7-7*
SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.
MANUAL
OF
CONCHOLOGY
STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.
FOUNDED BY
GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.
CONTINUED BY
HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.,
SPECIAL CURATOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
VOL. XX.
C^ECILIOIDES, GLESSULA AND PARTULIDJE.
INDEX TO VOLS. XVI-XX.
PHILADELPHIA: Published by the Conchologieal Department,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF I'H ILADHLPH JA.
1909-1910.
The description of Orthurethrous snails is continued in this volume, the remaining groups of Ferussacidcs and the Partu- lidcs being described. In treating of the latter family, the author has had the advantage of studying the types and other specimens of the late Dr. W. D. Hartman, now forming part of the collection of the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh. The conclusions reached in the monograph now published have thus been based upon the material of two large collections. The liberality and courtesy of the Trustees of the Museum and of the Director, Dr. William J. Holland, are here grate- fully acknowledged.
H. A. P.
(iii)
DATES OF ISSUE OP THE PARTS OP VOL. XX.
Part 77, pp. 1-64, plates 1-10, November 19, 1908. Part 78, pp. 65-154, plates 11-21, May 18, 1909. Part 79, pp. 155-314, plates 22-36, September 29, 1909. Part 80, pp. 315-336, plates 37-43, February, 1910. Title-page, Contents and Introduction, February, 1910.
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CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introduction : The Orthurethra vii
Family FERUSSACID^E Bourguignat (continued) 1
Genus C^CILIOIDES Herrmannsen 1
GLESSULA von Martens 50, 320
Appendices to Oleacinidce, Acliatinida, Ferussacida, Bulimulida :
Genus SPIRAXIS Ad Ill,
VARICELLA HI
STREPTOSTYLA HI
EUGLANDINA Crosse & Fischer Ill
POIRETIA 112
ACHATINA Lamarck 113
ARCHACHATINA Albers 113
LEPTINARIA 114
BOCAGEIA 114
RUMINA Risso 114
FERUSSACIA Risso 114
HOHENWARTIANA BoUFg 114
HEMIBULIMUS von Martens 114
Index to Achatinidce, Oleacinida and Ferussacida 119
Family PARTULID^E Pilsbry 155
Genus PARTULA Ferussac 155
Index to Partulida 322
Explanation of plates 325
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IB
. INTRODUCTION.
About ten years ago the writer pointed out the existence of three great groups in the monotremate land snails, based upon the structure of the pallial organs: SIGMURETHRA, HETERURETHRA and ORTHURETHRA. The first group includes a very large majority of the land snails now existing, which have been described in volumes I to XVIII of this work. The Heterurethra are chiefly represented by the genus Suc- cinea. Finally the group Orthurethra is made up of a series of families which retain primitive pallial structures like the Basommatophora. They are the scattered descendants of snails of long ago — of the first land-snail fauna. With the rise of the Sigmurethra, these primitive snails declined. On the continents they take a minor role, and seem to exist by grace of their insignificance (Pupillidce, Valloniidce, Ferus- sacidce), though one family, the Enidce, contains snails of moderate size. On the Pacific islands, where the Sigmurethra are represented by only a few low forms, Orthurethra are still dominant. In this island world the Partulidce, Amastrida, Achatinellidce and Tornatellinidtf comprise the most con- spicuous elements of the snail-fauna.
The following families are now comprised in the group Orthurethra :
Valloniidaj (See Vol. VIII, p. 247, and IX, p. 282). Holarctic.
Enidae (Buliminidcz of authors). Palaearctic, Oriental, African.
Pupillidae (Pupida of authors). World-wide.
Partulidse (this volume, p. 155). Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia.
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Vlll INTRODUCTION.
Ferussacidae (Vol. XVIII, p. 211; this volume, p. 1). Hoi- arctic, Oriental, African, Neotropical.
Amastridae (Vol. XXI). Hawaiian Is.; Juan Fernandez. Achatinellidoa (Vol. XXI). Hawaiian Islands. Tornatellinidae (Vol. XXII). Pacific Islands.
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Family FERUSSACID^ Bgt. (Continued).
Genus (LECILIOIDES Herrmannsen.
Acicula Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. M6rid. iv, p. 81, for A. eburnea Risso. Not Acicula Hartmann, 1821. — Cecilioide, BLAINVILLE, Diet. Sci. Nat. vii, 1817, p. 332, and " ceclionides de M. de Ferussac," I. c. v, Suppl., p. 129, under Bulimus acicula. 1817 (no Latin name given). — Caecilloides Fer. HERRMANNSEN, Indicis Generem Malac., i, p. 150, 1846, as equivalent to Acicula Risso. -E. A. SMITH, Journ. of Conch, vi, April, 1891, p. 342.- Cecilioides Fer. pater., BECK, Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von Landconchylien aus den Da'nischen Staaten in Europa, in Amtlicher Bericht ueber die 24ste. Versamrnlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte in Kiel, 1847, p. 122, for C. acicula Mull. — Csecilianella BOURGUIGNAT, Revue et Mag. de Zoologie, viii, 1856, p. 378, type C. acicula Mull. — P. FAGOT, Historique du genre Csecilianella, in Bull, de la Soc. Malac. de France, iv, 1887, p, 49. — BERTHIER, a quel auteur attribuer la paternite du genre Csecilianella? t. c. p. 59. — Aciculina WESTERLUND, Fauna der in der Palaarktischen Region Lebenden Binnenconchylien, iii, 1887, p. 175, first species C. acicula. — ? Belonis HARTMANN, Erd- und Siisswasser Gastropoden der Schweitz, 1841, p. 48 (for " Belonis acicula," mentioned without s}Tnonym}r, descrip- tion, or other means of identification.)
The shell is imperforate, very small and slender, very narrowly lanceolate, with obtuse, rounded, smooth apex; smooth, fragile, transparent (weathering to opaque white); aperture usually less than half the total length, piriform; outer lip arching forward in the middle, acute; columella concave, more or less distinctly truncate at base, usually somewhat
2 C/ECILIOIDE.S.
calloused. Animal blind, or at least without pigmented eyes. Jaw composed of many narrow plaits. Radula with 11, 1, 11 teeth in C. acicula, 18, 1, 18 in C. gundlachi, the central tooth much smaller than the laterals, with a tricuspid reflection. Laterals symmetrical, tricuspid. Marginal teeth low, wide, with two low, denticulate cusps. The genitalia, as figured by Lehmann for C. acicula (pi. 15, fig. 1) have the duct of the spermatheca very short. An appendix, enlarged at the end, is terminal on the penis. There is also a short accessory organ anteriorly on the penis.
Type C. acicula Miill. Distribution, Europe and most tropi- cal and subtropical countries.
An excellent account of Csecilioides acicula has been given by Mr. L. E. Adams, as follows: " Methods of Progression. — Usually the shell is dragged along the ground after the animal, though more rarely it is lifted to a horizontal position (pi. 1, fig. 6). On two occasions I observed the animal protrude its head under the shell towards the spire and progress in that direction, forc- ing the shell along the ground in front of it, apex first, and then lift the shell over its head at an angle of about 45 degrees, and continue its march in that position (fig. 5). The progressk n is always by slow jerks, and not a continuous glide. I have not observed the shell carried in the position of Jeffrey's figure (British Conchology, Vol. I, pi. 7, fig. 18), though Nilsson says ' the animal sometimes carries its shell erect, but generally drags it along depressed.'
" Texture and Form of the Animal. — I was much struck with the extremely flexible and elastic nature of the animal. I have observed one emerge from the shell as it lay flat, on a hori- zontal surface, and make a complete circle with its head and tail, without moving the shell. It is also remarkable how far the animal will protrude from the shell, and how slender an attachment connects the head and foot with the part within the shell. The end of the tail is often curled up. Along the neck and down the front of the head are two mucus sulcations on cither side of the dorsal line (pi. 1, fig. 8). The tail is pointed and sharply carinated; from the dorsal ridge mucus sulcations descend to the lower edge (fig. 7).
C^CILIOIDES. 3
" Eyes and Tentacles. — Jeffreys' enlarged figure (Brit. Conch., Vol. I, pi. 7, fig. 19) is not quite accurate. He seems to have taken his description from Nilsson, and it may be doubted whether Jeffreys himself examined the animal with sufficient care. Nilsson had evidently studied the animal, but he was not correct in describing the upper tentacles as ' not thickened.' In all the specimens that I have observed the upper tentacles are certainly slightly bulbous when fully or nearly fully ex- tended, though this does not appear when they are only slightly protruded. Nilsson, however, correctly remarks that the apices of the upper tentacles are not 'marked with a black spot.' Now Lamarck (to whom Nilsson refers) seems to have been the only one to observe the colorless eyeball, and he did not recog- nize them as such. Nilsson says (quoting Lamarck) "In this species no eyes indeed are exposed, unless they are white, like the tentacles themselves. These, indeed, are terminated by a convex surface, very smooth, very shiny, surrounded by a slightly impressed ring; which surface doubtless answers to the eye of other terrestrial mollusks. But this animal, probably because it lives underground, where it cannot use eyes, appears to us plainly to lack eyes.' Now I have noticed that these peculiar convex endings with a constricting ring are in fact eye- balls, and also that they are retractile, but whether they have retained the power of sight in spite of their loss of pigment, I am not prepared to say (see fig. 8>. As far as my observation goes, the animal is insensible to light, though it will crawl straight away to a heap of moss; the direction, however, may be determined by scent alone. If it is deficient in sight it cer- tainly uses its tentacles to all appearance in the same manner as its more favored brethren. I may mention in this connection that an albino specimen of Limax maximus, whose eyeballs were also destitute of pigment, seems to act in a perfectly normal manner. Though my observations on this point (Journal of Conch. , Vol. 9, p. 24) tend to show that this species is lacking in sight, I am not aware to what degree of perfection the vision of terrestrial mollusks attains, but I have noticed that Cydostoma elegans and Helix pomatia seem sensitive to the approach of a large object." (Lionel E. Adams in The Journal of Conchol- Vol. 9, p. 207.)
4 (LECILIOIDES.
Caecilioides is well known to inhabit graves. Gaudry found them in lacrymatories unearthed from Grecian tumuli. Rev. H. Housman records that near Chichester in "an early British burying-ground many skeletons were found. The bones, which lay about three feet below the surface were infested with A. odeida" (Journ. of Conch, iii, 1882, p. 317). In North- amptonshire Messrs. Wright and Adams found C<zcilioi,des abundant to a depth of 4^ ft. , in a place where skeletons of men and horses have occasionally been discovered (J. of C. viii, 1897, p. 395). J. W. Horsley reports them similarly from a Saxon cemetery near Witney (J. of C. ix, 164); and in Germany Professor von Martens has recorded the presence of a great num- ber of large fresh specimens in a human skull dug up at Bern- burg (Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges. 1883, p. 60).
Definite information upon the food of Caecilioides is wanting, but they probably feed upon vegetable matter, such as subter- ranean fungi or possibly fine rootlets.
The European species of Ceedlioides have no doubt been multi- plied beyond reason, yet without a critical study of the types it is impossible to say how many recognizable races exist. M. Bourguignat and his friends had an agreeable custom of describ- ing "species" from single selected specimens, ignoring connect- ing forms. Published figures of shells they had never seen occasionally served as a basis for supposed new species; so that in the identification of real shells there is some excuse for pass- ing over much work of these authors with a light heart and careless eye. I have neither the time nor type-material to at- tempt a critical revision of these forms. It is a work which properly belongs to some European student who will make a study of the local races, of the significance of variations, whether individual or racial, and finally he must study Bourguignat's types. This work demands great application and large series of the shells, unprejudiced by selection or determination. I have been able to do little more than give an account as full as the original sources admit. The American forms are treated more fully, my material being ample, and the literature less overloaded.
The generic name has been variously spelled, but the earliest
C-iKCILIOIDKS. O
valid form is undoubtedly Csecilioides, in reference to the blind- ness of these tiny subterranean snails. Aciculina of Wester- lund is an absolute synonym of Cxcifioides, having for type the same species, C. acicula.
Csecilioides occurs in typical species in the Miocene and Plio- cene, the following species being known. All were described under the name Csecilianella.
Csecilianella grateloupi Bgt. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 431, based upon Bulimus acicula Grateloup, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. x, 1838, p. 31, pi. 4, f. 23, 24. St. Paul near Dax.
Cisecilianella aciculella Sandberger, Land und Siisswasser Conch, der Vorwelt, p. 595, pi. 29, f. 15. Upper Miocene, Morsingen.
Csecilianella polonica Lomnicki, Verh. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst. Wien, 1885, p. 422. Wycolki.
C. acicula and C. a. irregidaris Sacco have been found in the Pliocene, Villafranchian stage, at Fossano (see Sacco, I Mol- luschi dei terreni Terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, pt. 22, 1897, p. 76).
0. a. irregidaris Sacco 1885 (t. c., pi. 6, f. 26) is a form with very rapidly descending last whorl, requiring comparison with recent forms.
Sections of Csecilioides.
a. Columella distinctly truncate at the base; spire slender. Chiefly Palaaarctic species.
b. Columella and parietal wall without conspicuous cal- lus, a low parietal nodule sometimes developed.
Section Csecilioides, species 1 to 5, 9 to 36. 61. Columella with one or two nodules below the middle.
Section Terebrella, species 7, 8.
a1. Columella varying from truncate to indistinctly subtruncate at base; spire thick, short; shell very small. Tropical America. Section Csecilianopsis, species 37 to 39.
a*. Columella not truncate or very indistinctly so.
b. Columella simple, not conspicuously calloused. Trop- ical in both hemispheres.
Section Geostilbia, species 40 to 47. b\ Columella strongly sigmoid, not truncate at base; a
CvKCILIOIDES, ATLANTIC ISLANDS.
dentiform callus in the middle of the parietal margin.
Portugal, Madeira ? Section Rhaphidiella, species 2, 6. For convenience the species are grouped geographically, under the following heads:
Atlantic Islands, species 1 to 3.
Central Europe, species 4 to 5.
Spain and Portugal, species 4, 6 to 8.
Northern Africa, species 9 to 12.
Italy, Sicily and Malta, species 13 to 21.
Greece, Western Asia, species 22 to 31.
Africa and Arabia, species 32 to 36, 46.
Tropical Asia, East and West Indies, etc., species 37 to 49.
Section Cuecilio-ides s. str. Species of the Atlantic Islaii.dx.
1. C. SPICULUM (Benson).
Shell imperforate, subulate-cylindric. very slender, hyaline, polished; spire lengthened, the apex obtuse; suture impressed, margined. Whorls less than 6, slightly convex, the last one- third the length of the shell. Aperture vertical, tapering-piri- form, rounded basally; lip slightly obtuse and a little arcuate. Columella deeply, obliquely truncate at base, and calloused at the parietal margin. Length 4, diam. 1, aperture 1.33 mm. (Bens.).
Cape Verde Is.: S. Antao (Dohrn), and S. Vicente, near the Duke's Head Mountains (E. L. Layard).
Achat'ina spiculum BENS., Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii, 1856, p. 435. — pFR.5 Monogr. viii, p. 289. - - WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlantica, p. 517. — Caecilianella amcenitatum DOHRN, Malak. Bl. xvi, 1869, p. 10.— MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. 1873, p. 242.
According to Wollaston, this species differs from C. acicula by being smaller, narrower, thinner, paler, more highly polished and more transparent; its spire, which has a volution less, is shorter and a little more obtuse at the apex, its suture is less oblique, its columella is relatively somewhat longer and etraighter, and more flexuous, and its entire outline is both narrower and more fusiform.
CjECILlOIDES, ATLANTIC ISLANDS. 7
2. C. EULIMA (Lowe).
Shell linear, very narrowly cylindric, very slender, generally very indistinctly curved; spire long subconic-cylindric, the apex obtuse; suture very oblique, distinctly margined. Whorls 6£, flat, the middle ones long. Aperture ehort-obovate, acuminate above, entire and arcuately rounded below, much shorter than the spire; parietal wall uniplicate in the middle, the fold trans- verse, entering; peristome simple, acute, the margins joined by a somewhat thick callus, the right margin rounded, continued in a regular curve into the basal and columellar margins. Col- umella curved and slightly twisted, not abruptly truncate, but gradually and easily passing into the basal margin. Length 2.5 to 3, diam. 0.75 lines (Woll.).
Madeira: probably in the Funchal district, recent; Porto Santo, very rare, fossil (Wollaston').
Achatina eulima LOWE, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 201. — WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlantica 1878, p. 244.
"The most important feature which separates the A. eulima from the acicula consists in the presence of a conspicuous medial plait on its ventral paries ; but it has other characteristics also which combine to separate it from that species. Thus it is not only longer, more cylindric, and proportionately still slenderer, with a tendency to be obsoletely bent (as in the marine genus Eulima'), but its whorls (particularly the intermediate ones) are altogether more lengthened-out and flattened, and its aper- ture is relatively a little shorter, as well as broader (and more rounded) posteriorly, the basal margin being more obtusely arcuate, and merging almost without an intervening angle into the columella, which is narrower gradually (and is not abruptly truncate) behind. The suture is exceedingly oblique, and its surface is of a hyaline white." (Wollaston).
This species apparently belongs to the section Rhaphidiella of Maltzan. See species No. 6.
T
3. C. NYCTELIA Bourguignat. PL 2, tigs. 32, 33.
This shell has the usual acicular shape, clear corneous texture and smooth surface. Whorls 5£, very slightly convex, the penultimate and preceding whorls widening more rapidly than
8 OECILIOIDES, ATLANTIC ISLANDS.
those above on account of the more rapid descent of the last two turns of the suture. The suture is distinctly marginate. The outer lip is strongly convex in profile view, the greatest con- vexity being below the middle. Columella strongly concave, not heavily calloused, narrowly, subvertically truncate at base. Parietal callus hardly perceptible. Length 4.1, diam. 1.3 mm.
Madeira: Under stones in dry places (Albers); Punta Sao Lourenco. (M. Grabham).
Glandina acicula Mull. , ALBERS, Malac. Maderensis, 1854, p. 59, pi. 15, f. 17, 18; renamed Caecilianella nyctelia BOURGUIGNAT, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 430, pi. 12, f. 21, 22 (copy from Albers). — Achatinan., PFR., Monogr. iv, 626.
This species is distinguished from C. acicula by the irregular increase of its whorls, the antepenultimate or penultimate sud- denly widening more rapidly than those before, and by the narrow, subvertical truncation of the columella, that of acicula being wider and more approaching horizontal. The species of Bourguignat was based solely upon Albers' account; and the latter, in my opinion, applies to this form rather than to the real C. acicula. Bourguignat had not actually seen the Madeiran shell.
The Sicilian C. actoniana, rizzeana and petitiana are apparently identical specifically with nyctelia, — or at all events, there seems to be no difference in the shells. How many other of the "species " are really the same I do not know. Fig. 32 repre- sents an adult shell from Punta Sao Lourengo; fig. 33 a young shell from another locality, length 3.6, diam. 1.1 mm.
Var. maderensis n. v. PI. 2, figs. 34, 35. The shell is com- posed of 5 nearly flat whorls, the last turn of the suture de- scending more rapidly. Aperture more than half the total length, lanceolate; columella slightly concave, rather lightly calloused, and somewhat widely truncate at the base. Length 4, diam. 1.25 mm.
Madeira: Suburbs of Funchal, 400 ft. elevation (M. Grab- ham). Type in coll. A. N. S. P.
CJECILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE.
Central European Species.
4. C. ACICULA (Miiller). PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 5-8.
"Shell turreted and slender, transparent, very thin, highly polished and iridescent, ivory-white, with a yellowish tinge on the upper part in fresh specimens (owing to the color of the liver), perfectly smooth and polished when examined with a lens of ordinary power, except a few faint and irregular wrinkles in the lines of growth, but under a microscope exhibiting deli- cate and close-set spiral stride. Periphery rounded. Epidermis exceedingly thin and forming a mere film. Whorls 5^, not convex, but compressed and drawn out, rapidly increasing in size; the last occupying about one-half of the shell. Spire very obtuse and rounded at the point. Suture moderately deep and oblique, apparently margined on the under side by reason of the upper part of the succeeding whorl being seen through the pellucid shell; mouth oblong, contracted by the penultimate whorl, narrowing above into an acute angle, slightly widened and rounded below, but interrupted by a deep notch at the base of the pillar lip." Outer lip thin and flexuous. Pillar lip thick and curved. Inner lip consisting of a slight deposit of shelly matter, which is spread on the pillar. Length 0.175, breadth 0.04 inch (Jeffreys').
Europe, chiefly in Germany, France and England; Ireland, Spain, Italy. America: introduced in Florida (W. G. Bin- ney); Bermuda, iiear Frascati Hotel (A. Gulick); Barbados (Brown). S. Africa: Cradock, "introduced, apparently not indigenous" (Melvill & Ponsonby. )
Bucchmm acicula MULLER, Hist. Verm, ii, 1774, p. 150.- Oionella acicula JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi, 1830, p. 347. — Westerlund, Fauna iii, p. 176. — Achatina acicula Ross- MAESSLER Iconogr. pt. x, p. 35, f. 658. — PFR., Monogr. ii, 274; iii, 506; iv, 623; vi, 240; viii, 294.— JEFFREYS, British Conchol- ogy i, p. 297, pi. 7, fig. 18-21. — WOLLASTON, Testae. Atlantica 1878, p. 243. — Styloides acicula FITZ., 1833. — Cecilioides acicula BECK, Amtl. Ber. Deutscher Nat. etc., 1847, p. 122. — Caecilianella acicula BOURQ., Revue et mag. de zool. 1856, p. 382, pi. 18, f. 1-3 (Amen. Mai. i, p. 215). — LEHMANN, Lebenden Schnecken,
10 CyECILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE.
etc., p. 128, pi. 13, f. 43 (teeth and genitalia). — MELVILL and PONSONBY, Proc. Malac. Soc. Land, iii, 184 (in S. Africa). — BINNEY, Manual of American Land Shells, p. 429. — SORDELLI, Atti Soc. Ital. de. Sci. nat. xiii, Milan, 1870, p. 48, pi. 1, f. 22-26 (otocysts, jaw, radula). — Bucdnum terrestre MONTAGU, Test, Brit. p. 248, pi. 8. f. 3. — Helix octona GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 13, p. 3653. — Achatina alba BROWN, Illustr. Land and Fresh- water Conchology of G. B. and I., 1845, p. 32 (erroneously quoted as of Turton). — Achatina, pmilla SCACCHI, Catal. Conch. Reg. Neapolitan!, 1836, p. 16. — Columna miliaris de CHRISTOFORI et JAN, "Shell fusiform-ovate, imperforate, smooth, glossy, slender, whitish, the last whorl ventricose (1^ lines long, \ wide), aperture oval, 1 line long, ^ wide)." Catalogus etc., Mantissa, p. 2, 1832. — Acicula kyalina Bielz, PAULTJCCI, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. xii, 1886, p. 45 (Italy). — Stenogyra octona var. danica SCHLESCH Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. et Malac. Belgique xli, 1906, p. 184.
Gwyn Jeffreys' description of this common species is given. It seems to be a rather variable form, but the limits of variation in this group are little understood. A large proportion of the specimens in collections are from drift debris of rivers, hence forms from various colonies and diverse stations are mingled in unwonted company. Such lots are misleading in the study of variation.
Var. elongata Locard. Of a slimmer, more lengthened form.
Var. ventricosa Locard. Of the same size (not over 4.5 mm. long), but the shape is a little more ventricose, more swollen at the base (Locard, Conchyliologie Portugaise, in Archives du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Lyon, vii, 1899, p. 141).
Var. festuca Porro. Whorls only 4; size smaller, alt. 2, diam. 0.5 mm. Como and Varese, Italy. (Achatina acicula var. fes- tuca Porro, Malacologia terr. e fluv. della Prov. Comasca, Milan, 1838, p. 52.)
Var. eburnea (Risso). PI. 1, fig. 9. Shell very long fusi- form, very fragile, glossj', pellucid, ivory-white; spire long, the apex obtuse; whorls 7, regularly increasing, flattened or slightly convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture, the last one- third the total length. Aperture piriform, dilated below; colu-
C^CILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 11
rnella twisted, strongly truncate, not reaching the base; right margin arching forward; margins joined by a callus. Length 6, diam. 1.25 mm. (Byt. ).
Southern France: Nice, type loc. (Risso); Italy: Arno river; Pisa (Issel); Po river at Turin (Pollonera).
Acicula eburnea Risso, Hist. Nat, Eur. Merid., 1826, iv, p. 81. — Csecilianella c., BGT., Etude synon. sur les Mollusques des Alpes Maritimes publies par A. Risso, p. 43, pi. 1, f. 20-22 (1861), description and figures of the type specimen. — LOCARD, Catal. Gen. des Moll. viv. de France, 1882, p. 136.
Var. enhalia Bgt. PI. 1, fig. 10. Very minute, composed of 5£ flattened, irregularly increasing whorls, the last over one- third the total length. Right margin of the lip not arching forward; margins of aperture joined by a thin callus which has a more or less obsolete tubercular prominence at the insertion of the outer lip. Length 3.5, diam. 1 mm. Brittany: Around Cancale (Cotes-du-nord), along the cliffs almost at the high tide line. (Bgt., Malac. terr. et fluv. de la Bretagne, 1860, p. 158, pi. 2, f. 14-16.)
Var. anglica Bgt. According to Bourguignat, this is dis- tinguished from acicula by the larger size, — length 8, diam. 1.5 mm. — the whorls of the spire more convex, the suture deeper, not margined, the aperture rounded, and the columella strongly truncate. England. (C. anglica BGT., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 384, pi. 12, f. 4, 5.)
This "species" is a good example of Bourguignat at his worst. There really was no type specimen of anglica; nothing but Reeve's figure in the Conchologia Iconicav, pi. 20, f. Ill, which Bourguignat described in formal phrase, while his artist redrew it enlarged for his plate. The citation of Reeve is curi- ously falsified in name of the work, number of the figure and date, almost concealing the real source of all of the information extant upon " C. anglica.'" Whether the English form has any racial characters or not must be left for English students to decide. I have never seen English examples so large as anglica is claimed to be; but the size was probably not carefully meas- ured from the shell, but merely estimated by the eye. Reeve's Iconica is very unreliable in all relating to minute shells, though the figures of large species are admirable.
12 (LECILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE.
Var. nodosaria Boettger. PI. 1, fig. 16. May be near var. anglica, but differs by its far .smaller size. With 5 volutions the Caucasus form has relatively wider and distinctly more convex whorls, so that the aperture appears more widely ob- long. Length 3.5, diam. 1.12 mm. (Bttg., Jahrb. D. M. Ges. vi, 1879, p. 398, pi. 10, f. 10).
Caucasus: flotsam of the Kura at Borshom.
Var. merimeana Bourguignat. Shell lengthened oblong with obtuse apex. Whorls 6, somewhat convex, irregularly increas- ing, the upper slowly; the rest very rapidly; last two whorls very large, the last almost half the total length, descending at the aperture, rounded at base; suture impressed; outer margin arching forward. Columella short, curved, strongly retracted below, nearly reaching the base. Length 5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Westerl. ).
France: Cannes.
Csecilianella m. , BGT. , Descript. Moll. Alpes Maritimes, 1870, p. 54. — WESTERLUND, Fauna, p. 179. LOCARD, Ann. Soc. d'Agricult., Lyon, 1895, p. 145.
Var. mauriana Bourguignat. Shell long pyramidal-lanceolate, slender, with long, produced, acuminate spire with obtuse apex Whorls 8, scarcely convex, slightly irregularly increasing, the upper slowly, the rest more rapidly; last whorl somewhat more than one-fourth the total length, rounded at the base. Aperture oblique, piriform, acutely angular above, broadly rounded below; outer lip strongly arching forward; columella short, a little truncate, nearly reaching the base. Length 7, diam. 1.75 mm. ( Westerl. )
France: Cannes, type loc. ; Istres, Bouches-du-Rhone (Locard).
Cfecilianella m. , BGT., Descript. Moll. Alpes Maritimes, in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. de Cannes, i, 1870, p. 54. — WESTERL., Fauna iii, p. 180. — LOCARD, Ann. Soc. d'Agricult. Lyon, 1895, p. 145.
Var. lactea Moitessier. Shell lengthened-oblong, glossy, very fragile, glassy, milk-white, smooth; spire long; apex stout, ob- tuse, as though mamillate. Whorls 6 to 7, slightly convex, very rapidly increasing, the first whorls regularly, the last irregularly; separated by a linear, duplicated suture. Last
C^ECILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 13
whorl large, dilated, not equal to half the length; aperture coarctate, long-piriform, very acute above, rounded below; peristome unexpanded, acute, simple; outer lip arched forward; columella short, strongly curved, abruptly truncate, not reach- ing the base of the aperture. Length 4 to 5, diam. 1.5mm. (Moit.).
France: drift debris of the Lez and Mosson near Montpellier (Moit.).
Ccecilianella lactea MOIT., Revue et Mag. de Zool., xix, 1867, p. 871,—Ackatina L, PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 295. — C. lactoea LOCARD, Ann. d'Agric. Lyon, (7), iii, 1895, p. 145.
5. C. LIEBVILLEI (Bgt.). PI. 1, figs. 11, 12, 15.
Shell minute, turrite-oblong, slender, polished, diaphanous, whitish, the apex obtuse; whorls 6, a little flattened, separated by a superficial, duplicated suture, the last whorl over one-third the total length. Aperture piriform-oblong; peristome acute, simple, unexpanded, the right margin slightly arching forward; columella straight, slightly truncate, margins joined by a thin callus which bears an obsolete tubercular projection on the con- vexity of the penult, whorl. Length 4 to 5, diam. 1.5 mm.
(Bgt.).
France: Commonly distributed, especially northward (Bgt,). Sarus river debris at Adana, S.-E. Asia Minor.
Csecilianella liesvillei BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1856, p. 385, pi. 12, f. 6-8; Amen. Malac., i, p. 217, pi. 18, f. 6-8.— PFR,, Monogr., iv, 624.— NEVILL, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 135. — C. a. liesvillei HESSE, Jahrb. D. M. Ges., ix, 1882, p. 332.— BTTG., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., vol. 37, 1905, p. 110.
This form is probably distinct from C. acicula. It is more slender with smaller aperture, and a rather heavy callus, which forms an entering ridge or nodule below the middle of the par- ietal margin. While this structure is conspicuous in typical liesvillei, yet it varies in development, and is traceable in occa- sional specimens of C. acicula. Dr. Boettger has identified liesvillei from debris of the Kura at Borshom, Caucasus. The specimens (pi. 1, fig. 15) differ from typical acicula by the ob- solete parietal fold in the middle of the base of the last whorl,
14 C^CILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE.
and the less curved columella, which is only very obliquely and weakly truncate at the base. Length 5.25, diani. 1.62 mm. (Jahrb. D. M. Ges., vi; 1879, p. 398, pi. 10, f. 9.)
Var. gemmellariana (Benoit). PI. 2, fig. 28, 31. Shell elongate-cylindric, slender, polished, glossy, hyaline, whitish; spire turrited, slightly tapering, the apex mamillate; suture im- pressed, widely margined, whorls 6, subplanulate, not rapidly increasing, the last cylindric, as long as the spire. Columella subarcuate, at base narrowly and obsoletely truncate. Aperture narrow, oblong-acuminate ; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, the margins joined by a very thin callus, right margin arching forward. Length 4.4, diam. 1.5, aperture 1.66 x 0.75 mm. (Ben.)
Sicily: Palermo.
Achatina g., BENOIT, Illustr. Test, estramar. Sicilia, 1862, p. 248, pi. 8, f. 9.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 242.— -CW/7. g., BGT.. Rev. et mag. zool. xvi, 212.
Benoit' s original figure is copied, fig. 31. I have also illus- trated one of several specimens before me, received from Benoit. This shows a form probably not distinguishable from liesvillei Bgt., having a slightly contracted-attenuate spire, the whorls distinctly convex, the convexity chiefly close below the suture. There is a conspicuous, spirally entering callous ridge on the parietal wall close to its junction with the columella, but other- wise the parietal and columellar margins form nearly a straight line. As usual, the first whorl increases very fast, the next whorl scarcely widens, and the last 2£ whorls increase regularly. Length 4.4, diam. 1.3 mm.; whorls 5£.
Younger shells agree better with Benoit' s description, yet even these show the trace of a callous lamella. I am disposed to place the form in the synonymy of liesvillei.
Var. tiberiana (Benoit). Vol. xix, pi. 51, fig. 5. Close to C. gemmellariana but distinct by the greater size, the upper whorls more slender and delicate, the last whorl much more swollen, and by the greater number of whorls, 6£, and the piri- form aperture. (Ben.)
Sicily: Palermo.
Caecilianella tiberiana BEN., Nuovo Catalogo delle Conch, terr.
C^GCILIOIDES OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 15
e (luv. della Sicilia, 1881, p. 89; figured in Illustr., etc., pi. 8, f. 7.
Var. cristallina (Benoit). Shell turrite, whitish, smooth, translucent, the apex obtuse, spire composed of 5 slightly convex whorls separated by a well-marked suture. Last two whorls forming two-thirds the total length. Lip simple, acute, the margins joined by a callus. Aperture piriform; truncation of the coluniella strongly marked. Length 5, diam. 2 mm. Sicily : Spadafora, near Messina. (Csf-ril. cristnUind BEN., Catalogo, 1881, p. 90). Related to C. gemmelhtriami.
Var. hyalina (E. A. Bielz) PI. 1, tigs. 3, 4. The shell is very long and narrow, composed of fully 6 very slightly convex whorls, the last 4 rapidly increasing, the suture very oblique, but descending much less rapidly near the aperture. Aperture small, piriform. Columellar callus rather thin, but in certain positions its upper edge is barely visible as a slight prominence on the parietal wall. Length 5, diam. 1.25, aperture 1.7 mm.
Transsylvania: Hermannstadt, in a garden; Mediasch; Schlossberge von Vajda Hunyad (Bielz).
Acicula hyalina BIELZ, Fauna der Land und Susswasser-Mol- lusken Siebenburgens, 1863, p. 84; Second edit., 1867, p. 89 (exclusive of synonymy).
Bielz intended his name to replace that of acicula, but he gave a description of the Transsylvanian form, which proves to be distinct from ancula by its greater elongation. It stands close to Uesvillel, but is possibly separable by the more delicate columellar callus and the absence of a distinct callus on the parietal wall. The specimen figured was received from Bielz.
Var. uni.plimta Bourguignat. PI. 1, figs. 13, 14. Shell minute, turrite-oblong, slender, very fragile, diaphanous- whitish, crystalline, smooth; apex obtuse, mamillate, composed of 6 nearly flat or slightly convex whorls, which increase rapidly and unevenly, and are parted by an impressed, not duplicated, suture; the last whorl half the total length or more. Aperture piriform-oblong; columella uniplicate above, a little twisted, truncate at the base; peristome acute, unexpanded, simple, the right margin arching forward, columellar margin somewhat calloused. Spreading, the margins joined by a thin whitish callus. Length 4, diam. 1.25 mm. (Brit.).
16 CVECILIOIDES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
France: on rocks below the village of Bordeau, near Aix-les- Bains.
Cacilianella uniplicataEG-r., Malacologie d'Aix-les-Bains 1864, p. 55, pi. 2. f. 3-5.
The columella "a little concave, ornamented in the upper part with a lamelliform fold, and having a distinct truncation at the base " seems to be the chief characteristic of this form.
Var. aglena Bgt. PI. 1, fig. 18. Shell approaching espe- cially the C. liesvittei, but is distinguished by the mamillate summit, non-nnrgined suture, 7 whorls, and especially by the aperture, in which the penultimate whorl has scarcely any con- vexity, but forms nearly a straight line with the columella. Length 5, diam. 2 mm. Ville-au-Bois-les-Vendeuvre, Aube, France (Bgt., C. aglena, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1857, p. 15, pi. 1, f. 3, 4; Amen. Malac., ii, p. 31, pi. 1, f. 3, 4).
Var. boettgeri Hesse. PI. 1, fig. 17. Differs from the type by the smaller size, more slender shape, angulate columella, whorls more rapidly increasing, the penultimate as high as the upper ones. Length 3, diam. scarcely 1 mm. Tinos, Grecian Archipelago, in flotsam of a small brook. Differs from liesvittei by its slimness and the shape of the columella, which has an angle in the place where there is an obsolete fold in liesvittei. (Hesse, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., ix, 1882, p. 332, pi. 12, fig. 8.)
Forms of Spain and Portugal.
The Iberian forms have not been figured. In a group where with the closest comparisons of specimens, species are difficult to distinguish, mere descriptions are barely worth the paper they are written on. The student will find all published in- formation below. C. acicula and C. nanodea are also recorded from the Iberian peninsula.
C. vandalitia Servain. The whorls increase regularly and rapidly; the suture does not descend much. The last whorl has a regular, median convexity, not inferior, as in belonidsea. The spire tapers gradually. The outer lip, instead of descend- ing a little below the columellar extremity, forming an angular part at the base of the aperture as in belonidsea, is on the con- trary convex and rounded to the columellar border, which is
CJECILIOIDES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 17
shorter and more strongly truncate. As the increase of the whorls is regular and the convexity about equal in all there is not the contraction at the left side between the penultimate and last whorls, noticed in C. bdonidcea. The simple peristome is not thickened within, and is not patulous at the base of the aperture. Length 6, diam. 1.75, aperture 2x1 mm. ; whorls 7.
Spain: drift debris of the Guadalquivir at Seville.
CaciUanella v. , SERVAIN, Etude ser les Moll. Esp. et Port. , 1880, p. 130.— Locard, Ann. Soc. Agricult. Lyon, 1895, p. 146 (drift of the Besangon at Saint- Armour, Jura).
C. castroiana Locard. Shell of relatively great size, of a fusi- form, long-conic shape; spire very narrow, acuminate, com- posed of 6 slightly convex whorls, the first three increasing slowly and regularly, the following two much larger, the last whorl greatly developed, rounded at the base, three-sevenths the total length. Suture impressed, with a bordering line below. Summit small, obtuse, rounded. Aperture small, piriform, slightly over two-sevenths the total length, contracted above, well rounded at the base. Peristome simple, unex- panded and acute; right margin arching a little forward, the profile broadly arcuate; columellar border slightly sinuous, truncate, not reaching the base of the shell; the margins joined by a visible callus. Shell thin, quite solid, diaphanous, smooth, whitish. Length 7, diam. 2mm. (Loc.*).
Portugal: Faro, Algarve.
Cxcilianclla c. , LOCARD, Conchyliologie Portugaise, in Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon, vii, 1899, p. 141.
Said to be larger, more slender, longer and more conic than C. acicula, with less regularly coiled and less convex whorls, duplicated suture, smaller and narrower aperture, etc.
C. ribeiroi Servain. This epecies is remarkable for the oblong- acuminate shape of the spire as far as the two upper whorls, which are cylindric; for the progressively accelerated increase of the whorls, the suture also more and more steeply descending. The last whorl is regularly long-convex. The aperture is quite excised by the convexity of the penult whorl; columellar mar- gin short, strongly projecting, strongly truncate at the base, obliquely arcuate from left to right, giving the aperture in the
18 CjKCILIOIDES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
upper part a very distinctly concave contour. Length o, diam. 1.5, aperture 1.5 x 0.75 mm.; whorls 6.
Spain: drift debris of the Ebre at Saragosse.
Caecilinnella r. , SERV. , Etude sur les Moll. Esp. et Port. 1880, p. 131.
C. poupillieri ' Bgt. ' Servain. Shell long, quite oblong- acuminate, of irregular spiral increase: two first whorls minute with nearly horizontal suture, the rest of the whorls well de- veloped, increasing rapidly, and separated by a progressively more and more rapidly descending suture. Whorls 6, slightly convex, lightly flattened, notable the fourth. Outer lip convex. Columellar margin very short, quite projecting, strongly trun- cate. Peristome simple, acute. Length 6, diam. 2 mm. (Servain).
Spain: Grenada and Cordova. Algeria: Algiers, Orleansville; everywhere in drift debris.
Gffcilio'neUa p., Bourg, in sched., SERVAIN, Etude sur les Moll. Espagne et Portugal, 1880, p. 132. — LOCARD, Ann. Soc. d'Agricult. Lyon, 1895, p. 146 (Istres, Boucbes-du-Rhone).
C. belonidcea Servain. The upper whorls in this species are regularly elongate-convex, with a suture which does not descend much until the beginning of the last whorl, where the descent rapidly increases, the suture descending very obliquely. The last whorl is not rcgularh- convex, but is flattened in the upper part and inflated below. The long-piriform aperture is narrow above, dilated at the base; the outer margin is straight, arcuate in front. The apertural convexity of the penult whorl descends in nearly a straight line to the columella, which is short, straight, indistinctly truncate below. Length 5.5, diam. 1.25, aperture 1.75 x 1 mm.; whorls 5.
Spain: banks of the Rivillas at Badajos.
Csecilianella belonidsea SERV., Etude sur les Mollusques rec. «!n Espagne et en Portugal, 1880, p. 1'JO.
Section Rhaphidiella Maltzan.
Differs from the genus Ccecilia-itella Bgt. [Csecttioides] by the club-shaped shell, whorls slowly increasing, columella strongly sigmoid, excised, twisted, the upper margin of the excision with
CA:CILIOIDES OK SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 1'J
a dentiform process in the middle of the parietal margin; colu- mella not truncate at the base, passing gradually into the right margin. (Maltzan').
The Madeiran 0. eulima Lowe probably belongs to this group, which seems to be closely related to C. liesmllei and its allies.
6. C. BARBOZ^E Maltzan.
Shell very minute, long-club-shaped, the spire cylindric- turrite, apex rather acute. Whorls 6, slowly increasing, separated by a subimpressed, submarginate suture, the last scarcely one-third the total length. Aperture long-piriform, almost biangular at the base; columella concave, with one tooth above, at the base passing into the right margin almost in a right angle. Length 3, diam. 0.75 mm.; aperture 1 x 0.5 mm. {Maltzan}.
Portugal: Portimao, Algarve.
Or. barhozcc MALTZAN, Nachrichtsblatt d. D. Malak. Ces. xviii, Feb., 1886. p. 26.
Section Terebrella Maltzan.
Differs from the genus Caeciliandla Bgt, by having the colu- mella nodulose-calloused or one- or two-nodulose below the middle, the upper nodule dentiform, the lower obliquely elon- gate, distinctly separated from the truncation of the columella by a sinus, disappearing within. Type C. dessini. (Maltzan).
7. C. CLESSINI Maltzan.
Shell elongate-turrite, the spire turrite, apex rather acute, whorls 8, slowly increasing, separated by a margined suture, the last one-third the total length of the shell. Aperture com- pressed, lanceolate. Columella with one cultriform callus below the middle; at base obliquely and acutely truncate. Length 7, diam. 2.125, aperture 2.5 x 1 mm. (Maltzan).
Portugal: Portimao and Tavira, Algarve.
Gac. dessini MALTZ., Nachrichtsblatt d. Deutschen Malak. Ges. xviii, Feb. 1886, p. 27.
8. C. BINODOSA Maltzan.
Shell oblong-fusiform, widest in the middle, almost bieonic; spire long-conic, the apex obtuse, whorls 5, slowly increasing, separated by a margined suture, the Inst ]<>na>T than the snire.
20 CVECILIOIDES OF NORTH AFRICA.
Aperture long-lanceolate, the margins nearly parallel. Colu- mella binodose, the upper nodule dentiform, nearly horizontal, the lower nodule large, obtuse. Truncation of the columella distinct, horizontal. Length 2.62 to 2.75, diam. 1 mm.; aperture 1.62 x 0.5 mm. (Maltzan).
Portugal: Portimao, Algarve.
Cac. binodosa MALTZAN, Nachrbl. Feb. 1886, p. 27.
A single larger specimen was taken, of the same shape and formation of the columella, but having only one callus, the lower one. Length 3.5 mm. (Maltzan*).
Section Ccedliodes s. str. North African Species, Tunis to Morocco.
9. C. BRONDELI (Bourguignat). PI. 3, rigs. 37, 38.
Shell fusiform-cylindric, acicular, hyaline, very fragile, whit- ish-corneous, very smooth, apex tapering, obtuse. Whorls 6, flattened, separated by an impressed suture, the last two-fifths the total length. Aperture narrow, lanceolate, rounded at the base; columella arcuate, calloused, narrowly and abruptly trun- cate at the base, and in the upper part one-lamellate; peristome simple, margins joined by a callus. Length 4, diam. scarcely 1 mm. (Bgt.^).
Algeria: Mostaganem, under stones.
Glandina brondeM BGT , Rev. et Mag. Zool., viii, 1856, p. 17, pi. 1, f. 12-14; Amen. Malac., i, p. 144, pi. 10, f. 12-14.- Achatina brondeli PFR. , Monogr. , iv, 625. — Gacilianella &., BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1856, p. 426.
The columella is very thick, arcuate, and has a quite consid- erable swelling at the upper part, referred to in the description, somewhat inexactly, as " unilamellate. " It is smaller than C. acicula, and distinguished from it by the stronger columellar callus, and the small tooth at its upper part, referred to above.
10. C. RAPHIDIA Bourguignat. PI. 3, figs. 39, 40.
Shell pyramidal-oblong, slender, diaphanous, polished, whit- ish, the apex a little obtuse; whorls 6, slightly convex, separated by a duplicated suture, the last less than one-third the total length. Aperture oblong-rounded, peristome acute, simple, unexpanded; right margin arching forward; columella a little
C.KCIL1OIDES OF NORTH AFRICA. 21
arcuate, truncate, scarcely reaching to the base, the margins joined by a thin callus, bearing a small projecting tubercle on the convexity of the penult, whorl. Length 4.5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Bgt.~).
Algeria: Mostaganem, type loc. ; also Bone, Philippeville, Algiers, Orleansville, etc., etc.; Tunis in the debris of the Oued Sidi-Aich and of the Medjerda near Ghardimaou.
C&ciliane.lla raphidia BGT. , Rev. et Mag. Zoo!., viii, 1856, p. 386, pi. 12, f. 9-11; Amen. Mai., i, p. 218, pi. 18, f. 9-11; Malac. del'Algerie, ii, p. 115, pi. 8, f. 7-9; Prodr. Mai. Tunisie, p. 127.— PFR., Monogr., iv, 624.
11. C. NANODEA Bourguignat. PI. 3, fig. 36.
Shell dwarfed, obese-fusiform, very slender, polished, whitish; apex obtuse; whorls 5, subplanulate, separated by a distinct suture, the last whorl half the total length. Aperture narrow, oblong-elongate; peristome unexpanded, acute, simple; right margin slightly arched forward ; columella rather straight, trun- cate, not reaching to the base of the aperture; margins joined by a thin callus. Length 2.5, diam. 0.33 mm.
Algeria: Around Bone, type loc. ; Tunis in debris of the Med- jerda at the bridge of Fondouck.
Cacilianella n. , BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool., viii, 1856, p. 427, pi. 12, f. 12-14; Amen. Malac., i, p. 221, pi. 18, f. 12-14; Malac. Algerie, ii, p. Ill, pi. 8, f. 4-6; Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, p. 128.— SERVAIN, Conch. Portugaise, 1899, p. 142.
Distinguished from C. subsaxana by the less truncate colu- mella without a callosity, the non-marginate suture, and less forwardly arched outer lip. It has been reported from Faro Algarve, Portugal, by Servain.
12. C. LETOURNEUXI Bourguignat, PL 3, figs. 43, 44.
Shell minute, elongate-subfusiform, very slender, smooth, hyaline-whitish; spire long lanceolate, obtuse above, the apex very obtuse. Whorls 7, subplanulate, regularly and rapidly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl one-third the total length. Aperture minute, oblong, acutely angular above; peristome unexpanded, acute. Columella short,
22 CjECILIOIDES OF ITALY, SICILY, MALTA.
arcuate, strongly truncate, reaching nearly to the base; outer margin slightly arching forward; margins joined by a thin callus. Length 4.5, diam. 1.25 mm. (Bgt.~).
Algeria: Vicinity of Algiers in the debris of the Frais-Vallon at the Bab-el-Oued gate, and along the Harrach. Tunis, debris of the Medjerda near Ghardimaou.
Ccecilianella 1., BGT., Malacologie de 1'Algerie ii, 1864, p. 112, pi. 8, f. 10-12; Prodr. Make. Tunisie. p. 128.
Species of Italy, Sirily and Malta. 13. C. JANI (de Betta).
Shell conic-ovate with the upper half acutely conic; apex very minute, with rounded summit, whorls 6, scarcely convex, regularly increasing, the last long, convex, very rapidly con- tracting below, more than double the length of the penultimate, half the total length of the shell. Suture strongly margined. Aperture narrow, long piriform, very narrow above, narrowed at the base, with strongly shortly arcuate basal margin. Outer lip strongly arching forward in the middle. Columella curved, somewhat oblique, strongly excised above, not reaching the base. Length 6 to 6.5, diam. 2 to 2^ mm., aperture 2.5 mm. long. ( Westerlund).
Northern Italy; southern Tirol; Dalmatia; Greece at Hy- mettos; Malta; Corfu; Sarus river at Adana, in southeastern Asia Minor.
Achatina jani de BETTA et MARTIN ATI, Catal. Moll. Prov. Venete, 1855, p. 59 — DE BETTA, Esame Critico a tre molluschi del genere Glandina, p. 23, pi. 1, f. 4-6. (Venezia, 1864).- Ferussacia jani PFEIFFER, Monogr. iv, 622; vi, 252; viii, 307. — Oionella ( Ca>cil. ) jani WESTERLUND, Fauna iii, p. 178. — Glandina veneta Charpentier in coll.; Achatina veneta Charp. . KUESTER, Neunter Bericht. naturforsch. Ges. Bamberg, 1870, p. 93.- Cionellajani HESSE, Jahrb. D. M. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 331 (Hy- rnettos, Greece). -- C'&cilianella (Aciculina*) jani BOETTGER, Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges. vol. 37, 1905, p. Ill (distribution).
The identity of this species, and its synonymy, have been the subjects of considerable variance. Unfortunately I have not access to de Betta's "Esame Critico" in which he figures the
(MBCILIOIDES OF ITALY. 2.')
specie;?. Westerlund's account, which I have used above, seems to have been taken mainly from Kuester's article of 1870, which was the first critical discussion of the species.
Var. gredleri Ku ester. Shell ovate-fusiform, slender, thin, polished, whitish, the spire rather acute, whorls a little convex, joined by a margined suture, the last more than half the total length. Aperture narrow, lanceolate ; peristome unexpanded acute, arching forward. Columella short, slightly arcuate, obliquely truncate, margins joined by a callus. Length 5.5, diam. scarcely 2 mm. (Acicula gredleri Kuester, Neunter Ber. Nat. Ges. Bamberg, 1870, p. 94).
" One might say that this species represents a shortened, widened aciculoldes, just as veneta seems to be a derivative of adciila. The slender shell is fusiform, but the greatest width is below the middle." The types were found at Trient with A. veneta by Professor Gredler. One example was found by Dr. Kuester at Triest.
14. C. ACICULOIDES ('Jan' de Betta). PI. 2, fig. 25.
Shell minute, fusiform-cylindric, acicular, the apex attenuate, obtuse, hyaline, glossy, white or gray. Whorls nearly fiat; suture very narrowly margined; columella arcuate, the base narrowly truncate. Aperture ovate-oblong, lanceolate, very narrow; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute. Length 3.5 to 4, diam. 1 to 1.25 mm.; whorls 6 (dc Betta, 1852).
Northern Italy: valle}^ of the Non; near Fondo and in the valley of S. Romedio, in crevices of the earth and limestone (de Betta); Triest (Kuester).
Columna aciculoldes CRISTOFORI et JAN. Catalogue, Mantissa p. 2 (1832). — Achatina arindoides Jan, DE BETTA, Malacologia terr. e fluv. della Valle di Non, nel Tirolo Italiano (Verona, 1852), p. 75, fig. Ill a, b; Catalogo del Moll. terr. e fluv. viventi nelle prov. Venete (Verona 1855), p. 57. — KUESTER, Neunter Bericht der naturforschenden Ges. zu Bamberg, 1869- 70, p. 91. — (-'ionella (CteciL} a., WESTERLUND, Fauna, p. 177.
From the notably higher, almost awl-shaped fio'nda this species differs by the entirely different, rather fusiform, cylin- dric shape, the much higher last whorl, half the total alt., and
24 C^ECILIOIDES OF ITALY.
the longer aperture, not so much receding below and less widened. The moderately increasing whorls are somewhat convex, the upper margin noticeably thickened, narrowly bor- dered. The base of the last whorl is very lightly arcuately tapering. The bend of the columella is indistinct, the trunca- tion at its base oblique. The ends of the peristome are joined by a distinct deposit. Length 5, diam. 1.33 to 1.5 mm. (Kuester, 1870).
This species was quite unrecognizably described by Jan, but it was redescribed in 1852 by Edoardo de Betta, from specimens received from Jan. I have translated de Betta' s description and reproduced his very poor figure. Kuester ably discussed the form in 1870, having specimens received from de Betta, and others collected by himself at Triest.
15. C. PEDEMONTANA Pollonera.
Differs from aciculoides by the less swollen shell, slightly smaller size, spire a little more acute and higher, aperture narrower and the columellar margin less arcuate. Length 6, diam. 1.75 mm. (Poll}.
Italy: drift debris of the Po at Turin; of the Scrivia at Carbonara.
CtfciUanella p. POLL., Atti R. Accad. Sci. di Torino, xx, 1885, p. 693.
16. C. LAUTA (Paulucci). PI. 3, fig. 41, 42.
Shell slender, elongate-lanceolate, glassy- hyaline, whitish, polished, glossy. Spire produced, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, irregularly and rapidly increasing, the first 4 only a trifle convex, the rest a little convex, separated by a duplicated, impressed suture; last whorl larger, slightly more than one-third the total length, not descending. Aperture oblong, angular above; columella curved, truncate, not reaching the base of the aper- ture. Peristome unexparided, the outer margin arching for- ward, margins joined by a thin callus. Length 4.5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Paul.).
Italy: peak of Ronconali.
Acicula lauta PAULUCCI, Bull. Soc. Malac. Italiana, xii, 1886, p. 46, pi. 2, f. 4.
C^ECILIOIDES OF SICILY. 25
17. C. ACTONIANA (Benoit). PI. 2, figs. 20, 21, 22.
Shell oblong- fusiform, slightly swollen, very thin, very glossy, hyaline, corneous-yellowish. Spire turrite-conic, the apex obtuse, suture deep, indistinctly margined. Whorls 5, convex, very rapidly increasing, the last nearly longer than the spire. Columella a little arcuate, very narrowly truncate at the base. Aperture ovate-oblong; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute; margins joined by a thin callus. Length 4, diam. 1.5, aperture 1.5 x 1 mm. (Ben.).
Sicily: Around Palermo (Benoit).
Achatina adoniana BEN., Illustr. Test, estramar. Sicilia, 1862, p. 244 ("pi. 10, f. 8," unpublished). PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 242. — Ccedliatiella a., BENOIT, Catalogo, p. 87. — Cwnella «,, WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, p. 172.
Figured from specimens received from Benoit, fig. 20 repre- senting the adult, 4.3 x 1.3mm., figs. 21, 22 the immature form, 3.7 x 1.2 mm. It is very similar to 0. petitiana, from which it differs in little but the smaller size, in specimens of apparently equal age. It is practically identical with C. rizzeana, though the mouth may be a thought narrower, in the specimens compared. The Madeiran C. nyctelia is conchologically not distinguishable.
Var. rizzeana (Benoit). PI. 2, figs. 26, 27. Shell long-fusi- form, thin, polished, glossy, hyaline, whitish-buff. Spire tapering-turrite, the apex mamillate; suture impressed, very narrowly margined. Whorls 6, a trifle convex, the first 4 regularly increasing, the last 2 very rapidly descending, the last two shorter than the spire, two-fifths the total length. Colum- ella subarcuate, abruptly and broadly truncate, not reaching to the base. Aperture oblong- acuminate, rather narrow; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, the margins joined by a rather thick white callus. Length 4.5, diam. 1.75, aperture 2x0.75 mm. (Ben.).
Sicily : vicinity of Palermo, type loc. ; banks of the Simeto, Plain of Catania (Benoit) ; Province of Syracuse, in debris of of the Anapo (Cafici).
Achatina rizzeana BEN., Illustr. Test, estramar. Sicilia, 1862, p. 245, pi. 8, f. 10. — Feritssacia r., BGT., Rev. et Mag. de Zool.
26 C.V.CILIOIDES OF SICILY.
xvi, 1864, p. 211, no. 48. — PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 253. — (.'sec ella r. BENOIT, Catalogo, p. 87. — (yochlicopa ?-., CAFICI, II. Nat. Sicil. i, p. 204.
From specimens before me from Benoit. this does not seem to differ materially from G. petitiana except in being smaller. I have figured a Benoit shell measuring 4.4x 1.3 mm. There is no noticeable parietal callus nodule or ridge; the outer lip is very strongly, evenly arched forward; and the last whorl descends very obliquely in the middle of its length.
Var. petitiana (Benoit). PI. 2, tigs. 23, 24. Shell elongate- fusiform, thin, polished, glossy, h}Taline, whitish. Spire conic- turrite, the apex a little obtuse; suture impressed, narrowly margined. Whorls 6, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last nearly flat, longer than the spire. Columella subarcuate, abruptly truncate at the base. Aperture lanceolate, narrow. Peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, the margins joined by a very thin callus. Length 5, diam. 1.66, aperture 2x0.75 mm. (Ben.).
Sicily: Mt. Bellocampo and Billiemi near Palermo.
Achatina petitiana BEN., Illustr. Test. Estramar. Sicilia 1862, p. 247, pi. 8, f. 8.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 242. — Carcttianetta p., BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool. xvi, 1864, p. 212. — Benoit, Catalogo, p. 88.
Several lots, all from Benoit, are before me. The extremely thin hyaline shell has a conspicuously margined suture. The upper part of the spire is slightly contracted. The first whorl increases in width very rapidly, the next H increase but little; then the width increases rapidly again, the suture descending more obliquely. Its descent is most oblique in the middle of the last whorl, somewhat less so towards its end. The outer lip arches very strongly forward, the greatest convexity being below the middle. The parietal wall has only a thin callous film. The columella is concave, has a callous edge, and is obliquely but quite distinctly truncate at the base. Length 4.3, diam. 1.3mm.; whorls 5.
17. C. STEPHANIANA (Benoit). PI. 2, figs. 29, 30.
Shell elongate-fusiform, rather solid, polished, milk-white.
CJKCILIOIDES OF ITALY, SICILY, MALTA. 27
Spire conic-turrite, the apex rather obtuse. Suture somewhat impressed, margined. Whorls 6, convex, the last subovate, tapering at the base, longer than the spire. Columella sub- vertical, calloused, obliquely truncate, not reaching to the base. Aperture ovate-lanceolate; peristome simple, unexpanded, the margins joined by a rather thick callus, right margin arching forward. Length 6, diam. 2, aperture 2.6 x 1 mm. (Ben.~)
Sicily: Palermo, type loc. Malta, in Mr. H. Vassallo's gar- den at C. Attard (Caruana-Gatto). Also in Italy, Monte Ar- gentaro (Paulucci).
Achatina s., BENOIT, Illustr. Test, estramar. Sicilia, 1802, p. 246, pi. 8, f. 11. — PFR., Monogr. vi, 241. — Cadlianella s., BEN., Catalogo, p. 88. — GATTO, The Mediterranean Naturalist, ii, p. 227, 1892 (Malta). — Acicula stcphatriana PAULUCCI, Bull. Soc. Malac. Italiana xii, 1886, p. 45.
I have not seen this form, which may differ from petition a by its "calloused" columella.
18. C. INNOVATA Gregorio.
Shell very small, thin, translucent, fusiform-submitriform, narrow. Spire short, composed of 3 whorls; last whorl rela- tively very large, the aperture equal to the spire in length, in this respect differing from C. tiberiana Ben. {Gregorio}.
Sicily: Scorcia Denaro, at the Pagliarelli, near Palermo.
CteaHanella innovata de GREGORIO, II Naturalista Siciliano, xiv, July-Sept., 1895, p. 206.
Numerous Sicilian forms have also been "described," as follows.
C. spada/orensis (Benoit). Shell somewhat solid, fusiform, lucid, smooth, whitish; spire of 6 slightly convex whorls, sep- arated by a superficial suture, which with strong magnification is seen to be encircled with a band; apex very obtuse. Last two whorls more than two-thirds the total length. Columella twisted, but hardly truncate. Aperture narrow, long, acutely angular above; peristome simple, acute, the margins joined by a weak callus. Length 7.5, diam. 3 mm. Spadafora, near Messina, Sicily (Cacil. s., BENOIT. Catalogo, 1881, p. 91).
C. maretima (Benoit). Shell somewhat oylindric, lucid,
28 (LECILIOIDES OF ITALY, SICILY, MALTA.
whitish. Spire of 5 nearly flat whorls separated by a moderate suture, the apex obtuse; last whorl nearly half the total length; columella strongly twisted but scarcely truncate; aperture nar- row, acuminate above: peristome simple, acute, the margins joined by a scarcely visible callus. Length 6, diam. 3 mm. Island of Maretimo, near Sicily. (Ben).
Cceciliandla maretima BEN., Catalogo etc., 1881, p. 91.
(7. splendens (Benoit). A fragile little snail, vitreous, smooth and transparent. Spire composed of 5 slightly swollen whorls separated by a superficial suture, the last a little less than half the total length; apex very obtuse; truncation clear-cut and precise, a little above the base. Aperture piriform, lip acute, the margins joined by a callus. Length 5, diam. 2 mm. Sicily: Mt. S. Martlno. (Cacil. s., BENOIT, Catalogo etc., 1881, p. 91).
0. montana (Benoit). Shell elongate-cylindric, very fragile, glassy, transparent, clear, rather obtuse at the apex. Spire of 5 rather flat whorls, the last forming about half the length of the shell. Suture superficial, encircled by a narrow whitish band. Columella truncate at about the level of the base. Aperture narrow, long, most acutely angular above; perietome simple, acute; margins joined by an inconspicuous callu?. Length 5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Ben.).
Sicilv: Mt. Petroso. not far from Palermo.
»' '
Cadi, montana BEN., Catalogo, 1881, p. 92.
C. degans( Benoit). Shell minute, slenderly fusiform, bright, transparent, whitish. 5 whorls at the spire regularly increasing, little convex, and separated by a moderately impressed suture, the last half the total length. Right margin very straight, the left very arcuate and truncate above the base. Peristome acute, the margins joined by a scarcely visible callus. Length 5, diam. 2.5 mm. (Ben.).
Sicily: country around Palermo.
C. elegans BEN., Catalogo etc., 1881, p. 92.
19. C. GATTOI (Westerlund;.
Shell cylindric-turrite, glossy, diaphanous, white, rather dis- tantly costulate-striate. Spire slowly tapering from the middle of the shell, turrite-conic, rather obtuse. Whorls 6£, a little
C^KCILIOIDES OF MALTA. 29
convex, the upper three rather narrow, last three rather wide, the penultimate slightly larger than the preceding, half as long as the last at aperture; last whorl long, tapering below. Suture slightly impressed, broadly margined, slightly oblique, sub- horizontal at the aperture. Aperture long, narrow, slowly tapering upward, rounded at base, parietal wall and columella short, at the base truncate, lying nearly in a straight line, outer margin vertical, produced in the middle. Length, 6.5, diam. 2, aperture 3 mm. (Westerl.).
Malta: Cape Attard, under stones in Died Encita.
Cacilianella gattoi WESTERL. in GATTO, The Mediterranean Naturalist, ii, p. 227, Aug. 1, 1892. — Cionella (C.} gattoi WESTERL., Nachrichtsblatt d. Deutchen Malak. Ges. , Dec., 1892, p. 195.
20. C. MELITENSIS Gatto.
Shell sub-subulate, slowly tapering almost to the base, rather obtuse, hyaline, striatulate. Whorls 6, scarcely convex, rather slowly increasing, the penultimate slightly longer than the pre- ceding whorl, and about equal to the last, Suture oblique, margined. Aperture about a third the total length, narrowly ovate, rounded at base, shortly acuminate upward; parietal wall almost straightly descending; columella rather more strongly arcuate, truncate below, not reaching to the base. Outer lip strongly arched forward. Length 3.66 to 4, diam. 1.25 mm. (WesterL).
Malta: in flower-pots, gardens, house yards, etc.
Ccedliandla melitensis GATTO, The Mediterranean Naturalist, ii, p. 227, Aug., 1892. — Cionella (Ctecilianella^ melitensis Gatto, insc., WESTERL., Nachrbl., Dec., 1892, p. 196.
21. C. POLLONERJE Gatto.
Shell subulate, slowly oblong-tapering to the base, slightly obtuse, hyaline, densely striate. Whorls 7, a trifle convex, the upper two minute, the rest elongate, the penultimate and last equal, a little larger than the antepenultimate whorl. Suture very oblique, margined. Aperture one-fourth the total length, outwardly subvertical, strongly sinuate between the slightly convex parietal wall and the thin, short columella
30 (LECILIOIDES OK GREECE AND WESTERN ASIA.
which is slightly truncate at base; the whole outer lip strongly arched forward. Length 4.25, diara. 1 mm. (Westcrl.)
Malta: in flower-pots on Dr. Ed. Calleja's terrace; also a house yard in Valletta.
Cacilianella pollonerce GATTO, The Medit, Naturalist, ii, p. 227, Aug. 1892. — Cionella ( Cacilianella') pollonertz Gatto in Sc. , WESTEEL., Nachrbl. Dec. 1892, p. 196.
"These three Caecilianellas of the group Aciculina, sent for determination by the Count Caruana-Gatto, stand nearest to O. petitiana ' ' ( Westerlund).
Species of Greece and Western Asia.
Besides the following, C. I. boettgeri and C. janl have been recorded.
22. C. TUMULOBUM Bourguignat, PI. 3, fig. 45.
Shell minute, conic-fusiform, slender, diaphanous, polished, whitish, the apex tapering, obtuse; whorls 6, flattened, parted by a duplicated superficial suture, the last over one-third the total length. Aperture piriform-dilated-oblong; peristome acute, simple, unexpanded, the right margin arching forward; columella a little twisted and arcuate, abruptly truncate and not reaching the base of the aperture; margins joined by a strong callus which bears an almost obsolete tooth-like callosity on the convexity of the penult, whorl. Length 6 to 6.5, diam. 2 mm. (Bgt.}.
Greece: Megara, in lacrymatories from ancient tombs (type loc. ); Pirffius, Athens, Syra, etc. (Hesse); Crete, Nauplia, Corfu (Boettger). Asia Minor: Samsun; Adalia, in Lycia; Adana, in debris of the Sarus river (Boettger).
Cacilianella t., BGT., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., viii, 1856, p. 424, pi. 12, f. 15-17; Amen. Malac., i, p. 219, pi. 18, f. 15-17.— PFR., Monogr., iv, 625.— HESSE, Jahrb. D. M. Ges., ix, 1882, 331. — NAEGELE, Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 1902, p. 8; 1903, p. 176 (Adana, Cilicise, in debris of the Sarus river). — BOETTGER, Nachrbl., vol. 37, 1905, p. 111.
"Distinguished easily from liesvillei by its more pyramidal shell, larger size, more truncate suture and flatter whorls" (Bgt.).
C/KCILIOinES OK GREECE AND WESTERN ASIA. ol
28. C. SUBSAXANA (Bourguignat). PI. 3, fig. 50.
Shell very minute, obese-fusiform, very slender, hyaline, polished, whitish; apex very obtuse, whorls 4£ to 5, subplanu- late, parted by a double suture, the last more than half the total length. Aperture narrow, long; peristome acute, simple, unexpanded; right margin somewhat dilated in the middle; columella arcuate, with a callous deposit, and strongly abruptly truncate, not reaching to the base; margins joined by a callus. Length 2.5, diam. 1 mm. (B</t.).
Greece: Megara, in lacrymatories from ancient tombs (A. Gaudry).
C. subsaxcnta BGT. , Rev. et Mag. Zool. viii, 1856, p. 426, pi. 12, f. 18-20; Amen. Malac. i, 220, pi. 18, f. 18-20.— Achatina s. , Pfr. , Monogr. iv, 625.
24. C. OBTUSATA (Westerlund).
Shell with the lower half fusiform, the upper cylindric. Whorls 5, the first small, depressed, the second large, strongly convex, globose, wider and slightly shorter than the weakly convex lli i rd ichoii. which is scarcely shorter than the fourth; the last whorl lengthened, narrowed below, half the total length; suture slightly oblique, simple; aperture narrow; outer margin scarcely produced forward; columella somewhat curved, truncate. Length 3.66, diam. 1 mm. {Wester!..}.
Caucasus: Poti.
Oionelld (CsecilianeUa) obtuaata W ESTER L. , Fauna iii, p. 181 (1887).
Two specimens were found with C". liesvillei. Even if they are not full-grown, the form is distinguishable from all others by its apex.
•25. C. RADDEI (Boettger). PI. 3, figs. 46, 47.
Shell suboblong-fusiform, whitish glassy; spire turrited, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5£, here and there substriate, very little convex, the penultimate nearly equal to the height of those above; last whorl not distinctly more swollen than the rest, more convex towards the base, three-sevenths the total length. Aperture drop-shaped; columella arcuate, very obliquely,
32 C^ECILIOIDES OF GREECE AND WESTERN ASIA.
abruptly truncate at the base; peristome a little arching forward below the middle. Length 4£ to 5, diam. 1.5, aperture 2.12 to 2.25 mm. long. (Bttg.}
Caucasus: Mamutli, type loc. ; Borshom, in flotsam of the Kura. Asia Minor: Sarus river drift at Adana; Samsun (Bttg.)
Cochlicopa (Hohenwartiana^) raddei BTTG., Jahrbiicher. d. D. Malak. Ges. vi, 1879, p. 25, pi. 1, f. 8; p. 397.— Ca:cilianella acicula Miill.? MOUSSON, Coq. Schlaefli, Vierteljahrsschr. Nat. Ges. Zurich viii, 1863, p. 404. — Ccecilianella (Aciculina') raddei BTTG., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. vol. 37, 1905, p. 112.
This species is comparable to C. jani, de B. , having the sharply truncate columella of that, but it does not reach nearly the size — 5.5 to 6.75 mm. long, 2.25 to 2.5 wide. C. jani has also a much more ventricose last whorl and distinctly more acute apex. (Bttg. )
26. C. TORTA (Mousson).
Aperture at the base a little compressed; columella incurved, terminating in a twisted thread. This species resembles that of Lombardy in general appearance, so that for the time being it may be regarded as a variety of it, characterized by having the aperture slightly contracted towards the base, and the columella abruptly truncate. The single example, taken at Sa}'da, is not sufficient to establish well these differences. (Mousson}.
Syria: Say da (Prof. Bellardi).
Glandina (?) aciculoides Jan., var. torta Mouss. Mittheilungen der Naturforsch. Ges. in Zurich, iii, No. 103, 1854, p. 395, No. 15. — Ctfcilianella syriaca BOURGUIGNAT, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, p. 429, based solely upon Mousson' s description.
A form of doubtful status. It was quite unnecessarily re- named by Bourguignat.
27. C. MICHONIANA Bourguignat. PI. 3, figs. 48, 49.
Shell minute, oblong, fragile, glossy, transparent, glassy, smooth. Spire short, tapering-acuminate, the apex a little obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, irregularly increasing, the first minute, last large, separated by a somewhat impressed, duplicated suture; last whorl slightly convex, more than half
CvBCILIOIDES OF GREECE AND WESTERN ASIA. 33
the total length. Aperture oblong, acutely angular above, somewhat dilated below; columella straight, truncate at the base, the outer lip strongly arched forward, margins joined by a callus. Length 5.5, diam. 2 mm. (Bgt.*).
Around Jerusalem, under stones, type loc. ; Adana Cilicia, in S.-E. Asia Minor.
Ferussacia michoniana BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool. xvi, 1864, p. 197, pi. 18, f. 17-20; Moll, nouv., litig., etc., p. 115, pi. 19, f. 17-20. — Pfr. , Monogr. vi. 197. — Ccscilianella (Aciculina) michoniana Bgt., BTTG. Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. vol. 37, 1905, p. 113.
Boettger remarks that this species is an Aciculina (= Ccecili- oides), not a Hohenworthia, and is distinguished by its especially regular fusiform shape. Two specimens from Adana measure, alt. 6, diam. 2 mm. and alt. 4, diam. 1.37 mm.
28. C. JUDAICA Mousson.
A little larger [than tumulorurri] ; whorls slightly convex; the the parietal wall not calloused, but the columella slightly thread-margined at the end. Length 7 mm. (Mousson, 1861).
Glandina tumulorum Bourg. var. judaica Mouss. , Coq. terr. et fluv. rec. par Mr. le Prof. J. R. Roth dans son dernier voyage en Palestine, 1861, p. 53. — Ferussacia judaica BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, p. 33; Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1864, p. 211. — Acicula (CcEcilianella'} judaica Bgt., MOUSSON, Journ. de Conchyl. xxii, 1874, p. 15.
Differs from tumulorum Roth by the feebly convex whorls separated by a margined suture, the last whorl comprising two- fifths of the total length; by the parietal wall being without any callus, the outer margin not divergent, finally by the columella which is obliquely truncate a little way above the base, and bordered with a thread. The largest individuals are 7 mm. long (Mousson, 1874).
29. C. MINUTA (Mousson). PI. 3, figs. 54, 55, 56.
Shell small, cylindric-subfusiform, fragile, smooth, glossy, subhy aline. Spire accelerate, a little convexly conic, the apex stout, obtuse; suture slightly impressed, simple; whorls 4£, more
34 CjECILIOIDES OF GREECE AND WESTERN ASIA.
and more descending, convexly flattened, the last half the total length, elongate, cylindric in the middle, shortly tapering below. Aperture vertical, very narrow; outer margin straightly descend- ing, slightly arching forward, curving into the columella below. Columella long, slightly excavated, abruptly, obliquely trun- cate below, slightly margined with a delicate thread. Length 4, diam. 1.2 mm.
Mesopotamia: drift debris of the Euphrates (type loc. ), and of the Sams river near Adana, S.-E. Asia Minor.
Acicula ( Cteciliandla) minuta Mouss. , Journ. de Conchy 1. 1874, p. 39. — Ccecilianella (Aciculina) minuta BOKTTGER, Nach- richtsblatt D. Malak. Ges. 1905, p. 112, pi. 2 A, f. 4 a-d.
According to Mousson, there are fewer whorls than in C. acicula ; the apex is larger and more obtuse, the last whorl is more cylindric, and the remarkably narrow aperture has the free margin descending in a straight line curving towards the end of the columella and without surpassing it. The columella is but slightly concave and is obliquely truncate at the base.
The figures are copied from Boettger, and represent specimens from the drift of the Sarus river, where this species is common. He remarks that the examples vary quite noticeably in size but normally it is 4 to 4.5 mm. long, 1.12 to 1.25 mm. wide. A relative is C. subsaxano Bgt. . which perhaps may be a young form of the same species.
30. C. PR^ECLARA Westerlund.
Shell long-cylindric, very slender, very glossy, very smooth, hyaline, glassy, the spire much produced, a little obtuse. Whorls 6£ to 7, a little convex, the antepenultimate scarcely twice the length of the preceding, the penultimate one- third the total length, flattened dorsally, slowly tapering downwards; suture a little impressed, conspicuously arid narrowly margined, deeply descending in the middle and below. Aperture long piriform, acutely angular above, retuse below, parietal margin long, straightish; columella short, a little arcuate, abruptly truncate at the base. Peristome unexpanded, acute, simple, the outer margin strongly arching forward in the middle, receding at base. Length 5 to 5.5, diam. 1 mm. (Westerl. )
C.ttCILIOIDES OK AFRICA AND AKABIA. 35
Turkestan: Totkaul ( Kasnakow, in Zool. Mus. St. Peters- burg).
Cadlianella (Acicutina) pr&dara WESTERL. , Annuaire Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, iii, 1898, p. 176.
31. C. RETTERI Rosen.
Shell fusiform, slender, whitish-glassy, pellucid, the apex obtuse; whorls 5, very slightly convex, the penultimate nearly as long as those above it; aperture drop-shaped; columella arcuate; peristome a little protracted below the middle. Length 4.5 to 4.75, diam. 1.25, alt. aperture 1.75 mm. (Rosen).
Central Asia: Aman-Kutan.
CacilianeUa retteri ROSEN, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. vol. 35, Dec. 1903, p. 181. — ROSEN Moskva Izv. Obsc. liub. jest. Dnevn. Zool. iii, 3, 1901.
Species of South and X.-E. Africa and Arabia.
32. C. ADVENA Ancey.
Shell slender, imperforate, tapering-subfusiforru, diaphanous, polished, whitish-hyaline. Spire long-subconic, the apex ob- tuse. Whorls a little more than 5, subconvex, separated by a well impressed and delicately margined suture, flattened in the middle, the first two regularly, lower whorls more rapidly in- creasing, the suture there being more oblique; last whorl more than one-third the total length of the shell; the sides convex beyond the middle, tapering at the base. Aperture long, piri- form, subvertical, in the middle of the parietal Avail distinctly angularly thickened within. Columella below the angle broadly arcuate, obliquely truncate at base. Peristome simple, unex- panded, acute, the outer margin arcuately produced forward, basal margin receding; margins remote, joined by a distinct callus. Length 4.33, diam. 1.25, aperture 1.5 x 0.66 mm. ( Anc. )
S.-W. Africa: Disappointment Key, Ovampoland ( " Luder- itzland," or Damara).
Cacilianella advena AXCEY, Le Naturaliste x, 1888, p. 215. "This Cecilianelle resembles some of those known as inhabitants of temperate Europe and North Africa, without being assign- able to any of then)."
36 C.ECILIO1DES OK AFRICA AND ARABIA.
33. C. OVAMPOENSIS (Melvill & Ponsonby). PL 3, fig. 52.
Shell small, acicular, white, very thin, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, the last produced; columella truncate at the base. Aperture oblong, the lip simple. Length 3, width 1 mm. (M. & P. ).
South Africa: Ovampoland (E. L. Layard).
Oionella ovampoensis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 6th Ser., ix, p. 91, pi. 6, f. 1 (January, 1892). A very elegant, pure white, four-whorled shell, with very obtuse apex, a little recalling the Cacilianella acicula (Mull.) of Europe and the British Isles. — (Mel. & Pons.).
31. C. MUNZINGERI (Jickeli). PL 3, fig. 53.
Shell imperforate, subulate, thin, glossy, hyaline, whitish, longitudinally striated under the lens. Whorls 8, subinflated, separated by a rather deep oblique suture, the last whorl descending, one-fourth the total length. Aperture oblique, vertically piriform; columella arcuate, very obliquely truncate; lip acute, thin. Length 9.5, diam. 1.75, aperture 2 x 1.33 mm. (Jick. ).
Abyssinia: Beniamer, banks of the Falkat and in Habab, descending from Nakfa; in the earth at roots of plants. (Jickeli). Mt. Abouna Yousef, at 4000 meters elevation (Raff ray).
Stenogyra munzingeri JICK., Malak. Blatter xx, 1872, p. 103.— Acicula munzingeri JICK., Fauna der Land und Susswasser- Mollusken N.-O.-Afrika's, in Nova Acta Acad. Ca3s. Leop. - Carol. Germ. Nat. Cur. xxxvii, Dresden 1875, p. 133, pi. 2, f. 3 (teeth and jaw), pi. 5, f. 21 a, b, (shell). — Subulina m., BGT. Malacologie de 1'Abyssinie p. 82, pi. 9, f. 65-67.
Bourguignat has referred this species to Subulina, whether correctly or not I do not know. His figures of the form taken by Raffray show the sutures much less oblique than in Jickeli' s figures.
35. C. SOLEILLETI Bourguignat. PL 3, fig. 51.
Shell lanceolate-elongate, needle-like, diaphanous, very fragile, whitish, polished; spire very long, a little obtuse at the summit, whorls 6, regularly and rather rapidly increasing, the
C^CILIOIDES OF AFRICA AND ARABIA. 37
first two are scarcely convex, not increasing in diameter, but cylindric like a pillar; the rest are convex; separated by an im- pressed suture, last whorl ovate-convex, less than one-third the total length. Aperture very oblique, ovate, angular above, peris- tome unexpanded, acute; columella short, truncate. Length, 7, diam. 2, aperture 2x1 mm. (Bgt. )
East Africa: wooded valley of Bidaro, Choa, southern Ethiopia (Soleillet}.
Ccecilianella s., BGT., Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. Paul Soleillet dans son Voyage au Choa (Ethiopie meridionale), Sept. 1885, p. 22, pi. (1), f. 10.
Remarkable for its cylindric two upper whorls.
36. C. ISSELI (Paladilhe). PI. 3, fig. 57.
Shell imperforate, subconic-cylindric, glossy, nearly smooth, subpellucid, ivory white (in dead shells) ; spire tapering up- ward, the apex rather obtuse; whorls 6, slightly convex as though twisted, rapidly increasing, parted by a narrow, im- pressed suture, the penultimate whorl large in front, the last whorl a little larger, scarcely one-third the total length, some- what ascending at the aperture, the free margin a little arcuate. Aperture subpiriform, a little oblique, angular above at the insertion of the lip; peristome unexpanded, fragile, acute; columella short, slightly arcuate, broadly and distinctly trun- cate at the base; outer margin broad, nearly straight, basal slightly arcuate; margins subparallel, joined by a thin callus. Length 5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Palad.}.
Aden.
Cadlianella isseli PALAD. , Annali Mus. Civ. Geneva iii, 1872, p. 22 (probably not the figures).
"By its slim shape, approaching the cylindric, its more twisted whorls, deeper suture and the appearance of the aper- ture, C. isseli is distinguished from all of ite congeners of the Alpic center."
Paladilhe probably had two species mixed in his lot of C. isseli. The description is that of a Ctzcilioides, possibly identical with Nevill's second species (Handlist Ind. Mus. p. 162), and with A. balanus of Hanley and Theobald (Conchologin,
38 OX'ILIOIDEK OF TROPICAL AMERICA.
Indica, p. 41, pi. 102, f. 10, copied in my fig. 61 of plate 4); while the figure given by Paladilhe, which I have copied, seems to belong to C. (Geostilbio.') balanus. Further investigation of the Csecilioides of Aden and India is much needed. Whether the observed differences in the columella indicate several species, or are extreme aspects of variation in a single stock, are ques- tions I can throw no light upon.
Species of tropical Asia, Went Indies, etc.
Tropical countries have a few species of Csecilioides of two groups: (1) the group of C. iota, comprising very minute species 1.6 to 2.5 mm. long, markedly cylindric, with the whorls nearly flat. All are American. (2) the group of C. gundlachi, with the shell larger, usually 3 to 5 mm., composed of convex, very obliquely coiled whorls. The columella is only quite obsoletely truncate. These groups are known as Caecilianopsis and Geostilbia.
Section C^ECILIANOPSIS Pilsbry.
Cacilianopsis PILS., Nautilus xxi, July, 1907, p. 28, for (,'. jod = C. consobrina veracruzensis.
Minute (1.6 to 2.5 mm. long), cylindric-oblong, the spire short, wider than in Cacilioides. Columella varying from abruptly truncate to very obsoletely so. Tropical American. Type C. consobrina veracruzensis.
37. C. IOTA (C. B. Adams). PI. 4, figs. 67, 71, 72.
Shell minute, slender, corneous; whorls 4, very wide, smooth; aperture long, very acute above; columella arcuate. Divergence 12 degrees; length of spire .08, total length .135, width .045 inch. (Ad. ).
Jamaica (C. B. Adams): Bellevue, (Gloyne, in Swift Coll.); Yallahs (Gloyne).
Achatina iota C. B. AD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1845, p. 13.- PFR., Monogr. ii, 295; iii, 506; iv, 626; vi, 241; viii, 297; Conchyl. Cab. p. 355, pi. 29, f. 18, 19 (bad).— GLOYNE, Journ. de Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 32.
The type lot at Amherst consists of three specimens. It is a
C.ECILIOIDES OF TROPICAL AMERICA. 39
Bubcylindric shell, obtuse at both ends, of scarcely four whorls in most examples, 4-| in the longest. The shell is clear corneous when fresh, showing the internal walls through, but it weathers to milky white. The whorls are only slightly convex, and are separated by a moderately impressed suture, margined below. The suture is at first nearly horizontal, but at the last 1£ or 2 whorls it descends rapidly, the width of the whorl progres- sively increasing. The aperture is acuminate above. Outer lip arches very strongly forward. The columella is more or less concave below, and is rather abruptly truncate above the base. Columellar callus usually moderate, but variable in thickness. Under a high power, an extremely minute spiral striation may be seen near the base. Measurements are as follows:
Cotype, Adams coll.: length 1.75, diam. .5 mm.
Bellevue; fig. 72: length 2, length aperture 0.8 mm.
Fig. 71: length 2, diam. 0.6, aperture 0.75 mm.
Fig. 67: length 1.65, diam. 0.5, aperture 0.75 mm.
C. iota has been found only in Jamaica. It is readily dis- tinguished from other tropical-American species by its much narrower contour. Exact measurements which I have made of a large number of specimens from several localities show the difference in shape to be constant.
Pfeiffer's figure of this species in the Gonchylien Cabinet is very poor. It shows no columellar truncation, and hence C. iota was classed by Crosse and others in Geostilbia. Adams's type specimens, as well as numerous examples before me, have a distinctly truncate columella.
38. C. CONSOBRINA (Orbigny). PI. 5, figs. 81, 82.
Shell oblong-fusiform, subcylindric, pellucid, glossy, white; spire of nearly equal diameter to the end, very obtuse. Whorls 5, very slightly convex, the last oblong. Aperture ovate-oblong; columella twisted, truncate. Length 2, diam. f mm. (Orbigny).
Cuba: in the interior (Sagra); coffee plantation Fundador near Matanzas among dead leaves (Gundlach, type loc. of A. pygmaa}.
Achatina consobrtna ORBIGNY, Historia fisica, politica y natural de la isla de Cuba, v, Moluscos, p. 89, pi. xi 6?X f. 10, 11, 12,
40 (LECILIOIDES OF TROPICAL AMERICA.
erroneously lettered A michaudiana on plate (1845); French edit, i, p. 170. — Achatina pygmcea PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 148; Monogr. ii, 275; iii, 506; iv, 627; vi, 241; Conchyl. Cab. p. 356, pi. 29, f. 22, 23. — Ccecilianella pygmcea Pfr. ARANGO, Fauna Malac. Cubana, p. 99.
This species is closely related to C. iota, from which it differs by the stouter, more robust figure, specimens of the same length being invariably wider than iota. The general shape is slightly tapering cylindric, very obtuse at the ends. The whorls in- crease a little more regularly than in iota, the last turn of the suture being less oblique, though descending faster than the preceding one. This acceleration of the rate of descent changes the appearance of the shell and the proportionate size of aperture to total length with age, so that the addition of a whorl or even less alters the contour remarkably. The surface is lightly marked with growth-wrinkles and minute engraved spiral lines, visible only under a compound microscope. The columellar truncation is distinct, but rather weak in some examples. Two specimens from a lot taken by Gundlach are figured.
PI. 5, fig. 82: length 2.4, diam. 0.8 mm.
PI. 5, fig. 81: length 1.9, diam. 0.7 mm.
The former of these examples corresponds to the type of A. pygmcea Pfr. ; the latter, a younger shell, agrees with Orbigny's type of A. consobrina. In my opinion these two names apply to one and the same species, in slightly different stages of growth. Pfeiffer's description of A. pygmcea follows.
"A. pygmcea Ph. Shell cylindric, smooth, pellucid hyaline, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5, rather flattened, separated by an oblique, lightly impressed suture, the last \ the total length. Columella nearly straight, forming an angle with the belly of the preceding whorl, subtruncate at the base of the oval-elliptical aperture; peristome acute, the right margin dilated forward. Length 2.25, diam. f mm.; aperture f mm. long." (P/r.)
Var. veracruzensis (Crosse & Fisher). PI. 5, figs. 76, 77, 78, 79. In this form the microscopic spiral striation is more dis- tinctly developed than in consobrina, visible from the suture to the base, the strise appearing crimped or waved (fig. 79). There is no other difference. Specimens measure:
C^CILIOIDES OF TROPICAL AMERICA. 41
PI. 5, fig. 76: length 2.1, diam. 0.75, aperture 0.95 mm. ( Vera Cruz. )
PI. 5, fig. 77: length 1.9, diam. 0.75, aperture 0.9 mm. ( Vera Cruz. )
PI. 5, fig. 78: length 2.35 mm. (Tampico}.
Eastern Mexico: on the strand, among debris drifted out of the Antigua river after heavy rains (Strebel) ; drift debris along the Panuco river, Tampico (A. A. Hinkley).
Achatina iota Adams, STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Land u. Siiss- wasser Conch, ii, 1875, p. 53, pi. 13, f. 50. Not of C. B. Adams. — Ctfcilianella veracruzensis C. et F. , Journ de Conchyl. xxv, 1877, p. 273; Moll. terr. et fluv. Mex., p. 591, pi. 26, f. 4. — MARTENS, Biologia, Moll., p. 324. - - Cecilioides (Cacilia- nopsis) jod PILS. Nautilus xxi, p. 28, July, 1907 (Tampico).
The figures represent an older (fig. 76) and a younger (fig. 77) shell, from Vera Cruz, the type locality. Also an old shell r(figs. 78, 79) from Tampico, representing the absolutely synony- mous form I called C. jod.
In recognizing the Mexican specimens as a race distinguish- able from the Cuban form, I am probably placing too much dependence upon a slight variation in microscopic sculpture. I merely give the facts observed for what they may be worth.
Var. minutissima (Guppy). PI. 4, fig. 68; pi. 5, figs. 80, 84. "A very minute, glassy, hyaline, smooth, shining, fusiformly cylindric, shell with 5 whorls, of which the last forms more than half the length of the shell, spire short, with obtuse apex. Aperture elongate-oval, narrow above, wide below; outer lip simple; columella scarcely truncate, passing into a white callus which connects the ends of the peristome. Length 2, diam .75 mm." {Guppy}.
Trinidad: Amongst dead leaves at Maraccas (Guppy, type loc. ). St. Vincent, in dry forest, leeward side, at 1000 ft. (H. H. Smith). Barbados (L. B. Brown).
Glandina minutissima GUPPY, Proc. Scient. Asso. Trinidad, 1869, p. 239.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1890, p. 36, pi. 2, f. 1. — Oleacina (?) minutissima PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 326 (1877). — Geostilbia minutissima GUPPY, Journ. of Conch, vii, 1893, p. 211.— CezdUoides minutissima E. A. SMITH, Proc.
42 CJKULIOIDES OF TROPICAL AMERICA.
Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 308 (St. Vincent). — Ctpcilianella ?H., BROWN, J. of Conch, x, 1903, p. 269 (Barbados).
Crosse has very inadequately figured minutissima, and I have copied his figure, pi. 5, fig. 80. Figure 84, pi. 5, and fig. 68 of pi. 4, represent what I take to be Guppy's species from Barbados. The general form is as described for pygmaa] but the surface is smoother than in Cuban or Mexican shells, spiral lines being scarcely visible under the compound microscope except at the base. The columellar truncation is rather weak. Two specimens measure: Length 2.05, diam. .7 mm., whorls 5. Length 2.15, diam. .8, aperture 9 mm.; whorls 5.
With these specimens were others resembling them except that the columella is very strongly truncate at the base (pi. 5, figs. 83, 85) at all stages of growth. These may represent another species, yet I am unable to satisfactorily separate the series. The two examples figured measure: length 2, diam. .7 mm. (fig. 83); length 2.3, diam. .75 mm., whorls 5£ (fig. 85) .
Geostilbia mazei. seems to me to be identical with minutissima. The original description follows.
Geostilbia mazei 'Crosse' Maze. PI. 5, fig. 75. "Shell im- perforate subcylindric, very thin, smooth, crystalline, hyaline unicolored; spire rather long, the apex somewhat obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls 4£, slowly increasing, the last a little shorter than the spire, rounded at the base. Aperture piriform ; peristome simple, the margins thin. Length 2.5, diam. .f mm. Animal of a yellow color" (Maze).
Guadeloupe: Vieux-Fort, southeastern slope of the Morne Houelmont at about 270 meters (E. Marie).
Geostilbia mazei Crosse Mss., MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl. xxxi, 1883, p. 7, pi. 1, f. 2.
39. C. BLANDIANA Crosse. PI. 4, fig. 64.
Shell imperforate, long-fusiform, very thin, polished, very transparent, hyaline. Spire rather long, the apex obtuse, rounded; suture impressed. Whorls 4J, a little convex, the last shorter than the spire, rounded at base. Aperture sub- piriform; peristome simple, the margins joined by an incon- spicuous, very thin callus; columellar margin slightly thickened,
C.ECILIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILBIA. 43
having an appearance of truncation, which does not really exist; hardly reaching to the base; basal margin rounded; outer lip arching forward, subacute. Length 2, diam. 0. 66 mm . ( Orosse).
Brazil: Soure, on the island of Joannes or Juanes, in the mouth of the Amazon, Province of Para.
Geostilbia blandiana CROSBE, Journ. de Conchy 1. 1880, p. 149 1886, p. 137, pi. 1, f. 4.
The figure of this species, which I have copied, represents the spire as far more tapering than in C. iota or C. consobrina. Whether this figure is approximately correct or not I am unable to say.
Section Geostilbia Crosse.
Geostilbia CROSSE, Journal de Conchy 1. 1867, p. 184, type G. caledonica Crosse.
The shell is similar to Ctecilioides except in having the colum- ella continuous with the basal lip, being separated therefrom only by a slight sinuation, not an abrupt truncation. Type G. caledonica.
The number of valid species of this group is uncertain, but several of them surely stand close to C. gundlachi. C. baldwini, C. balanus and C. mauritiana are doubtfully distinct.
40. C. GUNDLACHI (Pfeiffer). PL 4, figs. 73, 74. J^Shell subulate, acicular, glossy, clear-greenish; spire slender, the apex a little acute; suture deep, margined. Whorls 5, rather convex, the last slightly over one-third the total length. Columella slightly arcuate, shortly truncate above the base of the narrow, angularly oval aperture; peristome simple, the mar- gins joined by a thin callus, the right margin arching forward. Length 5, diam. 1.33, aperture 1.75x.66 mm. (Pfr. ).
Cuba: Havana, Guanajai and Guantanamo (Gundlach); near Cienfuegos. Jamaica. Haiti: Port-au-Prince and Les Cayes. St. Thomas (Bland). St. Martin. Guadeloupe. Barbados. Demarara (Swift coll.). Princeton, New Jersey (A. D. Brown). St. Helena (Benson).
Achatina gundlachi PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1850, p. 80; Conchyl. Cab., Bulimus, p. 358, pi. 29, f. 10, 11; Monogr., iii, 505; iv. 623; vi, 239; viii. 294. — Geostilbia gundlachi CROSSE,
44 OaSCILIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILBIA.
Journ. de Conchy!., xxi, 1873, p. 355 (Haiti); 1874, p. 88; 1890, p. 23, 250; 1891, p. 151.— BINNET and BLAND, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., xi, 1875, 152, 185, pi. 13, f. D, G, H, I. -MAZE, Journ. de Conch., 1883, p. 7, pi. 1, f. 1 (Guadeloupe). — CROSSE et FISCHER, Miss. Sci. Mex., Mollusques, i, p. 587, pi. 28, f. 14, 15 (copied from Binney). — C&cilianella gundlachi BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 101, pi. 16, f. F, G (jaw), pi. 7, f. F (teeth). ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 99. — BROWN, Journ. of Conch., x, 270 (Barbados). — Macrospira aperta Guild., Swainson, Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia, Mala- cology, 1840, p. 335, figs. 97 e, /(p. 333).— Geostilbia aperta E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, 1895, p. 307 (St. Vincent); P. Z. S., 1892, p. 269 (St. Helena).— Achatina veru BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H., xviii, 1856, p. 435. — WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlantica, p. 545.
Pfeiffer's description of this shell is not very good. It tapers regularly to the very obtuse, rounded apex. There are 5 whorls, very obliquely coiled, quite convex, and parted by impressed sutures. The last whorl is evenly convex. The aperture is ovate, effuse at the base; the outer lip arches forward strongly in the middle. The columella is a little concave, and near the base is obsoletely truncate. It has a rather heavy callus in most fully adult shells, which passes up over part of the parietal wall. The color is pale corneous-brown, or sometimes almost clear corneous. There is no spiral striation. Two Cuban exam- ples figured measure: Length 4.2, diam. 1.25 mm. Length 3.85, diam. 1.1, apert 1.3 mm. The figures do not well show the heavy callus upon the colunella and lower part of the parietal wall.
This is a somewhat common and widely distributed species, probably to be found throughout the Antilles. It was taken many years ago in Princeton, N. J., no doubt imported with West Indian plants. These specimens were reported as P. acicula in Binney' s " Manual." It occurred also in St. Helena, though whether it still survives there is unknown.
The New Caledonian Geostilbia caledonica is in all probability the same species, a colony having been derived from Guadaloupe or some other Antillean source. At all events I am quite
C^ECILIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILB1A. 45
unable to see any difference in the shell. The original descrip- tion follows.
G. caledonica: PL 4, figs. 58, 59, 62.. "Shell imperf orate, fusiform-cylindric, thin, polished, diaphanous, clear-corneous. Apex abruptly rounded, very obtuse; suture hair-marginate; whorls 4, slightly convex, the last slowly descending, slightly more than half the total length. Aperture long-piriform; peris- torne simple, unexpanded, thin, not acute, slightly thickened, the margins joined by a very thin callus; columellar margin having a longitudinal, small, diaphanous, glossy internal lamina giving the appearance of a basal truncation, not reaching the base. Basal margin broadly rounded; right margin arching forward. Length 3.5, diam. 1 mm." (Crosse).
New Caledonia: Noumea, common in gardens, living in damp places under dead leaves, old wood and on the ground (E. Marie).
Geostilbia caledonica CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. xv, 1867, p. 186, pi. 7, f. 4; 1894, p. 301 (p. 144 of separate copies, Faune Malac. N. Caled. )— G ASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouvelle-Caledonie ii, 1871, p. 96, pi. 4, f. 4. — PFR. Monogr. vi, p. 244.
Two specimens from Noumea are drawn in figures 58, 59, 62, pi. 4. They measure 3.7 x 1.2 mm., and 3. 1 x 1 mm.
Macrospira aperta Guilding has never been described. Too poor and dissimilar outline figures were given with this name by Swainson, without locality, dimensions, or any other par- ticulars. In 1892 Mr. E. A. Smith stated that A. gundlachi and veru were equivalent to aperta; and in 1895 he identified Geostilbia caledonica, Crosse as a synonym of Megaspira (sic) aperta, from the comparison of specimens in the British Museum. In my opinion, M. aperta was not sufficiently defined by Swainson to be recognized. Its identity with C. gundlachi rests upon Mr. Smith's identification of specimens from Guilding, the locality of which is surmised to be the West Indies, but is not positively known. No description of even these specimens has appeared, and Swainson' s figures are extremely crude.
41. C. BALDWINI Ancey.
Shell imperforate, very thin, whitish-hyaline or slightly cor- neous, diaphanous, glossy, polished; apex large, obtuse; spire
46 C^ECILIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILBIA.
Blender, subcylindric but tapering. Whorls 4£, regularly in- creasing, separated by a very oblique, impressed suture mar- gined with a pellucid line; last whorl oblong, larger. Aperture piriform, the right margin arching forward; peristome simple, acute, scarcely thickened, the margins joined by a rather opaque callus. Columella somewhat callous, very slightly truncate above the base. Basal margin rounded. Length 3.75, diam. 1, aperture alt. 1 mm. (Ancey}.
Hawaiian Is.: Manoa, Oahu (Baldwin).
GacUitineUa baldwini ANC. , Memoires Soci£t6 Zoologique de France, v, 1892, p. 718.
Specimens of presumably this species are in the Bishop Museum at Honolulu from the following places: Rocky Hill, Honolulu; Kanaohe, Oahu; Mana, Hawaii. I have no exam- ples at hand, but so far as the description goes there seems to be no difference between this species and O. gvndlachi.
42. C. BALANUS ('Benson' Reeve). PL 4, figs. 60, (61?)
Shell cylindrically oblong, somewhat fusiform; whorls 4, smooth, shining; apex obtuse; columella arched, truncated; aperture small. Dull white. (Reeve}.
Shell almost cylindric-aeiculate, smooth, glassy-clear. Spire almost cylindric, slightly tapering above, with an obtuse apex; suture very little impressed. Whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last forming two-fifths the total length, dilated basally. Colu- mella rather straightly receding, scarcely noticeably truncate at the base of the broadly angular-ovate aperture. Peristome simple, unexpanded, acute. Length 3, diam. hardly 1 mm. (Pfr., from spec, from Benson's collection).
India: Banks of the Jumna near Hameerpore, Bundelkund (type loc. ) ; border of the desert pouth of Hawee; Agra, on the right bank of the Jumna (Benson); Kattiwar (Hanley). Dec- can and Sind (Ind. MUP. ). Aden (Paladilhe, O. isseli}.
Achatina balanus Benson MSS., REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 20, f. 109 (March, 1850).— PFR., Monogr., iii, 506; iv, 627; vi, 241; Conchyl. Cab., p. 315, pi. 25, f. 18, 19.— HANLEY and THEOBALD, Conchologia Indica, p. 41, pi. 102. f. 10(?). — BLANFORD, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 44, 1875, pp. 43,
C^JCILIOIDES, SECT. OEOSTILBIA. 47
46. — CeedJianella (Geostilbia} balanus Bens., NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus. , p. 162. — (?) Cacilianella isseli PALAD. , Annali Mus. Civico Geneva, iii, 1872, pi. 1, f. 9, 10. — Acicula z., JICKELI, Moll. N.-O. Afr., p. 135.— PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 297.
I have not seen this species, which seems to be rather common in the higher, dry parts of India, and to be known chiefly by river-drift specimens. Pfeiffer's description and the figures of Reeve and Pfeiffer indicate a shell with only weakly-truncate columella, so that one understands why Colonel Beddome should compare Geostilbia, caledonica, (which he states is identical with Indian specimens from North Canara, see Blanford, /. c. ). Nevill also refers the species to Geostilbia. In his description of <'. isseli,, Paladilhe mentions emphatically its truncate columella; yet his figure seems to represent a Geostilbia very close to balanus. Blanford has stated that isseli is identical with balanus; but so far as I can judge from the literature, there are two speciea involved. Fig. 60 is copied from Reeve's type figure. I have also copied the figure given in f^onehologia Indica, pi. 4, fig. 61. By its strongly truncate columella, this figure seems to cor- respond with the description of C. Isseli.
43. C. MAURITIANA (H. Adams). PI. 4, fig. 69.
Shell imperforate, subulate-cylindrie, thin, hyaline, glossy, spire subcylindric, the apex very obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 5, rather flattened, the last dilated at the base; columella arcuate, slightly truncate. Aperture acuminate-oval; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute. Length 4, diam 1, aperture 1.33 mm. (H. Ad.).
Mauritius: Ponce Mt, Mah£ and Silhouette, Seychelles (G. Nevill).
Acicula mauritiana H. AD., P. 'L S. 1868, p. 290, pi. 28, f. 7. — PFR., Monogr. viii, 295. — Cadlianetta 7n., MARTENS in Mobius, Reise nach Mauritius p. 199. — NEVILL, Handlist moll. Ind. Mus. p. 163.
This does not seem to differ materially from gwndlachi.
44. C. COMORENSIS (Morelet). PI. 4, fig. 63.
Shell imperforate, turrite, thin, hyaline, smooth; spire long, the apex rounded, obtuse. Whorls 6, plano-convex, subscalar,
48 C^CILIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILBIA.
with a well -impressed suture, the last whorl one-third the total length. Aperture piriform, the outer margin simple, unex- panded; columellar margin dilated, reflexed, appressed, making an angle with the basal margin. Length 4, diam. 1.25 mm. (Crosse).
Comoro Is.: Combani, Mayotte (Marie).
Geostilbia comorensis MORELET, Journ. de Conch. 1883, xxxi, p. 196, pi. 8, f. 7.
Differs from G. mariei by its more slender shape, with longer spire of two more whorls, and a shorter aperture.
45. C. MARIEI (Crosse). PI. 4, figs. 65, 66.
Shell imperforate, subcylindric, thin, polished, diaphanous, hyaline, whitish. Spire rather long, the apex abruptly rounded, very obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls scarcely 4, nearly flat, slightly convex, the last very little descending, shorter than the spire. Aperture regularly elongate-piriform, colored within like the outside. Peristome simple, whitish, the margins joined by a thin callus. Columellar margin somewhat thickened, having an appearance of truncation, hardly reaching to the base; basal margin rounded; outer arched forward, subacute. Length 3, diam. 1 mm. (Crosse).
Nossi-be Island: Calempo (E. Marie, type loc. ); Mayotte, Comoros (Marie).
. Geostilbia. mariei CROSSE, Journ. de Conch yl. 1880, p. 149; 1881, p. 200, pi. 8, f. 5; 1883, p. 195; in Grandidier's Hist. Madag., Mollusques, pi. 19, f. 8.
This form has a shorter spire and longer aperture than C. gundlachi.
46. C. STUHLMANNI (Martens). PI. 4, fig. 70.
Imperforate, elongate, finely and regularly striate, translu- cent, yellowish-vitreous; 5 whorls, the first globular, smooth, the following rapidly increasing, rather flat, with deep, some- what step-like suture, which is more oblique between the penult, and last whorls. Aperture rather oblique; outer margin ap- proaching rectilinear, thin, simple; lower margin broadly rounded. Columellar margin thick, white, obliquely truncate
OEC1LIOIDES, SECT. GEOSTILBIA. 49
at the base, continued above in a callous layer on the parietal wall. Length 9, diam. 3.66; aperture 4 x 2 mm. (Martens).
East Africa: Runssoro, in the bamboo forest at 2600 meters (Stuhlmann).
Geostilbia stuhlmanni MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere Deutsch Ost-Afrika, p. 131, pi. 5, f. 33 (1898).
"Only with some doubt I place this species in the genus Geostilbia, for it is not so slender and acicular as the typical species, G. mledonica" (Martens').
47. C. PHILIPPINENSIS (Semper).
Shell subulate, glossy, imperf orate; whorls 6, nearly flat, slowly increasing, the last rounded at base; columellar margin straight, subinflexed, thickened. Aperture ovate-oblong, sub- vertical. Length 6, diam. 1.75, aperture 1.5x1 mm. (Semper).
Philippines: Guza, Zamboanga, under low plants (Semper).
Cionella philippinensis SEMP., Reisen in Archipel Phil., Land- moll., p. 139, 1874. — Geostilbia p., MLLDFF. , Syst. Verzeichniss, p. 153. — Glessula philipp inensis COOKE, P. Z. S. , 1892, p. 469.
This snail has been erroneously referred by Mr. Cooke to Qlessula, a genus not known to occur in the Philippine archi- pelago.
48. C. PHILIPPINICA (Moellendorff.) PI. 15, figs. 6, 7.
Shell small, not rimate, cylindric-turrite, rather solid, yel- lowish, polished ; spire long-turrited, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, a little convex; suture impressed, broadly margined, sub- horizontal at first, then gradually becoming strongly oblique. Penultimate whorl very high, the last a little higher, % the length of the shell. Aperture vertical, receding at base, narrowly oval ; peristome simple, slightly obtuse, the margins joined by a light callus, right margin curving forward in the middle, lower margin rather straightened or biangularly curved, columellar margin reflexed above the rimation ; columella vertical, at the base slightly obliquely truncate. Length 3%, diam. li/8 mm. ; aperture 1% long, scarcely % wide (Mlldff.)
Philippines: Monte Licos, Zebu (Mlldff.).
•">" C.ECILIOIDES, GLESSU1-A.
Geostilbia philippinica Mlldff., Bericht Senck. Nat, Ges. 1890, p. 248, pi. 8, f. 8.
Described from one example. The figures, drawn by Dr. Boettger, show a distinctly truncate columella. This char- acter and the broad sutnral margin seem to differ from the following species.
4-J-l. (_'. MOELLENDORPPI 11. sp. PL 15, figs. 4. 5.
The shell is clear corneous, glossy, marked with faint growth-lines and under a high power some faint traces of spiral striation are visible in places. The spire tapers regu- larly to the obtuse summit. Slightly over 4 whorls, convex and rapidly enlarging. Suture narrowly margined. The aperture is ovate; columella straightened below, not in the least truncate and not calloused. The outer lip is strongly arched forward. Length 4, diain. 1.4. length aperture 1.55 mm.
Philippines: Mananga, Zebu (Quadras coll.) The spire tapers much more than in C. gundlaclii, the last whorl being wider, and the aperture is larger. The sutural margin is narrower than in ('. gundlachi. In the type lot the columella is not calloused. C. philippinensis is a larger shell with proportionally smaller aperture. I have not been able to compare specimens of <". tnariei and (\ b alarms.
Genus GLESSULA von Martens.
(rle^ala MARTS, in Albers, Die Helic.een, edit. 2, 1860, p. 254, type Achatina gemma Bens. — BEDDOMK, Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, vii, Sept. 1906, pp. 160-172.- Electra ALBERS, Die Hel., 1850, p. 194, for Achatina ceylanica Ph. Not Electro, Lamouroux, 1816, not EU-ctrn Steph., 1829.
The shell is imperforate ovate-conic or turrite, brown or corneous-brown, glossy and usually without strong sculpture; apex obtuse. Aperture irregularly oval; outer lip unexpanded, acute or blunt; columella short, more or less deeply concave, abruptly truncate at the base.
Sole without distinct median area; no pedal margin; an outer mantle lobe on the left side. Kidney very long, band-like.
GLESSULA. 51
Genitalia peculiar (pi. 15, figs. 2); there is a feather-like gland (fig. 3) where the vas deferens enters the penis. The latter contains a short conic, perforated papilla and two of longitudinal folds. The prostate gland of the hermaphrodite duct consists of entirely separated narrow follicles, as in AchatiiKi. The spermatheca has a short duct. Uterus contain- ing several large shells with fully 2 whorls.
The jaw is very finely striate, almost smooth. Radula has about 110 teeth in a transverse row. The central tooth is very small, tricuspid; laterals with three cusps; outer marginal teeth very finely 3- or 4-cusped (G. orophila from Madras, according to Semper).
Type G. gemma Bens. Distribution, Oriental and Ethiopian regions.
Glessula was associated with " Cionelld, " (that is, the Ferus- mcidce as herein understood) by Professor von Martens in 1860. Various other authors, both before and since, have thought the group Aehatinoid, belonging to " Stenogyra' in the former wide limits of that term. We know too little of its anatomy to give a definite opinion, but the presence of a glandular append- age (appendix or llagellum) at the end of the penis is a feature unlike any Achati.nida. The homology of this appendage is not certain, however. The position of the ureter is unknown. I have been unable to obtain alcoholic material necessary for an investigation of the relations of Glesmla to Subulina, Homorua, Bacillum and Pseudoglessula.
In most (but perhaps not all) species, the lip becomes slightly blunt and smooth in fully adult shells, thereby differing from Subulina, which has an acute lip at all stages or growth.
In G. orophila, Semper found in the uterus 4 large embryos with shells having fully two whorls, and a ^mall one with a half whorl and very large caudal vesicle. Various other species have been found to be viviparous, while others bring forth globular eggs like those of SubvJina. Like that genus, also, the Glessulse reproduce before attaining full size.
Glessula has been studied mainly by specialists on the Indian fauna. Benson, W. T. Blanford, Beddome and Godwin- Austen have chiefly contributed to the literature. Blanford's
">'2 GLESSULA.
"Contributions to Indian Malacology," continued through many years of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, contain a great mass of information on this genus, as on many others of the Indian fauna. Hanley and Theobald illustrated most of the types of Benson, among others, in their Conchologia IndicM. Finally, Colonel R. H. Beddome has recently reviewed the genus in his "Notes on Indian and Ceylonese Species of Glessula."
From the purely conchological standpoint we may be said to have an extensive knowledge of Glessula, yet various characters of the first importance have been neglected. The embryonic whorls of the types must all be re-examined and their sculpture de- Bribed. Our ignorance of the embryonic sculpture of many forms prevents any natural classification of the species. The surface of the later whorls in all the species should be examined under high power, since some species have a minute sculpture not visible with an ordinary hand lens.
No fossil species of Glessula are known to me. A few species of other genera have been referred to Glessula.
Glessula obtusa and G. erosa Blanford are species of Bacillum (Vol. xvii, pp. 1, 4).
Glessula orthoceras G.-A. is a Bacillum (I. c. , p. 2).
Glessula philippinensis Semper, of Cooke, is a Ceecilioides (this vol., p. 49).
No natural classification of the species of Glessula can be attempted until the sculpture of the apices of the shells and the anatomy of a number of representative species are studied. I have separated a group of West African forms (species 89 to 92) as a new section, Neoglessula. The species are here grouped geographically, as follows:
I. Ceylon, species 1 to 13, 34, 49, 52. II. Peninsular India, species 14 to 58.
III. Extra-Peninsular India, Indo-China, Yunnan, etc.,
species 59 to 77.
IV. Habitat unknown, species 78 to 80.
V. Sumatra, Java and Borneo, species 81, 82. VI. Eastern Africa, species 83 to 86. VII. West Africa, species 87 to 92.
(JbESSULA, CEYLON. 53
I. SPECIES OF CEYLON.
The Ceylonese Glessulre are closely related to those of southern India, and in a few cases seem to be of identical species. Such cases should receive very careful comparison. The following forms, described from Peninsular India, have been identified by reliable authorities from Ceylon.
G. beddomei Blanf. , No. 34.
G. sattitraeiui* ' H. Ad.' Hanley & Theobald, No. 49.
G. pusilla Beddome, No. 52.
1. G. INORNATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 10, 11, 14-17.
Shell turrite-oblong, solid, closely striate; pale tawny, varie- gated with darker streaks; nearly lusterless, having a woody appearance. Spire turrite, the apex rather obtuse, suture lightly impressed, very closely crenulated. Whorls 7^, rather flattened, the last nearly equal to two-fifths the total length, the base slightly compressed and smoother. Columella very deeply arcuate, white-calloused, obliquely, abruptly truncate. Aper- ture sinuous-semioval, white within. Peristome simple, obtuse, the right margin spreading. Length 28, diam. 11, aperture 11.5x5 mm. (Pfr.).
Ceylon (Pfr.): Kandy (Nevill, Simon); Matelle East and Ma Ellia (Layard). South Canara forests (Beddome).
Achatina inornata PFR., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 259; Conchyl. Cab. p. 322, pi. 26, f. 8, 9; and var., pi. 37, f. 1, 2; Monogr. iii, 490.— Hanley & Theob., Conch. Indica, p. 9, pi. 17, f. 2, and var., i. 3. — S.\(G. ) inornata NEVILL., Handlist, p. 171. — Glessula inornata JOUSSEAUME, Mem. Soc. Zool. France vii, 1894, p. 292. — BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 164, with var. minor.
The first 2£ whorls seem to be nearly smooth, but with a finely crenulate suture; then fine, distinct strise begin, strongest near the suture, weaker below. On the spire these stria? are separated into groups by occasional deeper grooves or larger striae; and more or less trace of such irregularity may often be traced on the last whorl. Under the compound microscope, the surface is seen to be very densely covered with minute granules arranged in spiral lines (pi. 6, fig. 16). These give it a charac- teristic silky sheen, unlike the smooth species. Specimens before me measure as follows, all being adults with the lip blunt.
54 GLESSULA, CEYLON.
Length 29, diam. 13, aperture 12 mm. ; whorls 8.
Length 28, diam. 11.5, aperture 11.7 mm.; whorls 8.
Length 24, diam. 11.7, aperture 10.5 mm.; whorls 7^'.
The color is yellow or olivaceous, with some reddish streaks. The interior is pale lilac or flesh -colored.
This is one of the most distinct species of the genus. Col. Beddome has mentioned a " var. minor, length 18 to 20 mm."
Pfeiffer has descrihed and figured a variety which is "more distinctly striate. silky, brownish-tawny' (pi. 6, fig. 17). This form is thought by Col. Beddome to be G. beddomei Blanf.
2, G. LANKANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 1, 2, 3.
Shell oblong- turrite, thin but rather solid, yellow or tawny, with some narrow darker or chestnut streaks on the spire. Surface very glossy, finely and deeply striate, the stria' unequal, in places being as narrow as the intervals, but occasionally much wider. Under the compound microscope a very faint spiral striation is visible, the spirals being very weakly beaded in places. The first 2^ whorls are smooth. Spire conic with straight sides and obtuse apex. Suture irregularly crenulate. Aperture vertical, flesh-tinted inside. Outer lip obtuse, form- ing a regular arch. Columella moderately concave, obliquely truncate at base,
Length 27.2, diarn. 11, length apart. 10 mm.; whorls 8i.
Length 27, diam. 11.2, length apart. 10.5 mm.; whorls 8^.
Ceylon: Matella District (Layard).
Closely related to G. inornata. but more glossy and having much less distinct microscopic granulation, as may be seen by comparing fig. 3 with pi. 6, fig. 16. The outlines of the spire are straighter; there are more w7horls in the same length, and the aperture is smaller. G. beddomei has a more prominent and more deeply truncate columella.
3. G. PARABILIS (Benson). PI. 7, fig. 4.
Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, glossy, rugose-striate, decus- sated with most minute, obsolete spiral stria?, whitish under a buff-corneous cuticle. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse, suture lightly impressed, subcrenulate. Whorls 6, subplanulate, the last a little convex, scarcely three-sevenths the shell's length.
GLESSULA, CEYLON. •>•>
Aperture triangularly semiovate, whitish inside. Peristome slightly inflexed, the margins joined by a thin callus; right margin sinuous, slightly obtuse, columellar margin very deeply arcuate, strongly truncate obliquely. Length 20, diam. 10, aperture 9x5 mm. (Bens.).
Ceylon (Layard): Kandy (Nevill); Maturata (Simon).
Achatina parnbil-i* BEXS. , Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xviii, August, 1856, p. 96.— PFR., Monographia iv, 606.— H. & T., Conch. Indica pi. '35, f. 7.—S. (G.~) p., NEVILL, Handlist, p. 171.- G. parabilis JOUSSEAUME, Mem. Zool. Soc. France vii, 1894, p. 294.
This species seems to differ from inornata by its glossy surface.
4. G. CAPILLACEA (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, fig. 5.
Shell turrite, thin, hair-striate under the lens, glossy, pel- lucid, greenish-corneous. Spire elongate, the apex rather ob- tuse. Whorls 7£, convex, the last scarcely one-third the total length, obsoletely angular at the periphery. Aperture slightly oblique, sinuate-oval. Columella arcuate, obliquely truncate. Peristome simple. Length 9, diam. 4mm., aperture 3x2 mm.
Ceylon (Thwaites, in Cuming coll. ) ; Haycock Mt. (Beddome). Achatina capillacea PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 294; Monogr. iv, 614.— H & T., Conch. Ind. 63, pi. 156, f. 3 (fig. of type).
5. G. NITENS (Gray). PL 6, fig. 1, 2.
"Shell ovate-conic, turrite, hyaline, corneous, smooth, polished, the apex rather obtuse ; whorls 8, convex ; aperture ovate, peristome thin. Length 0.7, diam. 0.3 inch." (Gray, 1825.)
"Shell turrited, shining, pellucid, horn-color; spire coni- cal; apex blunt; whorls 7 to 8, gradually enlarging, convex. Aperture one-fourth the length of the shell, ovate. Colu- mella sharply curved. Axis -Hi, diam. '4 of an inch " (Gray, 1828).
Achatina nitens GRAY, Annals of Philos., n. ser. ix, 1825, p. 415; Spicilegia Zoologica p. 5, pi. 6, f. 18 (1828).— FERUSSAC, Bull. Sci. Nat. 1829, xvi, p. 468.— PFR., Monogr.
56 GLESSULA, CEYLON.
ii, 260; Conchyl. Cab. p. 365, pi. 43, f. 10-12.— DESK, in Fer., Hist., p. 165, pi. 134, f. 25-27.— H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 17, f. 1. — Stenogyra (G.) nit ens NEVILL, Handlist p. 171 (Kandy). — A. pancetha BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3) v, May, 1860, p. 384 (Ellegamme Nalande and Matelle, Ceylon). - H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 36, f. 2.— PPR., Monogr. vi, 226.
A typical specimen is drawn in fig. 1, 2 of plate 6. The shell is corneous-yellow, very bright and glossy, nearly smooth. The sides of the spire are very slightly convex; but the whorls are strongly convex, parted by a very dis- tinctly crenulated suture. The aperture is small; columella very deeply excavated above. Length 17, diam. 7.8, aper- ture 6.8 mm. ; whorls 7y2- Nalande, Ceylon.
Var. PUNCTOGALLANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 3, 4, 5.
Shell oblong-ovate, slightly striatulate, glabrous, glossy, pellucid, corneous-tawny. Spire pyramidal, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7y2, convex, the last about two-fifths the total length, base rounded. Columella very deeply arcuate, reaching far forward, abruptly truncate. Aperture vertical, subtriangu- lar-semioval ; peristome simple, the right margin regularly arcuate. Length 16, diam. 8, aperture 7x4 mm. (Pfr.).
Ceylon: Point de G-alle (Benson) ; Matelle district (A. N. S. Coll.) ; Balapiti (Nevill).
Achatina ceylanica REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 15, f. 59 (not of Pfeiffer). — A. punctogallana PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1852, p. 150; Conchyl. Cab. p. 323, pi. 26, f. 14, 15; Monogr. iii, p. 493. — Glessula p., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 165.
"Differs from A. ceylanica by the smoother, more glossy shell, with longer spire, shorter last whorl, and the columella arched forward more ' (Pfr.). The whorls are much more convex in punctogallana than Pfeiffer 's description and fig- ures indicate in ceylanica. The largest shell before me (fig. 5) measures, length 17.5, diam. 8.4, aperture 7 mm., whorls nearly 8. Others from the Matelle district, received from Layard, are typical in size. Both lots were received as ceylanica.
This form differs from G. nitens by its stouter, more com- pact shape.
GLESSULA, CEYLON. 57
6. (jr. CEYLANICA (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 7, 8.
Shell ovate-oblong, striatulate, silky, thin, tawny-corneous ; spire pyramidal, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last three-sevenths the total length, inflated. Columella short, arcuate, abruptly truncate. Aperture rather wide, semioval ; peristome thin, acute. Length 16, diam. 8, aper- ture 7.5 x 4 mm. (Pfr.).
Ceylon (Templeton) ; Maturata (Simon) ; Balapiti and Colombo (Nevill).
Achatina ceylanica PFR., Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1845, p. 157; Monog. ii, 258 ; iii, 493; iv. 607; vi, 223; viii, 279; and in Philippi, Abbild., ii, p. 215, pi. 1, f. 3; Conch. Cab. p. 313, pi. 25, f. 14, 15. — Glessula c., JOUSSEAUME, Mem. Soc. Zool. France vii, 1894, p. 292. — Stenogyra (G.) c., NEVILL, Hand- list p. 172.
Closely related G. nitcns, but the description and figure indicate that the whorls are much less convex in ceylanica. Colonel Beddome records specimens of ceylanica 30 x 14 mm. ; but their specific identity may possibly be doubtful.
7. G. DESHAYESI (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 6, 12, 13.
Shell turrite-ovate, rather thin, nearly smooth, glossy, corneous-brown ; spire long, convex, the apex rather obtuse, suture simple, rather deep. Whorls 7, convex, the last two- fifths the length, rounded at base. Columella somewhat twisted, broadly and obliquely truncate. Aperture slightly oblique, rhombic-semioval ; peristome simple, obtuse, the right margin somewhat spreading. Length 11, diam. 5, aperture 41/0 x 2i/o mm. (Pfr.}.
Ceylon.
Achatina deshayesi PFR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 86; Conchyl. Cab. p. 366, pi. 43, f. 13-16; Monogr. iii, 495; iv. 608; vi, 266; viii, 281.— H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 102, f. 2.
Smaller than G. nit ens, and of a richer brown color, but otherwise it is closely related. The whorls are strongly con- vex and the surface very brilliant. Some of the upper post- embryonic whorls are rather distinctly striate. The suture is much less distinctly crenulated than in G. nit ens, — nearly
58 (JLESSULA, CEYLON.
simple. The sides of the spire are slightly convex. Pig. 6 represents a typical example, length 11, diam. 5.2, aperture 4.5 mm., whorls 6%. The lip is "finished."
Two specimens, the longest and shortest from another lot of 15, are drawn, pi. 6, figs. 12, 13. Neither has the lip "finished," though no doubt both are nearly mature. They measure as follows.
Length 12.8, diam. 6 mm., whorls l^/\.
Length 10, diam. 5 mm., whorls 61/-..
8. G. PACHYCHEILA (Benson).
Shell ovate-oblong, striatulate, under a lens decussated with obsolete, close, spiral very fine striae; glossy, brownish- corneous, translucent; spire lengthened, subconic, apex ob- tuse, suture lightly impressed. Whorls 6, a trifle convex, the last scarcely two-fifths the total length. Aperture ver- tical, oblong-ovate ; peristome whitish-bordered within ; colu- mella exceedingly deeply arcuate, basal margin thickened. Length 11, diam. 5 mm. (Bens.).
Ceylon: Heneratgodde (Layard).
Achatina p., BENSON, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2) xii, Au- gust, 1853, p. 94.— PFR., Monogr. iv, 608. — Glessula p., BED- DOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 166.
"This little species of a group which has so many rep- resentatives in Ceylon, the Nilgherries, and the damp woody mountains of the North-eastern India, with a more slender form than A. areas nobis, is well distinguished from the allied forms by its peculiar sculpture under the lens, and by the internal incrassation of the peristome, a feature which is also observable in the species A. crassilabris nobis, from north-eastern India." (Benson.}
This species has not been figured. With the same dimen- sions as G. deshayesi, it seems to differ by having the whorls only very little convex, whilst in deshayesi they are strongly convex.
80. Var. taprobanica Pils., subsp. n. PI. 7, fig. 16.
Shell smaller, very pale yellow. Sculpture of fine vertical
GLKSSUI-A, CKYMiN. 59
grooves, close on the spire but rather widely, unevenly spaced on the last two whorls; no perceptible spiral lines; two whorls at the summit smooth. Aperture small, the outer lip rather thick; columella moderately concave, subvertieally and not very deeply truncate at the base.
Length 8.5 to 8.8, diam. 3.2, aperture 3 mm. ; whorls 6y2.
Ceylon: Kandookerre (E. L. Layard).
This form was distributed by Layard as packycheilus Bens. That species has not been figured, but according to the de- scription it differs from this in several respects. G. colletta is a more slender, darker species, with a less thickened lip.
9. G. SERENA (Benson). PI. 6, fig. 9.
Shell ovate-pyramidal, rather solid, very highly polished, slightly, obsoletely striate, tawny corneous, pellucid. Spire elongate, subturrite, the apex abruptly obtuse; suture im- pressed, submarginate, crenulate. Whorls 6y2 to 7, subcon- vex, convex above near the suture, the last whorl slightly compressed at the base. Aperture vertical, three-sevenths the total length, subtriangular-ovate; peristome unexpanded, rather obtuse; columellar margin very deeply arcuate, whit- ish-calloused, at the base abruptly and obliquely truncate. Length 20 to 21, diam. 9 to 9.5, aperture 9 x 5.5 mm. (Bens.)
Ceylon : Akurambodie, in southern Matelle.
Acini Una serena BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), v, May, 1860, p. 384.— PPR., Monogr. vi, 223.— H. & T.. Conch. Ind. pi. 78, f. 8.
This species is very close to G. nitcx*. but the whorls are less convex. It is doubtfully distinct, from G. ceylanica, .but from the figures, that seems to be more straightly conic and smaller.
10. G. LAYARDI Pilsbry. n. sp. PI. 7. figs. 6, 7.
The shell is oblong-turrite, yellow-corneous with profusely scattered whitish dots and spots (produced by disintegration of the surface), paler towards the summit. Surface very glossy, without noticeable microscopic sculpture, but marked with unevenly spaced grooves, which are rather weaker on
60 GLESSULA, CEYLON.
the last whorl, and obsolete on the base. The summit is ob- tuse, rounded, first whorls smooth. Whorls G1/^, moderately convex. Suture elegantly- but somewhat irregularly denti- culate. Aperture vertical; outer lip obtuse; columella very short, moderately or deeply concave, subhorizontally and very deeply truncate. Length 14, diam. 6, length of aper- ture 5.9 mm. Length 13.5, diam. 6.1, length of aperture 5.9 mm.
Ceylon (Layard).
This species differs from G. ceylanica by its very much less deeply concave columella. It is a smaller and more slender shell than G. serena, which seems to be its nearest ally. The denticulation of the suture is a prominent feature. Though "live" shells, the surface is eroded in places. The whitish flecks probably will not be found on shells from stations where they are less liable to erosion.
11. G. VERUINA (Benson).
Shell cylindric-turrite, very much lengthened, dirty whit- ish, unevenly striate ; the spire gradually tapering above ; suture impressed, crenulate ; apex obtuse. Whorls 12!/2 to 13, narrow, cylindric, the last scarcely two-elevenths the total length. Aperture vertical, truncate-oval ; peristome unex- panded, acute; columella slightly arcuate. Length 25, diam. 5 mm. (Bens.}
Ceylon: Narlande and Matelle (Layard).
Achatina veruina BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2) xii, August, 1853, p. 94. — PFR., Monogr. vi, 235. — S. (G.) veruina NEVILL, Handlist, p. 171.
This rare species has not been figured.
12. G. COLLETS Sykes. PL 7, fig. 13.
Shell elongate, thin, smooth, obscurely longitudinally striated, brown or brown-corneous, the apex rather obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls 6 to 6%, a little convex, the last half the length of the shell. Aperture nearly vertical, lunate- oval, columellar margin callous, paler, obliquely truncate. Length 8, diam. 2.8 mm. (Sykes).
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 61
Ceylon: Ambagamuwa (Mi's. Collett).
Glessula collettce SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, July, 1898, p. 73, pi. 5, f. 1.
Topotypes before me are rather dark yellowish chestnut colored, with sculpture of impressed vertical grooves. These are rather widely separated on the later whorls, but close above. Nearly two whorls at the summit are smooth. Length 8, diam. 2. 9, aperture 2.9 mm. long, whorls 6y2.
Compared with 0. p. taprobanica, this is a more slender shell, hence the whorls appear longer, and they are more evenly convex, the suture being less narrowly impressed.
13. G. SIMONI Jousseaume. PI. 7, fig. 8.
Shell small, ovate, thin, costulate, glossy, pellucid, fulvous- corneous. Spire conoid, the apex rather obtuse, suture im- pressed. Whorls 5 to 6, convex, the last half the total length, slightly tapering at the base, rounded. Aperture ver- tical, semioval; peristome unexpanded, thin, acute; the right margin less arcuate; columella callous, nearly straight, very deeply arcuate, obliquely truncate, at the umbilical region appressed and depressed. Diam. 3 mm., alt. 1.5 mm. (Jouss.)
Ceylon: flank of Pedrotalagala at Nuwaraeliya (Simon).
Glessula simoni Jouss., Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France pour 1'annee 1894, vii, p. 293, pi. 4, f. 10.
This minute form has about the size of a TornatelUna, but seems to be more strongly sculptured than is usual in that genus. The embryonic whorls are smooth, a little darker than the rest of the shell. Four specimens were taken, two of them smaller than the type, which is thought by Jousseaume to be immature.
II. SPECIES OF PENINSULAR INDIA.
14. G. SHIPLAYI (Pfeiffer). PL 9, fig. 8.
Shell turrite, smoothish, pellucid, glossy, corneous; spire regularly tapering, the apex obtuse ; suture substriate ; whorls 13, convex, the last slightly more than one-third the total length, rounded, more distinctly striate; columella somewhat straightly running forward, at the base rather widely trun-
62 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
cate. Aperture a little oblique, rounded-oval; peris! ome uii- expanded, very thin. Length 25.5, diam. 6.3 mm., aperture 5.5x3.25 mm. (Pfr.).
Length 36 mm., whorls 14 (Beddome).
S. India: Nilgiri Mts (Con way Shiplay, type loc.) ; Anamallays; Shevaroys.
Achatina shiplayi PFR., Malak. Bl. 1855, p. 169; Novit. Conch, i, p. 82, pi. 22, f. 13, 14; Monogr. iv, 612.— HANL. and THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 36, f. 9 (juv.). — Glessula s., BED- DOME. P. Mai. Soc. vii, 161. — Stenogyra (G.) shiplayi NEVILL, Handlist p. 168, no. 60.
'Full grown specimens were very rarely found by me, though young half- and three-quarter grown ones are most abundant on the Nilgiris. This and some other species cer- tainly breed before the shell attains full size or a hardened peristome, as I have taken eggs from such shells. The peris- tome differs much in mature specimens, sometimes being very thick and solid, sometimes quite thin, but, even then, firm, and not breaking or becoming jagged at the touch, which is the sign that the shell has not finished its growth. Full-grown examples of shiplayi are very like tenuispira, but smaller. It also runs nilgirica very closely, but the latter has a stronger sculpture, and is broader at the base." (Bedd.)
15. G. HEBES ('Blanford' Pfr.). PI. 9, fig. 6.
Shell subcylindric-turrite, thin, pale corneous, translucent, polished, striatulate; spire raised, subcylindric in the lower part, the sides convex towards the obtuse apex; suture im- pressed. Whorls 9 to 10i/>, convex, regularly increasing, the last short, about one-fourth to one-fifth the total length. Aperture ovate-oblong, a little oblique; peristome thin; colu- mella very arcuate, obliquely truncate in front, Length 17 to 22, diam. 5 mm. : aperture 4 to 4.5 mm. long, 2.3 to 3 mm. wide. (Blanf.).
S. India : Deo Grhat, on the south side of Poona ( Evizard, type loc.) ; Shevaroys; Pulney Hills, and halfway up the Koonoor Pass, Nilgiris (Nevill).
Achatina hebes Blanford, PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. vi, 1868,
GLESSULA, I'KNINSl'LAK INDIA. 63
]>. 230. — (rlessida hebes BLANFORD, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 39, 1870, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 21.— BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond. vii, 161. — NEVILL, Handlist, p. 167.
"The nearest ally to this species appears to be (}. tamulica ( \V. & II. Blanf.) from near Trichinopoly, which is distin- guished by greater diameter in proportion to the length, and a more regularly tapering spire. Intermediate forms may hereafter be found however.
''A specimen from the Shevroy hills near Salem in south- ern India, sent to me by Major Beddome, only differs from (i. hebes in being longer and slightly more attenuate towards the apex. It has 13 whorls." (Blanf.}
"Ten specimens received from Blanford and E vizard, col- lected near Poona, are all young, with quite unformed lip ; and all the types of hebcs in Blanf ord's collection, and the specimens in the Natural History Museum and others that I have seen, are the same. If full-grown, or nearly so, it must be a much smaller species than sliiplayi. It runs the young of that species rather closely, but the apex is gener- ally blunter. Specimens collected by me on the Shevaroys iire referred here by Blanford; they are, however, immature and appear rather to belong to fairbanki. if that species is distinct, which I doubt. When collected I took them to be young of sliiplayi. Until hebes and fairbanki are found with mature lips, they must, I think, remain doubtful species.
"Hanley's figure of hebes has the tapering apex of young shiplayi and is unlike my type of hebes." (Beddome.)
16. (J. FAIRBANKI (Benson). PI. 9, fig. 7.
Shell subcylindric-turrite, striatulate, obsoletely and very minutely spirally decussate, polished, translucent, buff- corneous, the spire having subconvex sides towards the apex, summit obtuse; suture distinctly impressed; whorls 8, sub- convex, short, the last four slowly increasing in diameter; last whorl rounded below, one-fourth the total length ; aper- ture suboblique, ovate, angular above and below, the margins joined by a callus; columella lightly arcuate, obliquely trun- cate; basal and outer margins thin. Length 12, diam. 4, aperture 3 x 2.5 mm. (Bens.).
64 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
S. India: Mahableshwar Mts. (Rev. S. B. Fairbank).
Achatina fairbanki BENS., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xv, Jan. 1865, p. 14.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 232.— HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 18, f. 3.
"The nearest. Nilgiri form is A. corrosula Pfr. The more cylindrical form below, the sculpture, shorter whorls etc., safely distinguished it ' (Bens.).
Col. Beddome considers fairbanki doubtfully distinct from G. liebes. Both were based upon shells not fully mature.
17. G. VADALICA (Benson). PI. 9, fig. 11.
Shell turrite-elongate, striatulate, rather solid, polished, translucent, buff-corneous; spire a little convexly turrite to- wards the apex; apex rather obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls 11, convex, short, the upper ones rib-striate, last whorl rounded below, scarcely one-fourth the total length. Aperture slightly oblique, elliptical-ovate, margins joined by a callus, columellar margin slightly arcuate, whitish, ob- liquely truncate, basal and right margins thin. Length 34, diam. 9, aperture 8x5 mm. (Bens.).
India: Wadale, near Ahmednugger (Fairbank).
Achatina vadalica BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xv, Jan. 1865, p. 15. — PFR., Monogr. vi, 229. — HANL. and THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 35, f. 5.
"The convex sides of the upper part of the spire, the shorter whorls, with the sculpture and polish of the shell, dis- tinguish it as well from the Nilgiri A. perrotteti as from the neighbouring A. notigena, which has an attenuate spire and costulate sculpture in all the whorls. The Liberian A. clavus Pfr., is a broader shell, with longer and wider whorls." (Benson.)
18. G. TAMULICA (Blanford). PI. 9, fig. 12.
"Shell turrite, thin, glossy, corneous, striatulate; spire regularly tapering, the apex obtuse ; whorls 10, convex, the last slightly more than one-fourth the total length, rounded; columella strongly arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aperture a little oblique, suboval, peristome simple, thin, the margins joined by a very thin callus. Length 20, diam. 6, aperture 5.8x3 mm." (Blanf.).
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GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 65
S. India: Cullagoody, Trichinopoly.
Achatina tamulica BLANP., Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. 30, 1861, p. 362.— PPB., Monogr. vi, 232.— HANL. and THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 17, f. 9. — Glessula t., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 162.
"Near A. shiplayi, but distinguished by the smaller number of whorls, more obtuse apex, etc." (Blanf.). Known from immature specimens with quite fragile lip. Col. Beddome considers that "it is very near vadalica, and has all the ap- pearance of being the young of that species."
19. G. PERROTTETI (Pfeiffer). PI. 9, figs. 9, 10.
Shell elongate-conic, the apex rather obtuse, glossy, cor- neous, diaphanous ; whorls 8, a little convex, the last half the total length, columella deeply incurved, abruptly truncate. Aperture oval, the peristome simple, acute. Length 22, diam. 9, aperture 8x4 mm. (Pfr.).
S.India: Nilgiris (type loc.) at Neddoowutton (Blanford), and Pulney Hills, about the foot of the mountains (Bed- dome).
Achatina perrotteti PFR., Revue Zoologique 1842, p. 305; Symbolae ii, 59; Monogr. ii, 260; iii, 494; iv, 607; vi, 224; Conchyl. Cab. p. 324, pi. 26, f. 16, 17.— Conch. Indica pi. 35, fig. 6 ( ?).— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 24, f. W2.—Glandina ? p., PHILIPPI, Abbild. i, p. 135, pi. 1, f. 12. — Stenogyra (G.) p., NEVILL, Handlist, p. 168.
Pfeiffer's type seems to be a relatively wide, short form, with the mouth more than one-third the total length. The longer shell figured in Conchologia Indica is probably a dif- ferent species.
20. G. LEPTOSPIRA (Benson). PI. 12, fig. 2.
Shell oblong-lurrite, striatulate, glossy, pale corneous- brown; spire rather narrowly turrite, the apex obtuse, suture rather deep, crenulate. Whorls 9, a little convex, the upper short, more convex, the last less than one-third the total length. Aperture suboblique, elliptical, margins joined by a callus, columella r margin arcuate, obliquely truncate, the right margin thin. Length 16, diam. 6 mm. (Bens.)
66
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
Someysur Hills (Theobald).
Achatina I, BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), xv, Jan. 1865, p. 14.— H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 35, f. 2.— PPR., Monogr. vi, 233.— £. (G.) leptospira NEVILL, Handlist, p. 171 (Goo- meysur Hill) .
This species was probably based on immature shells. It may prove to be a form of G. notigena.
21. G. NOTIGENA (Benson). PI. 12, figs. 3, 4, 9.
Shell long-conic, attenuate above, thin, subcostulate striate, tawny corneous, glossy, pellucid. Spire turrited, attenuate •above, the apex obtuse; suture impressed, irregularly crenu- late. Whorls 9 to 10, a little convex, the last less than one- third the total length of the shell. Aperture subvertical; narrowly semioval; columella slightly arcuate, subvertical, rather obliquely truncate at the base ; peristome unexpanded, thin, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length 20, diam. 7, aperture 6 mm. long, scarcely 4 wide. (Bens.)
Mahableshwar Ghats (type loc., J. Chesson) ; Bombay Ghats (W. Theobald). [Cherra Poonjee, Sylhet, teste Beddome].
Achatina notigena BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, June, 1860, p. 462.— H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 35, f. 8, 9.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 229. — BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond. vii, 166. — Stenogyra (G.) notigera Blanf., NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus. p. 167, no. 40 (Poona and Khandala).
Benson records a variety which is more inflated, ovate- turrite, 22 x 8 mm. No locality for it is mentioned. He writes: "This shell has relations to A. chessoni in the attenu- ation of the spire towards the summit, a feature observable also in the northeastern A. tenuispira. It differs in form, size, proportions, etc. In one specimen from Bombay the attenuation of the spire is less conspicuous." Col. Beddome states that the specimens he has seen are in no way separable from tenuispira.
The initial half whorl is smooth; then very fine, close, regular vertical striae appear, continuing to the end of the embryonic shell, which consists of two whorls (fig. 9). After this, the striae are irregular, coarse ones appearing in groups,
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 67
or at somewhat irregular intervals. On the last two or three whorls the striation is still coarser, and chiefly on the upper part of each whorl, the lower part being much smoother. Specimens from Poona before me are more slender than those from Bombay, measuring 21 x 7 mm., with 10^ whorls.
The sculptured embryonic whorls show that this species is not related to G. tenuispira. I am much inclined to doubt that the specimens recorded from the Sylhet region are really notigena. They are probably tenuispira.
22. G. CORROSULA (Pfeiffer). PI. 12, figs. 5, 6.
Shell turrite, rather solid, smoothish, corroded in dots, pale corneous. Spire a little convexly turrite, rather acute; su- ture shallow subcrenulate. Whorls 9, very slightly convex, the last scarcely two-sevenths the total length, rounded at the base. Columella very deeply arcuate, obliquely distinctly truncate. Aperture slightly oblique, sinuate-semioval ; peris- tome simple, thin. Length 15, diam. 4%, aperture 4x2 mm. (Pfr.).
Nilgiris (Ch. Shiplay, in Cuming coll.) ; Kurnool (Stol.) Achatina c., PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 35; Novit. Conch, p. 104, pi. 29, f . 9, 10 ; Monogr. iv, 612.
23. G. BENSONIANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 12, fig. 13, 14.
Shell oblong-turrite, thin, slightly striatulate, glossy, sub- pellucid, tawny-corneous. Spire somewhat turrite, the apex rather obtuse ; suture subimpressed, closely denticulate. Whorls 81/2, rather flat, the last slightly more than one-third the total length, tapering at the base; columella slightly arcuate, shortly truncate a little above the base of the semi- oval aperture; peristome simple, acute, the right margin slightly arcuate. Length 18, diam. 6%, aperture 6% x 3 mm. (P/r.)
Nilgiris (Perrottet, type loc.) ; Kotagherry and Ootaca- mund (Stoliczka).
Achatina bensoniana PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 27; Conchyl. Cab. p. 325, pi. 26, f. 12, 13; Monogr. iii, 494.— HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi. 102, f. 3. — Stenogyra
68 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
(Glessula) b., G. NEVILL, J. A. S. B., vol. 50, 1881, p. 137, pi. 5, f. 16, 16o.
24. G. PR^ELUSTRIS (Benson). PI. 9, figs. 15, 16.
Shell ovate-oblong, very thin, fragile, irregularly plieate- striate, glossy, pale buff-corneous; spire pyramidal, the apex obtuse, suture rather deep, subcrenulate ; whorls 8~y2, a little convex, slightly swollen above near the sutures, the last whorl more than one-third the total length, subinflated; aperture vertical, semioval, rather wide; columella somewhat straight, slightly curved, base obliquely truncate; peristome unex- panded, acute. Length 33, dram. 17, aperture 15 x 9 mm. {Bens.}.
S. India: Midnapore, Balasore and Cuttack, Orissa pro- vince, in mango topes (W. Theobald) ; common in the Orissa and Ganjam districts, east side of the Madras Presidency (Beddome).
Achatina pralustris BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H., June, 1860, Vj p. 462. — PFR. Monogr. vi, 221. — HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 17, f. 6, and var., f. 7. — Glessula p., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, p. 162. — Stenogyra (Glessula) praclustris NEVILL, Handlist, p. 170.
Col. Beddome gives 40 mm. as length of his largest speci- men. There is a smaller race (pi. 9, fig. 15) measuring, length 24, diam. 11, aperture 10.5 mm. long; whorls iy2. The lip has a smooth, thickened edge.
25. G. CHESSONI (Benson). PI. 11, fig. 5.
Shell ovate-turrite, attenuate above, roughly plicate-striate, the strife very minutely, closely, obsoletely spirally decussate ; tawny-corneous or purplish-brown, translucent, a little glossy ; spire turrite, attenuate towards the slightly obtuse apex; suture impressed, crenulate. Whorls 11%, a little convex, the last over one-third the length of the shell, a little in- flated. Aperture subvertical, semioval, rather wide; colu- mella rather straight, whitish-calloused, at base slightly ob- liquely truncate; peristome unexpanded, thin. Length 37, diam. 15, aperture 14x8 mm. (Bens.).
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 69
S. India: Mahableshwar Mts. (J. Chesson, type loc.); North Canara forests; near Sircee (Beddome) ; Igapuri (Stoliczka) ; Torna and Purandhar (Blanf.).
Achatina chessoni BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, June, 1860, p. 462.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 222.— HANL. & THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 17, f. 8. — Glessula c., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 163. — S. (G.) chessoni NEVILL, Handlist, p. 167.
There is also a more slender variety 33 x 12 mm. noted by Benson.
26. G. TORNENSIS Blanford. PI. 11, figs. 3, 4.
Shell ovate-oblong, rather thin, smooth, glossy, polished, subobsoletely striatulate, tawny-corneous; spire long-conoid, the sides convex ; apex very obtuse ; suture impressed, some- what corrugated above. Whorls 7 to iy2, convex, the last over two-fifths the total length, rounded beneath. Aperture subvertical, oblong-semioval ; peristome unexpanded, thin, the margins joined by a thin callus ; coluinella deeply arcuate, whitish, almost vertically truncate in front. Length 25, diam. 14, oblique alt. of aperture 12, width 7 mm. (Blanf.).
S. and W. India: Torna Hills, near the town of Poona on the west, (type loc.) ; Anamullays; Tinnevelly; Travancore Ghats (Beddome).
Glessula tornensis BLANF., Journ. A. S. B. vol. 39, 1870, p. 22, pi. 3, f. 22.— BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 163.— Achatina t., Conch. Indica, pi. 78, f. 3.
" In form it is remarkably similar to G. textilis W. Blanf., from the Anamallay Hills, but it entirely wants the colored markings of that species " (Blanf.). Col. Beddome remarks, " My Travancore specimens were labelled siibtornensis by Nevill, but I cannot see how they differ. I took a very beau- tiful, dark chocolate-colored variety on the Calcad Hills in Tinnevelly." Fig. 4 is the typical form from Torna Hills. A specimen measures, length 26.5, diam. 13.5, aperture 12 mm., with 714 whorls. Hanley figures a much more obese form from the same place (fig. 3).
27. G. TEXTILIS Blanford. PI. 11, figs. 6, 7.
" Shell ovate-oblong, rather solid, translucent, striated near
70 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
the suture, smooth, polished, dark chestnut with close vertical and horizontal lines of a greyish-yellow color, varying in breadth and resembling the threads of an irregularly woven cloth. Spire elongated, conoidal with convex sides, apex ob- tuse, sutures impressed. Whorls 7, convex, the last about two-fifths of the entire length, rounded beneath. Aperture vertical, truncately semi-oval, milky within; peristome slightly thickened, white, right margin slightly sinuate towards the base, eolumella deeply curved, obliquely truncated beneath, margins united by a thin callus. Length 26, diam. 13 mm. Aperture lO1/^ mm. long, 7 broad " (Blanf.).
S. India: Anamullay Hills, 6000 ft., type loc. (Blanf.); Pulney Hills (Fairbank) ; Tinnevelly and Travancore Ghats (Beddome).
Achatina textilis BLANF., J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 41. — Conch. Ind., pi. 17, f. 10.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 220.— Glessula t., BEDDOME, I. c., p. 163. — 8. (G.) textilis NEVILL, Handlist p. 168.
" This is the only indigenous Indian Achatina with which I am acquainted possessing colored markings. In form it approaches some of the Ceylon Achatina, and also an unde- scribed Deccan species" (Blanf.).
" Varies in diameter from 10 to 14 mm. I have specimens from the Tinnevelly Ghats in which the textile coloring is reduced to a single narrow band on each of the three lower whorls, or is entirely obsolete " (Beddome).
Besides the numerous reddish lines and bands on a pale- yellow ground, it is sometimes sprinkled with buff dots. A small specimen from the Pulney Hills figured measures, length 21, diam. 9.9, length of aperture 9.8 mm. (fig. 7).
28. G. SENATOR (Hanley). PL 11, fig. 8.
Shell subovate-conoid, sometimes narrower, thin, glossy, smooth; chocolate, conspicuously ornamented with a yellow- ish or pale stripe. Whorls convex, much wider than high (61/2 in an imperfect example), rapidly increasing, marked below the deeply-impressed suture with a very narrow band and above it with a wide one, which continues on the last
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 71
whorl a little above the middle. Spire about half the total length, apex paler, obtuse. Columella short, paler, arcuate, broadly truncate. Length 1 inch (Hani.).
Southern India, Cottyam Hills, collections of Beddome and Me Andrew (Hanley) ; Peermede Hills, Travancore (Bed- dome).
Achatina (Glessula) senator HANL., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 606; Conch. Indica, pi. 155, f. 4. — G. s., BEDDOME, 1. c., p. 163.
Only four specimens are known to me, all from the Cottyam Hills; two are young and rather narrow in proportion to the fine but broken-lipped example I have described, which once belonged to the celebrated Indian conchologist W. Benson. ' (Hanley).
1 ' Only differs from the last two species in its beautiful col- oration" (Beddome).
29. G. isis (Hanley). PI. 11, fig. 9.
Shell subcylindric, smooth, thin, very glossy, whitish or pale, sometimes with a narrow tawny band, and encircled by close, very narrow tawny lines; the band generally placed towards the base of the upper whorls and above the middle of the last one. Whorls about 10, convex, gradually increasing, obsoletely subcrenulated below the deep suture, and all but the last whorl are much wider 'than, high; apex obtuse. Aperture narrow, slightly more than one-fourth the total length. Columella short, arcuate, obliquely twisted-truncate. Length 1%, width two-seventh inch [ca. 33 x 7.14 mm.] (Han- ley).
S. India: Foot of the Pulney Hills (Fairbank, Beddome).
Achatina (Glessula) isis HANL. P. Z. S., 1875, p. 606; Conch. Indica, p. 62, pi. 155, f. 5. — PFR., Monogr., viii, 616. — Glessula i, BEDDOME, 1. c., p. 163.
" Much the coloring of textilis, but the shell is very dif- ferent in form, being elongated and narrow " (Beddome).
30. G. SUBPERROTTETI Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 1, 2.
Shell ovate-turrite, tapering above, very glossy, lightly plicate-striate, fulvous-corneous; spire turrite, attenuate
72 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
towards the rather obtuse apex ; suture impressed, crenulate. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last about two-fifths the length of the shell. Aperture semi-oval; columella rather straight, whitish-calloused; peristome unexpanded, thin, the margins joined by a whitish callus. Length 28, diam. 9, aperture 10x5 mm. (Beddome).
S. India: Travancore Hills above Calcad.
G. subperrotteti BEDD., Proc. Malac. Soc., vii, p. 163, pi. 15, f. 1, la (Sept., 1906).
' Intermediate between chessoni Bens, and perrotteti Pfr. The sculpture is much less prominent than in the former. ' '
31. G. CANARICA Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 7, 8.
Shell iturrite-oblong, rather thin; spire oblong, apex ob- tuse; very glossy, purple-brown, distinctly and closely sub- costulate-striate, under the lens 'Closely decussate; suture im- pressed; whorls 9, nearly flat, the last two-fifths the total length. Aperture vertical, oblong semi-oval. Peristome thin. Columella deeply arcuate, almost vertically truncate in front. Length 25, diam. 9, aperture 8x4 mm. (Beddome).
S. India: South Canara Ghats (Kudra Mukh), rare.
Glessula c., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, 164, pi. 15, f. 4 (Sept., 1906).
In its blunt oblong spire it resembles the large form of amentum as figured by Hanley. It is a beautifully sculp- tured shell."
32. G. ANAMULLICA (Blanford).
' Shell turrite-ovate, thin, finely striated, horny with high vitreous lustre. Spire turrited, sides convex, apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 8, scarcely convex, the last rounded beneath. Aperture oblique, peristome thin, colu- mella moderately arcuate, obliquely truncated below. ' '
Length 27, diam. 12, aperture 10x6.5 mm. (Blanf.).
S. India: Anamullay Hills ( Blanf.) ; Travancore Hills (Beddome).
Achatina anamullica BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 35, 1866, p.
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 73
37. — PFR., Monogr., vi, 223. — Glessula a., BEDDOME, 1. c., p. 164.
" Though a good many of this fine, dark chocolate-colored species were taken, none of them had a firm lip, and though eggs were taken from some of them they are probably not full grown. It is not very like any one species, the nearest to it being perrotteti '' (Beddome}.
33. G. SUBINORNATA Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 5, 6.
Shell oblong-turrite, solid, closely striate, decussated with very minute obsolete, spiral striae ; tawny, glossy, the apex a little obtuse ; suture lightly impressed, very closely crenulate. Whorls 8, rather flattened, the last two-fifths the total length, a little convex; spire long-turrite. Columella arcuate, white- calloused, obliquely abruptly truncate. Aperture triangular- semi-ovate, whitish inside ; peristome simple, obtuse,
Length 28, diam. 8, aperture 10x5 mm. (Bedd.).
S. India: Sispara Ghat, on the Nilgiris.
G. subinornata BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept., 1906, p. 164, pi. 15, f. 3, with var. minor.
" Allied to the Ceylonese inornata and parabilis; smaller and narrower than the former; larger and with a more elongated spire than the latter."
' ' Var. minor. Length 21, diam. 7 mm. ; aperture 8 mm. long, 4 wide. Brunagherry Hills, Wynad.
" Of a pale-steel color, otherwise only differing in size from the type. Very near parabilis, but with rather longer spire and smaller aperture ' (Beddome).
34. G. BEDDOMEI (Blanford). PL 11, figs. 10, 11.
" Shell turrite-ovate, solid, finely and closely sub-costu- lately striated, dark-purplish brown, epidermis in parts hav- ing a tendency to assume a dirty cream color, especially in dead specimens. Spire convex below, slightly acuminate above, apex obtuse, rather inclined to the right, suture im- pressed. Whorls 71/2-£>, convex, the last two-fifths of the entire length, rounded at the base. Aperture nearly vertical, sub-pyriform, milky within ; peristome thickened, white, outer
74 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
margin rather straight, not arcuate, columella deeply curved, lined with callus, subobliquely and rather broadly truncated at the base."
Length 30, diam. 11.5, aperture 10x6 mm. (Blanf.).
S. India: Anamullay Hills, 5000-7000 ft, (type loc., Bed- dome). Ceylon.
Achatina beddomei BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 35, 1866, p. 41.— H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 102, f . 8 ; 156, f . ^.—Glessula b., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc., vii, 165, with var. pollens,
' ' This is a more solid form than any of the Nilgiri species, and it differs from all of them, and also from the solid Cey- lonese forms, in its sub-acuminate apex. It is a well-marked species " (Blanf.}.
" The Ceylon specimens are slightly narrower, but do not otherwise differ " (Beddome).
Var. pattens Beddome. Only differing from the type in being of a pale-straw color. There are numerous specimens of this in the Nevill collection, purchased by Messrs. Sowerby and Fulton, and a single specimen in the late Dr. Blanf ord's collection, labeled G. skinneri. This is, I believe, inornata var. b Pfr., Monogr. Hel., iii, p. 490 (Beddome') .
The figures are copied from Conchologia Indica. Fig. 10 is from a native painting, fig. 11 from the type specimen. Hanley remarks that it " differs little from G. inornata ex- cept in its peaked apex." Whether it has the microscopic sculpture of that species is not known.
35. G. BOTTAMPOTANA ('Beddome ' Hanley). PI. 11, fig. 12.
" Length 25.5, diam. 10 mm., whorls 7, of unusually solid substance " (Nevill, 1881, specimen from Col. Beddome).
' ' The decussation in the sculpture is much more prominent than in any other species. Hanley 's figure is good, but does not show the sculpture ' (Beddome).
S.-W. India: Bollampatty Hills, 5-6000 ft., above Palghat.
Achatina bottampotana Beddome MSS., HANLEY and THEO- BALD, Conch. Indica, p. 63, pi. 156, f. 1 (1874) ; no descrip- tion.— Stenogyra (Glessula) bottampotana NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 169 (Anamullays). — 8. (G.) bollampattiana
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 75
Beddome, G. NEVILL, J. A. S. B., vol. 50, 1881, p. 139.— Gles- sula bolumpattiana BEDDOME, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept., 1906, p. 165.
Since Indian authors do not agree in the orthography of the name, I have followed the original spelling.
36. G. SUBSERENA Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 13, 14.
Shell ovate-turrite, rather solid, very highly polished, ob- soletely striatulate, fulvous-corneous, pellucid. Spire sub- turrite, the apex obtuse; suture impressed, margined, crenu- late. Whorls 7, rather flattened, the last scarcely half the total length. Aperture semi-oval; columella deeply arcuate, whitish-calloused, margins joined by a callus, at the base ab- ruptly and obliquely truncate. Length 22, diam. 11, aperture 10x5 mm. (Beddome).
S. India: Peermede, Travancore; Anamullays.
Glessula s., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept., 1906, p. 166, pi. 15, f. 7.
' The last whorl is longer and the spire less elevated than in the Ceylonese serena, and the whorls, especially the upper ones, are less convex."
37. G. JEYPORENSIS Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 11, 12.
Shell oblong-turrite, thin, striatulate, glossy, buff-corneous. Spire sub-turrite, obtuse at the apex. Suture impressed, crenulate. Whorls 8, rather flat, the last nearly two-fifths the total length. Columella very deeply arcuate, truncate at the base. Aperture semi-oval ; peristome simple. Length 18, diam. 6, aperture 5x3 mm. (Beddome').
Jeypore Hills, East coast of the Madras Presidency.
G. jeyporensis BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept., 1906, p. 167, pi. 15, f. 6, Qa.
' Allied to bensoniana, but with a shorter, blunter spire."
38. G. JERDONI (' Benson ' Reeve). PI. 12, figs. 16, 17, 18.
Shell oblong-subulate, thin, smoothish, glossy, tawny-cor- neous ; spire turrited, the apex rather obtuse, suture margined ; whorls 8, a little convex, the last slightly exceeding one-third
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
the total length, somewhat tapering towards the base. Colu- mella slightly arcuate, shortly truncate near the base of the subrhombic-semioval aperture; peristome unexpanded, acute, the right margin slightly arcuate. Length 14, diam. 5, aperture 4% x 2% mm. (P/r.).
Nilgiris (Jerdon, type loc.) ; Anamullays; Pulney Hills (Fairbank) ; Cherra Poonjee (Beddome).
Achatina jerdoni Benson MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, March, 1850, pi. 21, fig. 80.— PFR., Monogr., iii, 494 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 312, pi. 25, f. 10, 11.— H. & T, Conch. Ind., pi. 78, f. 10.
Pfeiffer's figures and description of a specimen from Ben- son are reproduced. The specimens recorded from Cherra Poonjee should be very closely compared with those from Southern India ; they may prove separable.
39. G. SINGHURENSIS W. Blanford. PI. 10, fig. 5.
Shell pyramidal, turrited, thin, corneous, polished, glossy, smooth, slightly striatulate. Spire long-conic, the apex sub- acute; suture impressed, minutely corrugated. Whorls 8, convex, the last scarcely one-third the total length, rounded beneath. Aperture nearly vertical, ovate-oblong; peristome obtuse, whitish ; columella very deeply arcuate, obliquely trun- cate in front. Length 12.5, diam. 4.4, aperture 4 x 2.5 mm. (Blanf.).
Singhur, near Poona.
G. singhurensis BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 39, 1870, p. 19, pi. 3, f. 17.— Achatina s., H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 78, f. 7.
This is allied to the Nilgiri G. jerdoni Bens., but the sides of the spire are less convex, the shell being more regularly pyramidal, with a less obtuse apex. In some of the specimens of this species collected alive, but in which the animal had subsequently dried up, I found young shells. It would thus appear to be viviparous. I have observed the same circum- stance (the occurrence of young shells inside the old one) in G. cassiaca Bs. In other species of this genus I have found small round eggs with a calcareous shell, but these may be hatched, before they are deposited by the parent " (Blanf.).
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 77
40. G. AMENTUM ('Benson' Reeve). PI. 10, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Shell turrite-oblong, rather thin, distinctly and closely striate, silky, pellucid, chestnut-corneous. Spire turrite, the apex rathor obtuse, suture impressed, whitish, subcrenulate. Whorls 9, a little convex, the last one not one-third the length, rounded at base. Columella a little arcuate, white-calloused, somewhat twisted, obliquely truncate at the base of the sub- rhombic-semioval aperture; peristome simple, unexpanded, ihe right margin regularly arcuate. Length 22, diam. 7 mm. ; oblique length of aperture 7.5, width 4 mm. (Pfr., from spec, in Benson coll.).
Near Calcutta, under a fallen palm, on the Howrah bank of the river, between Bishop's College and the Botanic Gar- dens (Benson, 1835, type loc.) ; Valley of the upper Nerbudda (W. Theobald) ; Orissa and Ganjam (Beddome).
Achatina amentum Benson MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v., June, 1849, pi. 17, fig. 82.— PFR., Monogr., iii, 499 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 311, pi. 25, f. 4, 5.— H. & T., Conch. Indica, pi. 35, f. 3. — BENSON, Ann. Mag., v, 1860, p. 464. — Glessula a., BED- DOME, P. Mai. Soc., vii, 168.
The initial half whorl is smooth, the next two whorls closely, very regularly striate vertically. Then the coarser, post- embryonic sculpture begins (pi. 10, fig. 4). The striation is rather sharp but uneven, and the striae are strongest at and near the suture, decreasing downwards. It resembles G. noti- gena somewhat, but the early whorls are not attenuated, and there are 2y2 embryonic whorls.
Col. Beddome remarks: " I found the smaller variety very abundant on the top of the Myhendra Hill (Ganjam). The larger variety, found near Calcutta and in central India, and well figured by Hanley, is a rare shell. It has a shorter and blunter apex and fewer whorls than G. vandalica, but speci- mens of that species sometimes do duty for it in collections."
41. G. FACULA (Benson). PI. 10, figs. 8, 9.
Shell turrite-ovate, thin, smooth, irregularly striatulate, translucent, glossy, pale tawny-corneous. Spire turrite-conic, the apex obtuse, suture rather deep, irregularly, slightly
78 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
crenulate. Whorls T1/^, somewhat convex, the last scarcely two-fifths the total length, lightly and remotely plicate-striate anteriorly. Aperture subvertical, semi-oval; 'Columella shortly and deeply arcuate, callous, obliquely truncate at base. Peristome unexpanded, thin, margins joined by a thin callus. Length 18, diam. 8, aperture 7x4.5 mm. (Bens.).
Nilgiris (T. Jerdon, type loc.) ; Pulney Hills; Nullay- mallays; Kurnool; Jeypore Hills, east side of Madras (Bed- dome).
Achatina facula Bs., Ann. and Mag. N. H.(3), v, June, 1860, p. 466.— PFR., Monogr., vi, 224.— H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 35. f. 1 (not good). — Glessula f., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soe. Lond., vii, 168. — Achatina perotteti REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 21, f. 102. — Stenogyra (Glessula) facula NEVILL, J. A. S. B., vol. 50, 1881, p. 137, pi. 18, 18a (copy from Reeve).
Cf. G. illustris, no. 69.
" Intermediate in form between A. oreas and A. hilgeli Pfr., this shell was, in the Conchologia Iconica, confounded with A. perrotteti Pfr., which proved to be a more elongated form, of which A. nilagirica B., fig. 87 of the same plate, is a length- ened variety. Pfeiffer cites fig. 102, with a mark of doubt, under A. perrotteti, in the third volume of his Manual " (Benson).
42. G. BOTELLUS (Benson). PI. 10, fig. 6.
Shell oblong, rather solid, smooth, lightly striatulate, under a lens distinctly, closely, spirally, very minutely scratched, polished, tawny-chestnut. Spire ovate-oblong, the apex very obtuse, suture impressed, slightly crenulate. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last slightly wider. Aperture suboblique, semi-oval, whitish within ; columella deeply arcuate, whitish- calloused, subvertically truncate at the base. Peristome un- expanded, the margins joined by a thin callus, right margin slightly widened, flat, not thickened. Length 18, diam. 7.5, aperture 7 x 3.66 mm. (Bens.).
Nilgiris (T. Jerdon, type loc.) ; Pykara (Blanford).
Achatina botellus BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), v, June, 1860, p. 465.— PFR., Monogr., vi, 226.— H. & T., Conch. Ind.,
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 79
pl. 35, f. 4. — Glessula botellus BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, 168.
Col. Beddome writes: " Nevill labelled my specimens from the foot of the Nilgiris botellus var. convexior, but I do not see how they differ from the type."
43. G. OROPHILA (' Benson ' Reeve). PI. 10, fig. 10.
Shell conically ovate ; spire acuminated ; sutures impressed ; whorls 7, rounded, peculiarly obscurely indented; columella short, deeply arched and truncated; aperture rather small, olive-horn colored. Distinguished by the deeply-arched cur- vature of the columella, and by the whorls being rather more numerous than is usual in species of this form (Reeve).
Nilgiri Hills (type loc., Jerdon) ; Anamullay Hills; S. Can- ara; Golcondah Hills, east side of Madras Presidency (Bed- dome).
Achatina orophila Benson MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, June, 1849, pl. 19, f. 105. — Stenogyra (Glessula) orophila NEVILL, J. A. S. B., 1881, p. 137. — Glessula o., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, 168. — Achatina arthurii BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, March, 1864, p. 209.— H. & T., Conch. Ind., pl. 36, f. 3. — Cionella (Glessula) orophila SEMPER, Reisen im Archipel Phil., Landmoll., p. 133, pl. 12, f. 14-16 (genitalia), pl. 16, f. 18 (central tooth).
Reeve's second locality, Colombo, Ceylon, was probably due to an erroneous identification. Col. Beddome omits the Nil- giris from his list of localities. He writes: " My Golcondah specimens were labelled by H. Nevill G. subbrevis, but I can- not see how they differ. Nevill, I think, saw only young ex- amples."
Achatina arthurii Benson, from Neher, Mahableshwar Hills, is considered a synonym of orophila by Col. Beddome. The original figure is copied, pl. 10, fig. 7. " Shell ovate-conic, irregularly plicate-striate, buff-tawny, polished, translucent. Spire ovate-conic, apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 71/2, a little convex, subcrenulate at the suture. Aperture subvertical, elliptic-ovate, peristome rather thick, parietal cal-
80 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
lus whitish; columellar margin obliquely truncate. Length 19, diam. 10, aperture 8 mm." (Benson).
44. G. OREAS (' Benson ' Reeve). PI. 10, fig. 11.
Shell oblong-conical; whorls 7, convex, finely margined at the sutures, longitudinally obscurely impressed striate, col- umella arched, aperture small, brown-horny (Reeve).
Length 14.5, diam. 7.25 mm., whorls 7 (Nevill).
Nilgiris (Jerdon, type loc.), foot of the Koonoor Pass (Nevill); Tinnevelly and Travancore Hills; South Canara Ghats; Nallaymallays, Kurnool (Beddome).
Achatina oreas Benson MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 21, fig. 113, March 1850. — Stenogyra (Glessula) oreas NEVILL, J. A. S. B., vol. 50, 1881, p. 135. — Glessula o., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. Lond., vii, 169. (Not A. oreas Pfr.)
45. G. PSEUDOREAS (Nevill), pi. 10, figs. 12, 13.
Shell subturrite-ovate, thin, smooth, slightly shining, brown-corneous; spire turrite-conic, the apex obtuse; suture submarginate, impressed. Whorls 7, a trifle convex, the last about two-fifths the total length, rounded at the base; colu- mella very deeply arcuate, white-calloused, obliquely truncate above the base of the elliptic-semioval aperture; peristome unexpanded, acute, the right margin lightly arcuate. Length 12.5, diam. 5, aperture 5x2.5 mm. (Pfr.).
Length 11, diam. scarcely 5 mm., whorls 6 (Nevill).
Nilgiris (type loc., Jerdon, Blanford) ; S. Canara Ghats; Anamullays; Pulney Hills; Tinnevelly Hills (Beddome).
Achatina oreas Benson, PFR., Monographia Heliceorum Vi- ventium, iii, 1853, p. 495 (exclusive of reference to Reeve) ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 312, pi. 25, f. 8, 9. Not A. oreas Reeve, 1850. — Stenogyra (Glessula) pseudoreas NEVILL, J. A. S. B., vol. 50, 1881. p. 136. — G. pseudoreas BEDDOME, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., vii, p. 169.
Var. siibdesliayesiana, Nevill. Whorls 6, length 11, diam. 4.25 mm. Type var. from the Anamullays, coll. Col. Bed- dome; also from the Pulney Hills, coll. Rev. Fairbank (G. Nevill) .
GLESSULA, PENINSULAK INDIA. 81
46. G. SCRUTILLUS (Benson). PI. 10, fig. 17.
Shell oblong, rather solid, smooth, rather remotely striatu- late, glossy, tawny-corneous; spire ovate-oblong, apex obtuse, suture impressed; whorls 5~y2, a little convex, the last over one-third the length of the shell. Aperture vertical, ovate- elliptical. Columella deeply arcuate, abruptly and deeply truncate at the base ; peristome unexpanded, obtuse, the mar- gins joined by a rather thick callus. Length 6, diam. 2.66, aperture 2.5 mm. (Bens.).
Cuttack, Orissa, type loc. ; upper valley of the Nerbudda (W. Theobald).
Achatina scrutillus BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, June, 1860, p. 463.
This little species may be known at once on comparison with the Bengal A. gemma, which is ordinarily of the same size, by its less rapidly-decreasing spire, solidity and color; and from the paler A. frumentum Reeve, which is probably only a local variety of A. gemma, by the two first-mentioned characters " (Bens.).
47. G. PULLA Blanford. PI. 13, figs. 5, 6.
Shell small, turrite, thin, brownish-corneous, a little shin- ing, smooth, striatulate. Spire lengthened subconic, the sides somewhat convex ; apex obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls 7 to 8, convex, short, the last about two-sevenths the total length, rounded below. Aperture oblique, subovate ; per- istome thin; columella arcuate, obliquely truncate below. Length 7, diam. 2.75, aperture 2x1.5 mm. (Blanf.).
Torna, Bombay Presidency (Evezard).
Glessula pulla BLANF., J. A. S. B., 1870, xxxix, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 20. — Achatina pulla HANL. and THEOB., Conch. Ind., pi. 78, f. 1.— PFR., Monogr., viii, 288.
" This is allied to G. fairbanki Bs., but distinguished by its more conical spire, smaller size and darker color ' (Blanf.).
48. G. PAUPERCULA (Blanford). PI. 13, fig. 9.
Shell turrite-oblong, rather solid, a little shining, tawny-
82 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
corneous, impressed-striate. Spire turrite, the sides slightlv convex ; apex obtuse ; suture submarginate. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last about one-third the total length. Columella deeply arcuate, truncate at the base. Aperture oval-piri- f orm ; peristome unexpanded, slightly labiate within, the mar- gins joined by a callus.
Length 9, diam. 3.5, aperture 3x2 mm. (Blanf.).
Kolamullies, Patchamullies and Shevroys (W. King and R. B. Foote, original lot) ; Hills in the Salem district; Anamul- lays; Tinnevelly; Travancore Hills; Kurnool Hills (Bed- dome) .
Ackatina paupercula BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 30, 1861, p. 362, pi. 1, f. 16.— H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 102, f. 1.— Glessula p., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc., vii, 170, with var. nana. — [G.] in- conspicua Nevill MS., BEDDOME, I. c.
" The nearest ally to this small species appears to be the Darjiling A. crassula B. From this it is mainly distinguished by the shape of the spire which is more convex at the side, by its smaller breadth compared with its length, and by its more marked and slightly marginate sutures.
" A. paupercula is probably common upon the Shevroys. All the specimens, however, found by Mr. King at that local- ity are bleached, two specimens from the Kolamullies alone retaining their original texture " (W. T. & H. F. Blanf ord)*
Var. nana Beddome. A shorter, more obtuse form, occur- ring occasionally with the type form, and very like sattara- ensis, but shorter (Beddome).
49. G. SATTARAENSIS (' H. Ad.' H. & T.). PI. 13, figs. 7, 8.
Shell oblong-turrite, rather solid, smooth, obscurely striate, glossy, brown-corneous. Spire turrite, the apex slightly ob- tuse; suture impressed, crenulate. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last slightly over three-eighths the total length. Aperture slightly oblique, oval. Columella callous, deeply arcuate, ob- liquely truncate; peristome unexpanded, obtuse, margined with whitish; margins joined by a thin callus. Length 8.5, diam. 4 mm. (H. Ad.).
Western India: Satara, Bombay Presidency (E. L. Layard,
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 83
type loc.) ; Ceylon central provinces; Ram'baddy Ghats (Bed- dome) ; Nuwara-Eliya (Simon).
Glessula fusca H. AD., P. Z. S., 1868, p. 15, pi. 4, f. 10, 10a (not Achatina fusca Pf r.) . — Achatina sattaraensis H. Adams MS., HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 33, pi. 78, f . 4. — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 281.
I do not know whether Ceylonese examples have been care- fully compared with the types from Satara. A specimen from Saharumpore has been figured by Hanley.
50. G. SUBJERDONI Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 3, 4.
Shell oblong-turrite, thin, lightly striatulate, glossy, sub- pellucid, tawny-corneous. Spire sub-turrite, a little obtuse at the apex; suture impressed; whorls 7 to 8, a little flattened, the last scarcely four-sevenths the total length, tapering at the base. Columella lightly arcuate, truncate a little way above the base of the aperture. Aperture vertical, semi-oval; peristome simple, a little obtuse. Length 11, diam. 3.5, aperture 2.5 x 2 mm. (Beddome).
Jeypore and Golconda Hills, east side of Madras Presi- dency.
G. sub jerdoni BEDD., Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, Sept., 1906, p. 170, pi. 15, f. 2, 2a.
( ' A smaller and more slender shell than jerdoni, and much larger than paupercula, of which it may be a large form."
A specimen evidently near subjerdoni, but purchased as G. jerdoni, and said to be from the Nilgiris, is figured, pi. 12, fig. 16. Below the suture there are vertical grooves, strong and regular on the shoulder, but rapidly weakening down- ward. The lip is rather thick and whitish-edged. It is a wider shell than G. p. taprobanica, which seems to be closely- related. Length 9.2, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.25 mm. ; whorls 7>
51. G. GRACILIS Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 17, 18.
Shell small, cylindric-turrite, rather solid, slightly shining,, evidently striatulate. Spire long, obtuse at the apex; suture impressed, crenulate. Whorls 8, a little flattened, the last scarcely one-third the total length, the base slightly tapering.
84 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
Columella a little oblique, truncate a little way above the base of the aperture. Aperture vertical, semi-oval; peristome whitish within, obtuse. Length 11, diam. 2, aperture 2.5 x 1.5 mm. (Beddome).
Nilgiri Hills, type loc. ; Jeypore Hills, east coast of Madras.
G. gracilis BEDD., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept., 1906, p. 170, pi. 15, f. 9, 9a.
' The Jeypore specimens are slightly larger, the whorls rather more convex and slightly angular close to the sutures."
52. G. PUSILLA Beddome. PI. 8, figs. 9, 10.
Shell turrite-oblong, thin, a little glossy, buff-corneous, lightly striatulate. Spire turrite, obtuse at the apex; suture crenulate. Whorls 6 to 61/2, a little convex, the last two- fifths the total length. Columella deeply arcuate, at the base almost vertically truncate. Aperture semi-oval; peristome unexpanded, whitish. Length 5 to 5.5, diam. 1.75 to 2 mm. ; aperture 1.5x1 mm. (Bedd.).
Ceylon, Rambaddy Ghat. South India, Anamullay Hills; Shevaroys; Nilgiris.
G. pusilla BEDD., P. Malac. Soc. Lond., vii, Sept., 1906, p. 171, p. 15, f. 5, 5a.
" Much smaller than colletta, its nearest ally, with weaker sculpture and paler color."
53. G. MULLOKUM (Blanford). PL 13, fig. 10.
Shell turrite-oblong, rather solid, pale corneous, diaph- anous, rather remotely, lightly striate. Spire turrite, the apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 6, convex, the last about one-third the total length, rounded basally. Columella short, arcuate, slightly callous, obliquely truncate. Aperture nearly semi-circular, vertical; peristome unexpanded, obtuse; margins joined by a thin callus. Length 7.5, diam. scarcely 4, aperture 2.5x1.75 mm. (Blanf.).
City of Madras (Blanford, Nevill).
Achatina mullorum BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 30, 1861, p. 362, pi. 1, f. 17.— H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 102, f. 5.— PFR., Monogr., vi, 228.
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 85
" This is one of the group of small Indian Achatinas com- prising A. gemma Bens., and A. scrutillus B. From these two shells the present species is distinguished by its conical spire with straight and not convex sides, its paler color and sculp- ture. Both varieties are found abundantly crawling on banks, in a garden at Nungumbankum, a suburb of Madras ' (W. T. & H. F. Blanford).
54. G. BREVIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 13, fig. 13.
Shell conic-ovate, thin, pellucid, tawny-corneous. Spire conic, the apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls 6, moderately con- vex; distinctly sculptured with strias descending from the suture and vanishing downward ; last whorl a little shorter than the spire, rounded. Columella twisted forward, almost horizontally truncate. Aperture nearly vertical, sinuate-oval ; peristome thin. Length 8 to 9, diam. 5 to 5.3, aperture 4.66 x 2.33mm. (Pfr.).
Ahmednuggur (type lo-c.) and Poona; Jeypore Hills, east side of Madras Presidency (Beddome).
Achatina brevis PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 387; Monogr., vi, 227.— H. & T., Conch. Indica, pi. 18, f. 10.— Glessula brevis BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc., vii, p. 171 (microsculpta Nevill MS. mentioned) .
According to Col. Beddome, "Hanley's figure is too broad towards the base, and does not show sculpture, which is pecu- liar." His Jeypore specimens were named microsculpta by Nevill, but they seem not to differ from brevis.
55. G. FILOSA Blanford. PI. 13, fig. 14.
Shell subrimate, turrite, thin, corneous, vertically plicate- striate, little shining. Spire elevated; apex obtuse, very shortly conic, somewhat mucronate; suture impressed. Whorls 8, convex, the last about one-third the total length, rounded basally. Aperture vertical, lunate-suboval. Peri- stome unexpanded, thin. Columella arcuate, whitish, lamelli- form, thin, obliquely truncate. Length 21, diam. 9 ; aperture 5 mm. long.
Travancore (type loc.) and Tinnevelly Ghats (Beddome).
86 GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA.
Glessula filosa BLANF., J. A. S. B., vol. 39, 1870, p. 19, pi. 3, f. 16. — BEDDOME, 1. c., p. 171. — Achatina filosa PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 279.— H. & T., Conch. Ind., pi. 36, f. 10.
" A peculiar form, easily distinguished by its strong sculp- ture, abrupt, subconical apex, and by the columella standing out from the last whorl, so as to have a groove running along its side " (Blanf.).
56. G. SUBFILOSA Beddome. PL 8, figs. 15, 16.
Shell elongate-turrite, thin, tawny-corneous, distinctly plicate-striate. Spire long, subobtuse at the apex, long-conic. Suture impressed. Whorls 10, rather flat, the last sub- carinate, scarcely one-third the total length. Aperture lun- ate-suboval; peristome thin; columella deeply arcuate, ab- ruptly obliquely truncate. Length 16, diam. 5, aperture 5 x 3 mm. (Beddome).
South India : Sirumallay Hills, Dindigul.
Glessula sulfilosa BEDD., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vii, Sept. 1906, p. 171, pi. 15, f. 8, 8a.
"The prominent sculpture is like that of filosa, but it is a very much smaller shell, with a much more elongated apex."
57. G. LYRATA Blanford. PI. 13, fig. 15.
Shell ovate-turrite, rather solid, corneous, a little shining, vertically costulate-plicate, under the lens decussated with very minute, close spiral lines, often obsolete. Spire pyra- midal, the sides slightly convex; apex rather obtuse; suture deep. Whorls 7y2, convex, obsoletely subangular below the suture, the last a little ascending in front. Aperture vertical, truncate, semioval; peristome obtuse; columella moderately arcuate, obliquely truncate in front. Length 12, diam. 5.5, aperture 4 x 2% mm. (Blanf.)
Mahableshwar (type loc.) ; Khandala, western Ghats (Blanford).
Glessula lyrata BLANF., J. A. S. B. vol. 39, 1870, p. 20, with var matheranica, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 19. — Achatina lyrata H. & T., Conch. Indica pi. 18, f. 9.— S. (G.) lyrata NEVILL, Handlist, p. 167.
GLESSULA, PENINSULAR INDIA. 87
"This shell resembles in form A. oreas Bens., but is dis- tinguished from that and 'all other allied species by its stronger sculpture. Possibly the two varieties should be ranked apart, as there is considerable difference between them. A third form, shorter and more tumid, occurs near Poona. As other intermediate varieties probably exist, I prefer for the present classing all in one species, but it may hereafter be desirable to distinguish them." (Blanf.)
The figure in Conchologia Indica, which I have copied, does not agree very well with the description, but it is said to represent the type specimen.
Var. matheranica Blanford. PI. 13, fig. 16.
Smaller, more polished, wanting spiral lines, the sculp- ture obsolescent on the last whorl. Length 10, diam. 4.5 mm. (Blanf.)
Matheran, near Bombay.
58. G. RUGATA Blanford. PL 7, figs. 11, 12.
Shell turrite, corneous, thin, little shining, vertically closely plicate-striate, the striae minutely and regularly granulate (under a lens), interstices decussated with close, minute spiral lines, stronger in the upper whorls. Spire long conic; apex obtuse; suture deep. Whorls iy2, convex, the last about one-fourth the total length. Aperture oblique, nearly ovate; peristome thin, unexpanded. Columella deeply 'arcuate, obliquely truncate in front. Length 6, diam. 2, aperture 1.5x1 mm. (Blanf.)
Singhur Hills near Poona (type loc.), and Poorundhur (var. 7 mm. long), Bombay Presidency.
Glessula rugata BLANF., J. A. S. B. vol. 39, 1870, p. 20, pi. 3, f. 18. — Achatina r., PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 293. — H. & T., Conch. Indica pi. 102, f . 7.
The first half whorl seems to be smooth ; then granose striae and spiral lines set in. The lower whorls have beautifully granose plicae, unlike any other known Glessula.
88 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA.
III. SPECIES OF NON-PENINSULAR INDIA, INDO-CHINA AND
YUNNAN.
59. G. TENUISPIRA (Benson). PI. 9, fig. 1, 4.
Shell elongate-turrite, corneous, longitudinally striate, at- tenuate towards the apex, columnar. Last whorl sometimes or- namented with whitish transverse bands; suture impressed, apex obtuse. Length about 1 inch, width 0.55 inch. Re- markable for the attenuated, 'columnar form of the terminal whorls of the spire (Bens.) .
Darjiling; Khasia and Dafla Hills; Pegu; N. Canara (God- win-Austin, Beddome).
Ackatina tenuispira BENS., Journ. Asiat. So. Beng. v, 1836, p. 353. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 16, f. 76. — PFR., Monogr. ii, 262 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 310, pi. 25, f . 6, 7.— HANL. & THEOB., Conch. Indica, pi. 36, f. 8. — Glessula t., BEDDOME, Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond. vii, 1906, p. 160. — Achatina pertenuis W. BLAN- FORD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxiv, 1865, p. 79. — H. & T., Conch. Indica, pi. 18, f . 5. — Glessula p., BEDDOME, 1. c. — Steno- gyra (G.) pertenuis NEVILL, Handlist p. 169, no. 68 (Ton- goop, Arakan; Akoutong and Thyetmyo, etc.). — Glessula baculina BLANFORD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl, 1871, p. 43, pi. 2, f. 6.— Achatina &., H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 78, f. 6.— PFR., Monogr. viii, 291.
"Full grown shells collected in the Teesta Valley near Darjiling, and in N. Canara, measure 44 mm. in length, and have 14 whorls" (Beddome). G. baculina and G. pertenuis are considered to be specifically inseparable from G. tenui- spira by Col. Beddome, a conclusion supported by the speci- mens before me. The presence of this trans-Gangetic snail in the North Canara Hills is remarkable, if indeed, the Canara shells are really of the same species.
59a. Var. baculina Blanford. PI. 9, fig. 2.
Shell elongate-turrite, slender, rather thin, obliquely striate, brown or corneous-fulvous, covered with a glossy cuticle. Spire turrite, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 13V2> slightly convex, the lower ones subequal ; suture impressed, minutely
GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 89
denticulate. Aperture oblique, ovate-triangular; peristome simple, acute. Columella abruptly arcuate, obliquely pro- duced, vertically truncate at the base. Length 38, diam. 6.5 to 7.5 mm.; aperture 7x4 mm. (Blanf.).
Khersiong, Himalayas of Sikkim.
"This species appears to have escaped the notice of all previous collectors in Sikkim; it was found in association with its near ally G. tenuispira Bens., by Dr. Stoliczka during a recent visit. It is easily distinguished from the latter species by its slenderness, (the diameter being % of the length) and the comparative narrowness of the whorls; moreover by the form of the columella, the lower part of which is bent abruptly almost at right angles with the slope of the inner lip; while in G. tenuispira, G. erosa, and other allied forms, the curvature is at the utmost obtuse. Specimens, the shell of which has been slightly weathered, show fine spiral mark- ings, but these are not visible unless the shell has become somewhat opaque. The animal is dark leaden grey, some- what paler at the sides of the foot." (Blanf.)
"This is, I believe, only a more slender form of tenuispira, as I have specimens intermediate in breadth ; as to any differ- ence in the columella, some of my specimens of tenuispira have the lower part more bent than in any of the supposed baculina " (Beddome).
596. Var. pertenuis ( Blanf ord). PI. 9, fig. 3.
"Shell very slender, turrited, thin, light horny, polished, closely, minutely, and rather irregularly striated. Spire subulate, somewhat acuminate towards the blunt apex ; suture impressed, subcrenulate. Whorls 11-12, convex, the last about y5 the length of the spire. Aperture oblique, ovately pyriform, peristome thin, margins united by a thin callus, columella moderately curved, obliquely truncate. Length 20, diam 41/£. Length of aperture 4 mm. (Blanf.)
Tongoop, Arakan. (Blanf.)
"Var major. Length 26i/> mm.; diam 6; length of aper- ture 6. Of another specimen length 23 mm.; diam. 5%; length of aperture S1^. Pyenm Khyoung, Bassein district, Pegu." (Blanf.)
90 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA.
A much more slender species than A. tenuispira Bens., (a variety of which also abounds in parts of Pegu), though there are signs of a passage. The present appears to replace A. tenuispira in Arakan and Bassein. Mr. Benson, to whom I sent a specimen, observes that it is intermediate between A. tenuispira and A. hastula Bens. (Blanf.)
Col. Beddome gives the localities, Assam; Arakan; Garo and Naga Hills; Burma. He remarks that " Blanf ord's types and all the specimens I have seen of this, are young shells, with fragile, unformed lips. They fit well with young of tenuispira. Blanford himself mentions that there are signs of a passage, and it would certainly not be advisable to consider it a good species without seeing specimens with adult lip."
60. G. NAJA 'Blanford' n.sp. PI. 12, fig. 10.
Shell slender, turrite, thin, yellow-corneous, glossy, weekly striatulate, and having vertical grooves at unequal intervals; this sculpture is most evenly developed just below the suture. Under the compound microscope glimpses of ex- cessively weak close spiral granule-lines may be seen in places. Outlines of the spire nearly straight, a trifle contracted near the apex. Whorls 9*4, moderately convex, separated by a deeply impressed simple suture. Aperture a little oblique; outer lip thin; columella rather long, regularly concave, truncate at the base. Length 19, diam. 6.6, length of aper- ture 6.5 mm.
Assam.
Glessula naja Blanf., in coll. A. N. S. P. — 1 Stenogyra (Glessula) n. sp., NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus. p. 170, no. 80.
The later whorls are decidedly longer than in G. tenuispira and its immediate allies. The specimens were received from Nevill under the name used above; they may possibly be Glessula no. 80 of his Handlist, since they seem related to G. subfusiformis.
61. G. NILAGARICA ('Benson' Reeve). PI. 9, fig. 5.
Shell pyramidally turrited; whorls 10, convex, very finely
GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 91
crenulated at the sutures, then striated; columella rather deeply arched; aperture small; brown-horny (Reeve).
S. India: Nilgiris (Jerdon).
Achatina nilagarica Benson MSS., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 21, f. 87 (March, 1850).— A. perrotteti var., PFR., Conchyl. Cab. pi. 25, f. 2, 3.
Mr. G. Nevill has expressed the opinion that the form fig- ured by Reeve, which he had not seen, is distinct from G. perotteti (cf. J. A. S. B. 1881, xl. p. 136).
Var. kurnoolensis G. Nevill.
Length 30, diam. 9.5 mm., whorls 11. Distinguished from both St. nilagirica and St. perotteti, not only by its greater size and more numerous whorls, but especially by the (throughout) regular and prominent striation, not crenulate at the suture ; from St. vadalica Blanf ord, which it perhaps even more closely resembles, in general aspect at any rate, by the more abruptly tapering apical whorls, more arched columella, &c. Nullaymullay Mountains, Kurnool District, at 2500 ft." (NeviU, J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 136).
62. G. HUGELI (Pfeiffer). PI. 9, figs. 13, 14.
Shell ovate-turrite, fragile, longitudinally striate, glossy, pale corneous ; spire lengthened, the apex rather obtuse, suture deep. Whorls 10 to 11, rather flat, the last about two-sevenths the total length. Aperture triangularly semioval ; columella deeply arcuate, abruptly truncate at the base of the aperture ; peristome unexpanded, acute. Length 35, diam. 11.5, aper- ture 12 x 6 mm. (P/V.) .
Kashmir (von Hiigel; Hanley).
Achatina hiigeli PFR., Symbolas etc., ii, p. 58(1842) ; Monogr. ii, 259 ; viii, 283 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 334, pi. 29, f . 2, 3.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 15, f. 68. — Glandina ? h., PHILIPPI, Abbild u. Beschreib. i, p. 135, Glandina pi. 1, f. 8. — HANL. & THEOB. Conch. Ind. pi. 78, f. 2.
The habitat was not given by Pfeiffer, but he states that the shell was taken during Hiigel's journey. Hiigel traveled in Kashmir, and published an account of that country in four volumes, 1840.
92 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDOCHINA.
63. G. BURRAILENSIS Godwin Austen. PL 7, figs. 9, 10. "Shell turreted, elongate, solid, in fresh state brown and
lustrous, finely longitudinally striated ; whorls 10, rather flat, suture shallow, apex blunt; aperture subvertical, fusiform, angular above, peristome very thick, paler brown on margin, columella strong. Alt. 1.37, major diam. 0.4 in. (G.-A.)
Eastern Burrail Range: Under the Peak of Khunho, the finest specimens; they were also 'abundant under Japoo at about 7000 ft." (G.-A.)
G. burrailensis G.-A., Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 44, 1875, p. 3, pi. 1, f. 6. — Achatina &., PFR., Monogr. viii, 277.
" This species is an extremely elongate, solid form of the crassilabris section of Glessula, and one of the most distinct."
64. G. BUTLERI Godwin-Austen. PL 11, figs. 1, 2.
"Shell elongately turreted, very thin and brittle, tumid, pale corneous, glassy, very minutely striated, apex very blunt, whorls 8, rather rounded, suture deep, body whorl swollen and capacious ; aperture vertical, pear-shaped, lip rather thin. Alt. 1.13, major diam. 0.45 inch. (G.-A.)
Eastern Burrail Range at 6000 feet ; not a common form.
G. butleri G. A., J. A. S. B., 1875, vol. 44, p. 4, pi. 1, f. 7.
"I name this shell after Captain J. Butler, Political Agent in the Naga Hills, with whom I had the pleasure of being associated when mapping that very interesting and beautiful district." (G-Aust.)
65. G. PYRAMIS (Benson). PL 12, fig. 1.
Shell oblong-turrite, rather solid, smooth, striatulate, glossy, buff-corneous. Spire turrited with slightly convex sides, the apex rather obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 8, a little convex, the last one-third the total length, obsoletely plicate in front. Aperture subvertical, elliptic-semioval ; columella arcuate, calloused, obliquely truncate at the base; peristome unexpanded, obtuse, white-lipped within. Length 15, diam. 6 mm.; aperture 5x2.5 mm. (Bens.)
Teria Ghat, Khasia Hills (W. Theobald, type loc.) Ponsee, Yunnan (G. Nevill).
GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 93
Achatina pyramis BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), v, June, 1860, p. 463. — PFR., Monogr. vi, 226. — HANL. and THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 18, f. 6. — Glessula pyramis Bens., G. NEVILL, J. A. S. B. vol. 46, 1877, p. 26.
"Allied to the smaller Ach. crassula B., from Darjiling, but distinguished from it by its color, smoother sculpture, more convex and numerous. Whorls, by the characters of the peristome, and by the convex and not planate sides of the spire. A large variety of Ach. crassula, collected by Mr. W. T. Blanford near Darjiling, is 12 mill, in length by 5y2 in breadth, and like the type, possesses only seven whorls." (Benson.)
Lieut. Col. Godwin- Austen ( J. A. S. Bengal vol. 40, p. 3) regards illustris, pyramis and butleri as varieties of G. crassilabris.
The form from Ponsee, Yunnan, has been called var. major Nevill (Handlist Indian Mus., p. 169, no description).
66. G. SARISSA (Benson). PI. 12, fig. 11.
Shell long-conic, thin, smooth, striatulate, the last whorl (under a lens) closely, obsoletely decussate; very glossy; olive-corneous. Spire long-pyramidal, the apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 91/2, a little convex, the last over two- sevenths the length of the shell. Aperture subvertical, ovate- elliptical ; columella oblique, slightly arcuate, white-calloused, obliquely truncate at base; peristome unexpanded, thin. Length 16, diam. 5.5, aperture 5x3.5 mm. (Bens.)
Comercolly, Lower Bengal, on the banks of the Ganges (Dr. Th. Cantor, type loc.) ; Oolooberiah; Moisraka; Jessore District (G. Nevill).
Achatina sarissa BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, June, 1860, p. 463.— H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 35, f. 10.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 234.— £. (G.) sarissa NEVILL, Handlist, p. 170, f. 74.
67. G. HASTULA (Benson). PI. 12, fig. 12.
Shell turrite-subulate, thin, obliquely hair-striate, brown- ish-corneous, somewhat glossy. Spire subulate, the apex ob-
94 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA.
tuse, suture rather deep ; whorls 9, the first convex, the later ones a little convex, the last whorl scarcely two-sevenths the total length. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate-elliptical ; mar- gins of the peristome joined by a thin callus, the right margin unexpanded, acute, columellar margin arcuate, calloused, whitish, obliquely truncate at the base. Length 12.5, diam. 3.5, aperture 3.5 mm. (Bens.)
Pankabari, Darjiling (W. T. Blanford, type loc) ; Kumah Hill and near Mai-i, Sandoway district of Arakan (Theob. & Stol.)
Achatina hastula BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), v, June, 1860, p. 461.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 235.— H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 18, f. 4. — Glessula h., THEOB. & STOLICZKA.
"Of a more slender form than the large A. tenuispira B., the whorls increasing very gradually, and not attenuate to- wards the upper part of the spire, as in that species" (Bens.).
68. G. SUBPUSIFORMIS (Blanford). PI. 12, fig. 15.
Shell turrite, subfusiform, rather thin, pale olive-corneous, glossy, striatulate, subplicate at the sutures. Spire long- pyramidal, the apex very shortly conic, mucronate; suture impressed, submarginate. Whorls 8, convex, the last some- what elongate; tapering downwards. Aperture subovate; columella a little arcuate, obliquely truncate in front; peris- tome obtuse, slightly waved. Length 17%, diam. 5%, aper- ture 6x3 mm. (Blanf.)
Ponsee, Yunnan, 3,300 ft. elevation. Type in Indian Mus.
Achatina (Glessula) subfusiformis BLANF., P. Z. S. 1869, p. 449. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 285. — Stenogyra (Glessula) subfusiformis G. NEVILL, J. A. S. B. 1881, vol. 50, p. 138, pi. 5, f. 13.
"This form may be recognized by its long lower whorl, subattenuate below." (Blanf.). It is the most northerly species of Glessula known. Nevill has figured the unique type specimen.
GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 95
69. G. ILLUSTRIS Godwin- Austen. PI. 11, figs. 13-16.
"Shell elongately oval, greenish horny, finely striated lon- gitudinally; whorls 7, very slightly rounded, suture moder- ately impressed, the lip thickened, eolumellar margin slightly curved and strong, apex blunt. Length 0.75 major diam. 0.3 ; length of aperture 0.3 mm." (G.-A.)
North Cachar Hills: Hengdan Peak, at 7000 feet, in for- est; also near Nenglo at 6000 feet and in the Lukah Valley, Jaintia Hills, at 1000 feet.
Achatina illustris Godwin-Austen, HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Ind. pi. 102, f. 9. — Glessula illustris G.-A., J. A. S. B. 1875, vol. 44, p. 3, pi. 1, f. 5. — A. illustris PFR. Monogr. viii, 279.
"This species is an elongate and larger form of Glessula crassilabris Bs., of which G. pyramis is a closer variety; but its much more elongate form and stronger striation make it a good connecting species with G. butleri described further on. The form from the Lukah Valley is a tumid departure from the type figured. Alt. 0.75, major diam. 0.38 inch. Alt. 0.65, major diam. 0.35 inch."
"I look on all these species as properly varieties, and G. crassilabris, very abundant in all the grass country of the Khasi Hills, may be taken as the type; a difference in eleva- tion and condition of habitat, from damp dark forest to hot grassy slopes, having produced modifications of form." ( Godwin-Austen. )
Figs. 15, 16, are copied from Godwin- Austen 's originals. A typical specimen, length 18.75, diam. 7.8, aperture 7.5 mm., whorls slightly over 7, is shown in figs. 13, 14. The em- bryonic whorls are closely and finely striate vertically, as in G. notigena; hence the species has no affinity to G. crassilabris. It is a much less robust shell than G. crassilabris, and less polished ; and on the last whorl there are traces of fine spiral striation, as shown in fig. 13. The sculpture of the later whorls is irregular; there seem to be unequally separated grooves, with finer strige and grooves in the intervals, but quite unequally developed. The suture is crenulate. On the last whorl or two some traces of spiral striae appear, in places.
96 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA.
The outer lip is a little sinuous, being retracted above; it is moderately thickened or obtuse.
Col. Beddome considers this species identical with G. facula.
70. G. CRASSILABRIS (Benson). PI. 10, figs. 14, 15.
"Shell turrite-conic, smooth, corneous, longitudinally striated. Whorls convex, suture excavated; lip thickened within ; columella very deeply arcuate ; apex obtuse. Length 0.7, diam. 0.3 inch." (Benson).
Length 18, diam. 8, aperture 7.5x4 mm., whorls 8 (Pfr.).
The shell is ovate-oblong, yellow. The embryonic whorls are smooth, a little over two. Subsequent sculpture consists of rather close grooves, most prominent at the suture, which is rather deeply impressed, though the whorls are only moder- ately convex. The suture descends a little near the lip. The aperture is rather small, outer lip decidedly obtuse, thick- ened, its rounded edge bicolored, white and yellow. The outer lip is slightly retracted in the upper part. Length 20.5, diam. 9.5 mm., whorls 6% (fig. 15).
Khasia Hills (type loc.) ; Darjiling, Dafla and Naga Hills; Teria Ghat (Nevill).
Achatina c., BENS., J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 353. — PFR., Monogr. ii, 261; iii, 493; iv, 607; vi, 224; Conch. Cab. p. 313, pi. 25, f. 12, 13.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 21, f. 81.— HANL. & THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 36, f. 1. — 8. (G.) crassilabris NEVILL, Handlist, p. 170.
Godwin-Austen (1875) considered pyramis, butleri and il- lustris as subspecies of G. crassilabris. The latter is de- cidedly more robust than illustris, which belong to a differ- ent group ; pyramis and butleri are both more elongate shells.
71. G. OROBIA (Benson). PI. 10, fig. 16.
Shell ovate-oblong, rather solid, smooth, lightly striate, sculptured with a few rather widely spaced, deeply impressed strise; glossy, olive-corneous. Spire convexly pyramidal, the apex obtuse, suture impressed; whorls 6^2 to 7%, a little convex, angulated at the shoulder, crenulate, the last over one-third the total length. Aperture vertical, semioval;
GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 97
columella deeply arcuate, calloused, the base obliquely trun- cate; peristome unexpanded, rather thick, obtuse. Length 11, diam. 5, aperture 4x3 mm. (Bens.).
Sinchul and Darjiling (type loc.) at 8500 and 7000 ft. (W. S. Blanford) ; Naga Hills (Beddome).
Achatina orobia BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3) v, June, 1860, p. 461.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 224.— H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 18, f. 7.
"Distinguished from the larger Khasia species, A. crassi- labris, by its peculiar sculpture, and by the formation of the whorls below the suture " (Bens.).
72. G. GEMMA ('Benson' Reeve). PL 13, figs. 1, 3.
Shell oblong-conical, rather solid, whorls 6, rounded, smooth, columella arched, abbreviated, aperture nearly round ; purple-black, shining (Reeve).
Shell ovate-oblong, rather solid, smooth, glossy, pellucid, purplish-corneous. Spire high-conic, the apex rather acute; suture rather deep. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last two- fifths the total length, rounded at the base. Columella arcu- ate, somewhat calloused, abruptly truncate nearly at the base of the subrhombic-oval aperture; peristome simple, unex- panded, the right and basal margins slightly arcuate. Length 8 to 8.5, diam. 4, aperture 3x2 mm. (Pfr.).
Lower Bengal, Barrakpore (Benson, type loc.) ; Rajma- hal; Chittagong; plains of Malabar and Beypur (Beddome). Jessore District, Chardbally and Moisraka (Nevill) ; Chander- nagore (Main waring) ; Arakan; Garo Hills (Austen).
Achatina gemma Bens. MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 22, f. 123 (March, 1850).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 496; Conchyl. Cab. p. 314, pi. 25, f. 24, 25.— H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 36, f. 7. — BENSON, Ann. Mag. v, 1860, p. 464 (large var., 8x3.5 mm.) — Glessula g., BEDDOME, P. Mai. Soc. vii, 169. — S. (G.) gemma NEVILL, Handlist, p. 170.
Reeve's description and figure (fig. 1) are given above; also Pfeiffer's description of a larger form of the species.
It is dark reddish-brown, and when containing the remains of the soft parts might be termed purplish-brown ; very glossy,
98
GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA.
very irregularly grooved. The spire tapers regularly (or a little convexly) to the obtuse summit. The outer lip is slightly obtuse, in adults, but scarcely thickened. The fig- ured specimen measures, length 6.5, diam. 3.7, aperture 2.8 mm., with 5% whorls, (fig. 3).
Var. frumentum (Reeve). PI. 13, fig. 2.
This approaches very closely to the preceding species [gemma]. The whorls are less rounded, less polished, and of a uniform lighter color (Reeve}.
Chandpore, Bengal (Bacon).
Achatina /., REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 22, f. 124 (March, 1850). — DESH. in Ferussac, Histoire, ii, p. 169, pi. 134, f. 22-24.
Considered to be a variety of G. gemma by Benson and Pfeiffer.
73. G. CRASSULA ('Benson' Reeve). PI. 13, fig. 4.
Shell pyramidally conical, whorls 7, flatly convex, longi- tudinally impressly striated; sutures excavated, columella arched, conspicuously truncated; aperture small. Whitish, covered with an olive horny epidermis (Reeve).
Darjiling; Jantia and Naga Hills (Beddome), Khasi and Dana Hills (G.- Austin).
Achatina crassula Bens. MS., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 22, f. 120.— PFR., Monogr. iii, 496; Conchyl. Cab. p. 314, pi. 25, f. 16, 17.— H. & T., Conch. Ind. pi. 36, f. 4.— S. (G.) crassula NEVILL Handlist, p. 169.
74. G. BLANFORDIANA (NeVlll). PI. 13, fig. 11.
"Shell ovately turreted, solid, of a dark brown color, two apical whorls smooth, the others sculptured with raised, coarse, longitudinal, nearly perpendicular striae, much crowded together and slightly flexuous on the last whorl; spire turreted, with very obtuse apex and excavated suture; whorls six, scarcely convex, the last one rounded at base; aperture vertical, subquadrilateral, with a much thickened white peristome ; columella broadly reflected, thickened, white, curved, forming an acute tooth, with a well developed incised notch at its base. Long 7, diam. 3 mm. (Nevill).
GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA TO INDO-CHINA. 99
Ponsee, Yunnan, type loc., and near Bhamo.
Stenogyra (Glessula) blanfordiana G. NEVILL, J. A. S. B. 1877, p. 26; 1881, vol. 50, p. 138, pi. 5, f. 12.
This species closely resembles Glessula peguensis Blanford, but is less convex, that is, more slender, and a thicker texture ; it can also be easily distinguished by the characteristic, crowded, well-developed, nearly perpendicular, longitudinal striation, varying slightly in direction on each whorl, much as in many species of Pomatias. The columella also is peculiar. Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta." (Nevill.)
75. G. PEGUENSIS (Blanford). PI. 13, figs. 12.
"Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, dark reddish brown, horny, marked with distinct and regular impressed lines. Spire convexly conical; apex obtuse; suture impressed, sub- crenulate. Whorls 6^2, slightly convex; the last ascending a little towards the mouth, and exceeding % of the shell in length. Aperture vertical, truncately semicircular; peris- tome obtuse, slightly thickened; margins joined by a callus; columella very much curved, projecting forward at the base, subvertically truncated within the peristome. Length 7, diam. 3.5, length of aperture 2.75 mm." (W. T. Blanf.)
Irawady Valley, Pegu (Blanford) ; Kumah Hill and near Mai-i, in the Sandoway district of Arakan (Theobald, type loc.); Thyetmyo (Blanford); near Chittagong (H. Raban).
Achatina peguensis BLANF., J. A. S. B. vol. 34, 1865, p. 78. — H. & T., Conch. Indica, pi. 102, f. 6. — Glessula peguensis THEOBALD & STOLICZKA, J. A. S. B. vol. 41, 1872, p. 334.- S. (G.) peguensis NEVILL, Handlist, p. 171.
The specimen figured exceeds Blanford 's measurements slightly ; length 8.9, diam. 3.9, longest axis of aperture 3 mm., whorls 6%. The apex is smooth ; the rest of the shell is closely and rather deeply but irregularly striate, and very glossy.
"A pretty little species, darker in color than any of its allies, except perhaps A. gemma Bens., and easily distin- guished from all, by the columella being more arcuate, also by its more acuminate spire and blunter apex, and its much stronger sculpture." (Blanf.)
100 GLESSULA, NON-PENINSULAR INDIA AND INDOCHINA.
76. G. LATESTRIATA Moellendorff.
Shell rather ventricosely oblong, rather thin, subpellucid, peculiarly sculptured with rather distant impressed striae, corneous-yellow. Spire moderately long, the sides a little convex, apex somewhat acute. Whorls 7, moderately convex, separated by a well-impressed, subcrenulate suture. Aper- ture nearly vertical, roundly-rhomboidal ; peristome unex- panded, obtuse; columella rather twisted, abruptly truncate. Length 10, diam. 4.5, aperture 3.5 x 2.25 mm. (Mlldff.)
Kalow, southern Shan States (Strubell).
Glessula latestriata MLLDFP., Nachrichtsblatt d. Deutschen Malak. Ges. vol. 31, p. 166, December, 1899.
77. G. PAVIEI L. Morlet. PI. 12, figs. 7, 8.
Shell imperforate, elongate, subturrite, thin, glossy, trans- lucent, pale corneous, ornamented with radiating striae. Spire subconic; whorls 8, a little convex, the first obtuse, following separated by a simple suture, a little inflated at the suture, the last whorl moderately inflated, over one-third the total length. Aperture suboval, columella short, very deeply arcu- ate, twisted and truncate; columellar callus thin; lip regu- larly arcuate. Length 14, diam. 6, aperture 5 mm. long. (Morlet).
Indo- China: Muong-Lai, Laos (Pavie) ; Lai-Chau, banks of the Black river, Tonkin (Dugast).
Glessula paviei L. MORLET, Journ. de Conch. 1892, p. 321, pi. 7, f. 4; Mission Pavie, Indo-Chine iii, p. 359, pi. 19, f. 13 (1904).
Two embryonic whorls are smooth, the last becoming crenulate below the suture. The following whorls are grooved at unequal intervals, the grooves strongest near the upper suture, weakening near the lower. The last whorl has rather close grooves and wrinkles. This sculpture is visible only under a lens. The columella is only moderately eon- cave in specimens I have seen, and is very obliquely trun- cate. The outer lip is whitish, a little thickened and obtuse, as usual in adult Glessulas. A specimen from Muong-Lai
GLESSULA, HABITAT UNKNOWN. 101
measures, length 12.7, diam. 6, length of aperture 5 mm.; whorls 63,4 (fig. 7).
Col. Beddome believes G. paviei to be a synonym of G. oreas. I have been unable to compare specimens of the latter, but I think they will prove distinct.
IV. Species of unknown habitat.
78. G. FUSCA (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, figs. 14, 15.
Shell oblong- turrite, thin, very closely hair-striate (and with a few stronger, somewhat varix-like stria?), silky, brown. Spire with slightly curved outlines, the apex obtuse, suture marginate, very delicately denticulate. Whorls 7, convex, the last three-sevenths the total length, rounded at base. Columella white-calloused, lightly arcuate, abruptly shortly truncate; aperture vertical, sinuate-semioval ; peristome sim- ple, unexpanded. Length 22, diam. 9, aperture 10 x 4.6 mm. (Pfr.).
Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.).
Achatina fusca PFR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 67; Oonchyl. Cab. p. 337, pi. 43, f . 8, 9 ; Monogr. iii, p. 491.
This species should be recognizable by its somewhat un- usual sculpture. Known by the original account only. Hanley thinks it near parabilis Bens., or perhaps identical.
79. G. FULGENS (Pfeiffer.)
Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, smooth, pellucid, glossy, corneous-tawny. Spire ovate-conic, the apex somewhat ob- tuse. Whorls 6, slightly convex, striatulate at the narrowly marginate suture, the last whorl about three-sevenths the total length, rounded at base. Columella very much arched, white- calloused, obliquely and rather widely truncate. Aperture vertical, sinuate-elliptical ; peristome unexpanded, obtuse. Length 12.5, diam. 5.66, aperture 5.5x3 mm. (Pfr.}
Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.)
Achatina fulgens PFR., Malak. Bl. 1858, v, p. 238 ; P. Z. S. 1859, p. 27; Monogr. vi, p. 225. — Glessula fulgens PFR. No- mencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 330.
An imfigured form, not noticed by other authors.
102 GLESSULA, SUMATRA AND JAVA.
80. G. VIRENS (Pfeiffer).
Shell cylindrie-turrite, very thin, lightly striatulate, the striae more distinct at the suture; very glossy, pellucid, greenish-corneous. Spire long, gradually tapering above, the apex rather obtuse; suture subcrenulate. Whorls 8, a little convex, the last scarcely one-third the total length, more convex. Columella very much arched, abruptly truncate. Aperture vertical, irregularly oval; peristome simple, unex- panded, the right margin lightly arcuate. Length 18, diam. 8, aperture 6x3.5 mm. (P/r.)
Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.).
Achatina virens PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 125 ; Monogr. iv, 609.
No other information has been published.
V. Species of Sumatra, Java and Borneo.
An undetermined species has been reported from Enganao Island by Henderson, Nautilus xii, 1898, p. 16.
81. G. SUMATRANA (Martens). PI. 14, figs. 4, 5.
Shell sub conic-tur rite ; minutely, subirregularly striatulate, glossy, bright chestnut, the apex paler. Whorls 7 to 8, con- vex, separated by a rather impressed simple suture, the last whorl gradually tapering at base. Aperture subvertical, emarginate-piriform, three-eighths the total length; columel- lar margin moderately excavated, spirally twisted, obliquely and distinctly truncate below. Length 13.5, diam. 5, aper- ture 4.66x2.5 mm. (Marts.)
Sumatra: in the mountainous interior at Kepahiang (Marts.); Padang Pandjang (Rolle).
Cionella sumatrana MARTS., Preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien Landschnecken, p. 372, pi. 22, f. 5 (1867). — Achatina s., PFR., Monogr. vi, 225. — Glessula s., ROLLE, Nachrbl., 1908, p. 68.
" The height of the visible part of the penultimate whorl somewhat exceeds its breadth (diameter), and has the pro- portion to the last whorl of 1 :!%.
"This species is quite like some described by Benson from
GLESSULA, SUMATRA AND JAVA. 103
the mountainous region of India, and especially stands about midway between oreas and jerdoni, both from the Nilgiris. A similar species from Java is Hasselt 's Acicula cornea, fig- ured on his unpublished plate 14, fig. 5, from the mountain Salak." (Marts.)
Prof. Boettger states that by the study of Mr. Rolle's speci- mens of G. sumatrana, he sees that G. javanica is identical, and the latter name should be withdrawn. Apparently "javanica" is an error for cornea. The original account follows.
G. cornea Boettger. (PI. 14, fig. 3.) Shell not rimate, subfusiform-turrite, rather solid, very glossy, bright chestnut- brown, the apex not paler. Spire has very slightly convex sides, apex exactly turrited, rather obtuse. Whorls 8, con- vex, separated by a simple, impressed suture; minutely but very distinctly, somewhat irregularly striate, the strias gath- ered into groups at the suture and almost rib-like; last whorl slightly tapering basally. Aperture subvertical, emar- ginate-piriform subeffuse at the base, somewhat lipped with violaceous inside, less than one-third the total length; mar- gins joined by a curved callus, the right margin compressed, nearly straight, columellar margin excavated, oblique, spir- ally twisted, at the base oblique and distinctly truncate. Length 13, diam. 5, aperture 5.5 x 3 mm. (Bttg.)
Java: Gunung Salak, moderately abundant (type loc.) ; Gunung Gedeh.
Glessula cornea BTTG., Bericht Senckenbergische natur- forschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt-am-Main, 1890, p. 148, pi. 5, f. 9, 9a; 1891, p. 244. — Acicula cornea Hasselt MS., MARTENS Preuss. Exped. Ostas., Landschn. p. 372, no de- scription. — Glessula javanica BOETTGER, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. 1908, p. 68, (name only, but said to be identical with G. sumatrana).
"This species has already been recorded under the manu- script name Acicula cornea Hasselt, from the same locality. It is the sole representative of the genus in Java, and stands nearest to G. sumatrana v. Marts., as von Martens has al-
104 GLESSULA, BORNEO, EAST AFRICA.
ready noted. G. sumatrana is however more tapering at the apex and base, and it has not the strong striation at the suture. Moreover the alt. of the visible part of the penult, whorl in the Javan species is nearly a half less than its breadth (diameter)." (Bttg.)
82. G. WALLACEI (Pfeiffer). PI. 14, figs. 1, 2.
Shell ovate-turrite, solid, closely and subregularly striate, silky, blackish-brown. Spire long, nearly straight-sided, the apex obtuse; suture minutely crenulate. Whorls 8, a little convex, the last slightly more than one-third the total length, pale in front, rounded at base. Columella arcuate, callus, obliquely deeply truncate. Aperture vertical, sinuate-oval; peristome unexpanded, obtuse. Length 21 to 22, diam. 9, aperture 8x4 mm. (Pfr.)
Borneo: Sarawak (Wallace).
Achatina wallacei PFR., Malak. Bl. 1855, p. 168; Novit. Conch, p. 82, pi. 22, f . 9, 10 ; Monogr. iv, 606.
VI. East African Glessula.
83. G. MONTANA (Martens). PI. 14, figs. 7, 8.
Shell ovate-oblong, striatulate, glossy; green-buff, marked with isolated brown streaks. Spire turrite, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6y2, a little convex, separated by a deep crenulated suture. Aperture two-thirds the total length, a little oblique, oblong-piriform, bluish inside. Peristome simple, thin, the oolumellar margin flexuous, thickened, white, abruptly trun- cate. Length 14, diam. 6.33, aperture 6x4 mm. (Marts.)
Eastern Abyssinia: Guno in Begemder, 1200 ft. elevation (Heuglin & Steudner).
Achatina montana MARTS., Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866, p. 95. — PFR., Monogr. vi, 228. — Glessula montana JICKELI, Nova Acta Vol. 37, 1875, p. 132, pi. 5, f. 19. — Homorus montanus Marts., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 93.
84. G. RUNSSORINA Martens. PI. 14, figs. 6, 10.
The shell is lengthened ovate, weakly striate, glossy, yellow-
GLESSULA, EAST AFRICA. 105
brown ; 5y2 to 6 whorls, the first nearly globular, smooth, the second distinctly striate, the rest regularly widening, some- what convex, with rather impressed and weakly crenate su- ture; the penult, whorl relatively high, the last whorl lower, elliptical, strongly descending to the aperture, with a few darker growth-arrest streaks, rounded below. Aperture moderately oblique, lanceolate, the outer lip weakly bordered outside, moderately arcuate above and below, in the middle straighter ; basal margin rounded ; columellar margin strongly arcuate, appressed, white, obliquely truncate below, passing with a distinct callus deposit upon the parietal wall. (Martens).
Length 23.5, diam. 9, aperture 10 x 5 mm.
Length 14, diam. 6, aperture 7x3 mm.
East Africa: Runssoro at 3100 meters (Stuhlmann, camp III, June 12, '91).
Glessula runssorina MARTS., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. vol. 27, December, 1895, p. 184, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 114, pi. 5, f. 11, 12, 1898.
"External soft parts black; foot long and narrow behind, flattened above, paler, with two longitudinal furrows, oblique furrows passing outward and backward from them. Sole •whitish in the middle, blackish at the edge, but without sharply defined limits." (Martens).
85. G. FERUSSACIOIDES Pollonera.
Shell subcylindric-oblong-ovate, clear, pale corneous yellow- ish, delicately striate. Spire attenuate, the apex obtuse; whorls 7 a little convex, separated by a slightly impressed and narrowly margined suture. Aperture oblong-lunate, acute above; lip simple, thin; columellar margin rather straight, obliquely truncate. Length 18.5, diam. 6.5, aperture 7x3.5 mm. (Poll).
East Africa: Eastern slope of Ruwenzori, Valle Mobuku at 2000 meters elevation (Duke of Abruzzi).
Glessula f., POLLONERA, Bolletino Mus. Zool. etc., Torino, rxii, no. 361, p. 3, July, 1907.
106 WEST AFRICAN GLESSULA.
86. G. DEALBERTISI Pollonera.
Shell oblong-subsubulate, very clear and translucent, am- ber-greenish, very finely striatulate longitudinally. Spire turrite, the apex obtuse ; whorls 7, a little convex, parted by an impressed suture. Aperture oblong-piriform, acutely angular above, not differently colored within ; peristome sim- ple, thin; columellar margin arcuate, obliquely truncate. Length 18, diam. 5.5, aperture 6.5 mm. long. (Poll.).
East Africa: Bihunga, Ruwenzori; Valle Mobuku, at about 2500 meters elevation, one example (Luigi, Duke of Abruzzi).
Glessula De-Albertisi POLL., Bolletino dei Mus. di Zool. ed Anat. comp. della R. Univ. di Torino, No. 338, vol. xxi, p. 2, October, 1906.
VII. West African species.
Two quite distinct groups of Glessula are represented in West Africa. The group of G. l&vigata has substantially the shell-structure of Indian Glessulae. The shell is smooth throughout (species 87, 88). In the group of G. paritura the post-embryonic whorls are finely rib-striate (species 89 to 92).
Group of G. Icevigata.
The central teeth of G. Icsvigata are narrow, not half as wide as the adjacent laterals. There is a well developed but not overhanging cusp. The laterals are quadrate, tricus- pid, with overhanging cutting-points on all the cusps. Middle cusp longer than the basal plates. There are about 8 laterals, then one or two transitional teeth, followed by the marginals, also of the tricuspid type (pi. 15, fig. 9). The jaw (pi. 15, fig. 10) is very minutely plaited, serrate on the cutting edge, at least in places.
87. G. L^VIGATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 14, figs. 9, 11, 12.
Shell turrite-oblong, rather solid, smooth, buff- waxen ; spire elongated, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, but slightly convex, the last about one-third the total length, rounded beneath, striolate anteriorly. Columella callous, somewhat twisted,
WEST AFRICAN GLESSULA. 107
obliquely truncate. Aperture oblique, acuminate-oval, pearly within; peristome simple, acute. Length 17, diam. 6 mm. (P/V.).
Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.). High on the serra de Pedras de Guinga, under stones, at an elevation of 3000 ft., district of Pungo-Andongo, Angola (Welwitsch). "For- careach, Senegambia" (A. N. S. Coll.).
Achatina Icevigata PPR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 294; Monogr. iv, 607 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 32, no. 54, pi. 8, f . 6, 7.— MORELET, Voy. Welwitsch, p. 77. — Glessula lavigata PFR., Nomencl. p. 330. — Homorus 1., KOBELT, C. Cab. p. 110.
Morelet, who was the first to record a locality for this species, thinks that it must originally have been found nearer the coast, as it is unlikely that any earlier traveler had visited the remote solitudes where Dr. Welwitsch found it.
The whorls are smooth except for weak growth-striee, and are parted by a linear suture which is transparent-margined below. The fifth whorl appears disproportionately wide. The spire tapers rapidly near the obtuse apex, but much more slowly throughout the greater part of its length. The ex- cision at the base of the columella is not very deep. Ex- amples measure:
Length 17.5, diam. 6, aperture 6.2 mm. ; whorls 6l/2.
Length 17, diam. 6.3, aperture 6 mm.; whorls Qy2.
Length 16.5, diam. 5.7, aperture 6 mm. ; whorls 6l/2.
88. G. HYALINA (Rang). PI. 14, fig. 16.
Shell long-oval, smooth, glossy, very thin, transparent and of a pale yellow tint, like horn. The spire is quite elevated and obtuse, composed of 6 slightly rounded whorls, the last one larger than all the others. Aperture oval, rather long, its plane parallel to the axis. The columella has a projecting lobe; its edge is a little reflexed. Right margin unexpanded and thin, simple and continuous with the columella. Length 7 to 9, diam. 3 to 4 mm. (Rang}.
Liberia: Mesurade, in crevices of rocks at the foot of the cape not far from the sea (Rang).
Helix liyalina RANG, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., xxiv, 1831, p.
108 WEST AFRICAN GLESSULA.
40, pi. 3, f. 5. — Achatina h., DESH., in Lam., An. s. Vert. p. 308.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 258.
Known to me by the above account only.
Group of G. paritura (Section Neoglessula, nov.)
Embryonic whorls very minutely and not closely engraved spirally, successively lengthening vertical grooves appearing on the later ones; whorls of the neanic and adult stages closely, regularly rib-striate, base smoother. Viviparous. Type G. paritura.
Several species from the northern shores of the Gulf of Guinea form a group having adult sculpture somewhat as in Pseudoglessula, but embryonic sculpture of their own. Only one of these is known to me by specimens; the others are still known by the original lots only.
89. G. PARITURA (Gould). PI. 14, figs. 17, 18, 19.
Shell elongate, thin, glossy, pale corneous, longitudinally closely lirate; spire turrite, obtuse at the apex. Whorls 7, convex, the last about half the total length of the shell. Suture deep. Aperture narrow, somewhat ear-shaped. Columella deeply arcuate, involute, forming a basal channel. Length 1, width .35 inch. (Gld.).
West Africa: near the sea, Fishtown, Liberia, buried un- der leaves or in the earth during the dry season ; also Cape Palmas.
Achatina paritura GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 1850, p. 196; Otia Conch, p. 208.— PFR., Monogr. iii, 491. — PETIT, Journ. de Conchyl. ii, 1851, p. 269, pi. 8, f. 7. — Honwrus p., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 92.
This species is viviparous. The summit is semiglobular ; first 11/2 whorls smooth in adults, but in young shells they show sparse engraved spiral lines; then vertical grooves ap- pear below the suture, short and widely spaced at first, but gradually lengthening and becoming 'Closer, so that at the end of 2y2 whorls they reach nearly to the suture below, and become so close that the sculpture may be described as rib-
WEST AFRICAN GLESSULA. 109
striate, the riblets smooth, rounded, and about equal to the intervals. On the face of the last whorl there are five or six riblets in one millimeter. The riblets weaken or disappear almost abruptly at the periphery of the last whorl, leaving the base and a very narrow band above the suture almost smooth. The columella is formed just as in the Indian Glessulae, being deeply concave, thickened with a white callus, and abruptly, deeply truncate at the base. The shell is translucent whitish under a very thin pale yellow cuticle. A specimen of the ordinary size measures, length 20.3, diam. 8.8, aperture 8.3 mm. ; whorls 6^.
An embryonic shell, shaken out of an adult, is oval, 4.7 mm. long, with 3 whorls. There is a distinct umbilical slit behind the columellar callus (pi. 14, fig. 19).
90. G. BRETIGNEREI Chaper. PL 14, fig. 20.
Shell thin, transparent, of a light gray-olive tint; shining, though sculptured with very regular, crowded striae of growth, well-marked from the end of the second whorl. Spire of 6 or 7 whorls, very regularly conic after the second whorl. Aperture oblique; columella strongly inflexed towards the interior of the aperture. No umbilicus. Length 30, diam. 11 to 12 mm. (Chaper}.
West Africa: Coffee plantation of Elima, Assinie (type im •coll. de I'ficole des Mines).
Glessula bretignerei CHAPER, Bulletin de la Societe Zoolo- gique de France, x, 1885, p. 46, pi. 1, f. 6. — Homorus assi- niensis Chaper, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. i, lOte Abth., p. 91, pi. 21, f. 6 (copy from Chaper).
This species differs from G. paritura only by its larger size, so far as the published account goes. Kobelt confused the name with that of Corbula assinicnsis, which occurs on the next page of Chaper *s paper.
91. G. MALAGUETTANA (Rang). PI. 14, fig. 15.
Shell elongate, conic, thin, subdiaphanous, very minutely longitudinally striate, brown-buff. Apex obtuse. Aperture oval, the columella arcuate, truncate; lip simple, acute.
HO WEST AFRICAN GLESSULA.
Length 15 to 20, diam. 8 to 9 mm. Animal dirty buff, 25 mm. long. (Rang).
West Africa: Malaguetta (Liberian) coast, under bushes and in crevices of the rocks (Rang).
Helix malaguettana RANG, Annales des Sciences Naturelles xxiv, 1831, p. 39, pi. 3, f. 4. — Ackatina m., DESH. in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 307. — PFR., Monogr. ii, 257. — Subulina malaguetana BECK, Index, p. 77.
This shell, according to Rang, is long, conic, thin, almost diaphanous, very finely and regularly striate; the very thin cuticle covering it is of a dirty yellowish brown, resembling that of Subulina striatella. The summit is obtuse, and its whorls, 6 in number, are quite rounded. The aperture is oval, little oblique. The columella is very concave and trun- cate in front; the right margin is straight and thin, fragile and acute. Deshayes gives the dimensions 22 x 8 mm. The systematic position is unknown, and it may prove to be a Pseudoglessula. The spire is more slender above than in G. paritura.
92. G. SERICINA (Jonas). PI. 14, figs. 13, 14.
Shell ovate-turrite, rather thin, longitudinally closely pli- cate, pellucid, glossy, straw-colored. Spire turrited, the apex very obtuse. Whorls 6 to G1/^, convex, the last about three- sevenths the total length, obsoletely angulated in the middle, smooth below the angle. Columella very arcuate, highly and widely truncate, the aperture suboval. Length 17, diam. 7 mm., aperture iy2 mm. long, 4 wide in the middle. (Pfr.)
West Africa: Guinea (Jonas).
Glandina sericina JONAS, in Phil., Abbild. I, p. 134, pi. 1, f. 11 (July, 1844). — Achatina s., PFR., Monogr. ii, 292; iii, 494 ; iv, 606 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 308, pi. 24, f . 12, 13.— Homorus (Pseudoglessula) s., KOBELT, C. Cab. p. 104.
This snail has a beautiful appearance from its very regular, pretty and strong striation, and its silky luster. (Jonas) .
APPENDIX.
A few corrections of nomenclature and descriptions of ob- scure forms are inserted here to complete the account of snails described as " Achatina. "
OLEACINID^E.
SPIRAXIS BLANDIANUS Pils. New name for Spiraxis blandi Crosse & Fischer, (Journ. de Conch. 1877, p. 271; Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll., i, p. 616; Manual I, p. 52, XIX, p. 27), not Spiraxis blandi (Crosse), described as Ravenia c., Manual XIX, 19, 20.
VARICELLA DISSIMILIS Pilsbry. Vol. XIX, p. 105, pi. 17, f . 10, 11.
New name for Achatina similis C. B. Ad. 1850, not A. similis Boissy, 1848.
The specimen figured and described (XIX, 105) by me becomes the type of this species.
VARICELLA DISSIMILIS LONGIOR Pils., new name. V. similis longa Pils. (Man. Conch. XIX, p. 106), being a homonym of V. costulata longa (t. c. p. 68), may be changed to Varicella dissimilis longior.
VARICELLA SIMILARIS SLOANEANA Pils.
New name for V. s. mandevillensis Pils., (XIX, p. 107), preoccupied on p. 70 of same volume.
STREPTOSTYLA LIMNEIFORMIS CHIAPENSIS Pils. Vol. XIX, p. 159.
New name for Spiraxis parvula Pfr. 1856, not of Chitty, 1853.
EUGLANDINA FUSiFORMis Pfr. Achatina /"., Pfr. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 75 ; Monogr. ii, 292 ; Man. Conch. XIX, 188, is a homonym of Achatina lubrica var. fusiformis Picard, 1840. See Vol. XIX, p. 320. The Mexican species should probably stand as E. binneyana.
(Ill)
112 APPENDIX.
ACHATINA NYSTIANA Pfr. Shell fusiform-oblong thin, smoothish, very delicately striatulate, pellucid, glossy, flesh- colored. Spire long, slender, the apex obtuse, suture thread- margined, whorls 6l/2, a little convex, the last about three- sevenths the total length, tapering at base. Columella very lightly arcuate, the base shortly and horizontally truncate. Aperture scarcely oblique, oval-elliptical, peristome simple, thin. Length 47, diam. 12, aperture 16y2 x 6 mm. Habitat unknown, Mus. Cuming (Pfr., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 100; and as Oleacina n., Monogr. iv, 632). Evidently an Euglandina.
GLANDINA CRENULATA Sow. Ant., Pfeiffer. Shell fusiform ovate, rather solid, reddish-corneous, glossy; spire with the apex obtuse. Whorls 6~y2, a little convex, the last descending, shorter than the spire; suture margined and most minutely crenulate. Aperture dilated below, columella subarcuate, strongly truncate; peristome simple. Length 24, diam. 11, aperture 11 mm. long. Central America. (Pf?-, Symbolae ad Hist. Hel. ii, p. 59, no. 273, 1842, from spec, in coll. An- ton, recorded without description in Anton's Verzeichniss as Achatina crenulata Sow.? p. 44, no. 1595. "Achatina crenu- lata (Sowerby?) Anton," PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 285). Seems to be unknown to monographers of the Mexican fauna. It is not recognizably denned.
POIRETIA.
A list of species referable to this genus was given in Vol. XIX, pp. xxii-xxv. The preparation of an index of Achatina etc. has shown that several names are homonyms and require change, as follows. POIRETIA KLEINIANA Pilsbry, n. n.
New name for Achatina elegans Klein, Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg, ix, 1853, p. 214, pi. 5, f. 11, not A. elegans C. B. Ad. 1849. Cf. Vol. XIX, p. xxiv.
POIRETIA INPLATA Reuss, (XIX, p. xxiv). Add the synonym: Olandina (Achatina) antiqua KLEIN, Jahresh. Wiirttemb. VIII, p. 162, pi. 3, f. 9, 1852.
APPENDIX. 113
POIRETIA ROUISIANA Pilsbl'y.
New name for Oleacina teres Rouis, Sandberger, Land und Siisswasser Conchyl. der Vorwelt, p. 232, pi. 13, f. 26 (1872), not Oleacina teres Pfr., Malak. Bl. 1866, p. 140. Eocene, Buxweiler.
POIRETIA WOODI Pilsbry.
New name for Bulimus convexus 'Edwards' S. V. Wood, 1877 (Vol. XIX, p. xxiii), not of Pfeiffer, 1855 (cf. vol. XI, p. 216). The generic position of this Oligocene form of the Isle of Wight is uncertain. Photographic figures are re- produced by Taylor, Mon. Brit. Land and Freshwater Moll. ii, p. 29, f. 46, 47.
POIRETIA MILLERI Pils.
New name for Glandina ovata Miller (Vol. XIX, p. xxiii), not Glandina truncata var ovata Dall.
ACHATINA NYIKAENSIS Pils.
New name for A. fragilis Smith, 1899, Vol. XVII, p. 63. Not Achatina fragilis Deshayes, An. s. Vert. II. ARCHACHATINA MARQINATA EDUARDI Pils.
New name for Achatina marginata var. gracilior Martens (Manual XVII, p. Ill), not Achatina gracilior C. B. Ad. 1850. ARCHACHATINA PURPUREA (Gmel.) Vol. XVII, p. 144.
Add the following synonyms: Achatina purpurascens G. FISCHER, Museum Demidoff iii, p. 224 (1807). Achatina erythrostoma SWAINSON, Bligh Catal., Appendix p. 14 (1822), based on Martini and Chemnitz, IX, f. 1017, 1018.
HELIX (COCHLITOMA) CANTHERIATA Fer., Prodr. p. 49, no. 340 is a nude name. Ferussac refers to the figure of a Phasianella as perhaps illustrating it. Habitat unknown.
ACHATINA HYALINA Anton. " Oval-conoidal, 5 convex whorls with deep suture, last whorl two-fifths the total length ; transparent, glossy, yellowish-gray, finely striate, imperfor- ate. Aperture long-oval, peristome acute ; columella strongly
114 HEMEBULIMUS.
truncate. Alt. 2y2, diam. 1*4 lines. Habitat South America" (Anton, Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton 'befinden, p. 44, no. 1589. Halle, 1839).
Pfeiffer renamed the species Achatina antoniana, Mono- graphia Hel. Viv. ii, p. 285 (1848), the original name being preoccupied. It is probably a Leptinaria, but it has been recognized by no author since Anton.
BOCAGEIA (PETRIOLA) ANJUANENSIS Pils., n. n.
New name for Achatina cornea Morelet 1877, not of Bru- mati, 1838. Type is the shell described in Man. Conch. XVIII, 189, 190, and illustrated in fig. 23 of plate 57. Rumina decollata paiva Lowe. Vol. XVII, p. 213, 214.
It should be observed that the names lanceolata, cornea, maxima, flammulata and decussata were already in use in Bulimus, hence must be dropped as homonyms in Rumina, even if the races denoted are valid, which seems doubtful.
FEEUSSACIDJE.
FERUSSACIA TERVERIANA Pils., new name for Achatina terveri Bgt. 1859 (Vol. XIX, p. 259, no. 48) ; not A. terveri
Boissy, 1848, a species of Poiretia.
FERUSSACIA HYPSELIA Pilsbry.
New name for F. producta Lowe 1852, not of Reuss, 1849. See Man. Conch. XIX, p. 275. The type of F. hypselia is the specimen figured, Vol. XIX, plate 39, figs. 24, 25.
ACHATINA BUCCINULA Grateloup, Actes Soc. Linn. Bor- deaux X, 1838, p. 122, pi. 4, f. 25, 26, from Dax, seems to be a Miocene species of Hohemvartiana.
BULIMULnXE. G-enus HEMIBULIMUS Marts., Vol. XII, p. 184.
Mr. E. A. Smith (Proc. Malac. Soc. London VII, p. 313) has called attention to my failure through oversight to in- clude Achatina dennisoni Reeve in the Manual. He has also discussed the characters and synonyms of that and other
HEMIBULIMUS. 115
species of the group Hemibulimus, correcting various errors which, by reason of the scarcity of material, had been per- petuated from author to author.
The relation of Hemibulimus to Liguus is not very close and I now doubt the propriety of including them in one genus. Except in the structure of the columella, Hemi- bulimus is very similar to Porphyrobaphe.
1. HEMIBULIMUS EXCISUS (v. Marts.) Vol. XII, p. 185, pi.
36a, figs. 31-34.
Popayan, Colombia, at 2400 meters. Type species of Hemi- bulimus. While evidently related to dennisoni, it is prob- ably distinct, at least varietally, as Mr. Smith believes. In Vol. XII I followed Professor von Martens in uniting excisus and magnificus.
2. HEMIBULIMUS DENNISONI (Reeve). PI. 40, fig. 1.
"Shell fusiformly ovate, spire rather acuminated, whorls 6, somewhat rudely faintly plicately striated, decussated with fine impressed striae. Apex somewhat papillary. Columella arched and twisted, attenuately truncated. Pale brown, varie- gated towards the apex with darker brown, last whorl un- spotted, encircled with a pale obscure band, columella pink- ish." (Reeve}.
Bogota (J. Dennison, Esq.).
Achatina dennisoni REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 9, f. 32 (March, 1849). — PFR., Monogr. iii, 486. — Liguus (Hemibuli- mus) dennisoni (Reeve) E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London vii, 1907, p. 314, 313. — Achatina magnified, REEVE, op. cit. pi. 9, f. 33, not of Pfeiffer. — L. magnificus (Pfr.) PILSBRY, Man. Con. xii, pi. 36 a, fig. 30 (not the description).
Reeve described and figured a shell from the Dennison col- lection. The present location of the type is unknown. The figure (copied on pi. 40, fig. 1) shows a pale red-brown shell with decidedly attenuate early whorls, a brown-spotted sub- sutural band, and two other pale bands on the last whorl. The parietal wall is purplish but not black. The aperture is markedly acuminate above. Judging from the description
116 HEMffiULIMUS.
and figure, the sculpture is not so strong as in the following form; yet it must be remembered that the sculpture is usu- ally minimized in Reeve's figures of Achatina.
H. D. CARUS Pils., n. var. PI. 40, figs. 2, 3, 4, 6.
The shell is elliptic-ovate with a rather slender spire and obtuse apex; solid and strong. Nearly 2y2 smooth, convex whorls form the semiglobose embryonic shell. The next whorl is lightly striate, near its termination the surface becomes minutely plicate and spiral grooves appear ; on the next whorl it is closely and finely plicate, the plicae cut by several (usually 5 to 7) spiral furrows, which appear as if scratched in a plastic surface. On the last whorl the fine plicae become weaker, irregular, often more or less obsolete towards the end of the whorl; there is more or less indistinct malleation, and some irregularity due to former growth-arrest periods, marked by dusky streaks, of which there may be one to four or more on the last whorl. The aperture is elliptic-pointed, outer lip obtuse, more or less thickened, expanded or effuse towards the base. Columella arched, usually very deeply, but sometimes only moderately, its lower portion colored like the outer lip; base truncate, parietal callus glossy black, overlaid with blu- ish inwardly. Color as follows :
(1) Ground-tint yellow, fading towards the apex: (a) brown spots below the suture appearing on the first post- embryonic whorl, becoming broad, more or less fulgurate stripes on the penult, and next earlier whorls; last whorl showing three narrow equidistant bands and an irregular mottling of the yellow ground, elsewhere olive and brown of varying shades; outer lip and lower half of columella edged with vermilion. (&) intermediate whorls of the spire marked with narrow, close, wavy brown streaks; antepenult, whorl with some subsutural spots, last whorl without bands, irregu- larly streaked with dull green on a greenish yellow or light yellow green ground; outer lip and basal half of columella bright ochre.
(2) Ground-tint reddish, (c) nearly uniform ochraceoua reddish, the red predominating on the earlier whorls; outer
HEMIBULIMUS. 117
lip dull red, fading to pink in the throat, (d) first post- embryonic whorl -with subsutural spots, next whorl or two closely streaked with dull red-brown ; last whorl of a muddy olivaceous shade, with some darker brown streaks; lip with a narrow red edge and dark submargin.
Length 68, diam. 32 mm. ; aperture 37.5 mm. ; whorls 6*4.
Length 65, diam. 34.5 mm. ; aperture 38 mm. ; whorls 6.
Length 65.5, diam. 31 mm.; aperture 37 mm.; whorls 6.
Length 62, diam. 29.5 mm. ; aperture 33 mm. ; whorls 6^.
Colombia: Quilichao, Cauca Valley, 5,500 ft. elevation.
Achatina magnified, REEVE, Conch. Icon. V, pi. 9, f. 33. — L. magnificus Pfr., PILSBRY, Man. Conch. XII, pi. 36a, f. 30. Not A. magnified Pfr.
This form differs from Reeve's figure of A. dennisoni by its intensely black parietal callus, and the shape of the aper- ture, which is wider, less acuminate above, the outer lip be- ing arcuate and not straightened near the insertion.
Reeve's figure 33, (copied in Manual XII, pi. 36a, fig. 30) represents a form differing from this race only in size, as Mr. E. A. Smith has pointed out. In the Manual I fol- lowed Reeve's error in referring to it as an illustration of Achatina magnifica Pfr.
3. HEMIBULIMUS MAGNIFICUS (Pfr.). PI. 40, fig. 5.
See Vol. XII, p. 185, where a translation of Pfeiffer's description is given. From the reference-paragraph there given the reference to Reeve's figure should be excluded, and the following added: Liguus (Hemibulimus) magnificus (Pfr.), E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London VII, 1907; p. 314, fig. of type. This species seems to be known only by the original specimen, said to be from Quito. Mr. Smith's figure of this is copied on my plate. The specimens obtained •by Lehmann in southern Colombia may have been H. dennisoni.
ACHATINA MONILE Swainson. "Shell very finely reticu- lated, whitish with waved stripes, and transverse bands of chestnut spots ; basal volution subventricose ; spire produced,
118 HEMIBULIMUS.
the last two volutions close, and the tip papillary ; base nearly entire. Distinct from, though approximating to, Bulinus zebra and undatus,"
(Swainson, Catalogue of the rare and valuable shells which formed the celebrated collection of the late Mrs. Bligh, Ap- pendix, p. 14, 1822 ; Exotic Conchology, edit. 2, p. 38, 1841) .
This seems to be some such shell as Oxystyla ferussaci, or some of the forms represented on plate 17 of vol. XII ; yet the "apex papillary" recalls Pseudotrochus (Perideris) .
ACHATINA VENTRICOSA G. Fischer, Mus. Demidoff iii, p. 224 (l8Q7)=BuUmus v., Brug. See Vol. VIII, 10.
ACHATINA ANTIQUA Desh., An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris ii, p. 839=Lacuna.
ACHATINA DONELLII King. T. subalbida, transversim sub- striata; anfractus basalis ventricosus. — Long. V16, lat. %". (King in Zool. Journ. V. p. 342; Pfr., Monogr. ii, 295.)
Habitat prope Lima.
INDEX TO VOLUMES XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX.
ACHATINID^E, OLEACINIOE, FERUSSACID.E.
The following index comprises the families containing snails formerly described as Acliatina. All snails described under that generic name, whatever their present systematic place, are included herein, so far as known to me.
abbreviata (Achatlna) Lowe.. XIX, 221 abbreviata (Clavator) Kob. .XVII, 196 abbreviate. (Columna) Coop.. . .XI, 153 abbreviata (Glandina) Edw.XIX., xxiii abbreviata(Glandina)Mts. XIX, 192, 197 abbreviata (Leptinaria)Mts. XVIII, 307 abdita (Leptinaria) Poey. . .XVIII, 298
abdita (Subulina) Poey XVIII, 298
aberrans (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 36
abetifiana (Limicolaria) Kob. XVI, 267 abetiflana (Pseudoglessula) Rolle
XVII, 162
abia (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 257
abnormis (Ferussacia) Nev. ..XIX, 227 abromia (Ferussacia) Bgt. . . .XIX, 231 accincta ( Achatina )Migh..Achatinellidoe
achates (Bulimus) Mich XVIII, 27
achates (Prosopeas) Mich. . .XVIII, 27
achatina (Achatina) L XVII, 9
achatina (Bulla) Born XVII, 86
achatina (Bulla) L XVII, 9
Achatina Lam XVII, 1, xvii, xi
achatinacea(Stenogyra)auct. XVIII, 22 achatinaceum (Prosopeas) Pfr.
XVIII, 21, 13t)
achatinaceus (Bulimus) Pfr. XVIII, 22 Achatinella Schluter XIX, 309
ACHATINIDAE XVII, vil
achatinoides (Bulimus) Ziegl. XVI, 252
Achatinus Montfort XVII, 1
Achatium Link XVII, 1
acicula (Achatina) auct XX, 9
acicula (Buccinum) Mull XX, 9
acicula (Bulimus) Grat XX, 5
acicula (Caecilioides) Mull. . . .XX, 9, 2 Acicula Risso XX, 1
aciculseforme (Opeas) Mill. .XVIII, 201 acicularis(Leptinaria) Shuttl. XVIII, 299 acicularis( Stenogyra) Shuttl. XVIII, 21/9 aciculella (Caecilianella) Sandb. .XX, 5
Aciculina West XX, 1, 5
ackuloides (Achatina) de Betta XX, 23 aciculoides (Caecilioides) Jan. ..XX, 23
aciculoides (Columna) Jan XX, 23
acmella (Opeas) Morel XVIII, 144
acmella ( Stenogyra) Morel. . XVIII, 144
actoniana (Achatina) Ben XX, 25
actoniana (Caecilioides) Ben. ...XX, 25 aculeus (Opeas) Tapp.-Can. .XVIII, 176 aculeus (Stenogyra) T.-C. . .XVIII, 177 acuminata (Achatina) Baudon, J. C.,
1835=rLitiopa? acuminata (Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 294
acus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 344
acus (Coilostele) Pfr XIX, 344
acus (Euonyma) Morel XVIII, 40
acus (Spiraxis) Shuttl XIX, 23
acus (Stenogyra) Morel XVIII, 41
aeuta (Achatina) Lam XVII, 40
acuta (Helix) Fer XVII, 40
acuticostatus (Bulimus) Orb. ..XIX, 53 acuticostata (Varicella) Orb. ..XIX, 52 acutissima (Stenogyra) Mss. XVIII, 22 acutissimum (Prosopeas) Mss. XVIII, 22 acutissimus (Bulimus) Mss. .XVIII, 22
acutius (Opeas) Mill XVIII, 199
adamsiana (Achatina) Chitty .XIX, 63 adamsiana (Varicella) Chitty .XIX, 63
adamsii (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 66
adamsi (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 216
adansoni (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 252
adansoni (Limicolaria) Pfr. . .XVI, 252 adelinae (Archachatina) Pils. XVII, 118
(119)
120
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
adenensis (Bulimus) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 111 adonensls (Rlebeckia) G.-A. .XVII, 207 adonensis (Stenogyra) G.-A. XVII, 207 adusta (Achatina) Gld. = Carelia
advena (Caecilioides) Anc XX, 35
aedigyra (Achatina) M. & P.. .XVII, 94
sedllis (Helix) FGr XVI. 252
sedilis (Limlcolarla) Fer XVI, 252
aegyptlaca (Coelestele) Bgt. . .XIX, 342 aegyptiaca (Opeas) Bgt. . . .XVIII, 126 sequatoria (Achatina) Rve. .. .XVI, 227 sequatorius (Pseudotrochus) Rve.
XVI, 227
aequatoria(Leptinaria)Mill. XVIII, 303 requatoria(Rhodea)Da Costa XVIII, 239 aequatoria (Spiraxis) Mill. .XVIII, 303 aequatorica (Rhodea) Sykes XVIII, 239
sethlops (Bulimus) Morel XVI, 269
sethiops (Limlcolaria) Morel. .XVI, 269 affuvelensls (Limneus) Math. XIX, xxii affuvelensis (Poiretia) Math. XIX, xxil
africana (Coelestele) Bgt XIX, 342
africana (Limicolaria) Rve. . .XVI, 254
africanus (Bulimus) Rve XVI, 254
agassizi (Obeliscus) Pils. .. .XVIII, 249 agathlna (Limicolaria) Gahb. XVI, 250
Ageca Gray XIX, 291
agllis (Cionella) West XIX, 232
agilis (Ferussacia) West XIX, 232
aglena (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 16
AGNATHA XIX, vlll
AGNATHOMOHPHA XIX, ix
agrsecia (Ferussacia) Bgt. . . .XIX, 253
Agraulina Bgt XIX, 269, 272
agrensis (Bulimus) Kurr. . .XVIII, 111 agrensis (Zootecus) Kurr. ..XVIII.IH
alabaster (Helix) Rang XVI, 221
alabaster (Perideris) Rang .. .XVI, 221 alabaster(Pseudotrochus) Rang XVI, 221 alabastrina (Curvella) DaC. XVIII, 336 alabastrina (Glandina) Alb. . .XIX, 195 alabastrina (Stenogyra) Shuttl.
XVIII, 205 alabastrinum( Opeas) Shuttl. XVIII, 204
alba (Achatina) Brown XX, 10
alba (Clavator) Dautz XVII, 196
albersl (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 201
albersl (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 201
albersi (Glandina) Binney . . .XIX, 198
albicans (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 23
albida (Periderlopsls) D. & P. XVI, 243 albinos (Cochllcopa) Moq. . . . XIX, 317 albobalteatus( Bulimus) Dkr. XVIII, 234 albobalteatua (Synapterpes) Dkr.
XVIII, 233 albollneata (Achatina) Lam. . .XIX, 94
albopicta (Achatina) Sm XVII, 88
algira (Glandina) auct XIX, 166
algira (Poiretia) Brug XIX, 165
algirus (Bulimns) Brug XIX, 166
alleryi (Cochlicopa) Caflcl . . .XIX, 336 alleryi(Hohenwartlana)Cafici XIX, 336
allisa (Achatina) Rve XVII, 33
allixi (Zua) Cossm XIX, 311
alopecotis (Pachyotus) Beck. XVII, 175
Alsobia Bgt XIX, 272
alticola (Glandina) Pils XIX, 194
alzenensis (Azeca) S.-SIm. . . .XIX, 294 amabilis (Synapterpes) Pils. XVIII, 233 amauronia (Ferussacia) Bgt. .XIX, 221 amazonicum (Opeas) Pils. ..XVIII, 208
ambigua (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 201
ambigua (Euglandina) Pfr. . .XIX, 201 ambigua (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII, 318
amblya (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 224
amdoanum (Opeas) Mlldff. .XVIII, 163
amentum (Achatina) Rve XX, 77
amentum (Glessula) Rve XX, 77
amoena (Glandina) Marts. . . .XIX, 195 amoenitatum (Csecillanella) Dohrn.
XX, 6
amphora (Helix) F<§r XVII, 110
AMPHOKELLA Lowe XIX. 269
Ampulla Bolt XVII, 1
anals (Achatina) Less XII, 168
anamulllca (Achatina) Blanf. . .XX, 72 anamullica (Glessula) Blanf. ..XX, 72
anceyi (Cionella) West XIX, 337
anceyi(Hohenwartiana) West. XIX, 337
anceyi (Prosopeas) Pils XVIII, 33
angiostoma (Achatina) Ad. . . .XIX, 96 angiostoma (Varicella) Ad. . . .XIX, 96
angllca (Caecilianella) Bgt XX, 11
angustatus (Obeliscus) Gundl.
XVIII, 278
• angustatus(Polyphemus) Villa. XIX, 169 angustatus (Stenogyra) Gundl.
XVIII, 279
angustatus (Stenogyra) Tick. XVII, 135 angustior(Stenogyra)Dohrn. XVIII, 79 angustior (Subulina) Dohrn. XVIII, 78 anjuanensis (Bocageia) Pils. ..XX, 114 annaensis (Obellscus) Beck.
XVIII, 184, 240
annse (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 39
anomala (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 303
anomala (Glandina) Ang I, 33
anomala (Leptinaria) Pfr. .XVIII, 303
anomalus (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 18
anomalus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 18
j antlllarum (Leptinaria) Shutt.
XVIII, 288, 289
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
121
antlnorii (Aehatina) Morel. .XVII, 133 antinorii (Homorus) Morel. .XVII, 133 antinorii (Stenogyra) Jick. XVII, L33 antiqua (Aehatina) Desh. Lacuna.
antlqua (Azeca) Fag XIX, 294
antiqua (Glandina) Iss XIX, xxv
antiqua (Glandina) Klein XX, 112
antoniana (Aehatina) Pfr XX, 114
antourtourensis(Achatina)Cr. XVII, 46
aperta (Geostilbia) Smith XX, 44
aperta (Macrospira) GIdg.
XVIII, 220; XX, 44
aperta (Megasplra) Smith XX, 45
APERIDAB XIX, xi
apex (Bulimus) Mouss XVIII, 127
aphellna (Ferussacia) Bgt. .. .XIX, 219 apiculum (Opeas) Morel. ...XVIII, 151 apiculum(Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 152 appalachicola(Cochlicopa)Pils. XIX,317 aquensis (Bulimus) Math. . . .XIX, xxv
arabica (Ccelestele) Bgt XIX, 340
aradasiana (Aehatina) Ben. ..XIX, 335 aradasiana (Hohenwartiana) Ben.
XIX, 335
aratispira (Bocageia) Pils. . .XVII, 185 aratus (Synapterpes) Pils. .XVIII, 232 arayatense (Opeas) Semp. ..XVIII, 180 arayatensis (Stenogyra) Semp.
XVIII, 180
ARCHACHATINA Albers. XVII, xiv, 1, 104 arctesplrata (Aehatina) Bgt. .XVII, 67 arctica (Ferussacia) West. .. .XIX, 240 arctispira (Opeas) Marts. . .XVIII, 175 arctispira( Stenogyra )Gredl. XVIII, 171 arctispira ( Stenogyra) Marts. XVIII, 175 arctisplrale (Opeas) Gredl. .XVIII, 170 arctlspiralis (Opeas) Gredl. XVIII, 171 arcuata (Aehatina) Pfr., Rve. XIX, 107
arcuata (Glandina) Pfr XIX, 103
arcuata (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 103
arguta (Stenogyra) Marts. . .XVII, 209 argenteum(Prosopeas)Hend. XVIII, 24 arguta (Riebeckia) Marts. .. .XVII. 209
argutum (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 211
arnoldi (Burtoa) Stur XVI, 307
arnoldl (Llvinhacia) Stur. . . .XVI, 307 armandl (Limlcolarla) Bgt. . .XVI, 247 artensls (Bulimus) Gass. .. .XVIII, 130
arthuril (Aehatina) Bs XX, 79
ascendens( Stenogyra )Poey .XVIII, 201
assimills (Aehatina) Rve XIX, 184
asslmllis (Euglandlna) Rve. ..XIX, 184 assinlensls (Homorus) Kob. .. .XX, 109
assoclata (Curvella) Sm XVIII, 57
assoclatus (Bulimus) Sm. . . .XVIII, 57 •ssurgens (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 202
atava (Ferussacia) Crosse . . .XIX, 240
atlantlca (Rumina) Pall XVII, 213
atlasica (Ferussacia) Bgt. . . .XIX, 266 ATOPOCOCHLIS C. & F.
XVI, 218, XVII, x
atramentarla (Aehatina) Pfr. .XII, 210 Atropocochlis, error for Atopocochlis
XVI, 218 attenuata (Aehatina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 208
attenuata (Clonella) Mss XIX, 237
attenuata (Ferussacia) Mouss. XIX, 237 attenuata (Euglandina) Pfr. .XIX, 208 aubryana (Stenogyra) Hde. XVIII, 168 aubryanum (Opeas) Hde. . .XVIII, 168 audebardi (Glandina) auct. . .XIX, 195 aurantiaca (Glandina) Ang. . .XIX, 204
aurata (Glandina) Morel XIX, 188
auratus (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 232
auratus (Synapterpes) Pfr. XVIII, 232 aurelianensis (Aehatina) Dh. An eocene
Cochlicopa. auriculacea (Spiraxis) Pfr. . .XIX, 159
aurora (Aehatina) Pfr XVII, 102
aurora (Bulimus) Jay XVI, 249
aurora (Limicolaria) Jay . . . .XVI, 248 auripigmentum (Bulimus) Rve. XVI, 231 aurlpigmentum (Pseudotrochus) Rve.
XVI, 231
aurlsmuris (Bulimus) Shuttl. XVII, 176 aurismyoxi( Bulimus )Shuttl. XVII, 176 aurisvulpina (Voluta) Dillw. XVII, 175
austenl (Bacillum) Pils XVIII, 3
australis (Aehatina) Mich., Villa,
undesc.
avenacea( Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 153 avenaceum (Opeas) Morel. .XVIII, 153
AZECA Lch XIX, 289, 290
Azecastrum Bgt XIX, 290
azorlca (Aehatina) Alb XIX, 320
azorica (Glandina) Alb XIX, 315
B
babel (Llmlcolarlus) Beck. .. .XVI, 282 bacillaris( Stenogyra) Mouss. XVIII, 184 bacilliformis( Aehatina) Jonas XVII, 153 bacilliformis( Homorus) Jonas XVII, 152
Bacillum Theob XVIII, 1
bacillus (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 262
bacillus (Obeliscus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 262 bacterionldes (Helix) Orb. ..XVIII, 250 bacterionides (Obeliscus) Orb. XVIII, 250
baculina (Glessula) Blanf XX, 88
badla (Stenogyra) Marts. . . .XVII, 149
balanus (Aehatina) Bens XX, 48
balanus (Caecllioldes) Bens. . . .XX, 46 baldwlnl (Caecllioldes) Anc. . . .XX, 45
122
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
Balfouria Crosse XVII, 204
balstoni (Bulimus) Ang XVII, 203
balstoni (Clavator) Ang. . . .XVII, 203
balteata (Achatina) Gld XVI, 235
balteata (Achatina) Rve XVII, 30
bamboucha (Helix) F<§r XVIII, 109
bandeirana (Achatina) Morel. XVII, 19 barattei (Ferussacia) L. & B. XIX, 254 barbigera (Achatina) Morel, XVII, 183 barbozae (Caecilioldes) Maltz. . .XX, 19 barclayi (Ferussacia) Pfr. . . .XIX, 233
barclayi (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 233
barriana (Achatina) Sowb. ..XVII, 127 barrianum(Ganomidos)Ailly. XVII, 128 bassamensis (Limicolaria) Sh. XVI, 265
Bathyaxis Anc XVIII, 336
baudoni ( Azeca) Mich XIX, 292
bawriense (Opeas) Pils. . . .XVIII, 146
bayanus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 45
bayaona (Achatina) Morel. . .XVII, 20
bayoli (Achatina) Morel XVII, 118
bayoniana (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 21
Beccaria Bgt XVIII, 114
beccarii (Limicolaria) Morel. .XVI, 278 beckianum (Opeas) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 189 beckianus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 189 beddomei (Achatina) Blanf. . . .XX, 74
beddomei (Glessula) Blanf XX, 73
bellamyi (Limicolaria) Jouss. XVI, 253
belloiri (Ferussacia) Let XIX, 266
bellula (Glandina) C. & F 1,23
belonidaea (Caecilioides) Serv. ..XX, 18
Belonis I-Iartmann XX, 1
bensoniana (Achatina) Pfr XX, 67
bensoniana (Glessula) Pfr XX, 67
bentiue (Obeliscella) M. & P. XVIII, 102 bentise (Stenogyra) M. & P. XVIII, 102
berendti (Achatina) Pfr I, 50
berendti (Physella) Pfr I, 22
berendti (Pseudosubulina) Pfr. .. .1, 50 berendti (Spiraxis) Pfr. XIX, 21 ; 1,51
berendti (Strebelia) Pfr I, 22
berthieri (Ferussacia) Bgt. .. .XIX, 260 berytensis (Ferussacia) Bgt. ..XIX, 327
BIANGULAXIS Pils XIX, 46
bicarinata (Achatina) Brug. XVII, 107 bicarinatus (Bulimus) Brug. XVII, 108 bickhardti (Spiraxis) Bttg. . . .XIX, 13 bicolor (Achatina) Jay = Carelia. bicolor (Streptostyla) Marts. .XIX, 162 bicolumellaris (Subullna) Marts.
XVIII, 90
biconica (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 157
biconica (Streptostyla) Pfr. ..XIX, 157
blfrons (Perideris) Sh XVI, 225
blfrons (Pseudotrochus) Sh. ..XVI, 225
binneyana (Glandina) Prr.
XIX, 188; XX, 111 binneyana (Streptostyla) C. & F.
XIX, 158
binneyi (Obellscus) Pils. . . .XVIII, 279 binodosa (Caecilioides) Maltz. .XX, 19 biolleyi (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII, 316 biondiana (Achatina) Ben. . .XIX, 335 biondiana (Hohenwartiana) Ben.
XIX, 334
blondlna (Ferussacia) Pfr. ..XIX, 335 biplicata (Glandina) W. & M. XIX, 118
blplicata (Helix) Lowe XIX, 273
biplicata (Varicella) W. & M. XIX, 119 biplicatula (Varicella) Pils. ..XIX, 105
bisculpta (Achatina) Sm XVII, 94
bistorta (Spiraxis) Pfr XVIII, 233
bistortus(Synapterpes)Pfr. XVIII, 233 blalniana (Achatina) Poey . . . .XII, 75 blanchardianum ( Opeas) Gass. XVIII, 178 blanchardianus (Bulimus) Gass.
XVIII, 178
blandiana (Achatina) Ad XIX, 75
blandiana (Caecilioides) Crosse .XX, 42 blandiana (Geostilbia) Crosse ..XX, 43 blandiana (Streptostyla) C. & F.
XIX, 148 blandiana (Tornatelllna) Pfr. XVIII, 289
blandiana (Varicella) Ad XIX, 74
blandianus (Obeliscus) Pils. XVIII, 278 blandianus (Spiraxis) Pils. . . .XX, 111
blandi (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 258
blaudi (Obeliscus) Pfr XVIII, 257
blandi (Ravenia) Crosse I, 52
blandi (Spiraxis) Crosse
XIX, 20; XX, 111
blanfordiana (Glessula) Nev. . .XX, 98 blanfordiana (Stenogyra) Nev. .XX, 99
bloyeti (Achatina) Bgt XVII, 36
BOCAGEIA Girard XVII, 191
bocagei (Opeas) Nobre XVIII, 145
bocourtlana (Stenogyra) C. & F.
XVIII, 213 bocourtlanuni (Opeas) C. & F.
XVIII, 213 bocourtl (Streptostyla) C. & F. XIX, 150
boettgeri (Azeca) And XIX, 292
boettgerl (Caecilioides) Hesse ..XX, 16 boettgeri (Curvella) Gredl. . .XVIII, 67 boettgerl (Hapalus) Gredl. ..XVIII, 68 bogotensis(Euglandina)Da C. XIX, 179 bogotensis (Glandina) Da C. .XIX, 180
boissll (Azeca) Dup XIX, 307
boissyi (Cionella) Westerl. .. .XIX, 307 ,bolvlnl (Glandina) Morel. See Enidae. • bollampattlana ( Stenogyra) Nev. XX, 74
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
123
Boltenia Pfr XIX, 131
bolumpattiana (Glessula) Bedd. XX, 75
bombarda (Ampulla) Bolt XVII, 9
bonensls (Glandlna) Alb XIX, 166
bonnetl (Glandina) Cossm. . .XIX.xxll
borbonlca (Helix) F6r XVII, 56
borealis (Pseudosubulina) Plls. .XIX, 7
borealis (Splraxls) Plls XIX, 8
boreti (Achatlna) Gray XIX, 166
borniana (Achatina) Beck XVII, 86
botellus (Achatina) Bs XX, 78
botellus (Glessula) Bs XX, 78
bottampotana( Achatina )H. & T. XX, 74 bottampotana ( Glessula) H. & T. XX, 74 botteriana (Streptostyla) C. & F.
1,44; XIX, 161 bourgulgnatlana (Achatina) Ben.
XIX, 331 bourguignatlana (Hohenwartlana) Ben.
XIX, 330
bourguignatl (Azeca) Fag. . . .XIX, 296 bourgulgnatl(Ccelestele) Jouss. XIX, 341 bourguignati (Dlgonlaxis) Jouss.
XIX, 288 bourguignati (Limicolarla) Grand.
XVI, 304 bourguignati (Limicolarla) Pal.
XVIII, 126
boucardi( Streptostyla) Angas XIX, 158 boucardi (Streptostyla) Pfr. .XIX, 158 bourlieri (Ferussacia) Anc. . .XIX, 266 boyeriana (Streptostyla) C. & F. .1,48
boyssii (Zua) Loc XIX, 307
braueri (Opeas) Marts XVIII, 156
braueri (Hapalus) Marts. . .XVIII, 156 brephos (Obeliscus) Beck. . .XVIII, 240 bretignerei (Glessula) Chap. . .XX, 109
brevicula (Melaniella) Ad XIX, 50
brevior (Subullna) Smith . .XVIII, 177
brevis (Achatina) Pfr XX, 85
brevls (Cochlicopa) Mich. . . .XIX, 311 brevis (Curvella) Q. & M. ...XVIII, 69
brevls (Glandlna) Edw XIX, xxiil
brevis (Glessula) Pfr XX, 85
brevls (Hapalus) Q. & M. ...XVIII, 69
brevls (Splraxis) Ad XIX, 40
brevis (Zua) Mich XIX, 311
brevispira (Opeas) Plls XVIII, 173
brevius (Opeas) Smith XVIII, 177
bridouxiana (Burtoa) Bgt. . . .XVI, 304 brldouxi (Limicolarla) Grand. XVI, 293
brittanica (Pupa) Ken XIX, 295
brondeli (Caecilloides) Bgt XX, 20
buccinula (Achatina) Grat. . . .XX, 114 buchholzl (Pseudachatlna) Kob.
XVI, 217
buchnerl (Achatina) Marts. . .XVII, 10 buchneri(Pseudachatina)Kob. XVI, 206
buddil (Zua) Dup XIX, 313
bugesi (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 329
buge-si (Hohenwartiana) Bgt. .XIX, 329 bulimoides (Achatina) Pfr., Tornatel- llnidae.
| Bulimulida; XX, 114
bulimea (Columna) Spix. . . .XVII, 125
bullacea (Spiraxls) Pfr XIX, 146
bullacea (Streptostyla) Pfr. . .XIX, 146
bullata (Glandina) Gld XIX, 192
bulloldes (Achatina) Dh. Pfr. Monogr.
Ill, 520
burnupi (Achatina) Sm XVII, 97
burrailensls (Glessula) G.-Aust. XX, 92
| BURTOA Bourgulgnat XVI, 298
burtoniana (Llmlcolaria) Grand.
XVI. 293
Burtopsis Bgt XVI, 298
butlerl (Glessula) G.-Aust XX, 92
C
j cacahuamllpensls( Splraxis) Her. XIX, 28 j cacumlnata (Euonyma) M. & P.
XVIII, 42 i cacumlnata (Stenogyra) M. & P.
XVIII, 42
! Cfficllianella Bourg XX, 1
j Caecillanellidse Bgt XIX, 211
CAECILIANOPSIS Pils XX, 5, 38
j CAECILIOIDES Herm XX, 1
1 caillaudi (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 282
callleanus (Bulimus) Morel. ..XVI, 228 cailleanus (Pseudotrochus) Morel.
XVI, 227 calabarlca( Achatina) Pfr. XVII, 157,158
CALAXIS Bgt XIX, 284
calcareus (Bulimus) Brug. . .XVII, 198 calcaria (Helix) Born.
XVII, 196 ;XVIII, 283 calcarlus ( Neobellscus ) Born. XVIII, 283 caledonlca (Geostilbia) Crosse ..XX, 45 callfornica (Achatina) Pfr. XVIII, 235 californica (Columna) Pfr. .XVIII, 235 californica (Rhodea) Pfr. . .XVIII, 235 i caloglypta (Curvella) M. & P.
XVIII, 59
oalus (Splraxis) Pils XIX, 42
calllsta (Euglandina) P. & C. XIX, 181 callista (Glandlna) P. & C. . .XIX, 181
calllstopepla Anc XVII, 125
CALLISTOPLEPA Anc XVII, xv, 125
camba (Bulimus) Orb XVIII, 210
camba (Opeas) Orb XVIII, 209
124
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
camerunensis (Achatlna) Ailly.
XVII, 119
canarlca (Glessula) Bedd XX, 72
cancellata (Glandina) Sandb. XIX, xxlv Candida (Glandina) Shuttl. . .XIX, 197 candidissima (Limicolarla) Parr.
XVI, 273
candidissimus(Bulimus)Parr. XVI, 274 canefriana (Perrieria) Sykes XVIII, 36 canonica(Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 100 canonica (Subulina) Morel. XVIII, 100 canteroiana (Cryptelasmus) Gundl.
XVIII, 331
canteroiana (Balea) Gundl. XVIII, 332 cantheriata (Cochlitoma) Fer. XX, 113
cantheriata (Helix) Fer XX, 113
canthraini (Mastus) Beck. .. .XIX, 299
capelloi (Achatina) Furt XVII, 28
capensis (Achatina) Alb XVII, 86
capillacea (Acbatina) Pfr XX, 55
capillacea (Glessula) Pfr XX, 55
caraccasensis(Bulimus)Rve. XVIII, 189 I
carinata (Achatina) Pfr XVI, 223 ',
carinata (Perideris) Pfr XVI, 223
carinata (Pseudotrochus) Pfr. XVI, 223 j carinata (Stenogyra)Watteb. XVIII, 159 carinatum (Opeas) Watteb. XVIII, 159 carlnulata (Subulina) Beck. XVIII, 221 carinulata(Synopeas) Jouss. XVIII, 192
carinenensls (Glandina) auct I, 40 |
carminensis (Euglandina) Morel. . I, 40 ; carmlnensis (Glandina) Morel. . . .1, 40 carnea (Achatina) Pfr.
XVII, 109; XIX, 199 carnea (Ferussacia) Risso . . .XIX, 248
carnea (Pegea) Risso XIX, 248
carneola (Achatina) Grat. . . .XVI, 249 Carolina (Stenogyra) Marts. .XVIII, 19 carolinum(Prosopeas) Marts. XVIII, 19 carphodes (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 247 carphodes (Obeliscus) Pfr. .XVIII, 246
carus (Hemibulimus) Pils XX, 116
caslaca (Electra) Bs XVIII, 4
cassiaca (Achatina) Bs XVIII, 3
casslacum (Bacillum) Bs XVIII, 3
castanea (Achatina) Lam XVII, 54
castanea (Subulina) Marts. .XVII, 139 castrolana (Caecllioides) Loc. . .XX, 17 castrolana (Crelestele) Bgt. . .XIX, 344 castroiana (Ferussacia) Loc. .XIX, 223 catarractsE(Curvella)M. & P. XVIII, 59 catarraetffi(Hapalus)M. & P. XVIII, 59
Cataulus calcadensis XVIII, 63
catenata (Splraxis) Pfr XIX, 161
catenata (Streptostyla) Pfr.
I, 251 ; XIX, 161 cnnpregana (Helix) Morlc. XVIII, 283
cazioti (Ferussacia) Loc XIX, 332
cazioti (Hohenwartiana) Loc. XIX, 332
Cecihoides Beck XX, 1
celosia (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 261
centralls (Limicolaria) Germain
XVII, 217
cerea (Achatina) Pfr XVIII, 78
cerea (Subulina) Pfr XVIII, 78
CBEAS Dupuis XVII, 155
cereola (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVIII, 99 cereola (Subulina) Morel. . . .XVIII, 99 cereus (Bulimus) Rve. .XVIII, 127, 128
ceylanica (Achatina) Pfr XX, 57
ceylanica (Glessula) Pfr XX, 57
champion! ( Streptostyla) Marts. XIX, 159
cbaperi (Achatina) Anc XVII, 10
chapman! ( Stenogyra )M. & P. XVIII, 93 chapman! (Subulina) M. & P. XVIII, 93 charbonnieri (Limicolaria) Bgt. XVI, 293 charmettensis(Varicella)Pils. XIX, 116 charopia (Ferussacia) Bgt. ..XIX, 255 chathamensis (Leptinaria) Dall.
XVIII, 285
chefneuxi (Limicolaria) Bgt. .XVI, 271 chemnitziana (Achatina) Pfr. XVII, 86
Chersina Beck XVI. 219
Chersina Humph XVII, 1
CHERSOMITRA Marts XIX, 145
chessoni (Achatina) Bs XX, 69
chessonl (Glessula) Bs XX, 68
chiapensis (Achatina) Pfr I, 50
chiapensis (Pseudosubulina) Pfr. .1,50 chiapensis (Streptostyla) Plls. XX, 111
i chiarinii (Subulina) Poll. . . .XVIII, 85
| chillensis (Achatina) Less XI, 8
I Chilogymnus Jouss XVIII, 104
i CHILONOPSIS F. de W XVII, 171
i chinense (Opeas) Pfr XVIII, 162
I chlnensis (Achatina) Pfr XVIII, 7
1 chinensis (Tortaxis) Pfr. XVIII, 6, 162
1 chion (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 112
chlradzulensis (Subulina) Smith
XVIII, 93
chlriquiana (Glandina) Marts. XIX, 202 chiriqulana (Streptostyla) Marts.
XIX, 151
chiriquiensls (Glandina) DaC. XIX, 202
chittyana (Varicella) Plls XIX, 64
chlttyi (Varicella) Pils XIX, 8
choana (Limlcolaria) Bgt XVI, 277
chromatella (Limicolaria) Morel.
XVI, 263
chromatellus (Bulimus) Morel. XVI, 264 chromatlca( Limicolaria) Pils. XVI, 287 chrysallls (Achatina) Pfr. see Acha- tlnellidae.
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
125
CHRTSERPES Plls XVIII. 228, 231
chrysoderma (Achatina) Pils. XVII, 46 chrysoleuca (Achatina) Pils. .XVII, 59 churchllllana (Achatina) M. & P.
XVII, 101
clenfuegensis (Varicella) Plls. XIX, 59 clenfuegosensis (Cryptelasmus) Pila.
XVIII, 332
cincta (Ferussacla) Cout. . . .XIX, 229 clngalensls (Digonlaxls) Bs. .XIX, 289 cingalensls (Spiraxis) Bs. . . .XIX, 289 cingulata (Streptostyla) C. & F.
1,45; XIX, 146
clngulatum (Ceras) D. & P. .XVII, 156 cinnamomea(Achatlna)M. & P. XVII.94 clnnamomeofusca (Euglandlna) Try.
XIX, 182
Cionella Jeffr XIX, 309
Cionellida Pfr. & Cless XIX, 211
CIRCINARIIDAE Plls XIX, x
circumstriata (Subullna) Marts.
XVII, 140 clrtana (Ferussacla) Bgt. . . .XIX, 262
clappi (Varicella) Pils XIX, 109
clava (Bulimus) Rve XIX, 34
clavata (Acatina) Gray XVII, 157 |
clavata(Pseudoglessula)Gray XVII, 157 clavata (Subulina) Marts. . .XVII, 139 clavator (Bulimus) Petit. . . .XVII, 200 clavator (Clavator) Petit. .. .XVII, 200
CLAVATOR Martens XVII, 192
clavatula (Streptostyla) Anc. XIX, 160 claviformis(Stenogyra)Kob. XVII, 214
clavula (Columna) Villa XVII, 125
clavulinuin (Opeas) P. & M. XVIII, 135 clavullnus(Bulimus)P. & M. XVIII, 135 clavulus (Bulimus) Turt. . .XVIII, 201
clavulus (Helix) F6r XVIII, 201
clavulus (Helix) Q. & G. . . .XVIII, 127
clavus (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 185
clavus (Bocageia) Pfr XVII, 184
clavua (Obeliscus) Pils XVIII, 266
CLBOSTTLA Ball XVII, 179
cleriei (Glandina) Welnl XIX, 135
cleriel (Oleaclna) Weinl XIX, 134
clesslnl (Caecilioldes) Maltz. .. .XX, 19 cobanensls (Spiraxis) Marts. . .XIX, 21 cobanensis (Spiraxis) Tristr. .XIX, 154 cobanensis (Streptostyla) Tristr.
XIX, 155
cochlea (Achatina) Rve. Carella. cochleades (Bulimus) Rve. . .XVIII, 16
COCHLICOPA F«5r XIX, 308
Cochlicopldse auct XIX, 211
cochlldium (Varicella) Pils. . .XIX, 110 cochllodes (Bulimus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 16
cochliodes (Prosopeas) Pfr. ..XVIII, 18
COCHLITOMA F6r XVII, xiii, 78
Ccelestele Bgt XIX, 338
COELIAXINAE Plls XVIII, 330
COELIAXIS Ad. & Ang. XVIIi, 331, 336
Coelostele auct XIX, 338
cognata (Glandina) Streb I, 39
COILOSTELE Bens XIX, 338
collmense (Opeas) C. & F. ..XVIII, 215 colimensls(Bullmus)C. & F. XVIII, 215
collettse (Glessula) Sykes XX, 60
colllna (Aehatlna) Dr XIX, 322
coloba (Achatina) Pils XVII, 58
colorata (Limicolarla) Marts. XVI, 286 colubrina (Achatina) Morel. ..XVII, 27 columella (Achatina) Desh.^Scalaxls. columella (Bulimus) Phil. ..XVIII, 248 columella (Cochlicopa) Clesg. XIX, 314 columella (Obeliscus) Phil. .XVIII, 248 columna (Bucclnum) Miill. ..XVII, 122 columna (Cochlicopa) Cless. ..XIX, 319 columna (Columna) Miill. .. .XVII, 121
COLDMNA Perry XVII, 120
columnaris (Lymnea) Lam. ..XVII, 122 communis (Achatina) Mke. ..XIX, 314 comorensls (Achatina) Pfr. .XVII, 188 comorensls (Bocageia) Pfr. ..XVII, 188 comorensls(Caecilloldes)Morel. XX, 47 comorensis (Geostilbia) Morel. .XX, 48
COMOROPBAS Pils XVIII, 123
compressa (Glandina) Mss. . .XIX, 169 compressa (Poiretla) Mss. . . .XIX, 169 compressllabrls (Bulimus) Bens.
XVIII, 201
concentrica( Achatina) Rve. XVIII, 290 | concentrlca (Curvella) Rve. .XVIII, 61 concentrlca (Leptinarla) Rve.
XVIII, 290
concentricus (Bulimus) Rve. XVIII, 51 conferta (Euglandina) Pfr. . .XIX, 210
conferta (Oleaclna) Pfr XIX, 210
confertecostatus (Spiraxis) Streb.
I, 51 ; XIX, 23
confertecostatus (Volutaxis) Streb. I, 51 confertestrlatua (Spiraxis) Streb.
1,52; XIX, 23 confertestrlatus (Volutaxis) Streb. 1,52
confertus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 30
confusa (Achatina) Pfr. . . . A VIII, 225
confusa (Subulina) Pfr XVIII, 225
congolanlca (Limlcolaria) Putz.
XVI, 271 conifera (Achatina) Rve., Tornatel-
llnidse. conlformls (Streptostyla) Shutt.
1,47; XIX. 148
126
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
connectens (Llmicolaria) Marts.
XVI, 293 connectens (Pseudochatina) Ailly.
XVI, 211
oonoldea (Curvella) Marts. . .XVIII, 56 conoideus (Hapalus) Marts. .XVIII, 56 conradtl (Pseudoglessula) Marts.
XVII, 170
conradti (Subullna) Marts. ..XVIII, 92 consimilis (Achatinia) Rve., Tornatel- linidae.
consobrina (Achatina) Orb XX, 39
consobrina (Caecilioides) Orb. ..XX, 39 contiguus (Bulimus) Rve. . .XVIII, 105 contiguus (Zootecus) Rve. ..XVIII, 105
contorta (Spiraxis) Chitty XIX, 18
eontractus (Bulimus) Poey
XVIII, 194, 195 contraria (Columna) M. & H. XVII, 125
conularis (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 19T
conularis (Euglandina) Pfr. ..XIX, 197 Conulus(Streptostyla) Marts. XIX, 148
convexior (Glessula) Nevill XX, 79
convexus (Bulimus) Wood
XIX, xxiii ; XX, 113 oonvoluta (Ferussacia) Pal. .XIX, 217 convoluta (Leptinaria) Marts.
XVIII, 320
cordieri (Achatina) Dh XIX, xxil
cordofana (Limicolaria) Sh. ..XVI, 273 cordovana (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XIX, 209 cordovana (Euglandina) Pfr. XIX, 209
coronata (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 185
coronata (Stenogyra) Guppy . .XIX, 72 coronata (Varicella) Guppy . . .XIX, 72 coronatus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 229 coronatus(Synapterpes)Pfr. XVIII, 229
cornea (Achatina) Brum XIX, 169
cornea (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVII, 189
cornea (Aclcula) Hasselt XX, 103
cornea (Bocageia) Morel XVII, 189
cornea (Bulimus) Bgt.
XVII, 214 ; XX, 114
cornea (Glessula) Bttg XX, 103
cornea (Poiretia) Brum XIX, 168
cornea (Streptostyla) C. & F. XIX, 154 corneola (Glandina) Binn. . . .XIX, 188
corrosula (Achatina) Pfr XX, 67
corrosula (Glessula) Pfr XX, 67
corusca (Achatina) Rve XIX, 123
corusca (Varicella) Rve XIX, 123
cossonl (Ferussacia) L. & B. .XIX, 268 costaricana (Leptinaria) Marts.
XVIII, 316 costarlcensls (Streptostyla) DaC.
XIX, 155
costatostriatus (Bulimus) Pfr. XIX, 25 costatostrlatus (Spiraxis) Pfr. XIX, 25 costellata (Poiretia) Sowb. ..XIX, xxill costellatus (Bulimus) Sowb. XIX, xxlil costellosa (Tornatellina) Guppy
XVIII, 301
costulata (Achatina) Ad XIX, 68
costulata (Achatina) Greef. .XVII, 187 costulata (Petriola) Greet ..XVII, 187
! costulata (Varicella) Ad XIX, 66
I costulosa (Achatina) Ad XIX, 78
j costulosa (Varicella) Ad XIX, 78
costulosus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 17
coulboisi (Limicolaria) Bgt. . .XVI, 285 coulterl (Euglandina) Gray . .XIX, 188 coulteri (Glandina) Gray . . . .XIX, 187 couroupa (Achatina) Less. . . .XVII, 56
cousin! (Rhodea) Jouss XVIII, 238
crassa (Burtoa) Marts XVI, 302
crassa (Limicolaria) Marts. . .XVI, 302 crassa (Streptostyla) Streb. ..XIX, 152 crassicostata (Glandina) Sandb.
XIX, xxlll
crassilabris (Achatina) Bs XX, 96
crassllabris (Glessula) Bs XX, 96
crassula (Achatina) Bs XX, 98
crassula (Cochlicopa) Ag XIX, 318
crassula (Ferussacia) Fag. .. .XIX, 318
crassula (Glessula) Bs XX, 98
cravenl (Achatina) Sm XVII, 66
crawfordi (Achatina) Morel. ..XVII, 93 crawfordi (Opeas) M. & P. .XVIII, 149 crawfordi (Stenogyra) M. & P.
XVIII, 149 crenata (Aehatina) Swains. .. .XII, 168
crenata (Helix) Valenc XVI, 208
crenata (Oncaea) Gistel XVII, 71
crenulata (Achatina) Sow. Ant. Pfr.
XX, 112
crenulata (Glandina) Sow. Anton Pfr.
XX, 112
crenulata (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII,311 crenulata (Struthiolarla) Lam.
XVII, 175
crenulatum (Opeas) Smith .XVIII, 146 cristalllna (Caecilioides) Ben. ..XX, 15
cristallina (Pupa) Dup XIX, 296
croslyi (Curvella) Burn XVIII, 59
crosseana(Rhodea)DaCosta XVIII, 237
crossei (Clavator) Kob XVII, 204
crossel (Opeas) Girard XVIII, 115
crossei (Pseudopeas) Girard XVIII, 115 crotalaria (Subullna) Moerch XVIII, 73 crotalarlae (Subulina) Beck ..XVIII, 73 crotallarla (Achatina) Schum. XVII, 71 CKTPTAZECA Folin XIX, 282
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
127
CETPTELASMUS Plls. . .XVIII, 330, 331 crystalllnus(Bulimus)Greef. XVII, 216 crystalllna (Euonyma) M. & P.
XVIII, 45 crystalllna (Subulina) M. & P.
XVIII, 45
cubanlana (Achatlna) Orb. .. .XIX, 143 cubanlana (Spfraxis) Orb. . . .XIX, 143 cubanlana(Streptostyla)Orb. XIX, 143
cubensls (Achatina) Orb XIX, 143
cubensls (Rectoleaclna) Orb. .XIX, 142 cuencanum (Opeas) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 197 cuencanus (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 197 cumlngiana (Ochroderma) Pfr.
XVIII, 327
cumlngiana (SplraxLs) Pfr. Carella. cumlngiana (Tornatelllna) Pfr.
XVIII, 328
cumingil (Achatina) Shuttl. XVII, 112 cumlngil (Glandina) Beck. .. .XIX, 195 cumlngl (Euglandina) Beck. .XIX, 195
cuneus (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 252
cuneus (Glandina) Marts XIX, 187
cuneus (Obellscus) Pfr XVIII, 252
curta (Cochlicopa) Cless XIX, 319
CURVELLA Chaper XVIII, 46
curvllabris (Glandina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 89 curvilabrls (Varicella) Pfr. . . .XIX, 89 cuspldata (Achatina) Bolssy. Scalaxls. cyanostoma (Achatina) Pfr. XVII, 131 Cyanostoma (Homorus) Pfr. XVII, 131 cyanozoarla(Oleacina)Gundl. XIX, 140
cyclothyra (Azeca) Bttg XIX, 300
cyclothyra (Cochlicopa) Bttg. XIX, 301 cylichna (Achatina) Lowe . . .XIX, 282 cylichna (Csecillanella) Bgt. .XIX, 282 cylichna (Ferussacia) Lowe . .XIX, 282
CYLICHNIDIA Lowe XIX, 280
cyllndracea (Azeca) Calc XIX, 302
cyllndracea (Glandina) Phill. XIX, 198 cyllndracea (Streptostyla) Pfr. .. .1, 48 cyllndracea (Subulina) Bgt. XVII, 144 cylindraceus (Bulimus) Calc. XIX, 302 cyllndrata (Ccelostele) Bttg. .XIX, 343 cylindrella (Achatina) Morel.
XVIII, 226 cyllndrella( Subulina) Morel. XVIII, 226
cylindrlca (Azeca) Mass XIX, 308
cyllndrlca(Ferussacia)Morel. XIX, 315 cyllndrica (Ferussacia) Mass. XIX, 308 cyllndrica (Pupa) "Hutt." .XVIII, 107 cylindrlcus (Helicites) Schl. .XIX, xxll
Cylindrina Schlueter XVII, 211
cyllndrus( Euglandina) Marts. XIX, 184 cylindrus (Glandina) Marts. .XIX, 184 cypria (Calaxls) Kob XIX, 287
D
dactylophila (Ferussacia) IBS. XIX, 254
dactylus (Achatina) Brod I, 32
dalli (Euglandina) Pils XIX, 207
dalll (Glandina) Pils XIX, 207
daillyana (Curvella) Pils. ...XVIII, 48 dalllyana(Pseudochatlna)Pils. XVI, 214 damarensis (Achatina) Marts. XVII, 22 dammarensis (Achatina) Pfr. XVII, 21 danlca (Stenogyra) Schlesch .. .XX, 10 darnaudi (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XVII, 134 darvlnianus (Bulimus) Fbs. .XVII, 176 darvlnianus(Chilonopsis)Fbs. XVII, 177 daudebarti (Achatina) Dh. . .XIX, 195 daudebartl (Euglandina) Dh. XIX, 195 dautzenbergi (Ceras) D. & P. XVII, 155 davidensls (Varicella) Plls. . . .XIX, 64
davidis (Cochlicopa) Anc XIX, 325
davldis (Zua) Anc XIX, 325
dealbertisi (Glessula) Poll. .. .XX, 106 debilis (Ferussacia) Morel. .. .XIX, 264
debllis (Glandina) Morel XIX, 264
decapitatus (Bulimus) Spix .XVII, 213
decepta (Curvella) Rve XVIII, 49
deceptus (Bulimus) Rve XVIII, 49
decldua (Euglandina) Pfr. .. .XIX, 204
decldua (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 204
deciplens (Riebeckia) Sm. .. .XVII, 206 declpiens (Stenogyra) Smith XVII, 208 decollata (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 153
decollata (Helix) L XVII, 212
decollata (Rumina) L. ..XVII, 212, 215 decollata (Stenogyra) auct. ..XVII, 212 decollatus (Bulimus) auct. .XVII, 213 decollatus (Homorus) Morel. XVII, 153 decora (Aohatina) Dh. see Achatinel-
lidae.
decor tica turn (Prosopeas) Rve. XVIII.34 decorticatus (Bulimus) Rve.
XVIII, 35, 12T
decurtata (Curvella) Mlldff. .XVIII, 68 decurtatus (Hapalus) Mlldff. XVIII, 68
decussata (Achatina) D<h XIX, 188
decussata (Bulimus) Lowe
XVII, 214; XX, 114 decussata (Euglandina) Dh. ..XIX, 188 decussata (Glandina) Blnn.
XIX, 188, 190
deflorescens (Glandina) Vend. .XIX, 98 deflorescens (Varicella) Vend. .XIX, 96 delattrei (Streptostyla) auct. XIX, 145 delesserti (Glandina) Bgt. .. .XIX, 167
delesserti (Poiretia) Bgt XIX, 167
dellbuta (Glandina) Morel. ...XIX. 152 delibuta (Streptostyla) Morel. XIX, 152
128
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
delicata (Curvella) Glbb. . . .XVIII, 58
delicata (Glandina) Plls XIX, 194
delicata (Opeas) Gibb XVIII, 58
delicatula (Achatina) Shuttl. XIX, 209 dellcatula ( Euglandlna ) Shuttl. XIX.209
dellcatus (Spiraxls) Plls XIX, 27
delorioli (Achatina) Bonn. . . .XVII, 82 denar!ensis(Ferussacla)Greg. XIX, 221 densespiratus (Bulimus) Mouss.
XVIII, 174 densesplratum (Opeas) Mouss.
XVIII, 174
densestrlata(Stenogyra)Mss. XVIII, 175 dennisonl (Achatina) Rve. C. Icon. t.
32. Hemibullmus XX, 115
dennisoni(Pseudachatlna)Pfr. XVI, 211 dentlculata (Glandina) Welnl. XIX, 116 dentlculata (Varicella) Welnl. XIX, 116 dentlens (Achatina) Rossm. ..XIX, 299 dentiens (Columna) Villa . . .XVII, 125 depressa (Glandina) Mouss. ..XIX, 169 deschiensi (Glandina) Bay. . .XIX, xxil
dlstlnguenda (Glandina) Try. XIX, 179 DISTOECHIA Crosse .. .XVIII, 330, 335 Dlstaectrla Cossm., H. & B. XVIII, 338 distorta (Streptostyla) Plls. .XIX, 154 dlversa (Achatina) Dsh. Scalaxls.
dohrnl (Azeca) Paul XIX, 303
dohertyl (Subullna) Smith ..XVIII, 94 dohertyl (Limicolaria) Sm. ...XVI, 281 dohrniana (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XVII, 18 dohrnl (Opeas) Glrard XVIII, 142
DOLICHOLESTES Plls XIX, 348
domlnicensis (Balea) Pfr. . .XVIII, 272 domlnicensis (Obellscus) Pfr. XVIII,272 dominlcensls (Varicella) Gm.
1,26; XIX, 95
domlnicensis (Voluta) Gmel I, 26
donaldsonl (Limicolaria) Plls. XVI, 279 donellii (Achatina) King . . . dormltzeri (Achatina) Reuss dormitzeri(Cochlicopa)Reuss. doumetl (Ferussacla) Bgt. .. downesi (Bulimus) Gray
deshayesl (Achatina) Pfr XX, 57 j downesi(Pseudachatlna)Gray
deshayesl (Glessula) Pfr XX, 57
dherlcourtiana (Limicolaria) Bgt.
XVI, 274 dlaphana (Achatina) King, Tornatel-
llnldse. diaphana (Pseudoglessula) D. & P.
XVII, 164
diaphanus (Bulimus) Gass. .XVIII, 130 didyma (Opeas) Westerl. .. .XVIII, 161 dldyma(Stenogyra)Westerl. XVIII, 161
XVIII, 161
dlfficllis (Euglandina) C. & F. XIX, 201 difficilis (Glandina) C. & F. .XIX, 201
DIGONIAXIS Jouss XIX, 288
dllatata (Achatina) Zgl XIX, 166
dilatata (Poiretia) Zgl XIX, 166
dimldiata (Achatina) Marts. .XVII, 32
dlmidlata (Achatina) Sm XVII, 95
dlmidiata(Llmlcolarla)Marts. XVI, 288 diodonta (Ferussacia) Bgt. ...XIX, 257 discernibills (Stenogyra) Marts.
XVIII, 20
dlscrepans (Calaxls) Mouss. ..XIX, 286 dlsparata (Cionella) West. .. .XIX, 338 dlsparata (Hohenwartlana) West.
XIX, 337
disparllis (Bulimus) Sm XVIII, 55
dlsparills (Curvella) Sm XVIII, 54
disparilis (Obellscus) Plls. .XVIII, 270 dlssimllls (Varicella) Plls. . . .XX, 111 dlstlncta (Limicolaria) Putz. XVI, 270 dlstlnguenda (Euglandlna) Try.
XIX, 17B
.XX, 118 .XIX, 311 XIX, 311 XIX, 251
.XVI, 208 XVI, 207
drakensbergensis (Achatina) M. & P.
XVII, 103
dressell (Opeas) Mill XVIII, 194
dromauxl (Limicolaria) Bgt. .XVI, 285 droulti (Limicolaria) Morel. .XVI, 261
dubla (Spiraxls) Pfr XIX, 162
dubia (Stenogyra) A.Ad. .. .XVIII, 172
dubla ( Streptostyla) Pfr XIX, 161
ducoureti (Bulimus) Bgt. . .XVIII, 107
dunkerl (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 347
dunkerl (Obellscus) Pfr XIX, 347
dunkerl (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 348
dupulsl (Burtoa) Putz XVI, 300
dupuisl (Llvlnhacla) Putz. ..XVI, 307
dupuyana (Azeca) Bgt XIX, 307
durbanense (Opeas) Stur. . .XVIII, 149 duseni (Pseudoglessula) Allly.
XVII, 15»
dysonl (Achatina) Pfr I, 48
dysonl (Streptostyla) Pfr I, 48
E
eburnea (Achatina) Klein .. .XIX, xxl»
eburnea (Aclcula) RUso XX, 11
eburnea (Caecllloides) RIsso. .. .XX, 10 eburnoldes (Achatina) Sganzln.
XVII, 43 ecuadorlana (Glandina) Mill. XIX, 180
edentula (Helix) Lowe XIX, 274
edentula (Pupa) Ruppel . . .XVIII, 111 eduardl (Archachatlna) Plls. .XX, 113 edwardsiana (Streptostyla) C. & F.
I, 45 ; XIX, 140
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
129
ecuadoriana(Euglandina)MilI. XIX.180
egens (Opeas) Ailly XVIII, 117
egens (Pseudopeas) Ailly. . .XVIII, 117 eiseniana (Melaniella) Coop. . . .XIX, 8 elsenlana (Pseudosubulina) Coop.
XIX, 8 ejuncida (Stenogyra) Shuttl. ..XIX, 57
Elasmophora West XIX, 284
elata (Subulina) Gundl XIX, 112
elata (Varicella) Gundl XIX, 111
electa (Achatina) Dh XIX, xxiv
Electra Alb XX, 50
elegans (Achatina) Ad XIX, 84
elegans (Achatina) Klein
XIX, xxiv; XX, 112 elegans (Achatium) Link. .. .XVII, 4,*?>
elegans (Caecllianella) Ben XX, 28
elegans (Salasiella) Marts. . .XIX, 174 elegans (Subulina) Marts. ...XVIII, 87
elegans (Varicella) Ad XIX, 84
elevata (Curvella) Burn XVIII, 60
elisae (Leptinaria) Tristr. ..XVIII, 319 ellerbecki (Homorus) Kobelt, 1905.
ellioti (Achatina) Sm XVII, 71
ELMA pachygastra Gredl XVIII, 6
elongata (Agathina) Deb XIX, 228
elongata (Azeca) Tayl XIX, 297
elongata (Csecilioides) Loc XX, 10
elongata (Glandina) Mill. . . .XIX, xxil elongata (Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 291 elongata (Livinhacia) Godet .XVI, 309 elongafa (Metachatina) Godet XVI, 309 elongata(Pseudachatina)Pfr. XVI, 213 elongatula (Subulina) Poll. ..XVIII, 86 elongatulum (Prosopeas) Pfr. XVIII, 17 elongatulus (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 18 emarginata( Achatina) Swains. XII, 164
emiliana (Azeca) Ben XIX, 303
emini (Burtoa) Marts XVI, 301
eminl (Limicolaria) Marts. . .XVI, 302 emini (Stenogyra) Smith . . .XVIII, 89
emini (Subulina) Smith XVIII, 88
emmelinae (Leptinaria) Tristr.
XVIII, 321 emphysematlca (Oleacina) Bab.
XIX, xxiv
enhalia (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 11
ennychia (Ferussaeia) Bgt. . .XIX, 263
enodis (Riebeckia) G.-A XVII, 208
enodis (Stenogyra) G.-A. . . .XVII, 208
eocaena (Coelostele) Opp XIX, 339
episcopalis (Glandina) Morel. XIX, 144 episcopalis (Rectoleacina) Morel.
XIX, 143
equatoria (Euglandina) DaC. XIX, 180 equatoria (Glandina) DaC. .. .XIX, 181
equatorensis (Rhodea) Jouss.
XVIII, 239
erecta (Achatina) Bs XVIII, 8
erectus (Spiraxis) Bs XVIII, 8
erectus (Tortaxis) Bs XVIII, 7
eremiophila (Ferussaeia) Bgt. XIX, 246
EREMOPEAS Pilsbry XVIII, 115, 120
eristalius (Vediantius) Risso XIX, 226 erlangeri (Achatina) M. & K. XVII, 59 erlangeri (Homorus) Kobelt, 1905.
erosa (Glessula) Blanf XVIII, 5
erosum (Bacillum) Blanf XVIII, 4
errans (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 41
erythrostoma (Achatina) Swains.
XX, 113 estefaniae (Glandina) Streb. ..XIX, 186
estellus (Bulimus) Bs XVIII, 112
etrusca (Azeca) Paul XIX, 305
eucharista (Ferussaeia) Bgt. .XIX, 333 eucharista (Hohenwartlana) Bgt.
XIX, 333
EUGLANDINA C. & F XIX, 175
Eur,LANDiNA Fisch XIX, xxvi
Eulima (Achatina) Lowe XX, 7
etilima (Caecilioides) Lowe XX, 7
eulissa (Ferussaeia) Let XIX, 244
EUONTMA Melv. & Pons XVIII, 38
euptychus (Spiraxis) Pfr. = sulciferus.
EUSPIRAXIS Pfr XIX, 16
Eutaxis Anc XVI, 218
exarata (Atopocochlis) Mull. XVII, 216 exarata (Atopocochlis) Mull. .XVI, 218 exaratum (Buccinum) Mull. ..XVI, 219
exaratus (Bulimus) Mull XVI, 219
excavata (Glandina) Marts. ..XIX, 198 excisus (Hemibulimus) Mts. ..XX, 115 exigua(Tornatelllna) Marts. XVIII, 309
exiguus (Bulimus) Mke XIX, 322
exilis (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 10
exilis (Pseudosubulina) Pfr XIX, 9
eximia (Achatina) Shuttl. . .XVII, 202 eximia (Limicolaria) Marts. ..XVI, 291 eximia (Spiraxis) Shuttl. . . .XVII, 202 exlmius (Clavator) C. & F. . .XVII, 204 eximius (Clavator) Shuttl. . .XVII, 202 extensa (Prosopeas) Mlldff. .XVIII, 16 extrema (Ferussaeia) West. ..XIX, 230
extrema (Cionella) West XIX, 230
exulata (Achatina) Bens. . . .XVII, 181 exulatus (Chilonopsis) Bens. XVII, 180
facula (Achatina) Bs XX, 78
facula (Glessula) Bs XX, 77
fagoti (Opeas) Mabille XVIII, 160
fairbanki (Achatina) Bens XX, 64
130
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
fairbanki (Glessula) Bens XX, 63
fairmaireanus (Bulimus) Petit.
XVIII, 252
fallsensis (Periderlopsls) XVI, 244
fargesiana( Stenogyra) Hde. XVIII, 169 fargesianum (Opeas) Hde. ..XVIII, 169
fasciata (Achatina) auct XII, 167
fasciatum (Buccinum) Miill. . .XII, 166 fasciatus (Liguus) XII, 166 ; XVII, 71
fasciatus (Liguus) Mull XVII, 216
fatalis (Achatina) Marts XVII, 37
fauveliana( Stenogyra) Hde. XVIII, 169 fauvelianum (Opeas) Hde. .XVIII, 169
felina (Limicolaria) Sh XVI, 266
ferriezi (Stenogyra) Marie . .XVIII, 96 ferriezi (Subulina) Marie . . .XVIII, 96
FERUSSACIA Risso XIX, 215
FEBUSSACIDAE Bgt XIX, 211
ferussacioides (Glessula) Poll. XX, 105 ferussaci(Tornatellina)Pfr. XVIII, 288
Ferussina Grat XIX, 215
festiva (Limicolaria) Marts. ..XVI, 257 festuca (Caecilioides) Porro . . .XX, 10
fllare (Opeas) Heude XVIII, 166
fllaris (Stenogyra) Heude ..XVIII, 166 fllicostata (Lamellaxis) Streb.
XVIII, 313
fllicostata (Leptlnarla) Streb.
XVIII, 313
Sliforme (Opeas) Mlldff. . . .XVIII, 161
filipensis (Varicella) Pils XIX, 54
filosa (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 200
fllosa (Glessula) Blanf XX, 85
filosa (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 200
fimbriata (Varicella) Fbs XIX, 72
fimbriatus (Bulimus) Fbs XIX, 72
fimbriatula (Varicella) Pils. .. .XIX, 67 fischeri (Glandina) Marts. . . .XIX, 200
flammata (Helix) Caill XVI, 282
flammata (Limicolaria) Caill. XVI, 282
•flammea (Ampulla) Bolt XVII, 9
•flammea (Helix) Miill XVI, 255
•flammea (Limicolaria) Miill. ..XVI, 255
•flammea (Pythla) Oken XVI, 251
flammeus (Limax) Martyn . .XVII, 122
flammigera (Helix) Fer XVI, 232
flammigerus (Pseudotrochus) Fgr.
XVI, 231 flammulata (Bulimus) Bgt.
XVII, 214 ; XX, 114 flammulatus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVI, 260 flammulata (Limicolaria) Pfr. XVI, 259 flavescens ( Streptostylus) DaC. XIX, 151
flavescens (Streptostyla) Sh I, 48
FLAVOLEACINA Pils XIX, xix
flavus (Obeliscus) Pils XVIII, 266
flavus (Pseudotrochus) Pils. .XVI, 240
flexuosa (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 131
flexuosa (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 130
floccata (Euglandina) DaC. ..XIX, 176
floccata (Glandina) DaC XIX, 176
floccosa (Achatina) Splx X, 93
flogera (Achatina) P. & M. . . .XII, 144 florentioe(Hypolysia)M. & P. XVIII, 37 floridana (Melaniella) Pils. . . .XIX, 57
floridana (Varicella) Pils XIX, 57
flucki (Streptostyla) Bartsch XIX, 145
follicularis (Glandina) Morel I, 25
follicularis (Oleacina) Morel I, 25
Folliculiana Bgt XIX, 218
Folliculina Westerl XIX, 218
folliculum (Bulla or Helix) Gron.
XIX, 220
Folliculus Ag XIX, 309
folliculus(Ferussacia)Gron. ..XIX, 219
Folliculus Westerl XIX, 218
forbesi (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 229
fordiana (Leptinaria) Anc. .XVIII, 314
fordiana (No thus) Anc XVIII, 314
formicina (Cionella) Rouis .. .XIX, 311 formosa(Peridcriopsis)D. & P. XVI, 243 fortis (Pseudosubulina) Marts. .XIX, 5
fortunei (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 35
fortune! (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 128
fossllis (Oleacina) And XIX, xxiv
foxerofti (Achatina) Pfr. . . .XVII, 146 foxcrofti (Homorus) Pfr. . . .XVII, 146 fragilis (Achatina) Dh.
XIX, xxli ; XX, 113 fragilis (Achatina) Sm.
XVII, 63; XX, 113
Francesla Palad XIX, 338
fraserl (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 150
fraseri (Tornatellina) Bs XIX, 249
fraterculus (Ganomldos) D. & P.
XVII, 129
frechl (Azeca) And XIX, 292
frltschi (Cionella) Mss XIX, 235
; fritschl (Ferussacia) Mss. . . .XIX, 235 frumenturn (Achatina) Rve. . . .XX, 98
frumentum (Glessula) Rve XX, 98
fuchsiana (Stenogyra) Hde. . .XVIII, 9
fulgens (Achatina) Pfr XX, 101
fulgens (Glessula) Pfr XX, 101
fulgurata (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 85
fullca (Achatina) Fer XVII, 55
i fulica (Helix) Fer XVII, 56
fuliginea (Achatina) Pfr. Carella. fulminatrix( Achatina) Marts. XVII, 67
fulminea (Achatina) Lam XIX, 87
i fulminea (Varicella) Lam XIX, 87
i fulva (Achatina) Brug XVII, 47
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
131
fulvescens (Achatina) Gray. ..XVII, 47
fulvida (Streptostyla) C. & F 1,46
fulvus (Bulimus) Brug XVII, 47
fumiflcatus(Stenogyra)G.-A. XVII, 205 funcki (Achatina) Pfr. XVIII, 288, 290 funiculare (Opeas) Hde. . . .XVIII, 166 funicaloris(Stenogyra)Hde. XVIII, 166
fusca (Achatina) Pfr XX, 101
fusca (Cochllcopa) Moq XIX, 317
fusca (Glessula) H. Ad XX, 83
fusca (Glessula) Pfr XX, 101
fusca (Rumina) Pall XVII, 214
fuscata (Agatina) Raflnesque fuscescens (Limicolaria) Marts.
XVI, 286
fuscldula (Achatina) Morel. XVII, 160 fuscidula (Pseudoglessula) Morel.
XVII, 160 fuscolabrls (Achatina) Marts. XVI, 309
fuscolineata (Achatina) Lam I, 26
fusiformis (Achatina) Pfr.
XIX, 188; XX, 111 fusiformis (Achatina) Pic.
XIX, 307, 320 ; XX, 111 fusiformis (Euglandina) Pfr.
XIX, 188; XX, 111
fusiformis (Aclcula)Hasselt XVIII, 175 PUSILLUS Lowe XIX, 272
G
gabbiana (Stenogyra) Ang. .XVIII, 189 gabbianum (Opeas) Angas ..XVIII, 192
gabbl (Streptostyla) Pils XIX, 158
gabonensis (Pseudachatina) Shuttl.
XVI, 214
Ganomidos Allly XVII, 125
garamulatae (Homorus) Kobelt, 1905.
gattoi (Caecilioides) West XX, 28
gayana (Achatina) Ad XIX, 97
gayana (Varicella) Ad XIX, 98
gemma (Achatina) Rve XX, 97
gemma (Glessula) Rve XX, 97
gemmellariana (Achatina) Ben. XX, 14 gemmellariana (Caecilioides) Ben. XX,14
GEOSTILBIA Crosse XX, 5, 43
gereti (Rhodea) Jouss XVIII, 236
ghiesbreghti (Achatina) Pfr. .XIX, 188 ghlesbreghti (Euglandina) Pfr. XIX.188
gibbosa (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 249
gigantea (Rhodea) Mouss. ..XVIII, 237 gigas (Ochroderma) Marts. .XVIII, 326 gigas (Stenogyra) Poey XVIII, 260, 261 glgas (Tornatellina) Mart. .XVIII, 327 gilbertae (Limicolaria) Bgt. . .XVI, 247 glnirensis (Homorus) Kobelt, 1905. giraudi (Bulimus) Bgt XVI, 303
giraudi (Burtoa) Bgt XVI, 302
giraudi (Limicolaria) Bgt. . . .XVI, 290 glabella (Stenogygra) Morel. XVIII, 97 glabella (Subulina) Morel. ...XVIII, 97
glaber (Turbo) DaC XIX, 315
glabra (Achatina) Pfr.
I, 23 ; XIX, 127
glabra (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 127
gladiolus (Opeas) C. & F. . .XVIII, 214 glandiformis (Streptostyla) C. & F.
1,46
Glandina of authors XIX, 175
Glandina Schum XIX, 127
GLANDINELLA Pfr XIX, 44
glandinopsis (Limicolaria) Bgt.
XVI, 272
glans (Bulimus) Brug XIX, 130
glans (Polyhemus) Montf. . . .XIX, 131
glans (Polyphemus) Say XIX, 191
glaucina (Achatina) Anc XVII, 64
glaucocyanea (Euonyma) M. & P.
XVIII, 43 glaucocyanea (Subulina) M. & P.
XVIII, 43
GLESSULA Martens XX, 50
globosa (Curvella) M. & P. . .XVIII, 61 globosus (Hapalus) M. & P. .XVIII, 61 glomeratum (Opeas) Rve. ..XVIII, 210 glomeratus (Bulimus) Rve. XVIII, 211
gloynii (CMonella) Gibb XVIII, 323
gloynil (Leptinaria) Gibb. ..XVIII, 322
glutinosa (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 61
gnomon (Obeliscus) Beck . .XVIII, 246 gollonsirensis (Riebeckia) G.-A.
XVII, 206 gollonsirensis (Stenogyra) G.-A.
XVII, 206
gompharium(Opeas) Shuttl. XVIII, 205 gompharium (Stenogyra) Shuttl.
XVIII, 205
GOMPHROA Westerl XIX, 290, 306
gonostoma (Obeliscus) Gundl.
XVIII, 276 gonostoma (Stenogyra) Gundl.
XVIII, 276
goodaill (Pupa) Dup XIX, 296
goodalli (Achatina) Rossm. . .XIX, 293
goodalli (Azeca) F6r. XIX, 295
goodalli (Helix) F6r XIX, 295
goodalli (Helix) Mill.
XVIII, 141, 151, 157, 201 goodalli (Opeas) Mill.
XVIII, 141, 157, 183, 200 gorontalense(Prosopeas)Sar. XVIII, 20 gorontalensls ( Stenogyra ) Sar. XVIII.20 gossei (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 66
132
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
gossei (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 65
gouldii (Achatlna) Rve XVI, 235
gouldii (Pseudotrochus) Rve. .XVI, 235 grabhami (Ferussacia) Pils. .XIX, 272 gracilenta(Perussacia)Morel. XIX, 256 gracilenta (Glandina) Morel. .XIX, 256 gracilenta (Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 82 gracilenta (Subulina) Morel. XVIII, 82 gracile (Opeas) Hutt.
XVIII, 125, 172, 174, 183, 198 graclllima (Achatlna) Pfr. . . .XIX, 56
gracillima (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 55
gracillimus(Obeliscus)Beck XVIII, 240 gracilior (Achatina) Ad.
XIX, 69 ; XX, 113 gracilior (Achatina) Marts.
XVII, 111 ; XX, 113
gracilior (Curvella) Marts. . .XVIII, 58 gracilior (Pseudoglessula) Sm.
XVII, 167 gracilior (Stenogyra) Gredl. XVIII, 165
gracilior (Varicella) Ad XIX, 63
gracilis (Bulimus) Hutt. . . .XVIII, 125
gracilis (Bulimus) Pfr XVII, 215
gracilis (Ferussacia) Lwe. . . .XIX, 278
gracilis (Glessula) Bedd XX, 83
gracilis (Helix) Lowe XIX, 278
gracilis (Leptinaria) Pils. ..XVIII, 299 gracilis (Limicolaria) Marts. .XVI, 283
gracilis (Rumina) Pfr XVII, 215
gracilis (Streptostyla) Pils. . .XIX, 148 gracilius (Opeas) Gredl. . . .XVIII, 164 grandidieriana(Achatina)Bgt. XVII, 75 grandidieriana ( Stenogyra ) Bgt. XVII, 76 grandidieri( Bulimus) C. & F. XVII, 195 grandldieri(Clavator)C. & F. XVII, 194 grandidieri (Burtoa) Pils. . . .XVI, 303 grandinata (Pseudachatina) Pfr.
XVI, 209
grandls (Achatina) Mke XIX, 324
granulata (Achatina) Krauss XVII, 79 grateloupi (Bulimus) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 68 grateloupi (Curvella) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 68 grateloupi (Csecilianella) Bgt. ...XX, 5 gravenreuthi (Pseudachatina) Bttg.
XVI, 212
gravida(Ferussacia) Florence, XIX, 224 grayi (Pseudoglessula) Ailly. XVII, 158
gredleri (Acicula) Kuest XX, 23
gredleri (Caecllioides) Kuester .XX, 23
greeffi (Opeas) Girard XVIII, 143
grevillei (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 112
grifflthsil (Achatlna) Ad XIX, 81
grlfflthii (Varicella) Ad XIX, 80
grisea (Cochlicopa) Loc XIX, 318
grisea (Columna) Perry XVII, 122
gronovlana( Ferussacia )Risso. XIX, 225
grossa (Ferussacia) Anc XIX, 260
,?uadeloupensis( Achatina) Pfr. XIX.126 guadeloupensis ( Varicella ) Pfr. XIX.125 guatemalense( Opeas) Streb. XVIII, 213 guatemalensis (Leptinaria) C. & F.
XVIII, 312 guatemalensis (Spiraxis) C. & F.
XVIII, 312 guatemalensis (Streptostyla) C. & F.
XIX, 150 guayaquilensis (Subulina) Mill.
XVIII, 224
guinaica (Limicolaria) Morel. XVI, 258 i guinaicus (Bulimus) Bgt. . . .XVIII, 52 | guineensis (Bulimus) Jonas .XVIII, 52 • guineensis (Curvella) Jonas, XVIII, 52
gundlachi (Achatina) Pfr XX, 43
gundlachi (Caecilioides) Pfr. .. .XX, 43 ; gundlachi (Obeliscus) Ar. . .XVIII, 277 j gundlachi (Stenogyra) Ar. ..XVIII, 277
j gundlachi (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 115
j gundlachi (Varicella) Pfr. . . .XIX, 115 ' gutierrezl (Stenogyra) Arango
XVIII, 268
guttidentata (Varicella) Pils. XIX, 117 gyrata (Stenogyra) Mouss. .XVIII, 184
H habrawalensis (Limicolaria) Jouss.
XVI, 280
j hachijoensis(Cochlicopa)Pils. XIX, 324 hageumulleri(Ferussacia)Bgt. XIX, 246 hagenmulleri (Hohenwartiana) Bgt.
XIX, 334
hainesi (Columna) Pfr XVII, 124
haitensis (Leptinaria) Pils. XVIII, 301 hamillei (Achatina) Petit. . . .XVII, 53 hamonvillei (Opeas) Dautz. XVIII, 143 hamonvillei (Stenogyra) Dautz.
XVIII, 143
hanleyi (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 229
hanleyi (Synapterpes) Pfr. .XVIII, 228 hannense (Opeas) Rang. . . .XVIII, 141 hannensis (Helix) Rang. . . .XVIII, 141 hapaloides (Leptinaria) Marts.
XVIII, 317
Hapalns Albers XVIII, 46
haplostylus (Bulimus) Pfr. XVIII, 256 haplostylus (Obeliscus) Pfr. XVIII, 255 harterti (Leptinaria) Sm. . .XVIII, 323 harterti (Neosubulina) Sm. XVIII, 323 hartmannl (Limicolaria) Marts.
XVI, 284
hasta (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 273
hasta (Obeliscus) Pfr XVIII, 272
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
133
hasta (Stenogyra) Pfr XVIII, 273
hastaturn (Prosopeas) Bttg. .XVIII, 23
hastula (Achatina) Bens XX, 94
hastula (Glessula) Bens XX, 93
haughtoui (Prosopeas) Bs. . .XVIII, 28
haughtoni (Spiraxis) Bs XVIII, 28
hawaiiense (Opeas) Sykes . .XVIII, 136 headonensis (Cochlicopa ) Edw. XIX, 31 1
hebes (Achatina) Blanf XX, 62
hebes (Glessula) Blanf XX, 62
hebes (Prosopeas) Blanf XVIII, 32
hebes (Spiraxis) Blanf XVIII, 33
hedeium (Opeas) Mab XVIII, 160
hedeius (Opeas) Mab XVIII, 160
heimburgi (Clavator) Kob. ..XVII, 201 helena; (Leptinaria) Pils. ..XVIII, 324
Hemibulimus Mts XX, 114
hendersoni (Obeliscus) Pils. XVIII, 267
henrici (Prose-peas) Anc XVIII, 33
henrici (Stenogyra) Anc XVIII, 33
henshawi (Opeas) Sykes. .. .XVIII, 139 heptagyrum (Opeas) Bttg. ..XVIII, 186 herculeus (Bulimus) Anc. . . .XVII, 203 herculeus (Clavator) Anc. .. .XVII, 202 hericourtiana (Limicolaria) Kob.
XVI, 274 heteracra (Pseudoglessula) Bttg.
XVII, 165
heudei (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 171
heuglini (Achatina) Marts. . .XVI, 276 heuglini (Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 276 hexagyrum (Opeas) Bttg. . .XVIII, 180 hidalgo! (Limicolaria) Crosse. XVI, 297 hierosolymarum (Calaxis) Roth.
XIX, 285 hierosolymarum (Tornatellina) Roth.
XIX, 285
hirsutus (Stenogyra) G.-A. . .XVII, 210 hispanica (Ccelestele) Bgt. . . .XIX, 344
histrio (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 119
histrio (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 118
hochstetterl (Bulimus) Zel. ..XVIII, 23 hochstetterl (Prosopeas) Zel. XVIII, 23
Hohenwarthia Bgt XIX, 327
hohenwarthii (Achatina) Schm.
XIX, 328
HOHENWARTIANA Bgt XIX, 327
hohenwartK Achatina) Rossm. XIX, 328 hohenwarti (Hohenwartiana) Rossm.
XIX, 328
hollandi (Ravenia) Hend XIX, 18
holoserlcum (Prosopeas) Bttg. XVIII, 24 homalogyra (Obeliscus) Shuttl.
XVIII, 263 homalogyrus (Bulimus) Shuttl.
XVIII, 263
Homorus Albers XVII. 130
hopii (Achatina) Serres. = Dactylius.
horrida (Varicella) Pils XIX, 54
hortensirc (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 22 hortensis (Bulimus) Ad. . . .XVIII, 200
hugeli (Aohatina) Pfr XX, 91
hugeli (Glessula) Pfr XX, 91
huingensis (Glandina) Pils. . .XIX, 185 humbloti (Bulimus) Anc. . . .XVII, 199 humbloti (Clavator) Anc. . . .XVII, 199 humicola (Pseudoglessula) D. & P.
XVII, 163
hunanense (Opeas) Gredl. . .XVIII, 170 hunauensis (Stenogyra) Gredl.
XVIII, 170 hyadesi (Limicolaria) .Touss. .XVI, 265
hyalina (Achatina) Anton XX, 113
hyalina ( Acicula) Bielz XX, 15
hyalina (Caecilioides) Bielz . . . .XX, 15 hyalina (Cochlicopa) Jeffr. ...XIX, 317 hyalina (Cryptazeea) Folin . .XIX, 284
hyalina (Glessula) Rang XX, 107
.hyalina (Helix) Rang XX, 107
hyalina (Leptinaria) Tate ..XVIII. 309 hyalina (Tornatellina) Tate XVIII, 309
Hydastes Parr XIX, 309
hyemale (Opeas) Heude .. . .XVIII, 165 hyemalis( Stenogyra )Heude XVIII, 165
HYPNOPHILA Bgt XIX, 290, 298
HYPOLYSIA Melv. & Pons. . . .XVIII. 37
HYPSELIA Lowe XIX, 274
hypselia (Perussacia) Pils. . . .XX, 114
iheringi (Glandina) Pils XIX, 210
iickelii (Limicolaria) Poll. . . .XVI, 277 illustris (Achatina) G.-Aust. . . .XX, 95 illustris (Glessula) G.-Aust. . . .XX, 95 immaculata (Achatina) Lam. .XVII, 50 immemorata (Euglandina) Pils.
XIX, 192 Imperforata (Leptinaria) Streb.
XVIII, 317
i imperforatus (Lamellaxis) Streb.
XVIII, 317
! imperialis (Chersina) Beck. XVII, 216
1 impressa (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 119
impressa (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 119
1 impressus (Bulimus) Rve XIX, 3
inaequalis (Achatina) Pfr. . . .XVII, 33
incerta (Achatina) Rve I, 24
Incerta (Azeca) Ben XIX, 304
incerta (Oleaclna) Rve I, 24
incertus (Spiraxis) Mouss. .XVIII, 231 Incertus (Synapterpes) Mouss.
XVIII, 231
134
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
incisa (Oleacina) Pfr I, 25
incoloratus (Perideris) Shuttl. XVI, 230 incoloratus (Pseudotrochus) Shuttl.
XVI, 229 Incomparabllis (Orbitina) Risso.
XVII, 213
Inconspicua (Glessula) Nev XX, 82
indicus (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 127
indotata (Achatina) Rve XVII, 83
indusiaca (Oleacina) Try XIX, 185
Indusiata (Euglandina) Pfr. ..XIX, 185
Indusiata (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 185
Inflata (Achatina) Reuss. . . .XIX, xxiv
inflata (Glandina) Marts XIX, 201
inflata (Limicolaria) Bgt XVI, 247
inflata (Leptinaria) Marts. ..XVII, 308 Inflatula (Stenogyra) Hde. .XVIII, 168 inflatulum (Opeas) Hde. . . .XVIII, 167 inflecta (Achatina) Old. Ms., XVII, 185 Infrafusca (Achatina) Marts. XVII, 32 lnfrafusca(Limicolaria)Marts. XVI, 287
Ingallsiana (Achatina) Ad XIX, 96
Ingallsiana (Varicella) Ad XIX, 97
innovata (Caecilioides) Greg. .. .XX, 27
inopinata (Varicella) Pils XIX, 61
Inornata (Achatina) Pfr XX, 53
Inornata (Curvella) Chap. .. .XVIII, 51
inornata (Glessula) Pfr XX, 53
Insculpta (Riebeckia) Sm. ...XVII, 208 insculpta (Stenogyra) Sm. . .XVII, 209
insignis (Achatina) Pfr I, 39
Insignis (Euglandina) Pfr. .. .XIX, 195 insignis (Ferussacia) Babor .XIX, 217 insignis (Luntia) Smith . . .XVIII, 218
insignis (Perideris) Pfr XVI, 240
insignis (Pseudotrochus) Pfr. XVI, 240
insularis (Pupa) Ehr XVIII, 107
insularis (Zootecus) Ehr. .. .XVIII, 106
Integra (Azeca) Mouss XIX, 301
interioris(Pseudopeas)Tate XVIII, 120 interioris (Stenogyra) Tate XVIII, 120 intermedia (Achatina) Zgl. .. .XIX, 313 intermedia (Leptinaria) Pils. XVIII, 304 Intermedia (Subulina) Taylor XVIII, 91 intermedius (Spiraxis) Streb.
I, 51 ; XIX, 23
intermedius (Volutaxis) Streb. . . .1, 51 Interrupta (Glandina) Shuttl. XIX, 126 interrupta (Varicella) Shuttl. XIX, 126 interstinctus (Bulimus) Pfr. XVIII, 50 interstinctus (Bulimus) Gld. .XVI, 239 interstinctus (Pseudotrochus) Gld.
XVI, 239
interstriata ( Leptinaria ) Tate XVIII, 310 interstrlata (Tornatellina) Tate
XVIII, 311
introversa (Pseudoglessula) Sm.
XVII, 169 introversus (Bulimus) Smith
XVII, 170
inusitata (Achatina) Ad XIX, 15
inusitatus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 15
invalida (Stenogyra) Morel. .XVII, 153 involuta (Achatina) Gld. . . .XVII, 150 involutus (Homorus) Gld. .. .XVII, 150
iolarynx (Perideris) S,h XVI, 230
iolarynx (Pseudotrochus) Sh. XVI, 230
iostoma (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 32
iota (Achatina) Ad XX, 38
iota (Caecilioides) Ad XX, 38
iriana (Hohenwartiana) Poll. XIX, 329 iridescens (Ferussacia) Woll. XIX, 275
iridesceus (Lovea) Woll XIX, 276
irregularis (Caecilianella) Sacco. XX, 5 irregularis(Pseudosubulina)Pils. XIX.7
irrigua (Streptostyla) Sh. I, 46
Isabella (Euglandina) Pils. .. .XIX, 183 isabellina (Achatina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 203 isabellina (Euglandina) Pfr. .XIX, 203 isabellina (Glandina) Streb. ..XIX, 184
ischna (Varicella) Pils XIX, 82
ISCHNOCION Pils XVIII, 287, 324
isis (Achatina) Hani XX, 71
isis (Glessula) Hani XX, 71
isseli (Caecilioides) Palad XX, 37
isseli (Ccelestele) Bgt XIX, 341
isseli (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 254
isseli (Pseudopeas) Jick. . . .XVIII, 118
isseli (Subulina) Jick XVIII, 119
ivensi (Achatina) Furt XVII, 25
jalapana (Glandina) Marts. . .XIX, 195 jamaicensis (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XIX, 85 jamaicensis (Varicella) Pfr. .. .XIX, 85 jamaicensis (Bulimus) Rve. . . .XIX, 33
jani (Achatina) deBetta XX, 22
jani (Caecilioides) deBetta XX, 22
jaspideus (Bulimus) Morel. . .XVI, 262
javanica (Achatina) XVIII, 138
javanica (Glessula) Bttg XX, 103
javanicum (Opeas) Rve.
XVIII, 138; XIX, 350
jerdoni (Achatina) Rve XX, 75
jerdoni (Glessula) Rve XX, 75
Jessica (Stenogyra) G.-A. . . .XVII, 209 jeyporensis (Glessula) Bedd. . . .XX, 75
jickelii (Subulina) Bgt XVII, 135
joaquinse (Salasiella) Streb. ..XIX, 172
jobie (Glandina) Bgt XIX, xxv
jod (Cecilioides) Pils XX, 41
johannlnum (Opeas) Morel. XVIII, 153
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
135
johanninus(BuIimus) Morel. XVIII, 154
Johnson! (Clavator) Sm XVII, 200
johnsoni (Stenogyra) Sm. ...XVII, 201
johnstonl (Achatina) Sm XVII, 65
jouberti (Burtoa) Bgt XVI, 305
jouberti (Burtopsis) Bgt XVI, 305
jouberti (Subulina) Bgt XVII, 144
joubini (Limicolaria) R. & G. XVII, 216 jousseaumei (Curvella) Morg. XVIII, 67 jousseaumei (Hapalus) Morg. XVIII, 67 jousseaume! (Obeliscus) Cousin
XVIII, 256 judalca (Caecilioides) Mouss. . .XX, 33
judaica (Glandina) Mouss XX, 33
junceus (Bulimus) Gld XVIII, 131
junceus (Opeas) Gld XVIII, 184
K
kambeul (Bulimus) Brug XVI, 251
kambeul (Limicolaria) Brug. .XVI, 251 kambul (Bulimulus) Gray .. . .XVI, 251 kassaiana (Subulina) Mab. & Germ.
XVIII, 83
kemense (Opeas) Sarasin ...XVIII, 175 kemensis( Stenogyra )Sarasin XVI 1 1, 176 keniana (Limicolaria) Sm. . . .XVI, 280 kercadonis (Achatina) Grat. .XVI, 226 kercadonis (Pseudotrochus) Grat.
XVI, 226
khasiacus (Bulimus) Aust. . .XVIII, 66 khasiana (Curvella) Aust. .. .XVIII, 65 khasiamis (Bulimus) Aust. ..XVIII, 66
kirkii (Achatina) Sm XVII, 66
kirkil (Achatina) Crav XVII, 166
kirkii (Pseudoglessula) Crav. XVII, 166
kleiniana (Poiretia) Pits XX, 112
knorrii (Achatina) Jonas . . .XVII, 118 kobeltiana (Pseudachatina) Pils.
XVI, 210 kobelti (Limicolaria) Ailly . . .XVI, 262
kobelti (Perideris) Pils XVI, 238
kobelti (Pseudotrochus) Pils. XVI, 237 kordofana (Limicolaria) Parr. XVI, 273
kransii (Achatina) Rve XVII, 88
kraussi (Achatina) Rve XVII, 87
kraussi (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 309
kraussi (Metachatina) Pfr. ...XVI, 308 kretschmeri( Curvella) Marts. XVIII, 55 kretschmeri(Hapalus)Marts. XVIII, 56 kuangsiense (Opeas) Gredl. XVIII, 170 kuangsiensis (Stenogyra) Gredl.
XVIII, 170 kurnoolensis (Glessula) Nev. ...XX, 91
kusaiense (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 182
kyotoense (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 136
L
labida (Glandina) Morel XIX, 150
labida (Streptostyla) Morel. ..XIX, 150 lacryma (Leptinaria) Beck .XVIII, 285
lactaea (Ampulla) Bolt XVII, 9
lactea (Achatina) Rve XVII, 35
lactea (Caecilioides) Moit XX, 12
lactifluus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 13
l*ocochlis (Euonyma) M. & P.
XVIII, 39 l!BOCOchlis( Subulina )M. & P. XVIII, 37
LAEVAEICELLA Pils XIX, 123
laevigata (Achatina) Pfr XX, 107
lasvigata (Bulimus) Lowe . . .XVII, 212
Isevigata (Coelestele) Bgt XIX, 344
laevigata (Glessula) Pfr XX, 106
LAEVIGLANDINA Pils XIX, 201
laevissima (Cochlicopa) Mich. XIX, 311
Isevissima (Zua) Mich XIX, 311
LAEVOLEACINA Pils XIX, 131
lasviusculus (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 35-
lasviusculus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 35'
lagariensis (Subulina) Smith XVII, 141 lallemanti (Ferussacia) Bgt. .XIX, 255' lamarckiana (Achatina) Pfr. .XVII, 42. lamellata(Achatina)P. & M. XVIII, 288 lamellata (Ferussacia) Bgt. ..XIX, 242 lamellata (Leptinaria) P. & M.
XVIII, 288
LAMELLAXIS Strebel XVIII, 287
lamellifera(Ferussacia)Morel. XIX, 252 lamellifera (Glandina) Morel. XIX, 253 Iamellosa( Achatina )Moric. XVIII, 291 lamellosa (Limicolaria) Bgt. .XVI, 296 lamyi (Euglandina) F. & C. . .XIX, 196
lamyi (Glandina) F. & C XIX, 196
lanceolata (Euonyma) Pfr. ..XVIII, 40 lanceolata (Ferussacia) Bgt. .XIX, 228 lanceolata (Glandina) Marts. XIX, 203 lanceolatus (Bulimus) Bgt.
XVII, 214 ; XX, 114 lanceolatus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 40
lankana (Glessula) Pils XX, 54
lanzarotensis (Cionella) Mouss.
XIX. 236 lanzarotensls (Ferussacia) Mouss.
XIX, 235
lapillina (Stenogyra) Hde. .XVIII, 167 lapillinum (Opeas) Hde. . . .XVIII. 167 largillierti (Achatina) Pfr. ...XIX, 199
lasti (Stenogygra) Smith XVIII, 88
last! (Subnlina) Smith XVIII, 87
lata (Pseudobalea) Gundl. ..XVIII, 273 latebricola (Bulimus) Bens. XVIII, 162 latebricola (Opeas) Bens. . .XVIII, 162 latestriata (Glessula) Mlldff. ..XX, 100
136
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
lattrei (Streptostyla) Pfr. . . .XIX, 145 latus (Obeliscus) Gundl. . . .XVIII, 273 laurentiana( Ferussacia) Pils. XIX, 277
lauta (Acicula) Paul XX, 24
lauta (Caecilioides) Paul XX, 24
lavigeriana (Burtoa) Bgt XVI, 304
laxispirum(Prosopeas) Marts. XVIII.26 laxispira (Stenogyra) Marts. XVIII, 26
layardi (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 51
layardi (Cceliaxis) A. & A. .XVIII, 337
layardi (Glessula) Pils XX, 59
layardi (Opeas) Bens XVIII, 158
layardi (Spiraxis) Bens. . . .XVIII, 158 layardi (Subulina) A. & A. .XVIII, 338 leacociana (Achatina) Lwe. . .XIX, 280 Leacociana (Ferussacia) Lwe. XIX, 279 leacockiana (Lovea) Woll. . . .XIX, 280
leaiana (Achatina) Grat XVI, 208
leal (Columna) Tryon XVII, 123
lechaptoisi (Achatina) Anc. ..XVII, 43 lechatelieri (Perideris) Dautz.
XVI, 234 lechatelieri (Pseudotrochus) Dautz.
XVI, 233
lela (Subulina) Putz XVIII, 84
lenta (Subulina) Sm XVII, 143
lentum (Opeas) Smith XVIII, 147
leontinse (Limicolaria) Bgt. ..XVI, 247
LEPTINARIA Beck XVIII, 284
Leptocala Anc XVII, 72
LEPTOCALLISTA Pils XVII, 75
leptospira (Achatina) Bs XX, 66
leptospira (Glessula) Bens XX, 65
leroyi (Stenogyra) Bgt XVII, 168
letourneuxi (Achatina) Bgt. ..XVII, 49 letourneuxi (Caecilioides) Bgt. .XX, 21 letourneuxi (Ferussacia) Bgt. XIX, 259 letourneuxiana(Cffilestele)Bgt. XIX, 345 leucostyla(Achatina)Pils. XVII,45,216 leucozonias (Voluta) Gmel. . . .XIX, 94 leucozonias (Varicella) Gmel. .XIX, 94
levis (Achatina) Ad XIX, 108
levls (Varicella) Ad XIX, 108
Ihotellerii (Achatina) Bgt. . . .XVII, 53 Ihotelleril (Subulina) Bgt. . .XVII, 135
llberiana (Curvella) Pils XVIII, 50
liebmanni (Achatina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 195 llebmanni (Euglandina) Pfr. .XIX, 195
llesvlllel (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 13
ligulata (Streptostyla) Morel.
1,50; XIX, 161
llgata (Achatina) Ad XIX, 82
ligata (Varicella) Ad XIX, 82
llgnarla (Achatina) Rve. XIX, 188
ligulata (Glandina) Morel. .. .XIX, 161 Liguus fasciatus Miill XVII, 216
liljevall (Pseudachatina) Ailly.
XVI, 216 LIMICOLARIA Schum. XVI, 246 ; XVII, xi
Limicularia Schum XVI, 246
limpidum (Opeas) Marts. . .XVIII, 148 limnaeformis (Streptostyla) Marts.
XIX, 159 limnelformis (Streptostyla) Shutt.
XIX, 159
linden! (Oleacina) Pfr I, 23
lindoni (Achatina) Pfr I, 23
lindoni (Oleacina) Pfr I, 23
linearis (Bulimus) Kr XVIII, 45
linearis (Euonyma) Kr XVIII, 44
linearis (Spiraxis) Pfr. .1,52; XIX, 27 lineata (Achatina) Valenc. . . .XII, 168
lineata (Glandina) Streb XIX, 176
lineatus (Bulimus) Perry . . . .XVII, 57 lineolata (Limicolaria) Putz. XVI, 271 llnterse (Achatina) Sowb. . . .XVII, 102
lioderma (Varicella) Pils XIX, 71
lirifera (Achatina) Morel XIX, 2
lirlfera (Pseudosubulina) Morel. XIX, 2
listeri (Helix) Bolt XVII, 122
litauica (Cochlicopa) West. . .XIX, 319 littoralis (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 243 livingstonei (Achatina) M. & P.
XVII, 104
Livinhacia Crosse XVI, 298, 307
locardi (Cochlicopa) Poll XIX, 318
locardi (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 330
locardi (Hohenwartiana) Bgt. XIX, 329
locardi (Zua) Poll XIX, 318
lombockensis( Stenogyra) Sm. XVIII, 21
longa (Limicolaria) Pils XVI, 284
longa (Varicella) Pils XIX, 68
longa (Varicella) Pils.
XIX, 106 ; XX, 111
longior (Varicella) Pils XX, 111
longipontiensis (Glandina) Cossm.
XIX, xxil
longipontlna (Glandina) Bay. XIX, xxil longispira (Achatina) Ad. . . .XIX, 107
longispira (Varicella) Ad XIX, 107
longula (Glandina) F. & C I, 39
longula (Stenogyra) Morel. .XVIII, 152 longulum (Opeas) Morel. .. .XVIII, 152 lorioll (Achatina) Bonnet. . . .XVII, 82
loryi (Azeca) Mich XIX, 292
lotophaga (Bocagela) Morel. XVII, 191 lotophagus (Bulimus) Morel. XVII, 192
Lovea Wats XIX, 269
lowaensis (Periderlopsls) D. & P.
XVI, 243
I lowei (Achatina) Palva XIX, 276
' loxostoma (Achatina) Kl XIX, 292
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
137
loxostoma (Azeea) Kl XIX, 292
lubrica (Cochlicopa) Mull. . . .XIX, 312
lubrica (Helix) Mull XIX, 313
lubricella (Achatina) Brn. . . .XIX, 311 lubricella (Cochlicopa) Brn. ..XIX, 311 lubricella (Cochlicopa) Zgl. . .XIX, 321
lubricella (Columna) Zgl XIX, 321
lubricoides (Achatina) Jan. . .XIX, 329 lubricoides (Achatina) P. & M.
XIX, 328 lubricoides (Bulimus) Stimps. XIX, 313
lubricus (Bulimus) auct XIX, 313
lubricus (Tortaxis) Dautz. . .XVIII, 11 lucalana (Limicolaria) Pils. ..XVI, 262 lucida (Achatina) Poey XVIII,195, 196
lucida (Glandina) Streb XIX, 184
lucida (Stenogyra) Gibb. .. .XVIII, 146 lucidissima(Obeliscella)Pal. XVIII, 101 j lucidissimus (Bulimus) Pal. XVIII, 101 lucidula (Stenogyra) Hde. .XVIII, 167
lucidulum (Opeas) Hde XVIII, 167
luctuosa (Limicolaria) Pfr. . .XVI, 268
luctuosus (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 269
lugubris (Achatina) Gray, see Acha-
tinellidse.
lugubris (Stenogyra) Morel. .XVII, 154 lunensis (Achatina) Ancon. . .XIX, xxv
LUNTIA E. A. Smith XVIII, 218
lurida (Streptostyla) Shutt. . .XIX, 150
lutea (Achatina) Anton XII, 168
luzonicum(Prosopeas)Mlldff. XVIII, 19 lymneaformis (Euonyma) M. & P.
XVIII, 39 lymneffiformis (Obeliscus) M. & P.
XVIII, 39
LYOBASIS Pils XVIII, 243, 274
lyrata (Glessula) Blf xx, 86
M
mabilleana (Azeca) Fag XIX, 294
mabilliana (Subulina) Bgt. ..XVIII, 85 mabilleana (Ferussacia) Pal. .XIX, 263
macei (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 332
macei (Hohenwartiana) Bgt. .XIX, 332
macer (Glandina) Ball XIX, 192
machachensis (Achatina) Sm. XVII, 84 macilentum (Prosopeas) Rve.
XVIII, 19, 33 macllentus (Bulimus) Rve. . .XVIII, 19
macra (Opeas) Gredl XVIII, 164
Macrosplra Swains XVIII, 220
macrospira (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 31
macrospira (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 31
macrostoma (Achatina) Beck. XVII, 56
maculata (Achatina) Dh XVII, 48
maculata (Achatina) Swains. Exotic Conch. = Halia priamus.
maderensis (Bulimus) Lwe. . .XIX, 320 maderensis (Caecilioides) Plls. ..XX, 8 maderensis (Cochlicopa) Lwe. XIX, 320 magilensis (Euonyma) Crav. XVIII, 45 magilensis (Bulimus) Crav. ..XVIII, 46 magniflca (Achatina) Pfr.
XII, 185; XX, 117
magniflca (Achatina) Rve XX, 115
magniflcus(IIemibulimus)Pfr. XX, 117
magnificus (Liguus) Rve XX, 115
major (Cochlicopa) Beck and Bgt.
XIX, 324
major (Glandina) Marts XIX, 209
major (Glessula) Blanf XX, 89
major (Glessula) Nevill XX, 93
major (Obeliscus) Mill XVIII, 254
major (Pseudoglessula) Smith XVII, 169 major (Streptostyla) C. & F. .XIX, 150
major (Spiraxis) Marts XIX, 24
major (Spiraxis) Newb XIX, 13
majuscula (Leptinaria) Marts.
XVIII, 312
majus (Opeas) Marts XVIII, 214
malaguettana (Glessula) Rang. XX, 109 malaguettana (Helix) Rang. ..XX, 110
malzani (Cionella) Cless XIX, 337
malzani (Hohenwartiana) Cless.
XIX, 337 mamboiensis (Stenogyra) Smith
XVII, 140 mamillata (Achatina) Crav. XVIII, 73
mandarina (Spiraxis) Pfr XVIII, 7
mandarinus (Tortaxis) Pfr. . .XVIII, 7 mandevillensis (Varicella) Pils.
XIX, 70 mandevillensis (Varicella) Pils.
XIX, 107 ; XX, 111 manyemaense (Ceras) D. & P.
XVII, 155 manzanillensis (Bulimus) Gundl.
XIX, 58 manzanillensis (Varicella) Gundl.
XIX, 58 maresiana (Hohenwarthia) Bgt.
XIX, 328
maresi (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 252
maretlma (Csecilianella) Ben. . .XX, 27 margaritacea (Achatina) Pfr. XIX, 171 margaritacea (Salasiella) Pfr. XIX, 171 margaritacea (Stenogyra) Shuttl.
XVIII, 196 margarltaceum (Opeas) Shuttl.
XVIII, 196 marginata (Achatina) Swains.
XVII, 109 marginata (Bulla) Don XVII, 111
138
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
marginata (Ferussacia) West. XIX, 242 marginata (Glandina) West. .XIX, 167 marginata (Poiretia) West. . .XIX, 167 marginata (Oncaea) Gistel. . .XVII, 71
mariei (Achatlna) Anc XVII, 37
mariei (Caecilioldes) Crosse . . .XX, 48
mariei (Geostilbia) Crosse XX, 48
marise (Opeas) Jouss XVIII, 159
marioui (Achatina) Anc XVII, 39
maritima (Columna) Spix. .XVIII, 283
marminii (Achatina) Dh XIX, 195
marmorea (Achatina) Rve. ..XVII, 183 marmorea (Bocageia) Rve. . .XVII, 182 marmorea (Columna) Perry, ..XVII, 122 maroccana (Azeca) Mouss. ...XIX, 306 maroccana (Cionella) Mss. .. .XIX, 306 marteli (Achatina) Dautz. . .XVII, 129 martensiana (Achatina) Sm. .XVI, 290 martensiana(Limicolaria)Sm. XVI, 289 martens! (Bulimus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 308 martensi (Leptinaria) Pfr. .XVIII, 308 martensi(Obeliscella) Jouss. XVIII, 102 martensi (Ochroderma)Dall. XVIII.329 martensi (Leptinaria) Ball. XVIII, 329 martensi (Opeas) Strob. . . .XVIII, 205 martensi (Pseudachatina) Ailly,
XVI, 215
martensi (Stenogyra) Strob. XVIII, 205 martensi (Subulina) D. & P. XVII, 148 massoniana (Ilomorus) Crosse
XVII, 184 matheranica (Glessula) Blf. . . .XX, 87
matoni (Azeca) Lch XIX, 295
mauiensis (Achatina) Pfr. see Acha-
tinellidffi. maunoiriana (Limicolaria) Bgt.
XVI, 247
inaura (Rumina) Crosse XVII, 214
mauriana (Caecilioides) Bgt. . . .XX, 12 maurltanica (Hohenwarthia) Bgt.
XIX, 328
mauritiana (Achatina) Lam. .XVII, 56 mauritiana (Acicula) H. Ad. . . .XX, 47 mauritiana (Caecilioldes) H. Ad.
XX, 47
mauritianum (Opeas) Pfr. XIX, 13. 133 mauritianus (Bulimns) Pfr. XVIII, 133 maxima (Achatina) Paiva . . .XIX, 270 maxima (Bulimus) Bgt.
XVII, 214 ; XX, 114 maxima (Cochlicopa) Cless. . .XIX, 324 maxima (Limnsea) Sowb. . . .XIX, xxili maxima (Stenogyra) Poey ..XVIII, 260 maximus (Obeliscus) Poey ..XVIII, 260 mayottense (Opeas) Pils. .. .XVIII, 155 mazatlanica (Glandina) Marts. XIV, 196
mazei (Geostilbia) Crosse XX, 42
mcbeani (Opeas) M. & P. .. .XVIII, 151 mediomaculata (Limicolaria) Marts.
XVI, 289
megalsea (Limicolaria) Bgt. . .XVI, 284 megalogyra(Subulina)Gundl. XIX, 115 megaspira (Subulina) Mab. ..XVIII, 83 megeanus (Tortaxis) Anc. .. .XVIII, 10 inelampoides( Ferussacia )Lwe. XIX, 270 melampoides (Helix) Lowe. . .XIX, 270
Melaniella Pfr XIX, 50
melanielloides (Spiraxis) Gundl.
XIX, 28
melanioides (Bulimus) Woll. XVII, 178 melanioides (Chilonopsis) Woll.
XVII, 177
rnelanopsoides(Oleacina) Ads. XIX, 270 melanostoma (Achatina) Gray XII, 178 melastoma (Achatina) Swains. XII, 178
Melia Alb XIX, 46
melii (Glandina) Sacco XIX, xxv
melitensis (Caecilioides) Gatto .XX, 29
menkeana (Azeca) Pfr XIX, 292
menkeanum (Carychium) Pfr. XIX, 293 meridana (Glandina) Morel. .XIX, 154 meridana(Streptosty la) Morel. XIX.154 merimeana (Caecilioides) Bgt. .XX, 12
MBTACHATINA Pils XVI, 307
mexicana (Leptinaria) Pfr. XVIII, 306 mexicana (Spiraxis) Pfr. ...XVIII, 307
micans (Achatina) Ad XIX, 42
micans (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 40
micans (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 42
michaudiana (Achatina) Orb. .XIX, 10 michoacanensis (Glandina) Pils.
XIX, 185
michoniana (Caecilioides) Bgt. .XX, 32 michoniana (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XX, 33
micra (Helix) Orb XVIII, 193
micra (Opeas) Orb XVIII, 193
microlestes (Oleacina) Pils. . .XIX, 135 microsculpta (Glessula) Nev. .. .XX, 85 microstoma (Achatina) Beck. XVII, 86 microstoma (Glandina) Kob. .XIX, 167 microstoma (Obeliscus) Gundl.
XVIII, 276 microstoma (Stenogyra) Gundl.
XVIII, 277
microxia (Ferussacia) Bgt. .. .XIX, 261 miliaris (Columna) C. & J.
XVII, 125; XX, 10
miliolum (Azeca) Pal XIX, 292
millerl (Poiretia) Pils XX, 113
milneedwardsiana (Achatina) Rev.
XVII, 38
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
139
milneedwardsiana (Limicolaria) Bgt.
XVI, 247
miltoehila (Glandina) Marts. XIX, 188 mimosarum (Helix) Orb. ...XVIII, 210 mitnosarum (Opeas) Orb. ..XVIII, 210 miugrelica (Glandina) Bttg. .XIX, 168 mlngrelica (Poiretia) Bttg. . .XIX, 168
minima (Achatina) Siem XIX, 321
minima (Salasiella) Pils XIX, 172
minimus (Bulimus) Brug XIX, 11
minimus (Bulimus) C. B. Ad. .XIX, 11
minor (Bulimus) Bgt XVII, 215
minor (Glandina) Binn XIX, 192
minor (Glessula) Bedd XX, 73
minor (Obeliscus) Mill XVIII, 253
minor (Spiraxis) Marts XIX, 24
minuscula(Leptinaria)Pils. XVIII, 323 minuta (Achatina) Ant., Tornatel- linidse.
minuta (Acicula) Mouss XX, 34
minuta (Caecilloides) Mouss. .. .XX, 33
minuta (Curvella) DaC XVIII, 340
minuta (Stenogyra) Semp. .XVIII, 180 minntissima (Achatina) Barcl., Torna-
tellinidse. miuutissima (Caecilioides) Guppy
XX, 41
minutissima (Glandina) Guppy XX, 41 minutnm (Opeas) Semp. . . .XVIII, 180
mirabilis (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 16
mirabilis (Plicaxis) Sykes . . .XVIII, 13 mirabilis (Rhodina) Sykes .. .XVIII, 13
mirabilis (Spiraxis) Ad XIX. 16
miradorensis(Glandina)Streb. XIX, 105 miradorensis (Spiraxis) Streb. XIX, 23 miradorensis(Volutaxis)Streb. XIX, 23
mira (Stenogyra) Gredl XVIII. 9
mirus (Tortaxis) Gredl XVIII, 8
mitescens (Pseudosubulina) Marts.
XIX, 5
mitrseformis (Streptostyla) Sh. ..1,45 mitriformis (Achatina) Lowe XIX, 272 mitriformis(Ferussacia)Lwe. XIX, 272
mitriformis (Glandina) Ang I, 35
modesta (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 172
modesta (Salasiella) Pfr XIX, 172
modestior (Achatina) Bttg.^Metacha-
tina adelinse XVII, 118
modestus(Lamellaxis) Streb. XVIII, 308 moellendorffl (Caecilioides) Pils. XX, 50
mohriana (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 160
mohriana (Streptostyla) Pfr. .XIX, 160 moitessierl (Ferussacia) Bgt. XIX, 330 moitessieri (Hohenwartiana) Bgt.
XIX, 330 molllcella (Achatina) Morel.
XVII, 73, 29
monacha (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 188 monacha (Bocageia) Morel. ..XVII, 188 monetarla (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 19 monile (Achatlua) Swains. . . .XX, 117 monilifera (Glandina) Pfr. . .XIX, 210 monoceros (Subulina) Beck.
XVIII, 221, 224 monochromatica (Achatina) Pils.
XVII, 10 monocraspedon (Azeca) Slav. XIX, 292
monodon (Bulimus) Ad XVIII, 292
monodon (Leptinaria) Ad. ..XVIII, 291 monodonta(Cryptazeca)Folin XIX, 283 montana (Achatina) Marts. .. .XX, 104 montana (Caecilianella) Ben. . . .XX, 28 montana (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 247 montana (Glessula) Marts. . . .XX, 104 montaua (Stenogyra) Semp. XVIII, 180 montanum (Opeas) Semp. . .XVIII, 179 monticola (Achatina) Morel. XVII, 187 monticola (Bocageia) Morel. XVII, 186 moreletiana (Achatina) Dh. . .XVI, 228 moreletianus (Pseudotrochus) Dh.
XVI, 228 moreletianus (Spiraxis) Pfr.
1,49; XIX, 46
moreleti (Bulimus) Dh XVII, 198
moreleti (Clavator) Dh XVII, 198
moreleti (Ferussacia) Pall. . .XIX, 231 moreleti (Subulina) Girard. .XVIII, 74
morseana (Cionella) Doh XIX, 316
morseana (Cochlicopa) Doh. .XIX, 316 mossambica(Achatina)Branc. XVII, 42 moulinsii (Achatina) Grat. ...XVI, 226 moussoniana (Calaxis) Bgt. . .XIX, 286 moussoniana( Ferussacia) Bgt. XIX, 286
mucidus (Bulimus) Gld XVI, 234
mucidus (Pseudotrochus) Gld. XVI, 234 mucronata (Achatina) Ravenel. see
Achatinellidse.
mulled (Oleacina) Maltz. XIX, 132, xix mullorum (Achatina) Blanf. . . .XX, 84
mullorum (Glessula) Blanf XX, 84
multicosta (Bulimus) Gundl. ..XIX, 61 multicosta (Varicella) Gundl. .XIX, 61 multifida (Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 291 multllatus (Bulimus) Say. . .XVII, 213 multilineata (Varicella) Pils. XIX, 114 multiplicata (Spiraxis) Anc. XVIII, 10 multispira (Euglandina) Pfr.
1,30; XIX, 207
multispira (Oleacina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 207 multistrlata (Varicella) Pils. ..XIX, 68 munipurensis( Bulimus )Aust. XVIII, 65 mumipurensis (Curvella) Aust.
XVIII, 65 munlta (Helix) FeT XIX, 249
140
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
munzingeri (Caecilioides) Jick. = Subu-
lina XX, 36
munzingeri (Stenogyra) Jick. XVIII, 88 munzingeri (Subulina) Jick. .XVIII, 86
murrea (Achatina) Rve XII, 168 j
mussecola (Achatina) Morel, see Strep- j
taxidse.
muscorum (Achatina) Morel. XVII, 161 muscorum (Pseudoglessula) Morel.
XVII, 161
mutilatus (Bulimus) Binney, XVII, 213 mvulaensis (Perideriopsis) D. & P.
XVI, 245
myosotls (Bnliminus) XIX, 234
myoxus (Bulimus) Shuttl. .. .XVII, 176
N
nachtigali (Pseudachatina) Kob.
XVI, 207
naja (Glessula) Blanf XX, 90
nana (Glandina) Shuttl I, 35
nana (Glessula) Bedd XX, 82
nankingense (Opeas) Hde. ..XVIII, 166 nankingensis (Stenogyra) Hde.
XVIII, 166
nanodea (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 21
nasimoyensis (Achatina) Bgt. XVII, 44 natalensis (Achatina) Pfr. . .XVII, 102 natalensis (Euonyma) Burn.
XVIII, 41, 339 natalensis (Obeliscus) Burn. XVIII, 41
naudoti (Limnea) Mich XIX, xxii
nautica (Cionella) West XIX, 337
nautica (Hohenwartiana) West.
XIX, 336
nebrodensis (Achatina) Ben. .XIX, 232 nebrodensis(Ferussacia)Ben. XIX, 232 nebulosa (Stenogyra) Morel. XVII, 148 nebulosa (Streptostyla) Ball. XIX, 150 neglecta (Oleacina) Klika ...XIX.xxlv nemorensis (Achatina) Ad. .. .XIX, 100 nemorensis (Varicella) Ad.
XIX, 100 ; anatomy XIX, xvi
NEOBELISCUS Pils XVIII, 280
neocaledonicum (Opeas) Pils. XVIII, 130
NEOGLESSULA Pils XX, 108
NEOSUBULINA Smith . .XVIII, 287, 322 neumanni (Achatina) Marts. .XVII, 45 neumanni(Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 296 nevilli (Stenogyra) G.-Ad. ..XVIII, 157 newcombi (Achatina) Pfr. Carella. newtoni (Subulina) Girard ..XVIII, 75 newtoni (Thomea) Girard ..XVIII, 333 nlcobarica (Opeas) Morch . .XVIII, 128
nicoleti (Streptostyla) Sh I, 43
nigella (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVII, 147 nigellus (Homorus) Morel. . .XVII, 147
nigricans (Streptostyla) Pfr I, 45
nilagarica (Achatina) Rve XX, 91
nilagarica (Glessula) Rve XX, 90
nilagirica (Glessula) Auct XX, 91
nilotica (Burtoa) Pfr XVI, 300
niloticus (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 300
nilssoni (Cochlicopa) Malm. ..XIX, 322
nitens (Achatina) Gray XX, 55
nitens (Achatina) Kok XIX, 323
nitens (Cochlicopa) Kok XIX, 323
nitens (Glessula) Gray XX, 55
nitida (Achatina) Ad XIX, 102
nitida (Achatina) Marts XVII, 76
nitida (Subulina) Marts XVII, 140
nitida (Varicella) Ad XIX, 102
uitidissima (Achatina) Fbs. ..XIX, 230 nitidissimus (Bulimus) Kryn. XIX, 228 nitidiusculus( Bulimus) Ad. XIX, 33, 34 nitidula (Subulina) Klika . . .XIX, xxiv nitidum (Opeas) Q. & M. . . .XVIII, 181 nitidus (Spiraxis) Streb. 1,52; XIX, 24
nitidus ( Volutaxis) Streb I, 52
nodosaria (Caecilioides) Bttg. ..XX, 12 nonpareil(Chilonopsis)Perry XVII, 174 nonpareil (Melania) Perry ..XVII, 175 normalis(Pseudotrochus)Pils. XVI, 236 normalis (Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 82 normalis (Subulina) Morel. .XVIII, 82
NOTHAPALUS Martens XVIII, 221
Nothus Albers XVIII, 284
notigena (Achatina) Bs XX, 66
notigena (Glessula) Bs XX, 66
noueli (Glandina) Den XIX, xxili
nouletiana (Azeca) Dup XIX, 295
novemgyrata (Stenogyra) Mouss.
XVIII, 183
novenaria( Achatina) Schum. XVIII, 224 novoleonis(Streptostyla)Pils. XIX, 147 nsendweensis (Perideriopsis) D. & P.
XVI, 242
numldlca (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 266 numidica (Limicolaria) Rve. ..XVI, 260 numldicus (Bulimus) Rve. . . .XVI, 260
nutans (Opeas) Gredl XVIII, 164
nutans (Stenogyra) Gredl. ..XVIII, 164
nyasana (Curvella) Sm XVIII, 56
nyctelia (Ccecilioides) Bgt XX, 7
nyikaensis (Achatina) Pils. . .XX, 113
nympha (Glandina) C. & F I, 38
nympharum (Ferussacia) L. & B.
XIX, 244 nystiana (Achatina) Pfr XX, 112
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
141
O
oahuensis (Achatina) Green, see Acha-
tinellidae.
OBELISCELLA Jouss. XVIII, 100 ; XIX, x OBELISCUS Beck. XVIII, 240 ; XIX, 346 Obeliscus Humphrey .. .XVIII, 240, 241 j obeliscus (Achatina) Rve. Carella. obeliscus (Bulimus) P. & M. XVIII, 283 obeliscus (Obeliscus) Moric. XVIII, 245
obesa (Achatina) Pfr XVIII, 87
obesa (Ferussacia) L. & B. ...XIX, 241 j obesa (Streptostyla) Marts. . .XIX, 149 j
obesispira (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 134 :
obesus (Homorus) Kobelt, 1905.
obliqua (Burtoa) Marts XVI, 303
obliqua (Limicolaria) Marts. .XVI, 303 , obliquata(Leptinaria)Marts. XVIII, 309 ' obliteratus (Bulimus) Woll. .XVII, 177 | oblitterata (Achatina) Dautz. XVII, 13
oblonga (Burtoa) Marts XVI, 302
oblonga (Euglandina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 205 oblonga (Limicolaria) Marts. .XVI, 302
oblonga (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 205 |
oblonga (Streptostyla) Pfr. . .XIX, 159 [
oblonga (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 159
obovata (Perussacla) Pal. . . .XIX, 217 obsoleta (Limicolaria) Morel. XVI, 251 obsoleta (Spiraxis) Pfr. see Achatinel-
lldse. obsoletus (Bulimus) Morel. ...XVI, 251
obtusa (Achatina) Blanf XVIII, 2
obtusa (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 204
obtusa (Glandina) Pfr XIX, 204 |
obtusa (Glandina) Dep XIX, xxv
obtusa (Glessula) Blanf XX, 52
obtusata (Caecllioides) West. .. .XX, 31
obtusata (Cionella) West XX, 31
obtusata (Helix) Gmel XVII. 196
obtusatus (Clavator) Gmel. ..XVII, 196 obtusum (Bacillum) Blanf. . . .XVIII, 1 occidentalis (Achatina) Pils. .XVII, 23 occidentalis (Pseudosubulina) Pils.
XIX, 3 OCHRODEKMA Anc XVIII, 325
OCHRGDEHMELLA Pils XVIII, 327
octogyrum (Opeas) Pfr XVIII, 206
octogyrus (Bulimus) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 206 octona (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVIII, 73
octona (Helix) Gmel XX, 10
octona (Subulina) Brug. XVIII, 72, 222 octonoides (Bulimus) Ad. . .XVIII, 193 octonoides(Stenogyra)auct. XVIII, 193 octonula (Stenogyra) Weinl. XVIII, 195 octonus (Bulimus) Brug. .. .XVIII, 223
odiosum (Opeas) Pils XIX, 25
odioBus (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 25
Odontalus Parryss XIX, 290
oleacea (Achatina) Desh XIX, 137
oleacea (Oleacina) Desh XIX, 136
OLEACINA Bolt XIX, xvll, 127
OLEACINIDAE Gray I, 19 ; XIX, xil
oleata (Stenogyra) Marts. .. .XVII, 146 oligostropha( Achatina )Reuss. XIX.xxv
olivacea (Bocageia) Pils XVII, 189
olivacea (Glandina) Schum.
XIX, 128, 130
oliva (Glandina) Morel XIX, 145
olivea (Cochlicopa) Loc XIX, 318
Omphalostyla Schluet XVI, 246
onager (Periderls) Sh XVI, 231
onager (Pseudotrochus) Sh. . .XVI, 230
Oncoea Gistel XVII, 1
onychina (Glandina) Morel I, 23
opaca (Cochlicopa) Loc XIX, 318
opalescens (Leptinaria) Shuttl.
XVIII, 293
oparanum (Opeas) Pfr XVIII, 183
oparanus (Bulimus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 183 oparica (Opeas) Pfr., Sykes XVIII, 183
opeas (Homorus) Pils XVII, 151
OPEAS Albers XVIII, 122
opella (Opeas) P. & V XVIII, 186
oranensis (Ferussacia) Bgt. ..XIX, 247
Orbitina Risso XVII, 211
orci (Opeas) Eocene.
oreas (Achatina) Bens., Rve. ..XX, 80
oreas (Glessula) Bs., Rve XX, 80
orizabse (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 199
orizabae (Euglandina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 199 orizabensls (Pseudosubulina) Pils.
XIX, 7
Orizosoma Pils XIX, 163
ornata (Achatina) Pfr I, 32
ornata (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 181
ornata (Stenogyra) Morel. .. .XVIII, 99
ornata (Subulina) Morel XVIII, 99
orobia (Achatina) Bens XX, 97
orobia (Glessula) Bens XX, 96
orophila (Achatina) Rve XX, 79
orophila (Glessula) Rve XX, 79
orthoceras (Bacillum) G.-A. . .XVIII, 2
orthoceras (Glessula) XVIII, 2
orum (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 112
oryza (Achatina) Lowe XIX, 274
oryza (Bulimus) Brug. .XVIII. 189, 191
oryza (Ferussacia) Lwe XIX, 274
ORYZOSOMA Pilsbry XIX. 163
osculans (Achatina) Ad XIX, 70
osculans (Varicella) Ad XIX, 70
ottonis (Achatina) Pfr I, 25
ottonis (Oleacina) Pfr I, 25
ovampoensis (Caecilioides) M. & P.
XX, 3«
142
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
ovampoensls (Cionella) M. & P. XX, 36 ovata (Achatlna) Pfr., Tornatellinidae.
ovata (Cochllcopa) Jeffr XIX, 318
ovata (Curvella) Putz XVIII, 51
ovata (Glandina) Dall XIX, 192
ovata (Glandina) Mill.
XIX, xxiii ; XX, 113
ovatus (Hapalus) Putz XVIII, 51
oviformis (Limicolaria) Anc. .XVI, 279 ovuliformis (Ferussacia) Lwe. XIX, 280
ovuliformis (Helix) Lwe XIX, 281
ovulina (Oleacina) Mill XIX, xxii
ovum (Achatlna) Pfr XVII, 111
Oxycheilus Albers XVIII, 227
oxynter (Prosopeas) Bs XVIII, 28
Oxystrombus auct XVI, 219
Oxystyla XX, 118
pacensis (Glandina) Marts. . . .XIX, 45 pachycheila (Achatina) Bens. . .XX, 58 pachycheila (Glessula) Bens. .. .XX, 58 pachygastra(Cochlicopa)Stab. XIX.317 pachygyra (Stenogyra) Gredl. XVIII, 5
Pachyotus auct XVII, 171
pacbyspira(Leptinaria)Pils. XVIII, 305 pagoda (Prosopeas) Semp. . .XVIII, 18 pagoda (Stenogyra) Semp. .. .XVIII, 18 palrensis (Obeliscus) Higg. .XVIII, 255 pairensis (Rumina) Higg. . .XVIII, 255 paivffi (Bulimus) Lowe
XVII, 213 ; XX, 114 palvana (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVII, 17
paivana (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 136
paioense (Prosopeas) Bock. ..XVIII, 25 paloensis (Bulimus) Bock. .. .XVIII, 25 paladilhiana (Coilostele) Nev. XIX, 340 paladllhi (Ferussacia) Bgt. .. .XIX, 333 paladilhi (Glandina) Mich. ...XIX.xxv paladilhi (Hohenwartiana) Bgt.
XIX, 332
pallens (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 190
pallens (Glessula) Bedd XX, 74
pallescens (Achatlna) Dautz. XVII, 129
pallida (Achatina) Swalna XII, 168
pallida (Cochllcopa) Loc. . . .XIX, 318 pallida (Leptinaria) Ad. . . .XVIII, 294 pallida (Perlderiopsis) D. & P. XVI, 244 pallldior(Pseudotrochus)Pils. XVI, 229 pallidior(Streptostyla)C. & F. XIX, 159 pallidlstriga (Limicolaria) Marts.
XVI, 290
pallldula (Varicella) Pils XIX, 67
pallidus (Bulimus) Ad XVIII, 294
pallldus (Streptostylus) DaC. XIX, 151 palmer! (Streptostyla) Dall. ..XIX, 146
paludlnoides( Achatlna) Orb. XVIII, 296 paludinoides (Leptinaria) Orb.
XVIII, 295 paludinoides (Bulimus) Anton
XVIII, 296 paludosa (Limicolaria) Putz. .XVI, 270
palus (Stenogyra) Hde XVIII, 6
palustris (Achatina) Parr. . . .XIX, 227
panaetha (Achatina) Bens XX, 56
panamensis (Achatina) Miihlf.
XVIII, 224
panayense (Opeas) Pfr XVIII, 131
panayensis (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 132
panthera (Achatina) Fer XVII, 41
pantherina (Achatina) Nevill. XVII, 42 papyracea (Achatina) Pfr. . .XVII, 117
parabilis (Achatina) Bens XX, 55
parabilis (Glessula) Bens XX, 54
PARACHATINA Bgt XVII, 1, 5, 17
paradoxa (Cylindrella) Ar. .XVIII, 275 paradoxa (Spiraxis) Pfr. Carelia. paradoxus (Obeliscus) Ar. . .XVIII, 275 parallela (Glandina) Binn. . . .XIX, 192
parallelus (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 41
parana (Subulina) Pils XVIII, 225
parisiensis(Cylindrella)Dh. XVIII, 335 parisiensis (Distoechia) Dh. XVIII, 335
paritura (Achatina) Gld XX, 108
paritura (Glessula) Gld XX, 108
paroliniana ( Achatina) W. & B. XIX, 273 parolinianus (Bulimus) Orb. ..XIX, 274
PAEOPEAS Pils XVIII, 14
parthenia(Achatlna)M. & P. XVII, 100
parvula (Achatina) Chitty XIX, 19
parvulus (Spiraxis) Chitty. . . .XIX, 19 parvula (Spiraxis) Pfr.
XIX, 159 ; XX, 111 parvula (Streptostyla) Pfr.
XIX, 159; XX, 111
passargei (Achatina) Marts. ..XVII, 70 pattalus (Homorus) Pils. . . .XVII, 147 pattalus (Obeliscus) Pils. ..XVIII, 249
patzcuarense (Opeas) Pils XIX, 26
patzcuarensis (Spiraxis) Pils. .XIX, 26 paucispira (Subulina) Marts. XVIII, 95 paulucciana( Ferussacia) Poll. XIX, 251 paupercula (Achatina) Blanf. . .XX, 82 paupercula (Glessula) Blanf. .. .XX, 81
pauperculus (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 37
pauperculus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 37
pauper (Opeas) Dohrn XVIII, 142
pauper (Stenogyra) Dohrn. .XVIII, 142
paviel (Glessula) Morel XX, 100
pavonina (Achatina) Splx. . . .XII, 189
paxillus (Achatina) Rve XVII, 186
paxillus (Bocagela) Rve XVII, 186
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
143
pazensis (Achatina) Perez . . . .XIX, 45
pealei (Opeas) Tryon XVIII, 29
pealei (Prosopeas) Tryon XVIII, 29
pechaudi (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 256 pechaudi (Hohenwartiana) L. & B.
XIX, 334 pedemontana(Caecilioides)Poll. XX, 24
PEGEA Risso XIX, 239
peguensis (Achatina) Blf XX, 99
peguensis (Glessula) Blf XX, 99
PELATEINIA Pils XVIII, 287, 324
pellita (Stenogyra) Gredl. . .XVIII, 171
pellitum (Opeas) Gredl XVIII, 171
pellucens (Achatina) Ad XIX, 109
pellucens (Varicella) Ad XIX, 108
pellucida (Ganomidos) Ailly. XVII, 128 pellucidus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 206 pellucidum (Opeas) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 206
peneckei (Azeca) And XIX, 292
penestes (Achatina) M. & P. XVII, 100
pentheri (Achatina) Stur XVII, 81
perakensis (Rhodina) Morg. .XVIII, 13
perdix (Achatina) Lan XVII, 9
peregrinus (Bulimus) Pfr. . .XVIII, 258 peregrinus (Obellscus) Pfr. .XVIII, 258 perelongata (Pseudachatina) Rolle
XVI, 213
perfecta (Achatina) Morel. . . .XVII, 15 perforata (Curvella) Mlldff. .XVIII, 70 perforata (Leptlnaria) Pfr. XVIII, 302 perforata (Tornatellina) Pfr. XVIII, 302 perforatus (Hapalus) Mlldff. XVIII, 70 pergracilis (Subulina) Marts. XVIII, 91
PERIDBRIOPSIS Putz XVI, 241
Perideris Shuttl XVI, 219
perlucens (Glandina) Guppy ..XIX, 125 perlucens (Varicella) Guppy .XIX, 125
permlra (Spiraxis) Anc XVIII, 10
permlrus (Tortaxis) Anc XVIII, 10
perottetl (Achatina) Rve XX, 78
perplexa (Achatina) Ad XIX, 39
perplexa (Oleacina) Tryon,
I, 31 ; XIX, 39
perplexus (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 39
perpusilla (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 173
perpusllla (Salasiella) Pfr. .. .XIX, 173 perrleriana (Limicolaria) Bgt. XVI, 247 perrierianus (Subulina) Bgt. XVII, 137
PERBIERIA Tapp. Can XVIII, 36
perrottetl (Achatina) Pfr XX, 65
perrotteti (Glessula) Pfr XX, 65
perslanil (Clonella) Tib XIX, 328
perstrlatus (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 40
perstrlata (Subulina) Marts. XVIII, 89
pertenuls (Achatina) Blanf XX, 89
pertenuis (Glessula) Blanf XX, 89
pertica (Bulimus) Bs XVIII, 113
peruviana (Achatina) Lam. . . .XIX, 86 peruviana (Streptostyla) Pfr.
1,43; XIX, 86
peruviana (Varicella) Lam. . . .XIX, 85 perversa (Achatina) Swains. ..XII, 179
PETENIELLA Pils XIX, xxvl, 161
petersi (Achatina) Marts XVII, 62
pethericki (Burtoa) Bgt XVI, 301
pethionis (Glandina) Weinl. ..XIX, 134 pethionis (Oleacina) Weinl. . .XIX, 134
Petitia Jouss XVII, 72
petitia (Achatina) Jouss XVII, 73
petitia (Petitia) Jouss XVII, 73
petitiana (Achatina) Ben XX, 26
petitl (Achatina) Dh XIX, 195
petiti (Clavator) C. & F XVII, 200
petrensis (Achatina) Morel. ..XVIII, 78
PETRIOLA Ball XVII, 216
Pfaffla Behn XIX, 175
pfeifferi (Achatina) Dkr XVII, 24
pfeifferi (Cionella) Weinl. . . .XIX, 323
pfeiffieri (Homorus) Kob XVII, 24
pfeifferi (Rhodea) Crosse ...XVIII, 236
pfeifferi (Salasiella) Pils XIX, 173
1 pfeifferi (Spiraxis) Mke XVIII, 12
pfeifferi ( Streptostyla) C. & F. XIX, 148
, pfeifferi (Tortaxis) Mke XVIII, 12
phaea (Pseudoglessula) Putz. XVII, 163
, philippiana (Achatina) Ad XIX, 84
'•• philippiana (Varicella) Ad XIX, 84
phillppinensis (Caecilioides) Semp.
XX, 49
philippinensis (Cionella) Semp. XX, 49, philippinensis (Glessula) Cooke XX, 52 philippinica (Caecilioides) Moell. XX, 49 philipplnica (Curvella) Pils. .XVIII, 70 philippinica (Geostilbia) Moell. XX, 50
phillipsii (Achatina) Ad XIX, 99
phillipsii (Varicella) Ad XIX, 99
Phylacus West XIX, 239, 240
Physella Pfr 1, 19
physodes (Streptostyla) Shuttl.
XIX, 159
plchardi (Bulimus) Arango .. . .XIX, 55 pichardi (Varicella) Arango ...XIX, 55
PlCHARDIELLA FiSCh XIX, 50
picta (Achatina) Rve XII, 168
plleata (Stenogyra) Marts. .XVIII, 339 pileatus (Homorus) Marts. .XVIII, 338 pilosa (Stenogyra) Semp. . .XVIII, 179
pllosum (Opeas) Semp. XVIII, 179
pllsbryi ( Spiraxis) Anc XVIII, 11
pllsbryl (Tortaxis) Anc XVIII, 10
plnguls (Subulina) Marts. .. .XVIII, 88 plnicola (Glandina) F. & C I, 37
144
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
PINTOA Bgt XVII, 24
pintoi (Achatina) Bgt XVII, 63
PITTIERIA Martens XIX, 162
plttieri (Glandina) Marts. . . .XIX, 199 plttieri (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII, 308 pittieri (Ochroderma) Marts.
XVIII, 328 pittieri (Opeas) Martens . . .XVIII, 213
pittieri (Spiraxis) Marts XIX, 24
pittieri (Tornatellina) Marts. XVIII, 328 placostyloides(Clavator)Kob. XVII, 195 planogyra(Prosopeas)Mlldff. XVIII, 16 planospirus (Bulimus) Pfr. XVIII, 247 planospirus (Obeliscus) Pfr. XVIII, 247
planti (Achatina) Pfr XVI, 310
plant! (Metachatina) Pfr XVI, 309
plebeia (Stenogyra) Morel. .XVIII, 116 plebeium(Pseudopeas) Morel. XVIII, 116 pllcatella (Stenogyra) Guppy
XVIII, 207
plicatula (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 182
plicatula (Euglandina) Pfr. . .XIX, 182
plicatula (Streptostyla) Streb 1,47
plicatum (Opeas) Gldg XVIII, 204
plicatus (Bulimus) Guild. . .XVIII, 204 plicatus (Bulimulus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 204
PLICAXIS Sykes XVIII, 12
plicifera (Curvella) Blf XVIII, 63
plicifer (Bulimus) Blf XVIII, 63
podolica (Cionella) Lorn XIX, 311
poeyana (Achatina) Pfr XII, 166
poeyana (Oleacina) Pfr I, 25
poeyanus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 45
poeyanus ( Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 45
poiretl (Aehatina) Rossm. . . .XIX, 169
POIBETIA Fischer XIX, xx, 164
poiretl (Helix) Per XIX, 166
politum (Carychium) Jeffr. . .XIX, 295
politus (Bulimus) Parr XIX, 300
pollonerse (Caecilioides) Gatto .XX, 29 pollonerae (Ferussacia) Sacco XIX, 217 polonica (Csecilianella) Lomn. .. .XX, 5 polychroa (Achatina) Morel. ..XVII, 26 polygyratus (Bulimus) Rve. XVIII, 113 polygyratus (Zootecus) Rve. XVIII, 113 polyodon (Ferussacia) L. & B. XIX, 250
Polyphemus Montf XIX, 127
Porphyrobaphe XX, 115
porphyrostoma (Achatina) Shuttl.
XVII, 115
porrecta (Achatina) Gob. . . .XIX, xxlv porrecta (Subulina) Marts. .XVIII, 226 portoricensis (Achatina) Pfr. XIX, 122 portoricensls (Varicella) Pfr. XIX, 122 potoslana (Euglandina) Pils. .XIX, 206 potosiana (Streptostyla) Dall. XIX, 146
poupillieri (Caecilioides) Serv. XX, 18 praclustris (Stenogyra) Nev. . . .XX, 68 prseclara (Caecilioides) West. . .XX, 34
prselustris (Achatina) Bs XX, 68
praelustris (Glessula) Bs XX, 68
praetexta(Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 261
prestoni (Opeas) Sykes XVIII, 134
prestoni(Pseudoglessula)Sm. XVII, 167 preussi (Pseudachatina) Kob. XVI, 213 princeps (Obeliscus) Pils. . .XVIII, 261 problematica (Pseudosubulina) Pils.
XIX, 10
procera (Achatina) Ad XIX, 80
procera (Varicella) Ad XIX, 80
procerula (Ferussacia) Mor. ..XIX, 243 procerula (Glandina) Mor. . . .XIX, 243
Proceruliana Bgt XIX, 239
procerus (Bulimus) C. B. Ad. .XIX, 33 procerus (Spiraxis) C. B. Ad. .XIX, 33 producta (Achatina) Lowe . . .XIX, 221 producta (Achatina) Lwe
XIX, 275 ; XX, 114 producta (Achatina) Reuss.
XIX, xxiv ; XX, 114 producta (Ferussaeia) Lwe. ..XIX, 275 proechia (Ferussacia) Bgt. .. .XIX, 228 PROMOUSSONIUS Pils. ..XVIII, 228, 230 pronyense (Opeas) Gass. ...XVIII, 177 pronyensis (Bulimus) Gass. XVIII, 178
propinqua (Achatina) Ad XIX, 74
propinqua (Subulina) Beck. XVIII, 221
propinqua (Varicella) Ad XIX, 74
PROSOPEAS Morch XVIII, 14
Protobeliscus Pils XVIII, 243, 251
proxima (Achatina) Ad XIX, 76
proxima (Varicella) Ad XIX, 76
prulnosum (Opeas) Mlldff. .XVIII, 181
prunum (Achat ^ ~>ve XVII, 119
psathyrolena (Az-.-ca) Bgt. . . .XIX, 305
PSEUDACHATINA Albers XVI, 205
Pseuda/eca Pfr XIX, 239
pseudoalgira(Glandina) Sacco XIX, xxv pseudoalgira (Poiretia) Sacco
XIX, xxv, 166 PSEDDOBALEA Shuttlw. XVIII, 243, 271
PSEUDOGLESSULA Bttg XVII, 156
pseudopsis (Lovea) Woll XIX, 281
PSEDDOPEAS Putzeys .. .XVIII, 114, 216 Pseudostreptostyla, Nevlll ..XIX, 218 PSEUDOSUBULINA Streb XIX, 1
PSEUDOTROCHUS Ads.
XVI, 219; XVII, x pseudoturrls (Glandina) Streb. . . .1, 35
psilia (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 329
psllla (Hohenwartiana) Bgt. .XIX, 329 pseudoreas (Stenogyra) Nev. . . .XX, 80
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
145
pseudoreas (Glessula) Nev XX, 80
ptychoraphe (Glandina) W. & M.
XIX, 117 ptychoraphe (Varicella) W. & M.
XIX, 117
puella (Achatina) Ad XIX, 77
puella (Varicella) Ad XIX, 77
pulchella (Achatina) Marts. XVI, 73, 74
pulchella (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 173
pulchella (Achatina) Spix XII, 136 ;
pulchella (Bulirnus) Moq XIX, 2L>1
pulchella (Cionella) Hartm. ..XIX, 322 pulchella (Ferussacia) Moq. . .XIX, 221 •
pulchella (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 173
pulchella (Salasiella) Pfr. . . .XIX, 173 pulchellum (Pseudopeas) Putz.
XVIII, 118 pulcherrima (Glandina) Streb. XIX, 208
pulla (Glessula) Blanf XX, 81
pullus (Bulimus) Gray XVIII, 110 :
pullus (Zootecus) Gray XVIII, 110
pumila (Azeca) Slavic XIX, 292
pumilus (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 202
punctogallana (Achatina) Pfr. ..XX, 56 ' punctogallana (Glessula) Pfr. . .XX, 56
punica (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 250 i
pupaeformis (Azeca) Cantr. . .XIX, 298 pupaeformis (Bulimus) Cantr. XIX, 299 pupseformis(Subulina)Beck. XVIII, 221 pupoides (Bulimus) Anton ..XVIII, 285 purcelli (Euonyma) M. & P. .XVIII, 42 j purcelli (Suhulina) M. & P. ..XVIII, 43 purpurascens(Achatina)Fisch. XX,113 ' purpurascens(Bu!imus)Brug. XVII, 114 i purpurea (Archachatina) Gmel.
XVII, 114; XX, 113 i purpurea(Achatlna)Rve. XVII, 113, 116
purpurea (Bulla) Gmel XVII, 114
purpurea (Helix) Fe> XVII, 114 j
pusilla (Achatina) Pfr. Auriculidae?
pusilla (Achatina) Scac XX, 10 i
pusilla (Curvella) Blf XVIII, 64 ;
pusilla (Glessula) Bedd XX, 84 :
pusilla (Helix) Scacchi XIX, 328 '
pusilla (Rumina) H. Ad. . . .XVIII. 257
pusilla (Spiraxis) Blf XVIII, 04 i
pusilla (Stenogyra) Morel. ..XVIII, 119 i puslllum(Pseudopeas)Morel. XVIII, 119 , pusillus (Obeliscus) H. Ad. .XVIII, 257
puta (Curvella) Bs XVIII, 63
putus (Bulimus) Bs XVIII, 64
pygmsea (Achatina) Pfr XX, 40
pyramidalis(Limlcolaria)Bgt. XVI, 278 pyramidalis (Stenogyra) Morel.
XVIII, 98 pyramidalls(Subulina)Morel. XVIII, 98
pyramidata (Glandina) Paul. XIX, 167 pyramidata (Pseudachatina) Kob.
XVI, 210 pyramidella (Achatina) Marts.
XVII, 154 pyramidella (Homorus) Marts.
XVII, 153
pyramis (Achatina) Bs XX, 93
pyramis (Glessula) Bs XX, 92
PYKGELLA Lowe XIX. 279
PYRGINA Greef XVIII, 330, 334
pyrgiscus (Bulimus) Pfr.
XVIII, 184, 185 pyrgula (Opeas) Schm. & Bttg.
XVIII, 173
pyrrha (Limicolaria) Alb XVI, 298
pyrrhus (Bulimus) Alb XVI, 298
pyrum (Helix) Gmel XVII, 122
Py thia Oken X VI, 246
Q
quadras! (Curvella) Mlldff. . .XVIII, 69 quadras! (Hapalus) Mlldff. ..XVIII, 69 quadrasi (Prosopeas) Hid. . .XVIII, 18 quadrasi (Stenogyra) Hid. .. .XVIII, 18
quagga (Ampulla) Bolt XVII, 86
qulrozl (Streptostyla) Streb.
I, 44 ; XIX, 146
R rabaudi (Limicolaria) Bgt. . .XVI, 24T
raddei (Caecilioides) Bttg XX, 31
raddei (Cochllcopa) Bttg XX, 32
raffrayi (Achatina) Jouss XVII, 75
ragazzii (Homorus) Poll XVII, 132
ramentosa(Columna)Coop. XI, 153, 154
ramentosa (Rhodea) Coop XI, 154
randabeli (Achatina) Bgt XVII, 69
randalli (Spiraxis) Newb XIX, 13
rangiana (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 271 rangianus (Obeliscus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 271
raphidea (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 20
raphidia (Coelestele) Bgt XIX, 345
rarum (Opeas) Miller, XVIII, 208-
RAVENIA Crosse XIX, 19
reclsa (Stenogyra) Morel. . .XVIII, 144
recisum (Opeas) Morel XVIII, 144
rectistrlgata (Limicolaria) Sm. XVI, 293
RECTOLEACINA Pils XIX, 142
rectus (Bulimus) Pfr XIX, 29
rectus (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 29
redfieldi (Curvella) Pils XVIII, 49
rediviva (Achatina) Mab XVII, 57
reeveana (Achatina) Pfr XVI, 226
reeveanus(P8eudotrochuB)Pfr. XVI.226
146
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
XVII, 34
---- XX, 35
.XVIII, 103
.XVIII, 104
XVI, 247
XVI, 301
regina (Achatlna) Pfr ........ XII, 181
regulare (Opeas) Pfr ....... XVIII, 192
regularis (Bulimus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 189
regularis (Ferussacla) Bgt. .. .XIX, 222
reissi (Cionella) Mss ........ XIX, 229
reissi (Ferussacla) Mss ...... XIX, 229
retifera (Stenogyra) Marts. ..XVII, 164
reticulata (Achatina) Pfr
retterl (Caecilioides) Rosen
retterl (Obeliscella) Rosen
retteri (Stenogyra) Rosen .
revoili (Llmicolarla) Bgt
reymondl (Bulimus) Bgt
reymondi (Burtoa) Bgt ....... XVI, 301
rhabdota (Achatlna) M. & P. .XVII, 91 rhabdus (Splraxis) Plls ....... XIX, 27
RHAPHIDIELLA Maltz ........ XX, 6, 18
rhoadsse (Opeas) Plls ......... XIX, 26
rhoadsse (Splraxis) Pils ....... XIX, 26
rhoadsi (Glandlna) Plls ...... XIX, 192
RHODBA Adams, ........... XVIII, 234
Rhodlna de Morgan ........ XVIII, 12
rhodinaeforme (Prosopeas) Mlldff.
XVIII, 17
rhodostoma (Achatlna) Phil. XVII, 115 RHYTIDIDAH Plls ............. XIX, xl
rlbelrol (Caecilioides) Serv ..... XX, 17
rlchardl (Achatlna) Pfr ....... XIX, 86
richardl (Varicella) Pfr. I, 43 ; XIX, 86 rlchil (Bulimus) Lam ........ XVI, 232
RIEBECKIA Martens ........ XVII, 204
rllsel (Achatlna) Pfr ........ XIX, 122
rillyensls (Achatlna) Boissy, type of
Scalaxls. riparius (Bulimus) Pfr ..... XVIII, 253
rlparlus (Obeliscus) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 253
rlsso (Achatlna) Dh ......... XIX, 220
ritchlel (Leptlnaria) Plls. . .XVIII, 304 rlzzeana (Achatlna) Ben ....... XX, 25
robertsl (Leptinaria) Plls. ..XVIII, 298 robusta(Pseudosubulina) Marts. XIX, 4 rochebrunl (Llmlcolaria) Bgt. XVI, 247 rodatzl (Achatlna) Dkr ...... XVII, 60
roepstorfl (Bulimus) Mch. .. .XVIII, 27
roepstorfi (Prosopeas) Mch. ..XVIII, 27 rohlfsl (Llmicolarla) Marts. ..XVI, 288 romblonlcum (Prosopeas) Mlldff.
XVIII, 18 roperl (Varicella) Plls ........ XIX, 78
rosea (Euglandina) F6r. ..XIX, 191, xli rosea (Glandina) auct ........ XIX, 195
rosea (Helix) Fer ........... XIX, 191
roseus (Obeliscus) Hutt. See Pyrami-
dellldae. roulsiana (Polretla) Pila ...... XX, 113
rothl (Calaxls) Bgt .......... XIX, 286
rothi (Ferussacla) Bgt XIX, 288
rubella (Glandlna) Morel XIX, 210
rubicunda (Llmicolarla) Sh. . .XVI, 267 rubicundulus (Bulimus) Gld. .XVI, 239 rubicundulus (Pseudotrochus) Gld.
XVI, 239
rugata (Glessula) Blanf XX, 86
rugosa (Achatina) Putz XVII, 30
rugulosa (Glandina) Sandb. .XIX, xxiv
RUMINA Risso XVII, 211
runssorina (Glessula) Marts. . .XX, 104 ruppelliana (Limicolarla) Pfr. XVI, 275 ruppellianus (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVI, 275 rurlcola (Achatlna) Lowe . . . .XIX, 222 rurlcola (Ferussacia) Lowe . .XIX, 222
sabatlerl (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 277
sabatieri (Limlcolaria) Pfr. . .XVI, 277
saccata (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 180
saccata (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 180
saharlca (Rumina) Deb XVII, 213
sallaei (Streptostyla) Marts. ..XIX, 145
SALASIELLA Strebel XIX, 170, xxv
salleana (Achatina) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 300 salleana (Leptinaria) Pfr. ..XVIII, 300 salleanus (Bulimus) Rve. .. .XVIII, 270 salleanus (Obeliscus) Rve. ..XVIII, 269 sallei (Streptostyla) C. & F.
1,44; XIX, 145
salvlnl (Pseudosubulina) Marts. XIX, 6 sanctithomensls( Varicella) Pils. XIX.57 sandbergerl(Achatlna)Thom. XIX, xxlv sandwicensis (Achatina) Pfr. See
Achatinellidse.
sandwlchensis (Splraxls) Pfr. .XIX, 13 santanense (Opeas) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 204 santanensis (Bulimus) Pfr. .XVIII, 204 sargi (Pseudosubulina) C. & F. . . .1, 50
sargl (Streptostyla) C. & F 1,49
sargl (Subullna) C. & F I, 50
1 sarissa (Achatina) Bens XX, 93
sarlssa (Euonyma) Plls XVIII, 44
sarissa (Glessula) Bens XX, 93
satsumense (Opeas) Pils. .. .XVIII, 172
sattaraensls (Achatina) H. & T. XX, 83
! sattaraensis (Glessula) H. & T. XX, 82
saturata (Glandina) Gundl I, 24
j saturata (Llmlcolaria) Sm. .. .XVI, 286
saturata (Oleacina) Gundl I, 24
; saulcydi (Achatina) Joan XVI, 238
i saulcydi (Pseudotrochus) Joan. XVI, 235
! saulcyi (Ferussacla) Bgt XIX, 287
: saulcyi (Calaxis) Bgt XIX, 287
saxatlle(Pseudopeas) Morel. XVIII, 115 ; saxatllis (Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 116
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
147
sayea (Ferussacia) Risso XIX, 218
sayulana (Glaudina) Marts. ..XIX, 200 scsevola (Achatina) M. & P. . .XVII, 98 ecalarioides (Achatina) Nev. ..XVII, 57
scalare (Opeas) Desh XIX, 349
ecalarlna (Varicella) Gundl. ...XIX, 59 scalarlnus (Bulimus) Gundl. . .XIX, 59
scalaris (Bulimus) Desh XIX, 350
scalaris (Coilostele) Bs XIX, 339
scalarls (Curvella) Q. & M. ..XVIII, 69 scalaris (Hapalus) Q. & M. . .XVIII, 70 scalarlopsis (Bulimus) Morel. .XIX, 21 scalariopsis (Spiraxls) Morel. .XIX, 21 scalariforme (Pseudopeas) Putz.
XVIII, 118
scalella (Spiraxls) Marts XIX, 22
scaptobia (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 267 ecaturigium (Physa) Drap. .. .XIX, 220 sceptrum (Obeliscus) Beck.
XVII, 193 ; XVIII, 240 schenckl (Achatina) Marts. .. .XVII, 96 schensiense (Opeas) Stur. . .XVIII, 163 schinziana (Achatina) Mss. .. .XVII, 16 schnelderi( Strep tosty la )Streb. XIX.150 schwelnfurthi (Achatina) Marts.
XVII, 61
schwelnfurthi (Burtoa) Marts. XVI, 300 schweinfurthl (Llmicolaria) Marts.
XVI, 301
Bciaphlla (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 262 scrobiculata (Curvella) Blf. ..XVIII, 64 scroblculatus (Bulimus) Blanf.
XVIII, 65
serutillus (Achatina) Bs XX, 81
scrutlllus (Glessula) Bs XX, 81
sculpturata(Limicolaria)Anc. XVI, 297
seabrai (Subulina) Nobre XVIII, 84
sebasmla (Burtoa) Bgt XVI, 305
Selaniella Anc XIX, 170
Selaslella Streb., Tryon XIX, 170
sellovli (Achatina) King . . .XVIII, 244 semldecussata( Achatina) Mke. XVII, 80 eemigranosa (Achatina) Pfr. ..XVII, 80 semisculpta (Achatina) Pfr. . .XVII, 15
semlstriata ^ Glandina) Morel I, 25
semlstrlatum( Opeas) Morel. XVIII, 212 semistrlatus (Bulimus) Morel.
XVIII, 212
semlsulcata (Achatina) Desh. XIX, 210 eemisulcata (Euglandlna) Pfr.
I, 33 ; XIX, 210
semltarum (Helix) Rang XIX, 124
semitarum (Varicella) Rang. .XIX, 124 semper! (Opeas) Hidalgo . . .XVIII, 178 semperl (Stenogyra) Hid. . .XVIII, 179 senaarensls (Llmleolarla) Marts.
XVI, 282
senaarica (Llmlcolaria) Bgt. .XVI, 282
senator (Achatina) Hani XX, 71
senator (Glessula) Hani XX, 70
senensis (Glandlna) Stef XIX, xxv
sennaariensls( Achatina) Pfr. XVIII, 85 sennaariensis (Bulimus) Parr. XVI, 282 sennaariensis (Subulina) Pfr. XVIII, 85 septenarlus (Bulimus) Brug. XVIII, 244 sepulchralls(Limicolaria)Bgt. XVI, 294
serena (Achatina) Bens . .XX, 59
serena (Glessula) Bens XX, 59
serlcata (? Subulina) Beck. .XVIII, 221 sericina (Glandina) Jonas. . . .XX. 110
sericina (Glessula) Jonas XX, 110
SERPAEA Bgt XVII, 1, 21
serpentina (Achatina) Beck.
XVII, 71, 216
servalni (Ccelestele) Bgt XIX, 344
servaini (Subulina) Mab XVIII, 12
servalni (Tortaxis) Mab XVIII, 12
setchuanense (Opeas) Hde. .XVIII, 169
shlplayl (Achatina) Pfr XX, 62
sblplayi (Glessula) Pfr XX, 61
shrencki (Achatina) Gude. . . .XVII, 97 shuttleworthi( Achatina) Pfr. XVII, 127 : shuttleworthl (Limicolaria) Allly.
XVI, 268 i shuttleworthi (Streptostyla) Pfr. .1,44
; sicilis (Glandina) Morel I, 26
sicula (Glandina) Bgt XIX, 166
siderata (Achatina) Rve XVII, 117
SIGMATAXIS Pils XIX, 31
sikkimensis (Bulimus) Rve. ..XVIII, 67 sikklmensis (Curvella) Rve. .XVIII, 66
silllmani (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 224
i silvlcola (Cionella) West XIX, 304
1 silvlcola (Subullna) Marts. . .XVII, 141
| silvicula ( Azeca) Ben XIX, 304
| similaris (Varicella) Pils.
XIX, 106; XX, 111 similaris (Spiraxls) Streb. 1,51; XIX.23
similaris (Volutaxis) Streb I, 51
slmills (Achatina) Ad.
XIX, 105; XX, 111 slmills (Achatina) Bolssy. Scalaxls
XX, 111 ! slmllls (Streptostyla) Streb.
1,45; XIX, 146
I slmills (Varicella) Ad XIX, 104
j simoni (Glessula) Jouss XX, 61
[ simoni (Synopeas) Jouss. .. .XVIII, 191
simplex (Achatina) Sm XVII, 98
simplex (Glandina) Streb XIX, 197
simplex (Leptinaria) Guppy XVIII, 301 simplex (Spiraxis) Guppy . .XVIII, 301 j simplex (Stenogyra) Morel. ..XVIII, 97 simplex (Subulina) Morel. .. .XVIII, 97
148
INDEX. VOLS. XVI-XX.
simpsoni (Leptinaria) Anc. .XVIII, 314
simpsoni (Notlius) Anc XVIII, 314
simpsoni (Oleacina) Pils XIX, 133
simpsoni (Obeliscus) Pils. . .XVIII, 267 simpularia( Achatina) Morel. XVII, 190 simpularia (Bocageia) Morel. XVII, 190 sinensis (Cochlicopa) Hde. ...XIX, 326
sinensis (Zua) Hde XIX, 326
singhurensis (Glessula) Blf. . XX, 76 j singleyana (Glandina) Binn. .XIX, 189 singnlaris(Tornaxis)Marts. XVIII, 219 Sinatra (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII, 3.1.1 sinistrorsa (Achatina) Grat. .XVII, 57 sinistrorsa (Achatina) Pfr. ..XVII, 108 sinistrorsa(Cochlicopa)Goldf. XIX, 319 sinulabris (Curvella) Marts. .XVIII, 53 sinulabris( Stenogyra) Marts. XVIII, 53 sinuosa (Curvella) M. &. P. .XVIII, 61 Sira Schmidt ..XVII, 211; XVIII, 223 sjostedti (Pseudoglessula) Ailly.
XVII, 165
sloauenana (Varicella) Pils. ..XX, 111 smithiana (Oleacina) Pfr. . . .XIX, 133
smithii (Achatina) Crav XVII, 91
smithi (Achatina) Sowb XVII, 73
smithi (Limicolaria) Pils XVI, 283
socotorana (Stenogyra) Marts.
XVII, 207
sodeni (Pseudachatina) Kob. .XVI, 209 sokotorana( Achatina) Marts. XVII, 205 sokotorana(Riebeckia) Marts. XVII, 205 soleilleti (Bulimus) Bgt. . . .XVIII, 108
soleilleti (Caecilioides) Bgt XX, 36
soleilleti (Limicolaria) Bgt. . .XVI, 272
solida (Achatina) Say XII, 168
solida (Leptinaria) Marts. ..XVIII, 318 solida (Limicolaria) Marts. . .XVI, 296 solidiuseula (Subulina) Sm. .XVII, 142
solidula (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 141
solidula (Oleacina) Pfr XIX, 140
solimanus (Bulimus) Morel. . .XVI, 223 solimanus (Pseudotrochus) Morel.
XVI, 223
solitaria (Achatina) Ad XIX. 104
solitarla (Varicella) Ad XIX, 104
sololensis (Streptostyla) C. & F. ..1,46 solumna (Cochlicopa) Babor. .XIX, 314 soluta (Leptinaria) Beck. . .XVIII, 285 sordlda (Achatina) King. ...XVIII, 244 sorgum (Leptinaria) Beck. .XVIII, 285
soror (Opeas) Smith XVIII, 177
soror (Subulina) Smith XVIII, 177
souverbianus (Bulimus) Gass.
XVIII, 129
souverblei( Stenogyra) Gass. XVIII, 129 sowerbyana (Achatina) Pfr. .XIX, 186
sowerbyana(Euglandina)Pfr. XIX, 186 sowerbyana (Stenogyra) Morel.
XVII, 145
sowerbyi (Achatina) Smith ...XVII, 73 spadaforensis (Caecilianella) Ben.
XX, 27
Spartina H. & B XVIII, 335
speciosa (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 210
speciosa (Euglandina) Pfr. ...XIX, 210
speciosus (Bulimus) Parr XVI, 254
spectralis (Bulimus) Rve XVI, 249
spectralis (Limicolaria) Rve. .XVI, 249 specularis (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 74 spekeaua (Limicolaria) Mts. .XVI, 283
spekei (Achatina) Dohrn XVII, 68
spekiana (Limicolaria) Grand. XVI, 283
Sphalerostoma Girard XVIII, 336
spinula (Opeas) Morel XVIII, 155
spinula (Stenogyra) Morel. XVIII, 156
spiculum (Achatiua) Bens XX, 6
spiculum (Csecilioides) Bens XX, 6
spina (Varicella) Pils XIX, 111
Spiraxis auct XVIII, 5
SPIRAXIS C. B. Ad XIX, 11, 14
Spiraxis Newberry XIX, 11
Spirobulla Anc I, 19
splendens (Achatina) Brn. . . .XIX, 311 splendens (Csecilianella) Ben. . .XX, 28 splendens (Cochlicopa) Brn. ..XIX, 311 splendens (Ferussacia) Bgt. . .XIX, 240 splendida (Achatina) Ant., Tornatel-
linidse. splendida (Archachatina) Pils. XVII, 116
sp'.endidula (Pupa) Costa XIX, 220
spoliata (Stenogyra) Hde. . .XVIII, 167
spollatum (Opeas) Hde XVIII, 167
STENOGYRA Shuttl. XVIII, 240, 243, 258 STEMOGYRINAE Pils.
XVIII, vil; XVII, xvl stenophya (Cionella) Westerl. XIX, 230 stenophya (Ferussacia) Westerl.
XIX, 230
stenostoma (Coelestele) Jouss. XIX, 341 stenostoma (Ferussacia) Bgt. XIX, 249 stenostoma (Stenogyra) Smith
XVIII, 148
stenostomum (Opeas) Smith XVIII, 147 stephanlana lAchatina) Ben. ...XX, 27 stephaniana (Caecilioides) Ben. XX, 20 stewartl (Achatina) Green. See Acba-
tinellidae.
stigmatica (Achatina) Shuttl. XIX, 210 stigmatlca (Euglandina) Shuttl.
XIX, 210
Stobilus Ads XIX, 239
stolli (Leptinaria) Marts. ..XVIII, 320
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
149
.XVIII, 62
XIX, ixs .XIX, 138
; XIX, 188
stolli (Subulina) Marts XVIII, 226
straminea (Achatina) Dh XIX, 139
straminea (Curvella) Burn, straminea (Euglandiua) Try. straminea (Oleacina) Dh. .. straminea (Oleacina) Try.
1,36
STKEBELIA C. & P. . . .1, 22 ; XIX, xxvii strebeliana(Leptinaria)Pils. XVIII.313
strebeli (Glandina) Ang XIX. 100
strebeli Marts XVIII, 223, 224
strebeli (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 27
STHEFTAXIDAE Gray XIX, x
streptosteloides (Opeas) Marts.
XVIII, 148
STREPTOSTYLA Shuttl. . .XIX, xxvi, 144 streptostyla ( Streptostyla) Pf r. XIX, 148
STEEPTOSTYLELLA Pils XIX, 161
striatapex (Varicella) Pils. . . .XIX, 67
striata (Achatina) Lea XVIII, 77
striata (Euglandina) Miill. .. .XIX, 176
striata (Glandina) Miill 1,32
striata (Leptospira) Swains. XVII, 1!>7
striata (Subulina) Lea XVIII, 77
striatella (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 30
striatella (Helix) Rang XVIII
striatella (Subulina) Rang. . .XVIII
striatella (Varicella) Pils XIX, 95
striatissa(Stenogyra)Gredl. XVIII, 138 striatissima (Stenogyra) Gredl.
XVIII, 36, 138 striatissimum (Prosopeas) Gredl.
XVIII, 35
striatocostatus (Bulimus) Orb. XIX, 56 striatula (Limicolaria) Miill. .XVI, 248 striatulum (Buccinum) Miill. .XVI, 248 striatum (Buccinum) Miill. .. .XIX, 176 striatus (Polyphemus) " Montf "
XIX, 166
strictus (Bulimus) Poey XVIII, 262
strictus (Obeliscus) Poey .. .XVIII, 262 strigata (Achatina) King .. .XVIII strigata (Limicolaria) Miill. ..XVI strigatella (Achatina) Rve. ..XVII
76 75
244 258 161
strlgatum (Buccinum) Miill. ..XVI, 259 strigilis (Opeas) M. & P. . . .XVIII, 150 strigilis (Subulina) M. & P. XVIII, 150 strigosa (Achatina) Morel. . .XVII, 161 strigosa (Glandina) Marts. .. .XIX, 176 strigosa (Pseudoglessula) Morel.
XVII, 161
striolata (Opeas) Pse XVIII, 140
striolata (Stenogyra) Pse. ..XVIII. 184
striosa (Achatina) Ad XVIII, 297
striosa (Leptinaria) Ad XVIII, 296
struthiolaris (Bulimus) Mke.
X, 103 ; XVII, 175
stubeli (Glandina) Marts XIX, 179
studleyi (Achatina) M. & P. . .XVII, 14 stuhlmanni (Achatina) Marts. XVII, 68 stuhlmanni(Caecilioides)Marts. XX, 48 stuhlmanni (Geostilbia) Marts. XX, 49 stuhlmanni (Limicolaria) Marts.
XVI, 282
Stylifer XVI, 71
stylodon (Leptinaria) Shuttl.
XVIII, 292
Styloides Fitz XIX, 309 ; XX, 9
stylus (Obeliscus) Beck. . . .XVIII, 240 suaveolans (Stenogyra) .Tick. XVII, 136 subamblya (Ferussacia) Nev. XIX, 226 subangulata (Subulina) Putz. XVIII, 84
subbrevis (Glessula) Nev XX, 79
subcallosa (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 161
subcallosa (Streptostyla) Pfr. XIX, 160 subcarinif era ( Stenogyra ) Sm. XVII, 169 subcarnea (Ferussacia) Poll. .XIX, 252 subconica (Limicolaria) Marts. XVI, 264 subcrenata (Achatina) Greet XVII, 187 subcrenatus(Homorus)Bttg. XVII, 152 subcrenata (Pseudoglessula) Bttg.
XVII, 152
subcrenata (Subulina) Marts. XVIII, 90 subcrenulata (Achatina) Crosse
XVII, 187 subcrenulatum (Opeas) Mlldff.
XVIII. 181
subcylindrica (Cionella) auct. XIX, 313 subcylindrica (Cryptazeca) Folin
XIX, 284 subcylindrica (Ferussacia) auct.
XIX, 313
subcylindrica(Salasiella)Pils. XIX, 174 subcylindricoides (Cochlicopa) Pal.
XIX, 311 subcylindricoides (Ferussacia) Pal.
XIX, 311
subdeshayesiana (Glessula) Nev. XX, 80 subdiaphana (Pupa) King. ..XVIII, 109 subdiaphanus (Zootecus) King.
XVIII, 109 subemarginata (Achatina) Dh.
XVIII, 229
subfilosa (Glessula) Bedd XX, 86
subfolliculus( Ferussacia) Nev. XIX, 226 subforbesi (Ferussacia) Nev. .XIX, 226 subfusiformis (Achatina) Blf. . .XX, 94 subfusiformis (Glessula) Blf. ...XX, 94 subgracilenta (Ferussacia) Bgt.
XIX, 257
subinornata (Glessula) Bedd. .. .XX, 73
subjerdoni (Glessula) Bedd XX, 83
submajor (Lovea) Woll XIX, 239
150
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
subobtusatus (Bulimus) C. & F.
XVII, 197 subobtusatus (Clavator) C. & F.
XVII, 197
subovale (Opeas) Marts XVIII, 197
subperotteti (Glessula) Bedd. ...XX, 71 subplicata(Cochlicopa)Sowb. XVII, 179 subplicatus (Chilonopsis) Sowb.
XVII, 178
eubrlmata (Achatina) Reuss. .XIX, 311 subrimata(Cochlicopa)Reuss. XIX, 311 subsaccata (Ferussacia) Anc. XIX, 245 subsaxana (Caecilioides) Bgt. . .XX, 31
subserena (Glessula) Bedd XX, 75
substrigata(Limicolaria)Kob. XVI, 252 subspiralis (Bulimus) Woll. .XVII, 176 subsulcosa (Acbatina) Thorn. XIX, xxv subsuturalis (Archachatina) Plls.
XVII, 111
subtilis (Achatina) Shuttl. . .XIX, 120 subtruncatus(Bulimulus)Sm. XVII, 180 subtruncatus (Chilonopsis) Sm.
XVII, 180
subula (Achatina) Pfr XVIII, 199
subula (Achatina) Lowe XIX, 277
subula (Bulimus) C. B. Ad. . . .XIX, 33 subula (Ferussacia) Lowe .. . .XIX, 277
subula (Opeas) Pfr XVIII, 127
subnlata (Achatina) Pfr. , I, 24
subulata (Glandina) Weinl. . .XIX, 135 subulata (Oleacina) Pfr.
I, 24 ; XIX, 141
eubulata (Opeas) " Pfr." . . .XVIII, 127 subulatoides (Achatina) Orb. XIX, 113 subulatoides (Varicella) Orb. .XIX, 112 subulatus (Stenogyra) Jick. .XVII, 136 subuliformis (Helix) Moric. XVIII, 251 subuliformis (Obeliscus) Moric.
XVIII, 251
SUBULINA Beck XVIII, 71, 220
SUBDLONA Marts XVII, 138
subvaricifera (Pseudoglessula) Marts.
XVII, 169
subvaricosa (Glandina) Alb. ..XIX, 177 subvaricosa (Obeliscella) Marts.
XVIII, 103
subvaricosum ( Opeas) Marts. XVIII, 103 subviridescens( Bulimus) Sm. XVIII, 53 subviridescens(Curvella)Sm. XVIII, 53 subviridula (Cochlicopa) Bgt. XIX, 317 succinea (Curvella) Burn. .. .XVIII, 62 succlnea (Subulina) Gundl. ...XIX, 115 succinea (Varicella) Gundl. . .XIX, 115 euccinealis (Leptinaria) Beck.
XVIII, 285 suffusus (Bulimus) Rve XVI, 249
sulcata (Achatina) Gray XVIII, 81
sulcata (Chilonopsis) F. de W.,
XVII, 175, 177
sulcata (Curvella) Chap XVIII, 48
sulcifera (Glandina) Marts. ..XIX, 201 sulciferus (Bulimus) Morel.
1,51; XIX, 21 sulciferus (Spiraxis) Morel.
1,51 ; XIX, 21
sulculosa (Glandina) Shuttl. .XIX, 122 sulculosa (Varicella) Shuttl. .XIX, 121 sultana (Achatina) Swains. . .XII, 189 sumatrana (Ciouella) Marts. . .XX, 102 sumatrana (Glessula) Marts. ..XX, 102 sumichrasti (Streptostyla) Anc.
XIX, 151, 211 sumichrasti (Streptostyla) C. & F.
XIX, 211
superba (Stenogyra) Mlldff. ..XVIII, 6 superbus (Tortaxis) Mlldff. .. .XVIII, 6 suturale (Prosopeas) Mlldff. .XVIII, 15 suturalis (Achatina) Phil. .. .XVII, 111
suturalis (Bulimus) Pfr XVI, 224
suturalis (Curvella) Marts. . .XVIII, 54 suturalis (Hapalus) Marts. ..XVIII, 54 suturalis (Polyphemus) Pfr. .XIX, 143 suturalis (Rectoleacina) Pfr. .XIX, 143 suturalis (Varicella) Pils. . . .XIX, 211 swettenhami (Stenogyra) Morg.
XVIII, 32
swifti (Euglandina) Pils XIX, 178
swiftiana (Varicella) Pils. . . .XIX, 114 swiftianum (Opeas) Pfr. . . .XVIII, 157 swiftianus (Bulimus) Pfr. ..XVIII, 268 swiftianus (Obeliscus) Pfr. XVIII, 268
sykesi (Opeas) Pils XVIII, 157
sylvatica (Columna) Spix. & Wagn.
XVIII, 248
SYNAPTEEPES Pils XVIII, 220
Synopeas Jousseaume XVIII, 188
syriaca (Ca?cllianella) Bgt XX, 32
sylvatica (Achatina) Putz. . . .XVII, 28
sylvatica (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 124
sylvaticus (Obeliscus) Spix. & Wagn.
XVIII, 247
T
tabiense (Oryzosoma) Pils. .. .XIX, 163 tabiensis (Streptostyla) Plls. .XIX, 163 tseniolata (Limicolaria) Bttg. 1905. tamaulipensis(Glandina)Pils. XIX, 207 tamaulipensis (Leptinaria) Pils.
XVIII, 306
tampicoensis(Coilostele)Pils. XIX, 346 tamplcoensis (Splraxis) Pils.
XIX, 24, 3*6
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
151
tamullca (Achatlna) Blanf XX, 65
tamullca (Glessula) Blanf XX, 64
tandoniana( Achatlna) Shuttl. XIX, 274
taprobanica (Glessula) Pils XX, 58
tassarollana(Ferussacia)Sacco XIX.217
tastensls (Melanlella) Coop XIX, 9
tastensis (Pseudosubulina) Coop.
XIX, 9
taurinensis (Glandina) Sacco XIX, xxv tavaresiana (Achatiua) Morel. XVII, 21
taylorl (Glandina) Vend XIX, 102
taylori (Varicella) Vend XIX, 101
tchehelense (Prosopeas) Morg.
XVIII, 31 tchehelensls (Stenogyra) Morg.
XVIII, 32
tenebrica (Limicolaria) Rve. ..XVI, 264 tenebricus (Bulimus) Rve. . . .XVI, 264
tenella (Ferussacia) Anc XIX, 265
tenella (Glandina) Streb XIX, 188
tenera (Achatina)Ad XIX, 77
tenera (Varicella) Ad XIX. 77
tenuecostatus (Spiraxis) Streb.
I, 51 ; XIX, 23 tenuecostatus (Volutaxis) Streb. .1,51
tenuis (Lignus) Gray XVI, 224
tenuis (Pseudotrochus) Gray XVI, 224
tenuis (Spiraxis) Pfr XIX, 21
tenuispira (Achatina) Bens XX, 87
tenuispira (Glessula) Bens XX, 88
terebella (Acbatina) Lowe . . .XIX, 276
terebella (Bulimus) Ad XIX, 30
terebella (Ferussacia) Lowe ..XIX, 276
terebella (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 29
terebella (Stenogyra) Morel. .XVIII, 98 terebella (Subulina) Morel. ..XVIII, 98 terebellum(Cocblicopa)Sowb. XVII, 179 terebraeformis (Glandina) Shuttl.
XIX, 120 terebrseformls (Varicella) Shuttl.
XIX, 119
terebrale (Prosopeas) Theob. XVIII, 31 terebralis( Stenogyra )Theob. XVIII, 31 terebraster (Bulimus) Lam. XVIII, 264 terebraster(Obeliscus)Lam. XVIII, 264
TBEEBBELLA Maltz XX, 5, 19
teres (Bulimus) Pfr. .. .XVIII, 105, 106
teres (Columna) M. & II XVII, 125
teres (Oleacina) Pfr. 1,25; ...XX, 113 teres (Oleacina) Rouis
XIX, xxii: XX, 113
teres (Prosopeas) H. Ad XVIII, 34
teres (Rumina) H. Ad XVIII, 34
ternatanum (Opeas) Bttg. ..XVIII, 176
terrestre (Buccinum) Mont XX, 10
terrulenta (Curvella) Mor. . .XVIII, 52
terrulentus (Bulimus) Mor. ..XVIII, 52 terveri (Achatina) Bgt.
XIA, 259 ; XX, 114 terveri (Achatina) Boissy
XIX, xxii ; XX, 114
terveri (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 259
terveriana (Ferussacia) Pils. .XX, 114
TESTACELLIDAE Gray XIX, vlll
texasiana (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 190
texasiana (Euglandina) Pfr. ..XIX, 190 texoloensis (Pseudosubulina) Pils.
XIX, 4
texta (Glandina) Weinl XIX, 87
texta (Varicella) Weinl XIX, 87
textilis (Achatina) Blf XX, 70
textilis (Glessula) Blf XX, 69
thalassina(Cochlicopa) Jouss. XIX, 326
thalassina (Zua) Jouss XIX, 327
thamnophila( Ferussacia) Bgt. XIX, 331 thamnophila (Hohenwartiana) Bgt.
XIX, 331
theobaldiana( Achatina) Hani. XVIII, 4 theobaldi (Achatina) Hani. .. .XVIII, 4 theobaldi (Baclllum) Hani. . . .XVIII, 4
THOMEA Girard XVIII, 330, 333
thomsoni (Acbatina) Sm XVII, 69
thomsoni (Streptostyla) Anc. .XIX, 156 tiberiana (Caecilioides) Ben. . . .XX, 14
tigrlna (Achatina) Cum XVII, 86
tincta (Achatina) Rve XVII, 12
tishis (Turbo) Chier XIX, 220
togcensis (Limicolaria) Kob. .XVI, 257
TOMOPEAS Pils XVIII, 123
tornatellina ( Ferussacia) Lwe. XIX, 270 tornatellina (Helix) Lowe. . . .XIX, 271
Torriatellinoides Pfr XIX, 285
Tornatelloides Pfr XIX, 284
TORNAXIS Martens XVIII, 219
tornensis (Achatina) Blf XX, 69
tornensis (Glessula) Blf XX, 69
torridus (Bulimus) Gld XVI, 238
torridus (Bulimus) Rve XVI, 238
torridus (Pseudotrochus) Gld. XVI, 238
torta (Caecilioides) Mouss XX, 32
torta (Glandina) Mouss XX, 32
TORTAXIS Pils XVIII, 5
tortillana (Achatlna) Pfr XIX, 201
tortillana (Euglandina) Pfr. .XIX, 201 totistriata (Subulina) Pils. ..XVIII, 81 tournoueri (Glandina) Den. .XIX, xxiil toussaintianus(Obeliscus)Pils. XIX, 349 translucida (Glandina) Gundl. . . .1, 24
translucida (Oleacina) Gundl I, 24
transvaalensis (Achatina) Sm. XVII.99 travankoricus (Hapalus) Theob.
XVIII, 63
152
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
Trichodina Anc XVII, 216
tridens (Azeca) auct XIX, 293, 295
tridens (Odontalus) Parr XIX, 293
ti-idens (Turbo) Pult XIX, 295
TRIGONOOHLAMYDIDAE XIX, viii
trigonostoma (Azeca) Fag. .. .XIX, 296 trinitaria (Achatina) Gundl. .XIX, 113 trinltaria (Varicella) Gundl. .XIX, 113
trinitatis (Varicella) Pils XIX, 59
Tripachatina Anc., type vignoniana
XVI, 254
Tripachatina Bgt XVII, p. 5
TBISTANIA Bttg XVIII, 217
tristensis (Balea) Gray . . . .XVIII, 217 tristensis (Tristania) Gray XVIII, 217 I triticea ('Ferussacia) Lwe. . . .XIX, 273
triticea (Helix) Lowe XIX, 273 '
trochlea(Achatina)Pfr. XVIII, 223, 224 ! trochlea (Pseudosubulina) Pfr.
I, 51 ; XIX, 3
truncata (Bulla) Gmel XIX, 177
truncata (Euglandina) Gmel. XIX, 177
truncata (Glandina) auct XIX, 191
truncatella (Orbitina) Risso XVII, 213 truncatus (Bulimus) Ziegl.
XVII, 213, 215
tryoniana (Euglandina) Pils. .XIX, 203 tryonlana (Limicolaria) Pils. XVI, 250 tryonianum (Opeas) Tate. . .XVIII, 196 tryonianus (Bulimus) Tate. XVIII. 196
trypanodes (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 3
trypanodes (Pseudosubuliua) Pfr.
XIX, 3
triptyx (Leptinaria) Pils. . .XVIII, 324 tuberculata (Achatina) Lwe. .XIX, 274 tuberculata(Melaniella) Gundl. XIX, 60 tuberculata (Varicella) Gundl. XIX, 60
tuckeri (Bulimus) Pfr XVIII, 121
tuckeri (Pseudopeas) Pfr. . .XVIII, 120 tuckeri (Stenogyra) Garr. . .XVIII, 183 tugelensis (Opeas) M. & P. .XVIII, 150 tugelensis (Subulina) M. & P.
XVIII, 150
tnlipa (Limicolaria) Jouss. .. .XVI, 292 tumidula (Coelestele) Bgt. . . .XIX, 345
tumidula (Lovea) Woll XIX, 236
tumidus (Polyphemus) Pfr., Villa.
XIX, 166
tumulorum (Caecilioides) Bgt. ..XX, 30 tunetana (Hohenwartiana) L. & B.
XIX, 333
tnrbinata (Achatina) Lea XVI, 253
turbinata (Limicolaria) Lea ..XVI, 253 turbinatus (Bulimus) Rve. . . .XVI, 267
turgida (Euglandina) Pfr XIX, 199
turgida (Oleaclna) Pfr XIX, 199
turgida (Stenogyra) Grecll. .XVIII, 164 turgidum (Opeas) Gredl. . . .XVIII, 163
turgidula (Streptostyla) Pfr I, 46
turgidula (Stenogyra) tide. XVIII, 168 tm-gidulum (Opeas) Hde. ...XVIII. 168 turricula (Achatina) Migh. See Carelia. turricula (Prosopeas) Marts. XVIII, 30 turricula (Stenogyra) Marts. XVIII, 30 turriformis (Bulimus) Kr. ...XVIII, 43 turriformis (Euonyma) Kr. ..XVIII, 43 turriformis (Limicolaria) Marts.
XVI, 295
turrls (Achatina) Pfr I, 33
turris( Euglandina) Pfr. 1,33; XIX, 196
turris (Limicolaria) Pfr XVI, 252
turrita (Leptinaria) Marts. XVIII, 307 turritellata (Achatina) Dh. . .XIX, 348 turritellatus (Obeliscus) Dh. .XIX, 348
turtoni (Bulimulus) Sm XVII, 181
turtoni (Chilonopsis) Sm. . . .XVII, 181
U
uhdeana (Glandina) Marts. . .XIX, 187 umbilicata (Achatina) Pfr. .. .XVII, 57 umbilicata (Curvella) Mlldff. XVIII, 71 umbilicata (Perideriopsis) Putz.
XVI, 242
umbilicata (Pyrgina) Greef. XVIII, 334 umbilicatus(Hapalus)Mlldff. XVIII, 71 uncta (Subulina) Smith . . . .XVIII, 93 underwood! ( Euglandina )Fult. XIX, 201 underwood! (Oleacina) Fult. .XIX, 202 undulata (Achatina) Gldg. . . .XII. 106
unicolor (Achatina) Ad XIX, 97
unicolor (Limicolaria) Kob. . .XVI, 256
unicolor (Spiraxis) Ad XIX, 36
unicolor (Varicella) Ad XIX. 98
unidentata (Calaxis) .Tick. . . .XIX, 287 unideutata (Ferussacia) Jick. XIX, 288 unilamellata (Helix) F<§r. . .XVIII, 288 unilamellatus (Bulimus) Orb.
XVIII, 288, 290
uniplicata (Caecilioides) Bgt. . .XX, 15 unizonata (Achatina) C. & J.
XVII, 216
unus (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 44
upolensis (Bulimus) Mouss. XVIII, 131 upolensis( Stenogyra )Mouss. XVIII, 183
Urceus Klein, Jous XVII, 1
urichi (Leptinaria) Sm XVIII, bJl
urichl (Subulina) Sm XVIII, 302
uruapamensis (Spiraxis) Pils. .XIX, 22 usagarica (Stenogyra) Sm. . .XVII, 142 usambarensis(Achatina)Rolle. XVII, 52 usambarica (Achatina) Marts. XVII, 52 ustulata (Achatina) Rve XVII, 89
INDEX, VOLS. XVI-XX.
153
utllensis (Leptinaria) Pils. .XVIII, b^7
utriculus (Opeas) Hde XVIII, 168
utriculus (Stenogyra) Hde. .XVIII, 169
V
vadalica (Achatina) Bens XX, 64
vadalica (Glessula) Bens XX, 64
valenzuela (Leptinaria) Jouss.
XVIII, 291
valida (Cionella) Mss XIX, 234
valida (Ferussacia) Mss XIX, 234
vanattai (Limicolaria) Pils. . .XVI, 275 vandalitise (Caecilioides) Serv. .XX, 16 vanuxemensis (Achatina) Lea XIX, 185 vanuxemensis (Euglandina) Lea
XIX, 185
vanuxemii (Glandina) auct. ..XIX, 185 variabilis (Stenogyra) Jick. .XVII, 134
VARICELLA Pf r XIX, xvi, 46
VARICELLARIA Pils XIX, 79
VARICELLIDEA Pils XIX, 86
VARICELLIXA Pils XIX, 88
VARICELLOPSIS Pils XIX, 85
VARICELLULA Pils XIX, 73
VARICOGLANDINA Pils XIX, 204
varicosa (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 92
VARICOTURRIS Pils XIX, 161
variegata (Achatina) Lam XVII, 9
variegata (Agatina) Raf XII, 168
vasconica (Azeca) Kob XIX, 308
vasconica (Ferussacia) Kob. ..XIX, 308 vayssierei (Clavator) Anc. . .XVII, 195
Vediantius Risso XIX, 218
venezuelensis (Leptinaria) Pfr.
XVIII, 305
venezuelensis ( Spiraxis) Pfr. XVIII, 305 ventricosa (Achatina) Paiva .XIX, 277 ventricosa (Achatina) Fisch.
VIII, 10; XX, 118 ventricosa (Achatina) Gld. . .XVII, 113
ventricosa (Balea) Gray XVIII, 218
ventricosa (Bulimus) Bgt. .. .XVII, 214 ventricosa (Caecilioides) Loc. . .XX, 10 ventricosa (Ferussacia) Paiva XIX, 277 ventricosa (Limicolaria) Sm. .XVI, 295 ventricosa (Streptostyla) Marts.
XIX, 146
ventricosa (Tristania) Gray XVIII, 217 ventricosula(Glandina)Morel. XIX, 153 ventricosula (Streptostyla) Morel.
XIX, 153
venusta (Achatina) Pfr XIX, 96
venusta (Varicella) Pfr XIX, 96
venustum (Opeas) Smith. . .XVIII, 146 veracruzensis (Caecilioides) C. & F.
XX, 40
verberatus (Spiraxis) Pils XIX, 43
vercoi (Ferussacia) Pal XIX, 227
verdieri (Perideris) Chap XVI, 241
verdieri (Pseudotrochus) Chap.
XVI, 240
vermlcula(Columna)M. & H. XVII, 125
I vernicosa (Stenogyra) Jick. ..XVII, 132
vernicosus (Homorus) Jick. ..XVII, 132
veruina (Achatina) Bens XX, 60
veruina (Glessula) Bens XX, 60
vescoi (Ferussacia) Bgt XIX, 227
vescoi (Glandina) Bgt XIX, 227
vesiculata (Glandina) Semp. .XIX, 233 vesperus (Mesembrinus) Jouss.
XVIII, 234 vesperus (Synapterpes) Jouss.
XVIII, 234
vestita (Achatina) Pfr XVII, 81
vestitum (Opeas) Heude XVIII, 165
vestitus (Stenogyra) Hde. . .XVIII, 165
vexans (Streptostyla) Streb I, 49
vexillum (Achatina) auct. XII, 164, 167
vexillum (Achatina) Dek XII, 164
vialai (Achatina) Serr XIX. xxiil
vicina (Achatina) Ad XIX, 89
vicina (Varicella) Ad XIX, 89
victoriana (Glandina) Pils. .. .XIX, 193
vieirai (Opeas) Nobre XVIII, 145
vignoni (Achatina) Morel XVI, 233
vignoniana (Achatina) Morel. XVI, 255 vignoniana (Limicolaria) Morel.
XVI, 254
villas (Caecilianella) Ben XIX, 336
villaj (Hohenwartiana) Ben. ..XIX, 336
violacea (Achatina) Pfr XVI, 228
virens (Achatina) Pfr XX, 102
virens (Glessula) Pfr XX, 102
virescens (Obeliscus) DaCosta
XVIII, 257 virescens (Stenogyra) DaCosta
XVIII, 257
virgata (Columna) Gray XVII, 122
| virginea (Achatina) auct XII, 163
virginea (Achatina) Lam XII, 163
virginea(Femssacia) Westerl. XIX, 225 Virginia! (Achatina) Blainv. . .XII, 163 virginicum (Achatium) Link .. .XVII, 2 viridescens (Achatina) Anc. .XVII, 115 viridula (Cochlicopa) Jeffr. . .XIX, 317 viridula (Streptostyla) Ang. .XIX, 156
vitrea (Achatina) Lwe XIX, 278
vitrea (Achatina) W. & B. . . .XIX, 238
vitrea (Azeca) Klika XIX, 292
vitrea (Ferussacia) W. & B. . .XIX, 238 vitrea (Pseudachatina) Greef. = A. exarata, XVI, 219
154
INDEX, VOLS. XV1-XX.
XVII, 216 .XVIII, 95 .XVIII, 94 XVIII, 189 ..XII, 166 .XVIII, 80 .XVIII, 80 XVIII, 216 XVIII.216 . XVI, 288 ..XIX, 130 ..XIX, 129 ..XIX, 130 ...XIX, 20 XVIII, 155 XVIII, 155
vltrea ( Pseudachatlna ) Greef . vitrea (Stenogyra) Mouss. . vltrea (Subullna) Mouss. . . . yltreus (Bulimus) Anton . . . vlttata (Achatina) Swains, vlvlpara (Achatina) Sowb. .. vlvipara (Subulina) Sowb. ..
vlviparum (Opeas) Mill
viviparum(Pseudopeas)Mill. volkensi (Limicolaria) Marts
voluta (Bulla) Gm
voluta (Oleacina) Gm
volutata (Oleacina) Bolt. .
Volutaxls Strebel
vulgare (Opeas) Morel. . . . vulgaris (Stenogyra) Morel.
w
wagnerl (Glandlna) Mill XIX, xxiii
walker! (Prosopeas) Bs XVIII, 29
walker! (Spiraxis) Bs XVIII, 30
Wallace! (Glessula) Pfr XX, 104
wallisiana (Rhodea) Dohrn. XVIII, 236 wallisl (Stenogyra) Mouss. .XVIII, 230 wallisi(Synapterpes) Mouss. XVIII, 230
watersl (Bulimus) Ang XVII, 198
watersl (Clavator) Ang XVII, 197
wathenensis (Limicolaria) Putz.
XVI, 269
webbii (Cionella) Mouss XIX, 234
welwitschi (Achatina) Morel. .XVII, 17 welwitschi (Opeas) Nobre ..XVIII, 145 westerlundiana (Ferussacia) Anc.
XIX, 265
weynsi (Achatina) Dautz XVII, 11
whytei (Curvella) Sm XVIII, 57
wollastoni (Lovea) Wats XIX, 220
woodi (Poiretia) Plls XX, 113
wrlghtl (Bullnus) Sowb XVI, 200
wrlghti (Pseudachatlna) Sowb. XVI, 206 wrlghtl (Oleacina) Pfr I, 25
xanthollnus (Bulimus) Ziegl. .XVI, 252
yatesl (Achatina) Pfr XVIII, 225
yatesi (Subulina) Pfr XVIII, 225
yeffriana (Ferussacia) Pall. ..XIX, 257 yucatanense (Opeas) Pils. ..XVIII, 212 yucatanensis (Achatina) Pfr. XIX, 199 yucatanensis (Leptinarla) Pils.
XVIII, 315 yucatanensis (Streptostyla) Pils.
XIX, 153
zaclnthla (Azeca) Bgt XIX, 299
zacynthia (Azeca) Roth XIX, 299
zakynthia (Cionella) Hesse. . .XIX, 299 zanzibarlca (Achatina) Bgt. . .XVII, 51
zaza (Obeliscus) Pils XVIII, 264
zebra (Achatina) Brug XVII, 85
zebra (Ampulla) Bolt XVII, 86
zebra (Bulimus) Brug. . . .XVII, 44, 86
zebra (Limicolaria) Pils XVI, 266
zebrina (Helix) Fer XVII, 56
zebriolata (Achatina) Morel. ..XVII, 26
zebroides (Achatina) Sm XVII, 83
zebrula (Achatina) Marts XVII, 90
zegzeg (Bulimus) Morel XVI, 228
ZONIFERELLA Pils XVIII, 228,233
ZOOTECUS Westerlund. .XVIII, 104, 336
Zootocus Marts XVIII, 336
Zua Leach XIX, 309
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Partulidae
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PARTULID^E. 155
Family PARTULID^E Pilsibry.
Partulidce PILS., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, p. 564.
Orthurethra in which the kidney is triangular, equal to the pericardium in length. Genitalia of the haplogonous type, the penis without an appendix. Shell Buliuioid, with the outer lip expanded or reflexed in known forms; the eolumellar lip reflexed, curving into the basal margin, simple or nodu- lous; parietal wall often dentate, but the aperture never has entering lamellae
Jaw very thin, formed of many narrow flat plaits, converg- ing downward towards the middle. Radula broad; the cen- tral tooth is not much smaller than the laterals, and has a long middle and small side cusps; lateral teeth with the mesocone long, ectocone well developed, but no entocone; marginal teeth oblique with three cusps directed outward, the inner one largest.
Distribution entirely insular, confined to high islands of the southern and western Pacific. Nearly all the species are arboreal, living on trees and bushes, but some species of Raiatea, Tahaa, Tahiti and perhaps the Caroline Islands, are terrestrial.
This family is co-extensive with the following genus.
Genus PARTULA Ferussac.
Partula FEE., Tableau Systematique de la Famille des Limagons p. 65, for P. pudica, australis, gibba, fragilis, ota- heitana and auricula. — HERRMANNSEN, Indieis Gen. Malac. ii, p. 204, P. faba (P. australis Fer.) selected as type.— HARTMAN, Catalogue of the genus Partula Fer., 1881 ; Ob- servations on the genus Partula, etc. Bull. Mus,. Comp. Zool. ix, p. 171; Catalogue of the genus, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1885, p. 206-223.— H. H. SMITH, Annotated Catalogue of shells of the genus Partula in the Hartman collection, be- longing to the Carnegie Museum, Annals of the Carnegie Museum i, p. 422-485, March, 1903. Bibliography of Hart- man's writings on Partula on p. 424.
Characters those of the family. Type P. faba Martyn.
156 PARTULA.
Soft anatomy of Partula.
The first anatomical observations on Partula were by Ferussac, who discovered that these snails are viviparous. He erroneously states that they have no tentacles, only the eye- pedicels. The next work was by Heynernann, who figured the teeth of P. Urata.
The following species of Partula were dissected by Dr. C. Semper (Reisen im Archipel Philippinen, Landmollusken, pp. 158, 159) : P. canalis semilineata, recluziana, Urata (pi. 17, f. 18, jaw), hyalina (pi. 16, f. 21, genitalia), lineata, otaheitana (pi. xii, fig. 21, genitalia), vanikorensis (pi. 17, f. 17, teeth) . P. lineata was probably not correctly identified.
In 1875 (Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., p. 244) Mr. W. G. Binney examined the anatomy of numerous Raiatean species : P. fusca (pi. 19, f. 9, genitalia), citrina, planilabrum ab- breviata, umbilicata (pi. 19, f. 7, genitalia), bilineata (pi. 19, f. 10, genitalia), amanda (pi. 19, f. 4, teeth), virginea (pi. 19, f. 8, genitalia, f. 11, jaw), and gracilis, besides several unidentified species. Some of the same information is re- peated in Annals, of the N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 127.
I have examined more or less fully P. rosea, P. varia, P. arguta and some unidentified Raiatean species received with- out the shell.
We have therefore some knowledge of the soft parts in species of the sections Partula, Leptopartula, Samoana, and Thakombaua, inhabiting the Society, Samoa and Fiji groups.
Animal externally like that of Bulimulidcu or Helicidcs; blunt before, the tail long, gradually tapering. There are no pedal furrows, and the sole is undivided. Dorsal grooves weak, but the genital furrow is well developed. Genital pore behind the right tentacle, as usual. The labial processes are rather large. The mantle has very small right and left lobes. The tentacles are as well developed as usual in land snails (pi. 32, fig. 10, P. canalis}.
Garrett writes: "The examination of the animals of the various species has convinced me that they possess no re- liable external features that will aid in their determination.
PARTULA. 157
The coloration in all the species varies from pale cinereous, through all the intermediate shades, to black or dusky slate. The 'arboreal species are generally lighter colored than the ground species, and have a more expanded creeping-disk. The animals of P. arguta, annectens, turgida and attenuata, have the ocular tentacles longer and more slender than the other species, and the exudation of mucus is much more copious and more viscid or tenacious than usual, resembling in that respect the same difference as exists between the typi- cal Helices and the arboreal Naninae. "
The pallial organs are characterized by the short, more or less triangular kidney, with a direct ureter which does not extend to the collar, and opens by a lateral pore. The peri- cardium is as long as the kidney. The surface of the lung shows no visible venation. It is densely peppered with light dots (probably calcareous) arranged in irregular lon- gitudinal lines. In P. arguta these light dots are present in spots and stripes (pi. 42, fig. 4), but in other species examined they are equally and densely spread over the whole surface.
In P. rosea (pi. 42, fig. 5, x 3) the kidney is very short and strictly triangular. According to Semper, that of P. canalis seems to be of the same form. In P. arguta (pi. 42, fig. 4) the kidney is relatively larger, and the pericardium lies parallel to its longer axis. The ureter also is longer. In an undetermined Raiatean species (doubtless of the re- stricted section Partula) the kidney approaches the band- like type (pi. 42, fig. 6), yet it is somewhat triangular, and equal to the pericardium in length. This is probably the prevalent shape of kidney, since Semper mentions that all the species examined by him except canalis had the kidney, "bandformig. " In most of the subgenera the kidney is unknown.
The alimentary canal is of the usual four-folded type. There is a fusiform crop (pi. 42, fig. 5).
The jaw is very thin and transparent, varying from slightly arcuate to horseshoe-shaped, similar to that of Drymczus and Zaplagius, formed by the union of many narrow delicate
158 PARTULA.
plates, which converge towards the middle, so that there are short plates where the two series meet (pi. 42, fig. 1 jaw of P. lirata, after Semper; fig. 2, central portion of jaw of P. gracilis Pse., after Binney).
The num'ber of plates on the two sides is unequal, there being in lineata 27.36, in recluziana 34.38, in otaheitana 40.50 according to Semper.
The radula is broad. The teeth form thrice bent transverse rows, as shown in pi. 15, fig. 11, a half row of teeth of P. lirata. The central teeth have the usual quadrate basal plates. In P. amanda, P. rosea, P. varia etc. the length of the basal plate is about twice its width in the middle; the middle cusp is long, reaching to or over the posterior border of the basal plate. Side cusps represented by cutting-points, only. The lateral teeth are larger, with the mesocone longer, outer cusp well developed with a strong cutting-point (pi. 43, fig. 1, P. varia huaheinensis Garrett; fig. 2, P. rosea Brod.). There are 11 lateral teeth on each side in P. rosea and planilabrum; 10 in abbreviata, amanda, otaheitana; 8 or 9 in varia, umbilicata, virginea, bilineata, kyalina, lineata, recluziana, canalis; 5 in gracilis. The marginal teeth are peculiar in form, having a long, curved basal plate and 3 cusps, the inner largest, the other two directed outward (pi. 15, fig. 8, 13th to 15th teeth of P. rosea}. They are numer- ous, over 120 in P. virginea.
The Fijian P. lirata differs from the Society Island species examined by Binney and myself by having the central and lateral teeth shorter and wider, the central scarcely longer than wide. There are 7 lateral and over 50 marginal teeth, the latter of typical shape (pi. 15, figs. 11, 12, P. lirata after Heynemann) .
The radula has been examined in numerous species from the Society, Fiji and Samoan Islands, 'by Heynemann, Binney, and Semper. I have examined it in P. rosea and varia.
Genitalia (pi. 43, fig. 5, P. rosea). — The penis is well de- veloped. It is more or less distinctly contracted near the distal end, which is swollen. Internally the lower portion is
PARTULA. 159
Coarsely wrinkled, the upper portion densely granulose and coarsely plicate. The retractor muscle is terminal. The vas deferens opens below a papilla situated at about the lower third of the granulose portion ; it is therefore not terminal on the penis. It is superficially bound to the penis, to the vagina and the basal part of the spermatheca, then free as far as the upper end of the oviduct, where it is again adnate for a short distance. The ovisperm duct is strongly knotted, as usual. The 'basal part of the spermatheca-duct is much swollen in P. rosea and P. fusca, the distal end tapering; but in P. bilineata (pi. 43, fig. 3, after Binney) umbilicata, virginea, otaheitana and hyalina the spermetheca is oblong, obtuse distally, and seated upon a slender duct. In all the species which have been examined the duct is short.
Reproduction seems to 'be ovo-viviparous. The upper part of the oviduct contains oblong egg-capsules having a cal- careous shell, which lower down in the oviduct becomes dis- solved or is consumed by the embryo. From one to five eggs or young are found in one individual.
Free muscles: — In P. rosea (pi. 43, fig. 4). The pharyngeal retractor is free to its proximal insertion. At about the middle of its length the left ocular and tentacular retractor band joins it, and a little farther out the anterior pedal re- tractors branch off. The broad posterior pedal retractor (tail retractor or columellar muscle) remains united far forward with the right ocular and tentacular retractor, which gives off a group of small anterior pedal retractor muscles. The right ocular band passes between the male and female branches of the genitalia.
This muscle system differs from that of Achatinella dolei chiefly by the union of the right ocular with the tail retractor. In Achatinella both ocular bands are free.
Relationships of Partulidc?.
This family is one of the most sharply defined in the Orthurethra. By its short kidney, about equal to the pericardium, it differs conspicuously from the Enidce,
160 PARTULA.
Ferussacidce, Amastrida and Achatinellidce, all of which have the kidney very long, far exceeding the pericar- dium. For comparison I figure the pallial region of Ena reiniana (Bidiminus reinianus Kob.), pi. 42, fig. 3, x 2. In the genitalia, the Partulida are remarkable for the absence of an appendix, the penis being simple. This organ is pres- ent and highly developed in all the other families. The vas deferens is practically free from the oviduct, its adhesions being merely superficial. This is a somewhat unusual con- dition, and where found it seems to be associated with vivip- arous reproduction. The shell is rather characteristic; in form some En-idce are similar, yet the spirally striate em- bryonic whorls are unlike that family, and are an invariable feature of Partulidce, though occasionally this sculpture is lost by wear in adult or old shells. This is not in itself a feature of much importance, yet so far as I know, there is no other Bulimoid snail with an expanded or reflexed lip which has spirally striate embryonic whorls.
From these comparisons it will be seen that the Partulidce stand somewhat isolated. There is no family of Bulimoid or Achatinoid Orthurethra which can be said to be nearer than any other to the Partidida, so far as present informa- tion goes.
Hybridism.
In dealing with Society Island species both Mr. G-arrett and Dr. Hartman have called attention to certain specimens of intermediate character which they looked upon as hybrids between species commonly considered to be distinct. Garrett writes as follows: " Hybrids between P. elongata and P. tceniata, and between P. garretti and P. thalia, are so com- mon where those species come in contact, that I am inclined to believe they possess a certain degree of fertility. I have also detected several hybrids between P. faba var. subangu- lata, and P. virginea ; one between the arboreal P. imperforata and the terrestrial P. lugubris; two between P. lineata var. strigosa, and P. tceniata ; about a dozen between the arboreal
PARTULA.
161
P. faba and the terrestrial P. radiata; a number between P. faba and P. fusca, and many between the latter and P. navigatoria, as well as many between the latter and P. faba. I failed to detect hybrids between the Tahitian species, and found none at Huaheine. ' '
As a general proposition, apparent evidence of hybridism among land snails is so unusual in a state of nature that one is inclined to believe that well-established species very rarely hybridize. In the few species tested experimentally (such as Lang's crosses between Helix nemoralis and hortensis) the progeny are not abundant and crosses between them are almost sterile. It must be remembered, however, that the Moorean and Raiatean species mentioned as hybrid- izing by Garrett are very closely related forms, which have for the most part scarcely reached the "specific" stage of differentiation; hence it is not inherently improbable that hybrids occur.
In the case of species between which supposed hybrids are "common," I would rather explain the intermediate forms occurring on the overlapping confines of the two "pure" races as an undifferentiated remnant of the parent stock which has elsewhere become "specifically" differentiated. Pending experimental evidence to the contrary, this view seems in accordance with what seems to occur in a multi- tude of other cases, whereas hybridism on an extensive scale is certainly a very rare condition.
Variation in Partula.
Extended study of variation does not come within the plan of the present work, the purpose of this Manual being the definition of species and their systematic classification. Moreover, the materials for a study of variation — large, un- selected series of shells — are not accessible to me; my per- sonal knowledge of them is restricted to museum specimens, which as usually preserved and labelled give little idea of the assO'ciation of forms or the conditions of their existence. Some general considerations bearing upon variation may how- ever be in order.
162 PARTULA.
Most species of Partula are neither more nor less variable than the generality of snails living in exposed situations elsewhere. It is only in the Society Islands that species oc- cur having a variety of well-developed color-patterns. In this respect they resemble many other genera of arboreal snails, such as Ampliidromus, Liguus, Hemitrochus, Polymita, Drymccus etc., etc. All arboreal snails were derived from terrestrial forms ; and almost invariably, with arboreal habits they assume variegated color-patterns. In many cases the colors or patterns seem to be protective (cryptic or warning), but as often they are not so, to our eyes. The color-patterns in arboreal snails seem to be very readily modified, new sports or mutations arising, which are perpetuated, prob- ably in Mendelian ratio, in the parent colonies. This has not yet been tested experimentally in Partula; yet from the complex nature of many colonies, in which snails of several •distinct color-patterns co-exist and interbreed (being found together in the uterus of a single mother) , I have little doubt that pedigree cultures would reveal a Mendelian mixture.
Another common 'condition among tree-snails is the sim- plification or absence of pattern, by variation in the "color- factor," whereby patterns characteristic of species or phyla become in part or entirely latent in individuals or races. Cf. the Pentata-nmte snails, Drymcuus, Ampliidromus etc. Some species of Partula, such as P. liyalina, are apparently albinistic; but in at least a part of these (P. arguta) the mantle is variegated, showing through the transparent shell, which in life should vicariously show a pattern.
Probably most "species" of snails and other sedentary animals are in reality more or less complex groups, though in plain-colored forms their composite constitution is not obvious. In some of the plain, ground-living American snails, such as Omphalina, the diversity in number of teeth of the radula among different colonies points to this conclusion.
In the Society Islands, where alone the distribution of Partula has been studied, most species and races are strictly limited to small areas, a single valley, or several 'contiguous
PARTULA. 163
valleys. The topographic barriers (ridges unsuitable for Partula?) are evidently older than the races so isolated, which are the modified descendants of stocks once widely diffused. Diverse mutations soon result in racial differentiation in such isolated colonies, whether the process can be aided by di- versity of environment or not. On a small scale this is illus- trated by the colonies of Helix nemoralis in Burlington, New Jersey, all descended from a single colony planted about 50 years ago, yet now showing incipient racial traits in the several colonies scattered over the town.
Gulick, in his "Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal" p. 220 has directed attention to the fact that arboreal snails do not have the facility in migrating enjoyed by terrestrial species, and hence are more subject to local differentiation brought about by isolation.
Dr. A. G. Mayer writes: "It is probable that geographical isolation plays a most important part in the formation of new species. If two valleys be adjacent, their snails are closely related each to each, whereas the wider the separation between any two valleys, the more distant the relationship between their snails. The ridges between the valleys, being either barren or covered with vegetation unsuitable to the snails, affords barriers over which the animals must find it more or less difficult to pass. Thus the Partuke in the Tahitian valleys are isolated very much as. are the Achati- nellidas of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands.
"In Tahiti the snails are most abundant in the valley- bottoms, where they usually occur on the under sides of the leaves of Caladium and Plantain, although in some valleys they are frequently found on Dracaena and Turmeric. Al- though more abundant in the bottom, they extend for some distance up the sides of the valley and appear to be present in most places where the plants which they affect are found. As far as the very limited observation of the writer goes, there appears to be no difference in the character of the snails in different parts of the same valley. The difference between any two adjacent valleys is, however, very marked."
164 PARTULA.
(Mayer, Some Species of Partula from Tahiti; a study in variation, in Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxvi, 1902) .
Fossil Partulida:.
No fossil Partulge are known. The ancestors of this family lie buried under the South Pacific. Several Eocene and Oligoeene species have been described as Partulas, as follows :
Partula americana Heilprin, Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science i, p. 115, pi. 16, f. 60 (1887) = Hyperaulax americanus (Heilprin), Man. Conch. XIV, p. 103. Oligocene, Tampa Silex bed, Florida.
Partula vicentina Oppenheim, Denkschriften der Kaiser- lichen Akademie der Wissenschaften vol. 57, 1890, p. 125, pi. 2, f. 10-10&. Zeitschrift Deutschen Geol. Gesellschaft, vol. 47, 1895, p. 104. Eocene. Red tuffs of Capitello, Sta. Catterina above Altissimo, etc.
Partula dautzenbergi Cossmann, Annales de la Societe Royale Zoologique et Malacologique de Belgique, xli, 1906, p. 280, pi. 8, f. 267&is-l. Sparnacien stage of the Eocene,, at Grauves, Paris Basin.
The reference of these forms to Partula is purely fanciful. The American species is referable to a genus of Bulimulidre, Hyperaidax. Well-preserved specimens have not the char- acteristic apical sculpture of all known Partulidge. The European Eocene forms offer no character whatever separ- ating them from ''Buliminus" (Enidae). Their reference to Partula rose from the fallacious method of trying to exactly match the fossil shell with some recent species, ignoring the obvious fact that details of contour are constantly changing in the evolution of any group, and offer no features diagnostic of genera in Bulimini, Bulimuli or Partulae. The Eocene forms in question have not been shown to have the embryonic sculpture of Partula.
Classification of Partulidce.
This family contains the single genus Partula. It is quite possible that when the forms of Micronesia, Melanesia etc.
PARTULA. 165
are investigated anatomically, a further generic division may foe made. There are two rather dissimilar forms of kidney among the Polynesian species, though at present we do not know enough species anatomically to utilize this fact m taxonomy. By conchological characters nine divisions are indicated, herein called "sections." In all cases these sec- tions are geographically limited to single island-groups, or to several adjacent groups. Five of the nine sections of Partula have already been named by Dr. Hartman, who unfortunately used preoccupied names, and in most cases understood the groups in limits different from mine. He also split the typical group of Partulas into numerous sub- genera which seem to me superfluous. The subgenera here- in established are as follows.
MARQUESANA Pilsbry. Embryonic whorls coarsely pitted along the spirals ; post-embryonic whorls with very well de- veloped spiral lines ; lip .thin but often widely reflexed ; colors not bright, a subperipheral band frequently present, but no others; cuticle thin, often deciduous. Type P. gany- medes. This group includes all known Marquesan species, no. 1 to 6.
LEPTOPARTULA Pils. Shells ovate with short spire, com- posed of few (4 to 4^/2) whorls; very thin and fragile, sub- transparent, pale colored ; aperture large, ovate, toothless, lip expanded, not thickened. Type P. arguta. Huaheine and Raiatea, Society Is. Species no. 7 and 8.
PARTULA s. sir. Shell ovate, usually solid and with opaque coloring, often in bands or streaks; lip thickened within, the callus not extending to the upper insertion ; parietal wall often toothed. Society, Austral and Hervey Is., species 9- 52, and probably Samoan and Tonga Is., species 60-62.
SAMOANA Pils. The shell is very openly umbilicate, dex- tral or sinistral, with flatly reflexed lip and no teeth. Type P. canalis. Samoan Is., species 53 to 58.
THAKOMBAUA Pils. Shell rimate, long-ovate, the later whorls sculptured with coarse spiral cords. A low callous tubercle on the parietal wall far within. Type P. lirata, no.
166 PARTULA.
63. Fiji Is. This is the only group having raised spiral sculpture.
MELANESICA Pils. Shell rimate or umbilicate, ovate or pyramidal, thin, corneous, greenish-yellow or pale brown, uniform or obliquely streaked, not banded; aperture simple, the peristome expanded or reflexed. Type P. turneri. Me- lanesia, one species in Samoa. Species no. 59, 64 to 101.
A large group of species simple in form and coloring.
PALAOPARTULA Pils. Long forms with the spire straightly conic, embryonic whorls high, the later ones deeply engraved spirally, saccate below. Umbilical area very ample, deeply perforate ; aperture unusually long, tooth- less, the lip thin and very broadly reflexed. Type P. thetis. Pelew Islands. Species 102 to 104.
CAROLINELLA Pils. Perforate, rather solid, opaque and ventricose species of dull or brown coloration, aperture large and toothless. They have the appearance of ground snails. Type P. guamensis. Caroline Islands. Species 105 to 107.
MARIANELLA Pils. Shell ovate or inflated, with a small umbilicus, the lip somewhat thickened within, parietal wall plain or bearing a low nodule deep within; colors rather bright. Type P. gibba. Marianne Is. Species 109 to 111.
Geographic distribution of the Partulidce.
Snails of this family are confined to the high islands of the south and western Pacific. Not one species has ever been found on an atoll or low island. In most island groups all of the Partulae belong to a single stock, but in a few, notably the Society and Samoan groups, several phyla are repre- sented. Each of the subgenera or sections is confined to a single archipelago, or to several adjacent island- groups; and with the single exception of P. hyalina, no species is known to inhabit more than one island-group, while a great majority of the forms live on but one island. The distribution of Partulas is remarkably consistent, and lends no support to the idea that their dispersal has been due to drifting by ocean currents, or any other "accidental" means of over-sea carri-
PARTULA. 167
age. Their distribution is what would be expected were the present archipelagos remnants of a former continent, now iso- lated by subsidence. This continent, from the absence of all of the higher families of land snails on the islands remaining, I have conjectured to have been isolated since Palaeozoic times, though the final dismemberment of its various components was doubtless much later. (See Pilsbry, The Genesis of Mid-Pacific Faunas, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1900, p. 568) . Such groups as the Society Islands or Fijis may well have existed as rather large land masses as late as middle Tertiary times. Indeed, this hypothesis would seem to be an essen- tial part of any attempt to explain the distribution of land snails in most of the groups of high islands.
The most convenient grouping of species for the purposes of this monograph is by geographic range. The following divisions are used.
I. Marquesas Islands, species 1 to 6.
II. Society Islands, species 7 to 50.
III. Austral and Hervey Islands, species 9, 52.
IV. Samoan Islands, species 53 to 60.
V. Fiji Is., Kotuma and Tonga Is., species 61 to 63. VI. New Hebrides and Santa Cruz groups, species 64 to 80. VII. Solomon Islands, species 81 to 91. VIII. New Ireland, New Britain, etc., and Admiralty Is.,
species 92 to 96. IX. Louisiade Archipelago, including Trobriand and
Woodlark Is. ; New Guinea, Species 97 to 100. X. Talauer Is., species 101. XI. Pelew Islands, species 102 to 104. XII. Caroline Islands, species 105 to 108.
XIII. Marianne Islands (Guam), species 109 to 111.
XIV. Snails of other genera described as Partulse.
XV. Species of uncertain or unknown habitat, species 12, 21, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 72, 86, 94.
168 PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS.
Species of the MARQUESAS ISLANDS.
Section MARQUESANA n. sect. HARTMAN, Catalogue of the Genus Partula, 1881, p.
11, type P. decussatula (not ^Ega Leach, 1815). — Latia Hartm., op. cit. p. 12, type P. ganymedes Pfr. (not Latia Gray, 1849).
Partulas having the embryonic shell coarsely pitted along the spirals; post-embryonic whorls with very well developed spiral striation; lip thin but often wide. Colors not bright; the cuticle thin, often deciduous; a subperipheral band fre- quently present, but no others. Type P. ganymedes.
Species of Partula are known from five of the nine high islands of the Marquesan group, the others being unknown conchologically. They are distributed as follows:
Nukuhiva : P. strigata varieties.
Huapu: P. strigata (?), P. bellula.
Hivaoa: P. inflata, P. ganymedes, P. bellula, P. decussatula.
Tahuata: P. inflata.
Fatuhiva: P. magdalinae.
The predominance of species on Hivaoa may be due to its being more fully explored. It is the largest island next to Nukuhiva. The proportion of species recorded as common to two islands is remarkable, if indeed it proves to be the fact. It seems likely that further research would greatly augment the brief list of Marquesan Partulas.
P. spadicea Reeve, reported from the Marquesas, is a Society Island form.
Key to Marquesan Partula.
Whorls over 5 ; peristome broad, white, strongly calloused within ; shell opaque.
a. Very obese, the diam. more than % the length ; last whorl humped. P. inflata, no. 1.
aa. Oblong-conic, the last whorl rounded.
&. Surface partly nude, but having a band of cuticle ; length 20-23 mm. P. ganymedes, no. 2.
PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS. 169
&&. Surface covered with a pale greenish cuticle, length about 21.5 mm. P. recta, no. 3&.
Whorls less than 5 ; peristome narrower or tinted, not very strongly calloused, a. Aperture less than two-thirds the length of the shell.
&. Olive-brown, brown or white, opaque; lip narrow; length 17 to 21 mm. P. strigata, no. 3.
6&. Pale olive or greenish-yellow, thin, somewhat trans- lucent; length 14 to 17 mm., whorls 4i/o.
P. bellula, no. 4; P. decussatula, no. 5.
aa. Aperture two-thirds the length of the shell; shell thin, fragile, with a pale yellowish cuticle ; length 14 to 15 mm.
P. magdalince, no. 6.
1. P. INFLATA Reeve. PI. 30, figs. 1, 2, 3.
Shell openly umbilicate, globose-conic, rather thin, luster- less or nearly so, varied in color: (1) white, usually with some trace of an olive subperipheral band. (2) white, suf- fused and obliquely streaked with brown in a broad median belt, abruptly darker below the periphery; spire corneous. (3) reddish or dull chestnut brown, more or less streaked, and sometimes white below the sutures; reverse of the lip and columella white. Of the 2y2 embryonic whorls the first half whorl or more is smooth, the rest pitted along the spirals. The rest of the shell is sculptured with very distinct, close waved spiral striae. Spire is straightly conic, suture moder- ately impressed. Whorls 5%, convex, the last whorl sivollen in the peripheral region except for the space of a third or fourth of a whorl behind the lip, where it is compressed ; this gives a humped appearance to the back of the shell. Aper- ture ovate; lip broad, white, flatly reflexed, thickened with- in; columella broad, with a deep-seated fold above, visible in oblique view.
Length 23, diam. 17 mm.
Length 21, diam. 16.7 mm.
Marquesas Is.: Taiwata, (Tahuata), on trees at about 1500 ft. elevation; also Dominique or Hivaoa (G-arrett).
170 PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS.
Partula in flat a RVE., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 197; Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 175, f . 11, 12 ; Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f . 3.— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 452; Conchyl. Cab. p. 267, pi. 64, f. 5, 6.— HARTMAN, Oatal. p. 12. — GARRETT, Bull. Soc. Malac. France iv, 1887, p. 25. — Bulimus thersites PFR., Symbolae ad Hist. Hel. ii, p. 52 (1842) ; Monogr. ii, p. 75.
Remarkable for its gibbous last whorl and broad white lip. The very thin cuticle is more or less wholly lost in most adult shells. The examples described are from the island of Taiwata (=> Tahuata) ; whether those reported from Dom- inique, the next island of the group, are identical with them in all respects I do not know.
2. P. GANYMEDES (Pfeiffer). PI. 30, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.
Shell umbilicate, oblong-conic, thin, minutely, strongly, de- cussated with close growth-lines and extremely close, im- pressed, wavy, spiral lines; dead white under a very fuga- cious greenish-yellow epidermis. Spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 51/0, a little convex, the last about as long as the spire, very obsoletely angular in the middle, ornamented with one rather wide chestnut band. Columella straightened. Aper- ture oblong, obliquely truncated above ; peristome simple, thin, broadly expanded throughout. Length 23, diam. 10y2, aper- ture inside 10^x5 mm. (P/V.).
Marquesas Is.: Dominique or Hivaoa, on trees (Garrett).
Bulimus ganymedes PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 39 ; Monogr. ii, p. 72. — Partula ganymedes PFR., Monogr. iii, 447; iv, 511; vi, 160. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, vi, pi. 3, f. 16. — HARTMAN Cat. Gen. Partula p. 11, with figure. — GARRETT Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 26. — Partula fasciata PEASE, Amer. Journ. of Conch, ii, p. 202, 293.
This species is variable in size, the degree to which the cuticle is lost, and the color of what remains. Specimens of one lot measure :
Length 22, diam. 13, length aperture 12.8 mm. ; whorls
Length 20, diam. 11.3, length aperture 11.1 mm. ; whorls
In the typical form, the very thin pale green cuticle is.
PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS. 171
either entirely lost, or only a belt remains at and below the periphery, in adult shells. The upper edge of the subperi- pheral brown band often shows as a thin line above the sutures of the spire; but frequently a mere brown line replaces the band, and is concealed on the spire (fig. 5).
In another form of the species, the cuticle is removed in a zone below the suture. This zone may be wide or narrow; the remaining portion of the last whorl — usually half to three- fourths --is covered with greenish or dull brown cuticle. These variations seem to be characteristic of different colonies.
The beautifully developed spiral striation is characteristic of all forms. The lip is flatly reflected, thickened at the inner rim, and rather abruptly narrowed near the upper angle. The umbilical crevice is widely open.
3. P. STRIGATA Pease. PI. 30, figs. 8, 12.
The shell is openly umbilicate, acutely ovate, rather thin, dingy olive-brown, the latter part of the last whorl light cream-brownish with a few darker oblique streaks, and an orange streak in the angle behind the lip. Sculpture of fine, waved spiral lines. Embryonic shell of 2y2 whorls, coarsely pitted in spiral lines except the smoothish initial half whorl. Whorls 4%, convex, the last evenly rounded. The aperture is ovate, oblique, peristome flesh-tinted, flatly reflexed, rather narrow, thickened within except near the upper angle. Length 19, diam. 10.8, aperture 10.8 mm.
Marquesas (Pease). Huapu (Garrett).
Partula strigata PEASE, Amer. Journ. of Conch, iv, 1868, p. 155, pi. 12, f . 7 ; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 473.— PPR., Monogr. viii, p. 202.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila, ix, 1884, p. 80.
The types, one of which was figured in A. J. C. iv, are before me. The above description and figs. 8 and 12 were drawn from them. Pease gave simply Marquesas as the habitat, but Garrett istated that ' ' Pease 's shells were collected by a native missionary residing on Woapo. " This island lies south of Nukahiva. In his Marquesan catalogue of 1887 Garrett places strigata as a synonym of recta, without remark.
172 PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS.
Whether the specimens were actually taken on Huapu ("Woapo") or not remains uncertain.
Compared with the type lot of Pease's P. recta, P. strigata is thinner, darker colored, dull 'brownish instead of pale green, with a narrower flesh-tinted peristome. The two lots seem to he specifically distinct, until studied in connection with a large series from Nukahiva, subsequently obtained, which seem to be partially intermediate.
3a. P. STRIGATA OBESIOR Pils. PI. 30, figs. 11, 14, 15, 16.
A lot of 27 examples from Nukahiva consists of shells which are generally more globose than either recta or strigata, thin, variable in color as follows :
a. White, denuded of cuticle (fig. 14).
&. White, covered with a very thin straw, cream or brown tinted cuticle, the spire often corneous (fig. 15).
c. Rusty brown, having a whitish belt below the suture (fig. 16).
d. Dark brown (fig. 11).
In nearly all of this lot the lip is thin and narrow, as in strigata. Specimens measure:
Length 21,. diam. 12.8, aperture 11.8 mm., whorls 5.
Length 20.8 diam. 12, aperture 11 mm., whorls 5.
Length 19, diam. 11.8, aperture 11 nun., whorls 5.
Length 18.5, diam. 10.5, aperture 10 mm., whorls 4%.
Length 17, diam. 10.5, aperture 10 mm., whorls 4%.
A few examples among these shells are typical recta. Probably a collector who would keep his shells from different colonies separate would find that there are several races on Nukahiva.
3&. P. STRIGATA RECTA Pease. PI. 30, figs. 9, 10.
The shell is openly umbilicate, acutely long-ovate, solid, the typical form -white under a very thin, very pale green cuticle, which is often deciduous on the last half whorl. The spire is straightly conic, whorls 5*4 convex, the last one equably curved from suture to base. The initial half whorl is smooth,
PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS. 173
next two whorls of the embryonic shell are rather coarsely pitted in spiral lines, following whorls marked with fine growth-lines and very fine spiral strise, most distinct at the base. The aperture is oblique, ovate ; peristome broad, white flatly reflexed, thickened within except near the upper angle. Length 21.5, diam. 12.5, aperture 12 mm.
Marquesas: Nukahiva, abundant on trees.
P. recta PSE., Amer. Journ. of Conch, iv, 1868, p. 155, pi. 12, f. 8; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 473.— Hartman, Catal. Gen. Par- tula p. 12 ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p. 220.— GARRETT, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 25.
4. P. BELLULA Hartman. PL 30, figs. 17, 18, 19.
The shell is rather narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, thin, covered with a very pale olive or greenish-yellow cuticle with inconspicuous darker streaks, the embryonic whorls pale flesh-tinted. Surface somewhat shining, with sculpture of fine spiral striae which are crowded and wavy on the base, but separated by spaces much wider than the impressed lines on the upper part of the last whorl. 2^ embryonic whorls (fig. 19) have the coarse pitting of other Marquesan species. Spire short, straightly conic ; whorls 4^, moderately convex, the last inflated, almost equably convex, 'but the base is es- pecially so. Aperture oblique, ovate; peristome reflected, gray, in fully adult shells having a narrow white callous rim at the inner edge, not extending to the upper termination of the outer lip. Columellar lip dilated.
Length 14.2, diam. 9.7, aperture 8.5 mm., (type).
Length 16, diam. 9.9, aperture 9 mm.
Length 14.5, diam. 9.7, aperture 9 mm.
Marquesas Is. : Huapu I., type loc. ; Dominique or Hivaoa Island (Garrett).
Partula bellula HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p. 203, fig. in text (Sept. 1, 1885).— GARRETT, Bull. Soc. Malac. France iv, 1887, p. 27.
This species is more slender than P. decussatula, with a smaller aperture, and the spiral striation is much less crowded
174 PARTULA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS.
on the upper half of the last whorl. The type specimen (no 4264 Carnegie Mus.) is not completely mature, wanting the narrow callous inner rim of the peristome, but there are several fully adult shells with younger ones in the collection of the Academy, taken by C. D. Voy. An egg shaken from one of them is very shortly oval, 3 x 2.5 mm., matt white, and smooth under an ordinary lens.
5. P. DECUSSATULA (Pfeiffer). PI. 31, figs. 1, 4.
Shell perforate, ovate-conic, thin, very minutely decus- sated with growth-lines and spiral strias, slightly shining, fulvous-whitish, diaphanous. Spire short, conic, rather ob- tuse. Suture moderate. Whorls 4%, convex, the last five- ninths the total length, rounded. Columella subplicate, reced- ing. Aperture angularly oval. Peristome simple, thin, the margins converging, right margin with a bell-like expansion, columellar margin reflexed over the perforation. Length 15, diam. 8%, aperture 9x6% mm. (Pfr.)
Marquesas Is.: Dominique (Hivaoa), abundant on leaves ( Garrett) .
Bulinms decussatulus PFR., P. Z. S. 1849, p. 131. Partula decussatula PFR., Monogr. iii, 453 ; Conchy 1. Cab. p. 274, pi. 65, f . 8, 9. — EEEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 4, f . 23. — HARTMAN, Catal. Gen. Partula p. 11, fig. ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p. 217.— GARRETT, Bull. Soc. Malac. France iv, 1887, p. 24.
A thin, inflated species, yellowish-corneous slightly brown tinted towards the summit, with a pale border below the suture denuded of cuticle, and a narrow very faint brown band just below the periphery. This band is sometimes very inconspicuous. Old shells lose much of the cuticle, becom- ing whitish and opaque. The aperture is ample. The peris- tome is corneous, thin, well expanded but not thickened with- in except in quite old shells. Several examples measure:
Length 16.5, diam 10.3, aperture 10 mm., whorls 4%.
Length 15.3, diam. 10, aperture 9.9 mm., whorls
Length 15, diam. 9.9, aperture 9.9 mm., whorls
The sculpture of rippled spiral striae is particularly well developed in this species.
PARTULA, SOCIETY ISLANDS. 175
6. P. MAGDALIN^; Hart/man. PI. 31, figs. 2, 3.
The shell is rather narrowly umbilicate, globose, with a short, conic spire, thin, fragile; 'white with some corneous streaks under a very thin pale yellowish cuticle, which seems to be usually deciduous above the periphery on the last whorl. Sculpture of minute, close spiral striae much as in P. decus- satula, but weaker above the periphery. Embryonic whorls as in decussatula. Spire very short; whorls somewhat con- vex, the last very much inflated, prominent in the peripheral region, convex beneath Aperture oblique, ovate; peristome reflexed, gray, thin, just noticeably thickened within.
Length 14.8, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm.
Length 15, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm., whorls 41/£.
Length 14, diam. 10.3, aperture 9.3 mm., whorls 4*4.
Marquesas Is. : Santa Magdalina or Fatuhiva Island (Garrett).
P. magdaliua: HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p. 203, fig. in text. — GARRETT, Bull. Soc. Malac. France iv, 1887, p. 27.
This very delicate snail is related to P. decussatula Pfr., but it is very much more inflated, shorter, with a narrower um- bilicus. Of the four examples originally composing the type lot, one has been broken; the example figured by Hartrnan is also damaged by a hole in front (not shown in my figure of this specimen). Perhaps none of the specimens is quite fully mature, but it is evidently a very thin shell at any stage of growth. Figured from cotypes, no. 4263 Carnegie Museum.
II. SPECIES OF THE SOCIETY ISLANDS.
The Society Islands are wonderfully rich in Partulas. Both species and individuals are developed in profusion, and differentiation of form and color has been carried further than in any other island group, though there has been no great structural divergence. Probably all of the Society species are referable to two stocks, herein regarded as "sec- tions. ' ' These sections may be defined thus : I. Shell ovate, with short spire, composed of 4 to 4=y2 whorls, very thin, fragile and subtranslucent ; color pale and
176 PARTULA, SOCIETY ISLANDS.
simple; aperture ample, peristome expanded, not thick- ened. Section Leptopartula, species 7 and 8. II. Shell composed of more than 4.y2 whorls, usually solid, with opaque coloring, but sometimes white ; lip thickened within. Section Partula, species 9 to 50. Up to this time we owe our knowledge of the distribution and variation of Society Island Partulae to Andrew Garrett, whose residence at Tahiti gave him unusual facilities for their study. In the following account I have quoted largely from his writings and except in a few cases, have accepted his esti- mate of the rank of the several species and races. In a case like this, where races in all degrees of differentiation abound, the rank to be assigned to any given race is, in the last re- sort, a matter of opinion. The criterion of intergradation is often difficult of application, as where the racial divergence is expressed chiefly in slightly different tendencies of varia- tion. In Raiatea and Tahaa especially, there seems to be a good deal of intergradation between the races and so-called species.
Section LEPTOPARTULA n. sect.
Echo HARTMAN, Cat. Gen. Partula, 1881, p. 11 ; not of Selys. 1853.
The shell is ovate with short spire, and composed of few (4 to 4!/2) whorls; very thin, fragile and somewhat trans- parent, pale; aperture large, ovate; lip expanded, not thick- ened. Type P. arguta.
Two species, the most fragile of the genus, compose this sec- tion, which is confined to Huaheine and Raiatea,
7. P. ARGUTA (Pease). PL 24, figs. 14, 15.
The shell is narrowly but deeply perforate, short, ovate, extremely thin, fragile, corneous usually with a faint buff tint, and imperfectly transparent. Surface rather glossy, marked with weak growth-lines and microscopic incised spiral stride which are weak on the last whorl but distinct and close on the spire. The spire is very short, conic; whorls 4, convex, the last evenly convex, globose. The aperture is somewhat
PARTULA, SOCIETY ISLANDS. 177
oblique, more than half the total length, broadly ovate. The peristome is thin and expanded throughout, whitish-corneous. Outer lip equably arched, basal margin more strongly arcuate. Columellar margin reflexed and dilated above. Columella concave, bending towards the right above. Parietal film hardly perceptible.
Length 13, diam. 8.1, length of aperture 7.7 mm.
Length 12, diam. 8, length of aperture 7.5 mm.
Huaheine: "The metropolis of this very fragile species is in the upper portion of a mountain ravine, on the west coast of Huaheine, where it is rather common on the leaves of low shrubs and ferns. It occurs much more rarely in a neighbor- ing valley south of its specific center. Mr. Pease's habitat 'Tahiti,' as given in his list of Polynesian land shells, is decidedly wrong." (Garrett}.
Bulimus argutus PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 670 ; 1871, p. 473. — PFEIPPER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 46. — Partula arguta SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. — MARTENS and LANGK., Don. Bismarkianum, 1871, p. 55, pi. 3, fig. 7. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 11 (with woodcut) ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Com. Zool., ix, p. 179. — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 62, pi. 3, f. 57.
Though referred by Pease to the genus Bulimus, it is, never- theless, a true Partula. "The animal, which is viviparous, has very long, slender, ocular tentacles, long lance-pointed foot, and that portion of the animal occupying the whorls of the translucent shells is beautifully maculated with black and white spots on grayish yellow ground. The shell, which is very uniform in all its specific characters, may be readily distinguished by its very thin pellucid texture, ovate form, abbreviated spire, turgid body-whorl, uniform pale yellow- ish horn-color, thin, slightly expanded lip and large simple aperture. ' ' ( Garrett) .
Pease gave the following description. Specimens received from him are before me. "B. testa ovata, tenuissima pel- lucida, membranacea, nitida, anguste umbilicata; anfr. iv, convexis, ultimo ventricoso, suturis impressis; apertura
178 PARTULA, SOCIETY ISLANDS.
ampla, ovata ; labro simplici, reflexo ; pallide straminea. Long. 13, diam 8i/2 mill."
8. P. TUEGIDA Pease. PI. 24, fig. 16.
The shell is shortly, openly rimate, not perforate, short, obliquely ovate, extremely thin, fragile, corneous, faintly tinted with pale brown, slightly transparent. The surface is glossy, marked with growth-lines and minute, close, spiral striae. Spire very short, conic; suture marked with a fine white line. Whorls 4^2, convex, the last very large, evenly swollen. Aperture oblique, broadly ovate, two-thirds the length of the shell. Peristome thin, narrowly expanded, the columellar margin dilated and flattened above. Length 17, diam. 11.6, length <of aperture 11.5 mm.
Baiatea: though widely diffused it is excessively rare. ( Garrett) .
Bulimus turgidus PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 670; 1871, 473. — PFEIPFER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 12. — Partula turgida HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 12 ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus, Com. Zool., ix, p. 188. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P. ix, 1884, p. 56, pi. 3, f. 74.
This delicate shell is larger and more opaque than P. arguta, and differs in the non-perforating umbilical fissure. Garrett remarks that "Like P. clara and P. annectens, it appears to be gradually becoming extinct. ' '
Section PARTULA s. str.
Partula FER., Tabl. Syst. p. 65 (1821). — HERRMANNSEN, Indicis Gen. Malac. ii, p. 204, type P. faba. — Nenia HART- MAN, Cat. Genus Partula, 1881, p. 7, type P. auriculata Brod. ; not Nenia, H. & A. Adams. — Astrcea HARTMAN, t. c. p. 7, type P. dentifera Pfr. ; not Astraa Gmelin. — Clytia HART- MAN, t. c. p. 8, type P. umbilicata Pse. ; not Clytia Lam. — Ilia HARTM., t. c. p. 8, type P. lutea Less. ; not Ilia Leach, 1817. — CEnone HARTMAN, t. c. p. 9, type P. hebe Pfr. ; not Oenone Savigny. — Helena HARTM., t. c. p. 9, type P. otahei- tana. — Pasithea HARTM., t. c. p. 10, type P. spadicea Rve. ;
PARTULA, TAHITI. 179
not of Lamarck. — Mat at a HARTMAN, t. c. p. 14, type P. rosea Brod. ; not Matuta Fabric! us.
The typical group of Partula is restricted to the Society and Hervey Islands. Each island has its minor type of shell, except Moorea and Tahaa, which have Tahiti an and Raiatean types respectively ; 'but the entire series is so closely interrelated that the named subgenerie divisions proposed by Dr. Hartman cannot be sustained.
A small group of white, translucent species includes
No. 9, P. hyalina Brod. Tahiti, Hervey and Austral Islands.
No. 16, P. clara Pse. Tahiti.
No. 17, P. attenuata Pse. Tahiti and Raiatea.
No. 44, P. annectens Pse. Huaheine.
These forms may have some exceptional means of distribu- tion, or they may be conservative stocks, which have altered little since the original radiation over the mountain ranges which are now islands. They approach the simply colored southwestern forms of Partula, such as those of the Solomon Islands, in appearance, and seem to be little-changed mem- bers of an old stock.
The species are here treated in geographic order, as follows :
1. Tahiti, species 9 to 17.
2. Moorea, species 18 to 21.
3. Raiatea and Tahaa, species 22 to 41, 8.
4. Huaheine, species 42 to 44, 7.
5. Borabora, species 45.
6. Species of uncertain habitat, species 46 to 50.
1. Partulce of Tahiti.
"On Tahiti, the largest island in the group, we find eight species only, six of which are endemic. One (P. clara}, which has a limited range, appears to be gradually becoming extinct. Four species (P. filosa, nodosa, producta and stolida) are each restricted to a single valley. All the above species are well-defined, and exhibit but little variation. On the contrary, P. otaheitana, which has its centre of distribution
180 PARTULA, TAHITI.
in Fa.utaua valley, has spread all round the island, and is sub- ject to so much variation that no less than fourteen species have 'been proposed for the different forms. Two species (P. hyalina and attenuata) are common to other islands; the former is found in the Austral and on one of the Cook's group ; the latter occurs on Raiatea, but does not inhabit the two intermediate islands. It is a .noteworthy fact that, not- withstanding both species have spread nearly all round Tahiti, yet they have not developed a single varietal feature, but, on the contrary, are remarkably uniform in all their specific characters.
"Here we have three species ranging round the island, and all subject to the same conditions of life, yet two have not shown the slightest tendency to depart from the typical forms, and the other, which is very variable in its metropolis, has developed many local varieties. The above facts, which are common to other species, seem to suggest that physical con- ditions are not the primary cause of variations, but that it is the operation of some unknown law." (Garrett).
Numerous forms of Tahiti and Moorea are sinistral. The species of all the other islands are invariably dextral. Sin- istral Partulae also occur in the Samoan group.
9. P. HYALINA Broderip. PI. 24, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13.
The shell is perforate, acutely long-ovate, thin but rather strong, corneous-white or bluish-white throughout. The spire is straightly conic, apex acute. Whorls 5, weakly con- vex, the last convex, becoming somewhat compressed laterally in the last half, base convex. Sculpture of fine growth-lines decussated by minute, close spiral incised lines. . The aper- ture is very oblique, ovate. Peristome rather broadly re- flexed, strongly thickened within, the columellar margin weakly nodose.
Length 15, diam. 9, aperture 9 mm.
Length 16, diam. 9i/o, aperture 9 mm.
Society Islands : Tahiti, throughout the island in small numbers (Garrett). Austral Is.: Tubuai (Grarrett), and
PARTULA, TAHITI. 181
Rurutu or Oheteroa (type loc. ; Cuming). Cooks or Hervey Is.: Mangaia (Garrett) ; Rarotonga (C. D. Voy).
Partula hyalina BROD., P. Z. S. 1832, p. 32. — REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 175, f. 1, 2; Conch. Icon. pi. 3, f. 14.— PFR. Monogr. iii, 451; Conchyl. Cab. p. 271, pi. 64, f. 19, 20.- GARRETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1879, p. 18 (Austral Is.) ; Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 65. — MAYER, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxvi, no. 2, p. 122, figs. 1, 2, la-lc (1902).- Bulinus hyalinus SOWB. Conch. Illustr. f. 9.--Bulimus hyalinus PPR. Monogr. ii, p. 67.
Quite distinct 'by its milk-white color, and the very oblique aperture, contracted in adult shells by a strong inner rib of the lip. It might form a separate subgenus.
The distribution of this snail on several widely separated groups is remarkable. Such distribution is unparalleled by any land snail of its size in Polynesia. I have not seen specimens from Mangaia or Rurutu, but those collected by Voy at Rarotonga seem indistinguishable from Tahitian ex- amples. It seems possible that it has been distributed by hu- man agency, since it is not likely that a snail of this size could be carried far over sea by hurricanes, as the minute forms (Tornatellina, Pupidce etc.) no doubt have been. Still an- other hypothesis : P. hyalina may be an ancient and conserva- tive stock, which has survived from the time when these mountain islands formed the sierras of a larger land mass.
10. P. COMPRESSA 'Pfr.' Reeve. PI. 41, figs. 19, 20, 21.
"Shell acuminately oblong, rather thick, obliquely pro- duced towards the base, rather largely, compressed umbili- cate. Whorls convex, obliquely striated, very slightly spirally lineated ; last whorl rotundately angulated at the base. Aperture oblong, lip reflected in a slanting direction, a little contracted in the upper part. Dark chestnut brown, lip and interior of the aperture livid purple." (Reeve).
"Shell deeply rimate, ovate-conic, rather solid, under the lens very minutely decussate; chestnut colored. Spire conic, rather obtuse ; suture marked with a white line. Whorls 5,
182 PARTULA, TAHITI.
nearly flat, the last as long as the spire, narrowed and com- pressed at the base. Columella subnodose. Aperture oblong, narrowed by the calloused lip ; peristome brownish violaceous, broadly expanded, a little reflexed. Length 22, diam. 10, aperture with peristome 12x8 mm." (Pfr.)
Society Islands (Cuming coll.).
Partula compressa Pfr., REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 4, f. 20 (May, 1850). — PFR., Monogr. iii, 447. — Cf. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 112. — Bulimus compressus PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 75 (July, 1850). — P. stolida GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 70, pi. 3, f. 58.
The descriptions of Reeve and of Pfeiffer are given above. The type specimen is represented by fig. 21, copied from Reeve who described the species in advance of Pfeiffer. The figure measures about 24 mm. long. The last whorl is dark chestnut colored.
Three specimens received as P. compressa from Mr. Cuming in 1862 are before me, two being figured, pi. 41, figs. 19, 20. The shell is glossy, with very fine and rather weak spiral striation. The color in one shell is white under a yellow cuticle, closely streaked with olive-yellow, the streaks form- ing an ill-defined median belt. The other specimens are very finely, closely but irregularly streaked with brown, on a yellow ground on the last whorl, giving a rather bright red- dish or yellowish brown appearance, while the spire is dull or liver brown, the apex dull purplish-brown. The last whorl is very conspicuously compressed laterally, flat there in the last half-whorl. The aperture is diagonal, the base thrown out from the middle, in the type figure and in the yellow shell before me (fig. 19), but in a smaller shell it is normal in shape. The lip is reflexed, heavily thickened within. The interior is white.
Length 21, diam. !!%» aperture 12 mm., whorls 5%.
Length 191/2, diam. IQi/o, aperture 10.2 mm., whorls 5%.
These specimens agree perfectly with one received from Andrew Garrett as P. stolida, and which he figured in Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, p. 70, pi. 3, fig. 58. I have drawn this
PARTULA, TAHITI. 183
shell somewhat enlarged on pi. 25, fig. 7. It has some re- semblance to P. a/finis, but the last whorl is far more com- pressed laterally than in affinis. The spire is reddish-brown, becoming darker towards the apex, which is blackish-purple. The last whorl is olivaceous-chestnut, closely streaked with yellow. The last half of the last whorl is strongly com- pressed at the side, with a very convex, "saccate" base. The umbilical crease is rather ample. The rather narrowly re- flexed lip is fleshy-tinted, thin-edged, having a strong in- ternal thickening. No parietal tooth. Sculpture consists of very fine and close spiral striae crossing the growth- wrinkles, and continuing to the lip. This shell measures, length 19, diam. 11, length of aperture 10 mm. G-arrett writes: "I took a few examples of this ground species about two miles up Papenoo valley, on the northeast coast of Tahiti. They were all found lurking among the roots of ferns."
The identity of the original P. stolida of Pease is doubt- ful. There is little in the description to exclude it from P. compressa, yet the statement that it is "dentate" prob- ably indicates that what Pease originally had was a form closer to P. affiuis (no.
11. P. OTAHEITANA (Bruguiere). PI. 26, figs. 13-15; pi. 28, fig. 13.
"This species is fluviatile and was discovered during the same voyage as the preceding [Captain Cook's], in the brooks of the island Otahiti. The shell is sinistral, oblong, oval, very thick, not more than 10 or 11 lines in length by about 6 in diameter. It is composed of 5 whorls, united exteriorly, and as much swollen as those of the austral Bulimus, but coiled in a direction contrary to that of most shells; that is to say, the right side of its animal is towards the left. The spire is conic and terminates in a pointed summit. The sutures resemble those of the preceding species [P. faba]. The 'aperture is semi-oval, oblique, rounded at the base, only a third longer than wide, and shorter (by a line than half the shell. Outer lip arcuate, much reflexed and recurved to
184 PARTULA, TAHITI.
the exterior, flat and projecting outside. The inner [parietal] lip is very thin and furnished with a tooth in the middle, only found in old shells, the young having an in- conspicuous callus in its place. The •columella is simple, out- wardly covering an umbilicus resembling that of Bulimus australis. The whole shell is brown outside, or the color of roasted coffee; the lips are whitish and the cavity sooty. It is not common. ' ' (Brug.}.
Society Is.: Tahiti (Cook, Garrett et al.).
Bulimus otaheitanus BRUGUIERE, Encyc. Meth., i, p. 347 (1792). — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., ii, p. 71, in part; Conchyl. Cab. pi. 14, f. 5, 6. — Helix perversa, etc., CHEMNITZ, ix, p. 108, pi. 112, figs. 950, 951. — Helix otalieitana DILLWYN, Desc. Cat. Shells, ii, p. 935.— WOOD, Ind. Test, pi. 34, fig. 110.- Partula otalieitana FERUSSAC, Prod., p. 66. — REEVE, Conch. Syst, ii, pi. 175, fig. 16; Conch. Icon., pi. 3, fig. 136.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii, p. 448. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part, pp. 9, 10, with woodcut; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 184.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila, ix, 1884, p. 46. --Partulus otaheitanus BECK, Ind. Moll., p. 58. — Bulimus (Partula) isabellinus PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1846, p. 39; Mon. Hel., ii, p. 70. — Partula isabellina REEVE, Conch. Icon., sp. 10, pi. 2, fig. 8&. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iii, p. 448. — Bulimus amabilis PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1846, p. 38; Mon. Hel., ii, p. 71. — Partula amabilis REEVE, Conch. Icon., sp. 8, pi. 2, figs. 8a, 10. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iii, p. 448.— Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— Partula rubes- cens REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 3, fig. 12. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iii, p. 446.— PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.- Partula reeveana PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 137; Mon. Hel., iii, p. 447 ; Conch. Cab., Bulimus, pi. 65, figs. 10, 11. — Partula taheitana GOULD, Expl. Exped. Shells, pi. 84, fig. 91. — PEASE, Proc. Zool. So<c., 1871, p. 473.— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, v, p. 92. — Partula lignaria PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 671; 1871, p. 473.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 160. — SCHMELTZ, Cat Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. — Partula rufa CARPENTER (not of Lesson), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p.
PARTULA, TAHITI.
185
675. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 10. — Partula affinis PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., iii, 1867, p. 224; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 204. — P. affinis var. dubia Pse. MS., GARRETT, t. c. p. 49. — Partula sinistrorsa PEASE, MS. in Coll. Pease, 1863.— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92.- PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 209. -- GLOYNE, Quart. Jour. Conch., i, p. 337. — Partula sinistralis PEASE, MS. in coll. Pease, 1863. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 209. — GARRETT, t. c., p. 49. — Partula crassa PEASE, MS., GARRETT, J. A. N. S. P., ix, 1884, p. 49. — • Partula brevicula PEASE, MS., GARRETT, t. c., p. 49. — Partula perversa PEASE, MS., H. H. SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus., i, p. 442, no. 4188.
Bruguiere's account is given above, since it seems to indi- cate a darker, more elongate shell than that generally ac- cepted as typical otaheitana.
"The metropolis of the typical otaheitana is about two miles up Pautaua valley, on the northwest part of Tahiti, where it is very abundant on the trunks and foliage of trees and bushes. The above-mentioned valley being close to the principal harbor which was frequented by the early naviga- tors, it was undoubtedly where Bruguiere's type was ob- tained.
' ' The Fautaua shells, which are very variable in size, shape, and color, are never ornamented by spiral bands, and about one-third of the specimens are sinistral. The parietal tooth is nearly always present in the adults, and the peristome, though usually white, is frequently pinky flesh-color. The prevailing colors are straw-yellow, reddish fulvous, light 'chestnut, frequently with the spire more or less tinted with reddish and often with longitudinal strigations. The spire is more or less produced, and the aperture varies some in size and shape.
"The shape of the shell varies from abbreviate-ovate to elongate-ovate, as the following measurements will show: Length 21, diana. 10 mm. Dextral specimen. Length 16, diam. 10 mm. Dextral specimen.
186 PARTULA, TAHITI.
Length 20, diam. 10 mm. Sinistral specimen. Length 16, diam. 9mm. Sinistral specimen."
The following form has been referred to otakeitana as a synonym by Garrett and Hartman. "Bulimus isabellinus Pfr. Shell subperforate, oblong-conic, solid, striatulate, isa- belline. Spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 5, a little con- vex, the upper sculptured with impressed, very delicate spiral lines, the last, a little shorter than the spire, base rounded in front. Columella white, plicate-gibbous. Aperture ob- long-oval, narrowed by a dentiform callus deep within on the belly of the penultimate whorl. Peristome callous, white, broadly expanded, a little reflexed, the columellar margin dilated, sinuous-reflexed. Length 22, diam. 10, aperture in- side 9 mm. long, 4!/o wide. Habitat unknown, Mus. Cuming. ' ' (Pfr.) Reeve's figure is copied, pi. 26, fig. 16.
P. Iccvigata Pfr. is doubtless a Society Island shell, prob- ably a form of P. otaheitana. The description follows:
P. Iccvigata, Pf eiff er. — ' ' Shell deeply rimate, ovate-conic, solid, smooth, (slightly striatulate under the lens), glossy, buff. Spire conic, rather obtuse; suture moderate. Whorls 5, a little convex, the last about equal to the spire, more swollen next the suture, rounded at base. Columella in- wardly nodose-plicate above the middle. Aperture slightly oblique, oblong, obstructed by a deeply placed tubercle on the penultimate whorl; peristome thick, white, spreading throughout, the columellar margin dilated and adnate above. Length 20, diam. 10 mm. ; aperture with peristome 11 mm. long, 4 wide inside. Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.)." (Pfr.).
Partula lavigata PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 334; Monogr. iv, p. 511.
lla. P. o. LIGNARIA Pse (pi. 25, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.) "In a valley about two miles west of Fautaua, there exists in abund- ance the variety ( ? ) lignaria, Pease, which, though described as dextral, is nevertheless very frequently sinistral. Though not attaining quite so large a size as the Fautaua shells, it differs none in shape, but is usually darker colored and
PABTULA, TAHITI. 187
wore strigated, as well as exhibiting one to three transverse reddish chestnut bands. The lip is always white, and the parietal tooth is very seldom absent. The inosculation with otakeitana is so complete that it cannot be even separated as a well-marked variety." It was thus described: Partula lignaria Pease in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 671. " P. t. ovata, solidiusculai dextrorsa, anguste umbilicata, sub lente minu- tissime transversim striata, irregulariter longitudinaliter striata; anfr. 5, plano-convexis, sutura impressa; apertura rotundato-ovata, edentata, labro rotundatim incrassato ; cas- taneo-fusco irregulariter longitudinaliter strigata, interdum omnino rufo-fusca. Long. 18, diam. 10 mill."
"Var. &. Fascia unica nigro-fusca cingulata, seu omnino fiavide fusca. "
G-arrett's note on this imperfectly differentiated race is given above. The figures are from shells collected by him, showing several color-patterns. In certain examples a more or less conspicuous nodule appears on the face of the colu- mella near its insertion, fig. 4, much as in P. auriculata and nodosa.
Dr. Mayer found lignaria streaked without spiral bands, and also with one dark peripheral band in Tipasrui valley. All were dextral. In a few there is an additional subsutural band.
In Hamuta and Pirae Valleys, a form with sutural, peri- pheral and umbilical bands was found, constituting 3 to 4 per cent of the Partulcc caken. It occurred with streaked Lignaria. In Pirse, all are sinistral; in Hamuta (between Piras and Tipoerui) both dextral and sinistral individuals were found.
lib. P. o. APFINIS Pease. PI. 25, figs, 5, 6, 9.
"Shell elongately ovate, rather solid, compressly umbili- cate, dextral, finely, roughly and irregularly striated lon- gitudinally, transversely very minutely striate, suture im- pressed, sometimes faintly marginated; lip narrowly thick- ened, occasionally connected with the columella by a thin
188 PARTULA, TAHITI.
callosity; columella dentate. Color light or dark chestnut brown, sometimes striped with darker or wholly of a straw color.
"Var. encircled with three dark reddish brown bands, on middle of last whorl, at the umbilicus, and just beneath the suture.
"Observations: The above species is allied to P. otaheitana. It is, however, smaller and less elongate." (Pease).
Garrett writes: "Pease's affinis, which cannot be separated from some of the small abbreviated forms of otaheitana, oc- curs in greater or less abundance in all the valleys from Haona as far as the southeast end of Taiarapu peninsula, and round the opposite coast as far as Papieri on the south- west of Tahiti proper. In Papinoo I discovered a large colony of affinis, many of which had the pinky flesh-colored lip and sinistral form of otaheitana. Far up in the same valley, though common, none but dextral forms were found, and out of thousands taken in the other valleys, not one sinistral ex- ample occurred to my notice.
Three examples of affinis, received from Pease, and rep- resenting the three color-forms mentioned by him, are fig- ured, pi. 25, figs. 5, 6, 9. All the examples of this lot have the parietal wall dentate. The sculpture of spiral lines is very fine and close, but on the last whorl it is more or less obsolete, especially so in the middle of each whorl.
In a lot of five examples received from Garrett, one has a small parietal tooth, the others none. All are obscurely streaked with chestnut on a yellow ground, the spire brown. The sculpture of the latter part of the last whorl below the suture, of one of this lot, is drawn in pi. 25, fig. 8. In some other individuals, the spiral lines are subobsolete, as in typical affinis.
lie. P. o. DUBIA 'Pse.' Garrett. PL 25, figs. 10, 11.
"In a valley several miles from Papinoo I found a small colony of affinis which were marked by three transverse red- dish chestnut bands like lignaria. And most singular, no
PARTULA, TAHITI. 189
other banded specimens of affinis occurred to my notice in any other part of the island. This is the variety dubia Pse., by Carpenter erroneously referred to varia." [PI. 25, fig. 10, 11]. The var. dubia was not defined by Pease, but only mentioned as a form of varia, in P. Z. S. 1864, p. 675. Its first published definition was in Garrett's note, quoted above. Examples of dubia from Pease are figured (pi. 25, figs. 10, 11). The smallest dubia seen are only 15 mm. long.
lie. P. o. AMABILIS Pfeiffer. PI. 26, figs. 1, 2.
"Shell sinistral, subperf orate, ovate-turrite, rather solid, striatulate, glossy, citrine, the acute apex reddish, suture white-edged. Whorls 5, the upper flat, the rest convex, the last shorter than the spire. Colurnella nearly simple, slightly plicate. Aperture oblong-semioval. Peristome somewhat thickened, white, expanded and reflexed, the columellar mar- gin wide, flat, spreading. Length 23, diam. ll1/^, aperture inside 9y2 mm. long, 5 wide. A variety is somewhat smaller, ornamented with wide blackish-chestnut bands, the peristome livid-brown. ' ' (Pfr. ) .
"To the eastward between Fautana and Papinoo valley, a distance of about eight miles, there are three valleys, all in- habited by Pfeiffer 's amabilis, a sinistral form which has not a single feature to distinguish it from some of the large turreted Fautaua shells. In the first valley, Pfeiffer's species, though not abundant, were very fine specimens. The next valley, known as Pirai, (the metropolis of the small dextral P. filosa, which occupies the lower part of the valley), is, in the upper part, which trends towards the headquarters of otaheitana, inhabited by the sinistral amabilis. A few im- mature examples were found which were 'banded like lignaria. The only dextral Partulce taken in the two valleys were filosa,, attenuata and hyalina.
"In the next valley, called Haona, I found the dextral P. affinis abundant, and took a few of amabilis.
"Both Dr. Pfeiffer and Reeve described the latter species from specimens in the Cumingian collection, and both quote
190 PARTULA, TAHITI.
Anaa, a low coral island, as its habitat. Having resided about five months on that island, and searched all parts for shells, I did not find a single Partula there, or on any other low coral island. Though neither Pfeiffer nor Reeve allude to a parietal tooth, it is very frequently present." (Garrett) .
lid. P. o. RUBESCENS Reeve. PI. 26, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.
, "Shell acuminately oblong, rather thick, sinistral, com- pressly umbilicated ; whorls 6, smooth, somewhat rounded, lip and columella broadly reflected. Pink, red-brow*n towards the apex." (Reeve).
P. rubescens REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 3, f. 12 (April, 1850).
-PPR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 271, pi. 64, f. 21, 22; Monogr. iii, 446. — Partula turricula PEASE, olim, H. H. SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, 442, not of Pease 1872.
Fig. 4 is a copy of Reeve's. The examples before me are the form sent out as turricula by Pease. They are all sinis- tral, elongate, glossy, varying from chestnut-tinted yellow to pale yellow with light green streaks on the last two whorls, those preceding rose-tinted, the shade deepening to the apex. The lip is white in the paler shells, rose-tinted in the darker. Measurements vary from length 22, diam. 12.1, aperture 10.9 mm., to 19, 11, 9.8 mm. just three-fourths of the adult shells seen have a parietal tooth. Garrett writes: "Reeve's rubes- cens is abundant in Papinoo, and occurs sparingly in all the valleys as far as the southeast end of the island. Like ama- bilis it cannot be separated from the sinistral turreted ota- heitana, inhabiting Fautaua. It is always sinistral, never banded, and, though usually of a reddish tint, is frequently straw-yellow or fulvous, with or without a reddish or pinky apex. The lip is white or pinky flesh-color. Though de- scribed as edentate, some have a small parietal tooth. Reeve gave no locality, and Pfeiffer erroneously cites the Marquesas as its habitat."
lie. P. o. SINISTRORSA 'Pse.' Garrett. PI. 26, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.
"Pease's sinistrorsa is confined to the south coast of Tahiti
proper, where it exists in the greatest profusion in all the
PARTULA, TAHITI. 191
valleys and lowland forests for a distance of ten or twelve miles. In the valley which is the limit of the range of the dextral affinis I took several specimens of the sinistral sinis- trorsa. The latter is invariably reversed, dentate or eden- tate, fulvous with three more or less diffused reddish chest- nut bands. Reeve figures the same shell on Plate 3, fig. 13a, as otaheitana. Bandless varieties are frequent, and vary from straw-yellow to fulvous or light chestnut, frequently strigated and the lip white. The 'latter varieties differ none from the true otaheitana of Fautaua.
" It is worthy of remark that in that part of the district of Papieri, occupied by sinistrorsa, is also the headquarters of the terrestrial P. producta, a dextral species, which is always edentate, and exhibits the fasciation of the former.
"After passing to the westward of the range of the typical sinistrorsa, which presents the same features for a distance of ten or twelve miles, it suddenly exhibits a tendency to a change in its becoming more stunted, more solid, always den- tated, and the bands, one to three, are sharply defined on a pale ground. It is the sinistralis of Pease, MS., and occupies two valleys.
"In the next large valley, called Faahuaite, on the south- west coast, we find Pease's crassa (MS.), which is also a sin- istral shell, always dentated, solid, more tightly coiled than sinistrorsa, and the body- whorl is more flattened. It is rarely marked by a single narrow submedian chestnut band. In the same valley, but more inland, occurs a smaller form, which is, I suppose, the P. brevicula, Pse., MS. [see pi. 26, f. 12, speci- men from Dr. Hartman].
' ' The following valley, named Punaavia, is the metropolis of the beautiful P. nodosa, which also exhibits three bands. Far above the restricted range of the latter, where the valley turns towards the head of Fautaua, the home of the typical otaheitana, I took a few examples of a Partula, similar to, but larger than crassa. The next valley is the habitat of lignaria. ' ' ( Garrett) .
Specimens of sinistrorsa received from Pease and Garrett
192 PARTULA, TAHITI.
are figured. There is also a bandless form, dark chestnut colored with darker and lighter oblique streaks, which may be called variety confluens (pi. 26, fig. 11).
12. P. STENOSTOMA Pfeiffer. PI. 27, figs. 12, 13.
Shell umbilicate, dextral, oblong-conic rather solid, closely striolate, glossy; fulvous clouded with brown and brightly three-banded with chestnut. Spire long-conic, rather acute; suture lightly impressed, whitish. Whorls 5y2> but a trifle convex, the last shorter than the spire, somewhat compressedly rounded at the base. Columella running forward obliquely, slightly plicate above. Aperture a little oblique, narrow, truncate-oblong, narrowed by a deeply placed, tooth-like callus on the penultimate whorl. Peristome callous, white, expanded and slightly reflexed throughout, the right margin sinuated above. Length 22, diam. lO1/^, aperture with peris- tome 11 mm. long, 5 wide inside (Pfr.).
Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.)
Partula stenostoma PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 97 ; Novit. Conch, p. 61, pi. 17, f . 16, 17 ; Monogr. iv, 507. Cf. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, p. 52.
In my copy of Pfeiffer's figure (pi. 27, fig. 13) the small parietal tooth was omitted by oversight. It is very indis- tinctly drawn in the original figure, and should resemble that of fig. 9 of the same plate.
P. stenostoma was not identified by Mr. Garrett. The positions of the bands eause me to think it related to affinis Pse., and dubia Garr., but it differs from these and other forms of P. otaheitana by the narrow shape of the aperture. Dr. Hartman has referred stenostoma, to P. vexillum Pse. ; and it has a certain resemblance to the Raiatean P. planila- brum and P. vittata.
13. P. PRODUCTA Pease. PI. 27, figs. 1, 2, 3.
The shell is dextral, long-ovate, deeply rimate, rather solid, moderately glossy; yellow or brownish-yellow with three dark chestnut bands, a pale sutural band above the upper one, the middle band widest, the lower one defining a light umbili-
PARTULA, TAHITI. 193
cal patch ; whorls of the spire showing two dark bands on a light or flesh-colored ground, apex dark. The surface shows •no spiral lines, or only faint traces of them. Whorls S1/^, moderately convex, the last well rounded peripherally and beneath. The aperture is nearly vertical, dark within ; peris- tome narrowly expanded and reflexed, moderately thickened within, white or flesh-tinted. The parietal wall is typically toothless, but sometimes it bears a tubercular white tooth.
Length 20, diam. 10.7, aperture 10 mm.
Length 19, diam. 10.2, aperture 10 mm.
Length 21, diam. 11.2, aperture 10.8 TTITW,
Length 18.8, diam. 10, aperture 9.8 mm.
Tahiti : ' ' This species only occurred to my notice in one valley, on the southwest coast of Tahiti, where it is abundant, lurking beneath decaying leaves and under heaps of loose stones." (Garrett).
Partula producta PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 671 ; 1871, p. 473.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 156.- SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. — HARTMAN, Cat. Par- tula, p. 10; Obs. Gen. Partula, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 185.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 66, pi. 3, f. 51.
This terrestrial form was found by Garrett to be invariably dextral. It is not so glossy as P. otaheitana sinistrorsa Pse., but otherwise there is not much difference. P. producta how- ever has somewhat diverse variations; the dark bands be- come confluent in some individuals by darkening of the ground color, leaving the last whorl chestnut with (usually) a pale sutural band and umbilical patch. Garrett also re- cords a mutation uniform pale fulvous or tawny with a darker apex. Description and figs. 1, 2, 3 from examples received from Pease.
14. P. NODOSA Pfeiffer. PI. 25, figs. 12, 13, 16, 17.
Shell perforate, conic-ovate, rather solid, obsoletely decus- sate; chestnut-colored, ornamented with a wide white band at the suture, and often some other pale bands. Spire conic,
194 PARTULA, TAHITI.
acute. Whorls 5%, a little flattened, the last about as long as the spire. Columella plicate above, deep within, then nodulose. Aperture subvertical, oblong, narrow; peristome outwardly scarcely expanded; inwardly provided with an acutely projecting white callus, contracting the aperture; margins subparallel, the right margin a little straightened. Length 16, diam. 8, aperture 6 mm. long inside, 4 wide.
(P/T.).
Tahiti : ' ' This beautiful arboreal species is restricted to a limited area about two miles up Punaavia valley on the west coast of Tahiti. I first discovered the location in 1861, and gathered about three hundred examples. On a subsequent visit, nine years later, I secured over eight hundred speci- mens. It is entirely confined to the south side of the stream which flows through the valley, and circumscribed in a nar- row area about three-fourths of a mile in length." (Garrett) .
Partula nodosa PPEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 262; Mon. Hel., iii, p. 449 ; iv, 512 ; vi, 160 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 266, pi. 64, f. 1, 2.— Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.- SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 10; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 184, 188, 195.— GARRETT, J. A. N. S. ix, 1884, p. 65.— Partula trili- neata PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 195 ; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 1. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 195. — Partula nodosa var. trilineata PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. — Partula no- dosa var. sinistralis MAYER, Some species of Partula from Tahiti in Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxvi, no. 2, Jan. 1902, p. 127, figs. 14, 15, 14a, 15a.
P. nodosa stands near P. suturalis of Moorea, which doubt- less arose from the same ancestral stock. In Tahiti it has no little resemblance to certain forms of P. lignaria, especially those with many streaks and a single dark belt, many of which show a more or less developed nodule on the columella, such as is characteristic of P. nodosa.
The typical P. nodosa, pi. 25, figs. 12, 13, was the dark reddish-brown or chestnut-brown shell, with a wide cream- white band below the suture on the last one or two whorls.
PARTULA, TAHITI. 195
There is usually more or less pale streaking of the dark ground on the last whorl; the reverse of the lip and the border of the umbilicus are also pale. Several examples seen, one of them received from Dr. Pfeiffer. All are dextral. Judging 'by the lots before me, this form occurs in the same colonies with the following color phases.
Color-form TRILINEATA Pease. PI. 25, figs. 14, 15. "Cream color or yellowish horn-color, the spire usually reddish-brown, last whorl striped irregularly with brown, and encircled by three dark reddish-'brown lines or 'bands; suture margined with white "(Pse). In the typical lot of trilineata received from Pease the spire is fleshy brown in two examples (typical -coloration) ; clear corneous in two; and the other two have some whitish and faint 'brown markings on a fleshy- corneous ground. Four of the shells are 3-banded, like fig. 14, 15, one has only a wide chestnut 'belt, and is conspicuously streaked with brown, and the sixth is a typical nodosa in color.
A lot from Grarrett consists of ( 1 ) ordinary dark P. nodosa ; (2) one sinistral shell (fig. 16) with normal trilineata color- pattern. Garrett states "about one in two hundred is sinis- tral ") ; and (3) pale shells with the spire corneous, last I1/-* whorls cream-colored with a profusion of corneous and cor- neous-brown streaks which do not reach to the suture; aper- ture typical (pi. 25, fig. 17, color- form pallidior).
14a. P. N. L.EVA, n. n. PL 25, figs. 18, 19.
' ' The shell is blunt in shape and the spire is short ; the lip is quite thick, and is usually provided with a well-developed tooth upon the columellar side, and there is also a tooth upon the wall of the aperture. The surface of the shell is smooth and slightly polished, and there are no deep longitudinal fur- rows. About 57 per cent of these snails are well represented by fig. 18. The ground color is a light horny-yellow streaked longitudinally with darker brown, in addition to which there are two dark-brown whorl-stripes and a white whorl-stripe adjacent to the suture of the spire. In about 43 per cent the dark-brown whorl stripes are either absent or veiy faint,
196 PARTULA, TAHITI.
and the ground color of the shell varies from light horny- yellow to rich 'brown. A snail of this type is fairly well rep- resented in fig. 19, a dark-brown individual being drawn. Ninety-seven per cent of the adult snails of type 18 and 91 per cent of type 19 -are sinistral ; while of the young, 100 per cent from type 18 and 90 per cent from type 19 are sinistral. In the case of the snails of type 19, twenty-six sinistral adults gave forty-six sinistral and one dextral young; while two dex- tral adults gave four dextral and no sinistral young. Among the snails of type 18, only one of the dextral adults con- tained young and this one gave a single sinistral offspring. Twenty- six whorl-striped adults of the type of fig. 18 gave forty-two young, of which 76 per cent display whorl-stripes, while 24 per cent are plain colored. On the other hand, twenty-eight adults of type 19, which are either unstriped or with very faint whorl-stripes, gave forty-one young of which 61.5 per cent are marked with whorl-stripes and 38.5 per cent are plain colored. It is very evident that the striped and unstriped forms intergrade.
"Of the one hundred adults found in the valley, 94 per cent are sinistral, while of the eighty-eight young taken from them, 94.5 per cent are sinistral. This condition appears, therefore, to be stable from one generation to another." (Mayer}.
Maruapoo valley, on the western side of Tahiti about 7 miles south of Tipaerui valley.
This form is said to constitute 99 per cent of the snail fauna of the valley, P. hyalina forming -the remainder. Fig- ures and description from Dr. Mayer. The name simstralis being preoccupied, I have substituted lava.
15. P. PILOSA Pfeiffer. PI. 27, figs. 4, 5.
Shell perforate, conic-ovate, solid, sculptured with close impressed spiral lines, hardly shining ; chestnut-colored, orna- mented with ashen hair-lines. Spire conic, rather obtuse. Whorls 5, flattened, the last as long as the spire, more con- vex, columella slightly plicate above. Aperture a little ob-
PARTULA, TAHITI. 197
lique, sfebtriangular-semioval ; peristome a little expanded, provided with a thick prominent callus within. Length 16, diam. 8^/2, aperture with peristome 81/2 mm. long, 6^/2 wide (Pfr.).
Tahiti: "Restricted to the lower portion of Pirse valley, on the northwest coast of Tahiti, where it is abundant on foliage." (Garrett).
Partula filosa PPEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 262 ; Mon. Hel., iii, p. 450; Conchyl. Cab. ed. 2d, Bui., p. 267, pi. 64, figs. 3, 4. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 10; Obs. Gen. Partula, Bull. Mus. C. Zool., ix, pp. 182, 183, 196.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 64, pi. 3, f. 81.— MAYER, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxvi, no. 2, p. 126, figs. 9, 10. — Partula lineolata PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867, p. 224; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92.- PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 206.
P. filosa is quite distinct from other Tahitian snails, but is very closely related to the Moorean P. nucleola Pse. It is a small, ovate, solid and compactly coiled shell, dull or with but little gloss, and either reddish-brown with darker pur- plish summit, or dull yellow with the summit roseate; in either case 'being irregularly marked with many backwardly sloping longitudinal whitish lines. Under the lens these lines appear ragged, and are seen to be due to the loss of cuticle along some of the lines of growth. All the post-embryonic whorls have this peculiarity. The spiral striation is well developed throughout. All of the thirty examples seen have a parietal tooth, but in some it is quite small. The peristome is white, moderately expanded but strongly thickened within. There is often the low indication of a tubercle on the colu- mella. No banded or sinistral examples have been found.
16. P. CLARA Pease. PI. 24, figs. 7, 8, 9.
The shell is openly perforate, oblong-ovate, thin, sometimes imperfectly translucent, pale yellowish corneous or very pale chestnut, often variegated with darker obliquely axial streaks ; suture with an opaque-white margin. Surface somewhat shin-
198 PARTULA, TAHITI.
ing, with sculpture of fine growth-lines and minute, crowded, waved spiral striae. Whorls 4%, moderately convex; the last half of the last whorl is noticeably compressed below the periphery, the base being strongly convex. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique, usually pale brownish or fleshy inside. Peristome white, reflexed, thickened within except near the upper and columellar insertions. Columellar margin dilated above. Parietal callus very thin.
Length 15.5, diam. 9.1, length aperture 8.1 mm.
Length 15.2, diam. 8.7, length aperture 8.7 mm.
Length 17, diam. 9.7, length aperture 9.7 mm.
Society Islands : Upper portions of the valleys of the south- western part of Tahiti, a rare species, found on foliage. (Garrett).
Partula clara PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 671; 1871, p. 473. — PFEIFPER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 159. — HARTMAN, Cat. Partula, p. 11 ; Obs. Gen. Partula, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., p. 181, vol. ix. — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 56, pi. 3, f. 75.
This leaf-dweller is said by Garrett to be rare and in his opinion approaching extinction. It has the figure of P. annectens of Huaheine, but is much less delicate. P. attenuata of Raiatea and Tahiti, is an allied species of much more slender contour.
Specimens from Pease and Garrett before one are either nearly uniform in tint, or streaked obliquely with chestnut. Pease in his original account has described a livar., encircled with a single line, or two or three." Garrett describes it as "corneous, sometimes with darker stripes, and more rarely with one or two transverse chestnut bands. ' ' In being varie- gated, P. clara is -clearly less modified from the ancestral stock than P. attenuata and annectens.
17. P. ATTENUATA Pease. PI. 24, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
The shell is openly perforate, slender, long-ovate, thin, slightly pellucid pale yellowish-corneous, sometimes with a faint reddish tint towards the apex; the suture transparent-
PARTULA, TAHITI. 199
margined, or margined with a white line. Surface lustrous, faintly marked with growth lines and minute, crowded, finely rippled spiral striae throughout. Whorls 5, but slightly con- vex, the last one compressed below the periphery, and strongly convex, somewhat swollen, at the base. (This is well shown in fig. 2). The aperture is nearly vertical, more than half the total length. Peristome broadly reflexed, the basal and outer margins thickened within except near the upper end of the lip, which is thin and merely a little expanded. Colu- mellar margin dilated and bifurcate above. Parietal callus a transparent film.
Length 16, diam. 8, length aperture 9 mm.
Length 17, diam. 8.6, length aperture 9.5 mm.
Length 17.8, diam. 8.5, length aperture 9.9 mm.
Society Islands: "Upper portions of all the central val- leys on both the east and west sides of Raiatea. It is more abundant in Toloa and Hapai valleys than elsewhere. Owing to its peculiar habit of living on the foliage near the tops of trees, it easily escapes observation. It occurs more rarely at Tahiti, where it has, also, a wide range, and is confined to the upper portions of the valleys." (Garrett} .
Partula attenuata PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 672 ; 1871, p. 473. — PFEIPPER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 156. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92.— HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 11; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 179. — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 70. — Partula gracilis PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., ii, 1866, p. 197; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 3.— BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1875, pp. 244, 247, pi. 19, fig. 6 (part of jaw). — PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. — PPR., Monogr. viii, 198. — Partula carteretensis REEVE (not of Quoy and Gaimard), Conch. Icon., sp. 13, pi. 4, fig. 13. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., iv, p. 72.
This snail is closely related to P. annectens of Huaheine, having in common with that the color, texture and sculpture, and especially the peculiar shape of the last whorl, which is compressed below the middle, then swollen around the umbili- cal region in both species. It differs from annectens by its
200 PARTULA, MOOREA.
more slender shape, heavier substance, and wider lip, which is calloused within. P. clara also is an allied species of broader contour, but with an aperture much like that of attenuata.
In a lot or three specimens sent many years ago by Pease, the suture has a grayish margin ; but in all other shells seen, the margin is white, by loss of the cuticle, or by its becoming permeated with air. Normally the lip-edge and parietal callus are thin, but in one very old shell before me, both are considerably thickened.
Pease described this species twice, evidently from the same examples. He seems to have forgotten the description of 1864. It is an error other prolific authors have committed.
"When we take into consideration its peculiar habit of concealment in the tops of trees, and its range restricted to the more elevated portions of the valleys, so contrary to the habits of other species, it is really remarkable to find it in- habiting two remote islands, especially as all the other species have a very limited range. It does not occur at Tahaa, which is only four miles from Raiatea, and enclosed in the same en- circling reef. It is no less singular to note its absence from Huaheine and Moorea, though at the former island we find the closely allied P. annectens." (Garrett).
2. Moorean Partula.
Four species and numerous subspecies are peculiar to Moorea, which is separated from Tahiti by a channel only eight miles wide. All show clear traces of a common ancestry with Tahitian forms, though since the separation of the islands there has been specific divergence. The affinities of the snails are as follows :
Tahiti. Moorea.
P. otaheitana P. mooreana
P. nodosa P. suturalis
P. filosa P. tceniata group.
18. P. MOOREANA Hartman. PI. 29, figs. 17-20.
The shell is sinistral, deeply 'but shortly rimate, rather thin ;
PARTULA, MOOREA. 201
dilute yellow, fleshy-corneous or soiled white, the first whorl almost always -brown ; rarely the last whorl is streaked with buff (fig. 19), or has three pale brown spiral bands (fig. 17). Surface shining, rather densely marked with spiral striae throughout. Spire straightly conic ; whorls 5, only very slightly convex, the last compressed laterally, convex below. The aperture is quite oblique, peristome is well reflexed, strongly thickened within, much narrower in its upper third. Columellar margin dilated at the insertion. There is usually a rather thick but transparent parietal callus and a well- developed parietal tooth. Length 18.5, diam. 11, length of aperture 10 mm.
Moorea: Vaianai valley, on the southeast coast.
Partula nworeana HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1880, p. 229; Cat. Part., p. 10; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 184. — GARRETT, Terrestrial Mollusca in- habiting the Society Islands, Journ. A. N. S. P. ix, 1884, p. 59, pi. 3, f. 55.
P. nworeana "may be characterized by its elongate-ovate form, rather thin texture, constant parietal tooth, planulate- conical spire, which equals half the length of the shell, pale luteous color, with darker apex. It is alivays sinistral, and the white expanded lip is rather thin and moderately incras- sated. A variety with three narrow pale brown revolving bands is not infrequent.
"It is closely related to some of the sinistral forms of varieties of P. otaheitana, particularly with Pease's P. crassa, which, though of the same shape, is more solid, rougher, and the fine crowded spiral incised lines which extend over the whole surface of the former are nearly obsolete on the latter." (Oarrett).
19. P. SUTURALIS Pfeiffer. PL 27, figs. 10, 11; pi. 28, figs. 1 to 6, 8.
Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-conic, thin, distinctly striate spirally; fulvous-buff irregularly painted with chest- nut streaks. Spire convexly conic, acute; suture margined
202 PARTULA, MOOREA.
with a white thread. Whorls 5y2, slightly convex, the last slightly shorter than the spire, somewhat swollen above, taper- ing towards the base. Columella nearly simple, almost verti- cal. Aperture slightly oblique, truncate-oblong; peristome white, thin, the right margin narrowly expanded, simiated above, columellar margin dilated, reflexed. Length 19, diam. 9, aperture with peristome 10 mm. long, 4% wide inside
Moorea.
Partula suturalis PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 98 ; Novit. Conch.
1, p. 62, pi. 17, f. 18, 19; Monographia iv, 508. — HARTMAN, Catalogue of Partula p. 10. — SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, p. 446. — Partula lineata Lesson, REEVE, Conch. Icon, vi, pi.
2, f. 7. — GARRETT, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 50, pi. 3, f. 83, and of some other authors; not P. lineata Lesson. — Partula alternata (Pease, MS.) H. H. SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, p. 447 (March, 1903). — Partula vexillum PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 198 ; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 8; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— PFEIFPER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 196. — Partula nodosa CARPENTER (not of Pfeiffer), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675 (= alternata) .
The original figures of this species are copied, pi. 27, figs. 10, 11. It was described from the Curning collection, the habitat being unknown. Dr. Hartman seems to have first re- cognized it in the common Moorean shell under considera- tion. Garrett subsequently (1884) discussed the species at great length.
Figures 5, 6, 8 of plate 28 represent the typical form of the species. The shell is rather solid when adult, compact in shape. The lip is snow-white, thickened within, columella vertical, swollen or inflated just below the insertion. There is generally no parietal tooth, but when developed it is a low callous node or pad, not often a distinct tooth, as in vexillum. The first 2y2 whorls are isabella-colored ; the darker ob- liquely longitudinal stripes appear at first rather faint and widely spaced on the isabelline ground, but on the last whorl the ground becomes opaque, more or less cafe-au-lait tinted or
PARTULA, MOOREA. 203
sometimes nearly white, and the stripes are brown-corneous or even, unequal and unevenly spaced. The sculpture consists of spiral incised striae which are rather widely spaced, and typically are distinct on the last whorl.
This type of shell is further modified by the development of spiral bands; sometimes only one, at the periphery, the base of the shell often chestnut-colored, and again two bands, one above, the other below the periphery (pi. 28, fig. 8; pi. 27, fig. 6). Specimens with oblique streaks only, with one and with two bands, occur together in Garrett 's sendings, and apparently are mingled in the same colonies. The spiral striation is usually subobsolete on the upper part of the last whorl in these shells, which are what Pease named in MS. and Smith described as P. alternata. The preceding forms are what Garrett alludes to as found in Oahumi valley. Com- paring this race with vexillum, he writes: "The Oahumi shells are usually a trifle smaller, not so frequently dentated, and are much more conspicuously strigated than the Vaianai shells. The spiral bands, of which there are one or two, sel- dom three, on the body- whorl, are very frequently interrupted, which, with the conspicuous strigations, gives the shell a some- what tessellated appearance. All the color-varieties alluded to in my remarks on the Vaianai shells are also found in Oahumi, but the uniform dark-colored ones are more fre- quent, besides one of a uniform white color, not decorticated, of which I took three examples.
"So far as I can ascertain, there has been no figure pub- lished of Pfeiffer's strigosa. He gives the Admiralty Islands as its habitat. There are no species of the type he describes found in the western Pacific. It is undoubtedly a Society Islands species, and I fully agree with Dr. Hartman in re- ferring it to the shells under consideration. ' '
Further Oahumi color-forms are represented in pi. 28, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, the lot from Garrett. They are chestnut with light streaks and a white suture, the spire flesh-colored (fig. 3), the same with a pale girdle (fig. 2), or line (fig. 1), at the peri- phery, or there may be two white zones, one below the suture, the other in the middle of the basal slope (fig. 4).
204 PARTULA, MOOREA.
P. strigosa Pfr. is p rob-ably, as Garrett and Hartman have held, a form of suturalis. It w:as described as follows : ' ' Shell perforate, oblong-conic, rather solid, very obsoletely decus- sate, subopaque ; whitish, ornamented with irregular fulvous and rufous streaks. Spire conic, the apex acute. Whorls 5, nearly flat, the last slightly shorter than the spire, somewhat tapering at the base, rounded. Columella somewhat twisted above, subnodose at base. Aperture slightly oblique, trun- cate-oval, generally contracted by a nodiform parietal callus. Peristome white, callous, subequally spreading throughout. Length 17 to 18, diam. 9 mm., aperture with peristome 8^2 x 6% mm., inside 3% mm. wide. Admiralty Is." (P. strigosa PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 384).
. P. SUTURALIS VEXILLUM Pease. PI. 27, fig. 9 ; pi. 28, figs. 9-12.
The shell is typically dextral, more lengthened than the preceding, less compact, and somewhat thinner. On a corn- eous-buff ground it is obliquely streaked with opaque buff on the last whorl, and begirt with two chestnut bands, the upper one ascending on the penult, whorl. Parietal tooth well-developed. Spiral striation wanting or extremely weak on the last whorl. Sutural white line inconspicuous or even wanting. Length 21, diam. ll1/^, length of aperture 11 mm. Description and fig. 9 are from one of Pease's original lot. Other shells are somewhat smaller, length 18 mm., and the oblique streaks may be less distinct,
Many examples were collected by Andrew Garrett, who found it variable. Some shells are dark chestnut with a white sutural line (fig. 10) ; others are like Pease's original lot, or have a third band, around the umbilicus (fig. 11) ; while some shells are finely streaked brown and buff, without any bands (fig. 12) . Garrett writes as follows : "This beau- tiful arboreal species is found in great profusion in Vaianai valley, on the southeast coast of Moorea, where it occurs in company with P. mooreana and P. elongata. It also exists in considerable numbers in a small valley about two miles to the westward, associated with P. taniata and elongata.
PARTULA, MOOREA. 205
' ' I first discovered this species in 1861, and obtained several hundred specimens, all collected on the eastern side of the stream that flows through the valley of Vaianai. They were all dextral, and were so described by Pease, under the name of vexillum. On a second visit, in 1875, I took over 2000 ex- amples, all gathered on the tvestern side of the stream, and was surprised to find many sinistral forms among them [pi. 28, fig. 9]. At the same time I found about a dozen specimens, all sinistral, in a large semicircular valley on the opposite side of the island. They were probably stragglers from Vaianai.
"It is noteworthy that no reversed Partulce were found in any other part of the island except on the western side of the stream in Vaianai, and the above-mentioned stragglers taken on the opposite coast. The same side of the stream is also the home of the sinistral P. mooreana."
20. P. TJSNIATA (Morch). PI. 28, figs. 15, 16; pi. 29; figs. 8, 12, 13.
Shell rimate, conic, pellucid, transversely irregularly pli- cate, longitudinally very closely waved-striate, under a lurid cuticle, the last whorl encircled with two distant, white, brown- bordered bands; suture appressed, whorls 5, a little convex, the last about as long as the spire, obsoletely angular above and below ; fold of the columella 'compressed, twisted. Peris- tome white, broadly expanded, reflexed. Length 18, diam. 8, aperture inside 8x4% mm. (Mch.).
Society Is. : Moorea.
Bulimus (Partulus} t&niatus MOERCH, Catalogus Oonchyl- liorum quae reliquit C. P. Kierulf, etc., 1850, p. 29, pi. 1, fig. 5. — Partula tcuniata PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iii, p. 451. — CAR- PENTER, Proe. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675. — HARTMAN, Obs. Gen. Part. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 188 (part). — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 72. — Partula striolata PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 197 ; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 4; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. viii, p. 203. — Partula simulans PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch.,
206 PABTULA, MOOREA.
1866, p. 202; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 11.— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. — PFEIFPER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 206. — Partula decussatula CARPENTER (not of Pfeiffer), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675. — P. peraffinis Pse. MS., according to Hart- man.
Tlie typical form is tawny brown with two widely separ- ated white bands as shown in figures 15, 16 of pi. 28. There are also often some pale oblique streaks. The shape, as (jarrett writes, "varies from abbreviate-ovate to elongate- ovate, more or less solid, scarcely shining, smooth or wrin- kled with incremental strige, and the spiral incised lines are very fine, and crowded on all the whorls. The spire is more or less produced half the length of the shell, sometimes shorter or a trifle longer. The last whorl is frequently com- pressed in the back and right side, which gives it a faintly biangular appearance. The peristome is more or less ex- panded, sometimes considerably so, moderately thick, slant- ing and labiated within. Columellar lip more or less tor- tuous, abruptly receding above, which gives it a nodulous ap- pearance. About one in a hundred exhibits the parietal tooth. The color is also variable : white, straw-yellow, lemon- yellow, light orange, corneous, fulvous, various shades of brown, sometimes with darker stri gallons, and frequently spirally banded. The most common style of fasciation con- sists of from one to four narrow, more or less broken, fulvous or fulvous-brown bands on the body-whorl. Fulvous-brown examples, with two or three pale bands, are not so common. The last appears to be Morch's type, which he incorrectly as- signs to the Viti Islands."
"The metropolis of this truly protean species is in a very large semicircular valley on the north coast of Moorea, where it occurs in prodigious numbers on the foliage of bushes. In the western part oi the same valley, where it exhibits less variation, it gradually intergrades with the form which has been distributed under the name of nucleola Pease, which has its headquarters in a small, but isolated, valley about two miles west of Opunohu.
PARTULA, MOOREA. 207
' ' On the -southwest part of the island we find tceniata toler- ably abundant in three valleys, and, like the shells in the western part of Opunohu, it is subject to much less variation than obtains in the eastern part of the same valley. The shells from the southwest coast were described by Pease un- der the name of P. simulans [pi. 29, figs. 8, 12, 13].
"In the third or more eastern valley, where they come in contact with P. elongata and lineata, hybrids between the former and tceniata are so numerous that, any one collecting in that valley only would, without hesitation, pronounce them one and the same species.
"From this point to a distance of several miles, the valleys are inhabited by lineata, mooreana, elongata and lineata, var. stngosa, only. But after passing Oahumi, the home of the latter variety, we again find tceniata, but nearly as variable as the eastern Opunohu shells, and mixed with the form known as striolata, Pse., with which it intergrades. Here I found several unmistakable hybrids between strigosa and tceniata. All the valleys between this latter location and the one near- est to Opunohu are inhabited by the typical form striolata, which scarcely differs from nucleola, except in being smoother and more variegated with stripes. In a large valley adja- cent to Opunohu, we find these shells by thousands; they differ in being beautifully striped like stngosa. Here, again, it insensibly graduates into the typical tceniata. Whether the inosculation takes place through hybrids or not is a difficult question to decide. In looking over a large collection from the eastern part of Opunohu, I find some of the small forms are not dissimilar to the typical striolata, which has suggested the propriety of following Dr. Hartman in consolidating the three forms." (Garrett).
P. tceniata spadicea Reeve. PI. 41, fig. 18.
"Shell perforate, conic-oblong, thin, very minutely decus- sate, diaphanous, brown-corneous streaked with paler. Spire long-conic, rather obtuse; suture margined. Whorls 5 to
£>, a little convex, the last equal to the spire or a little
208 PARTULA, MOOREA.
shorter. Columella obliquely subplicate above. Aperture slightly oblique, oblong-oval; peristome thin, white, broadly expanded throughout, the right margin spreading. Length 18, diam. 8, aperture with peristome 10 x 6y2 mm. Mar- quesas Is. (Cuming coll.)." (Pfr.).
Partula spadicea REEVE, Conch. Icon, vi, pi. 4, f. 24 (May, 1850) .— PFR., Monogr. iii, 451 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 273, pi. 64, f. 31, 32.— Cf. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, foot of p. 73.
An example of P. spadicea received from Mr. Cuming in 1862 is smaller than Reeve's figure, but resembles it in other- wise. Though labeled "Marquesas" it is apparently a form of P. elongata Pease, or very closely related to that species. Dr. Hartman has referred spadicea to P. t&niata; and the figure certainly lias a close resemblance to P. simulans Pse., a form of t&niata.
P. simulans Pease, based on shells which are "plain red- dish-brown yellowish or horn-color ' ' or with ' ' three inter- rupted transverse bands ' belongs apparently to t&niata. PI. 28, fig. 14 represents the cotype originally supplied by Pease for pi. 1, fig. 11 of the Am. Journ. Conch. It is not fully mature, and is corneous with indistinct brown streaks. It is this form which seems to be identical with P. spadicea Rve. PI. 29, figs. 8, 12 are uniform white and brown-banded examples also supplied by Pease at the time of original pub- lication. The banded examples have two submedian and one umbilical band, on a corneous-whitish ground. Some of these shells scarcely differ from P. t. nucleola.
P. striolata Pease, seems to be identical with t&niata ex- cept in coloration ; it is dull tawny-brown with a few whitish oblique streaks. The columellar tubercle is very weak, not prominent as in nucleola. Fig. 8, pi. 27, is drawto from a cotype received from Pease.
Whitish-corneous, solid shells, striped closely with brown or chestnut, chiefly on the last whorl (pi. 28, fig. 7) have been distributed by Garrett as striolata,. They are probably closer to the following form and to nucleola.
PARTULA, MOOREA. 209
Another race, tangent from nucleola, is figured, pi. 27, fig. 7. The dark brown shell is profusely striped on the last l1/^ whorls with cream-white. The columellar denticle is small and prominent.
P. T.ENIATA NUCLEOLA 'Pease' Garrett. PI. 29, figs. 14, 15, 16.
A small, compact, ovate-conic race. The surface is densely and distinctly striate spirally, but little shining, corneous- whitish, corneous-brown with wide indistinct darker and paler streaks, yellowish-brown or chestnut brown. The short spire is straightly conic; whorls about 4-°;4> the last full be- low, rounded or somewhat flattened on the back. The colu- mella bears a small but rather acute tubercle in the middle, at the lower end of the axial expansion. There is no parietal tooth, but sometimes the very slight indication of one may be seen.
Length 15, diam. 9, aperture 8.4 mm.
Length 16, diam. 8.2, aperture 8 mm.
Length 14, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm.
This form is probably more primitive than the typical tceniata. It stands very close to P. filosa of Tahiti. The two are apparently of common origin. According to Garrett, nucleola intergrades with tccniata, yet it appears to be as distinct as elongata is. The largest examples measure 18 x 10, apert. 9 y2 mm. It lives in a small valley about two miles west of Opunohu.
Partula nucleola Pease MS., GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 72 (a form of tczniata) . — Partula corneola HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 32, pi. 2, f. 6 (April 6, 1886).
Form corneola Hartman, pi. 41, figs. 15, 17. A form of nucleola has been described as a distinct species under the name P. corneola. It is similar to P. t. nucleola in most re- spects. The surface is dilute 'brown with some faint whitish- corneous streaks; surface very beautifully engraved spirally, the lines close and somewhat waved. There are rather coarse longitudinal ivrinkles on the back of the last whorl, readily
210 PARTULA, MOOREA.
appreciable in a basal view, as they cause the periphery to be irregular. The lip is like that of nucleola. There is a small nodule above the middle of the columella, and a small but iv ell-developed callous nodule or tooth on the parietal wall, deep within and near the columella.
Length 18, diam. 10, aperture 9 mm., whorls 5^4 (%Pe)-
Length 17, diam. 9.9, aperture 9 mm. ; whorls 5^4 (A. N. S.).
Moorea (Mr. Geale).
The larger of the two shells in Dr. Hartman's collection (no. 4242 Carnegie Museum) may be considered the type of this 'form or race, if it be found racially separable from nucleola. The chief difference is the possession of a parietal tooth by corneola, which is wanting or only weakly developed in nucleola. The back of the last whorl is also somewhat more roughened in corneola. The smaller of the two speci- mens mentioned in the original account of "corneola" is identical with nucleola.
Fig. 15 represents the type; fig. 17 is a back view of an example in coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences, showing the wrinkles and the longitudinal streaking of the last whorl.
I suspect that P. concinna Pse. was based on a specimen of nucleola.
P. T. ELONGATA Pease. PI. 29, figs. 1 to 7, 9 to 11.
"Shell elongate, slender, turreted, thin, transparent, shin- ing, transversely very finely striated, somewhat roughened longitudinally, narrowly umbilicate ; whorls 51/o, flatly con- vex, suture somewvhat impressed, very rarely marginated; aperture oblong oval, somewhat oblique, edentate, one-half the length of the shell ; lip evenly and somewhat roundly re- flected. Horn color or pale rose, striped longitudinally, or wholly straw color. Var. encircled by three chestnut bands, more or less interrupted. " (Pease}.
"The headquarters of this arboreal species is in Vaianai valley on the southeast coast of Moorea, where it is abundant, associated with P. lineata (= suturalis) and P. mooreana. It occurs, also, but in less numbers, in a valley to the west-
PARTULA, MOORE A. 211
ward, where it is found in company with lineata and tcrniata. The same valley, which is about two miles from Vaianai, is the limit of the range of the latter species on that part of the island, and hybrids between it and elongata are rather com- mon, the same as between garrettii and thalia at Raiatea. To the eastward of Vaianai it ranges throughout the small val- leys for a distance of several miles, as far as Oahumi, the specific centre of strigosa." (Garrett).
Partula elongata PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 196; 1867, p. 81, PI. 1, fig. 2; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.- SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., iv, p. 72. — PFEIPFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 196.— GARRETT, J. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 68- Partula lineata, CARPENTER (not of Lesson), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 676. — Partula tcuniata HARTMAN (not of Morch), Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 188 (part).- P. gracilior Pease label in A. N. S., HARTMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, p. 183 (as syn. of gracilis) .
This form seems to intergrade perfectly with P. taeniata, of which I would think it a subspecies, so far as I can judge without detailed study of the colonies in the field. However, Garrett writes "I cannot agree with Dr. Hartman in uniting this species with tceniata. It is only through hybrids between the two species that the inoscula- tion takes places. Examples taken in any of the valleys not inhabited by t&niata prove at once its distinction."
The type lot received from Pease contains three shells measuring
Length 18.5, diam. 9, aperture 9.3 mm., 5 whorls.
Length 17.2, diam. 8.8, aperture 9.2 mm., 4% whorls.
Length 16, diam. 8.1, aperture 8.9 mm., 4% whorls.
One shell is corneous-brown with inconspicuous narrow darker streaks, another is corneous-white with white streaks on the last whorl, while the third (fig. 6, and A. J. Conch, iii, pi. 1, f. 2) is dilute brown with indistinct, wide whitish corneous streaks. All have the dense, minute spiral sculpture of taniata and its allies. The whorls are not very convex, last one more or less flattened below the periphery, very con-
212 PARTULA, MOOREA.
vex at base. The lip is narrowly reflexed, a little thickened within. There is no noticeable callous nodule on the colu- inella, and no parietal tooth.
Other lots show a wide range of variation in form and color, apparently showing considerable local differentiation. In one lot from G-arrett (pi. 29, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) there are several color-forms: tawny shells with narrow browner streaks (fig. 5) ; greenish white (fig. 1) ; pale brown or whitish with 4 in- terrupted bands (figs. 2-4). Another lot consists of yellow or yellowish-corneous shells, very indistinctly streaked (fig. 11). Still other forms (figs. 9, 10) approach closely to typi- cal P. tceniata, in color, having two widely separated whitish bands on a tawny-brown ground.
21. P. ERHELII Morelet. PI. 27, figs. 15, 16.
Shell slightly umbilicate, acutely ovate, thin, diaphanous, decussate under the lens, covered with a grayish-tawny, in the last whorl yellow epidermis. Spire conic acute. Whorls 5, a little convex, the last longer than the spire, angular in front. Aperture ample, very oblique, oval. Co'lumella lightly arcuate; peristome narrowly expanded, white-lipped, margin acute, roseate, outwardly scarlet-tinted. Length 16, diam. 8, length of aperture 9, width 5y2 mm. (Morelet}.
Society Is. : Moorea (Morelet).
Partula erhelii MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. iv, 1853, p. 371, pi. 12, f . 7, 8.— PFR., Monogr. iv, 509 ; vi, 157.
A thin little shell, writes M. Morelet, diaphanous, finely striate in both directions, recognizable by the obliquity of the aperture, the plane of which is inclined backward, as well as- by the angular shape of the last whorl. The peristome is di- lated, reddish at the edge, thickened by a white callus which is sharply limited towards the inside. The slightly curved columellar margin is applied over the umbilical region so as to almost wholly mask the opening.
Dr. Hartman referred this form to P. taniata, but the features noticed in Morelet 's remarks, translated above, hardly warrant such a disposition of it. The lip-color and
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 213
the angle on the front differentiate P. erhelii from otherwise similar known Moorean forms. M. Morelet states that it was brought from Tahiti by M. Erhel, a young surgeon of the marine service who died in Senegal.
3. Species of Raiatea and Tahaa.
The Partulae of these two islands are so intimately related that they must be treated together. The separation of the islands by a shallow lagoon about two miles wide, has evi- dently been a quite recent event. Both islands are enclosed in the same encircling reef.
The extrinsic relations of the Partulae are with Tahitian forms. With the exceptions of P. turgida (no. 8) and P. attenudta (no. 17) already described, all Raiatean species may credibly be assumed to have descended from a single ancestral stock which was also the common parent of the otaheitana group. Subsequent events were as follows. (1) Three chief branches of this stock arose : the faba group, the dentifera group and the liebe group. (2) Each of these stocks spread over the available area, and (3) by local differ- entiation gave rise to numerous races, which are still doubt- less spreading and becoming further modified. This tertiary geographic radiation and racial differentiation was also ac- companied by an adaptive radiation whereby several arboreal forms gave rise to terrestrial species. As the result of these events we find most available stations occupied by two to four species, each representing one of the three stocks derived from differentiation (1), and from the adaptation to terres- trial conditions.
The comparative simplicity of the distributional conditions indicates that the evolution cycle outlined above has not been of great duration. By analogy with known cases, dif- ferentiation (1) probably took place in Pliocene time.
Most Partulge known to be terrestrial are from Raiatea and Tahaa, The terrestrial habit is no doubt a readaptation of arboreal ancestors. The eoloration approximates to the dull tints of ground snails.
214 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
Group of Partula dentifera.
These arboreal snails of Raiatea and Tahaa are character- ized by the usually light yellow color of the shell, the sum- mit white, yellow, pink, or purple-tipped; lip white, thick- ened within, more or less strongly toothed within the outer lip and excised above the tooth. Columella and parietal wall often toothed. The species are closely related to some of the faba group.
a. Shell denuded of cuticle, openly umbilicate; aperture rounded-oval, with two or three strong teeth.
P. callifera, no. 22. aa. Cuticle present; aperture ovate.
b. Lip heavy, keeled on the face, with a heavy tooth above ; no columellar or parietal teeth.
P. dentifera, no. 24. bb. Lip thinner, its face not keeled, tooth smaller.
c. No parietal tooth, but having a columellar
tooth; umbilicate, greenish-yellow, length
23 mm. P. citrina, no. 25.
cc. Parietal tooth usually developed; nearly or
quite imperf orate; length 17 to 21 mm.
P. imperforata, no. 26.
Properly speaking, this group consists of only three species : P. callifera of Haamoa valley, Raiatea ; P. solidula of unknown locality, and P. dentifera, of which formosa, citrina, imper- forata and virginea are scarcely more than subspecies, spread over Raiatea and part of Tahaa. P. imperforata raiatensis and virginea are apparently the least modified survivors of the original stock.
22. P. CALLIFERA Pfeiffer. PI. 20, figs. 1, 2, 3.
Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid, nearly smooth (under the lens punctate-striate) , whitish. Spire a little eonvexly conic, rather obtuse. Suture light. Whorls 5, a little con- vex, the last a little longer than the spire, inflated. Columella subvertical, bearing a tubercle above, folded within. Aper- ture slightly oblique, sinuous-oblong, contracted by a deeply
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 215
placed parietal tooth. Peristome thickened, dilated, the margins joined by a callus, the right margin 'bearing an oblong callus within, above the middle. Length 19, diam. 11, aperture with peristome lli/2 mm. long, 4 wide in- side. (Pfr.).
Raiatea: restricted to the higher portion of Haamoa val- ley, on the east of Raiatea, where it is not uncommon on foliage. ( Garrett) .
Partula callifera PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 333 ;
Mon. Hel., iv, p. 511. — CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p.
675.— PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— HARTMAN, Cat.
Part., p. 8 ; Obs. Gen. Part,, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 180.
-GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 60, pi. 3, f. 82.
—Partula megastoma PEASE, MS., SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus.
Godeff., v, p. 92. — Partula callistoma SCHMELTZ, 1. c., p. 207 ;
vi, p. 81.
A beautiful and very distinct species, totally lacking cuticle in adult shells, and hence having a dull surface and cream- white color; the early whorls generally yellow, sometimes white. The last whorl is quite inflated, the aperture rounded- oval, usually three-toothed: there is a strong parietal tooth, a wider one above the middle of the outer lip, and a smaller denticle, or sometimes only an indistinct callous nodule, on the columella. The lip is generally thickened on the face, which is usually carinated. The size varies from length 17, diam. 11 mm., to length 21, diam. 12y2 mm. Fig. 3 repre- sents one of the specimens sent by Mr. Pease as megastoma.
23. P. SOLIDULA Reeve. PI. 20, fig. 12.
"Shell acuminately ovate, rather gibbous, compressly um- bilicated, solid, whorls flatly convex, obliquely irregularly striated, minutely sculptured with spiral impressed lines, aperture auriculate, the lip and columella being broadly cal- lously reflected ; straw-color, sometimes reddish at the apex.
"A solid subtransparent shell, having the character and substance of P. otakeitana with the form and coloring of P. gibba; excepting that the whorls are not crowned with
216 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
the white sutural band which is constant in that species." (Eve.}.
Society Islands (Mus. Cunaing).
Partula solidula RVE., Conch. Icon, vi, pi. 4, f. 22, May, 1850.— ?? PPR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 269, pi. 64, f. 15, 16; pi. 65, f. 12, 13 ; Monogr. iii, 452.
This may be identical with one of the described forms of P. dentifera or imperforata, such as virginea, or more likely raiatensis; but perhaps representing another race of the same stock, not rediscovered by Mr. Garrett. Pfeiffer's figures evidently do not apply to -exactly the same form. Hartman expressed the idea that solidula is a large form of P. lutea. Garrett compares solidula to compacta Pse., from which it differs by the parietal tooth. Description and figure from Reeve.
24. P. DENTIFERA Pfeiffer. PI. 20, figs. 4, 9.
The shell is narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid, nearly smooth, somewhat shining, pale straw colored. Spire conic, the apex rather acute, suture margined. Whorls 5!/2, the upper ones flat, the penultimate more convex, the last slightly shorter than the spire, convex, impressed in the middle an- teriorly. Columella subvertical, slightly folded. Aperture slightly oblique, narrow, obversely ear-shaped. Peristome white, strongly thickened, built forward; its margins sub- parallel, the right margin deeply curved above, and bearing a strong, acute, tooth-like tubercle in the middle. Length 211/4, diam. 10, aperture 11 mm. (Pfr.).
Raiatea: The specific centre of the type of this species is in the large valley of Vairahi, on the east coast of Raiatea, where it occurs in vast numbers on foliage in company with the typical P. hebe. It has not spread at all to the south- ward, but a variety occurs in an adjacent valley on the other side. ( Garrett} .
Partula dentifera PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 85; Mon. Hel., iii, p. 447 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 264, pi. 44, f . 14, 15.- PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus.
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 217
Godeff., v, p. 207. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 8, with, woodcut; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 181, 183, 194 (excl. raiatensis) . — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P. ix, 1884, p. 68, pi. 3, f. 84:.—Partula decorticata PEASE, MS. Coll. Pease, 1863. —Partula labiata PEASE, MS. Coll. Pease, 1863. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, pp. 92, 207.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 209.
It may be distinguished by its elongate-conical form, straw- yellow color, rather shining surface, chink-like perforation, and small oblong obauriform white aperture. The peristome is ivory-ivhite, heavily calloused, the face angularly ridged, strongly labiated within, and armed slightly above the middle with a very prominent tooth, above which the lip is strongly contracted, forming a conspicuous sinus. A very rare variety occurs of a ruddy brown color, purple-black apex, and flesh- colored peristome. Examples with a white sutural line are not infrequent and most shells are a little paler below the suture ; otherwise it is never ornamented with bands ; even the most perfect specimens always have the cuticle more or less decorticated behind the peristome, which suggested the provisional name decorticata. The above notes, slightly modi- fied from Garrett, apply to the typical P. dentifera from Vairahi valley, of which P. labiata Pease (fig. 9) is an exact synonym. In this form a parietal tooth is never developed. The color varies commonly from straw to light greenish yellow. The figured shell (fig. 9) measures, length 21, diam. 11, aper- ture 12 mm. but it is sometimes as small as 19 mm. long.
Garrett states that north of Vairahi valley, P. dentifera ;'has migrated into a small adjacent valley, where it is much less abundant, and differs from the type in about half of the specimens having a prominent parietal tooth (which is al- ways absent in examples inhabiting Vairahi) ; otherwise the shells are not dissimilar. ' ' Examples of this dentate race are figured pi. 20, figs. 7, 8. It certainly approaches close to P. imperforata raiatensis.
P. dentifera is never banded, and the apex, though often yellow, is never rose-colored, as it often is in P. imperforata.
218 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
24a. P. D. FORMOSA 'Pease' Garrett. PI. 20, figs. 5, 6.
"Shell large, imperf orated, solid, elongate-ovate, striated, shining, pale yellowish white, straw-yellow or fulvous; spire conical, with nearly flat outlines, spirally striated with fine, crowded, incised lines, half the length of the shell, and fre- quently tinged with rose-red ; suture slightly impressed, mar- gined with a rugose, white line ; whorls five and a half, flat- tened, the last one large, convex ; aperture oblong, subvertical, obaurif orm ; peristome white, rather widely expanded, decliv- ous, external margin angularly ridged, inner margin strongly labiated, acutely dentate, and contracted above the denticle; parietal region thinly glazed, edentate ; columellar lip closely appressed over the umbilical region. Length 25, diam. 13 mm. (Garrett).
The metropolis of this very distinct species is in Fatimu, or on the southwest part of Raiatea. It occurs in vast num- bers on bushes on the lowlands near the seashore, becoming more scarce inland, where it is found associated with P. hebe, var. bella. It ranges north as far as Vaiau valley, be- coming less and less abundant as the distance increases from its specific centre. (Garrett).
Partula formosa PEASE in coll. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 8 ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 182, 191 (no description). — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 60, pi. 3, f. 49.
"Its large size, edentate parietal region, sharp labial tooth and closed umbilicus will readily distinguish it. It is never ornamented with bands. ' ' The columella is slightly sinuous, but has no distinct tooth or nodule such as is present in P. imperf orata. It differs from P. dentifera by its larger size and, imperforate axis and in its distribution. Fig. 5 represents Garrett 's type specimen, no. 59453 A. N. S. P. Others received from him are smaller, length 22, diam. 11.5 mm., and length 21.5, diam. 12.5 mm.
25. P. CITRINA Pease. PI. 20, figs. 10, 11.
The shell is narrowly perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid,
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 219
straw-colored with faintly darker or greenish streaks, the spire paler or whitish, apex yellow or reddish tinted. Whorls 5y2, 'but slightly convex, separated by a minutely roughened, white-edged suture ; last whorl paler or white behind the outer lip. Aperture somewhat oblique, auriform, the lip well ex- panded, white, flattened or sloping inward, having a rather strong callous ledge within, which terminates upward in a wide tubercle, above which it is narrow and excavated. Colu- mella vertical, very little dilated at the insertion, where it is somewhat guttered, an oblong callous nodule below the gutter. Parietal callus thin and transparent, not toothed. Length 23, diam. 12.5 mm.
Raiatea : ' ' restricted to a single valley called Uparu, on the west coast of Raiatea; arboreal. I found it abundant in a limited area in the upper portion of the valley. A few stragglers occurred lower down in company with faba and garrettii. ' ' ( Garrett ) .
Partula citrina PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 195; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., vi, p. 81. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 200. — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 64, pi. 3, f. 52.— Partula faba var. CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 6; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 180, 195.
This species stands very close to P. dentifera and P. im- perforata. It differs from dentifera by the flattened or in- wardly sloping lip, which is not keeled on the face, by the less prominent tubercle within the outer lip, and by the more emphatic nodule on the columella. Compared with P. im- perforata, it differs by the absence of a parietal tooth, the usually lighter color, larger size and slightly open umbilicus, all being inconstant characters. Garrett writes as follows: "Though considered by some authors to be a variety of P. faba, I am, nevertheless, fully convinced of its specific value. When I first discovered it in 1861, I took but few examples, in consequence of not penetrating far enough into the valley to find its headquarters. A more extended research in 1873
220 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
revealed its specific centre, and I took about eight hundred specimens in various stages of growth, and many of the adults were in a gravid condition.
"It has been suggested that it may be a hybrid be- tween faba and some other species, I only noticed faba and garrettii in the lower part of the valley, and not in the upper portion, which is the principal haunt of citrina. Its uniform straw-yellow -color, more slender form, smaller perforation, more reflected columella, and more decided labial tooth, and profounder emargination, will distinguish it from the very variable faba.
"My largest examples are 25 mill, in length and 12 in dia- meter. It is always of a straw-yellow color, rarely with faint longitudinal darker strigations, and is either lemon-yellow or light red at the apex. It is never spirally banded, and the parietal wall is invariably edentate. The oblong white aperture is, including the peristome, half the length of the shell. The ivory-white lip is broadly expanded, planulate, declivous, strongly labiated, slightly dentate and distinctly emarginate above. The slightly gibbous columella is re- flected over the small compressed perforation."
26. P. IMPERFORATA 'Pease' Garrett. PI. 20, figs. 13, 14, 15.
Shell imperforated or very narrowly compressly umbili- cated, solid, oblong- conic, somewhat shining, with rather smooth, irregular, incremental strige and closely set delicate spiral incised lines, which are more or less evanescent on the body-whorl. Color, pale straw-yellow, luteous, or fulvous, often with a brownish apex. Spire conical, with subplanulate outlines, about half the length of the shell ; suture sometimes margined by a rugose white line ; whorls 5-5 y2, flatly convex, the last one convex, or convexly rounded. Aperture sub- vertical, oblong, obaurif orm, white, sides nearly parallel ; parietal wall with a more or less developed tubercular tooth; peristome white, thick, moderately expanded, its face con- cave, heavily labiated within, strongly contracted above, form- ing a rather profound sinus, and generally subdentate next to the emargination; eolumellar lip subnodose.
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 221
Length 21, diam. 12 mm.
Var. a. Uniform chestnut-brown ; rare.
Var. &. Base and sutural band chestnut-brown; somewhat rare.
Var. c. With a broad, median, chestnut-brown band ; rather rare.
This species is restricted to Toloa and Hapai valleys on the west coast of Baiatea, where it is abundant on foliage (Garrett).
Partula imperforata Pease MS., GARRETT, Journ. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 54, pi. 3, f. 53. — Partula raiatensis GARRETT (as var. of imperforata), t. c. pp. 54, 55. — Partula recta Pease MSS., 1863, not P. recta Pease, 1868.
"Like all the species, they differ some in size, shape, and some have the spire more abbreviated than others. The type, which inhabits Hapai valley, is nearly always imperforated and may be distinguished from the imperforate formosa by its smaller size, gibbous columella and parietal tooth. Car- penter confused it with dentifera, an allied species confined to the opposite side of the island" (Garrett).
Garrett 's description, slightly modified, is given above. His figured cotype and two others of the same lot are illus- trated, pi. 20, figs. 13-15. The length varies commonly from 19 to 21 mm., diam. usually 11 mm. It differs from P. dentifera by the smaller tooth in the outer lip, by having a more or less distinct oblong callus lump on the columella near its insertion, and a small parietal tooth (sometimes ab- sent) ; the face of the lip is less thickened than in dentifera. It is a less evolved race than dentifera.
Typical imperforata is confined to Hapai valley. The valley Toloa is inhabited by a weakly individualized local race which has been called raiatensis Garrett (pi. 20, figs. 16, 17) and recta Pse. (in coll. 1863) not P. recta Pse. 1868. Gar- rett writes: "After a careful study of about 2000 specimens of the two species, I have annexed the Toloa with the Hapai shell. The only difference between the two is that raiatensis is usually lighter-colored, seldom imperforate, and the apex is
222 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
much more frequently rose-red. It is, I think, more nearly related to the dentated virginea, inhabiting the neighboring island, than to dentifera." This conclusion is fully sup- ported by the series before me, received from Pease, Garrett and others.
26a. P. i. VIRGINEA 'Pse.' Garrett. PI. 20, figs. 18, 19.
"Shell compressly umbilicated, solid, oblong-conic, some- what shining, yellowish corneous or light fulvous brown; spire convexly conical, half the length of the shell; suture margined by a whitish line; whorls 5-5^, slightly convex; aperture subvertical, oblong, obauriform, rounded below and much contracted by the strongly labiated peristome ; parietal wall with a white tubercular tooth which is rarely absent; peristome white, sometimes tinged with carnelian, widely ex- panded, subplanulate, slightly contracted above, and the mar- gins frequently nearly united by a ridge of callus; colu- mellar lip vertical, more or less distinctly nodose. Length 18, diam. 9 mm." (Garrett).
"Form a. Uniform chestnut-brown. Not uncommon.
"Form fe. Yellowish corneous, with a basal and sutural chestnut-brown band. Very rare." (Garrett).
Raiatea: The specific centre is in Vaipiti valley, on the west coast of Tahaa, where it occurs in the greatest pro- fusion on the foliage of shrubs. It has extended its range to the northward as far as Murifanna on the north coast, which latter is the limit of the western range of P. umbili- cata. (Garrett).
Partula virginea PEASE, MS. — BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1875, pp. 245, 247, pi. 19, fig. 8 (anatomy).— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., vi, p. 81. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 8; Obs. Gen. Part, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 189.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 61, pi. 3, f. 54. — Partula solidula var., CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675.— PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473 ; not of Reeve.
This form is practically identical with the raiatensis form
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
of imperforata. Although I give Garrett's description above, I am convinced that no study of descriptions or of the type specimens, which I have 'before me, would enable one to separate a series of the two forms if mixed. The distinc- tion is based chiefly on geographic distribution but also to some extent on the diverse variations of the two forms. Pale specimens of virginea usually have the apex purple- tipped (not pink, as in raiatensis} ; but the darker shells have the embryonic whorls white. The only closely related or similar shell on Tahaa is P. planilabrum, which belongs to the faba series.
The figures are from Garrett's type lot, no. 59474 A. N. S. P.
Group of P. hebe.
In this group of rather small forms the spiral striae are usually somewhat better developed than in most other Rai- atean species. The relations of the main forms may be ex- pressed dia grammatically, thus : thalia garretti
umbilicata hebe
rustica — crassilabris
27. P. HEBE Pfeiffer. PI. 21, figs. 1, 2, 3.
Shell perforate, globose-conic, thin, under the lens most minutely decussate, hyaline. Spire short, conic, acute. Whorls 4%, flat, the last longer than the spire, globose. Columella short, subplicate; aperture wide, almost semicircu- lar, having a deep-seated tooth-like callus on the belly of the penult whorl. Peristome white-calloused within, narrowly expanded throughout. Length 16, diam. 9, aperture 7 x 5y2 mm. inside. (P/V.) .
Raiatea: "The specific centre of the type of this small white species is in the large valley of Faaloa, on the eastern coast of Raiatea, where it is found in great profusion on the foliage of bushes. From this central point it has migrated
224 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
to the northward, where it is found, though less abundant, in an adjacent valley, associated with the typical P. dentifera. About two miles to the southward, on the same side of the island, in a large valley called Opoa, is found in large num- bers the pretty variety bella Pse., which has passed over a range of wooded hills into a large valley on the south coast, where it occurs in limited numbers in company with P. for- mosa. In another valley, some distance to the northward, on the west coast, we find another variety, ventricosa, Garr.
Bulimus hebe PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1846, p. 39 ; Mon. Hel., ii, p. 68 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 268, pi. 64, figs. 7, 8. Partula hebe REEVE, Conch. Icon., sp. 25, pi. 4, fig. 25. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iii, p. 453.— PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.- PAETEL, Cat, Conch., p. 104. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 9 (with woodcut) ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 183, 193. — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 53. — Partula globosa PEASE, MS. (Mus, Pease, 1863). -- GLOYNE, Quar. Jour. Conch., i, p. 338.— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 207.- Partula ventricosa GARRETT, J. A. N. S. P., ix, 54. — Partula hebe var. bella PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473, name only.— HARTMAN, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 193.
Typical P. hebe (pi. 21, fig. 1) has the shell covered with a very thin white more or less shining cuticle, upon which delicate spiral lines may be seen under the lens. Most ex- amples have lost their cuticle and have a matte white sur- face (figs. 2, 3). The size and proportions vary but little, the usual size being, length 15, diam. 10.2 to 11, length aperture 8.2 to 8.8 mm.
The outer lip is rather narrow in the typical form ; in the heavy, denuded examples it is wide and heavily thickened within, generally showing a trace of the tooth or tubercle above the middle which is so prominent in the related faba group. It is often thickened on the face and convex or carinate there. The columella in oblique view in the aper- ture, is very wide.
This charming snail has several close relatives among the dull ground-living species, such as P. crassilabris etc.
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 225
P. HEBE BELLA 'Pse.' Hartman (pi. 21, figs. 4, 8) has the spire orange rose colored, usually darker towards the apex. The surface is glossy, covered with a very thin yellow cuticle which is usually deciduous in part, or is entirely lost, when the whole surface is lusterless. The shell is often more solid than typical P. hebe. This form was named P. globosa and P. h. bella by Pease many years ago, but it was in no manner described until Dr. Hartman reported on Pease's duplicates.
I am unable to find much cause for recognizing var. ventricosa Garrett, 1884 (pi. 21, figs. 6, 7). It "is usually a little smaller than the type, not decorticated, and is more variable in color, but never banded. The ground color varies from whitish to fulvous, rarely with a reddish spire, but more frequently with the apex of a purple-brown." (Gar- rett}. The cuticle is decidedly thicker than in other forms of hebe; it peels off in an area behind the lip, but is else- where persistent. The parietal tooth is smaller than in other forms of hebe. Figured from examples received from Grar- rett. This form is probably what Dr. Hartman refers to as "P. ventrosa Pse." (t. c., p. 193). It approaches P. cras- silabris, a ground species, but differs by its much larger parietal tooth, etc.
28. P. CRASSILABRIS Pease. PI. 21, figs. 5, 9, 10.
The shell is umbilicate, short, ovate-conic, moderately thick. Surface rather dull, lightly marked with growth-lines and usually showing engraved spiral lines distinctly on all the whorls; brown or corneous-brown, the base darker, spire or apex usually purplish-brown; periphery frequently (and typically) encircled with a yellow belt or line. The conic spire has straight sides; whorls 4%, only slightly convex, the last rotund. The aperture is small, rounded-ovate, dark flesh-colored inside. Peristome expanded, thick in adult shells, thickened within, its face convex, white, or brownish towards the outer edge. Outer lip is a little narrower above, but not dentate ; at the insertion it gives off a short parietal
226 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
callus. The columellar margin has no callous tubercle or node, 'but in oblique view is seen to be very broad. It is angularly bent at the insertion. Parietal wall covered with a thin, transparent callus, bearing a small white tooth far within.
Length 14.5, diam. 10 mm.
Length 15.3, diam. 9.3 mm.
Length 15 to 16, diam. 10 mm.
Raiatea : The metropolis of this species is in Hapai valley, on the west coast of Raiatea, the home of P. imperforata and lugiibris. It is very abundant, lurking beneath decay- ing vegetation and found associated with the typical form of P. lugubris. It has not spread any to the northward, but to the southward it has migrated into two small ravines. (Garrett).
Partula crassilabris PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 199 ; 1871, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 6 ; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 207. — PPEIFFER, Mon; Hel., viii, p. 208. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 9 ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 181, 192 (excl. rustica}. — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P., ix, 1884, p. 66. — Partula ota- lieitana REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 2, fig. lie, not of Bruguiere. — Partula hebe var., CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675.
This small ground-snail is very closely related to P. hebe. It differs from that by the dull brown color, smaller parietal tooth (which indeed is sometimes wanting), the less ex- panded lip, and persistent cuticle. The description and fig. 10 are from Pease's type lot, no. 59477 A. N. S. P. The color is variable.
a. Yellowish 'chestnut, the base darker, summit purplish, a pale brown peripheral line (fig. 5).
6. Chestnut, the spire darker, purplish; often a white hair- line at suture (fig. 9).
c. Light brown or brownish-corneous, summit darker, peri- phery indistinctly marked with a light or a dark band.
d. Greenish-corneous, lip pure white. An albino.
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 227
29. P. RUSTICA Pease. PL 19, figs. 12, 15 to 18.
The shell is rather openly umbilicate, obesely ovate-conic, somewhat thin. Surface rather dull, lightly marked with growth-lines and spiral engraved lines, which are generally subobsolete on the last whorl except near suture and base; chestnut-brown, sometimes ha.ving a pale belt, or pale brown- ish-corneous, the summit or spire purplish-brown. Spire conic with straight outlines; whorls 4%, slightly convex, the last rotund. The umbilicus has a more or less distinct spiral groove or excavation within. Aperture subvertical, ovate, dark flesh-colored within ; peristome narrowly expanded, thickened within, noticeably narrower near the upper inser- tion. Columellar margin sinuate d or weakly nodose with- in; in oblique view less wide than P. crassilabris. Parietal wall covered with a transparent callus which is rather thick at the edge, and often bears a very small tooth far within.
Length 16.7 to 17.7, diani. 11 mm.
Length 16, diam. 10 mm.
Raiatea: The metropolis of this species is in a large valley called Toloa, on the west coast of Raiatea, where it occurs in great abundance beneath decaying vegetation. It has migrated to the southward into two small adjacent val- leys, but does not extend its range so far as Hapai, the next large valley, and the home of the allied P. crassilabris. (Garrett] .
Partida rustica PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 199; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 5; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.- SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 207. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 205.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 77. — Partula crassilabris GLOYNE (not of Pease), Quar. Jour. Conch., i, p. 338. — HARTMAN, Ca.t. Part,, p. 9; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 187 (part).- Partula pinguis GARRETT, 1. c. p. 77.
Described from Pease's type lot, no. 59480 A. N. S. P. Garrett writes as follows: "It is larger, less globose, the aperture more oblong, than P. crassilabris with which it has been confounded. Its chief character consists in the colu-
228 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
mellar region 'being, as it were, pressed in towards the aper- ture, nodulous on the inner margin, and subangulated at the base. The parietal tooth is less developed and absent more frequently than in crassilabris. The coloration is the same in the two species. Like the majority of the ground species, it varies in a greater or less degree in shape and size. Some forms almost exactly simulate P. garrettii, not only in the out- line of the shell, but in the peculiar shape of the aperture as modified by the columella being pressed inwardly. Occa- sionally examples occur which are so much abbreviated that they resemble P. crassilabris, but may readily be separated by the dissimilarity in the columellar region.
"My P. pinguis, of which I have seen only a dozen ex- amples, was found under decaying leaves in the mountain ravines, at the head of Vaioara valley. It certainly equals rustica." (Garrett).
30. P. GARRETTI Pease. PL 21, figs. 15 to 19.
The shell is minutely rimate or imperforate, oblong-ovate, solid and strong, slightly shining, lightly marked with growth-strife and minute engraved spiral lines, which are usually more or less obsolete on the last whorl; yellowish, the spire either paler, apex white, or spire pink-tinted with the apex purplish flesh colored. Suture very lightly impressed, edged with a white line. Whorls 5, very slightly convex. Aperture is oblique, white within. Peristome very narrowly expanded, thick, the face convex or keeled, pure white ; in- ternal rib strong. Columella vertical, sinuous, bearing a strong tubercle or node above the middle, its junction with the basal margin angulated. Parietal wall covered with a smooth, transparent callus, not toothed within.
Length 16, diam. 9 mm.
Length 14, diam. 9 mm.
Length 15, diam. 8.5 mm.
Raiatea : ' ' The specific centre is Vaioara, on the west coast of Raiatea, Avhere it exists in prodigious numbers on bushes. It has spread north and south of its metropolis, and in the
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 229
former direction 'has slightly overlapped the southern range of P. thalia, and hybrids between the two species are quite com- mon. To the southward it ranges about one mile, where it extends a short distance up a valley which is the home of P. citrina." (Garrett) .
Partula garrettii PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 672; 1871, p. 473.— PPEIFFER, Man. Hel., vi, p. 158. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 207.— HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 10; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 182. — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P., ix, 1884, p. 56, pi. 3, f. 48.— Partula gonocheila SCHMELTZ (not of Pfeiffer), Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92.
Differs from the related P. thalia and P. nistica by its less inflated form, extremely narrow or closed umbilicus, less expanded lip and strongly developed columellar sinuosity. Garrett remarks that "Its principal characters are its small size, contracted aperture, rounded or angulated peristome and nodulous columella, which latter is, as it were, pushed in towards the aperture. The parietal region is very rarely toothed. It is whitish or pale yellowish horn-color, rarely fulvous or light brown, and sometimes the apex is purple- brown. A variety with a brown base and sutural band is not infrequent."
Fig. 15 represents one of Pease's original lot. Fig. 19 is somewhat intermediate between garretti and rustica. It has the columella and almost closed umbilicus of garretti, but a somewhat fuller shape and a minute parietal tooth.
31. P. UMBILICATA Pease. PI. 21, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14.
The shell is globoscly ovate, solid, rather dull openly um- bilicate, roundly angulate at the umbilicus, very delicately striated spirally. Whorls 4!/o, convex, the last swollen. Aperture rounded-oval, toothed. Lip internally thickened, obliquely flat. The columella has a somewhat tooth-like cal- lus, and is angular at the base. Color, yellowish or brown- ish horn-color, faintly streaked with darker, the apex gener- ally reddish-brown or dark purple ; seldom wholly dark chest-
230 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
nut-brown ; occasionally with a broad yellowish horn-color band ; very rarely yellowish horn-color with a chestnut band.
Length 18, diam. 12.5 mm. (Pease).
Tahaa : The metropolis of this well-defined species is in a large valley called Haamene, on the east coast of Tahaa, where they are found in prodigious numbers on the foliage of low bushes. It has not spread any to the southward, but, on the other hand, ranges in considerable numbers through all the valleys, except Faa-apa, the home of bilineata, as far as Murifanna on the northwest coast, where it is found asso- ciated with P. virginea. (Garrett}.
Partula umbilicata PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., ii, 1866, p. 200 ; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 7 ; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 474.- BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1875, pp. 245, 247, pi. 19, fig. 7 (anatomy). — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., iv, p. 71. — PPEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 207. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 8 (with woodcut) ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 188.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 61.
P. umbilicata unites characters of the auriculata and the rustica groups in some degree, though nearer rustica, of which it might be called a very large and obese edition. The outer lip is a little narrower in its upper fourth than in P. thalia, and there is a distinct callus, often dentiform, superposed upon the columella. The parietal tooth varies from small to well developed, and seems to be invariably present. There is often an indistinct appearance of several angles in the out- line of the outer lip, which is moderately expanded, and cream-white behind, white on the face. The whole surface generally shows spiral strias. Umbilicus much wider than in P. thalia. The last whorl is typically well inflated, but I have seen specimens with a strong peripheral angle, from retention of a juvenile character in the adult stage.
Color various; the commonest pattern before me is chest- nut, fading to yellowish-white below the last suture, gradu- ally shading to purplish-black at the apex ; but sometimes the whole shell is straw-color. In fig. 11 it shows one of the common color-patterns of the faba group. Figs. 13, 14 rep-
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 231
resent two of the type lot, received from Pease, no. 59452 A. N. S. P.
32. P. THALIA Garrett. PL 19, figs. 10-11, 13.
"Shell compressly perforated, solid, ovate-conic, somewhat shining, lines of growth rather smooth, and revolving incised lines very fine and crowded ; whitish or yellowish horn-color, with or without a purple-black apex ; spire rather short, coni- cal, with plano-convex outlines, half the length of the shell; suture slightly impressed; whorls five, flatly convex, the last one large, subglobose. Aperture subvertical, shortly subauri- form; parietal region more or less glazed, and armed with a white tubercular tooth; peristome white, moderately ex- panded, thick, angularly ridged, strongly incrassated within, sinuous above, and the margins frequently joined by a ridge of callus. The columella is frequently slightly gibbous or nodulous in the inner margin. Length 17, diam. 11 mm.
"Var. a. Fulvous brown, with or without purple-black apex. Rather rare.
"Var. &. With brown base and sutural band. Not com- mon." (Garrett).
Raiatea: "The specific centre of this very abundant arbo- real species is in Huaru valley, on the west coast of Raiatea. It has spread along the well- wooded lowlands about two miles north and one mile south of its metropolis, slightly over- lapping the northern range of P. garrettii." (Garrett).
Partula abbreviata PEASE, MS. (not of Mousson) coll. Pease, 1863. — Partula auriculata var., CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675. — Partula peaseana GARRETT, MS. (not peasei, Cox). — Partula thalia Garrett, HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 7; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 188, 191, 192 (name only). — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila,, ix, 1884, p. 69, pi. 3, f. 46.
"It is smaller, smoother, more shining, much less variable in color, and the aperture is less auriform than P. auricu- lata." Tne smaller P. garretti is probably its nearest ally, but that is a narrower species with more oblique aperture,
232 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
more strongly tuberculate columella, and usually no parietal tooth. P. thalia seems to 'be a quite distinct species. I have seen a large number besides Garrett 's type lot (figs. 10, 11), mostly labeled "P. abbreviates Pse.," a preoccupied name.
Group of P. faba. 33. P. RADIATA 'Pease' Garrett. PI. 18, figs. 5, 6, 7.
"Shell rimately perforated, moderately thick, not shining, surface roughened by unusually coarse, rude incremental stria?, and the spire marked by more or less distinct crowded spiral incised lines ; color whitish or pale luteous horn-color, with longitudinal, irregular, narrow darker stripes ; spire coni- cal, with planulate outlines, half the length of the shell ; apex subacute, concolored, white, or light brown; suture linearly impressed, sometimes whitish ; whorls 5-5%, flatly convex, last one large, convex, sometimes obsoletely angulated in front and generally a little compressed behind the outer lip. Aper- ture subvertical, oblong, obauriform, sides parallel; parietal region more or less glazed, and, with few exceptions, fur- nished with a white tubercular tooth; peristome whitish, fre- quently margined with pale purplish brown, rather thin, con- siderably expanded, concave, very obliquely slanting, strongly and acutely labiated on the inner margin, which is more or less distinctly toothed and sinuous above ; columellar lip sub- nodose. Length 21, major diam. 10 mm." (Garrett}.
"Var. a. Uniform chestnut-brown. Frequent.
"Var. 6. With a chestnut-brown base and sutural band. Not uncommon.
"Var. c. With a median brown or chestnut-brown band. Somewhat rare." (Garrett}.
Raiatea : ' ' The metropolis of this species is in Hanioa val- ley, on the east coast of Raiatea, the home of callifera and compacta. It is quite common beneath decaying vegetation and among piles of loose stones. It has not spread any to the northward, but occurs in limited numbers in all the valleys south as far as Vairahi, the headquarters of P. dentifera." (Garrett).
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
233
Partula radiata PEASE, MS. 1863. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 7; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Cora. Zool., ix, pp. 185, 196 in part, (1881).— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 74, pi. 3, f. 45. — ANCEY, II Nat. Siciliano iii, p. 344 (Sept, 1884) ; Nautilus iii, 1889, pi. 1, f. 17. — Partula compressa CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 675. — PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 207 not P. compressa Pfr., 1850. — Partula microstoma PEASE, MS. — HARTMAN, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 184, as syn. of vittata. —GARRETT, t. c. p. 74, as a form of radiata. — SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus., i, pp. 429, 472 (1902).
A dull, streaked species, with "key-hole" aperture, the outer lip having a prominent tooth projecting inward, above which it is very narrow. The parietal tubercle is variable, but usually present. Apex may be either white or blackish- brown. Length 20 to 22, diam. 11. Length 21, diam 11.5 mm. It was first described by Garrett, in 1884, although Hartman had given a brief descriptive note in 1882 (Bull. M. C. Z., ix, 185, 196). It was widely distributed by Pease, and in consequence of an ill-judged identification by Cuming and Carpenter, has generally been known in collections as "P. compressa Pfr." Garrett 's type, no. 59409 A. N. S. P. is figured, fig. 5. Others from Pease (fig. 6), Hartman and others are before me. P. radiata stands very close to P. fusca approximata of the,, southern part of Raiatea, but it is duller, with a larger lip-tooth and generally it has a parietal tooth. In the several forms of P. fusca, the parietal tooth, when present, is not so large as in radiata.
A form which Pease called P. microstoma (in his collection, 1863), and which inhabits Vairahi valley, "though very fre- quently found adhering to the lower portion of the trunks of trees and shrubs, can scarcely be separated from radiata, which is strictly terrestrial in habit. Dr. Hartman unites it with P. vittata. It appears to me more nearly related to radiata than the latter, which is smoother, and the columellar lip is flat and simple." (Garrett).
Fig. 14, of pi. 27 represents a specimen of microstoma
234 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
received from Hartman. It measures, length 23.7, diam. 13, aperture 12.2 mm., has the shape of radiata, but the tooth within the outer lip is less developed. There is no parietal tooth. The base of the last whorl and a band below the suture, ascending the spire are chestnut, leaving a rather wide pale buff zone. The surface is not quite so dull as in radiata. Whether this form is identical with Garrett's Vairahi microstoma remains uncertain. The discussion be- tween Hartman and Garrett about the identity of Pease's microstoma is academic, since Pease never described the form. It was first described (by accident, and quite unrecognizably) from Hartman 's collection, by H. H. Smith, as cited above.
According to Garrett, specimens which he regards as hybrids between P. radiata and P. fab a are of common occurrence.
34. P. LUGUBRIS Pease. PI. 19, figs. 1 to 7.
The shell is moderately or narrowly umbilicate, ovate, thin, rather dull, finely marked with growth-lines which are more or less distinctly decussated by the spiral lines. Spire straightly conic. Whorls slightly more than 5, moderately convex. Aperture ovate, the lip only slightly or narrowly expanded, a little thickened within, usually flesh-colored, thinner near the upper insertion. Oolumella dilated above, not calloused or nodulous. Parietal wall covered with a very thin transparent glaze, toothless. .Coloration various:
a. Pale honey yellow or corneous, darkening to brown at the apex, lip white.
b. Similar, but with a narrow brown periferal band.
c. Reddish-chestnut throughout, of dark or light shade.
d. Chestnut, with a narrow or wide median light band . Length 19.5, diam 11 mm. (Specimen from Pease). Length 18, diam. 10.2 mm. (Specimen from Pease). Length 17.2, diam. 9.8 mm.
Hapai valley, on the west coast of Raiatea ; also the adjacent Vaiau valley, where the form ovalis is found. Terrestrial.
Partula lugubris PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 672; 1871, p. 473.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 158.— SCHMELTZ,
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 235
Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 207 .— GARRETT, Jour. A. N. S. P., ix, 1884, p. 77, pi. 3, f. 47. — Partula ovalis PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 194; Proc. Zool. 1871, p. 473.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 205.
This is a very thin member of the faba, group, deficient in lip callus and teeth, smaller and more lightly built than P. fusca, which is also a ground snail.
The race described by Pease as P. ovalis (pi. 19, fig. 7) differs from lugubris only by being a little larger, more solid, with a stronger lip-callus. It replaces lugubris in Vaiau valley, the typical lugubris being confined to Hapai valley. It approaches very near to P. vittata, which is a larger form with longer spire and a small parietal tooth. The ovalis form is usually dark chestnut with a yellowish belt, but sometimes is of a uniform chestnut hue.
Mr. Garrett writes: "My largest Vaiau specimens are 20y2 mm. long, and 11 mm. in diameter. The smallest adult from Hapai is 16 by 8 mm. I have found hybrids between lugubris and imperforata, the latter a strictly arboreal species.
"Dr. Hartman, overlooking the fact that lugubris, ovalis, protea and fusca inhabit widely separated valleys, has sug- gested that the three former may be the juvenile and adoles- cent forms of the adult fusca. The habitats of the two former species are about two miles apart, and five miles south of the location of fusca. P. protea, which = fusca, is confined to the opposite side of the island, and is separated from the lat- ter by an almost inaccessible mountain."
35. P. FABA (Martyn). PI. 16, figs. 1 to 8.
The shell is dextral, openly perforate, obliquely ovate- conic, rather solid, weakly striate obliquely, with close spiral striation on the early whorls, almost obsolete on the last. Spire straightly conic, of nearly 6 moderately convex whorls. Aperture a little more than half as long as the shell, white or flesh-colored inside. Peristome very broad, reflexed and thick- ened within, white or flesh-tinted, flattened, the upper third of the outer lip narrow. Columella vertical, its internal thicken-
236 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
ing terminating in a stout callous nodule near the insertion. Parietal callus thin and transparent, not toothed.
Typical color yellow, fading to whitish on the spire, the entire base and a band below the suture chestnut or chocolate brown.
Lengtn 25.5, diam. 14, length aperture 14 mm.
Length 25, diam. 15, length aperture 14.5 mm.
Raiatea, throughout the island, on the trunks and foliage of trees and bushes, very abundant, the metropolis of the typical form at Utuloa.
Limax faba MARTYN, Universal Conchologist ii, pi. 67, two middle figures (1784). Chenu's Bibl. Conch, ii, p. 24, pi. 24, f. 2a.— Helix faba GMEL. Syst. Nat. 1791, p. 3625.— Bulimus faba LAM. and of PFR., Monogr. ii, 73. — Partula faba SOWB. in Zool. Beechey's Voy., p. 144, pi. 38, f. 4. — REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 175, f. 13, 14; Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 5.— PFR. Monogr. iii, 446 ; iv, 511 ; vi, 159 ; viii, 199 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 263, pi. 22, f. 10.— DESK., in Fer., Histoire, p. 125, pi. 158, f. 7-10, 15, 16.— PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl. xviii, 1870, p. 400 with var. sttbangulata, p. 401; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 458 (var. subangulata} . — HARTMAN, Catal. Partula p. 6, woodcut; Obs. Part., Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 182.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P. ix. 1887, p. 57, with varr. subangulata, p. 58, pi. 3, f . 79 ; amanda, p. 58, pi. 3, f. 78; and dubia, p. 58, pi. 3, f. 80. — SMITH, Annals of the Carnegie Mus. I, p. 426, no. 4093-4108. —Partula biangulata Pse. MS. and P. propinqua Pse. MS. according to Hartman. - - Voluta fasciata DILLWYN, Descr. Catal. i, p. 502. — Bulimus australis BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 347. — Partula australis GRATELOUP Soc. Bord. xi, 424, pi. 2, f. 5. — Partulus australis BECK, Index p. 57. — Bulimus in- constans Miihlf., ANTON, Verzeichniss p. 40, no. 1474 ("chest- nut brown, the peristome light brown, stronger [than faba], aperture narrower. Nuahame ") . — Bulimus tricolor Miihlf., ANTON, 1. c., no. 1474 (" yellowish-green banded with brown ") . — Partula brunnea PEASE MS., HARTMAN, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, 180 "a dark elongated variety of P. faba." — Par- tula pallida Pease MS., HARTMAN, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, 195 "=
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 237
elongated specimens of P. faba. " — Partula biangula Pease MS., HARTMAN, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, 180, as synonym of faba. No description.
P. faba was first obtained when Captain Cook visited Raiatea in 1769. Andrew Garrett writes as follows:
' ' The type varies from straw-yellow to brownish yellow or fulvous, with a broad basal and narrow sutural chestnut- brown band. The most common bandless variety is of the normal color varied with longitudinal darker strigations. A variety of a uniform, whitish horn-color, as well as one of a uniform chestnut-brown, sometimes approaching black, is not infrequent. The lip is white, and the apex frequently tinted with purple-black.
They vary considerably in shape, as the following measure- ments will prove :
Length 25, diam. 14 mill.
Length 25, diani. 12 mill.
The average dimension is 25 *by 13 mill. Out of about 6000 examples I found but one possessing the parietal tooth. Hybrids between this species and radiata, fusca and naviga- toria are not uncommon."
Fig. 1 is a copy ot Martyn's type figure. Fig. 2 is a more streaked example of the typical form. Deep brown (fig. 3), and greenish-yellow (fig. 4), examples are also drawn. Figs. 5 to 8 are from a series collected by C. D. Voy, presumably in one colony, the several color-forms being connected by inter- mediate stages.
P. subangulata, amanda, navigatoria and fusca might be ranked as subspecies of faba without going far wrong.
36. P. SUBANGULATA Pease. ' PL 16, figs. 14, 15, 16.
Shell smoother, more glossy and thinner than P. faba; chestnut-colored with darker streaks and a yellow band below the suture ; early whorls purplish-black or brown-tinted ; the peristome dark flesh colored, often with white spots. Varies commonly to chestnut with streaks 'but no light band, and to light yellow or olive-yellow with chestnut streaks and white
238 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
spire. A variety with a narrow subsutural and su'bbasal band of a dark chestnut color on a pale greenish yellow ground is not uncommon.
Tahaa, at the southern end in several valleys (Garrett.).
Partula faba var. subangulata PEASE, Jour, de Conch., 1870, p. 401 ; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, pp. 458, 473. — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 58, pi. 3, f. 79.— Partula ventricosa PEASE MS., HARTMAN, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 189, Tahaa. No description. — Partula amanda GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 58, pi. 3, f. 78.— Partula dubia GARRETT MS., HARTMAN, Bull. M. C. Zool. ix, 181, 191.— GARRETT, t. c., p. 58. —P. marginata GARRETT MS., HARTMAN, Bull. M. C. Zool. ix, p. 184; undescribed; " =P. faba var., Tahaa."— Partula propinqua PEASE MS., HARTMAN, t. <c. p. 185, "Tahaa" no description.
The pale subsutural band gives the shoulder an appearance of angulation, which does not really exist. While the Tahaan forms of the faba type differ but little from Raiatean faba, yet their variation-forms are somewhat diverse, and the minor differences noted above seem fairly constant. I have therefore thought it best, in view of the minute specific subdivision of Raiatean Partula?, to give subangulata specific rank.
36a. P. s. AMANDA Garrett. PI. 17, figs. 1, 2, 3.
The shell is like subangulata in shape, but it occasionally has a small tooth on the parietal wall. The usual color is pale yellow or greenish yellow, almost white towards the summit, or more or less suffused with fulvous, with a white or flesh-tinted lip. "A beautiful variety occurs which has a wide median reddish chestnut band (fig. 1). A more common variety is found with two narrow reddish chestnut bands" (fig. 2) ; the summit in these is purple-black. '"Chestnut- brown varieties are not uncommon. The rarest variety is fasciated the same as the typical faba." (Garrett).
Tahaa, occurring in greatest profusion in the northeastern part, but spread all over the island except in the area of subangulata ( Garrett) .
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 239
A subvariety of amanda has been called var. dubia Garrett (pi. 17, figs. 4, 8) but that name was already in use for a Tahitian form of the otaheitana group. It is yellow with a white spire, white lip, and invariably has a parietal tooth. Some specimens have a chestnut umbilical area, or are some- what suffused and streaked with fulvous, and the apex is pinkish brown. This form is found in some valleys on the north coast.
37. P. NAVIGATORIA (Pfeiffer). PI. 16, figs. 9 to 13.
Shell perforate, dextral, oblong-ovate, solid, obsoletely granulose-striate, rather shining; fulvous, marked with close darker lines. Spire conic, rather acute, suture light, white- edged. Whorls 5, nearly flat, the last longer than the spire. Aperture oblong, narrow, whitish within, provided with a small callous [parietal] tooth deep on the ventral side of the penult whorl. Peristome somewhat thickened, strongly white-lipped within, the margins parallel, right margin nar- rowly expanded, somewhat toothed in the middle, columellar margin dilated, fiat, reflexed. Length 23, diam. 11, aperture 13 x 8 mm. Type in Mus. Cuming. (Pfr.) .
Lower portion of Vaioara valley, on the west coast of Raiatea and spread along the lowland forests south as far as Uparu valley ; very abundant, associated with P. fusca ; usu- ally lurking beneath decaying vegetation, but sometimes taken on the trunks of trees. (Garrett).
Bulimus navigatorius PFR., P. Z. S., 1849, p. 131. — Par- tula navigatoria PFR., Monogr. iii, 449. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. vi, 1850, pi. 4, f. 21.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P. ix, p. 76- Partula variabilis PEASE, Amer. Journ. of Conch, ii, 1866, p. 203; iii, 1867, p. 8, pi. 1, f. 12-14; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 473.- PFR., Monogr. viii, 201.
This form differs from P. faba chiefly by having the last
two whorls less convex than usual in that species, and the
aperture is narrower, more contracted. Moreover it lives for
the most part on the ground, and has its own patterns of
• coloring, which however do not differ much from the patterns
240 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
of faba and fusca. Garrett writes that "hybrids between this species and fusca and faba are very frequent."
The typical coloration of navigatoria (fig. 9, copied from Reeve) and the synonymous varidbilis is yellow, profusely streaked with chestnut, the spire often pinkish. This is the normal or usual form. Other patterns are:
Uniform yellow. Not common.
Uniform dark chestnut, or with pale apex. Not common.
The last form, greenish yellow, the base and a subsutural band chestnut, is not uncommon; it resembles typical P. faba in pattern.
' ' The parietal tooth mentioned by Pf eiffer, but not alluded to by Reeve or Pease, is not constant, but exists in about two- fifths of the adults. The former author's 'medio subden- tato,' likewise not mentioned by the latter two writers, is simply the lower angle of the small labial sinus.
"In shape it varies from ovate to oblong-ovate, as the fol- lowing two measurements will show: Length 25, diam. 13 mm.; length 20, diam. 13 mm." (Garrett).
38. P. PUSCA Pease. PI. 17, figs, 5, 6, 7.
' ' Shell umbilicated, solid, varying from an abbreviate-ovate to oblong-ovate, roughly striated by irregular lines of growth, and the usual fine spiral incised lines become evanescent on the body- whorl ; spire convexly conical, less than half the length of the shell ; suture linearly impressed, frequently mar- gined by a thread-like white line; whorls 5-6, more or less flatly convex, last one large, convex, rounded or turgid, some- times slightly angled just above the aperture; base more openly umbilicated than usual in the ground species; aper- ture subvertical, oblong, sides nearly parallel ; parietal region more or less glazed with callus, and sometimes dentate ; peris- tome rather broadly expanded, moderately thick, slanting, flat or concave, strongly incrassated within and sinuous above ; columellar lip depressed, receding or transversely grooved above. Color very variable : whitish corneous, straw- yellow, fulvous, light or dark chestnut, sometimes brown-
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 241
black, and frequently strigated. Yellowish horn-colored ex- amples with the base and the sutural band chestnut, are not uncommon. The lip, though usually white, is frequently mar- gined with purple-brown. Length 20, diam. 11 mm.
"The above is about the average dimensions. My largest example is 24 by IS1/!* and the smallest adult 17 by 10 mm. Sometimes, though rarely, the spire equals half the length of the shell. Very old examples have a more or less nodulous columella and a more or less distinct denticle on the outer lip." (Garrett).
Partula fusca PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 193; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, 1875, pp. 245, 247, pi. 19, fig. 9 ( anatomy) .— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 205. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., vi, p. 81.— HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 6; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 182 (excl. ovalis and lugubris). — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, p. 71, pi. 3, f. 50. — Partula protea PEASE, MS. coll. Pease, 1863.— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 209.
Raiatea: The metropolis of this very variable ground species is in Vaioara valley, on the west coast of Raiatea, the headquarters of P. garrettii and navigatoria. It has not migrated any to the southward, but to the northward it oc- curs sparingly far up in Huaru valley. On the opposite side of the island it is found in Tepua valley, and I took a few in a small ravine more to the southward. The Tepua shell, which is the protea Pse., differs none from his fusca. (Garrett).
' Hybrids between protea and the arboreal P. faba are not uncommon, and are usually found adhering to the lower parts of the trunks of trees.
'In Vaioara, hybrids between fusca and navigatoria, and between the two former and faba, are so frequent as to be very embarrassing in the separation of the three species col- lected in that valley. Like the Tepua hybrids, all those be- tween the two ground species and the arboreal faba live on the lower parts of the trunks of trees." (Garrett).
242 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
Illustrated from specimens received from Garrett. Others from Pease are before me. This snail lives under cover on the ground, and the shell is less glossy than navigatoria or faba which differ from fused and vittata chiefly by their arboreal habits and brighter shells. The lip is usually expanded more than in vittata, which replaces fusca on the southwest. P. fusca occasionally has a small parietal tooth, 'but in vittata the tooth is almost invariable in fully adult shells.
38a. P. F. VITTATA Pease. PI. 17, fig. 16.
The shape of the typical vittata is oblong-conic, more or less compressedly umbilicated, and the spire, which equals half the length of the shell, has straight outlines. The last whorl is not angular in front of the aperture. The ample, oblong aperture is 'considerably contracted by the intrusion of white callus on the inner margin of the peristome, and the sides are nearly parallel. The peristome is rather thin, widely expanded and usually stained with brownish purple. The white callus does not extend to the upper end of the lip, leaving a shallow sinus. The columella is flattened, not calloused or nodose, and reflected over the umbilicus. The color is whitish, yellowish corneous, fulvous or horn-color, fre- quently with the basal third of the 'body and a sutural band chestnut-color. Sometimes the apex is 'black or purple-black. The parietal tooth, though small, is constant, 'but so far within that it is hardly visible in a front view.
Length 23, diam. 13 mm. (fig. 16).
Length 24, diam. 12 mm. (Pease) .
Length 25, diam. 11 mm. (Garrett, maximum size).
Society Islands : Restricted to the higher portions of Toloa valley, on the west coast of Raiatea, not uncommon under decaying vegetation. (Garrett).
Partula vittata PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 194; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 200.— HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 7 ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 169 (excl. microstoma) . — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 75, pi. 3, f. 56.— Partula approxi-
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 243
mata PEASE, MS., SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 207.- GLOYNE, Quar. Jour. Conch., i, p. 338.— HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 7; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zool., ix, pp. 179, 195 (no description). — GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 75.
Doubtfully distinguishable from P. fusca. The figure is drawn from the shell already figured by Garrett, who col- lected the type lot. He states that " no examples were dis- covered in Hapai or Vaiau, the headquarters of lugubris and ovalis, which two valleys are between Toloa and the small ones inhabited by approximata."
386. P. P. APPROXIMATA 'Pease' Garrett, PI. 17, figs. 13, 14, 15.
This is a race subsidiary to vittata characterized by its inferior size, smaller umbilicus, which is frequently imper- vious, smaller aperture, and less expanded lip. The parietal tooth is very seldom developed. The banding is similar in the two forms, but occurs rarely in approximata, which dif- fers also in being generally a lighter or darker chestnut-color, though both have similar horn-colored varieties, with brown streaks. The last whorl is usually angular in front, as in var. terrestris.
Occurs in greater or less profusion in several small valleys on the southwest part of Raiatea.
Cotypes from Garrett are figured.
38c. P. P. TERRESTRIS 'Pse.' Garrett. PI. 17, figs. 9, 10, 11.
The shell is moderately umbilicate, thin, with only a trace of spiral striae on the last whorl. It is (1) corneous with yellowish streaks, (2) chestnut colored, or (3) chestnut with an equatorial yellow zone. The apex is usually pale, but sometimes purple. The last ivhorl is rather acutely angular immediately in front of the upper termination of the outer lip ; or if not, an angle may 'be traced above the suture, near the aperture; the immature stage being strongly angular. The aperture is rather narrow, with a distinct prominence at the upper end of the lip-callus. Lip moderately expanded,
244 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
white or pale. Columella concave, with no callus or nodule. A very small parietal tooth is usually present.
Partula terrestris Pease MS., GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P., ix, 1884, p. 75. — P. castanea Pse. MS., GARRETT, t, c. p. 76.
Differs from P. vittata chiefly by the distinct angulation of the 'body in front of the aperture. Gotypes in coll. A. N. S. P., no. 59450. Garrett writes:
"In the valleys on the southern part of the island (Raiatea), we find a gradual change from the typical P. ap- proximata into the form known as P. terrestris Pease, which latter connects the former with vittata. The range of ter- restris terminates at Opoa valley, on the southeast coast.
"At Faaloa, on the east coast, there exists a form, P. cas- tanea Pease, which is intermediate between terrestris and vittata. It is usually chestnut-colored, constantly toothed on the parietal wall, and the fasciation is the same as in the other varieties. It has not spread any to the northward of Faaloa, but occurs more sparingly in a small valley between Faaloa and Opoa." (Garrett). A specimen of castanea received from Pease is figured (pi. 17, fig. 12). It is absolutely iden- tical with terrestris.
39. P. PLANILABRUM Pease. PI. 18, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Shell long-ovate, solid, umbilicate; whorls 5, plano-convex; aperture oblong-oval, somewhat ear-shaped, toothed. Lip oblique and broadly flattened, thickened within, projecting outwardly, having a toothed callus. Columella straight, angular at the base. Chestnut-colored, pale at the suture, sometimes encircled with a broad yellowish-brown band. Length 22, diam. 12 mm. (Pse.).
East coast of Tahaa.
Partula planilabrum PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 672 ; 1871, p. 473. - - PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 156. - - BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1865, pp. 245, 247.— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., vi, p. 81. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 7; Obs. Gen. Part, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 185, 188, 190. —GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 63, pi. 3, f. 77..
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 245
-Partula suturalis PEASE, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 675, nude name, (not of Pfeiffer).
The callous rim and "tooth" within the outer lip are more strongly developed than in P. faba, fusca and their immedi- ate allies. There is an oblong callous lump on the face of the columella, more or less visible in different examples. The white border below the suture is an important feature of the species, very rarely wanting. P. planilabrum is larger and more elongated than P. bilineata, and the surface is not so smooth and shining. The structure of the peristome is similar in the two shells, but the aperture is more elongate in planilabrum. The parietal tooth is constant in adults but varies in size. The following color-forms are found.
PI. 18, figs. 2, 3. The type is deep chestnut-brown, gradu- ally fading into yellowish corneous towards the sutural line; the whitish lip is •frequently tinged with violet.
PI. 18, fig. 4. Fulvous yellow, with the basal half of the body- whorl and a revolving band below the whitish subsutural border, deep chestnut-brown. Not infrequent.
PI. 18, fig. 1. Pale corneous or light fulvous with indis- tinct oblique streaks. Rare.
Numerous specimens from Pease and G-arrett show it to be rather constant in form, but some shells show an angle on the last whorl, in front of the aperture. Garrett writes: "The metropolis of this species is Haamene valley, on the east coast of Tahaa, where it is common, and, though usually lurking beneath decaying vegetation, is sometimes found ad- hering to the trunks of the wild banana. It is found, though less abundant, in a valley north of its specific centre, but does not occur in the intermediate valley Faa-apa, the home of bilineata."
40. P. BILINEATA Pease. PI. 19, figs. 8, 14.
The shell is rather openly umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid, smooth and glossy, marked lightly with growth-lines. Spire almost straightly conic, the apex frequently dark. The suture is margined with a white line. Ground-color whitish-corneous,
246 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA.
pale yellow or brownish yellow, typically with a narrow brown band revolving a short distance below the suture, and a wider one just below the perifery; but sometimes the whole base is dark chestnut, or the whole shell may be dark except for a light equatorial girdle or zone. The aperture is nearly white inside, lip broad, white, well expanded and strongly thickened within. The columellar lip bears on its inner face a low nodule, sometimes hardly noticeable. The parietal tooth is deeply placed and well developed.
Length 20y2, diam. 13 mm. (fig. 8).
Length 18, diam. 12 mm. (Pease).
Tahaa, confined to Faa-apa valley on the east coast, where it O'ccurs in abundance on the trunks of a species of wild banana and at the roots of ferns. (Garrett).
Partula bilineata PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., ii, 1866, p.
201 ; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 10 ; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.
-BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, pp. 245, 247,
pi. 19, fig. 10 (anatomy). — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 195.
— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., vi, p. 81. — HARTMAN, Cat.
Part., p. 8; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp.
180, 196.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 62.
P. plamlabrum is more lengthened and less glossy than bilineata, and the two have not the same cycles of color-forms. P. umbilicata is a still more shortened and globose form. These three species of Tahaa are slight modifications of the ancestral Raiatean P. auriculata stock. Fig. 14 represents Pease's type specimen. Garrett writes of P. bilineata,: "It is readily distinguished by its smooth, glossy surface, ovate- conic form, yellowish horn-color, and two revolving chestnut- brown bands, the upper one narrow and subsutural. The subacute apex is sometimes purple-brown and the suture is margined by a narrow, rugose, whitish line. The constant parietal tooth is prominent and the 'broad white peristome is slightly emarginate above, strongly labiate within, and widely expanded.
Var. a. With a single broad median chestnut-brown band. Not common.
PARTULA, RAIATEA AND TAHAA. 247
Var. b. Chestnut-brown with a yellowish horn-colored sutural band. Very rare.
Var. c. Uniform yellowish horn-color. Very rare. They are all remarkably uniform in shape and size."
41. P. AURICULATA Broderip. PI. 18, figs. 8 to 12.
"Shell perforate, ovate-pyramidal, chestnut colored; whorls 6, somewhat swollen, longitudinally striated. Aper- ture white, ear-shaped, the lip flat and thick; a white tooth on the internal lace of the last whorl. Length %, diam. y2 inch. A variety is yellowish with the outer margin of the aperture somewhat roseate.
"The thick, flattened lips forming the aperture of this species are so disposed as to give the mouth, in many in- dividuals, the appearance of a key-hole, while in others it is ear-shaped." (Brod.)
Baiatea, in the lower half of Hamoa valley, on the east coast near the north end of the island; it has spread north- ward in two small valleys (Garrett, for P. compacta) ; Utuloa, north end of Raiatea, in great profusion, with P. faba (Garrett, for P. auriculata) ; arboreal.
Partula auriculata BRODERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 125. -REEVE, Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 175, figs. 7, 8. — PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 201.— SCHMELTZ, Cat, Mus. Godeff., iv, p. 71. — HARTMAN, Cat Part,., p. 7, with woodcut; Obs. Gen. Part,, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, pp. 180, 186, 192.- GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P. ix, 1884, p. 58. — f Partula tahulana ANTON, Verz. Conch., p. 40 (1839), nude name; (quoted tabula na by Garrett). — Partulus auriculatus BECK, Ind. Moll., p. 58. — Bulimus auriculatus PPEIFPER, Symb., i, p. 80; ii, p. 111. — Bulimus otaheitanus PFEIFPER, Mon. Hel., ii, p. 71 (part). — Partula otaheitana REEVE (not of Bru- guiere), Conch. Icon., pi. 2, fig. Her, b.-- Partula robusta PEASE (MS. coll. Pease, 1863), SMITH, Annals Carnegie Mus. i, p. 436, no. 4140, 4141. — Partula tahitana SCHMELTZ (not of Gould), Cat, Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92.— PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— f ? Partula maura Muhl. ANTON, Ver-
248 PARTULA, RAIATEA AND T API A A.
zeichniss p. 40 (nude name). --Partula compacta PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 200; 1867, p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 9; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 207. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 7; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 181, 192.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N/S. P. ix, 1884, p. 55.- Partula solidula Pse. MS., H. H. SMITH, Annals Carnegie Mus. i, p. 436, no. 4142.
This arboreal species is obese, solid, not very glossy, with a moderate or quite narrow umbilicus. The lip is not very broadly expanded, 'but is strongly thickened within, white, flat, often more or less dentate, and is conspicuously excised above. The columella is oblique, broad, and bears a moder- ate or heavy callus which is notched at the insertion above. The parietal tooth is well developed.
Length 20, diam. 13.5 mm.
Length 21, diam. 13.3 mm.
P. auriculata has been united by many authors with the totally different P. otaheitana of Tahiti. The erroneous locality "Huaheine" was given by Cuming, who collected the types. As Pease and Garrett have already remarked, P. auriculata was evidently based upon several forms of this group, but the emphasis laid by Broderip upon the flat lip indicates that the form described as P. compacta by Pease is practically typical auriculata. Reeve's Conchologia Iconica, Partula plate 2, figure 11& may be considered the type of P. auriculata. I have figured similar shells, pi. 18, figs. 10, 11. The color is usually light brownish yellow, 'but it varies to light chestnut in the lots before me. Fig. 9, copied from Reeve's figure of one of the original lot, is unlike the com- pacta I have seen in being banded. Pease's type of com- pacta, now before me, is a typical auriculata in develop- ment of the apertural callosities. In many individuals the "teeth" are less developed, as in fig. 8.
41a. P. A. ROBUSTA Pease. PI. 18, figs. 13 to 16.
The shell is somewhat smaller than the largest P. auriculata,
PARTULA, HUAHEINE. 249
more compactly ovate, very solid, the lip very little ex- panded and very much thickened on the convex face, though less broad than in auriculata, and with less prominent in- ternal callosities, hence the aperture is more open. The parietal tooth is smaller than in auriculata, and often almost disappears. The lip is generally brown-edged, and often a raised callus connects the ends. The columellar lip is seen, in profile view, to be very thick, and the umbilical crevice is narrow. Color-patterns as follows:
a. Last l1/^ or 2 whorls corneous, copiously streaked ob- liquely with chestnut; the next earlier whorl rich chest- nut, deepening to purple-black towards and at the sum- mit. This is the typical coloration.
5. Yellowish, with some faint brownish streaks, apex pale. Approaches auriculata in form.
c. Dark chestnut throughout, with more or less distinct paler oblique streaks on the last whorl.
d. Chestnut colored with a broad corneous or yellowish zone above the middle of the last whorl. This pattern also occurs in auriculata.
Length 19.5, diam. 11.5, aperture 11 mm. (fig. 14).
Length 17.5, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm.
P. robusta has not before been figured, but descriptive notes were published by Smith in his catalogue of the Hart- man collection. Types no. 59444 A. N. S. P.
4. Species of Huaheine.
Huaheine possesses four species all endemic. Two (P. arguta and annectens) are restricted to two valleys, and the latter, like P. clara, appears to be gradually becoming extinct. Both species are remarkably uniform in all their specific characters, and are related to forms of Tahiti and Raiatea. On the contrary, the other two species (P. rosea and varia) have spread nearly all over the island, and are subject to considerable variation. Neither is closely related to other Society Island species, but a form scarcely distinguishable from varia occurs at Rarotonga. It is worthy of remark that
250 PARTULA, HUAHEINE.
dentated species, which are so common in all the islands ex- cept Borabora, do not occur on Huaheine.
The structure of the kidney raises a doubt as to the sys- tematic position of P. rosea and varia. They may belong in or near the section Samoana rather than to Partula s. sir.
42. P. VARIA Broderip. PL 23, figs. 1 to 12.
Shell openly perforate, ovate-pyramidal, thin, glossy, com- posed of nearly 5 convex whorls, the last rounded periferally, or slightly subangular in front; very convex or saccate at the. base. Surface with sculpture of fine growth-striae and min- ute spiral lines, which are more or less obsolete on the last whorl. Aperture vertical, white or purplish-brown within, the lip retiexed, evenly thickened within, white or purple- brown. Length 17, diam. 11 mm.
Huaheine: "The metropolis of the typical P. varia is in two valleys on the west coast of Huaheine, where they are very abundant on foliage, but it is generally distributed throughout all parts of the island." (Garrett) .
Partula varia BRODERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 125.— REEVE,, Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 75, figs. 5, 6; Conch. Icon., pi. 3, figs. 17 a. b. c. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iii, p. 448. — PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473, with var. glutiiwsa, pulchra, simplex. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff, v, p. 92. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 14 ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, pp. 189, 191 (excl. strigata).--Bulimus varius PFEIFFER, Symb., i, p. 86; ii, p. 124. — Bulimiis roseus var. b. minor PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., ii, p. 70. — Partula glutinosa PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 85 ; Mon. Hel., iii, p. 448 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 265, pi. 44, f. 16, 17 (in insulis Salomonis). — Partula mucida PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p. 98; Mon. Hel., iv, p. 513 (in insulis Pacificis). — Partula pulchra PEASE, MS. SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. — Partula huaheinensis GARRETT, as syn. of varia, t. c. 1884, p. 78, 79. — Partula bi- color GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. P. ix, 1884, p. 79 (not of Pease) . — Partula adusta GARRETT, MS., undescribed. — Par- tula perplexa Pease, MS., H. H. SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, p. 463, no. 4277.
PARTULA, HUAHEINE. 251
This common Huaheine species is smaller and more glossy than P. rosea, and differs in its range of color-variation. Ac- cording to Andrew Garrett, the type form "is very variable in coloration, and considerably so in size and shape. The smallest form, which = = P. pulchra Pse., gradually merges into the type, and is restricted to the larger of the two valleys called Hamene. The type which equals my huaheinensis and adusta, is usually corneous, luteous, more frequently fulvous, rarely white, and the most abundant variety is dark chestnut, sometimes nearly black with a pale apex and dark or pale lip (fig. 1). Deep chestnut-colored examples, with a wide or narrow central pale band, are not uncommon (fig. 2). The form with an obscure central fulvous band on a pale ground, is rather common (figs. 6, 7).
"In the higher portion of Hamene may be found a large form (bicolor Garr., not of Pease) which is either uniform straw-yellow, or greenish yellow, with or without a dark chest- nut spire. It differs from the typical varia in being larger, more robust, the whorls more inflated and the aperture wider. Specimens from Garrett are figured, pi. 23, figs. 4 and 8.
"In a valley named Faahiti, on the northern part of the island, we find in the greatest profusion, associated with P. rosea cognata Pse., a form shaped like ' bicolor,' but smaller and more variable in color than the typical varia. The most -common variety is light yellowish, sometimes stri- gated, the lip, and sometimes the base, stained with burnt- brown or violet-brown. Nearly half of the specimens are uniform fulvous brown, or chestnut-brown approaching black. The variety with central pale band is also very frequent, as well as the one of a uniform whitish or luteous with white lip. The pale variety with chestnut spire is somewhat rare, besides one with a dark spire and two narrow bands on the body- whorl. A lot of these shells sent to the 'Museum Godeffroy,' were by Prof. Mousson referred to Morelet's P. simplaria, and have been freely distributed under that name. Morelet cites 'Tahiti' as the habitat of his species. His 'apice obtuso rosaceo' and 'sutura albo marginata' do not occur in these
252 PARTULA, HUAHEINE.
shells, nor any of the varieties of varia" hence the name simplaria should not be applied to them. Specimens of various color-patterns are figured, pi. 23, figs. 9, 10.
The form called P. glutinosa Pfr. is straw colored or pale fulvous, the lip white with a purplish-brown border. It was originally described as from the Solomon Islands. Fig. 11 is a copy of the original figure. A specimen received from Cuming is drawn in fig. 15. "P. perplexa Pse. MS." of H. H. Smith is the same.
P. mucida Pfr. was based on the uniform chestnut colored form of varia. A figure of the type specimen in the British Museum is given, pi. 41, fig. 13.
43. P. ROSEA Broderip. Plate 22.
The shell is openly perforate, rather thin, ovate-pyramidal, moderately glossy ; under a lens it is seen to be marked with fine growth-lines and close, waved, distinctly engraved spiral lines. Whorls 5, very slightly convex, the last generally angular at the periphery, in front of the aperture. The aper- ture is ovate, slightly oblique ; outer lip well expanded, thin- edged, strengthened with 'a narrow callous rim within, gradu- ally tapering to the upper end. Columella thin, dilated above. Parietal film transparent, toothless.
Length 22, diam. 13 mm.
Length 23, diam. 13 to 15 mm.
The typical color (pi. 22, figs. 1, 2) is uniform rose, in- cluding the interior and lip ; but in many examples the em- bryonic whorls are paler or yellowish with a pink sutural line.
Huaheine : ' ' The headquarters of this beautiful and well- known arboreal species is in a large forest at the head of Hawai bay on the west side of Huaheine. From this region, where they are very numerous, they have spread over many parts of the island. They differ but little in .shape in the different localities, except in Faahiti on the north coast, where they (the P. cognata Pease) are smaller, less angulated on the last whorl, and in the total absence of the uniform dark purple-brown and rose-colored varieties which are so com-
PARTULA, HUAHEINE. 253
mon elsewhere. The most numerous variety of the cognata form is straw-yellow with the sutural line tinted with rose or purple rose. A rose or purple-brown variety with a central yellow band is found in no other part of the island." ( Garret t).
Partula rosea BRODERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 125.— REEVE, Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 175, figs. 9, 10; Conch. Icon., pi. 1, figs, la, b, c. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iii, p. 448; iv, 509; vi, 157; Conchyl. Cab., p. 272, pi. 64, f. 23-28.— PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. G-odeff., v, p. 92. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 14 (with woodcut) ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Com. Zool., ix, pp. 186, 191 (excl. simplaria} . -GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 67.— H. H. SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, p. 461, with cognata and estal- liana, p. 462. — Partulus roseus BECK, Ind. Moll., p. 57.— Bulimus roseus PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., ii, p. 70, exclusive of var. 5. — Partula purpurascens PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 333 ; Mon. Hel., iv, p. 511. — Partula cognata PEASE, MS., SCHMELTZ, Cat, Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92. — GLOYNE, Quar. Jour. Conch., i, p. 338. — GARRETT t. c. p. 68.
Besides the common typical rose-colored form (figs. 1, 2), the following color-patterns occur. From Garrett's remarks it appears that several of the patterns occur together, so that they seem ordinarily to have no racial status. The some- what smaller form cognata seems to have incipient racial features.
2, form purpurascens Pfr. Dull purple, the aperture and lip violet, common (fig. 3).
3, form bipartita. Upper surface rose (fig. 4) or purple (fig. 5) base pale yellow, the lip white. "Frequent in the metropolis of the species but very rare elsewhere " (Garrett) .
4, form bicolorata. Spire rose or purple, fading at the end of penultimate whorl to straw yellow or corneous on the last whorl; apex whitish; mouth and lip white (figs. 6, 7). Common.
5, form straminea. Straw-yellow or yellowish-corneous, the apex or whole spire corneous- white ; aperture and lip
254 PARTULA, HUAHEINE.
white (figs. 8, 9). According to Garrett this form is very abundant.
6, form zotiata. Yellow, with the base and a narrow or rather wide sutural band brown, purple-brown or rose-color, mouth bicolored. Common (fig. 10, 11). Varies in size from 24 x 13.5 to 21.5 x 12.5 mm.
7, form cognata 'Pse. ' Garrett. Often smaller, length i9.5 to 23 mm., yellow with the suture tinted with rose or purplish; aperture white (pi. 22, figs. 12, 17; pi. 33, fig. 3), "Very common in Faahiti valley, but rare elsewhere" (Gar- rett). This small form varies to light yellow with pallid spire, and to yellow with purple or roseate spire, like form bicolorata ; or it may have the color of form no. 6.
8, form estalliana 'Garrett' Smith. Shell small, thin, whitish-corneous or yellowish, with the base and a 'band be- low the suture rose or dull purple, leaving the lighter tint in a broad zone or band. Occurs in Faahiti valley only (figs. 13, 14).
This form varies to yellow or corneous-yellow shells, with the spire corneous or more or less purple-tinted, lip whitish or with a purplish tint (figs. 15, 16).
Broderip's original description of P. rosea follows: "Shell ovate-pyramidal, roseate; whorls 6, longitudinally substriate, subdecussate with very close lines, the last larg- est; epidermis thin. Length %, diam. y$ inch.
"Var. a, purple-brown. Var. &, whitish, sutures and base of the last whorl roseate, epidermis yellow." (Brod.).
44. P. ANNECTENS (Pease). PL 24, figs. 5, 6.
The shell is perforate, oblong-ovate, very thin, pellucid, slightly yellowish corneous, sometimes with a pale ruddy tint at the apex, the suture bordered with an opaque white line. Surface lustrous, showing fine growth-lines, and very close, minutely crimped, spiral striae throughout. Whorls 4^, con- vex, the last one compressed or somewhat flattened below the periphery, therefore unusually convex close to the perfora- tion. The aperture is quite oblique, ovate ; peristome thin, re-
PARTULA, BORABORA. 255
flexed throughout, white, the columellar margin dilated and bifurcate above. Parietal wall covered with a scarcely noticeable film.
Length 13, diam. 7.25 mm. ; aperture 7.8 mm.
Length 14, diam. 7 mm. ; aperture 7.8 mm.
Huaheine: "This delicate arboreal species is excessively rare, and has only occurred to my notice in two valleys on the west coast of Huaheine." (Garrett).
Bulimus annectens PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 671.
-PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., vi, p. 48. — Partula annectens PEASE,
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473.— HARTMAN, Cat. Part, p. 12;
Obs. Gen. Part, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 179. — GARRETT,
Journ. A. N. S. P. ix, 1884, p. 66, pi. 3, f. 70.
"It is more fragile and less slender than P. attenuata, the nearest allied form. The spire is less than half the length of the shell, and the suture is margined by a white line. The dull whitish peristome is widely expanded. The aperture is never dentate, and the yellow-corneous shell is faintly tinged with greenish.
"The animal varies from pale luteous-yellow to light brownish yellow. The soft parts, as seen through the trans- parent shell, are mottled with slate-colored spots. The foot is about the same length as the shell, and the ocular peduncles are very long and slender." (Garrett).
5. Species of Borabora. 45. P. LUTEA Lesson. PI. 23, figs. 16, 17, 18, 19.
This species resembles the preceding [P. lineata], but it is distinguished 'by having the peristome less thick, by the umbilicus, of which the crevice is obliterated. Its altitude is 8 lines by 5 in diameter. Its spire is more swollen than in the preceding. The shell is thinner, and entirely corneous yellow. The Yellow Partula lives on the island of Borabora (Lesson) .
Society Is.: Borabora (Lesson, Garrett, Voy) ; widely dif- fused throughout the island, on the trunks and foliage of trees and bushes. (Garrett).
256 PARTULA, BORABORA.
Partula lutea LESSON, Voy. autour du Monde La Coquille, Zoologie, ii, pt. 1 (1831), p. 325. — PFEIPFER, Mon. Hel., iii, p. 453. — PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. — HARTMAN, Cat. Part., p. 8 (with woodcut) ; Obs. Gen. Part., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 184, part. — GARRETT, J. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 1884, p. 53. — Bulimus luteus DESHAYES, in Fer., Moll., ii, p. 123, pi. 158, figs. 17, 18.— PPEIFFER, Mon. Hel., ii, p. 229.- Partula solidula Rve., PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 452 ; Conchy!. Cab., Bulimus, pi. 64, f. 15, 16; pi. 65, f. 12, 13. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, p. 92 (not of Reeve). — Partula lilacina PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 334.
This is a rather solid, obesely ovate-conic shell, with straightly conic, acute spire and rather glossy surface. The spiral striation is generally weak in the median part of the last whorl, more distinct above and below. The first two whorls are flattened and slope steeply, giving the apex a more acutely conic shape than usual. Whorls 5, the post-embryonic ones rather convex, last whorl inflated. The aperture is somewhat oblique; outer lip reflexed and thickened within, white. Columellar margin only very little dilated at its in- sertion, near which it is thickened by a callous deposit on the inner margin of its face. The parietal wall is covered with a transparent callus, which near the lip-ends is thick- ened and white. There is no parietal tooth. The umbilicus is reduced to a very narrow, short chink. The color is variable :
1. Uniform pale yellow.
2. Pale yellow with brownish apex.
3. Isabelline, the first 2y2 whorls purple-brown or blackish violet.
4. Purple-brown, covered on the last whorl with a yellow cuticle, which is thin and transparent on the spire, the suture white (lilacina Pfr.).
The size and snape vary. Lesson 's type was evidently near the small extreme in size. Shells from a lot collected by C. D. Voy, color-forms 2, 3, 4, measured :
Length 19, cliam. 11, aperture 10.1 mm.
PARTULA, SOCIETY IS. 257
Length 18.8, diam. 11, aperture 10.5 mm.
Length 18, diam. 11.5, aperture, 10.8 mm.
Others are more ventricose :
Length 19.8, diam. 12.2, aperture 11.5 mm.
Length 17.2, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm.
Length 17.4, diam. 11, aperture 9y2 mm.
According to Garrett, "notwithstanding its wide range over the island, it has not developed a single local variety. In fact it exhibits less variation than some of the species at the other islands which are restricted to single valleys."
Dr. Hartman and Andrew Garrett are agreed that Partula lilacina Pfr. is a color-phase of P. lutea. A figure of the type specimen in the British Museum is given, pi. 41, fig. 14.
6. Species of unknown habitats, probably from the Society Is.
The following will probably prove to be forms of some of the species already known from the Society Islands; but their status can only be determined by examination of the type specimens.
46. P. STOLIDA Pease.
"Shell elongate, ovate, dextral, rather dull, umbilicate, very finely roughened longitudinally and indistinctly under the lens striated transversely; whorls 5, convex; suture im- pressed; aperture elongately oval, rather small, not one- half the length of the shell, dentate, rarely edentate; lip somewhat roundly thickened, chestnut or olivaceous, ob- scurely and very finely striped longitudinally. Length 20, diam. 10^ mm. Tahitian archipelago. Terrestrial." (Pease).
Partula stolida PEASE, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1866, p. 198; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. - - PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. viii, p. 195.
Garrett, in his work of 1884, identified specimens of P. compressa as stolida ; but they cannot be made to agree with Pease's description. Pease himself, in 1871, gives the locality Raiatea; yet his testimony is of doubtful value. Perhaps
258 PARTULA, SOCIETY IS.
P. stolida will prove, if the type specimen can foe found, to be a form of the otaheitana series from Tahiti.
47. P. NITENS Pfeiffer.
Shell subperf orate, conic-ovate, swollen, rather thin; longi- tudinally very delicately striate ; glossy, diaphanous ; tawny- brown, above obsoletely, at the base broadly banded with buff. Spire conic, rather acute. Suture lightly impressed, whitish. Whorls 5, a trifle convex, the last about equal to the spire, rounded at the base. Aperture slightly oblique, acu- minate-oval; peristoine white, the right margin somewhat spreading above, moderately expanded ; columellar margin dilated, spreading somewhat over the perforation. Length 17, diam. 10 mm. ; aperture with peristorne 10 mm, long, 41/3 wide inside. (Pfr.) .
Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.).
Partula nitens PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 293 ; Monogr. iv, 513.
48. P. PACIFICA Pfeiffer.
Shell compressed-umbilicate, oblong-conic, rather thin, un- der a lens very minutely striated spirally, slightly shining, straw colored radiated with white and tawny lines. Spire conic, the apex acute; suture deep, submarginate. Whorls 5y2, convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, somewhat tapering basally. Columella receding above, vaulted over the umbilicus. Aperture slightly oblique, truncate-oblong; peristome white, spreading and reflexed. Length 22, diam. 10 mm.; aperture 9x4^ mm. inside (Pfr.}.
Islands of the Pacific Ocean (Cuming coll.).
Partula pacifica PFR., Proc. Zool. Soe. 1854, p. 154 ; Monogr. iv, 509.
' ' Very closely related to P. radiolata, but differing in size, the acute spire, convex whorls etc." (Pfr.}. Dr. Hartman has considered pacifica, a variety of P. otaheitana.
49. P. SIMPLARIA Morelet. PL 23, figs. 13, 14.
Shell perforate, ovate-conic, rather ventricose, yellowish- fulvous, thin, striolate, and delicately decussate towards the
PARTULA, SOCIETY IS. 259
apex; spire conic, the apex obtuse, roseate. Whorls 5y2, a little convex, the last slightly more than half the total length ; suture white-margined. Aperture subvertical, ovate, the throat whitish ; peristome thin, narrowly expanded, pale flesh colored, the columellar margin dilated, overhanging. Length 19, diam. 10, aperture 10x8 mm. (Morelet).
Tahiti (Morelet).
Partula simplaria MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1853, p. 370, pi. 11, f. 13, 14.— PPR., Monogr. iv, 512.
This Partula is distinguished from P. varia by its swollen shape, obtuse summit, wider, less oblique and more rounded aperture, and finally the less thickened, less dilated peris- tome (Morelet).
This form has not 'been rediscovered, and its locality is uncertain. It stands near P. assimilis ; and by some authors has been considered a form of P. rosea or P. varia.
50. P. DIMINUTA C. B. Adams.
"Shell rather thick, ovate-conic; translucent, horn-colored, sometimes reddish, with a thin shining brownish horn-colored epidermis, which is much interrupted by transverse stripes ; with the tip white, with unequal, irregular, rather coarse transverse stride, and numerous excessively minute impressed spiral lines; apex subacute; spire rather short, with the out- lines slightly curvilinear; whorls five, a little convex, with a moderately impressed suture ; last whorl moderately oblique : aperture rather small, subovate, with a tubercle on the middle of the intruding part of the last whorl: lip much thickened, but narrow, with a regularly rounded surface: umbilicus small." (Ad.).
Length .63, greatest breadth .36, length aperture .23 inch, mean divergence 58°.
Length .525, greatest 'breadth .28, length of aperture .21 inch, mean divergence 60°.
Habitat unknown (Mus. Amherst College).
Partula diminuta C. B. ADAMS, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of N. Y., v, p. 41 (1851) ; Contrib. to Conch, no. 8, p. 125.
260 PARTULA, AUSTRAL AND HERVEY IS.
"This species resembles a variety (P. auriculata Brod.) of P. otaheitana Brug., but is more slender as well as smaller." (Ad.). Possibly a form of P. otaheitana.
51. P. OBESA Pease. PI. 41, fig. 22.
"Shell umbilicate, abbreviate, conically ovate, rather thin, light, transversely very finely, closely and unclulately striated ; whorls 41/-), the last very large, comprising nearly three- fourths the length of the shell, somewhat inflated and pro- duced obliquely, rounded at base, spire short, conical, rather acute; aperture oblique, ovate; lip widely flatly expanded, white 011 both its outer and inner sides ; columella slightly expanded above ; greenish yellow, encircled with a broad white band beneath the suture.
Length 20, diam. 14 mm.
Habitat unknown.
Partula obesa, PSE., American Journal of Conchology iii, p. 222, pi. 15, f. 12 (Jan. 2, 1868).
The figure does not agree well with Pease's measurements.
"We have no locality for the above species. It appears to approach the Marquesau type, and may be allied to lilacina Pfr. It is covered with a thin epidermis, which, when worn oft', would probably leave the shell without color, as is the case with ganymedes, Pfr. We have but a single specimen. ' ' (Pease.)
III. PARTUL^E OF THE AUSTRAL AND HERVEY GROUPS.
The few species of these groups are very closely related to those of the Society Islands, and no doubt are of common derivation.
In the Austral Group, Partula hyalina (see p. 180) is found on Tubuai and Rurutu (Oheteroa). No other Partula is known from the group. One island, Rurutu, has been somewhat carefully explored for land shells (see Garrett, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1879, pp. 17-30).
In the Hervey or Cook's Group, P. hyalina has been found on Mangaia and Rarotonga. P. assimilis Pse., a form very close to P. varia of Huaheine, occurs on Rarotonga. Pease
PARTULA, HERVEY IS. 261
has stated that the Baiatean P. liebe is found on Mangaia (Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 401) but his records occasion- ally prove erroneous, and this one seems doubtful.
52. P. ASSIMILIS Pease. PI. 41, figs. 5, 9.
The shell is narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, rather thin; corneous or faintly yellowish-corneous, nearly uniform, but under a lens it appears to be very indistinctly marked with pale brown streaks; the early whorls are sometimes pale brown. 2% embryonic whorls with the usual subpunctate spiral lines, succeeding whorls finely weakly striate spirally, convex. The last whorl is quite convex, very indistinctly marked with more or less effaced spiral lines, or they may be almost wholly absent. Aperture slightly oblique, white or flesh-tinted within. Peristome white or flesh-colored, re- flexed and somewhat thickened within. Columellar lip di- lated above.
Length 18.3, diam. 10.5, aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 5.
Length 17.2, diam. 10, aperture 9.3 mm. ; whorls 4^.
"Length 17, diam. 9 mm." (Pse.).
Hervey Is. : Barotonga (Pease).
Partula assimilis Pse., Amer. Journ. of Conch, iii, p. 230, pi. 15, f. 28, 29.— Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 401, with var. virgulata Pse. — PPR., Monogr. viii, p. 197. — Cf. GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila, ix, 1884, p. 80. — Partula cookiana 'Mouss.,' Schmeltz, Museum Godeffroy Catalog v, 1874, p. 92 (name only).
This species closely resembles the pale, yellowish form of P. varia of Huaheine, 'but differs by the thinner, less conic shell, with the spire more swollen, apex more obtuse and the lip is less thickened within.
Pease has described a "var. virgulata, shell generally shorter than the typical form, longitudinally streaked with light red; alt. 15, diam 9 mm. Barotonga."
Two specimens out of the Pease duplicates, from a series received from Dr. Hartman, have the summit purplish, like the form of P. varia figured on pi. 23, fig. 4, yet I do not feel certain that they are really from Barotonga.
262 PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS.
IV. PARTITIVE OF THE SAMOAN ISLANDS.
The Samoan Partulas are still very imperfectly known, species having been collected only on Upolu and Tutuila. Nothing is known of the species of the largest island, Savii, if any exist there, or of several smaller islands of the group.
The known forms belong to four groups, quite diverse in texture and coloration, but two of them are alike in having the umbilicus unusually open.
Key to Samoan species. a. Umbilicus or rimation very broadly open.
1). Shell covered with a greenish-yellow or chestnut cuticle ; whorls 5 to Sy*.
c. Last whorl spirally stria te throughout. d. Dextral.
e. Length 21, diam. 14 mm.
P. abbreviata, no. 56. ee. Length 22 x 13 to 25 x 14 mm.
P. stevensoniana, no. 55. dd. Sinistral; greenish-yellow with pale spire. P. conica, no. 54.
cc. Later whorls without spiral striae except at the base of the last whorl ; spire dark-colored. d. Last whorl swollen at base; umbilicus ample. P. canalis, no. 53.
dd. Last whorl tapering downward ; umbili- cus narrower. P. c. biconica, no. 53a. bb. Shell mottled or streaked with opaque white or buff on a corneous gray or brown' ground, or maculate with gray or brown on a pale ground; whorls 4 to 4i/o.
c. Last whorl very wide, not striate spirally;
umbilicus deep. P. expansa, no. 58.
cc. Last whorl spirally striate; shell oblong-conic, rimate.
d. Aperture smaller. P. zebrina, no. 57. dd. Aperture larger.
P. z. recluziana, no. 57a.
PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS. 263
aa. Umbilical cavity small or moderate.
b. Aperture about half the length; shell oblong-acu- minate, the last whorl very indistinctly streaked with greenish-yellow; 24x13 mm., aperture 12.9 mm. P. brazieri, no. 59.
fe&. Aperture more than half the length; shell ovate- conic, the last whorl greenish-yellow, spire brownish ; 17 x 9 to 18 x 10.3 mm., aperture 10 mm.
P. gonochila, no. 60.
Section SAMOANA n. sect.
Evadne HARTMAN, Catal. Genus Partula, 1881, p. 12, type "E. bulimoides" -P. canalis Mouss, (preoc.)
The shell is very openly rimate or umbilicate, dextral or sinistral, with flatly reflexed lip and 110 parietal tooth. Arboreal. Type P. canalis.
The type species has a short, triangular kidney, according to Semper. The group may be related to the Partulas of Huaheme, which have a similar kidney.
Group of P. canalis. 53. P. CANALIS Moiisson. PI. 32, figs. 6, 7, 8, 10.
Shell sinistral, umbilicate, elongate-conic, rather thin, striat- ulate, not decussate, slightly shining, 'brownish. Spire conic, regular; apex subacute, violaceous, suture bordered with a white line, simple. Whorls 5%, nearly flat, the last large, equal to five-fourths the spire, long, more convex at the umbilicus, a little ascending in front. Aperture subvertical, ovate-oblong, subeffuse below. Peristome white, flatly re- flexed, moderately expanded, margins subparallel, columellar margin long, somewhat folded and impressed in a canal above. Alt. 29, diam. 14 mm. (Mouss.).
Samoan Is.: Upolu (Graeffe, Garrett) ; Apia (C. N. E. Eliot) .
Partula canalis Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl. 1865, p. 172; 1869, p. 337 (with var sem.ilineata, p. 338). — PFR. Monogr. vi, p. 155.— GARRETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1887, p. 134.- Partula conica brown variety, GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped.,
264 PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS.
Moll., p. 82, pi. 6, f. 88. — Evadne bulimoides Less., HARTMAN, Cat. Gen. Partula, 1881, p. 12, 13, fig. ; not of Lesson.
This species differs from P. conica by its longer, more slen- der spire, absence of spiral striae except on the embryonic whorls and base, the darker tint, etc. It is said to be in- variably sinistral, and restricted to the island Upolu.
The color is greenish-yellow with more or less chestnut suf- fusion, sometimes darker in narrow streaks. The spire is darker, reddish brown; suture margined with a white line, narrower than in P. conica. The peristome is flesh-tinted, not so broad as that of P. conica, and the columella is gut- tered at its junction with the body. The umbilicus is ample, as in P. conica. Figs. 6 and 7 were drawn from one of the original lot collected by Schmeltz. Specimens measure as follows.
Length 28, diam. 17, aperture 16 mm. ; S1/-? whorls.
Length 27, diam. 16.5, aperture 16.3 mm. ; 5~y2 whorls.
Length 28.3, diam. 16.8, aperture 15 mm. ; 5% whorls.
Length 25.8, diam. 15.8, aperture 14.7 mm. ; 5y2 whorls.
A single specimen before me (pi. 32, fig. 8) has a much shorter spire than canal-is, not attenuated as that is. The color is dark chestnut, the spire dull dark purple. It is spirally striate below the periphery. Length 23, diam. 15, aperture 13.3 mm. ; whorls slightly over 5. Upolu. This may represent -a distinct subspecies.
53a. Var. BICONICA Pils., n. v. PI. 31, figs. 6, 7.
Some specimens collected by the United States Exploring Expedition differ from canalis by having the last whorl more swollen above the periphery, tapering to the base, and there- fore distinctly conic; the umbilicus is much narrower, and the plane of the peristome is more oblique.
Length 28.8, diam. 18, aperture 17.5 mm. ; 51/!' whorls.
Length 28, diam. 18, aperture 16.9 mm. ; 5y2 whorls.
536. Var. SEMILINEATA Mousson. A little smaller, the last whorl wavy-lineolate at the base. Color varying from pa.le to dark corneous. Tutuila (Mousson).
PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS. 265
54. P. CONICA Gould. PI. 32, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5 ; pi. 31, fig. 8.
The shell is sinistral, openly umbilieate, conic, with rather slender spire ; white under the thin yellow cuticle, the earlier whorls and a subsutural margin being white. The surface is glossy. Whorls 5%, the first half-whorl smooth, follow- ing 2~y2 whorls spirally engraved (fig. 8) ; on the following whorls the spire striae are almost wanting, but they reappear on the last whorl, which is very closely sculptured through- out with fine wavy spirals, stronger towards the base. The whorls are moderately convex, the last whorl rather swollen peripherally and very convex at the base. The aperture is ovate, rather oblique; peristome white, flatly, rather widely reflexed, dilated at the columellar insertion and somewhat excavated or grooved at its junction with the base. Parietal callus very thin, transparent.
Length 25.5, diam. 16.5, aperture 15 mm. (figs. 1-3).
Length 24.5, diam. 16.5, aperture 15 mm. (fig. 5).
Samoan Is. : Tutuila; (Upolu?).
Partula conica GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. ii, 1848, p. 196; Expedition Shells, in Otia Conchologica, p. 33; U. S. Expl. Exped. Mollusca, p. 81, atlas pi. 6, f. 88a.— PFB., Monogr. iii, 445 ; iv, 507 ; vi, 155 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 120, pi. 34, f. 8, 9.— MOUSSON, Journ. de Conehyl. 1865, p. 171, no. 11.
In his descriptions of this species, Gould considered the large, more or less chestnut colored and smoother form later described as P. canalis to be a form of conica, and he also, by implication, included the dextral form, his words "in- terdum sinistrorsa" indicating that he had seen dextral ex- amples. It is obvious that Gould considered the sinistral form to be typical from his selection of sinistral examples for figuring, and from his comparison "resembling Bulimus Lcrvus in form"; yet his description is composite, the num- ber of whorls referring especially to the larger brown form (canalis) and the description of sculpture to the striate form here considered to be the true conica. Garrett's restriction of P. conica to the dextral form was not allowable under the existing conditions.
266 PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS.
One of Gould's figures is copied, fig. 1. Other figures; drawn from the same type specimen are given (figs. 2, 3, no. 2687 A. N. S. P.). The whitish spiral lines on this shell are apparently pathologic.
This species is distinguished from P. canalis by the white spire of fewer whorls (5*4 to 51/^) , the more developed stria- tion of the last whorl and the comparatively larger aperture. In some examples, such as that shown in fig. 5, the spiral striation of the last whorl is hardly visible above the middle.
Gould's second locality for this species, "Raraka, " is a low island (atoll) of the Paumotu group, where it is prac- tically certain that no Partula lives.
"Partula conica Gld. (upolensis Mss.) " SCHMELTZ Catalog II der zum Verkauf stehenden Doubletten aus den naturhis- torischen Expeditionen der Herren Joh. Ces. Godeffroy & Sohn in Hamburg, p. 25, no. 1379 (March, 1865), is an un- described form, about which very little is known. Garrett placed upolensis in the synonymy of P. conica, but he seems to have had P. stevensoniana. A specimen purchased from the Godeffroys as P. upolensis (no. 59845 A. N. S. P.) as from Samoa, is nothing else than P. rosea cognata! This shell is figured, pi. 33, fig. 3.
55. P. STEVENSONIANA n. sp. PL 32, figs. 4, 9, 11 ; pi. 31, fig. 12.
The shell is openly umbilicate, ovate-conic, rather thin, whitish under a greenish-yellow cuticle, pale corneous or brown on the spire, suture edged with a white line. The embryonic whorls, except the first half-whorl, are deeply and very closely sculptured with engraved punctate spirals (pi. 31, fig. 12) ; following whorls and upper half of last whorl have rather widely spaced spiral lines, and the basal half of the last whorl is densely marked with wavy spirals. Spire short, conic, regular. Whorls 5*4, convex, the last equally convex except near the aperture where it is a little produced outwardly towards the base. Aperture ample, flesh colored within, but slightly oblique. Peristome reflexed, ivory white,, dilated and a little impressed at the columellar insertion.
PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS. 267
'
Length 25, diam. 14, aperture 14.1 mm.
Length 23, diam. 13.5, aperture 14 mm.
Length 22, diam. 13, aperture 13 mm.
Samoan Is.: Apia, Upolu (Sir Charles Eliot), co-types no. 77306 A. N. S. P.
Partula conica GARRETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1887, p. 134. -IPartula upolensis Mousson, Schrneltz, according to GAR- RETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1887, p. 134, in synonymy of P. conica, Gld. — ? P. cepolensis Mouss., SCHAUFUSS, Paetel Catal. p. 83, nude name.
This is a more lengthened shell than P. abbreviate.
56. P. ABBREVIATA Mousson. PI. 32, figs. 15, 16.
Shell rimate-umbilicate, ovate, thin, striate, closely sculp- tured throughout with minute wavy lines, pale corneous. Spire eonvexly-conic, obtuse and worn bare at the summit; suture little impressed, white, generally with a denuded line. Whorls 5 to 5y2, rapidly increasing, a little convex, the last whorl inflated, rounded, a little ascending, rather swollen basally. Aperture sub vertical, (15 degrees with the axis), large, two-thirds the total length. Peristome acute, widely and flatly reflexed, white, the margins remote, joined by a scarcely visible callus; right margin forming a long arch, columellar margin widely reflexed, slightly impressed at the insertion; columella somewhat folded deep within. Length 21, diam. 14 mm. (Mouss.).
Samoan Is. : Tutuila.
Partula abbreviata Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl. 1869, p. 339, pi. 14, f. 7.
This form seems to be known by the original lot only. It stands close to P. canalis and P. conica, having spiral sculp- ture like the latter, and coloration more like canalis. The cuticle is readily deciduous on the summit and in a band along the suture. The compact, subglobose shape distin- guishes it from allied species. It is shorter and wider than P. stevensoniana, and the aperture is larger.
268 PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS.
Group of P. zebrina.
57. P. ZEBRINA Gould. PI. 31, figs. 10, 11, 14, 15.
The shell is openly rimate and perforate, rather thin, ob- long-conic, scarcely shining, closely and finely striate spirally throughout; marked with spots, flecks or stripes of opaque buff on a corneous or brown ground, or with corneous or brown on a buff ground. Spire convexly conic, the summit obtuse, whorls 41/2, convex, the second disproportionately large, last whorl convex, swollen 'basally. Aperture subvertical. Peristome flatly reflexed, white, thickened within with a strong callous rib which ascends on the columellar margin, often forming a vertical ridge near the dilated upper end.
Length 20, diam. 12.3, aperture 12 mm. ; 4y2 whorls.
Length 19, diam. 12.5, aperture 12 mm. ; 4y2 whorls.
Length 18.5, diam. 10.7, aperture 11 mm. ; 4y3 whorls.
Length 21, diam. 12, aperture 12.25 mm., 4y2 whorls (tryoni).
Samoan Is.: Tutuila (U. S. Expl. Exped. ; Schmeltz).
Partula zebrina GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. ii, 1848, p. 196; Expedition Shells, p. 33; U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll., p. 82, pi. 6, f. 89. — PFR., Monogr. iii, 450. — Partulus actor ALBERS, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 187. — Partula actor Alb., PFR., Monogr. iii, 450; Conchyl. Cab. p. 266, pi. 48, f. 13, 14.- GARRETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila, 1887, p. 133.— Partula tryoni HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p. 204, fig. in text.
This species is related to P. expansa, 'but differs 'by its narrower, less deeply penetrating umbilicus, longer spire, and especially by the spiral striation of the last whorl, which was described by Gould (see fig. 11, drawn from below the suture just back of the outer lip).
The opaque buff markings appear mostly as oblique streaks along the lines of growth, but they often tend to become trans- formed into spirally descending stripes, especially on the last half whorl, approaching the condition of the further evolved P. expansa. Often the cream tint predominates over the corneous or brown markings, which remain as streaks or spots.
PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS. 269
Partula tryoni Hartman (pi. 31, fig. 5) is a zebrina in wliich the cream-white markings are reduced to mere flecks. While this color-pattern may possibly be characteristic of a local race, it is surely nothing but a form of P. zebrina. I have figured the type specimen (no. 4261 Carnegie Mus.). It was erroneously supposed to be from the Solomon Islands.
Partula actor Albers differs in no respect from zebrina. The type figure is copied, pi. 31, fig. 10.
57a. Var. recluziana Petit. PI. 31, figs. 9, 13, 16.
"Shell rimate-perf orate, ovate-conic, buff-brown orna- mented with irregular whitish, sometimes zigzag spots. Spire short, obtuse; whorls 4, a little convex, the last longer than the spire. Aperture oblong-oval; lip expanded, white. Length 20 mm."
Samoan Is. : Tutuila ( Schmeltz ) .
Partula recluziana PETIT de la SAUSSAYE, Journ. de Conchyl. i, 1850, p. 170, pi. 7, f. 5.— cf. MOUSSON, J. de C. 1869, p. 339.
This form differs from P. zebrina by its larger last whorl and shorter spire. Whether it is a true race or merely a phase of individual variation I have not the means of deciding. Fig. 9 is copied from that of Petit. Figs. 13, 16 represent specimens before me, measuring
Length 19.9, diam. 12.2, aperture 13, whorls 414.
Length 18, diam. 12.5, aperture 11.8, whorls 4.
In fig. 16 the white spots and stripes follow the direction of growth-lines, and stand on a corneous-brown ground. In fig. 13 the flecks and spots are mainly lengthened in a spiral di- rection, but arranged in oblique series ; the ground being very dark brown. The whole shell is marked with spiral lines, as in P. zebrina.
58. P. EXPANSA Pease. PI. 32, figs. 12, 13, 14.
The shell is broadly and deeply umbilicate, obliquely ovate, rather thin, lusterless ; gray, marked with opaque white bands or spots, which descend spirally and obliquely forward. Spire
270 PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS.
very short, conic ; whorls 4 or slightly more, convex, the first 2!/2 composing the embryonic shell are uniform gray, the first half whorl smooth, the rest very closely marked with en- graved spiral lines, which rapidly disappear on the next whorl. About the middle of the penultimate whorl some white spots appear in the gray surface, the first ones being arranged along growth-lines; they rapidly change to spirally lengthened spots and belts which may be either continuous or interrupted on the last whorl. The last whorl is lightly marked with growth-lines but has no spiral stria:. It is in- flated and very convex at the base. Aperture lateral, dia- gonal. Peristome broadly and flatly reflexed, white, thick- ened within.
Length 18, diam. 14, aperture 13 mm.
Length 19, diam. 15, aperture 13.5 mm.
Samoan Is.: Upolu, on foliage (Garrett). ? Tutuila (Brazier).
Partula expansa PSE., Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, 1872, p. 26, pi. 9, f. 3. — PPR., Monogr. viii, p. 203. — GARRETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1887, p. 133.— P. cxtensa PEASE, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 473 (name only; error for expansa). — P. zebrina Old., MOUSSON, Jouru. de Conchyl. 1865, p. 173 ; 1869, p. 339.
Readily distinguished by its broad and deeply penetrating umbilicus, very short spire, the absence of spiral striation on the last whorl, etc. The locality Tutuila, originally given by Pease on Brazier's authority, is apparently erroneous. It has been taken by Garrett and Schmeltz on Upolu. Pease's type specimen (drawn in my figure 14) is not fully mature, the expansion and thickening of the lip being incomplete. The pattern of opaque white stripes is interrupted, leaving
snowy dots and streaks over part of the surface. »
Group of P. brazieri.
The following species seems to be very intimately related to the group of P. caledonica, and belongs to the section Melanesica — forms inhabiting the New Hebrides and neigh- boring groups. It has the same pyramidal shape, indistinct
PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS. 271
strigation and subperipheral band, etc. We have no sufficient ground for doubting the evidence of an experienced collector that P. brazieri inhabits the Samoan Islands ; yet up to this time no other naturalist has encountered it there.
59. P. BRAZIERI Pease. PL 33, figs. 1, 2.
The shell is dextral oblong-acuminate, openly and deeply rimate, rather thin, glossy, whitish, having a very thin cuticle which on the last whorl is indistinctly streaked with very pale greenish-yellow, this color strongest in an indistinct belt below the periphery, and on the base. After the first half whorl the embryonic shell (fig. 2) is sculptured with close, punctate spiral striae; post-embryonic whorls sculptured with engraved spiral lines, which are rather widely spaced, and on the last half of the last whorl are obsolete above periphery. Spire conic, rather slender above. Embryonic shell of 2^ flat ivhorls; following whorls convex, the last whorl convex above, very full basally. Aperture slightly oblique, white within. Peristome narrowly reflexed, thickened within, white, tapering towards the upper termination, where it is continued in a small triangular callus filling the angle of the aperture. Columellar lip dilated inwards, a trifle grooved along its junction with the body; its outer edge continued a short distance upward on the parietal wall. Parietal callus transparent. Length 24, diam. 13.1, length of aperture 12.9 mm. ; whorls 5~y2.
Samoan Islands: Tutuila (Brazier).
Partula brazieri PSE., Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, 1872, p. 27, pi. 9, f. 5. Cf. GARRETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1887, p. 135, and HARTMAN, Nautilus xi, 44.
Described and figured from the unique type, no. 59846 A. N. S. P. Garrett and Hartman have expressed doubts as to the locality assigned by Pease on the authority of Brazier. The shell is so similar to species of the New Hebrides that it seems possible that it was obtained in that group. Trading schooners from Sydney usually touched at numerous islands, exchanging their cargoes of rum, cloth, guns and trinkets for
272 PARTULA, SAMOAN ISLANDS.
copra, and the shells 'brought from various places might, easily become mixed.
Group of P. gonocliila.
The relations of P. gonocliila and P. subgonochila to other Partulas are uncertain.
60. P. GONOCHILA (Pfeiffer). PL 41, figs. 6, 7, 8, 10.
Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, thin, delicately and closely decussate, diaphanous, green. Spire conic, rather acute; \\horls 5, slightly convex, the last convex, longer than the spire. Columella obsoletely plicate above. Aperture oblong, obliquely truncate above; peristome broadly, angularly ex- panded, a little reflexed, thin, white inside, the margins re- mote. Length 17, diam. 9, aperture with peristome 10 x 7 mm. (P/r.).
Habitat unknown (coll. Dunker). Navigator (Samoa) Is. (Pfr.; coll. Acad. Phila.).
Bulimus gonochilus PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 82; Monogr. ii, 69. — Partula gonocliila PFR., Monogr. iii, 448 ; iv, 512; vi, 160; Conchyl. Cab. p. 274, pi. 64, f. 33, 34.- 1 Partula gonocheila REEVE, Conch. Icon. 6, pi. 4, f. 19 (May, 1850).
Pfeiffer 's description and figures (pi. 41, figs. 7, 8) are copied. The specimen drawn in figs. 6, 10, is slightly less swollen than Pfeiffer's, measuring, length 18, diam. 10.3, aperture 10 x 7 mm., whorls 5. The last whorl is whitish under a very thin pale greenish yellow cuticle. The spire is red-brown, darkest at the apex; on the penul- timate whorl it becomes paler in the middle, a darker shade continuing as a border above and below the suture as far as the lip. The growth-stria? are fine and distinct. Engraved spiral lines are fine and close, strongest on the last whorl. The whorls including the last are evenly convex; base con- vex, shortly rimate and deeply perforate. The lip is re- flexed, opaque white behind the reflection. It is strengthened by a very strong, narrow white callous rib within. This rib diminishes gradually above, and extends upward on the coin-
PARTULA, TONGA ISLANDS. 273
mellar margin two-thirds of the distance to the insertion, terminating rather abruptly near the lower end of the oblique, straight columellar fold.
The habitat of this species is not known, even the group assigned (Samoan) being uncertain.
V. SPECIES OF THE FIJI Is., ROTUMA, AND THE TONGA Is.
Tonga Is. species.
61. P. SUBGONOCHILA Mousson. PI. 41, figs. 11, 12.
Shell perforate, ovate-conic, finely, widely decussate, stria- tulate, greenish. Spire couvexly-conic, regular, the summit rather obtuse ; suture not impressed, submarginate. Whorls 4:^/2, slightly convex, the last moderately convex, not as long as the spire, not ascending in front. Aperture rather small, subvertical (making an angle of 5 degrees with the axis), oblong, obliquely truncate above. Peristome expanded, angu- larly reflexed, whitish, somewhat labiate within, the margins not approaching; right margin curved in a long arch above; columellar margin vertical, wide, spreading, not folded with- in. Length 16, diam. 9.6 mm. (Mouss.) .
Tonga Is. : Futuna or Fotuna, in the Home group, and Vavau (Dr. Ed. Graeffe).
Partula subgonochila Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl. xix, 1871, p. 14, pi. 3, f. 4.
This species resembles P. varia to some extent, but the spire is less produced. Two lots from the Hartman collection are before me: No. 4284 Carnegie Mus. is from "Fortuna, Friendly Is.," coll. by Brazier (apparently Futuna, the type locality). The shell is thin, pale greenish yellow on the last whorl or two, fading to whitish above near the suture, the spire whitish. The spiral striae are rather close and very dis- tinct, and on the last whorl the peripheral angle is so in- distinctly indicated, that the contour remains rounded. The summit is quite obtuse. The lip is white. The largest of four measures, length 17, diam. 10, aperture 9 mm., whorls 4%. The smallest is 16 mm. long.
274 PARTULA, ROTUMA, FIJI.
No. 4285 Carnegie Mus., four specimens labelled "Tu- tuila. " Smaller than the preceding, the spiral striation not so strong on the last whorl, lip flesh-tinted. Length 141/^, diam. 9, aperture 8y± mm., whorls 4%
P. gonochila Pfr. is no doubt closely related to subgono- chila. In both the spiral striation of the embryonic whorls is very fine and distinct, and the pitting is conspicuous. P. gonochila is a more solid shell, darker colored, with the lip more thickened within, and the upper part of the spire more narrowly conic.
Rotuma species.
62. P. LEEFEI (E. A. Smith).
"Shell dextral, small, ovate, umbilicate, yellow-olivacous, pale below the suture and towards the 'apex; spire moder- ately produced, rounded at the apex. Whorls 5, a little con- vex, closely sculptured with delicate growth lines and very fine spiral striae, more or less obsolete on the last whorl; last whorl hardly descending in front. Aperture ovate, brown- ish inside, about half the total length; peristome white, ex- panded and reflexed, slightly thickened. Length 14, diam. 9 mm. ; aperture 6 x 31/2 mm. inside" (Smith) .
Rotuma. Island (R. B. Leefe).
Partula leefei SMITH, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) xx, 520 (Dec., 1897).
"A small species, distinguished by its style of coloration and general form."
Rotuma lies between the Fiji and Ellice Is., about 300 miles N. N.-W. of the former. Its size is about 8x2 miles, with a height of 800 ft.
Fiji species: Section THAKOMBAUA, n. sect.
The single Fijian Partula, P. lirata, is very distinct by the coarse spiral sculpture of the post-embryonic whorls and the tubercular callus or tooth on the parietal wall near the columella.
P. lirata has no near relatives among known forms, and for
PARTULA, FIJI ISLANDS. 275
it the section Thakombaua is here instituted. It is somewhat remarkable that in Fiji no Partulas are known from the islands inhabited by Placostylus. The same is true of the New Caledonian group; but in the New Hebrides and Solomon Islands both genera exist,
63. P. LIRATA Mousson. PI. 34, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18.
The shell is long ovate-conic, rather thin, rimate; white, pale yellowish, pale brown or rather dark liver brown with narrow paler streaks. Surface lusterless. The embryonic shell consists of nearly 3 whorls, the initial half whorl smooth, following half whorl very subtly punctate-striate spirally, spirals on the next whorl fewer, rather separated, and mainly on the upper part; third whorl with very weak spirals, which at the beginning of the post-embryonic shell become distinct but low cords. These increase in prominence to the last whorl, where there are 8-12 strong spiral cords above the periphery, with small, unequal cords in most of the intervals, and on the base are many smaller unequal cords and threads. These spiral cords extend to the lip-edge, which is creiiulated in all but old specimens. The last whorl is somewhat com- pressed laterally and convex at the base. Aperture ovate, oblique, colored within like the outside. Peristome narrowly expanded, thickened within ; columella dilated above. Parietal wall covered with a distinct but transparent callus, which bears a white callous tubercle far within near the root of the columella.
Length 18.2, diam. 9.8, aperture 9.5 mm. ; whorls S1/^.
" Length 21, diam. 10 mm.; whorls 5y2 " (Mouss.} .
Fiji (Viti) Islands, only in the Eastern group: Lomnia- lomma, Vanua Balavo I.; Kanathia I.; Oneata I. (Dr. E. Graeffe). Lanthala I., Vanua Balavo and Taviuni, on foli- age near the sea-shore (Garrett), Maugo or Mago (Layard).
Partula lirata MOUSSON, Journ. de Conchyl. xiii, 1865, p. 196 ; xviii, 1870, p. 126.— CROSSE, J. de C. xiii, 1865, p. 432, pi. 14, f. 4.— HEYNEMANN, Malak. Blatter xiv, 1867, p. 148, pi. 1, f. 1 (teeth).— GARRETT, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 187.— H. H. SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, p. 451, no. 4236.
276 PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES.
The single Fijian Partula has been found only on the small islands of the "eastern group," the genus being unknown on the large islands, where Placostylus 'abounds. The rarity of* Partula in this archipelago is at present inexplicable. The single species is one of the most distinct of the genus.
Mr. Layard stated in a letter to Dr. Hartman that he did not find the species on Taviuni or Lomma-lomma, in six weeks collecting on the former and a day or two at the latter place.
Section MELANESICA n. sect.
Sterope HARTMAN, Catal. genus Partula, 1881, p. 14, type P. carteriensis Q. et G. ; not of Goodsir 1845, or Hagen, 1850.
Partula? of simple form and coloring, corneous, yellow or brown, uniform or obliquely streaked, not banded; aperture not obstructed by teeth; the peristome either thin or thick- ened within. Suture often bordered above by a thread, which continues indistinctly on the last whorl as a low welt or group of closer striae. Type P. turneri.
This group includes all of the species of the New Hebrides, Solomon Is., New Ireland, New Britain, New Guinea, and other adjacent islands, as well as one Samoan form, P. brazieri.
VI. NEW HEBRIDES AND SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS.
The Santa Cruz group, Banks and Torres Islands and New Hebrides form a group trending from N. W. to S. E. through about 10 degrees of latitude. The southern islands, Ero- manga, Aneiteum, are not remote from the Loyalty Islands which lie on a parallel fold, and have no Partulse. The northern or Santa Cruz end of the group approaches the Solomon Islands. The fauna is only imperfectly known, but seems to be somewhat related to that of the Solomon Islands, though much poorer and more primitive by lacking Papuina, Chloritis, etc. Many of the islands are high and wooded.
Group of P. turneri. Ovate-conic or pyramidal, openly 'and deeply rimate-umbili-
PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES. 277
cate shells, with narrow-streaked cuticle and markedly swollen, saccate 'base.
64. P. TURNER: Pfeiffer. PI. 33, figs. 5, 6.
Shell deeply rimate-umbilicate, ovate-conic, rather solid, under the lens spirally wavy-striate, glossy, pale buff rayed with darker streaks. Spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 5, convex, the last slightly shorter than the spire, subcompressed at the base. Columella simple, slightly arcuate. Aperture a little oblique, oblong, peristome white, glossy, rather widely expanded throughout, the margins converging, columellar margin spreading. Length 22 to 23, diam. 11 to 12 aperture with perist. 12 x 8.5 mm. (Pfr.}.
New Hebrides: Eromanga (Turner).
Partula turneri PFR., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 40 ; Malak. Bl. 1861, p. 16; Monogr. vi, 159.
In the Monographia Pfeiffer mentions a var. 6, "a little more ventricose, rayed with isabelline 'and whitish."
Figs. 5, 6, -represents a specimen received from Cuming. This typical form of P. turneri has very pale narrow yellow- ish-green streaks on a white, faintly lemon tinted ground. There is a very inconspicuous band below the periphery. The base is markedly full, sack-like. The spiral lines are rather widely spaced and become very faint on the last half of the last whorl, except at the base. The figured example meas- ures, length 23.5, diam. 13.3, length of aperture 12.5, width 8.9 mm. ; whorls 5l/2. Another of the same lot is smaller, length 23, aperture 12 x 8.5 mm.
Var. perstrigata, nov. PI. 33, fig. 4.
The shell is pale buff or whitish, copiously marked with narrow chestnut or pale chestnut streaks; form, size and sculpture as in turneri.
One of the lots of this form, received from Dr. Hartman and said to have been collected by Geale, is marked "Tanna, New Hebrides," The type lot, no. 59848 A. N. S. P., was re- ceived from Cuming as "P. turneri var., New Caledonia", — an evident error. The variety closely resembles P. caledonica in color, but it is much more robust. Cf. P. macgillivrayi.
278 PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES.
65. P. MACGILLIVRAYI Pfeiffer. PL 33, fig. 15, 16.
Shell broadly and compressed umbilicate, conic, rather thin, striatulate and under a lens closely sculptured with spiral striae; whitish with yellowish streaks and marked with obsolete bands. Spire long-conic, rather acute. Whorls 5, slightly convex, the last about equal to the spire, somewhat ascending in front, sack-like at the base. Columella slightly arcuate, lightly folded deep within. Aperture slightly oblique, truncate-oblong; peristome white, thin, equally, sub- rectangularly expanded. Length 23, diam. 11, aperture with peristome 12.5x9.3 mm. (P/V.).
New Hebrides (Macgillivray).
Partula macgillivrayi PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 97 ; Monogr. iv, 508 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 61, pi. 17, f . 14, 15.
This species is known to me only by Pfeiffer's description and figures, which indicate a shell very similar to the brown- streaked variety of P. turnen.
66. P. CALEDONICA Pfeiffer. PL 33, figs. 12, 13, 14.
Shell deeply and compressed-umbilicate, rather solid, ob- long-conic, irregularly striate, pale flesh colored irregularly radiated with close brownish streaks. Spire conic, acute. Whorls 5!/2, a little convex, the middle ones distinctly striate spirally, last whorl shorter than the spire, ascending in front, impressed in the middle and sack-like at the base. Columella su'b plicate deep within. Aperture a little oblique, oblong. Peristome white, rather widely expanded throughout, the mar- gins converging, right margin somewhat sinuous. Length 22 to 221/2, diam. 10 mm. ; aperture with peristome 11 mm. long, 7 wide; inside 4% wide above the middle (P/V.).
New Hebrides: Havannah Harbor, Sandwich (Vate or Efate) Island, type loc. ; also reported from Vanua Lavu, Banks Islands (John Brazier).
Partula calcdonica PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 389 ; Monogr. vi, 157. -- BRAZIER, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 585. --Partula pfeifferi CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1871, p. 184 ; 1894, p. 172 (based on Pfeiffer's description). --Partula artensis Montrouzier, Cox, on label in coll. A. N. S. P.
PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES. 279
A slender shell resembling P. turneri in coloration. The spiral lines are distinct and rather widely spaced on the penultimate whorl and obsolete on the last whorl except in the base. There is a faint band below the periphery, as in the allied species. The apical whorls are shaped like those of P. brazieri, figured on plate 33, fig. 2. Specimens measure :
Length 21.8, diam. 12, aperture 11 mm. ; whorls S1/^.
Length 20, diam. 10.5, aperture 10.9 mm.
67. P. NEMATORAPHE Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 35, figs. 1, 2, 3.
The shell is ovate-conic, rather thin, white under a thin, pale, yellowish green cuticle, which is darkest at the base, fad- ing upward to corneous-whitish on the upper whorls, the last whorl having narrow streaks of a darker shade at irregular intervals. Surface glossy. Embryonic shell of fully 2y2 whorls is very minutely punctate-striate spirally; following whorls are more convex, with rather distinct oblique growth- strias but only very faint and fine traces of spiral lines, ex- cept on the last whorl, which is distinctly striate spirally on the base and somewhat malleate behind the outer lip. The last whorl is full, rather swollen above the periphery, then tapers to the narrow, very convex base. The umbilical chink is deep and ample. Whorls nearly o1/^, separated by a well- impressed suture, which in the last two whorls is bordered above by a low cord defined by a groove. This margin is cov- ered by the ascent of the last whorl near the aperture, but may be traced faintly on the last whorl, though it is there very indistinct. The aperture is vertical, white within. Outer lip narrowly reflexed, white, thickened within. Colu- mellar margin broadly dilated above. The lip-callus extends somewhat more than half way up to the insertion, where it terminates in a small but distinct nodule. Parietal callus thin, transparent.
Length 21.7, diam. 12.5, aperture 12 x 9 mm.
Length 21, diam. 12, aperture 11 x 8.3 mm.
Habitat unknown. The types were obtained from Greale
280 PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES.
as "P. alabastrina Pfr., Fiji Is.," 'but the shell has wholly the appearance of the New Hebrides Partulse. Two cotypes no. 4293 Carnegie Museum.
Partula alabastrina Pfr., H. H. SMITH, Annals of the Car- negie Museum, 1, p. 468, no. 4293.
This species was thought by Dr. Hartman to be P. alabas- trina, but Pfeiffer's description of that shell does not apply well to these specimens in several respects. Fig. 3 represents the suture just behind the aperture, showing the end of the suprasutural cord.
68. P. EXIMIA Hartman. PI. 33, fig. 11.
The shell is very deeply rimate-perforate, pyramidal. The unique type is a "dead" shell, denuded of cuticle, grayish white, but the color is preserved on the parietal wall, indicat- ing a very pale buff ground marked with narrow brownish- yellow streaks; the coloration perhaps intermediate between that of typical P. turneri and P. caledonica. The apical whorls resemble those of P. brazieri, though the second may be slightly more convex. Subsequent whorls are quite convex, and traces of fine, rather spaced spiral striation, just as in P. caledonica, may be seen on the penultimate and next earlier whorls, the last whorl being 'without spirals except around the umbilicus. Oblique growth-wrinkles are rather distinct. The last whorl is compressed laterally and very convex at the base. Aperture only half the total length, slightly oblique; peristome white, expanded, well thickened within; having the usual deeply placed fold at the root of the colu- mella. Length 23, diam. 11.7, length of aperture 11.5 mm., width 7.8 mm. ; whorls 5%.
New Hebrides: Aneiteum (Layard).
Partula eximia HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 35, pi. 2, f. 14. (April 6, 1886).
This species stands very close to P. caledonica, from which it differs by the slightly more lengthened spire, and perhaps the paler, less brown color. Hartman, in 1896, wrote me that he considered eximia a synonym of macgillvrayi, having
PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES. 281
compared it with a Cumingian specimen of macgillivrayi in the Newcomb collection (see Nautilus XI, 1897, p. 44). According to the measurements given by Pfeiffer, macgil- livrayi has a larger aperture. The unique type of P. eximia is figured and described.
69. P. EBURNEA Hartman. PI. 33, fig. 8.
"Shell dextral, ovate, very elongate, solid. Spire half the length ; whorls 5%, oblique striae coarse, spiral striae obsolete, aperture a wide oval, more or less oblique; umbilicus com- pressed. Columella wide above, lip reflected, white and flat, margins of the peritreme connected by callus. Color ivory- white. In fresh examples sometimes the whole shell is tinged with pale rose. Length 26, diameter 13, length of aperture 11, diameter 6 mm." (Hartman}.
Habitat unknown.
Partula eburnea HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 33, pi. 2, f. 10. — H. H. SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, pp. 467, 475.
"Captain Brazier sent me two examples of this shell, given him by a friend; it is larger and more solid than pfeifferi Crosse." (Hartm.}
Dr. Hartman 's description is given above and a photograph of his type is copied. The type and another example were returned to Mr. John Brazier of Sydney, N. S. Wales. On the photograph of eburnea presented to the Academy Dr. Hartman marked " = macgillivrayi Pfr. "
70. P. PYRAMIS Hartman. PI. 33, fig. 7.
The shell is deeply rimate-iimbilicate, rather thin, ovate- pyramidal, white under a very thin whitish cuticle which is indistinctly marked with narrow yellowish-green streaks on the last whorl. Spire slender, long. Embryonic whorls conic and but slightly convex, much as in P. brazieri. Subsequent whorls convex, the penultimate and last whorls very strongly convex. The later part of the last whorl is flattened laterally ; base very full, sack-like. Spiral lines well spaced on the penultimate whorl, wanting on the last except at the base.
282 PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES.
Aperture subvertical, white inside; peristome white, rather narrowly reflexed, thickened within, the columella dilated above as usual. Parietal callus thin and transparent except at the ends, where it bears short, callous pads joining the lip-ends.
Length 23.3, diam. 13, aperture 12 mm. ; whorls Length 24.5, diam. 13, aperture 12.2 mm.; whorls New Hebrides: Efate (Vate) Island (type loc.) ; Renee River and Terebu, Espiritu Santo (J. J. Walker).
Partida pyramis HARTMAN Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 34, pi. 2, f. 12.— SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. v, p. 198.
In coloring, this species is like P. turneri except that it has no band below the periphery ; but it is a much more slender shell with a deeper suture. It stands very close to P. eximia, but differs by the more swollen last whorl and consequently wider aperture, and by the greener color. Described and figured from two cotypes in Hartman collection, no. 4305 Carnegie Museum.
71. P. ALBESCENS Hartman. PI. 33, figs. 9, 10.
' ' Shell dextral, ovate elongate, spire acute, regularly taper- ing, equal to one-half the length, whorls 5, rounded. Suture impressed, body whorl somewhat inflated, spiral stria? nu- merous, regular and very fine, umbilicus open, aperture ovate, oblique, peritreme connected by a thin callus, eolumella wide at base, lip white, expanded, and concave, color a clear white and translucent. Length 25, diam. 13, length of aperture 8, diam. apt. 5 mm." (Hartm.)
New Hebrides: Aura Island, Malo Pass, Espiritu Santo group, and Sitova Island, (E. L. Layard).
Partula albescens HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1888, p. 251, pi. 13, f. 4. — SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, p. 467, no. 4290.
Dr. Hartman 's description and a copy of his figure (fig. 9) are given. The specimens before me from Sitova Island (fig. 10) are smaller, with a narrower lip than the Aura Island type. The apex is like that of P. brazieri; later whorls are
PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES. 283
engraved with distinct spiral lines which are somewhat separ- ated on the penultimate whorl and front of the last one, 'but on the latter half of the last whorl the spiral striae are close, with deeper lines at short intervals. The later whorls are strongly convex, but the last becomes compressed laterally, towards the aperture, and is sack-like below. The umbilical chink is deep and wide. The color is a slightly bluish milky white, without markings. Length 21.8, diam. 12.2, length of aperture 11.2 mm. ; whorls 5%.
"While it is closely related to P. caledonica, macgillivrayi, eximia etc., this species is distinct by the absence of color streaks and the persistence of spiral striae over the whole last whorl.
I have been unable to find an Aura Island in the New Hebrides. Probably Arag is intended. Sitova is also un- known to me.
72. P. TURRICULA Pease.
Shell elongate, turriculate, solid, sinistral, rimate-perforate, glossy, smooth, delicately marked with growth-lines; buff, indistinctly rayed with darker streaks. Spire turriculate, rather acute. Whorls 5y2, plano-convex, the last shorter than the spire, obliquely produced. Golumella vertical, heavily calloused, broadly dilated above, especially over the umbilicus, transversely subsulcate. Aperture oblique, oblong, obliquely truncate behind. Peristome white, calloused, expanded and renexed, slightly sinuated posteriorly. Length 20, diam. 10 mm. (Pease).
New Hebrides ( ?).
Partula lurricula PSE., Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, 1871, p. 196.
"The habitat of the above species is doubtful. From its approaching P. macgillivrayi, Pfr., and caledonica, Pfr., in- habiting the New Hebrides, and having lately received speci- mens from Dr. Jas. C. Cox, with other species from that group of islands, there is little doubt but that locality is the correct one. It differs from the species mentioned above in being
284 PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES.
smaller, more slender, 'sinistral, ' smooth, without any trace of transverse striae, and last whorl produced." (Pease).
Group of P. auraniana. 73. P. AURANIANA Hartman. PL 34, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.
The shell is deeply rirnate, rather thin but solid, ovate- conic. The last two whorls are whitish (probably denuded of cuticle) below the suture, elsewhere covered with a thin greenish yellow cuticle with some inconspicuous darker streaks. The spire lacks cuticle and is very pale brownish, almost white. Apex obtuse; embryonic whorls slightly convex, punc'tate-striate, not so high as in P. fraterna. Subsequent whorls more convex, sculptured with distinct, regular en- graved spirals, which are somewhat weaker and more widely spaced on the upper part of the last whorl, closer and deeper on the base. Last whorl is strongly convex, its last half however being perceptibly compressed laterally; base very convex. The aperture is but slightly oblique, symmetrically ovate, faintly flesh-tinted within. Peristome white, moder- ately reflexed, thickened within. Columellar margin dilated above
Length 18.8, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 5.
Length 18.25, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 4%.
Length 18, diam. 10.9, aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 4%.
Length 17.5, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 4%.
New Hebrides: Aura (? Arag) Island, in the Malo Pass, Santo Espirito group (Layard, type loc.) ; Lo and Hiu islets of the Torres group (Walker).
Partula auraniana HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1888, p. 250, pi. 13, f. 1.— SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. v, 198.
This is said to be a common species. It differs from P. fraterna chiefly by the better developed spiral striation, lower embryonic whorls and shorter spire ; yet it is not improbable that intermediaite forms occur.
An embryo of 2i/> whorls, 4.9 mm. long, is figured, pi. 34, fig. 8. The first half whorl is pale brown and smooth, fol- lowing whorls are densely punctate-s'triate above. The peri-
PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES. 285
pliery of the last whorl is angular, base with no spiral striae. The columella is long, vertical, rather heavily calloused, taper- ing and somewhat excised 'below, not unlike the columella in some forms of Obeliscus. The axis is perforated.
Mr. Sykes states that the specimens from Lo Island col- lected 'by Mr. J. J. Walker are a local race.
74. P. FRATERNA Hartman. PI. 34, fig. 4.
The shell is rather widely and deeply rimate, solid, ovate- conic. Last whorl whitish below the suture, elsewhere cov- ered with a faintly green tinted yellow cuticle which is in- distinctly streaked with 'brighter yellow ; the spire brown, be- coming darker towards the apex; suture well impressed, marked with a whitish line. Apex obtuse, the top more rounded and the sides less straightened than in P. caledonica, brazicri etc. ; embryonic whorls punctate-striate, convex ; sub- sequent whorls convex, engraved with rather delicate spirals, almost obsolete on the upper part of the last whorl, but dis- tinct though delicate on the base. The last whorl is a little flattened laterally behind the aperture, convex and somewhat sack-like basally. Aperture fleshy within, ovate, hardly oblique. Peristome rather narrowly expanded and reflexed, thickened within, tapering at the upper end. Columellar margin broadly reflexed, dilated and biramose above. Parietal callus thin, transparent, thickened at its junctions with the lip ends.
Length 20.2, diam. 11.8, aperture 10.9 mm. ; whorls 5%.
New Hebrides: Aura ( ? Arag) Island (Layard, type loc.) ; Ravenga, Vanua Lavu; Lakona, Gaua (J. J. Walker).
Partula fraterna HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1888, p. 250, pi. 13, f. 2 (Oct. 23, 1888).— SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. v, 198.
This rather stout, opaque species has some resemblance to P. carnicolor, but differs by its shorter form, wider umbilical fissure and the much more convex base. The embryonic whorls are more convex than in the group of P. turneri, and the apex is more obtuse. It is closely related to P. auraniana
286 PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES.
but differs by the longer spire of decidedly over five whorls, while auraniana has barely five or fewer. The spiral striation is not nearly so well developed in fraterna, and the second whorl is higher.
A second example in the type lot is 19 mm. long, but not quite fully mature. Description and figure are from the type, no. 4294 Carnegie Museum.
75. P. CARNICOLOR Hartman. PI. 34, figs. 1, 2, 3.
The shell is oblong-conic, moderately solid, rather narrowly umbilicate ; fleshy-brown under a very thin yellowish-corneous cuticle with narrow darker greenish-yellow streaks (the cuticle mostly wanting in the two adult cotypes, which were "dead" shells). Spire straightly conic. Embryonic shell rather large, conic, densely punctate-striate spirally, bicolored, the lower part of each whorl brown, darker than the upper. Subsequent whorls convex, marked with growth^lines but without spirals except at the base, which is very closely marked with wavy spiral stria?. Last whorl is evenly convex throughout, tapering basally. Aperture ovate, oblique, flesh- tinted inside. Peristome narrowly expanded and reflexed, white on both face and reverse, well thickened within; colu- mellar margin dilated above, distinctly grooved at its junction with the whorl.
Length 23.9, diam. 11.3, aperture 11.9 mm. ; whorls 5y2.
Length 21, diam. 11.2, aperture 11 mm. ; whorls 5%.
New Hebrides : Aura ( ? Arag) Island.
Partula carnicolor HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1888, p. 250, pi. 13, f . 3.
The symmetrically ovate aperture, tapering base of the last whorl and sober coloring distinguish this species. The type lot, no. 4289 Carnegie Mus., consists of two adult shells, both of which I have figured, and two immature ones.
76. P. PROXIMA Hartman. PI. 34, figs. 12, 13.
"Shell dextral, thin, ovate; very elongate, spire half the length ; whorls 5^/2, surface smooth, oblique lines of growth fine ; spiral striae obsolete, aperture ovate, oblique, umbilicus
PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES.
287
compressed; columella wide above, and slightly nodose, lip white and slightly concave, margins of the peritreme connected by a thin callus, color white. Length 23, width 10 ; length of aperture 12, width 6 mm." (Hartman).
New Hebrides: Vanua Lavu, Banks group (Brazier).
Partula proximo, HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 34, pi. 2, f. 11.
"Ca.pt Brazier sent me two examples (weather-beaten) col- lected at the above island by himself in 1865 ; it has the out- line of eburnea nobis, but is a smaller, thinner and more slender shell." (Hartm.)
The specimens of this species were returned to Mr. Brazier or Dr. Cox (see H. H. Smith, Annals of the Carnegie Museum I, p. 467). My figures are drawn from photographs of the two examples mentioned above, fig. 13 representing Dr. Hartman 's figured type.
77. P. MINOR Hartman. PI. 34, figs. 5, 6, 14.
The shell is oblong-conic, with a rather narrow and com- pressed but deep umbilicus; white under a very thin pale yellow cuticle, the spire light brown or white; suture indis- tinctly white-bordered. Spire conic, the apex obtuse; 2*/2 embryonic whorls are convex, very delicately punctate-striate spirally. Following whorls convex, with sculpture of growth- lines and extremely delicate engraved spirals, which are in- distinct and rather widely spaced except on the 'base where they are closer and more distinct. The last whorl is some- what compressed laterally and very convex -at the base which is rather narrow and sack-like. The aperture is symmetri- cally ovate, rather oblique. Peristome narrowly reflexed, thickened within, white. Parietal callus rather short and heavy.
Length 16.5, diam. 9, aperture 9 mm.; whorls 51/! (type).
Length 14.25, diam. 8.25, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls 5.
New Hebrides: Eromanga (Turner, through Dr. Cox).
Partula minor HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 31, pi. 2, f. 5.
288 PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES.
The two cotypes from Dr. Hartman's collection, no. 4243 Carnegie Museum, are figured. The cuticle of the smaller ex- ample is corneous with hardly any yellow tint. It is deciduous in spiral 'bands, not much remaining on the last whorl and none on the spire. The other example has a yellower, more persistent cuticle.
78. P. CONCINNA Pease. PI. 36, figs. 9, 12.
Shell compressed-umbilicate, conic-ovate, rather thin, closely and distinctly striate spirally, pale fulvous or whitish rayed with darker streaks, the apex generally rufous. Spire rather acute, short, conic. Whorls 5, a little convex, the last as long as the spire ; suture generally submarginate. Columella nearly vertical, nodose, dilated above ; aperture expanded, slightly re- flexed. Length 15, diam. 9.5 mm. (Pse.).
New Hebrides: Tanna Island (Cox).
Partula concinna PEASE, Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, 1871, p. 196— HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 35, pi. 2, f. 16.
' ' The above is of the type of P. repanda Pf r. inhabiting the same group of islands. It is smaller than that species, more abbreviate in shape, thinner, distinctly striate, columella no- dose, and of a different color." (Pse.}.
The figures are from a specimen in the Hartman collection (no. 4244 Carnegie Mus.). It measures 13 mm. long, 8 wide, aperture 7.3 mm. long, and has 4^ whorls. It is bluish white, the spire pale brown. The columellar nodule, mentioned by- Pease, may be seen in fig. 9, under a lens. While smaller than Pease 's type, I think the specimen is probably identified cor- rectly.
I suspect that P. concinna was based on a stray example of P. taniata nucleola. The description certainly favors that theory, and the Hartman example figured seems hardly separ- able from that Moorean shell.
79. P. REPANDA Pfeiffer. PI. 34, fig. 11.
Shell compressed-umbilicate, ovate-conic, rather solid, un- der the lens most minutely striate spirally, slightly shining,
PARTULA, NEW HEBRIDES. 289
pale 'buff, sometimes roseate towards the apex. Spire conic, rather acute; whorls 5, moderately convex, the last a little longer than the spire, somewhat impressed in the middle in front, the 'base sack-like. Columella subvertical, somewhat folded above. Aperture a little oblique, oblong; peristome whitish, expanded, calloused within; the right margin spread- ing, subdentate within above the middle. Length 17, diam. 9, aperture with peristome 9.5x7 mm. (Pfr.).
New Hebrides (Cuming coll.).
Partula repanda PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 98; Monogr. iv, 512.
The figure is from a drawing by Mr. E. A. Smith of one of the type lot in the British Museum. It represents a pale fleshy example, an accompanying note stating that others are pale yellow.
80. P. VANICORENSIS ( Quoy & Gaimard). PL 35, figs. 15, 16, 17.
"Shell ovate-conic, perforate, solid, longitudinally and transversely striate, fulvous. Aperture oval ; peristome wide, reflexed and white ; whorls 5 or 6.
"All the individuals of the division of Partulas are re- markable for the generally short aperture, the wide and strongly reflexed peristome and especially for the very deli- cate intersecting longitudinal and transverse striae.
' ' This new species is solid, long, regularly ovoid. The aper- ture is ovate, a little contracted, with the peristome much expanded but only a little thickened within, tending to be- come entire. The columellar margin is dilated, callous at the base, partly covering the umbilicus which is oval and not deep. The spire is pointed, whorls wide, oblique, rounded, the last whorl, a little swollen, is larger than the others taken together. The suture is linear. The color of the shell is fawn, becom- ing more or less brown. The individuals of a pale tint are marked, principally on the last whorl, with longitudinal bands of a darker shade of fawn. The peristome is white or viola- ceous. Length 10, diam. 4y2 lines.
"The young shell is globose, swollen, more strongly striate transversely, and has a strongly marked double keel.
290 PARTULA, SOLOMON ISLANDS.
'The animal has no peculiarities of form and is colored like the shell, a uniform yellowish fawn." (Q. & G.}
Santa Cruz group : Vanikoro, not very common ; found un- der the leaves of trees at the abandoned village of Ocili (Astrolabe}.
Helix vanicorensis Q. et G., Voyage de 1'Astrolabe, Zoologie ii, p. 116, Atlas pi. 9, f. 12-17 (1832).— Bulimus v., DESHAYES, Anim. s. Vert, viii, p. 282. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 71. — Partulus v., BECK, Index Moll. p. 57. — Partula vani- korensis PFR., Monogr. iii, 446.
This species is probably related to P. auraniana and its allies. It has been erroneously placed in the synonymy of P. otalieitana by Garrett (Journ. Acad. N. S. Phila. ix, p. 47).
VII. SPECIES OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS.
The Solomon Island Partulee are corneous or pale yellowish or greenish corneous forms, plain and simple in shape and coloring.
81. P. FLEXUOSA Hartman. PI. 35, figs. 4, 5, 13.
The shell is long ovate, moderately strong, white under a thin cuticle which is gray on the spire and base, yellowish- brown in the middle part of the last whorl, where there are very faint traces of spiral lighter and danker bands. The spire is rather long, whorls convex; suture well impressed. Just above the suture may be seen an inconspicuous ridge or angle —the periphery of the penultimate whorl. The embryonic sculpture is worn; subsequent whorls have very even and regular spiral striation, which may be slightly weaker on the upper part of the last whorl. Last whorl is convex at first, on the last half becoming flattened laterally; very convex, sack-like, at the base. The umbilical fissure is short but deep. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate, small, white inside. Peris- tome well expanded, thickened within, white, columellar mar- gin dilated above, and slightly grooved where it joins the preceding whorl. Parietal callus transparent.
Length 19.7, diam. 10.2, aperture 10 x 7 mm. ; whorls
PARTULA, SOLOMON ISLANDS. 291
Length 19, cliam. 10, aperture 9.7 x 6.8 mm.
Solomon Islands: St. George's and Eddystone Islands.
Partula flexuosa HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p. 204, fig. in text.
Two of the three cotypes in coll. Hartman ( Carnegie Mus- eum no. 4238) are fignred. I fail to get Hartman 's meaning in calling the shell "flexuose. " It is very closely related to the following species. Fig. 13 shows a portion of the last whorl a short distance behind the aperture.
82. P. HASTULA Hartman. PI. 35, figs. 6, 7, 8.
Shell similar to P. flexuosa, ovate-fusiform, thin, covered with a thin cuticle, pale yellow on the last whorl, grayish- corneous on the spire ; rather openly but deeply umbilicate ; sculptured throughout with impressed spiral lines. Whorls moderately convex, parted by impressed sutures which are usually margined above more or less distinctly. Last whorl is laterally flattened and saccate at the base. Aperture longer than in P. flexuosa; outer lip thin, reflexed, thickened with- in except near the posterior termination.
Length 19.7, diarn. 9.8, aperture 10.7 x 6.7 mm.; whorls 5.
Length 20, diam. 9.25, aperture 10 x 6.7 mm. ; whorls
Length 18.7, diam. 9.5, aperture 10 x 6.5 mm. ; whorls
Solomon Is.: Simbo or Eddystone Island (Brazier).
Partula hastula HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 33, pi. 2, f. 9.— SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, p. 453, no. 4239.
This form stands extremely close to P. flexuosa, but it has a longer aperture and somewhat thinner shell. The umbilicus is also a little more open in hastula. I hardly think the two specifically distinct. Figures and description from the co- types, no. 4239 Carnegie Mus.
Dr. Hartman at first gave the locality as "Erromango Island, Solomon Is.," an error for Eromanga, New Hebrides; but on the back of the label he has written "Simbo, Eddy- stone Isl."
83. P. INCURVA Hartman. PI. 35, figs. 9, 10.
The shell is long ovate-conic, openly and deeply umbili-
292 PARTULA, SOLOMON ISLANDS.
cate, thin, pale gray-buff, slightly shining. Embryonic whorls are very minutely sculptured with spiral puncture- lines, the junction with the after-growth not distinct; whorls somewhat convex, separated by a well-impressed suture, which is narrowly bordered above, the border defined by an im- pressed line ; last whorl is strongly compressed laterally, sac- cate at base, and a little concave just below the suture. Post- embryonic sculpture of strongly developed spiral striae and irregular growth-lines (very similar to that of P. regularis, fig. 11) ; behind the outer lip the surface is opaque and often of a brighter yellow tint. Aperture ovate, hardly oblique, bluish white within. Peristome reflexed, thickened within except near the upper angle where it is thin. Columellar mar- gin oblique, dilated above. Parietal callus thin.
Length 18, diam. 9.5, aperture 9 mm. ; whorls 5%.
Length 17, diam. 8.6, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls 5~y3. Solomon Islands: Rubiana (Brazier).
Partula incurvum HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 31, pi. 2, f. 3.
By its strong spiral sculpture this species is close to P. regularis, but it is more lengthened than that, with less con- vex whorls, the last one more flattened laterally and more sack-like below. P. hastula resembles incurva, but it is far less strongly sculptured. Description and figures from the type, no. 4240 Carnegie Museum.
84. P. REGULARIS Hartman. PL 35, figs. 11, 14.
The shell is ovate-conic, rather thin, nearly lusterless, of a pale gray-buff tint. Sculpture of close, strongly developed spiral striae as wide as 'their intervals, (pi. 35, fig. 11, last whorl behind aperture x 25) . Spire conic, the whorl rather convex; last half of the last whorl is a little compressed laterally, and the base is very convex ; umbilicus deep, rather open. Aperture oval, bluish- white within ; peristome thin, re- flexed, thickened within except near the upper end.
Length 17, diam. 9.8, aperture 9 mm. ; whorls 5%.
Length 16.9, diam. 9.5, aperture 9 mm. ; whorls 5.
PARTULA, SOLOMON ISLANDS. 293
Solomon Islands: "Savu, Galeria Is. (Capt. Brazier)'' [? Savo, near Guadalcanal1 I.].
Partula regularis HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 31, pi. 2, f. 4.
This species resembles P. flexuosa in shape and convexity of the whorls, but differs in being more strongly sculptured spirally. In sculpture it recalls P. incurva, but that is more lengthened, the last whorl more compressed and more
saccate.
*
85. P. PERLUCENS Hartman. PI. 35, fig. 12.
"Shell dextral, oblong, ovate, very thin and pellucid; whorls 5, well rounded, body-whorl somewhat inflated, spire more than half the length. Suture well impressed, spiral stride numerous and fine, umbilicus compressed, aperture oblique, round oval, lip white, concave and moderately re- flected. Color a very pale green. Length 18 mm., diam. 9 mm.; length of aperture 9 mm., diameter 4 mm." (Hartm.)
Solomon Islands: Ugi or Golfe I., arboreal. (Brazier).
Partula perlucens HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 31, pi. 2, f. 2. — SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, p. 457.
"Compared with P. similaris it is a larger, thinner and more inflated shell. Capt, Brazier sent me two examples ; the smaller measured: length 14, diani. 8 mm." (Hartman). The types were probably returned to Brazier. I copy the original figure and description.
86. P. HOLLANDIANA U. Sp. PI. 37, figS. 8, 9, 10.
The shell is ovate-conic; moderately thin; deeply and rather narrowly rim-ate ; isabelline with many unequal chest- nut lines and streaks in the direction of growth-strife, and a narrow, weakly-marked band of the same at the periphery. Surface rather dull, with sculpture of weak growth-wrinkles and close, slightly rippled, deeply engraved spiral lines; at the peripheral band there is a group of finer spiral lines. Whorls 4%, convex, parted by a simple suture, which on the last half of the last whorl has a rather wide margin be- low, defined by an impressed line. The last whorl is rather
294 PARTULA, SOLOMON ISLANDS.
convex, but tapers slightly toward the base. The aperture is slightly oblique, bluish-white inside. Peristome white; outer lip narrowly reflexed, thickened within, except at the strongly curved posterior part, where it is thin. Columellar margin dilated, bi ramose above, having a low weak nodule just be- low the middle, at the termination of the internal callus.
Length 17, diam. 9.5, aperture 9.3 x 6 mm.
Habitat unknown (no. 4237 coll. Carnegie Mus.).
''Partula laevigata Pfr.," H. H. SMITH, Ann. Oarnegie Mus. i, p. 452, no. 4237.
In shape and sculpture this species resembles Partula re- yiilaris, but it differs by the very distinctly marginated suture, the less approaching terminations of the lip, the better de- veloped callus within the lip, and the coloration, which seems to be quite characteristic. It will probably be found to be a species of the Solomon Island or the New Hebrides.
This species was in the Hartman collection under the name "P. laevigata Pfr.," but on the label Dr. Hartman expressed the opinion that it was not that species. It has little in com- mon with Icuvigata, which evidently belongs to a wholly dif- ferent group. Named in honor of Dr. J. W. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum.
87. P. ALABASTRINA Pfeiffer.
Shell compressed-umbilicate, oblong-conic, thin, very lightly striatulate, slightly shining, buff-alabastrine. Spire conic the apex rather obtuse. Whorls Si/o, convex, the last slightly longer than the spire, tapering towards the base, sub- compressed. Aperture a little oblique, obliquely truncate- oblong. Columella somewhat straightly receding. Peristome white, the margins joined by a very thin callus, right margin broadly expanded, columellar margin extremely broad, spread- ing. Length 23, diam. 11 mm. ; aperture with peristome 131/2 x 9 mm., inside 9 x 4i/> mm. (Pfr.)
Solomon Is. (Mus. Cuming).
Partula alabastrina PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 390; Monogr. iv, 509.
PARTULA, SOLOMON ISLANDS. 295
This species has not been figured. Hartman's statement that it occurs on the Fiji Islands was 'based upon an erroneous identification.
Group of P. micans.
Small, ovate, thin forms, with corneous, pellucid cuticle and usually very distinct spiral stria? ; whorls 5 or less.
88. P. MICANS Pfeiffer. PI. 36, figs. 10, 11, 13, 14.
Shell deeply rimate, subperforate, ovate-conic, thin, dis- tinctly decussated with close growth-stria? and spiral lines, diaphanous, slightly glossy, pale corneous ; spire conic, rather acute, the suture deep. Whorls nearly 5, convex, the last as long as the spire, rounded at base. Columella lightly arcuate. Aperture slightly oblique, oblong-oval; peristome whitish, ex- panded, acute, the margins converging, columellar margin di- lated, spreading. Length 15, diam. 8, aperture with peris- tome 8 1/2 x 6 mm. (P/V.).
Solomon Islands (Cuming coll.) : Shortland Island ( Sowerby and Fulton) .
Partula micaits PFR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 138; Monographia iii, 451 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 276, pi. 66, f . 12, 13.
The shell is larger than P. pellucida, with a half whorl more.
Pfeiffer's figures of the type are copied, pi. 36, figs. 10, 11.
Specimens from Shortland I. are figured, pi. 36, figs. 13, 14, for comparison with P. similaris and other related forms. The spire is shorter than that of P. similaris, with not quite 5 whorls, the last one convex, shaped about as in similaris, being much less compressed laterally than P. coxi. The lip is only very slightly thickened within, — much less than in coxi, similaris etc. The spiral striation is weaker on the last whorl than in the allied species. Color very pale honey yellow, slightly transparent. The suture is marked with a whitish line. Sometimes a margining thread may be seen above it on the last whorl, but in other shells this is con- cealed. The last half whorl is impressed just below the suture, forming a sort of margination there.
Length 15^, diam. 8%, aperture 8 x 5% mm.
296 PARTULA, SOLOMON ISLANDS.
89. P. CINEREA Albers.
Shell rimate-perforate, small, conic-pyramidal, striolate and very delicately decussated with spiral lines, ash-colored. Whorls 5, rather flat, the last somewhat swollen, compressed basally. Spire short, conic. Columella lightly arcuate. Aperture a little oblique, oblong-ovate. Peristome white, narrowly expanded, the margins joined by a thin callus, right margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated above, re- flexed, spreading. Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 7x4 mm. (Pfr.).
Solomon Islands (coll. Albers).
Partula cinerea ALBERS, Malak. Blatter iv, 1857, p. 98. — PFR., Monogr. iv, 510.
This unfigured species is probably a form of, or very closely related to P. micans, which has a slightly larger aperture, but no other difference so far as the description shows.
90. P. coxi 'Angas' Hartman. PI. 36, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
The shell is oblong-conic, openly rimate and perforate, thin, pale yellowish-corneous throughout, imperfectly transparent, not glossy.- Spire conic, the apex slightly obtuse; whorls 4V2 to 4%, all convex ; 2% embryonic whorls sculptured with punctured engraved spirals, following whorls marked with growth-lines and fine engraved spirals, which continue strongly and evenly developed on the last whorl, which is especially convex above the periphery and at the base, and somewhat tapering between. The aperture varies from moderately to very slightly oblique, ovate ; outer and basal lip narrowly re- flexed, slightly thickened within except at the posterior curve of the outer lip where it is thin; on the columellar side the thickening extends about half way up to the insertion. The columellar lip is dilated and two-branched above.
Length 14, diam. 8, aperture 7.8 x 5.2 mm.
Length 13, diam. 7, aperture 7 mm.
Solomon Islands: Ysabel (Brazier).
Partula coxi Angas, Cox, Dr. James C. Cox's Exchange List
PARTULA, SOLOMON ISLANDS. 297
of Land and Marine Shells from Australia and the adjacent islands, 1868, p. 46, no. 152, name only. — HARTMAN Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p. 217; 1886, p. 32, pi. 2, f. 7.— P. gracilior Pease in coll. according to Dr. Cox's label.
This shell stands near P. pellucida Hartm. but differs by its longer, less obtuse spire.
Dip to the beginning of the last whorl the shell is biconic, acutely angular or earinate at the periphery, the angle bear- ing a projecting cord wider than the other intervals of the spiral sculpture. The axis is perforate at all stages of growth.
P. micans has the last whorl less compressed laterally, and the lip is much less thickened within.
91. P. PELLUCIDA Pease. PL 36, figs. 5, 6.
Shell oblong-ovate, narrowly perforate, thin, pellucid, granulose by the intersection of longitudinal and transverse striae. Spire conic. Suture impressed, margined. Whorls 4 IX., plano-convex, the last hardly one-half the length of the s'hell. Aperture vertical, ovate. Peristome somewhat thickened, white, slightly expanded. Columella slightly di- lated above, nearly straight. Whitish- corneous. Length 12, diam. 6y2 mm.; aperture 5 x 3y2 mm- (Pease).
Solomon Is.: Guadalcanar (John Brazier).
Partula pellucida PSE., P. Z. S. 1871, p. 457. — PER. Monogr. viii, 199.— HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. P. 1886, p. 35, pi. 2, f. 17.
"It is the nearest allied to P. minuta Pfr. It differs in being more slender, thinner, the spire elongate, the aperture smaller, the surface more distinctly granulose and the suture marginate" (Pease).
One adult and two young examples in the Hartman collec- tion, no. 4246 Carnegie Museum, are stated on the label to have been compared with "Brazier's type example." They are labelled "Ysabel, Solomon Is. (coll. Cox)." The adult shell is figured (fig. 6). It is white under a very thin, clear corneous cuticle which is partly worn off in ragged streaks. The surface is rather coarsely sculptured with close wavy
298 PARTULA, NEW IRELAND, ETC.
spirals, the intervals as wide as the striae ; embryonic sculp- ture indistinct, being worn. Whorls 4*4, convex, the latter part of the last whorl somewhat flattened laterally and slightly concave just below the suture, w*hich is whitish. Aperture slightly oblique, oval; peristome continuous, the outer lip slightly expanded, thickened within except near the posterior angle ; parietal callus heavy for so small a shell, its edge distinctly raised. Umbilical chink short but deep. Length 11, diam. 6.9, aperture including peristome 6x4 mm.
Another specimen (pi. 36, fig. 5) from Dr. Cox, (no. 59873 A. N. S. P.), measures, length 11, diam. 6.7, aperture 6.5 mm. long. It is similar but has the corneous cuticle entire and the parietal callus weak in the middle. There is a narrow slightly prominent though hardly raised girdle at the peri- phery, where the cuticle is more persistent, and this is visible above the suture for a short distance behind the aperture. This structure is so weak that it might readily be overlooked, but it is visible in both of the examples seen. The aperture is decidedly oblique in this shell.
This species has a shorter spire than the preceding forms and is a little smaller, otherwise they seem to be closely related.
VIII. BLSMARK ARCHIPELAGO (New Ireland, New Britain
etc.), and ADMIRALTY Is.
The species of these islands are closely related to those of the Solomon group, and belong to the same section.
92. P. CARTERIENSIS (Quoy & Gaimard). PI. 36, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18.
"Shell elongate, apex acute, perforate, transversely and longitudinally striate, fulvous. Aperture oval, inflected, peristome wide, reflexed. Whorls 5, the last ventricose, larger than the rest.
' ' This species is more lengthened and especially more acute than the preceding [P. vanicorensis] ; the whorls of the spire are well spaced and separated by a quite deep suture; the last whorl, a little larger than the others together, is still but
PARTULA, NEW IRELAND, ETC. 299
little inflated. The aperture is produced obliquely towards the right, and is ovate ; peristome wide, but little thickened and white. The columellar margin is dilated at its base and the umbilicus forms an oblique chink. The shell, very finely striated in both directions, is of a uniform yellowish color. Length 9, diam. 3y2 lines " (Q. et G.) .
New Ireland: Port Carteret (Astrolabe). New Hanover, Nordhafen, under stones (Gazelle exped.).
Helix carteriensis Q. et G., Voyage de 1'Astrolabe, Zoologie ii, p. 117, pi. 9, f. 10, 11 (1832).— Bulimus c., DESK., Anim. s. Vert, viii, p. 283. — Partula c., PFR., Monogr. iii, 460.— v. MARTENS, Monatsberichte der K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1877, p. 279. — Not Partula carteretensis REEVE, Conch. Icon, vi, pi. 4, f. 13 (1850)== P. attenuata. — ? Sterope car- terensis HARTMAN, Oatal. genus Partula Fer., 1881, p. 14, figure.
A slender, acute pale species, of which I give the original description and figures (pi. 36, figs. 17, 18). These, if ac- curately drawn, indicate a shell with longer spire than any I have seen. Port Carteret examples before me received from Cuming (pi. 36, figs. 15, 16) are nearly white with the spire pale flesh-colored. The surface is glossy, with sculpture of growth-wrinkles and extremely fine and close engraved spirals. Above the periphery of the last whorl these spiral lines be- come faint, more or less obsolete. The apex is rather pointed. The last half of the last whorl is compressed laterally, the base saccate. The aperture is vertical, ovate ; the lip narrowly reflexed and thickened within, thin near the posterior angle, the outer margin slightly sinuous. The umbilical chink is rather small.
Length 17^, diam. 8y2, aperture 9x6 mm. ; whorls 5.
Length 16, diam. 8%, aperture 8% x 6 mm. ; whorls 41/£.
It differs from P. coxi, kubaryi etc. by the more delicate, more minute and crowded spiral lines of the penultimate whorl and base.
93. P. KUBARYI Hartman. PI. 36, figs. 7, 8.
The shell is ovate-conic, rather thin, openly rimate and
300 PARTULA, NEW IRELAND, ETC.
narrowly, deeply, umbilicate ; pale grayish yellow, but slightly shining. Whorls 5, all moderately convex; 2y2 embryonic whorls are sculptured with delicate punctate spiral lines as usual ; following whorls have fine incised spiral lines through- out, strongest on the last whorl. The suture is impressed, and at its last turn is bordered above; this border is narrow, and ^continued as a slightly differentiated belt on the last whorl, in front of the aperture. The last whorl is somewhat compressed laterally and full at the base. The aperture is slightly oblique, ovate, flesh-tinted inside ; lip white, narrowly reflexed, thickened within except at the upper curve where it is thin. Columella dilated above. Length 14.8, diam. 8, aperture 7.2 x 5 mm.
Bismarck Archipelago: Karakaut, New Britain (Kubary).
Partula kubaryi HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila, 1890, p. 284, pi. 3, f. 3 (Oct. 21, 1890).
This species stands close to P. coxi, 'but it is larger, slightly more solid, and more conic in shape, the last whorl being broader.
94. P. OBLITERATA Pils'bry, n. sp. PI. 37, figs. 11, 12.
The shell is ovate with conic spire ; shortly rimate and per- forate ; moderately strong ; pale yellowish with indistinct darker, slightly greenish yellow streaks, the apical whorls faintly brown ; somewhat glossy. Whorls 5, the embryonic 21/2 puncture-striate, the rest marked with distinct, irregular growth-wrinkles and faint spiral lines, weak and rather in- distinct on the last whorl. Last whorl rather convex. Aper- ture ovate, whitish within ; outer lip narrowly reflexed, white, rather strongly thickened within except at the posterior curve of the lip, at its other termination, on the columella, the end of the callus is not noticeable. Length 16, diam. 9, aperture 81/2 mm.
New Ireland?
This species stands near P. kubaryi, having almost the same contour, but it differs by the very weak spiral striation. P. micans has a thinner lip and much more distinct sculpture. This species is known to me by a set of three examples re-
PARTULA, NEW IRELAND, ETC. 301
ceived from S. Hartley as P. grisea, and one from Dr. Hart- man labeled "P. carterensis., Carteret I., New Ireland, F. Geale."
95. P. MINUTA Pfeiffer. PI. 41, fig. 16.
Shell perforate, globose-conic, thin, striatulate and spirally striate, subgranulose, pale fulvous, diaphanous. Spire short, conic, rather obtuse. Whorls 4, convex, the last globose, form- ing three-fifths the total length. Columella nearly simple, slightly receding. Aperture a little oblique, oval; peristome thin, white, the margins approaching, right margin very strongly arched above, expanded; columellar margin wider, spreading. Length lO1/^, diarn. 7 mm. ; aperture with peris- tome 7x5% mm. (Pfr.).
Admiralty Islands (Cuming coll.).
Partula minuta PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 384; Malak. Bl. 1856, p. 244 ; Monogr. iv, 514.
Figured from the type specimen in the British Museum. It is a very small and globose species.
96. P. HARTMANNI E. A. Smith. PI. 37, figs. 5, 6, 7.
Shell elongate, conical, thin, semipellucid, white, narrowly umbilicatecl. Whorls 5i/>, slightly convex, sculptured with minute microscopic spiral striaa and fine oblique lines of growth, which give the upper edge of the whorls a slightly puckered appearance; last whorl long, a little contracted be- hind the aperture, and marginate beneath the suture near the lip. Aperture almost perpendicular, somewhat ear-shaped, dirty whitish within, together with the peristome equalling rather less than half the total length of the shell. Lip somewhat flattened and expanded. Columellar margin re- flexed, not twisted or tubercular; outer margin above well bent over towards the columella, with which it is united by a thin callus. Length I6y3 mm., diam. 7; aperture 8 long, 51/2 broad. (E. A. Smith).
Admiralty Is.: Wild Island and Pigeon Island (Challenger Exped.).
Partula hartmanni E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 265,
pi. 22, f. 7.
302
PARTULA, LOUISIADE ISLANDS.
"P. elongata Pease, and P. gracilis of the same author, from the Tahiti group, closely resemble this species. The former is rather larger and broader, not so strongly spirally striated, and more or less striped with pale brown. The latter has a longer aperture, rather more convex apical whorls, and a pecu- liar bulging at the lower part of the body-whorl. P. minuta, Pfr., also from the Admiralty Islands, is similarly sculptured, but of a totally distinct form." (E. A. Smith}.
Mr. Smith's description and figure (fig. 7) are copied. One of the specimens from Wild Island before me is smaller, length 141/2, diam. 7, aperture 7.2 mm., with 5 whorls. The aperture of this example is quite oblique (pi. 37, fig. 6). In a larger specimen the aperture is almost vertical. The peri- pheral cord common to other species of the group is visible above the suture, which is also very distinctly marginate be- low, on the last half whorl. Spiral striation is very dis- tinctly developed throughout.
IX. LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO, including Trobriand and Wood- lark Is. ; NEW GUINEA and adjacent islets.
97. P. SIMILARIS Hartman. PI. 37, figs. 13, 14, 15.
"Shell dextral, oblong-ovate, thin and translucent; whorls 5, convex, spire half the length, oblique lines fine and de- cussated by coarse spiral stria?, umbilicus compressed; aper- ture rounded ovate ; lip white. Color yellowish white, with the apex very pale rose. Length 17 mm., diameter 9 mm. ; length of aperture 6 mm., diameter 4 mm." (Hartman).
Louisiade group: Woodlark Island (Brazier; Kowald and Belford).
Partula similaris HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 1. — HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales vi, p. 97 (1892). — P. wvodlarkiana HARTM., t. c., p. 33, pi. 2, f. 8. — HEDLEY, t. c., p. 98.
'For size and contour this shell is near P. carteriensis, Pfr. ; it is thinner and less solid, with a more rounded aper- ture, and concave lip." (Hartm.)
Equally with Mr. Hedley (I c.) I am unable to grasp any
PARTULA, LOUISIADE ISLANDS. 303
specific distinction between P. similaris and P. woodlarkiana. The type specimens of both were returned to Australia by Dr. Hartman. I have copied a photograph of the type of P. similaris in fig. 13. Specimens from the Trobriand Is. are also figured, pi. 37, figs. 14, 15.' The shell is somewhat transparent grayish yellow, flesh-tinted near the apex. The surface is very distinctly and beautifully decussate, the deeply engraved spiral lines being made wavy by the fine, rather distinct growth-striae. The last whorl is convex, narrowly umbilicate, and sometimes margined below the suture on its last half. A narrow margining thread may be seen in places above the suture. The suture itself is edged throughout with a fine white line. The callous thickening within the lip thins out rather gradually above, not abruptly as in many related species, but it stops abruptly about half way up the colu- mellar margin. At the columellar insertion there is a slight
groove.
Length 18, diam. 10, aperture 9.4 x 6.7 mm. ; whorls 5.
Length 16.8, diam. 9.2, aperture 9 mm. ; whorls 5.
P. tvoodlarkiana Hartman appears to have a somewhat larger aperture than similaris, but it is otherwise veiy like. A photograph of the type is copied in my figure 16, of plate 37. The original description follows :
"Shell dextral, ovate, thin and translucent; body- whorl inflated ; whorls 5, rounded, suture impressed, lines of growth decussated by numerous waved spiral striae, spire short, colu- mella slightly arcuate, wide and smooth, compressly umbili- cate, aperture round ovate, lip concave, white and moderately reflected; color yellowish, apex very pale rose. Length 19, diameter 11, length of aperture 9, diameter 6 mm. Woodlark Island (Hartm.) .
98. P. OCCIDENTALS Hedley. PI. 37, fig. 4.
"Shell dextral, ovate elongate, thin and translucent; color ( ?) ; whorls 5, rounded, last a little flattened below the suture ; sculpture: everywhere encircled by close sharply impressed spiral lines, which are decussated by oblique irregular lines
304 PARTULA, NEW GUINEA.
•of growth, at the intersection the former are sometimes dis- torted by the latter ; spire slender, elongate, a quarter of total length ; apex dome-shaped ; half of the first whorl embryonic ; suture impressed ; umbilicus small, deep, compressed ; aperture roundly ovate, scarcely oblique, lip moderately reflected and expanded, margins of the peristome connected by a thick callus. Length 19, breadth 10, length of aperture 9, 'breadth
6 mm. ; length 17, 'breadth 10, length of aperture 9, breadth
7 mm.
"On the ground under bushes upon Samarai Island I col- lected two dead shells of this species. Type in Queensland Museum." (Hedley.)
Partula occidentalis HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, VI, 1891, p. 98, pi. 12, f. 31 (1892).
' ' The two Partulae described by Lesson have, as Tapparone remarks, a doubtful claim to Papuan soil, and, omitting these, the above species is the first described from New Guinea proper." (Hedley.}
Samarai is a small island lying off the eastern extremity of New Guinea.
99. P. GRISEA Lesson. PI. 37, figs. 1, 2, 3.
This species is more lengthened and thinner than any other known to me. The penultimate whorl is longer than in the species already mentioned [P. otaheitana, rufd, lineata, lutea] . The last whorl, finally, is but little dilated, little swollen. The aperture is directed to the right. It is higher than wide, with the peristome thick, a little dilated in front of the um- bilical chink. The surface of the shell is very finely striate longitudinally and transversely, hence covered with a fine and granulose network. The aperture is white. All the rest is uniform light gray. Length 8, diam. 3!/o lines (Lesson).
New Guinea (Lesson).
Partula grisea LESSON, Voyage autour du Monde, La Coquille, ii, pi. 1, p. 325, pi. 13, f. 11.— PFR., Monogr. iii, 450. — ALBERS, Malak. Bl. iv, 1857, p. 99, new diagnosis. —
PARTULA, NEW GUINEA, TALAUER IS. 305
Bulivnus griseus PFR., Symbolse ad Hist. Hel. i, p. 82; ii, p. 115 ; Monogr. ii, p. 68.
It is not certain t'hat Albers had the same form which Lesson described. P. occidentalis Hedley is evidently a near relative of grisea, but so far as I know, the "Coquille" reached New Guinea only in the west.
100. P. BULIMOIDES Lesson.
This Partula is the largest species known to us. It is 10 lines long and 7 in diameter. The shell is thick, solid, with the mouth on the right side, large and oval, provided with a thick flange, the umbilicus very open back of the columellar plate adnate to the peristome. The spire is short, conic, ob- tuse at the apex, the whorls parted by a quite deep suture. Last whorl large, ventricose, very finely striate lengthwise. The shell is whitish, but covered with a bright fawn epidermis. The peristome is simple in the young. (Lesson} .
New Guinea (Voy. Coquille).
Partula bulimoides LESS., Voy. autour du Monde de La Coquille, Zool., p. 326.
An unfigured species, not recognized since its description. So far 'as I know the Coquille landed only at Port Dorey (near Mt. Arfak and the N.-W. cape of Geelvink Bay), and probably this shell came from there. The visit was in July- August, 1824. Hartman, at one time, identified P. canalis as P. ~bulimoides. From Lesson's description, the shell must be very different from other species of the southwestern Pacific.
X. TALAUER ISLANDS.
The single species from this group is the westermost species of the genus.
101. P. NEWCOMBIANA Hartman. PI. 43, fig. 6.
"Shell dextral, ovate, rather thin; spire acute, half the length ; whorls 5, rounded ; suture deeply impressed ; body- whorl somewhat inflated; oblique lines of growth fine and crossed by numerous waved spiral striae, compressly umbili-
306 PARTULA, PELEW ISLANDS.
cate ; aperture very oblique, rounded, ovate ; lip white, mod- erately reflected and concave ; the outer margin partaking of the color of the epidermis ; columella wide above ; margins of the peristome connected by a thin vitreous deposit ; a broad, flat, pillar tooth far within the aperture. Color light fawn, with dark brown oblique strise, apex dark brown. Length 17, dram. 11.5 mm. ; aperture, length 7, width 4 mm." (Hartman).
Salibabu, one of the Talauer Is., between Gilolo and Min- danao.
Parlula newcombianum HARTM., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 34, pi. 2, f. 13. — Partula neweenitiarum HARTMAN, Nautilus xi, p. 44 (typographical error).
Dr. Hartma.n has recorded the loss of the type of this species by shipwreck on its return voyage to Mr. Garrett at Tahiti. The figure is a copy of his.
"I received this shell from Mr. Layard, through Mr. A. Garrett. In outline and general appearance it resembles some varieties of P. varia. I have named it in honor of Dr. Wesley Newcomb, one of our oldest American conchologists, well known for his writings on the allied genus Achatinella of the Sandwich Islands." (Hartm.}
XI. PELEW ISLAND SPECIES. Section PALAOPARTULA n. sect.
Straightly conic forms with high embryonic whorls and very deeply engraved later whorls, the last compressed later- ally and' sack-like below, with a very ample timbilical area and deep perforation. The aperture is unusually long, and the peristome is thin and very broadly reflexed. Type P. thetis.
The three closely related forms from Pelelu (Pililu) stand apart from all other Partulas. They have some appearance of being a branch from the Melanesian group. The coloring, the slight differention of a peripheral belt (marked with finer spiral strias), and the high apical whorls, recall species of the New Hebrides and Solomon Islands.
102. P. LEUCOTHOE 0. Semper. PI. 38, fig. 1.
Shell openly and compressedly umbilicate, conic-pyramidal,
PARTULA, PELEW ISLANDS. 307
very thin, white, subhyaline, irregularly subsulculate and sculptured with very dense, somewhat rippled spiral lines. Spire pyramidal, rather acute, suture marked with a white line and substriolate. Whorls 5y2, nearly flat, the last a little larger, somewhat ascending in front. Columella deep, slightly arcuate. Aperture oblique, oblong, subcompressed, the mar- gins subparallel ; peristome white, thin, equally and broadly expanded. Length 22, diam. 12, aperture 12 mm. long, 4 wide inside. (Semp.).
Pelew Is.: Pelelu (Dr. C. Semper).
P. leucothoe 0. SEMP., Journ. cle Conchyl. 1865, p. 417, pi. 12, f. 5.
Differs from P. calypso by the strong obliquity of the aperture, finer sculpture and shape of the shell.
103. P. CALYPSO 0. Semper. PI. 38, fig. 2.
Shell broadly and compressed umbilicate, high-turrited, thin, whitish, roseate towards the apex, longitudinally some- what wrinkled, encircled with wavy spiral lines ; suture some- what thread-like, striolate; spire raised, acute; whorls 6, nearly flat, the last a little longer than the spire, somewhat ascending in front. Columella nearly straight. Aperture slightly oblique, oblong; peristome white, broadly expanded, especially over the umbilicus, the right lip subnodose within. Length 31, diam. 14, aperture with peristome 17 mm. long, 5 mm. wide inside (0. Semper}.
Pelew Is.: Pelelu (Dr. C. Semper).
P. calypso 0. SEMP., Journ. de Conchyl. 1865, p. 418, pi. 12, f. 7.
104. P. THETIS O. Semper. PI. 38, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.
Shell openly and compressed umbilicate, conic-pyramidal, brown, blackish towards the apex, remotely and lightly wrin- kled and encircled with somewhat roughened and beautifully waved spiral lines. Spire conic, the apex pointed but mamil- late. Whorls 5%, a little convex, the suture somewhat thread- like, striolate; last whorl convex, regularly rounded, some- what ascending in front, Columella somewhat arcuate.
308 PARTULA, CAROLINE ISLANDS.
Aperture oblong- rounded, nearly vertical; peristome buff, brownish, broadly expanded throughout, right lip nodose with- in. Length 30, diam. 16, aperture with peristome 17 mm. long, 5 mm. wide inside.
The following varieties occur: b. more elevated, the last whorl less convex, g. suture more striolate, d. color paler, yellowish-fawn (fig. 4). (0. Semper}.
Pelew Islands: Pelelu. (C. Semper).
P. thetis SEMP., t. c., p. 419, pi. 12, f. 6.
This third species, according to Semper, is not quite so thin as the other two. The aperture is a little rounder, and the summit is mamillate, a feature totally wanting in the two other species.
A specimen before me, figs. 5, 6, no. 4272 Carnegie Mus., is distinctly streaked with greenish-corneous and whitish on the last whorl, growing ruddy on the spire. The apical whorls are very high, much as in P. brazieri (pi. 33, fig. 2) . The rest of the whorls are very distinctly and beautifully sculptured with close, deeply engraved spiral lines. The lip is thin throughout, not perceptibly thickened within, and tapers rapidly from the upper third to the insertion. The columella is straight and vertical. Length 30, diam. 15, aperture 16.2x10 mm., including peristome; 6 whorls.
XII. CAROLINE ISLAND SPECIES.
Section CAROLINELLA n. sect.
Rather solid, opaque, ventricose shells, with the aperture large and simple, umbilical area small; general shape Buli- moid. Type P. guamensis Pfr.
This Caroline Island group consists of rather large Partulas with a quite distinct aspect. They look like ground snails. P. gonochila and P. lutea have much the same form, but are smaller shells. P. lineata is a small, banded species of quite different type.
105. P. GUAMENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 38, figs. 7 to 14.
Shell rimate-perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, very deli-
PARTULA, CAROLINE ISLANDS. 309
cately decussate, chestnut-colored. Spire rather short, ob- tuse. Whorls 5, convex, the last swollen, longer than the spire. Columella nearly straight. Aperture ample, semi- oval, bluish inside; peristome white within, the margins re- mote, right margin expanded, columellar margin broadly re- flexed, spreading. Length 26, diam. 15 mm. ; aperture 14 x 8 mm. inside. (Pfr.}.
Caroline Islands: Ponape, in the ruins of Nanmatal (Finsch) ; in the hills (Etscheid, Kubary).
Bulimus guamensis PFR., in Philippi, Abbild. a. Beschrei'b. neuer Conch, ii, p. 113, Bulimus, pi. 4, f. 9 (August, 1846) ; Monogr. ii, 73. — Partula guamensis PFR., Monogr. iii, 446. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, vi, pi. 1, f. 4 (1849). — DESK., in Fer., Histoire p. 124, pi. 158, f . 3-6. — Partula rufa Less., v. MARTENS, Conchologis'che Mittheilungen 1881, i, p. 95, pi. 17, f. 12-16. -[Partula] ponapensis HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 221, substitute for guamensis Pfr. — Partula rufa subsp. montana v. MOELLENDORFF, The Journal of Malacology vii, p. 112 (March 24, 1900), substitute for guamensis Pfr. — Partula brumalis REEVE, Conch. Icon, vi, pi. 1,12 (May, 1849).
A large, bulimoid species having much the appearance of a small Borus. Pfeiffer's type, figured in Philippi 's Abbil- dungen (copied in my fig. 9), is the rather obese form further illustrated by figs. 7 and 8. The embryonic shell is very densely striate spirally but is usually worn in adult shells. The rest of the whorls have distinct spiral striae, which in the typical form are deeply engraved throughout, but on some examples they 'become rather weak on the last whorl. The ample aperture is dull purplish inside in some examples, white in others. The white lip is reflexed, and a little thickened within. The chestnut color of the shell is sometimes varied by a faintly darker line at the periphery. Examples measure :
Length 27, diam. 18.3, aperture 16 x 11.8 mm. ; whorls 5l/3.
Length 27, diam. 17, aperture 15.5 x 11 mm. ; whorls 5y2.
Length 28, diam. 17, aperture 15 x 12 mm. ; whorls 5y2.
The form called brumalis by Reeve (pi. 38, fig. 10, copied
310 PARTULA, CAROLINE ISLANDS.
from Reeve) is somewhat more elongated, yet it intergrades fully with guamensis, judging from examples 'before me (see measurements above). The forms figured by von Martens from the ruins of Nanmatal belong to this more lengthened type. They further illustrate the variation in shape of aper- ture caused by the different degrees of inclination of the columella, and hence have been copied in my figs. 11, 12, 13, 14 of pi. 38.
Dr. von Martens gives the size as length 26, diam. 16, aperture 15 x 11 mm.
Both Hartman and von Moellendorff have renamed this species, objecting to the name guamensis "inasmuch as this mollusk certainly does not live on the island of Guam, where my friend Quadras collected for more than two months with- out finding it" (Mlldff.} ; but if the name be rejected on that ground, the species should be called brumalis Rve.
P. GUAMENSIS GRANDIS Moellendorff is "much larger, diam. 19, alt. 30.5 mm., less solid, spiral sculpture somewhat less marked, peristome more expanded, less labiate; 5% to nearly 6 whorls. Ponape, coast region (Etscheid, Kubary).
"#There are three color- variations, viz., dark purple-brown with violet lip (typical) ; castanea, pale -chestnut colored with white lip ; and flavescens, pale greenish yellow. The last named albino is rather rare " (Mlldff.}.
106. P. MARTENSIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 38, figs. 15, 16.
The shell is ovate-conic, solid and strong, opaque, with a small, compressed umbilicus; beneath a yellow cuticle (which is partially lost from the type specimen, a "dead" shell), the substance of the shell is dull flesh color, becoming darker on the spire, the first three whorls being dull brownish purple. The spire is conic, summit slightly obtuse; the early whorls are worn and show no sculpture ; last whorl has no spiral in- cised lines, but some traces of fine .spiral wrinkling may be seen in places, though it is very fine and weak. Whorls 5, convex, the last convex throughout. Aperture is very slightly oblique, flesh-pink within; peristome white, very slightly ex-
PARTULA, CAROLINE ISLANDS. 311
panded, strongly thickened within. Columellar margin di- lated above, deep within, as in P. guamensis. Length 22.3, diam. 14.1, aperture 12.1 x 9 mm.
Caroline Is.: Ualan (John Brazier), type no 4298 Carnegie Museum.
Partula rufa Lesson, HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1886, p. 35, pi. 2, f. 15.— H. H. SMITH, Ann. Carnegie Mus. i, 469, no. 4298.
Related to P. guamensis, from which it differs by the ab- sence of distinct spiral lines on the last whorl, the less ex- panded but more thickened lip and more contracted aperture. It was identified by Dr. Hartman with P. rufa Lesson, but that is a smaller, especially narrower shell.
The type specimen was collected by John Brazier "on the banks of the Leila river, Chabroul Harbor, Ouhalan or Strong's Island," according to a letter from Brazier to Dr. Hartman, written at Sydney, June 18, 1885.
A second specimen in the Hartman collection measures, length 21.5, diam. 14. aperture 11.7 mm. It is an old shell, faded and broken.
107. P. RUFA Lesson.
This species resembles especially the preceding [P. ota- heitana] , but the aperture is turned to the right. The spire is less lengthened, more swollen, more conic. The last whorl is proportionally larger. The aperture is more oval and less contracted, and its peristome is not so thick. The color is dirty red. Length 8, diam. 4 lines (Lesson).
Caroline Is.: wooded hills of Ualan (Voy. Coquille).
Partula rufa LESS., Voy. de la Coquille, Zoologie ii, p. 324 (1831) . Not P. rufa Martens or Hartman.
Lesson's brief description indicates a shell resembling P. guamensis in general features, but much smaller than any other known species of the group, — about 16 or 17 mm. long, 8 or 9 wide. It is hardly possible that the identifications of P. rufa made by either Hartman or von Martens are correct. This was also the opinion of Dr. 0. von Moellendorff. P. rufa still awaits rediscovery.
312 PARTULA, CAROLINE ISLANDS.
Group of P. lineata.
108. P. LINEATA Lesson. PI. 39, figs. 19, 20.
The shell of this species is oval, long, with conic spire, a half whorl swollen. The aperture opens on the right side. It is contracted by a thick rim recurved 'backward, and di- lated at its junction with the columellar axis, a little in ad- vance of the umbilical crevice. It. is nearly of the same size and shape as the 0-Taite Partula [P. otaheitana], -but it is constantly a little shorter and more inflated. The color is pale yellow with two ribbon-like stripes of fawn, one short, surrounding the opening of the umbilicus, the other running around the middle of the large (last) whorl, and covered by the suture on the spire. Length 8, diam. 5 lines (about 16x10 mm.). (Lesson).
Caroline Islands: Ualan (Voy. Coquille).
Partula lineata LESSON, Voy. autour du Monde de La Coquille, Zoologie, p. 324, pi. 7, f. 8, 9. — IPartulus torosus BECK, Index Molluscorum p. 57 no. 6 (undefined, but identi- fied with a ? with P. lineata Less.).
This species was 'considered the same as P. suturalis Pfr., of Moorea, Society Islands, by Mr. Garrett in his paper of 1884, but later he doubted the identification, in a letter written to Dr. Hartman. Mr. Brazier, who visited Ualan, did not find Lesson's species (H. H. Smith, Ann. Carnegie Museum i, p. 446).
The general appearance of the shell is that of a Society Island species; but the Coquille did not visit the island of Moorea where the forms (P. suturalis, P. t&niata) best agreeing with Lesson's description occur, but only Tahiti and Borabora, ob- taining P. otaheitana at the former, P. lutea at the latter place. They were at Ualan in the Carolines on June 15th, 1824, anchoring in Coquille Harbor on the N.-W. side of the island.
In view of the general reliability of the locality records in the Zoology of the Coquille, and the imperfection of our knowledge of the shells of Ualan, I think it not improbable that P. lineata may eventually be found there.
PARTULA, MARIANNE ISLANDS. 313
The nodule on the parietal wall, shown in Lesson's figure tout not mentioned in the description, is a feature appearing also in species of the Society, Fiji and Marianne groups. The relationships of the species are obscure. I would not venture to assign it to any of the subgenera.
XIII. MARIANNE (Ladrone) ISLAND GROUP.
(Section MARIANNA n. sect.).
Harmonia HARTMAN, Catal. Genus Partula, 1881, p. 13, type P. gibba Fer. (proec.).
The shell is ovate or inflated with a small umbilicus and a lip more or less thickened within ; parietal wall plain or bearing a very deeply placed callous nodule. Type P. gibba.
Guam, the chief island of the group, is the only one which has been collected on.
109. P. GIBBA Ferussac. PI. 39, figs. 1 to 11.
Shell conic-ovate, perforate, rather solid, striatulate, pellu- cid, engraved longitudinally with equal lines, white or flesh- colored, the spire acute, rose-red, the suture milk-white; epi- dermis thin, rufescent. Whorls 4!/2, 'the last swollen, gibbous, larger than the rest. Aperture long-ovate, subquadrangular ; peristome reflexed, 'broadly dilated, white. (Fer.).
Marianne Is.: Guam (Gaudicho, Quadras, Rush et al.)
Partula gibba FER., Tableaux Systematiques des Animaux Mollusques etc., suive d'un Prodrome general pour tout les Moll., etc. p. 66, (1821), and in Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde de 1'Uranie et la Physicienne, Zoologie, p. 485, pi. 68, f. 15, 16, 17.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 3, f. 15.— PFR., Monogr. iii, 453 ; iv, 514 ; vi, 160 ; viii, 208 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 269, pi. 64, f. 9-14. — Bulimus gibbus PFR., Monogr. ii, 69. — DESK, in Fer., Hist. p. 122, pi. 158, f. 19, 20.— Helix gibba QUOY et GAIM, Zool. Astrolabe ii, p. 113, pi. 9, f. 18-20.— Partula mastersi PFR., P. Z. S. 1857, p. 110; Monogr. iv, 513 (Guam).
Ferussac 's type of P. gibba was a small, short example. His figure is copied (pi. 39, fig. 1). The last whorl is pale yellowish-corneous, spire of a rather peculiar dull scarlet
314 PARTULA, MARIANNE ISLANDS.
color. The last three whorls have an opaque white 'border be- low the suture. The last whorl varies in the degree of swell- ing, and in small individuals is usually angular in front, at the periphery; base very full and convex. Umbilicus small and deep, more rounded than usual in Partula. The engraved spiral lines are distinct and not very close above the periphery, more crowded on the base. The aperture is oblique, white in- side in the pale, variously colored in the dark varieties. The peristome is white, or in some forms flesh-tinted. The outer lip is expanded, rather heavily thickened within, the callus somewhat abruptly terminating at the beginning of the curve to the upper insertion; columellar lip dilated. Figs. 2, 3, 5 and 6 represent individuals of the typical P. gib'ba. Be- sides the typical coloration (a) described above, there are shells with (6) reddish spire and brown last whorl (fig. 2), and others (c) of the typical pale tint and a white spire (fig. 9). These forms occur together in some lots before me. Other forms are :
(d) Corneous-white, somewhat transparent, very thin (pi. 39, fig. 11).
(e) Drab with the spire dull dark purple, lip fleshy (fig. 7). (/') Lilac, the spire darker, aperture brown within (fig. 8). (g) Light reddish-brown (fig. 5).
(/O First 21/) whorls foi colored, brown and whitish, the rest corneous-yellow, becoming dull purple near the lip. Interior lilac, with a brown streak within the lip, which is flesh-colored (fig. 10).
There is considerable variation in the solidity of the shell, and the thickness of the lip-callus. The latter is sometimes perceptibly nodulous, as in fig. 6.
To what extent the variations in color and texture are local or racial is unknown. All have a white sutural border. Ex- amples measure as follows:
(a) Length 17, diam. 11.3, aperture 9.8 mm. long.
(d) Length 17, diam. 12, aperture 10 mm. long.
(e) Length IS1/^, diam. 11, aperture 9 mm. long.
(/) Length IS1/^, diam. 121/2, aperture, 10 mm. long.
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PARTULA, MARIANNE ISLANDS. 315
(/i) Length IS1/^, diam. 13, aperture 11 mm. long.
Specimens of a lot consisting of rather solid shells of forms b and g show a thin callus or low tubercle on the parietal wall, approaching P. bicolor in this respect (figs. 5, 6).
P. mastersi Pfr. seems to be identical with gibba, judging from the description and specimens before me. It is de- scribed as rather solid, buff, fleshy or violaceous, sometimes banded with brown on the upper whorls. It is 17 mm. long, with the aperture 10% mm.
109a. P. GIBBA BICOLOR Pease. PI. 39, figs. 12 to 18.
Shell solid, perforate, acutely ovate, glossy, transversely marked with close obsolete stria? ; straw-colored, the whorls of the spire encircled with a brownish band next to the suture. Peristome brownish outside and within. Whorls 4, convex, the last half the length of the shell. Peristome thickened, narrowly and equally expanded. Aperture slightly oblique, oval, with a small callus deep within on the belly of the penul- timate whorl. Length 15, diam. 9 mm. ; aperture 5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide (Pease}.
Marianne Is.: Guam (Pease, Quadras).
Partula bicolor PSE., Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, p. 26, pL 9, f. 4 (August 1, 1871).
The above may be distinguished from P. gibba, which occurs at the same locality, in being of smaller size, last whorl not inflated, and in its color (Pse.).
This form intergrades with P. gibba, and should evidently be regarded as a subspecies of that, chiefly distinguished by having the last whorl less swollen than in typical gibba, and by having a callous nodule deep within, on the parietal wall near the columella. This nodule is seen very weakly de- veloped in some examples of gibba. Other supposed differ- ences are even less constant.
Pease's original description reproduced above is not good; his figure is copied, pi. 39, fig. 17. The shell is rather solid, with sculpture of spiral lines as in P. gibba. On the last whorl these lines are very fine and close on the base, but a
316 PARTULA, MARIANNE ISLANDS.
little more separated above the periphery. The surface is glossy. The lip may be narrow and nearly uniform in width, but usually it is rather strongly thickened inside, the callus abruptly discontinued near the posterior curve. The color -of the lip is quite variable. There is a callous nodule deep within, near the columella, but it is very variable in size. The suture may be marked with a whitish line, but often this is absent. No specimen I have seen has a well developed white band along the suture, such as is usual in P. gibba The color-patterns known are as follows :
(a) Straw colored or isabelline, with a reddish-brown band above the suture almost to its end, and covering the first li/o whorls; outer half of the lip brown, inner rim white. This is the typical coloration (figs. 12). (&) First 2 whorls purplish-brown, the third pale below the suture with the dark color fading (or the subsutural pale area may extend nearly to the apex) ; last 2 whorls straw yellow or pale isabelline with faint or distinct brownish streaks ; back of lip reddish or yellow ; lip narrow, very pale brown; surface rather dull (fig. 18).
(c) Same as the last but without brown on the spire; sur- face lusterless (fig. 15, 16).
{d) Pale uniform sulphur-yellow throughout, the lip
brown- tinted or brown-edged (fig. 14). (e) Pale sulphur-yellow, the lip heavily thickened and
pure white (fig. 13). The size varies as follows :
(a) Length 17, diam. 11.5, aperture 10 mm.; whorls 4%. {&) Length 17, diam. 11, aperture 9.5 mm.; whorls 4i/o.
(d) Length 16, diam. 11, aperture 9.4 mm.; whorls 41/4. (c) Length 15.7, diam. 10, aperture 9.1 mm.; whorls 4y2.
110. P. RADIOLATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 41, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Shell subperf orate, oblong-tapering, the apex obtuse, thin; sculptured with distant impressed spiral lines; pale straw- colored, rayed with darker streaks and brown lines. Whorls 5, slightly convex, the last about equal to the spire, base
PARTULA, MARIANNE ISLANDS. 317
tumid in front. Columella short, shortly receding. Aper- ture obliquely oval, glossy inside, yellow ; peristome simple, thin, white, expanded, the right margin somewhat straight- ened, columellar margin dilated above, spreading above the umbilicus. Length 19, diam. 10, aperture 9x5 mm. inside
(PA-.).
Marianne Is.: Guam, on bushes (Cuming, Quadras, Rush).
Bulnnus radiolatus PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 39; Monogr. ii, 69. — Partula radiolata PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 450; viii. 198; Conchyl. Cab. p. 270, pi. 64, f. 17, 18.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, vi, pi. 2, f. 6.
This form was at first supposed to be from New Ireland, but was soon shown to come from Guam. It is a narrowly iimbilicate, thin shell, copiously striped with corneous and opaque white, with more or less suffusion of pale lemon yel- low. In the more fully colored examples there are also many olive-yellow lines among the stripes, scarcely visible except under a lens. These lines dilate at the periphery, which therefore, appears to have a faint band. This pattern is shown in fig. 4. Other examples lack the dark lines and peripheral band. The embryonic shell is very densely and distinctly engraved spirally, the lines disappearing towards the apex ; the first whorl is weakly plicate radially. The last whorl is marked with rather widely spaced spiral lines, closer on the base. In the typical form these lines are rather weak. The last whorl is very full at the base. The lip is white, narrowly reflexed, very little thickened within. Specimens measure :
Length 19, diam. 11.2, aperture 11 x 7.1 mm. ; whorls
Length 17.5, diam. 11, aperture 10 x 7 mm. ; whorls
Length 17, diam. 10, aperture 9.5 x 7 mm. ; whorls 4%.
Length 16, diam. 9.9, aperture 10 x 7 mm. ; whorls 4%.
A form (pi. 41, fig. 2) collected by Quadras is smaller, with a brown band above the suture on the first 2y2 or 3 whorls of some specimens, the spire in others being -pale lemon tinted. The last whorl has the typical coloration. The aperture is more or less brown inside in those with a dark summit. The first whorl does not seem to be plicate.
318 PARTULA, MARIANNE ISLANDS.
Length 16.5, diam. 10, aperture 9 mm. ; whorls Length 14, diam. 8.3, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls 4%. P. radiolata rushi, n. var., pi. 41, fig. 1. Dr. W. H. Rush collected examples much darker in color at Port San Luis d'Apra, Guam (no. 84841 A. N. S.). The last iy2 whorls are striped with cream and dark brown, with a narrow but con- tinuous brown peripheral band. The spire is uniform dark brown, aperture brown within. Sculpture typical. Length 15, diam. 9, aperture 8.8 mm. (pi. 41, fig. 1).
111. P. QUADRASI Moellendorff.
Shell dextral, narrowly and half-covered perforate, rather ventricose ovate-conic, very thin, pellucid, delicately striatu- late transversely, decussated by closely crowded spiral lines; a little shining, pale buff variegated with narrow darker and whitish streaks, sometimes ornamented with two indistinct bands. Spire subregularly conic, the apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls 4, a little convex, separated by an appressed, mar- gined suture, the last whorl quite convex, nearly tumid. Aper- ture rather oblique, oval, a little excised; peristome simple, thin, well expanded, the columella dilated above, recurved, forming a distinct angle, almost channeled, with the parietal wall. Length 15, diam. 10.5, aperture 9x7 mm. (Mlldff.)
Marianne Is. (Quadras).
Partula quadrasi MLLDPF., Nachrichtsblatt d. Deutschen Malak. Ges. xxvi, Feb., 1894, p. 15.
An unfigured species which seems to differ from the small form of P. radiolata in sculpture and by having fewer whorls. It is possibly identical with Ferussac's P. fragilis, a lost species which has not been figured. The description follows :
P. fragilis Ferussac. Shell ovate-elongate, perforate, fragile, striatulate, pellucid, reddish; spire obtuse, sutures strongly marked. Whorls 4, the last ventricose, subcarinate, larger than the rest. Aperture ovate, peristome subreflexed. Marianne Is. (Gaudicho).
P. fragilis FER., Tableaux Syst. des Anim. Moll. p. 66 (1821).
SPURIUS PARTUL^E. 319
]>ulimus nibens Miihl. is mentioned as a synonym of fragilis by Anton, Verzeichniss, p. 40. It is a nude name. No sub- sequent author has recognized P. fragilis.
XIV. SNAILS OF OTHER GENERA DESCRIBED AS PARTULAE.
Partula acuticosta, consimilis and lamellicosta, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ix, 113, are errors for Patula a., c. and I.
Partula auricula Fer., 1821 = Auriculella.
Partula australis Bowdich 1822 = Strophocheilus.
Partula batavitf Grateloup, 1840, = Amphidromus adamsi var. rubiginosus Fulton (Proc. Malac. Soc. London viii, 44).
Partula delatouri Hartm. = Diplomorpha, Vol. xiii, 118.
Partula dumartroyi Souleyet = Auriculella.
Partula flavescens King, 1831 = Bulimulus chilensis Less. Man. Conch. XI, p. 8.
Partula glaber Hartman, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1885, p. 205, is Drymaus strigatus Sowb., color-form purus. See MANUAL XI, p. 228. The type specimen of glaber, no. 4291 Carnegie Museum, agrees exactly \vith the Peruvian shell, but the internal lilac lip-border, though still noticeable, has faded.
Partula layardi Braz., llartm. is a Diplomorpha, Vol. xiii, p. 116.
Bulimus macleayi Brazier from Yule Island, other islands in Torres Strait, and Queensland, was described as a Papuina in this Manual, Vol. XIII, p. 121. It has been referred by Hedley to Partula (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ix, 1894, p. 387, pi. 26, f. 22, 23) ; the radula figured by him has marginal teeth resembling those of Partula, yet differing by the larger size of the second cusp, whereas in Partula the inner cusp is the larger. The central tooth has no side-cusps. There are 160 rows of 40,6,1,6,40 teeth. If the pallial organs etc., confirm the relationship claimed by Hedley (but which I doubt) this species will form a new genus of Partulidce, char- acterized by the unexpanded, thin and simple lip of the shell, and the absence of the typical apical sculpture of Partula.
Partula maximiliana Pot. et Mich, is Auris bilabiata B. et S., Man. Conch. X, 100.
320 SPURIOUS PARTUL^E, ETC.
Partula peasei Cox. = Diplomorpha, Vol. xiii, 117.
Partula pudica Fer. = Stropliocheilus.
Partula pusilla Gould = Tornatellina.
Partula rohri Pi'r., Journ. de Conchyl. 1892, p. 129, is an error for Achatinella rohri Pfr.
Partula salomonis Pfr. 1852 = Placostylus salomonis. See Vol. XIII, p. 70.
Partulus torosus Beck, Index Moll. 1837, p. 57. Nude name.
Partula unidentata Sowerby = Strophocheilus. Vol X, p. 9.
Partula virgulata Mighels 1845 = Achatinella.
ERRATA.
P. 45. The last word of line 16 from bottom should be two. P. 53. Add the following species : GLESSULA SINHILA Preston. PI. 43, fig. 7.
Shell moderately thin, polished, dark yellowish-horn color, obtusely lanceolate. Whorls 71/4, marked with very faint lines of growth only; sutures impressed. Columella descend- ing in a very oblique curve; peristome simple, bent slightly inwards above. Aperture inversely, elongately auriform. Alt. 21.75, diam. 9, alt. of aperture 7.75, diam. 4 mm. (Preston}.
Ceylon.
Glessida sinhila Preston, Records of the Indian Museum iii, pt. 2, no. 6, p. 135, pi. 22, f. 14 (June, 1909).
"Allied to G. inornata Pfr., but easily distinguished from that species by its much more slender form. ' '
P. 173. Add fig. 13 to those cited after P. BELLULA.
P. 287. The name Partula minor Hartman might by some be considered unavailable on account of the earlier B. roseus var. &. minor, of Pfeiffer; yet it appears that Pfeiffer here intended the word minor as a description, not as a name.
P. 313. Under XIII etc., read Section MARIANELLA, in place of "MARIANNA. " The former term was used on p. 166.
Partulidse
PLATE 37
3
1 *}
10
Partulidse
'•
PLATE 38
/
v^:
--
8
'
.
'
9
10
-
.
11
'
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14
^ 16
Partu I i
2
3
PLATE. 39
r
I
/ 'V'
•-. \
-'
1
•'
7
10
-
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|
|
^ |
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12 |
•
A
14
15
•
1C.
,•
17
19
Bulimulidae
PLATE 4O
V i
' . ' v
PartulJdae
PLATE 41
.:
,0-
il
•
-
5
•
' I
)4
r
3
2
15
16
" 17
18
•
19
Partulidse
PLATE 42
I'
b
Partulidee
PLATE 43
13
INDEX TO PARTULID/E.
abbreviata Mouss
actor Alb 268,
acuticosta Grt
adusta Garrett
JEga Hartm.
affinis Pse 185,
alabastrina Pf r
albescens Hartm
alternata Pse
amabilis Pfr 184,
amanda Garrett
americana Heilp
annectens Pse
approximata Pse
arguta Pse
artensis Montr
assimilis Pse
Astrcua Hartm
attenuata Pse
auraniana Hartm
auriculata Brod
auricula Fer
auriculatus Bk
AURICULELLA,
australis Bowd
australis Brug
B
batavice Grat
bella Pse
bellula Hartm
biangida Pse
biangulata Pse
bicolorata Pils
bicolor Garrett, . ,
bicolor Pse
biconica Pils.
250,
267 269 319 250 168 187 291 282 202 189 238 164 254 243 176 278 261 178 198 284 247 319 247 319 319 236
319 225 173 237 236 253 251 315 264
(321)
bilineata Pse 245
bipartita Pils 253
brazieri Pse 271
brevicula Pse 185, 191
brumalis Rve 309
brumica Pse 236
bulimoidcs Hartm 264
bulimoides Less 305
Bulimus argutus Pse. . . . 177 Bidimus australis Brug. 236 Bulimus guamensis Pfr. 309 Bidimus navigatorius Pfr. 239 Bulimus radiolatus Pfr.. 317' Bulimus rub ens Muhlf . . 319 Bulimus tceniatus Mch.. . 205 Bidimus turgidus Pse. . . 178
C
caledonica Pfr 278
callif era Pfr 214
callistoma Schm 215
calypso Semp 307
canalis Mouss 263
carnicolor Hartm 286
CAROLINELLA Pils. . . 166, 308
carterensis Hartm 299
carteretensis Rve 199
carteriensis Q. & G 298
castanea Mlldff 310
castanea Pse 244
cinerea Alb 296
citrina Pse 218
clara Pse 197
Clytia Hartm 178
cognata Pse 253, 254
compacta Pse 248
compressa Cpr 233
com press a 'Pfr.' Rve. . . 181
eoncinua Pse 210, 288
322
INDEX TO PARTULID^E.
cookiana Mss 261
confluens Pils 192
conica Gld 265
consimilis Grt 319
corneola Hartm 209
coxi Angas, 296
crassa Pse 185, 191
•crassilabris Pse 225
D
dautzenbergi Cossm. . . . 164
decorticata Pse 217
decKssctula Pfr 174
delatouri Hartm 319
dentifera Pfr 216
diminuta Ad 259
dubia Garrett, 238, 239
dubia 'Pse.' Grt.... 185, 188 dumartroyi Soul 319
E
eburnea Hartm 281
Echo Hartm 176
elongata Pse 210
ENID^E 150, 164
erhelii Morel 212
estalliana Garr 254
Evadne Hartm 263
•eximia Hartm 280
expansa Pse 269
Extensa Pse 270
F
faba Martyn 235
fasciata Dillw 236
fasciata Pse 170
filosa Pfr 196
flavescens King 319
flavescens Mlldff 310
flexuosa Hartm 290
formosa Pse 218
fragilis Fer 318
f raterna Hartm 285
fusca Pse. 240
G
ganymedes Pfr 170
garretti Pse 228
glaber Hartm 319
globosa Pse 224
glutinosa Pfr 250, 252
gibba Fer 313
gonochila Pfr 272
gracilior Pse 211, 297
gracilis Pse 199
grandis Mlldff 310
grisea Less 304
guamensis Pfr 308
H
Harmonia Hartm 313
hartmanni Smith 301
hastula Hartm 291
hebe Pfr 223
Helena Hartm 178
hollandiana Pils 293
huaheinensis Garr 250
hyalina Brod 180
hyalina Brod 260
HYPER AULAX Pils. 164
Ilia Hartm 178
imperf orata Pse 219
inconstans Muhlf 236
incurva Hartm 291
inflata Rve 169
isabellinus Pfr 184, 186
K
kubaryi Hartm 299
labiata Pse 217
teva Pils 195
Iccvigata Pfr 186
lamellicosta Grt 319
Latia Hartm. 168
OOQ
INDEX TO PARTULID.E.
layardi Brug 319 nodosa Pfr 193
leefei Smith 274 nucleola Pse -0
LEPTOPARTULA Pils. . 165, 176
leucothoe Semp 301
lignaria Pse 184, lob 0-besa pse 260
lilacina Pfr 256, 257 o,kesior Pils 172.
Limax faba Mart 23 Obliterata Pils
lineata auct 20^ occidentalis Hedl 303
lineata Less 312 cEnone Hartm 178
lineolata Pse 197 otaheitana Brug 183
lirata Mouss '. 27o ovaiis Pse 235
lugubris Pse 234
lutea Less 25o p
M pacificaPfr 258
. _,. 97ft PALAOPARTULA Pils. 166, < xnacgilhvrayi Pfr 278 ^ pge 236
madeayi Braz 3i» PARTUIA Fer 155, 178
magdalina? Hartin 17a PARTULID^ Pils 155
margmata Garr <wo Pasithea Hartm 178
Marianna Pils ^ nPnePi Cox 320
MARZANEO.A Pils 166 313,320 £££°^ 231
MARQUESANA Pils. . . 165, 168 £ellucida Pse 297
martensiana Pils d-W ^nis Pse 206
mastersi Pfr oi6 lucens Hartm 293
Matata Hartm 1'9 * lexa Pse 250, 252
maura Muhlf. . . ... .... £*< perstrigata Pils 277
maximiliana P. & M dl» perversa (Helix) Ch. .. . 184
megastoma Pse • • • ^0 ersa Pse 185
MELANESICA Pils. . . 166, 276 <fifferi Crosse 278
, T>£~ 295 I'. I' . oorr OOQ
„_ one; ill tin KI i, v^iv/oov, .
micans Pfr. 295 PJ^ Garr 227? 22
microstore Pse. . . . .... *w pianilabrum Pse 244
minor Hartm Ml, *£> ponapensis Hartm 30S
www P^ om producta Pse 192
minuta Pfr 301 i pge 236j 233
woniawa Mlldff 30S JL |Lfl pse .... 241
TT or\o L uv&i/v -*- >j^^»
mooreana Hartm. •••••• *£j pr0xima Hartm 28
mucida Pfr 250, 2oZ j- Fxr_ ... 320
N pulchra Pse. - 250, 251
OQQ purpurascens Pir. *»
navigatoria Pfr ^£» ,, Old 320
nematoraphe Pils 279 mis Hartm 281
Nenia Hartm 178
newcombiana Hartm. ... Q
neweenitiarum Hartm. .. 306 Ani/u¥ ^18
nitens Pfr 258 quadrasi Mlldff.
324
INDEX TO PARTULHXE.
R
radiata Pse 232
radiolata Pfr 316
raiatensis Grt 221
recluziana Petit 269
recta Pse 172
recta Pse 221
reeveana Pfr 184
regularis Hartm 292
repanda Pfr 288
robusta Pse 248
rohri Pfr 320
rosea Brod 252
rubescens Rve 184, 190
rufa Carp 184
rufa Less 311
rustica Pse 227
S
salomonis Pfr 320
SAMOANA Pils 165, 263
semilineata Mouss 264
similaris Hartm 302
simulans Pse. . . 205, 207, 208
simplaria Morel 258
sinistralis Mayer, . . . 194, 196
sinistralis Pse 185
sinistrorsa Pse 185, 190
solidula Pse 248
solidula Rve 215
spadicea Rve 207
stenostoma Pfr 192
Sterope Hartm 276
stevensoniana Pils 266
stolida Garr 182
stolida Pse 257
straminea Pils 253
strigata Pse 171
strigosa Pfr 204
striolata Pse. . . 205, 207, 208
subangulata Pse 237
subgonochila Mss 273
suturalis Pse 245
suturalis Pfr. 201
tdbulana Ant, Grt 247
tasniata Morch 205
taheitana Gld 184
tahulana Anton 247
terrestris Pse 243
THAKOMBAUA. Pils. 165, 274
thalia Garrett 231
thersites Pfr 170
thetis Semp 307
torosus Bk 312
tricolor Muhlff 236
trilineata Pse 195
try oni Hartm 269
turgida Pse 178
turner! Pfr 277
•turricula Pse 283
turricula Pse 190
U
umbilicata Pse 229
uuidentata Sowb 320
upolensis Mss 266, 267
vanicorensis Q. & G. ... 289
varia Brod 250
vanabilis Pse 239, 240
ventricosa Grt 224, 225
ventricosa Pse 238
ventrosa Pse 225
vexillum Pse 204
vieentina Opp 164
virgmea Pse 222
virgulata High 320
virgulata Pse 261
vittata Pse 242
Valuta fasciata Dillw.. . . 236
W
woodlarkiana Hartm. .. . 303
Z
zebrina Gld 268
zonata Pils. 254
REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX.
PLATE 1. FIGURE PAGE
1, 2. Caecilioides acicula Mull. Specimens 9
3, 4. Caecilioides a. hyalina Bielz. Specimens 15
5-8. Caecilioides acicula, living. After Adams 2, 9
9. Caecilioides a. eburnea Risso. After Bourguignat. . 10
10. Caecilioides a. enhalia Bgt. After Bourguignat.... 11
11, 12. Caecilioides liesvillei Bgt. After Bourguignat. . . 13 13, 14. Csecilioides a. uniplicata Bgt. After Bourguignat 15
15. Caecilioides liesvillei Bgt. After Boettger 13
16. Caecilioides a. nodosaria Bgt. After Boettger 12
17. Caecilioides a. boettgeri Hesse. After Hesse 16
18. Caecilioides a. aglena Bgt. After Bourguignat 16
PLATE 2.
20-22. Caecilioides actoniana Ben. Specimen 25
23, 24. Caecilioides petitiana Ben. Specimen 26
25. Caecilioides aciculoides Jan. Malac. Val di Non 23
26, 27. Caecilioides rizzeana Ben. Specimen 25
28. Caecilioides gemmellariana Ben. Specimen 14
29, 30. Caecilioides stephaiiiana Ben. After Benoit 26
31. Caecilioides gemmellariana Ben. After Benoit 14
32, 33. Caecilioides nyctelia Bgt. Specimens 7
34, 35. Caecilioides maderensis Pils. Specimens 8
PLATE 3.
36. Caecilioides nanodea Bgt. After Bourguignat 21
37-38. Caecilioides brondeli Bgt, After Bourguignat. 20
39, 40. Caecilioides raphidea Bgt. After Bourguignat.. 20
41, 42. Caecilioides lauta Paul. After Paulucci 24
43, 44. Caecilioides letourneuxi Bgt. After Bourguignat 21
45. Caecilioides tumulorum Bgt. After Bourguignat. . . 30
46, 47. Csecilioides raddei Bttg. After Boettger 31
48, 49. Caecilioides michoniana Bgt. After Bourguignat 32
50. Caecilioides subsaxana Bgt. After Bourguignat. ... 31
51. Caecilioides soleilleti Bgt. After Bourguignat 36
52. Caecilioides ovampoensis M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H. 36
(325)
326 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX.
FIGURE PAGE
53. Caecilioides (?) munzingeri Jic. Ann. Jickeli 36
54-56. Caecilioides minuta Mouss. After Boettger 33
57. Caecilioides isseli Palad. ( ?). After Paladilhe 37
PLATE 4.
58, 59, 62. Caecilioides caledonica Crosse. (= gundlachi).
Specimens 45
60. Caecilioides balanus Bens. Conch. Icon 46
61. Caecilioides balanus Bens. (?). Conch. Indica 46
63. Caecilioides comorensis Morel. Journ de Conchyl. . . 47
64. Caecilioides blandiana Crosse. Journ de Conchyl. ... 42
65. 66. Caecilioides mariei Crosse. Journ. de Conchyl. . . 48
67. 71, 72. Caecilioides iota C. B. Ad. Jamaican specimens 38
68. Caecilioides c. minutissima Guppy. Barbados speci-
mens 41
69. Caecilioides mauritiana H. Ad. P. Z. S 47
70. Coecilioides stuhlmanni Marts. After Martens 48
73, 74. Caecilioides gundlachi Pfr. Specimens 43
PLATE 5.
75. Caecilioides mazei Crosse (= minutissima). Journ.
de Conchyl 42
76-79. CsRcilioides c. veracruzensis C. & F. , Specimens. . 40
80. Caecilioides c. minutissima Guppy. J. de Conchyl. 40
81, 82. Caecilioides consobrina Orb. Cuban specimens. 39
83, 85. Caecilioides c. minutissima var. ( ?) . Barbados
specimens 42
84. Caecilioides c. minutissima Guppy. Barbados speci-
mens 41, 42
PLATE 6.
1, 2. Glessula nitens Gray. Specimens 55
3, 4. Glessula n. punctogallana Pfr. Conchyl. Cab. ... 56
5. Glessula n. punctogallana Pfr. Specimen 56
6. Glessula deshayesi Pfr. Specimen 57
7. 8. Glessula ceylanica Pfr. Conchyl. Cab 57
9. Glessula serena Bens. Specimen 59
10, 11. Glessula inornata Pfr. Conchyl. Cab 53
12, 13. Glessula deshayesi Pfr. Specimens 57
14-16. Glessula inornata Pfr. Specimens 53
17. Glessula inornata var. Conchyl. Cab 53
REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX. 327
FIGURE PAGE
PLATE 7.
1-3. Glessula lankana Pils. Specimens 54
4. Glessula parabilis Bens. Conch. Indica 54
5. Glessula capillacea Pfr. Conch Indica 55
6, 7. Glessula layardi Pils. Specimens 59
8. Glessula simoni Jouss. After Jousseaume 61
9, 10. Glessula burrailensis G.-A. After G.-Austen. ... 92 11, 12. Glessula rugata Blanf. Specimens 87
13, Glessula collettre Sykes. Specimens 60
14, 15. Glessula f usca Pfr. Conch. Cab 101
16. Glessula taprobanica Pils. Specimen 58
PLATE 8.
1, 2. Glessula subperotteti Bedd. Proc. Malac. Soc 71
3, 4. Glessula subjerdoni Bedd. Proc. Malac. Soc 83
5, 6. Glessula subinornata Bedd. Proc. Malac. Soc.... 73
7, 8. Glessula canarica Bedd. Proc. Malac. Soc 72
9, 10. Glessula pusilla Bedd. Proc. Malac. Soc 84
11, 12. Glessula jeyporensis Bedd. Proc. Malac. Soc.... 75
13, 14. Glessula subserena Bedd. Proc. Malac. Soc 75
15, 16. Glessula subfilosa Bedd. Proc. Malac. Soc 86
17, 18. GLssula gracilis Bedd. Proc. Malac. Soc 83
PLATE 9.
1. Glessula tenuispira Bens. Conch. Indica 88
2. Glessula t. baculina Blanf. J. A. S. Bengal 88
3. Glessula t. pertenuis Blanf. Conch. Indica 89
4. Glessu.a tenuispira Bens. Specimen 88
5. Glessula nilagarica 'Bs.' Rve. Conch. Icon 90
6. Glessula hebes Blanf. J. A. S. Bengal 62
7. Glessula fairbanki Bens. Conch. Indica 63
8. Glessula shiplayi Pfr. Novit. Conch 61
9. 10. Glessula perrotteti Pfr. Conch. Cab 65
11. Glessula vadalica Bens. Conch. Indica 64
12. Glessula tamulica Blanf. Conch. Indica 64
13. 14. Glessula hugeli Pfr. Concn. Cabinet 91
15. Glessula prselustris Bens. Specimen 68
16. Glessula praelustris Bens. Conch. Indica 68
PLATE 10.
1, 2. Glessula amentum 'Bens.' Rve. Conch. Cab 77
3. Glessula amentum 'Bens.' Rve. Conch. Indica 77
4. Glessula amentum 'Bens.' Rve. Specimen 77
328 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX.
FIGURE PAGE
5. Glessula singlmrensis Blanf. Specimen 76
6. Glessula botellus Bens. Conch. Indica 78
7. Glessula arthurii (— orophila). Conch. Indica.... 79
8. 9. Glessula facula Bs.(perotteti Rve.). Conch. Iconica 77
10. Glessula orophila 'Bs.' Rve. Conch. Icon 79
11. Glessula oreas. Conch. Indica 80
12. 13. Glessula pseudoreas Nevill. Conch. Cab 80
14. Glessula crassilabris Bens. Conch. Indica 96
15. Glessula crassilabris Bens. Specimen 96
16. Glessula orobia. Conch. Indica 96
17. Glessula scrutillus Bens. Conch. Indica 81
PLATE 11.
1, 2. Glessula butleri G.-A. After Godwin- Austen .... 92
3. Glessula tornensis Blanf. Conch. Indica 69
4. Glessula tornensis Blanf. J. A. S. Bengal 69
5. Glessula chessoni Bens. Conch. Indica 68
6. Glessula textilis Blanf. Conch. Indica 69
7. Glessula textilis Blanf. Specimen 69
8. Glessula senator Hani. Conch. Indica 70
9. Glessula isis Hani. Conch. Indiea 71
10, 11. Glessula beddomei Blanf. Conch. Indica 73
12. Glessula bottampotana Bedd. Conch. Indica 74
13, 14. Glessula illustris G.-A. Specimen 95
15, 16. Glessula illustris G.-A. J. A. S. Bengal 95
PLATE 12.
1. Glessula pyramis Bens. Conch. Indica 92
2. Glessula leptospira Bens. Conch. Indica 65
3. 4. Glessula notigena Bens. Conch. Indica 66
5, 6. Glessula corrosula Pf r. Novit. Conch 67
7. Glessula paviei Mori. Specimen 100
8. Glessula paviei Mori. Journ. de Conchy 1 100
9. Glessula notigena Bens. Specimen 66
10. Glessula naja Blanf. Specimen 90
11. Glessula sarissa Bens. Conch. Indica 93
12. Glessula hastula Bens. Conch. Indica 93
13. 14. Glessula bensoniana Pf r. Conch. Cabinet 67
15. Glessula subfusiformis Blanf. J. A. S. Bengal 94
16. Glessula jerdoni 'Bs.' Rve. Specimen 75
17. 18. Glessula jerdoni 'Bs.' Rve. Conch. Cabinet 75
REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX. 329
FIGURE PAGE
PLATE 13.
1. Glessula gemina 'Bs. ' Rve. Conch. Iconica 97
2. Glessula g. f rumentum Rve. Conch. Iconica 98
3. Glessula gemina 'Bs.' Rve. Specimen 97
4. Glessula crassula 'Bs.' Rve. Conch. Indica 98
5. Glessula pulla Blanf. J. A. S. Bengal
6. Glessula pulla Blanf. Conch. Indica 81
7. 8. Glessula sattaraensis H. & T. P. Z. S. 1868. ... 82 9. Glessula paupercula Blanf. Conch. Indica 81
10. Glessula mullorum Blanf. Conch. Indica 84
11. Glessula blanf ordiana Nevill. J. A. S. Bengal 98
12. Glessula peguensis Blanf. Specimen 99
13. Glessula brevis Pfr. Conch. Indica 85
14. Glessula filosa Blanf. Conch. Indica 85
15. Glessula lyrata Blanf. Conch. Indica 86
16. Glessula 1. matheranica Blanf. J. A. S. Bengal .... 87
PLATE 14.
1, 2. Glessula wallacei Pfr. Novit. Conch 104
3. Glessula cornea (— sumatrana). After Boettger. . . 103
4, 5. Glessula sumatrana. Marts. After v. Martens. . . . 102
6, 10. Glessula runssorina Marts. After v. Martens. . . 104
7, 8. Glessula montana Martens. After Jickeli 104
9. Glessula laevigata Pfr. Specimen 105
11, 12. Glessula Isevigata Pfr. Novit. Conch 105
13, 14. Glessula sericina Jouss. Abbild 110
15. Glessula malaguettana Rang. After Rang 109
16. Glessula hyalina Rang. After Rang 107
17. 18, 19. Glessula paritura Gld. Specimens 108
20. Glessula bretignerei Chaper. After Chaper 109
PLATE 15.
1. Csecilioides acicula. Genitalia, after Lehmann 2
2, 3. Glessula orophila. Genitalia, after Semper 51
4, 5. Csecilioides moellendorffi Pils. Specimens 50
6, 7. Csecilioides philippinica Mlldff. After Mlldff. . . 49
8, Partula rosea Brod. Marginal teeth. Pilsbry, del. . 158
9, 10. Glessula laevigata Pfr. Teeth and jaw. Pilsbry,
del 106
11, 12. Partula lirata Mss. Teeth and jaw. After
Heynemann 158
330 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX.
FIGURE PAGE
PLATE 16.
1. Partula faba Martyn. Univ. Conch 235
2-8. Partula faba Martyn. Specimens . 235
9. Partula navigatoria Pfr. Conch. Icon ". . 239
10-13. Partula navigatoria Pfr. Specimens 239
14-16. Partula subangulata Pse. Specimens 237
PLATE 17.
1-3. Partula amanda Garr. Specimens 238
4, 8. Partula a. dubia Garr. Specimens 239
5-7. Partula fusca Pse. Specimens 240
9-11. Partula fusca terrcstris 'Pse.' Garr. Specimens 243
12. Partula fusca castanea 'Ps.' Garr. Specimen 244
13-15. Partula fusca approximata 'Pse.' Garr. Specimens 243
16. Partula fusca vittata Pse. Specimen 242
PLATE 18.
1-4. Partula planilabrum Pse. Specimens 244
5-7. Partula radiata 'Pse.' Garr. Specimens 232
8. Partula auriculata Brod. Specimen 247
9. Partula auriculata Brod. Conch. Icon 247
10-12. Partula auriculata Brod. Specimens 247
13-16. Partula a. robusta Brod. Specimens 248
PLATE 19.
1-6. Partula lugubris Pse. Specimens 234
7. Partula lugubris ovalis Pse. Specimen 235
8. 14. Partula bilineata Pse. Specimens 245
9-11, 13. Partula thalia Garr. Specimens 231
12, 15-18. Partula rustica Pse. Specimens 227
PLATE 20.
1-3. Partula callifera Pfr. Specimens 214
4. Partula dentifera Pfr. Specimen 216
5, 6. Partula d. formosa 'Pse.' Garrett. Specimens... 218 10, 11. Partula citrina 'Pse.' Garr. Specimens 218
7, 8. Partula dentifera var. Specimens 217
9. Partula labiata (= dentifera). Specimen 216
12. Partula solidula Reeve. Conch. Icon 215
13-15. Partula imperforata 'Pse." Garr. Specimens... 220 16, 17. Partula imperforata raiatensis Grt. Specimens. 221 18, 19. Partula imperforata virginea 'Pse.' Garr. Speci- mens. 222
REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX. 331
FIGURE PAGE
PLATE 21.
1-3. Partula hebe Pf r. Specimens 223
4, 8. Partula hebe bella 'Pse.' Hartm. Specimens.... 225
5, 9, 10. Partula crassilabris Pse. Specimens 225
6, 7. Partula hebe ventricosa Garr. Specimens 225
11-14. Partula umbilicata Pse. Specimens 229
15-19. Partula garretti Pse. Specimens 228
PLATE 22.
1, 2. Partula rosea Brod. Specimens 252
3, Partula rosea purpurascens Pf r. Specimen 253
4, 5. Partula rosea bipartita Pils. Specimens 253
6. 7. Partula rosea bicolorata Pils. Specimens 253
8, 9. Partula rosea straminea Pils. Specimens 253
10, 11. Partula rosea zonata Pils. Specimens 254
12, 17. Partula rosea cognata 'Pse.' Garr. Specimens. . 254
13-16. Partula rosea estalliana Garr. Specimens 254
PLATE 23.
1-10. Partula varia Brod. Specimens 250
11, Partula varia glutinosa Pfr. Conchyl. Cab 252
12, Partula varia Brod. Specimen 250
13, 14. Partula simplaria Morel. J. de Conchyl 258
15. Partula varia glutinosa Pfr. Specimen 252
16-19. Partula lutea Less. Specimens 255
PLATE 24.
1-4. Partula attenuata Pse. Specimens 198
5, 6. Partula annectens Pse. Specimens 254
7-9. Partula clara Pse. Specimens 197
10-13. Partula hyalina Brod. Specimens 180
14, 15. Partula arguta Pease. Specimens 176
16. Partula turgida Pease. Specimen 178
PLATE 25.
1-4. Partula o. lignaria Pse. Specimens 186
5, 6, 9. Partula o. affinis Pse. Specimens 187
7. Partula compressa 'Pfr.' Rve. (stolida Garr.). Speci-
men 182, 183
10, 11. Partula o. dubia Garrett. Specimens 188
8. Partula o. affinis var. Specimens 188
12, 13, 17. Partula nodosa Pfr. Specimens 193
14, 15. Partula nodosa trilineata Pse. Specimens 195
332 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX.
FIGURE PAGE
16. Partula nodosa laava Pils. Specimens 196
18, 19. Partula nodosa keva Pils. After Mayer 196
PLATE 26.
1, 2. Partula o. amabilis Pfr. Conch. Icon. . 189
3. Partula o. rubescens Rve. Specimen 190
4. Partula o. rubescens Rve. Conch. Icon 190
5. 6. Partula o. rubescens Rve. Specimens 190
7-10. Partula o. sinistrorsa 'Pse.' Garr. Specimens... 190
11. Partula o. eonfluens Pils. Specimen 192
12. Partula o. brevicula 'Pss.' Garr. Specimen 191
13-15. Partula otaheitana Brug. Specimens 183
16. Partula o. isabellina Pfr. Conch. Icon 186
PLATE 27.
1-3. Partula producta Pse. Specimens 192
4, 5. Partula filosa Pfr. Specimens 196
6. Partula suturalis Pfr. Specimen 203
7. Partula t. nucleola Pse. Specimen 209
8. Partula t. striolata Pse. Specimen 208
9. Partula s. vexillum Pse. Specimen 204
10, 11. Partula suturalis Pfr. Novit. Conch 201
12, 13. Partula stenostoma Pfr. Novit. Conch 192
14. Partula radiata microstoma Smith. Specimen 233
15, 16. Partula erheli Mouss. J. de Conehyl 212
PLATE 28.
1-6, 8. Partula suturalis Pfr. Specimens 201
7. Partula tseniata striolata Garr. Specimen 208
9-12. Partula s. vexillum Pse. Specimens 204
13. Partula otaheitana Brug. Specimen 183
14. Partula t. simulens Pse. Specimen 208
15, 16. Partula taeniata Morch. Specimens 205
PLATE 29.
1-7. Partula tseniata elongata Pse. Specimens 210
8. Partula taeniata Morch. Specimen 205
9-11. Partula t. elongata Pse. Specimens 210
12, 13. Partule tseniata Morch. Specimens 205,
14-16. Partula tseniata nucleola Pse. Specimens 209
17-20. Partula mooreana Hartm. Specimens 200
REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX. 333
FIGURE PAGE
PLATE 30.
1-3. Partula inflata Rve. Specimens 169
4-7. Partula ganymedes Pfr. Specimens 170
8, 12. Partula strigata Pse. Specimens 171
9, 10. Partula recta Pse. Specimens 172
11. Partula strigata obesior Pils. Specimen 172
12. Partula strigata Pse. Specimen 171
13. Partula bellula Hartm. Type specimen 173
14-16. Partula strigata obesior Pils. Specimens 172
17-19. Partula bellula Hartm. Specimens 173
PLATE 31.
1. Partula decussata Pfr. Specimen 174
2. 3. Partula magdalenas Hartm. Specimen 175
4. Partula decussata Pfr. Specimen 174
5. Partula tryoni (= zebrina). Type specimen 269
6. 7. Partula canalis biconica Pils. Type specimen... 264
8. Partula conica Gld. Type specimen 265
9. Partula zebrina recluziana. J. de Conch 269
10. Partula actor (= zebrina). Conchyl. Cab 268, 269
11. Partula zebrina Gld. Specimen 268
12. Partula stevensoniana Pils. Specimen 266
13. Partula zebrina recluziana. Specimen 269
14. 15. Partula zebrina Gld. Specimen 268
16. Partula zebrina recluziana. Specimen 269
PLATE 32.
1-3. Partula conica Gld. Type specimen 265
4. Partula stevensoniana Pils. Cotype 266
5. Partula conica Gld. Specimen 265
6. 7, 8. Partula canalis Mouss. Specimen 263
9, 11. Partula stevensoniana Pils. Cotype 266
10. Partula canalis Mouss. U. S. Expl. Exped 263
12-14. Partula expansa Pse. Specimens 269
15. 16. Partula abbreviata Mouss. Journ. de Conchyl. . . 267
PLATE 33.
1, 2. Partula brazieri Pease. Type specimen 271
3. Partula rosea cognata 'Pse.' Garr. Specimen 254
4. Partula turner! perstrigata Pils. Specimen 277
5. 6. Partula turner! Pfr. Specimen 277
7. Partula pyramis Hartm. Cotype 281
8. Partula eburnea Hartm. Photo, of type 281
334 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX.
FIGURE PAGE
9. Partula albescens Hartm. Proc. A. N. S. Phila. ... 283
10. Partula albescens Hartm. Specimen 283
11. Partula eximia Hartm. Type specimen 280
12-14. Partula caledonica Pfr. Type specimen 278
15, 16. Partula macgillivrayi Pfr. Novit. Conch 278
PLATE 34.
1-3. Partula carnicolor Hartm. Cotypes 286
4. Partula fraterna Hartm. Type specimen 235
5, 6. Partula minor Hartm. Cotypes 287
7-10. Partula auraniana Hartm. Cotypes 284
11. Partula repanda Pfr. E. A. Smith, del 288
12, 13. Partula proxima Hartm. Photo, of types 286
14. Partula minor. Type specimens 287
15-18. Partula lirata Mouss. Specimens 275
PLATE 35.
1-3. Partula nematoraphe Pils. Type specimen 279
4, 5. Partula flexuosa Hartm. Cotypes 290
6-8. Partula hastula Hartm. Cotypes 291
9, 10. Partula incurva Hartm. Cotypes 291
11. Partula regularis Hartm. Type specimen 292
12. Partula perlucens Hartm. Proc. A. N. S. Phila 293
13. Partula flexuosa Hartm. Type specimen 290
14. Partula regularis Hartm. Type specimen 292
15-17. Partula vanicorensis Q. & G. Zool. Astrolabe . . . 289
PLATE 36.
1-4. Partula coxi 'Ang. ' Hartm. Specimens 296
5, 6. Partula pellucida Pse. Specimens 297
7, 8. Partula kubaryi Hartm. Type specimen 299
9, 12. Partula concinna Pse. Specimen 288
10, 11. Partula micans Pfr. Conchyl. Cab 295
13, 14. Partula micans Pfr. Specimens 295
15. 16. Partula carteriensis Q. & G. Specimens 298
17, 18. Partula carteriensis Q. & G. Zool. Astrolabe ... 298
PLATE 37.
1-3. Partula grisea Less. Zool. Coquille 304
4. Partula occidentalis Hedl. After Hedley 303
5, 6. Partula hartmanni E. A. Smith. Specimen 301
7. Partula hartmanni E. A. Smith. P. Z. S 301
8-10. Partula hollandiana Pils. Type specimen 293
REFERENCE TO* PLATES, VOL. XX. 335 FIGURE PAGE
11, 12. Partula obliterata Pils. Type specimen 300
13, Partula similaris Hartm. Photo, of type 302
14, 15. Partula similaris Hartm. Specimens 302
16. Partula woodlarkiana Hartm. Photo, of type 303
PLATE 38.
1. Partula leucothoe 0. Semp. Journ. de Conchyl. ... 306
2. Partula calypso 0. Semp. Journ. de Conchyl 307
3. 4. Partula thetis 0. Semp. Journ. de Conchyl 307
5, 6. Partula thetis 0. Semp. Journ. de Conchyl 307
7, 8. Partula guamensis Pfr. Specimens 308
9. Partula guamensis Pfr. After Philippi 308
10. Partula brumalis (= guamensis) Pfr. Conch. Icon. 309 11-14. Partula guamensis brumalis Rve. Conchol. Mit-
theil 309
15, 16. Partula martensiana Pils. Type specimen 310
PLATE 39.
1. Partula gibba Fer. Voy. Uranie 313
2-11. Partula gibba Fer. Specimens 313
12-18. Partula gibba bicolor Pse. Specimens 315
19, 20. Partula lineata Lession. Voy. Coquille 312
PLATE 40.
1. Hemibulimus dennisoni Rve. Conch. Icon 115
2-4, 6. Hemibulimus d. earus Pils. Cotypes 116
5. Hemibulimus magnificus Pfr. After Smith 117
PLATE 41.
1. Partula radiolata rushi Pils. Type specimen 318
2-4. Partula radiolata Pfr. Specimens 316
5, 9. Partula assimilis Pse. Specimens 261
6, 10. Partula gonochila Pfr. Specimens 272
7, 8. Partula gonochila Pfr. Conchyl. Cab 272
9. Partula assimilis Pse. Specimen 261
10. Partula gonochila Pfr. Specimen 272
11, 12. Partula subgonochila Mouss. Journ. de Conchyl. 273
13. Partula mucida (= varia) . E. A. Smith, del 252
14. Partula lilacina (= lutea). E. A. Smith, del 257
15. Partula corneola. Hartm. Type specimen 209
16. Partula minuta Pfr. E. A. Smith, del 301
17. Partula corneola Pfr. Specimen 209
18. Partula taeniata spadicea Rve. Conch. Icon 207
336 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XX.
FIGURE PAGE
19, 20. Partula compressa 'Pfr.' Rve. Specimens 181
21. Partula compressa 'Pfr.' Rve. Conch. Icon 181
22. Partula obesa Pse. Amer. Jour, of Conch 260
PLATE 42.
1. Partula lirata Mouss. Jaw, after Semper 158
2. Partula gracilis Pse. Central part of jaw, after
Binney 158
3. Ena reiniana. Pallial complex. Pilsbry, del 160
4. Partula arguta Pse. Pallial complex x6. Pilsbry,
del 157
5. Partula rosea Brod. Pallial complex. Vanatta, del. 157
6. Partula sp. undet. Pallial complex x3. Pilsbry, del. 157
PLATE 43.
1. Partula varia huaheinensis Garr. Teeth. Pilsbry,
del 158
2. Partula rosea Brod. Teeth. Pilsbry, del 158
3. Partula bilineata Pse. Genitalia, after Binney .... 159
4. Partula rosea Brod. Muscles, Pilsbry del 159
5. Partula rosea Brod. Genitalia, Pilsbry del 158
6. Partula newcombiana Hartm. After Hartman 305
7. Glessula sinhila Prest. After Preston 320
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