Monogr. iv. p. 369;
vi, 13. — Bulimus (Dryptus) integer MARTENS in Albers, Die Hel.
Edit. 2, p. 194.

Variety: Shell generally unicolored fleshy-gray; whorls 6^, colu-
mella more twisted. Alt. 65, diam. 31 ; aperture alt. 34, width 17
mill. (Pfr.)

An unfigured shell, the systematic position of which is not certain.
Miller (Malak Blatter xxv. 184) thinks integer specifically identical
with P. iostoma, but I would hardly agree with this opinion, judging
from the description alone.
P. SATURNUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 50, figs. 23, 24, 25.

Shell ovate-conic or oblong-conic, solid. Pale lilac under a thin
yellowish olive cuticle, usually in part lost, or remaining in spiral hair-
lines, the spire with three earlier whorls uniform yellowish-corneous,
the next whorl wjth a series of brown spots' below the suture, penulti-
mate and next earlier whorls with numerous waved brown stripes on a
yellowish ground, these stripes sometimes continuing on the last whorl,

154 PORPHYROBAPHE.

sometimes almost obsolete there ; three or four broad blackish varices
appearing on the penultimate and last whorls. Surface slightly glossy,
with rather strong, fold-like striae on the spire, the last whorl smoother,
with a plicate band below the suture, and decussated with irregular
spiral grooves. Whorls 6, the earlier 2^ smooth, forming the nepi-
onic shell ; last whorl convex, sometimes ridged at the varices ; apex
obtuse.

Aperture somewhat oblique, ovate, pure white within; peristome
black, thick, somewhat reflexed ; columella slightly folded, nearly
straight, mainly black ; a black parietal callus deeply entering the
aperture.

Alt. 70, diam. 38, longest axis of aperture 39 mill.

Pallatanga Ecuador (Fraser).

Bulimus saturanus (error for saturnus) PFR., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 136.
— B. satuanus (error for saturnus) PFR., P. Z. S. 1860, Mollusca,
pi. 51, f. 6. — Bulimus saturnus PFR., Malak. Blatter, viii, 1861, p.
11; Monogr. vi, p. 14. — Porphyrobaphe saturnus DOHRN, Jahrb.
D. M. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 111.

I have below reproduced Pfeiffer's description because his type
(fig. 25) was much more copiously striped than any of the specimens
I have seen. The " lilac-flesh " ground color is concealed in good
specimens by a thin yellowish-olive cuticle, which is easily rubbed
off, and remains chiefly in the grooves of the spiral and growth striae,
usually as fine spiral capillary lines. The varices are black and con-
spicuous, usually three in number, one being on the penultimate, the
others on the last whorl. The columella becomes bluish-white towards
its insertion. There is considerable variation in size, the smallest
specimens I have seen being about 60 mill, long, while Dohrn men-
tions one measuring alt. 82, diam. 33, length of aperture 41 mill.
Pfeiffer's original description is as follows :

Shell imperforate, somewhat fusiform oblong, solid; of a lilac-flesh
tint flamed with brown. Spire conic, the apex rather acute, white.
Whorls 6J, the upper smooth, the rest obliquely striated, last whorl
smoother, having several wide blackish varices, a little shorter than
the spire, tapering at the base. Columella thick, twisted, black.

Aperture subvertical, acuminate, oblong; peristome black, nar-
rowly reflexed, the margins joined by a black callus.

Alt. 76, diam. 33, aperture including peristome 38 mill. long.

PORPHYROBAPHE. 155

GROUP OF P. IRRORATUS.

P. IRRORATUS (Reeve). PL 52, figs. 33-37.

Shell imperforate, conic-ovate, solid ; spirally sulcate and closely
striated longitudinally, but little shining. Greenish-fulvous, with
irregularly-scattered fulvous and chestnut spots [or "reddish-purple,
last whorl covered with a pale ash epidermis, sprinkled with brown-
shaded fulvous white spots."] Spire conic, attenuated below the
obtuse, reddish-corneous apex. Whorls 6, a little convex, more
strongly plicate below the sutures, the last whorl ventricose, longer
than the spire, with rounded base.

Aperture slightly oblique, oval, blue within ; peristome expanded,
thickened and reflexed, orange-colored or roseate [or buff], the mar-
gins joined by a thick, white or orange callus, right margin regularly
arcuate ; columella somewhat folded above, white or reddish, the
columellar margin reflexed and adnate (Pfr.).

Alt. 64, diam. 38, longest axis of aperture 40^ mill, (specimen).

Alt. 77, diam. 39, longest axis of aperture 43 mill. (Reeve's fig).

Ecuador: La Mocha and Guaranda (Paz); Macas (Martinez);
Nanegal (Martinez, Orton, Wolf, Stu'bel); Pilaton Valley (Boetzkes,
var. elongata and minor)-, Los Puentes, near Gualea (Cousin, var.
elongata) ; Quito (Cuming coll.) ; Valle del Pastaza, near Mapoto
(Wolf).,

Bulimus irroratus REEVE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 16, pi.

2, f. 10 ; Conch. Icon., pi. 62, f. 427 (March, 1849) DESHAYES

in Fer. Hist, ii, p. 50, pi. 130, f. 5, 6 — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 304.—
HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 44; Viaje al Pacifico, p. 59,
pi. 6, f. 1. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1871, p. 316 — Porphyro-

baphe (?) irrorata SHUTTL., Notitiae Malac. i, p. 72 COUSIN, Bull.

Soc. Zool. de France xii, 1887, p. 203 (p. 17 of separate copies). —
Dryptus irroratus MILLER, Malak. Blatter xxv, p. 179; (n. F.) i,
pi. 5, f. 2a (var. elongata), 2b (var. minor) — Orthalicus (Porphyro-
baphe) irroratus Rve., MARTENS, Conchol. Mittheil. p. 159 — REI-
BISCH, Sitzungsber. u. Abhandl. Nat. Ges. Isis, 1896, p. 58 (1897).
— Orthalicus irroratus Rv., SCIIACKO, t. c., p. 197 (dentition).

" One of the most abundant and wide-spread species of Ecuador,
showing great variations. The peristome is sometimes yellow, some-
times more or less rose-colored, in some specimens thin and weakly
reflexed, in others strongly thickened. The commonest form is ven-

156 FORPHYROBAPHE.

tricose, 69-75 mill, long, 35-37 in diameter, the last whorl being
longer than the spire." (Miller.}

"Among the examples from Nanegal great variation occurs, as well
in form as in coloration. The following measurements of three shells
illustrates the former :

"Alt. 78, diam. 45, length of aperture 46, width including peri-
stome 29

"Alt. 69, diam. 35, length of aperture 40, width including peri-
stome 25.

"Alt. 70, diam. 39 J, length of aperture 41, width including peri-
stome 28.

" In respect to coloring, the peristome is sometimes yellow, some-
times rose-red ; the ground-color of the shell is sometimes uniform
yellowish, sometimes dark clouded, the upper whorls either yellowish-
brown or dark violet-brown or white.

"A variety from the valley of the Rio Cinto at Pichincha, 1300
meters alt., is quite unicolored, with stronger parietal callus, but no
nodule in the upper angle of the mouth." (Martens.)

The jaw, according to Schacko, is similar to that of Orthalicus
obductus, composed of 17 plates, the median one triangular. The
teeth are of the form usual in the 0. undatus group, except that the
laterals are more massive, closely crowded and quadrangular.

Miller describes two varieties :

Var. ELONGATA Mill. (pi. 52, fig. 33). Last whorl hardly as long
as the spire ; peristome very strongly thickened and broadly reflexed.
Whorls 6|, alt. 75, diam. 30, aperture 35 mill, long, 17 wide inside.

Pilaton Valley (Boetzkes); Los Puentes, near Gualea, in abund-
ance (Cousin).

Var. MINOR Mill. (pi. 52, fig. 35). Whorls 6 ; alt. 58, diam. 26,

aperture 28 mill, long inside, 14 wide.

Pilaton Valley.

P. GREVILLEI ("Sowerby" Pfeiffer). PI. 53, figs. 38, 39, 40, 41.
Shell ovate-acuminate, moderately solid. Yellow, with occasional
(variceal) brown streaks, and numerous irregularly scattered brown
spots sometimes shadowed on the side toward the lip with paler yellow.
Surface slightly shining, coarsely plicatulate, puckered beneath the
sutures, and decussated by wide-spaced spiral lines, cutting the sur-
face-wrinkles into long granules. Spire rather slender, the lateral

PORPHYROBAPHE. 157

outlines somewhat concave. Whorls o^ to 6, convex, the earlier
three smooth, uniform yellowish or flesh-colored, last whorl well
rounded throughout.

Aperture but slightly oblique, ovate; white and showing some
purplish mottling within; peristome pure white, reflexed and re-
curved, widest below, having a slight or decided tubercle on its face
at the insertion above, outward from which there is a slight sinus;
columella concave, hardly folded, white, narrow in the middle ;
parietal callus white, thin inside, thickened into a low nodule or
ridge near the posterior angle of the mouth.

Alt. 60, diam. 35, longest axis of aperture 36^ mill.

Alt. 67, diam. 44 mill. (Pfeiffer's type).

Quito, Ecuador (Cuming).

Bulimus grevillei Sowerby, PFR., Novit. Conch, iv, p. 143, pi. 133,
f. 4, 5 (1876) ; Monogr. viii, p. 15 (1877). — Dryptus grevillei Sow.,
MILLER, Malak. Blatter, xxv, 1878, p. 180.

This species is closely allied to P. irroratus, differing therefrom
chiefly in the light coloration, less folded columella and wider basal
lip. The tubercle at the insertion of the outer lip (see fig. 39) is
not constant, being very low in a specimen before me received from
Cuming. Perhaps the shallow sinus or bay in the lip near the in-
sertion, may prove more constant; but it is not unlikely that grevillei
may prove to be a variety of the older and variable irroratus.

P. grevillei differs from P. iris and P. ivallisianus in being rounded
beneath, not keeled.

The locality "Quito" rests upon the authority of Cumingian
labels only. Wolf, Boetzkes, Stubel/Cousin, Paz and other collec-
tors in Ecuador do not seem to have encountered the species.

P. IRIS (Pfeiffer). PL 51, figs. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32.

Shell ovate-acuminate, moderately solid and strong. White under a
bright yellow or tawny-brown streaked cuticle, paler or white on the
spire and basal keel. Surface slightly shining, coarsely, irregularly
plicate or plicatulate, decussated by rather wide-spaced spiral furrows
or lines, cutting the folds into spiral bands' of oblong granules.
Wfhorls 5J, the first 2J forming the nearly smooth, obtuse nepionic
shell, the next whorl rather flattened, penultimate and last whorls
convex, the latter haying a prominently exserted, blunt keel on the base.

Aperture irregularly ovate, slightly oblique, white within ; peri-

158 PORPHYROBAPHE.

stome blunt, white or flesh-colored, expanded, becoming subreflexed
below ; columella vertical, straight or convex, white ; parietal callus
white.

Alt. 73, diam. 39, longest axis of aperture 43 mill.

Alt. 62, diam. 39, longest axis of aperture 39 mill.

Colombia: La Ceja, Rio Negro (type locality) and mountains near
Fresno, between Salamina and Santa Ana (Bid.).

Bulimus iris PFR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 136; Conchyl. Cab. p. 244,
pi. 65, f. 4, 5 ; Monogr. iii, p. 313 ; iv, 376 ; vi, 22 — DOHRN, Jahrb.

d. D. Malak. Ges. ii, 1875, p. 298 Bulimus wallisianus MOUSSON,

Malak. Blatter xxi, 1873, p. 9 PFR., Novit. Conch, iv, p. 135, pi.

130, f. 7, 8 ; Monogr. viii, pp. 15, 604. — B.utimus (Borus)fris H. & A.
AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 148. — Porphyrobapheiris Pfr., von MAR-
TENS, Conchol. Mittheil., p. 174, pi. 35, f. 3 (apex).

Similar to P. irroratus and grevillei in sculpture, but distinguished
by its basal keel. Dohrn has already discussed this species at some
length, the specimens I have seen supporting his opinion of the ex-
traordinarily wide swing of variation among individuals.

Pfeiffer's original specimen was rather small, length 64 mill., with
the keel very near the columella, and the base, therefore, only slightly
distorted (figs. 28, 29). Mousson's wallisianus (figs. 31, 32) was
based upon a more strongly keeled shell, with very convex body-
whorl and brown-streaked coloring. The type measured 62 mill,
long ; one before me agrees exactly in color, form and size, see sec-
ond line of measurements above. A more aberrant, but in no way
pathologic individual, is shown in fig. 30.

Dohrn gives the following extremes of size :

Alt. 87, diam. 41, length of aperture 48 mill.; thick and calcar-
eous.

Alt. 52-59, diam. 26-27, length of aperture 32-34 mill. ; thin,
translucent.

GROUP OF P. DENNISONI.

P. DENNISONI (Reeve). PI. 48, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16.

Shell imperforate, ovate-acuminate, rather thin, subgranulated by
light growth striae and somewhat undulating close spiral stria?, but
little shining. Dull greenish buff, encircled with some pale bands,
marked with sparse blackish streaks and strewn with purple-brown
spots. Spire conic, the apex whitish, rather obtuse ; suture impressed ;

PORPHYROBAPHE. 159

whorls 6, the upper ones flattened, streaked with brown, the penulti-
mate more convex, last whorl about as long as the spire, rounded at
base. Columella simple, rather straightened, white.

Aperture slightly oblique, oval, livid, with a pearly luster inside ;
peristome brown-edged, UB expanded, somewhat duplicate, not re-
flexed. (Pfr.~)

Alt. 83, diam. 43 mill, (from fig. of type).

Colombia: Marmato among ferns, moss and dead leaves, in damp
places (Bland); Canea (Da Costa); Bogota (Wallis).

Bulinws dennisoni REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 26, f. 166 (July, 1848).
— PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 245, pi. G6, f. 1, 2 ; Monogr. iii, p. 380.—
BLAND, in Adams' Contrib. to Conch., No. 11, p. 229.

Orthalicus (Sultana) dennisoni SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitise Malac.
i, p. 58 (1856). — PFR., Monogr. iv, 586 ; vi, 198 — Of. Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond. i, p. 290, and STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Susswasser-
Conchyl. v, pp. 1, 2 (1882).

Porphyrobaphe dennisoni MOUSSON, Malak. Blatter xxi, 1873, p.
13, with var. obscurata, p. 14. — Bulimus dennisoni var. obscarata
Mouss., PFR., Novit. Conch, iv, p. 120, pi. 127, f. 12, 13.

The nepionic shell is composed of two and a half smooth corneous-
buff whorls ; the next whorl has a subsutural band of squarish brown
spots. Specimens collected by Bland at Marmato are small, alt. 57,
diam. 34^, longest axis of aperture 36J mill., with 5J whorls, closely
and conspicuously decussated surface and brown lip ; the columella
is not straight, as in Reeve's figure, but markedly concave. This
form may be called var. marmatensis (pi. 48, fig.. 14). Another
specimen measures 59, 34, 36^ mill.; it has a tubercle at the upper
insertion of the outer lip, as figured for P. grevillei. I think it path-
ologic.

Pfeiffer figures a small specimen of the typical form, measuring
alt. 71, diam. 35 mill.

Mousson describes a variety from Bogota : var. obscurata (pi. 48,
fig. 13). A little smaller, alt. 71, diam. 37 mill., with elegant pat-
tern of black -brown lines and diffuse spots upon white bands, the lip
unexpanded and obtuse, grayish like the interior, not colored with
brown. It is darker and more copiously and elaborately figured than
the typical form.

The inclusion of dennisoni among the species with "zierlich punkt-
formigen Griibchen " upon the nuclear whorls, by Mousson, caused

160 LIGUUS.

some uneasiness to Strebel ; but Mousson evidently did not actually
see any such sculpture, but merely inferred it. The nepionic shell is
smooth.

(?) B. VICTOR Pfeiffer. See vol. x, p. 82. I have not seen' this
species, but following Pfeiffer, placed it in Eurytus. Cousin has re-
ferred it to Porphyrobaphe (Bull. Soc. Zool. France xii, p. 204), and
states that he procured it in Ecuador, precise locality not given.

PORPHYROBAPHE PEELii Miller, Mai. Blatt. xxv, 184 = Drymceus
peelii, vol. xi, p. 205.

Genus LIGUUS Montfort (s. lot.).

Liguus Montf. + Corona Alb. + Hemibulimus Martens.

Shell oblong- or ovate-conic, with simple, thin-edged, unexpanded
lip, and obtuse, vertically wrinkled or smooth nepionic whorls, the
columella usually truncated at its base, though sometimes continuous
with the basal lip, and either concave, folded, or straight above.

The present group differs from Orthalicus in the sculpture of the
nepionic whorls ; from Oxystyla in the more lengthened general
form, usual though not invariable truncation of the columella, and
the vertical wrinkles of the nepionic shell, or the last nepionic whorl;
a character frequently lost in old shells by wear, but probably in-
variable in the young. ,

The genus as limited above, is nearly coincident in distribution
with the Helicoid genus Plfurodonte, inhabiting the two largest West
Indian islands and the northern and north-western parts of South
America. And as Pleurodonle is represented in South America by
two peculiar sections, Labyrintlus and Jsomeria, so Liguus appears
on the continent in forms (Corona and Hemibulimus) differing from
the Antillean.

The subgenera of Liguus may be arranged thus :
. Liguus (in the narrow sense) : Antillean forms with white or
bright colored shell, rather small apex, and strictly arboreal habits.

Hemibulimus: Colombian forms with the shell dark, somber col-
ored, the columella concave above, truncated below ; habits probably
terrestrial.

Corona: South American forms with the shell strong, apex obtuse
as if cut off, the columella with a callous fold above, colors not
vivid.

LIGUUS. 161

Subgenus LIGUUS Montfort, 1810.

Liynus MONTFORT, Conehyliologie Systematique ii, p. 422 (1810),
Sole species L. virgineus.

Chersina (Humphrey, in part, Museum Calonnianum, p. 62,
1797) BECK, Index Moll., p. 74 (1837).

Pseudotrochus (Klein, in part, Tent. Meth. p. 26, 1753) MORCH,
Catal. Yoldi, p. 21 (1852); Journ. de Conchyl. 1865, p. 390 (for
virginea L.) H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 135 (ex-
clusive of several species of Perideris).

Oxystrombus (of Klein, in part, Tentamen Method! Ostracologicae,
p. 32, 1753) MORCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 21 (1852); Journ. de Conchyl.
1865, p. 270 (for fasciatus Mull.).

OrthaUcinus FISCHER & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll, i, p.
436 (1875), type L. fasciatus.

SheH imperf orate, oblong-conic, either thin or solid, the nepioriic
shell not differentiated from the subsequent whorls, smooth, or with
a few spiral bands of vertical wrinkles ; the later whorls smooth,
dull or glossy, white or vividly banded or streaked, pink, green and
yellow often entering into the color-scheme ; the cuticle, when pres-
ent, very thin and inconspicuous ; aperture rather small, ovate, the
outer lip acute and unexpanded, columella vertical, and varying from
heavy and abruptly truncated at the base (as in Achatina) to thin
and continuous with the basal lip ; always simple above.

Jaw as in Oxystyla, Orthalicus, etc. Radula with the cusps either
all obtuse and rounded, or several in the median part longer and
pointed. The penis lias a lobed accessory gland or appendix, as in
other genera of the sub-family.

Type Bulla virginea L. Distribution : Haiti, Cuba, with the Isle
of Pines, Cozumel Island, Southern Florida and the keys. Arboreal.

The shell is generally less ventricose than in Oxystyla, not
spirally striated, and usually lighter or brighter colored. Corona is
more obtuse and less brilliantly colored, but is doubtless very closely
allied to Liguus. It agrees in the slight wrinkles of the last nepionic
whorl, cut into long granules, and the usually truncated columella;
though in both groups, this is a variable character.

Of the names quoted as generic synonyms above, Chersina origin-
ally appeared in the anonymous sale- catalogue of M. de Calonne's
collection, and covered many diverse genera; its resurrection and
restriction by Beck in 1837 was long after Montfort had established
11

162 LIGUUS.

Liguus. Pseudotrochus and Oxystrombus of Klein would have no
standing in binomial nomenclature even if they had been natural
groups, which they were not ; and Morcli's use of the names in 1852
was futile. The erection of Orthalicinus in 1875 by Fischer' and
Crosse seems to me to be quite a needless addition to nomenclature,
for if L. fasciatus is in need of a subgeneric name, Oxystrombus of
Morch fills every requirement.

Key to species of Liguus.

a. Columella deeply concave above, abruptly truncated at the base,
sinuous within the last whorl.

b. Shell glossy and brilliant, usually with 3 to 6 distinct
color-bands, somewhat trochiform ; basal lip subhorizontal,
but slightly arcuate. Haiti. virgineus, p. 162

b1. Somewhat pupiform, the last whorl rather contracted be-
low ; basal lip deeply arcuate. Cuba. poeyanus, p. 166
a1. Columella straight above, vertical, hardly or not sinuous within
the last whorl, and either continuous or truncated at the base ;
basal lip rather deeply arcuate. Aperture not deep purple or
pink within, though the parietal wall is often colored.

b. Pale yellow or whitish, with several blackish zones, one

above and one below the periphery more or less maculated

with yellow ; columella but slightly truncated ; last whorl

somewhat contracted. blainiamis, p. 174

b1. Without the above combination of characters.

fasciatus, p. 166

Several species besides those defined above are referred to Liguus
and its vicinity in Pfeiffer's Nomenclator Heliceorum Viventium. L.
carinatus Pfr. (p. 206, no. 76) is a Peri den's ; L. emarginatus >(p.
260) is a form of//, virgineus ; and Orthdlicus (Corona,} histrio Pfr.
(p. 259, no. 77) is a species of Oleacina.

L. VIRGINEUS (Linne). PI. 56, figs. 58-^69.

Shell ovate-turreted, solid, smooth and glossy. Color white or
bright yellow, with distinct, vivid, continuous and rather narrow
bands of blackish, brown, green, pink, purple, or light yellow, or
two or three- of these colors; the bands usually 3 to 6 in number,
typical positions for three of them being the periphery, the middle of
the upper surface (ascending the spire midway between sutures), and

163

the middle of the lower surface ; the earlier whorls either white, pink
or with the lower half of each one purple. Whorls 7 to 8, somewhat
convex, the last either subangular or rounded at the periphery ; apex
obtuse, smooth.

Aperture small, oblique, varying from pure white to dark purple
within, paler near the lip; peristome acute, unexpanded, the basal
margin excised ; cohuneUa concave, and deeply excavated above, its
base abruptly truncated ; and with the parietal callus, of a deep pink
color.

Alt. 52, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture 24^ mill.

Alt. 49, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 20 mill.

Alt. 37, diam. 21^, longest axis of aperture 18 mill.

Alt. 36, diam. 17, longest axis of aperture 14^ mill.

Haiti : Miragoane (Rolle); Jacmel ( Vend ryes); Aux Caijes (Swift);.
Gonave Island (Linden) ; and in Santo Domingo, environs of Santi-
ago (Hjalmarson), Barrera, San Juan and Neyba (A. Salle).

BuJla virginea LINNE, Syst. Nat. (12), p. 1186 (1766). — CHEM-
NITZ, Conchyl. Cab. ix, pt. 2, p. 8, pi. 117, f. 1002, 1003: and x, pi.
173, f. 1682, 1683 (sinistral form).— GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p.
3429. — DILLAVYN, Descript. Catal. i, p. 491. — MA WE, Tiie Linnaean
System of Conch., pi. 22, f. 6 (1823). — Buccinum virgimum MULLER,
Hist. Vermium ii, p. 143 — Bidimns virgineus BRUG., Encycl. Meth.
i, p. 363. — Helix (Cochlitoma) virginea FER., Prodr., p. 49, no. 344.

Achatina virginea LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, p. 131 ; edit. De-
shayes viii, p. 299 — CROUCH, Illustr. Introd. Lam. Conch., 1827,
p. 29, pi. 15, f. 5. — REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 176, f. 2; Conch.

Icon. pi. 10, f. 36. — SOWERBY, Conchol. Man., f. 286 KUSTER,

Conchyl. Cab. pi. 7, f. 8, 9; pi. 14, f. 9, 10 (sinistral).— DESHAYES
in Fer., Hist., p. 152, pi. 118, f. 3, 4, (red banded form), pi. 120, f.
2-7, and 8 (sinistral). — PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 300, pi. 24, f. 8-10;
Monogr. ii, p. 255 ; iii, 489; iv, 604; vi, 221 ; viii, 277. — BINNEY
and BLAND, Amer. Jour, of Conch, vi, p. 209-211, f. 3, 4 (teeth) ;

Land and Freshwater Shells of N. A. i, p. 212, f. 364 (jaw).

HJALMARSON and PFEIFFER, Malak. Blatter v, p. 153. — DROUET,
Moll. Terr. Guyane Francaise, p. 69 — Achatina virginice BLAIN-
A^ILLE, Man. de Malac., p. 456, pi. 38, f. 2.

Chersina virginea BECK, Index Moll., p. 74 (1837).

Liguus virgineus MONTFORT, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 423, pi. 106 (1810).
— BINNEY and BLAND, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist, xi, p. 41, pi. 3,

164 LIGUUS.

f. A-G (teeth); pi. 4, f. G (genitalia).— BLAND, t. c., p. 198.— von
MARTENS, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. iv, 1877, p. 3G2-367.— CROSSE
& FISCHER, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll., p. 436. — BINNEY, Ann. New
York Acad. Sci. iii, p. 129, pi. 12, f. A (dentition) CROSSE, Jour-
nal de Conchyl. xxxix, 1891, pp. 129, 204 (with var. sinistralis
Maltzan, Ms.). — Achatina virginea varieties 2, 3, 4, SWAINSON, Zool.
Illustr. iii, pi. 122, 123 (1822). — Achatina (Liguus) virginea MAR-
TENS in Alb., Die Hel., 1860, p. 207 — Pseudotrochus virgineus H. &
A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 135, pi. 73, f. 8a.

Achatina vexillum Humph., DEKAY, Zool. of New York, pte v,
Moll., p. 56, pi. 4, f. 56.

Achatina emarginata SAVAINSON, Zool. Illustr. ii, pi. 84, upper and
lower figures (1821). — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 256 — Ilotia virginea and
puellaris BOLT., teste Pfr — Chersina vittata HUMPHREY, Mus.
Calonnianurn, p. 62 (1797).

Pre-Linnean illustrations: Lister, Historia Conch., pi. 15, f. 10.
Buonanni, f. 66 ; Argentville, pi. 65, f. G 1, G 3, G 4, G 5. Klein,
pi. 7, f. 116 (copied from Lister). Petiver Gazophylacii, pi. 22, f.
11 (copied from Lister). Gualtieri, pi. 6, f. A. Seba, Thesaurus
iii, pi. 40, f. 38. Schroter, Geschichte der Flussconchylien, p. 337,
pi. 8, f. 3, 4.

L. virgineus differs from L. fasciatus in the shorter columella,
strongly concave above and more abruptly truncated below, and in
being more trochiform. The columella is strongly sinuous within the
last whorl, and there is frequently a short callous ridge well within
the aperture on the basal wall. The positions of the four blackish
bands, when they are present, is always the same, and the dark green
(or purple) super-peripheral band, ending in a slight notch in the lip,
is also fix e^ in position when present. The green band is purely
cuticular, and when rubbed off, a purple one is seen in the substance
of the shell beneath it. The number of band combinations, if one
descends to minutias and transition forms, is considerable ; but the
chief patterns are noticed below. The variation in width of the shell
is largely independent of color-pattern.

I. With a super-peripheral green band terminating in a notch at
the lip-edge.

la. One green band and some faint yellow ones ; aperture
white within (figs. 58, 59). This is Achatina emargi-
nata of Swainson. It occurs at Jacmel.

LIGUUS. 165

Ib. Two to four blackish bands in the typical positions, a
red band above the peripheral one or replacing it;
aperture dark within (figs. 63, 64.)

bl. A second green band above, both bordered be-
low with yellow.

Ic. Ground color yellow, fading to white or pink above ;
a red line above the dark green super-peripheral band,
and a red band at periphery ; grass-green bands at
suture and base; aperture white inside (figs. 61, 62).
Aux Cayes.
II. Green bands wanting or replaced by purple.

Ha. Four dark lines in the typical positions, the lower two
bordered above by red bands or wanting (figs. 68, 66).
lib. Three red bands, no dark ones (fig. 69).
lie. Four dark bands or lines only, in the typical positions

(figs. 67).

According to Hjalmarson, L. virgineus lives upon the tree Hcema-
toxylon camp eel teanwn, the Campeche wood, used for dyes. In water
the dye diffuses a reddish-yellow color; acted upon by acids, it be-
comes yellow or red ; by alkalies, violet, purple or blue. These are
the colors chiefly found in the shell. The epiphragm and the slime
of the snail are green.

Sinistral specimens have been figured by Chemnitz, Ku'ster and
Ferussac, and Rolle reports the sinistral with the typical form at
Miragoane.

From the data at hand, it would seem that the chief color-patterns
are probably local, all the shells of one " colony " being somewhat
similar, though the same color-form may occur in many separated
places. Further investigation is required to definitely speak on this
point. Probably sinistral shells occur of any color-pattern, and are
wholly sporadic ; and in that case v. Maltzan's " var. sinistralls" will
not stand for anything of the nature of a race or variety in the true
sense.

As Haiti was the first Antillean island to be settled, and for a long
time was visited for provisions by most vessels trading to the West
Indies and Spanish Main, this brilliant shell was early carried to
Europe, and is figured in most of the iconographic works of the last
century. Naturally, the habitats given by the older authors scattered
it wide of the mark. Linne cites figures of L. fasciatus as a var. ft of

166

virgineus, an error detected by Bruguiere. Drouet gives it among
his Guiana shells, from a locality near Cayenne. If it exists there,
it was evidently introduced by French commerce.

L. POEYANUS (Pfeiffer). PL 55, figs. 55, 56, 57.

Shell dextral or sinistral, oblong-turreted, somewhat fusiform,
solid, whitish, becoming deep pink above, and more or less yellow
on the latter part of the last whorl, with three narrow brownish
black bands in the typical positions, sometimes with a light chestnut
band bordering the suture below and a chestnut patch around the
columella. Smooth and glossy, whorls 8, moderately convex.
Aperture oblique, pink within ; outer lip acute and simple ; col-
umella and parietal wall rose-colored, the former destroyed by crabs
in the specimens known, but said by Poey to be truncated.

Alt. 43-48, diam. 18-20 mill.

Oabo Cruz, Cuba (Gundlach, Jaudenes).

Achatina poeyana PFR., Malak. Blatter iv, p. 173, pi. 4, f. 3, 4
(1857); Monogr. iv, p. 605; vi, 221 — ARANGO, Fauna Malacologia
Cubana, p. 94 — Liguus poeyanus Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl. 1890,
xxxviii, p. 202. — ? Achatina vittata SWAINSON, Zool. Illustr. pi. 84,
middle figures (1821-2).

Similar to L. virgineus, and unlike all other Cuban Liguus, in the
three blackish bands in the typical positions for bands in this sub-
family. The pink-calloused interior, narrow7 form and smooth sur-
face, as well as the truncated columella, are also like L. virgineus,
from which species it differs chiefly in distribution. The tapering
base of the last whorl, however, is not quite like virgineus.

The shells collected by Gundlach and sent Pfeiffer had all been
inhabited by Paguri, the columella being worn away. Those before
me are also in this condition. According to Gundlach the majority
of the specimens are sinistral. None have been observed with
green, purple or red bands, though the spaces between the peripheral
and upper, and below the lower dark band, become straw-yellow7 on
the latter part of the last whorl in one of the shells before me.

I think Swainson's A. vittata corresponds much better with this
species than with L. virgineus, but as there is some doubt, I do not
give it precedence.

L. FASCIATUS (Miiller). Plates 57, 58, 59, 60 ; pi. 55, fig. 54.
Shell oblong-conie, thin or solid, smooth. Color variable, being

LIGUUS. 167

white, banded or streaked. Whorls 6J-8, moderately convex.
Aperture ovate, oblique; outer lip simple, thin, more or less notched
at the terminations of green bands when these are present ; colamella
vertical, straight above, varying from heavy and strongly truncate
below (in typical fasciatus) to thin and continuous with the basal
lip (in var. crenatus etc.).

Alt. 73, diam. 34, longest axis of aperture 33 mill.

Alt. 60, diam. 26^, longest axis of aperture 25 mill.

Alt. 50, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture 25 mill.

Alt. 41, diam. 17, longest axis of aperture 17^ mill.

Cuba and the Jsle of Pines ; Cozumel Island, off the east coast of
Yucatan ; Florida Keys, and northward on the east coast to Miami,
on the west to Goodland Point.

Bulla virginea ft LINNE, Syst. Nat. (12), p. 1186.

Buccinum fasciatum MULLER, Verm. Terr, et Fluv., ii, p. 145
(1774), referring to Seba, Thesaurus III, pi. 39, f. 62-64, 67, 68,
74 (but f. 62-74 are all fasciatus). Argenville, Conch. (1757), pi.
11, f. M. Berlinisches Magazin, iii, (1766), pi. 5, f. 52. Regenfus,
Conchyl. pi. 10, f. 46. Lister, pi. 12, f. 7. Gualt. Test. Conchyl.
Index, pi. 6, f. D. Klein, Ostrac., pi. 2, f. 43, etc.

Bulla fasciata CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., ix, pt. 2, p. 13, pi. 117,
f. 1004-6.— GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3430 — DILLWYN, De-
script. Catal. i, p. 362.

Achatina fasciata SWAINS., Zool. Illustr., ii, pi. 74; iii, pi. 162.
—REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 178, f. 11, 12 ; Conch. Icon. pi. 9, f.

29, pi. 10, f. 35 a, b, c ORB., Moll. Cuba i, p. 172, pi. 6, f. 1-7.—

PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 245; iii, 479; iv, 604; vi, 221; viii, 277;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 298, pi. 24, f. 1-3; pi. 47, f. 3-6. — DESHAYES,
in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 148.

Chersina fasciata BECK, Index Moll., p. 74.

Achatina (Chersina] fasciata PFR., Malak. Bl. i, 1854, p. 197 —
Achatina (Corona) fasciata PFR., Malak. Bl. ii, 1855, p. 167. —
Oxystrombus fasciatus MORCH, Journ. de Conchyl. 1865, xiii, p. 270.
Orthalicus ( Orthalicinus) fasciatus CROSSE & FISCHER, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Moll., p. 436.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1890, p. 201.

Bulimus vexillum BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 362.

Helix (Cochlitoma} vexillum FER., Prodr. 49, no. 343 ; Histoire,
pi. 121, f. 1-8.

Achatina vexillum LAM., Anim. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, p. 130; edit.
Desh., viii, p. 298 — KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 7, f. 1-3.

168 L1GUUS.

Achatina pallida SWAINSON, Zool. Illustr. i, pi. 41 (1820).
Achatina crenata SWAINSON, Zool. Illustr. i, pi. 58 (1821). —
Chersina crenata BECK, Index Moll., p. 74.

Achatina anais LESSON, Revue Zool. 1840, p. 356 (1841).
Achatina lineata VALENC. in Humb. & Bonpl. Rec. de Obs. Zool.

11, p. 248, pi. 55, f. 2 (1833).

Achatina lutea (in Berlin Mus.) ANTON, Verzeich. p. 44 (1839),
nude name. — A. lutea WIEGMANN (unpublished).

Achatina murrea REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 7, f. 22 (1849) —
Pseudotrochus murreus H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 135.

Achatina picta REEVE, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 50; Conch. Syst. ii, p.
178, f. 10; Conch. Icon. pi. 10. f. 34.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 256;
iii, p. 490; iv, 605; vi, 221. — Pseudotrochus pictus H. & A. ADAMS,
Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 135. — Li guns picta CKOSSE, Journ. de Conchy!.
1890, p. 201.

Helix hepatica and H. testa ovis BOLTON, according to Pf'eiffer.

Chersina vexillum HUMPHREY, Mus. Galon., p. 62.

(Floridian references.}

Achatina solida SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v, p. 122

(1825) ; Edit, Binney, p. 29.— DEKAY, N. Y. Moll., p. 56 PFR.,

Monogr. ii, p. 246.

Agatina varlegata RAFINESQUE, Enum. and Acct. p. 3 (1833) ;
edit. Binney & Tryon, p. 68.

Buliimis fasciatus BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll. U. S. ii, p. 266, pi.
55-57 ; and LEIDY, ibid, i, pi. 5 (anatomy).

Achatina fasciata W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll, iv, p. 138 ; BINN.
& BLAND, Land and Fresh-water Shells N. A., i, p. 213, f. 365
(shell), 366 (teeth).

Li guus fasciata TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch, iii, 1867, p. 165, pi.

12, f. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6. (Cuban specimens!) — Liguus picta TRYON,
1. c. p. 165, pi. 12, f. 4 (a Cuban specimen !)

Liguus fasciatus W. G. BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll, v, p. 403, pi. 55,
56,57 (shell), pi. 10, f. G (dentition) ; Man. Amer. Land Shells,
Bull. 28 U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 432, f. 478 (teeth), 479 (1885) ; Fourth
Supplement to Terr. Moll, v, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxii, no. 4, p.

201, pi. 1, f. 5 (1892) SIMPSON, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci.

v, p. 67. — RHOADS, Nautilus xiii, p. 45.

The typical L. fasciatus is a solid, strong shell with the columella

LIGUUS. 169

heavy and generally truncated, and a rich color-pattern of dark zones
and lines on a white or light ground, as shown in figures 70—74 of
plate 57. All of the older and especially the pre-Linnean figures
represent this form. It is a superb shell, with the appearance of
painted porcelain. B. vexillum Brug., A. lineata Val. are absolute
synonyms, and A. murrea Rve. is the young. The Achatina pallida
of Swainson is a form of L. fasciatus retaining only a small part of
the typical color pattern. Var. pictus Reeve is another branch of
the typical fasciatus stem, in which the longitudinal stripes have be-
come obsolete except at the ends, where they appear as spots. It is
often thinner than typical fasciatus.

I am convinced that no specific separation can be made between
the shells with strongly truncate columella and those with no trunca-
tion. It is a character of less phylogenetic stability than the mere
color-pattern ; truncate and non-truncate specimens occtir together
in many localities, with all possible intergradations between them.
The contention of MM. Crosse and Fischer that L. fasciatus should
be removed from Liguus to Orthalicus, under the subgeneric title of
Orthalicinus was apparently based upon an incomplete knowledge of
the variations of the columella ; and such an arrangement of the forms
as that given by M. Crosse in J. de C. xxxviii, 1890, p. 201, is clearly
inadmissible.

No shells corresponding to this typical form and its color-variations
occur in Florida. They are exclusively Cuban. A form parallel
with var. pictus Reeve occurs in Florida (var. VII), but it evidently
had a different genesis.

The variety crenatus of Swainson, so named from the nicks in the
perisiome at the ends of the green bands, is the oldest name for the
thin form with numerous green lines, occurring both in Cuba (pi. 58,
figs. 80, 81) and in Florida (pi. 60, figs. 1, 2, 3). It is likely that
this form was the original one which reached Florida, the other
peninsular varieties being derivatives therefrom. Var. VIII occurs
both in Florida (pi. 59, figs. 92, 93), and in Cuba (as var. Ill, pi.
57, fig. 76). The uniform white Cuban form (pi. 58, fig. 88) is not
quite like the white Floridian form (pi. 59, figs. 94, 96) and evi-
dently arose from diverse antecedents.

Very little is known of the distribution of the color-varieties in
Cuba. The heavy, beautifully painted typical forms, variety I and
its subvarieties, occur in western Cuba and the Isle of Pines. This

170 LIGUTJS.

is also the pattern occurring in Cozumel Island, where one specimen
(pi. 58, fig. 83) was collected in 1899 by Dr. C. F. Miilspaugh dur-
ing the West Indian cruise of the yacht " Utowana." It was found
on the trunk of a low Sabal palm about two feet from the ground,
and about 500 feet from the beach.

It does not seem to me desirable to apply names to the numerous
forms of L. fasciatus until they are far better understood than at
present ; but a synopsis of the main variations may be useful.

Cuban varieties.

I. Typical form. Solid and strong, the columella more or less
truncate ; white with a broad belt varying from purplish-
pink to bluish above and another below the white peripheral
band, which is usually divided by a brown line ; the colored
belts generally with greenish lines and dark flames ; spire
flammulate, with spiral lines at the sutures ; columella and
apex pink or white ; parietal callus often pink-edged (pi. 57,
figs. 70, 71, 72). Cienfuegos, etc. Through various transi-
tions this blends with form la.

• The Cozumel Island form is somewhat similar to the above.
It is solid with distinctly truncated columella; with two wide
blackish bands, traversed by darker lines and somewhat
spotted with yellow, on a white ground becoming yellowish
below and pink near the apex, the bands gradually disappear-
ing on the latter half of the last whorl, and replaced by
several greenish lines, (pi. 58, fig. 83).

la. Similiarly solid, large, the columella varying from
very strongly to weakly truncate. White, often yel-
lowish on the last whorl, with a brown line at the
periphery, and numerous grass-green or yellowish-
green lines and narrow bands, and more or less
streaked or maculated with purplish above; parietal
callus often with a dark chestnut border, and some
sigmoid streaks within (pi. 57, figs. 73, 74).
Transitions towards var. crenata occur.
Ib. Similar to a, but green lines wanting or faint (A. pal-
lida Swains., pi. 58, fig. 82). The lack of green lines
is often due to wear. The chestnut streaks upon the
parietal callus are often conspicuous. This form some-
,times attains a length of 70-75 mill.

LKiUUS. 171

Ic. No bands except a white one at the periphery ; striped
with deep brown, like an Oxystyla (pi. 57, fig. 75).
An unusual color-variety.

II. Rather smaller, alt. 40-50 mill., solid, the columella more or
less, or not, truncated ; white or yellowish, with a few longi-
tudinal bluish or purplish smears, and a double row of brown
or bluish spots at the periphery and suture ; apex and colu-
niella pink or white (A. picta Reeve. PI. 58, figs. 84, 85).
This is a modification of var. I ; compare fig. 74 of pi. 57.

III. Rather small and stoutly conic ; white, some whorls of the
spire with a wide blackish-brown zone, replaced upon the
penultimate or last whorl by some green lines, or continuous
to the aperture, with another dark zone on the base of the
shell ; apex and aperture either white or pink (pi. 57, fig. 76).

IV. Small and slender, rather thin ; a white peripheral zone, with
longitudinal bluish, greenish or purplish streaks above and
below, the streaks either distinct or lost in a general purplish-
fleshy suffusion. Columellar truncation weak or scarcely
noticeable, parietal callus thin, faint pink ; apex often dark-
tipped ; aperture small (pi. 57, fig. 79). Pinar del Rio.

V. Pure white throughout, or with a faint pink tint on the
parietal wall. Columellar truncation varying from very
strong to imperceptible. (PI. 58, fig. 88).

VI. Var. crenatus Swains. Rather thin, the columella straight,
slightly or not at all truncated. White, with numerous grass-
green lines, the earlier whorls, columella and thin parietal
callus white or nearly so. (A. crenata Swains.; A. anais
Lesson. PI. 58, figs. 80, 81). This form differs from Var.
la in wanting dark markings on the spire and parietal wail.
There is sometimes a brown peripheral line.

Floridian varieties.

VI. White, with few or numerous grass-green lines, sometimes
coalescent into bands ; no brown line at periphery or else-
where. Apical whorls and parietal callus white or pink,
(var. crenatus Swains., pi. 60, figs. 1, 3, 5). These are the
same as the Cuban crenatus. The bands are sometimes dull
instead of bright green, or even olive-brown.

Via. Similar, but more or less tinted or broadly zoned with

172 LIGUUS.

yellow, varying to forms with no green lines and
bright yellow color (pi. 60, figs. 10, 12, 13, Miami,
Fla.).

VIb. Similar to VI, but with a broad interrupted blackish
zone or series of blotches on one or two whorls of the
spire; sometimes a brown line at the periphery (pi.
60, fig. 2).

Vic. Similar to VI&, but the broad interrupted zones ex-
tend to the last whorl, with or without green lines,
the intervals between dark blotches often yellow (pL
60, figs. 4, 8, Miami, P'la.).

Vie?. Last whorl elaborately streaked with black-brown, a
light band at periphery and suture (pi. 60, fig. 7,
Miami : also pi. 20, figs. 27, 28).

Vie. Streaks reduced to series of spots below the suture
and at the periphery (pi. 60, fig. 11, Miami, Fla.).
This form resembles and is a transition to the next,
but is more heavily marked.

VII. Thin and light, the columella slender, not truncated. Deli-
cately greenish-yellow tinted, pale above, smeared longi-
tudinally at irregular intervals with bluish or purplish, more
copiously streaked on the upper whorls ; having more or less
developed sub-sutural and peripheral bands of spot» ; brown
bands at periphery and suture, with another above the suture;
and some green lines (pi. 59, figs. 90, 91, Lignum Vitas Key)r
or none (pi. 59, iig. 97, No Name Key) on the last whorl.
Apex and parietal wall faintly pink-tinted. Similar to var.
picta Rve., but thinner, with slender columella, and a white
band between the suture and the row of spots below it.
VIII. A broad blackish zone on the spire, two on the last whorl, on
a white ground (pi. 59, figs. 92, 93, Key Largo). This
connects with VI6 and the following form though specimens
with the dark zones absent on the last whorl, and replaced
by lines or a uniform white surface. In some shells the bands
are yellow with brown streaks.

IX. White, with faint pinkish or gray streaks, the apex and
columella pink (pi. 59, fig. 94, Key Largo). Also occurs at
Goodland Point.
X. Solid and strong, pale yellow, or white with yellow zones.

173

the columella truncated at base (var. solida Say, pi. 58, fig.
86, Say's type ; also fig. 87).

Jn Florida L. fasciatus is said to range from Key West to Miami,
and northward on the west coast to Goodland Point. It is defi-
nitely known from the following keys and mainland localities :

Key West (Binney) ; which color form is not recorded.

Pine Key (Simpson) ; "a very large form, greatly elongated with
flattened whorls and beautifully marked with brown, green, blue and
purple on a yellow ground, columella and tip of spire pink. One
living shell found, of a chalky-white throughout, having a single
very narrow olive line on the body and next whorl, the columella
being as distinctly truncated as most of the African Achatinas."

No Name Key (Hemphill). See Var. VII above, and pi. 59, fig.
97. Delicate mottled shells, resembling those from Lignum Vitre
Key, and the var. pictus of Cuba.

Key Vaccas (Hemphill). See pi. 59, fig. 95. " Small, thick,
four upper whorls white with longitudinal dark chestnut blotches,
lower three w)iorls very dark green, almost black, with white longi-
tudinal flammules and black revolving bands."

Grassy Key (Joseph Willcox). Pure white, with pale olive-
green lines. Two specimens.

Rabbit Key (Simpson). " Variety having a wide brown band."

Lignum Vita Key (Willcox). See var. VII, above, and pi. 59,
figs. 90, 91. Delicately mottled with purple and lineate with green.
Resembles the form from No Name Key. Four specimens examined.

Key Largo (Hemphill). (a) Pinkish-white, with some grayish
streaks, the apex and columella pink ; pi. 59, fig. 94. (b) The
same, with pale green lines on the last whorl, (c) White with two
wide black or red-brown bands, the upper one ascending the spire,
pi. 59, fig. 93, or the bands yellow with brown streaks, pi. 59, fig.
92, and sometimes wanting on the last whorl or replaced by greenish
lines there. Thirty two specimens.

Biscayne Key (Binney). Color forms not recorded.

Miami, Dade Co., on the mainland (S. N. Rhoads, H. A. Pilsbry).
This is apparently near or at the limit of distribution northward on
the east coast of Florida. See varieties VI, Via, VI&, Vic, Vic/,
Vie, and pi. 60, all figures. The earlier whorls and columella are
indifferently white or pink in all the color-forms. The color-patterns
are somewhat localized, some colonies affording green-banded shells

174 LIGUUS.

only, while in others many dark specimens occur also. The more
elaborately-marked forms, such as Vic? and Vie are rave at Miami,
the forms VI and Via greatly predominating.

Cape Sable, S.-E. Florida (Simpson, Willcox). White, with pink
apex and columella, the later half of the body-whorl with a pink
peripheral line and numerous light greenish lines ; solid and strong,
with the columella either heavy and strongly truncated, or the trun-
cation scarcely noticeable (pi. 59, fig. 96, coll. by Willcox). Simpson
writes : u Some of the shells marked with a broad spiral band of bril-
liant orange, and on one shell the band was green."

Goodland Point, Lee Co., on the west coast, about 40 miles south
of Charlotte Harbor (Simpson, Hemphill). This is the most north-
ern point from which the species is known, though Mr. Simpson
mentions a report of its occurrence on Sanibel Island. It ascends
decidedly further on the west than on the east coast. The shells
collected by Hemphill are white with the apex and columella pink,
last one or two whorls with a broad yellow zone or two, and some-
times numerous yellowish-olive lines toward the end of the last whorl.
Simpson mentions them as either pure white or slightly marked with
greenish or brown lines on the body-whorl. It occurs in abundance.

It will be obvious from the foregoing that certain color-patterns are
locally restricted ; but until many more of the keys are explored and
ample series collected with data on the stations, etc., no definite con-
clusions on the distribution of the color-varieties can be formulated.
The exact habitats of some forms, such as the solidus of Say, are
unknown.

L. BLAINIANUS (Poey). PL 55, figs. 51, 52, 53.

Shell oblong-turreted, rather solid. Cream -white or yellowish-
white, with five black-brown spiral bands : the upper one a mere line
below the suture, the second and fourth wide zones more or less
broken by reddish or yellow streaks, the third or peripheral narrower,
continuous, and the fifth band encircling the columellar region or
forming a columellar patch. The first, third and fifth bands are
sometimes replaced by diluted purplish or purple-brown bands (fig.
53), and the degree of maculation of the two main zones varies
within wide limits. Surface smooth. Whorls 7^, the apex blackish
at the tip when not removed, several whorls following reddish, with
a pale subsutural border.

LIGUUS — CORONA. 175

Aperture small, oblique, whitish or maculated within ; outer lip
acute ; columella vertical, moderately heavy, somewhat truncated at
the base; the parietal and columellar callus more or less pinkish, the
former rather thin.

Alt. 43, diam. 19, longest axis of aperture 19 mill.

Alt. 38, diam. 17, longest axis of aperture 17 mill.

Sierra de Rangd, in the cordillera de los Organos, about 30 leagues
S. S.-E. from Havana, Cuba.

Achatina blainiana POKY, Memorias sobra la Hist. Nat. de la isla
de Cuba i, p. 206, pi. 12, f. 4-6 (1851) — PFK., Zeitschr. f. Malak.
1852, p. 176 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 364, pi. 24, f. 4, 5 ; Monogr. iii, p.
489; iv, 605; vi, 221 GUNDLACH, Malak. Blatter iv, 1857, p. 45.

Poey mentions a specimen 47 mill, long, but the ordinary size is
about 40 mill. It is closely allied to L. fasciatus, with which Arango
unites it, but may be distinguished by the more compressed or con-
tracted last whorl, and the particular pattern of coloring, which does
not vary materially in th^3 small series of some 23 specimens before
me. Still, there are certain forms of fasciatus which approach
blaim'anus, and when full series from the region adjacent to its local-
ity are collected, I do not have much doubt that blainianus will be
given subspecific rather than specific rank.

Subgenus CORONA Albers, 1850.

Corona ALBERS, Die Heliceen, p. 193 (for Achatina reyina Fer.
and A. fiammigera Fe>.) — SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitia? Concholngiaei

i, p. 66 (1856) VON MARTENS in Die Hel. edit. 2, p. 226 (type 0.

regina Fer.). — Bulwms and Achatina sp., of various authors. — ffelix,
subg. Cochlitoma sp. of Fe>ussac. Not Corone Kaup, 1829 (Aves),
nor Coronus Dej., 1833 (Coleoptera), nor Coronia Ehrenberg.

Shell lengthened, ovate conic, solid, sinistral or dextral, without
spiral striation ; apex obtuse, the first whorl planorboid above, smooth,
the following 1J whorls of the nepionic shell irregularly striated or
wrinkled in the direction of growth-line*, when unworn. Aperture
oblique, the outer lip unexpanded, thin, the inner margin covered
with a blackish callus and deeply excavated at the root of the colu-
mella ; columella twisted, with a heavy callous fold, usually more or
less distinctly truncate at base. Soft anatomy unknown.

Type : Helix (Cochlitoma} regina F£r. — See plates 33 to 36«.

Distribution : Eastern side of the Andes from Bolivia to Ecuador,
eastward to the province of Bahia and to Guiana.

176 LIGUUS CORONA.

This group is still unknown anatomically. In shell-characters it
seems more nearly allied to Hemibulimus than to other known sub-
genera of OrthalicincB) agreeing with that group in the vertically
wrinkled nepionic shell, the deeply excised inner lip, and the truncate
columella. It differs from Hemibulimus in the brighter coloration,
and heavily calloused columella. The structure of the columella is
remarkably like some species of Metorihalicus, a group distinguished
by its pitted apical sculpture, and thick outer lip.

Albers, Pfeiffer, Shuttleworth, von Martens and others have in-
cluded a greater or less number of incongruous species in Corona.
Excluding these, the subgenus consists of a group of very closely
allied forms, which when full geographic series are collected and
studied may prove to be varying races of a single species. Cousin
has taken this view (Bull. Zool. Soc. France, vii, 1889, p. 193);
but the obvious errors of fact and crudities of judgment everywhere
apparent in his "Fauna Malacologique de la Republic de PEquateur,"
and particularly so in his paragraphs upon Corona regina, do not
recommend his views to us.

The distribution of several of the forms is involved in obscurity.
L. regaiis, with its variety loroisianus, is known to be a species of
the upper Amazon, in Eastern Peru and Ecuador, and western Brazil,
L. incisus inhabits the forests east of the Cordillera in Bolivia, and
apparently occurs also in the province of Bahia and in Guiana. This
is a wide range, and the identity of the Guiana shells with those of
Bolivia is not absolutely certain. Of L. perversus I have an appar-
ently authentic specimen from Demerara ; but no habitat is yet
known for the typical L. regina.

When the wide gaps in distribution indicated above are narrowed,
and large series from single localities are collected, the number of
species and their limits may become clear to us. Meantime these
are open questions; and in declining to "lump" them I should not
be understood as holding the opinion that the forms are distinct
species ; I merely desire to leave the subject in convenient order for
those who come after. To this end the several forms have been dis-
criminated and the whole literature rearranged. Should the group
be reduced to a single species, the name perversus Swains., will take
precedence over regina F£r. for the whole assemblage.

There are several names similar to Corona, and of earlier date, in
use in zoology. If the molluscan group-name be considered pre-
occupied by any of them, it may be called Paraliguus.

L1GUUS — CORONA. 177

Key to Species of Corona.

a. Outer lip black or blackish.

b. White within ; a peripheral band generally developed.
c. Dextral ; last half of the body-whorl blackishr
spire pink. regina, p. 177.

c1. Sinistral, at least typically ; last half of the body-
whorl not darker, the occasionally interrupted
peripheral dark band giving place to a whitish
one in some specimens ; ground-color flesh-tinted.

perversus, p. 178»

b1. Purple within ; band in middle of upper surface of each

whorl developed, short dark streaks between it and the

suture ; sinistral. invttuf, p. 179.

a1. Outer lip and interior white ; no well defined spiral bands in

adults. Sinistral, or rarely dextral.

b. Last half of last whorl with yellow or green streaks.

regalis, p. 180.
b1. Last half of last whorl black with orange spots.

regalis var. loroisianus, p. 183.

L. REGINA (F£russac). PI. 33, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5.

Shell dextral, oblong-turreted, thick and solid. Spire pink, with a
median articulated band (sometimes faint or obsolete) and some
rather wide, separated longitudinal streaks, brown on the upper,
purplish on the penultimate whorl, upon which the ground-color
fades to the buff tint of the last whorl, where there is a variable number
of narrow brown longitudinal lines ; and the latter half of the whorl
usually becomes blackish olive, with some post-variceal snow-white
stripes. It is begirt at the periphery by a black-brown band, pale-
edged, which may generally be seen as a series of arrow-spots nearly
concealed by the suture, on the spire. Surface somewhat glossy,
nearly smooth, growth-lines being but slightly developed. Whorls
about 8, the apex usually self-amputated in large examples.

Aperture pure white within ; perislome with a narrow black-
brown edge ; columella with a conspicuous callous fold above,
obliquely truncated at 'base; parietal wall and columella covered
with a black callus, the fold of the columella fleshy white.

Alt. 86, diam. 35, longest axis of aperture 39 mill.
12

178 LIGUUS COROXA.

Habitat unknown; "Brazil" (in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci., with L.
regalis).

Helix (Cochlitoma^) regina FERUSSAC, Tabl. Systemat. p. 4J, no.
342, based upon Histoire pi. 119 (exclusive of " /?, minor," and
'* monstrum, a sinistra " (1823 ?) — Achatina mtlastoma SWAINSON,
Zoological Illustrations iii, pi. 152 (excluding " var (reversed) A.
perversa "), (1822-3) — Achatina melanostoma Sw., GRAY, Annals
of Philosophy (new series) ix, p. 414 (June, 1825) — Orthalicus rex,

a. dextrorsus, BECK, Index Moll., p. 60 (1837) Achatina regina

Swains., REEVE, Conch. System ii, pi. 177, f. 8 — Achatina regina
Fer., PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 244 (A., dextrorsa).

In any division of the regina group, either into species or varieties,
the typical regina of Ferussac must be restricted to his figures 3, 4,
5, of plate 119 of the Histoire (similar to the form shown in my pi.
33, figs. 1, 2). That he included a form " /3, minor" (= Oxystyla
bensoni} and a " monstrum, sinistra " (Ligaus perverstis) as pertain-
ing to the species, is true ; but obviously neither of these was regarded
by him as typical.

Regardless of questions relating to the limits of the several var-
ieties, typical regina is the large solid dextral form with pink spire
and yellow-tinted body-whorl, upon which yellowish-olive streaks
appear, at first separated, but upon the latter half of the whorl
crowded and dark, or forming an almost uniform blackish-olive coat.
Svvainson's A. melastoma (pi. 33, figs. 4, 5) is a smaller specimen in
which the longitudinal streaks are more developed upon the spire.

It is difficult to tell what form was collected by Lieutenant Eyries
near Cayenne, French Guiana ; for while Drouet (Moll. terr. et
d'eau douce Guyane Fran£aise, p. 67) refers to Ferussac's figures
3-5, which represent the typical regina, yet he says that the peri-
stome is white, and expressly states that he has not seen melanostoma
Gray from French Guiana. The white peristome would also ex-
clude L. incisus, which is reported from Guiana on Cuming's au-
thority, and indicates the upper Amazon species, L. regalis.

L. PERVERSUS (Swainson). PI. 36, figs. 20, 21, 22, 23.

Sinistral, oblong-conic, thick and solid. Flesh-colored, with a
black-brown belt at the periphery, occasionally interrupted, and over-
lying a slightly wider white belt, which shows at the edges of the dark
band, and where the latter is interrupted ; a narrow black varix on the

LIGUUS — CORONA. 179

last whorl; several earlier whorls with wedge- shaped or irregular purplish
longitudinal streaks. Aperture white and thickened inside, the lip
with a black-brown edge and border within ; col umella chestnut col-
ored, short, with a particularly heavy and convex fold directed in-
wardly ; the parietal callus black.

Alt. 61, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 29-^ mill.; whorls 7J.

Demerara (Jacobs, in R. Swift coll.).

Achatinia perversa SWAINSON, Zoological Illustrations i, pi. 36
(1820-21) — Helix regina, monstrum, sinistra, FERUSSAC, Histoire,
pi. 119, f. 6. — Orthalicus rex, b. sinistrorsus, BECK, Index Moll., p.
60 (1837).

Bidimus regina d'Orb., HUPE in Castelnau's Exped. dans 1'Amer.
du Sud, p. 33, pi. 10, f. 2 ; pi. 7, f. 1, la.

The blackish edge and internal border of the peristome, the
shortness of the very convex and deeply situated columellar fold, and
usual absence of basal truncation, the more pronounced effuseness or
retraction of the base of the aperture, are all characteristic features
of this form as contrasted with those following. The peripheral band
and occasional black varices are also conspicuous, and with the bold
longitudinal blotches and partial or complete obsolescence of a me-
dian articulated band on the whorls of the spire, usually permit ready
recognition. In large specimens, however, the peripheral belt may
become inconspicuous.

Hupe's "Bidimus regina1' (pi. 36, figs. 24, 25) is apparently refer-
able to this species as a dextral form, rather than to the typical
regina; but it is not far from being a transition form between the
two.

Swainson's name perversa was doubtless properly published before
Ferussac's regina, and was not pre-occupied ; so that should the two
be consolidated as the result of further investigations, L. perversus
will take precedence. Swainson's type was a specimen almost ex-
actly like my figs. 20, 21, 22 in size and coloration.

L. INCISUS (Hupe). PI. 35, figs. 15, 16, 17.

Shell sinislral, elongate-turreted, irregularly wrinkled by longitu-
dinal striae ; spire pyramidally acuminate, the apex obtuse ; whorls
somewhat convex ; chestnut-brown, with longitudinal flexuous or
angulated flammules, and an articulated band in the middle of the
whorls of the spire, and when present, above the middle on the last

180 LIGUUS CORONA.

whorl. Aperture oblong, oblique, violaceous within, the inner mar-
gin deeply excavated in the middle ; columella black, twisted, thick-
ened, strongly truncate at base ; outer lip simple, acute, bordered
with blackish inside. Alt. 62, diam. 33 mill.

Surinam, Demerara and British Guiana (Cuming coll.); Province
of Bahia, Brazil (Spix); Provinces of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and
Moxos, Bolivia (Orb.); Bolivia (Hupe).

Bulimus incisus HUPE, in Castelnau, Exped. dans I'Ame'r. du Sud,
Moll., p. 36, pi. 9, f. 1 (1857). — Orthalicus incisus PFR., Monogr. vi,
p. 202. — Orthalicus melanostoma SHUTTLE WORTH, Notitise Malaco-
logicae i, p. 67 (exclusive of references to Ferussac). — PFR., Monogr.
iv, p. 591 (exclusive of references to Ferussac, Swainson and Gray).
— Bulimus regina ORB., Voy. dans PAmer. Me rid., p. 258, pi. 29, f.

4 (living animal) REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 27, f. 168c Achatina

melanostoma Swains., WAGNER in Spix, Testae. Bras., p. 16 (exclu-
sive of synonymy), pi. 8, f. 1 = Achatina perversa SPIX, 1. c. (1827).

Shuttleworth's description under the name U0. melanostoma" is
better than that of Huj^e, from which the above is taken, especially
in describing the coloration. " Purplish-flesh colored, becoming dull
chestnut toward the base, with a median purple-brown band articu-
lated with whitish, and a series of short blackish-violaceous streaks
between the band and the suture." " Columella callous, twisted,
thickened above, blackish-chestnut or purple ; aperture semi-oval,
purple deep within, becoming whitish toward the margin ; peristome
unexpanded, bordered with blackish-chestnut" He gives the dimen-
sions, alt. 78, diam. 30, length of aperture 34 mil!.

It resembles L. perversus in the' dark-edged outer lip, but the
aperture is purple inside instead of white, and the articulated band
is not the peripheral (band 3 of the usual notation), as in perversus,
but the one above that (band 2); above it, dark streaks run to the
suture.

The dextral form doubtfully referred to this variety by Sliuttle-
worth, and those cited by Pfeiffer, do not belong here.
L. REGALIS (Hupe). PI. 35, figs. 13, 14, 19 ; pi. 34, figs. 9, 10,

11, 12; pi. 36#, figs. 26, 27 (specimens from Moyobamba); pi.

33, figs. 3, 6.

Shell usually sinistral, ovate or oblong conic, the surface
varying from striatulate to plicatulate. Ground color various,
but usually pale brown, or in denuded specimens, cream tinted,

LIGUUS — CORONA. 181

the cuticle becoming heavier and olivaceous- chest nut or decidedly green
in streaks on the latter half of the last whorl, where there are usually
some ill-defined varices ; the upper portion of the spire either flesh-pink
or whitish ; the markings consisting of some oblique brown streaks, and
a narrow median articulated band on the spire, the band becoming ob-
solete on the last one or two whorls, which are variously figured with
wedge-shaped, light-bordered, purplish spots, or short lines transverse
to the growth stride, or both; often with some irregular, longitudinal
purplish streaks.

Aperture white inside, the peristome white, without a dark border
within; columella with a prominent callous fold above, truncated
below, brown, with more or less of the edge white ; parietal wall and
reflexed columellar callous black or nearly so.

Alt. 84, diam. 37, longest axis of aperture 39^ mill., whorls 8^.

Alt. 71, diam. 45, longest axis of aperture 36^ mill., whorls 7§.

Alt. 70, diam. 32, longest axis of aperture 35 mill.

Alt. 70, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 33 mill., whorls 8^.

Moyobamba Peru (Moricand, Cuming, in R. Swift colln.); Napo
Ecuador (Martinez); "Brazil" (Hup6 in Castelnau).

Bulimus regina d'Orb., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 27, f. 168a.

Achatina regina Fer., PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 362 (in part), pi.
47, f. 1, 2 — A. regina Swains., REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 86, pi.
177, f. 7.

Bulimus regalis HUPE, in Castelnau, Exped. dansl'Amer. du Sud,
Moll., p. 34, pi. 10, f. 3 (1857); cf. PFR., Malak. Blatt. 1859, p. 49.
— Orthalicus regalis, PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 201. — Orthalicus regina
Fer., HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 64; Moluscos del Viaje
al Pacifico i, p. 134. — Corona regina MILLER, Malak. Blatt. xxv, p.

185 COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zoo'l. France 1887, p. 193 (exclusive of

most of the references and localities).

Orthalicus ( Corona) regina SHUTTLE WORTH, Notitiae Malacologies
i, p. 66 (exclusive of part of references). — PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 591
(excluding part of the references).

Distinguished from all the foregoing species of the group by its
white peristome. There is no peripheral band on the adult shell ; but
the young, and often the spire of old specimens, shows an articulated
or dotted band almost concealed at the suture. The markings con-
sist of short lines or streaks transverse to the growth-striae, with
usually some wedge-shaped spots and longitudinal purplish streaks,

182 LIGUUS- — CORONA.

bordered with white on the right side, as though the pigment had been
withheld a short time and then poured out copiously. Sometimes all
of these markings are sub-obsolete, as in the chestnut-colored speci-
men shown in fig. 10 of plate 34. There is almost always more or
less green in the cuticle on the latter part of the last whorl, though
yellowish-chestnut occasionally replaces it.

Besides the pattern of coloring described above, more heavily
striped shells occur (pi. 33, fig. 6), in which the occasional stripes of
the ordinary form are emphasized and multiplied, are either straight
or zigzag, and the shell is usually quite large. Fig. 7 of pi. 177 of
the Conchologia Systematica, and fig. 1 68a of the Conchologia Iconica
represent these richly colored specimens, and Dr. Hidalgo, in his
excellent volume ou the mollusks of the Spanish Expedition, has de-
scribed similar individuals from Napo, Ecuador, collected by Sr.
Martinez. As in the ordinary form, there is more or less green on
the latter half of the last whorl.

Fig. 9 of plate 34 represents a rather small specimen, in which a
reddish band, more or less obscured in places by the overlying cuti-
cle, revolves above the periphery and just below the articulated dot-
band of the spire ; the earlier whorls have broad, angular, brown
stripes ; the first half whorl is reddish brown, the succeeding 1^
whorls similar with a white crown. The last whorl is distinctly
though obtusely angular in front, and is streaked with bright green
cuticle, peculiarly spotted in places with white. This shell may be
referable to the form loroisiamis, but that seems to be only a weakly
marked variety of L. regalis.

A young shell (pi. 35, fig. 19) has an articulated or dotted band at
the rather acutely keeled periphery, another above the middle of the
upper surface, and some light and dark streaks below the suture ;
just below the periphery there is a continuous dark chestnut band,
and two more, separated by a cream-colored space with faint purplish
streaks, are upon the base. The peripheral angle is hardly acute
enough in the figure. D'Orbigny's pi. 29, fig. 5, shows a similar
shell.

Dextral form, (pi. 36a, figs. 28, 29; pi. 33, fig. 3). Similar to
the ordinary sinistral type, of which it probably is a mere form rather
than a race. The specimens figured on pi. 36a are nearly denuded
of cuticle, what remains showing the brownish or yellowish-green
tint of the sinistral form.

LIGUUS CORONA. 183

Var. loroisianus (Hupe). PI. 34, figs. 7, 8. Shell elongate-
turreted, sinistral, with elevated, pyramidal-acuminated spire and
obtuse apex ; whorls 8; surface with very fine, close oblique stria3,
apparent on the last whorl but hardly visible upon the earlier ones.
Earlier whorls bright yellowish-rose colored, the tint deeper at the
apex, traversed by a narrow brown or blackish articulated or in-
terrupted band, which disappears on the last whorl ; the latter is
blackish varied with spots and irregular longitudinal bands of orange-
yellow, formed by a ground of that ctilor.

Aperture oblique, white inside; columella brilliant blackish, strongly
twisted in the middle, and provided with a strong white callus ex-
tending to the base, with a slight truncation there. Alt. 64, diam.
30 mill.

Between Lamas and Tarapoto, eastern Peru, 300-400 meters above
the sea (Stiibel); Juraty, middle Amazonas (Dohrn).

Bulimus loroisianus^ HUPE, in Castelnau, Exped. dans 1'Amer. du
Sud, Moll., p. 35, pi. 10, f. 1 (1857); cf. PFK., Malak. Blatt. 1859,
p. 50. — Orthalicus loroisianus PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 202. — DOHRN,
Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 109 — Orthalicus (Corona) melan-
ostomus Shuttl., var. loroisianus, Hupe, MARTENS, Conch. Mittheil.
ii, p. 159.

The coloration of the last whorl, consisting of orange yellow spots
scattered over a ground of intense black, seems to be the only char-
acter separating this form from L. regalis, while the blackness of the
last whorl suggests L. regina, which differs in having the outer lip
dark-bordered. I have not seen specimens.

Dr. Dohrn records loroisianus from " Juraty " (? Jutahy river, in
western Brazil). Of fourteen specimens from this place examined
by him, the largest reached a length of 68 mill. They almost agree
in coloring, the upper whorls being fleshy-rose, then becoming
.whitish-yellow, the last whorl covered with an olive-colored cuticle,
more or less rubbed off. The typical narrow dark band of the upper
whorls is never wanting ; generally there are similar streaks above or
below, always interrupted. Dark stripes and flames are very irreg-
ular in occurrence, so that a few specimens appear especially dark.
The aperture is milk-white within, columella and parietal wall
glossy violet-black. The columellar fold shows great variability,
sometimes being but little swollen, sometimes having thick callosities
which on the edge bear one or two protuberances, this edge being

184 L1GUUS HEMIBULIMUS.

always whitish. The development of the col umellar fold io indepen-
dent of the more or less slender form of the shell. The lip-edge is
white, only in young specimens, in which the lip had not attained its
full thickness, the external epidermis shows darkly through. Only
one of the lot is dextral. Four measure as follows:

Length 68, diam. 30, length of aperture 30, widtli 16 mill.

Length 56, diam. 32, length of aperture 27, width 17 mill.

Length 56, diam. 29, length of aperture 25, width 14 mill.

Length 53, diam. 32, length of aperture 25, width 16 mill.

LIGUUS, sp. undet. PI. 35, fig. 18.

A young shell before me differs from all other young specimens of
the group in being rounded at the periphery, without trace of a keel.
Whorls 6^ ; there is no articulated band in the middle of the whorls
of the spire, but one shows at the sutures, and a narrow continuous
purple-brown band bordered with cream-tint above, encircles the per-
iphery, becoming obsolete on the latter part of the whorl ; another
narrow band is upon the base. As the young of regina, regalis and
incisus seem to be keeled, I am at a loss to tell where this shell
belongs. The locality, "Amazon," may not be reliable.

Subgenus HEMIBULIMUS von Martens, 1885.

Hemibulimus v. MART., Conchologische Mittheilungen, ii, p. 175.

Shell rather fusiform, sculptured and dark colored ; aperture about
half the length of shell, the outer margin of peristome unexpanded
and obtuse, columellar margin deeply concave, the columella dis-
tinctly truncated at its base. Apex obtuse, the first whorl finely
wrinkled. \ „ --,,

Jaw composed of 13 imbricating plates, the median one reaching
to the lower margin. Radula with the central and inner two lateral
teeth on each side helicid in form, with long lanceolate mesocones
and slight rudiments of ectocones : the other teeth as in Orthalicince
generally.

Type, Liguus excisus Martens *= Achatina magnified, Pfr.

The shell resembles Liguus in i.ts Achatina-\\ke columella, but
differs in the sculpture of the apex as well as of the rest of the shell,
and the dark coloration, — characters assimilating it with Orthalicus.
The radula resembles Liguus virgineus and Oriltalicus gallinasultana
in the lanceolate cusps of the median teeth. Similarly shaped teeth

LIGUUS HEMIBULIMUS. J85

have been shown by Strebel and Pfeffer to occur also in certain
Mexican forms of Oxystyla.

L. MAGNIFICUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 36a, figs. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34.

Shell ovate-subf'usiform, rather thin, lightly striatulate, hardly shin-
ing; butf, variegated with green and chestnut flames, and one supra-
median band, articulated buff and chestnut. Spire conic, the apex
very obtuse ; whorls 5^, scarcely convex, the last a little longer than
the spire ; suture narrowly margined. Columella straight, vertical,
covered with a callus which is white inwardly, blackish outwardly,
base red, obliquely truncated at the base of the elliptical aperture,
which is blue-white inside. Alt. 47, diam. 21, length of aperture
27 mill. (Pfr.)

Quito, Ecuador (Delattre) ; Southern Colombia, in damp forests
(Lehmann).

Achatina magnified PFR., P. Z. S. 1847, p. 232 ; Monogr.

Hel. Vivent. ii, p. 255; iii, 487; iv, 602; vi, 217 REEVE,

Conch. Icon, v, Achatina, pi. 9, f. 33. — DUNKER, Jahrb. d. D.
Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 380.— COUSIN, Fauna Malacol. de la. Re>
de 1'Equateur (p. 45 of separate copies), in Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1887, p. 231.

This species has been described more in detail by Dr. von Mar-
tens, as Liguus excisus. There are some differences in coloration,
and possibly excisus may be a local race rather than an absolute syn-
onym. Fig. 30 represents Pfeiffer's type.

L. excisus von Martens. (PI. 36«, figs. 31-34.) Shell ovate
fusiform, imperforate, irregularly striate and malleolate, decussated
by some spiral lines (fig. 33) ; brownish-green, painted with some
brown and buff streaks. Whorls 6, regularly increasing, the suture
appressed, whitish, somewhat crenulated ; apex obtuse, with an axial
dimple, first whorl minutely granulose, the whole almost black, the
following three whorls more reddish, with a blackish, white-spotted,
sutural zone.

Aperture but slightly exceeding half the length of the shell, ample,
acutely angular above; outer lip nnexpanded, obtuse, narrowly
scarlet-edged, with a blackish border within ; columellar margin
deeply concave, strongly truncated below, as in Achatina, and
scarlet colored, passing into the outer lip by a short, narrow basal
sinus ; the parietal wall covered with a glossy black-brown deposit.

186 ORTHALTCUS.

Alt. 44, greater diam. 22, lesser 18, length of aperture 23, width 13
mill. (Martens).

Popayan, Colombia, in the cold, elevated region, about 2400
meters above the sea (Dr. A. Stiibel).

Liyuus (Hemibulimus) excisus \. MART., Conchol. Mittheil. ii, pp.
173, 160, pi. 35, f. 1, 2, 4,5 (shell) — Liguus excisus SCHACKO, i.e.,
p. 200, pi. 36, f. 1-4 (jaw and teeth). — Hemibulimm magnificus Pfr.
v. MART. Nachtragliche Bemerkung, t. c. (Nov. 21, 1885).

Genus ORTHALICUS Beck, 1837.

Orthalicus Beck (in part), Index Molluscorum, p. 59 (for 0. sultan
B., zigzag Lain., princeps l&YQ(\.,pulchelhis Spix, undatus Brug., zebra

Mull., livens B., pMogerus Orl., adamsoni Gray, B., rex B.) TRO-

SCHEL, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 50, footnote ; Archiv f. Naturg.
1849, i. p. 228, as a genus for B. gallinasultana. — VON MARTENS in
Albers, Die Hel., edit. 2, p. 171, type 0. zebra Mull. — Orthalicus §

Sultana SIIUTTLEAVORTH, Notitiae Malac. i, p. 58 (1856) Ortha-

liscus Beck, GRAY, P, Z. 8. 1847, p. 176, type Helix sultana.

Shell imperforate, varying from ovate to oblong-conic, thin or solid,
with the nepionic shell composed of 2\ to 3\ densely thimble-pitted
whorls, the subsequent whorls either decussated or merely striate.
Aperture ovate, with the peristome either thin and simple, or thick,
expanded or broadly reflexed.

Jaw and dentition similar to those of Oxystyla, or with the teeth of
the median part of the radula bearing longer, pointed cusps ; the
penis (in 0. sultana) with a mere swelling in place of of the lohed
accessory gland or appendix of Oxystyla.

Type, Helix sultana Dillw. Distribution, tropical and subtropical
South America, especially in the Andean region.

Orthalicus was founded by Beck for a group of tropical American
snails previously described as Bulimi. While the " remarkable con-
chological instinct" of Beck enabled him to accurately assign the
species then known to his new group, it was practically ignored by
his co-laborers until Troschel, in 1847-8, announced that the genus
had strongly marked anatomical characters, which caused him to
adopt it for the B. gallina-sultana, which he had dissected. About
the same time, Gray, in his list of molluscan genera with their types
(P. Z. S. 1847), nominated "Helix sultana" as type of the genus, the
name of which he misspells " Orthaliscus." These two authors by

ORTHALICUS. 187

selecting the same species, clearly fix the type of Beck's genus;
although Herrmannsen a year or two later gives B. zebra Mull., as
type of the group, a decision accepted by Dr. von Martens in 1860,
and by some later authors.

Shuttleworth, in 1852, published a monograph of the genus, which
like ail of his conchological work is a model of lucid reasoning ; and
this work established most of the species then known upon a firm
basis so far as their synonymy was concerned. He divided Ortha-
licus into three sections: SULTANA for 0. gallina-sultana and its allies,
ZEBRA for the undatus group, and CORONA for the regina group.
Further, he proposed a subgenus, PORPHYROBAPHE, for the species
with thickened or reflexed lip. These divisions have been retained
by authors generally up to this time. MM. Crosse and Fischer, in
discussing the genus in their volume on land mollusks in the " Mis-
sion Scientifique an Mexique," take occasion to review the classifica-
tion, endorsing Shuttleworth's conclusions. Finally Herr Strebel
has offered some suggestions of value for the improvement of Shuttle-
worth's classification, in that veritable mine of observation and original
suggestion, the •* Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna Mexikanischer
Land- und Susswasser-Conchylien." His chief modification is in
proposing the definite separation of the Porphyrobaphe species with
pitted, from those with smooth, nuclear whorls.

Key to groups of Orthalicus.

a. Shell thin, capacious, with oblique large aperture and simple
and thin or somewhat thickened lip and columella, the former
unexpended. Section ORTIIAI.ICUS s. sir. (see below, p. 188.)
a1. Shell solid, more lengthened, the aperture smaller, but slightly
oblique or vertical, the lip thickened and blunt, or expanded or
reflexed; columella usually with one or two folds. Section
METORTHALICUS Pilsbry.

b. Shell very solid, with the lip thick, expanded or not, some-
what purple or broadly purple-bordered within. Colom-
bian. Group of 0. atramentarim, p. 205.
b1. No purple border within the lip, and without the above
combination of characters. Species of Ecuador and Peru.
c. Shell spirally striated ; peristome white or pale.
d. Spaced, rather strong spiral lines or furrows,

188 ORTHALICUS.

visible to the naked eye; lip well expanded or
reflexed, white or light colored.

Group of O.fraseri, p. 192.

dl. Spiral stria? fine and close, the shell rather
smooth; lip and entire aperture pure white,
the former expanded or reflexed ; columella
with a strong fold above.

Group of 0. deburghicE, p. 196.
c1. No spiral striation ; peristome colored.

Group of 0. labeo, p. 199.

Subgenus ORTHALICUS (restricted).

The selection of H. sultana Dillw. (gallina- sultana auct.), as typi-
cal of Orthalicus by Gray and Troschel, restricts that group to a few
large, richly variegated shells inhabiting the Guianas, western Peru
and central and northern Bolivia — all abundantly watered forest
regions. The exact definition of the species and varieties awaits
fuller knowledge of their geographic distribution, which in large part
still remains'to be mapped.
O. SULTANA (Dillwyn). PI. 47, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Shell large, ovate, with rather short, conic spire and ventricose
last whorl ; thin ; immature specimens more or less fragile. Last
whorl buff, closely veined with irregular and anastomosing, or fes-
tooned purplish or brown stripes, and encircled by three principal
blackish-purple or brownish-purple spiral bands irregularly inter-
rupted by white or creamy spots or stripes ; narrower or indistinct
bands in the intervals between the main ones (a variety with five
bands) ; the upper band usually formed of a broad series of large
dark alternating with light (or white) blotches; the spire closely
marked with festooned stripes and two or three spot-girdles or bands
of angulation. Surface lustreless, finely plicatulate obliquely, decus-
sated by close spiral striae, at narrow intervals stronger. Whorls 6,
moderately convex, the first 2^ forming the densely thimble-punctate
obtuse nepionic shell, the earliest two whorls dark brown above ; last
whorl very large ; suture not deflexed anteriorly.

Aperture large, oblique, ovate, bluish white (lilac colored in a
variety) and variously mottled within ; peristome thin, unexpanded,
light brown (or in a variety, black-brown in adults, with a rather
wide internal border of the same color, fading through purple into

ORTHALICUS. 189

white); columella thin, arcuate, white (in a variety nearly straight and
whitish above only); parietal wall with a brownish callus, usually
white within (but in the variety with a broad blackish-chestnut cal
lus throughout), wanting in young shells.

Alt. 84, diam. 54, longest axis of aperture 56 mill, (var.)

Alt. 53, diam. 39, longest axis of aperture 38 mill.

Alt. 70, diam. 50 mill.

La Poule Sultane, FA v ANNE, Cat. Syst. p. 13, pi. 1, f. 47 —
Helix gallina sultana CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. xi, p. 281, pi. 210, f.
2070, 2071 (1795). — Bulimus gallinasultana LAM., An. s. Vert. vi,p.
117 (1822) — WAGNER, in Spix, Testae. Bras. p. 9.— ORBIGNY,
Voy. dans rAme>. Me>id. p. 265 — REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 173,

f. 7 ; Conch. Icon. pi. 32, f. 198 KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 8, pi.

8, f. 1, 2.— TROSCIIEL, Archiv fur Naturg. 1849, i, p. 228, pi. 4, f.
2 (dentition) ; Reisen in Britisch-Guiana (Schomburgh), iii, p. 547.
— HUPE in Castelnau, Exped., p. 38 (1857).— DROUET, Moll. Terr,
et Fluv. Guyane Francaise, p. 66 (1859) — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 145 ;

iii, 381 Succinea gallina- sultana PFR., Symbolae ad Hist. Hel., ii,

p. 131 (1841) Orthalicus gallinasultana SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitiae

Malac. i, p. 59 (1856.) — PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 587; vi, p. 198, viii,
p. 261.— BINNEY, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y. xi. (1874), p. 38,
pi. 4, f. A-F(anatomy) ; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii (1884), p. 128,
pi. xv, f. N (jaw), pi. xii., f. C (dentition). — STREBEL, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siisswasser-Conch. v. p. 2, pi. xi, f, 10 (genitalia) —
MARTENS, Conchol. Mittheil., p. 158. — Sultana gallinasultana
MILLER, Malak. Blatt. xxv, p. 186 — COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. de
France, xii, 1887, p. 196.

Helix sultana, DILLWYN, Descriptive Catal., ii, p. 920 (1817). —
FER., Prodr., p. 52; Histoire, pi. 117, f. 2. — WOOD, Index Testa-
ceologicus, pi. 33, f. 75. — ORBIGNY, Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 8. —
Achatina sultana SWAINS., Exotic Conchology, p. 26, pi. 10 (1841).
— Orthalicus sultan BECK, Index Moll., p. 59 (1837). — Achatina
pavonina SPIX, Testae. Bras., pi. 9, f. 1 (1827) — Bulimus princeps
POTIEZ & MICHAUD, Galerie des Moll., i, p. 151, pi. 14, f. 29.—
Orthalicus gallinasultana and 0. pavoninus H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec.
Moll., ii, p. 154.

The Guianas: All over British Guiana, on tree trunks (Schom-
burgk); around Cayenne, French Guiana (Eyries). N.-E. Brazil:
on the Rio Tocantins, in the region of Baiao, 5 meters above the sea

190 ORTHALICUS.

(Stiibel). Peru : Maranon (Orton). Bolivia : Middle of the
republic, and near the Mission of Bibosi, 20 leagues from Santa Cruz
de la Sierra (Orbigny).

The thin lip and columella distinguish this species from the 0.
trullisatus. The typical form (figs. 6, 7) is from the Guianas, where
it is a widely-distributed and common shell. The specimens from
the upper Amazon drainage belong to a more oblong, darker colored
race, noticed below. It is a magnificent snail, formerly very rare ;
Ferussac is said to have paid 560 francs for his specimen, at the sale
of the Count de Latour d'Auvergne.

It is usually known as 0. gallmasultana, Chemnitz, variously
written as one word, compounded with a hyphen, or as two words,
the latter being Chemnitz's mode. It was not originally a binomial
name, and even those who accept it do not extend their liberality to
other trinomials in the same volume of Chemnitz. The first binomial
name is that of Dillwyn.

D'Orbigny distinguished two varieties : the typical form of Guiana,
which is shorter, more ventricose, and another discovered by him in
Bolivia, which is more elongated, larger, with five spiral zones and
black-bordered peristome. This race (pi. 47, fig. 8) which may be
what Pffeifer called B. meobamben&is, was met with by d'Orbigny
in the great humid forests of mid Bolivia, inhabited by the wild tribe
of Guarayos. It remains deeply buried at the feet of the trees, com-
ing forth upon the trunks of trees only in the rainy season, when
only it may be procured. He gives the 'size as 80 mill, long, 45
wide. It is apparently what Herr Stiibel collected on the Rio
Tocantins, described by Dr. von Martens as follows : It " is somewhat
more slender than the usual form from Guiana and Surinam, the
outer lip with a narrow, distinctly defined black-brown border inside,
parietal wall black-brown throughout, the upper half of the colu-
mellar margin white, lower half dark brown. Length 73, diara. 48,
height of aperture 48, breadth 30 mill. Approaches 0. trullisatus
Shuttl., but the columellar margin is thin and concavely arched, as
in 0. gallina sultana."

Beck attempts to distinguish two varieties : a, cayanensis* based
upon the figure given by Spix, the locality of which is unknown, and
b, bolivianus, based upon Chemnitz's figures (which are the basis of
typical sultana], and those of Ferussac. The latter represents a
Guiana shell. It would seem that these two varietal names must
fall as pure synonyms of typical 0. sultana.

ORTHALICUS. 191

O. MEOBAMBENSIS (Pfeiffer).

Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, closely striated, and
somewhat granulated by spiral striae; green-whitish, with interrupted
black bands combined with waved streaks, and above the middle
with large, angular, black spots. Spire conic, obtuse ; whorls 6^, a
little convex, the last five-eighths the total length, ventricose, some-
times bearing varices. Columella compressed, white-calloused,
straightened and receding.

Aperture oblique, angulate-oval, pearly within, the peristome
black-margined, a trifle expanded, margins connected by a blackish-
chestnut callus. Alt. 88, diam. 46 mill ; aperture 55 mill, long, 33
wide (Pfr.).

Moyobamba, Peru (Yates, in Curnirig coll.)

Bulimus meobambensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 96 (printed July
23, 1855, see P. Z. S., 1893, p. 439). — Bulimus gallinasultana 8,
PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 381. — Orthalicus meobambensis PFR., Monogr.
iv, p. 586. — 0. moyobambensis, MART, in Albers' Die Hel., edit. 2,
p. 225.

" Differs from 0. gallinasultana in the oblong form, more solid
texture, more convex whorls and straight columella " (Pfr).

Pfeiffer, in the Monographia, places 0. trullisatus as a synonym
under meobambensis. From the description, translated above, I would
think meobambensis identical with the upper Amazonian variety of
0. sultana. As I am unable to decide the question, the original de-
scriptions are given.

O. TRULLISATUS Shuttlewortli. PI. 47, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell ovate-acuminate, rather thin, very closely rugose-striate, de-
cussated with remote impressed spiral lines and others very close,
granulose and somewhat undulating_(fig. 10); scarcely shining, dull
greenish buff, encircled with five purple-black bands articulated with
white, with scattered narrow brown streaks, broad, ragged, blackish-
purple blotches, and whitish spots. Spire conic, nuclear apex
banded with black-brown and pitted (fig. 9); suture moderate ;
whorls 6-J, a little convex, the upper ones purplish, conspicuously
streaked, the last nearly twice the length of the spire, rounded at
base. Columella a little straightened, callously thickened, black-
brown, obliquely subtruncate at base. Aperture a little oblique,
oblong-oval, opaque milky inside ; peristome somewhat duplicated.

192 ORTHALICUS.

unexpanded, broadly bordered inside with a blackish-purple callus ;
the margins joined by a somewhat thick black-brown callus, strongly
thickened outside at the base of the columella. Alt. 90, diam. 52,
length of aperture 53, width 33 mill. (Shuttl)

Tarapoto, Eastern Peru (Moricand).

Orthalicus trullisatus SHUTTL., Notitiae Malacologicae i, p. 58 (ex-
clusive of synonymy), pi. 5, f. 1 (1856).

Intermediate between 0. gallina- sultana and 0. dennisoni ; differing
from 0. dennisoni in the thinner, more inflated shell with more convex
whorls, the blackish-purple bands, and color of the aperture and
columella; from 0. gallina-sultana it differs in the more solid shell,
which is opaque and more slender, in the thickened black-brown col-
umella, and color of the aperture and peristome (Shuttl.).

Subgenus METORTHALICUS Pilsbry, 1899.

Porphyrobaphe, in part, of Shuttleworth and other authors. Bul-
inus, BRODERIP, Zoological Journal iv, p. 222 (1828), not of O. F.
Miiller, 1781.

This new group includes species with pitted nepionic whorls as in
typical Orthalicus, but differing in the solidity of the shell and its
thick, blunt or reflexed lip.

GROUP OF O. FRASERI.

The species placed here are related to typical Orthalicus in colora-
tion and sculpture, differing in the less ventricose form, and devel-
oped peristome. 0. galactostoma and 0. augusti are stated to have
smooth apical whorls ; and if this proves to be true, they must be re-
moved to Porphyrobaphe.

Key to species.

a. Columella with a rather strong fold above ; aperture more than
half the length of the shell ; having bands of blackish spots or
streaks.

b. Aperture purplish-fleshy within. fraseri, p. 193.

b1. Aperture and peristome milk-white, columella making an

angle with the basal lip. galactostoma, p. 194.

a1. Columella not folded above, but twisted below ; aperture less

than half the length of shell, of a deep livid rose color, the lip

whitish ; shell very long, alt. 93, diam. 36, aperture 37 mill.

buckleyi, p. 193.

OKTIIALICUS. 193

a1. Columelia without noticeable folds; aperture exceeding half
the length of shell. augusti, p. 195.

O. BUCKLEYI Higgins. PL 41, fig. 6.

Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, solid: sculptured with irregular
longitudinal rugose costae and close, irregular, deeply impressed
spiral lines. Fieshy-rubescent under a yellowish-tawny epidermis.
Longitudinally ornamented with reddish-brown streaks.

Spire conic, the apex obtuse, suture whitish. Whorls 7, a little
convex, the first two minutely gran u lose -stri ate, the last nearly equal
to the spire, tapering at base. Columelia thick, twisted at base,
flesh colored. Aperture subvertical, acuminate-oblong, of a deep
•roseate livid color inside; peristome thickened, expanded, narrowly
reflexed, whitish outside, the margins joined by a thin glossy callus.
Alt. 93, diam. 36, length of aperture 37, width 17 mill. (Hiygins).

San Lucas, Ecuador (Buckley).

Orthalicus (Porphyrobapha) buckleyi HIGGINS, P. Z. S. 1872, p.
685, pi. 56, f. 3. — Bulimus buckleyi (Orthalicus) PFR., Monogr. viii,
p. 21. — Porphyrobaphe buckleyi MILLER, Malak. Blatt. xxv, p. 185.
— COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zoo'l. France xii, p. 200.

No additional information is given by the authors mentioning this
remarkable species subsequent to Higgins.

O. FitASERi (Pfeitfer). PI. 46, figs. 31-35.

Shell imperforate, oblong-fusiform, solid, longitudinally closely
striated and encircled by remote impressed lines. Flesh-colored under
a lusterless greenish-tawny epidermis, ornamented with interrupted
bands of arrow-shaped black-brown marks, or confluent into light-
ning-streaks. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse, whorls 6, a little
convex, the last about the length of the spire, tapering at base; colu-
mella violaceous, provided with a strong fold above, somewhat
twisted belo\v.

Aperture very oblique, semi-elliptical, subangular at base, milk-
white inside, peristome roseate, thickened and expanded, the margins
joined by an entering, glossy lilac tinted callus; columellar margin
narrow, adnate. (P/V.).

Alt. 89, diam. 37, length of aperture with peristome 49 mill.

.

13

194 ORTHALICUS.

Ecuador: Province of Cuenca (Fraser, in Cuming coll.) ; Railroad
of Quito, SO or Jfi kilometers from Chimborazo. (Paz.)

Bulimus fraseri PFR., Malak. Blatter, v, 1858, p. 239 ; P. Z. S.
1860, p. 137, pi. 51, f. 5; Novit. Conch, p. 157, pi. 42, f. 1, 2;
Monogr. vi, p. 15. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchy 1. 1870, p. 44. —
Porphyrobaphe fraseri Pf'r., MILLER, Malak. Bl. xxv, 185 __ COUSIN,
Bull. Soc-. Zool. France xii, p. 200.— DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak.
Ges., ix, 1882, p. 114.

Dohrn remarks that the coloration of his specimens is variable ;
the upper whorls have a subsutural band of white and dark brown
spots ; thje shells are smaller than Cuming's, though of the same form
and sculpture, measuring:

Alt. 73, diam. 33, length of aperture 43, width 27 mill.

Alt. 67, diam. 30, length of aperture 41, width 22 mill.

Alt. 60, diam. 25, length of aperture 36, width 20 mill.

Pfeiffer's type (fig. 31) and the specimen figured in the Novitates
(figs. 32, 33), are decidedly more lengthened than the only one I
have seen, which probably represents a race or variety.

Var. BREVISPIRA, n. v. (pi. 46, figs. 34, 35). Decidedly shorter
than typical fraseri, with larger aperture ; surface decussated with
close spiral grooves ; 2^ nepionic whorls thimble-pitted, distinctly
demarked from the post-natal growth ; whorls of the spire with occa-
sional angular blackish stripes and fine brown wavy streaks, the last
whorl with four girdles of blackish arrow-spots and some black
streaks, on a ground of brown-stained, somewhat olivaceous yellow,
becoming duskier and reddish below ; lip obtuse, thick, expanded,
reflexed below, white; columella purplish with white folds, the
parietal callus transparent,, lilac tinted. Alt. (>!), diam. 38, longest
axis of aperture 44^

O. GALACTOSTOMA (Ancey). Uwfigured.

Shell imperforate, ovate, solid ; whitish under a buff, but little
shining epidermis, irregularly marked with spots and interrupted
streaks, brownish above, brown greenish on the last whorl, and
arranged in four rather wide, indistinct transverse stripes. Spire
conoid-attenuated, rather short, obtuse ; whorls 6, rapidly increas-
ing, convex; snture irregular, slightly crenulated ; embryonic
whorls smooth, the following ones delicately granulated, the lower
whorls obliquely grooved with impressed growth-stria? and

ORTHALICUS. 195

decussated by remote spiral lines, last whorl oblong, attenuated,
ample.

Aperture large, ovate, angulated above, tapering below and with
the peristome milk-white within, showing the spots; moderately
oblique, slightly receding below ; columella acutely folded above,
thickened, white, becoming nearly straight, tapering below, forming
a distinct angle with the basal lip ; margins joined by a glossy whitish
callus ; peristome thickened, expanded, umbilical region narrowly
marked with brown. (Anc«y.)

Alt. 72, diam. 34, alt. of aperture 40 mill. Ecuador.

Porphyrobaphe galactostoma, ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France,
vii, p. 153 (1890).

Akin to Porph. fraseri Pfr. and especially Porph. coushii Jouss.,.
but differing from both chiefly in the color, especially of the aperture,.
and the characters of the columella. (Ancey.)

An unfigured species, apparently more slender than fraseri) with
shorter mouth. Ancey apparently intends P. augusti by his reference
to " Porph coitsini"

O. AUGUSTI (Jousseaume). PL 44, fig 20.

Shell imperforate, fusiform-ovate, solid, lightly granule-striated, en-
circled by white and greenish bands. Spire conic, the apex obtuse ;
whorls 6, the first but little convex, the last four-sevenths the total
length, more convex. Aperture oblong-oval, white within, with a
pearly lustre; peristome violaceous, thickened, reflexed ; columella
white, slightly arcuate, the margins joined by a glossy callus. (Jouss.)

Alt. 69, diam. 34, length of aperture, 40 mill.

Ecuador: Machai, voile del Pastaza, 4900 ft. alt. (Wolf).

Porphyrobaphe augusti Jouss.. Bull. Soc. Zoo'l. de France, xii, p.

165, pi. 3, f. 10 (August 1, 1887) COUSIN, t. c., p. 203 Orthal-

icus (Pophyrobaphe} augusti REIBIS.CH, Sitzungsber. u. Abh. natur-
wiss. Gesell. Isis, in Dresden, 1896, p. 57 [bis] (1897).

This form is apparently a member of the group of 0. fraseri', dif-
fering from that species chiefly in its simple columella. Good speci-
mens will probably show a thimble-pitted nepionic shell. Jousst aume
gives further details of the coloration as follows : The two earlier
whorls are smooth and yellowish ; the following ones are ornamented
with fine longitudinal denticulated striae, quite regular and crowded,
and decussated on the later whorls by revolving stria? which are not

196 ORTHALICUS.

conspicuous, and more or less spaced. The color of the third whorl
is formed of two zones of about the same width ; the anterior one yel-
lowish with brown spots behind, the posterior one white with quite
large, spaced chesnut-brown spots; on the following two whorls there
are waved lines of light chestnut on a yellowish ground, and occa-
sional very irregular long spots of deep brown. The last whorl,
which is a little ventricose, is of a dead-leaf color, ornamented with
four revolving zones of very pale green, the anterior three wide and
closer together than to the narrower posterior zone.

The locality in Ecuador of the original specimen was not known,
but Dr. Wolf collected two specimens at the locality given above.
One of them is very similar to the type in coloration, but the other,
agreeing with the type in form and size, the coloration of the aper-
ture, lips and columella, has four alternating narrow and broad bands
composed of spots shaped like long, pointed scales. This is more
like 0. fraseri, and is considered by Herr Reibisch to be a more
normal coloration than that of the type.

GROUP OF O. DEBURGHI.I:.

The shell is smoothish with fine and rather shallow spiral striation,
a pure white aperture and strongly-folded columella. 0. deburghice
is not an uncommon shell, but wrzesniowskii is as difficult to get as
its name is to pronounce, and maranhonensis is still known by .the
type 'specimen only.

Key to species.

a. Shell with numerous broad dark stripes separated by narrow
zigzag yellow stripes, a wide subsutural zone paler; the per-
iphery and a small basal tract encircled by interrupted blackish
lines. deburgldce, p. 196.

a1. Shell flesh-tinted, with narrow brown streaks and dull lilac
dots ; aperture over half the total length, wrzesm'uivskii, p. 198.
a2. Shell tawny, with livid clouds and irregular blackish streaks
and spots ; aperture less than half the total length.

maranhonensis, p. 198.

O. DEBURGHI^ (Reeve). PI. 39, figs. 3, 5 ; pi. 42, figs. 9, 10, 11,
Shell ovate-conic, thick and solid. Pale yellow (white when de-
nuded of the thin cuticle), with broad, zig-zag, blackish-olive (or
when denuded, purplish-black) stripes which abruptly cease at the

ORTHALICUS. 197

upper fifth of the last whorl, or fade to a much fainter tint there,
leaving a broad, pale zone below the sutures ; the stripes becoming
rich chestnut on the spire, the base with a small pale area below; en-
circled by a narrow, frequently interrupted, peripheral, blackish- chestnut
band, and a similar but less interrupted one at the base. Surface
rather smooth to the eye, but under a lens showing irregular growth-
wrinkles, and close, irregular spiral stria:. Whorls G^, moderately
convex, the first three forming a netted-striolate or punctate nepionic
shell, somewhat more attenuated than the subsequent outlines ; apex
obtuse; last whorl convex. Aperture pure white throughout; per-
istome thick, reflexed ; columella with a strong, short fold above;
parietal callus heavy, pure white.

Alt. 2f, diam. 1^ inch. (Reeve's type).

Alt. 61, diam. 33, longest axis of aperture 32J mill. (fig. 31).

Alt. 75, diam. 34 mill. (Hidalgo, for gloriosus).

Alt. 78, diam. 34, aperture 38 mill. (Pfr. for gloriosus}.

Bulimus deburghite REEVE, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 123 PFR., Monogr.

vi, p. 15 — Porphyrobaphe deburghioi MILLER, Malak. Blatt. (n. F.)
i, p. 119.— DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 112.—
COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France xii, p. 200. — Bulimus gloriosus
PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 387, pi. 37. f. 4; Monogr. vi, p. 14 HID-
ALGO, Mol. Viaje al Pacifico, p. 62, pi. 4, f. 2, 3 — Porphyrobaphe
gloriosus MILLER, Malak. Blatt. xxv, 1878, p. 185 ; and (n. F.), i,
p. 200, pi. 5, f. 1 (var. elongata). Conf. DOHRN, 1. c. — Orthalicus
(Porphyrobaphe) gloriosus MARTENS, Conchol. Mittheil. p. 159. —
REIBISCH, Sitzungsber. u. Abhandl. Nat. Ges. Isis, 1896, p. 57
\bis~\ (\^l).—Bidimus duburghii Reeve, HIGGINS, P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 687.

Peru: banks of Amazon rtuer (Reeve). Ecuador: San Jose
(Isern and Espada); Nanegal (Wolf); road to Canelos (Stiibel); Rio-
bamba (Cisneros) ; Machai, valfe del Pastaza, 4900 ft. above the sea
(Wolf).

The broad pale zone below the suture, bold marking of the median
portion of the body-whorl, and two narrow, interrupted girdles, with
the fine spiral striation of the surface and pure white aperture, lips and
parietal wall, easily separate this from the other species. Pfeiflfer's B.
gloriosus (fi<r. 9) has no varietal characters. The species is a variable
one in size and contour, as well as in the prominence of the columellar
fold. The number of whorls varies from 6^ in small shells, to 7 or 7-J

198 ORTHALICUS.

in large ones. Miller distinguishes a var. elongata (fig. o), which has
a strong columellar tooth, and the last whorl attains only two-fifths
the total altitude of the shell. Alt. 90, diam. 34, aperture insicje 34
mill, long, 18 wide.

In one of the specimens taken by Herr Stiibel, and recorded by Dr.
von Martens, the flames disappear on the last whorl. Reibisch states
that one of the 21 specimens collected by Dr. Wolf is 80 mill, long;
several of the others being only 60 mill. One specimen is uniform
brown, except for the characteristic black spiral lines.

O. WRZESNIOWSKII (Lubomirski). PI. 42, figs. 7, 8.

Shell imperforate, ovate-elongate, solid, glossy, longitudinally stri-
ated, and very minutely decussated. Fleshy-fulvous, ornamented
with longitudinal streaks of brown and dull lilac dots. Spire conic,
obtuse ; whorls a little convex, the last as long as the spire, tapering
at base. Columella callous, plicate-twisted. Aperture ear-shaped,
angular at the base, white within ; peristome white, thick and ex-
panded, the margins joined by a very glossy white callus, columellar
margin folded and adnate. Alt. 78, diam. 37 mill.; aperture with
the peristome 42 mill, long, 16 wide inside; peristome 4 mill, wide
(Lubomirski).

Tambillo, Peru (Stolzmann).

BuUmus (Porphyrobaphe) wrzesniowsMi LUBQMIRSKII, P. Z. S.,
1879, p. 721, pi. 55, f. 7,8.

In the form of the aperture this euphoniously named species agrees
with 0. yatesi, but the spiral discussating strise and while lips, colu-
mella and parietal wall, ally it rather to O.deburgliice. Described from
a single specimen, now in the Varsovie museum. I am not aware
that others have been found.

O. MAKANHONENSIS (Albers). PI. 41, figs. 3, 4.

Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong, solid, densely striated and decus-
sated by very light, undulating spiral striae. Tawny, livid-clouded,
and irregularly painted with blackish streaks and spots. Spire long-
conic, the apex obtuse ; suture with a thread-like margin. Whorls
7, a little convex, the first minutely granulated, pale flesh-colored,
the last shorter than the spire. Columella callous, white, strongly
fold-twisted. Aperture little oblique, obauriform, whitish and
glossy inside ; peristome thickened, narrowly expanded, the margins

ORTHALICUS. 199

joined by a glossy whitish callus. Alt. 76, diam. 30; aperture, in-
side, 31 mill, long, 15 J wide (Albers).

On the Maranon river in Colombia [now Peru], (Warscewicz).

Bulimus maranhonensis ALB., Mafak. Blatter, i, 1854, p. 216. —
PFR., Novit, Conch, i, p. 42, pi. 11, f. 11, 12 ; Monogr. iv, p. 370.

Albers does not state the color of the Iip3 but it seems from the
badly-colored figure to be white, shading into brown towards the
outer edge. The Albers collection, now I believe in the Berlin
museum, contains the only specimen yet put on record.

GROUP OF O. LABEO.

Species without spiral striation, the peristome colored, varying
from blackish to brown or flesh-colored, the columella folded ; exter-
nal coloring vivid in the species of Ecuador, rather plain in those of
Peru.

Key to Species.
a. Peristome well reflexed (species of the Maranon drainage).

b. Peristome reddish ; shell with broad chestnut zigzag

streaks. shuttleworthi, p. 201

l>1. Peristome and parietal wall very dark or black brown ;

shell with narrow dark lines at periphery, base, and suture,

and a few streaks.

c. Lip smooth, purplish brown. vicarius, p. 200

c1. Lip punctured, very brown and dark, labeo, p. 199

a1. Peristome reddish-brown or pink, blunt and thickened, more or

less expanded, but hardly reflexed ; color of arrow-shaped or

trapezoidal spots in bands.

b. Aperture somewhat angular at base of the columella.

yatesi, p. 202
b1. Aperture evenly rounded beneath. kelletti, p. 204

O. LABEO (Broderip). PL 44, figs 21, 22.

u Shell stout, long-oval, of a brown-chestnut color, changing to
red at the apex and on the upper whorls, which last are longitudi-
nally striped with reddish-brown towards the suture. Whorls 6,
ventricose ; the last has a narrow black band across its middle, and
another of the same color close to the suture, which is white; the last
whorl but one has two narrow black bands, both near the sutures ;
the lower bands on the last and penultimate whorls are each thrice

200 ORTHALICUS.

interrupted. On the last whorl near the base, which is very dark,
is a faint, broad, lighter colored band. The columella is remarkable
for its obtuse white tooth, surrounded by the rich, dark coloring of
the aperture. The right lip is of huge thickness, and much reflected ;
above it is of a light chestnut color ; below of a rich brownish japan-
like black, which, particularly where it is shading off into the chest-
nut, gives, when the light is thrown full on it, the same kind of
iridescent appearance as is seen in the Lumachella, or fire-marble.
The lower edge of this rich lip is punctured pretty thickly with dots,
resembling those of Gyprcea testudinaria, which seem filled with a
whitish, opaque substance, and the formation of which has given an
irregular and almost fungus-like appearance to the reflected border
of the lip, on its upper side. The interior of the aperture is white.
Length 3 inches, breadth, measured across the body-whorl, and in-
cluding the lip, 1J inches." (Brod.)

Toulea, about nine leagues east of Chachapoyas, Peru, about 8000
ft. elevation (Lieut. Maw, R. N.).

Bulinus labeo BRODERIP, Zool. Journ, iv. p. 222, suppl. pi. 31
(\%2%}.—Bulimus labeo REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 35, f. 207, copied

from Broderin, (not pi. 71 and 72, f. 207 b, c NYST, Bull. Soc.

Roy. Bruxellesxii, p. 149, pi. 1, f. 2a, 2b. — PFR., Monogr. ii. p. 56.
— Porphyrobaphe labeo SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitiae Malacologicaei, p.
71 (part), 89. Cf. FULTOX, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 104.

The type specimen was deposited in the museum of the Zoological
Society of London, but disappeared shortly afterward, and has nol
been recovered. Other specimens have since been found. It is evi-
dently allied to 0. vicarius, but the remarkably broad and curiously
punctate peristome easily separates it from that and all other known
species.

O. VICARIUS (Fulton). PI. 44, figs. 18, 19; pi. 48, fig. 12.

Shell ovate-conic, thick and solid ; pale pinkish-gray under a thin
olive-yellow cuticle, mainly wanting on the spire, which is irregularly
streaked with purplish, the last whorl with some inconspicuous dusky
streaks, and a narrow dark band, more or less interrupted, at the
periphery, another continuous one on the base just behind the colu-
mellar lip. Surface somewhat shining, with faint, low growth-
wrinkles only. Whorls 7^—8, the first one planorboid above, earliest
3J forming a closely pitted nepionic shell, the fourth whorl (at

ORTHALICUS. 201

least in some specimens), witli a sub-sutural band of alternating
chestnut and white spots, the rest of the whorls with a whitish hair-
line bordering the suture below, edged below by a chestnut line;
whorls convex, the last tapering below.

Aperture slightly oblique, white inside, angular at the base of the
columella; peristome blackish purple-brown, thickened within, con-
vex, broadly reflexed, and at the outer edge recurved and flesh-
tinted ; columella sub-vertical, with a fold or convexity near the
base and a small white fold above ; parietal and columellar callus
thick, blackish brown.

Alt. 86, diam. 48, aperture with peristome 44 mill. long. 29 wide

Alt. 79, diam. 37, greatest length of aperture 38^ mill. (tig. 12).

Leimabamba, Peru, on the road from Chachapoyas to Truxillo,
8000 feet elevation (Lobb, Baron).

Bulimus labeo Brod., REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 71, f. 207 b, pi.
72, f. 207 c __ PFR., Honour, iii, p. 306. — MORELET, Series Conchyl.
iii, p. Io6 __ ? Orth aliens (Porphyrolaphe) labeo Brod., H. ADAMS, P.
Z. S. 1866, p. 443. Not Bulinus labeo of Broderip. Of. SHUTTLE-
WORTH, Notitire Malac., i, p. [89] — Porphyrobaphe vie aria FULTON,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xviii, p. 103 (July, 1896).

Formerly referred to B. labeo Brod. Shuttleworth in 1856 ex-
pressed the opinion that it was a distinct species, and Mr. Fulton has
recently separated it from that form, basing the new specific term
vicaria upon the specimen figured by Reeve (see pi. 44, fig. 18, 19).
This specimen is more obese than the one before me (pi. 48, fig. 12).
It " can be distinguished from snblabeo Ancey by its light olive color,
the almost entire absence of markings, and the dark purple-brown of
the columella and parietal wall."

O. SHUTTLEWORTHI ( Albers). PI. 41, figs. 1, 2.

Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, lightly striated, "JVhitish
under a buff epidermis, irregularly ornamented with wide chestnut
lightning-streaks. Spire conic, obtuse, suture a trifle marginated,
whorls 6, a little convex, the last as long as the spire, a little atten-
uated at base. Columella callous, twisted. Aperture slightly ob-
lique, obversely ear shaped, rose-whitish inside, glossy ; the peristome
reddish, thick, expanded and reflexed, the margins joined by a glossy

202 ORTHALICUS.

callus ; columellar margin tuberculate and adnate. Alt. 71, diam. 29
mill.; aperture with peristome 37 long, 15 wide inside. (P/r.).
• On the Maranon river in Colombia [now Peru] (Warscewicz).

Bulimus Shuttleworthi ALBERS, Malak. Blatter i, 1854, p. 216 —
PFR. Monogr. Hel. Viv. iv, p. 371 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 31, pi. 8, f.
14, 15.

Probably allied to 0. yatesi. I have not seen the species.

O. YATESI (Pfeiffer). PI. 43.

Shell im perforate, fusiform-oblong, solid, smooth, brown oliva-
ceous with black bands interrupted by arrow-shaped buff markings.
Spire long-conic, obtuse ; suture lightly margined, whorls 8, a little
convex, the last slightly exceeding two-fifths the total altitude,
tapering at base. Columella calloused, strongly folded above.
Aperture' subvertical, elliptical oblong, subangulate at the base,
bluish-white inside ; peristome thickened, narrowly expanded, the
margins joined by dull flesh-colored callus. Alt. 82, diam. 32,
length of aperture inside 32, width 15 mill. (Pfr.).

Peru: Moyobamba (Yates, type locality); Tarapoto (Moricand,
type loc.ality of latevittata); Tambo Yumbite, near Moyobamba, 1479
meters above the sea (Stiibel).

Bulimus yatesi PFR., P. Z. S. 1855 p. 93, pi. 31, f. 5; Novit.
Conch, i, p. 63, pi. 18, f. 1, 2 ; Monogr. iv, p. 371 — Porphyrobaphe
yatesi SHUTTL., Notitise, i, p. 90. — Orthalicus (Porphyrobaphe)
yatesi MARTENS, Conchol. Mittheil. p. 159. Not B. jatesi Hupe. —
Porphyrobaphe latevittata SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitia? Malac., i, p. 71,
pi. 5, f. 2, 3 (1856) — Porphyrobaphe sublabeo Dohrn, ANCEY, Bull.
Soc. Malac. France vii, p. 153.

The thick lip is fleshy or brownish ; and the columella either white
with a strong fold above (figs. 15, 17), or brown and straight below,
white and weakly folded above (fig. 16). The nepionic shell is
large, composed of 3J whorls, sculptured with fine more or less
anastomosing longitudinal wrinkles, forming a striolate pattern over
part and a pitted pattern over the rest of the surface. In 0. kelletti
only 2^ whorls compose the pitted nepionic shell.

The original description of yatesi is given above, and fig. 17 is a
copy of the original figure. It is an extremely variable species, dis-
tinguished from the closely allied 0. kelletti by its bolder markings,
and the subangular production of the aperture at the base of the

ORTIIALICUS. 203

columella. This character is shown in an exaggerated form in fig.
12, but the artist has overlooked it in drawing figures 15 and 16.
Another important feature separating yatesi from kelletti is the ab-
sence in the latter of the subsutural series of spots constantly present
in yatesi, and the smaller number of pit-sculptured nepionic whorls.
There are typically four bands of blackish-purple spots, the basal two
more or less united, on a yellow ground with dusky streaks; but in
specimens without cuticle the ground color is whitish, profusely
streaked with purple. About 2J whorls at the summit are uncolored,
the next whorl showing only a subsutural band of alternating dark
and white spots. This series of spots descends gradually during
post-nepionic growth, and becomes the upper band of arrow spots on
the last whorl.

Var. sublabeo (" Dohrn " Ancey).

Differs from the allied species P. yatesi in the shorter spire, more
slender, solid shell, more ovate, larger last whorl and consequently
wider aperture, the peristorae being thicker, much wider, deep chest-
nut colored; columella straight, thickened within, scarcely twisted,
almost straight, forming a distinct angle with the base ; whorls less
numerous, 7, instead of 7^ to 8 (Ancey).

Amazonian region of Peru.

Fig. 16 is probably referable to this ill-defined variety, though not
typical of it.

Var. latevittata (Shuttleworth). PI. 43, figs. 12, 13.

Shell elongate-ovate-conic, solid, nearly smooth, glossy; brown-
purplish or chestnut-purplish, ornamented with two to four rather
wide black-brown bands, interrupted by angulated straw-colored
stripes, and above having narrow blackish-purplish streaks. Spire
long conic, the apex as if cut off, the granulose nuclear shell narrowly
banded with blackish-purple; suture bordered by an impressed line;
whorls 71, moderately convex, the last a little shorter than the spire.
Columella thick, plicate twisted, aperture scarcely oblique, truncated
oblong-oval, bluish inside ; peristome thickened, expanso-reflexed,
pale livid purplish, glossy, the margins joined by a somewhat thick-
ened whitish or livid callus, columellar margin sinuous. Alt. 85,
diam. 35 mill.; aperture, including peristome, 38 long, 22 wide.
(Shuttl.)

Pern: Tarapoto (Moricand).

204 ORTHALICUS.

Seems to differ chiefly in the obsolesence of part of the markings
of the typical form. The specimens figured by Pfeiffer in the Novi-
tates Conchologicae (see my figure 14) is evidently referable to this
race, if such il proves to be.

0. KELLETTI (Reeve). PI. 45, figs. 23, 24.

Shell ovate, rather ventricose ; whorls 5, convex, roughly striated,
somewhat plicately crenulated at the sutures, last whorl much the
largest ; columella thickened, peculiarly twisted. Aperture rather
effused, lip thickened, reflected. Bluish-gray, encircled with four
bands of a darker color, and longitudinally lightning-marked with
narrow, waved and interrupted white streaks (Rve.}

Alt. 60, diam. 34, mill, (from figure.)

Ecuador: type locality unknown (Kellett) ; Southern Ecuador
(Dohrn); Cuenca,in the valley of Quito, (Paz and Martinez, Orton.)

Bulimus lellettii REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 89, f. 661 (Feb., 1850).

— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 305; iv, 368; vi, 12 FORBES, P. Z. S.

1850., p. 54 Porphyrobaphe kellettii Reeve, DORHN, Jahrb. d. D.

Malak. Gesell., ix, 1882, p. 112.— COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France
xii, 1887, p. 201.

Bulimus fungairinoi HTDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1867, p. 72,
pi. 4, f. 4 (typographical error for fungairinoi, see t. c. p. 468) —
B. fungairinoi HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 44; Viaje
al Pacifico i. p. 58, pi. 3, f. 8, 9. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl.
1871, p. 316 PFR., Monogr. vi. p. 12; viii. p. 16 — Of. Dohrn,

1. c. — Porphyrobaphe fungairinoi MILLER, Mai. Bl. xxv. p. 185. —
COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii. p. 200 — Bulimus jatesi
(Shuttleworth), HUPE, in Castlenau, Exped. dans 1'Amer. du Sud,
Moll., p. 31, pi. 8, f. 1, la (where it is erroneously lettered B. ben-
soni Reeve).

If there be any division between typical kelletti and the variety or
form, fungairinoi, the former will be restricted to shells with four
subequal bands and wide contour, as in the original figures, pi. 45,
figs. 23, 24; and the varietal name proposed by Hidalgo will include
forms with the upper band narrow, the median wider, and the two
basal bands wide and to a greater or less extent coalescent, the whole
shell being of narrow contour (pi. 45, figs. 25—28).

In the variety fungairinoi, the folds below the suture are some-
times well-developed, as in fig. 27, sometimes entirely absent, as in

ORTIIALICUS. 205

Hidalgo's types, and some shells before me. The ground-tint is
sometimes a rich yellow with some dusky streaks, sometimes a beau-
ful light purple, the bands being deep purple-black with white veins.
The peristome in all known forms of the species is reddish-brown or
brownish-red, the parietal callus more of a chestnut or blackish
color.

Dohrn, who united the two forms, writes as follows: Narrow and
broad, large and small specimens of this species occur; the columella
is sometimes strongly folded, sometimes passes in a simple curve into
the outer lip ; and now green, now yellow predominates in the colora-
tion, only rarely a tone of green passing into lead-gray occurring.
The number of bands is 4, riot 3 as Hidalgo holds, but not infrequently
the two lower bands coalesce. The upper whorls may be either white
or roseate, In many shells the four growth-periods are very char-
acteristically separated by differences in the markings, so that either
ground- tint or the decoration of zigzag lines is changed. At the base
just behind the columellar callus, there is a long small elongate tract
of the shell which is dennded of cuticle, plicate and purplish-red (or
ash-gray). As this is present upon all my specimens, I consider it a
specific character. Measurements of several specimens are as
follows:

Alt. 71, diam. 34, length of aperture 44, breadth 26 mill.

Alt. 71, diam. 28, length of aperture 34, breadth 22 mill.

Alt. 61, diam. 20, length of aperture 37, breadth 24 mill.

Alt. 58, diam. 25, length of aperture 30, breadth 19 mill.

Hupe gives Peru as the locality of the specimens collected by Courit
Casteljiau. They are the form of fungairinoi, but the markings are
somewhat reduced, showing more of the ground color than usual.

GROUP OF O. ATRAMENTARIUS.

Chiefly a group of central- Colombia, distinguished by the blunt
lip, but little and gradually expanding, and bordered broadly with
violet or purple inside. The species are among the most superb of
South American land snails. They vary considerably in color, and
are closely allied.

Key to species.

a. Aperture pure white within ; shell usually with a peripheral
dark girdle.

206 ORTHALICUS.

b. Spirally striated, though the striae are fine and shallow ;
form rather conically ovate. adamsoni. p. 207.

b1. No spiral striation ; and of more fusiform contour.

c. Spire purple, last whorl tawny or olivaceous-brownish;
lip black, shading into violet within ; columella ver-
tical, folded ; alt. 59-67 mill, approximatus, p. 208.
c1. Glossy, light fawn-colored usually with some dark
markings, spire thick below, attenuated above, lip
brown, purple within. poivisianus, p. 206.

a1. Aperture tinted within; surface rather rough, heavily blotched or
mottled, or with the last whorl dark throughout; peristome
dark brown, becoming reddish-purple within.

atramentaritis, p. 209.
O. POWISIANUS (Petit). PI. 37, figs. 28-34.

Shell oblong-conic, solid and strong, light fawn colored with nu-
merous inconspicuous slightly darker streaks, and usually some pur-
plish blotches and streaks; begirt a little below tie periphery by a
narrow brown-black band somewhat uneven in width, and narrowly
light-edged in places ; this band ascending the spire, showing a little
at the suture ; some of the earlier whorls with a continuous or inter-
rupted median brown line, first whorl brown-topped ; on the last
whorl or two a dark line (often interrupted) borders the whitish
suture below. Surface polished, glossy, with faint growth-lines,
stronger at the sutures. Spire convexly conic below, concavely conic
above, apex obtuse, flattened. Whorls 7, the earlier 3 regularly
thimble-pitted, those following almost flat, penultimate and last whorls
slightly convex, the latter obliquely produced and spreading out-
wardly and downward, near the aperture, with a narrow blackish
streak behind the lip: the base flatly tapering to a rounded ridge
behind the columella.

Aperture oblique, rhombic, somewhat effuse below, pure white within,
with a broad purple internal lip-border; peristome obtuse and thick,
black-brown; columella subvertical, white, anda trifle tortuous above,
purple below, parieto-columellar callus brown-black.
Alt. 74, diam. 35, longest axis of aperture 38 mill.
Alt. 68, diam. 33^, longest axis of aperture 35^ mill.
Colombia: Marmato, and the forest on the east side of the Cauca, on
the road to Salamina, on damp banks under trees and on shrubs
(Bland); Forests on the Cauca. River (Lehmann and others).

OBTIIALIOUS. 207

Bulimus powisianus PETIT de la SAUSSAIE, Revue Zoologique
1843, p. 239 ; Guerin's Magasin de Zoologie (2), 1843, Moll., pi.
65. — DESH. in Fer. Hist., pi. 128, f. 1, 2. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi.

27, f. 167 a, b, c PFR., Monogr. ii, p, 140; iii, 378. — BLAND in

C. B. Adams' Contrib. to Conch. No. 11, p. 229. — BUNKER, Jahrb.
d. D. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 379, ph 11, f. 3, 4.— Orthalicu8
(Corona) powisianus SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitiaa Malac. i. p. 68 —
Porphyrobaphe powisiana Petit, MOUSSON, Malak. Blatter, xxi, p.
13 KOBELT, Jahrb. d. D. Mai. Ges. ii. 1875, p. 223, pi. 7, f. 2.

Very distinct in its glossy surface and light color, the flattened
whorls and somewhat mam mill ar apical portion. Petit's type was a
rather small example, length 68 mill., but others as short as 63 mill,
have occurred. The locality was doubtfully given as Bogota by
Pfeiffer, the type having been collected by Goudot ; but later infor-
mation locates it in the Cauca valley.

There is wide variation in the amount and prominence of the dark
streaks or blotches, and they are sometimes obsolete. Reeve's figures
(copied in my figs. 28 and 32) show the whorls more convex than
the type or any specimen I have seen, and the streaks of fig. 28 are
far more prominent than in the typical form.

Figures 31 and 34 are drawn from Marmato specimens received
from Bland. The young shell is acutely angular at the periphery.

A specimen collected by Bland laid three dark olive-brown oval
eggs, about 10 mill, long, 8 wide ; the surface of the egg-shell
is strongly granulose.

O. ADAMSONI (Gray). PI. 39, figs. 1,2; pi. 40, figs. 7, 8.

Shell ovate-fusiform, thick and solid. ** Violaceous-ashy, some-
what olivaceous toward the base, sparsely clouded here and there
with brown, encircled by a conspicuous bluish-white band uhich is
somewhat distantly articulated with olive-black, and with a subobso-
lete brownish band al ove," (pi. 39, figs. 1, 2); or dull reddish on the
spire, obscurely streaked with darker, a median spot-band appearing
on the penultimate whorl, the latter part of which is pale ashen
above, olivaceous below the band, and copiously streaked with
black ; the last whorl with a wide ashen zone above, the lower three-
fourths olivaceous, the whole profusely streaked and spotted with
black ; there is a narrow peripheral black girdle bordered above by
a wider white one, which is frequently interrupted by black blotches;

208 ORTHALICUS.

on the latter half somewhat stained with reddish-chestnut, and then
becoming almost uniform black (pi. 40, figs. 7, 8). Surface some-
what shining, with slight growth-wrinkles and close, rather coarse
and shallow spiral stria3, subobsolete on the last whorl. Whorls 6 to
7, the apex decollate and plugged (at least in the specimen before
me); nepionic shell probably composed of at least 3 whorls, which
are densely pitted ; last whorl oblong, tapering below.

Aperture oblique, rhombic-oval, white inside ; peristome slowly
but decidedly expanding, thick, obtuse, purplish black at the edge,
with a broad, blackish-violet border within, shading into violet and
then white ; columella violet, somewhat cylindrical, subvertical and
indistinctly bisinuate ; parietal callus and the reflexed columellar
callus black throughout.

Alt. 87, diam. 42, longest axis of aperture 46 mill.

Alt. 89, diam. 47 mill, (from Reeve's figure of the type.)

Colombia: " Parr em o" near the volcano Tolima (Adamson coll.);
valley of Guaduas (Gen. J. Acosta); "Bogota " (pi. 40, f. 7, 8).

Bulinus adamsonii GKAY, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 123. — Bulimus

adamsonii REEVE (de novo), Conch. Icon. pi. 26, f. 165 (1848)

PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 242, pi. 65. f. 1, 2 ; Monogr. iii, p. 307; iv,
p. 370; vi, p. 14. — HUPE in Castelnau's Exped. dans PAmer. du
Sud, Moll., p. 32, pi. 8, f. 2 — BLAND in C. B. Adams' Contrib. to
Conch, no. 12, p. 231.

The type of B. adamsonii (pi. 39, figs. 1, 2), was only rather
faintly mottled. The specimens figured by Hupe and Pfeiffer, and
that shown on my plate 40, figs. 7, 8, are much more heavily veined
and mottled, and constitute a color- variety maculatus. It is a larger
species, than 0. atramentarius, white within, and differently marked
externally.

This is not Orthalicu? adamsonii of Beck, which is 0. bensoni
Reeve. Beck's reference, to a figure in Gray's Spicilegia Zob'logica
is apparently a mistaken one. There is no such figure in that work.

O. APPROXIMATES (Fulton). PI. 40, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell oblong-conic, thick and solid ; whorls of the spire largely
denuded of cuticle, whitish-purple with a serie^of oblong purple spots
above the sutures separated by small white spots, and sometimes a
mediun interrupted girdle ; the last whorl covered with a thin
cuticle, somewhat yellowish or olivaceous-tawny, becoming reddish

ORTHALICUS. 209

in tint on the latter half, and girdled by a broad blackish band at the
periphery, with traces of one or two fainter dusky bands above ; hav-
ing some oblique variceal dark streaks. Surface glossy, with close,
irregular wrinkles of growth, roughened at the varices. Whorls 6
(in a decollate and plugged specimen, figs. 2, 3 ; but 6^ according to
Fulton), the apical 2J thimble-pitted, those of the spire hardly con-
vex, the last oblong, convex ; apex obtuse.

Aperture oblique, ovate, pure white within, but with a very wide
black internal border shading through violet into the white ; peri-
stome obtuse, thick, a trifle expanded, black ; colurnella vertical, bi-
sinuate, the upper fold or nodule much stronger, purple tinted, the
lower one slighter; parietal callus black.

Alt. 59, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 29 mill.

Alt. G7, diam. 31 mill. (type).

Bogota, Colombia.

Porphyrobaphe approximata FULTON, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6)r
xviii, p. 103 (July, 1896); xx, pi. 6, f. 6, (1897).

Allied to 0. atramentarius, adamsoni and poivisianus. From the
last of these it differs in coloring, the more oblique aperture, and the
straight lateral outlines of the spire. 0. adamsoni is much larger, with
more ample body-whorl, and has spiral striae ; it agrees in the color-
ing of the aperture. 0. atramentarius is much more closely related
to approximates, differing from it chiefly in the different color- pattern
of the exterior, the browner black of the lip and parietal wall, and
the red-purple rather than violet or blue-purple internal shading of
the lip-border, and the tinted instead of pure white color of the
interior. The form of the columella is closely approached by some
specimens of atramentarius.

Fig. 1 represents the type ; 2 and 3 are from a specimen received
from the author.

O. ATRAMENTARIUS (Pfeiffer). PL 38 ; pi. 39, fig. 7.

Shell ovate-conic or oblong-conic, thick and solid ; two or three
early whorls flesh-tinted, the succeeding whorls of the spire fleshy or
white, with irregular, broad ragged stripes and narrower oblique
streaks of purple-brown, the last whorl (1) whitish-lilac or pale
brownish with similar stripes, streaks and spots, or an indefinitely
mottled pattern, or (2) wholly or on the last half of a uniform black-
ish-purple color ; sometimes showing an obscure band at the per-
14

210 ORTHALICUS.

iphery (as in figs. 35, 37 \ and above (fig. 38); the general black-
ness sometimes interrupted by some dirty white, rough varices (as
in fig. 37). Surface sculptured with irregular growth-wrinkles,
often rougher and finely plicatulate on the last whorl, the latter half
of which is frequently coarsely plicate. Whorls 6J to 7, the first
obtuse, often amputated and plugged, the rest moderately convex.

Aperture oblique, ovate, red-purple within, becoming paler in the
throat and darker towards the lip ; peristome blunt, not expanded,
pale-edged, with a dark-brown border inside ; colurnella purple, bi-
sinuate, its reflexed callus and the strong parietal callus almost
black.

Alt. 69, diam. 34, longest axis of aperture 36 mill.

Alt. 62, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 32 mill.

Alt. 61, diam. 32, longest axis of aperture 32 mill.

Colombia: C/topa, in the province of Pamplona (Linden) ; Cucuta
(Bland); Canelos, Ecuador (Stiibel).

Achafina regina B, PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. ii, p. 244 — A. regina
DESIT. in Fer., Hist., p. 145, pi. 122, f. 8, 9. — Bulimus regina (part)
REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 27, f. 168 b — Achatina atramentaria PFR.,
P. Z. S. 1855, 116. — Orthalicus atramentarius PFR., Monogr. iv, p.
591; vi, p. 202. — 0. (Corona} atramentarius PFR., Malak. Blatt.
1855, p. 167. — Bulimus boussingaultii HUPE in Castelnau's Exped.
dans 1'Amer. du Sud Moll., p. 37, pi. 9, f. 2 (1857).— Orthalicus
(Corona) iodes SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitise Malacologies, i, p. 68, pi.
4, f. 8 (1856).— MARTENS, Conchol. Mittheil. p. 159.

Smaller than 0. adamsoni, differently colored, the aperture
pinkish-purple within, while in adamsoni it is white, shading into
violet or bluish-purple toward the lip-margin. The last whorl varies
from mottled to a uniform blackish-purple in specimens from a single
locality ; my figures 36, 37 and 7 being drawn from shells collected
at Cucuta. Pfeiffer gives the length of his type as 81 mill., which
is larger than any of the specimens in our collection. Occasional
shells (figs. 36, 37) have some patches of a scarlet-brown color at
the edpre of the blackish tract. Something of the same sort is seen
in some specimens of 0. adamsoni.

Both of the synonyms, iodes and boiissingaidtii, were based upon
the true atramentarius, and do not stand for varietal forms.

AMI'HIBULIMINJB. 211

Sub-family AMPHIBULIMIN^:.

Includes Amphibulima, Rhodonyx, Pellicula, Gceotis, Peltella,
Simpulopsis and Eudioptus.

Arboreal or sub-arboreal Bulimulidce with the shell degenerate as
a protective organ, *S//.cczW#-shaped, //a/i'o^'s-shaped, or in the less
reduced forms, globose or ovate; always thin, and mainly cuticular ;
unicolored and more or less translucent (except in Amphibulima).
Jaw, radula and genitalia of Bulimulid type.

An American group of genera, which agree in having the shell in
various stages of degeneration. In Bulimulopsis only the incipient
stage of this process of reduction has been reached ; Simpulopsis is a
later stage, and Peltella and Gaotis seem to be terminal members of
the series, being slug-like in form. Amphibulima with its satellite
groups Rhodonyx and Pellicula, stand a little apart from the other
series. The exact inter-relationships of the various genera cannot
be understood until a comparative study of the soft parts, more fund-
amental than has yet been made, is undertaken. Peltella is the only
genus which has been adequately investigated. It may turn out
that Drymaus, Liostracus and Bulimulopsis converge to a common
origin ; Simpulopsis being a further development of the last of these
groups, and Peltella another member of the series. Just where
Platysuccinea belongs is doubtful, but Gaotis may be related to it as
PelteJla to Simpulopsis. Amphibulima may trace its ancestry to the
Liostracus- Bulimulopsis root, or it may possibly be descended from
Bulimulus. 1 look to the general arrangement or *' topography " of
the viscera, for the solution of these problems, rather than to any
information to be gained by study of the details of genitalia or teeth.

Our knowledge of the anatomy of the Amphibulimince is due
chiefly to Dr. Paul Fischer, Dr. H. von Ihering, and Mr. W. G.
Binney, all of whom have contributed valuable data.

Key to genera, by shell-characters.

I. Shell subglobose, ovate or oblong, varying in form from

Naticoid to Bulimuloid. SIMPULOPSIS, p. 212.

II. Shell depressed, the whorls open beneath, columella reduced

to a spiral rib not concealing the interior of the whorls.

PELTELLA, p. 231 ; G^OTIS, p. 227.

III. Shell Succinea-shaped. AMPHIBULIMA, p. 232.

212 S1MPULOPSIS.

Genus SIMPULOPSIS Beck, 1837.

Simpulopsis BECK, Index Moll., p. 100 MARTENS in Albers'

Die Heliceen, p. 308 (type S. sulcidosa Fer.). PFR., Nomencl. Hel.

Viv., 1878, p. 228 Simulopsis GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 171 (type

" Helix sulcosa").

Shell imperforate, varying from globose to ovate, very thin, mainly
cuticular, usually with few whorls ; the last very large ; apical 1^ to
1^ whorls with excessively line spiral striation, except in subgenus
Platysuccinea ; apertuie large, rounded lunate or ovate, oblique;
peristome and columella very thin, simple and arcuate. Type S.
sulculosa Fer.

The jaw is arched and composed of numerous plaits, as in Dry-
mceus ; radula about as in Bulimulusy but the cusps of the teeth are
more strongly developed.

The species live on and among plants in moist woods. The group
was at first associated with Succinea ; Pfeiffer then placed the species
in Vitrina. It was recognized as agenus by Morch in 1852, and by
Shuttleworth in 1854; these authors being followed by Pfeiffer. Dr.
Paul Fischer, in 1873, was the first to recognize the Bulimulid affin-
ities of the group.

The typical group of species occurs in Brazil, from the State of
Bahia to Sao Paulo ; but one species has been found in Trinidad
and another in Nicaragua. An aberrant group of forms with
smooth apical whorls is found in the West Indies and. Eastern
Mexico. Several old-world forms have been referred to Simpulopsis
(see p. 226), but their status is uncertain.

Tlie species fall into three sections or subgenera :
I. Apical whorls spirally striate.

1. Simpulopsis s. str. Short globose shells, excessively
thin, mainly cuticular, somewhat flexible, with 3 to 4^
whorls ; corrugated or merely wrinkled, varying from
greenish-yellow to olive-brown.

2. Bulimulopsis Pilsbry, 1899. Oblong-ovate or globose-
conic, higher than wide, smooth, glossy and brittle, Uyht
tinted ; whorls 4 to 5^. Brazil. (See p. 220.)

II. Apical whorls smooth.

3. Platysuccinea Ancey, 1881. Globose, thin, rather
brittle, with 2-| to 3^ whorls ; striated or smooth, light-

SIMPULOPSIS. 218

colored. Type S. portoricensis. Greater Antilles and
Mexico. (See p. 223.)

Section SIMPULOPSIS.
Species of South America and Trinidad.

Key to species,
a. Shell smooth or nearly so, about as wide as high ; whorls 3^.

atro wrens, p. 213..
a1. Shell longitudinally corrugated or folded, not decussate.

b. Higher than wide, the spire prominent, whorls about 4^ ;
folds coarse, irregular and low. sulculosa, p. 214.

bl. Diameter about equal to or exceeding the width ; whoils
3 to 4.

c. Folds close, subregular and strong ; whorls 3 to 3J.
d. Diam and longest axis of aperture exceeding
alt.; spire very short, low ; outer lip inserted
above periphery of penult, whorl.

braziliensis, p. 215.

d1. Diam. exceeding alt.; spire short; outer lip iiL-
serted at periphery of penult, whorl.

obtusa, p. 216.

d2. Diam. and alt. about equal; spire conic.;
length of aperture less than that of shell.
e. Olive or olive-brown ; alt. about 14 mill.
rufovirens, p. 216.
e1. Light green ; alt. 9 to 10 mill.

corrugata, p. 217.

c1. Folds strong, irregular; whorls 4; alt. 17^, diam. 24
mill. miersi, p. 218.

a2. Shell corrugated and decussate.

b, Irregularly plicate, with extremely fine spiral striae ;

whorls 4^ ; alt. and diam. about equal ; alt. 20, diam. 19

mill. tryoiii, p. 218.

b1. Closely plicate, with spiral sulci ; whorls 4^-; alt. 11;

diam. 12^ mill, decussata, p. 218..

S. ATROVIRENS (Moricand). PI. 64, figs. 79, 80.

Shell semi-oval, ventricose, excessively thin, being mainly cuticu^
lar ; olive-green or reddish-brown, becoming paler on the spire ; sur-

214 SIMPDLOPSIS.

face dull, lusterless or with a somewhat silken sheen, nearly smooth,
but with some low and irregular wrinkles or folds, but more regularly
and more closely plicate on the penultimate whorl. Spire small and
short; whorls 3J, the last extremely large and inflated, well-rounded
throughout. Aperture very oblique, large, rounded, ovate ; peri-
stome thin and sharp, the outer lip usually with a cuticular and more
or less distorted edge ; columella long, concave, thin.

Alt. 15, diam. 15, longest axis of aperture 14^; width 10J mill.

Portas, Prov. Bahia, Brazil, on palms (Blanche!) ; Bahia (Acad.
coll.)

Helix ( Cochlohydra] atrovirens MORIC., Mem. Soc. Phys. et d'Hist.
Nat. de Geneve, vii, p. 416, pi. 2, p. 1 (1835 or 1836).— Vitrina
atrovirens JAY, Catal., 1839, p. 43. — PFR. Monogr. ii, p, 511 —
Simpulopsis atrovirens Mor., BECK, Index Moll., p. 100 — PFR.,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 30, pi. 3, f. 5, 6 ; Monogr. iii, p. 7 ; v, p. 22.

In general appearance this species resembles the corrugated forms,
but the folds are almost obsolete. A number of specimens before
me, including two from Moricand, show very little variation in
sculpture, and the species seems well founded.

S. SULCULOSA (Ferussac). PI. 64, figs. 81, 82, 83.

Shell globose-conic, higher than wide, excessively thin, pale
greenish-yellow, transparent, surface glossy, showing under a lens
numerous revolving dull and lustreless bands about as broad as the
glossy intervals ; irregularly sulcate or wrinkled, the wrinkles rather
widely and unevenly spaced, subobsolete on the spire. Spire conic
and elevated. Whorls ahout 4^, the last globose. Aperture ovate,
moderately oblique ; outer lip thin and acute; columellar lip thin,
concave.

Alt. 11, diam. 9^, longest axis of aperture 8.3, width 6 mill.

Prov. Sao Paulo, Brazil, at Itapetininga (v. Ihering) and Taguara
(v. Ihering, teste Clessin); Botafogo, near Rio Janeiro, among plants
in moist places (Paz and Martinez).

Helix (Cochlohydra,} sulculosa FER., Prodr., p. 27; Hist., pi. 11 A,
f. 6 — Succinea sulculosa Gray, Ann. of Philos., ix, 1825, p. 415 —
Vitrina sulculosa PFR., Symbolae, iii, p. 45 : Monogr., ii, p. 512. —
Simpulopsis sulculosa BECK, Index, p. 100. — CLESSIN, Mai. Bl.

(n. F.), x, p. 168 PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 31, pi. 3, f. 7, 8 —

HEYNEMANN, Malak. Blatt., xv, 1868, p. 110, pi. 5, f. 10 (dentition).

siMPULorsis. 215

— HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacifico, p. 5. — Succinea membranacea MICH.,
teste Villa, Dispositio Syst., p. 9 — Not S. sulculosa II. & A. ADAMS,
Gen. Rec. Moll., pi. 73, f. 1.

This rather small species of southern Brazil is easily recognized
by the coarse and irregular shallow sulcation and the prominent and
conic spire. Well-preserved shells show many dull bands on a bril-
liant ground, scarcely visible without a lens, and varying in degree
of development in different specimens. In the collections I have
seen, the name sulculosa, seems to have been often applied to other
species.

Dr. Hidalgo reports specimens with 4^ whorls, measuring, alt. 15,
diam. 13 mm., from Botafogo, near Rio Janeiro.

S. BRASILIENSIS (Moricand). PI. 64, figs. 84, 85.

Shell semi-oval, ventricose, very thin, pale greenish-yellow, sub-
transparent. Surface glossy, regularly and deeply corrugated, the
folds rather close and nearly regular, smooth or nearly so ; no spiral
sculpture. Spire very short and low. Whorls 3^, the earlier 1^ or
2 smooth, the last whorl very large and globose. Aperture quite
oblique, large, rounded-ovate ; peristome thin and sharp, the outer
lip inserted above the periphery of the penult, whorl; columella thin,
somewhat concave, meeting the basal lip in a salient angle, in the
middle of the apparently columellar margin.

Alt. 12, diam. 13, longest axis of aperture 12.3, width 9 mill.

Alt. 11.5, diam. 12, longest axis of aperture 12, width 8 mill.

Alt. 12.5, diam. 15, longest axis of aperture 13.5, width 10 mill.
S. Gonzalves, Brazil, in humid forest (Blanchet).

Helix {Cochlohydra) brasiliensis Sowerby, MORICAND, Mem. Soc.
Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, vii, 1835-6, p. 416 (no sufficient de-
scription); Mem., etc., xi, p. 148, 149, 160, pi. 5, f. 5 (as Succinea
brasiliensis), 1845-6. — Vitrina brasiliensis Mor., PFR., Symbolse, ii,
p. 62 (1842), no description — Vitrina obtusa Sow., PFR., Monogr.,
ii, p. 511 (1848). — Simpulopsis obtusa PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 7;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 29, pi. 3, f. 1, 2.

Distinguished chiefly by its extremely short, low spire and high
insertion of the outer lip. The angulated columellar margin, caused
by the meeting of the arc of the basal margin with that of the colu-
mella, is not constant, the angle being often obsolete.

This species has been called obtusa Sow. by Pfeiff'er, but I find it

216 SIMPULOPSIS.

impossible to reconcile Sowerby's figures with these shells. More-
over, Sowerby described his species too briefly, and simultaneously
proposed two specific names for it.

Moricand had been incorrectly informed by Ferussac that Sowerby
had named this species " brasiliensts," and therefore attributed the
name to that author.

S. OBTUSA (Sowerby). PI. 64, figs. 86, 87.

Shell ovate, corneous, longitudinally striated; spire very short;
whorls 3, a little convex ; aperture ovate, oblique. Length to the
breadth as 2 to 3 (Sowerby). Brazil.

Succinea ovata SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, pt. ix, second page of
text, Succinea.

Succinea obtusa SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, legend at foot of plate
of Succinea (1820 or 1822 ; see Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiii, p. 371).
— REEVE, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 89, pi. 180, f. 2 (reprinted from
Sowerby's plate) — Helix obtusa FER., Hist., pi. 9 B, f. 5 (copy of
Sowerby's figure). — Simpulopsis obtusa BECK, Index, p. 100.

According to Sowerby's figures, which there is no reason to think
incorrect, this species has a decidedly more projecting spire than S.
brasiliensis, and the outer lip is inserted much lower on the penul-
timate whorl.

Sowerby called this species " S. ovata " in the text, " S. obtusa"
on the plate. Pfeiffer has chosen to retain the latter, ignoring the
former name. As I can add nothing to our knowledge of the species,
it is not worth while to question the propriety of Pfeiffer's favoritism
in dealing with the twins.

S. RUFOVIRENS (Moricand). PL 64, figs. 88, 89, 90, 91,

Shell semi-globose, very thin, olive-green or brown-tinted olive ;
somewhat shining but not glossy. Surface closely and strongly cor-
rugated, the corrugation rather regular, though sometimes folds split
or are intercalated. Spire conic. Whorls 3^, moderately convex,
the last globose; suture slowly descending in front. Aperture
rounded-ovate, very oblique, the outer lip thin, its upper end inserted
at or near the periphery of the penultimate whorl; colurnellar lip
very thin and regularly arcuate.

Alt. 14, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 12.4, width 9.5 mill.

Province of Bahia, Brazil (Blanchet, Anthony).

SIMPULOPSIS. 217

Helix (Succinea} rufovirens MORIC., Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist.
Nat. Geneve, xi, p. 147, pi. 5, f. 4 (1845-6).— Vitrina rufovirens
PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 511 — Simpulopsis rufovirens PFK., Conchyl.
Cab., p. 30, pi. 3, f. 3, 4; Monogr. v, p. 22. — Simpulopsis rufescens
MOR., ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 128.

This species from the number of specimens before me, must be
found in some abundance. It is wider than sulculosa, with fewer
whorls, lower spire and finer corrugation. The spire is decidedly
more raised than in brasiliensis, and the outer lip is inserted lower.
The deep, rather fine and even corrugation is its most prominent
feature.

S. CORRUGATA Guppy. PI. 64, figs. 93, 94, 95.

Shell globose, very thin and fragile, being mainly cuticular ; light
green, translucent in places. Surface glossy, deeply corrugated, the
ribs subregular, but in places a little irregular. Spire short* conic.
Whorls 3 J, the earlier 1^ smooth ; last whorl inflated, rounded.
Aperture large, subcircular, but somewhat excised by the penult,
whorl, moderately oblique; peristome thin, regular arcuate; colu-
mella arcuate, thin ; no perceptible parietal callus.

Alt. 9.3, diam. 9, longest axis of aperture 7.7, width 5.7 mill.
Trinidad, near Savana Grande, in humid forests ; rare (Guppy).

S. corrugatus GUPPY, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), xvii, 1866, p.
53. — S. corrugata Guppy, PFR., Monogr. vii, p. 28. — GUPPY,
Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 323, pi. 10, f. 3; Journ. of Conch, vii,
1893, p. 221 — BINNEY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., v, p. 338, pi. 1, f.
G (dentition) — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1890, p. 46 S. rufo-
virens Mor., E. A. SMITH, Journ. of Conch., viii, p. 244.

Similar to S. rufovirens^ but constantly smaller, of a lighter green
color when in good condition, and with the aperture perceptibly less
obliqiif.

Mr. E. A. Smith unites corrugata to rufovirens as a synonym, but
the differences indicated above are constant in the series before me,
and with the wide geographic separation of the two forms, seem to
make it desirable to retain the species or subspecies. "Species,'*
however, among the slightly differentiated forms of this genus, are
more conventional than usual; and in this instance we totally lack
material from the vast intermediate region, the Amazon valley.

218 SIMPULOPSIS.

S. MIERSI Pfeiffer. Unfigured.

Shell conic-subglobose, very thin, somewhat irregularly, strongly
plicate, pellucid, rather shining; olivaceous-corneous. Spire short,
conic, acute ; whorls 4, moderately convex, separated by a somewhat
channelled suture, the last whorl inflated, regularly descending.
Aperture oblique, ample, lunate-oval ; peristome thin, black-edged,
the right margin rather widely expanded, columellar margin hair-
like, somewhat twisted above. Alt. 17^, greater diam. 24, lesser
171 mill. (Pfr.)

Espirito Santo, Brazil (Miers, in Cuming coll.).

S. miersi PFR., Malak. Blatter, iii, 1856, p. 260; Monogr. iv, p.
800; v, p. 21.

Known to me by the above description only.

S. TRYONI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 64, fig. 92.

Shell globosely semi-oval with conic, projecting spire, thin, light
olivaceous; surface lusterless, rather irregularly corrugated, and
under a strong lens seen to be spirally sculptured with extremely fine,
dense, cuticular striae, passing over the folds and intervals. Whorls
41, the last globose. Aperture very oblique, rounded-ovate, the
peristome thin and sharp; columella regularly arcuate.

Alt. 20, diam. 19, longest axis of aperture 16, width 12 mill.

Brazil (J. G. Anthony).

The folds are much less regular than in S. rufovirens, and that
species shows no spiral striation.

S. DECUSSATA Pfeiffer. Unfigured.

Shell conic-subglobose, very thin, closely plicate and rather regu-
larly decussated by spiral sulci; pellucid, shining, olivaceous-corneous.
Spire moderate, conic, acute ; suture deep. Whorls 4^, moderately
convex, the last one ventricose. Aperture oblique, rounded-oval,
slightly angular above ; peristome simple, unexpanded ; columellar
margin lightly arcuate, very slightly twisted above. Alt. 11, greater
diam. 12£, lesser 10 mill. (Pfr.)

Petropolis, near Rio Janeiro, Brazil (Miers, in Cuming coll.).

Simpulopsis decussata PFR., Malak. Bl. iii, 1856, p. 260 ; Monogr.
iv, p. 800 ; v, p. 22.

I have not seen this species, which is apparently well distinguished
by its spiral grooves decussating the longitudinal folds.

SIMIMJLOl'SIS. 219

Caribbean Species.
S. VIXCENTINA E. A. Smith. PI. 63, figs. 65, 66.

Shell orate, very thin, pale greenish-corneous, spire obtusely
conoid ; whorls 3, the first two sculptured with delicate, close, waved
striae, the first whorl involute at the apex; last whorl ample, deli-
cately plicate longitudinally, and transversely obsoletely substriate,
scarcely descending. Aperture inversely auriform ; peristome very
thin throughout. Length 13, diam. 10 mill. (Smith.)

St. Vincent, Upper Richmond Valley, in damp forest, 2000 feet
elevation, on leaves of Artanthe (Piperacece). H. H. Smith.

S. vincentina S.M., Proc. Malac. Soc. i, p. 305, pi. 21, f. 4, 5 (Oct.,
1895).

Only a single specimen was collected. The ovate form, rather
conical spire, and the peculiar fine sculpture of the two upper whorls,
distinguish this form from other species of the genus. (Smith.)

I suppose Mr. Smith refers to spiral striae on the first two whorls;
if longitudinal striae are meant, the species would be referable to
Amphibulima, not Simpulopsis.

Species of Mexico and Central America.

S. SIMULA (Morelet). PI. 63, figs. 56, 57.

Shell conic-globose, very thin, somewhat membranaceous, pellucid,
elegantly sculptured with slightly oblique longitudinal and rather
spaced folds; pale olivaceous-corneous. Spire shortly conoid, the
apex rather obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls 4^, a little convex,
the earlier two nearly smooth, the last larger than the spire, ex-
panded and inflated. Aperture lunate*rotund, colored within like
the outside ; peristome simple, concolor, the terminations separated,
columellar margin arcuate, thin, basal and outer margins acute.
Length 11, diam. 9, length of aperture 7, width 6 mill. (F. fy C.).

Peten, northern Guatemala, in woods, on the leaves of trees (More-
let).

Bulimus simulus MORELET, Testacea Novissima ii, p. 11 (1851).
PFK., Monogr. iii, p. 383 (1853); iv, p. 450; vi, p. SO.—Ortkalicus
(Plectostyhis) simulus ADS., Genera ii, p. 155 (1858). — Bulimulus

(Eudioptus} simulus ALBERS, Die Hel., edit. v. Mart., p. 223

Simpulopsis? Simula PFR., Monogr. vii, p. 516 (1876) — Simpulopsis

220 SIMPULOPSIS.

/

Simula FISCHER & CKOSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll., i, p. 578, pi.
24, f. 13, 13a.— VON MARTENS, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Moll., p. 253.
Resembles the Brazilian species in color and form. It is known
by the type lot only, one of which has been figured by Fischer and
Crosse.

S. CUMINGI Pfeiffer. PI. 63, figs. 61, 62.

Shell subglobose, very thin, lightly and irregularly plicatulate,
pellucid, slightly shining, greenish-corneous. Spire minute, project-
ing as a little papilla. Whorls 3, the last much inflated ; columella
regularly arcuate, simple. Aperture oblique, rounded-oval, very
glossy inside; peristome simple, a little expanded. Alt. 12, greater
diam. 20J, lesser 19£ mill. (Pfr.).

Mexico (Cuming coll.).

S. cumingi PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 27, pi. 3,f. 2 ; Malak. Blatter,

1861, p. 84; Monogr. v, p. 22; vii, p. 29 REEVE, Conch. Icon.,

xiii, pi. 1, f. 5 (1862).— FISCHER & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll., p. 580 MARTENS, Biol., p. 253.

Known by the original description and Reeve's figures, which
represent a shell double the size of S. anea, arid distinctly plicatulate.

Section BULIMULOPSIS Pilsbry, 1899.

Eudioptus ALBERS, Die Hel., edit. Martens, p. 223, 1861 (type
B. pseudosuc cineus Moric.). Not Eudioptis Hiibner, Verzeichniss
bekannter Schmetterlinge, 1816.

Shell smooth, varying from oblong-ovate to globose-conic, imper-
forate or very narrowly perforate, thin, brittle, translucent, glossy
and unicolored; whorls 4 to 5^, the apical 1^-1^, sculptured with
excessively fine, dense, spiral stria?, as in typioal Simpulopsis. Aper-
ture ovate, the peristome and columella thin and simple. Type S.
pseudosuccinea Moric.

A Brazilian group of thin, brittle-shelled snails, resembling Sim-
pulopsis in their tenuity and simple peristome, but differing in the
more Bulimoid form of the shell, which is very smooth and light
colored. The soft anatomy is unknown.

Key to Species.

a. Length of shell over twice its diameter ; oblong ovate.

pseudosuccinea, p. 221.

SIMPULOPSIS. 221

J

a1. Diameter of shell slightly under § its length ; ovate ; whorls 5.

Umpida, p. 223.

a2. Diameter of shell § to J its length ; ovate-conic ; whorls 5 ;
periphery rounded. citrinovitrea, p. 221.

a3. Diam. of shell over J its length ; globose conic ; whorls 4.

b. Brownish-yellow; periphery faintly angular; alt. 11-13

mill. loissieri, p. 222.

bl. Alt. 7 mill. progastor, p. 223.

S. PSEUDOSUCCINEA (Moricand). PL 64, figs. 4, 5.

Shell im perforate, oblong-ovate, /SWcmm-shaped, very thin and
fragile. Decidedly translucent, the columella visible through the
shell; whitish corneous or faintly yellowish. Surface glossy, with
slight growth-wrinkles, nepionic lj whorls with excessively fine,
close, spiral striation. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls
about 5J, moderately convex, with well impressed sutures, the last
whorl oblong, tapering above and below, a faintly sketched, hardly
noticeable angle traced around the periphery.

Aperture oblique, ovate-pointed, broadly rounded below; lip sim-
ple, unexpanded ; columella concave below, thread-like, with a faintly
convex spiral trend above ; basal view showing a narrow " false um-
bilicus" extending to apex.

Alt. 23^, diam. 11 ; length of aperture 12^ mill., or smaller.

Environs of Bahia, Brazil (Blanchet, v. Ihering).

Helix pseudosuccinea MORICAND, Mem. Soc. Phys. et d' Hist. Nat.
de Geneve, vii, p. 435, pi. 2, f. 18 (1835-6). — Bulimus pseudosuc-
cinea DESH. in Lam., Anim. s. Vert, viii, p. 248. — POT. & MICH.,

Galerie, i, p. 140, pi. 13, f. 5, 6 PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 148; iii, 302;

iv, 450; vi, 89; viii, 125 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 216, pi. 60, f. 5, 6

REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 62, f. 429. — BuUmulus pseudosuccineus

BECK, Index, p. 64.— CLESSIN, Mai. Bl. (n. F.) x, 1888, p. 166

Succinea moricandi PFR., Symbolae ad Hist. Hel. ii, p. 131.

Much more elongated, and of a more milky tint than S. citrino-
vitrea. As in S. boissieri, there is a slightly indicated keel at the
periphery. This species is the type of the section Eudioptus, and
has hitherto been referred to Balimulns. Its affinities, however, are
with the following species :

S. CITRINOVITREA (Moricand). PI. 64, figs. 96, 97.

Shell minutely perforate, ovate-conic, thin and transparent, the

222 SIMPULOPSIS.

columella being visible through the last whorl ; pale yellowish-green.
Surface glossy and nearly smooth, having slight growth-wrinkles
only. Spire conic, the apex slightly obtuse ; suture well impressed ;
whorls about 5, convex, the last well rounded. Aperture broadly
ovate, slightly oblique; outer lip thin and sharp; columella slightly
concave or nearly straight, thin. No perceptible parietal callus.

Alt. 13, diam. 9, longest axis of aperture 8, width 5.3 mm.

Alt. 16, diam. 10.5, longest axis of aperture 9, width 6.5 mm.

Environs of Bahia, Brazil (Blanchet, v. Ihering).

Helix (Cochlogena) citrino-vitrea MORICAND, Mem. Soc. Phys. et
d'Hist. Nat, de Geneve, vii, p. 436, pi. 2, f. 19 (1835 or 1836).—
Bulimus citrino-vitreus Mor., PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 149; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 218, pi. 60, f. 13, 14 — DESH. in Lam. An. s. Vert., viii,

p. 246 POT. & MICH., Galerie, i, p. 135, pi. 12, f. 13, 14.—Buli-

mulus citrino-vitreus BECK, Index, p. 64. — Simpulopsis citrino-vitrea
Mor., PFR., Monogr., vii, p. 29. — CLESSIN, Malak. Bl. (n. F.), x,
p. 168. — Bulimus vitrinoides REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 46, f. 290
(1848).

Has a more elevated spire, less inflated contour, and more whorls
than S. boissieri. It also differs in color. Large specimens are dis-
tinctly perforate ; but in those of small size, a lens is required to see
the minute chink behind and below the columellar reflection.

S. BOISSIERI (Moricand). PI. 64, figs. 98, 99.

Shell imperforate, globose, with short, conic, small spire ; very thin,
translucent ; brownish-yellow or " tawny" Surface glossy, smooth
except for slight growth-wrinkles, begirt at the periphery by an incon-
spicuous cord or angulation. Spire short, the apex a little obtuse ;
whorls 4, convex, the last globose. Aperture slightly oblique,
rounded-ovate; peristome thin and sharp; columella thin, concave
below7, straight or slisfhtly sigmoid above, the reflexed callus very
thin and adnate.

Alt. 11.3, diam. 9.5, longest axis of aperture 8, width 6 mill.

Alt. 12-13, diam. 10 mill (Moricand).

Environs of Bahia, Brazil (Blanchet and others).

Helix (Bulimus) boissieri MORIC., Mem. Soc. Phys. et d'Hist.
Nat. de Geneve, xi, p. 156, pi. 5, f. 24, 25 (1845 or 1846).— Buli-
mus boissieri Moric., PER., Monogr., ii, p. 149; Conchyl. Cab., p.

218, pi. 60, f. 15, 16 REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 64, f. 449.— Sim-

pulopsis boissieri Mor., PFR., Monogr., v, p. 23.

SIMPULOPSIS PLATYSUCCINEA. 223

Tliis species is larger than S. progastor, which is evidently closely
allied. It is much more ventricose than S. citrinovitrea, of different
color, has a whorl less, and, on close inspection, is seen to be belted
by an angle at the periphery. This is not conspicuous, but is con-
stant in the series before me.

S. PROGASTOR (Orbigny). PI. 64, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell globose, about as high as wide, thin, transparent; amber
tinted, slightly brownish, and uniform ; smooth, or with merely some
traces of growth-lines near the suture. Spire elevated, conic, the
apex obtuse ; formed of 4 whorls, separated by a quite deep suture.
Aperture about as wide as high, oblique, the peristome thin and
sharp. Length 7 mill. (Orb.).

" Province des Mines " Brazil (Fontaine).

Helix progastor D'ORB., Synops., in Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 2:
Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 255, pi. 22, f. 12-15 — Vitrina
progastor PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 74. — Succinea progastor BECK, Index

Moll., p. 99. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 527 Simpulopsis progastor PFR.,

Monogr. v, p. 23.

Evidently allied to S. boissieri, but much smaller, with about the
same number of whorls. I have not seen specimens.

S. LIMPIDA (Drouet). PI. 63, figs. 69, 70.

Shell imperforate, ovate-ventricose, very thin and very fragile,
pellucid, striated, shining, transparent-yellowish. Whorls 5, convex,
the last large, swollen. Aperture ample, ovate-pear-shaped ; peri-
stome simple, unexpanded, acute. Alt. 13, diam. 8, length of aper-
ture 8, width 5 mill. (Drouet.)

Uet-la-Mere, French Guiana, on leaves (Eyries).

Bulimus limpidus DROUET, Moll. Terr, et d' £au douce de la Guyane
Franpaise, p. 64, pi. 2, f. 23, 24 (1859).— PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 108.

" In its pellucid texture and coloration, this pretty and very fragile
shell approaches certain Vitrinas." The species is known to me by
Drouet's account only. It seems to be either a Simpulopsis or a
Drymaus, some forms of the latter genus, such as D. dominicus, being
equally fragile and transparent.

Subgenus PLATYSUCCINEA Ancey, 1881.

Platysuccinea ANCEY, Le Naturaliste iii, 1881, p. 484. Type S.
portoricensis.

224 SIMPULOPSIS PLATYSUCC1NEA.

Similar to Sirnpulopfis in contour, but pallid, not plicate, and with
the apex smooth.

I have not examined the apices of S. cznea or S. psidii ; but it is
smootli, without spiral striae, in S. portoricensis and »$". dominiccnsis*
I look upon Platysuccinea as a group ancestral to Gceotis, and prob-
ably differing from the typical forms of Simpulopsis in some structural
characters besides the difference in the apex ; but only a thorough
study of the soft anatomy can justify such suspicions.

Antilles : Porto Rico, S. portoricensis, S. psidii.
Haiti, S. dominicensis.

Mexico : S. cenea.

S. PORTORICENSIS Shuttleworth. PI. 63, figs. 67, 68.

Shell semi-oval, ventricose, thin, glossy and nearly smooth, being
sculptured with slight irregular growth-wrinkles, stronger near the
aperture; somewhat translucent, very pale straw-tinted. Spire
prominent; whorls about 2^, very rapidly increasing and very con-
vex, the suture deeply impressed ; last whorl ventricose. .Aperture
rounded-oval, very oblique; peristome thin ; columella regularly ar-
cuate, thin.

Alt. 12.6, diam. 13 mm.

Alt. 12, diam. 15 mm.
Sierra de Luqidllo, Porto Rico, abundant on banana leaves (Blauner).

S. portoricensis SHUTTL., Diagn. n. Moll., in Mittheil. der Natur-
forschenden Gesellschaft in Bern, 1854, p. 55 (separate copies, p.
147) — PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 801; v, p. 22 — CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1892, p. 22 — Platysuccinea portoricensis ANCEY, Le Na-
turaliste, iii, 1881, p. 484.

Evidently allied to the smaller, less elevated, S. dominicensis. It
has not been figured before.

S. PSIDII (Martens). PI. 63, figs. 63, 64.

Shell imperforate, globose-conoid, thin, shining, striatulate, pale
buff. Whorls 3, a little convex, forming a conic spire with obtuse
apex; the last whorl inflated below. Aperture oblique, lunate-cir-
cular, occupying two-thirds the total length of the shell; upper mar-
gin somewhat straightened, produced in a si^moid curve ; columellar
margin thin, a little arcuate. Alt. 5, greater diam. 5, lesser 4, ob-
lique alt. of aperture 3^, width 3 mill. (Mart.^j.

81MPULOPS1S PLATYSUCCINEA. ZZH

C<tgu<ina, near Utnado, Porto Rico, on leaves of Gujave trees,
PsMium piriferum and pomiferum (Gundlach & Krug).

Bidimus (Eudioptus) psidii MARTENS, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ge-
sell.. iv, 1877, p. 351, pi. 12, f. 6.

*• 1 am not at all certain that the specimens before me are com-
pletely mature, but neither do I know of any Portorican species
which they could be considered the young of. There are several
specimens of the same size, and both Gundlach and Krug assert that
they are not the young of any other species" {Martens}.

The far smaller size, with the same number of whorls as S. porto-
ricetisisi indicates that this is not the young of that form. Though
not hitherto referred to Simpulopsis, it is evidently congeneric with
portoricensis.

S. DOMINICENSIS Pfeiffer. PI. 63, fig. 75.

Shell globose, with short, conic spire and large, oblique body-
\\liorl, smooth except for some slight growth-wrinkles, and faint
transverse impressions on the last whorl, glossy, pale yellow, very
thin, and when not adult extremely fragile. Whorls 3^, convex,
separated by deeply impressed sutures, the last whorl rotund. Aper-
ture quite oblique, rotund, slightly excised by the penultimate
whorl; columella arcuate above, sloping below, thin. Alt. 6.4, diam.
7 mill.

Haiti: Sans-souci (Rolle) Santo Domingo, Mt. Dieyo Campos on
leaves of palms (Hjalmarson); San Cristobal (Salle); Santa Domingo
without exact locality (Gabb).

S. dominicensis PFR., Malak. Bl., 1858, p. 146; Monogr. iv, p.
802; v, p. 23 — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1891, p. 127.—
Vitrina ?, HJALM ARSON, Malak. Bl., v, 1858, p. 146.

The specimen figured was collected by Gabb. The young are
very fragile and pellucid, with the texture of Vitrina. The altitude
" 3 mill.!' assigned by Pfeiffer must be a mistake, possibly from mis-
reading the scale.

8. ^NEA Pfeiffer. PI. 63, figs. 58, 59, 60.

Shell conic-globose, thin, very closely striated, pellucid, with

bronze reflections, olivaceous-corneous. Spire' short, slightly conic,

the apex rather obtuse, roseate; suture impressed. Whorls 2J, at

first convex, the last inflated. Aperture oblique, oval, glossy and

15

226 SIMPULOPSIS.

whitish within ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the margins joined
by a very thin whitish callus ; columellar margin thread-like, basal
and outer margins acute. Alt. 5-J, diam. maj. 9, min. 8 milL (F.
$0.).

Parada, State of Oaxaca,, Mexico (Salle).

Simpulopsis cenea PKR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 27 ; Malak. Bl., viii,

1861, p. 84; Monogr. Hel. Viv. v, p. 22 ; vii, p. 29, 516 REEVE,

Conch. Icon, xiii, pi. 1, f. 7 (1862) FISCHER & CROSSE, Miss.

Scient. Mex., Moll., p. 580, pi. 24, f. 12. — MARTENS, Biol. Centr.

Amer., Moll., p. 253 Succinea cenea MARTENS, Malak. Bl., xii,

1865, p. 70.

The sculpture is of very fine, crowded striae, hardly visible with
the naked eye. Only the original specimens collected by Salle are
known.

Doubtful and spurious species, referred to Simpulopsis.

S. SALOMONIA (Pfeiffer). PI. 63, figs. 76, 77, 78.

Shell globose-conic, very thin, closely obliquely plicate, pellucid^
shining, brownish-olivaceous. Spire conic, a little obtuse ; suture
impressed. Whorls 4, a little convex, the last about three-fifths the
total length of the shell. Aperture oblique, oval : peristome simple,
unexpanded, the margins regularly arcuate. Alt. 11, diam. 9 mill.;
aperture 8§ mill, long, 6 wide (P/r. ).

" Salomon s Islands " (Cuming coll.).

Vitrina salomonia PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1853, p. 51 ; Monogr.
Hel. Viv., iii, p. 623. — Simpulopsis salomonia PFR., Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 29, pi. 6, f. 17-19. — S. salomonis Pf'r., ALBERS, Die Hel. edit. v.
Martens, p. 309.

Has the appearance of a Brazilian shell, and possibly the locality
is erroneous. If really from the Solomon Islands it will probably
prove to belong to the Zonitidce. Gray referred the species to Hel-
icarion.

S. ANGULARIS (Ferussac). PI. 63, figs. 71, 72.

Ferussac's figure represents a globose-conic shell somewhat like
S. dominicensis in form, but with the last whorl angulated around
the periphery (as in S. bo>'ssieri, but more stiongly). It is thin,
striate, olivaceous, with about 4 whorls. Alt. 10, diam. 12 mill.

Isle of France (?).

G^KOTIS. 227

Helix ( Cochloliydra] angularis FER., Prodr. p. 27; Hist. p. 11 A,
f. 5. — Vitrina angularis GRAY, Ann. of Pliilos., 1825, ix, p. 415. —
PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 512. — Succinea angularis PFR., Symbolae, ii,
p. 131 — Simpulopsis angulaiis BECK, Index, p. 100. — PFR.,
Monogr. v, p. 22.

Locality uncertain ; and the species has not been rediscovered by
post-Ferussacian conchologists.

SIMPULOPSIS COLMEIROI Hid., Miller, Mai. Bl. xxv, 187, is a
Drynueut. See Manual, vol. xi, p. 316.

S. MASTERSI Brazier (P. Z. S., 1872, p. 619; Lord Howe's
Island), is a Flammulina. See Man. Condi, ix, p. 18, and viii, p.
294; Rec. Austr. Mus. i, 1891, p. 140.

S. FULGURATA Miller. PI. 63, figs. 73, 74.

Shell succinoid, imperforate, very thin, shining, striate and de-
cussated by very minute elevated lines ; tawny, ornamented with
oblique brown streaks, zigzagged above ; spire short, conic, the apex
obtuse ; whorls 3^, planulate, the first two rudely punctate, the last
ventricose, forming two-thirds the entire alt. Columella simple,
strongly twisted, visible within to the apex, spirally ascending ; ar-
cuately passing into the basal lip. Aperture very oblique, oval,
angular above; peristome simple, acute. Length 18, diam. 13,
aperture 14 mill, long, 10 wide (Miller.}

Pilaton Valley, Ecuador, in woods in the very moist region, on
leaves, over 1000 meters elevation (Boetzkes).

S. fulgurata MILL., Malak. Blatter, xxv, 1878, p. 187; (n. F.)
i, pp. 185, 201, pi. 6, f. 6, a, b. Of. DOHRN, Jahrb. D. M. Ges.
1879, p. 188.

Dohrn has already referred this supposed species to Eurytus. It
is undoubtedly the young of some lightning-streaked species of that
group.

Genus G^OTIS Shuttleworth, 1854.

Gceotis SHUTTL., Mittheil. der naturforsch. Gesell. in Bern, 1854,
p. 34. — PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Yivent. v, p. 10 (1868). — BINNEY
& BLAND, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., x, p. 252 (jaw and denti-
tion).— W. G. BINNKY, Ann. N. Y. Arad. Sci. iii, p. 11(> (jaw and
dentition).

Animal large, depressed, wiih very broadly dilated, flattened foot .

228 GJEOTIS.

tentacles as usual ; mantle partially covering the shell, having an
appendage posteriorly on the right side.

Shell sigaretiform, fragile and pellucid, composed of about* 2^
whorls, the spire flat and near the right side, the apical whorl smooth.
Lower surface completely open, the margin of the ]ast whorl mem-
branous, not calcified, the columella a spiral lamina along the suture.

Jaw long and low, composed of numerous narrow plaits, as in Dry-
mceus, Amphibulima, etc.

Radula with the transverse rows of teeth arranged en chevron;
centrals with long and narrow basal plate, and a gouge-shaped, tri-
lobed cusp, situated far back on the basal plate. Side teeth similar,
but larger; somewhat asymmetrical, the median cusp of the trilobed
gouge much smaller than the side cusps.

The shell of Gceotis is like that of Peltella and Cryptostrah on ; the
jaw is similar to that of Peltella, Amphibulima and Drymceus ; but
the radula has peculiar teeth, with some resemblance to those of the
Ortltalicince and Folyntita, and as in those genera, correlated with
arboreal habits. The marginal teeth of Amphibidima, and especially
of the subgenera Pellicula and Rhodoiiyx, are considerably like the
teeth of Gceotis, and show its close relationship with those groups.

The character of the radula peremptorily forbids a union of Gceotis
with Peltella or Cryptostrakon. While there can be little doubt that
it is allied to Peltella, Pellicula, Amphibulima and Simpulopsis, espec-
ially the subgenus Platysuccinea, the exact relationships of these
genera remain unknown, awaiting a comparison of their soft anatomy.

GcEntis lives on the trunks and leaves of trees, especially bananas.
It is doubtless a vegetable eater. The species now known are all
from Porto Rico.

Shuttleworth has adopted the plan of measuring the altitude ob-
liquely, as when the shell is placed concave side down on a flat sur-
face. This is more properly called the convexity. I have followed
his method, as the altitude cannot readily or certainly be measured
in the ordinary way.

The soft parts will doubtless give more satisfactory specific char-
acters than the shells, though the species described so far are not
difficult to distinguish. None of them have been figured hitherto. The
radula and jaw are known by Mr. W. G. Binney's researches, but
nothing is known of the rest of the anatomy.

Gceotis douvillei de Morgan (Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, x, p. 388,

G^OTIS. 229

pi. 8, f. 9, 1885), from the summit of mount Tcliabang, Perak, is
doubtless a Girasia allied to G. (Africariori) ater Godwin-Austen.

G. NIGROLINEATA Shuttlewortli. PI. 62, figs. 41, 42, 43, 44.

Shell very much depressed, very thin, hyaline-glassy, somewhat
opalescent, shining; striated with flexuous growth lines, obsoletely
decussated with spirals. Spire minute, flat, scarcely papiHar ; whorls
2^, very rapidly widening, the last large, depressed ; suture margined.
Aperture very oblique ; peristorne with the right margin sinuously
produced, the basal margin with a broad membranous margin.
Alt. about 3^, greatest diam. 12, lesser 9 mill.

Animal pale greenish-buff, pellucid, ornamented with very fine
black lines. Liver a vivid and deep rust color.

Sierra de Luquillo, Porto Rico^ on banana leaves, abundant
(Dimmer); Humacao (Bland).

G. nigrolineata SHUTT., Mittheil. naturforsch. Gesell. Bern, 1854,
p. 3o ; Diagnosen neuer Moll., p. 127. — PFR., Monogr. v, p. 11 —
CROSSE, Journal de Conchyl. 1892, p. 21.

This species is very much depressed and very fragile, with the
spinil cords almost obsolete.

G. FLAVOLINEATA SllUttlewOl'th.

Shell depressed, very thin, hyaline-glassy, shining, somewhat opal-
escent, with flexuous growth-lines and spirals obsoletely decussating
them ; spire very minute, flat ; whorls 2^, very rapidly increasing,
the last large, somewhat inflated and obtusely subangulate, depressed
in front ; suture margined, obsoletely crenulate-crispate. Aperture
very oblique ; peristome with the right margin flexuous, basal and
columellar margins with a very broad membranous margin. Alt.
6, greatest diam. 19, lesser diam. 14 mill.

Animal large, ornamented with very fine yellow lines.

Sierra de Luquillo and at Rio Blanco, Porto Rico, very rare on
trunks and leaves of the Banana (Blauner) ; between Arecibo and
Utuado (Gundlach & Krug).

G. flavolineata SHUTT., 1. c. p. 35 ; Diagn. p. 127. — PFR., Monogr.
v, p. 11. — v. MARTENS, Jahrb. D. mal. Ges. iv, 1877, p. 353. —
CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1892, p. 22.

I have not seen this species, which differs from G. nigrolineata in
its somewhat greater convexity, larger size and subangulate last
whorl.

230 GJEOTIS.

G. MALLEATA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 62, figs. 36, 37, 38, 39, 40.

Shell intermediate between G. nigrolineata and G. albopunctulata,
more convex, larger and more solid than the former, decidedly more
flattened above than the latter species. Milky-translucent, the very
thin cuticle with a faint yellowish tint; apex a trifle projecting;
whorls about 2J, the suture margined, its last half turn far more
widely deviating than in G. nigrolineata, being much as in G. albo-
punclulata, but less descending. Surface with irregular growth-
wrinkles, numerous superficial spiral cords, and a generally distributed
jine malleationy oblique in the peripheral region. Periphery well
rounded ; baso-columellar margin with a broad membranous edge ;
cavity of the spire well open ; peristome narrowly brown- edged.
Convexity 3.7, length 13, breadth 9.7 mill.

Near San Juan, Porto Rico (Robert Swift).

Differs from G. nigrolineata in the malleated surface and deviating
suture. G. flavolineata is described as larger, with obtusely suban-
gulate last whorl and decussated surface. G. albopunctulata is much
more globose and solid, but has much the same sculpture.

G. ALBOPUNCTULATA Shuttleworth. PI. 62, figs. 45, 46, 47, 48.

Shell rather solid, opalescent-whitish, covered with a very thin
epidermis ; plicatulate with flexuous growth-lines, decussated and in
a manner obsoletely wrinkle-malleated by somewhat crispate spirals ;
spire minute, very shortly papillar ; whorls 2§, very rapidly widen-
ing, a little convex, the last whorl large, inflated, quite rotund, de-
scending in front, depressed and deflexed ; suture margined, some-
what crenulated. Aperture very oblique ; peristome with the right
margin flexuously produced forward, basal and columellar margins
with a membranous margin. Alt. 8, greatest diam. 19, lesser diam.
14 mill.

Animal large, pellucid, white, spotted with opaque white dots.
Liver pale greenish.

Humacyoi Porto Rico, on tree trunks, very rare (Blauner).

G. albopunctulata SHUTTL., 1. c., p. 36. — PFR., Monogr. v, p. 12.
— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1892, p. 22.

Larger, more solid, and decidedly more globose than the other
species, with the cavity of the apex more concealed. The sculpture
is also somewhat stronger, though the malleation is not clearly vis-
ible without a lens. The suture deviates far more than in G. nigro-

PELTELLA. 231

lineata. The specimen figured measures : convexity or oblique alt.
5.5, length 14.7, breadth 10.5 mill. The suture is hardly margined
and there are 2J whorls. It is from the type locality.

Genus PELTELLA Webb & Van Beneden, 1836.

Peltella W. & B., in Gu6rin's Mag. de Zool., cl. v, text for pi. 75
and 76 (1836).— VON IHERING, Malak. Blatter (n. F.), viii, pp. 57-
81 (1886); also Archives de Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, viii, pp. 135-
153. (Anatomy and systematic position.)

Pectella GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 171.

Slug-like, the foot spreading at the sides, weakly reticulated, with
some grooves running forward from the mantle, the tail without pore,
not keeled, sole scarcely tripartite; mantle region elevated or humped,
the mantle large, chiefly behind the middle, perforated in the middle
by a small oval slit ; the breathing pore in front of the middle ; anus
opening into a wide anal sack.

Genitalia simple, opening below the right eye-tentacle.

Retractor muscle system consisting of a very short columellar
muscle branching into three subequal bands, the median one buccal,
the right and left bands tentacular, and each with a group of foot
retractor muscles.

Jaw horse-shoe shaped, thin, with many narrow converging plates.
Radula substantially as in the normal forms of Drymtzus.

Shell mainly cuticular, Haliotiform, depressed, squarish-oval, with
about 1 J whorls, the spire small, flat and lateral ; open below, the
columella represented by a spiral lamina along the suture.

Type Parmacella palliolum Fer. Brazil.

Dr. H. von Ihering, who has given an excellent account of this
genus, correctly locates it in the Bidimulida. The sculpture of the
apical whorl is unknown. If spirally striated, the descent of the
genus from Simpulopsis would be indicated.

P. PALLIOLUM (Ferussac). PI. 62, figs. 32, 33, 34, 35.

Animal, preserved in alcohol (fig. 32), measuring 50 mill, long, 15
wide, 13 high. Foot broadly expanded laterally, rounded dorsally
behind the mantle, not keeled or regularly grooved ; no caudal mu-
cous pore. Sole only feebly tripartite. Genital opening below the
right eye-tentacle. Mantle rather large, 21 mill, long, 13 wide,
mainly on the posterior half of the body; a longitudinal slit 2 mill,
long in the middle, exposing the shell.

232 AMPHIBULIMA.

Shell depressed, somewhat squarish oval, green, but slightly calci-
fied, the cavity open beneath. Whorls not quite 2, the small spire
lying on the right side rather far posteriorly. Length 18, breadth
10, height 5 mill.

Brazil (Taunay); Tijura, near Rio de Janeiro (von Ihering), on
a banana.

Parmacella palliolum FERUSSAO, Prodr., Tabl. Syst. de la famille
des Limaces p. 25 (1821); Histoire, pi. 7 A, f. 1-9.— Peltella pallio-
lum VON IHERING, Malak. Blatter (n. F.), viii, p. 57-81, pi. 3, 4
(anatomy); x, p. 168; Descripcoa e anatomia da Peltella, in Archi-
ves do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, viii, 1892, pp. 135-153,
pi. 7, 8.

The open spiral of the shell is similar to those of Cryptostrakon
and Gceotis. The species is known from the original account by
F^russac, and an excellent anatomical description by Dr. H. von
Ihering.

Genus CRYPTOSTRAKON W. G. Binney, 1879.

Cryptostrakon W. G. B., Annals of the New York Acad. of Sci.,
i, p. 258 ; iii, p. 104. Type C. gabU W. G. B.

Cryptostracon FISCHER, Manuel, p. 469. — TRYON, Man. of Conch.
(2), i, pp. 233, 249.

See Tryon, Manual of Conchology, i, p. 249.

In this slug the shell agrees with Peltella and Gaotis. It is said
to be wholly enclosed, but this may possibly be erroneous. The jaw
is described as solid with a few stout ribs ; and the radula is de-
cidedly of Helicid type, being that of a ground snail. There is thus
no question that Cryptostrakon differs generically from Peltella and
Gczotis, and the probabilities are that it groups with Xanthonyx
(Fischer and Crosse) and Metasfracon (Pilsbry, 1899), rather than
with the preceding Bulimulid genera. This can only be determined
by an examination of the genitalia.

Genus AMPHIBULIMA Lamarck, 1805.

Amphibulima LAM., Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, vi,
p. 304 (for A. cucullata, A. succinea, A. oblonga} — BECK, Index
Moll. p. 98 (for A. unguis, gayana, tigrina, patula, rubesce?is, macro-
stomd) — GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 171 (type A. cucullata}. — Am-
phibulina GRAY, Synops. Brit. Mus., 1842, p. 90. — Amphibulimus

AMPHIBULIMA. 233

MONTFORT, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 90 (for A. cucul/altis). — Brachyspira
PFR., Mai. Bl. 1855, p. 117; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv, p. 804.— MARTENS
in Alb., Die Hel., 18GO, p. 311 (type S. tigrina Les.)

Shell £wccm«a- shaped, vvith less than 3 whorls, sculptured with
growth-wrinkles and more or less obvious spiral impressions or cords ;
columella distinct, not reduced to a spiral ridge, which exposes the
interior of the spire. Apical 1J whorls finely wrinkled longitudi-
nally, the wrinkles waved, sometimes anastomosing to form a net-
work or quasi-punctulation, and usually slightly cut by spiral lines
on the latter part of the last nepionic whorl (this sculpture obsolete
in some forms).

Soft parts externally about as in Bulimulus, except for the degen-
eration of the mantle. Jaw thin, composed of- many narrow plaits,
as in Drymceus. Radula with the mesocones prominent and broad,
blunt or pointed. Genitalia simple, as usual in Bulimulus and Dry-
mceus.

Type, A. patula Brug. Distribution, Caribbean Islands.

The shell is capable of containing the soft parts in the typical
forms, but not in the subgenus Pcllicula. It closely resembles Snc-
chiea in form, and the species were formerly referred to that genus.
The researches of Dr. Paul Fischer and Mr. W. G. Binney have
demonstrated the Bulimulid organization of all the main species of
the group, and malacologists now agree upon the systematic position
of Amphibulima as a genus of Bulimulidce.

Omalonyx (Homalonyx of some authors), a genus of Succineidcz,
has a shell closely resembling that of Pellicula, a subgenus of Am-
pltibulima. In genera with the shell degenerate, it is practically im-
possible to frame generic diagnoses which shall be really diagnostic.
Rltodonyx can scarcely be so defined conchologically as to distinguish
it from some forms of Sue cine a; Pellicula is equally impossible to
disiinguish from Omalonyx or some Polynesian Succineidtz ; and
G&otis, Peltella, Cryptostrakon and some forms of Girasia have shells
so similar as to almost defy any attempt at differentiation, though the
soft parts show broad distinctions.

Amphibulima imbricata Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de
Paris (7), vi, 1881-2, p. 72, is apparently a Succinea.

Key to sub genera and species.

A. Shell with colored cuticle, streaked or spotted ; spire small but
projecting. Amphibulima s. str.

234 AMPHIBULIMA.

b. Last whorl conspicuously shouldered ; width of shell two-
thirds its length or more ; more than three whorls.

A. patula, p. 234.

b1. Shell ovate or oblong, spotted, not shouldered; narrower;
less than 3 whorls.

c. Very thin and fragile or flexible ; corneous or
greenish, with reddish dots, outer lip regularly arcu-
ate, not sinuate ; spire very short :

St. Vincent, A. tigrina, p. 237; Dominica, A.

pardalina, p. 237.

c1. Thin but not fragile or flexible ; outer lip sinuated;

colored like the last ; spire slender, between £ and

£ the length of shell ; Dominica, A. browni, p. 238.

c2. Thin, dark horn-colored with very few reddish dots;

outer lip slightly sinuous ; Montserrat.

A. rawsonis, p. 239.

B. Shell regularly Succinea-sh'dped, pellucid, uniform rose corne-
ous, the spire projecting, apical 1^ whorls wave-wrinkled,
whorls 2J. S.-g. Rhodonyx. A. rubescens, p. 240.

C. Shell much depressed, the spire very small, scarcely projecting
above the vertex of the last whorl, apical whorl smooth ; whorls
less than two ; columella with a more or less developed blade-
like process ; aperture about as long as the whole shell. S. g.
Pellicula.

a. Spire a trifle projecting above the posterior border of the
lip ; columellar appendage well developed.

A. appendiculata, p. 241.

a1. Spire sunken or hardly projecting ; columellar appendage
less developed. A. depressa, p. 242.

A. PATULA (Bruguiere). PI. 61, figs. 14-19.

Shell thin but rather solid, Succinea-like, with the latter half or
third of the broad last whorl square-shouldered, flattened above; the
preceding portion not shouldered but steeply sloping, slightly convex.
Spire short, conic, red or maroon, rarely yellow ; the last whorl yel-
lowish olivaceous, with finely zigzagged or dotted streaks of opaque
yellow. Surface with low, irregular wrinkles of growth, and a close,
rather fine sculpture of very irregularly anastomosing spiral cords,
obliquely descending on the lower portion, the first 1^ whorls finely

AMPHIBULIMA. 235

wrinkled. Whorls 3^. Aperture quite oblique, squarish ; columella
arcuate.

Alt. 26, diam. 18, longest axis of aperture 24 mill. (Guadelupe).

Alt. 33, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 29 mill. (Marie-Galante).

Alt. 33, diam. 22.5, longest axis of aperture 30 mill. (Dominica).

Alt. 24, diam. 18.5, longest axis of aperture 22 mill. (Dominica).

Alt. 27, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture 25.5 mill. (St. Kitts).

Alt. 21, diam. 15, longest axis of aperture 20 mill. (Saba).

Guadelupe (dead specimens only) ; Sainte-Anne, Bois du Boivin
(L'Herminier) ; «* Gosier," on the shore of fort Union, at the mouth
of the river Grande Bais (Schramm, Beau). Marie-Galante, in the
mountainous part, under large stones in a ravine deeply shaded by
banana trees (Maze).

Dominica (Guppy, Sharp, Ramage); from Laudat, 2000 ft. eleva-
tion, to the sea (Angas); Laudat, on bananas (A. D. Brown).

St. Kitts: Bayford's estate, on the wild plantain which grows on
the banks of a small water-course (Swift, Dr. Branch).

Saba (F. Ober, 1880).

Bulimus patulus BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, 1792, p. 305 (Guade-
lupe).— Helix patula WOOD, Index Testae. Suppl., pi. 7, f. 9 (bad).
— Succinea patula SOWERBY, A Conchological Manual, p. 4, f. 266
(1839) — PFEIFFER, Monographia Heliceorum Viventium, ii, p. 532;
iii, p. 21; vi, p. 26; Zeitschr. f. Malac. 1849, p. 112.— DESII. in
F£r., Histoire, ii, p. 140. — SCHRAMM, Journ. de Conchyl. xxi,

1873, p. 127 (occurrence in Guadelupe). — SOWERBY, in Conchologia
Iconica xviii, pi. 3, f. 21 (1872). — Amphibulima patula BECK, Index
Moll., p. 98 (1837).— H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 129,

pi. 73, f. 3 GUPPY, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4), i, 1868, p. 432 (in

Dominica). — BLAND, Journ. de Conchyl. 1873, p. 342 (resume of

geographic distribution) FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. xxii, 1874,

p. 141-145, pi. 5, f. 8-12 (external form, jaw, radula and genitalia
of a Guadelupe specimen) — MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1876, p.
394 (living on Marie-Galante); Journ. de Conchyl. 1877, p. 347
(habits); Journ. de Conchyl. 1883, p. 22 (Guadelupe), p. 49 (Marie-
Galante) — BLAND & BINNEY, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, 1871, p.
186, pi. 17, f. 1, 2 (dentition of a Dominican specimen). — BLAND
& BINNEY, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of New York, x, p. 223, 225 (oc-
currence in St. Kitts) W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila.,

1874, p. 44 (dentition) — W. G. BINNEY, Ann. New York Acad-

236 AMPHIBULIMA.

Sci. iii, 1884, p. 117, pi. 15, f. E (jaw), pi. 13, f. c, D (teeth), Dom-
inica specimen ; also pi. 13, f. A. B (teeth of a St. Kitts specimen).
A. I). BROWN, Amer. Naturalist, xv, 1881, p. 57 (Dominica). —
ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 595, fig. 1 (living animal; Dominica). —
E. A. SMITH, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), ii, 1888, p. 231 (Domi-
nica).— Helix ( Cochloliydra) patula FER., Prodr. no. 7; Histoire pi.
11, f. 14-16.

Amphibalima cuculhita LAM., Ann. du Museum, vi, p. 305, pi. 55,
f. 4(1805). — Aniphibiilinius cucullutas MONTFORT, Conchyi. Syst.
p. 91, g«jnus 23 (1810). — Succinea cucullata LAM., Anim. e. Vert,
vi, pt.<2, p. 134 (1822); edit. DESHAYES, viii, p. 315 (1838) (Guad-
elupe); edit. 3d, Desh. et Milne-Edw., iii, p. 382 (183$).— Succinea
(Amphibalima} cucullata BLAINVILLE, Man. de Malac., p. 455, pi.
37, f. 2 (1825).— SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, Succinea, f. 1.—
Helix (Amphibulima^ cucullata SCHWEIGGER, Handbuch der Natur-
gescliichte des skelettlosen ungegliederten Thiere, p. 741 (1820) —
REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 89, pi. 180, f. 1 (1842; plate reprinted
from Sowerby's Genera).

A very easily recognized species, quite unlike any other. The
young (pi. 61, fig. 19) are regular in form, like a globose Succinea^
and are irregularly bestrewn with small reddish-brown spots and
streaks, with some yellow streaks.

The foot is comparatively large, and when active, in humid places,
the soft parts are probably not completely retractile into the shell.
When immersed in preserving fluids they retract completely, prob-
ably by parting with some of the water which inflated them ; and
in dry weather the living animal sometimes retracts entirely within
its shell. ,

The snail is most frequently found on banana leaves, especially
those near the ground. It occurs also in the damp cavities of hollow
trees, and under the leaves of Dieffenbachia seguine. They are im-
mobile during the warm hours of the day, and wander abroad toward
evening, seeking food along the water's edge, eating the leaves of
Lepidium virginicum L., and Sinapis lanceolata D. C. They eat
lettuce freely in captivity.

The type locality is Guadelupe ; but upon the main island the spe-
cies is now extinct, according to Maz£. It survives on Marie-Galante,
and the specimens from Beau which I have figured (pi. 61, figs. 14,
15 } are doubtless from the latter island. I can detect no difference

AMPHIBULIMA. 237

between the fossil form of the main island -and these Marie-Gahmte
shells.

In Dominica the species is not uncommon (figs. 16, 17, 18). The
shell is more strongly sculptured with spiral decurrent wrinkles or
malleation than in Guadelupe, and the color is somewhat deeper.
Mr. Binney has also found some small differences in the dentition ;
and it will probably be best to distinguish the local' variety by the
name var. dominicensis.

In St. Kitts the shells are weakly sculptured, as in those from
Guadelupe; there is much less red in the coloring than in the Do-
minican form. I do not see that they have any varietal features.

In the island of Saba, Ober collected a small form, not differing,
except in size, from those of St. Kitts.

A. TIGRIXA (Lesueur). PI. 61, figs. 24, 25.

Shell oval, pellucid, very thin, somewhat greenish, with small
scattered reddish spots. Aperture very large, ovate ; spire very
short.

The shell is very much depressed and somewhat patelliform, the
spire consisting of 1^ whorls. The last whorl is almost open, the
enclosed portion being very small. The shell is exceedingly thin,
finely striated with growth-lines; it is amber-yellow, and bestrewn
with little rounded russet spots. Length 18, width 11 mill.

Island of St. Vincent.

Helix (CocJdohydra) tigrina Lesueur, FERUSSAC, Prodr., p. 26;
Histoire, pi. 11 A, f. 4. — Sucdnea tigrina GRAY, Ann. of Philos.,
ix, 1825, p. 415 — DESK, in Encycl. M£th., ii, p. 19 ; in Fer. Hist.,
ii, p. 140; in An. s. Vert, viii, p. 320 — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 530;
iii, p. 21 ; v, p. 26. — Amphibulima tigrina BECK, Index Moll., p. 98.
— E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 307.

The above description is from Deshayes, the figures from Ferussac.
Other authors have added nothing to this characterization of the
species.

My reason for retaining tigrina as distinct from pardalina is that
the number of whorls is less — 1^ instead of 2^ — and there is no men-
tion of spiral sculpture by Deshayes. No Amphibidima has been
found on St. Vincent by later collectors.

A. PARDALIXA Guppy. PI. 61, figs. 20, 21, 22, 23.

Shell long-ovate, *SWcme«-shaped, with very short, obtuse spire;

238 AMPHIBULIMA.

greatest width of shell below the middle of its length; extremely thin
and somewhat flexible ; corneous, clouded with opaque yellow, and
sparsely dotted with russet. Whorls 2J, the suture of the firsj; but
little descending, but on the latter half of the last it falls steeply.
Last whorl convex below the suture, then rather compressed laterally,
with faint sculpture of slight, irregular growth-lines and numerous
coarse, very low spiral cords. Aperture very large, acutely angular
posteriorly, at least four-fifths the total length of the shell, ovate ;
outer Up regularly arcuate, a little retracted toward the upper inser-
tion.

Alt. 1"), diam. 9.5, length of aperture 13, width 7.3 mill.

Alt. 13.5, diam. 8, length of aperture 10.5, width 7 mill.

Island of Dominica, living buried in thick moss on trees in the
higher region of the forest, where the vegetation is always dripping
with moisture (Guppy).

Amphibulima pardalina GUPPY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), i,
1868, p. 432. — Succinea pardalina PFR., Monogr. vii, p. 34.

Amphibulima tigriiia Les., E. A. SMITH, Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(6), ii, 1888, p. 231.^-ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 595.

A pardalina is considered by many authors a synonym of A.
tigrina. The latter species, if distinct from pardalina, is not known
to modern collectors and authors; but I do not unite the two because
A. tigrina is described as having but Ij whorls, and no spiral sculp-
ture is mentioned, while A. pardalina has at least 2J whorls, and
coarse though very low spirals.

Guppy 's original description of pardalina is as follows : Shell long-
oval, Succiuea-\\ke, thin, flexible, diaphanous*, lightly decussated,
marked with tawny ; whorls 3 ; spire small, obtuse ; aperture ample,
dilated in front ; peristome simple, inflexed above ; suture descending.
Length 20, width 11, height of spire 3, width of aperture 9 mill.

The specimen figured was collected by Dr. B. Sharp. Fig. 23 is
enlarged to the same scale as fig. 31, and drawn by camera lucida.
The nepionic shell is smooth in the specimens I have seen.

A. BROWNI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. Gl, figs. 28, 29, 30, 31.

Shell oblong, thin, but not elastic or fragile, corneous-olivaceous,
with numerous irregularly scattered reddish dots. Surface somewhat
wrinkled with growth-stria? and showing numerous very low but coarse
irregular spirals. Whorls 2^, the apex decidedly raised ; the suture

AMPHIBUL1MA. 239

of the last half whorl rapidly descending. Spire rather slender, its
length contained 4-J to 4| times in that of the shell. Aperture large,
irregularly oblong, the outer lip somewhat blunt, strongly arcuate
above, retracted or waved backward at the position of the slight
"shoulder"; somewhat effuse below. Columella arcuate, thin.

Alt. 19, diam. 10.5, length of aperture 15, length of spire 4.3 mill.

Alt. 18.5, diam. 10, length of aperture 14.7, length of spire 3.8 mill.
Dominica, 1,000 ft., on bananas (A. D. Brown).

A. tigrina Lesseur, A. D. BROWN, American Naturalist, xv,
1881, p. 57.

Less fragile than A. pardalina, with less obtuse apex and irreg-
ularly arcuate outer lip, which curves transversely at the posterior
insertion, and is waved backward where the arcuate upper arc joins
the straighter outer portion. The nepionic shell is very finely longi-
tudinally wrinkled, the wrinkles slightly decussated by spiral lines.

A. KAWSONIS Bland.

Shell ovate-oblong, thin, with rather rib-like stria? irregularly de-
cussated by impressed lines parallel with the suture ; shining, scarcely
pellucid, rather dark horn-colored, ornamented with a very few red-
dish spots. Spire short, rather obtuse, rufous ; with a reddish line
beneath the impressed suture. Whorls 3, the last convex, much
deflexed at the aperture ; columella callous, receding. Aperture
oblique, oblong-oval, coerulescent within ; peristome simple, slightly
thickened, right margin sinuous, columellar margin arcuate. Length
18, diam. 10 mill.; aperture 14 mill, long, 9 wide (Bland}.

Island of Montserrat (Sir Rawson W. Rawson).

Amphibulima rawsonis BLD., Ann. of the Lye. Nat. Hist, of N.
Y., xi, p. 199 (1875).— BINNEY, t. c., p. 187, pi. 13, f. C (genitalia),
pi. 14, f. E (teeth); Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 118, pi. 13, f. H,
G (teeth).

This species is most nearly allied in form to A. pardalina Guppy,
of Dominica. Its radula is characterized by the very great size of
the central teeth. I have not seen a specimen.

Subgenus RHODONYX Fischer, 1873.

Rhodonyx FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl., 1873, p. 325 ; type
Succinea rubescens — Mastogyra ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, iii, Oct.,
1881, p. 484, type Succinea rubescens.

240 AMPHIBULIMA.

Distinguislied from typical Amphibulima by its regular, Succinea-
like form, and roseate tint, without color-markings or spots. The
anatomy resembles that of Amphibulima. It differs from Succinea
in the corrugated 1^ apical whorls.

A. RUBESCENS (Deshayes). PI. 61, figs. 26, 27.

Shell Sue tinea-like, thin but moderately strong ; rose-tinted cor-
neous, dull, and a little translucent. Sculpture of fine growth-
wrinkles decussated by irregular spirals, and short, obliquely de-
scending impressions, most conspicuous below. Whorls 2^, convex,
spire short, obtuse. Aperture large, ovate, the lip thin and simple,
columella thin, deeply arched.

Alt. 20, diam. 13.5, length of aperture 17 mill.

Alt. 18, diam. 13, length of aperture 15 mill.

Alt. 22, diam. 14 mill. (Desh.).

Guadelupe (Deshayes); Marie Galante (Schramm, Maze); Martin-
ique (Maze and others); Dominica, 300 ft. elevation (A. D. Brown).

Succinea rubescens DESH., in Guerin's Mag. de Zool., 1830, p. 4,
pi. 4, f. 1,2; Encycl. Meth., ii, p. 20; Anim. s. Vert., viii, p. 319;
Guerin's Icon. Reg. Anim., pi. 6, f. 8, 8 a. — KUSTER, Conchyl.
Cab., Succinea, p. 36, pi. 3, f. 34, 35 — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. o31 ;
v, p. 26.— A. D. BROWN, Amer. Naturalist, xv, 1881, p. 57 —
SOWERBY, in Conch. Icon., xviii, pi. 4, f. 25 a, b (1872). — Helix
(Gochlolrydra) rubescens FER., Hist., pi. 9 B, f. 3.

Amphibulima (Rhodonyx] rubescens FISCHER, Journ. de Conchy].
1873, p. 324 (S. rubescens}, 325 (anatomy); J. de C. 1874, p. 145-
148, pi. 5, f. 13 (animal), pi. 6,.f. 1 (jaw), 2, 3 (teeth), 4 (genitalia),
5, 6 (central nervous system). — A. rubescens BECK, Index Moll., p.
98. — BINNEY & BLAND, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 45,
pi. 8, f. 2 (jaw), 3 (teeth), 4 (genitalia), specimen from Martinique.

E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ii, 1888, p. 231 — Rhodonyx

rubescens MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1883, p. 49.

The locality Guadelupe, originally given by Deshayes, has not
been verified by later naturalists. Indeed Maze, who reports it from
Marie-Galante, did not himself collect it, and cannot give the exact
locality on the island for the three specimens recorded. A. D. Brown
reports it as " not common " on Dominica; but none of the other
naturalists who have collected on that island found it at all, and there
are no specimens in Brown's collection, now in that of the Academy.

AMPHIBULIMA. 241

The island Martinique is, therefore, the only place where A. rubes-
cens seems to be undoubtedly found, and in moderate abundance.

Subgenus PELLICULA Fischer, 1856.

Pdlicnla FISCHER, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xx, p. 449 ; type
'•Succinea depressa" (= appendiculata).

Shell incapable of containing the soft parts, oval, shaped like a
depressed, open Succinea ; the spire extremely short or depressed,
composed of less than two whorls, smooth; aperture extremely large,
the short, oblique, posterior columella more or less built out in a thin
blade-like appendage. Type Succinea appendiculata Pfr.

The two species composing this subgenus are very similar in shell
characters, A. depressa having the spire shorter than in A. appendic-
ulatu, and the posterior part of the outer lip more dilated; the cuticle
being olivaceous or reddish-brown. In A. appendiculata the spire
projects somewhat more, the color is white or very pale buff, and the
appendage on the columella is more strongly developed. Some shells,
however, are difficult to assign. In both species the shell is very
thin, somewhat pellucid, sculptured with slight growth-wrinkles and
some faint, subobsolete spiral impressions. The soft parts offer more
satisfactory characters, depressa being larger -and blackish, with only
about 23 plaits on the jaw, while appendiculata is smaller, white, with
a jaw composed of about 40 plaits.

Dr. Paul Fischer has ably discussed the relationships of the two
species, and I have reproduced the descriptions of shells given by
him, and those of the animal given by Maze ; merely adding that
specimens with the apical characters of depressa sometimes have a
well-developed columellar appendage.

Succinea haliotidea Mittre and S. aperta Lea are referred to this
group by Pfeiffer (Nomencl. Hel. Viv. 1878, p. 231), though with a
mark of doubt. The first is apparently an Omalonyx, the second a
Hawaiian Succinea.

A. APPENDICULATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 63, figs. 49, 50, 51, 52.

Shell oval, rounded in front, tapering and subrostrate behind, of a
whitish color. Spire papillar, projecting. Right margin of the lip
not reflexed, inserted on the columella in front of the apex; columel-
lar appendage strongly developed. Length 12^, width 8 mill.
(Fischer.}

242 AMPHIBULIMA.

Animal smaller than that of A. depressa, at most 40 mill, long ;
transparent milk-white, with bluish-gray tentacles. (Maze).

Jaw with about 40 folds. (Fischer, Binney.^)

Guadehipe : Mole, entrance of the Grands Fonds (Beau, Schramm,
Duchassaing); Morne a 1'Eau, woods of the Morne Jensolen (Cay-
rol); Vieux-Fort, slope of Houelmont, at about 397 metres elevation
(E. Marie); Camp Jacob, cascade Vauchelet, Canal Dupuy, ravine
Roche (Bavay, Schramm, Marie), at about 500-700 meters eleva-
tion ; Matouba, chute of the Saint Louis river (Schramm); Gour-
beyre, Morne du Palmiste (Marie) ; Capesterre, bords du Grand
Etang (Bavay, Mattel).

Succinea appendiculata PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1847, p. 146;
Monogr., ii, p. 531 ; v, p. 24; Conchyl. Cab., p. 38, pi. 4, f. 3, 4. —
BLAND & BINN., Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., x, 1873, p. 206, pi. 9,
f. 2 (jaw), 6 (shell), 9, 10 (teeth), 11 (an alcoholic specimen). —
Pellicula depresfa FISCHER,. Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xx, 1856,
p. 449, pi. 6, f. 5-11 (anatomy); Journ. de Conchyl., 1874, p. 148-
155, pi. 5, f. 1, 2, 3 (living animal), 4 (jaw), 5, 6 (teeth), 7 (geni-
talia). — PETIT, Journ. de Conchyl., 1856, p. 154 — Pellicula appen-
diculata FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl., 1875, p. 277, pi. 14, f . 1
(shell) — MAZE, J. de C., 1883, p. 23. — Omalonyx appendiculata
H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 131 — Amphibulima appen-
diculata BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 42, pi. 8, f.
5 (genitalia), 6 (teeth); Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 119, pi. 15,
f. F (jaw), pi. 13, f. E (teeth).

The shell differs from A. depressa chiefly in having the spire pro-
jecting more above the insertion of the outer lip, and the columellar
appendage usually more developed. The living animal is smaller
and its jaw has many more plaits. It is a species of the lowlands,
while A. depressa lives at a considerable elevation on the mountains.

Two specimens before me measure: length 14, breadth 9.5 mill.,
and length 12.4, breadth 8 mill.

A. DKPRESSA (Rang). PI. 63, figs. 53, 54, 55.

Shell oval, rounded and dilated in front, tapering and subtruncate
behind ; greenish, more or less olivaceous or brownish ; spire a little
projecting, sometimes sunken. Right margin thin, slightly reflexed
loward the interior, dilated at the spire and projecting beyond the
apex, at its junction with the columella. Columellar appendage thin?

AMPIIIBULIMA. 243

but feebly developed. Length 13-14, width 9-9^ mill. (Fischer).
Living animal measuring 45-60 mill, long when extended, of a uni-
form black color (Maze).

Jaw with about 23 folds (Fischer).

Guadehipe: Massif de la Soufriere, plateau of the central cone,
northeast of the Grande Crevasse, slopes of the As-de-Pique, morne
Goyavier, 959 to 1380 meters elevation (Schramm, E. Marie,
Longueteau); Capesterre, chutes of the Grand Carbet river (Lon-
gueteau). Also on Saint Martin, morne Paradis (P. Kohlmann), at
410 meters elevation, on leaves of bushes and herbs, and moist rocks.

Succinea depressa RANG, Guerin's Mag. de Zool., 1834, pi. 55. —
PFR,, Monogr., ii, p. 531 ; v, p. 24 — Omalonyx depressa H. & A.
ADS., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 131 — Petticula depressa FISCHER,

Journ. de Conchyl., 1875, p. 276, pi. 14, f. 2 (shell) MAZE, J. de

C., 1883, p. 23; 1890, p. 27.

APPENDIX.

B. CALIFORNICUS Rve (page 40), reference to plate should be
pi. 9, not " pi. 49."

OXYSTYLA MARACAIBENSIS Pfr. (p. 137, 138).

Add to synonymy: ? Orthalicus undatus Brug., GIBBONS Journ.
of Conchology, ii, p. 130 (in part).

Chersina venosa Humphrey, Mus. Calonnianum, p. 63, is an un-
identifiable Mexican Oxystyla.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

VOL. XII.
PLATE 1 (Drym&us).

FIGUEE. PAGE.

72. 73. D. ghiesbreghti var. stolli Martens. Biologia, . . 51

74. D. ghiesbreghti Pfr. Moll. Mex., . ." . . .50

75. D. ghiesbreghti var. interstitialis Martens. Biologia, . 51

76. 77, 78. D. ghiesbreghti var. stolli Martens, . .51
79, 80. D. ghiesbreghti var. iodostylus Pfr. After Strebel . 51

81. D. hegewischi Pfr. After Reeve, .-. . . . , . 52

82. D. hegewischi Pfr. Biologia, . . . . *.;."" . 52

83. 84, 85. D. hegewischi Pfr. Moll. Mex., . . _ . . 52

86. D. aurifluus Pfr. Novit. Conch., v. . . ,,. : . 55

87. D. aurifluus Pfr. Moll. Mex., . . , . ;..' , . . 55

88. 89. D. cucullus Morel. Moll. Mex.,. ." ,, . . 58
90,91. D. lineolatus Conrad. Ross, del. ' . .. . . 57
92, 93. D. recluzianus Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., . .\ . . 55
94, 95. D. recluzianus Pfr. Conch. Icon., . .. . . 55
96. D. lirinus Morel. Moll. Mex., . ., ;.. . ^ . . 57

PLATE 2 (Drymceus).

1. D. geaiei (= fenestrellus Mart.}. P. Z. S. 1869, . . 58

2, 3, 4. D. gealei (= fenestrellus Mart.). Moll. Mex., . . 58

5. D. gealei (= fenestrellus var. subunicolor Mart.). Moll.

Mex., . . . . 59

6, 7, 8. D. attenuatus Pfr. Biologia, 60

9, 10, 11. D. attenuatns var. varicosus Pfr. Biologia, . . 61

12, 13. D. attenuatus Pfr. Sheppard, del., . . . . 60

14. D. attenuatus var. concolor Mart. After Strebel, . .61

15. D. kefersteini Pfr. (= attenuatus Pfr.). Novit. Conch. . 60

16. D. attenuatus var. pittieri Mart. Biologia, . . .61

17. 18. D. trimarianus Martens. Biologia, . . . .62

19, 20. D. costaricensis Pfr. Novit. Conch 63

21, 22. D. navarrensis Ang. (= costariensis). P. Z. S. 1878, . 64

23, 24, £5. D. hepatostomus Pfr. Biologia, . . . .62

26, 27. D. hepatostomus Pfr. Moll. Mex. . . . .62

PLATE 3 (Drymceus}.

28, 29. D. pluvialis Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . .64

30, 31. D. sargi C. & F. Moll. Mex, 65

32. 33. D. sargi var. montagui Mart. Biologia, . . .65

(244)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII. 240

FIGURE PAGE

34, 35. D. bugabensis Mart. Biologia, 64

36. D. droueti Pfr. P. Z. S 65

37, 38, 39. D. droueti Pfr. Moll. Mex., .... 65
40, 41. D. droueti var. sporlederi. Moll. Mex., . . .66
42, 43. D. droueti var. sporlederi. After Strebel. . . .66
44, 45. D. inglorius var. heynemanni Pfr. Novit. Conch., . 68

46. D. inglorius Rve. Conch. Icon. ..... 67

47, 48, 49, 50. D. inglorius var. heynemanni Pfr. Biologia, . 68
51, 52. D. inglorius var. heynemanni Pfr. Moll. Mex., . . 68

53. D. mexicanus Rve (= tryoni F. & C.). Conch. Icon., . 75

54, 55. D. tryoni F. & C. Moll. Mex., 75

PLATE 4 (Drymceus).

52-55. D. emeus Say. Biologia, 73

56, 57. D. emeus var. albovaricosus Mart. Biologia, . . 74
58-61. D. palpaloensis Streb. (= emeus). After Strebel, . 74

62. D. moricandi Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . . .78

63, 64. D. moricandi Pfr. Moll. Mex., . . . .78
65, 66. D. sulphureus Pfr. Biologia, 76

67. D. sulphureus var. citronellus Mart. Biologia, . . 78

68. D. sulphureus var. ohesus Mart. Biologia, . . .78

69. 70. D. emeus Say. Sheppard, del., . . . . .73
71, 72. D. semipellucidus Tristr. Biologia, . . . .82
73. D. semipellucidus Tristr. P. Z. S., 1861, ... 82
74,75. Rachis pulchra Gray. Figured by error. Sheppard, del.

76, 77, 78. Drymseus livescens Pfr. Biologia, . . .80

79. D. livescens Pfr. Conch. Icon., ..... 80

80, 81. D. livescens Pfr. Abbildungen, .... 80

PLATE 5 (Drymaus}.

1. D. subpellucidus Smith. P. Z. S. . . Vol. XI, 288

2. D. flavidulus Smith. P. Z. S Vol. XI, 288

3. D. fuscobasis Smith. P. Z. S. . . . Vol. XI, 289

4. 5. D. interpunctus Martens. Conch. Mittheil. . Vol. XI, 287
6, 7. D. semifasciatus Monss. Novit. Conch. . Vol. XI, 298

8. D. maculatus (= semimaculatus Pils.). Conch. Icon., . 71

9. D. semimaculatus Pils. Sheppard, del., . . . .71
10. D. championi Martens. Biologia, . . . . .73
11 12, 13. D. totonacus Strebel. After Strebel, . . .71

14. D. dorinani W. G. Binn. After Binney, .... 2

15. D. dormani W. G. Binn. Sheppard, del., ... 2

16. 17. D. dormani var. albida Wright. Sheppard, del., . 3

18. D. dominicus Reeve, var. Sheppard, del., . . . 3, 6

19, 20. D. dominicus Reeve (B. floridanus Binn.). After Binney, 7
21. D. dominicus Reeve, var. After Binney, . . . 3, 6

24() EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII.

FIGURE PAGE

22, 23. D. dominicus Reeve, var. Sheppard, del., . . . 3, 6
24, 25. B. marielinus Poey (= D. dominicus Rve.). After Poey, 5
26. Drymaeus dominicus Rve. Conch. Icon., . . . . ' 3

PLATE 6 (Drymceus}.

1, 2, 3, 4. D. koppeli Sovvb. P. Z. S. . . . Vol. XI, 242

5, 6. D. tripictus var. hofFmani Mart. Biologia, . . .70

7, 8, 9, 11. D. gabbi Angas. P. Z. S., 1879, ... 70

10. D. gabbi Angas. Sheppard, del., . ... . .70

12, 13. D. tripictus Alb. Sheppard, del., ''..."• . . . 69

14, 15. D. tripictus Alb. Novit. Conch., . . . .69

16, 17, 18. D. irazuensis Angas. P. Z. S. 1878, . . .68

19.20,24,25. D. irazuensis Anjjas. Biologia, '. » /. . 68

21,22. D. tropicalis Morelet. Moll. Mex., . . . . 85

23. D. tropicalis Morelet. Sheppard, del., . .- .. . 85

26-29. D. moritinctus Mart. Biologia., . . . . .79

PLATE 7 (Drymaus).

1. D. lilacinus Reeve. Conch. Icon., . k ; . . 35

2, 3. D. lilacinus Reeve. Moll. Mex . . 35

4. D. lilacinus v. undulosus Mart. Biologia, . -'»'!. .36

5, 6. D. lilacinus v. crossei Mart. Moll. Mex., . . . 37
7,8,9. D. lilacinus v. jansoni Mart. Biologia, . . .37

10. D. lilacinus v. ictericus Mart. Biologia, . . . 3T

11. D. fenestratus Pfr. Conch. Icon., 34

12,13,14. D. fenestratus Pfr. Biologia, . . . .34

PLATE 8 (Drymceus).

15. D. lattrei Pfr. Biologia, 41

16. D. lattrei Pfr. Conch. Icon. . . . . . .41

17. 18, 19. D. lattrei v. hiabundus Mts. Biologia, . .42:

20. D. lattrei Pfr. Conch. Icon., 41

21, 22, 23. D. lattrei Pfr. Biologia, ..... 41

24. D. lattrei Pfr. Conch. Icon., . ; . . . .41

25. D. lattrei Pfr. Sheppard, del. ,. . . . . .41

26. D. lattrei Pfr. Sheppard, del., 41

27. D. chiapasensis. After Strebel., 42;

28. D. lattrei v. hiabundus Mart. Biologia, . . . .42

29. D. chiapasensis Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . .42
30,31. D. chiapasensis Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . .42

32. D. chiapasensis v. quadrifasciatus Mts. Biologia, . . 43

33. D. chiapasensis v. nebulosus Mts. After Strebel, . . 43-

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII. 247

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 9 (Drymceus}.

34. D. r,aliformcus Reeve (= ziegleri). Conch. Icon., . . 40

35. D. serperastrum Say. Mrs. Say, del., ... 37, 39

36. D. serperastrum Say. From Ticul, Yucatan, Sheppard, del., 37
31. D. serperastrum Say. After* Strebel., . . . .37
38, 39. D. paivanus (== serperastrum). Moll. Mex., . . 38
40, 41. D. paivanus (= serperastrum). Novit. Conch., . . 38
42-44. D. castus Pfr., typical. Biologia, . . .43, 44
45, 46. D. castus v. porrectus Mart. Moll. Mex., . . .44

47. D. castus v. porrectus Mart. Biologia, . . . .44

48. D. castus v. porrectus Mart. Biologia, . . . .44

49. D. castus v. porrreclus Mart. Moll. Mex., . . .44

50. 51. D. castus Pfr. Moll. Mex., 43

52, 53. D. castus v. xantholeucus. Biologia, . . . .44

PLATE 10 (Drymceus).

54. D. dunkeri Pfr. Conch. Icon., ..... 45

55. D. dunkeri Pfr. Biologia, . . . . . .45

56. 57. D. dunkeri var. forreri Monss. Biologia, . . .46
58. D. dunkeri var. forreri Monss. Journ. de Conchyl., . 46
59-61. D. sulcosus Pfr. Biologia, 48

62. D. sulcosus Pfr. Moll. Mex., 48

63. D. sulcosus Pfr. Sheppard, del., 48

64. D. jonasi Pfr. Sheppard, del., . . . . .54

65. D. rudis Anton. Conch. Icon., . . . . .49

66. 67. D. rudis Anton. Moll. Mex., 49

68-70. D. jonasi Pfr. Biologia, 54

71. D. jonasi Pfr. Conch. Icon., ...... 54

PLATE 11 (DrynuRus).

I, 2, 3, 4. D. elongatus Bolt. Porto Rico specimens, . . 23
5, 6. D. elongatus Bolt. Ana<z;eda specimens, . . .23
7, 8. D. elongatus Bolt. St. Thomas specimens . . .23
9, 10. D. elongatus Bolt. After Ferussac, . . . .23

II. D. elongatus Bolt. Conch. Cab., 23

12. D. elongatus Bolt. St. Eustatius specimen, . . .23
13-17. D. elongatus Bolt. Tortola specimens, . . .23
18, 19. D. elongatus var. St. Croix specimens, . . .26
20-23. D. elongatus v. anguillensis Pfr. Novit. Conch., . 26

24. D. elongatus v. extinctus Pfr. Specimen, . . .26

25, 26. D. elongatus v. extinctus Pfr. Malak. Blatt., . . 26
27-29. D. multilineatus Say. Florida. Terr. Moll., Ill, . 27

30. D. multilineatus var. Yuracui, Venezuela, specimen, 27, 28

31. D. multilineatus var. South American specimen, . 27, 28

248 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII.

FIGURE PAGE

32. D. multilineatus var. Cura9ao specimen, . . .28

33. D. venosus Rve (= multilineatus Say.). Conch. Icon., . 27

PLATE 12 (Drymaus).

1,2. D. trinitarius Sm. (= imperfectus Guppy). Journ. of

Conch., . . . . . . . . . 19

3. D. aureolus Guppy. Journ. of Conch., viii, . ' . 19

4. D. mossi Smith. Journ. of Conch., viii, . . . .21

5. D. broadwayi Smith. Journ. of Conch., viii, . . .22

6. D. ravvsonis H. Ad. (= rawsoni Guppy). P. Z. S., . 20

7. D. lucidus Rve (= stramineus). Conch. Icon., . .13

8. D. stramineus v. fasciatus Sin. Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond., . 14

9. D. binominis Smith. Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond., . . . 21

10. D. binominis v. lascellesiana Smith. Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond., 22

11. D. vincentinus v. flavotinctus Pils. Sheppard, del., . . 18

12. 13. D. rufolineatus Drouet. Moll. Guyane Fr., Vol. XI, 308

14. D. imperfectus Guppy. Sheppard, del., . . ». -. . 19

15. D. sallei Pilsbry. Sheppard, deh, . . . . . 11

16. 17. D. attenuates Pfr. Sheppard, del., . -V . . 60

18. D. discrepans Sovvb. Conch. Icon., . . . . .81

19. D. discrepans Sowb. Sheppard, del., . v . . . 81

20. D. hachensis Reeve. Conch. Icon., . . . • . ~ . 90

21. D. panamensis Brod., • . ' . , . . . . 90

22. 23. D. heterogeneus Pfr. After Strebel, . . . .85

24. D. virginalis v. dominicanus Pils. Sheppard, del., . . 12

25, 26. D. albostriatus Strebel. After Strebel, . . .72

PLATE 13 (Drymceus).

77. D. undulatus Guild. Conch. Icon., . .. - . . .22

78. D. undulatus Guild. Sheppard, del., '„.••'"' . . .22

79. 80. D. undulatus Guild. Conchyl. Cab., . . . 22, 23
81-84. D. bahamensis Pfr. Novit. Conch., .... 8

85. D. bahamensis Pfr. Sheppard, del.,. .... 8

86. D. immaculatus Ad. Conch. Icon., . . . . .10
87,88. D. immaculatus Ad. Sheppard, del., . . . .10
89. D. erubescens Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . . .9
90,91. D. liliaceus Fer. Biologia, 10

92. D. liliaceus Fer. Sheppard, del., . . . ;... . 10

93. D. multifasciatus Lam., ....... 14

94. D. laticinctus Guppy. Sheppard, del., . . V . 16

95. D. multifasciatus Lam. Delessert, Recueil, . . . 14

96. D. multifasciatus Lam. Conchyl. Cab., . . '. . 14

97. D. multifasciatus Lam. Conch. Icon., . . . .14
98,99. D. multifasciatus v. christopheri Pils. Sheppard, del., . 16

1. D. vincentinus Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . . .17

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII. 249

FIGURE PAGE

2-4. D. vincentinus Pfr. Sheppard, del., . . . .17
5-7. D. vincentinus Pfr. From Tobago. Sheppard, del., 17, 18

PLATE 14 (Leiostracus).

1-3. D. vittatus Spix. Conch. Icon., . . . . .91

4. D. vittatus Spix. Sheppard, del., ... .91

5. D. vittatus Spix. Conchyl. Cab., . . 91
6-13. D. obliquus Reeve. Jahrb. D. M. Ges. X, . . [93

14. D. obliquus Reeve. Conch. Icon., . . . . .93

1 5. D. jeffreysi Pfr. (= obliquus). Conchyl. Cab., . . '. 93

16. D. onager Beck. Conch. Icon., . . . . .94

17. D. onager v. subtuszonata Pils. Conch. Icon., . . .95

18. D. vimineus Moric. Conch. Icon., . . . . .95

19. 20. D. vimineus Moric. Sheppard, del., . . . .95

21. D. perlucidus Spix. Conch. Icon., . . . . .98

22. D. perlucidus Spix. Sheppard, del., . . . .98

23. D. manoeli Moric. Conch. Icon., . . . . .96

24. D. manoeli Moric. Sheppard, del., . . . . .96

25. B. lineatus Spix(= D. cinnamomeolineatus). Conch. Icon., 97

26. D. cinnamomeolineatus Mor. Conch. Icon., . . .97

27. D. cinnamomeolineatus Mor. After Moricand, . . . 97
38. D. cinnamomeolineatus Mor. Sheppard, de!.. . . .97

PLATE 15 (Drymceus).

29, 30. D. chaperi C. & F. Journ. de Conchyl., . . .46

31. D. dunkeri Pfr. Sheppard, del., . . . 45

32, 33. D. ghiesbreghti Pfr. Novit. Conch., 50, 51

34, 35. D. botterii C. & F. Moll. Mex 47

36, 37. D. attenuatus v. varicosus Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., . . 61

38. D. alternans Beck. Conch. Icon., f. 152, . . .86

39, 40. D. alternans Beck. Moll. Mex., . . . .86

41. D. hondurasanus Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . .88

42. D. uhdeanus v. cuernavacensis. Moll. Mex., . . .84

43. 44, 45, 46. D. rudis Anton. Sheppard, del., . . .49
47, 48, 49, 50. D. uhdeanus Martens. Biologia, . . .83

51. D. uhdeanus v. cuernavacensis. Biologia, . . .84

52. D. uhdeanus v. tepecensis Mart. Biologia, . . .84

53. D. uhdeanus v. borealis Mart. Biologia, . . .84

PLATE 16 ( Oxystyla princeps).

1, O. princeps Brod. (" B. zebra var.," Reeve). Conch. Icon., 113

2, 7. O. princeps Brod. Biologia Centr.-Amer., . . . 113

3, 4, 6. O. princeps Brod. Strebel, Beitrag., . . . 113
5. O. princeps Brod. Sheppard, del., .... 113, 115

8. O. princeps v. crossei Martens. Sheppard, del., . . 116

9. O. princeps v. fischeri Martens. Biologia, . . . 116

250 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 17 (Oxystyla, Mexico).

10, 11. O. princeps v. trifracta Pils. Sheppard, del., . .115

12. O. princeps v. crossei Martens. Miss. Scient. Mex.,. . '116

13. O. f'erussaci Martens. Shkolak, Yucatan. Sheppard, del., 119

14. 15. O. ferussaci Martens. Salinas Bay, Costa Rica. Shep-

pard, del., 119

1C, It. O. ferussaci Martens. Biologia Centr.-Amer., . .119
18. O. ferussaci v. tricincta Mart. Sheppard, del., . . . 121

PLATE 18 (Oxystyla).

1, 2, 3. O. melanocheilus Val. Biol. Centr. Amer., . . 122
5. O. ferussaci tricincta Martens. Biol. Centr. Amer., . . 120
4, 6. O. ferussaci tricincta Martens, . . . . .120
7-13. O. undata floridensis Pils. Pilsbry and Sheppard, del., 110

PLATE 19 (Oxystyla, Mexico).

14, 15, 17. O. ponderosa Strebel. Biol. Centr.-Amer., . . 130
16. O. ponderosa Strehel. Beitrag Mex. Conch., . . .130
18, 19. 0. livida Martens. Biol. Centr.-Amer., . . . 124

PLATE 20 (Oxystyla, etc,).

20, 21, 22. O. boucardi Pfr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., . . .128

23. O. boucardi Pfr. Sheppard, del., 128

24, 25. O. boucardi Pfr. Miss. Scient. Mex., . . .128

26. O. boucardi Pfr. P. Z. S., 1860, 128

27, 28. Liguus fasciatus Miill. Specimen probably from Miami,

Florida, 172

29. Oxystyla boucardi Pfr. Sheppard, del., .... 128

30. Drymaeus dominicus Reeve. Yuma River, San Domingo, . 3

31. Drymaeus dominicus Reeve. Puerto Plata, Haiti, . . 3

32. Drymaeus dominicus Reeve. Caloosahatchie R., Fla., . 3

PLATE 21 (Oxystyla).

33. O. longa Pfr. Sheppard, del., 126, 128

34. O. longa Pfr. Pfeiffer's type. Strebel, Beitrag Mex. Conch., 127

35. 36. O. longa variety. Strebel, Beitrag Mex. Conch., . .129

37, 39. O. leucochilus F. & C. Miss. Scient. Mex., . . 129

38. O. leucochilus F. & C. Sheppard, del., .... 129
40, 41, 42. O. macluras Martens. Biol. Centr.-Amer., . . 125

PLATE 22 (Oxystyla}.

1. O» longa Pfr. Mis?. Scient, Mex., . , . . .126

2. O. longa Pfr. Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Sheppard, del., 126, 128

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII. 251

FIGURE PAGE

3,4,5. O. longa v. uhdeana Mart. Sheppard, del., . .129

6. O. longa var. Sheppard, del., .... 126, 128

7, 8, 9. O. longa v. strebeli Pils. Sheppard, del., . . . 128

PLATE 23 ( Oxystyla}.

10, 11. O. zonifera Strebel. Sheppard, del., .... 123

12. O. zonifera Strebel. Beitrag Mex. Conch., . .123

13, 14. O. zonifera Strebel. Biol. Centr. Amer., . . 123

15. O. livens Shuttl. Notitias Malac . 118

16, 17. O. longa uhdeana Mart. ("0. livens" F. & C.) Miss.

Sclent. Mex., . . . . . . .129

18. 0. longa uhdeana Mart. (•* 0. livens" Strebel.) Beitrag, etc.", 129

PLATE 24 ( Oxystyla Drymceus}.

19-25. O. princeps deceptor Pils. Pilsbry and Sheppard, del., 116

26. Drymasus translucens v. subfloccosus Pils. Sheppard, del., 90

27. Drymaeus translucens v. subfloccosus Pils. Sheppard, del., 90

28. Drymseus translucens Brod. Conch. Illustr., . . 89

29. Drymaeus translucens Brod. Conch. Icon., . 89

30. Drymaeus panamensis Brod. Conch. Icon., . . 90

PLATE 25 ( Oxystyla, etc.).

31. 32. O. obducta Shuttl. Notitiae Malac., .... 134
33-36. O. obducta Shuttl. Pilsbry and Sheppard, del., . . 134
37,38. Drymaeus multilineatus var. parvus Lea. Sheppard, del., 29

PLATE 26 (Mexican Drymceus).

1. D. dombeyanus Val. Conch. Icon., . . . .33

2, 3. D. dombeyanus Val. Biologia,. ..... 33

4. D. dombeyanus v. alcantaraa. Journ. de Conchyl., . . 33

5. D. dombeyanus v. alcantaras. After Strebel, . . .33
6-10. D. josephus Angas. Biologia, . . . . .32

11,12. D. josephus Angas. Sheppard, del., . . . .32

13. B. zeledoni Ball (= D. josephus Angas). Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., 32

14, 15. Drymseus zhorquinensis Angas. P. Z. S., 1879, . 31

PLATE 27 (Oxystyla undata).

16-18. O. undata Brug., typical. Trinidad. Sheppard, del., . 105

19, 20, 22, 23. O. undata jamaicensis Pils. Jamaica. Shep-

pard, del., 107

21. O. undata jamaicensis Pils. Jamaica. Notitiae Malac., . 107

24. O. undata reses Say. Florida. Terrestr. Moll. Ill, . 109

25, 26. O. undata reses Say. Sugar Loaf Key, Fla. Shep-

pard, del., ... .o .109

252 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 28 ( Oxystyla).

27-31. O. pulchella Spix. Sheppard, del., . . . .-185
32, 33. O. pulchella v. prototypus Pils., young. Amazon R.

Sheppard, del., . . . ' . . .137

34, 35. O. pulchella v. prototypus Pils- Barcelona, Venez.

Sheppard, del., ....... 137

36,37. O. pulchella v. prototypus Pils. Baliia. Sheppard, del., 137
38, 39. O. maracaibensis v. subpulchella Pils. Sheppard, del., 141

PLATE 29 (Oxystyla).

40, 42. O. maracaibensis Pf'r. Strebel, Beitrag, . . .137

41. O. maracaibensis Pf'r. Pfeiffer's type specimen. Strebel, 137

43. O. maracaibensis Pf'r. Binnenmoll. Venez., . . .137

44, 45. O. maracaibensis Pf'r. Maracaibo. Sheppard, del., . 139

46. O. maracaibensis Pf'r., var. Maracaibo. Sheppard, del., . 139

47. O. f'ulvescens Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., . . . . . 141

48. O. f'ulvescens Pf'r. Pteitfer's type. Strebel, . . . 141

PLATE 30 (Oxystyla maracaibensis).

49-52. O. maracaibensis v. imitator Pils. Near Maracaibo.

Sheppard, del., ....... 140

53,54. O. maracaibensis v. imitator Pils. Barranguilla. Shep-
pard, del., 140

55-57. O. maracaibensis and v. imitator. Rio Hacha. Shep-
pard, del., 140

58. O. maracaibensis Pf'r., var. I. of Margarita, . . . 139

PLATE 31 (Oxystyla).

59, 60. O. bif'ulgurata Reeve. Conch. Icon., . . .143

61. O. bif'ulgurata Rve. (Zebra fulgur Mill.). Malak. Bl., . 143

62. O. bensoni Rve. Sheppard, del., ..... 147

63. O. bensoni Rve. Shuttl., Notitiae Malac., . . .147

64. O. bensoni Rve. Type. Conch. Icon., .... 147

65. O. bensoni Rve. Hidalgo, Viaje al Pacifico., . . .147

66. O. isabellina Martens. Binnenmoll. Venez., . . . 142

PLATE 32 (Oxystyla).

67. 68. O. phlogera Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., . . .145
69-71. O. varia Martens. Binnenmoll. Venez., . . . 144
72. O. varia Martens. Shuttl., Notitise Malak., . . . 144
73-77. O. varia Martens. Sheppard, del., .... 144

PLATE 33 (Corona).
1, 2. Liguus (Corona) regina Per. Sheppard, del., . .177

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII. '253

FIGURE PAGE

3. L. (Corona) regalis Hupe. Sheppard, del., . . 180,182

4, 5. L. (Corona) regina Fe>. (melastoma Swains). Zool.

Illustr., 178

6. L. (Corona) regalis Hup£ (regina Reeve). Conch. Icon.,. 180

PLATE 34 (Corona).

7, 8. L. (Corona) regalis var. loroisianus Hupe". Castelnau's

Exped., 183

9, 10. L. (Corona) regalis Hupe. Sheppard, del., . . . 180
11, 12. L. (Corona) regalis Hupe. Sheppard, del., . . .180

PLATE 35 (Corona).

13, 14. Liguus (Corona) regalis Hupe". Type. Castelnau's

Exped., . . 180

15. L. (Corona) incisus Hup£ (regina Rve.). Conch. Icon., . 179

16, 17. L. (Corona) incisus Hupe. Type. Castelnau's Exped., 179

18. L. (Corona) sp. undet. Sheppard, del., .... 184

19. L. (Corona) regalis Hup6, 180

PLATE 36 (Corona).

20. 21, 22. Liguus (Corona) perversus Swains. Typical. Shep-

pard, del., 178

23. L. (Corona) perversus Swains. (H. regina monstrum sinistra

Fer.) Hist. 178

24, 25. L. (Corona) perversus var. dextroversa (regina Hupe).

Castelnau's Exped. . . . . . .179

PLATE 36 a (Corona, ffemibulimus).

26, 27. Liguus (Corona) regalis Hup£. Sheppard, del., . . 180
28, 29. L. (Corona) regalis dextral form. Sheppard, del., . 182
30. L. (Hemihulimus) magnificus Rve. Conch. Icon., . . 185
31—34. L. (Hemibulimus) raagnificus Rve. (excisus Mts).

Conch. Mittheil, . . . . . . .185

PLATE 37 (0. Metorthalicus powisianus).

28, 32. Orthalicus (Metorthalicus) powisianus Petit. Conch.

Icon., . . . :"•'.'. '. . . . £06

29, O. (Metorthalicus) powisianus. Jahrb. 1875, . . . 206

30, 33. O. (Metorthalicus) powisianus. Jahrb. 1882, . . 206

31, 34. O. ^Metorthalicus) powisianus. Sheppard, del., . . 206

PLATE 38 ( 0. Metorthalicus atramentarius):

35-37, 39, 40. O. (Metorthalicus) atramentarius Pfr. Pilsbry

and Sheppard, del., . . . . . . 209

254 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII.

FIGURE PAGE

38. O. (Metorthalicus) atramentarius Pf'r. Conch. Icon., . 209

PLATE 39 (Metorthalicus ^ Drymceus).

1,2. O. (Metorthalicus) adamsoni Gray. Conch. Icon., . 207

3. O. (Metorthalicus) deburghiae Rve. Sheppard, del., . 196

4. Drymaeus sallei v. haitensis Pils. Sheppard, del., . . 12

5. Orthalicus (Metorthalicus) deburghiae Rve. Mai. Bl., . 196

6. Drymaeus mossi E. A. Smith. Wm. Moss, photo, . . 21

7. Orthalicus (Metorthalicus) atramentarius Pf'r. Sheppard,

del., 209

PLATE 40 (Metorthalicus, Dryni(zus).

1, Orthalicus (Metorthalicus) approximatus Fulton. Ann.
J^tB^: Mag. N. H., 208

2, 3. O. (Metorthalicus) approximatus Fulton. Sheppard, del., 208

4. 5. Drymaeus ziegleri Pfr. Sheppard, del., . . .39
6. Dryma3us ziegleri Pfr. L. and F.-W. Sh. N. A. I., . . 39
7,8. Orthalicus (Metorthalicus) adamsoni var. Sheppard, del., 207

PLATE 41 (Metotth aliens, Oxystyla).

1, 2. O. (Metorthalicus) shuttleworthi Alb. Novit. Conch.,. 201

3, 4. O. (Metorthalicus) maranhonensis Alb. Novit. Conch., 198

5. Oxystyla macandrewi Sowb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., . 147

6. Orthalicus (Metorthalicus) buckleyi Higg. P. Z. S. 1872, . 193

PLATE 42 (Metorthalicus).

7,8. O. (Metorthalicus) wrzesniowskii Lub. P. Z. S. 1879, . 198
9. O. (Metorthalicus ^ gloriosus Pf'r. = deburghiae. P. Z. S.

1861, 196

10, 11. O. (Metorthalicus) gloriosus. Viaje al Pacifico, . .196

PLATE 43 (Metorthalicus).

12, 13. O. (Metorthalicus) latevittata Shuttl. (= yatesi).

Notitia3 Malac., 203

14. O. (Metorthalicus) yatesi, variety. Novit. Conch., . . 302

15. O. (Metorthalicus) yatesi Pf'r. Sheppard, del., (the junc-

tion of columella and basal lip should be decidedly
more angular than here represented) . . . 202

16. 0. (Metorthalicus) yatesi Pfr. Sheppard, del., . 202, 203

17. O. (Metorthalicus) yatesi Pfr. Type. P. Z. S. 1855, . 202

PLATE 44 (Metorthalicus).

18. 19. O. (Metorthalicus) vicarius Fult. (B. labeo Rve. not

Brod.), ... . . . . .200

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII. 255

FIGURE PAGE

20. O. (Metorthalicus) augusti Jouss. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 195
21,22. O. (Metorthalicus) labeo Brod. Zool. Journal, . .199

PLATE 45 (0.) Metorthalicus) kelletti, etc.).

23, 24. O. (Metorthalicus) kelletti Rve. Conch. Icon., . . 204

25. O. kelletti v. f'tmgairinoi Hid. J. de C., .... 204

26, 27. O. kelletti v. fungairinoi Hid. Sheppard, del., . . 204

28. O. kelletti v. fungairinoi Hid. Viaje al Pacifico, . . 204

29. " Bulinus lacticofor " Sowb. Conch. Illustr., . Vol. XIII.

30. Bulimulus pollonerae Ancey. Bull. Mus. Zool. ed Anat.

Comp. Torino, . . . . . Vol. XIII.

PLATE 46 (Metorthalicus}.

31. Orthalicus (Metorthalicus) fraseri Pfr. P. Z. S., 1860, . 193
32,33. O. (Metorthalicus) fraseri Pfr. Novit. Conch., . .193
34, 35. O. fraseri v. brevispira Pils. Sheppard, del., . . 194

PLATE 47 ( Orthalicus).

6. Orthalicus sultana Dillw. Sheppard, del., . . . 188

7. O. sultana Dillw. (gallina- sultana Auct.) Conch. Icon., . 188

8. O. sultana variety. Sheppard, del., . . . . .190

9. 10, 11. O. trullisatus Shuttl. Notitiae Conch., . . . 191

PLVTE 48.

12. O. (Metorthalicus) vicarius Fult. Sheppard, del., . . 200

13. Porphyrobaphe dennisoni var. obscurata Mouss. Novit.

Conch., .159

14. Porphyrobaphe dennisoni var. marmatensis Pils. Shep-

pard, del., . . . . . .159

15. 16. Porphyrobaphe dennisoni Reeve. Conch. Itfon., . 158

PLATE 49 (Porphyrobaphe iostoma).

17. P. iostoma Sowb. Type. Conch. Illustr., . . . 150

18. P. iostoma Sowb., young shell. Sheppard, del., . . 150

19. 22. P. iostoma Sowb. Sheppard, del., . . . .150

20. P. iostoma Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . . .150

21. P. iostoma Sowb. Viaje al Pacifico . . . .150

PLATE 50 (Porphyrobaphe).

23, 24. P. saturnus Pfr. Pilsbry, del., . . 153

25. P. saturnus Pfr. P. Z. S., 1860, 153

26, 27. P. iostoma v. bilabratus Pils. Sheppard, del., . . 152

256 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 51 (Porphyrobaphe iris}.

28, 29. P. iris Pfr. Type. Conchylien Cabinet, . . .157

30. P. iris Pfr., var. Sheppard, del., .... 157, 158

31, 32. P. wallisianus Monss. (= iris Pfr.). Novit. Conch., 157, 158

PLATE 52 (Porphyrobaphe irroratus).

33. P. irroratus v. elongatus Mill. Malak. Bl., . . . 156

34. P. irroratus Reeve. Viaje al Pacifico, . . . .155

35. P. irroratus v. minor Mill. Malak. Bl., . . . .156

36. 37. P. irroratus Reeve. Type. Conch. Icon., . . 155

PLATE 53 (Porphyrobaphe, Oxystyla).

38, 39. P. irroratus v. grevillei Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . 156

40, 41. P. irroratus v. grevillei Pfr. Sheppard, del., . . 156

42. Oxystyla mars Pfr/ Type. P. Z. S., 1861, . . .143

PLATE 54 ( Oxystyla).

43-47. Oxystyla decolor Strebel. Mexico or South America.

Pilsbry and Sheppard, del., ..... 131

PLATE 55 (Oxystyla, Liguus).

48, 49. Oxystyla pfeifferi Hidalgo. Viaje al Pacifico, . .146

50. O. pfeifferi Hidalgo. Journ. de Conchyl., . . .146

51. Liguus blainianus Poey. Type. Memorias, . . . 174

52. 53. L. blainianus Poey. Pilsbry and Sheppard, del., . 174

54. L. fasciatus, variety. Sheppard, del., .... 166

55, 56. L. poeyanus Pfr. Type. Malak. Blatter, . . .166

57. L. poeyanus Pfr. Sheppard, del., . . . . .166

PLATE 56 (Liguus virgineus).

58, 59. L. virgineus L. Jacmel. Sheppard, del., . . . 162

60, 66. L. virgineus L. Conch. Icon., 162

61, 62. L. virgineus L. Aux Cayes. Sheppard, del., . . 162
63-65, 67-69. L. virgineus L. Sheppard, del., . . 162

PLATE 57 (Liguus fasciatus, Cuba).

70. L. fasciatus Mull. Sheppard, del., ..... 166

71, 72. L. fasciatus Mull. Typical. Conch. Icon., . .166
73, 74. L. fasciatus Mull. Typical. Sheppard, del., . . 166
75, 76. L. fasciatus, varieties. Sheppard, del., . . . 166

77. L. fasciatus v. murreus Rve. Conch. Icon., . . .169

78. L. fasciatus v. murreus Rve. Type. Conch. Icon., . . 169

79. L. fasciatns v. murreus Rve. Sheppard, del., . . .169

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII. 257

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 58 (Liguus fasciatnt).

80. L. fasciatus v. crenatus Swains. Type. Zool. Illustr., 169, 171

81. L. fasciatus v. crenatus Swains. Cuba. Sheppard, del., 169, 171

82. L. fasciatus v. pallidus Swains. Type. Zool. Illustr., . 169

83. L. fasciatus Brug. Cozumel Island. Sheppard, del., . 170

84. L. fasciatus v. piotus Reeve. Cuba. Sheppard, del., . 171

85. L. fasciatus v. pictus Reeve. Type. Conch. Icon., . .171

86. L. fasciatus v. solidus Say. Type. Sheppard, del., . . 178

87. L. fasciatus v. solidus Say. Terr. Moll., Ill, . . .173

88. L. fasciatus, variety. Cuba. Sheppard, del., . . 169, 171

PLATE 59 {Liguu* fasciatvs, Florida).

89. L. fasciatus var. Terr. Moll., Ill, 172

90. 91. L. fasciatus Mull. Lignum Vitoe Key. Sheppard, del., 173
92-94. L. fasciatus Mull. Key Largo. Sheppard, del., . .173

95. L. fasciatus Mull. Key Vaccas. 4th Suppl. T. M., V, . 173

96. L. fasciatus Mull. Cape Sable. Sheppard, del., . .174

97. L. fasciatus Mull. No Name Key. Sheppard, del., . 173

PLATE 60 (Liguus fasciatus , Miami, Florida).

1, 6. L. fasciatus Mall. Terr. Moll., Ill, ... . 171, 173
2-5, 7-13. L. fasciatus Mtill. Pilsbry and Sheppard. del., 172, 173

PLATE 61 (Amphibulima).

14, 15. A. patula Brug. Guadelupe. Sheppard, del., . . 234
16, 17. A. patula Brug. Dominica. Sheppard, del., . . 234

18. A. patula Brug. Dominica. P. Z. S., 1883, . . .234

19. A. patula Brug. Young shell. Sheppard, del., . . 234
20-23. A. pardaliria Guppy. Pilsbry, del., . . . .237

24, 25. A. tigrhw Les. Fer., Histoire, 237

26, 27. A. rubescens Desh. Sheppard, del., .... 240
28-31. A. browni Pilsbry. Pilsbry, del., . . . .238

PLATE 62 (Peltella, Gaotis).

32. Peltella palliolum Fer. Archives do Mus. Nac., . . 231

33-35. P. palliolum Fer. Fer., Histoire, . . . .231

36, 37, 39. Gaeotis rnalleata Pils. Type. Sheppard, del., . 230

38, 40.-G. malleata Pils. Base and spire enlarged. Pilsbry, del., 230

41,42,44. G. nigrolineata Shuttl. Sheppard, del., . . 229

43. G. nigrolineata Shuttl. Spire enlarged. Pilsbry, del., . 229

45-48. G.^albopunctulata Shuttl. Sheppard, del., . . . 230

258 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XII.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 63 (Pellicula, Simpulopsis).

49, 50. Amphibulima appendiculata Pf'r. Sheppard, del., . -241
51, 52. Amphibulima appendiculata Pfr. J. de Conchyl. 1895, 241

53. Amphibulima depressa Rang. Sheppard, del., . . . 242

.54, 55. Amphibulima depressa Rang. J. de Conchyl. 1875, . 242

56, 57. Simpulopsis simula Mor. Moll. Mex., . . .219

58-60. Simpulopsis renea Pfr. Moll. Mex., . . . .225

61, 62. Simpulopsis cumingi Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . 220

63, 64. Simpulopsis psidii Mts. Jahrb. D. M. Ges., . . 224

65, 66. Simpulopsis vincentina Smith. Proc. Mai. Soc., . 219

67, 68. Simpulopsis portoricerisis. Sheppard, del., . . . 224

69, 70. Simpulopsis (?) limpida Drouet. Moll. Guyane Fr., . 223

71, 72. Simpulopsis (?) angularis Fer. Histoire, . . . 226

73, 74. Simpulopsis fulgurata Mill. Mai. Bl., . . .227

75. Simpulopsis dominicensis Pfr. Sheppard, del., . . . 225

,76-78. Simpulopsis (?) salomonia Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., . . 226

PLATE 64 (Simpulopsis).

79, 80. Simpulopsis atrovirens Moric. Sheppard, del., . . 213

81, 82. Simpulopsis suleulosa Fer. Conchyl. Cab., . . 214

83. Simpulopsis sulculosa Fer. Fe>., Histoire, . . . 214

84, 85. Simpulopsis brasiliensis Moric. Sheppard, del., . . 215
86, 87. Simpulopsis obtusa Sowb. Genera of shells . . 216
88, 89. Simpulopsis rufovirens Moric. Conchyl. Cab., . . 216
90, 91. Simpulopsis rufovirens Moric. Sheppard, del., . . 216

92. Simpulopsis tryoni Pils. Sheppard, del., .... 218

93, 94, 95. Simpulopsis corrugata Guppy. Journ. de Conchyl., 217
96, 97. Simpulopsis citrinovitrea Moric. Sheppard, del., . 221
98, 99. Simpulopsis boissieri Moric. Sheppard, del., . . 222

1, 2, 3. Simpulopsis pvogastor Orb. Voy. Ame>. Me>id., . 223

4, 5. Simpulopsis pseudosuccinea Moric. Conchyl. Cab., . 221

DATES OF ISSUE OF VOLUME XII.

Part 45, pp. 1-64, plates 1-15, March 11, 1899.
Part 46, pp. 65-112, plates 16-28, June 16, 1899.
Part 47, pp. 113-176,' plates 29-46, August 30, 1899.
Part 48, pp. 177-258, plates 47-64, December, 1899.
Title-page and Contents, December, 1899.

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