SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

iMANUAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.,

SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL
SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

PHILADELPHIA :

PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA

MANUAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY

VOL. XXIV

PUPILLID^: (GASTROCOPTIN^E)

BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.

Special Curator of the Department of Mollusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

PHILADELPHIA :
PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA
I9I6-I9I8

EARTH

SCIENCES

UB8ARY

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE:

HENRY SKINNER, M.D., Sc.D. WITMER STONE, A.M., Sc.D,
HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D. WILLIAM J. Fox

EDWARD J. NOLAN, M.D.

EDITOR : HENRY A. PILSBRY.
TREASURER : S. RAYMOND ROBERTS.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction —

Terminology of the teeth of Pupillidse vii

The family Pupillidge x

The subfamily Gastrocoptinge x

Descriptions of genera and species —
The Gastrocopta group of genera.

Genus CH^NAXIS Pilsbry & Ferriss (Arizona) . 1

Genus GIBBULINA Beck (South America) 5

Genus GASTROCOPTA Wollaston 6

North American and West Indian species. . 12

South American species 89, 357

Species of Eastern Asia, Japan and Indo-

China 103

Species of Western Siberia and the Euro-
pean Tertiary 112

Species of Africa and the Mascarene Is-
lands 118, 358

Species of Ceylon, India and Malay Penin-
sula 134

Species of the Philippines, Polynesia and

Melanesia 140

Australian species 155

Genus BOTHRIOPTJPA Pilsbry (Tropical America) 226

The Hypselostoma-Boysidia group of genera 172

Genus HYPSELOSTOMA Benson (Oriental Re-
gion) 175, 360

Genus ANAUCHEN Pilsbry (Oriental Eegion) . . 188

Genus BOYSIDIA Ancey (Oriental Eegion) 192

Genus GYLIAUCHEN Pilsbry (Oriental Eegion) . 210
The Aulacospira-Systenostoma group of genera .... 220
Genus AULACOSPIRA Moellendorff (Philippines). 220
(iii)

v CONTENTS.

PAGE

Genus SYSTENOSTOMA Bavay & Dautzenberg

(Oriental Region) 224

The Abida group of genera • 232

Genus FAUXULUS Schaufuss (South. Africa) . . . 234
Genus ODONTOCYCLAS Schlueter (Europe) .... 254

Genus SANDAHLIA Westerlund (Europe) 258

Genus ABIDA Leach (Europe) 262

Genus GRANOPUPA Boettger (Palaearctic Region) 332

Appendix 357

Explanation of Plates 361

Dates of publication, parts 93-96 371

Index . . 373

PREFACE

Illustrated monographs of ''Pupa" have been published by
Kiister, 1849, and by Sowerby, 1872. In his Monographia
Heliceorum, 1848-1877, Pfeiffer included descriptions of the
species then known. The last general work is therefore forty
years old. Meantime the number of genera and species has
greatly increased, and taxonomic ideas have changed so radi-
cally that the classification and nomenclature of this volume
bear little resemblance to those of former works.

Owing to the minute size of many of these shells, the pro-
portion of inadequate or erroneous descriptions and of useless
or misleading figures in the existing literature is very large.

The Gastrocoptinaa, described in the present volume, is the
largest of the half-dozen subfamilies of Pupillidae to be con-
sidered in this monograph. It is also the most widely distrib-
uted; so that species from practically all countries are in-
cluded here.

The literature of Pupillidse is extensive, since most faunal
papers on land snails contain some species. In treating of
European and North American forms, therefore, a selection
has been made of the references thought most important.
To include references and localities from all local lists,
especially in Europe, would unduly increase the size of the
work; and while the importance of the material is appre-
ciated, its collation may properly be left for faunal works, in
which the accuracy of the references can be controlled, and
the details of distribution worked out, by investigators having
the requisite local knowledge. Outside of the European and
North American faunas, the author has aimed to give all
references of any value, and all localities which have been
published, omitting only mere lists and compilations contain-
ing no new information or localities.

While every care has been taken to omit nothing essential,
it cannot be expected that everything of importance has been
noted. The author will be grateful for information relating
to omissions or errors in this volume. Also for information or

(v)

VI PREFACE.

specimens bearing on the work to follow, upon the Pupillina,
OrculwKz, Vertiginince and other groups.

Specimens and information used in this volume have been
given generously by many zoologists. Part of these favors
have been acknowledged in the text, but special thanks are
due to —

Dr. N. Annandale, Superintendent of the Indian Museum,
for a series of Indian Pupillidae.

Dr. Paul Bartsch, Curator of Marine Invertebrates, for An-
tillean and South American species from the National Mu-
seum.

Mr. H. C. Burnup, for valuable notes on South African
species, with numerous specimens.

Dr. Geo. H. Clapp, for forms collected by him in the Baha-
mas, Florida and elsewhere.

Dr. Wm. H. Dall, for the loan of Galapagos Pupae.

Mr. John Farquhar, for South African Pupillidae collected
by him.

Mr. Charles Hedley, of the Australian Museum, for many
specimens of Australian Pupae, and information on several
species.

Mr. John B. Henderson, for the use of his large series of
Antillean Pupillidae.

Dr. V. Sterki, for various American species.

Mr. B. B. Woodward, who kindly reported on several types
in the British Museum and gave other useful notes on the
group.

Mention should also be made of the gifts, continued through
many years, of my constant friends Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss and
Mr. Y. Hirase, which have added largely to the material at
hand.

The firm of Sowerby & Fulton has taken pains to procure
for me a number of rare species, not accessible elsewhere.

That the Manual is able to continue during these unhappy
days, when a considerable part of its support from abroad is
cut off, and the difficulties of publication are increased, is due
to the interest of the Council and Publication Committee of
the Academy, who have steadfastly encouraged the work.

H. A. P.

INTRODUCTION

Terminology of the Teeth of Pupillidce.
Though a definite terminology of the teeth of Pupae has
been in use for about seventy years by such scholarly author-
ities as Pfeiffer, Rossmaessler, Benson and others, many
species have been described as though no terminology existed,
or using other terms than those of Pfeiffer. This often leaves
us in uncertainty as to the meaning, and produces great diver-
sity among the original descriptions quoted or translated in
this monograph. It has not been practicable to reduce the
descriptions to a common terminology, since although one can
usually tell what teeth are described, yet in too many cases
there is uncertainty. Authors have often described the posi-
tion of each tooth elaborately — a waste of ink, since the posi-
tions are practically invariable except in the degree of immer-
sion. The use of the terms labrum and labium (labral and
labial) has also led to confusion in many cases; as these
terms are superfluous they may be abandoned with advantage.

Lamellae

Supracolumellar - — -- N^-

Columellar
Subcolumellar

£7lira Suprapalatal

f- — Upper palatal
— -^Tr~^ Interpalatal

Lower palatal
"^ Infrapalatal

Basal

FIG. 1. Terminology of lamellae and folds.

(vii)

VU1 INTRODUCTION.

The principal folds or teeth have definite positions and are
homologous throughout the group. The terminology now in
use is an amplification of that of Pfeiffer, 1848 (Monographia
Heliceorum, ii, p. 300).

All teeth or laminae upon the parietal and columellar mar-
gins are called lamella, whatever their shape; all within the
outer lip are called folds or plica. In the following table the
names of the secondary, usually variable teeth, are italicized.

fTwin lamella, parallel lamellae. ") Lamella angu-

Angular lamella, spiral lamella. laris and I"..

{uujLcuu wan Parietal lamella. { parietales. Plis

Infraparietal lamella. J supe'rieurs

TT ,1 f Supracolumellar lamella. ~] Lamellae

I Columellar lamella. [ columellares.

I Subcolumellar lamella. ) Spindelfalten

f Sutured and Suprapalatal folds. "]

w:*i, •„ *u Upper palatal fold. | Plicae palatales

Within the Interpalatal folds. and Plica

mar^ns Lower palatal fold. basalis.

Infropalalal folds. Gaumenfalten.

L Basal fold. J

A suprapalatal fold, when situated close below the suture,
is often called a sutural fold.

The parietal and columellar lamellae and the lower palatal
fold usually are at the angles of an equilateral triangle, when
the said fold is not deeply immersed. This is useful in fixing
the identity of the plicae, not always clear in multidentate
forms, or those in which there has been extensive reduction
of teeth.

Some authors have designated the folds within the outer
lip by number, 1, 2, 3, etc., from the upper downwards. This
serves very well for descriptive purposes, but the homologies
of the folds are entirely lost, since the upper one may be a
sutural, a suprapalatal or an upper or lower palatal. This
also affects the identity of the folds below the first. The
second fold in one species may be homologous with that called
first or third in another.

TOOTH FORMULAS. — Several modes of briefly stating tooth

INTRODUCTION. x

arrangements have been proposed. The simplest gives merely
the number of teeth on each margin ; thus 2-1-3 denotes two
teeth on the parietal wall, one on the columellar and three in
the outer and basal margins. If more definite information is
to be conveyed, the initials of the teeth may be used, those
representing concrescent or united teeth being enclosed in
parentheses, as follows:

a. Angular lamella. s. Suprapalatal fold.

p. Parietal lamella. w. Upper palatal fold.

ip. Infraparietal lamella. i. Interpalatal fold,

c. Columellar lamella. I. Lower palatal fold.

sc. Subcolumellar lamella. &. Basal fold.

Thus, (a.p.)-c-u.l.b. denotes the presence of united an-
gular and parietal lamellae, a columellar lamella, upper and
lower palatal and basal plicae. While more cumbersome than
the numerical formula, this has the advantage of showing
what teeth are present, information more important than the
mere number. The practical utility of such formulas is open
to question. Space is saved, but at the expense of those who
use the work.

Family PUPILLIDJE Turton.

Pupttlada TURTON, Manual of the Land and Fresh-water
Shells of the British Islands, 1831, p. 97.

Pupidce of most authors.

A synopsis of the general classification of Pupillida with
keys to genera will be deferred until the last volume treating
of the family, when the details shall have been worked out.
A provisional list of the subfamilies here given may serve for
reference temporarily. A few of the leading genera are men-
tioned as examples.

GASTROCOPTIN.E : Gastrocopta, Hypselostoma, Abida.

PUPILLIN/E : Pupilla, Pupoides.

PAGODININ^E : Pagodina, Aspasita.

ACANTHINULIN^E : Acanthinula.

VERTIGININ.E : Vertigo, Nesopupa,, Trancatellina.

ORCULIN.E : Orcula, Lauria.

STROBILOPSIN^ : Strobttops.

The family has been given rather wide limits, and it may be
that part or all of the subfamilies will eventually be elevated
to families; yet our knowledge of the soft anatomy of the
group is merely fragmentary, and it seems best in a system-
atic work not to go too far ahead of the evidence. At present
it is more important to demonstrate the affinities existing be-
tween the genera and other groups.

At least four of the subfamilies contain Helicoid forms. In
three of them they are associated with lengthened or cylindric
genera, but the Strobilopsmtz contains only conic and Helicoid
species. Except Hypselostoma, these Helicoid genera have
usually been placed with the Helicidae.

Subfamily GASTROCOPTIN^ Pilsbry.

Pupillidae with the lower tentacles developed, though gen-
erally short, the shell without lamellae or plicae in the neanic
stage; typically having angular, parietal and columellar la-
mellae and two or more palatal plicae.

PUPILLJIXE. XI

This subfamily is related to the Pupillincz (q. i>.), but dis-
tinguished by the different arrangement of apertural teeth of
typical forms in all the genera. As most genera have also
series which are catamorphic or degenerative in teeth, differ-
ential diagnosis of these subfamilies are not now practicable.
Nevertheless, a study of the more fully toothed forms of each
genus shows that the subfamily is a natural group.

The genera of Gastrocoptince fall into four collateral series,
as follows:

I. Small (length 4 mm. or less, 4 to 6~y2 whorls), thin, cor-
neous or brown.

THE GASTROCOPTA GROUP. Pupiform; angular and

parietal lamellae converging or united.
Gibbulina, p. 5. South America.
Cluznaxis, p. 1. North America.
Gastrocopta, p. 6. Nearly world-wide.
Bothriopupa, p. 226. Tropical America.
THE HYPSELOSTOMA-BOYSIDIA GROUP. Pupiform, conic

or depressed, last whorl tangential (p. 172).
Hypselostoma, p. 175. Oriental.
Boysidia, p. 192. Oriental.
Gyliauchen, p. 210. Oriental.
THE AULACOSPIRA GROUP. Helicoid, the last whorl not

tangential (p. 220).
Aulacospira, p. 220. Philippines.
Systenostoma, p. 224. Indo-China.

II. Mainly larger, more solid shells of cylindric, conic or tur-
rited form, usually with more whorls, which are more
closely coiled than in the preceding groups.
THE ABIDA GROUP (p. 232).

Fauxulus, p. 234. South Africa.

Odontocyclas, p. 254. Eastern Alpic region.

Sandahlia, p. 258. Pyrenees.

Abida, p. 262. Europe.

Granopupa, p. 332. Mediterranean countries.

Chondrina (Vol. XXV). Europe, Morocco.

Xll

Distribution.

The discussion of distribution is deferred until the conclu-
sion of the monograph. The genera of Gastrocoptinse range
as follows :

Palaearctic Region: Gastrocopta, Odontocyclas, Sandahlia,
Abida, Granopupa, Chondrina.

Ethiopic Region : Gastrocopta, Fauxulus.

Oriental Eegion : Gastrocopta, Hypselostoma, Boysidia, Gy-
liauchen, Aulacospira and Systenostoma.

Australian Region : Gastrocopta.

Nearctic Region : Gastrocopta, Chaenaxis.

Neotropic Region : Gastrocopta, Bothriopupa, Gibbulina.

Gastrocopta is thus the only genus found on all the conti-
nents. All the others are confined to single faunal Regions.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

DESCRIPTIONS OP GENERA AND SPECIES.
Genus CHJENAXIS Pilsbry & Ferriss.

Ch&naxis PILS. & FERR., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 145.

The shell is cylindric or slightly tapering, having a large,
hollow axis, open below, and about one-third the total diam-
eter of the shell; lamellae and plicae substantially as in the
typical group of Gastrocopta, the angular and parietal lamellae
being wholly concrescent into one lobed lamella; columellar
lamella well-developed, horizontal; a deeply entering supra-
columellar lamella is sometimes developed. Upper and lower
palatal plicae and basal plica present.

Type C. tuba (P. & F.). The known species live in Arizona.

A broadly open umbilicus at all stages of growth is un-
usual in Pupttlidcz. Its development in Chcenaxis seems suffi-
cient ground for generic rank, even though the rest of the
organization is essentially that of Gastrocopta, at least so far
as the shell is concerned. The position of the basal plica, as
well as the structure of the wholly concrescent angulo-parietal
lamella, show that Chcenaxis was derived from the southern
typical Gastrocopta stock, not from the northern Albinula
and Sinalbinula group of the genus.

Key to Species.

a. Last whorl having a long cord-like spiral lamella on the
axis.

b. Internal lamella ~L~y2 to 2 whorls long.

C. intuscostata, no. 2.
b1. Internal lamella about 1 whorl long.

C. i. brevicostata, no. 2a.
a1. Last whorl without a long spiral lamella inside.

C. tuba, no. 1.

6 CH^ENAXIS.

1. CILENAXIS TUBA (Pilsbry & Ferriss). PL 9, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is eylindric with a short terminal cone, openly
umbilicate, the umbilicus nearly one-third the diameter of the
shell, its large cavity penetrating to the first whorl. Pale
brown, smooth, marked with light growth-lines. The apex is
obtuse. Whorls 5%, convex, the last three forming the cylin-
drical part of the shell; last whorl is compressed laterally
and obtusely angular around the umbilicus, scarcely straight-
ened in front; in basal view it expands broadly at the aper-
ture. The aperture is shortly oval, the peristome thin, con-

Figs. 1-4. Ch&naxis tuba, type.

tinuous and broadly expanding. The angular and parietal
lamellae are concrescent into one long bilobed lamella. The
columellar lamella is rather massive, having a sloping callous
or a lower rounded tooth on its lower side; becoming a low
cord, it continues inward to the back of the last whorl (pi. 9,
fig. 3). The upper and lower palatal and basal folds are

CH^ENAXIS. 3

situated as usual, the lower palatal a little more deeply placed
and longer than the others, and there is often a small inter-
palatal denticle. There is no supracolumellar lamella.

Length 3.3, diam. 1.6 mm. (original figure, and pi. 9, fig. 1).

Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm. (smallest in type lot).

Arizona: Drift debris of the San Pedro Kiver, one mile
east of Benson (type locality; Ferriss and Pilsbry) ; near
Dos Cabezas Cave, west of the Dos Cabezas Range, Cochise
Co. (Mort Wien) ; Tumamoc Hill, under stones, and in flood
debris at the west end of Congress St., Tucson (Pilsbry and
Ferriss) .

Bifidaria tuba P. & F., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 145 ;
fig. 6; 1910, p. 144; 1915, p. 390.

This species lives in the arid foothills and low mountains
of the Lower Sonoran zone, not in the higher mountains. It
is rare in the debris of the San Pedro River, probably washed
in from the foothills of the Whetstone Mountains, or possibly
the hill country about Tombstone.

A few specimens were found under stones on Tumamoc
Hill, and more, together with C. intuscostata, in flood debris
at the foot of the hills at the west end of Congress St., Tucson.
These specimens have a small supracolumellar nodule, some-
times two (pi. 9, fig. 3), but no spiral lamella running in-
ward from it, though there is a shallow spiral depression,
scarcely to be called a furrow, on the internal axis.

2. CH^NAXIS INTUSCOSTATA (Clapp). PL 9, figs. 6 to 9.

The shell is openly umbilicate, cylindric, usually longer
than C. tuba, and composed of about 6% whorls ; light brown.
Last whorl, aperture and teeth as in C. tuba, but the supra-
columellar lamella is almost invariably present and visible
from in front, and the subcolumellar nodule is conspicuous.
Inside there is a strong, cord-like lamella about 1% to 2
whorls long, terminating near and behind the supracolumel-
lar nodule.

Length 3.85, diam. 1.65 mm.; 6% whorls (fig. 9).

" Length 4.2, diam. 2 mm.; 6% whorls (largest )."

CH^ENAXIS.

"Length 3.25, diam. 1.8 mm.; 5% whorls (smallest nor-
mal shell)."

Arizona: foothills of the Plmnosa Range,, about 8 miles
east of Quartzsite, Yuma Co. (Geo. S. Hutson) ; debris of
Salt Eiver, Tempe, Maricopa Co. ; flood debris at west end of
Congress St., Tucson (Pilsbry and Ferriss).

Bifidaria tuba subsp. intuscostata CLAPP, Nautilus, xxii,
Dee. 1908, pp. 76, 96, pi. 7, figs. 1-11.

The main distinctive character of this species is the long,
spirally ascending supracolumellar lamella, which is wanting
in C. tuba. It is also, in the main, longer and more cylin-
drical than tuba. At Tucson it occurs with the latter in
storm debris apparently washed out of the Tumamoc Hills.
Dr. Clapp has figured several curious abnormal shells found
in the original lot.

Figs. 5-8. Abnormal specimens of C. intuscostata.

The specimens from Tucson and Tempe are typical in struc-
ture. It is rare at Tempe, where the largest taken measures,
length 4, diam. 1.7 mm.

2a. Form brevicostata, new form. PL 9, figs. 4, 5. The
shell is smaller and tapers more upwards than B. intuscos-
tata, and the spiral supracolumellar lamella is only about one
whorl long. Length 3.25, diam. above aperture 1.6 mm.

Tempe, Arizona, in drift of Salt Eiver (Pilsbry and Fer-
riss, Ashmun).

A fragmentary specimen of this was figured in Proc. A.
N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 146, fig. 7.

GIBBULINA. 5

2b. Specimens from the Eagle Tail Mountains, 12 miles
north of Kofa, Yuma Co., in moist places among piles of loose
rock covered by decayed cactus, elevation about 2000 ft. (G.
S. Hutson), and also one of those opened from Tucson, have
the internal lamella only about a whorl long or less, but they
have the cylindric shape and well-developed supracolumellar
nodule of intuscostata. It is an intermediate form between
intuscostata and brevicostata, but whether racially distinct I
am not prepared to say.

Genus GIBBULINA Beck.

Gibbulina BECK, Index Molluscorum, 1837, p. 81. — GRAY,
P. Z. S., 1847, p. 176 (P. infundibuliformis selected as type).

Infundibularia PFEIFFER, Malak. Blatter, xxiii, 1876, p.
213 (monotype P. infundibuliformis Orb.).

The shell is minute, broadly umbilicate, conic, thin, the
whorls (6 in the type species) convex, of small caliber. Aper-
ture small, lateral, oblong, obstructed by a large, deeply en-
tering parietal lamella ; peristome expanded and thick. Type
G. infundibuliformis.

The status of this Bolivian group is uncertain, but the
known characters, so far as they go, suggest that it may be a
derivative of Gastrocopta, either directly related to Ch&naxis
or possibly Immersidens, or a modification parallel to the
former. If so, it will probably prove to have deeply immersed
columellar and palatal teeth. As the type specimens of the
only species are lost, these questions must remain in abeyance.

Gibbulina was established by Beck as a subgenus of Pupa
with the following species :

G. infundibuliformis (d'Orb.). G. palanga (Fer.).

G. lyonetiana (Pallas). G. iulus B.

G. pagoda (Fer.). G. palangula (Fer.).

G. filosa (Valenc.). G. modiolus (Fer.).

G. inflata (Valenc.). G. modiolina (Fer.).

G. sulcata (0. Mull.). G. versipolis (Fer.).

From these, Gray selected the first, G. infundibuliformis as
type, in 1847. This invalidates the subsequent general use of
the name Gibbulina for a group of Mascarene Streptaxidce.

6 GIBBULINA, GASTROCOPTA.

GIBBULINA INPUNDIBULIFORMIS (Orbigny). PL 28, figs. 5, 6.

Shell very short, conic, thin, striate, provided with a very
large, funnel-shaped umbilicus, in which a large part of each
whorl may be seen. Spire conic, short, with a rather obtuse
summit, composed of 6 swollen whorls, separated by a strongly
marked suture. Aperture entirely lateral to the axis, oblong
and oblique, provided with a strong tooth or elevated lamella
which penetrates into the interior; it is situated on the pari-
etal wall. The margins of the lip are thick and a little re-
flected. Color, uniform grayish. Length 2.5, width 1.5 mm.

Distribution. — Bolivia, at a place called Pampa Ruis,
Province of Laguna, on the last foothills of the eastern slope
of the Bolivian Andes, under stones and moss, on precipitous
ridges.

Helix infundibuliformis ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 21. —
Pupa infundibuliformis ORB., Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meri-
dionale, p. 323, pi. 41 bis, f . 7-9. — PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel.
Viv., ii, 331.

This remarkable snail is known only by d 'Orbigny 's de-
scription and figures.

Genus GASTEOCOPTA Wollaston.

Gastrocopta WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlantica, 1878, p. 515,
for Pupa acarus Bens, and Pupa gorgonica Dhrn.

Leucochilus BOETTGER, in von Martens, Conchologische
Mittheilungen, I, 1881, p. 64. Not LeucochUa von Martens,
1860.

Bifidaria STERKI, in Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, 1891, p. 315, for P. contracta and P. servilis.
—STERKI, Nautilus VI, p. 4, 1892, and p. 99, 1893.— PILSBRY,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 590.— DALL, Nautilus XVII,
p. 116, 1904, type B. servilis Gld.

Includes also Eubifidaria, Albinula, Vertigopsis and Prwa-
tula, Sterki, 1893. Immersidens Pilsbry and Vanatta, 1900.

The shell is rimate or perforate, cylindric or ovate-conic,
having angular and parietal lamellae more or less completely
united into one biramose, bifid, lobed or sinuous lamella (or
rarely the angular lamella is wanting). Columellar lamella

GASTROCOPTA. 7

present; palatal folds developed (except in B. corticaria).
Lip well expanded.

The foot is short; tentacles are rather short but distinct.
The sole is not divided longitudinally, and in progression
shows few muscular waves over its whole width.

Type, G. acarus (Bens.).

Distribution, nearly world- wide, in tropical and temperate
regions, but wanting in the recent European fauna.

Gastrocopta is essentially a hexodont Pupillid of oblong-
conic, subcylindric or ovate shape, in which the angular and
parietal lamellae converge and are connected by a callus in-
wardly, or become completely concrescent into a single sin-
uous lamella; the shell being small, thin, usually corneous,
and without lamellae in youth.

The affinities of the species are determined by the mode
and degree of specialization of the lamellae and plicae. Spec-
ialization has been in two directions, which might be termed
negative and positive :

(1) In some forms the teeth have been reduced in size and
number. Thus Privatula (G. corticaria) has lost the palatal
and basal plicae; in Vertigopsis (G. pentodon) the lamellae of
the parietal region have degenerated.

(2) In other forms the lamellae, and more rarely the plicae,
are enlarged and specialized in shape, producing very com-
plicated apertures.

In either series, accessory lamellae and plicae may be de-
veloped; they have little significance.

Many species of Gastrocopta have the shell daubed with
dirt, attached by the mucus of the animal. Bothriopupa has
the same habit, but not our other American genera such as
Pupoides, Pupilla and Vertigo. Species and individuals are
most numerous on limestone terranes, or where the rock con-
tains considerable lime, living under stones or wood in grassy,
often sunny places, or in the shade on leaves and dead wood.
G. corticaria is commonly found on the trunks of trees, not
far from the ground.

Gastrocopta approaches more nearly to a world-wide dis-
tribution than any other genus of the family Pupillidce. If

8 GASTROCOPTA.

we include Europe, where species existed from Oligocene to
Pliocene times, it inhabits every continent, Polynesia and
Hawaii, though in these Pacific islands the few species are
apparently importations during the human period. North-
ward Gastrocopta does not quite reach the 53d parallel, fall-
ing far short of the northward range of Pupilla and Vertigo.
The absence of species on the American west coast is notable.

NOMENCLATURE. — Species of the genus under consideration
formed part of the subgenus Leucochila of von Martens (Die
Heliceen, 1860, p. 296), which was a heterogeneous group, a
species of the genus Pupoides being designated as type.

Dr. O. Boettger of Frankfurt, in 1881, was the first to call
attention to the composite character of Leucochila. We owe
to him the first recognition that Pupa armifera and its allies
form a separate genus, which he proposed to call Leuco-
chUus. Zoologists at the present time are not agreed as to
whether such names as LeucochUus and Leucochila are to be
considered distinct; many refuse to accept generic terms dif-
fering only in gender termination from prior names, while
others hold that they are available. Until some consensus of
opinion is reached on this point, and a ruling thereon formu-
lated by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature, such similar terms are to be avoided.

LeucochUus Boettger has been adopted by most German
authors who have treated of the genus. In America the spe-
cies were left in Leucochila Martens until Dr. V. Sterki, in
1891-2, proposed the term Bifidaria, which has been used in
practically all subsequent American work on the genus.

On account of the impossibility of determining whether
LeucochUus will eventually be ruled to be a valid name or a
homonym, I am reviving the term Gastrocopta Wollaston,
1878, which has three years priority over LeucochUus. Wol-
laston seems to have had no adequate idea of the limits or
characters of his group ; but his first species, Pupa acarus
Bens., which I select as the genotype, is closely related to the
type of Bifidaria, Pupa servUis Gld.

AFFINITIES. — In both Asia and America there are several
genera having the essential apertural structure of Gastro-

GASTROCOPTA. 9

copta, but differing by the development of other special fea-
tures of shape, umbilical region, or the like. They are un-
doubtedly local or regional derivatives of the old parent genus
Gastrocopta. In eastern Asia we have Boysidia, and Hypse-
lostoma; in America, Ch&naxis, Bothriopupa, and perhaps
Gibbulina, all branches of the Gastrocopta trunk. As more
remote relatives, collateral genera which probably descended
from the same Mesozoic stock as Gastrocopta, we may men-
tion Fauxulus, Odontocyclas and Abida (Torquilla).

PAL^EONTOLOGIC HISTORY. — As fossils, the Gastrocopts are
known only in the tertiaries of Europe. In the middle Oli-
gocene of Germany representatives of two subgenera, Albi-
nula and Sinalbinula, appear, presumably from an Asiatic or
Asiatico-American center of dispersal. Both continue in
abundance throughout the Upper Oligocene, Miocene and
Pliocene, in numerous specific mutations, but without much
structural progress. The fossils known throw no light on the
origin of the genus, since at least two of its minor divisions
had already been characteristically evolved prior to the
earliest appearance now known. The origin of the genus
must have been far earlier, Eocene or possibly Cretaceous.
Further notes, with illustrations, may be found in the section
treating of European species.

DISPERSAL. — The migrations of so old a group as Gastro-
copta cannot be traced with any degree of certainty until its
paleontologic history is better known. It appears likely that
the main evolution of the group was in Holarctica, and espec-
ially in eastern Asia and North America, whence early emi-
grants penetrated into Europe and Australia, and later ones
into tropical America. In Australia the species remain rather
primitive in structure of the parietal and columellar lamellae,
the angular lamella being scarcely or but weakly united with
the parietal, even in the specialized group Australbinula.
None have the wholly concrescent lamellae of the progressive
Pliocene and recent Holarctic forms. This looks like an early
Tertiary radiation to that area. In South America the
Pupillidae (Gastrocopta, Immersidens, Pupoides) are closely
related to those of the Antilles and southern North America,

10 GASTEOCOPTA.

and in exactly the same stage of evolution, evidently indi-
cating a late Tertiary dispersal over this area.

Excepting the Australian Australbinula, all of the highly
specialized Gastrocoptoid groups, such as Hypselostoma, Im-
mersidens, Ch&naxis, and the more complex Albinulas, are in
eastern Asia and North America. There seems no reason
(and certainly there is no evidence) for believing that any of
them arose in parts of the world remote from their present
areas.

The chiefly middle and South American and African dis-
tribution of the typical (acarus and servilis) group of Gas-
trocopta is somewhat problematic, and is perhaps traceable
to an earlier radiation than the groups considered above. It
does not connect readily with the other stocks. In Polynesia
the extraordinarily wide distribution of G. pediculus and
lyonsiana, seems>to me explicable only by the supposition that
the former was carried by the Polynesian islanders ; it occurs
also in Micronesia, Melanesia and the East Indies. G. lyon-
siana may have been spread later, by nineteenth-century
commerce.

SUBDIVISIONS OF GASTROCOPTA. — The species will be grouped
geographically in the following account, as this is more con-
venient in practical use than a strictly systematic sequence.

I. North American and West Indian species (nos. 1

to 25).
II. South American species (nos. 26 to 37).

III. East Asiatic species, Japan to Indo-China (nos. 38

to 45).

IV. Species of Western Siberia and Europe (nos. 46

to 64).

V. African and Mascarene species (nos. 65 to 76).
VI. Species of Ceylon, India and the Malay Peninsula

(nos. 77 to 85).
VII. Insular species, East Indies, Melanesia, Micronesia,

Polynesia, Hawaii (nos. 86 to 94).
VIII. Australian species (nos. 95 to 106).

GASTROCOPTA. 11

Snbgenera of Gastrocopta.

ALBINULA Sterki. Whitish forms with a palatal callous
and palatal plicae. The inner end of the parietal lamella
curves towards the periphery, and (except in G. holzingeri)
the anterior end is concrescent with the angular lamella.
Inner end of the columellar lamella curves downward. Type
G. contracta (species 1 to 3, 46 to 51).

SINALBINULA Pils. Whitish, with plicse on a palatal cal-
lous. Parietal lamella straight inside, or curving towards the
columella, its anterior end usually free, but sometimes the
angular and parietal lamellae are concrescent into a single
sinuous lamella. Columellar lamella horizontal, or with the
inner end curved downward. Type G. armigerella (species
nos. 38 to 45, 52 to 65, etc.).

VERTIGOPSIS Ckll. and Sterki. Whitish, with palatal plicse
and usually with a palatal callous. Parietal lamella small,
short and straight, the minute angular concrescent with it or
wanting. Columellar lamella horizontal or having the inner
end decurved. Type G. pentodon (species 4 to 7).

AUSTRALBINULA Pils. Whitish forms with palatal plicse but
no palatal callous. Angular and parietal lamellae diverging
in front, the parietal curving towards the columella within.
Columellar lamella steeply running upward within. Type G.
rossiteri.

PRIVATULA Sterki. Whitish, without palatal callous or
plicae; angulo-parietal and columellar lamellse very small.
Type G. corticaria (species no. 15).

IMMERSIDENS Pils. & Van. Whitish or cinnamon shells
with palatal plicae but no palatal callous. Parietal lamella
curving towards the periphery at its inner end, diverging
from the angular anteriorly, in form of a reversed letter "y".
Columellar lamella horizontal or decurved at the inner end.
Basal plica transverse to the cavity when present. Type G.
ashmuni (species nos. 8 to 14, 34 to 36).

GASTROCOPTA Wall. Whitish or cinnamon shells with pala-
tal plicse but no palatal callous. Angular and parietal
lamellae concrescent into a single sinuous lamella, which is
rarely a little forked anteriorly. Columellar lamella short,

12 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

horizontal, or with a callous below the inner end. Palatal
plicae unspecialized, the upper and basal small or sometimes
wanting; the basal not subcolumellar in position. Type G.
acarus (species 16 to 33, 66 to 78, 86, 87).

The interrelations of the subgenera, so far as now under-
stood, may be roughly indicated by a diagram:

Albinula

Australbinula Vertigopsis

Sinalbinula

I

Immersidens-

Privatula

•Gastrooopta

I. NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN SPECIES.
Temperate North America has by far the most diversified
Gastrocopta fauna of any continent, five subgenera being
represented. Three of these, Albinula, Vertigopsis and Pri-
vatula, are notable for their specialization and the small
number of species.

Key to Subgenera.
a. Teeth of the parietal wall small or minute.

&. Palatal plicae present. Subgenus Vertigopsis, spe-
cies nos. 4 to 7.
61. No palatal plicae or callous. Subgenus Privatula,

species no. 15.

e1. Teeth of the parietal wall moderately or well developed.
b. Palatal plicae standing on a white callous; aperture
nearly filled by the large teeth. Subgenus Albinula,
species nos. 1 to 3.
61. Palatal plicae not joined by a callous.

c. Angular and parietal lamellae diverging for-
ward, the whole like a reversed (mirrored)
letter "y". Subgenus Immersidens, species
nos. 8 to 14.

c1. Angular and parietal wholly concrescent into
a sinuous lamella, or with the parietal pro-
jecting very little forward. Subgenus Gas-
trocopta, species nos. 16 to 25.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 13

Keys to the species will be found under the subgeneric
heads.

Subgenus ALBINULA Sterki.

Albinula STERKI, Nautilus, vi, 1892, pp. 4, 101, type P.
contracta. — Leucochilus BOETTGER, Conchol. Mittheil., i, 1881,
p. 64, type Pupa armifera. Not Leucochila von Martens,
1860.

Whitish-translucent Gastrocoptas having the inner end of
the parietal lamella curved towards the periphery; angular
lamella well developed, concrescent in varying degree with
the parietal; the palatal plicae stand upon a white palatal
callous, and a suprapalatal plica is usually developed. Ex-
cept in G. armifera,, the columellar lamella is horizontal in
front and curves towards the base within. The lip is thin
and expanded.

Type G. contracta (Say). Distribution, North America
except the Pacific slope ; Oligocene to Pliocene of Europe.

If names differing from prior generic terms only in gender
are acceptable, Leucochilus will replace Albinula for this sub-
genus.

In America, the species of Albinula are few and strongly
differentiated from one another by the structure of the pari-
etal and columellar lamellae, which can be seen fully only by
breaking away the back or base of the shell. Albinula is
peculiar by the usual development of a suprapalatal plica;
a fold which is never found in Immersidens or the typical
group of Gastrocopta. It is related to Sinalbinula and its
derivative Vertigopsis, but had already been differentiated
from these groups in the Oligocene, when the group first
appears. The very small number of recent species of Albi-
nula (3), and the fact that in Europe the group became ex-
tinct after a long series of mutations without much structural
change, probably indicates that the subgenus is relatively
inflexible and inadaptive, and now nears final extinction;
yet two of the recent species are widely spread and abundant
snails in eastern North America.

Immersidens and Gastrocopta (restricted) extend from the

14 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

warm temperate parts of North America across the tropics
to Argentina, while Albinula has not penetrated into South
America. The two or three Mexican forms of Albinula and
Vertigopsis are northern species which have apparently
migrated southward rather recently, as they have not been
differentiated from the northern stocks.

Known Albinulas are from two widely separated regions,
eastern North America and central and western Europe.
These may be looked upon as the extreme eastern and west-
ern herds of an Albinula stock once (Lower Oligocene or
earlier) spread over western America and northern Asia,
regions where it is now extinct. As we would expect in so
ancient a group, the few recent species are structurally iso-
lated, representing the termini of as many collateral phyletic
series. The groups are as follows :

Series of G. armifera (species no. 1). Recent, eastern
North America.

Series of G. quadriplicata (species nos. 46 to 51). Middle
Oligocene to Pliocene, Europe.

Series of G. contract a (species no. 2). Recent, eastern
North America.

Series of G. holzingeri (species no. 3). Recent, eastern
North America.

Key to American Species.

a. Angulo-parietal lamella with lobed, sinuous edge, not
much bent and not forked anteriorly; shell large, 3.3 to
4.5 mm. long. G. armifera, no. 1.

a1. Angulo-parietal very long, bent L-shaped; shell ovate-
conic, 2.3 to 2.5 mm. long. G. contracta, no. 2.

a2. Angulo-parietal lamella forked in front; shell cylindric,
about 1.75 mm. long. G. holzingeri, no. 3.

Series of G. armifera.

The armifera group is distinguished by its large, oblong
shell and the columellar armature. There is a thick, obliquely
descending or protractive lamella on the axis, which recedes
again towards the base (pi. 1, fig. 3). This is variously modi-
fied in the several races. Sometimes the forwardly descend

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 15

ing portion is strongly developed, as in clappi (pi. 1, figs.
7-9), and again the descending portion may be very much
reduced, and the retracted lower limb emphasized, as in
abbreviates (pi. 2, fig. 3) ; the last approximating somewhat
to the structure of typical Albinula (pi. 2, fig. 12, G. con-
tract a) .

The angular lamella is sigmoid and entirely concrescent
with the anterior end of the short, nearly straight parietal
(pi. 1, fig. 2 ; pi. 2, fig. 2). There is a weak or well-developed
lateral callous on the peripheral side of the parietal at its
inner end, homologous with the lateral bend in G. contracta, or
there may be the very weak trace of such a bifid structure as
I have figured for G. dupuyi. This is best shown in pi. 1,
figs. 2 and 11.

Gastrocopta armifera and its allies, we may conclude, are
related to G. contracta, but are less specialized, retaining
more of the structure of European Tertiary species.

1. GASTROCOPTA ARMIFERA (Say). PL 1, figs. 1 to 4.

The shell is perforate and rimate, oblong, the summit ob-
tusely conic; thin, paraffine-white, glossy, weakly marked
with very oblique, irregular growth-striaB. Whorls about 6^,
moderately convex, the last compressed around the axis.
Aperture irregularly rounded. Peristome thin, well ex-
panded, the margins approaching, often (and typically) con-
nected by a short callous with raised edge across the parietal
wall. Angular lamella joined to the outer lip near its inser-
tion, united with the parietal lamella, its summit projecting
as a short spur on the right side. The columellar lamella, as
seen in a shell broken to show the interior (figs. 3, 4), is sub-
vertical, advancing slightly downward, then retracted towards
the base; giving off a short, horizontal branch in front, and
visible in the aperture. Basal lamella is low and often in-
conspicuous. Palatal plicas stand upon a white callous ; lower
palatal plica short, entering, the upper one shorter; a small
suprapalatal tubercle stands above it.

Length 4.4, diam. above aperture 2.2 mm.

Pupa armifera SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, p.

16 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

162, 1821. BINNEY, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 325, 1885.—
GOULD, Boston Journal Nat. Hist., iii, p. 400, pi. 3, f. 10. —
PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, 357, vi, 329. — Bifidaria armifera
Say, STERKI, Nautilus, xiii, 1909, p. 52, with var. interpres
(p. 52), and varr. similis, affinis and abbreviates (p. 53). —
WALKER, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 15, 1915,
pp. 5, 9, 10. — Pupa armigera Say, POTIEZ ET MICHAUD, Gale-
rie des Mollusques, i, 1838, p. 159, pi. 16, f. 1, 2 (Pittsbourg).
— BINNEY, in Warren's Prelim. Rep. on Expl. in Nebraska
and Dakota in the years 1855-57, reprint, 1875, p. 107 (Fort
Berthold).

Eastern United States and Canada: Quebec to northern
Florida, west to Bed Deer, Alberta, Dakota, near Boulder,
Colorado, Lincoln Co., New Mexico, and the mouth of the
Pecos Eiver, Texas. Type locality, Pennsylvania; type no.
11624 A. N. S. P.

This species is easily recognized by its large size, oblong
shape, the spermaceti or paraffine tint and large teeth. In
life the shell is daubed with dirt. It inhabits almost the
whole country east of the continental divide, but is lacking
in southwestern New Mexico, southern Texas, southern Flor-
ida, and the higher parts of the Alleghany Mountain system.
It prefers limestone districts.

This is much the largest Gastrocopta known. Say's types
were not located more exactly than "Pennsylvania". PI. 1,
fig. 1 is the type specimen. I select Germantown, Philadel-
phia, as the type locality, the specimens from there agreeing
exactly with Say's. The columellar lamella, as seen in a
view in the back (pi. 1, fig. 3), is most prominent at the
lower third. From this prominence a short horizontal branch
runs forward (pi. 1, fig. 4), below which the lamella recedes.
The peristome is either continued as a thread across the pari-
etal wall, or the interruption is short. The usual variation
in size, in the type locality, is from 4 to 4.6 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide above aperture. The short individuals, having about
the same diameter as the long ones, are quite different in
contour, being oval, while the long shells are cylindric.

The basal fold is sometimes distinct, though low, as in pi.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 17

1, figs. 3, 4, but usually it is less conspicuous, as in fig. 1.
Shells agreeing well with the types are to be found over
nearly or quite the whole range of the species, but there are
also several incipient races which have been defined by Dr.
Sterki. The most tangible differential features of these races
are found in the shape of the columellar lamella, of which
comparable views are given on pi. 1, figs. 3, 9, 11, and pi. 2,
fig. 3. The small differences in details of the palatal plicae,
shown in the several face views, are not of much significance,,
since these plicae are somewhat variable in most lots.

la. Form interpres Sterki.

"Near the typical form, generally somewhat slender; in-
ferior columellar lamella rather high up ; the base is narrow
inside and more keel-like outside; the aperture is narrowly
rounded at the base, and from this feature specimens are
easily recognized. More than any other form this shows
clearly that the so-called 'basal' is really an inferior colu-
mellar.

"Distribution: Southern, especially southwestern; it ap-
pears to be the prevalent form in Kansas, Arkansas, Okla-
homa, and thus represents a geographical variety" (Sterki).

This form is so intimately related to the typical armifera
that I am unable to segregate it.

Ib. Form similis Sterki. PI. 1, fig. 6.

"Averaging somewhat smaller; more cylindrical, often
more or less conical; whorls less convex; surface striae
slighter ; shell generally more milky- whitish, as noticed espec-
ially when a number of each, armifera and similis, are placed
side by side; peristome never continuous, somewhat less
everted; the columellar lamella is slighter, generally more
protracted downward, the lower palatal is shorter, sometimes
quite short; the spur of the parietal is larger" (Sterki).

Distribution. — Northern New York to Iowa, Minnesota,
Ontario.

This is very close to armifera, the columellar lamella being
practically the same in form, but the margins of the peri-
stome are separated rather widely above. Figured from a
paratype from Rose Hill, Ontario, the type locality.

18 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

Ic. Form affims Sterki. PL 1, fig. 5.

"Somewhat small and slight; near similis, but less cylin-
drical, rather somewhat oblong; whorls 6-6%, somewhat
more convex than in similis, the last rounded at the base and
little flattened over the palate, with none or a slight scar
over the lower palatal plica; aperture somewhat rounded,
peristome never continuous; parie to- angular lamella well
connected with the peristome, spur of the parietal larger
than in typical armifera; columellar nearly axial, a broad
lamella, reaching down to the base, with distinct lines of
growth, visible from the outside through the (fresh) shell
below the umbilicus, as in B. contract a; inferior columellar
[basal fold] wanting or small; lower palatal quite short, or
even a transverse, short, abrupt lamella. Alt. 3.5 to 4, diam.
2.2 to 3 mm.

"Distribution: Northern Ohio, Michigan, Indiana to Min-
nesota and Kansas; seems rather scarce in the first-named
states, common in Kansas. Found on sandy dunes on Lake
Erie in Ohio.

"It is notable and significant that both the columellar and
the lower palatal in this form are of the same shape as in B.
contracta, while in typical armifera they are quite different,
yet the latter shows a tendency to having the peristome con-
tinuous, while in affinis its ends are always apart" (Sterki).

The lobe of the columellar lamella is rather thin, abrupt
above, and the forward branch is almost obsolete. Difficult
to distinguish from the typical form and form similis. Fig-
ured from a paratype.

\d. G. ARMIFERA ABBREViATA (Sterki). PL 2, figs. 1, 2, 3.

"Averaging rather small, slight, somewhat fusiform to
ovate or cylindro-conical ; apex low, conical or rounded;
whorls only 51/2-6 (rarely 6%), little convex, with the penul-
timate comparatively broader than in the other forms, the
last rounded at the base, slightly flattened over the palate;
color somewhat milky-whitish; surface with a dullish gloss,
strias fine and slight; aperture somewhat small; peristome
moderately everted, its ends (in most forms) comparatively

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 19

far apart ; lamellae and plicae : parieto-angular, not or slightly
connecting with the peristome, spur small ; columellar rather
as in typical armifera, but smaller, slighter; inferior colu-
mellar [basal fold] tooth-like, placed obliquely, more constant
than in other forms as to size, shape and position; lower
palatal regular but slight, often rather short; suprapalatal
rather constant.

"Alt. 3.3 to 3.8, rarely 4 to 4.2, diam 1.9 to 2.2 mm.; some
specimens are low, almost globular, alt. 3.2, diam. 2.1 mm.

' ' Numerous specimens seen from Bismarck, North Dakota ;
Eastport, Iowa (Missouri River drift) ; Lincoln, Nebraska;
Nickerson, Kansas" (Sterki).

This is a common shell in North and South Dakota, also in
eastern Colorado (Trinidad, Pilsbry}, and southward to near
Las Vegas, New Mexico (rocky ledges along the Gallinas
River, Cockerell) , Val Verde Co., Texas, in drift of the Pecos
River, near the High Bridge (Pilsbry and Ferriss), and to
Caddo Parish, Louisiana (C. B. Moore). It can be more
easily identified than the preceding forms, by the quite short
lobe of the columellar lamella (pi. 2, fig. 3), placed low on
the pillar, its ascending limb very low, and by the usually
larger development of the basal tubercle (inferior columellar
of Sterki). The columellar lamella has a short forward
branch, as in typical armifera, and in shape approximates to
the contracta type more than in other subspecies of armifera.

\e. G. ARMIFERA RuiDOSENSis Cockerell. PL 1, figs. 10, 11.

The teeth are more massive than in the typical or any of
the preceding forms, making the orifice much narrower.
Columellar lamella large and thick, having a triangular out-
line as seen from the back (pi. 1, fig. 11), the highest part
being the receding lower lobe. Length 4, diam. above aper-
ture 2 mm.

New Mexico: BlackwelTs ranch, Ruidoso, the type (no.
73944, A. N. S. P.) from an anthill (C. M. Barber). Also
Gallinas canyon (T. D. A. Cockerell).

Bifidaria armifera var. nov. ruidosensis COCKERELL, Nau-
tilus, XIII, July, 1899, p. 36.

20 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

The type is drawn in fig. 10, a specimen from Gallinas
canyon in fig. 11.

I/. G. ARMIPERA CLAPPI (Sterki). PL 1, figs. 7, 8, 9.

" Shell glossy, colorless to milky- whitish, perforate, cylin-
drical in the lower 3 to 4 whorls, conical or subconical above,
with a rather acute apex; whorls 6% to iy2, the upper ones
rather narrow, the lower ones broader and less convex, the
last moderately large, ascending at the aperture, somewhat
narrow but rounded at the base, slightly flattened over the
palate; surface shining, with slight irregular to subregular
striae; aperture nearly oval, margins approximate; peristome
everted, not thickened, but there is a slight to rather strong
white callous in the palate; lamellae and plicae: parieto-
angular distinctly complex, rather long, moderately elevated,
connecting with the peristome near its outer upper terminus
(much as in B. armifera), the spur of the parietal moderately
large ; columellar axial spiral, with the lower end nearer the
aperture, thicker and rather abrupt, or somewhat bifurcate;
' basal' (inferior columellar) slight or wanting; upper and
lower palatals regular, an interpalatal in many specimens;
suprapalatal wanting or quite small. Alt. 3.5 to 4 (rarely
3.2 to 3.4), diam. 1.9 to 2.1 mm.; aperture alt. 1.5, diam.
1.2 mm.

"Soft parts, seen only from one dried Alabama specimen,
soaked, very dark from copious, deep brown pigment. Jaw
amber-colored, strongly curved, rather broad, rounded at the
ends, its surface with numerous radial rib-striae ; the line of
the attachment of the tenaculum strong. Radula with 78
transverse rows of 27 (or 29) teeth, r -\- 6 -f- 7 (8) ; rachidian
rather narrow, with a short mesodont and very small ecto-
donts (barely visible) ; laterals bicuspid, with the mesodont
as long as the plate, the ectodont about one-third as long;
the outer posterior angle of the plate raised, cusp-like; sev-
enth and eighth with the ectodont split in two, somewhat
intermediate or 'transition' teeth; marginals (9-13) ser-
rate, with the mesodont rather long, thin; the fourteenth a
barely visible irregular transverse bar, or wanting. As this

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 21

is from a single specimen, there may be some variation. Other
parts could not be examined" (Sterki).

Distribution. — Tennessee: Knoxville (type loc., Mrs. Geo.
Andrews) ; Fayetteville (B. Walker coll.) ; Columbia (B.
Shimek, A. A. Hinkley). Alabama: Gurley and Huntsville
(H. H. Smith). Michigan: Grand Eapids (B. Walker). In
most lots it was associated with G. armifera.

Bifidaria clappi STERKI, Nautilus, XXII, Feb. 1909, p. 108,
pi. 8, fig. 4.

The chief differential character of this race is in the shape
of the columellar lamella. In a profile view (pi. 1, fig. 8) it
is seen that the plane of the lamella is straight very nearly to
the base, while in armifera the greatest projection forward is
well above the base. The anterior branch of the columellar
lamella, which is more or less apparent in armifera, is want-
ing in clappi, being concrescent with the lower end of the
main lamella (compare figs. 4 and 8). In view of the varia-
bility of the columellar lamella in armifera, it does not ap-
pear to me that this small modification is of specific impor-
tance. Figured from co-types, one of which (fig. 7) served
for the original figure of the species (no. 98279, A. N. S. P.).

Dr. Sterki writes: "The species shows little variation, ex-
cept in altitude, with nearly the same diameter, and such as
are noted in the description. There is no tendency towards
having the peristome continuous. . . . B. clappi is remarkable
for its resemblance to some forms of B. armifera Say, for a
variety of which it has been taken. Yet it is quite distinct.
Of over 150 specimens carefully compared with more than
1500 armifera, not one was found doubtful or intermediate.
The most tangible difference is in the shape of the columellar
lamella. The shell averages somewhat smaller, the apex is
more acute, the surface striae are finer and slighter, the lower
palatal plica is always regular."

Series of G. contracta.

The angular and parietal lamellae are completely concres-
cent, the parietal being abruptly bent towards the periphery
within, and usually has a low, further continuation inward;
inner end of the columellar lamella curving down.

22 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

G. contracta is the most specialized species of Albinula,
and has no near relatives among known forms, either recent
or fossil. The European Tertiary species are more nearly
related to armifera than to contracta.

2. G-ASTROCOPTA CONTRACTA (Say). PL 2, figs. 9, 10, 11, 12.

The shell is rimate, ovate-conic, tapering from the last
whorl to the obtuse apex, bluish-milky or spermaceti-colored,
imperfectly transparent, glossy, marked with fine growth-
striae. Whorls 5%, very convex, the last half of the last
whorl straightened, pinched at the base, impressed over the
lower palatal plica, and on both sides of a low rounded ridge
which stands a short distance behind the peristome (fig. 11).
Aperture rounded- triangular, almost closed by large teeth.
Angulo-parietal lamella joining the lip, angularly bent to the
right near the middle, then abruptly becoming much lower
and bent inward (pi. 2, fig. 9). Columellar lamella large,
thin, very deeply placed, subvertical, the upper end curving
forward (fig. 12). A subvertical callous stands in front of it,
near the margin (fig. 12).

Palatal plicae two, connected by a low callous, the lower
one obtuse, transverse, more deeply placed and larger than
the tuberculif orm upper plica. Peristome thin, well-expanded,
continuous.

Length 2.5, diam. 1.4 mm.

Length 2.3, diam. 1.3 mm.

Eastern United States and Canada: Maine, Ontario and
Manitoba, south to Miami, Florida, and Vera Cruz, Mexico;
Jamaica. Type locality, Oeeoquan, Virginia.

Pupa contracta SAY, Journal of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
ii, p. 374, 1822.— C. B. ADAMS, Contrib. to Conch., no. 9, p.
184 (Jamaica). — PFEIFFER, Monographia Hel. Viv., ii, 358;
vi, 327; viii, 397.— BINNEY, Terrestrial Mollusks, v, p. 207,
pi. 70, f. 2. — Bifidaria contracta (Say), PILSBRY, Nautilus,
xi, 1898, p. 117.— WALKER, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.,
no. 15, 1915, pp. 9-11. — Pupa deltostoma Charpentier, KUES-
TER, Syst. Conch. Cabinet, Pupa, 1852, p. 181, pi. 21, f. 17-19.
— ? Pupa nebraskana W. G. BINNEY, in Warren's Prelim.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 23

Eep. on Expl. in Neb. and Dak., in 1855-57, reprint, 1875,
p. 107 (Ft. Berthold; name only). — "Pupa nebrascana War-
ren's Rep. of Surveys, etc., Ex. Doc., ii, pt. 2, 35th Cong.,
1859, p. 725"; W. G. BINNEY, Terrestrial Moll., v, p. 213
("may perhaps be P. contracta").

This species is readily known by the conic shape, and pecu-
liar aperture, nearly closed by the large teeth. There is some
variation in the shape, some individuals being more shortly
conic than that figured. Also in the prominence of the low
ridge or crest behind the outer and basal lips, which varies
from strong to very weak.

Its western limit, as represented in the collection of the
Academy, is Clay Co., South Dakota, Payne Co., Oklahoma,
and mouth of the Pecos Eiver, Val Verde Co., Texas. South-
ward it extends over peninsular Florida in a slightly different
race, but has not occurred on the keys of the southern and
eastern coast.

In the higher parts of the Alleghany Mountains, G. con-
tracta seems to be rare, if not absent.

In Mexico specimens are in the collection of the Academy
from Tampico, Tamaulipas; several places in eastern San
Luis Potosi; Yautepec, Morelos; Texolo and near Orizaba,
State of Vera Cruz; the specimens collected by A. A. Hink-
ley, S. N. Rhoads and the Heilprin expedition.

In Jamaica G. contract a was found by C. B. Adams prior
to 1850, and subsequently it was taken in the interior of St.
Anne (C. P. Gloyne, Journ. de Conch., xxiii, 1875, p. 121),
near Hope Bay (H. Prime, in Henderson coll.) and on Swift
River (C. W. Johnson). Specimens from all these lots have
been examined. Possibly it was introduced on plants from
the mainland, Mexico or the United States, as the species
seems an alien in the Jamaican fauna; yet its occurrence in
several localities is against this view. I cannot see that the
Mexican and Jamaican specimens differ in any way from
those of the United States. It, is a wonderfully constant
species.

24 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

2a. Form peninsularis, n. f. PL 2, fig. 8.

The shells of peninsular Florida are slightly more fragile
than the typical form, and differ by having the inward con-
tinuation of the parietal lamella, beyond the second angular
bend, much lower and often detached from the rest of the
lamella. Figured type is from Crystal River, Citrus Co.,
Florida.

2&. G. CONTRACTA CLiMEANA Vanatta. PL 3, figs. 1, 4.

"Shell similar to typical contract a (Say), but the parietal
tooth lacks the inner continuation, being L-shaped (fig. 4).
Alt. 2.29, diam. 1.43 mm." (Vanatta).

Southern United States: Gulf coastal plain from Alabama
to Texas, and lowlands of the Mississippi north to Arkansas.
Alabama: Blakeley and Simpson Island, Baldwin Co. (C. B.
Moore) ; Calera and Wetumpka (H. H. Smith). Mississippi:
Anderson Landing, on the Sunflower Eiver near confluence
with the Yazoo, Sharkey Co. (type loc.), and O'Neil Land-
ing, Yazoo Co. (C. B. Moore). Louisiana: New Orleans (8.
N. Rhoads), Franklin and Morehouse Parishes (C. B. Moore).
Arkansas: Ashley and Arkansas Counties (C. B. Moore).
Texas: Navidad Eiver bottom, Jackson Co. (J. D. Mitchell).

Bifidaria contracts climeana Van., Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1911, p. 525, f. 1-3.

In its area this subspecies replaces G. contracta. The Flor-
idian form (peninsularis) in which the inner continuation of
the parietal lamella is weak or interrupted, forms a partial
transition between contracta and climeana.

Series of G. holzingeri.

The inner end of the parietal lamella curves strongly
towards the periphery, and its anterior end is produced for-
ward of the junction with the angular lamella, the two lamel-
lae diverging forward, the whole, when viewed from the base,
shaped like a mirror image of the letter "y". Columellar
lamella thin, high, and curving down at the inner end. Pala-
tals on a callous ridge, as usual.

The separation of parietal and angular lamellae anteriorly

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 25

is a primitive feature; otherwise the lamellae are rather
highly specialized.

3. GASTROCOPTA HOLZINGERI (Sterki). PI. 2, figs. 4, 5, 6.

" Shell narrowly perforated, turreted-cylindrical, vitreous
(or whitish), very minutely striate, shining; apex rather
pointed, whorls 5, regularly increasing, well rounded, espec-
ially the upper ones, the last somewhat narrowed and a little
ascending towards the aperture, compressed at the base but
not carinated, at some distance from the outer margin pro-
vided with an oblique, rather prominent, acute crest corres-
ponding in direction to the lines of growth, extending from
the base to the suture, formed by a whitish callosity; behind
the crest the whorl is flattened, and corresponding to the
lower palatal lamella, impressed. Aperture lateral, scarcely
oblique, relatively small, inverted subovate, with a slight sinus
at the upper part of the outer wall, margins approximated;
peristome moderately reflected; lamellae 6: one parietal,
rather long, very high, in its middle part curved outward,
towards the aperture bifurcated, the outer branch [angular
lamella] reaching the parietal wall; one columellar, longitu-
dinal, rather high, its upper end turning in nearly a right
angle towards the aperture, but not reaching the margin;
basal exactly at the base, short, high, dentiform; 3 in the
outer wall, viz. : the lower palatal long, ending in the callous,
highest about its middle ; the upper short, rather high on the
callous; above the upper one a suprapalatal, quite small,
dentiform, nearer the margin. Length 1.7, diam. 0.8 mm."
(Sterki),

United States and Canada: Ontario and western New
York to Helena, Montana, south to Illinois, Kansas, and
Albuquerque and Mesilla, New Mexico.

Pupa holzingeri STERKI, Nautilus, iii, August, 1889, pp. 37,
96, 119 ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila. for 1889, p. 414, pi. 12, f. 4-7.
— BINNEY, 3d Suppl. to Terr. Moll., v, p. 93, text figure. —
WALKER, Nautilus, v, p. 93 (Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie) ;
Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., Nov. 15, 1915, pp. 4-9 (San
Miguel Co., N. M.). — PILSBRY, Nautilus, xiv, p. 83. — Bifidaria

26 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

holzingeri var. fordiana STERKI, Nautilus, vi, 1892, p. 4 (nude
name). — Bifidaria agna PILSBRY and VANATTA, Nautilus, xx,
1907, p. 140, figs. 1-3.

G. holzingeri differs from G. contracts by its nearly cylin-
dric shape, the presence of a strong basal fold, the small size,
and discontinuous peristome. The columellar lamella (fig. 6)
ascends the axis and towards the upper end curves forward
almost exactly as in G. contracta. It differs from both con-
tracts and armifera by the shape of the angulo-parietal
lamella, which is forked in front, and in a basal view has the
shape of the Greek letter A, as in the subgenus Immersidens
(pi. 2, fig. 4). The palatal callous and armature, however,
are typical for Albinula.

It is not an uncommon species in Illinois and Iowa; found
also in Minnesota (Winona), Dakota, Nebraska, etc.

3&. G. holzingeri agna Pilsbry & Vanatta. PL 2, fig. 7.

The shell is rimate, cylindric, the last three whorls of about
equal diameter, the summit very obtuse; surface nearly

Figs. 9-11. Gastrocopta holzingeri agna.

smooth ; of a spermaceti-whitish color. There are 4% convex
whorls, the last with a strong rounded crest behind the outer
lip, rather close to it above, but being more oblique, it is fur-
ther behind the lip at the base. Behind the crest the whorl
is a little flattened laterally, and shows the lower palatal plica
through as a white spot. The aperture is brought forward
nearly in line with the ventral convexity of the whorls. The

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 27

peristome is thin, slightly expanded, strengthened a short
distance within wth a low callous rib. The parietal lamella
appears distorted and angular in front view; seen from the
base it is seen to consist of an angular and a parietal lamella,
completely united inwardly. The columellar lamella is thick
and slants upward from within. The basal fold is strong,
arising on the callous but extending inward beyond it. The
lower palatal fold is large and pliciform, more or less im-
mersed, standing chiefly inward from the palatal callous.
The upper palatal fold is much smaller, and stands rather
near the lower, upon the palatal callous. There is a small or
minute suprapalatal fold, also on the callous.

Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm.

Trinidad, Colorado, type no. 93052, A. N. S. P. (figs. 9, 10;
pi. 2, fig. 7). Also Silver Lake, Kansas (fig. 11).

This race differs from G. holzingeri by its more slender,
cylindric shape and the form of the columellar lamella, which
ascends straightly and runs forward (pi. 2, fig. 7), while in
holzingeri it ascends further and has an arched shape.

Subgenus VERTIGOPSIS 'Cockerel!' Sterki.

Vertigopsis Ckll. MS, STERKI, Nautilus, vi, 1892, p. 4; p.
101, 1893, type P. curvidens Gld.

Vertigopsis differs from Sinalbinula chiefly by the weak-
ness of the parietal lamella, the angular being very small or
wanting, and the parietal short and simple.

It is not directly related to other American groups of the
genus, having evidently been derived from the Asiatic section
Sinalbinula.

The species are illustrated on plates 3, 4 and 5.

Key to Species.
a. With a distinct palatal callous.

1}. Shell ovate-conic, usually with 7 teeth; length 1.7
to 2 mm. G. tappaniana, no. 5.

&1. Shell oblong-conic or cylindric.

c. Oblong-conic, with 5 to 8 teeth; 1.5 to 1.8

mm. long. G. pentodon, no. 4.

c1. Cylindric, with 5 teeth. G. p. gracilis, no. 4a.

28 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

a1. With no distinct palatal callous.

b. Ovate-conic, with 4 to 5 teeth ; 1.2 x 1 mm.

6r. carnegiei, no. 6.
&1. Cylindric, with 5 teeth; 1.6 to 1.9 mm. long.

G. pilsbryana, no. 7.

4. GASTROCOPTA PENTODON (Say). PI. 3, figs. 2, 3, 5 to 8;

pi. 4; pi. 5, figs. 28 to 41.

The shell is rimate, oblong-conic with obtuse summit, clear
corneous or whitish, smooth. Whorls 5, convex, the last with
a rounded ridge or crest (low or well developed) close behind
the lip, and flattened near the base behind the ridge. Aper-
ture short, truncate-oval. Teeth typically five, the angulo-
parietal lamella almost simple and straight, columellar lamella
thin, horizontal; the palatal plicae stand upon a low callous
ridge, the lower plica compressed and entering a little more
deeply than the smaller, tuberculiform upper one. Accessory
denticles are usually developed in the subcolumellar, basal
and interpalatal positions. The peristome is thin, narrowly
expanded, with a thin, straight, parietal callous between the
widely separated ends.

Length 1.8, diam. 1.1 mm.

Length 1.7, diam. 1 mm.

Length 1.5, diam. 0.8 mm.

Eastern United States and Canada: Prince Edward and
Magdalen Islands to Alberta, south to central Florida and
Texas; New Mexico; west in Arizona to the Santa Cruz
River. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala. Type locality, Penn-
sylvania.

Vertigo pentodon SAY, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii,
1821, p. 376. — Pupa pentodon (in part) BINNEY, Terrestrial
Mollusks, v, 1878, p. 200. — PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii,
359; iii, 557; iv, 684; vi, 330; viii, tt)2.—Bifidaria pentodon
Say, PILSBRY and VANATTA, Nautilus, xix, p. 121, pi. 6, 7,
figs. 1 to 41. — WALKER, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.,
No. 15, 1915, pp. 9-11. — Pupa curvidens GOULD, Report on
the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1841, p. 189, fig. 120 —
Pupa cincinnatiensis JUDGE, The Quarterly Journal of Con-

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 29

chology, 1878, p. 343. — Pupa montanella COCKERELL, The
Journal of Conchology, Leeds, vi, 1889, p. 63; British Nat-
uralist, 1891, p. 101. — Pupa curvidens GOULD, Invertebrata of
Massachusetts, 1841, p. 189, f. 12Q.—Pupilla floridana DALL,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, p. 261, pi. 17, f. II.— Pupa
curvidens var. gracilis STERKI, Nautilus, iii, 1890, p. 119;
Land and Fresh- Water Mollusca in the Vicinity of New
Philadelphia, 1894, p. 5.

This widely-spread species may be recognized by the small
size, spermaceti or bluish-white color and simple parietal
tooth, with lip -teeth arranged on a white callous rim. It is
most easily obtained by dirt or leaf sifting. It lives on
wooded hillsides or in well-drained groves among leaves in
the underbrush; also "is common among moss and grass in
forest and on open slopes."

The variations in shape and teeth are shown in plates 4
and 5, figs. 1-41. PI. 3, figs. 2, 3, 5, and pi. 4, fig. 1, are
typical pentodon, which has 5 teeth. The parietal lamella ' ' is
really composite, that is, composed of the parietal and the
angular, although the latter is generally quite small, a mere
appendage of the former. In many specimens of pentodon it
is quite distinct (see pi. 3, fig. 6; pi. 4, figs. 3, 12, 21, 27; pi.
5, fig. 32), and in some the whole lamella is even bifid, some-
what like that of B. holzingeri" (Sterki). More commonly,
and typically, the angular lamella is wanting, or so small
that it is not distinguishable from the parietal (pi. 3, fig. 2).
The columellar lamella descends spirally (pi. 3, fig. 5).

PI. 4, figs. 1 to 8 are from Maine specimens, showing the
ordinary variations. The development of a crest behind the
lip varies a good deal, from weak to very strong, with all in-
tergrades.

P. cincinnatiensis (pi. 5, fig. 35, a cotype) is merely a small
form of pentodon. It is described as having the "peristome
simple, heavily thickened near the margin, the callous ex-
tending over the parietal wall; aperture contracted by five
prominent denticles, seated on the callous, one prominent on
the parietal wall, two on the columella, the lower being the
smaller of the two, and two on the outer portion of the peri-

30 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

stome, more deeply seated in the throat, and occasionally one
or two very minute rudiments on the peristome. Length 1.56,
diam. .84 mm. This shell is found on both sides of the Ohio
Eiver, near Cincinnati." (Judge, The Quarterly Journ. of
Conch., p. 343, 1878.)

The increase in number of accessory denticles or teeth cul-
minates in the form named curvidens, represented in pi. 4,
figs. 9 to 15, also pi. 5, figs. 3, 6, 32, and perhaps some others,
as there is absolutely no line to be drawn between pentodon
and curvidens. The number of teeth varies from 5 to 9 in
perfectly adult shells of the same gathering from one spot.
Gould's type had 9 teeth. It was from Phillips Point, Lynn,
Massachusetts. PI. 3, figs. 6 (Ocean City, N. J.), and 7, 8
(Troy, N. Y.), are good examples of the form curvidens.

It may be stated as proven that some colonies consist of
"pentodon" and intermediate forms; some of "pentodon,"
intermediate and "curvidens" forms; and some of the inter-
mediate and "curvidens" forms. We have found no large
gathering of wholly typical pentodon or entirely curvidens.
Either form may be found with a low or high crest — this
being usually more constant in any one colony than the num-
ber of teeth or the size and shape of the shell. The only
theory upon which curvidens could be retained as a species
or subspecies would be to assume that two species are living
in a state of hybridism.

The development of an infraparietal denticle is extremely
variable in many lots, as in that from Buckfield, Me., pi. 4,
figs. 1 to 4, 8. This infraparietal tubercle is exactly compar-
able to that of some Eastern species, such as G. armigerella
of Japan and China. It is not found in other American Verti-
gopsis, though occasionally developed in the typical section of
Gastrocopta.

P. florida/tm (pi. 4, fig. 9, a cotype from the author) is ab-
solutely identical with curvidens. It is described as "sub-
cylindrical, . . . teeth about 9, of which there are generally
3 larger than the rest, their tips nearly meeting and their
bases mutually nearly equidistant; one is on the pillar, one
on the body- whorl, and one on the anterior margin ; on either

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 31

side of the latter are two generally subequal, much smaller
denticles. Lou. 1.6, lat. .75 mm. Archer, Alachua Co., Fla."
(Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 8, 1885, p. 261, pi. 17,
f. 11.)

The figure seems to have two teeth on the parietal wall,
two on the columella and five in the palatal region. This is
practically identical with the arrangement described under
curvidens.

Since no definition of any kind has been published, P. mon-
tanella Ckll. becomes an absolute synonym of B. pentodon.
The following notices of it have appeared :

"Pupa montanella. A minute Leucochila which I have
found very sparingly at about 8400 feet in West Ouster Co.
(Colorado), to which I have given the name P. montanella
sp. nov., but do not describe it pending further investiga-
tions." (Cocker ell, The Journ. of Conch., Leeds, vol. vi,
1889, p. 63.)

"P. montanella, indicated on the same page as P. colora-
densis, proves to be a form of P. pentodon. ' ' ( Cockerell, The
Brit. Naturalist, 1891, p. 101; re-affirmed also in Univ. of
Colo. Studies, iv, p. 171.)

In Mexico I have seen G. pentodon from a canyon four
miles west of Victoria, Tamaulipas (S. N. Rhoads), and bluffs
north of San Dieguito, S. L. Potosi (A. A. Hinkley). In
Guatemala it was found by Mr. Hinkley at Jocolo. The speci-
mens are typical. These localities show that the species has
an extraordinary zonal range. It is found over a greater
area than any other North American Gastrocopta.

4a. G. pentodon gracilis (Sterki). PL 4, figs. 16 to 27.

"On a gravelly bank at New Philadelphia, Ohio, there is a
peculiar form of our species; long, slender, nearly cylin-
drical, with only 5 typical lamella*, no accessory ones"
(Sterki, 1890).

"Pupa curvidens gracilis Sterki. Scarce. New Philadel-
phia. A peculiar form intermediate in shape between the
type and Pupa holzingeri Sterki. It has also been seen from
Rhode Island, Tennessee and Alabama" (Sterki, 1894).

32 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

This is usually larger, more cylindrie, with 5 teeth, though
perfectly mature shells may have as few as 3 (figs. 19, 26) or
as many as 6 or 7 (figs. 16, 18, 21). It was originally de-
scribed from New Philadelphia, Ohio, but those figured are
from Alabama ; figs. 16, 17, 21 to 27 from around Wetumpka ;
18, 19 from Woodville ; 20 from Big Wills Valley, coll. by H.
H. Smith and H. E. Sargent. None of them has an infra-
parietal denticle.

While this race seems to be tangibly differentiated in the
hill region of Alabama, specimens may be selected from other
lots of pentodon which could not possibly be distinguished if
mixed with the Alabama shells; for instance, fig. 31, Henry
Co., Indiana, and fig. 33, Des Moines, Iowa, both taken from
lots varying in shape from long and cylindrie to shorter and
more conic.

The specimens of G. pentodan and varieties figured are
from the following localities :

NOTE. — The figures are all drawn to one scale (X 13.8), and any may be
accurately measured by plotting on paper a scale with the lines 13.8 mm.
apart; each space then representing 1 mm. Thus fig. 1 is 1.8 mm. long.

PLATE 4, figures 1-4. Buckfield, Maine. John A. Allen.
No. 87304.

5. Woodland, Maine. O. Nylander. No. 58249.

6. Fairfield, Maine. J. H. Thompson. No. 58248.

7. Westbrook, Maine. A. D. Brown (Bolles). No. 4263.

8. Buckfield, Maine. John A. Allen. No. 87307.

9. Cotype of P. floridana Dall. Alachua Co., Fla. W. H.
Ball. No. 58242.

10. Mt. Taylor, south of Volusia, Fla. H. A. Pilsbry. -No.
72769.

11. San Marcos, Texas. H. A. Pilsbry. No. 90454.

12. Drift of Guadalupe River, 4 miles above New Braun-
fels, Texas. H. A. Pilsbry. No. 90456.

13, 16, 17, 21-27. Wetumpka, Alabama. H. H. Smith. Nos.
87151, 90458, 90425.

14, 15. Near Valley Head, Alabama. H. H. Smith. No.
90451.

18, 19. Woodville, Alabama. H. E. Sargent. No. 66901.

20. Big Wills Valley, 2 miles south of Valley Head, Ala-
bama. H. H. Smith. No. 90453.

PLATE 5, figures 28, 29. Troy, New York. T. H. Aldrich.
No. 58251.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 33

30. Greenwich, New York. T. Bland. No. 3924.

31. Henry Co., Indiana. R. Walton. No. 58240.

32. Ocean City, New Jersey. H. A. Pilsbry. No. 72709.

33. Near Des Moines, Iowa. T. Van Hyning. No. 88439.

34. 35. Near New Philadelphia, Ohio. V. Sterki. No. 58239.

36. Cotype of P. cincinnatiensis Judge. Cincinnati, Ohio.
Wm. Doherty. No. 58244.

37. Henry Co., Indiana. E. Walton. No. 58240.

38. Miami, Florida. S. N. Rhoads. No. 58253.

39. Des Moines, Iowa. T. Van Hyning. No. 79641.

40. Jasper Co., Missouri. M. A. Mitchell. No. 58254.

41. Silver Lake, Kansas. J. B. Quintard. No. 58246.

5. GASTROCOPTA TAPPANIANA (C. B. Adams). PI. 3, fig. 9;
pi. 5, figs. 42 to 53.

"Shell very small, pale horn-color, translucent, tapering
above the penultimate whorl; whorls a little more than five,
convex, with a well-impressed suture; aperture sub-orbicular
(the penult, whorl cutting off about one-third of the circle),
about one-third of the length of the shell ; margin sharp, with
a narrow contraction in the submargin, beneath which is a
thickening within, on which are the labial teeth; teeth eight,
five primary and three secondary; of the former the largest
is on the penultimate whorl, the next largest on the left side
of the aperture ; at the base, beginning at the left hand, is a
primary, then a secondary, a primary, a secondary, a pri-
mary and another secondary, extending nearly to the upper
extremity of the right margin; the last three primaries are
not constant in size; umbilicus open. Length 0.08 inch;
breadth 0.05 inch.

"This species is easily distinguished from the preceding
(P. contracta) by its teeth/' (C. B. Adams, in Thompson's
History of Vermont, 1842, p. 158.)

Ontario and Maine to Virginia and Alabama, west to South
Dakota and Kansas, southwest to Arizona, but not known
from the southeastern Atlantic States, Virginia to Florida.
Type locality, Vermont.

Pupa tappaniana Ward, inedit, C. B. ADAMS, in Thomp-
son's History of Vermont, 1842, p. 158. — Pupa tappiana
Ward, PFEIFFER, Symbolae ad Hist. Heliceorum, ii, 1842, p.

34 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

55. — Bifidaria tappaniana (C. B. Ad.) PILSBRY and VANATTA,
Nautilus, xix, 1906, p. 126, pi. 7, figs. 42-53.— WALKER, Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 15, 1915, pp. 7-11.— Pupa
pentodon f. curta STERKI, Land and Fresh- Water Mollusca in
the Vicinity of New Philadelphia, 1894, p. 5; Nautilus, xix,
1906, p. 134.

The shell is larger than pentodon, markedly conic though
obtuse ; only one tooth on the parietal wall, usually 6 on the
columellar, basal and outer margins, those on the latter stand-
ing on a strong rib. Lower palatal tooth usually not so long
and entering as in B. pentodon.

Length 2, diam. 1.2 mm.

Length 1.7, diam. 1.1 mm.

It is rather a common species in central Arizona, the west-
ernmost locality being Jerome, Yavapai Co., a little west of
the 112th meridian. Southward it has been found near the
Mexican boundary in the Huachuca Mountains (Tanner
canyon, 6000 ft.).

While it must be admitted that occasional individuals are
intermediate between tappaniana and pentodon, yet the two
forms are quite readily separable in the great majority of
lots. They differ in station, tappaniana being found in low,
moist places, under wood, often with Vertigo ovata, while
pentodon lives in dryer situations, as Dr. Sterki has noted.
G. tappaniana is not known from the southern Atlantic states,
Virginia to Florida, but its range extends to the Gulf of
Mexico in Alabama.

G. pentodon was long known as Pupa, curvidens, and G.
tappaniana as P. pentodon. In Binney's several publications
the two are united under P. pentodon, the wood-cut repre-
senting tappaniana.

Form curta Sterki. "Examples from wet places are small
and short ovoid. " New Philadelphia, Ohio.

Fig. 9 of pi. 3 is from Falls of Schuylkill, West Philadel-
phia. The figures on plate 5 represent shells from the fol-
lowing localities:

Fig. 42. School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. E.
Walton. No. 58250.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 35

Fig. 43. West Fairmount Park, near Chamounix, Philadel-
phia, Pa. Vanatta. No. 58224.

Fig. 44. Buckfield, Maine. John A. Allen. No. 58219.

Fig. 45. Ithaca, New York. No. 62486.

Figs. 46-48. Upper Red Hook, Duchess Co., New York.
W. S. Teator. No. 58218.

Figs. 49-52. Washington, D. C. E. Lehnert. A. N. S.,
No. 58225.

Fig. 53. Drift of Oak Creek, Page's Ranch, Oak Creek,
Arizona. E. H. Ashmun. No. 82925.

6. GASTROCOPTA CARNEGIEI (Sterki). PL 10, fig. 5.

"Shell minute, ovate-conical with the apex nearly pointed,
narrowly umbilicate and short-rimate, colorless whitish;
whorls four to four and a half, well rounded with deep suture,
the last large, rounded at the base; surface with very slight,
irregular striae, apex without striae, microscopically rugulose ;
aperture rather large, well rounded, peristome sharp, not
everted, with the ends somewhat approximate, palate with a
very slight crest close to and parallel with the margin, inside
with a very slight callous or none; lamellae and folds: pari-
etal rather large, nearly simple, columellar medium, an in-
ferior columellar near the base, or wanting; the two prin-
cipal palatals. Soft parts not examined. Alt. 1.2, diam. 1
mm.; other examples, 1.0 : 0.9" (Sterki).

Ohio: woods north of Geneva, Ashtabula Co. Type no.
1990, Sterki collection of N. A. Pupidaa.

Bifidaria minuta STERKI, Nautilus, xxix, January, 1916, p.
105. Not Pupa minuta "Say", Pfeiffer, 1842, also a Bifi-
daria.— Bifidaria carnegiei STERKI, Nautilus, xxx, November,
1916, p. 84.

' ' This Bifidaria is near tappaniana Adams, but differs from
that species as follows: it is much smaller, more conical, the
whorls are less in number, more rapidly increasing, more
convex, the last is comparatively larger; there is no callous
in the palate or a very slight one, the palatal folds are longer
and there are no secondary ones (as supra- and interpalatal).

"It was a surprise to find a new Bifidaria in this part of
the country, and it appears that the (three) specimens on
hand represent a distinct species. If not closely examined,

36 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

they have the appearance of young or half grown of some
other species, and probably were overlooked, partly due to
the habit of most Bifidarias of this group of covering their
shells with dirt" (Sterki).

The type and only perfect specimen found is figured. It
appears to be distinct from pentodon and tappaniana, but in
so variable a group further specimens are required for a full
understanding of its relation to known species.

7. GASTROCOPTA PILSBRYANA (Sterki). PI. 3, figs. 10, 11, 12.

"Shell minute, narrowly perforate, cylindrical-oblong to
cylindrical, somewhat attenuated towards the rather blunt
apex; colorless (when fresh glassy), with a very delicate
bluish tint; smooth and polished, with few, irregular, micro-
scopic striae which are more marked near the aperture.
Whorls 43/2 to 53/2> moderately rounded with a rather deep
suture, especially in the upper half, regularly and slowly in-
creasing, the embryonal being relatively large, the last some-
what ascending toward the aperture; the latter of moderate
size, lateral, subovate, margins approached; peristome some-
what expanded, without a thickened lip or a callous in the
palatal wall; outside is a barely perceptible trace of a crest
near the margin, and behind that a slight impression most
marked upon the inferior palatal fold. Lamellae 4 or 5 : one
apertural [parietal], rather high, of moderate length, simple;
one columellar, horizontal, of moderate size, simple; basal
very small or wanting; palatals the typical, inferior deeper-
seated, of moderate size, superior small or very small. Alt.
1.5 to 1.7, diam. 0.8 to 0.9 mm." (Sterki).

New Mexico: Gallup, McKinley Co.; Sulphur Springs,
near Jemez, Bernallilo Co. (Ashmun) ; Santa Fe (Ashmun),
and Sandia Mts. (Maud Ellis), Santa Fe Co.; Las Vegas and
Pecos, San Miguel Co. (Cockerell) ; Duran, Torrance Co.
(Pilsbry) ; San Rafael (Ashmun) and Grant (Pilsbry &
Ferriss), Valencia Co.; Black Range, Socorro and Sierra
counties (Pilsbry & Ferriss) • Sierra Blaiica and Capitan
Mts., Lincoln Co. (Ashmun) ; Cloudcroft, Sacramento Mts.,
Otero Co. (Viereck) ; Dripping Spring, Organ Mts., Dona

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 37

Ana Co. (Cockerell) ; Florida Mts., Luna Co. (Pilsbry &
Ferriss) ; Big Hatchet Mts., Grant Co. (Pilsbry).

Arizona: Mt. Trumbull and Kaibab Plateau (Ferriss &
Daniels), Grand Canyon, Bill Williams Mt. (Pilsbry & Fer-
riss), Flagstaff (Ashmun), Coconino Co.; Jerome, Yavapai
Co. ; Holbrook, Navajo Co. ; Navajo Springs, Apache Co.
(Ashmun) ; Blue River and Eagle Creek, Graham Co.; Santa
Catalina Mts., Pima Co. (Ferriss) ; Chiricahua and Dragoon
Mts. (Pilsbry & Ferriss), and Huachuca Mts. (Ferriss), Co-
chise Co.; Santa Rita Mts., 20 miles from Crittenden, Santa
Cruz Co. (Ashmun). Type locality, Colorado River, Arizona.

Pupa pilsbryana STERKI, Nautilus, iii, March, 1890, p. 123.
— Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki, Pilsbry, Nautilus, xi, p. 118. — •
PILSBRY and COCKERELL, Nautilus, xiv, pp. 85, 86. — VANATTA,
Nautilus, xvi, p. 58. — ASHMUN, Nautilus, xiii, p. 14. — PILS-
BRY and FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1909, p. 415; 1910,
p. 136. — WALKER, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 15,
1915, pp. 2, 3 (Canones Creek, east of Mt. Pedernal, and
vicinity of Puerco Creek, Rio Arribo Co., N. M., Case).

G. pilsbryana is similar to slender examples of G. pentodon
in shape and color, but it differs by having the lip thin, with-
out any internal callous whatever, and there are never more
than five teeth, but always five in adult shells. It has some
resemblance to G. pellucida, but is retained in the section
Vertigopsis because the parietal lamella is simple, an angular
lamella being entirely wanting; but more because the basal
fold is placed rather far to the left, a special character of
Vertigopsis. The columellar lamella is a directly horizontal
and rather short tubercle, not descending as in pentodon.

There is considerable variation in the size of the teeth, and
also in the size of the shell, even in the same lots. The length
varies from 1.65 to 1.9 mm.

This is one of the commonest species in the mountains or
plateaus of over 4000 ft. elevation in both New Mexico and
Arizona. Excepting the practically unexplored northern tier
of counties in New Mexico, and the equally unknown two
western counties of Arizona, it is known to occur in suitable
places all over both states ; but in the south these places are

38 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

well up in the mountains, where thousands of specimens can
be obtained by sifting. The single record (Univ. of Colo.
Studies, iv, p. 171) of G. pilsbryana from Colorado (Trini-
dad), was erroneous; the specimens are typical G. pentodon.
The record of this species from Chicorico canyon near
Eaton, N. M. (Nautilus, xiv, p. 83) was also an error for G.
pentodon.

Submenus IMMERSIDENS Pilsbry and Vanatta.

Immersidens PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., Dec. 11,
1900, p. 606 (for B. ashmuni and B. perversa). — PILSBRY &
FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1910, p. 136.

Gastrocoptas in -which the angular lamella is united with
the parietal at the inner end of the former, the two diverging
forward, and together shaped like the Greek letter A, or like
a reversed y. The basal fold, when present, is radial, or
transverse to the cavity. There are two palatal plicae, not
standing on a callous ridge, the lower one often deeply im-
mersed. Peristome thin, expanded. Shell cylindric, thin, pale.

Type G. ashmuni (Sterki).

Distribution, central plateau and mountains from the
Grand Canyon of the Colorado, northern Arizona, southward
to southern Brazil and western Argentina.

The area of Immersidens in the United States has been
rather well explored, so that few more species are to be ex-
pected. The occurrence of the group in central Mexico and
Guatemala gives ground for the belief that forms will be
found over much of the Mexican plateau. In South America
true species of Immersidens occur as far south as Rio Grande
do Sul (G. iheringi) and Argentina (G. dicrodonta), and it
is likely that G. pazi (Hid.) also belongs to this section.

Most species of Immersidens daub the shell with dirt, like
the species of Albinula, and unlike the cleaner typical Gas-
trocoptas.

Key to Species of Immersidens.

a. Inner end of the parietal lamella strongly curving towards
the periphery; teeth large.

&. Sinistral; last whorl straightened and produced
forward. G. perversa, no. 8.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 39

61. Shell dextral.

c. Columellar lamella running forward on the
parietal wall in the position of an infrapari-
etal lamella; lower palatal and basal folds
very deeply immersed; neck gibbous; peri-
stome continuous.

d. Length about 2 mm. G. ashmuni, no. 9.
d1. Length 1.6 to 1.8 mm.

G. ashmuni minor, no. 9a.

c1. Columellar lamella normal in position, not
running forward on the parietal wall, turned
down at the inner end; peristome scarcely or
not continuous; palatal plicae visible in a
front view; basal fold well developed.

d. A very strong, white crest behind the
lip; columellar lamella having a long,
vertical inner portion; length about
1.75 mm. G. holzingeri, no. 3.

d1. No distinct crest on the neck; length,
2 mm. or more; Arizona.

G. cochisensis, no. 10.

a1. Inner end of the parietal lamella curving outward very
little; teeth not large; ends of peristome well separated;
angular lamella low.

&. Columellar lamella very short; lower palatal plica

rather deeply placed; basal fold minute, rarely

wanting; Arizona. G. oligobasodon, no. 11.

61. Columellar lamella longer ; lower palatal less deeply

placed; no basal fold; central Mexico.

G. prototypus, no. 12.

b2. Like prototypus, but with a well-developed basal
fold ; Guatemala. G. p. basidentata, no. I2a.

a2. Inner end of the parietal lamella not distinctly curving
towards the periphery; palatal and basal folds well de-
veloped, visible in a front view.

&. Entire columellar lamella horizontal; margins of
peristome rather remote ; Arizona.

c. Columellar lamella simple; parietal lamella

40

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

projecting very little forward of the junction
of the angular. G. dalliana, no. 13.

c1. Columellar lamella having a small callous
below its inner end; parietal lamella project-
ing distinctly forward of the junction of the
angular. G. d. media, no. 13&.

&1. Columellar lamella horizontal in front, the inner
end bent down at a right angle.

c. Peristome continuous ; lower palatal and basal
folds deeply placed; Arizona.

G. bttamellata, no. 14.

c1. Peristome interrupted above; lower palatal
and basal folds not deeply placed; columellar
lamella larger in a front view ; Brazil.

G. iheringi, no. 35.

as. Species not included in the key: G. dicrodonta, no. 34;
G. pazi, no. 36.

8. GASTROCOPTA PERVERSA (Sterki). PI. 6, figs. 9, 10, 11.

"Shell sinistrorse, oblong-cylindroconical, horn-colored,
translucent; apex rather acute; base umbilicate-rimate, the
umbilicus partly overlaid by a projecting part of the last
whorl; whorls 5%, rather slowly and
regularly increasing, convex, with the
suture moderately deep, the last equal-
ing two-fifths of altitude, slightly nar-
rowed at the periphery, at last somewhat
ascending and then protracted horizon-
tally beyond the periphery of the spire,
for a length equal to one-third of the
diameter, with a rather high, oblique
crest-swelling all around, in front of
that contracted, and margins broadly
everted all around at the aperture; on
the palatal side of the protracted part,
behind the aperture, a deep longitudinal
(= spiral) impression; surface slightly
shining, with fine, almost regular, crowded striae; nucleus

Fio. 12. — G. perversa,
basal view, most of
the last whorl re-
moved to show the
angular, parietal and
columellar lamellae.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 41

microscopically rugulose; aperture of moderate size, rounded
below, truncated above, with, a sinus occupying the upper
half of the palatal side. Lamellae and folds: angulo-parietal
large ; angular at its inner end joining the side of the parietal,
with a curve reaching the margin at the supero-parietal
angle; parietal very high, strongly curved, the (inner) con-
vexity toward the columella, its front end at a rather large
distance from the supero-columellar angle; columellar spiral,
with its front end on the parietal wall, its inner part not
visible ; basal radial, lamellar, high ; inferior palatal fold very
deep in the throat, long, lamellar, curved downward over the
basal, visible only from the outside ; superior palatal fold
quite short, high, tooth-like, in front of the inferior. Alt. 2.3,
diam. of spire 1.1, whole diam. 1.5 mm. ; apert. alt. 0.8, diam.
0.6mm." (Sterki).

Arizona: Nogales (type locality; Ashmun) ; debris of Santa
Cruz River, at Amado's ranch, above Tucson; Salt River
debris, Tempe; debris of San Pedro River at Benson; Dra-
goon Mountains at several stations; Chiricahua Mountains in
"White Tail canyon and below Paradise (Pilsbry and Ferriss).
Never at high elevations.

Bifidaria perversa STERKI, Nautilus, xii, Dec. 1898, p. 90. —
PILSBRY and FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 144;
1910, p. 137, fig. 29. — ASHMUN, Nautilus, xiii, p. 14 (Ephraim
canyon, Santa Rita Mts.).

This species resembles G. ashmuni rather closely. The
straightened part of the last whorl is somewhat longer, though
the length of the free portion varies. There are also slight
differences in the details of the teeth. Fresh specimens are
very pale brown. As in G. ashmuni, the shell is extremely
thin. It has been found only in Maricopa, Pima, Santa Cruz
and Cochise counties, in southern Arizona. I have never
found it so abundant as G. ashmuni.

9. GASTROCOPTA ASHMUNI (Sterki). PL 6, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell cylindro-conical, with the apex rather acute, base
perforated-rimate ; whorls five, convex, with a rather deep
suture, regularly increasing, the last somewhat protracted,

42

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

with a crest remote from the aperture and forming a project-
ing angle at the base; at last ascending; aperture strongly
lateral, rounded subtriangular, equaling one-third the alti-
tude of the shell, highest near its columellar side, with a
sinus above on the palatal side ; margin continuous, strongly
everted, broadest so below, without a lip thickening; parietal
lamella very large, strongly curved, nearer the periphery at
its inner end; angular lamella large, at its inner end united
with the side of the parietal, at the outer with the palatal

FIG. 13. Gastrocopta ashmuni. a, 6, Florida Mts., N. M. ; c, Oak Creek,
Yavapai Co., Ariz.

margin, thus closing the sinulus above; columellar lamella
large, spiral, ascending to the body whorl between the pari-
etal and columella; basal lamella and inferior palatal fold
deep in the throat, the former radial, the latter above it,
oblique ; superior palatal short, tooth-like, rather remote from
the margin; surface shining, with slight, irregular striae and
microscopically rugulose, as is also the nucleus; shell horn-
colored, transparent; lamellae and folds whitish. Alt. 2, diam.
1.1 mm. (Sterki).

From Valencia Co., New Mexico, and the southern rim of
the Grand Canyon, Arizona, south to the Mexican boundary
from Nogales, Arizona, to the Big Hachet Mountains, New

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 43

Mexico; and from the Organ Mountains and Whiteoaks, Lin-
coln Co., N. M., on the east, to the vicinity of Jerome, Yava-
pai Co., Arizona, on the west. Chiefly in broken country and
foothills, but up to about 8000 ft. in some places.

Bifidaria ashmuni STERKI, Nautilus, xii, Sept. 1898, p. 49
(Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Ashmun; Cook's Peak and Drip-
ping Spring, Organ Mts., N. M., Cockerell). — ASHMUN, Nau-
tilus, xiii, p. 14 (Santa Eita Mts., 20 miles from Crittenden).
— PILSBRY and FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 144;
1910, pp. 137-139, f. 30. — Bifidaria ashmuni form minor
STERKI, Nautilus, xii, Dec. 1898, p. 92 (Nogales, Arizona). —
PILSBRY and FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1910, p. 139, f.
31. — ASHMUN, Nautilus, xiii, p. 14.

This species is readily known by the strong development
of the angulo-parietal lamella, the very deep immersion of
the lower palatal and basal folds, the anterior continuation
of the columellar lamella upon the parietal wall, alongside the
parietal lamella, and the long, gibbous neck of the last whorl.

It is a common species within the limits given above, the
territory being well covered by over fifty lots in the museum
of the Academy, collected chiefly by Ashmun, Ferriss and
the writer.

The typical form of G. ashmuni is nearly cylindric, taper-
ing but slightly, composed of five strongly convex whorls.
The last whorl becomes straightened and slightly sinuous in
basal view, and has a more or less conspicuous oblique swell-
ing or crest some distance behind the aperture. This crest is
not always so strong, as shown in fig. 13 c (a specimen from
Page's Ranch, Oak Creek, in central Arizona), and sometimes
it varies from strong to wanting in the same lot. The peri-
stome is well expanded, continuous, and usually stands shortly
free from the whorl in front. The parietal lamella is sig-
moid, bending far to the right at its inner end. The angular
lamella, also sigmoid, runs from the peristome to the parietal
lamella, the two lamellae together forming a figure like the
letter A.. The columellar lamella is broad and horizontal far
within, arising a half -whorl back (pi. 6, fig. 7), then sinuated
where the basal plica approaches it, as shown in pi. 6, fig. 6,

44 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

but near the aperture it runs out upon the parietal wall,
where it appears as a more or less elevated cord between the
parietal lamella and the columella, occupying, therefore, the
place of an infraparietal lamella. These lamellae are well
shown in fig. 13 &, a basal view in which the base of the shell
has been removed. The upper palatal fold is short, situated
some distance within the mouth, but visible from in front.
The lower palatal is long, entering, and so deeply immersed
that it is not visible in a front view, being concealed behind
the massive parietal barrier. There is a radially-placed basal
fold, scarcely or not visible in a front view ; the edge is seen
in pi. 6, fig. 6. Length about 2, diam. 1 mm.

9a. Form minor Sterki. "Smaller than the types, 1.5 to
1.9 mm. high; the shell is also thinner, the color paler, the

FIG. 14. G. ashmuni minor. Nogales.

everted part of the lip less broad, the number of whorls one-
half to one less" (Sterki). Length about 1.6 mm., with 4 to
4% whorls. The structure is otherwise substantially as in
ashmuni.

Arizona: Nogales; also on the Mexican side of the inter-
national boundary, and Ephraim canyon, Santa Rita Mts.
(E. H. Ashmun). Dragoon Mountains, in colonies with the
typical form (Pilsbry, Ferriss and Daniels).

10. GASTROCOPTA COCHISENSIS (Pilsbry and Ferriss). PL 6,

figs. 1 to 4, 8.
The shell is rimate, slightly tapering-cylindric, thin, pale

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

45

brown, composed of 5% strongly convex whorls, the last third
of a whorl straightened. Striation faint. The aperture is
squarish with rounded angles. Peristome rather broadly ex-
panded, thin, brownish, interrupted on the parietal margin,
or continuous by a fine thread. Parietal lamella high, its
inner end distinctly curving towards the periphery. Angular
lamella about half as high as the parietal, slightly sigmoid.
Columellar lamella strong, short, its inner half descending
somewhat. Palatal plicae all visible in a front view. The
upper one is rather high and short, not far within; lower
one deeply immersed, partly concealed behind the parietal in
a front view'; basal plica radial (transverse to the cavity),
deeply immersed.

Length 2.2, diam. 1.1 mm. | ~ .

V Cotypes.
Length 2.5, diam. 1.1 mm. j

Length 2.15, diam. 1.1 mm. Santa Rita Mts.

G. cochisenais. Santa Rita Mts., Arizona.

Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains, on the summit of Cross J
Mt., Big Emigrant canyon, about 8000 ft.; White Tail can-
yon; Limestone Mountain (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Huachuca

46 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

Mts., in Tanner canyon (Ferriss). Santa Rita Mountains (E.
H. Ashmun). Drift of the Santa Cruz River, Pima Co. (Pils-
bry). Santa Catalina Mts. at Alder Springs and Marble
Peak (Ferriss).

Bifidaria cochisensis PILSBRY and FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1910, p. 139, figs. 32, 33.

This species differs from G. ashmuni in the following fea-
tures: All the teeth are smaller. The columellar lamella is
very much shorter, and does not continue forward upon the
parietal wall. The palatal plicae are less deeply immersed, all
being visible in a front view in the aperture. The parietal
and angular lamellae are much less curved. The last whorl
is less protracted, never free in front, with a lower crest or
wave on the neck, or none.

It is far less widely distributed than G. ashmuni, and even
in its area is of less general occurrence, all of the known
localities being given above.

11. GASTROCOPTA OLIGOBASODON (Pilsbry & Ferriss). PI. 7,
figs. 8, 9, 10, 11.

The shell resembles G. cochisensis, from which it differs in
the following details : All of the teeth are smaller. The pari-
etal and angular lamellae are far less curved, and the angular
joins the parietal near the outer end of the latter. The colu-
mellar lamella is much shorter (pi. 7, fig. 8). The basal
plica is reduced to a minute tubercle, or in some individuals
it seems to be wanting. The parietal margin of the peristome
is adnate for a greater distance.

Length 2.6, diam. 1.1 mm.

Length 2.1, diam. 1 mm.

Arizona: Ash canyon, Huachuca Mts., type loc. (Ferriss) ;
Lower Rucker canyon, Chiricahua Mts. (Ferriss). New Mex-
ico: drift debris of the Mimbres River at Swartz P. 0. and
near Deming (Pilsbry & Ferriss) ; debris of Rio Grande at
Mesilla (Cockerell).

Bifidaria cochisensis oligobasodon PILS. & FERR., Proc. A.
N. S. Phila., 1910, p. 141, figs. 34a-c.

This shell was formerly considered a subspecies of G. cochi-

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 47

sensis, but having carefully gone over larger series of both,
than I had seen in 1910, I fail to find any really connecting
examples. It stands nearer G. prototypus, but differs in the
shape of the columellar lamella, which is placed somewhat
obliquely, and descends inward as a whole, while in proto-
typus the whole lamella is horizontal but with a thickening

c

FIG. 16. G. oligobasodon. Ash canyon, Huachuca Mts.

below its inner end, and another running upwards. The
lower palatal plica is far more deeply placed in oligobasodon
than in prototypus. In a large series of prototypus exam-
ined, none has a basal plica. In oligobasodon this fold is
rarely absent.

12. GASTROCOPTA PROTOTYPUS (Pilsbry). PL 7, figs. 1 to 5.

The shell is shortly rimate, subcylindric, slightly tapering
upwards, light brown, lightly striate, with but little gloss;
composed of 5% strongly convex whorls, the last without
any trace of a wave or crest behind the lip or on the neck.
The aperture is squarish-oval; peristome thin, well expanded
except near the upper end of the outer lip; insertions sep-
arated by nearly half the width of the mouth. Both angular

48 GASTBOCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

and parietal lamellas are nearly straight, diverging in front
of their union, which is marked by a notch. The inner end
of the parietal lamella bends a little towards the periphery.
Columellar lamella horizontal, the inner end having a small
white callous below, not visible from in front. There is also
a callous running up the columellar axis, but it is nearly
colorless (pi. 7, figs. 2, 4). The upper palatal plica is minute,
tubercular; the lower is larger, and a little more deeply
placed. No basal fold.

Length 2.55, diam. 1.1 mm.

Mexico: Huingo, in the State of Michoacan (type loc. ; S.
N. Ehoads) ; Guadalajara, State of Jalisco (McConnell and
Crawford).

Bifidaria prototypus Pils., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1899, p.
400; 1903, p. 766, pi. 50, f. 7, 7a; 1910, p. 142, f. 35.

This species stands nearest G. oligobasodon, but differs by
the less deeply immersed lower palatal plica, the absence of
a basal plica, and the shape of the inner end of the longer
columellar lamella (compare pi. 7, figs. 2 and 8). The pari-
etal lamella extends a little further forward of the junction
of the angular lamella than in oligobasodon.

The specimens from Guadalajara vary in size : length 2.45,
diam. 1.1 mm., to length 2.2, diam. 1.03 mm.

It may be regarded as a connecting link between typical
Gastrocopta and Immersidens.

12a. G. prototypus basidentata n. subsp. PI. 7, figs. 6, 7.

These shells agree in form and size with prototypus, but
differ by having a well-developed basal fold. The columellar
lamella is strong and horizontal, not short as in B. oligo-
~basodon. The inner end of the angular lamella unites with
the parietal lamella (fig. 7), as in prototypus. The outer lip
is thin, with no crest back of it. The figured shell measures,
length 2.35, diam. above aperture 1.05 mm.

Locality, Guatemala City (type no. 190017 U. S. Nat. Mus.,
from Sr. Gomez).

This form needs to be compared with G. pazi (Hidalgo)
when authentic specimens of that species become available.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 49

13. GASTROCOPTA DALLIANA (Sterki). PL 8, figs. 5 to 9.

"Shell minute, ovate-turriculate, perforate-rimate, pale
horn-colored, translucent; apex somewhat obtuse; whorls 5,
regularly increasing, convex, with the suture deeper between
the upper than the lower whorls ; the last whorl ascending at
the aperture, compressed at the periphery, especially so
toward the aperture, with a slight, shallow crest-elevation, its
base narrow except just behind the aperture, where there is a
slight depression; surface with very fine, crowded striae;
aperture equaling a little over one-third of altitude, almost
as wide as high, rounded below, with three almost equal angles
above, margins approximate, somewhat extended upward and
connected by a slight, straight callous, somewhat everted,
especially below, without a thickened lip. Lamellae and folds :
angular and parietal rather large, connected but distinct, the
former ending at the margin; a nodule-like infraparietal ;
columellar rather large, lamellar, horizontally encircling the
somewhat projecting columella; basal transverse (radial) on
the impressed part of the base, short lamellar, abrupt; pari-
etal folds approximate, the superior rather short, the inferior
longer, deeper in the throat, somewhat oblique. Alt. 1.6 to
1.8, diam. 0.8 to 0.9, apert. alt. 0.6 mm." (Sterki).

Southeastern Arizona: Nogales (type locality) and Santa
Kita Mts., Santa Cruz Co. (Ashmun) ; mouth of Sabino
canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., Pima Co. (Ferriss) ; Eagle
Creek, Graham Co. (Ferriss) ; Dragoon and Chiricahua Mts.,
Cochise Co. (Pilsbry and Ferriss).

Bifidaria dalliana STERKI, Nautilus, xii, Dec. 1898, p. 91. —
PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 593, pi.
22, f. 8.— PILSBRY and FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1910,
p. 143, f. 36a. — ASHMUN, Nautilus, xiii, p. 14 (Ephraim can-
yon, Santa Rita Mts.).

The shell is generally smaller than G. hordeacella, the an-
gulo-parietal lamella is conspicuously complex, and the basal
plica is transverse instead of entering. It is related to G.
bttamellata, from which it differs by the more cylindric shape,
the less diverging outer ends of the parietal and angular
lamellae, and the simple columellar lamella. The ends of the

50

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

lip are rather widely separated in dalliana, connected in bila-
mellata.

The shell is very fragile and usually dirty, like all the
species of the same section. The inner end of the angular
lamella lies adjacent to the outer end of the parietal, with a
lower connecting callous between them. The parietal may
project slightly forward of the junction, or it may stop there.
Its inner end usually bends a trifle outward. The columellar
lamella is stout and transverse (pi. 8, fig. 8). Fig. 17 is from
a paratype. Length 1.8, diam. 0.8 mm.

In the Chiricahua and Dragoon mountains it is often
larger than the types, up to 2 mm. long, .85 wide. The basal
fold is usually longer than in the typical form.

FIG. 17. G. dalliana.

FIG. 18. G. bilamellata.

13&. G. dalliana media n. subsp. PL 8, figs. 10, 11.

The shell is like dalliana in size, shape and fragility. It
differs by having a callous buttress below the inner end of the
columellar lamella (pi. 8, fig. 11). This is much less devel-
oped than that of G. bilamellata. The parietal and angular
lamellae are less intimately united, and the former reaches
further forward (pi. 8, fig. 10). The terminations of the lip
are rather widely separated, as in dalliana.

Distribution. — Arizona: Montezuma's Well, several miles

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 51

north of the S. P. Railroad close to where it enters Maricopa
Co. from the east, type loc. ; 5 miles south of Jerome, Yavapai
Co. (Ashmun).

The localities of media are west of all those known for G.
dalliana, but its range seems to be overlapped by the eastern
extension of bilamellata. Its structural characters are be-
tween the two.

14. GASTROCOPTA BILAMELLATA (Sterki and Clapp). PI. 8,
figs. 1 to 4.

"Shell small, slender, cylindrical or slightly attenuated
above, with an obtuse apex, perforate; whorls 5%, sub-
equal, the apical ones comparatively large; colorless to pale
or reddish-horn (so far as can be seen from drift specimens),
transparent; surface shining, with very fine, crowded, sub-
regular striae, on the apex microscopically rugulose; the last
whorl ascending above, somewhat flattened at the base close
to the aperture, keel-like further back, somewhat flattened
over the palate, with a slight to strong, not sharp, crest be-
hind the margin, with two spiral impressions, one over the
lower palatal and another near the base; aperture broadly
elliptical to almost circular, peristome continuous or its ends
closely approximate and connected by a raised callous, well
everted, with a slight to rather strong lip thickening ; lamellae
and plicae, parietal and angular, well differentiated, con-
nected, large, the angular connecting with the peristome;
columellar complex, with a lower axial and an upper hori-
zontal part; * basal ' a short, transverse lamella, rather
abrupt ; lower palatal far remote from the margin, but visible
in front view, rather long, lamellar, thin ; upper palatal some-
what less deep-seated, close to the lower, somewhat oblique,
shorter.

"Alt. 2-2.4, average 2.2, diam. 0.9 mm.; aperture alt. 0.8
mm. Soft parts not seen" (Sterki).

Arizona : foothills of Plumosa Eange, about 8 miles east of
Quartzsite, Yuma Co., in drift (type loc.; G. S. Hutson) ;
Salt River drift, Tempe, Maricopa Co. (Pilsbry and Ferriss).

Bifidaria bilamellata STERKI and CLAPP, Nautilus, xxii,

52 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

March, 1909, pi. 8, f. 7.— STERKI, Nautilus, xxii, April, 1909,
p. 126.— PILSBRY and FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1910, p.
143, f. 366.

This species, which replaces G. dalliana in western Ari-
zona, differs from that by the longer, more tapering shell, the
nearly or quite continuous peristome and the shape of the
columellar lamella, which has a vertical portion running down
from its inner end, longer than in G. d. media. The parietal
lamella runs forward further than in G. dalliana. In the type
locality it was found in company with G. hordeacella and C.
intuscostata, in the ratio of about 1 ~bilameUata to 16 hordea-
cella (text fig. 18).

The specimens from Tempe are typical in all respects, and
occurred with the same and other species in the drift debris.
The largest and smallest measure :

Length 2.35, diam. .83 mm.

Length 1.95, diam. .8 mm.

Subgenus PRIVATULA Sterki.

Privatula STERKI, Nautilus, vi, p. 101, 1893, monotype P.
corticaria Say.

The shell is whitish, without palatal callous or folds, the
columellar lamella minute, tubercular, angulo-parietal lamella
small and straight, its crest bilobed.

The teeth are reduced more than in any other Gastrocopta.
Only one species is known. It is probably related to Albinula
and Sinalbinula, from which it differs by the absence of pala-
tal callous and plicae.

15. GASTROCOPTA CORTICARIA (Say). PI. 10, figs. 1 to 4.

The shell is minutely rimate, nearly cylindric, tapering
slightly to the very obtuse summit; thin, translucent- white,
almost smooth, very faintly marked with growth-lines.
Whorls 5%, quite convex, the last rounded basally, without a
crest behind the lip. Aperture irregularly oval; peristome
thin, well expanded, the lip-ends widely separated. Angular
and parietal lamellae united into one small bilobed lamellae, or
almost separate. Columellar lamella very low, subvertical, a
minute tubercle in front of its lower end.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 53

Length 2.5, diam. 1 mm.

Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south, to St. Simon's
Island, Georgia, northern Alabama and Alexandria, Louisi-
ana. Type locality, Philadelphia, Pa.

Odostomia corticaria SAY, Nicholson's American Encyclo-
pedia, ii, pi. 4, fig. 5, 1816. — Pupa corticaria Say PFEIFFER,
Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, 228; vi, 304.— BINNEY, Terr. Moll., ii,
p. 339, pi. 72, f. 4.— W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 1878, p.
209, f. 113, 114, pi. 72, f. 4. — Leucochila corticaria Say,
MORSE, Terr. Pulm. Maine, p. 36, f. 87, pi. 10, f. 88.

G. corticaria has the teeth more reduced than in any other
Gastrocopta. The angular lamella is variable, sometimes
rather well developed, as in figures 1,«4, sometimes minute,
and scarcely united with the parietal lamella, and in some
apparently mature shells it is entirely wanting. The very
low columellar lamella runs vertically on the back of the
rather large axis, and either turns outward in a short hori-
zontal limb at the lower end, or a very low tubercle, visible
from in front, stands in front of its lower end (pi. 10, fig. 3).

As the name denotes, G. corticaria is often found crawling
upon trees a foot or two from the ground. While generally
distributed, it rarely occurs in abundance, and is not known
from the higher Catskills, southern Alleghanies, or other ele-
vated regions. So far as I have seen specimens, its western
limit is in Minnesota, Iowa and Arkansas. No local or geo-
graphic races have been noticed.

Subgenus GASTROCOPTA Wollaston.

Gastrocopta WOLLASTON, Test. Atlant., 1878, p. 515. — Bifi-
daria STERKI in Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1891, p. 315.
—EuUfidaria STERKI, Nautilus, vi, p. 101, 1893, type "P.
hordeacea Gabb" of Sterki, — G. cristata (Pils. & Van.).

The shell is rimate, cylindric or oblong-conic, having the
angular and parietal lamellae concrescent into a sinuous or
bifid lamella; columellar lamella horizontal, short. Palatal
folds not standing upon a callous ridge, the upper and basal
sometimes wanting, the basal, when present, in the base of
the aperture, not subcolumellar in position.

54 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

Type G. acarus (Bens.).

Distribution, tropical and warm temperate portions of
America and Africa; Mascarene Is., Ceylon, the Philippines
and Hawaiian Islands.

This group is developed in warm temperate and tropical
America, chiefly from the southern tier of states in the United
States to the Argentine Republic. They are the common and
abundant Pupae of much of these regions. Besides its distri-
bution in North and South America (species nos. 16 to 32),
where the greatest number and variety of species have been
found, typical Gastrocoptas inhabit Africa and the islands
in the Indian Ocean (species nos. 66 to 76), Ceylon and per-
haps India (species 77, 78), the Philippines and Oahu (spe-
cies nos. 86, 87).

Gastrocopta appears to be related to Immersidens, but not
closely to the northern group of subgenera, Albinula, Sinalbi-
nida, etc. Among other significant differences, the position
of the basal plica may be noted. In Albinula, Sinalbinula and
Vertigopsis this plica is more or less obviously subcolumellar
in position; so much so that many describers have referred
to it as a second or inferior columellar tooth. In Gastrocopta
and Immersidens it never assumes a subcolumellar position.

The species are much alike and partly difficult to distin-
guish, both from the absence of salient differential charac-
ters, and in some cases from the resemblance of simplified
members of different specific stocks. They are especially vari-
able in the development and prominence of callosities or
tubercular teeth below and above the columellar lamella, and
the prominence of the crest behind the outer lip, and are
somewhat variable in the degree of concrescence of the angu-
lar and parietal lamellae. Moreover, a number of the species
have been so imperfectly defined that positive decisions are at
present unattainable.

Key to North American and Antillean Species.

a. Lip distinctly or heavily calloused within.

b. Form distinctly tapering; callous of the lip heavy.
c. Corneous or whitish, the lip white.

G. rupicola, no. 17.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 55

c1. Cinnamon-colored, the lip tinted.

d. Subcolumellar nodule present.

G. r. duplex, no. 17&.
d1. No subcolumellar nodule or callous.

G. r. marginalba, no. 17c.
Form cylindric.

c. Parietal lamella strongly bifid in a front view.
d. Small, length 2 to 2.45, diam. 1 mm.
or less.

e. Lower palatal plica not very
deeply immersed; Antilles. G.
barbadensis and var., nos. 24, 24a.
e1. Lower palatal plica deeply im-
mersed; Dakota to New Mexico.
G. p. mcclungi, no. 18c.
d1. Larger, length 2.25 to 3, diam. 1 mm.
or more.

e. Anterior end of parietal lamella
not conspicuous.

/. Lip heavily calloused.

g. A callous below colu-
mellar lamella.

G. procera, no. 18.
g1. No callous below colu-
mellar lamella.

G. p. riparia, no. 18a.
/x. Lip callous thin; an infra-
parietal often developed.

G. riograndensis, no. 20.
e1. Anterior end of parietal lamella
distinctly projecting.
/. Lip-callous marginal.

G. p. mcclungi, no. 18c.
jf1. Lip-callous further within.

G. p. duplicata, no. 18&.
c1. Parietal lamella simpler, sinuous.

d. Larger, strongly crested, 2.3 to 3.2 mm.
long, more than 1 mm. wide; Oklahoma
to Arizona. G. cristata, no. 19.

56 GASTBOCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

d1. Smaller, 2 to 2.2 mm. long, 0.9 mm.
wide; Bimini Islands.

G. p. biminiensis, no. 22a.
a1. Lip thin, not calloused within.

b. Having 5 well-developed teeth, a basal fold present.
c. Diam. usually over 1 mm., about 2.5 mm.
long; brownish.

d. No crest behind the lip; parietal tooth
not strongly bifid, no infraparietal tu-
bercle. G. servilis, no. 21.
d1. A narrow crest; parietal bifid; an infra-
parietal nodule often developed.

G. riograndensis, no. 20.
c1. Diam. 1 mm. or less; length 1.5 to 2.6 mm.

d. Parietal strongly bifid; a callous or
tooth below the columellar lamella.
e. An infraparietal nodule present.
G. polyptyx, no. 25.
e1. No infraparietal tooth.

G. barbadensis, no. 24.

d1. Parietal sinuous or emarginate, but not
distinctly bifid.

e. Diam. one-third the length; Cura-
cao. G. longurio, no. 23.
e1. Somewhat wider.

G. pellucida and varr., no. 22.
d2. Parietal simple and straight, angular
wanting or minute.

e. Ovate-conic, 1.2 x 1 mm.; peri-
stome not expanded; Ohio.

G. carnegiei, no. 6.

e1. Cylindric, 1.7 x 0.9 mm.; peri-

stome expanded; Arizona, New

Mexico. G. p&sbryana, no. 7.

c*. Having 4 strongly-developed teeth, the an-

gulo-parietal almost simple; no basal fold;

shell albino; New Mexico and Arizona.

G. qitadridens, no. 16.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 57

c3. Teeth small, the basal fold usually wanting,

upper palatal plica minute when present.

d. Length 2.2 to 2.4, diam. 0.95 mm.; St.

Thomas. G. riisei, no. 21a.

d1. Slightly narrower, with deeper suture;

Arizona. G. p. parvidens, no. 22d.

d2. Length 1.36 to 1.55 mm., 4 to 4y2

whorls; very thin arid fragile; Bimini

Islands. G. p. delicata, no. 22&.

16. GASTROCOPTA QUADRIDENS Pilsbry, n. n. PL 10, figs. 7, 10.

"Shell narrowly perforate-rimate, conical-turriculate, with
the apex somewhat obtuse; colorless, glassy; surface very
slightly striated, shining; whorls 6, gradually increasing,
with the suture rather deep between the upper, less so be-
tween the lower whorls; the last whorl moderately ascending
at the aperture, rather rounded at the base, slightly expanded
near the aperture, with an impression over the inferior palatal
fold; aperture rather oval, truncated above, margins well
everted, the palatal somewhat more curved than the columel-
lar, the two connected by a thin callous; lamellae and folds
four, subequal; angulo-parietal appearing almost simple, in-
clined toward the columella; columellar horizontal, rather
short and strong, palatals rather short and stout, in normal
position, the inferior somewhat larger and more remote from
the margin. Alt. 2.4 to 2.8, diam. 1.3; apert. alt. 1.0 mm."
(Sterki).

New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Lincoln Co. (type loc. ; E. H.
Ashmun) ; Black Kange, Sierra and Grant Cos. (Ferriss and
Pilsbry). Arizona: Bill Williams Mt., Coconino Co. (Pilsbry
and Ferriss) ; Mt. Mingus, near Jerome, Yavapai Co. (Ash-
mun) ; Santa Catalina and Chiricahua Mts. (Ferriss).

Bifidaria quadridentata STERKI, Nautilus, xii, March, 1899,
p. 125. Not Pupa quadridentata Klein, 1853, also a Gastro-
copta. — Bifidaria quadridens Sterki, PILSBRY and VANATTA,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 607 (lapsus calami).

This is a strikingly distinct species. By the very thin,
translucent, paraffine-white shell, without a crest behind the

58 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

thin lip, it recalls G. corticaria, which is perhaps the species
most nearly related. The angulo-parietal lamella is simple, as
in pentodon or pilsbryana, or sometimes the extremely minute
trace of the forward end of the parietal lamella appearing as
a branch on the columellar side, may be seen near the outer
end. The lower or free edge of the parietal lamella is bent
towards the columella as in G. cristata. The lower palatal
fold is usually rather long. The columellar lamella is trans-
verse, as in the procera group, and there is no callous below it.
In a great number I have seen, none has a basal plica.

It is a common shell in the heavily-forested and humid
upper zone of the Santa Catalina Mountains, north of Tuc-
son, and in the Black Range, New Mexico, but very rare in
the Chiricahua Range, at the southern limit of the species,,
where it occurred in Barfoot Park, 10,000 ft. elevation. Its
stations are chiefly between 7,000 and 11,000 ft., and never at
low levels.

As the name quadridentata is in use for a species of Gas-
trocopta from the German Upper Miocene, I am substituting
quadridens, which although used for the species in 1900 quite
inadvertently, and with no intention to form a new name,,
may serve now that the original name is not admissible.

I have a strong suspicion that this species, like G. corticaria,
belongs to the same stock as Sinalbinula and Vertigopsis, and
should form another subgenus; yet for the present it is left
with the rwpicola group, which it resembles in general fea-
tures.

17. GASTROCOPTA RUPICOLA (Say). PI. 11, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6.

1 i Shell dextral, attenuated to an obtuse apex, white ; whorls;
six, glabrous; suture deeply impressed; labium bidentate;
superior tooth lamiform, emarginate in the middle, and at the
anterior lip obsoletely uniting with the superior termination
of the labium; inferior tooth placed upon the columella, and
extending nearly at a right angle with the preceding ; labrum
tridentate, teeth placed somewhat alternately with those of
the labium, inferior tooth situated at the base and imme-
diately beneath the inferior tooth of the labium. Length,
one-tenth inch ' ' ( Say ) .

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 59

Length 2.5 to 2.2 mm.

South Carolina to the keys of south Florida, west along the
Gulf coastal plain to Galveston, Texas. Bermuda. North Cat
Cay, Bimini group, Bahamas. Type locality, ruins of Fort
Picolato, St. John's River, Florida.

Pupa rupicola SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1821,
p. 163. — GOULD, Boston Journal of Natural History, iv, 1843,
p. 355, pi. 16, f. 13.— BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iii, pi. 70, fig. 1
(left and central figs. ) .— STERKI, Nautilus, iv, 1891, p. 139.—
Bifidaria rupicola (Say), PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N.
S. Phila., 1900, p. 595, pi. 22, f. 1.

This species tapers upwards much more than G. procera,
which is subcylindric. G. servilis has a thinner lip. In G.
rupicola the outer and basal margins of the peristome are
spreading, broad, and conspicuously thickened by a heavy
white callous within the sharp edge. This callous is narrowed
near the posterior angle as usual. The angulo-parietal lamella
shows a small lateral spur in the front view. Seen from
below (pi. 11, fig. 6) it is very slightly sinuous, nearly
straight except in front, where it curves outward to unite
with the outer lip. The columellar lamella consists of a very
low, vertical portion which bends forward below, forming a
strong horizontal portion (fig. 5). The lower palatal plica is
not much lengthened, but is larger and more deeply placed
than the upper. There is a narrow and low but distinct crest
close behind the lip, and a flattening over the position of the
lower palatal plica. Length 2.5, diam. 1.1 mm.; 5% whorls.
The color varies from very pale brown to corneous, the sur-
face being very finely, rather irregularly striate.

In some places the average size is smaller, as at Miami,
Florida. In other colonies, as at Lossman's Key, in the Ten
Thousand Islands (pi. 11, fig. 1; length 2.2 mm., 5 whorls)
both the maximum and the minimum sizes were found living
together, the smallest 2.1 mm. long. There is a more or less
developed callous buttress under the inner end of the parietal
lamella in this and some other lots, while in typical rupicola
it is absent or only weakly developed.

PL 11, fig. 3, is abnormal in having the lower palatal plica
doubled, but such abnormalities are not uncommon.

60 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

The continental rupicola is an albinistic race, the insular
marginalia being more normal for the group in color.

Before 1890, this species was thought to include G. procera
Old., and the name was so used in the writings of W. G. Bin-
ney and others. Gould, and afterwards Sterki, pointed out
the differential characters.

G. rupicola matacumbensis n. subsp. PI. 14, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is fragile, milk-white, without a crest behind the
reflected lip; the latter being only slightly or moderately
thickened, very much less than in typical rupicola. There is
a callous below the inner end of the columellar lamella. All
of the teeth are somewhat smaller than in rupicola.

Length 2.5, diam. 1.1 mm. (type).

Length 2.35, diam. 1.1 mm.

Length 1.85, diam. 0.93 mm.

Lower Matacumbe Key, Florida, near the water-tank (Geo.
H. Clapp).

Some dwarf specimens from the same place are less than
2 mm. long, with the aperture relatively larger (pi. 14, fig. 3).
It was taken in abundance by Mr. Clapp. The lip is thicker
than in G. servilis, which has not been found in Florida.

17&. G. rupicola duplex n. subsp. PI. 11, figs. 4, 7, 9.

The shell is similar in shape and size to the typical form,
but cinnamon-colored, having the lip white and not greatly
thickened. The columellar lamella is heavily calloused above
and below, the lower callous more or less distinctly tuberculi-
form (fig. 7).

Bermuda: Bailey's Bay and other localities. Type and
paratypes no. 105797 A. N. S. P., from above Whitby Cave.

17c. G. rupicola marginalba (Pfeiffer). PL 11, figs. 10 to

13; pi. 10, figs. 6, 8, 9.

The shell is cinnamon-colored, form convexly- tapering ; a
crest (sometimes weak) behind the lip. Lip-callous heavy,
also cinnamon-colored. Angulo-parietal lamella more dis-
tinctly bifid in front view than that of typical rupicola; and
typically the front end of the parietal lamella projects more

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 61

or less on the columellar side (pi. 10, figs. 8, 9). The colu-
mellar lamella is simple, short and horizontal, its inner end
having only a very low, hardly perceptible buttress below.
The lower palatal plica is a little longer than in rupicola.
The surface is rather distinctly striate.

Length 2.45, diam. above aperture 1.23 mm. Matanzas,
fig. 13.

Length 2.5, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm. Matanzas, fig. 12.

Cuba: hillside west of Matanzas and on the west side of
Matanzas Bay (Pilsbry) ; Loma de Capiro, Santa Clara; San
Vicente de los Banos (J. B. Henderson) ; San Jose (Ch.
Wright in U. S. N. M.). Jamaica (Gloyne in A. N. S. P.).
Bermuda: Church Cave, near Tuckerstown, etc. (Vanatta, S.
Brown and others).

Pupa marginalia PPR., Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Natur-
geschichte, 1840, i, p. 253; Monographia Hel. Viv., ii, 1848,
356; iii, 555; iv, 680; vi, 327. — KUSTER, Syst. Conchylien
Cabinet, p. 89, pi. 12, f. 22, 23. — Vertigo marginalba Pfr.,
POEY, Memorias sobre la Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii. p. 13. — ARANGO,
Fauna Malacologica Cubana, p. 103 (Cogimar, under stones).

This is a common shell around Matanzas (pi. 11, figs. 12,
13; pi. 10, figs. 8, 9), also in Bermuda (pi. 11, figs. 10, 11),
varying considerably in shape and in the thickness of the lip.
I have found beautiful albino specimens with the dark ones
on the west side of Matanzas Bay, and it is evident that
Pfeiifer's unique type was of this kind. The name was un-
fortunate, for normally the lip is colored. The degree to
which the angulo-parietal lamella appears bifid varies (pi. 10,
figs. 8, 9) ; also the projection on the columellar side, which is
sometimes wanting in lots where most shells have ft developed.

Variety. — In some lots the parietal and angular lamellae are
more fully concrescent, forming a nearly simple and more
slender lamella, as in pi. 10, fig. 8.

Some small and slender specimens from San Vicente Banos,
Cuba (pi. 10, fig. 6), taken by Henderson, appear to me to be
either a race of marginalba or a closely related subspecies.
The angular lamella forms a lobe at its junction with the
parietal, the anterior end of the latter projecting on the colu-

62 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

mellar side. The lip is not much thickened, less than in
typical marginalba.

Length 2.45, diam. above aperture 1 mm.

Length 2, diam. above aperture 0.96 mm.

Pfeiffer's original and later descriptions follow.

Pupa marginalba Pf r. PL 11, fig. 8. ' ' Shell ovate- turrite,
corneous, umbilicate ; whorls 5, convex ; lip rather thick, sub-
expanded, white; aperture four-toothed. Length 1%, diam.
y2 lines. Two small teeth in the outer lip, a third, larger, in
the columella, and the fourth, largest, on the penult whorl
near the insertion of the lip. A single specimen." Cuba
(P/r., 1840).

"Shell shortly rimate, subperf orate, oblong-ovate, thin,
glossy, corneous; spire subturrite, the apex rather obtuse;
5% convex whorls. Aperture subrotund, four-toothed: one
tooth on the parietal wall, one on the columella, two callous
teeth in the lower part of the palate ; peristome white, shortly
expanded, the margins joined by a thin callous. Length 2%,
diam. 1% mm., aperture % mm. long" (P/r., 1848).

Pfeiffer's original example was probably from Matanzas
province, where he collected. Kiister states that the neck is
somewhat flattened, with a callous (crest) running parallel
to the lip ; the peristome has a pretty strong white lip. Like
Pfeiffer, he describes only four teeth. PL 11, fig. 8, is copied
from his plate.

18. GASTROCOPTA PROCERA (Gould). PL 12, figs. 1 to 5.

The shell is shortly rimate, cylindric, with convexly conic,
obtuse summit; cinnamon to sayal-brown, paler at the sum-
mit, somewhat glossy, lightly, irregularly striate. Whorls
5%, rather strongly convex, the last one flattened in the
region of the lower palatal plica, and slightly impressed over
the basal plica; having a low crest (fig. 4) close behind the
outer lip (variable in prominence). The aperture has five
teeth. The angulo-parietal lamella is sinuous, showing a dis-
tinct spur on the right side, in a front view; in basal view
(pi. 12, fig. 5) this spur is seen to be the inner end of the
angular lamella, while the parietal lamella forms a very in-

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 63

conspicuous projection of the outline on the left side, and its
inner end curves slightly to the right. The columellar lamella
is stout, transverse, nearly a half whorl long; below it there
is a low tubercle (pi. 12, fig. 2; variable in prominence, and
often not visible in a face view). The upper palatal plica is
short, situated exactly opposite the spur of the parietal, and
is rather deep within. Lower palatal plica is much longer,
more deeply placed, its inner end reaching a dorsal position.
The basal plica is short, about as deep within as the upper
palatal. The peristome is thickened within by a strong, cin-
namon callous ridge, in front of the lip-teeth, and excavated
near the upper insertion.

Length 2.5, diam. 1.1 mm.

Length 2.3, diam. 1 mm.

Eastern United States: Maryland to South Carolina, west
to Shawnee Co., Kansas, and Payne Co., Oklahoma; south to
Alabama and eastern Texas. Type locality, Baltimore, Mary-
land.

Pupa procera GOULD, Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., iii,
1840, p. 401, pi. 3, f. 12 (bad) ; iv, 1843, p. 359, pi. 16, f. 12.
— STERKI, Nautilus, iv, 1891, p. 140 ; vi, 1892, p. l.—Bifidaria
procera Gld., PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1900, p. 594, pi. 22, f. 6, 7.— WALKER, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Mich., no. 15, 1915, pp. 2-10. — Pupa carinata GOULD,
Boston Journal N. H.., iv, no. 1, 1842, cover ; t . c., no. 3, 1843,
p. 359. — Pupa gibbosa Say, KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl. Cab.,
Pupa, p. 123, pi. 16, figs. 13-16 (in Nordamerika und Mex-
ico). Not of Say. — Pupa minuta Say, PFEIFFER, Symbolae ad
Hist. Hel., ii, 1842, p. 54; Monographia Hel. Viv., ii, p. 356.
Not of Say. — Pupa rupicola Say, W. G. BINNEY, Land and
Fresh-Water Shells of N. A., i, 1869, p. 243, f. 423, 424; Man.
Amer. Land Shells, 1885, p. 328. Not of Say.

G. procera differs from G. rupicola by its dark color, tinted
or dark-colored lip, and more cylindric shape. Both have the
lip heavily calloused within, but in continental G. rupicola
the callous is always white, and the shell very pale. G. rupi-
cola is an Austroriparian species, nowhere extending as far
north as G. procera, but the latter extends south into part of

64 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

the rupicola territory. In some places, as at Galveston, G.
rupicola, procera and hordeacella occur together in the same
colony.

I have seen G. procera from Cecil Co., Maryland, near the
Pennsylvania line, and it may be expected to occur in Penn-
sylvania, in the lower Susquehanna valley. There are records
of "rupicola" from New England (Binney) and New York,
which if not due to mixture of specimens or labels, as one
may suspect, should pertain rather to procera. G. procera is
found in the southern parts of all the states north of the Ohio
Eiver, in Missouri and Kansas (Shawnee Co.), and west as
far as Perkins, Payne Co., Oklahoma (D. K. Greger) ; also
Texas, in Lee Co., where the form seems to me intermediate
between procera and duplicata. In the west it may narrowly
overlap parts of the areas of the subspecies duplicata and
mcclungi, and in some New-Mexican lots, from the debris of
the Rio Grande and Mimbres rivers, it is rather difficult to
decide whether one has procera or mcclungi.

Dr. Sterki has reported G. procera from Iowa and from
Wiiiona, Minnesota (Nautilus, iv, 140), places further* north
than any from which I have seen specimens; also Cincinnati,
Columbus and Hamilton, Ohio (Proc. Ohio Acad. Sci., iv,
378). Baker recorded it from Joliet, Illinois (Moll. Chicago
Area, pp. 20, 232). G. procera has been reported from Trini-
dad, Colorado (Univ. of Colo. Studies, iv, 171), but the speci-
mens are G. p. mcclungi.

Pupa minuta was wrongly credited to Say by Pfeiffer, who
gave the description translated below. He quoted Pupa gib-
bo sa Say as a synonym, but the latter name was used only by
Kiister, who figured it. These figures support the opinion of
Binney that the shell was merely procera, rather a young
one, apparently.

P. minuta Say. Shell scarcely rimate, cylindric, glossy,
pellucid, corneous, spire with the apex obtuse; aperture sub-
semicircular, f our- toothed : teeth subequal, one parietal, one
columellar, two palatal; peristome expanded, somewhat
lipped, the margins separated, right margin arcuate above.
Length 2%, diam. 1*4; aperture % mm. in oblique length.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 65

Habitat in Pennsylvania. Is it not likely a variety of P. pro-
ceraf (Pfr.).

Pupa carinata Gould, from Maryland, was subsequently
said by Gould to be an immature or broken procera.

I8a. Form riparia (n. f.), pi. 12, fig. 6. Columellar lamella
shorter, no callous or nodule below it. Teeth whitish, the
palatals usually smaller than typical. Calera and Big Will's
Valley near Valley Head, Alabama (H. H. Smith), and Gal-
veston, Texas (type loc., Pilsbry).

18&. G. PROCERA DUPLICATA (Sterki). PL 12, figs. 7, 8; pL
13, fig. 7.

The shell differs from procera by having the angulo-parietal
lamella more complex, due to the less complete concrescence
of the two component lamellae; the anterior end of the pari-
etal is visible as a low, callous branch directed towards the
columellar insertion (pi. 13, fig. 7). The parietal callous
between ends of the lip is usually thick. The tubercle below
the columellar lamella is typically strongly developed. Peri-
stome and crest as in procera, of a very pale brown tint, and
the callous thickening is heaviest a little inward from the edge*

Length 2.9, diam. 1.2 mm.; nearly 6 whorls (typical).

Length 2.25, diam. 1 mm. (smallest paratype).

Distribution. — South Dakota to the Rio Grande. Type
locality, Glenrose, Somerville Co., Texas.

Bifidaria dupUcata STERKI, Nautilus, xxv, Feb. 1912, p. 116.

It may be that this form of the subarid region deserves
specific rank, but the difficulty of distinguishing many speci-
mens from procera, owing to intermediate degrees of develop-
ment of the angulo-parietal lamella, causes me to consider it
a subspecies. It varies in size in each colony, as usual in the
group. Around New Braunfels, Texas, where it is common,
the maximum length is 3.3 mm., with barely 6% whorls.

Localities for typical duplicate are : South Dakota : Wash-
ington Co. (Over). Oklahoma: Fort Gibson (A. D. Brown
coll.). Arkansas: Rogers, Benton Co. (Pilsbry and Ferriss).
Texas: Glenrose, Somerwell Co. (type loc.); Austin; San
Marcos, Hays Co. ; New Braunfels, Comal Co. ; near Hondo,

66 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

Medina Co.; Devil's Eiver, Val Verde Co. (Pilsbry and
Ferriss) .

Nearly all of the specimens seen are from stream debris,
though many are so fresh that it is not likely they had floated
far. In some lots, as that from New Braunfels, the form
mcclungi occurs in the same debris; but it seems probable
that this small, thick-lipped form lives in more arid situa-
tions than the larger, darker-lipped duplicata. The area of
mcclungi is much more extensive than that of duplicata west-
ward, but in the east they are nearly coincident. The rela-
tions of the forms can be more exactly estimated when gath-
erings of living specimens come to hand.

18c. G. procera mcclungi (Hanna & Johnston). PL 13, figs.
1 to 5.

The average size is smaller than procera or duplicata;
whorls typically shorter. The face of the thick lip is convex,
and the greatest thickness of the lip-callous is at (not within)
the edge of the aperture. Teeth as in duplicata, the angulo-
parietal lamella being bifid and forked in front (fig. 5), and
there is a tubercular tooth below and partially united with
the columellar lamella, which appears duplicated when the
subcolumellar portion is strongly developed, as in fig. 4.
There is a rather low crest behind the lip, and an external
impression (sometimes wanting) over the lower palatal plica.

Length 2.03, diam. 0.96 mm.; length 2.07 and 2.44, diam.
1 mm. (Hanna and Johnston).

Length 2.26, diam. 1.08 mm.; fully 5 whorls (fig. 1, Clay
Co., N. D.).

South Dakota to the Rio Grande, Texas; west to eastern
Colorado, the Eio Grande and Mimbres valleys, New Mexico,
and Holbrook, Arizona. Type locality, pleistocene of Prairie
Dog Creek, Phillips Co., Kansas.

Bifidaria mcclungi HANNA and JOHNSTON, Kansas Univer-
sity Science Bulletin, vii, no. 3, Jan. 1913, p. 119, pi. 18, f. 1, 2.

A subspecies of the semi-arid country, now probably ex-
tinct over much of its former territory, the limits of which
are indicated above. Nearly all of the specimens known are

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 67

from stream debris. The type specimen is identical in form
with figs. 1 and 2. Some specimens are longer (fig. 3). G. p.
mcclungi is separated from G. p. duplicate chiefly by the
character of the lip, as the shape and size of the shell are
variable.

Examples have been examined from the following places;
all except the type lot in coll. A. N. S. P. :

South Dakota : Indian Creek, Pennington Co. ; White River,
Washington Co. ; Chamberlain, Brule Co. ; mouth Vermillion
River, Clay Co. ; all collected by W. H. Over.

Kansas: Lawrence (G. D. Hanna) ; pleistocene of Prairie
Dog Creek, Phillips Co. (Johnston; type, no. 226395 U. S.
N. M.).

Colorado: Trinidad (Pilsbry) ; Pike's Peak (E. Hall).

Arkansas: Rogers, Benton Co. (Pilsbry and Ferriss).

Texas: New Braunfels (Ferriss and Pilsbry); Laredo
(Orcutt).

New Mexico: around Las Vegas and Mesilla (Cockerell) ;
Albuquerque (Pilsbry and Ferriss) ; Santa Fe (Ashmun) ;
Mimbres River near Swartz and near Deming (Pilsbry and
Ferriss).

Arizona: Holbrook (Ashmun).

Many of the shells from New Mexico and Arizona could
about as well be referred to typical procera as to mcclungi.
The structure of the angulo-parietal lamella is intermediate,
rarely so distinctly forked in front as in typical mcclungi,
yet showing some trace of that structure, and sometimes dis-
tinctly. The nodule below the columellar lamella is lower
than in typical mcclungi, yet equal to that of many indi-
viduals from Dakota and Kansas. In size the New-Mexican
shells run from the ordinary length of mcclungi to that of the
largest procera; two shells, the largest and smallest noticed
in a large lot from near Deming, N. M., measure :

Length 3, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm.

Length 2.3, diam. above aperture 1 mm.

Small specimens of mcclungi are very similar to the An-
tillean G. barbadensis. The lower palatal plica, however, is
placed more deeply in the throat in mcclungi.

Specimens from Rogers, Benton Co., Arkansas (pi. 13, figs.
4, 5) have the teeth more strongly developed than any seen

68 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

from further west, the lip being very much thickened, as in
the type specimen of mcclungi. The specimen figured meas-
ures 2.4 mm. long, 0.95 wide.

19. GASTROCOPTA CRISTATA (Pilsbry and Vanatta). PL 13,
figs. 6, 8 to 12.

The shell is shortly rimate, cylindric, with convexly conic
summit, the apex obtuse; glossy, brown, very finely, irregu-
larly striate. 5% rather convex whorls, the last having a
strong whitish crest parallel to and behind the lip, and sep-
arated from it by a marked contraction. Behind the crest it
is somewhat flattened over the lower palatal plica. The aper-
ture has 5 teeth. The angulo-parietal lamella is not in the
least bifid in front view, but has an obtuse prominence on the
right side; its angular component is very low, and weakly
connected with the outer lip ; the parietal is high, its anterior
end forming a scarcely noticeable projection on the columellar
side (pi. 13, fig. 9). The columellar lamella is rather short,
horizontal, and below it there is a low callous (sometimes
strengthened into a small but distinct tubercular tooth). The
palatal plicae stand within the lip-callous; upper and basal
ones are short, directly entering, lower plica deeply placed,
shorter than in B. procera. The plicas are visible on the out-
side as white marks behind the crest. The peristome is well
expanded and thin at the edge, but there is a rather thick,
pale brown callous rim a short distance within.

Length 2.8, diam. 1.2 mm.

Oklahoma: Fort Gibson (E. W. Hubbard) and Perkins,
Payne Co. (D. K. Greger). Texas: 15 miles southeast of
Amarillo ( J. B. Henderson) ; Pecos River drift, High Bridge,
and Eio San Filipe, Del Eio (Pilsbry and Ferriss) ; Laredo
(Orcutt) ; Hidalgo (Singley). New Mexico: Santa Fe;
Mountain station, Oscuro Mts., Socorro Co. (Ashnmn) ; Me-
silla (Cockerell) ; Albuquerque and Mimbres River near
Deming (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Arizona: Navajo Springs;
Holbrook; Camp Verde, Yavapai Co., type loc. (Ashmun) ;
Salt River, Tempe; Santa Cruz R. at Tucson and Amados;
San Pedro River, Benson (Pilsbry and Ferriss) ; Barbakoma
Creek, Huachuca Mts. (Ferriss).

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 69

Pupa hordeacea Gabb, BINNEY, Terrestrial Mollusks, v,
1878, p. 205, f. 109 (bad).— STERKI, Nautilus, iv, 1891, p. 141;
vi, 1892, pp. 4, IQl.—Bifidaria hordeacea Gabb, PILSBRY, Nau-
tilus, xi, p. 117. Not Pupa hordacea Gabb. — Bifidaria procera
cristata PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900,
p. 593, pi. 22, f. 4, 5.— WALKER, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
of Mich., no. 15, 1915, pp. 4-11 (distribution).

While related to G. procera by its shape, color and size, this
species differs by the simpler angulo-parietal lamella, which is
not bifid at the summit, in a front view, and by the stronger
crest behind the lip, which is further back than that of pro-
cera. Having collected some thousands of the species in many
places, and carefully examined a great number, I find none
in any way transitional to procera.

The variation in size is as great in most lots as in the re-
lated species. The largest and the smallest noticed in a lot
from Tempe measure, length 3.2, diam. 1.3 mm., and length
2.3, diam. 1.1 mm. (pi. 13, fig. 6). The callous below the
columellar lamella varies from rather low to a distinct tooth,
but it is rarely so well developed as in most specimens of B. p.
mcclungi. The projection on the columellar side of the pari-
etal lamella also varies slightly, but it is never so strong as in
well-developed duplicata.

G. cristata may be found in the debris of the Rio Grande
almost anywhere, being brought in by tributary washes from
the hills. Whether it actually inhabits the country as far
down as Laredo and Hidalgo seems doubtful. It occurs also
in the Mississippi River drainage in Oklahoma, and in the
Colorado River drainage as far west as Yavapai Co., Arizona.

20. GASTROCOPTA RIOGRANDENSIS Sterki, n. sp. PL 12, figs.

9,10.

The shell is shortly rimate; slowly tapering, less cylindric
than G. procera, cinnamon or sayal-brown, paler towards the
summit, weakly, irregularly striate, composed of 5% strongly
convex whorls, the last one impressed over the lower palatal
plica, and having a narrow, rather strong crest parallel to
the lip a short distance behind it (fig. 9). The aperture has

70 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

6 teeth. The angulo-parietal is distinctly bifid in a front
view, slightly sinuous, but not forked in front; the infra-
parietal is a small tubercle, often very small, and wanting in
many individuals (which are perhaps not completely adult).
Columellar lamella is strong, transverse, a low callous (or a
low tooth) below it. Upper palatal plica short, the lower
long and entering deeply, but not quite so deeply immersed
as a whole, as in G. procera. Basal plica shorter, entering.
The peristome is expanded, thin at the edge, but having a
thin callous rim within.

Length 2.55, diam. 1.15 mm.

Distribution. — Texas : lower Rio Grande valley, in river
debris at Hidalgo (J. A. Singley) and Brownsville. Mexico:
Panuco River valley, at Tampico, Tamaulipas; falls below
Valles and canyon below Las Canoas, San Luis Potosi (A. A.
Hinkley).

Pupa STERKI, Nautilus, iv, 1891, p. 142. — P. rio-
grandensis STERKI, Nautilus, vi, 1892, p. 4 (Hidalgo, Texas;
no description) . — B [ifidaria] riograndensis Sterki, PILSBRY
and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 596.

This species tapers a little more than G. procera, the whorls
are more convex, and the lip-callous is thin, not nearly so
heavy as in procera and its subspecies. The infraparietal
tubercle is lacking in so great a proportion of the specimens
which are otherwise adult that it cannot be depended upon
for identifying the species.

It stands very close to G. servilis Gld., but differs by having
a strong, narrow crest behind the outer lip, while in servilis a
crest is completely wanting. Also, when typically developed,
the lip is a little thickened in riograndensis, and an infra-
parietal tooth may be present. The crest behind the lip dis-
tinguishes riograndensis from the Ecuadorian G. wolfiii, which
is otherwise very similar.

The figured type is no. 60137 A. N. S. P., from Hidalgo,
Texas.

21. GASTROCOPTA SERVILIS (Gould). PI. 14, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.
' ' Shell elongated ; tapering to a somewhat acute apex, of a

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 71

pale chestnut or horn-color; whorls five and sometimes some-
what more, very delicately wrinkled; suture well denned.
Aperture semi-oval, nearly in the axis of the shell, the trans-
verse portion slightly oblique, and the two extremities of the
lip very nearly meeting behind. Revolving under the middle
of the transverse lip is a contorted, lamellar tooth which arises
near the junction of the outer lip ; on the middle of the colu-
mella is a large conical tooth; at the base is a small tooth,
then a third large tooth, placed so as to form a regular tripod
with the other two, and above this is a fifth inconspicuous
tooth. Lip slightly everted, not flattened, sometimes a little
inflected at the right; umbilicus small. Length one-tenth,
breadth one-twentieth inch" (Gould). [Length 2.5, breadth
1.25 mm.]

Bermuda (Verrill, Vanatta, and others). Bahamas: near
Ft. Charlotte, Nassau, N. P. (Owen Bryant in U. S. Nat.
Mus. ) .

Cuba: near Matanzas (type loc. ; Bartlett; Pilsbry) ; Santa
Cruz (Dr. Griffiths) ; El Vedado, near Havana (Pilsbry) ;
Vinales; Cabanas, at the Light; Sumidero (Henderson);
Yateras (Wright, in Henderson coll.).

Haiti: Charmettes (Henderson and Simpson); Yuma (H.
Prime, in Henderson coll.).

Jamaica: near Port Antonio and Hope River (Henderson
and Simpson) ; Montego Bay and Mandeville (A. P. Brown) ;
Castle Daly (Clapp).

Porto Rico: San Juan; also Vieques (T. Bland).

St. Thomas and St. John (Bland). St. Croix (R. Swift;
Griffith). Antigua (W. R. Forrest). St. Bartholomew (Dr.
Cleve).

Guadeloupe (E. Marie). Barbados (L. P. Brown).

Mexico: Vera Cruz (Orcutt and H. Strebel, in U. S. N. M. ;
Crawford, in A. N. S. P.). Yautepec, Moreles; Merida, Yuca-
tan (Heilprin exped.) ; Carmen Island (Morelet).

Bluefields, Nicaragua (W. H. Fluck). Panama (Paz).

Pupa servilis GOULD, Boston Journal of Natural History,
iv, 1843, p. 356, pi. 16, f. 14.— Pupa pellucida Pfr., STREBEL,
Beitrag Mexikanischer Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien, iv,

72 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

p. 91, pi. 4, f . 19 ; pi. 15, f . 10.— VON MARTENS, Biologia Cen-
trali- Americana, p. 328, in part; and of many other authors.
— Vertigo pellucidus Pfr., ARANGO, Fauna Malacologica Cu-
bana, p. 103, in part. — ? Pupa bermudensis PRIME, The Ber-
muda Almanac for 1852. — JONES, The Naturalist in Bermuda,
1859, p. 107 (name only).

"At first sight this species would be referred either to P.
rupicola or P. procera. But a closer examination shows that
while it has the pale brown lip of the latter, it is a shorter
and much more ventricose shell; and while the number and
arrangement of the teeth are as in rupicola, the latter has a
much more slender form, the aperture is more oblique and
less elongated, the apex is obtuse, and the lip is white"
(Gould).

This species differs from G. procera and G. rupicola by the
absence of an internal thickening of the lip, which is well
expanded but thin. There is no external crest. The columel-
lar lamella is simple, without a callous or tubercle below it.
The angulo-parietal lamella is not forked in front, but there
is a very low and inconspicuous projection on the columellar
side, marking the anterior end of the parietal portion.

One of the commonest Antillean species. It was well de-
scribed by Gould, but subsequently was for a long time merged
into the group of forms known collectively as Pupa pellucida.
Dr. Pfeiffer seems to have initiated this lumping, in which he
was followed by Binney and many other authors. It is cer-
tainly related to pellucida, but differs by being constantly
larger and generally of darker color. The shortest individuals
of procera are broader than the largest G. pellucida. G. rupi-
cola and its subspecies differ by the thick lip and spurred
angulo-parietal lamella, but immature shells are much alike.

The typical form of servilis has a tapering shell of about
51/2 whorls, the summit very obtuse. There is no crest behind
the outer lip, but the whorl is flattened over the lower palatal
plica. The peristome is thin and brown, its margins rather
remote. The angulo-parietal lamella shows a small lobe on
the right side, in front view, caused by the slight outward
flare of the inner end of the angular. The front end of the

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 73

parietal is typically not distinct (but in some forms there is a
very small projection on the columellar side). Columellar
lamella enters horizontally and is without accessory denticles
or callous deposit within. The basal and upper palatal plica?
are small tubercles, but the lower palatal is somewhat length-
ened and a little more deeply placed. The shell drawn in
figs. 5 and 6 measures, length 2.45, diam. nearly 1.1 mm.

Like some other Gastrocoptas, there is a rather wide range
of individual variation in size. An extremely short, conic
form from Somerset, Bermuda, is drawn in pi. 14, fig. 7;
length 2, diam. 1.1 mm. I have seen several examples, but as
they were picked out of normal lots, it is not likely that they
represent a race.

The specimens from Porto Rico, St. Thomas (pi. 14, fig. 4),
Guadeloupe and some others have the inner end of the angu-
lar lamella more prominent, forming a distinct spur in a front
view. Part of the Mexican shells are similar.

To the localities given above for this species, all verified by
myself, Guatemala might perhaps be added, as Professor von
Martens gave several places in that country for "P. pellu-
cida, ' ' with which he unites servUis.

Pupa desiderata "Weinland. PL 14, fig. 10. Shell broadly
and deeply rimate, ovate-cylindric, corneous, thin, slightly
obliquely striate under a strong lens ; spire moderately taper-
ing, the apex obtuse ; suture rather impressed ; whorls 5, con-
vex, the last shorter than the spire; aperture subvertical,
truncate-ovate, obstructed by a long parietal and another
smaller and more deeply placed palatal tooth, opposite to the
parietal; peristome corneous, thickened, expanded through-
out, the right margin somewhat sinuous, right and basal mar-
gins a very little reflected. Length 2*4, diam. above the
middle 1 mm.

Gonave Island, off Haiti, under stones (Dr. Brown), a
single specimen in the Bland collection.

Pupa desiderata WEINLAND, Jahrbucher der Deutschen
Malak. Ges., vii, 1880, p. 377, fig. in text.

It may be suspected that Pupa desiderata is either a small
bleached B. servUis or a form of B. pellucida. Both of these

74 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

species are known to occur in Haiti. It is practically certain
that Weinland did not see all of the teeth, only the angulo-
parietal and upper palatal being noticed by him. There must
certainly be a columellar lamella, and I suspect lower palatal
and basal plicae also, though these might be degenerate, as in
G. s. riisei.

2la. G. servilis riisei (Pfeiffer). PL 14, figs. 8, 9.

The shell differs from G. servilis by the oblong, less conic
shape ; the teeth are smaller ; the parietal lamella is lower ; a
basal fold is absent, and the upper palatal plica is small or
often wanting. Length 2.2, diam. above aperture 1 mm.
Otherwise like G. servilis.

The series examined comprises 9 specimens from St.
Thomas (Henderson collection, from that of Prof. Theo. Gill),
and 20 from Water Island, near St. Thomas (Academy coll.,.
from Thomas Bland). By the thin lip, color, etc., it seems to
be a local derivative of the widespread G. servilis, comparable
to G. p. parvidens Sterki, a much smaller shell. By the weak-
ness of the upper palatal and basal plicse it resembles the
form described as oblonga Pfr., but that is much paler in
color, and probably to be looked upon as a parallel modifica-
tion of servilis.

I presume that this form is Pfeiffer 's riisei, which was de-
scribed as follows :

Pupa riisei. Shell subrimate, ovate-cylindric, thin, most
minutely striate, somewhat glossy, pellucid, pale corneous;
spire gradually tapering, the apex obtuse; suture simple;
whorls 5, convex, the last one-third the length, rounded at
base; columella subplicate; aperture slightly oblique, oval-
oblong, toothless ; peristome thin, narrowly expanded through-
out. Length 2.5, diam. 1 mm., aperture scarcely 1 mm. long
(Pfr.).

St. Thomas, type loc., and Porto Rico (Riise).

Pupa riisei PFR., Zeitschr. f . Malak., 1852, p. 151 ; Monogr.
Hel. Viv., iii, p. 532; iv, 684, as var. of pellucida. — ? Pupa
riisei Pfr., KUESTER, Syst. Conch. Cab., p. 178, pi. 21, f . 13, 14.

Pfeiffer considered P. riisei a variety of P. pellucida in the

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 75

later volumes of the Monographia Heliceomm, defining it
thus : ' ' A little larger, with a few teeth, sometimes almost en-
tirely obsolete." Kiister described a specimen from Pfeiffer's
collection as having five teeth, in the typical Gastrocopta
positions. His figure shows teeth as large as in G. serviUs,
and probably what he had was that species. It may be sur-
mised that Pfeiffer had the form deficient in teeth mixed with
servUis; or, indeed, his- original description might have been
from an immature specimen of either.

22. GASTROCOPTA PELLUCIDA (Pfeiffer). PL 15, figs. 1-3, 5.

"The shell is small, cylindric, subperf orate, pellucid,
glossy, pale yellowish, most minutely striate, the apex rather
obtuse ; whorls 5%, a little convex ; aperture oblong, toothed ;
two large teeth on the columella, 3 or 4 very minute teeth in
the circuit, not reaching to the edge ; peristome simple, a little
reflected. Length %, diam. % of a line [=1.66:0.83 mm.].
Cuba" (P/r., 1841).

* * The shell is subperf orate, cylindric, thin, pellucid, glossy,
pale yellowish ; spire gradually tapering, apex obtuse ; whorls
5, convex, the last one flatter than the preceding; aperture
semi-oval, fivfe-toothed: single strong teeth on the parietal
wall and the columella, two of moderate size in the right
margin, and a fifth small one in the base of the palate ; peri-
stome simple, the right margin expanded, columellar margin
reflected. Length 2, diam. scarcely 1 mm. ; aperture scarcely
% mm. long. Sometimes there is a fourth palatal denticle"
(Pfr., 1848).

West Indies: Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico,
Vieques, and eastern Mexico; varieties hordecella and parvi-
dens in the southern United States.

Pupa pellucida PFR., Symbolse ad Hist. Hel., i, 1841, p. 46 ;
Monographia Hel. Viv., ii, 1848, p. 360 ; vi, p. 331.— KUESTER,
Syst. Conchyl. Cab., p. 89, pi. 12, f. 24, 25, 25*.— VON MAR-
TENS, Biologia Centrali- Americana, p. 328 (in part). — Pupa
jamaicensis C. B. ADAMS, Contributions to Conchology, no.
3, p. 37.— GLOYNE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1875, p. 121.— PFEIF-
FER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, p. 558.— KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl.

76 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

Cab., p. 138, pi. 17, figs. 27, 28. — Vertigo pellucidus Pfr.,
ARANGO, Fauna Malac. Cubana, p. 103 (in part). — Pupa hor-
deacella PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1890, p. 44, pi. 1, f. g,
h, i, j, k. — Bifidaria hordeacella PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1900, p. 594, pi. 22, f. 3.— VANATTA, Nautilus, xxvi,
1912, p. 17, pi. 2, f. 1-27 (variation).— WALKER, Occ. Papers
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 15, 1915, pp. 2-11 (distribution).

G. pellucida is cylindric-oblong, diameter almost equal at
the last two whorls, those above tapering convexly to an ob-
tuse apex. The color is "corneous" — that is, an imperfectly
transparent, very pale grayish-buff, but on red soils the thin
cuticle becomes stained, slightly cinnamon in some cases. The
striation is well developed. The last whorl is strongly flat-
tened over the lower palatal plica, and has no trace of a crest
or ridge behind the lip. Peristome expanded, very slightly
thickened within, corneous, the terminations remote. The an-
gulo-parietal lamella is not very conspicuously bifid in front
view. Seen from below (pi. 15, fig. 5) it consists of a straight,
grayish angular lamella highest at its junction with the pari-
etal, and a thicker, more opaque whitish parietal lamella, the
front end of which curves slightly towards the columella,
forming a minute projection on that side a little forward of
the middle of the whole lamella. The columellar lamella is
stout, horizontal, and has a small callous below its inner end,
often not visible in a front view. The lower palatal plica is
larger than the upper, and is placed a little deeper. Basal
fold short but distinct. As in other Bifidarias, there are some-
times abnormalities in the palatal region, plicae being doubled,
or irregular ones interposed.

Length 1.75, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 5 whorls.

Length 1.7, diam. 0.75 mm. ; nearly 5 whorls.

G. pellucida has been used to cover almost any species of
its group, as I gather from the literature and the named
specimens in various museums. The original account and
Kuester's figures are not very satisfactory. The above de-
scription and pi. 15, figs. 1-3, 5, are from typical Cuban
specimens. Its recognition marks are the small size (1.5 to
2.2 mm. long), faintly yellowish-corneous tint, rather indis-

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 77

tinctly bifid angulo-parietal lamella with a small projection
on the columellar side, seen in a basal view, the absence of any
crest behind the lip, which while slightly thickened within
has no distinct white or brown callous, and the rather short
lower palatal plica.

It differs from (7. servilis by the smaller size, especially the
smaller diameter; this dimension varying within narrower
limits than the length. G. barbadensis has the angulo-parietal
lamella much more distinctly bifid, in a front view of the
aperture; the lower palatal plica is longer and more deeply
placed; and when typically developed, the teeth are larger
than in pellucida.

Typical pellucida is before me from La Guira, S. Diego,
El Abra, Vinales, Sierra de S. Vicente (1.7x0.75 mm.), all
from the John B. Henderson collection, and from some other
Cuban localities. Specimens from Jamaica, Port Henderson
(Swift coll.) and Mandeville (A. P. Brown), are entirely
typical. In the Bimini group of the Bahamas it occurs at
South Bimini Cay (length 2.1 to 2.3 mm.) and north end of
South Cat Cay, both collected by Geo. H. Clapp, 1912, the
shells vary from typical size to somewhat larger.

Variation may be noted as follows :

a. Typical in size or larger, the angulo-parietal lamella not
showing any projection on the columellar side, or with it
scarcely noticeable. Cuba: San Juan de Letran, near Trini-
dad, the largest 2.15 x 0.9 mm., and El Vedado, Havana (Pils-
bry). Teiieria de Guane ; Costanera del Abra, Pinar del Kio;
Cabanas Light, and Laguna de Piedra (Henderson). Haiti:
Charmettes and St. Mark (Henderson and Simpson). Vieque.
Also Antigua, state of Vera Cruz, Mexico (S. N. Rhoads),
the largest one 2.2 mm. long, 0.95 wide.

b. Lots from Costanera de S. Vicente, Guane, and Mogote
de la Mina, Consolacion del Norte, are more or less interme-
diate between the typical form and the variety a.

c. One lot from Ponce, Porto Rico (R. Swift) has a small
crest behind the lip, and the color is pale brownish. It differs
in no way from the continental hordeacella.

78 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

22a. G. pellucida form biminiensis, n. f . PL 15, figs. 11, 12, 13.

The shell is dark brown, having a crest or trace of it behind
the lip; lip widely reflected and moderately thickened, but
not nearly so thick as that of crassilabris. Angulo-parietal
lamella nearly straight and not bifid, resembling that of B.
pellucida. No buttress under the columellar lamella.

Length 2, diam. above aperture .9 mm.; 43/4 whorls (type).

Length 2.15, diam. above aperture .9 mm. ; 5 whorls.

Bimini Islands: north end of South Cat Cay and South
Bimini Cay, type locality (Geo. H. Clapp).

In a series from Rosario, Cuba (Henderson), the lip is a
little thicker than usual in pellucida, about as in form bimini-
ensis. The angulo-parietal lamella is nearly straight and
simple in some individuals (pi. 15, fig. 10; length 1.6, diam.
0.75 mm.) ; but in others the angular and parietal lamellae are
not in alignment, the tooth in basal view resembling that of
crassilabris, pi. 18, fig. 9. The figured shell of this kind
measures, length 1.8, diam. 0.8 mm. (pi. 15, fig. 7). The
smallest shell in this lot is 1.5 mm. long (fig. 10).

22b. G. pellucida delicata n. subsp. PL 15, figs. 4, 9.

The shell is smaller, very thin and fragile, slightly paler
than marguerite yellow, without a crest behind the thin lip.
The angular lamella is very weak and low, the parietal and
columellar lamellae moderately developed. Basal fold want-
ing, or very minute when present.

Length 1.55, diam. above aperture 0.7 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Length 1.36, diam. above aperture 0.65 mm. ; 4 whorls.

Distribution. — North end of South Cat Cay, Bimini group,
Bahamas (Geo. H. Clapp, May, 1912). Cotypes in collections
of Clapp, A. N. S. P., and J. B. Henderson.

This very minute and fragile form contrasts with the sub-
species biminiensis of the same islands, and both seem well
differentiated from pellucida.

22c. G. pellucida hordeacella (Pilsbry). PL 17, figs. 1 to 4;

pi. 16.
This continental race differs from pellucida by having a

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA^ WEST INDIES. 79

slight crest behind the outer lip, and a somewhat longer lower
palatal plica. There is often no projection on the columellar
side of the angulo-parietal lamella. Also by the pale brown
color and the average larger size. In the original description
a specimen of the minimum size was selected as type, but in
the same lot the size is variable, from length 1.8, diam. 0.76
mm., to length 2.5, diam. 1 mm. All of the characters distin-
guishing hordeacella from pellucida vary so much that in
some individual cases, without a large series, there is little or
no difference ; but it is only the smallest individuals of any
lot of hordeacella which could be taken for pellucida. The
status of the subspecies is rather uncertain, and possibly it
might be abandoned with advantage.

There are specimens which show no crest, and the color, in
the East, is often as pale as pellucida.

G. p. hordeacella varies far more than Antillean pellucida.
The length varies from 1.5 to 2.6 mm., whorls 4 to 5^,
among specimens picked from one lot. Mr. Vanatta remarks
(Nautilus, xxvi, p. 17) that in picking them over one has a
tendency to divide each lot into several grades, long, medium,
small and obese, but these intergrade through a small number
of shells of intermediate size. "The long shells from Florida
have weak teeth and the short specimens have strong teeth,
while in Texas the converse is often the case." There is con-
siderable variation in the development of the buttress under
the columellar lamella, which is sometimes scarcely noticeable,
sometimes so thick as to appear as a subcolumellar tubercle.
See pi. 16, figs. 5, 10, 26.

Florida and the Keys, Georgia Sea Islands north along the
coast to Cape May, New Jersey. Ft. Gibson, Oklahoma, and
Texas, west to Trinidad, southeastern Colorado, Jerome and
Mt. Trumbull, Arizona. Guajadami, Lower California (Nel-
son and Goldman). Victoria (S. N. Rhoads) and Tampico,
Tamaulipas (Hinkley) ; near Valles, S. L. Potosi (Hinkley).
Type locality, New Braunfels, Texas.

On the Atlantic coast, though it extends as far north as
Cape May, its extension inland seems to be very narrow, so
far as the data show. In the west it is generally diffused,

80 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

being found almost anywhere snails live in Texas, New Mex-
ico and Arizona, between the 97th and 113th meridians, ex-
cept in the higher mountains. About 150 lots are in the col-
lection of the Academy.

Specimens from a dry cliff in the very arid Big Hachet
Mts., N. M., near the Mexican boundary, are all small, length
1.8, diam. 0.72 mm., very pale buff, and without a crest be-
hind the lip.

The examples from Guajadami, Lower California, are par-
affine-whitish, rather long and narrow, fig. 4 measuring, length
2, diam. 0.72 mm. The crest behind the lip is very low but
perceptible. This locality is widely separated from the rest
of the known occurrence of hordeacella.

Mr. Vanatta has published a series of figures, drawn to the
same scale with the camera-lucida, to illustrate the very great
variation in size and shape in this subspecies. His plate is
reproduced in plate 16, the specimens illustrated being from
the following localities :

Figs. 1, 3, 5-8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20-22, Key West, Florida.
No. 104029.

Figs. 9, 10, 14, 17-19, 25, Bahia Honda Key, Fla. No.
105521.

Figs. 4, 24, 26, 27, Summerland Key, Fla. No. 102742.

Figs. 2, 11, 23, New Braunfels, Texas. No. 68888.

Each lot contains specimens from a single station of only a
few feet extent, except the New Braunfels lot, which was
from stream debris. By its great variability and often larger
size, hordeacella contrasts with pellucida.

22d. G. pellucida parvidens Sterki. PL 17, fig. 8.

' ' Quite small ; apex more acute than in typical examples [of
hordeacella] and outline more obovoid; peristome rather
abruptly but narrowly everted; lamellae and folds small,
especially so the upper palatal, often being a mere trace;
basal absent or very small; color pale horn. Alt. 1.5 to 2
mm." (Sterki).

Size and shape are variable in this race, which differs from
hordeacella by the smaller lamellae and plicae, the angular

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 81

lamella being short, not reaching to the lip, the columeUar
lamella has no buttress below, and the basal fold is generally
wanting. Sometimes, as in the specimens from Navajo
Springs, both basal and upper palatal folds are wanting.

Arizona: Mescal Gulch and drift of Verde River, near
Jerome, Yavapai Co. (type loc.) ; Navajo Springs, Apache
Co. (Ashmun).

Bif. hordeacella Pils. var. parvidens STERKI, Nautilus, xii,
March, 1899, p. 128. — Bifidaria hordeacella parvidens Sterki,
PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 594, pi.
22, fig. 2.

This race, though not rare around Jerome, seems to have a
rather restricted area. I have collected for years in the re-
gions north and south without encountering it. It has reached
about the same stage of decadence as G. servilis riisei in St.
Thomas, and differs from that form by the slightly smaller,
especially narrower dimensions, and the noticeably deeper
suture. No doubt parvidens is a derivative of hordeacella.

The descriptions of P. jamaicensis and P. ovum- formica,
which I consider synonyms of pellucida, follow:

"Pupa Jamaicensis. Shell cylindrical; pale brownish-horn
color; with fine oblique striae of growth; spire tapering only
near the summit into an obtuse apex; whorls five, quite con-
vex, with a deep suture; aperture semi-oval, with the right
side longer, and shouldered above, and the transverse side a
little oblique ; to the right of the middle of the latter is a very
promient [prominent] stout tooth ; on the middle of the colu-
mella is another equally stout, but less prominent; on the
right side is another prominent tooth directed between the
two above-mentioned, and on each side of it a rather smaller
tooth; lip nroderately reflected, with a very small umbilicus.

"This species is more exactly cylindrical than P. servilis
Gould, P. procera Gould, etc., which have a similar aperture ;
the upper and lower teeth of the right side are more conspic-
uous, and the shell is much smaller. Length .07 inch ; breadth
.025 inch" [= length 1.75, diam. 0.625 mm.]. Jamaica (C.
B. Adams).

Pupa pellucida was not known to Adams when he described

82 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

jamaicensis, which is exactly synonymous with Pfeiffer's
Cuban species. Kuester's figure is very poor and incorrect.

Pupa ovum formicae (pi. 15, fig. 6). Shell very small,
rimate, cylindrical, under a lens delicately obliquely striatu-
late, buff-corneous, thin; spire with obtuse apex; suture a
little impressed; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last shorter;
aperture subquadrangular, with one compressed parietal
tooth, a wider one on the columella; peristome thickened, a
little expanded throughout. Length 1%, diam. % mm.
(Weinland).

Haiti : in mould under rocks in the woods at the Habitation
Debarras, a few hours from Jeremie (Weinland).

Pupa ovum formicae WEINLAND, Jahrbiicher der Deutschen
Malak. Ges., vii, 1880, p. 377, fig. in text. — Pupa myrmecoon
CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xxix, 1891, p. 152.

This and the preceding species [P. desiderata] are, so far
as we know, the first small Pup as of the group Pupilla Leach
to be made known from Haiti; and the first belongs to the
abbreviatae (of von Martens), the second to the cylindricae.
All of these [other West Indian] species have either fewer or
more than two teeth, and each has besides other characteristic
features (Weinland).

Notwithstanding the alleged absence of basal and palatal
plic89 in ovum formicae, I have very little doubt that it is
merely pellucida in which the smaller teeth were present as
usual, but were not seen. Such oversight is not unusual in
the literature of Pupillidce, incredible as it may appear.

Considering ovum formicae objectionable as a name, Crosse
substituted myrmecoon; he had not seen the species.

23. GASTROCOPTA LONGURIO (Crosse). PL 15, fig. 8.

Shell rimate, elongate, thin, marked with fine oblique
striae, inconspicuous and scarcely visible under a lens, sub-
. translucent, corneous, shading into dirty white. Spire
lengthened, terminating in an obtuse summit. Suture not
strongly marked. Whorls 5, a little convex, the last shorter
than the spire. Aperture nearly round. Peristome subcir-
cular, almost continuous, shortly expanded and dirty white;

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 83

margins joined by a quite thick callous; parietal and colu-
mellar margins each having one lamelliform, deeply placed
and conspicuous tooth ; basal margin indistinctly two-toothed,
both in the depth of the aperture ; outer margin sometimes
provided with a tooth below the point of insertion, but this is
not constant.

Length 21/4, diam. % mm. (Crosse).

Curasao (H. Raven).

Pupa longurio CROSSE, Journal de Conchyl., xx, 1872, p.
158 ; xxi, 1873, p. 42, pi. 1, f . 2.

This species is evidently related very closely to G. pellu-
cida, having teeth in the typical positions, but it differs by
the narrower contour. I have not seen specimens. The name
longurio has been used by Moquin-Tandon for a variety of an
European species, but until specimens from Curasao can be
critically compared with pellucida, the desirability of a new
name need not trouble us.

24. GASTROCOPTA BARBADENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 18, figs. 1 to 5.

The shell is subperforate, ovate-oblong, thin, nearly smooth,
pellucid, transparent-buff. Spire a little convex, gradually
tapering, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5%, rounded, the
last scarcely one-third the total length. Aperture oblique,
lunate-rotund; parietal wall bearing a strong fold at the
angle; columella deeply dentate-plicate. Peristome simple, a
little expanded, the basal margin armed within with one
tooth. Length 2%, diam. % mm. (Pfr.).

Cuba: Vinales; Sierra de S. Vicente; Cayo Piedra; Vara-
dero Park, near Cardenas (Henderson). Water Island, near
St. Thomas (R. Swift). Guadeloupe. Barbados (type loc.;
L. B. Brown). Also, Trinidad (Guppy, for P. uvulifera),
and Fernando Noronha (for P. solitaria) ; a variety in Baha-
mas and Bermuda.

Pupa barbadensis PFR., Monographia Hel. Viv., iii, 1853,
p. 554; iv, 679; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852, p. 69 (1854).—
KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl. Cab., p. 175, pi. 21, f. 8, 9.

Includes P. uvulifera and P. auriformis Guppy, P. indi-
gena Ancey and P. solitaria Smith.

84 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

In his description in the P. Z. S., Pfeiffer gave the length
as 2% mm., evidently an error. Kuester, who described and
figured a specimen from Pfeiffer 's collection, noted and fig-
ured the palatal plicae, which Pfeiffer omitted to mention;
also the nodules above and below the columellar lamella. This
specimen may be considered the type.

The shell averages a little larger than G. pellucida, and
when fresh is of a light brown color. The angulo-parietal
lamella is more sinuous than in either pellucida or serviLis.
In front view it appears strongly bifid. In a specimen in
which the base has been broken away (pi. 18, fig. 3) the pari-
etal lamella is seen to be thick, terminating forward in a low
projection towards the columella. The angular lamella is
thinner, and where it joins the parietal is strongly bent
towards the periphery, forming a small lobe. The columellar
lamella is stout and horizontal, with a callous below its inner
end. This callous may be quite low, not visible in a front
view, or it may be strongly developed, appearing as a sub-
columellar nodule. Among specimens evidently mature one
finds such variation in the same lot, but in some lots the
nodule does not seem to be developed. A similar callous,
rarely nodular (as in pi. 18, fig. 1, and in Kuester 's figure),
is on the axis above the columellar lamella, but this supra-
columellar nodule is often very weakly developed. The form
with well-developed supra- and infra-columellar nodules may
be considered typical barbadensis, since this is what Kuester
figured from Pfeiffer 's collection. The lower palatal plica is
larger than the others, and enters more deeply. The basal
fold is often quite small. The peristome is pale brown, and
from very slightly thickened to distinctly so, yet not so thick
as in G. rupicola. There is sometimes a very low indication
of a crest behind the lip, but more often none. The shape
varies somewhat — from oblong to oblong-conic, the summit
always very obtuse. In color it is wood-brown, fading to cor-
neous at the apex. Dead shells bleach under the tropical sun
to grayish-buff or almost "corneous," preserving a fresh ap-
pearance. Measurements of Barbados shells follow :

Length 2.05, diam. above aperture 0.85 mm.

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 85

Length 2.1, diam. above aperture 0.9 mm.

Length 2.4, diam. above aperture 0.95 mm.

Length 2.45, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm.

The specimens from the Cuban localities Cayo Piedra and
Sierra de S. Vicente have rather weak teeth for this species,
but in those from Varadero Park the teeth are as large as
usual, the angulo-parietal variable in degree of concrescence.
They are also small, length 1.63 to 1.7, diam. 0.75 mm. (pi.
18, figs. 10, 12).

24&. G. barbadensis crassilabris n. subsp. PL 18, figs. 6 to 9.

The shell is cylindric, the upper third tapering to a very
obtuse apex, very pale brown, fading to corneous above.
"Whorls strongly convex, the last flattened, tapering down-
ward in its last third, having a low crest behind the outer lip.
Angulo-parietal lamella emarginate or bifid in front view, the
front end of the parietal projecting a little towards the colu-
mella. Columellar lamella, basal and palatal plicae well de-
veloped. Peristome expanding and strongly thickened within,
pale brown.

Length 2, diam. above aperture 0.9 mm. ; 4% whorls (type).

Length 2.2, diam. above aperture 0.9 mm.; 5 whorls
(largest).

Length 1.8, diam. above aperture 0.8 mm. (smallest).

Bahamas: near Fort Charlotte, Nassau, N. P., and Man-
grove Cay, Andros Island (0. Bryant) ; type and paratypes
from the latter locality, no. 180645 U. S. N. M. Also Ber-
muda: Somerset (Vanatta) and Paynter's Vale (Peniston).

The cylindric shape and small diameter distinguish this
from the thick-lipped marginalba and rupicola, both of which
are known to me by great numbers of specimens, from numer-
ous localities. In shape and size, crassilabris resembles pellu-
cida, but the thick lip and the teeth are more like margwalba,
the peristome being thicker and the crest stronger than in
barbadensis. There is a marked resemblance between crassi-
labris and G. mcclungi.

There is an albino shell in the type lot.

The Bermuda form, from Somerset (Vanatta; pi. 18, fig.

86 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

6) and Paynter's Vale (Miss Peniston) is brown, solid, with
a crest behind the lip rather well developed in most examples ;
teeth well developed, but without nodules above or below the
columellar lamella. Parietal lamella is more conspicuously
bifid in front view than in the Andros examples, quite as in
barbadensis, from which it differs by the very thick lip.
Length 2.15, diam. 1.05 mm.

Those from near Fort Charlotte are somewhat larger, up to
2.4 mm. long, 0.95 wide. The angulo-parietal lamella is either
emarginate or more strongly bifid.

No differential specific characters have yet been assigned
for the following forms, which may be provisionally consid-
ered synonyms of barbadensis. As further examination of
good series may possibly show that there has been racial dif-
ferentiation, their descriptions and synonymy are given sep-
arately.

Pupa indigene Ancey. Shell small, oval, rimate, corneous-
brown. Spire with obtuse apex; whorls 5%, regularly and
moderately increasing, all convex, the last whorl rotund, very
lightly compressed at the aperture. Aperture rotund-oval,
with 5 teeth: one, the largest, superior, at the right margin,
lamelliform and entering; two within the right margin; one
below; and the other large one on the columella. Peristome
expanded, reflexed, not covering the umbilicus, margins
joined by a thin callous. Length 2!/4, diam. 114 nun. (Ancey).

Guadeloupe (Ancey; Schramm, Maze and others).

Pupa indigena ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, i, March, 1881, p.
373. — MAZE, Journal de Conchyliologie, xxxi, 1883, pp. 21, 43.

Maze has given numerous localities on Guadeloupe and its
immediate dependencies, where it seems to be a common
species on calcareous terranes, living "in the crevices of old
walls and in the sand under dry stones on a clay soil. ' '

Specimens collected by Schramm are in the collection of
the Academy, figured on pi. 18, figs. 4, 5.

Two measure :

Length 2.2, diam. above aperture 0.92 mm.

Length 1.9, diam. above aperture 0.89 mm.

The lower palatal plica is slightly longer than in Barbados

GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES. 87

G. barbadensis, the columellar lamella is but slightly or not
at all buttressed below, and there is no subcolumellar tubercle,
though there may be a low callous (fig. 4). The lip is rather
thick. It does not seem specifically separable from G. barba-
densis, but perhaps is distinguishable as a subspecies or local
race.

According to Ancey, the specimens formerly reported as
Pupa eyriesii Drouet from the French Caribbees are refer-
able to indigena.

Pupa uvulifera. PI. 18, fig. 11. Shell umbilicate, cylindric,
a little ovate, lightly striatulate, corneous-brown, little shin-
ing ; whorls 5 to 6, convex ; aperture semiovate, provided with
folds, parietal fold vertical, lamelliform; outer margin thick-
ened, reflexed, columellar margin broadly reflexed ; umbilicus
open, not very deep. Length 3, diam. 1 mm. (Guppy}.

Trinidad (Guppy).

Pupa uvulifera GUPPY, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. (4
ser.), i, June, 1868, p. 411, no. 9; Proc. Sci. Asso. Trinidad,
1869, p. 243 (copied in PPR., Monographia, viii, p. 373) ;
Journ. of Conch., vii, p. 219. — E. A. SMITH, Journ. of Conch.,
viii, 1896, p. 244, pi. 8, f. 10.

I have not seen this form, which has not been defined ade-
quately. Guppy 's measurement is clearly wrong, "length 3
millim." probably being a slip for length 2 mm. Mr. Smith's
size-mark is 2.3 mm. long, and the diameter of his figure is
nearly half the length, a normal proportion for the group. It
is not clear how the Trinidad species differs from G. barba-
densis (Pfr.), and until differential characters are indicated
it may be placed provisionally in the synonymy of that
species.

Mr. Smith, whose figure is copied on my plate, remarks:
" Specimens of this species, presented to the British Museum
by Mr. Guppy, exhibit five unequal teeth, viz. : a double pari-
etal tooth larger than any of the other teeth, a single colu-
mellar tooth, and three palatal teeth, of which the uppermost
on the right nearest to the parietal is very small and difficult
of observation. P. pellucida Pfr. is very closely allied to this
species. ' '

88 GASTROCOPTA, NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES.

In his Trinidad list of 1893 Mr. Guppy remarked : "I think
it possible that the shell I described as Pupa auriformis, and
of which I never found more than a single specimen, may be
a variety or accidental form of this" [P. uvulifera]. The
original description follows:

Pupa auriformis. Shell subperforate, ovate, brown, some-
what pellucid, lightly striate, scarcely shining; whorls 4^/2
to 5, convex, the last more than half the total length; spire
short, convex, apex obtuse; aperture semioval, auriform, pro-
vided with a parietal fold ; peristome thickened, reflexed, the
outer margin strongly sinuated, columellar margin widely
reflexed. Length 2, diam. 11/2 mm. Distinguished from the
last [P. uvulifera] by its shorter and more ovate figure.
Trinidad (Guppy).

Pupa auriformis GUPPY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4 ser.),
i, June, 1868, p. 441, no. 10; Journ. of Conch., vii, p. 219.

24&. G. barbadensis solitaria (E. A. Smith). PL 17, figs. 11,
12.

Shell minute, rimate, whitish, ovate-cylindroid ; whorls 5,
convex, sculptured with delicate growth-lines, separated by a
slightly oblique suture, the last whorl somewhat varicose be-
hind the lip. Aperture small, five-toothed; a strong, double
columellar tooth, a smaller one, also bifid, on the parietal wall,
two small ones remote from the right margin, and a fifth
minute basal tooth. Peristome narrowly expanded, white, the
margins joined by a thin callous. Length 2%, diam. l1/^ mm.
(Smith).

Distribution. — Platform Island, Fernando Noronha (Rid-
ley).

Pupa solitaria E. A. SMITH, Journal of the Linnean Soci-
ety, Zoology, xx, 1890, p. 501, pi. 30, f. 10, lOa.

This species is a trifle less cylindrical than P. pellucida Pfr.,
a Cuban species; but it has the number of teeth and their
arrangement similar. The columellar tooth, however, is
double, the upper portion of it being most prominent; the
tooth above it, upon the body-whorl, is single, bifurcating at
the end. The three remaining teeth are rather remote from

GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA. 89

the margin of the aperture. The anterior part of the last
whorl, just behind and parallel to the labrum, exhibits a
longitudinal swelling or varix, towards which the lip ex-
pands" (Smith).

I have not seen Pupa solitaria, which on account of its re-
mote locality, may prove to have some special characters.
The figure shows a more ovate contour than B. barbadensis,
but with no other differences from that shell. I strongly sus-
pect that, like the three species of Opeas on the same island,
a comparison of specimens will show that it is not separable
from the Antillean species. Both Opeas and Gastrocopta
might easily be introduced. Provisionally it may be ranked
as a subspecies.

25. GASTROCOPTA POLYPTYX n. sp. PI. 17, figs. 5, 6, 7.

The parietal and angular lamellae are more separated than
in barbadensis. There is a distinct infraparietal nodule. The
horizontal columellar lamella turns upward at its inner end,
and there is a well-developed subcolumellar nodule. The
upper palatal plica is rather large and runs obliquely down-
wards; lower palatal long and deeply placed. Basal fold
thicker than in barbadensis, and prominent. The color is
from corneous to pale brown.

Length 1.8, diam. above aperture 0.8 mm.

Length 1.7, diam. above aperture 0.75 mm.

Distribution. — St. Thomas (type loc.) ; Jamaica (A. D.
Brown coll.) ; Bermuda (Swift coll., from C. B. Adams).

This appears to be a species of the barbadensis stock in
which the apertural lamellae are very strongly developed and
the average size smaller. The specimens seen from Jamaica
and Bermuda are not from original collectors, and the species
has not turned up in the very large amount of material col-
lected in these islands in recent years.

II. SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF GASTROCOPTA.

Few Pupillida are known from South America, most of
them belonging to Gastrocopta. The two subgenera repre-
sented occur also in North America, and the species are closely

90 GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA.

related to Antillean and continental North American forms.
Some species (oblonga, miliola, clessini) are deficient in teeth,
like the northern parvidens and riisei.

For other South- American Pupae, see the genera GMulina,
Bothriopupa, Sterkia and Pupoides. Pupa plusiodonta ap-
pears from the description to be an Abida (Torquttla), and I
venture to suggest that the single specimen is really a Euro-
pean shell, which got among Argentine shells by accident.

No useful key to species can be constructed, as several
species are quite imperfectly known. They may be arranged
as follows:

I. Angular and parietal lamellae united into a single sin-
uous lamella, sometimes bifid at the tip (subgenus Gas-
trocopta, restricted).

24&. G. barbadensis solitaria (Smith). Fernando No-
ronha, p. 88.

26. G. servilis oblonga (Pfr.). Amazon River to Ar-
gentina.

27. G. miliola (Orb.). Rio Janeiro, eastern Bolivia.

28. G. microdonta (Doering). Argentina.

29. G. clessini (Doering). Argentina.

30. G. nodosaria (Orb.). Eastern Bolivia.

31. G. wolfi (Miller). Western Ecuador.

32. G. munita (Reibisch). Galapagos.

33. G. clausa (Eeibisch). Galapagos.

II. Angular and parietal lamellas diverging forward, becom-
ing separate in front (subgenus Immersidens) .

34. G. dicrodonta (Doering). Argentina.

35. G. iheringi (Suter). Southern Brazil.

36. G. pazi (Hidalgo). Peruvian Andes (? Ecuador,
? Panama).

III. Characters uncertain.

37. Pupa curia Anton. Chili.

26. GASTROCOPTA SERVILIS OBLONGA (Pfeiffer). PI. 17, figs. 9,
14, 15.

The shell is subperforate, oblong, thin, nearly smooth, little
shining, pellucid, corneous-buff, gradually tapering upwards,

GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA. 91

the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5i/2, convex, the last scarcely
one-third the length, rounded basally. Columella obsoletely
folded. Aperture oblique, truncate-oval; parietal wall hav-
ing one tooth-like fold; peristome thin, the right margin
strongly curved above, a little expanding; columellar some-
what dilated, spreading. Length 2%, diam. iy3 mm. (P/r.,
1853).

Aperture in perfect specimens five-toothed : one compressed
parietal, one columellar, three palatals, of which the middle
one is distinct, the others obsolete (P/r., 1859).

Habitat unknown (Mus. Cuming and Pfeiffer). ? Bahia,
Brazil. Uruguay: Santa Lucia near Montevideo (Paz, in
Hidalgo). Argentina: a barranca on the bank of the Parana,
near Rosario; Sierra de Poeho at Cerro Salado; and Sierra
S. Luis, Valle de Cautana (Doering).

Pupa oblonga PFR., Monographia Hel. Viv., iii, 1853, p.
536 ; iv, 685 ; vi, 332 ; viii, 403 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852,
p. 69 (1854).— KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl. Cab., p. 173, pi. 21, f.
1, 2. — HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, p. 141. — DOERING,
Boletin Acad. Nac. Ciencias de la Rep. Argentina, iii, 1879,
p. 81.

The figure of Kuester copied in pi. 17, fig. 9, does not show
the upper and lower lip-teeth, which Hidalgo remarks are
noticeable in adult examples.

Doering copied Hidalgo's description, adding the remarks
that it differs from P. microdonta by the larger and somewhat
cylindric shape, and that it seems to be rather widely spread
in Argentine territory.

I have seen numerous specimens from eastern Brazil : Para
(Dr. Hubbard, A. N. S.; J. B. Steere, U. S. N. M.; and
others) ; coast of Ceara (Fred Baker, A. N. S. P.) ; Fortaleza,
Ceara (von Ihering, in U. S. N. M.) ; Brazil (labeled P. ob-
longa, apparently in the hand of Paz, U. S. N. M.). They
vary from light brown to a faintly brownish corneous, and
differ from typical G. servilis by often (but not always) hav-
ing the basal fold very small or even wanting, as well as by
the usually paler color and the slightly fuller outlines of the
spire. Two examples measure :

92 GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA.

Length 2.35, diam. above aperture 1.15 mm. (fig. 14, Forta-
leza) .

Length. 2.1, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm. (fig. 15, Para).

It does not seem to me specifically distinct from G. servilis.
By the weakness of the teeth it resembles G. s. riisei, which
was evidently derived from servilis.

27. GASTROCOPTA MILIOLA (Orbigny).

Shell oblong, short, perceptibly umbilicate, quite thick,
smooth; spire short, swollen, with the summit very obtuse as
though truncate, composed of 5 swollen whorls separated by
a deep suture. Aperture rounded, provided with three teeth,
one on the parietal wall, the two others smaller, on the left
margin. Color whitish or fawn. Length 2, width 1 mm.

Brazil: environs of Rio de Janeiro, under dead leaves.
Bolivia: province of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in the last
mountains.

HeUx miliola ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 17. — Pupa mili-
ola ORB., Voyage dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 323. — DOERING,
Boletin Acad. Nac. Ciencias de la Rep. Argentina, iii, 1879,
p. 84.

According to Orbigny, this species is shorter than paredesii
and nodosaria, with nearly the same form. It has not been
figured.

Doering has identified a species from the Sierra de Cor-
doba, in shady, humid places in the valleys of the Rio Pri-
mero, Rio Ceballos, etc., with Orbigny 's species. He describes
it as having parietal and columellar lamellae and a deeply-
placed lower palatal fold.

Rio Janeiro may be selected as the type locality. Until
specimens from there can be examined, the characters of the
species will remain uncertain.

28. GASTROCOPTA MICRODONTA (Doering).

"Shell ovate-conic, thin, somewhat glossy, nearly smooth,
brownish-corneous. Spire conic-ovate, apex tapering, very
obtuse. Whorls 5^, a little convex, the last about one-third
the length. Aperture semioval, five-toothed: one compressed,

GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA. 93

lengthened, obliquely truncate fold on the parietal wall ; one
on the columella ; a third small basal one ; fourth tooth dis-
tinct, in the middle of the right margin; the fifth smallest,
obsolete, in the upper margin. Peristome thin, narrowly ex-
panding throughout, the right strongly curved above, colu-
mellar margin somewhat dilated. Length 2, diam. 1 to 1.2
mm.

"Differs from P. oblonga by the shorter, ovate shell, with
the whorls but little convex, the parietal tooth protracted and
truncate, etc." (Doering).

Argentina : Province of Entre-Rios, around La Paz, and in
Corrientes, in the woods along the Rio Guayquirazo, living
under decaying tree trunks; also Bajo de Velis, in the Sierra
de San Luis (Doering).

P.[upa] microdonta DOERING, Apuntes sobre la fauna de
moluscos de la Republica Argentina, pt. 4, .in Bole tin de la
Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la Rep. Argentina, iii,
1879, p. 82.— Nachrichtsblatt d. deutschen Malak. Ges., 1880,
p. 84.

In the Nachrichtsblatt for 1880 it was said to be identical
with Pupa pazi Hidalgo, probably on Doering 's authority.
The description indicates rather a species similar to G. ser-
vilis, but of smaller size, close to G. pellucida.

29. GASTROCOPTA CLESSINI (Doering).

"Shell subperf orate, minute, oblong, cylindrically conic,
thin, delicately striatulate, a little shining, buff-corneous.
Spire long, slender, conic-cylindric, the apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 5 to 6, very convex, gradually increasing, the first
hyaline-corneous, smooth, the rest buff-corneous. Suture
deep, wide. Aperture truncate, semioval, three-toothed: one
compressed, pliciform tooth in the parietal wall; the second
tongue-shaped, on the columella ; the third deep in the palatal
wall. Peristome white, thin, expanded throughout, a little
reflected. Length 2 to 2.2, width 0.8 to 0.9 mm.; aperture
0.7 mm. long, 0.6 wide" (Doering).

Argentina: abundant in suitable places in the Sierra de
Cordoba, as, for example, the valley of the Rio Primero, Rio

94 GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA.

Ceballos, Quebrada de Musi, etc.; also Bajo de Veils, in the
Sierra de S. Luis (Doering).

P. [upa] dessini DOERING, Apuntes, etc., in Boletin de la
Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la Rep. Argentina, iii,
1879, p. 83.

"It is very easy to distinguish this little species from the
others by its delicacy, the cylindrically conic shape, the pro-
nounced convexity of the whorls, and by the depth of the
suture. The striae of growth are usually quite conspicuous."

It seems from the above account to resemble G. nodosaria.

30. GASTROCOPTA NODOSARIA (Orbigny). PL 17, fig. 10.

The shell is pupoid, oblong, noticeably umbilicate, thin,
smooth; spire cylindric with truncate summit, composed of
six swollen whorls separated by a deep suture. Aperture
oval, provided with a large, as though bidentate, lamella on
the parietal wall. Margins noticeably reflected. Color uni-
form grayish-fawn. Length 2, width % mm. (Orb.).

Bolivia: at a place called Pampa Ruis, Province of La
Laguna, in the last foothills of the eastern slope of the Andes ;
under stones and moss (Orbigny).

Helix nodosaria ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 22. — Pupa
nodosaria ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, p. 322, pi.
41 bis, f. 12-14.

Orbigny adds that this Pupa has the shape of the preced-
ing [P. paredesii], but it differs by the smaller size, the ab-
sense of raised riblets, and by having a lamella in the aper-
ture. It is rare, and difficult to collect on account of its ex-
treme thinness.

It may be conjectured that this is a member of the G. pel-
lucida and barbadensis group, really having more teeth than
it has been credited with.

31. GASTROCOPTA WOLFII (Miller). PL 28, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
The shell is subperforate, cylindric-ovate, thin, very deli-
cately obliquely striate or costulate, brownish, the apex rather
obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, separated by a deep suture, the last
about one-third the length. Aperture suboblique, truncate-

GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA. 95

^oval, four- or five-toothed : first or strongest tooth is a twisted,
bifid, vertical lamina which is arched to the right, and more
deeply to the left, on the parietal wall; the second tooth is
strong, on the columella; two teeth (the third and fourth)
are deep in the right margin (the upper one small, the other
in the middle, oblique, long and laminiform) ; the fifth tooth
is deeply placed, small and sometimes wanting, placed in the
base. Peristome simple, the right margin lightly impressed,
almost horizontal above, basal and columellar broadly expand-
ing, the margins joined by a callous. Length 2 to 2%, diam.
114, aperture 0.8 mm. long, 0.7 wide (Miller).

Ecuador : Guayaquil, in shady places, in gardens, especially
on mossy stones, abundant (Theodor Wolf). Duran, near
Guayaquil (Rhoads).

Pupa (subg. Leucochila) wolfii MILLER, Malakozoologische
Blatter (n. F.), i, 1879, p. 127, pi. 14, f. 3.— Pupa wolfii Mil-
ler, REIBISCH, Abhandl. naturwiss. Ges. Isis in Dresden, 1892,
p. 27, pi. 2, f. 11.

As described and figured by Miller (fig. 4), this species
does not differ materially from G. servilis; but specimens
from "Ecuador" (no. 307631, U. S. N. M.) and from Duran,
opposite and near to Guayaquil (S. N. Rhoads, in A. N. S.
P.), while agreeing with wolfii in all other respects, have an
additional tooth, the infraparietal. This may have been over-
looked by Wolf and Reibisch, or undeveloped in their speci-
mens.

The shell (pi. 28, figs. 1, 2, Ecuador, and pi. 28, fig. 3,
Duran) tapers noticeably and is light brown. The lip is well
expanded and thin, without a crest (this feature differen-
tiating it from G. riograndensis) ; lip-ends are not very
widely separated. The angulo-parietal lamella is exactly as
in G. servilis, there being a median lobe towards the periphery,
representing the inner end of the angular lamella. The small
infraparietal nodule is opposite the middle of the parietal
lamella, being therefore rather deep within (fig. 2). Colu-
mellar lamella, basal and palatal plicae as in G. servilis.

Length 2.55, diam. above aperture 1.05 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 2.1, diam. above aperture 1 mm. ; nearly 5 whorls.

96 GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA.

This species is clearly distinct from G. pazi, and also from
the species described from the Galapagos, though G. munita
(Reibisch) approaches it. G. riograndensis differs by its well-
developed crest behind the lip, wolfii having only the trace of
a crest or none.

32. GASTROCOPTA MUNITA (Reibisch). PI. 19, figs. 1 to 7, 8,
10, 11.

Shell deeply rimate, ovate-cylindric, with obtuse apex ; thin,
diaphanous, smooth, opaque, pale corneous or whitish. Suture
moderately deep. Whorls 5 to 5%, convex. Aperture sub-
vertical, rounded, calloused; a bituberculate entering fold on
the parietal wall of the aperture, another simple, somewhat
receding one on the columella, as well as 4 smaller denticles
within the outer lip, which, however, are often lacking, ex-
cepting the one opposite the parietal lamella. The broad
peristome is reflected and the margins are connected by a
rounded callous. Length 2.5, diam. nearly 1.5 mm. Aper-
ture 1 mm. long, nearly 1 wide (Reibisch).

Galapagos Islands : Albemarle, on shrubs near the seashore
(Wolf) ; Tagus Cove on leaves of Croton, and near Iguana
Cove at 2000 ft.; also Narborough Island (Snodgrass and
Heller).

Pupa (Leucochila) munita REIBISCH, Abhandlungen der
Naturw. Ges. Isis, in Dresden for 1892, p. 27, pi. 2, f. 9. —
Pupa wolfii Miller, DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 446,
pi. 17, f . 14 ; 1900, p. 94.— Pupa pfeifferi BOETTGER, Concholo-
gische Mittheilungen, i, 1881, p. 68, pi. 12, f. 18. Not Pupa
pfeifferi Krauss (prior to 1848).

' ' The species stands very near Pupa wolfii Miller, which is
abundant in the province Guayaquil, Ecuador" (Reibisch).

This species differs constantly from G. wolfii, in a great
number examined, by the more convex outline of the spire,
which is wider in the upper part, and by the much thickened
or labiate peristome. G. wolfii tapers more regularly, the in-
dividual whorls are more convex, and the peristome is thin.
Other differences are that munita usually has a much stronger
(though variable) crest behind the lip, and generally there is
an interpalatal plica, which is lacking in wolfii so far as seen.

GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA. 97

While Reibisch was probably correct in mentioning wolfii
as the species most nearly related to munita, the thick lip is
a feature recalling rupicola, marginalba and some forms of
barbadensis.

Dr: W. H. Dall has discussed the tooth variations of this
species (loc. cit., p. 446), and has generously permitted me to
examine the material in the National Museum. As in several
other multidentate species of the genus, the infraparietal,
interpalatal and basal teeth, and the subcolumellar callous,
are variable in development, and some or all of them may be
lacking in fully adult individuals.

The original figure is copied in pi. 19, fig. 7.

At Tagus Cove, Albemarle, which in the absence of definite
information may be taken as type locality, the shell varies in
color from a somewhat transparent cartridge-buff (pi. 19, figs.
1, 8) to cinnamon or tawny (fig. 3). Usually it is somewhat
opaque, and the periostracum is often worn. Under a strong
lens it appears minutely granulose, and is therefore not
glossy. The angulo-parietal lamella is more or less bifid in
front view, and seen from below the parietal projects slightly
on the columellar side (pi. 19, fig. 2). The infraparietal
tubercle is variable in size, as in other species having it.
Often it is a mere rudiment, and very rarely it is absent in
fully adult shells. The columellar lamella is stout, short and
horizontal; often there is a buttress, sometimes somewhat
tubercular, under its inner end, as in rupicola and some other
species; and as in these, it is individually variable, and not
due to age. The lower palatal plica is an entering lamina, as
in related species. The upper palatal is well developed, tuber-
cular. Basal plica smaller, tubercular or shortly entering.
There is a small interpalatal plica, variable in size and exact
position, and sometimes lacking.

Length 2.65, diam. 1.3 mm.

Length 2.45, diam. 1.1 mm.

Length 2.45, diam. 1.2 mm.

In another lot from Tagus Cove (Snodgrass) the extremes
of size are 2.15 and 2.45 mm. long. Others, found on crotons,
have no infraparietal lamella. Specimens found by Dr. G.

98 GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA.

Baur on bones of turtles, in southern Albemarle, are 2.3 mm.
long, 1.1 to 1.2 mm. diameter. The smallest seen from Albe-
marle (Iguana Cove) is 2.2 mm. long, others of the usual size
occurring in the same lot; the colors being from cartridge-
buff with white lip to tawny with cinnamon lip. One excep-
tionally simplified shell from this locality (pi. 19, fig. 10) has
neither infraparietal or interpalatal teeth, and the basal fold
is very minute. In most lots from Albemarle the shape varies
from somewhat ovate to cylindric.

On Narborough Island (Snodgrass) the infrapalatal nodule
is generally either very low or entirely wanting, an inter-
palatal plica is usually absent, and the basal fold is very
small. The shape and thickened peristorne remain typical
(pi. 19, fig. 11). There appears, therefore, to be slight racial
divergence, since the form prevalent on Narborough is quite
rare among specimens seen from Albemarle.

On Charles Island only specimens of medium and small
size have been found, length 2 to 2.4 mm. The crest behind
the lip is wanting in many examples, and not strongly devel-
oped in others. The teeth vary as in Albemarle examples.

Tower Island has shells very similar to the narrower ex-
amples from Albemarle, and showing the same variations.

This species, which seems to be rather common on several
islands of the Galapagos group, was first described by Profes-
sor Boettger as Pupa pfeifferi, said to be from Pitcairn Island,
from specimens supplied by Mr. Cuming. Nothing similar
to it has been found in Polynesia, and as Cuming collected
extensively in the Galapagos, there can be little doubt that
his locality was erroneous in this case, as in many others.
The original description of P. pfeifferi and copies of the
figures follow.

Pupa pfeifferi Boettg. PL 19, figs. 4, 5. Shell related to
P. pediculus, but smaller, narrower, more oblong, pale cor-
neous-yellow, not whitish-pellucid ; whorls less convex. Aper-
ture smaller, rotund-quadrate, six-toothed, the teeth less
strong; one lamelliform angular, which is rather distinctly
bifid in the middle; one columellar; four smaller receding
palatals, which are punctiform except the larger third one.

GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA. 99

Peristome little expanded, labiate. Length 2*4 to 2y2, width.
1 to 1% mm.

Pitcairn Island, Tuamotu group (Dohrn-Pfeiffer coll.,
from H. Cuming).

Differing from all the species of the section LeucochUus
known to me, with the exceptions of P. marginalba P. and
P. pellucida P., the species under consideration has a horn-
brownish color, and is so easily to be distinguished from the
second Pacific species of this section by this, as well as by the
shape of the shell, the more numerous palatal plicae and the
thickened rim of the small aperture, that the relegation of
our form to P. pediculus as a variety cannot well be enter-
tained.

That one of the two species from Pitcairn Island enumer-
ated in Beck's Index, p. 85, is identical with cur species ap-
pears very possible ; yet as diagnoses of these nominal species
do not exist, to my knowledge, I feel justified in proposing
a new name for the species here described (Boettger).

33. GASTROCOPTA CLAUSA (Reibisch). PL 19, figs. 9, 12, 13, 14.

Shell deeply rimate, ovate-cylindric with obtuse summit,
thin, smooth, matt, pale corneous or whitish. Suture rather
deep. 4% convex whorls. Aperture nearly vertical, round,
narrowed by numerous teeth. The bipartite parietal tooth
runs deeply into the throat, also the columellar tooth; in the
outer wall there are two small denticles, sometimes wanting,
on each side of the strongly developed middle tooth (which
stands opposite the parietal tooth). The peristome expands
but little and is hardly reflected, the ends joined by a rounded
callous. Length 2.2, diam. 1.25 mm. Aperture 0.9 mm. long,
0.8 wide (Reibisch).

Galapagos Islands: Indefatigable, on shrubs near the sea-
shore (Wolf). Abingdon, at sea level (Snodgrass).

Pupa (Leucochila) clausa REIBISCH, Abhandlungen der
Naturw. Ges. Isis, 1892, p. 27, pi. 2, f. 10 (1893).— Pupa
clausa Reibisch, BALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 94.

This species is a further evolution product of Pupa wolfii
Mill., to which P. munita of Albemarle Island forms a transi-
tion (Reibisch).

100 GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA.

The specimens from Abingdon (pi. 19, figs. 12-14) agree
with the typical description and figure (fig. 9). The last
two whorls are rather weakly convex. There seems to be little
if any crest behind the lip, which expands narrowly. The
angular and parietal lamellae are well separated, much as in
G. bilamellata, and more than in any nearly related species;
but the inner end of the parietal does not curve towards the
periphery, as in the Immersidens group. The infraparietal
lamella is laminiform and runs inward parallel to the parietal.
Columellar lamella is very strong and the callous below it is
built up into a subcolumellar lamella. The lower palatal
plica enters deeply. Upper palatal plica is strong but shorter.
A thin interpalatal stands between them. Basal plica well
developed, entering. The peristome, as in G. munita, is
strongly labiate or calloused within except at the sinulus.

Length 2.1, diam. 0.9 mm.

Length 2.2, diam. 1 mm.

While related to G. munita, this is an extremely distinct
species, recalling the West-Indian G. polyptyx and the Bonin
Island species.

Subgenus IMMERSIDENS Pils.
34. GASTROCOPTA DICRODONTA (Doering).

' * Shell minute, pupoid, smooth, substriatulate, a little shin-
ing, brownish-corneous. Spire subconic, the summit tapering,
rather obtuse. Whorls 5% to 6, a little convex, the last about
two-fifths the length. Aperture oval-rounded, contracted by
5 (-6) teeth: the first, on the parietal wall, largest, twisted,
bifid (forked or biramose), the right branch produced to the
margin of the peristome, the other remote from the margin
of the aperture ; second tooth columellar, tortuous, angulate,
lengthened within; three pliciform palatal teeth. Peristome
expanded, scarcely reflected, whitish, the margins nearly con-
nected, right margin curved. Length 1.8 to 2, width 0.9 mm. ;
aperture 0.7 to 0.8 mm. long" (Doering).

Argentina: around Villa Vicencio in the Sierra de Men-
doza; all suitable places in the sierras of Cordoba and San
Luis (Dr. Stelzner).

GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA.' ' 101

P.[upa] dicrodonta DOERING, Apuntes, etc., in Boletin de
la Acad. Nac. de Ciencias de la Rep. Argentina, iii, 1879, p. 83.

' ' This species may be distinguished easily from all the rest
by the bifid tooth on the parietal wall of the aperture. It is
composed of two parallel ridges, the superior one being pro-
longed upward to the position of the insertion of the lip, the
other one having a more immersed place, behind the first.
The rest of the teeth of the aperture are of smaller size. This
species is doubtless the most abundant in the territory of the
sierra of Cordoba, etc." (Doering).

35. GASTROCOPTA IHERINGI (Suter). PL 17, fig. 16.

The shell is minutely perforate and rimate, convexly taper-
ing above, the last two whorls nearly equal in diameter. There
are 5% moderately convex whorls, the last one without crest.
Apex obtuse. Surface minutely, unevenly striate. The aper-
ture is very shortly oval. Peristome thin, expanded through-
out, interrupted above. The angular and parietal lamellae
are nearly parallel and of about equal length ; the angular is
sigmoid, its inner end curving towards and joining the pari-
etal. Parietal lamella nearly straight, highest where the an-
gular joins it. Columellar lamella large, semicircular, its
anterior part running forward, inner part curving downward
parallel to the axis. The upper and lower palatal plicae are
short, high, entering laminae. Basal fold is large, straight-
topped, and nearly radial, transverse to the cavity. Length
2.3, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm.

Brazil: Bollaxa, City of Rio Grande do Sul, subfossil in a
modern deposit (H. von Ihering).

Pupa iheringi SUTER, Revista do Museu Paulista, iv, 1900,
p. 336, pi. 3, f. 8, Sa.

The armature of the aperture is more like that of G. btta-
mellata than any other of our northern species, the differences
being merely in small details of form, except that the lower
palatal plica is more deeply immersed in bilameUata. Figured
and described from paratypes. This species is very closely
related to G. dicrodonta, perhaps identical; yet the latter is
slightly smaller, with a fraction of a whorl more, and comes

102 ' ' GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA.

from a more elevated region, rather different faunally. Pend-
ing a direct comparison, both may be allowed to stand.

36. GASTROCOPTA PAZI (Hidalgo). PL 17, fig. 13.

The shell is rimate-subperforate, ovate-cylindric, thin, very
lightly striatulate, corneous; spire with the apex obtuse;
suture deep ; whorls 5 to 5%, convex, the last about one-third
the entire length, ascending a little in front, the base obtusely
angular around the umbilical crevice. Aperture is vertical,
truncate-oval, six-toothed: one transverse columellar; two
folds (one angular, and one more deeply placed parietal),
distinct or joined at the base, and appearing like a bifid
tooth; three teeth in the right margin, situated deeply, the
middle one larger. Peristome equally expanded, the right
margin strongly curved above ; columellar margin dilated.
Length 2.5, diam. 1 mm. (Hidalgo).

Peru: Amancaez, in the environs of Lima (type locality).
Ecuador: Guayaquil. Panama (Paz).

Pupa pazi HID., Journal de Conchyl., 1869, p. 412 ; 1870,
p. 66 ; 1875, p. 129, pi. 7, f . 7.— PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., viii,
p. 402.

This species was well described, but the figures are worth-
less. In a subsequent notice Hidalgo states that the speci-
mens from the last two localities are those (alluded to in the
description) in which the angular and parietal lamellae are
united at their bases. I select the Amancaez specimens as
types. Perhaps those from the other localities are specifically
distinct. I have not seen South-American specimens, but
some Panama shells received from Sr. Paz under this name
prove to be typical G. servilis. G. pazi, from the description,
must be very close to G. prototypus, but differs by having a
basal fold. Until types or topotypes can be examined, its
exact relation to other species remains uncertain.

Examples from the city of Guatemala, described as G. pro-
totypus basidentata, agree rather well with the description of
G. pazi, and may possibly be referable to that species.

GASTROCOPTA, SOUTH AMERICA, EASTERN ASIA. 103

(Position uncertain.)

37. Pupa curta Anton. Shortly cylindric ; 4y2 whorls, with
deep suture; finely striate; epidermis brown; narrowly um-
bilicate; aperture somewhat compressed (as in pagodula),
with three lamelliform denticles. Breadth %, height 1 line
(Anton).

Chili (Anton).

Pupa curta ANTON, Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche
sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden,
1839, p. 47, no. 1731.— PFR., Monographia, ii, p. 355.— Alcea
annaaensis BECK, Index Moll., 1837, p. 85 (I. Annaa; no de-
scription).— Not Pupa curta Potiez et Michaud, 1838.

Nothing has been added to Anton's description of this
species, which may be a Gastrocopta. In a letter to Pfeiffer
he stated that it was identical with the above-mentioned spe-
cies of Beck, of which only the name and locality were re-
corded. The name P. curta had been used in 1838, but it is
not worth while to re-name a poorly defined species, not
localized, and impossible to recognize.

III. SPECIES OP EASTERN ASIA, FROM JAPAN TO FRENCH
INDO-CHINA.

This geographic division includes also the Bonin and Loo-
choo Islands. It is characterized by the prevalence of Gas-
trocoptas of the series of G. armigerella, no other group being
known as yet. It is to be expected that China will eventually
add many species.

Subgenus SINALBINULA Pilsbry.

See p. 11. Most Sinalbinulas have the mouth parts rather
more coarsely granular than in other gastrocopts. The ex-
terior also is usually minutely granular, a character also
common to many species throughout the genus.

Sinalbinula is widely distributed in eastern and southern
Asia, south to Australia, in Polynesia, Micronesia and Hawaii.
Westward there are single species in the Trans-Caucasus
region (no. 64) and Abyssinia (no. 65), these being survivors

104 GASTROCOPTA, EASTERN ASIA,

of the early Oligocene migration westward, when the group
flourished in Europe from Middle Oligocene to Pliocene.
Sinalbinula is more widely distributed than any other sub-
ordinate group of the genus.

The Asiatic mainland and European Pliocene species are
the most progressive, some having the angulo-parietal lamella
thoroughly unified, as in typical Gastrocopta. In America
no species are referable to Sinalbmula proper, but the section
Vertigopsis is evidently a derivative group, differentiated
chiefly by the degeneration of both the angular and parietal
lamellae, the former being either wholly lost, or in some forms
still present but very minute.

The Bonin Island group remains primitive in the separation
of angular and parietal lamellae, leading us to believe that
they have been isolated a very long time.

The Australian Sinalbinulas are more primitive than the
Asiatic continental forms. The angular and parietal lamellae
are imperfectly connected, and the columellar lamella is hori-
zontal and short, or the inner end is but slightly curved down.
The palatal callous is thin but noticeable in species I have seen.
They are in about the same stage of evolution as the isolated
Bonin Island recent species, and those of the European Oligo-
cene, though rather different by the strongly converging in-
stead of subparallel angular and parietal lamellae.

Key to Eastern Asiatic Species.

a. Three subequal and parallel lamellae on the parietal wall ;
Bonin Is.

b. Length about 2.4 mm. G. chichijimana, no. 38.

&1. Length about 1.75 mm. G. c. ogasawarana, no. 38a.
a1. Angular and parietal lamellae closely juxtaposed and
united by a callous, but not continuous.

b. Parietal lamella nearly behind the angular ; an infra-
parietal lamella shorter than the parietal ; Bonin Is.

G. boninensis, no. 39.

61. Angular and parietal lamellae juxtaposed laterally;
no infraparietal lamella or tubercle ; Indo-China.

G. ejecta, no. 45.

GASTROCOPTA, EASTERN ASIA. 105

a2. Angular and parietal lamellae united into a continuous,
bilobed lamella.

&. 4 teeth : angulo-parietal, columellar, upper and lower
palatal; 214 mm. long; Macao, Hongkong.

G. meridionalis, no. 44.
b1. 6 or 7 teeth.

c. Angulo-parietal lamella arcuate in basal view,
its inner end curving towards columella ; infra-
parietal pliciform; Pe-chili.

G. hirasei, no. 42.

c1. Angulo-parietal lamella approximately straight
in a basal view.

d. Inner end of columellar lamella bent
down ; a tubercular infraparietal lamella
usually present.

e. Length 2.25 to 2.5 mm.; Japan,
China. G. armigerella,. no. 40.

e1. Length 2 mm. ; more broadly ovate ;
Hachijo I.

G. a. hachijoensis, no. 40a.
d1. Columellar lamella short and straight,
horizontal; no infraparietal lamella or
tubercle.

e. Length about 2 mm.; Korea.

G. coreana, no. 41.

e1. Length about 1.5 mm.; Sytchuan.
G. monadicula, no. 43.

38. GASTROCOPTA CHICHIJIMANA n. sp. PL 20, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is rimate, ovate-conic, pale olive-buff (dotted with
white by disintegration of the cuticle in the specimens seen),
almost smooth but hardly shining, composed of 5% rather
strongly convex whorls, the last one flattened over the lower
palatal region, having a strong, wide and rounded crest be-
hind the lip. Aperture having 8 teeth, of which three, sub-
equal, are on the parietal wall ; the angular lamella is weakly
connected with the parietal by a low callous at its inner end ;
parietal lamella more deeply placed, its anterior end about as

106 GASTROCOPTA, EASTERN ASIA.

far forward as the middle of the angular lamella ; inf raparietal
lamella long, not quite so deeply placed as the parietal. Colu-
mellar lamella strong, horizontal throughout. The palatal
and basal plicae stand on a strong callous ridge, the lower
palatal being largest, suprapalatal and basal smaller. In the
type lot there are one or two minute infrapalatal denticles,
between lower palatal and basal. The lip is thin, a little ex-
panded, the outer margin somewhat bent in, in the middle, and
very strongly arched above. The adnate part of the peristome
is very short. Length 2.4, diam. above aperture 1.35 mm.

Chichi jima, Ogasawara (Bonin) islands (Hirase). Type
and cotpyes No. 83897 A. N. S. P.

Peculiar for the nearly equal length of the three lamellae
of the parietal wall, which stand parallel, the angular and
parietal being only weakly connected.

The teeth in the base are variable, some individuals having
two denticles between lower palatal and basal, some one, and
one example none. The basal and infrapalatal folds are some-
times subequal.

The crest behind the lip is variable, as in American Gastro-
coptas of the pentodon group. Usually it is strongly de-
veloped, but in one example it is reduced to a very low, broad
wave. A small individual measures, length 2.25, diam. 1.3
mm., 5 whorls.

Under a high power, the surface is seen to be densely,
irregularly granulose throughout.

38a. G. c. ogasawarana n. subsp. PL 20, figs. 3, 6.

The shell is smaller than chichijimana, with the angular and
parietal lamellae less widely separated ; basal fold stout, well-
developed; no minor folds between it and the lower palatal
plica. Aperture of a more triangular shape, the external crest
and the internal palatal callous strongly developed. Length
1.75, diam. 0.96 mm.

Ogasawara (Bonin) islands: Chichi jima, type loc. ; Ototo-
shima (Hirase).

Some specimens are intermediate in size between this form
and typical chichijimana ; otherwise it would be thought speci-
fically distinct.

GASTROCOPTA, EASTERN ASIA. 107

39. GASTROCOPTA BONINENSIS n. sp. PL 20, figs. 4, 5.

The shell is rimate, oblong-conic, composed of 5 rather
strongly convex whorls, very pale buff, the summit gray. Sur-
face scarcely shining, very minutely and densely, irregularly
granulose, but scarcely showing a trace of striae. Last whorl
flattened over the lower palatal region, having a high crest
behind the lip. Angular lamella curving towards the right,
its inner end joined to the anterior end of the parietal lamella
by a low callous. Parietal lamella nearly behind the angular.
The infraparietal lamella is decidedly shorter than the parietal.
Columellar lamella strong, horizontal. Four plicae stand
upon the strong palatal callous, the lower palatal longest, the
upper palatal, basal and suprapalatal being successively
smaller. Lip thin, a little expanded. Length 2.17, diam.
1.07 mm.

Ogasawara (Bonin) islands: Minamijima, type loc. ; Chichi-
jima (Hirase).

The angular and parietal lamellae are far more closely
united than in G. chiehijimana, and the infraparietal lamella
is shorter. It differs from G. armigerella by the lamelliform
infraparietal and the less united angular and parietal lamellae.
The microscopic granulation is coarser in boninensis and
chiehijimana than in armigerella.

40. GASTROCOPTA ARMIGERELLA (Eeinhardt). PL 20, figs. 7
to 11.

Shell dextral, conic-ovate, rimate, whitish, pellucid, a little
shining, smooth. Whorls 5, cylindric, parted by a deep suture,
the last a little compressed at base. Aperture rounded-
triangular, 7-toothed: two teeth on the parietal wall, one
placed in front of the insertion of the outer lip, the other
near the columella, smaller, nodule-like and deeply placed;
columella bidentate, the upper tooth stronger; three palatal
teeth, the uppermost smallest, the lower one large ; they are
joined by a callous which is visible externally. Peristome
subcontinuous, simple, a little expanded, the right margin in-
clined above towards the dilated columella. Length 2%,
width 1 mm. (Reinhardt).

108 GASTROCOPTA, EASTERN ASIA.

Japan: Misaki, Sagami (type loc., Hilgendorf ) ; Miyake-
jima, Izu; Chichi- jima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands; Yoron-
jima, Okinoerabu-shima, Kume-jima, Kunchan, Yaeyama, in
the Luchu arc (Hirase). Korea: Soeul and Hatong (Dr.
Gottsche). China: Dshi-nan-fu, Prov. Shan-dung (Moltner) ;
Shanghai (Heude, Schmacker) ; Ning-kuo-fu, Prov. An-hui
(Heude, for P. monas) ; Prov. Hunan (Fuchs) ; Dshie-dshow
and Tshing-yuan, Prov. Gansu (v. Mlldff.)

Pupa (LeucochUa?) armigerella BEINHARDT, Sitzungsber.
Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin, 1877, p. 96 ; Jahrbucher D. Malak.
Ges., iv, 1877, p. 323, pi. 11, f. 7. — KOBELT, Fauna Japonica,
p. 62, pi. 1, f. 17. — Pupa (Leucochilus) armigerella Reinh.,
MOELLENDORFF, Jahrb. D. M. Ges. xi, 1884, p. 178 ; xiv, 1887,
p. 17. — GREDLER, Mai. Bl. (n. F.), ix, p. 145. — Leucochilus
armigerellum Reinh., MLLDFP., Annuaire du Mus. Zool. de
1'Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St.-Petersb. vi, 1902, p. 85.— Pupa
atoma HEUDE, Notes sur les Moll. Terr, de la Vallee du Fleuve
Bleu, i, p. 77, pi. 18, f. 19 (quoted as "Pupa extrema Heude"
by Moellendorf, 1. c., p. 85). — Pupa monas HEUDE, t. c. p. 78,
pi. 18, f. 18. Not P. monas Morelet lS79.—Bifidaria armi-
gerella var. luchuana PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1901, p.
484, pi. 24, f. 54 (Kunchan, Okinawa).

G. armigerella is intermediate between G. coreana and
G. hirasei, the first having simpler, the last more developed
apertural teeth.

The parietal lamella is higher than the angular, and its
anterior end is completely concrescent with the latter, not
projecting on the columellar side, as in many American species.
The tooth as a whole is bilobed, being lower at the junction
of the two elements (fig. 11). The infraparietal is tuber-
cular. The columellar lamella is bent into a semicircular
shape, the inner end being turning down vertically, the outer
end horizontal (fig. 10) . The basal fold stands at the junction
of the basal and columellar margins, rather more upon the
columellar, as in Vertigopsis. The lower palatal plica is a
little lengthened, the others short. The size varies somewhat.

Length 2.5, diam. above aperture 1.2 mm. (Miyakejima,
Izu).

GASTROCOPTA, EASTERN ASIA. 109

Length 2.25, diam. above aperture 1.15 mm. (Miyakejima).

Length 2.4, diam above aperture 1.15 mm. (Shanghai,
China).

The synonymy has been worked out by Dr. von Moellendorff,
and I have verified his results by the examination of large
series of specimens from Heude, Hirase and Schmacker.
Pupa monas Heude found on stone walls and rocks in the
mountains south of Ning-kuo-fu, is almost typical armi-
gerella, rather small and cylindric — the type was 2 mm. long.

Pupa atoma, Heude, found ' ' very common under dead leaves
of bamboos in the environs of Shanghai" was 2% mm. long,
and figured without an infraparietal nodule ; but in a Shanghai
lot from Heude and others from Schmacker, the nodule is
present, though sometimes quite small and readily overlooked.
According to von Moellendorf, atoma has no specific char-
acters. PI. 20, fig. 8 is a Shanghai specimen of atoma re-
ceived from Heude. The form I described as Bifidaria armi-
gerella var. luchuana from Kunchan, Okinawa, is typical
armigerella ; I had compared it with shells wanting the infra-
parietal nodule. One of this lot is sinistral.

40a. G. a. hachijoensis n. subsp. PL 21, fig. 1.

The shell is much stouter in figure than armigerella, ovate-
conic.

Length 2, diam. 1.23 mm.

Japan: Hachijo-jima, an island of Izu (Hirase) ; type and
paratypes No. 83395 A. N. S. P.

41. GASTROCOPTA COREANA n. sp. PL 21, figs. 2, 3, 4.

The shell is subcylindric but tapering slightly from the last
whorl, the upper two whorls forming a convexly conic sum-
mit ; whitish-corneous, quite lightly striate. Whorls 5, rather
strongly convex, the last flattened over the lower palatal region,
and with a narrow, rather low crest behind the narrowly
expanded lip. Angulo-parietal lamella as in B. armigerella,
being straight, the angular forming a spur on the right side,
and lower than the parietal. There is no infraparietal nodule.
Columellar lamella strong, short, horizontal, its inner end not

110 GASTEOCOPTA, EASTERN ASIA.

curving downward. Basal and palatal plicae as in G. armi-
gerella, the lower palatal being longer than the upper, supra-
palatal and basal smaller than either. Length 2.05, diam.
1 mm.

Korea: Kojeto (Hirase). Type and para types No. 95775
A. N. S. P.

This species differs from G. armigerella by having the colu-
mellar lamella short and straight, wholly horizontal, the inner
end not bent down, and by the absence of an infraparietal
nodule.

42. GASTROCOPTA HIRASEI n. sp. PL 21, figs. 5, 6, 7, 10.

The shell is tapering-cylindric, shaped like B. armigerella,
whitish-corneous, very slightly striate, composed of 5 rather
strongly convex whorls, the last one flattened over the lower
palatal region, slightly grooved over the lower palatal plica.
Angulo-parietal lamella arcuate in a basal view (pi. 21, fig. 7),
the inner end curving towards the columella. It is low in the
middle, at the junction of angular and parietal elements, the
angular and inner end of parietal being high. Infraparietal
lamella pliciform, well developed. Columellar lamella hori-
zontal in front, but inward forming a broad, down ward- turned
plate. There is also a convex hyaline callous ascending the
axis, within the back (pi. 21, fig. 6). Basal fold sub-
columellar in position, subvertical. Palatal plicae strong, the
lower one long; suprapalatal minute. Peristome thin, well
expanded. Length 2, diam. 0.95 mm.

China: Shan-hai, Province Pe-chili (Hirase).

This species has all the apertural processes more developed
than G. armigerella, the parietal lamella being bent inward, the
infraparietal in form of a short lamella instead of a nodule,
and the columellar lamella expanding in a broad plate.

A single specimen collected with G. coreana at Kojeto, Korea,
has the bent parietal and broad columellar lamella of hirasei,
though a little less strongly developed, but the infraparietal
is tubercular, as in armigerella. It measures, length 2.28,
diam. 1.1 mm. It will probably prove to represent a Korean
subspecies.

GASTROCOPTA, EASTERN ASIA. Ill

43. GASTROCOPTA MONADICULA (Heude). PL 21, figs. 8, 9.

Shell small, spire ovate, whorls 5, rather inflated, joined by
an impressed suture; aperture semielliptical, denticulate;
peristome continuous, basal and external margin three-
toothed; one tooth on the columella, one at the sinus on the
parietal wall; an oblique rima. Length 1%, diam. y2 mm.
(Heude).

China: Tchen-k'eou, Province Sytchuan.

Pupa monadicula HEUDE, Notes Moll. Terr. Fl. Bleu, p. 152,
pi. 35, f. 24.

This species is much smaller than G. armigerella. Heude 's
figures are copied, as I have not seen the species.

44. GASTROCOPTA MERIDIONALIS (Moellendorff).

Shell dextral, conic-ovate, whitish, pellucid, a little shining,
smooth; whorls 5, cylindric, parted by a deep suture, the last
a little compressed basally. Aperture rounded-triangular, 4-
toothed: one lamelliform tooth on the parietal wall, bifid an-
teriorly; another rather strong tooth on the columella, and
two palatals. Peristome simple, a little expanded, the margins
approaching. Length 2*4, diam. 1^4 mm. (Mlldff.)

China: village of Sha-ming, near Macao (R. Hungerford) ;
Hongkong.

Pupa (Leucochilus) meridionalis MLLDFF., Nachr. D. M.
Ges. xvi, 1884, p. 28; Jahrb. D. M. Ges. xi, 1884, p. 179.-
Leucochilus meridionale MLLDFF., Binnen-Mollusken aus
Westchina u. Centralasien, ii, 1902, p. 85.

Described from one imperfect shell collected in an old
churchyard. According to von Moellendorff it is close to
G. armigerella, but well distinguished by the smaller number
of teeth.

45. GASTROCOPTA EJECTA (Bavay & Dautzenberg) . PL 21,
fig. 12.

Shell small, thin and pellucid, doliolif orm, tapering towards
the apex, narrowly perforate. Whorls 5, convex, gradate,
regularly increasing, joined by a conspicuous and narrowly
margined suture, and obliquely, very delicately plicate, the

112 GASTROCOPTA, EUROPE.

plicae visible with difficulty even under the lens. Aperture
almost circular, somewhat biangular above, rounded below;
peristome continuous, somewhat spreading, very little thick-
ened. Throat 4-toothed: palatal [= parietal] tooth strong
and doubled, the inner part larger, pliciform, the outer
smaller, less entering; columellar tooth horizontal; parietal
[=; palatal] teeth two, oblique, the lower one larger. A very
small tooth in the lower angle of the columella, sometimes a
little larger. Color white, hyaline. Alt. 2%, diam. maj. 1%,
diam. aperture % mm. (B. & D.)

Indo-China: shore and islands of the Bay of Along (M.
Demange ) .

Pupa (Bifidaria) ejecta BAVAY et DAUTZENBERG, Journal
de Conchyl. Ix, 1912, p. 29, pi. 1, f. 16, 17.

This species stands very near to Gastrocopta armigerella
Reinh., but differs, according to MM. Bavay and Dautzenberg,
by wanting an infraparietal tooth, and by the form of the
angular and parietal lamellas, which are juxtaposed laterally,
not superposed as in armigerella. It was found in the marine
shell sand in company with Diplommatina, Georissa, Kaliella,
all little land shells living among rocks, and evidently washed
down to the sea.

IV. SPECIES OF WESTERN SIBERIA, TRANS-CAUCASUS AND THE
EUROPEAN TERTIARY.

Gastrocopta appeared in Europe in the middle Oligocene.
The subgenus Albinula is represented by the series of G.
quadriplicata, which in various mutations continued to the
Upper Pliocene (G. fossanensis, Piedmont).

The subgenus Sinalbinula began with species of the G.
didymodonta series in the Upper Oligocene, became extinct in
Europe at the close of the Miocene, but still survives in the
recent Trans-Caucasian G. theeli. The series of G. nouletiana,
in several successive slight mutations, existed through the
Miocene.

The fate of Gastrocopta in Europe was determined, we may
suppose, by the lowering of temperature which closed the
Pliocene ; but it should also be noted that the stock was appar-

GASTROCOPTA, EUROPE. 113

ently rather inflexible, and competitors of the same family
were more numerous, perhaps, than in any other part of the
world.

The first European Gastrocoptas were described by Dupuy
in 1850. Shortly after, Al. Braun described the leading Ger-
man species, in Walchner's Geognosie, 2d edition. In the
copy of this work at hand, as well as in two others on which
bibliographic data are available, there are but 1120 pages;
beginning Braun 's contribution, but not containing the Pupae ;
so that I have copied references from Sandberger. The date
of the later pages is uncertain. Sandberger, in Die Con-
ehylien des Mainzer Tertiarbeckens, 1863, and Die Land- und
Siisswasser-Conchylien der Vorwelt, 1870-1875, and especially
Dr. Oskar Boettgei4 in his admirable paper, Die Entwickelung
der Pupa-Arten des Mittelrheingebietes in Zeit und Raum, in
Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturkunde, 1889, are the chief
authorities ; but references to numerous other authors will be
found below. Perhaps there are other described species; the
plan of this work does not include a thorough review of
palaeontological literature. Really adequate illustrations of
European Tertiary species are still wanting.

Dr. O. Boettger classified the European Tertiary Gastrocop-
tas (Leucochilus) in three groups, noted below. Of these
groups, that of quadriplicata was said by Sandberger to be
related to the recent American G. contracta. Boettger consid-
ered quadriplicata an ancestor of contracta. I have figured a
French Pliocene species of this group, G. dupuyi (pi. 22, figs.
1, 2, 4) to show the resemblance. It will be noted that the
angular and parietal lamellae are wholly concrescent, and the
parietal turns towards the periphery at its inner end; also
it has a direct inward spur (pi. 22, figs. 2, 4), some trace of
which can be seen in the recent American G. armifera also.
The columellar lamella turns down at the inner end (fig. 4),
and the palatal plicae stand upon a callous ridge. These are
characters of both the armifera and contracta groups of
AlUnula, which indicate, at least, that the American and
European species are of common immediate ancestry, though
it appears to me that the European stock is a little too special-

114 GASTROCOPTA, EUROPE.

ized to have been directly ancestral to the American. It ap-
pears likely that the European species of Albinula were de-
rived from Asia in early Oligocene times, together with
Sinalbinula (didymodonta group) and many other land shells,
rather than that the Asiatic and American forms came from
Europe. It is remarkable that Albinula, while it gave off
numerous mutations, changed very little from the Middle
Oligocene to the Pliocene, where G. dupuyi and G. fossanensis
surely differ but little from the earliest known European
Albinula, G. quadriplicata. Whether the Albinula group
arose in Asia or North America is an open question at present.
It was certainly a mature group at the time of its first known
appearance in Europe.

The other groups of European Tertiary Gastrocopts belong
to the Asiatic section Sinalbinula, so far as I can determine
from the literature and a few specimens. Some of them,
such as the Upper Oligocene G. fissidens Sandb., have the three
lamellae of the parietal wall well separated, as in the recent
G. chichijimana and ogasawarana, which seem to be ancient
forms, preserved by their isolation. Other and later species,
such as G. baudoni, from the Pliocene of Hauterive (pi. 21,
figs. 13, 14) have wholly concrescent angular and parietal
lamella? and no infraparietal, and resemble very closely the
recent G. coreana in all structural characters. Whether
G. baudoni is an advanced descendant of G. obstructa, or has
more direct relations with Asiatic forms due to later migra-
tions, cannot now be determined. Recent representatives of
the same group (Sinalbinula) are G. pleimesi of Abyssinia
and G. theeli of Trans-caucasus. Both are known to me only
by descriptions and figures, the latter too small to be any use
in the study of phylogenies.

Subgenus ALBINULA (See p. 13).
Series of G. quadriplicata.

46. GASTROCOPTA QUADRIPLICATA (Al. Braun). Pupa quad-
riplicata AL. BR., in Walchner's Geognosie, 2. Aufl., (1851?)
p. 1135. — Leucochilus quadriplicatum (Al. Br.) BOETTGER,

GASTROCOPTA, EUROPE. 115

Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturkunde, Jahrg. 42, 1889, p.
277. — KLIKA, Tert. L. u. Siisswasser Conch. Bohm, p. 91. —
Vertigo turgida REUSS, Palaeontographica ii, 1852, p. 30, pi.
3, fig. 8 (Tuchoritz). Middle and Upper Oligocene and Mio-
cene, Germany and Bohemia.

G. Q. LAMELLIDENS (Sandberger) . Pupa lamellidens SANDB.,
Mainzer Becken, 1863, p. 55, pi. 5, fig. 8; Vorwelt, p. 398.
Upper Oligoceiie, Tuchoritz, etc., Bohemia. Considered by
Boettger to be a local variety of quadriplicata.

47. GASTROCOPTA QUADRIDENTATA (Klein). Pupa quadri-
dentata KL., Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. in Wiirttemberg,
ix, 1853, p. 216, pi. 5, fig. 13.— Pupa (L.) quadridentata KL,
MILLER, Jahresh. Wurttemb. Nat. Ver. 1900, p. 399, pi. 7, fig,
17. Upper Miocene, Germany.

48. GASTROCOPTA SUEVICA (Sandberger). P. (Vertigo)
suevica SANDBERGER, Vorwelt, 1875, p. 654. — Pupa (Leucochi-
lus) suevica Sandb. MILLER, Jahresh. Wurttemb. Nat. Ver.
1900, p. 398, pi. 7, fig. 16, with var. minor Miller. Upper
Miocene, Steinheim.

49. GASTROCOPTA LARTETI (Dupuy). Pupa larteti DUP.,
Journ. de Conchyl., i, 1850, p. 307, pi. 15, f. 5.— Vertigo
larteti Dup., BOURGUIGNAT, Hist. Malac. de la Colline de
Sansan, 1881, p. 71. Middle Miocene, Sansan, southwestern
France.

50. GASTROCOPTA DUPUYI (Michaud). PL 22, figs. 1, 2, 4.
Vertigo dupuyi MICH., Annales Soc. Linn, de Lyon, n. ser.,
ii, 1855, p. 46, pi. 5, f. 12, 13. Pliocene, Hauterive, (Drome),
France.

51. GASTROCOPTA FOSSANENSIS (Sacco). Vertigo fossanensis
SACCO, Mem. R. Accad. Torino, 2 ser., vol. 37, 1885, p. 31, pi.
2, f. 4. — V. f. var. quatuordentata SACCO, Atti Soc. Sc. Nat.
Milano, vol. 29, 1886, p. 49, pi. 2, f. 11.— Scarabella fossanensis
and var. quatuordentata SACCO, Moll. Terz. Piemont, p. 70,
pi. 6, f. 5, and var. g., f. 6. Upper Pliocene, Fossano, Pied-
mont. From the figures, Boettger thought these identical with
quadridentata and quadriplicata, respectively; yet it seems
likely that some differences exist.

116 GASTROCOPTA, EUROPE.

Subgenus SINALBINULA (See p. 103).
Series of G. nouletiana.

52. GASTROCOPTA NOULETIANA (Dupuy). Pupa nouletiana
DUP., Journ. de Conchyl, i, 1850, p. 309, pi. 15, f. 6.—
BOETTGER, Palaeontographica, Bd. 24, 1877, p. 194, pi. 24, f. 5.
. — Leucochilus nouletiana Dup, BOETTGER, Bericht Senckenb.
Nat. Ges., 1884, p. 272, pi. 4, f. Ha, &, and var. gracilidens
Sandb., pi. 4, f. 12-13. — Vertigo nouletiana Dup., BOUR-
GUIGNAT, Malac. Sansan, p. 73, pi. 4, f. 92-95. — ? Vertigo
ludovici BGT., t. c, p. 75. — ? Vertigo nouleti MICHAUD, Journ.
de ConchyL, 1862, p. 77, pi. 4, f. 1, Hauterive (Pupa n.t on
plate). Middle Miocene, Sansan, Lake Balaton, etc.

52a. G. N. GRACILIDENS (Sandberger) . Pupa gracilidens
SANDB., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 600. Lower Miocene of Schleusen-
kammer, and Upper Miocene of Undorf bei Regensburg.

52&. G. N. FARCIMEN (Sandberger). Pupa (Vertigo) far-
cimen SANDB., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 600, pi. 29, f. 24. Upper
Miocene, Undorf, Zant bei Ingolstadt, etc.

The status of the following five species from the colline of
Sansan is uncertain; probably all belong to one species of
Gastrocopta. The figures are poor. VERTIGO BARRERI
Bourguignat, Hist. Malac. de la Colline de Sansan, 1881, p.
76. VERTIGO CHYDAEA Bgt., t. c., p. 77. VERTIGO EUCRINA
Bgt., p. 79. VERTIGO TAPEINA Bgt., p. 80. VERTIGO NECRA
Bgt, p. 81.

Series of G. didymodonta.

53. GASTROCOPTA DIDYMODONTA (Al. Braun). Vertigo didy-
modonta AL. BE., in Walchner's Geognosie, 2. Aufl, (1851?),
p. 1135. — Pupa didymodus Al. Br, SANDBERGER, Mainzer
Becken, p. 57, pi. 5, f. 14. — Leucochilus didymodus Al. Br.,
BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat, vol. 42, 1889, p. 283.
Upper Oligocene, Hochheim.

54. GASTROCOPTA HETERODUS (Boettger). Pupa (Leucochi-
lus) heterodus BTTG, Neues Jahrb. fiir Mineralogie, etc, 1877,
p. 80.— MILLER, Jahresh. Wiirttemb. Nat. Ver, 1900, p. 398,
pi. 7, f. 14. Upper Miocene, Steinheim.

GASTROCOPTA, EUROPE. 117

55. GASTROCOPTA MUNIERI (Deshayes). Pupa munieri
DESK., Anim. sans Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, 1864, p. 858, pi. 56,
f . 25-27. Oligocene, Limestone of Beauce, near fitampes.

56. GASTROCOPTA FISCHERI (Deshayes). Pupa fischeri
DESK., 1. c., f. 34-36.

57. GASTROCOPTA BIFIDA (Desh.). Pupa bifida DESK., t. c.
p. 860, pi. 56, f. 19-21. This species and the two preceding,
from the same formation and locality, have been placed in the
synonymy of B. didy modus, but not from a comparison of
specimens. Their status and exact horizon are uncertain.

58. GASTROCOPTA OBSTRUCTA (Al. Braun). Pupa obstruct a
AL. BR., in Walchner's Geognosie, 2. Aufl., (1851?), p. 1135.
— Leucochilus obstructum Al. Br., BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau.
Ver. Nat., 42, 1889, p. 284. — Pupa obstructa var. francofur-
t<MW BOETTGER, Palaontographica, 24, 1877, p. 195, pi. 29, f. 6
(Affenstein near Frankfurt). Lower Miocene, Schleusen-
kammer bei Niederrad.

59. GASTROCOPTA PISSIDENS (Sandberger). Pu-pa fissidens
SANDB., Conchyl. Mainzer Becken, 1863, p. 57, pi. 5, f. 16. —
Leucochilus fissidens Sandb., BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver.
Nat., 42, 1889, p. 285.— Jooss, same Jahrb., vol. 64, 1911, p. 65.
Upper Oligocene of Hochheim; Hydrobia beds of the Lower
Miocene of Mosbach-Biebrich and Wiesbaden.

60. GASTROCOPTA FERDINANDI (Andreae). Leucochilus fer-
din-andi ANDREAE, Mittheil. Eomer Mus., No. 18, 1902, p. 18,
f. 9. Miocene of Oppeln, Silesia.

61. GASTROCOPTA BAUDONI (Michaud). PL 21, figs. 13, 14.
Vertigo baudoni MICH., Journ. de Conchyl. 1862, p. 76, pi.
4, f. 2 (Pupa b., on plate). Pliocene, Hauterive.

62. GASTROCOPTA LONGIDENS (Clessin). Pupa (Leucochila)
longidens CLESSIN, Berichte Naturwiss. Vereines zu Regens-
burg, xiii Heft, 1912, p. 105. Middle Miocene, Undorf near
Regensburg.

63. GASTROCOPTA UNDORFENSIS Pils., n. n. Pupa (Leucoch-
Ua.) miliolum CLESSIN, t. c., p. 106. Not Pupa miliola Orbigny.

Same locality. This species and the preceding have not
been figured, and their relations to the other species are not
known to me.

118 GASTROCOPTA, SIBERIA, AFRICA.

Recent Species.
64. GASTROCOPTA THBELI (Westerlund). PI. 21, fig. 11.

Shell dextral, ovate-oblong, cylindroid, obtuse, white,
opaque, smooth. Whorls 5%, convex, slowly increasing,
parted by a very oblique, deep suture, the last whorl large,
rounded at base, ascending anteriorly, encircled by a trans-
verse callous behind the aperture, constricted between the
callous and aperture. Aperture rounded, 5-toothed : parietal
tooth lamelliform, high, subrectangular above, impressed in
the middle; two palatal teeth, deep, short, connected by a
callous; two columellar teeth, the upper one transverse, the
inferior obsolete, tooth-shaped. Peristome a little reflected,
the margins joined by a thin callous, outer margin partly
more curved, obsoletely angular above. Length 2^4, diam.
11/4 mm. (Westerlund).

Siberia: Mikoulina, type loc. (Westerlund). Trans-
Caucasia at Poti, in debris of the Rion (Boettger).

Pupa theeli WESTERL., Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand-
lingar, n. f. vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 102, pi., figs. 4a-c, 1877 ; Fauna
Palaarct. Binnenconchyl. iii, 1887, p. 129. — Leucochttus theeli
(West.) BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturkunde,
Jahrg. 41, 1888, p. 286.

The shell is said to be very similar to Carychium minimum
in form, color and size. It has not been well figured. Dr.
Boettger states that it is almost identical with the Miocene
B. fissidens Sandberger, which he regards as in all probability
a direct ancestor of theeli. The inferior columellar tooth de-
scribed is evidently the basal fold. It belongs to the section
Sinalbinula.

V. SPECIES OF AFRICA AND THE MASCARENE ISLANDS.

The few African Gastrocoptas yet known belong, with the
exception of B. pleimesi, to the restricted subgenus Gastro-
copta. The northern species (Abyssinia) are related to
Asiatic forms; those from West Africa, and South Africa
like the Mascarene species, seem much more closely allied to
tropical American Gastrocopts. They are figured on plate 22.

GASTROCOPTA, AFRICA. 119

The extreme similarity of some African and Mascarene
species to those of the Antilles naturally suggests that they
may be the slightly changed descendants of Antillean speci-
mens, imported on plants or otherwise by commerce, as species
of Opeas and Siibulina have certainly been spread. But there
are facts which cause me to hesitate before accepting the
hypothesis of recent introduction. We must consider the
occurrence of such forms in the most out-of-the-way places;
the wide distribution in Africa of G. damarica, in the Cape
Verdes of G. acarus. We may have here a case of parallel
modifications of very old and slowly changing forms. More-
over, each species is to be considered separately. Some local-
ities are more likely to receive importations than others.

Species of Continental Africa and the Cape Verdes.

Subgenus SINALBINULA (see pages 11, 103).
65 GASTROCOPTA PLEIMESI (Jickeli). PL 22, figs. 5, 6.

Shell narrowly rimate, cylindric oval, whitish, diaphanous,
glossy, under a lens longitudinally irregularly substriate, cov-
ered with dirt. Spire slowly tapering, the apex obtuse.
Whorls 5, convex, regularly increasing, the last one-third the
length, 3-pitted, subcompressed basally, the neck rather
rounded, suture deep, slightly oblique. Aperture subcircular,
7-folded : two parietal folds, the right one almost bipartite by
a deep sinus (the anterior part smaller, acuminate, the back
part larger), the left one forming a minute denticle; two
columellar folds, the lower one in the angle of columellar and
basal margins. Three parietal plicaa, the upper punctiform,
middle one larger, the third longest. Peristome a little ex-
panded, sublabiate, white, the margins joined by a thin, line-
like callous. Length 2%, diam. 1, aperture alt. %, width %
mm. (Jickeli).

Abyssinia: Habab Mts., Nakfa, in the gorge of Asqaq,
5664 ft. elevation, on bits of wood under rotten leaves and
stony talus (Jickeli).

Pupa pleimesi JICK., Malak. BL, 1873, p. 106 ; Nova Acta,
vol. 37, p. 117, pi. 5, f. 9.

120 GASTROCOPTA, AFRICA.

1 ' In form and color it brings to mind P. klunzmgeri, but is
distinguished from this at once by the second tooth on the
parietal wall, the second columellar, and the third palatal
plica, also by the narrower umbilicus and the fine striation"
(Jickeli) .

It may be related to B. didymodonta and the Japanese
species. I have not seen it.

Subgenus GASTROCOPTA (see page 53).

66. GASTROCOPTA KLUNZINGERI (Jickeli). PL 22, fig. 3.

Shell rimate, cylindrically ovate, whitish, diaphanous,
under a lens strongly, arcuately ribbed, covered with dirt.
Spire slightly tapering, the apex a little obtuse. Whorls 5,
inflated, the last somewhat compressed basally, unisulcate;
suture deep. Aperture semiovate, 5-folded: one high pari-
etal fold, parted by a median sinus, the back part higher;
one strong columellar fold; two palatal plicae, the second
larger; one acute tooth at the base of the aperture. Peristome
reflected, a little expanded, white, the margins joined by a
thin callous. Length 2*4, diam. li/4, aperture alt. 1, width
% mm. (Jickeli} .

Abyssinia: Prov. Hamaszen, on the road from Genda to
Asmara, on the tableland of Rora-Beit-Andu ; Mekerka, on the
bank of the Toquor ; Bogos, on the mountains of Keren ; under
decaying leaves on bits of wood and stones (Jickeli).

Pupa klwnzingeri JICK., Mai. Bl., 1873, p. 106; Reise-
bericht., p. 44, 46 ; Fauna der Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken
Nord-Ost-Afrika's, in Nova Acta K. Leop.-Carol. Deutschen
Akad. Naturforscher, Bd. 37, no. 1, 1874, p. 116, pi. 5, f. 8.

The thread-like striae and unusually convex whorls are con-
spicuous external marks of this species. In an obliquely basal
view the parietal and angular lamellae are seen to form a con-
tinuous lamella, the angular rising in a lobe where it over-
rides the anterior end of the parietal, and tapering forwards.
The inner end of the parietal lamella curves noticeably
towards the periphery; a character noted also in G. mimula,
G. damarica, and possibly to be found in other African Gas-

GASTROCOPTA, AFRICA. 121

trocopts of this group. The columellar lamella is stout and
horizontal.

G. mimula of Ceylon is related, but larger and less regu-
larly rib-striate.

66&. G. klunzingeri senegalensis (v. Maltzan).

Differs from the type of Abyssinia by having the whorls a
little more densely and more delicately costulate ; the parietal
fold less distinctly bifurcate, the first and third palatal plicse
either weaker or wanting. Length 21/4, diam. li/4 mm. (v.
Maltzan).

Senegal: Nianing, in woods.

Pupa (Leucochilus) klunzingeri Jick., var. senegalensis v.
MALTZAN, Nachrbl. Deutsch. Malak. Ges., xxii, 1890, p. 48.

67. GASTROCOPTA HERMOSA (Jousseaume). PL 22, fig. 7.

Shell perforate (perforation subpervious, rather deep,
punctiform in the center), very minute, oblong-elongate, sub-
diaphanous, fragile, polished, pale corneous. Spire rather
produced, tumid in the middle, obtuse at summit. Whorls 5
to 6, very ventricose (the upper and median as far as the
antepenult, tumid and very much rounded), rather rapidly
increasing, separated by a very deep suture. Last whorl
rotund, compressed towards the aperture, angular below
around the perforation, straight above at the insertion. Aper-
ture vertical, subquadrangular-ovate, a little straightened ex-
ternally, 3-toothed (one parietal tooth above, strong, very
prominent, lamelliform, prolonged to the insertion of the
outer lip ; another equally strong on the upper part of the
columella; finally a rather immersed denticle in the base 'of
the aperture). Peristome acute, patulous, a little thickened
within; columellar margin robust, thick and reflected; mar-
gins joined by a strong callous. Length 2, diam. 1 mm.;
aperture % mm. high and wide (Jouss.).

Eritrea: Massaua (Jousseaume).

Vertigo hermosa Jouss., Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vii, 1890.
p. 87, pi. 3, f. 14, 15.

Dr. Jousseaume remarks that this very small shell, found
Tinder rubbish in a rock crevice, is very remarkable for the

122 GASTROCOPTA, AFRICA.

extremely swollen median and upper whorls compared with
the lower ones. The obesity of the fourth whorl especially is
so pronounced that it appears larger than the following one.
This species, which I have not seen, is obviously related to
B. klunzingeri, which is from a higher, more humid region.
B. hermosa is smoother, and apparently wants upper palatal
and basal plicae, which are developed, but small, in B. klun-
zingeri, though reduced or wanting in the var. senegalensis.
Both are remarkable for the extreme convexity of the whorls.
Description and figure are from Jousseaume.

68. GASTROCOPTA ACARUS (Benson). PL 22, figs. 8, 10, 13.

Shell rimate-perforate, cylindric-oval, very minute, cor-
neous, pellucid, the suture impressed, apex rather obtuse;
whorls nearly 5, convex. Aperture rounded-ovate, 6-plicate:
one strong, lamelliform, irregular median parietal, 2 columel-
lar, of which the upper is minute, the lower strong and trans-
verse, and 3 short, not very deep palatal teeth, of which one
is basal and the next is larger. Peristome thin corneous,
shortly, angularly expanded throughout, lightly margined
within. Length 1%, diam. % mm. (Bens.).

Cape Verde Archipelago: S. Vicente, under stones (E. L.
Layard, type loc.) ; S. Antao, S. Vicente, S. Nicolao, S. lago
and Fogo, especially under the dead, loosened bark of Eu-
phorbias.

Pupa acarus BENS., Ann. and Mag. of N. H. (2), xviii,
1856, p. 435.— PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, 686 (1859).—
DOHRN, Malak. BL, xvi, 1869, p. 12. — MORELET, Journ. de
Conchyl., xiii, 1873, p. 242. — WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlantica,
1878, p. 515. — Pupa acavus SCHAUFUSS, Pact-el's Catal., 1869,
p. 84.

This species is thickly coated with dirt when alive. It is
much like G. damarica, which differs by having a low callous
on the columellar side of the angulo-parietal lamella, and a
slightly less thickened lip. The Antillean G. pellucida has
some forms extremely close to acarus, though perhaps not
absolutely identical. In my opinion, G. acarus is intermediate
between pellucida and the simpler of the forms I have de-

GASTROCOPTA, AFRICA. 123

scribed as races of barbadensis. A somewhat more synthetic
view than I have taken would unite pellucida and barbadensis
through the several races of each ; but so long as they are kept
as separate species, acarus also may stand. In islands so ex-
cessively arid as the Cape Verdes, it seems rather unlikely
that an Antillean species would be imported and spread almost
a]l over the archipelago.

The angulo-parietal lamella is formed as in B. servilis, there
being a lobe directed towards the periphery at the junction
of the angular and parietal portions (pi. 22, fig. 10). The
upper columellar fold alluded to by Benson is really an infra-
parietal, " being absent, or sometimes just represented by an
extremely minute and scarcely perceptible, very deeply im-
mersed, rounded tubercle," as Wollaston has noted. The
columellar lamella is stout and horizontal throughout, rather
short. The upper palatal plica is stout and short, the lower
strong, long, and entering; basal plica rather small, tuber-
cular. The well-reflected peristome is distinctly but not
greatly thickened within, and of a cinnamon-buff color. As
usual the thickening disappears at the upper curve of the lip.
A rather thick parietal callous connects the converging ends
of the lip. The color is very pale cinnamon-buff, sometimes
transparent enough to show the axis faintly through the last
whorl. Striation is extremely faint. There is no noticeable
crest behind the lip. Length 1.95, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 4% whorls.

This species is the type of the genus Gastrocopta. It has
not been figured before, and its affinity to Antillean species
has not been noticed.

69. GASTROCOPTA MICROBUS (Dautzenberg). PI. 22, fig. 9.

Shell small, umbilicate, subpellucid, rather thin. Spire ele-
vated, turrited, suture deep. Whorls 5, above a little de-
pressed, then strongly convex, obliquely very finely striatu-
late. Aperture rounded, the peristome continuous, expanded,
4-toothed; one strong parietal fold, one minute columellar,
two in the right margin, the upper one rather short. Color
dirty corneous. Length 2, diam. 1 mm.; aperture % mm.
high, % wide (Dautzenberg}.

124 GASTROCOPTA, AFRICA.

Upper Senegal: Medine, under a stone (Em. Dorr).

Pupa microbus A. Morelet MS., DAUTZENBERG, Mem. Soc.
Zool. de France, 1890, p. 129, pi. 1, f. 5a-, b.

It is placed in Gastrocopta with some doubt, as nothing is
said of a bifid parietal tooth.

70. GASTROCOPTA ANNOBONENSIS (Girard).

Shell small, oval, elongate, having a narrow umbilical
chink; corneous, subtransparent, marked with fine and reg-
ular striae. Whorls 5, quite convex, with a well-marked, deep
suture. Last whorl slowly ascending near the aperture, about
one-third the total length, a little compressed into an obtuse
carina at the base. Aperture subvertical, somewhat rounded,
obstructed by teeth and folds. Peristome thick, well reflected,
the margins united by a strong callous which makes them
seem nearly continuous. Columellar margin straight, armed
with one fold ; parietal wall having a quite sinuous, more de-
veloped fold ; outer margin quite sinuous, having 3 or 4 teeth
or dentiform folds quite deep within. Length 2*4, diam. 1
mm. (Girard).

Island of Anno-Bom (F. Newton).

Pupa Anno-Bonensis GIRARD, Journal de Sciencias Math.,
Phys. e Naturaes, Ac. Real Sci. Lisboa, Ser. 2, iii, Feb. 1894,
p. 207.

71. GASTROCOPTA FLOCCULUS (Morelet). PL 22, figs. 11, 12.
Shell rimate, ovate, smooth, somewhat shining, corneous-
rufous. Whorls 5!/2, convex, joined by an impressed suture,
the last a little more than one-third the length. Aperture
ovate-circular, 4-toothed: one compressed, entering tooth on
the parietal wall, near the insertion; one on the columella,
the rest in the outer margin, the upper one smaller. Peri-
stome simple, thin, a little expanded throughout. Length 3,
diam. iy2 mm.

West Africa: shore of the lake of Quilunda, district of
Icolo and Bengo, Angola, on the leaves of Pistia stratioides.

Pupa flocculus MORELET, Voyage du Dr. Friederich Wel-
witsch dans les royaumes d' Angola et de Benguella, Mol-
lusques, 1868, p. 81, pi. 3, f. 4.

GASTROCOPTA, AFRICA. 125

Description and figures are from Morelet.
72. GASTROCOPTA DAMARICA (Ancey). PI. 22, figs. 14, 15, 16.

1 1 Shell subcylindrically-oblong, rather slender, small, rather
thin, corneous, perforate, somewhat shining, obliquely and
closely striatulate, smoother towards the apex. Spire but
little tapering, the summit large, very obtuse. Whorls 5%,
regularly increasing, convex, separated by a deep and dis-
tinctly oblique suture, slowly increasing, but scarcely in diam-
eter, to the penult whorl, the last whorl convex on the side*
little tapering, somewhat ascending at the aperture. Aper-
ture oval, slightly lunate, nearly vertical, five-toothed within,
as follows : A small, acute columellar tooth ; a large, lamelli-
form, twisted, entering tooth at the upper angle of the aper-
ture; a small subbasal tooth; and two denticles within the
outer margin, the first before, the second past the middle (this
one larger and more deeply placed). Peristome expanded,
the margins joined by a callous, whitish, dilated and spread-
ing at the base and columellar margins. Length 21/£, diam.
1 8, length of aperture %, width % mm." (Ancey}.

Southwest Africa, Ovampoland: Disappointment Key
[Vlei] (Anderson and Chapman) ; collections of Marie and
Layard (Ancey).

Transvaal: Rustenberg (McBeaii) ; Potchefstroom (Miss
Livingston) ; Johannesburg (McBean) ; Pretoria; Heidelberg;
Buiskop; Pieterburg; Pruizen (Connolly).

Orange Free State: Bloemfontein (Connolly).

Cape of Good Hope: Prieska (Gibbons); Elandsberg
Mountain, Cradock (ridibunda) ; Port Elizabeth (Farquhar).

Pupa damarica ANCEY, Le Naturaliste (Ser. 2), ii, 1888, p.
200.— BURNUP, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), vii, 1911, p. 403.— Leu-
cochUus damaricum (Anc.), BOETTGER, Abhandl. Senckenb.
naturforsch. Ges., xxxii, 1910, p. 446. — Jaminia damarica
(Ancey), CONNOLLY, Ann. South African Mus., xi, pt. 3,
1912, p. 179, no. 344. — Pupa ovampoensis MELVILL and PON-
SONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ix, 1892, p. 91, pi. 6, f. 11 (bad) ;
(8), i, 1908, p. 79, pi. 2, f. 16.— Pupa ridibunda MELVILL and
PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), viii, 1901, p. 320, pi. 2, f. 11.

126 GASTROCOPTA, AFRICA.

"This little species belongs to the same group as Pupa
rupicola Say, P. pellucida Pfr., P. tripunctum Morelet, etc."
(Ancey).

This Gastrocopta has a wide distribution in South Africa,
as recorded by Connolly. It is astonishingly similar to the
Antillean G. pellucida, but differs by having the terminations
of the peristome closer together, and often connected by a
barely raised lamina, though in other specimens they are not
actually continuous, the very short parietal film being wholly
appressed. As in G. pellucida, there is a little projection on
the columellar side of the angulo-parietal lamella, represent-
ing the forward end of the parietal lamella (fig. 16). The
figures are from specimens from Pienaar's Poort, Transvaal,
received from Mr. Connolly. In this lot the size varies from
length 2.1, diam. above aperture 0.9 mm. to 1.9 x 0.85 mm.
Mr. Burnup gives the dimensions of one of the ' * lirate var. ' '
from Rustenberg as length 2.25, diam. 1 mm.

P. ovampoensis M. & P. was placed in the synonymy of P.
damarica by Boettger; Messrs. Burnup and Connolly have
concurred. As it was described from Layard 's collection, and
Ancey stated that his species was in that collection, it seems
likely that the types of both were from the same lot. There
was some error in Ancey 's statement of the diameter. Per-
haps he intended to write 1% mm., as Mr. Burnup has it.
According to Burnup, a very large specimen in his collection
from Johannesburg measures 2.5 mm. long, 1.11 diam.

In a later paper Melvill and Ponsonby place P. ridibunda
in the synonymy of ovampoensis, stating that "every inter-
mediate occurs." Mr. Burnup takes the same view. The
original description, given below, does not notice the palatal
plicae, but these were also overlooked in the original account
of ovampoensis.

Pupa ridibunda. "Shell minute, subrimate, brown, thin;
whorls 6, of which the apical is depressed, vitreous, the rest
impressed at the sutures, ventricose, closely, obliquely striate
under a lens; aperture rotund; peristome brownish, contin-
uous, and (particularly at the columellar margin) a little
thickened ; provided with three fold-like teeth : a rather prom-

GASTROCOPTA, MASCARENE ISLANDS, ETC. 127

inent bifid parietal fold; an acute basal tooth; an entering
bifurcate columellar fold. Length 2, width 1 mm.

"Under low trees at base of Elandsberg Mountains (Far-
quhar) . A ventricose little species, with continuous peristome
and complicated arrangement of mouth-processes" (Melvill
&• Ponsonby).

73. GASTROCOPTA DUPLICATA (Preston). PL 41, fig. 3.

Shell small, sinistral, cylmdrically ovate, rimate, brown;
whorls 5, the first four regularly increasing, the last ascend-
ing in front, having a somewhat weathered appearance ;
suture well impressed ; umbilicus reduced to a narrow chink ;
columella descending in a curve, labrum continuous, white,
slightly reflexed, obtusely angled above on the outer side;
aperture roundly ovate, armed with two short, erect, parietal
lamellae placed the one almost above the other, the lower of
which is very interiorly situate, a tubercular lamella on the
columella and a sub-basal lamella on the outer lip, above
which and well inside the shell occurs a small denticle. Alt.
3.25, diam. maj. 1.75 mm.; aperture: alt. 1, diam. .5 mm.
(Preston).

British East Africa : between Rumruti and Mount Kenia.

Fauxulus duplicatus PRESTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), vii,
May, 1911, p. 470, pi. 11, f. 22.

The figure, copied from Preston's, is very poor. The species
is certainly not a Fauxulus. It appears to be a sinistral
Gastrocopta. The name is prior to Bifidaria duplicates Sterki,
which may be called Gastrocopta procera sterkiana (p. 65).

Species of the Mascarene and other Islands in the Indian

Ocean (Bourbon, Mauritius, Rodriguez, Seychelles,

Comoros, Nossi-be).

These forms are illustrated on plate 23. They belong to
the typical subgenus Gastrocopta. They are so closely inter-
related that one is inclined to think them local races of a
single species, which may have been carried about on plants
within the period of human occupation. The resemblance to
the equally widespread Antillean species G. servilis is very

128 GASTROCOPTA, MASCARENE ISLANDS, ETC.

close. I have been much inclined to think the Mascarene
forms imported, yet they occasionally develop a low crest
behind the lip, which I have never seen in G. servilis. In the
allied species this is a very variable character, of but slight
significance.

The angulo-parietal lamella is like that of G. servilis, the
completely concrescent angular and parietal portions meeting
at a very wide angle directed towards the periphery, produc-
ing an emargination or somewhat bifid appearance in a front
view. This appearance is most marked in tripunctum, least
in seignaciana.

Key to Species.

a. Shell larger, from nearly 2 to over 2.5 mm. long.

fe. Angulo-parietal lamella distinctly bifid in a front

view. G. tripunctum, no. 75.

61. Angulo-parietal lamella emarginate in a front view.

c. Teeth strong, the basal plica well developed.

G. microscopica, no. 76.

c1. Teeth weaker, basal plica typically minute or
wanting. G. seignaciana, no. 74.

a-1. Shell smaller, decidedly less than 2 mm. long.

ft. Bather slender, of 5 whorls. G. lienardiana, no. 77.
fc1. Stouter, of 4% whorls. G. I. eudeli, no. 77o.

74. GASTROCOPTA SEIGNACIANA (Crosse et Fischer). PI. 23r

figs. 1 to 4, 6.

Shell rimate, small, of a lengthened subcylindric shape,
slightly striate obliquely, thin, subtranslucent, moderately
shining, of a corneous color. Spire relatively quite long, the
summit rather obtuse ; suture impressed. "Whorls 5i/^, a little
convex, the last shortly rounded basally. Aperture vertical,
lunate-rounded, narrowed by two parietal teeth, one larger^
and of quite irregular form; interior colored like the rest of
the shell. Peristome simple, corneous, the margins separated,
columellar margin reflected, basal margin rounded, reflected,
outer margin a little reflected, ascending, subangular near the
upper insertion, tapering, and ascending above the parietal

GASTROCOPTA, MASCARKNE ISLANDS, ETC. 12.9

teeth. Length 2%, diam. % mm. ; aperture % mm. long and
wide (C.& F.}.

Nossi-be at Calempo, type loc. (E. Marie) ; also Nossi-
Comba, under the bark of tamarinds, in company with Buli-
minus variolosus (E. Marie).

Pupa seignaciana C. & F., Journal de Conchy!., xxvii, 1879,
p. 49 ; xxix, 1881, p. 199, pi. 8, f . 4.

"The specimen figured [pi. 23, fig. 6] has only two parietal
teeth. According to M. Marie, the fully adult individuals
collected by him at Calempo have, besides the two parietal
teeth, two other denticles situated in the outer margin, of
which one should be scarcely noticeable" (C. & F.}.

The figure given by Messrs. Crosse and Fischer shows that
there are not "2 dents parietales" but one parietal and one
columellar. The shell was evidently immature. There is a
grave inconsistency in Crosse 's measurements, which would
make the diameter contained 3% times in the length, an un-
heard-of ratio. According to the figure, the diameter is nearly
half of the length. Few authors have taken the trouble to
measure or describe small Pupae accurately, and in this case
I believe that both length and diameter were given incorrectly.

Three specimens from the type locality, received from M.
E. Marie, are in the collection of the Academy, no. 22926.
Two of these, the longest and shortest, are drawn in pi. 23,
figs. 1 to 4.

The shell varies somewhat in shape. It is cinnamon-buff,
with light, irregular striation. There is a very slight, scarcely
noticeable contraction behind the well-expanded outer lip, or
a distinct but quite low crest. The angular and parietal
lamellae are concrescent into a single slightly sinuous lamella,
which is highest in the middle, tapering forward. The middle
part is bent towards the periphery, giving an emarginate ap-
pearance in front view. The columellar lamella is strong and
horizontal. Upper palatal plica is very short, tubercular.
Lower palatal much larger and longer, more deeply placed.
The basal plica is extremely low and small, not whitish like
the other teeth, in one specimen, and not visible in another.
The peristome is slightly thickened within, pale brown.

130 GASTROCOPTA, MASCARENE ISLANDS, ETC.

Length 2.5, diam. above aperture 1.06 mm. ; aperture 0.8
mm. long (figs. 1, 4).

Length 2.2, diam. above aperture 1.03 mm. ; aperture 0.75
mm. long (figs. 2, 3).

The structure is that of G. servttis except for the absence of
a basal plica or its reduction to a minute rudiment, as in G.
s. riisei. The latter has slightly smaller columellar and pari-
etal lamellae. Compare also G. lyonsiana Ancey, which is
scarcely separable from seigiiaciana.

In one specimen in the lot from Nossi-be there is a distinct
though low rounded crest behind the lip, of the same color as
the shell, and flattened out near the suture. Aperture as de-
scribed above, except that the basal plica is well developed.
Without more material I am unable to decide whether this is
a different race, or, as seems more likely, an extreme varia-
tion of seignaciana. It is this specimen which causes one to
doubt the specific distinction of G. microscopica.

75. GASTROCOPTA TRIPUNCTUM (Morelet). PL 23, figs. 5, 7, 12.

Shell minute, oblong, thin, entirely smooth, glossy, diapha-
nous, corneous; apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, the
last compressed basally, having two or three grooves behind
the lip. Aperture ovate-rotund, contracted by a strong pari-
etal lamina, another on the columella, and three punctiform
in the basal and outer margins. Peristome reddish, narrowly
expanded throughout. Length 3, diam. 1% mm. (Morelet).

Comoro Is.: Mayotte (E. Marie).

Pupa tripunctum MORELET, Journal de Conchyl., xxx, 1882,
p. 189, pi. 10, f. 4.

This small Pupa may be compared, at least as to shape and
size, with P. Henardiana Crosse, of Mauritius. But besides
that it is smaller and formed of less convex whorls, the teeth
are not of the same form in the two species, and are not
arranged in the same manner. The three punctiform teeth
placed at equal distances on the peristome of P. tripunctum,
are replaced in P. lienardiana, by a single basal denticle and
by two others immersed in the throat of the shell. It is, more-
over, not to be confused with P. exigua Ad., which has only

GASTROCOPTA, MASCARENE ISLANDS, ETC. 131

3 denticles, or with P. minutalis of Mayotte, with 6. Finally,
in P. monas, of Anjouan, also having- 5 denticles, their ar-
rangement is absolutely different, not to speak of the size,
which in P. tripunctum is double that of the other (Morelet).
This species, which is figured from topotypes received
from M. E. Marie, doubtless part of the original lot, is very
closely related to G. seignaciana, and G. microscopica. It
differs by having a higher lobe on the angulo-parietal lamella
( pi. 23, fig. 7 ) , which gives that tooth a strongly bifid aspect
in a front view, similar to the American G. procera or barba-
densis. There is no material difference between tripunctum
and microscopica in the palatal and basal plicae. It seems
likely that Morelet 's measurement was too liberal — he may
have guessed at it. His figure is copied, pi. 23, fig. 5. The
specimen figured (figs. 7, 12) measures, length 2.15, diam. 1
mm., and the smallest individual seen is 1.9 mm. long.

76. GASTROCOPTA MICROSCOPICA (Martens). PL 23, figs. 8, 13,
14, 15.

Very small, -2% mm. long, not quite 1 broad, cylindric
ovate, dark brown, glossy, smooth; 5 weakly convex whorls,
the upper three more rapidly increasing in width than the
following. Aperture % mm. long, ovate, with weakly re-
flected margin; a tooth on the parietal wall near the outer
angle, a strong one on the columella, and two within the outer
lip, of which the upper is smaller than the lower (von Mar-
tens).

Seychelles: Mahe, Anse aux Pins, under fallen cocoanut
leaves, on the shore plain; Island aux Fregates (east of
Mahe), on old, fallen cocoanut shells (Dr. Aug. Brauer).

Pupa microscopica Nev., VON MARTENS, Land- und Siiss-
wasser-Mollusken der Seychellen, in Mittheilungen aus der
Zoologischen Sammlung des Museums fur Naturkunde in
Berlin, i, March, 1898, p. 25, pi. 2, f. 19.

? Pupa (Vertigo) microscopica G. NEVILL, Hand List Mol-
lusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, i, 1878, p. 197 (liCary-
chium mauritianum of Mascarene collectors").

Nevill gave no description of his species P. microscopica, the

132 GASTROCOPTA, MASCARENE ISLANDS, ETC.

type locality being "on old walls near Port Louis, Mauritius."
He recorded it also from Bourbon, from Morelet's collection.
As von Martens had not seen types or topotypes of Nevill's
species, the identity of Nevill's Mauritian and von Martens'
Seychelles species is hypothetical. The question of identity
is academic, since Nevill's P. microscopica was never defined.
The species from Praslin, Seychelles, mentioned by Nevill as
Carychium n. sp. in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 65, was subse-
quently described by him as Vertigo praslinensis.

Von Martens' figures are copied, pi. 23, figs. 13-15.

Some doubt may be entertained as to whether B. micro-
scopica is more than a local race of G. seignaciana. It differs-
by having somewhat larger teeth, especially the lower palatal
and basal.

Specimens from Mauritius, collected by Dupont, and out
of the Morelet collection, are before me. They are cinnamon-
colored, fading towards the summit. Some have a weak,
rounded crest behind the outer lip, others none. As in several
American species, this character varies individually. The
angulo-parietal lamella is of the same shape as figured for B.
seignaciana. Lower palatal plica longer and reaching farther
in, also stronger. Basal plica well developed in all specimens.
Length 2.6, diam. 1.05 mm. (pi. 23, fig. 8). Length of small-
est specimen 2.3 mm.

The teeth are slightly stronger than in G. servilis. This is
apparently the form which Crosse at one time referred to his
P. licnardiawa, as the specimens in the collection from Dupont
were so named. He subsequently omitted the locality Sey-
chelles.

77. GASTROCOPTA LIEN ARDIANA (Crosse). PI. 23, figs. 9, 10.

Shell perforate, oblong-ovate, smooth, thin, translucent,
slightly shining, corneous. Spire terminating in an obtuse,
rounded apex; suture impressed. Whorls 5, rather flat, the
last a little shorter than the spire, rotund at base. Aperture
subvertical, rotund-lunar, two-toothed within; peristome
simple, very slightly expanded, whitish, the margins separ-
ated, converging ; parietal margin having a lamelliform,

GASTROCOPTA, MASCARENE ISLANDS, ETC. 133

slightly bipartite tooth, columellar and basal margins each
minutely one-toothed. Length iy2, diam. maj. % mm.
( Crosse ) .

Rodriguez: Pointe aux Coraux (A. Desmazures).

Pupa lienardiana CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xxi, 1873, p.
140 ; xxii, 1874, p. 228, pi. 8, f . 4.

The original figure (copied in fig. 10) is defective, accord-
ing to Crosse, by not showing the tooth in the basal lip, nor
the bifid shape of the parietal lamella. His descriptions are
not consistent as to the number of teeth; it seems from the
figure that there are four — angulo-parietal, columellar, basal
and lower palatal. An upper palatal plica should be looked
for.

In his first description Crosse gave also the locality Mau-
ritius (E. Dupont), but later he omitted this, perhaps re-
ferring the Mauritius shells to Pupa exigua H. Ad.

For the present this species may be held distinct from other
Mascarene forms by reason of its smaller size, comparable to
the Antillean G. pellucida. A specimen from the Morelet col-
lection, labeled "P. eudeli Desh., I. Bourbon," and received
by him from Deshayes, seems to belong to this species, or near
it. It is figured in pi. 23, fig. 9. The teeth are like those of
G. microscopica, but the size is noticeably less, length 1.74,
diam. 0.7, aperture, length 0.6 mm.; barely 5 whorls. The
lip is slightly thickened.

77a. G. lienardiana eudeli n. subsp. PL 23, fig. 11.

The shell is ovate-conic, wider than lienardiana, the last
whorl and aperture larger. Teeth substantially as in micro-
scopica, the angulo-parietal having the shape shown in pi. 24,
fig. 7 ; lower palatal strongly developed ; lip somewhat thick-
ened within. There is a very low crest behind the outer lip.
Length 1.75, diam. 0.9, aperture length 0.65 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Island of Bourbon. No. 64091 A. N. S., ex coll. Morelet.

This form was with the shells referred above to lienardiana,
with the label P. eudeli Desh., and received by Morelet from
Deshayes. It is probably a distinct species, but as I have not
seen topotypes of lien-ardiana it may be left in this connec-
tion for the present.

134 GASTROCOPTA, CEYLON.

VI. SPECIES OP CEYLON, INDIA AND THE MALAY PENINSULA.

The Indian Pupillidae have been inadequately described
and figured, and the classification of part of them remains
uncertain. The original descriptions have been reprinted by
Pfeiffer, and again, with useful notes on some forms, by Gude,
in "The Fauna of British India." For illustrations we are
dependent upon the poor figures in ' ' Conchologia Indica,"
except where specimens have been supplied from the Indian
Museum and other sources.

G. mimula and probably G. serrula belong to the typical
subgenus of Gastrocopta, and are somewhat related to the
Abyssinian G. klunzingeri. The slight outward bend of the
inner end of the parietal lamella is a feature unusual in this
subgenus.

G. bathyodon, huttoniana and avanica belong to the sub-
genus Sinalbinula, being closely allied to Chinese species.
The species barrakporensis and thibetica may turn out to be
Nesopupse or in that vicinity. I have not seen serrula, barrak-
porensis, thibetica or palmira.

78. GASTROCOPTA MIMULA (Benson). PI. 23, figs. 16, 17.

Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, obliquely deli-
cately plicatulate, pale corneous, apex obtuse, suture rather
deep. Whorls 5, convex, the last slightly ascending. Aper-
ture ovate, vertical, 5-plicate. Peristome thin, expanded, the
margins joined by a thin, expanded callous. One somewhat
larger, entering parietal fold, one columellar, one deeply
placed basal, and two deep palatal. Length 2, diam. 1 mm.
(Bens.).

Ceylon : Cape Pedro, among vines (Layard) ; Balapiti (G.
Nevill).

Pupa mimula BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xiii, 1853, p. 95.
— HANLEY and THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1876, p. 65, pi. 160,
f. 4. — PFR., Monographia, iv, 676. — SOWERBY, Conch. Icon.,
xx, Pupa, pi. 7, f. 61. — Pupa (Vertigo) mimula Bens., G.
NEVILL, Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 198. — Bifidaria
mimula Bens., GUDE, Fauna Brit. Ind. Moll., ii, p. 292.

A rather narrow species, with delicate, unequal, strong

GASTROCOPTA, INDIA, ETC. 135

striae at irregular intervals. It is very light buff where the
dried animal does not show darkly through. No crest behind
the well-expanded lip. Margins of the peristome are nearly
continuous, the edge of the very short adnate part of the
parietal callous being thickened. The angulo-parietal lamella
is highest in the middle, where an inconspicuous callous
spreads towards the columella. The angular lamella slopes
regularly towards the outer lip from the high anterior end of
the parietal. Near its inner end the parietal lamella turns
towards the periphery (pi. 23, fig. 17). The strong columellar
lamella is horizontal. Basal and upper palatal folds are
tubercular, the lower palatal being longer and more deeply
immersed, as usual in this group. Length 2.5, diam. above
aperture 1 mm.

It is somewhat related to O. klunzingeri; also, according to
Benson, to G. serrula.

79. GASTROCOPTA SERRULA (Benson).

Shell rimate, ovate-conic, oblong, obliquely subcostulate-
striate, whitish. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse, suture
deep, crenulated. Whorls 5, the upper strongly convex, the
last ascending in front. Aperture quadrate-ovate, 6-toothed :
one somewhat doubled parietal lamina; 1 upper columellar
and a minute lower tooth; a minute basal tooth; one upper
palatal, and a deeply placed lower lamina. Peristome ex-
panded throughout, the margins thin, joined by a wide cal-
lous above. Length 2, diam. % mm. (Benson).

Central India (W. Theobald).

Pupa serrula BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xii, 1863, p.
427. — PFR., Monographia, vi, 319. — Bifidaria serrula BENS.,
Gude, Fauna Brit. Ind. Moll., ii, p. 293.

"A single derelict specimen was received from Mr. W.
Theobald, jun. It approaches the Ceylon P. mimula B."
(Benson). According to Gude, the type has gone astray, and
no others have been found. It has not been figured.

80. GASTROCOPTA ( ?) BARRACKPORENSIS (Gude). PI. 29, fig. 10.
Shell shortly rimate, cylindric-ovate, thin, very lightly

striatulate, having an oily gleam, tawny-corneous. Spire with

136 GASTROCOPTA, INDIA, ETC.

conically-rounded apex. Whorls 5, the upper three convex,
penult natter, last whorl forming one-third the length, com-
pressed basally, having two pits forward. Aperture slightly
oblique, oblong, narrowed by 4 teeth : one pliciform parietal,
one columellar, two deep, short palatals. Peristome whitish,
shortly expanded. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (Pfr.).

India: Barrackpore.

Pupa Mica PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 295 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv,
1859, p. 679. — HANLEY and THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi.
160, f . 8. — SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., Pupa, pi. 7, f . 63. Not
Pupa indica Benson, 1849. — Pupilla barrackporensis GUDE,
Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii, 1914, p. 285.

The generic position is uncertain. I have not seen speci-
mens.

81. GASTROCOPTA BATHYODON (Benson). PL 26, fig. 14; pi.
29, fig. 8.

Shell deeply rimate-perforate, ovate-conic, obliquely stri-
atulate, brown-corneous, translucent. Spire conic, the apex
obtuse, suture rather deep ; whorls 5, convex, the last ascend-
ing in front, a little compressed around the excavated um-
bilicus. Aperture square-ovate, margins expanded, somewhat
reflected, of the color of the shell, joined above by an ex-
panded parietal callous, 4-toothed : one entering, larger pari-
etal, two minute, rather remote palatals, and one deeply
placed columellar. Length 3, diam. 2 mm. (Benson).

India: Teluk Sendur, near Hoshungabad, not far from the
Nerbudda River; also Mul River, western India (Theobald).

Pupa bathyodan BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xii, 1863, p.
426. — HANLEY and THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1874, pi. 100,
f . 7.— SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, 1876, Pupa, pi. 4, f . 33 ; pi.
16, f . 152. — Bifidaria bathyodon Benson, GUDE, Fauna of
British India, Mollusca, ii, 1914, p. 290.

The figures in Conchologia Indica and C. Iconica show a
fifth tooth, the basal fold, at the base of the columella. It is
present also in a specimen (pi. 26, fig. 14) in the Indian Mu-
seum, from the Nerbudda Valley, collected by W. Theobald
(Nevill, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., p. 192). The angular and

GASTROCOPTA, INDIA, ETC. 137

parietal lamellae form one continuous lamella, as seen from
the base, the angular projecting slightly at their junction.
The columellar lamella enters horizontally. The peristome is
continuous and forms a raised ledge across the parietal wall.
This peculiarity, together with the conic shape, gives the shell
much the aspect of Boysidia; but as the columellar lamella
does not descend inwardly, and the basal fold is subcolumel-
lar in position, it is nearer the subgenus Sinalbinula, in Gas-
trocopta, though in some degree transitional. Length 3,35,
diam. above aperture 1.65 mm.; 5 whorls.

82. GASTROCOPTA HUTTONIANA (Benson). PL 21, figs. 15, 16,
17.

Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, hyaline, glossy,
the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, convex. Aperture ovate-rotund,
5-plicate. Peristome a little expanded, the margins joined by
a thin callous. One irregular, sinuous parietal fold, two colu-
mellars, and two deeply-placed palatals. Length 1^, width
scarcely 1 mm. (Benson).

India: Simla, type loc. (Hutton) ; Sind (Blanford) ; Kash-
mir and Deccan (Stoliczka) ; Ahmednuggar (Theobald) ; Wa-
dale (Fairbaiik) ; Panjal Range, Kashmir (Theobald) ; Jhe-
lum Valley (God win- Austen).

Pupa huttoniana BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), iv, 1849, p.
126.— HANLEY and THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1875, pi. 101, f.
3. — THEOBALD, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xlvii, 1878, p. 146. —
PFEIFPER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., iii, 550; iv, 676; vi, 321. — GOD-
WIN-AUSTEN, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 262. — Bifidaria
huttoniana Bens., GUDE, Fauna Brit, Ind., Moll, ii, p. 291.—
Carychium boysianum Benson MS., NEVTLL, Hand List Moll.
Ind. Mus., i, 1878, p. 197.

This species is very close to G. armigerella of China and
Japan, but is distinct by the smaller size, absence of a supra-
palatal plica, very small or wanting infraparietal tubercle,
and the larger columellar lamella. The figure of a Simla
specimen is copied from Conchologia Indica (pi. 21, fig. 17).
I have not seen topotypes, those figured (pi. 21, figs. 15, 16)
feeing from Kashmir, coll. Theobald. The angulo-parietal

138 GASTROCOPTA, INDIA, ETC.

lamella is strongly bifid in a front view. Though both lamellae
are completely concrescent, the parietal stands obliquely to
the angular, and there is a depression or saddle where they
meet. The angular extends to the lip. There is a very low
infraparietal in some examples, but not in that figured. The
columellar lamella is stout and horizontal, deeply entering.
The basal fold is subcolumellar in position, a low, broad
nodule, but sometimes higher than in the individual figured.
The lower palatal plica is compressed, the upper wide and
blunt. Length 1.9, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm.; 5 whorls.

83. GASTROCOPTA (?) THIBETICA (Benson).

Shell rimate-subperf orate, oblong-ovate, smooth, translu-
cent, glossy ; spire - ovate, apex obtuse, suture impressed.
Whorls 5, subconvex, the last ascending in front. Aperture
obovate, 6-plicate : one angular fold on the parietal wall, fol-
lowed by a deeply placed inferior one; two columellar teeth
and two deeply placed palatals. Peristome thin, a little ex-
panded, the columellar margin reflected a little. Length 2,
diam. 1 mm. (Benson).

Thibet: Iskardo (Dr. Thomson).

Pupa thibetica BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, 1864, p.
138.

" Nearly allied to P. huttoniana Bens., to which I erron-
eously referred it originally ; but on close examination perfect
specimens exhibit two parietal plaits, one of which is remotely
seated, and in some positions is not easily detected" (Ben-
son). This species has not been figured. G. huttoniana some-
times has a low, nodular, infraparietal lamella.

84. GASTROCOPTA AVANICA (Benson). PL 29, fig. 9; pi. 26,
fig.vll.

Shell umbilicate, ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, scarcely stri-
atulate, glossy, brownish-corneous, translucent. Spire oblong,
conical towards the obtuse apex ; the suture deeply impressed.
Whorls 5i/^, subconvex, the last ascending in front. Aperture
ovate, obtuse above, 6-toothed : one entering, duplicate pari-
etal fold ; two deeply placed columellar teeth, and three
deeply placed palatals. Peristome expanded throughout, the

GASTROCOPTA, INDIA, ETC. 139

margins thin, joined by a wide parietal callous. Length
diam. 1% mm. (Benson).

Burma: region of Ava (W. T. Blanford) ; also Mandalay
(Blanford).

Pupa avanica BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xii, 1863, p.
428. — BLANFORD, Journ. A. S. Beng., vol. 34, 1865, p. 95.—
HANLEY and THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1876, pi. 160, f. 7. —
SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, Pupa, pi. 7, f. 60. — Bifidaria ava-
nica Bens., GUDE, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moll, ii, p. 292.

"This shell is related to the Western Himalayan P. hutto-
niana Bens., but differs in surface, in having an additional
upper palatal tooth, and a more distinctly double parietal
plica" (Bens.). Fig. 9 is copied from Conchologia Indica.

"The species is characterized by the very convex whorls
and the deep suture, resembling mimula in that respect, but
it is more conoid and the last whorl becomes more contracted,
while in mimula the aperture is more rotundate. A specimen
in the Hungerford collection in the British Museum shows a
slight additional parietal denticle nearer the columella. A
shell in the Beddome collection has only two palatal plicag"
(Gude).

An Ava specimen from the Indian Museum is drawn in pi.
26, fig. 11. The shape is a little more conic and the suture
deeper than in G. huttoniana. The inner end of the angular
and the outer end of the parietal lamella are juxtaposed later-
ally and concrescent, the parietal being much higher than in
specimens of huttoniana seen. There is a slight trace of an
infraparietal. The columellar lamella enters horizontally.
Basal fold is subcolumellar in position. There are but two
stout palatal plicae. The peristome is continuous. Length 2.2,
diam. above aperture 1.15 mm. ; 5V4 whorls.

85. GASTROCOPTA PALMIRA (Stoliczka). PL 25, figs. 4, 9.

Shell ovate-cylindric, rimate, dull whitish, corneous, apex
rather obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, gradually increasing, joined
by a simple suture, rather smooth, nearly polished, marked
with a few transverse, oblique lines of growth. Aperture
nearly vertical, subquadrangular, 5-toothed within, whitish ;

140 GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA.

lip a little expanded throughout, and slightly thickened, sin-
uous outwardly below the suture, bidentate deep within, the
upper tooth smaller, at the base having a single minute tooth,
and in the middle of the columella another stronger one;
labium thin, adnate, provided with a bipartite, lamelliform
tooth above the middle, near the posterior angle. Length 2.15,
diam. 1, length of aperture 0.8, width 0.6 mm. (StoL).

Malay Peninsula: Penang and in the Wellesley Province,
under the bark of Cocas nucifera.

Pupa (Scopelophila) palmira STOL., Journ. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal, xlii, pt. 2, 1873, p. 32, pi. 3, f. 3a, 6.

' ' This is of exactly the same type as the Arrakanese P. filosa,
described at p. 333 of the Journal for last year, but it is
larger, more cylindrical, and has one tooth more in the aper-
ture. From P. avanica it differs by less closely wound whorls,
and by the internal dentition of the aperture. It appears to
be a very rare species. I found one specimen under the bark
of a cocbanut tree on Penang, and two others on the opposite
coast, in the Wellesley Province " (Stoliczka).

I have not seen this species, which has been referred by von
Moellendorff to Boysidia (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, 337),
but he had not seen specimens. P. filosa, which Stoliczka com-
pares, certainly belongs to the Nesopupa group. Before see-
ing specimens of filosa I had copied the figures on pi. 25, figs.
10, 11.

VII. SPECIES OF THE PHILIPPINES, EAST INDIES, MICRONESIA,
MELANESIA, POLYNESIA AND HAWAII.

The subgeneric positions of G. capillacea, G. microsoma and
G. neocaledonica are uncertain. G. lyonsiana belongs to the
typical group of Gastrocopta. All of the rest belong to the
subgenus Sinalbinula, and, with the exception of G. moellen-
dorffiana, their affinities are with Australian species.

Adaptability to life around habitations has, no doubt, led to
the vast Polynesian distribution of G. pediculus. I infer that
it has been carried from island to island, sticking to native
impedimenta, cocoanuts, or other food materials, in the thou-
sand years or more of inter-island canoe Voyages of the Poly-

GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA. 141

nesians. Its original habitat may have been somewhere be-
tween the Philippines and New Caledonia. The Pupillid
fauna of the islands between these extremes is but little
known as yet.

There is some evidence that G. lyonsiana and pediculus in
the Hawaiian group are immigrants since the period of human
occupation. Neither has been found in the Pleistocene de-
posits, where native Pupillidas are abundant. This is nega-
tive evidence; yet since the Gastrocoptas inhabit the lower
levels, are generally spread in Oahu, and are often so abun-
dant that one can collect hundreds in a few minutes, their
absence from such deposits as that at Diamond Head and the
sands at Kahuku becomes significant. The Hawaiian species
both resemble Philippine forms closely, but the local race of
pediculus can also be matched exactly by individuals from
many Polynesian islands.

Leucochilus euryomphalum Moellendorff (Abhandlungen
Naturforsch. Ges. Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 153) from Tangat,
Busuanga, has not been described so far as I know.

Pupa pfeifferi Boettger, stated to be from Pitcairn Island,
on the authority of Cuming, is not a Polynesian shell, in my
opinion, being identical with Gastrocopta munita- (Reibisch),
of the Galapagos Islands. See p. 96.

86. GASTROCOPTA LYONSIANA (Ancey). PL 24, figs. 1 to 4.

Shell dextral, glossy, obliquely striatulate under a strong
lens, oblong, subcylindric, obliquely rimate-perf orate, thin,
bright corneous. Spire more or less slender, subcyliudric,
tapering at the obtuse summit; whorls 5 to S1/^, convex, reg-
ularly increasing ; suture impressed, the last whorl somewhat
tapering, hardly constricted. Aperture truncate-oval, lamel-
late as follows : one parietal arising at the margin, but hardly
noticeable there, then suddenly becoming upright, strong and
slightly sinuous; one columellar lamella simple, appearing
like an acute tooth; two drop-shaped palatals, the first
smaller, second elongated, a little more remote from the mar-
gin. Peristome expanded, scarcely thickened, dilated at the
columellar margin. Length 2%, diam. 1 mm. (Ancey}.

142 GASTROCOPTA, POLYNESIA.

Hawaiian Is., Oahu: Punahu, a suburb of Honolulu,, type
loc. ; Manoa Valley; also throughout most of the lower zone
of the island. Also Philippines.

Pupa lyonsiana ANCEY, Memoires de la Societe Zoologique
de France, v, 1892, p. 713 ; Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904,
p. 126. — Leucochilus artense (Montr.) MOELLENDORFF, Bericht
Senckenb. Nat. Ges., 1893, p. 100, with var. cornea Bttgr.;
Verzeichnis, 1898, p. 127, with mut. cornea Bttg.

The several forms of lyonsiana and cornea approach the
Antillean G. servilis and its Brazilian variety oUonga so
closely that I have very little doubt that they are specifically
identical, the forms from Oahu, Guam and the Philippines
probably being the descendants of Antillean or Brazilian
snails imported on plants. While most of the Oahuan snails
show some slight variation not exactly matched in American
specimens examined (the shell being longer, with the spire
perceptibly more slenderly tapering), yet a large proportion
of them seem to me to be indistinguishable. Moreover, we
may not have servilis from the exact locality which supplied
the imported examples. Under these circumstances, G. lyon-
siana is admitted as a species with considerable reserve.

G. seignaciana (Crosse), of Nossi-be, also is extremely sim-
ilar to Philippine and Hawaiian specimens.

The typical form, from Kualii, Manoa Valley, near the type
locality, is drawn in pi. 24, figs. 1, 2. The color of shells taken
alive is cinnamon or a little paler, and transparent enough to
show the dried animal darkly through ; lip of the same color.
The shell is generally quite long, with small aperture, but
others in the same lot are shorter, with the proportions of G.
servilis. The spire is narrower in the upper part than in
most species of the group, the taper being almost regular in
some examples. Other specimens are slightly swollen in the
upper part, and more cylindric. The angulo-parietal lamella
has a small lobe in the middle, where the two lamellae unite.
There is no trace of the anterior end of the parietal on the
columellar side, the concrescence being complete. The pari-
etal portion is nearly straight.

The columellar lamella is very short and horizontal.

GASTROCOPTA, POLYNESIA. 143

The upper palatal plica is tuberculiform, small, the lower
lengthened. There is no basal plica, or in some specimens a
slight thickening may be made out with difficulty.

The figured specimens measure 2.4x1 mm. (fig. 1) and
2.6x1 mm. (fig. 2).

Specimens from the "coral bluff" west of Kahuku, at the
northwest end of Oahu, are typical. The smallest measured
is 2.2 mm. long, 0.95 diam. ; others being up to 2.65 mm. long.
Several thousand were collected there in a few minutes, in the
surface debris.

The shells from the hotel grounds, Haleiwa, on the west
coast, and those from the bluff at Kawaihapai, near the south-
west point of Oahu, differ by the reduced size of the upper
palatal, which is extremely small in some, wholly wanting in
most of the specimens. The size varies from typical to a
smaller, short-whorled form, one of which from Kawaihapai is
figured (pi. 24, fig. 4, 2.35 mm. long).

Specimens taken in a very arid place on the railroad above
Watertown, East Loch of Pearl Harbor, average small, with
the palatal plicae small, upper and basal minute, subequal, the
lower palatal short (pi. 24, fig. 3).

Form kailuana. PL 24, figs. 5, 6. On the north (Koolau or
windward) side of Oahu, at Kaelepulu, Kailua, it was found
in copious quantity on old reef rocks not far inland. Here
there is a tubercular basal fold distinctly developed, often
larger than the upper palatal, which in some specimens is very
small or even wanting. In size they do not differ from the
Manoa and Kahuku shells.

Philippine Records. — Dr. von Moellendorff (1893) states
that Professor Boettger communicated to him the opinion that
he would retain Pupa artensis Montr, as a species distinct
from pediculus on account of its slimmer, nearly cylindric
shape. "Besides, in New Caledonia the glossy-clear type
occurs; also on Luzon, where my friend O. Hennig found it
on the cliffs Pena blanca, Province Cagayan." In his Ver-
zeichniss, 1898, he gives the localities "Cebu, Bohol, Luzon,
etc." In my opinion, the shells in question are not really
artensis, but a form of lyonsiana.

144 GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA.

' ''' Leucochttus artense (Montr.), nmt. cornea Bttgr. in Hit.,"
Moellendorff, 1893, is described as follows: "The variety is
horn-brown, and as a rule still more slender than the type."
He gives the localities, Leyte, Iba near Malitbog, Liloan on
Panaon, Limansaua (Quadras). Also on Cebu (Koch) and
near Balinag, Prov. Bulacan (Quadras and Mlldff.), Majay-
jay, Prov. Laguna (Mlldff.).

Specimens from the Quadras collection labeled L. artense
cornea, doubtless determined by von Moellendorff, are from
Bisucay, Calamianes (pi. 24, figs. 7, 11) and Apapa, Guam.
These agree absolutely with the Oahuan form of G. lyonsiana
from Kailua, as all of them have the small basal fold devel-
oped. The angulo-parietal lamella is slightly more sinuous
than in the Manoa Valley lyonsiana. The length varies from
2.35 to 2.7 mm.

87. GASTROCOPTA CAPILLACEA (Dohrn et Semper).

Shell rimate, ovate-conic, thin, pellucid, obliquely marked
with hair-like striae, corneous. Suture impressed, simple.
Whorls 51/2, convex, the last slightly ascending in front, some-
what compressed at the base. Aperture vertical, contracted
by 4 or 5 teeth ; one strongly sinuous parietal ; one trans-
verse, lamelliform columellar; one punctiform basal, and 1 or
2 deeply placed palatals, the lower strong, upper very small
or disappearing; peristome a little expanded, the columellar
margin widely reflected. Length 3%, width 11/4, width of
aperture % mm. (D. & S.).

Philippines: Masoloc, in the island of Mindanao (Dr. C.
Semper) .

Pupa capillacea DOHRN et SEMPER, Malakozool. Blaetter, ix,
1862, p. 207.— PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, 320.

The type of capillacea has not been figured. According to
the dimensions given, its shape should be highly characteristic,
the diameter contained 2.6 times in the length — somewhat
narrower than the most lengthened G. strangei. It is also
larger than any other species of the region. It is likely, how-
ever, that the dimensions were not measured exactly. I have
found the limit of error to be very high in many measure-
ments of minute shells.

GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA. 145

88. GASTROCOPTA MOELLENDORFFIANA n. sp. PL 24, figs. 8, 12,
13.

The shell is ovate, perforate and rimate, grayish white,
slightly transparent, composed of 4y2 strongly convex whorls.
The aperture is rounded, a little longer than wide, obstructed
by 7 or 8 teeth. The angular lamella is sigmoid, subparallel
to the anterior part of the parietal, a callous deposit between
them. The parietal lamella is higher, little curved, and joined
by the angular lamella behind the middle. The infraparietal
is a well-developed, slightly oblong tubercle. The columellar
lamella is horizontal in front, and curves downward within.
The lower palatal plica is a strong entering fold. Upper
palatal is nearly as long, and is placed obliquely, the inner
end approaching the lower palatal. There is a tubercular
suprapalatal plica, minute in some examples. The basal fold
is nearly transverse to the cavity, and subcolumellar in posi-
tion. Palatal callous scarcely noticeable. The peristome is
thin, broadly expanded, continuous or nearly continuous
across the parietal margin. Length 2, diam. above aperture
0.95 mm.

Philippines (J. B. Steere) ; Sierra Bullones, Bohol (Qua-
dras).

By the downwardly turned columellar lamella and strongly
developed parietal armature this species is related to Japa-
nese forms. The teeth are quite unlike any species described
from the Philippine or more southern islands, with the excep-
tion of G. hedleyi, in which the downward extension of the
columellar lamella is much more developed, and the upper
palatal plica less oblique.

89. GASTROCOPTA PEDICULUS (Shuttleworth). PL 25, figs. 1-3,
5-8, 12-15.

Shell minute, ovate-oblong, thin, slightly striatulate, pellu-
cid, hyaline. Spire obtuse ; whorls 6, convex, the last slightly
compressed at the base; suture deep. Aperture rounded-
subauriform, 5-plicate : angular fold strong, flexuous, im-
mersed and somewhat emarginate in front ; one rather strong
columellar; three immersed palatals, the middle one stronger.

146 GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA.

Peristome thin, narrowly expanded, the right margin roundly
curved above, the middle part nearly parallel with the colu-
mellar border. Diam. 1^4, alt. 2y2 mm. ; aperture scarcely 1
mm. long (ShuttL).

Melanesia, the coast of New South Wales, Polynesia, Micro-
nesia, Philippines and Hawaii. New Caledonia: Anse Vata
(Dupuy) and Art Island (Montrouzier). Fiji group: Kana-
thia and Oneata (Graeffe). Samoan group: Tutuila, Upolu
(Graeffe). Tonga group: Niuafu, Haafeva. Hapai group:
Tongatabu (Graeffe). Austral Is.: Rurutu (Garrett)'. Her-
vey group: Raratonga (Graeffe, Garrett), Mauiki (C. D.
Voy). Society Is.: Tahiti (Verreaux, Garrett), Huahine
( Garrett) , Tahaa, Raiatea ( Godeffroy exp. ) . Marquesas (Ver-
reaux, Voy, Garrett) . Ellice Is. : Funafuti (Graeffe, Hedley) ,
Vai-tupi, Niutao (Graeffe). Gilbert Is. (Pease). Marshall
Is.: Ebon (Garrett). Caroline Is.: Yap (Kubary). Mari-
anne Is.: Guam (Quadras).

Pupa pediculus SHUTTL., Mittheilungen der naturforschen-
den Gesellschaft in Bern, 1852, p. 296. — PPEIPFER, Mono-
graphia Hel. Viv., iii, 557. — BOETTGER, in von Martens, Con-
chologische Mittheilungen, i, 1881, p. 65. — Vertigo pediculus
Shuttlw., GARRETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1879, p. 19 (Rurutu,
Austral Is.; also Tahiti, Cook's Is., Viti Is.) ; Journ. A. N. S.
Phila., viii, 1881, p. 400 (Rarotonga, Hervey group) ; J. A.
N. S. Phila., ix, p. 83, pi. 3, f. 42 (Society Is.) ; Bull. Soc.
Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 32 (Marquesas). — HEDLEY, Mem.
Australian Mus., iii, pt. 7, 1899, p. 488 (Funafuti, Ellice Is.).
— MELVILL & STANDEN, Journ. of Conch., viii, p. 88 (Lifu). —
Leucochtta pediculus (Shuttl.) MOELLENDORPP, Journ. of
Malac., vii, 1900, p. 113 (Yap, Carolines; also Mariannes and
Philippines). — Vertigo pediculus var. samoensis MOUSSON,
Journ. de Conchyl., 1865, p. 175 (Upolu) ; 1869, p. 341 (Upolu
and Tutuila) ; 1873, p. 106 (Funafuti, Vai-tupu, Nukufetau,
Niutao and Nui, Ellice group). — Pupa pediculus var. samo-
ensis MOUSSON, Journ. de Conch., 1870, p. 127 (Kanathia and
Oneata, Fiji group) ; 1871, p. 15 (Niuafu, Hufeva on Hapai,
Tongatabu, Tonga group). — Pupa samoensis Mss., SCHMELTZ,
Catal. Mus. Godeffroy, iv, p. 69. — Vertigo nitens PEASE, Proc.

GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA. 147

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 439 (Ebon Is.). — Pupa hyalina
ZELEBOR, in Pfeiffer's Monographia Heliceorum Viventium,
vi, 1868, p. 329. — Vertigo nacca GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N.
H., 1862, p. 280; Otia Conch., p. 237 ( Hawaii ) .—Bifidaria
pediculus var. nacca Old., ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
vi, 1904, p. 126 (Waipio Valley, Hawaii). — Pupa artensis
MONTROUZIER, Joum. de Conchyl., vii, 1859, p. 288, pi. 8, f. 4.
CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 301. — Pupa (Vertigo) rossiteri BRA-
ZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, 1877, p. 18.

The Marquesas shells may be taken as the types. PL 25,
figs. 1, 2, 3 represent specimens collected by C. D. Voy in the
Marquesas, exact island not stated. The parietal and angular
lamellae are separate and parallel anteriorly, the angular
being sigmoid, and high where it joins the parietal ; the pari-
etal is somewhat curved, the concavity of the curve being
towards the columella (fig. 2). In a front view, the parietal
lamella is seen to lean towards the columella. In some ex-
amples there is an extremely low, scarcely noticeable infra-
parietal nodule, in others none. The columellar lamella is
stout, short and horizontal. From its inner end a very low
callous ascends, obliquely receding, on the axis. The lower
palatal plica is rather long and strong; the upper is shorter
and converges a little towards the lower, inwardly. The basal
plica is much smaller, tubercular, and set rather deeply. The
palatal callous is rather diffuse and indistinct. Length 2.6,
diam. above aperture 1.3 mm.

A more slender specimen in the same lot is drawn in pi. 25,
fig. 3. The angular lamella is more closely joined to the
parietal than in the typical form.

The most conspicuous variation is in the basal plica, which
may be well developed, minute, or wholly wanting among
specimens of the same lot, in the Society, Samoa, Hervey,
Fiji and other groups; yet in Polynesia it is absent in a
minority of examples in every case, so far as I know. In the
varieties from the Philippines and Hawaii the basal fold
seems to be always absent or quite minute.

The infraparietal tubercle is also found in a minority of
the specimens, but I have noted its presence in localities as

148

far apart as the Marquesas and New Caledonia, always asso-
ciated in lots with specimens lacking it.

A more important variation, probably, is the position of the
basal fold. In some lots (pi. 25, figs. 5, 8) among which I
may mention the Society Is., Hervey Is., Samoa, Guam, New
Caledonia, the basal is rather large and decidedly subcolu-
mellar in position, being nearer the columellar lamella than
in the typical pediculus.

The angulo-parietal varies among specimens of the same lot
in degree of concrescence of the two lamellae and height of
the angular. The variation of this tooth is perhaps greater
than in any other species of the genus.

Range and Station. — The distribution of pediculus in Poly-
nesia is known chiefly by the work of Dr. Ed. Graeffe, collect-
ing for the Godeffroy firm, whose material was reported on by
Mousson and Boettger, and by the collections of Andrew
Garrett. Sixteen lots in the collection of the Academy fairly
cover the distribution of the species, extreme points being
Port Jackson, New Caledonia, Marquesas, Oahu, Guam and
Bohol. For notes on the Australian forms, see p. 158.

It has been found on nearly every inhabited atoll and high
island of Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia where small
land shells have been looked for. On the high islands it occurs
in the lower zone, probably never in the high mountain forests.
Andrew Garrett reports that he "found them in vast num-
bers on stony ground in a grove near the seashore, but com-
paratively rare in the mountain ravines" of Cook's Islands,
The Hawaiian form was found abundantly on the coastal
border and in the lower parts of the valleys, but not in any
of my gatherings from high ridges. It lives on stones, garden
walls, or under wood, leaves and the like, in somewhat shaded
places. On Tongatabu Dr. Graeffe found it especially among
the stems of small plants which cover the coral reefs of the
southern coast. Montrouzier reports it from Art Island
under leaves and sprouting cocoanuts.

Since the following races have been named, they are recog-
nized here, though their differential characters are slight.

GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA. 149

G. p. ova-tula (Moellendorff). PI. 25, figs. 13, 15.

It differs from the type by the regularly ovate shell, less
lengthened, and a little smaller. Alt. 2%, diam. max. 1% mm.

Philippines : Cebu, at the town of Guadalupe. Also Siqui-
jor, Mindanao, Leyte, Bohol, Luzon, etc., and Yap, Caroline
Is. (Mlldff.).

LeucochUus pediculus var. ovatula Boettger, MOELLEN-
DORFF, Bericht Senckenb. naturforsch. Ges. Frankfurt, 1890,
p. 253 ; 1893, p. 100. Verzeichniss, etc., p. 127, in Abhandl.
naturforsch. Ges. zu Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 153; Journ. of
Malacol., vii, p. 113.

"Different from the Polynesian type only by the shorter,
more compact form ; the examples are 5-toothed, the parietal
tooth distinctly bifid, the basal tooth very weak. The same
variety, wholly agreeing in size, shape and dentition, occurs
also on the islands Siquijor and Mindanao, as well as upon
Yap, Carolines.

V 'Pupa capillacea' of Hidalgo, J. de Conch., 1888, p. 38;
from Naga, Cebu, is certainly not the species described by
Dohrn and Semper from Mindanao, but most likely the above-
described variety of L. pediculus" (Mlldff.).

The Bohol specimens figured (pi. 25, figs. 13, Loboc, and
15, Sierra Bullones, Bohol) were received from Quadras under
the above name. The shape seems rather variable, both lots
having shorter and larger examples, but all agree in the very
small size, or absence, of the basal fold. This is also charac-
teristic of the Hawaiian race, and of that inhabiting the coast
of Queensland.

G. p. nacca (Gould). PL 25, figs. 6, 7.

The teeth are a little smaller than in typical pediculus, the
parietal lamella shorter, and the basal either wanting or very
small. The upper palatal plica is short, and there is often a
small interpalatal plica below and near it. Infraparietal
nodule very small or wanting. It is often somewhat narrower
than the examples figured. Length 2.6, diam. 1.3 mm. (fig. 6).

Hawaiian Is.: Hawaii (Dr. Newcomb), Waipio Valley
(Thaanum). Oahu: Manoa Valley (figs. 6, 7) and west of
Kahuku (Pilsbry and Cooke).

150 GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA.

There is an average difference between Hawaiian and Poly-
nesian specimens, though individuals not distinguishable from
those of Oahu may be found in almost any large lot from the
southern islands. By the invariable reduction of the basal
fold, the Hawaiian race resembles the Philippine variety
closely. The occasional presence of an interpalatal plica I
have noticed also among pediculus from the Society Islands
and other places. Gould's original description follows.

Vertigo nacca. Shell ovate, lucid, alabastrine, very deli-
cately striate. Whorls more than 4, ventricose ; apex obtuse ;
suture deep ; aperture subcircular, armed with a palatal tooth
(sometimes bifid), a columellar tooth, a basal tooth and a
labial tooth. Peristome strongly reflected, umbilicus rimate.
Axis V10, diam. V12 inch. Hab. Hawaii, Dr. Newcomb. The
denticles are similar to those of V. gouldii and V. tantitta.
The latter is smaller, has a rugose surface, and one more den-
ticle (Gould).

The original descriptions of species considered synonyms
of G. pediculus follow.

Pupa artensis (pi. 25, figs. 5, 8, 14). Shell broadly umbili-
cate, cylindric-conic, of a corneous-white color, a little shin-
ing, transparent and smooth, but very fine, oblique, growth-
striae may be noticed. Spire conic, gradually tapering, com-
posed of 5 very convex whorls, separated by a deeply im-
pressed suture, the last whorl ventricose and compressed at
the base. Aperture somewhat rounded; peristome thin, re-
flected; the upper end of the right margin curved abruptly
towards the axis of the shell, to join the left margin, and
forming a continuous peristome. Interior provided with 5
teeth, one parietal, one columellar and three palatals; the
parietal, situated near the right side, is grooved above and
bifid at the point; this formation is in consequence of its
being formed of two unequal teeth juxtaposed, the inner one
being more prominent. The columellar tooth is placed trans-
versely in the aperture, and perpendicular to the columella.
Of the three parietal [error for palatal] teeth, the point of
the upper one corresponds to the bifurcation of the parietal ;
the next one is almost directly opposite the internal portion
of the parietal ; while the third is in the middle o£ the space
between the columellar and second parietal [error for palatal].
Of the 5 teeth, the parietal, columellar and second palatal
are the most prominent. Length 2, width 1 mm.

GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA. 151

New Caledonian archipelago : Art Island, under leaves and
cocoanuts (coll. Montrouzier, and in the Bordeaux Mus.).

The original figure is copied in fig. 14. Several lots seen.
The basal fold is generally rather large and subcolumellar in
position, but in some of the individuals from Anse Vata, New
Caledonia, it is small and has a more basal position, as in
typical pediculus. An infraparietal nodule occasionally is
seen. P. artensis is exactly the form named var. samoensis by
Mousson.

"Var. samoensis Mousson. A little conoid, subhyaline, the
parietal tooth thinner, subduplicate, sometimes having a sixth
minute tooth between the columellar and the parietal. Upolu,
Samoa Is. Graeife.

* ' The type lives on the Marquesas Islands. This variety is
a thought more conic, more crystalline, in consequence of the
constant loss of the epidermis. The teeth, 5 in number, have
the same arrangement, three on the palate, of which the
middle one is strongest, one large one on the columella, and
finally a more elevated, doubled one on the wall of the pre-
ceding whorl. In some individuals a sixth little tooth also
may be seen on the same margin, between the columellar and
the principal teeth. These differences seem to me entirely
within the limits of a single species" (Mousson).

Having seen many specimens from the localities given by
Mousson, including some collected by Dr. Graeffe, I agree with
Boettger that it is pediculus. The form is that with the basal
fold subcolumellar in position, as in artensis. A topotype is
figured, pi. 25, fig. 12.

''Vertigo nit ens. Shell cylindrically oval, thin, pellucid,
imperforate, apex ; whorls five, rounded ; sutures impressed ;
aperture subquadrate, rounded at the corners; lip slightly
expanded and reflexed, furnished internally with three teeth,
about equal distances apart, one of larger size, and bipartite
on centre of columella, and one at the base. Colour white"
(Pease).

Marshall group: Ebon Island. Specimens I have seen
from Ebon, received from Pease, are typical pediculus. Pease
himself seems to have doubted the distinctness of his species,
from his remark in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 463. Garrett

152 GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA.

writes: "I obtained Mr. Pease's type specimen of nit ens at
Ebon, a low coral island in the Caroline or Marshall group.
When he described that species he was not aware that Mr.
Shuttleworth had anticipated him in his pediculus, described
from Tahitian and Marquesian examples" (Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1879, 20).

Pupa hyalina. Shell dextrally wound, ovate, minute, um-
bilical chink deep, striae scarcely visible, a little shining, pel-
lucid, dirty white. Spire narrowing from the last whorl, apex
obtuse. Whorls 4 or 5, strongly convex, joined by a deep
suture, the last compressed below, at base rounded carinate.
Aperture rather large, truncate-ovate, contracted by 5 white,
dentiform folds : two in the radius, one anterior, lamellif orm,
bipartite, running to the parietal margin; two in the palate,
the lower one at the base; margins of the aperture broadly
separated above, strongly reflected, white-calloused within.
Alt. 2%, diam. 1% mm. Habitat in insula Taheiti (Zelebor).

The above description agrees well with pediculus. Speci-
mens of that species from Tahiti seen by Shuttleworth, Boett-
ger, Garrett and the writer do not differ from Marquesan
examples.

90. GASTROCOPTA MICROSOMA (Tapperone-Canefri). PL 24,
%. 9.

Shell very minute, openly rimate, obliquely substriate, thin,
pellucid, pale corneous. Spire cylindric-conic, the apex ob-
tuse. Whorls 5, convex and separated by a deep suture, the
last subcompressed behind the aperture. Aperture quadrate-
rounded, about one-third the total length of the shell. Peri-
stome interrupted, a little expanded and subreflected through-
out. Apertural laminae 4: angular subimmersed and bifid;
columella rather strong; two inconspicuous palatals. Length
21/2, diam. 1 mm. (T.-C.).

Aru Is. : Wokan (Beccari).

Pupa microsoma TAPP. CAN., Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
Genova, xix, 1883, p. 107, pi. 2, f. 1, 2.

The rather indefinite figure, which is copied on my plate,
suggests the servilis group; but in the absence of specimens
I cannot decide upon its affinities.

GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA. 153

91. GASTROCOPTA RECONDITA (Tapperone-Canefri). PL 24,
fig. 10.

Shell very minutely riiuate, ovate-oblong, longitudinally
obliquely substriate, thin, glossy, pellucid. Spire cylindric-
conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, slightly convex, parted by
a deep suture, the last whorl compressed behind the aperture,
one-third the total length. Aperture rounded subquadrate,
dilated above. Peristome continuous, thin, somewhat re-
flected throughout. Apertural lamina 5 or 6: an angular
generally joined to the peristome; parietal convex, subim-
mersed ; columellar strong; palatals 2 or 3, the lowest smaller,
rarely obsolete, the upper a little thickened. Alt. 2%, diam.
1% mm. (T.-C.).

Aru Is.: Wokan (Beccari). Moluccas: Hulaliu, Haruku;
Banda (Strubell).

Pupa recondita TAPPARONE-CANEFRI, Annali del Museo
Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, xix, 1883, p. 106, pi. 2,
f. 3, 4. — LeucochUus reconditum (Tapp.-Can.) BOETTGER,
Bericht iiber die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Ges. in
Frankfurt a. M., 1891, p. 270.

From the description and figure, this seems to be closely
related to G. pediculus, but the angular and parietal lamellae
appear to be more separated, as in G. moellendorffiana,.

In comparing with specimens of the original lot from
Wokan, Professor Boettger noticed a few differences in those
from the Moluccas. In the Aru type, the right twin-lamella
of the parietal wall reaches almost to the peristome, but in
the Haruku form not so far forward, and the two teeth on the
columella seem pushed a little nearer together than in the
type. Also the umbilical perforation is a little more distinctly
developed. Alt. 2.2, diam. max. 1.25 mm. The Banda ex-
amples are distinguished by a less distinctly twinned struc-
ture of the parietal lamella, in a front view.

92. GASTROCOPTA NIOBE (Fulton). PL 24, fig. 15.

"Shell elongate-oval, rimate, smooth, dirty white; whorls
5, convex. Peristome oval, thin, continuous, expanded; in-
ternal armature of the aperture consists of five plaits: two

154 GASTROCOPTA, EAST INDIES, POLYNESIA.

rather long entering folds on the parietal wall, one on the
columellar side, and two on the basal portion of the aperture.
Diam. maj. 1, alt. 2 mm." (Fulton).

Tenimber Island.

Pupa (Leucochilus) niobe FULTON, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon-
don, iii, March, 1899, p. 216, pi. 11, f. 10.

''This has kindly been compared by Dr. von M611endorffr
who says that the species has some affinity with P. rec&ndita
Tapp.-Can., from the Am Islands, but is smaller and more
cylindrical in form" (Fulton).

93. GASTROCOPTA NEOCALEDONICA n. n. PL 24, fig. 14.

Shell dextral, very minute, nearly covered rimate, ovate-
conic, very delicately diagonally striatulate, slightly trans-
lucent, tawny-whitish, dirty, chalky. Spire conic-turbinate,
the apex obtuse, pale buff, glossy; suture deeply impressed.
Whorls 6%, convex, regularly increasing, the last one-third
the total length. Aperture piriform, narrowed, quite broad
in the upper part, and obtusely angular at the base, toothed
and lamellate; peristome continuous, expanded, white; right
margin having a small tooth-like tubercle which is directed
towards the lower end of a strong parietal lamella a little
oblique to it; this lamella divides the aperture unequally,
and obstructs the entrance ; with the tooth of the right margin
it forms a sort of second aperture, which is round, a little
acute basally. The columella is thickened by a little sinuous
fold. The umbilicus is nearly closed by the base of the last
whorl, on the outer part of which there are two punctifonn
pits corresponding to lamellae of the interior. Length 3,
diam. 2*4 mm.

New Caledonia : environs of Noumea and Conception ; rare
(R. P. Lambert).

Pupa obstruct a GASSIES, Fauna Conch, terr. et fluv. de la
Nouvelle-Caledonie, ii, 1871, p. 97 ; Journ. de Conchyl., 1873,
p. 52, pi. 2, f. 7.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1894, p. 302.
Not P. olstructa Al. Braun, 1851.

Distinct by the triangular shape of the aperture, which is
obstructed by the parietal lamella, and the unusual expansion

GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA. 155

of the peristome. The description is slightly abbreviated from
Gassies, and the figure copied from his plate. Both are evi-
dently incomplete. I have not seen specimens. Perhaps re-
lated to the Australian G. hedleyi, but certainly the descrip-
tion and figure strongly suggest G. contracta, (Say).

Crosse remarks : A small, quite curious species, dull, chalky,
with the aperture exactly in the axis of the shell, subtrian-
gular, contracted towards the base, and obstructed more or
less completely by the presence of a strong parietal tooth.
Peristome continuous, strongly reflected and white.

VIII. AUSTRALIAN SPECIES.

The Australian Gastrocopts are so closely related to those
of eastern Asia that the theory that they were derived from
that region appears to have no competitors. Two groups seem
to have entered the continent, (1) an ancestral Sinalbmida
stock, which probably gave rise also to the exclusively Aus-
tralian section Australbinula, and (2) the macdonnelli group
of Sitialbinuld. In northeastern Queensland, with the islands
of Torres Straits and southern New Guinea, the specific uni-
formity supports Mr. Hedley's view of a Pliocene connection
with Papua.

The inexactness of the existing literature would have stood
in the way of any adequate revision of the species had it not
been for the generous help of Mr. Charles Hedley of the Aus-
tralian Museum, both with information on particular species
and with many specimens. I have also the advantage of a set
of Central Australian Pupae received from Professor Tate.
Several species still require elucidation.

Key to Australian Species of Gastrocopta.
NOTE G. margaretae, no. 97, and G. moretonensis, no. 98, are not in-
cluded in the key.
a. Columellar lamella short and wholly horizontal.

6. Shell sinistral, 2.95 to 3.4 mm. long; New South
Wales. G. strangei, no. 94.

61. Shell dextral, smaller.

c. Length 2.6 to 2.9 mm. ; teeth well developed.

G. pediculus, no. 95.

156 GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA.

c1. Length 2 to 2.4 mm.; teeth rather small and
slender; Queensland coast.

G. p. queenslandica, no. 95a.
c2. Length 2 mm. ; West Australian coast.

G. mooreana, no. 96.

a1. Columellar lamella horizontal in front, curving downward
within.

&. Columellar lamella situated high, curving downward
but slightly within; shell narrow, cylindric, the
diam. less than half the length; 5 to 5!/3 whorls.
Western Australia. G. tatei, no. 100.

&1. Inner end of columellar lamella rather strongly de-
scending; diam. about half the length; scarcely 5
whorls. Northern Queensland to New Guinea.
c. Columellar lamella of moderate size.

G. macdonnelli, no. 99.
c1. Columellar lamella very large.

G. m. macrodon, no. 99&.

a2. Columellar lamella obliquely and steeply ascendmg in-
ward.

b. Parietal lamella long and very much curved, its crest
flaring towards the periphery. New South Wales.

G. hedleyi, no. 101.

61. Parietal lamella shorter, its crest not flaring out-
ward.

c. Parietal lamella rather strongly curved to-
wards the columella within, moderately long.
Eastern Queensland. G. mussoni, no. 102.

c1. Parietal lamella shorter and less curved.
Western Australia.

d. Aperture about one-third the total length
of shell.

e. No interpalatal plica.

G. larapinta deserti, no. 103a.
el. An interpalatal plica present.

G. larapinta, no. 103.
d\ Aperture one-fourth the total length.

G. wallabyensis, no. 104.

GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA. 157

Series of €r. pediculus.

Cclumellar lamella horizontal, submedian.

G. margaretae and G. moretonensis are lost species, of
which the columellar structure is not known. Until new col-
lections are made in the type localities, one can do no more
than copy the original descriptions and figures.

94. GASTROCOPTA STRANGEI (Pfeiffer). PI. 26, figs. 3 to 6.

The shell is sinistral, rimate, oblong-conic, striatulate,
glossy, hyaline ; spire convexly turrited, the apex rather acute.
Whorls 5, a little convex, the last about % the length, ribbed
in front, the base of a somewhat swollen compressed shape.
Aperture subvertical, large, truncate-oval, nearly 7-toothed :
two close together on the parietal wall, 2 on the columella,
and 3 deep within the outer and basal margins. Peristome
white calloused, expanded throughout. Length 3, diam. 1%
mm. (Pfr.).

Australia: Gordon (= Garden) Island, Port Jackson
(Strange, in Cuming and Pfr. coll.). Clyde River, Para-
matta, Port Stephen, and many localities in the vicinity of
Sydney, as Darling and Glebe Points, Lyndhurst, Chatsworth,
South Creek, N. S. W. (Masters, Cox) ; Balmoral Beach (Ch.
Hedley). Narrabri (C. T. Musson).

Pupa strangei PFR., Monographia Heliceorum Viventium,
iii, 1853, p. 560 ; iv, p. 686 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. xx, 1852,
p. 69 (May 23, 1854) ; KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 179, pi. 21,
f. 20, 21.— Cox, Monographia Australian Land Shells, 1868,
p. 80, pi. 14, f. 15, 15a (bad) ; exclusive of "dextral variety."
-SMITH, Zool. Voy. Erebus & Terror, 1875, p. 3, pi. 4, f. 8
(bad).— Bifidaria strangei Pfr., PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1900, p. 426, fig. 4.

This common species in New South Wales is readily known
by the large size, sinistral coil and simple columellar lamella.

The angular lamella approaches the middle of the parietal,
and is united thereto by a callous, the whole having the shape
of the letter "y". The union is less complete in specimens
seen from Sydney (pi. 26, fig. 3) than in those from Narrabri,
an inland locality (pi. 26, figs. 4, 6). The columellar lamella

158 GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA.

is short and horizontal (pi. 26, fig. 5). The basal fold is ex-
actly at the junction of columellar and basal borders, almost
subcolumellar in position; and sometimes there is a minute
denticle (infrapalatal) near it, in the base, but this is present
in but few of the specimens examined. The rather short lower
palatal plica has the usual form of an entering fold. The
upper palatal is shorter, and descends inward, therefore ap-
pearing wide or flat-topped in a front view in the Narrabri
specimens; in the typical form from Sydney it is small and
tubercular. An extremely small or vestigeal suprapalatal
may be seen in most individuals. Some individuals might be
considered 5-, others 8-toothed, depending upon whether the
angulo-parietal be counted as one or two teeth, and whether
the infra- and supra-palatal plicae are sufficiently developed
or obsolete.

Length 3.4, diam. above aperture 1.35 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 2.95, diam. above aperture 1.4 mm. ; nearly 5 whorls.

95. GASTROCOPTA PEDICULUS (Shuttle worth). PL 26, fig. 1.

See p. 145. Along the coastal slope of New South Wales,
from Picton about 200 miles northward, but not over the
watershed westward, so far as known, this species occurs in a
form scarcely, if at all, different from the typical Polynesian
examples, though the largest specimens slightly surpass those
of Polynesia. It has been known as Pupa rossiteri Brazier.

Specimens collected by Mr. Brazier and labeled by his own
hand are before me, received through Mr. Hedley. They are
from the Rose Bay side of Point Piper, Port Jackson, taken
under decaying leaves at the roots of Lantana by Mr. Brazier
in 1865 (pi. 26, fig. 1). Besides being dextral, it differs from
the closely allied O. strangei in some small details of the teeth.
The angular lamella is relatively lower, the parietal more
salient. In a basal view these lamellae are arranged very much
as in strangei. The columellar lamella is stout, short and
horizontal. The basal fold is almost subcolumellar in position.
Lower palatal plica is lengthened, the upper tuberculiform.

Length 2.85, diam. 1.3 mm.; fully 5 whorls.

It appears to me likely that this species was imported into

GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA. 159

New South Wales, on plants, at an early day, and being well
adapted to the local conditions, became commonly diffused.

Mr. Brazier's account follows.

"Pupa (Vertigo) rossiteri. — Shell dextral, rather oblong,
thin, shining, nearly smooth, white, hyaline; spire turrited,
apex obtuse ; whorls 5%, roundly convex, the last about quar-
ter the length of the whole shell; aperture squarely oval,
armed with five teeth, one on the centre of the body whorl
thickened and of a lamellated form, second on the columella
on the upper side rather sharp, third small and thin at the
lower part of the columella, fourth on the basal margin of the
interior of the aperture thick and elongated, fifth on the
inner upper side of the outer lip rather obsolete; peristome
slightly expanded, thin. Length 1*4, breadth % lines.

"Picton; Rope's Creek; Lake Macquarie; and Wingham,
upper Manning River, New South Wales.

' ' This species is often taken for a variety of Vertigo stran-
gei Pfr. The true typical species of Vertigo strangei are
sinistral, more elongated, and the aperture oval, studded with
seven teeth. Dr. Cox, in his Monograph of Australian Land
Shells, 1868, figures my species as a variety of V. strangei, in
plate 14, fig. 18, 18&; both species are found in company"
(Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, 1877, p. 18).

95a. G. PEDICULUS QUEENSLANDICA n. subsp. PL 26, fig. 2.

With a general resemblance to G. pediculus (more partic-
ularly the Philippine and Hawaiian forms of the species), this
race differs by the distinctly smaller teeth, which are both
lower and more slender. The basal fold is typically very
small, a mere trace ; but it varies from moderately small to
entirely absent. The parietal callous is very thin, without a
raised edge. The shell is thinner and more fragile than in
pediculus.

Length 2.4, diam. above aperture 1.25 mm. (type, Calli-
ungal).

Length 2.1, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm. (Mapoon).

Queensland: Calliungal (C. T. Musson) ; Mapoon, at the
entrance of Batavia River into the Gulf of Carpenteria (Ch.
Hedley).

160 GASTBOCOPTA, AUSTRALIA.

P. pedicula Shuttlew., HEDLEY & MUSSON, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, (2), vi, 1892, p. 558.

Various other localities are given by Hedley and Musson,
but they may apply to allied forms of similar appearance.
At Calliungal it was associated with G. mussoni.

The specimens taken by Mr. Hedley at Mapoon are all
smaller than those from Calliungal. This is probably an in-
digenous Australian race, perhaps identical with G. moorecma
Smith.

96. GASTROCOPTA MOOREANA (Smith). PL 30, fig. 4.

Shell short, cylindroid, rimate, brownish-corneous, whorls 5,
very convex, slowly increasing, obliquely delicately striate,
separated by a deep suture. Spire cylindric, obtuse at the
apex. Aperture rounded, provided with 5 unequal teeth (two
palatal, one columellar, two parietal), one-third the total
length. Peristome lightly expanded and reflected, the margins
approaching. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (Smith).

West Australia : Roebuck Bay.

Pupa mooreana E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, i,
1894, p. 97, pi. 7, f. 25.— ? TATE, Rep. Horn Sci. Exped., ii,
ZooL, 1896, p. 206.

"The largest tooth is that situated on the whorl midway
between the ends of the peristome. It juts out into the aper-
ture and points between the two palatal denticles, which are
about the same size as that on the columella. The fifth tubercle
is at the insertion of the labrum. Named in honour of Capt.
W. U. Moore, R. N., in command of the Penguin" (Smith).

The figure given by Mr. Smith is too small and indistinct
to show specific characters. It is copied in my fig. 4. Mr. B.
B. Woodward, who has kindly looked at the type specimen,
informs me that the columellar lamella enters horizontally.
Later I hope to illustrate one of the type lot.

97. GASTROCOPTA MARGARETS (Cox). PL 26, figs. 7, 8.
"Shell dextral, yellowish-brown, minutely perforate, oval,

under the lens closely and finely striated, opaque ; whorls 5,
convex, the last equalling i/2 tne length of the shell; suture

GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA. 161

shallow; aperture squarely oval, having 5 teeth (plica), 1
large and unequally divided, situated in the centre of the
last whorl, with the points separated, a 2nd sharp and
pointed, opposite to the first bifid tooth, and a 3rd and a 4th
on the columellar side between the 1st and 2nd, the one near-
est the columella being thick and blunt, almost a rounded
projection, the other is short and sharp; a 5th, situated be-
tween the first two, inserted near the junction of the peri-
stome with the body whorl, is short and thick at the base;
peristome thickened, dilated and reflected, smooth and white,
as also are the teeth, margins joined by a broad thick callus,
forming the peristome a continuous circle. Diameter 0.06,
length 0.13 of an inch" (Cox).

South Australia : Wallaroo (Masters).

Pupa margarettf Cox, Monograph of Australian Land
Shells, 1868, p. 80, pi. 14, f. 20, 20a.

Said by Cox to be in the Australian Museum (1868), but
no specimens are now known to be extant, and Mr. Hedley
puts it among the lost species. So far as I know, nothing ad-
ditional to Cox's account has been published in fifty years.
The description and figures offer no definite differences from
G. pediculus (rossiteri) unless in the size — it is said to be
3.25 mm. long.

98. GASTROCOPTA MORETONENSIS (Cox). PL 26, figs. 12, 13.

* ' Shell small, dextral, subperf orate, ovate, faintly obliquely
striated, yellowish horny, apex obtuse; whorls 4%, rounded,
the last equalling more than half the length of the shell;
suture deep and broad; aperture squarely oval, longer than
broad, having four teeth (plicae), one large and bifid, placed
closely together, each pointed, the points divergent, situated
in the center of the aperture on the body- whorl; a second,
longer and thicker, directly opposite to the bifid one ; a third
near the columella midway between the other two, short and
pointed, thickened at and about its base ; a fourth less prom-
inent, and directly opposite to the last, the whole dividing the
aperture into four equal parts; peristome thickened, broadly
and irregularly expanded, smooth and white, as also are the

162 GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA.

teeth; margins joined by a broad, thick callus, continuous
with the peristome. Diameter 0.06; length 0.11 of an inch"
(Cox}.

Queensland: More ton Bay (Masters).

Pupa moretonensis Cox, Monograph of Australian Land
Shells, 1868, p. 81, pi. 14, f. 21, 21a.

Cox's figures are copied. His description indicates a shell
having four (five) teeth in cruciform arrangement: an angulo-
parietal, a "longer and thicker" lower palatal, a columellar,
which from the description may be presumed to be of the
horizontal type, and a small upper palatal. No infraparietal
or basal is mentioned. A broad, thick parietal callous makes
the peristome continuous. The size assigned, length 2.75,
diam. 1.5 mm., is about that of G. pediculus (rossiteri), which,
however, has a basal fold.

Until further collections are made in the type locality, the
status of G. moretonensis will remain uncertain. None of
Cox's specimens are known to be extant, and Mr. Hedley re-
gards it as a lost species. It has been reported as Vertigo
moretonensis Cox by Tryon, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, v,
1888, p. 136, from Mundoolun, Albert River, collected by A.
J. Norton.

Series of B. macdonnelli.

Columellar lamella horizontal in front, its inner end turn-
ing downward.

99. GASTROCOPTA MACDONNELLI (Brazier). PL 27, figs. 9, 11,
12.

"Shell small, dextral, umbilicately fissured, oblong, thin,
shining, smooth, white; whorls 5, rounded, the last small,
suture impressed, narrow, apex obtuse; aperture somewhat
squarely ovate, longer than broad, denticulated with 5 teeth.
4 prominent, the upper one large, placed in the center of the
aperture, and extending upwards in a thick rounded callus,
the second placed to the left, minute and rounded, the third
on the columella, thick and pointed, the fourth facing the
upper, moderately pointed, the fifth about equal in size to the
fourth ; the aperture divided into four parts, peristome thick-

GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA. 163

ened and expanded, smooth and white, margins joined by a
thick callus continuous with the peristome and extending over
the body- whorl. Length 1, breadth i/2 lin." (Brazier).

N.-E. Australia: Fitzroy Island; also No. 8 Island, Clare-
mont group (Brazier). No. 3, Barnard Islands; Cape York
(Brazier, 1877) . Also Bet, Sue, Nepean, Dungeness and War-
rior Islands, Torres Strait (Brazier, for P. macleayi).

Pupa, (Vertigo) macdonnelli BRAZ., Trans. Roy. Soc. N. S.
Wales, 1874, p. 30 (not seen) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
p. 669, pi. 83, f . 22, 23 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., i, 1877, p.
128. — Vertigo macdonelli Brazier, Hedley, Proc. Roy. Soc.
Queensland, v, 1888, p. 65.

Pupa (Vertigo) macleayi BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wales, i, 1877, pp. 110, 128. — Bifidaria macleayi Brazier,
HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., xxvii, 1902, p. 19, pi. 3,
f. 39 (Barnard Is. No. iii).

Brazier's description is not clear, as he did not recognize
the angular tooth as distinct from the parietal, mentioning it
as a "thick rounded callous," and he neglected to mention
the basal fold. His figure shows angular, parietal and colu-
mellar lamellae, upper and lower palatal and basal plicae.

No. 8 Island, Claremont group, may be considered type
locality. Specimens from there are figured, pi. 27, figs. 11, 12.
The angular and parietal lamellae are well united, forming an
anteriorly biramose tooth. Inwardly it bends towards the
columella. The infraparietal is well-developed, tubercular, a
little lengthened inwardly. 'The columellar lamella is cres-
centic, the outer end horizontal, the inner turning downward.
The lower palatal plica is about twice as long as the upper, the
two standing nearly parallel in some, or converging a little
inwardly in other individuals. Basal fold is well developed
and short, exactly basal in position.

Length 2.3, diam. 1.15 mm. (subconic form).

Length 2.2, diam. 1.05 mm. (subcylindric typical form).

This species differs from others of eastern and northeastern
Australia by having the inner end of the columellar lamella
curved downward; other similar species of the region having
a straight, horizontally entering columellar lamella.

164 GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA.

There is some variation in shape in the lot sent by Mr. Hed-
ley, as shown in the figures. The specimens are part of Bra-
zier's original lot.

Pupa macleayi was described by Brazier as sinistral, but
Hedley, who examined the collection, writes : * * Of Pupa mac-
leayi Brazier, there are lots from Bet, Nepean and Warrior
Islands, Torres straits, in the Macleay Museum. These are
certainly originals, yet all are dextral." Specimens sent, from
Bet Island, which I would select as type locality, agree so
fully with G. macdonnelli that no distinction seems possible.
The most obese of three is figured, pi. 27, fig. 9. It measures,
length 2.35, diam. above aperture 1.2 mm. It has a small
interpalatal plica, but this varies, and is absent in other ex-
amples.

It appears certain that Brazier was mistaken in calling P.
macleayi sinistral, for near the end of his description he de-
scribes the lip as of a dextral shell — "the right [margin]
slightly angled at the suture, joining the minute tooth above."
These terms are wholly applicable to the dextral specimens
before me, and would not fit a sinistral shell.

The original description follows.

Pupa (Vertigo) macleayi. — "Shell sinistral, perforated,
ovately oblong, very thin, shining, white, hyaline, finely stri-
ated, crossed with spiral striae; whorls 5, convexly rounded,
two center large and ventricose, two upper small, the last very
small, somewhat compressed ; aperture small, squarely oval,
longer than broad, having 7 teeth, 3 on the center of the body-
whorl, the center one elongated, curved and rounded, small
one to the right and left, one long and broad on the inside of
the columella, three more situated inside the base, center one
deep down opposite the one on the body-whorl ; margins con-
tinuous, the right slightly angled at the suture, joining the
minute tooth above, peristome thin and reflected, broadly ex-
panded over the perforation. Length 1, breadth y% line
(Brazier).

Bet, Sue, Nepean, Dungeness and Warrior Islands, Torres
Straits (Brazier).

99a. G. MACDONNELLI MACRODON n. subsp. PL 27, figs. 7, 8, 10.
The shell is ovate-conic, rimate, cartridge-bun2, composed of

GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA. 165

about 4i/2 rather strongly convex whorls. Surface little shin-
ing, faintly striate and most minutely granulose, as usual.
The aperture is rounded-quadrate, with essentially the tooth
arrangement of G. macdonnelli, from which this form differs
by the very much larger size of the columellar lamella, the
greater part of which is turned downward along the columel-
lar axis, therefore appearing very large in a front view.
Typically both infraparietal nodule and basal fold are present
(figs. 7, 10), but in some specimens the infraparietal is waait-
ing, and the basal reduced (fig. 8).

Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (fig. 10; type).

Length 2.1, diam. 1 mm. (fig. 9).

New Guinea: Mite, Milne Bay (Charles Hedley).

Pupa pedicula Shuttl., HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wales, (2), vi, 1891, p. 99 (exclusive of references).

The form of the columellar lamella separates this species
from G. pediculus, and allies it to G. moellendorffiana and
various Asiatic species as far north as Japan.

In one specimen the space between the angular and the for-
ward continuation of the parietal lamella is filled with callous
deposit, so that the tooth does not appear forked in front.
This variation is occasionally seen also in G. pediculus.

100. GASTROCOPTA TATEI n. sp. PL 26, figs. 9, 10; pi. 30, fig.
12.

The shell is dextral, cylindric, grayish or bluish white,
smooth, rimate. Whorls convex. Angular lamella running
from near the insertion of outer lip, converging towards the
parietal, with which it is joined by a lower callous. Parietal
lamella stronger, slightly curved in a basal view, the con-
cavity towards the columella. Infraparietal lamella is tuber-
cular, slightly lengthened. The columellar lamella is situated
high on the columella, is stout and subhorizontal, curving
downward a little towards the inner end. The basal fold is
well developed, and situated on the basal part of the columel-
lar margin, being subcolumellar in position. Lower palatal
plica is long and enters more deeply than the upper. Upper
palatal plica is placed somewhat obliquely, converging in-

166 GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA.

wardly towards the lower. Both stand on a thin callous. The
peristome is thin and well expanded.

Length 2.8, diam. above aperture 1.07 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 2.5, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm. ; 5 whorls.

Central Australia (Horn Expedition).

This species is readily distinguishable from other known
central Australian species by the form of the columellar
lamella, which shows affinity with the Torres Strait species
G. macdonnelli. It is a narrower shell than G. pediculus.

The specimens were picked out of lots sent as Pupa lara-
pinta and mooreana by Professor Tate. It differs from both
in the direction of the columellar lamella, among less impor-
tant characters.

By an error of the artist, the columellar lamella was in-
correctly shaded in fig. 10, giving a false idea of its shape.
In pi. 30, fig. 12 it is drawn correctly.

Section Australbinula Pilsbry.

Columellar lamella obliquely ascending and receding above,
the inner end of the parietal lamella curving towards the
columella ; other teeth as in the other Australian Gastrocopts.
Type G. hedleyi (G. rossiteri Pils., p. 11, not of Brazier).

101. GASTROCOPTA HEDLEYI n. sp. PI. 27, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

This is a dextral, cylindric shell, the upper third tapering
to the very obtuse summit, composed of 5 rather strongly con-
vex whorls; of a grayish or bluish white color, imperfectly
transparent. The surface is smooth, scarcely showing stria-
tion. The parietal lamella is high and thin, long, bent in cres-
cent form, as seen in a basal view (pi. 27, fig. 1) ; the inner
half is highest, and the middle is waved down with the edge
flaring towards the periphery. The angular lamella is a quite
short and thin lamella, highest in the middle, running from
the outer lip, and forming a "V" with the forward end of the
parietal, which its low inner end does not quite touch. The
infraparietal lamella is short, and more deeply immersed than
the parietal (pi. 27, fig. 1). The columellar lamella is a broad
plate which ascends obliquely backward, and in profile view

GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA. 167

(pi. 27, fig. 4) it is nearly straight. The extremely small basal
fold is tubercular. The upper palatal plica is short and ob-
lique, descending inward. Lower palatal plica is a large,
weakly sigmoid lamina, at first entering, then curving up-
wards, then entering again. There is no noticeable palatal
callous. The peristome is thin and well expanded.

Length 2.5, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm.

New South Wales: Narrabri (C. T. Musson). Type 63279
A. N. S. P., paratype in Australian Museum.

G. rossiteri PILSBRY, this volume, p. 11. Not Pupa rossiteri
Brazier, which is also a Gastrocopta.

The long, peculiarly-shaped parietal lamella and the very
large columellar lamella readily distinguish this species. I
have given it a name honored in Australian malacology.

102. GASTROCOPTA MUSSONI n. sp. PL 27, figs. 5, 6.

The shell is subcylindric, grayish-buff, slightly shining and
faintly stria te, of 4% strongly convex whorls. Aperture with
7 teeth. The angular lamella is rather short and straight,
joining the parietal, but with a notch between. The parietal
lamella is high and long, its inner end curving towards the
columella. Infraparietal lamella small, entering. The colu-
mellar lamella is large and ascends obliquely inward. Its
lower and outer end is abrupt. The lower palatal plica is long,
curved a little upward within. Upper palatal smaller, short.
The basal fold is quite small. Lip is thin and well expanded.

Length 2.4, diam. above aperture 1.2 mm. (type; fig. 5).

Length 2.2, diam. above aperture 1.15 mm. (paratype, Aus-
tralian Mus. ) .

Queensland: Calliungal (C. T. Musson).

This species is intermediate between G. hedleyi and G. lara-
pinta deserti, but nearer to the latter. The columellar and
parietal lamellae are larger than in larapmta; the parietal
enters more deeply and is more curved. The details of tooth
structure sufficiently separate mussoni from hedleyi.

The basal fold is sometimes absent in individuals appar-
ently adult.

The examination of larger series from various Queensland

168 GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA.

localities will be required to show whether this is to be treated
as a distinct species, or as an eastern race or subspecies of G.
larapinta.

Form having an interpolated plica, pi. 30, fig. 8. — A series
of shells found with the specimens of G. pediculus queenslan-
dica and mussoni, at Calliungal, Queensland (C. T. Musson),
agrees in most respects with G. larapinta, having an inter-
palatal plica, exactly as in that form. There is usually a small
basal fold, sometimes lacking. The shells average smaller,
thinner, just perceptibly more obese than larapinta. The pari-
etal lamella is shorter and less curved than that of the asso-
ciated G. mussoni.

Length 2.3, diam. above aperture 1.2 mm.

In the lot from Calliungal, sent by Mr. Hedley, I find 9
specimens of this form, 8 mussoni, and several G. pediculus
queenslandica, the latter readily separable by the short, hori-
zontal columellar lamella. Whether the present form belongs
to larapinta or to mussoni I am uncertain.

103. GASTROCOPTA LARAPINTA (Tate). PL 30, figs. 5-7, 9-11.

"Shell dextral, oblong-elliptic, pellucid, white, narrowly
umbilicated. Spire cylindrical, obtuse at the apex; whorls
five, very convex, separated by a deep suture, ornamented by
very oblique striae of growth ; last whorl slightly ascending at
the front; aperture roundly oblong, multidentate within;
peristome narrowly and horizontally expanded, the margins
united by a thin parietal callus. The dentition of the aper-
ture consists of two lamelliform, contiguous plaits on the pari-
etal wall, the outer one of which is the larger, an equally large
plait on the columella, one on the basal margin, and one on
the outer lip. All these are approximately equidistant. In
addition, denticles occasionally appear, one exterior to the
large plait on the parietal wall, one anterior to the columella
plait, and one or two on the outer lip. Length 3, diameter
1.25 mm." (Tate).

Central Australia.

Pupa larapinta TATE, Report on the work of the Horn
Scientific Expedition to Central Australia, Pt. ii, Zoology,
Feb., 1896, p. 205, pi. 19, f. 19 a, b.

GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA. 169

The broad, obliquely ascending columellar lamella and the
slightly arcuate parietal lamella (in basal view) are features
in common with G. hedleyi, but it differs from that by the far
smaller lamellae.

A very similar form has been found in Queensland. See
under G. mussoni. Two lots of this species were received from
Prof. Tate, evidently, from their appearance, from different
localities ; also some specimens mixed with the species he called
mooreana, from a third locality, I think. All were labeled
"Central Australia"; so that the exact points where the
species was collected must remain unrecorded.

This is a variable species in the number of lamellae and
plica? developed in addition to the five constant ones, being
comparable to the North American G. pentodon in this re-
spect. The forms I have seen may be described as follows :

(a) Typical larapinta, pi. 30, figs. 5, 6, 7. The parietal
lamella is strongly developed, and in basal view is seen to be
slightly curved. The lower and much shorter angular lamella
converges toward it and is rather weakly connected at the
inner end. The infraparietal is tubercular, round or shortly
oval, and is present in all specimens seen. In some individuals
it is weak and not conspicuous in a front view. This was evi-
dently the case with Tate's figured specimen.

The columellar lamella is large, placed obliquely on the
axis, receding upwards, the upper end sloping gradually, the
lower and outer end much more abruptly terminated. It is
shorter than in G. hedleyi (see pi. 27, fig. 4), but of the same
character.

The basal fold is variable in size, at the junction of colu-
mellar and basal margins. The lower palatal plica is rather
long and stout. Upper palatal much shorter, subtuberculi-
form. Between them an interpalatal plica stands, interme-
diate in size between the upper and lower.

The peristome is thin and well expanded. In some indi-
viduals there is a low crest behind the lip, but in others this is
scarcely perceptible.

Length 2.55, diam. above aperture 1.2 mm.

170 GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRAUA.

Length 2.35, diam. above aperture 1.22 nun. (shortest speci-
men seen).

(6) Professor Tate's description was not drawn from any
one specimen, but was composite, like the lots he sent out.
His figure showing the aperture, copied in my pi. 30, fig. 10,
shows angular, parietal and columellar lamellae, basal, upper,
lower and interpalatal plicae. This particular form, lacking
the infraparietal lamella, is represented by two examples in
the series sent me, one of them having the basal fold reduced
to a minute vestige. It is relatively scarce, about 12 per cent
of the shells received ; and as the terms of the description in-
clude also the far commoner form described in paragraph (a),
it seems best to regard that as the typical form of the species.

(c) Similar to the typical form, but the basal fold is re-
duced to a small, inconspicuous pad, or not perceptible (pi.
30, fig. 11 ; length 2.75, diam. 1.2 mm.) . Often smaller, length
2.44 mm.

(d) Similar to the typical form, but having the basal fold
twinned (pi. 30, fig. 9).

In every specimen of G. larapinta seen, the interpalatal
plica is present, with the upper and lower palatals forming a
graded series. The infraparietal tubercle is rarely wanting,
but the basal plica is decidedly variable in development.

(e) G. larapinta deserti n. subsp. PI. 30, figs. 1, 2, 3. The
shell is subcylindric, thin, gray- whitish. Angular and pari-
etal lamellae as in larapinta, but both thinner, the parietal less
curved. No infraparietal lamella or tubercle. Columellar
lamella and upper and lower palatal plicae as in larapinta.
There is no interpalatal plica, and the basal fold is wanting
(or in some specimens is present, but small or minute). Peri-
stome is well expanded, thin.

Length 2.25, diam. above aperture 1.15 mm.

Length 2.25, diam. above aperture 1 mm.

Central Australia: Tempe Downs, Reedy Creek, Palm
Creek, Stuart's Pass, Painta Spring and Alice Springs (Tate,
for P. mooreana; Horn Exped.). Northwestern Australia at
Forrest Eiver, 18° 33' S. lat, 125° 8' E. Ion. (Richard Helms).

GASTROCOPTA, AUSTRALIA. 171

The specimens sent by Professor Tate, two of which are
figured in pi. 30, figs 2, 3, were partly in the same lots with
G. larapinta and G. tatei, and were mostly labeled P. mooreana
by Professor Tate. This identification I at first accepted, but
according to advices from London, the types of mooreana have
a horizontally entering columellar lamella, while in this form
the lamella ascends inwardly. Shells like pi. 30, fig. 11, hav-
ing an interpalatal plica but no basal fold, were also included
in mooreana by Tate, who figured one of that form in his pi.
19, fig. 20.

It differs from larapinta by the absence of infraparietal
and interpalatal plicae, in the series of 20 seen; the size is a
little less ; yet bearing in mind the analogous case of 6?. pen-
todon (Say), I feel doubtful about its subspecific distinction
from G. larapinta.

In one specimen of the lot the angular lamella is very small,
visible only on close inspection.

Specimens from Mr. Hedley, collected by Mr. Helms at For-
rest River (pi. 30, fig. 1), are a little larger, 2.5 to 2.55 mm,
long, diam. 1.1 mm., or 2.4, 1.2 mm. There is no brownish
tint except what may be caused by the dried animal. There
is a small infraparietal nodule in some examples, wanting in
others. The columellar lamella has a rounded outline and
ascends obliquely inward. Lower palatal plica is strong, the
upper smaller and far shorter. There is no basal fold. The
lip expands broadly. This place is not very far from the type
locality of Pupa mooreana Smith.

104. GASTROCOPTA WALLABYEN sis (Smith).

Shell dextral, cylindroid, pellucid, white, narrowly rimate ;
whorls 5, very convex, separated by a deep suture very ob-
liquely striate, the last ascending in front. Spire cylindrical,
obtuse at the apex. Aperture small, ringent, one-fourth the
total length, having seven unequal teeth (three small parietal,
the middle one largest, one large lamelliform columellar, and
three large lamelliform palatals) ; peristome lightly expanded,
the margins approaching, joined by a thin callous. Length
2.5, diam. 1 mm. (Smith).

172 HYPSELOSTOMA-BOYSIDIA GROUP.

West Australia: East Wallaby Island, Houtmans Abrolhos
(Walker).

Pupa waUaby en-sis E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
i, 1894, p. 97.

' ' The teeth of this species are very characteristic, and block
up the aperture to a considerable extent. The three parietal
are much smaller than the rest, and situated close together,
the central one being the largest. That on the columella is
large, lamelliform, and prominent. The central palatal tooth
is narrow, long, and extends inwards ; those on each side of it
are shorter, but a trifle more prominent, perhaps.

"~P. macdonnelli Brazier, from Fitzroy Island, N. E. Aus-
tralia, is a little shorter than this species and has more feeble
armature in the aperture" (Smith).

Mr. B. B. Woodward, who has kindly examined the type
specimen for me, states that the columellar lamella ascends
within. The species is therefore related to the polymorphic
G. larapinta. It differs by the unusually small aperture (only
one-fourth the total length, while in larapinta it is at least
one-third), and the narrower contour of the shell. It has not
been figured.

THE HYPSELOSTOMA-BOYSIDIA GROUP.

These forms are similar to Gastrocopta in dentition and in
the thin shell of not many whorls (4 to 6). They differ from
Gastrocopta by the markedly conic spire, when the shell is
Pupiform. In certain aberrant forms the spire is much de-
pressed, and in all the last whorl becomes horizontal or (usu-
ally) ascends. Its tendency is to become tangential. The
peristome is generally continuous. They inhabit a large part
of the Oriental Region.

Gredler and von Mollendorff have discussed the connection
of Hypselostoma and Boysidia through several species of in-
termediate form. The latter authority, however, would not
unite both in one genus, holding that the free and produced
last whorl of Hypselostoma sufficiently differentiates it from
Boysidia.

It may be assumed that the primitive forms of the Hypse-

HYPSELOSTOMA-BOYS1DIA GROUP. 173

lostoma and Boysidia group, like Odontocyclas, Fauxulus, and
some other members of the same subfamily, had independent
angular and parietal lamellae. In one series this primitive
condition has persisted ; in another these lamellaa have united.
The primary division of the group should therefore be into
two series :

(1) Forms which have retained the angular and parietal
separate and parallel, and (2) those in which these two lamella
have become more or less completely concrescent, as they have
in Oastrocopta.

A secondary division of both of these series may then be
based upon the character of the last whorl, whether adnate to
the preceding, as in normal Pupaa (a primitive condition), or
becoming free, extended or upturned (a highly evolved con-
dition).

This gives us the following arrangement:

Parietal and Parietal and angular

angular separate concrescent

Last whorl free Gyliauchen Hypselostoma

Last whorl adnate Paraboysidia Boysidia

If my interpretation of the facts of structure is sound, it
appears that the free last whorl in Hypselostoma and Gyli-
auchen is a secondary character assumed independently in
terminal members of two phyletic series. These two genera
are not directly related, but are allied through genera of nor-
mal form.

The two groups Bensonella and Anauchen are side lines,
differentiated in tooth structure.

The most primitive Boysidia, B. strophostoma, has retained
an early structure in the separate angular and parietal lamel-
lae, and in this single character (but not in form of the colu-
mellar lamella), it approaches Paraboysidia. In the latter
group, the species rol)usta and kelantanensis have evolved
parallel to the Boysidia; in the single character of united an-
gular and parietal lamellae, retaining the columellar structure

174 HYPSELOSTOMA-BOYSIDIA GROUP.

proper to their group. It is this interlacing of characters
which has influenced me to retain Boysidia and Paraboysidia
in one genus. Eventually I believe that the two will be sep-
arated ; but no doubt a great many species remain to be dis-
covered in southern China and Indo-China, and they will test
the distinctions now drawn.

The diagnostic characters of the genera and subgenera are
given below in the form of a key, in which entries are also
made for the determination of aberrant species.

Key to Genera and Subgenera.

a. Angular and parietal lamellae concrescent into one sin-
uous or lobed lamella.

b. Last whorl adnate to the preceding.

c. Columellar lamella descending steeply inward.

BOYSIDIA.

c1. Entering part of columellar lamella hori-
zontal; peristome interrupted above, Boysidia
robusta.

bl. Last whorl becoming free, projecting or ascending.

HYPSELOSTOMA.

a1. Angular and parietal lamellae distinct and parallel.
b. Last whorl adnate to the preceding.

c. Columellar lamella horizontally entering.
d. Teeth ending outwardly in hooks.

BENSONELLA.

d1. Teeth simple, not hooked. PARABOYSIDIA.
c1. Columellar lamella descending inward, Boy-
sidia strophostoma.
b1. Last whorl becoming free and projecting.

GYLIAUCHEN.
a2. No angular lamella, the parietal standing alone ; last whorl

adnate to the preceding ANAUCHEN.

a3. No teeth in the aperture; last whorl becoming free in
front, Hypselostoma edentulum.

HYPSELOSTOMA. 175

Genus HYPSELOSTOMA Benson.

Tanystoma BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xvii, p. 130,
Feb. 1856; not of Latreille, 1829 (Diptera).— Hypsclostoma
BENS., t. c., April, 1856, p. 342; monotype T. tubiferum.—
Tonkinia J. MABILLE, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p.
123 ; monotype T. mirabilis.

The shell is umbilicate, spire conoidal, elevated or depressed,
spirally striate; the last whorl angular or carinate, becoming
free, the free portion more or less ascending, straight or
twisted upward; aperture varying from subvertical to hori-
zontal and looking upward, usually toothed, the angular and
parietal lamella wholly concrescent into one irregular lamella;
peristome expanded. Animal externally as in Gastrocopta,
having long eye-stalks and short tentacles.

Type H. tubiferum (Bens).

Distribution : Burma, Tonkin, etc., the Loochoo Islands and
Philippines.

According to Blanford and von Mollendorff the Hypselos-
tomas are rock snails, living on limestone, generally covered
with lime dust. They nestle in cracks and holes, and often
are hard to see.

Hypselostoma differs from Gylmuchen by having the an-
gular and parietal lamellae concrescent into a single bilobed
lamella. It is a more evolved genus than Gyliauchen, which
retains the primitive structure of two parallel lamellae. The
lamella? and plica? of Hypselostoma are never spiniferous.
The genus was apparently derived from Boysidioid ancestors,
and differs from Boysidia chiefly by the free last whorl ; also
by the spiral striation, which, however, is almost obsolete or
relegated to an early neanic stage in some species.

The chief teeth are usually placed in form of a cross, the
parietal and lower palatal, the columellar and upper palatal
being symmetrically opposed. The basal fold is very often
wanting, but the upper palatal plica is, with few exceptions,
larger and more constant than in Gastrocopta.

In H. tubiferum, H. mirabile and H. roebeleni the last whorl
is twisted upward, bringing the plane of the aperture nearly
parallel to the equatorial plane, and elevated above the de-

176 HYPSELOSTOMA.

pressed spire. The animal therefore carries the shell in-
verted. In other species the aperture approaches more to the
vertical position, though it always looks upward somewhat.

The genus Tonkinia of Mabille has not been described or
illustrated well enough to permit one to form a definite
opinion, but for the present it may be placed in the synonymy
of Hypselostoma. It was defined as follows :

Shell discoidal with convex spire ; last whorl strongly cari-
nate, inverted at the end, carrying a toothed aperture, pro-
vided with a sinus or oval gutter at the summit and towards
the suture ; umbilicus wide, permitting the whorls to be seen
(Mabille).

The few continental species known belong to several
groups. H. annamiticum appears to be somewhat related to
Philippine species. I do not know where H. laidlawi belongs,
and the same is true of H. dayanum, which has been placed
in Paraboysidw.

The single Loochooan species is closely related to those of
the Philippines.

The Philippine group consists of species having spiral stria-
tion (sometimes present only on early whorls), a thin peri-
stome, and there is usually no basal plica. It may be regarded
as a natural group, of common ancestry ; but the modifications
have been considerable, two extremes being represented by
H. edentulum, in which the aperture is slightly oblique and
toothless, and H. roebeleni, having the shell depressed and the
aperture turned up, as in H. tuHferum. I have not seen H.
polyodon or H. pusillum. It is likely that many more species
will be found, as those known are scattered from Luzon to
Bohol, many intervening islands having none recorded.

H. laidlawi, no. 4, and H. dayanum (Boysidiaf day ana) are
not included in the following

Key to Species of Hypselostoma.

a. Diameter about double the altitude, openly umbilicate,
with low-conoid or depressed spire, the aperture turned
upward, nearly horizontal.

HYPSELOSTOMA. 177

b. Alt. 2, diam. 5 mm. ; white. Tonkin.

H. mirdbile, no. 2.
&1. Diam. 4 to 4.5 mm.

c. 5 to 7 teeth, the upper palatal bilobed ; spiral
striation very faint or obsolete on last whorl.
Burma, etc. H. tubiferum, no. 1.

c1. 4 teeth, the upper palatal simple; spirally
striate. Philippines. H. roebeleni, no. 11.

Spire conic or pyramidal; umbilicus narrow except in the
last half -whorl; aperture subvertical or moderately in-
clined upward.

&. Aperture without teeth ; diam. 3.25 mm., equal to or
exceeding the alt. Calamianes, Philippines.

H. edentulum, no. 12.
&1. Aperture having teeth.

c. Alt. 3.8 to 4.4 mm., exceeding the diam. ; last

whorl scarcely ascending, shortly free, densely

striate spirally and not conspicuously angular.

Annam. H. annamiticum, no. 3.

c1. Smaller, more delicate insular species.

d. Alt. 1.75, diam. 2.3 mm. ; 6 teeth. Loo-
choo Is. H. wsularum, no. 5.

d1. Philippine species.

e. 6 teeth, the parietal very strong;
alt. 2, diam. 2.66 mm. Tablas.

H. polyodon, no. 8.
e1. 4 or 5 teeth, there being no basal
plica.

/. Neck long, but little ascend-
ing; last whorl strongly
carinate and spirally striate.
Luzon. H. luzonicum, no. 6.
f1. Neck rather short, the last
whorl angular, not spirally
striate; alt. 2.5, diam. 2.2 to
2.5 mm. Bohol.

E. quadrasi, no. 9.

178 HYPSELOSTOMA.

f2. Neck rather short, ascend-
ing; 2x2 mm. Coron, Cal-
amianes. H. pusillum, no. 10.

f3. Neck very shortly free and
strongly ascending; alt. 2,
diam. 2.3 mm. Sibuyan.

H. sibuyanicum, no. 7.

Continental Species.
1. HYPSELOSTOMA TUBIFERUM (Benson). PI. 31, figs. 1 to 5.

Shell depressed conoid, very lightly radially striate, cor-
neous; spire shortly conoid, the apex rather obtuse; suture
channeled ; whorls 3%, convex, the last forming a tube which
is drawn out and twisted upward, above the summit; at the
periphery strongly, obtusely carinate; having on the upper
surface a swollen belt separated from the periphery by a deep
furrow, the lower surface convex, angular to the aperture
around the open, perspective umbilicus. Aperture nearly
horizontal, looking upward, 6 or 7 toothed, teeth lamelliform,
two parietal (the superior stronger, doubled, the inferior small
and deeply placed), one moderate columellar, four palatals,
of which the upper one is duplicate and the third one larger.
Peristome expanded throughout, a little reflected. Greatest
diam. 4, min. 3, height 2 mm. (Pfr.).

Burma: Thyet-Mio, on the banks of the Irawadi, on lime-
stone rocks (Blanford, Theobald, Oldham). Ava (Benson):
Peak of Mya Leit Doung, about 20 miles south of Mandalay ;
Tsagyen Hills; and in Pegu as far south as Henzada (Blan-
ford).

Tanystoma tubiferum BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xvii,,
1856, p. 130. — Hypselostoma tubiferum Bens., PFB., Novit.
Conch., i, p. 130, pi. 36, f. 1-4; Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, 325; v,
437. — STOLICZKA, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xl, 1871, p. 173,
pi. 7, f. 1.— BLANFORD, J. A. S. B., xxxii, 1863, p. 326.— HAN-
LEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi. 8, f. 3. — GUDE, Fauna of
Brit. India, Moll., ii, 1914, p. 298.

In this type species of Hypselostoma the angular and pari-
etal lamellae are wholly concrescent into a single lamella with

HYPSELOSTOMA. 179

strongly bilobed crest. The upper palatal plica is also bilobed,
and with the angulo-parietal forms an oval sinulus. The
other lamella and plicae are deeply placed. Lower palatal
and columellar large, basal fold smaller. A very deeply im-
mersed, short infraparietal lamella is often developed, and
usually a short interpalatal plica; so that there may be as
many as 7 or as few as 5 teeth. In H. roebeleni the angulo-
parietal lamella is less distinctly bilobed, the upper palatal
plica is short and simple, and interpalatal, basal and infra-
parietal teeth are absent. H. mirabile also seems to have
fewer teeth. The usual diameter of H. tubiferum is 4.3 to 4.4
mm. The length of the neck varies.

When cleaned with sufficient care (and not too much), deli-
cate spiral striae may be seen in places on the second and third
whorls, but they are easily removed. The embryonic shell
comprises 1% whorls, and is minutely granulose.

"In some places hundreds may be found adhering in dry-
weather to the surface of limestone rock, upon which alone it
appears to occur, in the same manner as species of Pupa and
Clausilia are frequently found in Europe. The animal of H.
tubiferum is very small and black, of the usual helicidous
form, with 4 tentacles" (Stanford) .

"The specimens I saw were pale gray; they had the eye
pedicels rather more elongated than usually in species of
Pupa, and more resembling those of Helix; the tentacles at
the base of the rostrum were very minute, both blackish. The
rostrum itself is thick and very minutely notched at the front
edge. The foot is short, ovately elongated, roundly truncate
posteriorly. The animal, when moving, carries its shell in a
reverse position" (Stoticzka).

2. HYPSELOSTOMA MIRABILE (J. Mabille). PL 31, figs. 6, 7.

Shell very small, broadly umbilicate, subdepressed-convexly-
discoidal, rather solid, scarcely shining, white, roughly stri-
atulate under a strong lens. Spire convex ; apex large, mamil-
late, corneous, glossy. Whorls 4, convex, gradually and reg-
ularly increasing, separated by a simple, impressed suture,
the last whorl large, nearly equal in width to the penultimate

180 HYPSELOSTOMA.

as viewed from above, at the periphery carinate, ascending-
towards the aperture, inflated next to the suture above, then
subconvexly sloping, below impressed at the carina; convex,
and radially rib-striate around the umbilicus. Aperture en-
tire, turned upward, irregularly oblong, toothed — one strong,
entering parietal lamina, another smaller columellar, sur-
rounding a little channel. Peristome thickened, continuous,
free, the outer margin spreading. Diam. maj. 5, min. 4, alt.
2mm. (MabiUe).

Tonkin.

Tonkinia mirabilis MABILLE ("Moll. Tonk. Diag., p. 9;
May 14, 1887") ; Bull. Soc. Malac. de France, iv, 1887, p. 123,
pi. 1, f. 4, 5.

The figures, which I copy, are incorrect, according to Ma-
bille. "The apertural lamellae and the gutter have not been
represented; the aperture is not elevated enough, and the
carina is not shown." The gutter mentioned is, I suppose,
the sinulus, commonly more or less conspicuous in Hypse-
lostoma.

3. HYPSELOSTOMA ANNAMITICUM Moellendorff.

Shell perforate, irregularly trochiform, rather thin, deli-
cately striatulate, decussated by microscopic spiral lines,
rufous-brown. Spire elevated conic, the apex somewhat ob-
tuse, glossy. Whorls 5%, subangularly convex, separated by
a deeply impressed suture, the last whorl ascending in front,,
shortly free and built forward, indistinctly angular in front
of the suture, below the periphery and in the middle of the
base. Aperture nearly vertical, rounded-trapezoidal; peri-
stome continuous, moderately expanded, spreading. Parietal
lamella bifid, strong, deeply entering; columellar lamella
strongly elevated, deep ; 3 palatal teeth, two larger plicae
forming a cross with their opposites, the third basal, small.
Diam. 3.5, alt. 3.8 mm. (Mlldff.).

Annam: Phuc-son (Fruhstorfer).

Hypselostoma annamiticum v. MLLDFF., Nachrbl. Deutschen
Malac. Ges., vol. 32, Oct. 1900, p. 133.

H . transitans of Samui is understood to be the nearest rela-

HYPSELOSTOMA. 181

tive; like this species, the new one stands perhaps on the
border between Boysidia and Hypselostoma, which are fur-
ther linked together by forms like B. boettgeri of Java and
strophostoma from the West River above Canton. The last
whorl becoming free, and its angulation, though quite weak-
ened, influence the reference to Hypselostoma (Mlldff.).

30, H. a. altius n. subsp. PL 31, figs. 11, 12, 13.

The specimens before me differ somewhat from von Mollen-
dorff 's diagnosis, and probably constitute a race or subspecies.
The base is barely perforate, much more narrowly than in
Boysidia hunana.

The shell is larger and especially higher and narrower than
H. annamiticum. Chestnut-brown, very densely sculptured
with filiform, minutely crinkled and often interrupted spiral
striae. Whorls 51/2, convex, not angular, the last straightened
and built forward, very indistinctly subangular above and at
the periphery, rounded beneath. Angulo-parietal lamella bi-
lobed. The columellar lamella is bent downward, but enters
horizontally. The upper palatal plica descends somewhat.
Lower palatal has the broad summit deflected upward. The
lip is strongly thickened within.

Alt. 4.25, greatest diameter including lip 3.7 mm.

Alt. 4.35, greatest diameter including lip 3.75 mm.

Annam (Fruhstorfer).

Except in color, this shell has little in common with H.
transitans, the concrescent angular and parietal lamellae and
the sculpture being notably diverse in the two species.

4. HYPSELOSTOMA LAIDLAWI Collinge. PI. 31, figs. 14, 15.

Shell dextral, conical, with last whorl dorsally grooved, sur-
face smooth, deeply umbilicated ; whorls 5, regularly increas-
ing; aperture CO-shaped, armature consists of four teeth, a
dorsal and a ventral one situated on the upper and lower
border of the peristome, and two smaller internal teeth, one
on the right and one on the left of the peristomial teeth ; peri-
stome thin, slightly reflected. Alt. and diam. i millim. (Col-
linge).

182 HYPSELOSTOMA.

Malay Peninsula: Biserat Caves, State of Jalor (Skeat
Exped.).

Hypselostoma laidlawi COLLINGE, Journ. of Malacol., ix,
Sept. 29, 1902, p. 83, pi. 5, f. 29, 30.

Prom the insufficient description and figure, the affinities
of this species cannot be determined. It is of about the size
of H. dayanum, but has fewer teeth — parietal, columellar,
upper and lower palatal, according to the description. Noth-
ing is said of an angular lamella, which should be present if it
is related to the bensoniana group. Mr. Collinge's figures are
copied. I suspect that the artist slanted the sutures in the
wrong direction. The shell may be a Gyliauchen.

Loochoo Species.
5. HYPSELOSTOMA INSULARUM Pilsbry. PL 32, figs. 1 to 4, 6.

The shell is very small, conic, with wide, nearly flat base ;
thin, pale brown, dull and lusterless, faintly striate, and en-
circled with minute spiral striae. Whorls 4%, convex. The
penultimate whorl becomes flat in its last half. The last
whorl has a strong but not acute peripheral keel, which does
not reach to the aperture. Above the keel the whorl is flat-
tened and concave; below it is slightly convex. Near the
aperture the whorl is straightened, loses the keel and becomes
convex above and below, somewhat tubular. It ascends slowly.
The base is weakly convex with a minute central perforation
and a long, curved, umbilical suture. The aperture stands
free of the preceding whorl, and looks upward somewhat. It
is irregularly rounded. The peristome is continuous, free,
thin and expanded throughout. There are six teeth situated
deep in the throat, as follows: A high, compressed, deeply
entering angulo-parietal lamella, the angular portion of which
flares towards the periphery where it overrides the parietal
portion; a thin entering columellar lamella which curves
downward and descends slightly as it enters; a minute sub-
columellar lamella; a rather large upper palatal plica, and a
smaller, more deeply placed and basally situated lower palatal,
with a minute interpalatal plica between these two.

Alt. 1.75, diam. 2.3 mm.

HYPSELOSTOMA. 183

Loochoo Is.: Yonakunijima (Y. Hirase). Type 95,252 A.
N. S. P.

Hypselostoma insularum PILS., The Conchological Maga-
zine, ii, 1808, p. 41, fig. 2.

This species resembles H. luzonicum Mlldff., from near
Manila, in shape. It differs by the much smaller size, shorter
neck, the presence of a subcolumellar (or it may possibly be
a basal) fold, and the more sinuous angulo-parietal tooth of
the Loochoo species. The very fine and delicate spiral striae
seem to be of cuticular substance.

Philippine Species.
6. HYPSELOSTOMA LUZONICUM Moellendorff. PL 32, figs, 7, 8, 9.

Shell narrowly perforate, thin, corneous-brown. Whorls
5%, angulate-convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture,
striatulate, the upper ones angular below the middle, forming
a turrited-conic spire, the last whorl flattened, having a slight
spiral sulcus over the basal carina, free almost from the
middle, built out a long way, somewhat ascending. Crested
at suture and periphery, around the umbilicus and on the
back, so that it is somewhat tetragonal, at the base distinctly
lineolate spirally. Aperture turned upward very little,
rounded-quadrangular, with 4 or rarely 5 teeth opposed
cross-like; parietal lamella strong, high, entering deeply,
somewhat flexuous; columellar smaller, horizontal, receding;
two or three teeth in the throat. Peristome simple, thin, a
little expanding. Alt. 2%, width 2%, alt. and width of aper-
ture 1mm. (Mlldff.).

Philippines : Antipolo, province of Manila, Luzon, on lime-
stone.

Hypselostoma luzonicum MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges.,
1888, p. 145 ; Bericht Senckenberg. Ges., 1890, p. 250, pi. 9,
f. 1 ; with var. major, p. 250, pi. 9, f. 2, and var. imbricata,
p. 250, pi. 9, f. 3.

The angular lamella is wholly concrescent with the parietal,
but its inner end, where it joins the parietal, is very slightly
deflected towards the periphery. The upper palatal converges
inward towards the lower, and a smaller interpalatal stands

184 HYPSELOSTOMA.

between them in most specimens from the type locality which
I have seen, but it is sometimes absent. There is no basal fold.
A sinulus is indistinctly defined by a prominence or boss on
the inner margin of the lip. The peristome is very thin
throughout. The original figures, copied in figs. 7, 8, are
somewhat diagrammatic, in Dr. Boettger's usual manner.

6a. H. I. major Mlldff. PL 32, fig. 10.

Differs from the type by the larger, more solid shell, more
convex, less angular whorls, the last one not or but slightly
sulcate spirally ; peristome more expanded, somewhat labiate,
and having a minute accessory denticle between the parietal
and columellar lamellaB. Alt. 2%, width 3, aperture alt. and
width iy8 mm. (Mlldff.).

High mountains of Morong district, Luzon.

66. H. I imbricata Mlldff. PI. 32, figs. 11, 13.

Differs by the slightly smaller, more slender shell, the whorls
being more distinctly angulate-carinate, the last having the
spiral sulcus more deeply excavated, aperture smaller, peri-
stome less expanded; generally 3 small, acute palatal teeth.
Alt. 1%, width 2%, alt. and width of aperture % mm.
(Mlldff.).

Near the town of Medellin, northern Cebu. Fig. 13 is from
a specimen from the Quadras collection.

H. I. lubanicum Mlldff. is mentioned in the Verzeichniss, in
Abhandl. Naturforsch. Ges. Gorlitz, vol. 22, 1898, p. 126, from
Luban. I have not found a description.

7. HYPSELOSTOMA SIBUYANICUM Moellendorff.

Shell rimate, thin, irregularly turrited-conie, very delicately
striate, opaque, pale corneous-brown. Spire turrited-conic,
with somewhat glossy, oblique apex. "Whorls 5, convex, sep-
arated by a strongly impressed suture, the last whorl rather
flat, obtusely carinate below the middle, slightly guttered
above the carina, strongly ascending in front, very shortly
free and built forward. Aperture inclined backward,
rounded-rhomboid; peristome simple, thin, much expanded.
Parietal lamella strong, much elevated, three rather long, sub-

HYPSELOSTOMA. 185

equal teeth, opposed in form of a cross. Diam. 2.3, alt. 2 mm.
(Mlldff.).

Philippines: a high mountain of Sibuyan (C. Roebelen).

Hypselostoma sibuyanicum MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges.,
vol. 28, Feb. 1896, p. 11.

8. HYPSELOSTOMA POLYODON Moellendorff .

Shell narrowly perforate, turbinate, thin, pellucid, deli-
cately striatulate, opaque, buff-corneous. Spire rather ele-
vated, the sides concave, apex oblique, obtuse. Whorls 5,
convex, separated by a deeply impressed, almost channeled
suture, the last whorl obtusely carinate at the periphery, im-
pressed above the carina, subsulcate, base flat; in front it is
shortly free and built forward, moderately ascending, the
carina suddenly disappearing at the beginning of the ascent.
Aperture strongly inclined backward, rounded-rhomboid.
Peristome thin, narrowly expanded throughout. Parietal
lamella very strong, nearly % the height of the aperture,
flexuous ; on the right margin a rather long lamella approach-
ing the former ; columellar" short but rather strong ; three
rather strong basal teeth. Diam. 2.66, alt. 2 mm. (Mlldff.).

Philippines: Tablas; taken by a native collector.

Hypselostoma polyodon MLLDFF., Nachrichtsbl. d. Mai. Ges.,
vol. 28, Feb. 1896, p. 12.

9. HYPSELOSTOMA QUADBASI Moellendorff. PL 32, fig. 5.
Shell most narrowly perforate, irregularly pyramidal, thin,

somewhat pellucid, minutely striatulate, opaque, brown.
Spire elevated conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, angularly
convex, separated by a rather deep suture, the last shortly
free and built forward, a little ascending. Aperture vertical,
rounded-tetragonal. Peristome shortly expanded, thin. Pari-
etal lamella and columellar moderate, two teeth in the throat
opposite them in form of a cross. Diam. 2.5, alt. 2.5 mm.
(Mlldff.).

Philippines: Sierra Bullones, Bohol.

Hypselostoma quadrasi MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges.,
vol. 28, Aug. 1896, p. 88.

186 HYPSELOSTOMA.

The last whorl has a rounded angle in front, but in the last
half this is pinched up into a rounded keel with a concavity
above it. The glossy apical whorl is set rather sparsely with
minute granules, and faint traces of spiral threads may usu-
ally be seen on the following whorl or two, the last whorl
being smooth, matt, with some wrinkles along growth-lines in
the umbilicus. The upper palatal plica descends a little in-
wardly.

Alt. 2.4, diam. 2.3 mm.

Alt. 2.5, diam. 2.2 mm.

Related to luzonicum, but not so thin, smooth, the neck very
short. Figured from topotypes from the Quadras collection.

10. HYPSELOSTOMA PUSILLUM Moellendorff.

Shell rimate, turbinate, thin, finely striatulate, corneous,
the spire much elevated, gradate. Whorls 5%, angularly con-
vex, separated by a very deeply impressed suture, the last
whorl obtusely carinated at the periphery, planulate at base,
distorted and ascending, its last fourth free, built forward,
almost quadrangular behind the aperture. Aperture some-
what slanting backward; peristome simple, thin, shortly ex-
panded. Parietal lamella rather elevated, another smaller
one in the outer margin opposite and nearly touching the
former, and with it inclosing a circular sinulus; columellar
and palatal low and very deeply placed. Diam. 2, alt. 2 mm.
(Mttdff.).

Philippines: Coron Island, Calamianes (C. Roebelen).

Hypselostoma pusillum MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., vol.
26, June 1894, p. 100.

11. HYPSELOSTOMA ROEBELENI Moellendorff. PI. 31, figs. 8.
9,10.

Shell moderately and perspectively umbilicate, depressed-
conoid very lightly radially striatulate, somewhat decussated
by spiral microscopic lines, corneous-brown. Spire gradate,
moderately elevated, the sides a little concave, apex somewhat
obtuse. Whorls 4%, convex, separated by a deep suture, the
last bent upward from the middle, then becoming free, and

HYPSELOSTOMA. 187

built upward in a tube of good size, upper side and at the
periphery obtusely carinate, deeply guttered above the carina,
obtusely angular around the umbilicus. Aperture almost
horizontal, looking upward, rounded-tetragonal; peristome
simple, thin, expanded throughout. Parietal lamella strong,
much elevated, somewhat doubled; one columellar and two
palatal lamelliform teeth opposed in form of a cross. Diam.
maj. 4, min. 3, alt. 2.1 mm. (Mlldff.).

Philippines: Coron, in the Calamianes group (C. Roebelen).
Also Busuanga.

Hypselostoma roebeleni MLLDFF., Nachrblatt. d. Malak.
Ges., vol. 26, June 1894, p. 100.

This species differs from H. tiibiferum by the sculpture,
absence of a basal keel around the far narrower umbilicus, the
want of a basal lamella, and other features. It is not directly
related to tubiferum, being a species of the Philippine group
which, evolving parallel to tubiferum, has reached the same
stage. It has the sculpture, texture and dentition of other
Philippine species.

12. HYPSELOSTOMA EDENTULUM Moellendorff. PL 32, fig. 12.

Shell perforate, elevated turbinate, thin, subpellucid, lightly
striatulate, somewhat decussated by microscopic spiral lines,
corneous-brown. Spire rather elevated, the sides straight,
apex oblique, rather obtuse. Whorls 5!/4, angularly convex,
separated by a very deep suture, the last whorl obtusely an-
gular at the periphery, ascending gradually, then becoming
shortly free. Aperture vertical, rhombic, the peristome free,
thin, narrowly expanded throughout. No teeth. Diam. maj.
3.25, alt. 3.25 mm. (Mlldff.).

Philippines: Sangat Island, Calamianes group (C. Roe-
belen).

Hypselostoma edentulum MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. M. Ges., vol.
26, June 1894, p. 100.

Well distinguished by the absence of teeth. The initial
whorl has minute granules, which on its latter part become
arranged in spiral rows, spiral striae appearing on the second
whorl.

188 ANAUCHEN.

The texture, sculpture and form show that this species be-
longs to the luzonicum group, or at least that it was derived
from some form of that group ; but it has diverged remark-
ably in a single character, the loss of all teeth. Two specimens
measure :

Alt. 2.6, greatest diameter 3.25 mm.

Alt. 2.75, greatest diameter 3.2 mm.

Genus ANAUCHEN, n. gen.

The shell is umbilicate, pyramidal, light-colored and spirally
striate, last whorl scarcely or not ascending and not free.
The aperture is rounded, oblique, the peristome broadly ex-
panded but thin, shortly adnate above. No angular lamella;
parietal and columellar lamellae developed, the latter hori-
zontal ; 0-3 plicse in the lip.

Typejff. gereti (B. &D.).

This group is peculiar for having lost the angular lamella,
leaving a simple parietal. Except in H. messageri, the other
teeth are more or less completely degenerate. I do not know
whether A. rochebruni and angulina are spirally striate or
not. All but the last are from Tonkin.

This group is related to Hypselostoma by the spiral sculp-
ture but differs by having no angular lamella, and the last
whorl is adnate. This last is not a very important difference,
and one which may perhaps disappear with future discoveries.
I do not think it closely related to Boysidia.

Key to Species.

a. Last whorl swollen but not angular.

b. Five well-developed teeth; alt. 3, diam. 2.5 mm. or

smaller. A. messageri, no. 1.

ft1. Three small teeth, parietal, columellar and lower

palatal ; alt. 3.5, diam. 2.7 mm. A. gereti, no. 2.

a1. Last whorl somewhat angular at periphery and umbilicus.

6. Two teeth, parietal and lower palatal ; alt. 4, diam.

3 mm. A. rochebruni, no. 3.

&1. A parietal tooth only; alt. 3%, diam. 2% mm.

A. angulinus, no. 4.

ANAUCHEN. 189

1. ANAUCHEN MESSAGERI (Bavay et Dautzenberg) . PI. 33,
figs. 4, 7.

The shell is thin, opaque, deeply umbilicated. Spire pyra-
midal, turrited, obtuse at the summit, composed of 5 convex
whorls, separated by a very deep suture, and ornamented with
many microscopic, decurrent and noticeably waved striae.
Last whorl feebly ascending at the end. Aperture oblique,
rounded, armed with 5 folds. Peristome continuous, broadly
expanding. Parietal lamella very strong, compressed later-
ally, a little sinuous and less emerging than the others. Colu-
mellar lamella strong. Three palatal plicae, the middle one
stronger than the others. Color corneous fawn; peristome
whitish. Alt. 2%, diam. 2 mm.

Haut-Tonkin (Messager) ; Bac-Kan.

Boysidia messageri BAV. & DAUTZ., Journ. de Conchyl.,
1903, p. 211, pi. 9, f. 1-4.

"By its general form and the microscopic sculpture this
species resembles Boysidia gereti, but it differs by the more
rounded aperture, and by the folds within it; they are
stronger, project more, and there are three instead of a single
one within the outer lip."

Fig. 4 represents a specimen from Bac-Kan measuring, alt.
3, diam. 2.5 mm. The parietal lamella is somewhat arcuate,
being bent towards the columella within, but there is no trace
of an angular lamella. The plicae and lamellae are rather long.

2. ANAUCHEN GERETI (Bavay et Dautzenberg). PL 33, figs.

1, 2, 3.

The shell is thin, subpellucid, deeply umbilicate. Spire
pyramidal, turrited, obtuse at the summit, composed of 5 to
6 convex whorls, separated by a very deep suture, and orna-
mented with many waved microscopic spiral striae. Last
whorl not ascending. Aperture obliquely rounded, a little
transverse, having three folds. Peristome continuous,
broadly dilated and spreading, not reflected at the edge.
Columellar lamella immersed, of moderate size. Parietal
lamella compressed laterally, stronger and projecting more
than the columellar, but not reaching to the edge of the peri-

190 ANAUCHEN.

stome. Palatal plica feeble, short and immersed. Color, a
light corneous tint, the peristome and apertural folds whitish.
Alt. 3%, greatest diameter 2.7, least 2.3 mm.; aperture 1%
mm. high, 1.6 wide (B. &D.}.

Haut-Tonkin (Messager). Lao-Kay.

Boysidia gereti BAV. et DAUTZ., Journ. de Conchyl., 1903,
p. 212, pi. 9, f. 5-8.

This species is characterized by the concavely pyramidal
form, oblique aperture with three small, simple teeth, and the
pale color.

The embryonic whorl is glossy, weakly granulose, and shows
some very delicate spiral lines. Subsequent whorls are min-
utely granulose, and the last 2y2 spirally striate. The last
whorl is swollen above the middle. The parietal lamella is
simple and straight; apparently the angular has wholly dis-
appeared. The columellar lamella and lower palatal plica are
often very weak. Some specimens from Lao-Kay are less ele-
vated than the type.

3. ANAUCHEN ROCHEBRUNI (J. Mabille).

Shell umbilicate, subregularly conic-pyramidal, small, uni-
form corneous, pellucid, fragile, slightly striate under a strong
lens. Spire pyramidal, high; apex glossy, large, obtuse.
Whorls 5y2 to 6, convex, the first gradually and regularly in-
creasing, the rest very rapidly, separated by a deep suture;
the last whorl large, convex, angular at the periphery, upper
angle disappearing before reaching the peristome, convex
below, obtusely keeled around the narrow, perspective umbil-
icus, near the aperture a little dilated and not descending.
Aperture slightly oblique, narrowed by two teeth, one parietal,
rather deeply placed, the other palatal, tuberculiform. Peri-
stome interrupted, acute, a little thickened, spreading, white
and glossy on the inner side ; margins approximating, joined
by a very thin callous. Major diam. 3, minor 2, alt. 4 mm.
(MabWe).

Tonkin.

Hypselostoma rochebruni MABILLE ("Moll. Tonk. Diag., p.
8; May 14, 1887"); Bull. Soc. Malac. de France, iv, July
1887, p. 121.

ANAUCHEN. 191

"This species is quite nearly related to the following
(Hypselostoma crossei) , in company with which it appears to
live. It differs by the more slender, narrower spire, the less
developed last whorl, the more superior angulation of which
disappears entirely towards the aperture ; finally by the posi-
tions and number of the teeth" (MabUle).

It has not been figured, but from the description seems re-
lated to gereti. I suspect that there is a deeply placed colu-
mellar lamella.

4. ANAUCHEN ANGULINUS (Gredler). PL 33, figs. 5, 6.

Shell thin, perviously and widely umbilicate, trochiform,
spire conoidal; apex obtuse; very weakly striatulate, silky,
pale corneous; whorls 6, convex, the last rapidly increasing,
hardly ascending, obtusely angular at the periphery and um-
bilicus; aperture diagonal, ample, rounded-tetragonal, tooth-
less except for a simple, low and short parietal fold;
peristome very thin, broadly expanded, slightly reflected, the
margins joined by a callous which is adnate in the middle
and arcuately extended towards the left. Alt. 3%, basal
width 2% mm. (Gredler).

China: Hunan or Hupe.

Pupa angulina GREDLER, Zur Conchylien-Fauna von China,
viii, Stuck, Bozen, 1885, p. 7 ; Annalen K. K. Naturhist. Hof-
museums, ii, 1887, p. 285, pi. 11, f. 22, 23.

This species appears to have some resemblance to A. gereti,
but the teeth are reduced to a single parietal lamella. I have
not seen it.

192 BOYSIDIA.

Genus BOYSIDIA Ancey.

The shell is conic, narrowly umbilicate or perforate, open-
ing out broadly in the last half-whorl, which is straightened
and built forward to the ventral face; composed of 5 to 6y2
convex whorls; the surface minutely granular. Aperture
subvertical, essentially hexodont, but additional teeth may be
present, or the basal fold may be wanting ; angular and pari-
etal lamellae independent or concrescent into a sinuous lamella.
Peristome expanded, either continuous or interrupted and ad-
nate above.

Type: B. dorsata (Anc.).

Distribution : from the Yangtze Valley to Java.

For the present, two groups which will possibly be con-
sidered of generic value are included in this genus: (1) BOY-
SIDIA proper, and (2) BENSONELLA with the subgenus Para-
boysidia.

Key to Species of Boysidia, Bensonella and Paraboysidia.
a. Columellar lamella obliquely descending inward.

b. Angular and parietal lamellae united into one lobed
or sinuous lamella.

c. Alt. 3.3 to 4, diam. about 2.5 mm.

B. hunana, no. 1 ; B. dorsata, no. 2.
c1. Alt. 2.75, diam. 2 mm.; angulo-parietal la-
mella widest in the middle.

B. hangchowensis, no. 3.
&1. Angular and parietal lamellae separate, parallel.

B. strophostoma, no. 4.

a1. Entering portion of the columellar lamella horizontal, not
descending inwardly.

b. Lamellae and plicae terminating outwardly in hooks;
angular and parietal lamellae separate and parallel.

B. plicidens, no. 5.
b1. Ends of the lamellae and plicae not hooked.

c. Peristome thick, white, not continuous across
the parietal wall.

d. Angular and parietal lamellae concres-
cent into one lamella with a spur on the
right side; length 5 mm.

B. robusta, no. 6.

BOYSIDIA. 193

d1. Angular and parietal separate and par-
allel; length 3 mm. B. lamothci, no. 7.
c1. Peristome continuous across the parietal wall.
d. Small, length less than 2.5 mm.; an-
gular and parietal lamellae long and
parallel.

e. Aperture rounded- triangular with
7 teeth; surface most minutely
granular in spiral lines; alt. 1.8,
diam. 1.4 mm. B. paviei, no. 8.
e1. Aperture similar, with 9 teeth;
granulation uniform; shell nar-
rower; alt. 2.2, diam. 1.5 mm.

B. landurensis, no. 9.
e2. Aperture subcircular, 8 teeth ; alt.
1, diam. 1.1 mm. B. dayana, no. 10.
d1. Larger, length 3 to over 5 mm.

e. Angular lamella low, converging
to the parietal within; space be-
tween upper and lower palatal
plicae concave; about 6 teeth; alt.
3.2, diam. 2.5 mm.

B. kelantanensis, no. 13.
e1. Angular and parietal lamellae
parallel.

/. 4 to 5 mm. long, with 5 whit-
ish teeth.

B. salwiniana, no. 12.
f1. 3 mm. long.

g. An impression behind
the outer lip, as in
Vertigo antivertigo. S.
W. Hupe.

B. hupeana, no. 11.
gl. No impression; about
9 teeth. Java.

B. boettgeri, no. 14.

194 BOYSIDIA.

Subgenus BOYSIDIA s. str.

Boysidia ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, i, March, 1881, p. 373, for
P. dorsata and P. plicidens. — GUDE, Fauna of British. India,
Moll., ii, 1914, p. 293, type P. dorsata. — Gredleriella MLLDFF.,
Jahrb. D. M. Ges., 1884, p. 179, for P. hunanensis only.

The angular and parietal lamellae are concrescent, forming
one bilobed lamella (except in B. strophostoma, where they
are only weakly connected) ; the inner end of the columettar
lamella turns down.

Two Chinese species, B. gracilis Mlldff. and B. euconus
Mlldff., are mentioned by Dr. von Mollendorif in his Binnen-
Mollusken aus Westchina und Centralasien, ii, 1902, p. 85. I
have not seen descriptions.

1. BOYSIDIA HUNANA (Gredler). PL 33, figs. 8, 9.

Shell openly umbilicate, turrite-conic, irregularly and
weakly striatulate, silky, reddish brown. Whorls 6 to 6%, a
little convex, the last produced in a tube in front, somewhat
ascending. Aperture ample, oblong, 5-plicate: three short,
immersed plicas in the palate, the lower one punctiform; one
lamelliform, obliquely descending around the columella, and
one high but thin, flexuous parietal lamella. Peristome ex-
panded, fragile. Alt. 1%, breadth 114 lines [about 3y3 x2%
mm.] (Gredler).

China: Yiin-tcheu-fu, Prov. Hunan (K. Fuchs, type loc.) ;
throughout the Yangtse valley, common on limestone rocks
(Heude).

Pupa hunana GREDLER, Jahrb. d. Deutschen Malak. Ges,,
viii, 1881, p. 23, pi. 1, f. 5. — HEUDE, Notes sur les mollusques
terrestres de la vallee du Fleuve Bleu, p. 76, pi. 18, f. 25. —
Pupa (Gredleriella) hunanensis GredL, MLLDFF., Jahrb. D.
M. Ges., xi, 1884, p. 179. — Pupa (Boysidia) hunanensis var.
conspicua MLLDFF., Jahrb., xii, 1885, p. 396.

Typical hunana has the last whorl built forward, "trom-
petenformig erweitert, lostretend und ein wenig ansteigend,"
according to Gredler 's description and figure. So far as I
know, this form is local ; at least it is not what is commonly
known as hunana in collections.

BOYSIDIA. 195

The common Yangtse valley form, as well as that from the
Marble Rocks, near Canton, is more broadly conic with the
peristome barely free from the preceding whorl, and is what
von Mollendorff has described as conspicua. He says: "The
manner of life is that of Pupa avenacea and muhlfeldti, which
are also like it in color. They sit chiefly gregarious on naked
limestone rocks, leaving them only in very dry times, and are
often frosted over gray with lime dust, so that they are easily
overlooked. ' '

la. B. hunana conspicua Moellendorff. PI. 33, figs. 10, 12, 13,
14.

Differs from the type by the distinctly more conic, more
solid shell, the umbilicus more open, whorls 5% to 6 (not 6
to G1/^), more rapidly increasing, the last higher and more
ventricose; aperture larger for the height of the shell, but
with quite similar lamellae and teeth, peristome more thickly
labiate (Mttdff.).

China: Tsat-sing-yen or Marble Rocks of the West River
above Canton, prov. Guang-dung. Also Tong-king (Mlldff.).

The specimen figured measures, alt. 4, diam. including
peristome 2.5 mm., with slightly over 6 whorls. Color chest-
nut-brown, the lip orange-cinnamon. The angular lamella
reaches the lip, and is concrescent with the parietal at its
inner end, the junction marked by a notch. Parietal is rather
short, high, and its inner end curves slightly towards the
periphery (figs. 10, 14). The columellar lamella descends ob-
liquely as it enters (fig. 10). The upper palatal plica slopes
downward a little as it enters. The peristome is distinctly
thickened within.

2. BOYSIDIA DORSATA (Ancey).

Shell conic, obscurely corneous-fulvous, rather thin, the
apex obtuse. Spire conoidal, 6% rather convex whorls, the
last inflated, rotund, somewhat narrowed before the aperture.
Suture impressed. Aperture rounded-oval, thrust forward;
peristome reflected, the margins continuous; furnished with
two rather deeply-placed teeth in the right margin ; two other

196

BOYSIDIA.

lamelliform, somewhat twisted teeth, one above, the other
columellar. Apex of the aperture a little directed towards
the right. Growth striae little impressed. Umbilicus patulous,
deep. Length 4, width 2.5 mm. (Ancey).

China: Lake Poyang (M. Kermorgant).

Pupa dorsata ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, i, 1881, p. 373, 407 ;
II Naturalista Siciliano, ii, 1883, p. 266. — Boysidia dorsalis
Ancey, MLLDFP., Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb.,
vi, 1902, p. 85.

Upon comparing with a specimen of hunana from Gredler,
M. Ancey considered dorsata to be " a variety of Pupa hunana,
of lighter color, thinner, smaller, with the spire more rounded
and less strongly conoidal, the umbilicus narrower, the last
whorl less swollen, and the lower tooth of the interior of the
right margin very obsolete. Perhaps the species collected by
M. von Mollendorff southwest of Canton, and which M. Gred-
ler (Malak. Bl., 1882, 178) declared related to hunana but
different, is to be referred to the form I described. ' '

3. BOYSIDIA HANGCHOWENSIS (Pilsbry et Hirase). PL 33,
fig. 17.
The shell is high-conic, with obtuse apex and convex base,

minutely perforate, with a long curved umbilical rimation,
dark brown. The spire is straightly
conic, composed of 5% convex whorls.
The last whorl ascends slowly to the
aperture, its latter part being straight-
ened and built forward to the level
of the ventral face of the shell. There
is no crest or marked constriction be-
hind the lip. The aperture is trun-
cate-oval, the upper margin straight.
Peristome thin, well expanded, con-
tinuous; with a shallow dent outside
at the upper third of the outer lip.
The an^lar and parietal lamellae are
concrescent into one stout, straight

lamella reaching to the margin, wider in the middle of its.

Fig.l7.-B.hangchowensis.

BOYSIDIA. 197

length, where it shows traces of its dual composition. The
columellar lamella is strong, slopes obliquely downward as it
enters, and the outer end reaches to, but not upon, the expan-
sion of the lip. There are two short palatal plicse, the upper
one almost touching the parietal lamella, the lower one slightly
more deeply placed. Basal fold extremely minute.

Alt. 2.75, diam. 2 mm. ; longest axis of aperture 1.3 mm.

China: Hangchow, province Che-kiang (Hirase). Type no.
94,743 A. N. S. P.

Hypselostoma (Boysidia) hang chow ensis PILS., Proc. A. N.
S. Phila., 1908, p. 42, fig. 6.

The shell is much smaller than B. hunana conspicua Mlldff.,
with the angular and parietal lamellse more closely united, the
upper palatal approaching nearer to it, and the basal so
minute that it is very difficult to see, and probably will prove
to be inconstant.

4. BOYSIDIA STROPHOSTOMA (Mollendorff). PL 33, figs. 15, 16.

Shell rather openly umbilicate, turrited conic, very min-
utely striatulate, corneous-brown. Whorls 6, very convex, the
last produced forward, somewhat ascending. Aperture ver-
tical, rounded-tetragonal, the peristome thin, expanded. 3 to
4 palatal plicae, of which the middle one is longer ; columellar
strong, spirally receding; parietals 2, the first short, moder-
ately elevated, flexuous, the other deeply placed and approx-
imate to it. Length 2%, diam. 2% mm. (Mlldff.).

China: on the marble rocks of Tsat-sing-yen, on the West-
ern Kiver, prov. Guang-dung, taken by a Chinese collector.

Pupa (Boysidia) strophostoma MLLDFF., Jahrb. D. M. Ges.,
xii, 1885, p. 395, pi. 11, f. 23.

The oblique striation resembles that of B. hunana con-
spicua; there is a very fine, indistinct granulation over it.
The angular lamella is short, parallel to the parietal lamella,
with which its inner end weakly connects by a quite low cal-
lous. The parietal lamella is higher and straight. The colu-
mellar lamella descends obliquely inward. Upper and lower
palatal plicse are strong, subequal. There is a weak basal and
a well-developed suprapalatal plica. Alt. 3, diam. 2.1 mm.

198 BOYSIDIA.

This species differs from B. hunana conspicua by its 'smaller
size, thin lip, more separated angular and parietal lamellae,
the presence of a suprapalatal plica, etc. It is less evolved
than hunana by the less united angular and parietal lamellae.

Submenus BENSONELLA Pilsbry.

Bensonella PELS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 591, foot-
note ; type Pupa plicidens.

The shell is perforate and rimate, conic, minutely granulose,
having long, parallel angular and parietal lamellae, and the
usual horizontal columellar lamella and palatal plicae, all con-
spicuously hooked at their outer ends. Peristome thickened.

This group is closely related to Paraboysidia, from which
it differs conspicuously by having the teeth hooked. It may
be regarded as a specialized Paraboysidia. In the sole species
known there are many accessory lamellae and plicae.

Bensonella has several characters elsewhere seen only in the
European genus Abida. Such are the interruption of the an-
gular lamella (cf. the "spiral lamella" of Abida), and the de-
velopment of lamellae between the angular lamella and the
suture (as in Abida polyodon). As Bensonella and Abida do
not seem at all nearly related in other respects, these similar
structures are apparently homoplastic. The potentiality,
rather than the structure itself appears to have been inherited.
It may be noted also that some authors have recognized a cer-
tain likeness to Odontocyclas.

5. BOYSIDIA PLICIDENS (Benson). PL 34, figs. 1-4, 9, 10.

Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, subtrochiform, rather glossy,
obscurely striate, corneous. Five convex whorls, the last ven-
tricose, ascending in front, tumid at the base. Suture im-
pressed. Apex obtuse. Aperture irregular, subtriangular,
having 9 folds. Peristome continuous, sinuous, expanded, the
margins joined by an expanded callous; right margin im-
pressed in the middle outside, thickened and tubercular within.
Three parietal lamellae, of which the upper two are long; one
dentiform columellar; five palatals, two subbasal being
minute. Basal margin having a callous outside. Umbilicus
narrow. Length 2, diam. 1% mm- (Benson).

BOYSIDIA. 199

India: Landour, type loc., figs. 1, 2, 4, and Mussoorie (Ben-
son) ; Cherra Poonjee, Assam (Godwin-Austen).

China: Hangchow, prov. Chekiang (Hirase), fig. 3.

Japan: Suimura, Awa (Shikoku) ; Riozen, Omi; Yoro,
Mino, figs. 9, 10.

Pupa plicidens BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), iv, 1849,
p. 126. — PPR., Monogr., iii, 553. — KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl.
Cab., Pupa, p. 136, pi. 17, f . 23, 24.—Boysidia plicidens Bens.,
GUDE, Fauna of Brit. India, Moll., ii, p. 294. — ? ? Hydrocena
milium Bens., GODWIN-AUSTEN, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 515, pi. 30,
f. 3.

This species is easily known by the numerous lamellae and
plicae, most of them terminating outwardly in acute hooks.
The interruption of the angular lamella is also a special fea-
ture. Although common, the species has not been accurately
described or figured hitherto.

The shell is narrowly perforate, becoming openly rimate in
the last half-whorl. It is most minutely, densely granulose,
with very few widely-spaced growth-lines, and of a light
brown tint. The lip expands very little, but there is a depres-
sion behind it preceded by a low crest. Except in the sinulus,
the peristome has a callous rim within, and there is a rounded
tooth at the upper third of the outer lip, sometimes doubled.

The parietal wall (pi. 34, fig. 10) has more lamellae than any
other species of the genus. The angular lamella is twice as
long as the parietal. Deep within, it forms a hook, then be-
comes reduced to a mere thread, and then enlarges again, to
form a stout lamella which emerges to the lip-edge. There are
two small, immersed lamellae, both hooked in front, between
the angular and the outer suture, shown in fig. 10. The pari-
etal lamella is short and thick, terminating forward in a hook.
Infraparietal is much smaller, also hooked.

The columellar lamella is short, horizontal and hooked, as
are the small supra- and sub-columellar lamellae. These are
shown in profile at the left side of fig. 10, as well as in the
face views.

The upper and lower palatal plicae are readily distinguish-
able by their larger size. There are two small basal plicae (or

200 BOYSIDIA.

only a single one), an interpalatal, and one to three supra-
palatals, which do not show in the figures. All of these plicae
are hooked, except when very small.

Some variation may be noted in specimens from Landour,
the type locality. The summit is more obtuse in some ex-
amples (fig. 1), smaller in others (figs. 2, 4), these having a
fraction of a whorl more, fully 5 whorls. The Japanese speci-
mens have 5 to 5% whorls. The smallest specimen measured
is a trifle under 2.1 mm. long. Two topotypes received from
Benson measure :

Length 2.4, greatest diam. 1.75 mm.; 4% whorls (fig. 1).

Length 2.45, greatest diam. 1.9 mm.; 5 whorls (figs. 2, 4).

The number of minor plicae varies somewhat in different
individuals. I have seen specimens with as many as 16
lamellae and plicae.

"The animal has four tentacula, the superior pair bearing
the percipient points or eyes, the inferior very short. The
foot is hyaline, the tentacula and neck fuscous. The shell is
carried horizontally. It is very local, although tolerably abun-
dant where found. It creeps among moss, on damp rocks,
generally in places which are seldom or never visited by the
sun, in some of the lofty and precipitous glens of the moun-
tains near Landour. It seems to be a capricious species. On
a rock on which I found it abundantly one year, I could not
obtain a specimen at the same season in the following year"
(Benson) .

Col. Godwin-Austen (1872) thought that Hydrocena milium
Bens, might be the young of this species, but could not reach
a positive conclusion. He states that the specimens of plici-
dens from Mussoorie are of smaller size. He alludes also to
an undescribed Pupa like plicidens from the Jhelum Valley,
Kashmir, collected by Theobald (Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii,
262).

The writer has been criticized for forming a section (Ben-
sonella) for this species. If the shell were larger, so that its
peculiar characters could be seen readily, it would hardly
have been associated in one section with the true Boysidias.
No naturalist who has treated of B. plicidens seems to have

BOYSIDIA. 201

seen the hooks of the teeth, and part of the teeth which appear
to be constant have not been noticed at all. My conclusions
are based upon considerable series from India, China and
Japan, including topotypes from Benson.

Though long known from India, B. plicidens was first turned
up in China and Japan by Mr. Hirase's collectors. It may be
wanting in a large part of central and southern China ; I can-
not otherwise understand how it escaped such observant nat-
uralists as Pere Heude, Dr. von Mollendorff, Mr. Schmacker,
and others. At present its range appears to be strikingly dis-
continuous.

Subgenus PARABOYSIDIA Pilsbry.

Partiboysidw PILS., this vol., p. 174, July 18, 1917.

The shell has the shape and minutely granulose surface of
Boysidia, but differs by having the angular and parietal
lamellae separate, long and parallel (except in B. robusta and
B. kelantanensis, where they are connected or concrescent) .
The columellar lamella enters horizontally (the inner end not
turned downward as it is in Boysidia) ; plicae situated as
usual. Peristome is either continuous or interrupted above,
expanded and thickened, a nodule on the inner margin limit-
ing the sinulus.

Type B. paviei B. & D.

Distribution : India to Tonkin, south to Java.

This group is closely related to Bensonella and to Gyliau-
chen, and indeed it may be regarded as the parent stock from
which these groups were derived. Some of the species have
the teeth minutely spiniferous, as in Gyliauchen.

B. robust a is an accelerated form in which the angular and
parietal lamellae have become concrescent. I do not think it
directly related to the Chinese Boysidias, but rather a conver-
gent form belonging to a collateral phyletic line.

6. BOYSIDIA ROBUSTA Bavay et Dautzenberg. PL 35, figs. 1, 2.

Shell large for the genus, rather solid and turbinate. Spire

conoid. Whorls 6, rather convex, joined by an impressed

suture, the first whorls smooth, the rest ornamented with

202 BOYSIDIA.

irregular growth striae. Last whorl laterally compressed, and
strongly ascending in front. Aperture vertical, subquadrate,
the margins moderately expanded, converging and joined by
an adnate callous. Columella very oblique. Lip parallel to
the columella; basal margin arcuate. Two parietal lamellae,
the upper one marginal, lamellif onn, deeply entering and giv-
ing off a triangular, dextrally incurved denticle ; the inferior
lamella weak and deeply immersed. Columellar lamella sub-
marginal, deeply entering and twisted. Three palatal plicae,
the upper strong, marginal, and then forming in the throat a
plate almost reaching the parietal fold ; middle one rather
strong; lowrr weak, and both deeply immersed. Color pale
tawny, peristome and teeth white. Alt. 5, greatest diameter
314 mm.; aperture 2% mm. high, 2 mm. wide (B. & D.).

Indo-China: Phong-Tho (Messager).

Boysidia robusta B. et D., Journ. de Conchy!., 1912, p. 18.
pi. 3, f. 1-3.

The largest of its group. The angular lamella is high,
arcuate, its inner end curving towards the upper palatal
plica, and united by a lower callous to the long, deeply enter-
ing parietal lamella. The infraparietal is also long, entering
deeply. The columellar lamella is long, straight, and descends
inwardly. The upper palatal plica arises just inward from the
boss on the lip defining the sinulus, and descends inwardly.

7. BOYSIDIA LAMOTHEI Bav. et Dautz. PI. 35, figs. 3-6.

The shell is thin but opaque, turbinate, narrowly perforate.
Spire pyramidal, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5, convex,
gradate, joined by a conspicuous suture, nearly smooth, even
under a lens showing only inconspicuous growth-striae on the
later whorls. Last whorl rounded, ascending at the end.
Aperture vertical, subquadrate, having many folds, the peri-
stome thickened and dilated, the margins joined by a very
thin, glossy and moderately expanded callous. Three parietal
lamellae, the upper lamella marginal, very strong and, with
the upper palatal plica, forming a rounded sinulus; middle
lamella immersed and lamellif orm; lower lamella weak and
deeply immersed. Columellar lamella strong. Palatal plicae

BOYSIDIA. 203

5, the upper marginal and strong, the rest weak, immersed,
visible from the outside by their opacity. Color pale tawny,
the peristoine white. Alt. 3, greatest diam. 2 mm. ; aperture
1% mm. high and wide (B. & D.).

French Indo-China: Ban-Lao ; Muong-Hum and Muong-
Kong (Messager).

Boysidia lamothei BAVAY ET DAUTZENBERG, Journ. de Con-
chyl., 1912, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 7-9.

' l This species is especially remarkable for its globular shape
and the complication of the folds of the aperture. ' '

The palatal plicae vary in number and size. Sometimes (fig.
3) there are only the two usual plicae, but in others (fig. 5)
there are in addition two in the basal position and an inter-
palatal, or five in all; the lower palatal plica being scarcely
larger than those on each side of it. There may also be some
minute folds below the columellar lamella. In fig. 5 the upper
palatal plica is nearly concealed behind the nodule of the lip-
callous. In an obliquely basal view (fig. 4) the very strong
and long angular lamella is seen to stand entirely free of the
parietal. The infraparietal is very deeply immersed. Under
a strong lens the smaller plicaa and columellar lamella are seen
to be minutely spiniferous. The surface is most minutely
granulous. The specimens figured are from Ban-Lao, the
type locality.

8. BOYSIDIA PAVIEI Bav. et Dautz. PL 35, figs. 7, 8.

Shell small, thin but opaque, turbinate, rather widely um-
bilicate. Spire pyramidal, the apex rather obtuse. Five con-
vex whorls joined by a conspicuous suture, ornamented by
very fine, scarcely visible growth-lines. Last whorl not
ascending in front. Aperture subtriangular, rather oblique.
Peristome continuous, a little dilated. Two strong parietal
lamellaa, nearly equal, but the superior is a trifle stronger and
marginal, the inferior being a little immersed. Columellar
lamella strong, subhorizontal. Four palatal plicae, the upper
marginal, the rest immersed, and all visible through the outer
wall. Color brown, the peristome and teeth paler. Alt. 1%,
greatest diam. 1% mm.; aperture % mm. high, % wide.
(B. & D.)

204 BOYSIDIA.

French Indo-China: Pac-Kha; Long-Ping (Messager).

Boysidia paviei BAVAY ET DAUTZENBERG, Journ. de Con-
chyl., 1912, p. 20, pi. 3, f. 4-6.

Distinguished by its small size and very long teeth. The
angular and parietal lamellae run parallel, the former being
longest (fig. 8). There is no infraparietal. The columellar
lamella is strong and enters horizontally. An entering basal
plica is subcolumellar in position. Upper and lower palatal
plicae are very long, subparallel, and enter deeply, the lower
being stouter. A long slender suprapalatal is seen deeply
placed in the sinulus, which is defined by a strong, conic tooth
within the otherwise rather thin lip. The large apical whorl
shows delicate spirals. Later whorls are most minutely
granulose, the granules indistinctly arranged in spiral lines.
Two specimens from Pac-Kha, the type locality, measure :

Alt. 1.8, diam. 1.4 mm.

Alt. 1.85, diam. 1.5 mm.

9. BOYSIDIA LANDURENSIS (Pilsbry). PL 35, fig. 9.

Shell rimate, the rimation like a reversed comma, conical,
brownish corneous, nearly lusterless and smooth except for
some extremely faint growth-striae ; the apex obtuse, whorls 5,
convex, the latter part of the last whorl straightened, slowly
ascending. Aperture broadly heart-shaped, vertical, ob-
structed by three lamellae upon the parietal wall, two on the
columella, and four acute folds or plicae within the outer and
basal margins. Angular lamella not quite marginal, simple,
continuous and deeply entering; parietal lamella higher and
thicker, not emerging quite so far, and also very deeply en-
tering, its inner end deflected towards the columella; infra-
parietal lamella quite small and short, more immersed. Colu-
mellar lamella deeply immersed, horizontally entering, smaller
than the parietal. Subcolumellar lamella minute, tubercular,
deep within. Plicae all remote from the margin, the lower
palatal largest, the basal, upper palatal and suprapalatal
somewhat smaller, all lamellar. Peristome very narrowly ex-
panded, continuous, having a perceptibly thickened rim within
the basal and outer margins which terminates in a white

BOYSIDIA. 205

tubercle above the middle of the outer lip. Above this tubercle
the lip is thin and strongly arcuate. Length 2.2, diam. 1.5 mm.

India : Landour, with B. plicidens Bens. Type no. 16721
A. N. S. P.

Bifidaria (Bensonella) landurensis PILSBRY, Nautilus, vol.
29, Nov. 1915, p. 73.

This species is related to B. paviei. It is more lengthened
than that species, with more numerous and more regularly
increasing whorls, of a paler color. The surface does not show
the minutely granulose spirals of paviei. B. landurensis is
perceptibly smaller than B. plicidens, and differs from that
species in the following respects: the angular lamella does
not emerge quite to the edge of the peristome, and it is con-
tinuous, not interrupted, within. The parietal lamella is less
remote from the lip-edge, emerging nearly as far as the an-
gular. The lower palatal plica is somewhat stronger, there are
fewer plicae, and finally, none of the teeth terminate anteriorly
in hooks.

10. BOYSIDIA (?) DAYANA (Stoliczka). PL 34, figs. 5, 6.

Shell minute, conoidal, rather solid, pale brown, with the
apex rather obtuse, widely and deeply, perspectively umbili-
cate; whorls 4, convex, separated by a deep suture, the first
smooth, somewhat mamillate, the rest marked with subobsolete
growth-striae ; the last whorl largest, coiled nearly in a plane,
subangular above at the periphery, then gradually narrowing
and obtusely angular at the verge of the umbilicus. Aperture
nearly vertical, slightly descending, dilated, subcircular;
margins joined, a little thickened within, and having fold-like
teeth. Labium adnate, moderately expanded, two-toothed, the
upper tooth larger. Labium 6-toothed : two rather separated
teeth on the columellar region, two others in the outer lip,
similar and distinct from one another, but the two in the
basal margin are small and near together. Diam. maj. 1.1,
min. 0.8, alt. 1 mm. (StoL).

Burma : Damotha, near Moulmain.

Hypselostoma dayanum STOL., Journ. As. Soo. Bengal, xl,
1871, p. 172, pi. 7, f. 2.— Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Indica,
1876, pi. 147, f. 10.— GUDE, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moll., ii, p. 300.

206 BOYSIDIA.

A single specimen of this very interesting species was found
together with Georissa liratula, Diplommatina crispata and
carneola, etc., on the limestone hill at Damotha. It is the
third known species of the genus. In general form it re-
sembles Blanford's H. bensonianum from near Ava, but differs
in the shape of the last whorl and in the dentition of the aper-
ture. The latter is in both species almost vertical, not turned
entirely upwards, as in the type of the genus, H. tubiferum.
As regards form, the present species indicates still more dis-
tinctly the affinities of Hypselostoma to Pupa than does H.
bensonianum (Stol.).

So far as I can learn, only the original specimen has been
found. It is placed here on account of the adnate upper mar-
gin of the peristome, but it may perhaps belong to Gyliauchen.

11. BOYSIDIA HUPEANA (Gredler).

Scarcely differing in size from the smaller form of Hypse-
lostoma hunanum, but less turrited, more conic. Also the two
folds of the parietal wall are not placed one behind the other,
and, except for a depression or saddle, concrescent into one,
as in hunanum, but standing wholly free alongside one an-
other, as in strophostoma Mlldff. From this, however, the
folds referred to are diverse, in that the larger apertural fold
emerges to the margin, and is higher and sharper. The chief
differential character of this species lies in the callous impres-
sion of the outer lip, running along the outside (a la Vertigo
antivertigo of Europe), corresponding to a sharp, elevated
palatal lamella running deep within, reaching up near to the
fold on the parietal wall. Alt. 3, breadth 2 mm. ( Gredler) .

China: southwestern Hupe.

Hypselostoma hupeanum GREDLER, Nachrichtsblatt d. deut-
schen Malak. Ges., vol. 33, Oct. 1901, p. 151.

In the absence of details of structure of the columellar
lamella, etc., the position of this species remains uncertain.

12. BOYSIDIA SALWINIANA (Theobald). PL 33, fig. 11.

Shell pyramidal, rimate, brown-corneous, covered with a
smooth epidermis ; whorls 6, a little convex, joined by an im-
pressed suture, the last shortly ascending at the aperture.

BOYSIDIA. 207

Aperture rounded-oblong, a little dilated, and more than one-
third the total length, having 5 whitish teeth : the first pari-
etal tooth large, lamellar, median, another smaller parietal
placed at the suture; third tooth small, at the umbilicus;
fourth and fifth in the lip, submedian and at base, moderate,
equidistant. Lip simple, not reflected. Length .16, width .09,
alt. of aperture .06 inch [= alt. 4, diam. 2.25 mm.] (Theob.).

"This species resembles P. bathyodon Bs., but is more acu-
minately and regularly pyramidal" (Theob.).

Burma: Shan States (Fedden) ; Bhamo (Anderson) ; Pin-
goung, Shan Hills (Godwin- Austen).

Pupa salwiniana THEOB., Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol.
39, 1870, p. 400.— Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Indica, 1874, pi.
100, f. 9.— SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, 1876, pi. 16, f. 150.—
PFR., Monogr., viii, 403.— NEVILL, J. A. S. B., vol. 46, 1877,
p. 23 ; Zool. Res. Two Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 882.— Pupa
salwineana Theob., GODWIN- AUSTEN, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 244.—
Boysidia salwiniana Theobald, GUDE, Fauna Brit. India, Moll.,
ii, p. 295.

Probably related to hupeana. I have not seen the species,
and copy the figure from Conchologia Indica. Mr. Gude has
given the following notes: "Theobald states that the species
resembles P. bathyodon Benson, but is more acuminately and
regularly pyramidal. I have not seen bathyodon, but to judge
by the figures in Conch. Ind. the comparison is not a happy
one. B. salwiniana appears to me to assimilate rather with
plicidens. The spire, however, is more attenuated, and the
shell is about twice as large. There is also an inflection of the
right (outer) margin of the peristome, which is continued as
a horizontal superficial groove on the outer wall, correspond-
ing with an elongated horizontal fold on the inside of the right
margin, a feature which still further tends to connect this
species with plicidens, and induces me to place it in the genus
Boysidia.

"Two specimens in the Beddome collection (British Mu-
seum), labeled Burma, are rather larger than the type, meas-
uring 5.2 x 3.5 mm. including the peristome. Godwin- Austen,
who records it from Pingoung, Shan Hills, at an altitude of

208 BOYSIDIA.

2500 feet, mentions that the only perfect specimen found was
bleached, but a smaller imperfect one was covered with a
brown epidermis. He calls it a very beautiful little shell,
which undoubtedly it is" (Gude).

13. BOYSIDIA KELANTANENSIS Sykes. PL 35, figs. 10, 11, 12.
The shell is conic, perforate, chestnut-brown, most minutely

granulate, and having some widely-spaced lines of growth,
composed of nearly 5 strongly convex whorls, the last half of
the last whorl straightened, horizontal, angular at the periph-
ery, flattened below the angle, the rest of the base convex ; the
umbilicus has a spiral furrow within, and there is a depres-
sion behind the outer lip, just above the periphery. The
aperture is very slightly oblique, squarish with rounded
angles. The angular lamella is very low, converging within
to and joining the parietal. Parietal lamella short, rather
strong. A tubercular infraparietal near the columella. Colu-
mellar lamella short, horizontal. Upper and lower palatal
plicas strong, a concavity of the wall between them. Basal
plica small and short. All of the teeth are densely set with
microscopic pointed granules. Peristome thin, well expanded,
continuous, and barely free from the preceding whorl above.
Alt. 3.2, diam. 2.5 mm.

Malay Peninsula: Kelantan (Waterstradt).

Boysidia kelantanense SYKES, Journ. of Malac., ix, 1902, p.
61, pi. 3, f. 7. — Boysidia kelantanensis Sykes MLLDFF., Nachrbl.
D. M. Ges., 1902, p. 139.

This species is notable for the angular lamella, which con-
verges to and joins the parietal, as shown in pi. 35, fig. 10.

Figures 10, 11 are from one of the original lot. Mr. Sykes
figured it as having a small interpalatal plica, no basal and
no infraparietal (fig. 12). Probably the basal and infrapari-
etal are variable. It is related, though not closely, to G. crossei
and its group, and to the Javan B. boettgeri.

14. BOYSIDIA BOETTGERI Moellendorff. PL 34, figs. 7, 8.
Shell narrowly perforate, irregularly conic, rather solid,

subpellucid, delicately striatulate, opaque, as though frosted,
brown. Spire pyramidal, the sides straight, apex obtuse.

BOYSIDIA. 209

Whorls 6, convex, the last strongly ascending in front. Aper-
ture inclined a little backward, obliquely subcordiform, peri-
stome continuous, appressed above, rather well expanded,
brown-lipped, the outer margin sinuous, provided wth a tooth-
like callous above. Parietal lamellae three, the right one low,
attaining the margin, the middle one shorter, strongly ele-
vated, he third one short, tooth-like ; columellar lamella strong,
horizontal; palatals 4, of which the median 2 are stronger,
opposite to the columellar and median parietal, in form of a
cross. Diam. 2.33, alt. 3 mm. (Mlldff.).

Java (Fruhstorfer) : Soekaboemi.

Boysidia boettgeri MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., vol. 29,
June, 1897, p. 70.

By its long, parallel angular and parietal lamellae (fig. 7)
this species is related to the far smaller B. paviei. In other
characters it approaches B. kelantanensis somewhat.

The entire surface is most minutely, densely granulate, with
only faint, sparse traces of growth-lines; it is opaque and
cinnamon-brown, but varying a little in shade. The aperture
is nearly vertical, its length diagonal to the axis. Peristome is
continuous, the parietal margin being thickened and raised
but not free, arching well up on the face of the whorl. Nine
or ten teeth. The angular lamella is very long, nearly parallel
to the stouter parietal ; infraparietal short. There are usually
some low wrinkles on the parietal callous (fig. 7). The colu-
mellar lamella is horizontal. There is a subcolumellar below
it. The plicae vary somewhat, but in most shells examined
there are rather large, subequal upper and lower palatals, with
smaller basal, infrapalatal and suprapalatal plicae, the last
usually concealed behind the stout tubercle which terminates
the lip-callous, at the upper third of the outer lip. The teeth
are granulose but not spiniferous. Alt. 3, diam. 2.25 mm.

It may be convenient to mention that specimens of this
species have been received here, and doubtless by other
museums, under the names Boysidia moellendorffi Bttg., B.
javana Mlldff. and B. boettgeri Mlldff., all for exactly the
same form. Only the last name has been published. Part of
those seen (and probably all) were collected by Fruhstorfer.

210 GYLIAUCHEN.

Genus GYLIAUCHEN Pilsbry.

Gyliauchen PILS., this vol., p. 174, July 18, 1917.

The shell is umbilicate, with conic spire of 4 to 5 whorls,
the last whorl straightened, becoming free, produced or
ascending, as in Hypselostoma. Peristome is expanded. The
angular and parietal lamellce are independent and parallel.
The plicae and lamellae are minutely spinulose.

Type : Hypselostoma hunger fordiana Mlldff.

Distribution : Tonkin and Ava to Kalao and Tenimber.

This genus differs from Hypselostoma by having an an-
gular lamella distinct from the parietal, and by the micro-
scopic spinules with which the lamellae and plicae are set.
They are most conspicuous on the smaller teeth. Gyliauchen
is much more closely related to Paral>oysidia, being merely a
further development of that group, differentiated by the pro-
duced and partly free last whorl.

There cannot be any doubt that Gyliauchen and Hypselos-
toma are two independent derivatives from Boysidioid ances-
tors, their resemblance in shape being due to parallel modifi-
cation in the two series.

Key to Species of Gyliauchen.

a. Surface minutely rugose or granulose; an excavation or
concavity between the upper and lower palatal plicae.
&. Last whorl not ascending, shortly free, the upper
margin of aperture advanced forward of the lower;
alt. 2.6, diam. 2.7 mm. Samui I. G. transitans, no. 3.
&1. Last whorl ascending somewhat, the aperture look-
ing upward slightly, the basal margin advanced.
c. Diam. 2.5 mm. ; spirally striolate. Samui I.

G. striolatus, no. 4.
c1. Diam. 3 mm. or more ; surface granulose.

d. Neck long ; aperture with several lamel-
lae between the parietal and columellar.
Perak. G. hungerfordianus, no. 2.

d1. Neck moderate or short; aperture dis-
tinctly looking upward.

GYLIAUCHEN. 211

e. Pale-colored; only one infrapari-
etal lamella. Ava.

G. bensonianus, no. 1.
e1. Dark brown. Tonkin.

G. crossei, no. 5.

a1. Sculpture of spiral threads or strise; space between the
two palatal plicae nearly flat, not excavated.

6. Last whorl excavated or concave below the periph-
ery ; umbilicus wide ; spiral striation rather coarse.
c. Very broadly umbilicate. Kalao.

G. everetti, no. 7.
c1. Moderately umbilicate. Tenimber I.

G. dohertyi, no. 8.

61. Last whorl flattened but not excavated below the
periphery; umbilicus narrow; spiral striation fine
and close. Java. G. fruhstorferi, no. 6.

Series of G. crossei.

Periphery having a rounded keel, a concavity above it;
surface minutely granulose; a concavity between the palatal
plica3.

1. GYLIAUCHEN BENSONIANUS (Blanford). PI. 37, figs. 11, 12.
Shell moderately umbilicated, turbinate, not distinctly stri-
ated, thin, horny. Spire conical, apex papillar and with the
axis oblique, suture deep. Whorls 4, the upper ones flattened,
the last bulging below the suture, and again at the periphery
(where it bears a prominent rounded keel), rounded beneath,
and compressed towards the umbilicus. It rises somewhat
towards the mouth, which is round, nearly vertical, slightly
turned upwards, free from the other whorls, and furnished
inside with five lamellar teeth, four of which are equidistant
and opposite to each other at the upper and lower corners of
the mouth, so as to form a partial St. Andrew's cross, while
the fifth, which is smaller, is close to and above that at the
upper corner of the parietal margin. Peristome free, simple,
broadly expanded and trumpet-shaped. Major diam. 3, minor
2.2, alt. 2 mm.; diam. of peristome 1 mm. (Blanford).

212 GYLIAUCHEN.

Ava : Mya Leit Doung.

Hypselostoma bensonianum BLANFORD, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng., vol. 32, 1863, p. 326.— PPR., Monogr., v, 437.— HANLEY
& THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1870, pi. 8, f . 2. — GUDE, Fauna
Brit. India Mollusca, ii, p. 299.

The differences between this shell and Hypselostoma tubi-
ferum Benson, hitherto the only known species of the genus,
are numerous. That shell has the spire scarcely exserted,
while the last whorl ascends so much that the mouth, which is
horizontal is on a level with the apex. In the present species
the spire is conical, the mouth nearly vertical, and the last
whorl only ascends very slightly (Stanford) .

"Some specimens in the Theobald collection measure:
major diam. 3, min. 2, alt. 2 mm. (including the peristome) "
(Gude).

The angular and parietal lamellae are parallel, not converg-
ing, both being rather short and slender. Infraparietal is
minute, rather deeply placed. Columellar lamella rather
small. Upper and lower palatal plicae are well developed, the
lower somewhat larger. Basal fold small. The last whorl
runs up more, and the free part is not so long as in G. hunger-
fordianus. Fig. 12 is from Conchologia Indica, fig. 11 from
a specimen in mus. A. N. S.

2. GYLIAUCHEN HUNGERFORDIANUS (Moellendorff). PI. 36,

figs. 1-4.

Shell rather openly umbilicate, turbinate, thin, corneous-
brown, opaque. Whorls 4%, angulate-convex, separated by a
much impressed suture, slightly striatulate, the upper form-
ing a concave, turrited-conic spire with mamillar, slightly
excentric apex. Last whorl having a projecting, rounded keel
at the periphery, another more obtuse one at the umbilicus,
encircled by lightly impressed spiral sulci above and below
the peripheral keel; its last fourth free, running forward,
slightly ascending, almost tetragonal in the free part, at the
base spirally lineolate. Aperture nearly vertical, very slightly
looking upward, rounded-quadrangular, contracted by seven
lamelliform teeth within, of which four larger form a cross;

GYLIAUCHEN. 213

parietal strong, deeply entering, bipartite ; between it and the
columellar there are three smaller ones. Peristome free,
simple, thin, rather broadly expanded, rather deeply sinuated
between the two lamellae. Diam. max. 3, alt. 2%, diam. of
aperture with peristome 1 mm. (Mlldff.).

Perak: Bukit Poudong(R. Hungerford) ; Kelantan(Sykes).

Hypselostoma bensonianum v. MLLDFF., Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Beng., vol. 55, pt. 2, 1886, p. 306. — Hypselostoma hunger-
fordianum v. MLLDFF., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 337, pi. 30, f.
7, la. — SYKES, Journ. of Malacology, ix, p. 61.

"Although I have not yet been able to compare authentic
specimens of H. bensonianum Blfd. from Ava, I am convinced
that the Perak form cannot be combined with it and that it
constitutes a good new species. It is somewhat more conical
and comparatively higher than the Ava form, the upper
whorls are more convex, not 'planulate' as Blanford has it,
the last whorl is more detached and stretches to the right;
facing the shell the whole aperture is visible in H. bensonia-
num, only part of it in H. hungerfordianum. There are seven
instead of four teeth. I suppose that the additional fifth tooth
mentioned by Blanford means that the parietal tooth or
lamella is divided as in the Perak species, but the latter pos-
sesses three more between the parietal and columellar lamel-
lae" (Mlldff.).

The angular lamella is very slender and runs close and
parallel to the anterior part of the parietal (fig. 4). The two
infraparietals are long and larger than the supracolumellar
lamella. Upper and lower palatal plicae strong, some small
interpalatals between them. In the basal position are one or
more little plicae. All the lamellae and plicae are seen to be set
with minute points. Under a low power they seem as if cov-
ered with little sand grains.

The surface is minutely and superficially rugose. Apex is
minutely granulose. The peristome is flatly reflected along
the columellar margin, the outer merely expanded.

This species has a longer, less ascending neck and more de-
veloped accessory plicae and lamellae than G. bensonianus. It
is paler than G. transitans, has a longer neck, longer angular
lamella and more teeth.

214 GYLIAUCHEN.

Specimens from the limestone caves of Gunong Pondok- (pi.
36, fig. 1) have the scaly-granose sculpture strongly developed
and the keel more pronounced. The figured specimen meas-
ures, alt. 2, diam. 3 mm. Figures 2-4 are Perak specimens,
probably of the original lot.

3. GYLIAUCHEN TRANSITANS (Moellendorff). PL 36, figs. 5-8.

Shell umbilicate, turbinate, obliquely striatulate, brown.
Whorls 4, convex, forming a conic spire with papillar apex;
the last whorl a little distorted, not ascending in front, shortly
free and produced forward, at the periphery encircled with a
rather prominent crest, another smaller one at the umbilicus ;
the base somewhat swollen, compressed around the umbilicus.
Aperture slightly oblique, rounded-tetragonal ; peristome con-
inuous, thin, expanded, hardly reflected. Parietal lamella
rather strong, bifid in front; two teeth in the outer margin,
one in the base and one on the columella. Diam. 2.75, alt.
2.66mm. (Mlldff.).

Samui Is. (C. Eoebelen).

Hypselostoma transit ans MLLDFF., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1894, p.
16, f. 12, 13.

* ' This peculiar shell presents an especial interest, inasmuch
as it forms a decided transition from Hypselostoma to the In-
dian and Chinese Boysidia Ancey, of which Pupa hunanensis
Gredl. is the type. As I have mentioned in the description of
Hypselostoma hungerfordianum (P. Z. S., 1891, p. 338) the
genus appears to be but an extreme development of the Boy-
sidia type. Boysidia strophostoma Mldff. of South China
shows already a slight distortion and detachment of the last
whorl, which in the Samui species is much less developed than
in the other forms of the genus. There can be no doubt, how-
ever, that it belongs to Hypselostoma, with which it has the
peculiar quadrangular shape of the last whorl and the denti-
tion of the aperture in common. H. crossei Mor. of Tongkin
seems to connect it with the other Malayan species" (Mlldff.).

The angular lamella is quite short and parallel to the pari-
etal, but distinct from it (fig. 5) ; the two palatal plicae are
about equal, the basal plica much smaller. The last whorl is

GYLIAUCHEN. 215

straight or even descends a little in front, and the aperture is
a little oblique, the upper margin of the peristome advancing
further than the lower, in this respect differing from the re-
lated species, which look upward. In the somewhat similar
G. crossei the lower margin is advanced, as usual.

The surface is closely sculptured with short wrinkles, or
they might be called long, irregular, coarse granules. The
first whorl is distinctly granulous. This sculpture is only
visible under the compound microscope. The original figures
are reproduced in figs. 6 and 7.

The Samui Islands, in the Gulf of Siam, are a small group
south of Bangkok and situated near the coast of the Malay
Peninsula at its narrowest part. It consists of several small
islands, the largest of which is called Samui. The rock seems
to be calcareous throughout.

4. GYLIAUCHEN STRIOLATUS (Moellendorff).

Owing to the bad state of preservation of the two speci-
mens of this form, quite distinct from the preceding one, I
cannot give a complete description of it. Its last whorl is
much more detached than in H. transitans and distinctly bent
upwards, and shows very distinct though minute spiral lines.
The diameter is only 2.5 millim. It belongs to the group of
H. bensonianum and H. hungerfordianum (Mdllff.).

Hypselostoma striolatum MLLDFF., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1894, p. 152.

Samui Is. (Roebelen).

5. GYLIAUCHEN CROSSEI (Morlet). PL 36, figs. 9-13.

Shell perforate, conic, of irregular form, small, thin, brown,
sometimes lineolate with white, radially, delicately striate.
Spire acute; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, separated by a
channelled suture, the first smooth, prominent, papillar; the
last partly free, carinate in the middle, channelled below and
around the umbilicus, subtrigonal, at the end forming a tube.
Aperture subtrigonal or subquadrangular, reflexed, brownish,
somewhat channelled above, denticulate deep within, the teeth
numerous, acute, unequal (4 or 5 larger ones). Umbilicus
narrow, deep, angulate at the periphery. Peristome thin, a

216 GYLIAUCHEN.

little reflected. Diam. maj. 4%, min. 3, aperture 2 mm. long
and wide (Morlet).

Tonkin: montagne de 1 'Elephant (Jourdy).

Hypselostoma crossei MORLET, Diagn. de Mollusques terr.
et fluv. du Tonkin, 1885, p. 2; Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 34,
1886, pp. 259, 275, pi. 12, f . 5-5c. — Hypselostoma crossei subsp.
endodonta and 'brevituba MLLDFF., Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges.,
1901, p. 76.

This species is distinguished by its dark color, thickened
peristome and numerous accessory teeth.

Two of Morlet 's figures are copied, pi. 36, figs. 9, 10.
Specimens from near Haiphong, received from M. Dautzen-
berg, are drawn in pi. 36, figs. 11-13. The color is dark vina-
ceous-brown or almost chocolate, uniform or with some whitish
lines, the spire paler, more tawny; the aperture being vina-
ceous-russet. There are 4% whorls, at first strongly convex,
the penult less so. The last whorl is convex below the suture,
in its last half either strongly or weakly excavated above the
strong peripheral angle ; also within the rounded angle which
bounds the umbilicus. The neck ascends a little and is nearly
circular in section, but the supraperipheral furrow persists,
also one above the parietal wall. The length of the free neck
varies; it is often very short. The aperture looks upward a
little, and when most fully toothed has: a small, narrow but
long angular lamella, which bears a whitish lump near its
outer end; a strong high and straight parietal lamella; two
low, obtuse, rather long infraparietal lamellae ; a horizontally
entering, downward-bent columellar lamella (all of these
shown in fig. 11) ; a small supracolumellar above the columel-
lar, and one or two below it. The basal region is occupied by
two or three minute plicae; upper and lower palatal plicae
well developed, the lower larger, as usual ; between them, and
above the upper, there are several inter- and suprapalatal
plicae, the latter often continuing as far as the angular. The
angular, parietal and columellar lamellag, upper and lower
palatal plicae are constant, but the number of small accessory
teeth varies with every specimen. All of them are set with
many short points or prickles. The peristome is widely re-

GYLIAUCHEN. 217

fleeted, thin at the edge, and rather strongly calloused within,
the teeth being placed further inward than the callous.

Alt. 2.75, greatest diam.. 3.6 mm.

Alt. 2.55, greatest diam. 3.5 mm.

5a. G. c. endodonta Mlldff.

Umbilicus a little wider, spire a little less elevated, apex
more oblique, last whorl a little less free, teeth much more
deeply placed. Diam. 3.4, alt. 2.3 mm. (Mlldff.).

Tonkin: Lang-son (Fruhstorfer).

5&. G. c. brevituba Mlldff.

Last whorl very much more shortly free, spire higher.
Diam. 3.1, alt. 2.5 mm. (Mlldff.).

Series of G. everetti.

Surface spirally striate ; space between the upper and lower
palatal plica? flat, not excavated.

6. GYLIAUCHEN PRUHSTORFERI (Moellendorff). PL 37, figs. 1,
2,3.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, irregularly trochiform, rather
solid, somewhat pellucid, delicately striatulate, decussated
with very fine, extremely close but distinct spiral lines, opaque,
brown. Spire rather high, subregularly conic. Whorls 41/2,
very convex, separated by a deep suture, the last angular in
the middle, then flattened, angular again around the umbil-
icus, moderately ascending in front, shortly free, contracted
behind the aperture, then bell-shaped. Aperture slanting
backward, rounded-pentagonal; peristome continuous, nar-
rowly spreading. Two parietal lamellae, the angular nearly
reaching the margin, the other receding, strongly elevated;
columellar deep; 6 palatals, of which two are larger, long,
opposite to the parietal and columellar lamellae, in form of a
cross. Diam. 2.5, alt, 2.25 mm. (Mlldff.).

Java (Fruhstorfer).

Hypselostoma fruhstorferi MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges.,
vol. 29, June, 1897, p. 70.

It is more elevated than everetti and dohertyi, darker, more

218 GYLIAUCHEN.

minutely striate spirally, not excavated below the periphery,
and has a smaller umbilicus. A certain latitude of variation
is to be expected in the secondary denticles in all Pupillidae,
but fruhstorferi has more than its immediate allies.

The inner half of the long angular lamella is quite low.
Columellar lamella and upper and lower palatals are sub-
equal, all long and straightly entering. In the specimen fig-
ured the secondary or minor teeth are as follows: a rather
well-developed infraparietal ; small supra- and subcolumel-
lars ; two small folds in the base, one interpalatal, and several
minute ones in the sinulus. All of the lamellae and plicae are
microscopically spiniferous.

The color is prussian red or somewhat lighter, being darker
than the related species. Apex is minutely granulous, the
subsequent whorls delicately striate spirally, the spiral
threads much finer and closer than in everetti. Alt. 2.1, diam.
2.5 mm.

7. GYLIAUCHEN EVERETTI (E. A. Smith). PL 37, figs. 4-6, 10.

Shell minute, openly, perspectively umbilicate, brown,
minutely decussated with growrth and spiral striae; spire
small, elevated. Whorls 4, convex, separated by a deep suture,
the apical large, last whorl concave about the middle, obtusely
angular above and around the umbilicus, free and ascending
in front, pitted towards the aperture. Aperture tube-like,
armed with several teeth within ; peristome pale reddish, thin,
expanded, triangular-rounded. Diam. maj. 3, min. 2, alt. 1^
mm., aperture 1 mm. wide (Smith).

Kalao Island, between Celebes and Flores (A. Everett).

Hypselostoma everetti SM., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xviii,
August, 1896, p. 148, pi. 10, f. 9-9&.

"In a natural condition all the shells are covered more or
less with agglutinated earth, which produces a rough irreg-
ular appearance. There are five principal converging teeth
within the aperture, and a few smaller intermediate ones,
none reaching to the edge of the labrum.

"A species from Java in the British Museum labeled E.
Fruhstorfer Bttgr. somewhat resembles the present form; it

GYLIAUCHEN. 219

is, however, larger, has the last whorl less freely produced, is
keeled at the middle, and the spire is more elevated" (Smith).

The angular lamella is very long, reaching nearly to the
edge of the lip ; parietal also long but deeply immersed, its
front end projecting shortly in front of the inner end of the
angular. Upper and lower palatals and columellar lamella
are about equal. The large, vinaceous-russet or pale brown
first whorl is beautifully granulose, the later whorls having
strong spiral threads crossed by irregular, lower growth-
wrinkles. Alt. 1.5, diam. 2.7 mm. or somewhat smaller.

It is a remarkable little shell. Mr. Smith's figure (copied
in fig. 10) represents one of the lowest examples. Some others
are higher, as in fig. 5. It is closely related to the following
species.

8. GYLIAUCHEN DOHERTYI (Fulton). PL 37, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell dextral, triangular, umbilicus deep and moderately
wide, almost smooth; whorls 4, first three small, convex,
body- whorl large, somewhat depressed in the center and keeled
above and below, slightly ascending; interior of aperture
armed with five teeth, two on parietal wall, two palatal teeth,
and one on the columellar side of the aperture; peristome
subcircular, expanded, continuous. Diam. maj. 2.75, alt. 2
mm. (Fulton).

Tenimber Island (Wm. Doherty).

Hypselostoma dohertyi FULTON, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond.,
iii, March, 1899, p. 215, pi. 11, f. 17.

Allied to H. everetti Smith from Kalao Island, but this
species is narrower, the aperture does not project so far from
the body-whorl, it is more closely coiled below, and is not per-
spectively umbilicated (Fulton) .

The aperture has a triangular, somewhat trefoil shape.
The angular lamella is long, but the inner half is quite low ; it
does not reach nearly to the edge in front. Parietal lamella
long and straight. The columellar lamella and upper palatal
plica are about equal, the lower palatal somewhat longer ; all
enter directly. There are quite small basal, subcolumellar
and infraparietal teeth, and some smaller ones on the borders

220 AULACOSPIRA.

of the sinulus. All of these small accessory teeth are probably
variable in development. All of the teeth are minutely spinif-
erous, especially the smaller ones.

The external sculpture resembles that of G. everetti, but the
spiral threads are not so conspicuous, though rather coarse,
and growth-striae are hardly noticeable. Figured from co-
types, one of which measures, alt. 1.8, greatest diam. 2.55 mm.

It differs from G. everetti chiefly in the base, as indicated
by Mr. Fulton. Compare figs. 4 (everetti) and 7 (dohertyi).

THE AULACOSPIRA AND SYSTENOSTOMA GROUP.

The lamellas and folds, when least decadent (as in Aulaco-
spira azpeitiae), are unmistakably of Gastrocoptid type; but
in most of the species there has been more or less reduction of
the armature, terminating in toothless species.

The last whorl often turns a little towards the axis, and
more or less downward. This contrasts with Boysidia and
Hypselostoma, in which there is more or less straightening of
the last whorl, which tends to a tangential direction, and in
the more evolved forms the aperture looks upward. This an-
tithesis appears to indicate that Hypselostoma and related
genera on the one hand, Aulacospira and Systenostoma on the
other, form two collateral phyletic series in the Gastrocoptin<z.

The species are figured on plate 38.

Genus AULACOSPIRA von Moellendorff.

Aulacospira MLLDFF., Bericht Senck. Naturf. Ges. Frank-
furt a. M., 1890, p. 224. — PILSBRY, Man. Conch., ix, p. 279,
type A. scalatella. — Micropetasus MLLDFF., 1. c.; same type.

The shell is helicoid, wider than high, small, umbilicate, of
thin, corneous texture, unicolored. Spire more or less conic,
subscalar and angular peripherally from the mucronate sum-
mit ; whorls 4 to 5, flattened or with a spiral concavity above
the angle, the last whorl sometimes rounded, often shortly
free in front, never straightened or ascending. Aperture
very oblique, rounded, with 0 to 5 teeth within ; the peristome
thin, expanded.

Type: A. scalatella. Distribution: Philippine Islands.

AULACOSPIRA. 221

This group was formerly thought to belong to the Helicidae.
It has apertural dentition entirely of the Gastrocoptid type.
The teeth, by their forms and positions, are clearly homologous
with those of Hypselostoma, Gastrocopta and allied genera,
and unlike those found in Helicidce. The genus undoubtedly
belongs to the Pupillidce, in the subfamily Gastrocoptina.

Characters in common with Hypselostoma are the angular
whorls, more or less sulcate above the angle ; the delicate, hair-
like spiral striae, the texture of the shell and the open um-
bilicus. Conspicuous differential features are the rather de-
scending instead of ascending last whorl, which does not be-
come straightened in its latter part, and the downward-look-
ing, instead of vertical or upturned aperture.

The teeth are more or less decadent in most of the species.
A. azpeitiae, in which they are well developed, often shows a
distinct though small angular lamella joined to the anterior
end of the parietal (pi. 38, fig. 17). It has also a columellar
lamella, upper and lower palatal and basal plicae, in the
typical positions.

The minute spiral striae were not mentioned in the original
descriptions, but I find them on all of the species except A.
triptycha, which I have not seen.

Key to Species of Aulacospira.

a. Angle of the last whorl continuing to the aperture ; peri-
stome continuous and free (Aulacospira s. str.).

&. Aperture toothless; shell very much depressed, alt.
1, diam. 3.2 mm. Cebu. A. mucronata, no. 1.

Aperture with 1 to 5 teeth ; shell less depressed,
c. Trochif orm, the spire conic ; umbilicus scarcely
one-sixth the diameter; an obtuse columellar
and sometimes the trace of a parietal lamella.
Cebu. -4- hololoma, no. 2.

c1. Shell more depressed; umbilicus wider, con-
tained 4 to 43/2 times in diam.

d. An obtuse, low, columellar lamella and
sometimes the trace of a parietal; alt.
1.55 to 1.75, diam. 3.1 mm. Ilin, near
Mindoro. A. porrecta, no. 3.

222 AULACOSPIRA.

d1. Having parietal, columellar and lower
palatal teeth; diam. 4 mm. Masbate.

A. triptycha, no. 4.

d2. Having 4 or 5 teeth ; diam. about 3 mm.
e. A minute basal fold present.
Luzon. A. scalatella, no. 5.

e1. No basal fold. Tablas.

A. rhomb ostoma, no. 6.

a1. Last whorl rounded peripherally, not free in front; aper-
ture with 5 (or 6) teeth ; peristome not continuous. (Subg.
Pseudostreptaxis.) Busuanga. A. azpeitiae, no. 7.

1. AULACOSPIRA MUCRONATA (Mlldff.). PL 38, fig. 1.

See Man. Conch., vol. 8, p. 199. This is the most depressed
species, further distinguished by its toothless aperture. It is
from the west coast of Cebu.

2. AULACOSPIRA HOLOLOMA (Mlldff.). PI. 38, figs. 6, 7.

See Man. Conch., vol. 8, p. 198. Distinct by its trochoidal
form and narrow umbilicus. There are 4% whorls, not 5%
as stated by von Moellendorff, and repeated in vol. 8. Be-
sides the low columellar lamella, there is sometimes a low
callous ridge representing the parietal lamella. A specimen
measures : Alt. 2.1, diam. 3.4 mm. ; umbilicus 0.5 mm.

Peak of Mt. Licos, Cebu.

3. AULACOSPIRA PORRECTA Quadras et Moellendorff. PL 38,
fig. 2.

The shell is openly umbilicate, conoid-depressed, thin, deli-
cately striatulate, brownish-corneous. Spire shortly conoid,
terraced. Whorls 4, flattened, keeled with an obtuse, but
little projecting keel, lightly furrowed above the keel. Last
whorl with the base a little convex; shortly bent down and
free. Aperture diagonal, ellipsoidal; peristome continuous,
very narrowly expanded throughout. Alt. 1.25, diam. maj. 3,
min. 2.66 mm. (Mlldff.).

Philippines: Ilin Island, near Mindoro.

Aulacospira (Micropetasus) porrecta Q. et MLLDFF.,
Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges., xxvi, June, 1894, p. 95.

AULACOSPIRA. 223

All of the specimens seen have a columellar lamella. It is
very blunt and low, not lamelliform, being a rather diffuse
tubercle. There is also, in some examples, a low callous ridge
representing the parietal lamella. As in the other angular
species, there is a microscopic sculpture of spiral lines. It
resembles A. hololoma in teeth, but not in shape.

4. AULACOSPIRA TRIPTYCHA Quadras & Moellendorff.

The shell is rather openly umbilicate, discoidal, thin, deli-
cately sculptured with arcuate, fold-like striae. Spire shortly
conoid, somewhat terraced. Whorls 4%, flattened, nearly free
at the deep suture, the last whorl obtusely keeled at the
periphery, slightly impressed above the keel, nearly flat at the
base. Aperture almost horizontal, obliquely oval, having three
teeth : one on the parietal, one basal and one horizontal,
lamelliform columellar. Peristome continuous, appressed
above, the upper margin straight, outer and basal narrowly
expanded, columellar margin somewhat reflected. Alt. 1.75,
diam. 4 mm. (Mlldff.).

Philippine Is. : Mt. Bathuan, near the village of Palanoc,
island of Masbate.

Aulacospira triptycha Q. et M., Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges.,
xxvii, June, 1895, p. 76.

The "basal" tooth mentioned is evidently the lower palatal
plica, which is situated rather low in this genus. I have not
seen the species, and it has not been figured.

5. AULACOSPIRA SCALATELLA Moellendorff. PL 38, figs. 8. 9.
See Man. Conch., vol. 8, p. 199; vol. 9, pi. 64, figs. 10-12.

This species has five teeth : the parietal and columellar lamel-
lae, upper and lower palatal plicae, and a small basal fold.
The columellar lamella ascends obliquely. A specimen meas-
ures, alt. 1.5, diam. 2.9 mm.

Village of Antipolo, Manila Province, Luzon.

6. AULACOSPIRA RHOMBOSTOMA Moellendorff. PL 38, fig. 13.
The shell is moderately but openly umbilicate, conoid-
depressed, thin, delicately striatulate, opaque, corneous-buff;
spire moderately elevated, somewhat terraced, the apex ob-

224 AULACOSPIBA AND SYSTENOSTOMA.

lique, somewhat mucronate. Whorls 4, nearly flat, . obtusely
angular, the last slightly sulcate above behind the angle,
shortly descending in front, and very shortly free. Aperture
very oblique, rounded-rhombic; peristome continuous, thin,
slightly expanded throughout. Parietal lamella strong, much
elevated, three teeth arranged in form of a cross on columellar,
basal and outer margins. Alt. 1.5, diam. 3.25 mm. (Mlldff.).

Philippines: Tablas, taken by a native collector.

Aulacospim rhombostoma MLLDFF., Nachrbl. D. Malak.
Ges., xxviii, Feb. 1896, p. 8.

Very near A. scalatella, but larger, with the last whorl de-
scending less to the aperture. There is no basal fold, but the
lower palatal is almost basal in position, as in other species
having that plica. There are microscopic spiral lines, as in
the related species. A specimen measures, alt. 1.8, diam. 3.3
mm. ; another is 3.1 mm. in diameter.

Subgenus Pseudostreptaxis Mlldff.

Pseudostreptaxis MLLDFF., Bericht Senck. naturf. Ges.,
1890, p. 225.

7. AULACOSPIRA AZPEITIAE (Hidalgo). PL 38, figs. 14, 17.

See Man. Conch., vol. 8, p. 199. The obtuse angle of the
penult whorl projects above the rounded last whorl. Besides
the four teeth of the typical Aulacospiras, this species has a
small basal fold, as in A. scalatella, and usually an angular
lamella can be recognized, though in some examples it is
pretty thoroughly united with the parietal lamella. Alt. 2.4,
diam. 3.2 mm.

Philippines: Busuanga.

Genus SYSTENOSTOMA Bavay & Dautzenberg.

Systenostoma B. & D., Journ. de Conchyl., Ivi, 1909, p.
243; Ivii, p. 196; Ix, p. 23.

The shell is helicoid, minute, thin, umbilicate, with conoid
spire and mucronate apex ; composed of 4^/2 to 5 convex, not
carinate whorls, the last one turning slightly towards the
axis. The aperture is turned more or less downward, sub-

SYSTENOSTOMA. 225

circular, oblique and toothless; peristome thin, free or very
shortly adnate, expanding very little.

Type: 8. pauperrima.

Distribution: Tonkin, Indo-China.

Figured on plate 38. This genus was at first thought to be
Helicid. Subsequently Messrs. Bavay and Dautzenberg
wrote: "A close examination of the four* forms leads us to
think now that the genus Systenostoma, which we placed
among the Helices, belongs to the Pupae, and is to be put in
the neighborhood of Hypselostoma and Boysidia; the Systeno-
stomas being, if we may so express it, toothless Boysidias.
These mollusks live on rocks, probably subsisting upon the
lichens with which they are draped. ' '

My knowledge of Systenostoma is wholly from the writings
of Bavay and Dautzenberg, translated below, from which I
get the impression that it is closely related to Aulacospira.
It differs by having the whorls rounded instead of keeled,
and the lip less expanded, almost simple.

1. SYSTENOSTOMA PULVEBEA (Bav. et Dautz.). PI. 38, figs. 10,
11, 12.

The shell is very small, thin, umbilicate; spire conoid.
Whorls 41/2, convex, terraced, rapidly increasing, ornamented
with delicate, oblique lines of growth, and very delicate spiral
lines, only visible under a very strong lens. The last whorl is
carried towards the axis. Umbilicus moderate. The aperture
is oblique, subrotund; peristome simple, very slightly thick-
ened, free almost throughout, but dilated and adnate on the
penult whorl, a little reflected at the umbilicus. Color dull
pale gray, dirty with agglutinated dust. Alt. 2.5, diam. maj.
2.5, diam. aperture 1.5 mm. (B. et D.).

Tonkin: Phu-Quoc-Oai, on rocks (M. Demange).

Helix (Systenostoma) pulverea BAVAY et DAUTZENBERG,
Journ. de Conchyl., Ivi, 1909, p. 243; Ivii, p. 194, pi. 8, f. 7-9.

2. SYSTENOSTOMA PAUPERRIMA (Bav. et Dautz.). PL 38, figs.
3, 4, 5.

The shell is very small, conoid, apiculate (the embryonic 1%
whorls forming a nearly cylindric apex), umbilicate. Five

226 SYSTENOSTOMA AND BOTHRIOPUPA.

quite convex whorls, slowly increasing, without any trace of
sculpture; the last whorl shortly descending quite suddenly
at the end and contracted behind the peristome. Aperture
oblique and irregularly rounded, turned in towards the axis.
Peristome continuous, simple, detached, very slightly thick-
ened and reflected. Color dirty white, all the specimens being
dead and discolored. Alt. 2, width 1.5 mm. (B. & D.).

Tonkin: Phu-Quoc-Oai, in shell debris (M. Demange).

Helix (Systenostoma) pauperrima BAVAY & DAUTZENBERG,
Journ. de Conchyl., Ivi, 1909, p. 243 ; Ivii, p. 195, pi. 8, f . 4-6.

3. SYSTENOSTOMA DEFIXA Bav. et Dautz. PL 38, figs. 15, 16.

The shell is very small, broadly and perviously umbilicate,
depressed conic, the base strongly dilated. Spire conoid, mod-
erate. Five convex whorls, joined by an impressed suture,
smooth and buff. Last whorl is very large, slightly subangular
at the periphery, and descending towards the end. The aper-
ture is very oblique, slightly detached, subcircular, flattened
above; peristome simple, continuous, slightly dilated. Color
very pale yellow, darker towards the apex. Alt. 1, greatest
diam. 1.6 mm; diam. aperture % mm. (B. & D.).

Indo-China: Table Island, Bay of Along (M. Demange).

Systenostoma defixa BAVAY & DAUTZENBERG, Journ. de Con-
chyl., 1912, p. 22, pi. 1, f. 18, 19.

"This little species, like the two others of the same genus
described by us, has the appearance of a young shell. A
fourth species represented by a single example, really not
adult, will not be described at this time. ' '

Genus BOTHRIOPUPA Pilsbry.

Bothriopupa PILS., Nautilus, xi, 1898, p. 119, for Vertigo
variolosa.

The shell is minute (known species l%-2 mm. long), per-
forate, ovate-conic, of about 4% convex whorls; surface
minutely and densely pitted, or granulose by confluence of the
pits, hardly or not striate. Aperture broadly truncate above,
the lip-insertions remote; outer lip slightly, the columellar
broadly expanded. Parietal lamella median, curved ; a short,

BOTHRIOPUPA. 227

horizontally entering columellar lamella and submarginal
upper and lower palatal plicae usually present, angular lamella
rarely developed. Type B. variolosa (Gld.).

Distribution : tropical America.

Illustrated on plates 28, 29. This small group of very rare
snails is probably to be regarded as a simplified derivative of
Gastrocopta in which the angular lamella has been reduced or
lost, and the lower palatal plica is nearly basal in position
and submarginal, not more deeply placed, as in Gastrocopta.
I am led to this view by the structure of B. geminidens, which
retains an angular lamella like Gastrocopta, while the rest of
the structure is that of Bothriopupa, and especially by B.
tenuidens, which sometimes has a well-developed though short
angular lamella, shown in pi. 29, figs. 12, 13. Moreover, the
species show several stages in the decadence of teeth, suggest-
ing that the ancestral form was a well-toothed Pupillid which
is evolving towards a Pupisoma-like form.

The pitted or pock-marked surface of these species is highly
characteristic in the American series of Pupae, but it is
matched in the Nesopupa group, which in other respects does
not seem closely related to Bothriopupa. Most of the Bothrio-
pupae have reached about the same stage of tooth-reduction as
Gastrocopta quadridens; some have gone further. In teeth,
but not in sculpture, Bothriopupa resembles the East Indian
group Costigo.

From the shape of the shell and its rarity in gatherings of
ground debris, I suspect that Bothriopupa will prove to live
on shrubs or on leaves, with the exception perhaps of B. gemi-
nidens. The single species which I have collected was found
dead on the ground. I would suggest beating foliage over an
inverted umbrella, or sweeping as for small insects, as pos-
sible methods of collecting.

Probably these small snails will turn out to be widely and
generally spread in tropical America, when adequate atten-
tion is given to the minute shells, and their station is dis-
covered.

This genus should have been inserted immediately after
Gastrocopta, but was omitted by oversight.

228 BOTHRIOPUPA.

Key to Species.

a. Parietal wall having an angular lamella joined to the

parietal. B. geminidens, no. 1.

a1. Parietal wall having a small angular lamella remote from

the parietal. B. tenuidens, no. 2.

a2. Parietal wall bearing a simple parietal lamella only.

&. Without palatal plicae. B. leucodon, no. 6.

ft1. One or two palatal plieas present.

c. Four-toothed, having parietal and columellar
lamellae and two palatal plicae.

d. Teeth large. B. tenuidens, no. 2.

d1. Teeth small. B. breviconus, no. 3,

c1. Three-toothed, no upper palatal plica present.

d. Outlines of spire strongly convex;

Florida. B. variolosa, no. 4.

d1. Outlines less convex, spire more conic;

Demerara to Venezuela.

B. conoidea, no. 5.

1. BOTHRIOPUPA GEMINIDENS n. sp. PL 28, figs. 12, 13, 14.

The shell is oblong-conic, perforate and shortly rimate,
pale corneous, thin and fragile, composed of 414 whorls,
which are strongly convex. The surface is seen under the
microscope to be minutely granulose, and in life is daubed
with dirt (as in fig. 13). The aperture is squarish with the
angles rounded, slightly oblique. Peristome rather broadly
expanded on the columellar and basal margins, narrowly on
the outer margin. Angular lamella runs from the termina-
tion of the outer lip to the parietal lamella, joining the latter
near its anterior end. Parietal lamella higher than the an-
gular, somewhat curved (in a basal view, fig. 14). Columellar
lamella horizontally entering, from slightly to distinctly
leaning downward. The palatal plicae stand near the margin,
the lower being pliciform and larger than the upper, which is
tuberculiform. Length 1.5, diam. above aperture 0.95 mm.

Venezuela: Cariaquita (S. Brown). Type and paratypes
105200 A. N. S. P.

This species has a typically Gastrocoptid angulo-parietal

BOTHRIOPUPA. 229

tooth. It differs from Gastrocopta, however, by the nearly
marginal and sub-basal position of the lower palatal plica, the
form of the peristome and the umbilical region, which are all
exactly as in Bothriopupa, and unlike Gastrocopta.

2. BOTHRIOPUPA TENUIDENS (C. B. Adams). PI. 29, figs. 5-7,
11-13.

Belated to P. ovata Say, and of the same size; aperture
with a large, lamellif orm tooth above, running inward ; below,
another similar but smaller one opposite ; two others, one on
each side, opposite (C. B. Ad.).

The shell is ovate, rather obese, minutely perforate and
shortly rimate, cinnamon-colored, thin, composed of about 4%
rather convex whorls. The surface is irregularly, densely
pitted. The aperture is somewhat oblique, truncate-oval, the
peristome rather broadly expanded on the columellar and
basal margins, narrowly so on the outer margin, which is
straightened or a trifle incurved in the middle and strongly
arched in the upper part. In Jamaican specimens there is the
barely perceptible trace of an angular nodule, or none what-
ever, but in those from Cariaquita, Venezuela (figs. 11-13)
the angular is often very distinctly developed, in the typical
position, as shown in figs. 12, 13. The parietal lamella is
strong, high, and enters rather deeply ; it is somewhat curved,
the concavity towards the columella (fig. 6). The columel-
lar lamella is smaller, ascending slightly within, but nearly
horizontal. The two palatals are pliciform, the lower one
longer and more deeply placed. In quite old shells a very low
callous pad, which represents the basal plica, may be seen.

Length 1.8, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Length 1.6, diam. above aperture 1 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Jamaica (Adams) : Bellevue (Gloyne) ; near Mandeville,
figs. 5, 7, and Somerset, Manchester (A. P. Brown). Cuba
(Sterki, as Vertigo variolosa). Venezuela: Cariaquita, figs.
11-13 (S. Brown).

Pupa tenuidens C. B. AD., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1845, p. 15.— KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl. Cabinet, p. 137, pi. 17,
f. 25, 26. — PFEIFFER, Monographia, iii, 555; iv, 680; vi, 327.

230 BOTHEIOPUPA.

— GLOYNE, Journ. de Conchyl., xxiii, 1875, p. 121. — ? Vertigo
tenuidens C. B. Ad., POEY, Memorias sobre la Hist. Nat. de la
isla de Cuba, ii, p. 64. — Vertigo ( ?) variolosa Gould, STERKI,
Nautilus, iii, 1890, p. 124.

This species is distinguished from B. variolosa by having a
well-developed upper palatal plica ; the lower palatal plica is
longer and more deeply entering, and the columellar lamella
emerges more. Fig. 7 represents an immature shell.

The specimens from Cariaquita, Venezuela (pi. 29, figs. 11,
12, 13) do not differ materially from those of Jamaica.

Professor Poey's reference can hardly pertain to this
species. From Dr. Sterki's notes there can be little doubt
that he had tenuidens from Jamaica and Cuba, which he iden-
tified as variolosa. It appears to be rather widely distributed.

3. BOTHEIOPUPA BREVICONUS n. sp. PL 28, figs. 9, 10.

The shell is globosely ovate-conic, thin, light ochraceous-buff,
the surface densely, unevenly pitted; composed of 4%
strongly convex whorls. The aperture is irregularly semi-
circular, oblique, basal and columellar lip expanded, the
outer scarcely so. Parietal lamella rather small, curved as
seen in a basal view (fig. 10). Columellar lamella small, very
slightly ascending inwardly. Lower palatal plica compressed,
entering, but short. Upper palatal plica small, tuberculiforrtu
Length 1.5, diam. above aperture 1.15 mm.

Guatemala: mountains west of Livingston (A. A. Hinkley).
Type no. 107534 A. N. S. P.

Related to B. conoidea, from which it differs by the longer
lower-palatal plica and the presence of an upper palatal. It
is also a smaller, more delicate and more minutely sculptured
shell, with blunter summit and a more globose appearance.

4. BOTHRIOPUPA VARIOLOSA (Gould). PI. 29, figs. 2, 3.

Shell very small, ovate-conic, rufous, subperforate, closely
indented ; whorls 4-5, swollen ; suture deep ; aperture ob-
liquely semioval, armed with a columellar tooth, another on
the lip, another lamellar one posteriorly ; lip slightly reflected.
Length one-twelfth of an inch (Old.).

The ovate shell is composed of about 4% convex whorls.

BOTHRIOPUPA. 231

The surface is very closely pitted, or in some specimens the
pits are confluent, so that it appears covered with a very
irregular granulation. The aperture is somewhat oblique,
peristome expanded, not thickened, whitish. The parietal
lamella is very high and rather long, curved. Columellar
lamella small and placed far within. The lower palatal plica
is tuberculiform and nearly basal in position. There are no
other teeth.

Length 1.8, diarn. above aperture 1.25 mm.

Length 1.7, diam. above aperture 1.1 mm.

Florida (Bartlett) : southeast point of Big Pine Key (Pils-
bry) ; Little Marco, Lee Co.; and Horr's Island, near Key
Marco (C. B. Moore).

Pupa variolosa GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., iii, 1848, p.
40; in Binney's Terr. Moll. U. S., ii, p. 331, pi. 72, f. 2.—
PPEIFFER, Monogr., iii, 556. — BINNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 1878, p.
199. — Vertigo variolosa (Gld.), PILSBRY, Nautilus, xi, p. 119.

This is one of the rarest Pupas; yet, from the records at
hand, it will probably be found throughout the peripheral
keys. The absence of an upper palatal plica, the short lower-
palatal, and the smaller columellar lamella distinguish it
from B. tenuidens throughout the series of each examined.
The pitting was very poorly represented in Gould's figure.

5. BOTHRIOPUPA CONOIDEA (Nc., Pfeiffer). PI. 28, figs. 7, 8,

11.

"Shell perforate, globose-conic, thin, striatulate, diaph-
anous, little shining, brown; spire conoid, the apex obtuse.
Whorls 4%, convex, the last one-third the length, rotund at
base. Aperture a little oblique, semicircular, toothless; peri-
stome simple, a little expanded, the columellar margin some-
what dilated, broad. Length 1%, diam. 1 mm. In perfect
specimens there are two plicae, one parietal, the other trans-
verse, on the columella" (Pfr.).

Demerara (Newcomb) ; Cariaquita, Venezuela (S. Brown,
1911).

Pupa conoidea Newcomb Mss., PFEIFFER, Monographia Hel.
Viv., iii, 1853, p. 533; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852, p. 70

232 THE ABIDA GROUP.

(May, 1854); Monogr., iv, 667; vi, 307. — KUESTEE, Syst..
Conch. Cab., p. 174, pi. 21, f. 6, 7.

This species stands very close to B. variolosa, but its outline
is more conic, and the teeth are perhaps not quite so large.
Pfeiffer did not see the small lower palatal plica, but it was
described and figured by Kuester, who worked with Pfeiffer 's
specimens, and it is present in paratypes received from New-
comb.

As in variolosa, the columellar lamella is far within the
margin. It has the same sculpture described for variolosa.
Figured from specimens received from Newcomb, one of which
measures: length 1.8, diam. above aperture 1.2 mm. (figs. 8,

ID.

A specimen from Cariaquita is drawn in fig. 7 ; length 1.5,
diam. 1.15 mm.

6. BOTHRIOPUPA LEUCODON (Morelet). PL 29, figs. 1, 4.

Shell deeply rimate, ovate-conic, rather obtuse, slightly
striatulate, pellucid, corneous; whorls 5, a little convex.
Aperture obloug-subcircular, with a pliciform, angular, whit-
ish tooth erect in the middle of the parietal wall. Length 2,
diam. 1 mm. (Morelet).

Guatemala: Salama, in the province Vera Paz (Morelet).

Pupa leucodon MORELET, Testacea Novissima, ii, 1851, p.
13. — PFR., Monogr., iii, 537. — CROSSE et FISCHER, Moll. Terr.
et Fluv. Mexique et dans TAmer. Centr., i, p. 311, pi. 14, f. 2.

THE ABIDA GROUP.

The genera Odontocyclas, Sandahlia, Abida, Granopupa
and Chondrina in Europe and northern Africa, Fauxulus in
South Africa, appear to form a natural series. The apertural
lamellae and plicaa are arranged essentially as in the small
forms of Gastrocoptina, but these genera differ from the latter
by the generally larger and more solid shell of more numerous
whorls, either cylindric with conic summit or somewhat fusi-
form or conic. As in other Gastrocoptinae, the initial whorl is
very minutely, irregularly granulose. The angular and pari-
etal lamellae are always separate throughout, and the axis is

BOTHRIOPUPA. 233

tubular, though generally very slender, sometimes umbilicate,
but usually closed at the base. In forms which have not de-
generated in the teeth there is usually a subcolumellar lamella
as well as a columellar. Many species have a tendency to
form accessory folds on the peristome or in the throat.

The variety of shape, size and aperture is so great that a
diagnosis of the supergeneric group is hardly practicable
from the shells alone, and as yet we have not enough knowl-
edge of the soft anatomy to be of use in this connection ; yet
the aberrant forms, which make a group diagnosis impossible,
are united with the typical members by chains of species in-
termediate in character.

As fossils, very few forms which seem quite closely related
to recent species of Abida have been found in the Oligocene,
possibly the Eocene, of England, northern France and Ger-
many, followed by a few Miocene species of Germany and
Bohemia. See under Abida. It may be inferred that the
group is a very ancient one, but its original habitat is prob-
lematic.

The following genera are included :

a1. South African. Fauxulus, p. 234.

a2. Palaearctic (Europe, northern Africa, western Asia).

b1. Shell conic or globosely conic, umbilicate or closed,

with a rather large columellar axis; aperture fully

toothed in the typical positions, the plicae short and

marginal. Odontocyclas, p. 254.

b2. Shell cylindric, turrite or fusiform.

c1. Umbilicate, the internal axis large. SandaMia.
c2. Internal axis slender.

d1. Fully toothed ; palatal plicae, or part of

them, very long; radula with teeth of

normal Pupillid type. Abida.

d2. Palatal plicae of moderate length, short

or wanting.

e1. Shell small (3 to 5 mm. long, 4%-6
whorls), rather slender, thin, pale
or dull brown; teeth of radula of

234 PAUXULUS.

normal Pupillid type, all of the
laterals bicuspid. Granopupa.

e2. Shell larger (5 to 10 mm. long,
61/2-12 whorls), transparent brown
or dark brown (but in the section
Solatopupa, type B. similis Brug.,
opaque-whitish) ; teeth of the mid-
dle field of radula narrow and
unicuspid. Chondrina.

Genus FAUXULUS Schaufuss.

Faula H. & A. ADAMS, Genera of Eecent Mollusca, ii, p.
171, 1853, for Pupa capensis, kurri, muhlfeldti, potteber-
gensis. Not of Blanchard, 1850. — MARTENS, Die Heliceen,
1860, p. 298, type Pupa capensis Kurr. — Fauxulus SCHAU-
FUSS, in Paetel, Molluscorum System et Catalogus, 1869, p. 15
(substitute for Faula, H. Adams).

The shell is rimate or perforate, cylindric with conic sum-
mit or acutely ovate-conic, of many (iy2 to 12) narrow
whorls, the last built forward. Aperture provided with at
least 5 teeth in the typical positions — angular, parietal and
columellar lamellae, upper and lower palatal plicae ; often with
secondary lamellae and plicae ; the angular and parietal lamel-
lae are distinct and subparallel. Animal with both ocular and
inferior tentacles.

Type F. capensis.

Distribution, South Africa, in Cape of Good Hope and
Natal Provinces. The typical species lives on plants, but the
others seem to be ground snails.

Fauxulus groups with the European genera Abida, Chon-
drina and Odontocyclas. The resemblance might be thought
a case of convergence rather than affinity were it not that
most other South African Pupillidae belong to the European
genera Truncatellma, Lauria and PupHla. The correspond-
ence of Fauxulus with Abida and its allies, both in form and
apertural characters, is remarkably close. The presence of
these Pupillidae of Palaearctic type in a fauna for the greater
part so utterly diverse in origin is one of the perplexing zoo-

FAUXULUS. 235

geographic problems of Africa ; the few other South African
Pupillids having Oriental or American affinities.

The presence of two pairs of tentacles has been ascertained
by Mr. Burnup in F. ponsonbyanus and F. mcbeanianus.

Part of the species of Fauxulus have been ably discussed
and the difficult ones figured by Mr. H. C. Burnup, whose re-
sults have been utilized and often quoted herein. I have not
seen F. crawfordianus, F. fryanus, F. pereximius or the
typical form of F. glanvillianus, all of which appear to be
known only by the original examples. Messrs. Burnup and
Farquhar and Maj. Connolly have kindly assisted with
specimens.

The species fall into three strongly characterized subgenera,
defined in the following

Key to Subgenera and Species of Fauxulus.

a. Only the angular lamella emerges to the, lip edge, the
other teeth being placed distinctly deeper; spire rather
thick ; sinistral. Subgenus FAUXULUS, s. s.

&. Lip hardly expanded; 5 teeth, no basal plica; in-
terior ochraceous. F. capensis, no. 1.
fc1. Lip strongly expanded; 8 or 9 teeth, suprapalatal,
basal and subcolumellar being developed (section
Fauxulella) . - F. pamphorodon, no. 2.
a1. Angular lamella and upper palatal plica emerging to lip
edge; spire slender above; peristome expanded through-
out. Subgenus TOMIGERELLA.
~b. Peristome not free above; no lamella between pari-
etal and columellar; dextral.

F. crawfordianus, no. 3.

&1. Peristome free throughout; a small lamella in the
angle between parietal wall and columella.
c. Dextral; rimate; 8 to 9y2 whorls.

d. Length 8 to 9% mm. F. layardi, no. 4.
cZ1. Length 5% to 7 mm.

F. I. stoaphora, no. 40.

c1. Sinistral; deeply umbilicate; length 8, diam.
3 mm., 12 whorls. F. fryanus, no. 5.

236 FAUXULUS.

a2. All of the lamellae and plicae emerging to the lip edge;
shell delicately rib-striate, not opaque ; sinistral.

Subgenus ANISOLOMA.

&. Spire conic, conspicuously attenuate above ; 9 teeth ;
7x4 mm. F. pereximius, no. 6.

&1. Spire conic or convexly conic, not attenuated; shells
smaller.

c. Two lamellae on the columella, there being no
subcolumellar ; 4 to 5 mm. long.

F. mcbeanianus, no. 7.
c1. Three lamellae on the columella.

d. Shell of stout, ovate-conic figure, diam,
about 2 mm.

e. Imp erf or ate; parietal callous
spreading conspicuously upward.
/. Eight lamellae and plicae, no
basal plica.

F. glanvilliana, no. 8.
f1. Nine lamellae and plicae, a
basal plica present.

F. g. novenarius, no. 8a.
f2. 10-11 lamellae and plicae.

F. g. darglensis, no. 86.
e1. Perforate; parietal callous not
spreading upward ; 9 teeth.

F. g. tomlini, no. 8c.

d1. Shell narrower, cylindric-conic ; 9 teeth.
F. ponsonbyanus, no. 9.

1. FAUXULUS CAPENSIS (Kuster). PL 39, figs. 1 to 9.

Shell sinistral, similar to the narrower examples of P.
dolium in shape, ovate, cylindric, blunt-pointed, scarcely con-
vex, thin-walled, scarcely narrowed below, finely striate, dull-
shining, pale reddish-brown, the apex lighter. The 9 to 10
whorls are very low, oblique, nearly flat, only the last some-
what high; the suture simple, weakly impressed. Umbilicus
oblique, rather large. Aperture small, obliquely rounded-
triangular, 5-plicate; two rather large folds stand on the

FAUXULUS. 237

parietal wall, one of them beginning at the outer edge, one on
the columella, and two, unequal, on the palate, rather far
within. The peristome is sharp-edged, not continuous, not
thickened, arched outward somewhat, in front of the um-
bilicus. Aperture flesh-colored, the folds and peristome
white. Alt. 31/2, breadth iy2 lines (Kuester).

South Africa, Cape Province: in Zoetendals valley, Zwel-
lendam district, on plants (Dr. Krauss, type loc.) ; Port
Elizabeth (Crawford) ; Gordon's Bay (Connolly) ; St. Helena
Bay; Saldanha Bay (Lightfoot) ; widely distributed on the
Cape Peninsula, Buffelsfontein (Connolly). British Bechu-
analand: Kuruman Moffatt (ace. to Layard).

Pupa capensis Kurr, KUESTER, Syst. Conch. Cab., Pupa,

1841, p. 10, pi. 1, f. 19, 20.— PFR., Symbolae ad Hist. Hel., ii,

1842, p. 53; Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, 331. — Pupa (Fauxulus)
capensis (Kurr), MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8),
i, 1908, p. 83, with varr. kurri (Krauss) and pottebergensis
(Krauss). — BURNUP, A. M. N. H. (8), vii, 1911, p. 411.—
Jaminea (Fauxulus) capensis (Kurr), CONNOLLY, Ann. S.
Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3, p. 185.

This species is distributed in numerous forms through the
southern part of Cape Colony. The record from Bechuana-
land appears dubious. It is distinguished by having five
lamellae and plicae in the ochreous aperture and generally an
opaque- white or light-colored (bluish or fleshy) shell.

Fine spiral striae, often very faint, may be seen on the
later whorls. The angular and parietal lamellae are parallel,
the parietal stouter, higher, and far further within. The
columellar lamella is horizontal in front, but its inner end
curves upward into the columella. Both palatal plicae are
deeply placed, the lower one being longer.

As in some other Pupillid genera, the length varies far
more than the diameter in the same locality, long and short
individuals occurring together. This variation is common in
Cerion and in fact in most cylindric land shells.

F. capensis reminds one of Chondrina similis, both having
the opaque-whitish exterior and ochreous lining assumed by
many land shells which live exposed to strong insolation.

238 PAUXULUS.

An inspection of specimens from several localities, and of
the published figures, gives one the impression that a number
of local races might be recognized to advantage, the shape of
the spire, the size and color offering differential features ; yet
Mr. Burnup, a careful student of African Pupillidae, believes
that the varietal names kurrii and pottebergensis "seem
scarcely worth perpetuating, as all intermediate forms, as well
as other forms with attributes of equal varietal value, exist. "
In any case, this is a question for naturalists on the ground,
who should begin by securing topotypes of the old species
collected by Dr. Krauss.

(a) A color- variety having the summit, a band below the
suture, and the base ochre-colored has been collected at Buf-
felsfontein, Cape Point, where shells of uniform pale flesh-
color and grayish white are also found. This appears to be
typical capensis. Examples received from Mr. Connolly are
drawn in figs. 1, 2 and 3. They measure, length 7.7, diam. 3.3
mm., 10 whorls ; 7.1 x 3.5 mm., 9 whorls ; 9 x 3.5 mm., 10%
whorls.

(&) Specimens collected by Mr. Jas. Crawford at Port
Elizabeth (pi. 39, fig. 4) are all small, from length 6, diam.
2.7 mm., 9 whorls, to 5 x 2.6 mm., 8% whorls ; being therefore
about the size of pottebergensis.

(c) Another form, the exact locality not known, meas-
ures, length 9.4, diam. 4.5 mm., 8% whorls (pi. 39, fig. 7).
It has the large size and tapering spire of var. ovularis (fig. 5)
and the probably identical form described as fonticola (fig. 9).

Figures 1-4, 7, are drawn to the same scale. Fig. 6 is copied
from the original figure of capensis.

Translations of the original descriptions of forms subordi-
nated to F. capensis follow.

Pupa ovularis Kurr, Kuester. PL 39, fig. 5. Sinistrally
coiled. The shell shows similarity in conformation with Buli-
mus ventricosus, but has an altogether peculiar aperture. It
is bluntly conic, somewhat convex, thin-walled, narrowed
below, finely striate with matt luster, yellowish brown, the
apex whitish; the 9 whorls are rather oblique, very low,
almost fiat, joined by a simple, thread-like suture, the last
suddenly contracted, prolonged below, with a narrow umbil-

PAUXULUS. 239

ical crevice. The aperture is higher than wide, relatively
small, rounded. On the parietal wall there are two high, nar-
row folds, a third on the columella, and three smaller ones
deep in the palate. Peristome is sharp-edged, ends separated,
hardly thickened. Interior flesh-colored, folds and peristome
white. Alt. 6%, breadth 2 lines. Zoetendals Valley, in the
Zwellendam District of Cape Colony, on plants, collected by
Dr. Krauss (Kuester).

Pupa ovularis Kurr, KUESTER, Syst. Conch. Cab., Pupa, p.
10, pi. 1, f. 16-18; not P. ovularis Lamarck. — Pupa kurrii
Krauss, PFEIFFEE, Symbolae, ii, 1842, p. 54; Monographia, ii,
331.

Pfeiffer re-named this form, being under the impression
that the name was preoccupied by Pupa ovularis Lamarck.
This was not the case, since the earlier ovularis was originally
described as a Bulimus. Pfeiffer's description differs from
Kuester 's by attributing two teeth to the palatal wall, instead
of three. Kuester 's individual was probably abnormal or un-
usual by having an interpalatal plica developed.

Figs. 5, 7 and 9 agree in the tapering spire, and probably
belong to one race, which will be called F. c. ovularis.

Pupa fonticola Deshayes. PI. 39, fig. 9. The shell is ob-
long-conic, cylindroid, acute at the apex, sinistral, gray-
bluish, the base having a brown band; obsoletely and obliquely
striate; spire acuminate, a little convex; whorls 11, narrow,
at first flat, the rest very slightly convex, the last whorl very
short, the base convex, rimate and perforate. Aperture small,
semilunar, contracted laterally, brownish within, 5-toothed:
three subequal teeth on the superior wall, two parallel in the
left margin, one deeper, lamellar. Length 10, diam. 5^ mm.
Cape of Good Hope, M. Verreaux, in brooks (Desh.).

Pupa fonticola DH., in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et
fluv., ii, 1851, p. 220, pi. 156, f. 26-28.

The very distinct and narrow brown band at the periphery
of the last whorl is chiefly visible in the back view given by
Deshayes. The spire tapers more acutely above than in speci-
mens of capensis seen, being similar to ovularis in this re-
spect. That M. Verreaux found it in the water was doubtless
accidental.

240 FAUXULUS.

Pupa pottebergensis Krauss, Kuester. PL 39, fig. 8. The
shell is coiled sinistrally, cylindric-ovate, very blunt-pointed,
somewhat narrowed below, very finely, obliquely striate,
rather shining, pale horn-yellow, thin-walled, almost trans-
parent ; neck sharpened keel-like ; umbilical opening very
small, round. The 7 whorls are low, but little convex, rather
oblique; the suture is simple, rather impressed. Aperture
rounded, hanging down rather sack-like, contracted by several
folds, of which two stand on the parietal wall, one on the
columella and two deep in the palate. Of the folds of the
parietal wall, one is larger and begins at the outer edge, the
other being deep in the throat. Peristome disjoined, sharp-
edged, hardly reflected. Alt. 2y2, width 1% lines. On plants
on Potteberg Mountain, Zwellendam District, in the Cape
Colony, discovered and sent by Dr. Krauss in Stuttgart
(Kuester) .

Pupa pottebergensis Krauss in litt., KUESTER, Conchyl.
Cabinet, p. 17, pi. 2, f. 20-22.— PFEIFFEE, Symbolae, ii, 1842,
p. 54; Monogr., ii, 331. — BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), iv,
1849, p. 127 (near the Round Battery in Simon's Bay, False
Bay near the strand, and Hout Bay ; in all these places it was
found among plants and bushes growing on sandy dunes near
the sea).

2. FAUXULUS PAMPHORODON (Benson). PL 39, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell sinistral, rimate-umbilicate, oblong ovate-conic, ob-
liquely striate, under a lens seen to be decussate with obso-
lete spiral impressed lines, which are more conspicuous below ;
chestnut-colored. Spire cylindric-conic, the apex obtuse;
suture impressed, submarginate. Whorls 10, a little convex,
the last compressed below at the margin of the umbilicus
near the aperture. Aperture vertical; peristome thin, ex-
panded, orange, the margins converging; palatal wall pro-
vided with an upper denticle and three deep, entering, twisted
plicae; two parietal lamellae, the inferior rather far in; one
columellar lamella, deeply entering and somewhat doubled
within ; all of them white. Length 9, diam. 4 mm. (Bens.}.

South Africa : Cape Peninsula at Simonstown, in the ravine
behind the Admiralty House (E. Layard, type loc.) ; Kalk
Bay, Slang Kop, Paul Berg and Cape Point (Connolly).
Type in British Mus.

FAUXULUS. 241

Pupa pamphorodon BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, July,
1864, p. 495. — PFR., Monogr., vi, 1868, p. 320. — SOWERBY,
Conch. Icon., 1876, pi. 13, f. 120.— -Pupa (Fauxulus) pam-
phorodon Bens., MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8),
i, Jan. 1908, p. 84, pi. 2, f. 24.— BURNUP, Ann. M. N. H. (8),
vii, 1911, p. 414. — Jaminia (Fauxulus) pamphorodon (Ben-
son), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3, 1912, p. 187.—
? Pupa secale Drap., SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, 1876, pi. 4,
f. 25.

It is easily distinguished from all forms of F. capensis by
the darker color, more numerous teeth and well-expanded
peristome.

The edge of the angular lamella is bent towards the supra-
palatal denticle in the middle; parietal lamella arcuate.
Columellar lamella enters horizontally; there is a small sub-
columellar lamella below it, and often a blunt projection be-
tween them. Both upper and lower palatal plicae enter deeply,
and are more or less sinuous or bilobed, the crest being de-
pressed in the middle. Basal plica similar but smaller, all
entering deeply. The suprapalatal plica is tooth-like, defin-
ing a sinulus. There is a small interpalatal plica, and gen-
erally another, so deeply placed as to be not readily visible,
between the basal plica and the columella.

Length 8.4, diam. above aperture 3.8 mm. ; 9% whorls.

Length 7.7, diam. above aperture 3.5 mm. ; 10 whorls.

The specimens figured are from Siinonstown, collected by
Major Connolly.

This species differs so much from capensis that it may be
placed in a section of the typical subgenus, to be called
Fauxulella.

Subgenus TOMIGERELLA Pfeiffer.

Tomigerella PFR., Nomenclator Heliceorum Viventium,
1878, p. 347, for Pupa soluta Pfr.

Brown Fauxuli with the spire slender above, the lip well
expanded throughout, usually free; only the angular lamella
and upper palatal plica emerging to the lip edge. Type F.
layardi.

242 FAUXULUS.

The lamellae and plicae are more developed than in typical
Fauxulus, from which Tomigerella differs also in shape, color
and texture.

3. FAUXULUS CRAWFORDIANUS Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 41,

figs. 1, 2.

Shell narrowly rimate, cylindric-fusiform, smooth, some-
what shining, thin, brown. Whorls 8-9, the apical mamillate,
the rest impressed at the suture, nearly smooth, under a lens
very obliquely longitudinally striate, the last shorter below
the periphery. Aperture rotund; peristome white, glossy,
reflected, continuous, six-plicate: two scimitar-shaped, pari-
etal plicae, one inferior acute, entering, two labial [palatal],
entering deeply, the upper one oblique, the lower nearly
straight ; basal tooth subinternal, mammiform, columellar fold
scimitar-shaped, deeply entering. Length 8, width 3.75 mm.
(M. &P.).

South Africa: Mossel Bay, on the southern coast of the
Cape Province (J. Crawford). Type in British Mus.

Fauxulus crawfordianus MELV. & PONS., Ann. Mag. N. H.
(7), xii, Dec. 1903, p. 605, pi. 31, f. 6.— Pupa crawfordiana,
M. & P., Ann. Mag. (8), i, 1908, p. 71.— BURNUP, Ann. Mag.
(8), vii, 1911, p. 402, pi. 10, f. 1, 2.

Mr. Burnup 's figures of this species are copied. He writes :
" Melvill and Ponsonby say of this species: 'Allied to P. lay-
ardi Bens'; but it is easily distinguishable by its stouter
form, less ventricose whorls, shallower sutures, more regu-
larly conical spire, less mammillated apex, rather smoother
surface, less effuse peristome, and by the absence of the sev-
enth, minute, plait to be seen, in P. layardi, at the junction
of the parietal wall with the columella. The arrangement of
the other peristomatal processes is practically identical in
both species. The original figure is defective in form and
deficient in detail, so I herewith offer new figures drawn from
the co-type in Mr. Ponsonby 's collection, kindly lent to me
for the purpose. Mr. Ponsonby has compared my figures
with the type in the British Museum, and finds that they cor-
respond accurately, except that the callus in the type is not

FAUXULUS. 243

chipped as in the co-type, so verifying that part of the orig-
inal description recording the peristome as continuous. Of
the co-type it would be more accurate to say that the ends of
the peristome converge and are connected by a callus. Dimen-
sions of co-type, alt. 6.96, lat. 3.38 mm."

4. FAUXULUS LAYABDI (Benson). PI. 41, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell arcuately rimate, long-conic, obliquely striatulate,
whitish [dead] ; spire long-conic, at the apex rather obtuse;
suture impressed. Whorls 9, the upper ones somewhat con-
vex, at the apex convex, the rest somewhat flat, last whorl
ascending in front, narrowed behind the aperture, somewhat
scrobiculate, the base compressed-crested. Aperture trian-
gularly obovate, vertical, shortly free, six-plicate; peristome
expanded throughout, the margins thin, acute, right margin
with three plicae, columella with one descending fold. Pari-
etal wall with an angular and a second remote one, all deeply
entering. Parietal margin having a remote denticle between
the inferior parietal fold and the columella. Length 8 mm.
(Benson).

South Africa: Cape Point (E. L. Layard, type loc.) ; Her-
manus (Lightfoot). Type in University Mus. of Zoology,
Cambridge.

Pupa layardi BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xviii, 1856, p.
435; (3), xiii, p. 496, with var. minor. — PFEIPPER, Monogr.,
iv, p. 674; vi, 318. — SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, 1876, pi. 15,
f. 141. — MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), i, p. 78,
pi. 2, f. 13.— BURNUP, (8), vii, 1911, p. 407, pi. 10, f. 3, 4.—
Jaminia layardi (Benson), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi,
pt. 3, 1912, p. 182.

Mr. Benson first described this species from dead and
broken shells, subsequently giving additional details (which I
have incorporated into his description) from fresh examples.
Figs. 4-6 are from Cape Point specimens supplied by Major
Connolly. The shell is semitransparent-brown (auburn of
Eidgway) when fresh. The trumpet-like mouth and long
lamellae, which almost fill the aperture, are its more noticeable
characters. 'Fhe lower palatal plica is much larger than the

244 FAUXULUS.

upper, which descends inwardly, both being visible as whitish
lines externally (fig. 5). Topotypes measure:

Length 9.4, diam. penult whorl 3 mm. ; 9% whorls.

Length 8, diam. penult whorl 3 mm. ; Sy2 whorls.

Mr. Burnup's illustrations of specimens from Hermanus,
Caledon Division, east of False Bay, show the "neck" is
shorter than in shells seen from the Peninsula. Mr. Burnup
writes :

"Since the peristome is not at all thickened at the edge,
but, on the contrary, is remarkably thin and brittle, the lips
are invariably more or less chipped. One of the most con-
spicuous differences between the present species and P. craw-
fordiana M. & P. is the absence from the latter of the trumpet-
like extension of the peristome observable in the former. ' '

The dimensions of two specimens figured by him are as
follows :

Height 7.87, width 3.26 mm.

Height 7.87, width 3.67 mm.

"The shells of this species may be either white or horn
color, and the position of the seventh peristomatal process,
the denticle between the inferior parietal and the columellar
plait is very variable; it is sometimes seen on the parietal
wall, sometimes on the columella, and sometimes in the angle
between" (Burnup).

Pupa soluta Pfr. — Shell deeply rimate, long-conic, thin,
very lightly striate, pellucid, brown-corneous. Spire ovate-
conic, the vertex rather acute. Whorls 9, a little convex, the
last free in front, produced horizontally, compressed! at the
base. Aperture reaching beyond the axis at base, truncate-
oval, nearly closed by 6 long lamellas: one parietal and1 the
upper palatal stronger and reaching the margin, the second
palatal, one basal and two columellar lamellae more deeply
placed; peristome continuous, thin, shortly expanded, the
upper margin free and a little straightened. Length 8, diam.
of penult, whorl 3 mm. ; aperture 2% mm. long, 2 wide (Pfr.).

Habitat unknown (Mus. Cuming and Pfeiffer coll. no. 110).
Pupa soluta PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 525;
Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 315.

"A very singular species, calling to mind Tomigerus"

(Pfr.).

FAUXULUS. 245

Until the type of this species is re-examined it may well be
considered a synonym of F. layardi. Pfeiffer evidently
thought the parietal lamella a columellar, his parietal being
the angular lamella. He did not mention the minute supra-
columellar which is present in F. layardi. Otherwise the de-
scription applies well to that species.

F. layardi stoaphora ('Bens.' Burnup). PI. 41, figs. 7, 8.

The shells "agree in all essentials with F. layardi Bens.,
except in their smaller size and darker color.

"Height 6.88, width 3.07 mm.

"Height 5.67, width 2.75 mm." (Burnup).

Length 6.4, diam. above aperture 2.4 mm. ; 8% whorls.

Length 6, diam. above aperture 2.8 mm. ; 7% whorls.

Bredasdorp, Cape Province (Layard).

[Pupa layardi] var. minor Benson, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3),
xiii, 1864, p. 496.— Pupa layardi var. minor Bens. ? [P. stoa-
phora Bens.], BURNUP, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), vii, 1911, p.
408, pi. 10, f. 5, 6.

Benson appears to have distributed this form under the
name Pupa stoaphora to various collections, such as the Brit-
ish Museum, John Ponsonby and A. Morelet, now in A. N. S.
P. ; subsequently describing it as Pupa layardi var. minor, his
own examples, now in Cambridge Zoological Museum, being
under this name. As minor had been used several times for
varieties of Pupa previous to Benson's description, we sub-
stitute stoaphora, which was first defined by Mr. Burnup
from "two shells in the collection of Mr. Ponsonby, given to
him by Mr. Benson as representing his species stoaphora."

The last two measurements given above are from specimens
labeled by Benson, one received through Morelet, the other
through Sowerby and Fulton. The latter is wider than those
figured, and the last whorl ascends in front, the aperture
being tilted upward a little.

Benson defined var. minor as follows: "Chestnut-corneous,
translucent; aperture orange-whitish; whorls 8. Length
5%-7, width 2-3 mill. Inhabits Bredasdorp."

One of Mr. Burnup 's figures is copied in fig. 8 ; fig. 7 being
from a shell in A. N. S. coll., from Benson through Morelet.

246 PAUXULUS.

5. FAUXULUS FEYANUS (Benson).

The shell is sinistral, very deeply umbilicate, long ovate-
conic, obliquely plicate-striate, the striae very closely decus-
sated spirally; lilac-white, brownish towards the apex, the
last whorl ornamented with a brownish band below the
periphery. Spire subcylindric-conic, suture impressed, the
apex rather obtuse. Twelve narrow, convex whorls, the last
one ascending in front, compressed near the aperture, marked
longitudinally with two impressed lines; foveate above, be-
hind the aperture, with an obtuse crest on each side, the base
compressed-carinate around the umbilicus. Aperture vertical,
free, triangular-obovate. Peristome thin, expanded through-
out, a little reflected, the palatal margin deeply sinuated
above, having two deeply entering folds, the lower one deeper ;
basal margin with one and columella two, deeply placed. On
the parietal wall two long entering lamellae, the inferior one
deep, and a tooth towards the columellar angle. Length 8,,
diam. 4, above aperture 3 mm. (Bens.).

South Africa : Bredasdorp, Cape Province ( J. Fry) . Type
in British Museum.

Pupa fry ana BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, June,
1864, p. 495. — PFEIFFEB, Monogr., vi, p. 319. — Jammia (Faux-
ulus) fry ana (Benson) CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt.
3, 1912, p. 186 (at the roots of grasses, among stones, Layard).

F. fryana does not seem to have been taken by recent Cape
naturalists. It has not been figured.

"This sinistrose species is very peculiar, with reference to
its deep umbilicus running up to the summit, as in the unique
Chinese P. regalis B., its carinate base, and handsome sculp-
ture. In some respects it exhibits a relation to the imper-
forate P. layardi, especially with reference to the imperfect
tube at the top of the aperture, formed by the convergent
palatal and parietal plaits. It was discovered at Bredasdorp,
at the southern shore of Swellendam, by Mr. John Fry. Mr.
Layard reports that the animal is jet-black, very short and
thin, the shell being carried on one side, or tilted up in a line
with the animal' ' (Benson).

FAUXULUS. 247

Subgenus ANISOLOMA Ancey.

Anisoloma ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., xlix, 1901, p. 141,
for P. ponsonbyana, P. glanvilleana and P. pereximia.

Fauxuli in which all, or nearly all, of the lamellae and
plicse emerge to the lip-edge; suprapalatal plica present;
periphery defined by a change in sculpture. Type F. pon-
sonbyana.

The teeth are very fully developed in this group, which
somewhat resembles the European Odontocyclas by its emerg-
ing folds. The sinulus is limited by a suprapalatal plica,
while in Tomigeretta the upper palatal forms its limit.
Species and local races will probably prove to be somewhat
numerous. Both albino and colored shells occur in most lots.
They appear to be ground snails.

6. FAUXULUS PEREXIMIUS (Melvill & Ponsonby). PL 40, fig. 3.
Shell sinistral, pyramidate, subrimate, much attenuated

towards the apex; whorls 9, of which two apical are tumid,
the rest channellel at the sutures, tile-like, all roughly lirate,
the lirae curved ; last whorl shortened. Aperture rhomboidal ;
peristome white, wrinkled, thickened, furnished with 9 folds
or teeth : two parietal folds, similar and deeply entering ; two
lip teeth, of which the lower is plicate, larger; two basal
folds, very long, entering; two columellar folds, and at the
base one small tooth. Length 7, width 4 mm. (M. & P.).

South Africa: Buffalo River, Cape Province (M. & P.).

Pupa (Faula) pereximia MELV. & PONS., Ann. Mag. N. H.
(6), xix, June 1897, p. 638, pi. 17, f. 3.— Pupa (Fauxulus)
pereximia M. & P., Ann. Mag. (8), i, p. 85, pi. 2, f. 25.

So far as I know, only the type lot has been found. The
figure is a copy of that of Melvill and Ponsonby. It is dis-
tinct by the large size and the tapering, attenuated spire.

7. FAUXULUS MCBEANIANUS Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 40, figs.
4,5.

The shell is perforate and rimate, ovate-conic, whitish or
light brown, finely and regularly obliquely striate, the strife
interrupted at the periphery, weaker on the base, which is
partly smooth in front. Aperture somewhat triangular.

248 PAUXULUS.

Peristome narrowly expanded and a little reflected, the ends
joined by a thin parietal callous with convex upper edge;
outer margin strongly bent in above the middle, columellar
margin sloping, nearly straight. Angular lamella thin and
almost or quite as long as the parietal, curving into the outer
lip above. Parietal lamella strong and straight. Columellar
lamella horizontally entering, an oblique supracolumellar
lamella converging towards it. In the outer lip there is a
nodular suprapalatal which is typically 'weakly twinned but
sometimes simple; an entering but short upper palatal, and
a long, very slightly bent lower palatal plica; basal plica
smaller and straight.

Length 4.1, diam. above aperture 2.3 mm.; 7y2 whorls

(fig- 4).

Length 5, diam. 2.25 mm. (M. & P., spec. max.).

South Africa: Karkloop Bush (McBean, type loc.) ; Ma-
juba (Connolly); Dargle; Nottingham Road; Inhluzani Mt.
(Burnup), all in Natal. Type in British Museum.

Fauxulus (Anisoloma) McBeanianus MELV. & PONS., Ann.
Mag. N. H. (7), viii, Oct. 1901, p. 319, pi. 2, f. 9 (bad).—
Pupa (Fauxulus) Mcbeaniana (M. & P.), BURNUP, Ann. Mag.
(8), vii, 1911, p. 414, pi. 10, f. 8. — Jaminia (Fauxulus) mc-
beaniana Melv. & Pons., CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, p.
187.

The figure is from a topotype sent by Mr. Burnup.

"This striking shell, larger than the preceding species and
its varieties, may be horn-colored, greyish-brown, or milk-
white. Normally this species has nine peristomatal processes,
viz. two parietal, two columellar, one basal, and four labral,
of which last named the lowest is large, the central small, and
above this, in the sinus of the labrum, are two, very small
and close together. In the type, which is not available to me
for examination, these two small plaits may be merged into
one broad plait, as in the case of a shell from Inhluzani Moun-
tain, in my collection ; for the authors do not refer to a pair,
nor does the original figure show it. One shell in my collec-
tion, also from Inhluzani, bears an additional plait at the
base of the columella ; but as it is only one example in many,

PAUXULUS. 249

and is otherwise normal, it must only be looked upon as a
sport" (Burnup).

8. FAUXULUS GLANVILLIANUS (Ancey).

Shell ovate-subconoid, imperforate but with a long rima-
tion, thin, somewhat shining, whitish, pellucid, sinistral. Spire
conoid-subventricose, with convex outline, smooth and a little
obtuse at the summit. Whorls 8*4 to 8%, regularly and
gradually, slowly increasing, but slightly convex, separated
by a simple, not deep, suture, obliquely, arcuately and reg-
ularly striate, the last whorl more convex, tapering, com-
pressed-carinate in front, around the place of the umbilicus;
striae suddenly breaking off in the middle of the last whorl,
yet visible below, the median space simulating a narrow angle.
Aperture upright, irregular, strongly ringent, ascending
above, subrhombic, whitish, obstructed and nearly closed by
lamellae as follows: one strong, entering parietal; 4 palatals,
the upper [= angular lamella] large, at the superior angle,
oblique, and outside prominently separated from the rest by
a lobe which has the appearance of being tubular within;
second and third subequal, the lower strongly twisted; 3
columellar lamellae, strong and subequally spaced. Peristome
thickened, subexpanded, the lamellae reaching to the margin,
the outer margin lobed above, then nearly straight, and
slightly angled near the base, then running straight, basal
margin strongly angular, columellar margin long, flatly
straight, the margins continuous by an appressed parietal cal-
lous. Length 4, diam. 2, alt. of aperture 1% mm. (Ancey).

South Africa: East London (Miss Glanville).

Pupa glanvilliana ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, 1888, p. 200. —
Pupa (Fauxulus) glanvilleana (Ancey), MELVILL & PON-
SONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), i, 1908, p. 83.— BURNUP, Ann.
Mag. (8), vii, 1911, p. 411.

Mr. Ancey 's upper palatal lamella is the angular lamella,
as Mr. Burnup pointed out. It is separated from the palatal
plicae by the sinulus or "lobe." His second and third, de-
scribed as subequal, are the suprapalatal and upper palatal
plica, and his lower is the lower palatal plica. Nothing is

250 FAUXULUS.

said of any basal plica; if present it was overlooked, only 8
lamellae and plicae being mentioned. It appears likely that a
basal plica is present, but until the type can be found, or full
collections made at the type locality, the question remains
undecided.

F. g. novenarius n. subsp. PI. 40, figs. 1, 2.

This form resembles F. glanvilliana and F. g. darglensis in
having the parietal callous spread far upward on the face of
the penult whorl. It is imperforate. The angular lamella is
heavy and arcuate, concave towards the left. The inner end
of the parietal lamella curves towards the columella. The
columellar lamella has its edge bent conspicuously downwards.
The supra- and subcolumellar lamellae are well developed and
very long. The suprapalatal plica, defining the sinulus, is
pliciform but shorter than the upper palatal. Lower palatal
plica very long, its edge flattened and bent upward, the inner
end descending a little. Basal plica is interrupted or weakens
inwardly. Color nearly white or brown, slightly transparent.

Length 3.9, diam. 2.1 mm.; 8 whorls (fig. 1).

Length 4.1, diam. 2 mm. ; 8*4 whorls.

South Africa: Grahamstown. Type no. 114989 A. N. S. P.,
received from Sowerby & Fulton.

F. g. darglensis has an additional basal plica, also an in-
cipient fold above the suprapalatal, in all 10 or 11 plicae and
lamellae ; the present form has 9 in all. Whether novenarius
is identical with F. glanvilliana depends upon whether that
proves to have a basal plica.

F. g. darglensis (Burnup). PL 40, fig. 6.

Shell small, conic-oval, rimate and very narrowly perforate,
thin, shining, greyish horn-colored, translucent, sinistral.
Spire ovately conic; apex obtuse and mammillated. Whorls
7%, slightly convex, gradually increasing, with suture dis-
tinct but not deep, obliquely sculptured with close, sharply-
cut, arched oblique striae, except the first 1%, which are
smooth, the last more convex, rounded below, much con-
stricted towards the peristome and impressed towards the rima
and small perforation, the long inrunning peristomatal pro-

FAUXULUS. 251

cesses and spaces between being represented on the outside
by alternate grooves and ridges. Aperture upright, irregu-
larly ovate, nearly closed with the following inmnning white
plaits: — parietal 2, the first arising as a narrow thread high
on the body-whorl, becoming broader and contorted as it de-
scends, always receding inwards, to below the center of the
aperture, whence it is bent sharply back, embracing the pari-
etal wall, till it is lost sight of in the interior of the shell ; the
second, also arising high on the body-whorl, is expanded on
the left till it meets the peristome, with which it combines till
the lobe of the labrum is reached, whence it doubles back in
two foliaceous folds and descends as a simple plait, receding
inwards and following a line parallel with the first till it too
is lost sight of in the interior of the shell ; labral 3, of which
the upper two are small, though deeply penetrating the aper-
ture, and rather close together; the third, though equally
narrow, is very long and sinuous, and as, in its progress
towards the interior, it embraces the expanded outer lip, it is
lost to sight till the far end reappears in the gullet; colu-
mellar 3, of which the upper two arise, thread-like, on the
edge of the labium, becoming stouter as they curve inwards,
the upper one entering at the junction of the parietal wall
with the columella, and the lower about the middle of the
columella, after taking a wide sweep towards the center of
the aperture ; the lowest columellar plait is smaller, but long
and penetrating: lastly, there are two plaits on the base of
the peristome similar to the lowest columellar plait. Peri-
stome widely expanded, but little thickened except by the
plaits which arise close to the margin, paler than the rest of
the shell, becoming white at the edges, where its outline is
slightly peaked at the sources of the plaits ; the ends converge
and are connected by a stout glossy callus reaching high on
the body-whorl. The labrum is strongly lobed above the
middle and bayed immediately below; on the lower part of
this lobe the peristome is slightly thickened, almost to the
extent of forming an eleventh plait, between which and the
foliated extension of the lower parietal plait is formed a partly
covered channel to the interior (Bur imp}.

252 FAUXULUS.

Height 3.77, width 2.13 mm.

South Africa: Dargle; Inhluzani Mt. ; Karkloof; Mid
Illovo; Game Pass, near Giant's Castle, Drakensberg; Ntim-
bankulu, all in Natal (Burnup).

[Pupa glanvilliana} var. darglensis BURNUP, Ann. Mag. N.
H. (8), vii, 1911, p. 412. — Pupa (Fauxulus) glanvilleana
(Ancey), MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. (8), i, 1909, pi. 2,
f . 23. — Jammia (Fauxulus) glanvilleana var. darglensis Bur-
nup, CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3, p. 186.

* ' The color of the shell in life is often whitish gray. ' '

This shell "does not by any means agree closely with
Ancey 's description, being shorter and wider than the typical
glanvilleana, and possessing two plaits on the base of the peri-
stome not mentioned in Ancey 's description, besides showing
other discrepancies" (Burnup).

The figure is a copy of Melvill & Ponsonby's lithograph
from Burnup 's drawing.

F. g. tomlini (Burnup). PL 40, fig. 8.

"Shell like var. darglensis, but larger and more conical,
with peristome less effusively expanded, callus not extending
so high on the body-whorl, and aperture not so much closed
by plaits. The lobe and sinus of the labrum are less devel-
oped and the thickening of the peristome on the lower part
of the lobe 'almost forming an eleventh plait' is entirely ab-
sent, its place being taken by the first labial plait. The lower
parietal plait is shorter and its foliated extension to the peri-
stome much less effuse, leaving the sutural canal more open.
In place of the two in-running plaits on the base of the peri-
stome there is only one, about equidistant between the lowest
labral and lowest columellar plait. The color of the varietal
type is almost white, that of the co-type pale brown. Height
(type of var.) 4, width 2.11 mm. Height of Radford's speci-
men 4.17, width 2.27 mm." (Burnup).

South Africa: Albany (Miss Glanville, type loc.) ; East
London (Radford) ; Gamtoos (Reeve) ; The Gorge, Somerset
East (Burnup) ; all in the Cape Province.

The var. tomlini should be easily distinguished from typical

FAUXULUS. 253

F. glanvttliana by the angular lamella ''being less strongly
developed, and by the presence of a narrow perforation and a
basal plait, absent from the type" (Burnup).

Fig. 8 represents a brown specimen from The Gorge,
Somerset East. The angular and parietal lamellae are almost
straight in these examples, the subcolumellar quite weak. The
suprapalatal and upper palatal plicae are contiguous, short,
the latter entering about twice as far as the former. Lower
palatal plica is long and curves downward very slightly
towards the inner end. The basal plica is nearly as long, but
smaller and straight. Length 4.2, diam. above aperture 1.95
mm. ; 8% whorls.

9. FAUXULUS PONSONBYANUS (Morelet). PL 40, figs. 7, 9, 10.

Shell minute, sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conoid, rather
thin, a little shining, tawny, silky, closely and straightly rib-
striate. Spire tapering gradually in an obtuse cone. Whorls 8,
planulate, joined by an impressed suture, the last constricted
at the base, gibbous, transversely sulcate, depressed around
the umbilical area. Aperture small, contracted, ringent, ob-
structed by two parallel, arcuate, parietal folds, which reach
far up, and a series of 6-7 marginal denticles; peristome a
little thickened, not dilated or reflected. Length 3, diam. 1%
mm. (Morelet).

South Africa, Cape of Good Hope: Port Elizabeth (type
loc., Crawford) ; Somerset East (Miss Bowker) ; Grahams-
town; Bathurst, Kowie (Farquhar) ; Alexandria District
(Crawford) ; Pirie (Godfrey). Natal: Hilton Road; Zwaart
Kop near Maritzburg (Burnup).

Pupa (Faula) ponsonbyana MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl.,
xxxvii, 1889, p. 9, pi. 1, f. 5 (bad).— Pupa (Anisoloma) pon-
sonbyana Morel., ANCEY, Journ. de Conch., xlix, 1901, p. 140.
— Pupa (Fauxulus) ponsonbyana Morel., MELVILL & PON-
SONBY, Ann. Mag. (8), i, p. 85.— BURNUP, Ann. Mag. (8), vii,
p. 415, pi. 10, f. 9-12. — Jaminia (Fauxulus) ponsonbyana
(Morelet), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3, p. 187.

This is the smallest species now known. The shape is cylin-
dric-conic. The delicate striae bear short, very delicate hairs

254 ODONTOCYCLAS.

at the peripheral interruption and in the suture, as noticed
by Ancey, but they are very easily removed by washing or
handling after becoming dry. The angular lamella is enlarged
before passing into the outer lip, and often bears a little
point projecting into the sinulus. The parietal lamella
emerges nearly to the edge of the parietal film; both are
straight within. Columellar lamella enters horizontally, but
its edge is a little bent downward. The supracolumellar and
infracolumellar converge inwards towards the columellar. A
suprapalatal denticle defines the sinulus, the short upper
palatal plica being near it. The lower palatal is at least
double the length of the upper, nearly straight. Basal plica
smaller but long. The lamellae and plicae project as little
points on the slightly expanded peristome. All of them show
outside through the shell, and the palatal plicae form little
external ridges. Specimens from Grahamstown measure :

Length 3, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 7% whorls.

Length 2.9, diam. 1.45 mm.

Mr. Burnup, who has given a good account of this species,
with excellent figures, found the length to vary from 2.74 to
3.59 mm. He notes that the two specimens found in Natal
are remarkably high and narrow, one from Hilton Eoad meas-
uring 3.53 mm. high, 1.62 mm. wide.

The extremes of size in another lot from Grahamstown,
kindly sent by Mr. J. Farquhar, are :

Length 3.45, diam. 1.65 mm. ; 8 whorls.

Length 2.75, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 7% whorls.

The larger shells are a little more swollen in the middle than
the smaller, which are more cylindric, like fig. 7. Most of
them retain hairs along the suture.

Genus ODONTOCYCLAS Schlueter.

Odontocyclas SCHLUETER, Kurzgefasstes Syst. Verzeich.
meiner Conchyliensammlung, 1838, p. 10, for kokeiln. — Scope-
lophtia Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 206 ; Edit. 1860, p. 296,
type Pupa kokeiUi.

The shell is conic with very convex base, of 7-8 convex
whorls, the last built forward to the ventral convexity and

ODONTOCYCLAS. 255

ascending in front. Internal axis rather large, either form-
ing an open umbilicus or closed at the base, which is rimate.
Aperture vertical, rotund, having angular, parietal and colu-
mellar lamellae, upper and lower palatal and basal plicae, and
usually some smaller secondary lamellae and plicae. Angular
and parietal lamellae parallel, the former not curving into the
lip ; all teeth marginal or nearly so, and none entering deeply,
those of the lip standing on a callous rim.

According to Pfeiffer, Schmidt says that the superior ten-
tacles of rossmaessleri appear as if somewhat broken and
thickened near the apices.

Type 0. kokeilii (Em.).

Distribution, eastern outliers of the Alps, in Carinthia,
Carniola and neighboring regions.

Illustrated on plate 41. Odontocyclas is a peculiar genus
having some resemblance to Abida, Sandahlia, Anisoloma and
Paraboysidia; distinguished from all by its apertural folds,
which are marginal; not entering deeply. The lamellae also
do not enter far. The apical whorls are very minutely gran-
ulose, as in related genera. By the somewhat large columellar
axis Odontocyclas resembles Sandahlia. It is an isolated
group, not known fossil.

Odontocyclas appears to have the habits of Abida, also
Hypselostoma and Boysidia, crawling on rocks (probably
limestone). It is like Sandahlia and Rupestrella, and the
much more distantly related Gastrocopta and Hypselostoma
in having the shell coated with slime and dirt.

There are two species, distinguished as follows:

a. Shell straightly pyramidal, umbilicate, delicately striate ;
with 6 larger teeth.

b. Small denticles between the plicae of the lip.

0. kokeilii, no. 1.
61. No denticles between the lip plicae.

0. k. mitescens, no. la.

a1. Shell broadly ovate, imperf orate or nearly so, rib-striate;
7 larger teeth. 0. rossmaessleri, no. 2.

256 ODONTOCYCLAS.

1. ODONTOCYCLAS KOKEILII (Rossmaessler). PL 41, figs. 9, 10,
11.

The shell is narrowly but deeply umbilicate, rimate,
straightly pyramidal, of a cinnamon-buff or paler tint, some-
what translucent, closely and delicately striate. Whorls all
convex, the last inflated basally, contracted behind the lip and
ascending forward. The aperture is rotund, obstructed by 6
principal teeth, placed at about equal intervals (angular,
parietal and columellar lamellae, upper and lower palatal and
basal plicae) , all but the parietal, marginal ; upper palatal plica
tubercular, the lower larger, pliciform. Small secondary
plicae stand between the primaries on the lip, and small lamel-
lae on the parietal wall (those at the angles more emphatic),
and above the columellar lamella. The lip is well expanded
and thickened within.

Length 4, diam. above aperture 2.35 mm. ; 7y2 whorls.

''Animal entirely blue-gray, very similar to that of P. pago-
dula; carries the shell upright" (Clessin).

Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia and Dalmatia; eastern border
of Venetia ; type loc. on the Loibl, on the northern confines of
Carniola. Lives in moist, shady places, on walls and rocks,
and is generally covered with dirt.

Pupa kokettii ROSSMAESSLER, Iconographie, etc., i, pt. 5,
1837, p. 18, pi. 23, f. 335 (on the Loibl, and near Neumarktel,
Rossmaessler and Kokeil ; on the Krimmberg and Grossgallen-
berg, near Laibach, Schmidt; all in Carniola) . — KUESTER, Con-
chyl. Cab., p. 16, pi. 2, f. 16-19.— SCHMIDT, Syst. Verz., p. 14.
— PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 353; vi, 323. — WESTER-
LUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 120, with form mitescens. — Pupa,
kokeilii Rossm., KUESTER, Ber. Nat. Ges. Bamberg, ix, 1870,
p. 100 (Almissa and Obrovazzo). — 0[dontocyclas] kockeiln
Rossm., POLLONERA, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., xii, 1886, p. 222
(Malborghetto in the Valle del Falla, Vacino del Taglia-
mento) . — Odontocyclas kokeili Rossm., CLESSIN, Mollusken-
fauna Oesterreich-Ungarns und der Schweiz, 1887, p. 239, f.
142 (Grossgallenberg bei Eisnern, Glince, St. Katharina, St.
Georg, Zwischenwassern bei St. Leonhard, etc. ; Friaul, Kirch-
heimer Bergland and in the Bacatal). — GALLENSTEIN, Jahrb.

ODONTOCYCLAS. 257

naturhist. Landes-Mus. Karnten, Jahrg. 47, 1900, p. 102 (dis-
tribution).— KORMOS, Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges. 39, Oct. 1907, p.
192 (Croatia, at Lukovdol; Plitvica; Kukuljanovo ; Senj, on
the ruins of Nehaj, on the coast). — Helix moricandi FERUSSAC,
Prodr., p. 60, no. 480, no description.

Rossmaessler found this species when on a shell hunt in
company with his friend Kokeil, of Klagenfurt, in whose
honor it is named. The shells were covered with soil, resem-
bling little balls of earth, and were found on rocks and old
walls. The species had previously been found at Idria by S.
Moricand, in 1812, and named, but not described, by Ferussac.

Form mitescens Westerlund. PI. 41, fig. 11. The smaller
plicae on the peristome are wanting and only the six larger
ones are developed (West.).

2. ODONTOCYCLAS ROSSMAESSLERI ('Schmidt' Rossm.). PI. 41y

figs. 12, 13.

Shell with wholly closed, circumflex-shaped umbilical crev-
ice, conic, with somewhat convex sides, from a globular base,
clear corneous, translucent, thin, unevenly rib-striate, slightly
glossy. Whorls 7, convex, united by a rather deep suture, the
last whorl strongly inflated, yet somewhat contracted beneath,
the neck constricted behind the peristome. Aperture nar-
rowed by many larger and smaller teeth. Peristome with ends
separated, reflected, with seven rather large teeth, of which
two are on the parietal wall and five on the lip margins
(Rossm.).

Length 4.5, diam. above aperture 3 mm.

Carinthia, Carniola, eastern Venetia. Type loc., Monte
Manos, near Prewald (Schmidt).

Pupa rossmaessleri Schmidt MS., ROSSMAESSLER, Icono-
graphie der Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken, etc., ii, parts 7
and 8, p. 39; pt. 10, p. 27, pi. 49, f. 644 (1838).— KUESTER,
Conch. Cab., Pupa, p. 16, pi. 2, f. 13-15.— PPR., Monogr., ii,
p. 353.— POLLONERA, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., xii, 1886, p. 222.
—Odontocyclas rossmaessleri Kok., CLESSIN, Molluskenfauna
Oesterreich-Ungarns u. Schweiz, p. 240, f. 143 (only in Carin-
thia, Mt. Nanos, Lueg, and in the Birnbaumer Walde, and in

258 SANDAHLIA.

Friaul from the Birnbaumer Walde over the Trnovaner and
Banjsicaer plateaux to the Isonzo valley and beyond into the
Venetian Friaul).

0. rossmaessleri is very distinct from 0. kokeUii by the
obese shape, the umbilical crevice shaped like a reversed " s, "
the spaced riblets, and the presence of a well-developed supra-
palatal tubercle bounding the sinulus. The columellar axis is
rather large within, but contracts in the last whorl, closing the
umbilicus as described by Eossmaessler, or sometimes leaving
a narrow umbilical opening.

0. rossmaessleri has been reported from northeastern Italy
by the Marchesa Paulucci (Materiaux, p. 11) without definite
locality; also from the Province of Venetia by De Betta
(Malaeologia Veneta — not seen by H. P.). Pollonera notes
that this species is not rare in some parts of Friuli (Friaul),
but it is surely very rare in the Natisone Valley, where he
could find but a single example, of a form much more length-
ened and with the aperture more contracted by the teeth, but
not the typical form figured by Rossmaessler.

Genus SANDAHLIA Westerlund.

Sandahlia WEST., Fauna Palaarct. Reg. Binnenconchylien,
iii, 1887, pp. 78, 92.

The shell is cylindric, of many closely coiled whorls; um-
bilicate, the umbilicus enlarging within; the hollow columel-
lar axis large, widest in the upper part. Aperture having
very long lamellae and plicae arranged as in Abida. Type
Pupa cylitidricd Mich.

Distribution: eastern Pyrenees, in the Pyrenees-Orientales,
France, and Prov. Gerona, Spain. Living under stones and
dead leaves.

Figured on plate 46. The conchological features of San-
dahlia, particularly the large columellar axis (as shown in pi.
46, fig. 3), make its recognition as a genus desirable, even
though the apertural characters are unmistakably those of
Abida. Though the outward form is that of Orcula, I cannot
trace the relationship some authors have claimed. In my view
the two genera belong to different subfamilies.

SANDAHLIA. 259

1. SANDAHLIA CYLINDRICA (Michaud). PL 46, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is umbilicate (the cavity enlarging inward),
cylindric with short terminal cone and obtuse apex; wood
brown; closely, finely and obliquely rib-striate. The whorls
are very narrow, slowly increasing, convex, the last half of
the last whorl straightened, enlarging and becoming white
towards the aperture, flattened laterally, somewhat carinate
beneath, marked with 4 white spiral lines ; the suture abruptly
ascending near the aperture. The aperture is truncate-oval,
vertical, obstructed by numerous teeth: angular lamella
duplicated, extending inward past the dorsal side, enlarged at
the inner end ; its twin branch is shorter, though long. Pari-
etal lamella strong, penetrating past the dorsal line. Colu-
mellar lamella subhorizontal, long, ascending at the inner end ;
subcolumellar more oblique. Upper and lower palatal plicae
strong, emerging, extending inward to a lateral position on
the left side where they are enlarged, and accompanied by a
suprapalatal and a small sutural fold. Basal fold interrupted,
but having an inward continuation like the others. There are
also some short accessory folds and lamellae on the basal, colu-
mellar and parietal margins. Peristome is somewhat ex-
panded and well thickened.

Length 7.7, diam. above aperture 2.8 mm. ; 11% whorls.

Length 7, diam. above aperture 2.9 mm. ; 10% whorls.

Spain : Bascara, a village south of Figueras, prov. Gerona,
under stones (Michaud). France: Villefranche, Aries, Prats-
de-Mollo and la Preste (Pyrenees-Orientales).

Pupa cyUndrica MICHAUD, Bull. d'Hist. Nat. de la Soc.
Linn, de Bordeaux, iii, 1829, p. 268, figs. 17, 18.— ROSSMAESS-
LER, Iconogr., pt. 10, p. 27, pi. 49, f. 643. — KTJESTEB, Conchyl.
Cab., p. 98, pi. 13, f . 12-15.— PFR., Monogr., ii, 337 ; iii, 545 ;
iv, 671; vi, 312.— MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. Fr., p. 381, pi. 27,
f . 20-23 ; with var. polyodon, f . 24, var. longa, p. 382, f . 25,
and var. curta, p. 382. — WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 92,
with form echthrodes, n. n. for var. polyodon Moq. — DUPUY,
Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Toulouse, xiii, 1879, p. 54, with var.
polyodon and var. elongatissima, p. 55. — CAZIOT, Ann. Soc.
Linn. Lyon, Annee 1916, p. 59. — HeUx dufourii FEB., Tabl.

260 SANDAHLIA.

Syst., p. 63, no. 478, no description, teste BECK, Ind. Moll., p.
S3.— Pupa dufmirii DUPUY, Hist. Moll. Fr., p. 400, pi. 20, f . 1.
— Orcula cylindrica Mich., LOCABD, Ann. Soc. d'Agricult.
Lyons (7), iii, 1896, p. 208.— GERMAIN, Moll, de la France et
des Reg. voisines, ii, 1913, p. 179. — Sandahlia cylindrica
WEST., Synopsis, 1897, p. 77, with form ectrodes.

This species is easily known by the umbilicus, the closely
wound whorls, and the long, strong folds of the aperture.

In typical cylindrica the right limb of the twinned angular
lamella is long, extending inward beyond the anterior end of
the parietal lamella.

The description and figs. 1, 2 are from specimens received
from Michaud.

Caziot (1916) stated that this species is confined to the
Spanish slope of the eastern Pyrenees, and at Villefranche-de-
Confluent, Amelie-les-Bains, la Preste and Saint-Laurent-de-
Cerdans on the French slope. In France it lives exclusively
in the valleys of the Tet and the Tech. In Spain it descends
as far as Montserrat, and penetrates very little westward.

The following forms and varieties have been described :

Var. elongatissima Dupuy. Shell of 15-16 whorls. La
Preste.

Var. Imigd Moq. Shell of 14 whorls ; aperture with 8 or 9
folds. Length 12 mm. ; no locality given.

Var. curta Moq. Shell with 9-10 whorls; aperture much
folded; length 5-6 mm. Aries. (See S. c. curtata.)

Var. cylindriformis 'Bgt.' Loc. Cylindric, much length-
ened, relatively somewhat narrow; 12-13 slightly convex
whorls, the suture little impressed ; aperture relatively small,
long-oval, the lateral borders subparallel; 2 superior folds,
one in the vicinity of the suture, the other contiguous and im-
mersed ; 2 immersed columellars, the first a little narrow and
long, the second shorter and a little less deeply placed; 4
palatals, the first rudimentary, the second the strongest, and
the only one reaching the peristome; the two lower smaller;
peristome interrupted, a little thickened, everted; shell dark
corneous-red, ornamented with very fine, regular and crowded
striae. Length 81/2-10, diam. 2^-3 mm. La Prats (Pyrenees-

SANDAHLIA. 261

Orientales), Eians (Var), etc. (Orcula cylindriformis Bour-
guignat in coll., Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon (7), iii,
1896, p. 209.)

The locality Rians (Var) is surely an error, as this place is
far out of the range of Sandahlia and in an Alpic fauna.

Form echthrodes West. (Var. polyodon Moq., not Pupa
polyodon Drap. ; form echtrodes West., 1897.) Shell of 11-12
whorls; aperture with several little folds between the ordi-
nary ones. Villefranche.

Var. corrugata Loc. Cylindric-elongate, very rapidly
tapering at the summit; 11-12 slightly convex whorls, the
suture marked; aperture relatively small, long-oval; 2 supe-
rior folds, the first bifid, lodged at the suture, the second im-
mersed; 2 columellars, attaining the peristome, accompanied
by 2 to 4 little peristomial folds ; 4 palatals, of which 3 attain
the peristome, accompanied by 3 or 4 peristomial folds ; peri-
stome thick, expanded, reflected; shell corneous-fawn, not
glossy, ornamented with very fine, regular and close striae.
Length 7-8, diam. 2%-3 mm. Villefranche (Pyrenees-Orien-
tales). (Orcula corrugata Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon
(7), iii, 1896, p. 209.)

This is probably equal to echthrodes W.

la. S. cylindrica curtata n. subsp. PI. 46, figs. 5, 7.

This form, which I take to be var. curta Moq.-Tand. (not
Pupa pyrenaaria var. curta Moq., on a prior page), is a rather
well-characterized subspecies. Besides the short shell, of
which the last 4 whorls form the cylindric portion, it is pecu-
liar in thfc aperture. The little right twin-lamella of the an-
gular lamella is very short. The angular proper extends a
little way beyond the anterior end of the parietal, and is not
continuous with the spiral lamella, which, however, is well
developed. The accessory lamellae of columellar and parietal
margins are often quite weak, or largely wanting. The inner
barrier is dorsal.

Length 6, diam. above aperture 2.8 mm.; 10 whorls (type
fig. 5).

Length 5.9, diam. above aperture 2.6 mm. ; 934 whorls.

Length 6.9 mm. (largest specimen seen).

262 ABIDA.

Genus ABIDA Leach.

Pupa DRAP. and of most authors, not of Bolten 1798. —
Cochlodonta FER., in part. — Chondrus CUVIER, in part, Regne
Animal, ii, 1816, p. 408. — HARTMANN, in part, System der
Erd- und Siisswasser-Conchyl. Europas, 1821, pp. 38, 50, etc.

Torquilla STUDER, in Kurzes Verzeichniss der bis jetzt in
unsern Vaterlande entdeckten Conchylien, Naturwissenschaft-
licher Anzeiger der allgemeinen Schweizerischen Ges. f.
gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 3ter Jahrg., 1 May, 1820, p.
89, for variabilis Drap., secale Dr., avena Dr., hordeum Stud,
and granumCt) Drap. Not Torquilla Brisson, 1760 (Aves).
—GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 176, Pupa secale selected as type.

Abida LEACH, in Turton's Manual of Land and Fresh-
water Shells of the British Islands, 1831, p. 101, monotype
Abida secale Leach = Pupa secale Drap.

Granaria HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 918 ; Pupa variabilis Dr. here
selected as type. — Pupella SWAINSON, Malacology, 1840, p.
334 ; P. variabilis Dr. here selected as type.

Stomodonta MERMET, Hist, des moll. terr. et fluv. viv. dans
les Pyrenees-Occidentales, 1843, p. 45. Stomodonta secale
(Pupa secale Drap.) is here selected as type.

Jaminia Leach MS., Risso, in part, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid.,
iv, 1826, p. 88, and of some subsequent authors ; not Jaminia
as restricted by Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 176, to the type J.
heterostropha — Bulimus quadridem Brug.

The shell is relatively large (5 to 20 mm. long), cylindric
with conic summit, pale brown, of calcareous texture, the
aperture having long angular, parietal and columellar lamel-
lae, upper, lower and basal plicae, and usually some accessory
folds, the plicae long, entering to or past the dorsal side; in-
ternal axis slender.

Radula having unicuspid or tricuspid central teeth, the
laterals all distinctly bicuspid, with wide, square basal-plates ;
marginal teeth with additional cusps.

Type : A. secale. Distribution : Spain to Roumania, north
to the Thames counties of England (possibly in Algeria also) .

This genus differs from Chondrina by the more earthy shell
and longer palatal plicae, which frequently are enlarged at

ABIDA. 263

their inner ends to form an interior barrier, as in pi. 43, fig. 3.
The chief difference, however, is in the teeth of the radula,
which are of the normal Pupillid type in Abida, strongly
modified in Chondrina.

The Abidas show far less differentiation in form and aper-
tural teeth than the Chondrinas. The genus is also less widely
distributed, occupying only the central part of the Chondrina
territory, which, except in England, surpasses that of Abida
on all sides.

It had been planned to have Abida and Chondrina mono-
graphed by a European conchologist, but this proved to be
impracticable under existing conditions. To omit these genera
from their proper systematic place seemed unwise, as the
monograph of Pupillidse might thus be left incomplete for an
indefinite time. Yet to really write a monograph of Abida
and Chondrina one should give them some years of investiga-
tion; personally collect in several fields, especially in the
Pyrenees, in order to get a true perspective of racial values.
Finally, the collection of Bourguignat at Geneva should be
assiduously studied. It is clumsy work attempting to estimate
the species of Dupuy, Bofill, Fagot and other workers in this
field, or reconcile their differences, without such preparation.
Indeed, I do not presume to do so. It can only be expected
of me that the well-established species be properly defined,
and a reliable compilation made from the published literature
on the others. It is a collection of materials rather than an
authoritative monograph. Westerlund's helpful monographs
of 1887 and 1897 have been used freely, but the present work
comprises many more named forms. With few exceptions, the
descriptions have been translated in full from original sources.

It must not be supposed that the " varieties " herein ad-
mitted represent the writer's views. They reflect merely the
condition of the literature upon the group. In most cases I
have not sufficient knowledge of them for the formation of
an opinion. The term "var." leaves the question of status
open, and may apply to any subspecific form, whether racial
or merely individual variation. A large proportion of the
varietal names are invalid, under existing rules of nomencla-

264 ABIDA.

ture, on account of prior use of the same names in connection
with other species of "Pupa." I have rarely attempted to
rectify the usage, because whoever thoroughly revises the sub-
specific forms zoologically ought to have a free hand with
their nomenclature. Otherwise there will be further accre-
tions to the already colossal synonymy.

The impression may be ventured that the forms described
by Bofill and Fagot are mainly valid as species or races, while
most of those of Locard have little value, or are practically
synonyms. Bourguignat's work on the group is of very un-
equal value.

Much of the literature of the Pupillidae of southern Europe
is inadequate, either in description, in comparisons with fig-
ured species, in knowledge of previous work, or especially in
lacking illustrations. The carelessness and incompetence of
some authors are appalling. Yet there has been much excel-
lent work also. Draparnaud laid a sure foundation. Kiister,
and especially Rossmassler in Germany, Moquin-Tandon in
France, built with consummate workmanship. Of late years,
Commandant Caziot and M. Margier have studied the distri-
bution and synonymy of many species with excellent results;
and there are many minor papers by other authors which it is
a pleasure to use.

Radula.

The dentition has been investigated chiefly by Rev. Prof.
Gwatkin, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, p. 227. He gives the
following list of species having the normal type of teeth :

affinis Rm. muhlfeldii Kiister.

avenacea Brug. nana

braunii Rm. pachygastra Ziegl.

cinerea Dr. partioti Moq.-Tand.

clausilioides Boub. rhodia Roth

frumentum Drap. secalina Marts,

montserratica Fag. variabilis Drap.

Some of the specimens supplied to Prof. Gwatkin must have
been identified incorrectly. Thus, avenacea and cinerea (under

ABIDA. 265

the names quinquedentata and similis) appear also in his list
of species having the Chondrina type of teeth. Both species
have been investigated by Schako and by the author. They
belong unquestionably to Chondrina. P. muhlfeldii is stated
by Schako to have teeth like avenacea, and is therefore a
Chondrina. Pupa secale, which Prof. Gwatkin has in his list
of species with teeth like Chondrina megacheilos, certainly be-
longs to the normal or Abida- group, as I have examined sev-
eral radulae. It has a simple mesocone alone on the centrals,
but all the laterals have the ectocone, though smaller than in
some other species. There are about 12 laterals, of the broad
quadrate type. In Chondrina the laterals are more numerous,
narrow, with single long, curved cusps. A. frumentum has
fewer laterals, 5, with larger ectocones, and there are very
weak ectocones on the centrals.

Apertural Teeth.

Most species of Abida and Chondrina possess a special
lamella peripherad of the inner end of the parietal lamella,
called the spiral lamella, shown at s in pi. 42, fig. 4, also in the
other basal views on that plate, and in pi. 43, fig. 1, and
others. The spiral lamella is a disjoined portion of the an-
gular lamella, with which it is continuous in some species. It
is often absent. Although first noticed by Kiister many
years ago, most authors have ignored it, thus losing a useful
character. It may generally be seen in an oblique view in the
mouth, though of course not in the usual ventral view given
in figures. In some cases it is not visible without breaking
the shell (as in pi. 43, fig. 1).

The angular lamella is often duplicated or twinned by the
development of an accessory lamella outside of it, towards the
suture, shown in plate 42, figs. 8, 14, 16. In some species
there is a low lamella at the columellar end of the parietal
wall, as in pi. 43, fig. 14. Abida polyodon has a parallel
lamella, situated between the spiral lamella and the suture,
on the parietal wall, shown in pi. 44, fig. 3. The principal
lamellae and plicaa of these genera are otherwise placed exactly
as in Gastrocopta, etc. There is more or less thickening or in-

266 ABIDA.

bending of the outer lip where the upper palatal plica or fold
emerges.

Many French authors call the lamellae of the parietal wall
' ' superior folds ' ' ( plis superieurs) .

Distribution.

While species of Abida occur from Spain to the Balkans,
and north to southern England, they are chiefly concentrated
about the Alps and the Pyrenees, which have been evolution
centers of species and races. A. secale (with its immediate
relatives or races) covers nearly the whole range of the genus
and extends far north of all other species, but the other
groups of species are more local.

I. PYRENEAN CENTER: Groups of A. polyodon, A. braunii
and A. affinis. Three rather closely related groups, allied to
the Alpic frumentiana. In this connection it may be noted
that SandahUa cylindrica appears to be merely a special modi-
fication of the same ancestral stock. A. -polyodon has spread
as far east as the Var valley in France, but most of the species
are strictly mountain forms of the Pyrenees. The western
limit of the genus in Spain has not been worked out.

II. ALPIC CENTER: Groups of A. frumentum, A. micheli,
A. variabilis and A. atracta. These groups are more dis-
tinctly differentiated than the Pyrenean. A. frumentum has
the most extensive range, second only to that of A. secale,
which is perhaps also to be classed as belonging to the Alpic
center. Some other forms, such as A. variabilis, overlap the
ranges of a few Pyrenean species in southern France, but
none extends as far west as the Pyrenees. The related genus
Odontocyclas also belongs to the Alpic center.

The conclusions to be drawn from the distribution of both
Abida and Chondrina are in agreement. The Pyrenean (or
Hispanic) center is rather a secondary or peripheral center
of evolution, so far as the modern forms are concerned.
Though remarkably rich in species and races, the differentia-
tion is of somewhat more youthful type than around the
Alpic center.

The alleged occurrence of Abida braunii and A. polyodon

ABIDA. 267

in Algeria, reported by Bourguignat (Malacologie de I'Al-
gerie), is really remarkable. The records are so definite that
one may scarcely express doubt, whatever may be felt; yet
further confirmation would certainly be comforting. Chon-
drina gcmiostoma, C. penchinatiana and C. avenacea are other
equally anomalous records from Bourguignat and from Le-
tourneux (La I&bylie, i, p. 227). Except C. avenacea, these
species belong to the Pyrenean center, most of them being
distinctively mountain forms. Until these Algerian records
shall be confirmed in the field, speculation upon them is un-
profitable.

It will be noted that the area of Chondrina extends both
east and west of that of Abida, also being found further south
(in Sicily and Morocco), and further north (Oeland and Got-
land. Except in England, the area of Abida is everywhere
surpassed by Chondrina. Since there is also much more struc-
tural diversity among the Chondrinas, there is some reason to
believe it older as a genus; though of course the specialized
radula forbids the idea that it was ancestral to Abida.

Nomenclature.

The generic term Pupa was first used by Bolten in the post-
humous Museum Boltenianum, 1798, p. 110, for Pupa solidula
(n. n. for Voluta flammea Gmel.) and Pupa grisebla (n. n.
for Voluta solidula Gmel.). The second of these species, P.
grisebla, may be selected as type of Pupa. That term there-
fore displaces the names of the Tectibranch genus Solidula F.
de W. (see Man. Conch., 1st ser., xv, p. 136), which will be
known as Pupa Bolt.

Lamarck, in Syst. Anim. sans Vert., 1801, p. 88, proposed
to use Pupa for a series of land shells, giving P. uva as an ex-
ample. Pupa Lam., with the type uva, becomes therefore a
synonym of Cerion Bolt.,* 1798 (Mus. Bolt., p. 90; Man.
Conch., 2d ser., xiv, 174) .

* Cferton contained the following Boltenian species:

C. vulgar « Bolt., based on figures of C. mumia and C. uva ; here restricted
to the latter.

C. uva Bolt, based on Gmelin, together with figures possibly of C. multi-
costa K.

268 ABIDA.

Stomodonta Mermet was a composite genus, formed by the
union of the prior genera Clausilia, Pupa and Vertigo, which
Mermet considered to be not generically distinct. Pupa secale
Drap. is here selected as its type.

Jaminia of Risso was a heterogeneous group. It has been
discussed by Woodward, Journ. of Conch., 1903, p. 358, Cock-
erell (Nautilus, xviii, p. 103), Dall (Nautilus, xvii, 115, xviii,
114) and Pilsbry (Nautilus, xviii, 105, 117), but Gray had
already selected a type in 1847. According to existing rules
governing nomenclature, a type once properly selected cannot
be altered, and Gray's action removed Jaminia from the
Pupillid group. It will displace Chondrula Beck in the Buli-
minoid series.

Abida and Chondrina have generally been known as Tor-
quttla — a name long before used for a genus of birds. Chon-
drus of Cuvier included species of Abida, but the type species,
zebra Oliv. (selected by Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 175), belongs
to the Buliminoid group generally known by the later name
Brephulus. Hartmann's use of Chondrus for the Abidas
(1821) was not a restriction of Cuvier 's group, as he did not
recognize its composite nature or name a type. See notes
under Chondrina.

Tertiary Species of Abida and Chondrina.

The paleontology of Abida and Chondrina is little known.
The earliest forms are A. vouastensis of northern France
(Oise), considered by Easpail to be of Bartonian Eocene age,
and much like the recent frumentum; an undetermined Middle

C. apiarium Bolt=t*ra Gmel.=uva L. Type of Cerion.

C. pupa Bolt.=jBeftz pupa Gm., a species of Mastus (Enidae).

C. botrys Bolt, undetermined.

<7. bidens Bolt. = Tur&o bidens Gmel., a Clausilia.

Synonyms of Cerion are: Cerium Link, Beschreib, Rostock Sammlung iii,
1807, p. 131, for C. uva and C. bidens^ the former the type. Puparia Rafines-
que, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, p. 143, new name for Pupa Lam. , therefore
taking the same type, P. uva. Fe'russac included the Abidas, as well as
Orcula, Pupil.la, Cerion and other groups under the subgenus Cochlodonta. It
is proposed to make the species uva Linn, type of Cochlodonta, which there-
fore becomes equivalent to Cerion Bolten.

ABIDA. 269

Oligocene species of the Main Basin, known by fragments
generically characteristic, and Abida oryza Edw., also quite
imperfectly known. These were followed in the Upper Oli-
gocene and Miocene by German and Bohemian specks which
Dr. Boettger considered closely related to the recent A. varia-
bilis. All of these forms have the shape, size and character-
istic lamellae and folds of the modern genus. The origin of
the group is thus to be looked for in earliest Tertiary or more
likely in Cretaceous time. The rarity of specimens and small
number of species indicate either that central Europe was on
the confines of the distribution of the genus, or that the
species, then as now, lived chiefly in mountainous regions, and
were only preserved exceptionally.

The only Tertiary Chondrinas found on record are so doubt-
fully referred to that genus that no conclusions can properly
be based upon them.

ABIDA VOUASTENSIS (Easpail). Pupa vouastensis Raspail,
Feuille Jeunes Naturalistes, 1909, no. 466, p. 201. Barton-
ian( ?) stage of the Eocene, Vouast, near Montjavoult (Oise).

ABIDA ORYZA (Edwards). Pupa oryza EDW., Mon. Eoc.
Ceph. and Univalves of England, i, 18—, p. 78, pi. 14, f. 3a-b.
Oligocene, Headon Hill.

ABIDA sp. BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk., xliii,
1889, p. 245 (as Torquttla sp.). Middle Oligocene of Elsheim
in Rheinhessen.

ABIDA SUBVARIABILIS Sandb. Pupa subvariabilis Sandber-
ger Conchyl. Mainz. Tertiar Beckens, 1863, p. 50, pi. 5, f. 6-
6c ; Vorwelt, p. 393, pi. 23, f . 6-6c. — Pupa variabilis var. mio-
caena A. Braun, Vert. d. Naturf. Vers. zu Mainz, 1842, p. 148.
— TorquUla subvariabilis (Sndbgr.) Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau.
Ver. Naturk., xlii, 1889, p. 243. — SCHLOSSER, Abhandl. d.
naturw.-med. Ver. fur Bohmen " Lotos," ii, 3. Heft, 1901, p.
93, var. ulmensis. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim, Eckingen.

ABIDA INTRUSA (Slavik). Pupa intrusa SLAVIK, Archiv
pro prirod. prozk. Cech., i, 2, p. 259, pi. 4, f. 12, 13—Torquilla
intrusa Slavik, KLIKA, Die Tert. Land- und Siisswasser-
Conchyl. des nordwestlichen Bohmen, 1891, p. 87, f. 83.
Upper Oligocene, Tuchoritz [Tuchorschitz] and Lippen.

270 ABIDA.

ABIDA FUSTIS (Boettger). Torquilla fustis Bttg., Jahrb.
Nassau. Ver. Naturk., xlii, 1889, p. 246. — Pupa (TorquiUa)
subvariabilis SANDB., in part, Vorwelt, p. 393, pi. 23, f. 6-6c.
Upper Oligocene Landschneckenkalk von Hochheim.

ABIDA ANTIQUA (Schiibler). Pupa antiqua Schiibl. in Zie-
ten, Verst. Wiirttembergs, p. 39, pi. 29, f. 7. — SANDBERGER.
Vorwelt, p. 653. — Pupa schiibleri KLEIN, Jahresh. Ver. Na-
turk. Wiirttemb., ii, 1847, p. 74, pi. 1, f. 18.— MILLER, Jahresh.
Ver. Vaterl. Naturk., vol. 56, 1900, p. 396, with var. pachy-
gastra Fraas, p. 397. Middle Miocene, Kalksande von Stein-
heim am Aalbuch.

ABIDA SUBANTIQUA Lomnicki. Pupa subantiqua LOM., Ver-
handl. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst., 1886, nr. 16, p. 423. Miocene.
Folwarki, Galizia.

ABIDA NOERDLINGENSIS (Klein) . Pupa noerdlingcnsis Klein,
Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. Wiirttemb., ii, 1847, p. 75, pi.
1, f. 20. — Torquilla novrdlingenensis (Kl.) BOETTGER, Jahrb.
Nassau. Ver. Naturk., xlii, 1889, p. 245. — Pupa (Torquilla)
siibfusiformis Sandberger, Vorwelt, p. 598. Upper Miocene,
Germany.

Series of A. polyodon.

Plicae and lamellae strongly developed, with many inter-
mediate folds. Angular continuous with the spiral lamella;
a parallel lamella present. Pyrenean center, but extending
across southern France.

1. ABIDA POLYODON (Drap.). PL 44, figs, 1, 2, 3.

The shell is cylindric below, the upper half or less conic,
apex obtuse ; cinnamon or somewhat darker, thin, very finely,
distinctly striate ; upper whorls convex, the later much less so,
the last whorl somewhat compressed near the base, whitish or
buff near the lip, the suture ascending slightly at its end.
The aperture is shortly oval. Angular lamella straight in
front, entering deeply, and weakly continuous with the spiral
lamella, which is curved, and attains a dorsal position, deeper
than the parietal lamella. A short twin accessory lamella
stands between the angular and the outer lip, and far within
there is a small "parallel lamella" between the spiral lamella

ABIDA. 271

and the suture (pi. 44, fig. 3). The parietal lamella is deep
within, low in front but high within. A slender lamella
stands close to the columellar insertion. Columellar lamella
strong within, emerging and ascending obliquely to the peri-
stome. Subcolumellar lamella smaller, descending and emerg-
ing. Upper and lower palatal and basal plica? strong, emerg-
ing, becoming lower within, and again enlarging to form an
inner barrier in a dorso-lateral position, where there is also a
short suprapalatal and a smaller sutural plica. The peristome
is somewhat expanded, whitish, its internal callous sculptured
with few or (typically) many narrow folds.

Length 8, diam. 2.8 mm. (typical form, fig. 2).

Length 9.8, diam. 2.8 mm. (long form, fig. I).

France: in the olive zone, east to the Var valley, north to
Grenoble in the Isere valley, but on the west side of the Rhone
not beyond the Ardeche river; west to the Pyrenees. Type
locality, Castelnau, near Montpellier.

Spain : Pyrenees, and in the Mediterranean drainage south-
west to the province of Murcia ; Minorca.

Pupa polyodcm DBAPABNAUD, Tableau, 1801, p. 60; Hist.
Moll. France, p. 67, pi. 4, f. 1, 2. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., i,
pt. 5, p. 12, f. 316. — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 42, pi.
5, f . 24, 25. — PFEIFFER, Monogr., ii, 336. — MOQUIN-TANDON,
Hist. nat. Moll. Fr., p. 372, pi. 26, f . 39 ; pi. 27, f . 1-4, with
var. attrita, p. 373. — BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii, p.
77, pi. 5, f. 14-18 (flood debris of the ravine Chabat-Beinan,
near Cape Caxine, Algeria). — CAZIOT et FAGOT, Ann. Soc.
Linn. Lyon, n. ser. liii, 1907, p. 192. — CAZIOT, Etude Moll.
Monaco, etc., 1910, p. 321 ; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxv, 1910,
pp. 94-98. — Chondrus polyodon CUVIER, Regne Animal, ii, p.
408. — Granaria polyodon HELD., Isis, 1837, p. 918. — Pupa
montserratica FAGOT, Annales de Malacologie, ii, 1884, p. 191.

Abida polyodon is readily known by the many denticula-
tions of the peristome, which are strongest in the Pyrenean
race ringicula, and sometimes weak and partly wanting in
French examples. At all times the internal structure is char-
acteristic, the spiral lamella being continuous with the an-
gular, and penetrating beyond the parietal lamella, and a small

272 ABIDA.

parallel lamella is developed (near the suture, outside of the
spiral lamella). There is also a suprapalatal and a sutural
plica.

The distribution has been considered in detail by Comman-
dant Caziot in two papers referred to above. He doubts the
Algerian record of Bourguignat. In the foothills of the
Pyrenees the typical form gives place to the var. ringicula,
which extends over the range into southeastern Spain.

Var. attrita Moquin-Tandon, 1855. Shell smaller, aperture
with the folds very inconspicuous. Montpellier.

Var. ventricosa Locard. Shell smaller, ventricose (Wester-
lund, Synops., 1897, p. 87).

Var. montserratica Fagot. Differs from polyodon by the
more rounded perforation, the smaller aperture, the spire
slimmer and longer, as in Pupa secale, and by the feebler den-
ticulations, which are arranged almost in the same way.
Length 9, diam. 2% mm., 9% whorls. Monastery of Montser-
rat, Catalonia, Spain, on rocks (Fagot).

Var. amelia 'Bgt./ Loc. Small, ovoid, rather short, stout
and ventricose, rapidly tapering above. Seven to eight quite
convex whorls, the suture marked. Aperture small, somewhat
rounded, a little contracted ; 3 to 4 superior folds, 2 columel-
lars; 4 palatals; 7-8 little peristomial folds. Peristome very
slightly expanded, rather thin. Shell corneous-red, sub-
opaque, but little shining, ornamented with quite well marked,
fine and regular striae. Length 61/2-7, diam. 2y2 mm. Bare;
Amelie - les - Bains (Pyr.-Or.) ; Avignonnet (H. - Garonne) .
Pupa ameUa Brgt. in coll., Locard, Ann. Soc. de I'Agricult.
Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 198.

Var. ringicula (Mich., Kuester). PL 44, fig. 4. Aperture
oblong, subangular at base, the little folds of the peristome
distinct and numerous. Length 3%, width 1% lines. Local-
ity: in the eastern Pyrenees (Kuester).

Pupa ringicula Michaud in litt., KUESTER, Syst. Conch.
Cab., Pupa, 1849(1), p. 103, pi. 14, f. 9-12, quoted in
synonymy of P. polyodon var. minor. — P. polyodon var. minor
ROSSM., Iconogr., pt. xi, 1842, p. 10, f. 727. — Pupa polyodon
var. ringicula Michaud, WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 116.

ABIDA. 273

— Pupa ringicula Michaud (as a form of polyodon), CAZIOT,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxv, 1910, p. 97 (distribution).—
Helix (Cochlodonta) polyodon var. a: "exilis, elongata,"
FER., Tableau Syst, 1821, p. 60, no. 490 (Gironne, Barce-
lonne) = Torquilla gracUlima BECK, Index Moll., 1837, p. 86,
no. 17. = Pupa polyodon var. exilis Moquin-Tandon, based
upon same reference to Ferussac. — Pupa p. var. minor Moq.,
1855, based upon Rossm., f. 727.

According to M. Margier, the Pupa ringicula is character-
istic of the valleys of the departments Aude and Pyrenees-
Orientales. It has been found at Carcassonne and Candies,
Villafranche-de-Confluent, Amelie-les-Bains ; but in the upper
part of the valley of the Tech it is replaced by Pupa mont-
serratica, at La Preste, Prats-de-Mollo, Arles-sur-Tech. The
two forms do not occur together. In Spain it is abundant in
the provinces composing Aragon, in Catalonia, and has been
found as far southwest as the province of Murcia.

The separation of this variety from polyodon seems arbi-
trary, as the sizes intergrade. Draparnaud's type of poly-
odon from near Montpellier was 8.5 mm. long. Specimens,
presumably of the var. ringicula, from dep. Hautes-Pyrenees
measure 6.4 mm. long, others from Barcelona (fig. 4) up to
9.7 x 3.2 mm.

Torquilla gracUlima Beck defined by the two words exilis,
elongata, may have been a slender shell of this race.

Series of A. Iraunii.

Rather small, closely striate, with 4 palatal plicae, the
upper and sometimes the basal short, not emerging. Lip
thick. Pyrenean center.

5. ABIDA BRAUNH (Rossm.). PL 43, figs. 1 to 6.

Shell with a narrow but distinct, half-covered umbilical
perforation; rather small; ovate-oblong, with rather acute
summit, corneous-buff, transparent, nearly lusterless, strong,
very finely and indistinctly striate. The 7 whorls are strongly
convex and united by a deep suture. Aperture half-ovate;
peristome expanded, with a distinct white lip, the outer lip

274 ABIDA.

somewhat arcuately impressed. In the middle of the palate
stand two very long palatal plicae, which deep in the throat
are thicker and more emphatic for a short distance; at the
same place a very short but emphatic plica stands under, an-
other over the two long palatal plicae (pi. 43, fig. 3). On the
columella there is a very distinct, and under it the scarcely
visible rudiment of a second tooth. On the parietal wall
there are two lamellae, of which the outer connects anteriorly
in a curve with the beginning of the outer lip. Length 2%,
diam. 1 line; 7 whorls. (Rossm.)

France: Valley of Luz (Hautes-Pyrenees) and Coustouge
(Pyrenees-Orientales). Spain. Also has been reported from
Portugal and from Algeria, and Algiers in debris of the Oued-
Isser and Oued-Staoueli, and of the small ravine of Chabet-
Beinan near Cape Caxine (Bgt.).

Pupa braunii ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr. L. u. Siiswasser-Moll.
ii, xi Heft, 1842, p. 10, pi. 53, f. 726, a, b, c (Carcassonne).—
KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 86, pi. 12, f. 14-16. — MOQUIN-
TANDON, Hist. Moll. Fr., p. 377, pi. 27, f. 10-14, with varr.
cycloides and multidens. — PFEIPPER, Monogr., ii, 334 ; iii, 545 ;
iv, 671; vi, 311; viii, 379. — BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Algerie,
ii, 1864, p. 81, pi. 5, f. 28-32, with var. major, p. 82, and var.
crassttabrum, p. 83, pi. 5, f. 33, 34. — WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii,
1887, p. 108. — Pupa labiosa MOQUIN-TANDON, "Mem. lu a
TAcad. des Scienc. Toulouse, juillet, 1842."

The inner set of plicae is strongly developed, very deeply
immersed, between the left side and dorsal position; the
upper palatal and the basal plica appear here only, the latter
as a small, short fold. Inter- and lower palatal run to the lip,
and there is a short sutural fold, represented by a mere trace.
The parietal lamella is a half whorl long, terminating abruptly
at the inner barrier, where also a very short spiral lamella
stands. The columellar lamella penetrates inward to the ven-
tral position. Subcolumellar lamella is wholly immersed, dor-
sal, rather well developed, though much smaller than the colu-
mellar. There is an opaque white band behind the lip, which
is strongly thickened within. The base of the shell is rounded.

Length 5.8 to 6.8, diam. 2.3 mm. ; 8 to nearly 9 whorls.

ABIDA. 275

The records of this species in Portugal and Algeria, made
about fifty years ago, have not been confirmed by later col-
lections, so far as I can learn. A. Nobre, a careful observer,
could give no confirmation of the record from Portugal, in his
work of 1908. Its range in Spain is probably not greater
than that of A. polyodon.

Rossmassler's figures (pi. 43, figs. 4-6) represent a shell
with shorter terminal cone than those I have seen from Luz
and Bareye (Hautes-Pyrenees) and Spain. The parietal cal-
lous seems to have been very thin. In most of the specimens I
have seen it is quite distinct or even forms a distinct ledge.
Often there is a small denticle at each end of the parietal cal-
lous, or its whole extent may be cut into low denticles (pi. 43,
figs. 1, 2, Luz). Rossmassler's locality, Carcassonne, was
erroneous. According to Moquin-Tandon (p. 378), Braun,
who supplied Rossmassler's types, obtained it at Bareges. It
is quite abundant, though only in certain localities, around
Saint-Sauveur.

Moquin-Tandon defined two varieties, both from Luz:
cycloides, shell with the peristome continuous ; and multidens,
shell with the peristome subcontinuous, aperture with a small
tooth on the penult whorl near the columellar margin, 2 colu-
mellar lamellae; the lower palatal plica more strongly devel-
oped. According to Westerlund (Malak. BL, vol. 22, p. 122)
the var. multidens is a synonym of P. partioti. Yet as that
species was well known to Moquin-Tandon, the reference ap-
pears dubious.

Var. conispira Westerlund. Shell gradually elongate-conic
from the wide and somewhat transverse base, acute, greenish-
white, densely, regularly costulate; Sy2 whorls very slowly
increasing. Aperture situated wholly below the external half
of the base; angular lamella very small, parietal long, colu-
mellar fold very short, strong. Length 6, diam. at the base
3 mm. Albarrasin, Spain (WesterL, Nachrbl., 1893, p. 120;
Synops. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Pal., i, 1897, p. 87).

Var. major Bgt. Shell of a little greater size, length 8,
diam. 3 mm. Algeria: Oued-Staoueli (Bourguignat) .

Var. crassilabrum Bgt. Shell resembling the type, but the

276 ABIDA.

peristome is thicker, wider, as though bloated, with very blunt
edges. Algeria : Chabet-Beinan, Oued-Staoueli (Bourguignat) ..

6. ABIDA PARTIOTI (Moq.). PL 43, figs. 7, 8, 9.

The shell is minutely perforate, obliquely rimate, cylindric
below, the upper half or more slowly tapering to an obtuse
apex; between tawny and cinnamon-brown; evenly and min-
utely rib-striate. Whorls slightly convex, the last whorl hav-
ing a short, horizontal, strongly projecting basal carwa, and a
shallow spiral impression on the last half, over the upper
palatal plica; suture suddenly ascending at the end. Aper-
ture semioval. Angular lamella thickened and joining the
outer lip, long, penetrating deeply to the spiral lamella but
not quite joining it ; spiral lamella short and in a dorsal posi-
tion (see fig. 7). Parietal lamella rather deeply immersed,
not high, running to the dorsal side. The columella is strong,
subhorizontal, and a half whorl long; subcolumellar smaller,
more oblique within; both continue nearly to the peristome,
the lower more strongly. Three long plicae emerge to the
peristome, the upper palatal running into the callous defining
the sinulus. In the middle of the back the plicae are empha-
sized, forming short teeth, a short suprapalatal fold standing
above them. The peristome is expanded, well thickened within
and on the face. The parietal callous is crenulated by the
striae, and usually hast some denticles, those at the two ends
larger and more constant. Length 6.7, diam. 2.3 mm.; 10
whorls.

"Length 6 to 8, diam. 1.8 to 2 mm." (Moq.).

Pyrenees: Valley of Luz, near the Gontaut bridge (Par-
tiot) ; bottom of the cirque de Gavarnie (Saint-Simon).

Pupa partioti Moquin-Tandon, in SAINT-SIMON, Miscellanees
Malacologiques, i, 1848, p. 28.— Moll. France, p. 369, pi. 26, f.
30-33.— KUESTEB, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 114, pi. 15, f . 21-25.
— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 546.— DTJPUY, Hist. Moll. Fr., p. 383,
pi. 19, f. 1. — WESTERLUND, Fauna, 1887, p. 109. — KOBELT,
Iconogr. n. F., ix, 1902, p. 71, pi. 262, f. 1697.

Distinguished by the basal keel, the long angular lamella,
etc. It is said to be very local in distribution. Examples from
Luz are illustrated.

ABIDA. 277

7. ABIDA TUXENSIS ('Fag.' West.).

Shell elongate, cylindric, shortly tapering above, corneous
or rufous-brown, densely, arcuately and obsoletely, obliquely
striatulate. Whorls 11, all very slowly increasing, a little
convex, the last a little compressed at base, above strongly and
very shortly ascending to the aperture. Aperture oval, with
8 folds, 2 parietal, 2 columellar, 4 palatal; the angular fold
duplicated at the insertion; parietal deeply placed, high;
upper columellar very strong within, outwardly thinly taper-
ing or with a tubercle placed against the margin, the lower
fold thin and short ; first palatal fold short, generally puncti-
form, the two middle folds equal, larger, submarginal, the
basal fold shorter. Peristome a little reflected, whitish, mar-
gins joined by a very thin parietal callous. Length 9%-lOj
diam. 2y2mm. (West.).

Spain: Tuxon, Catalonia (P. Fagot).

P. [upa] (TorquUla) tuxensis Fag. in sc., WESTERLUND,
Nachbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1902, p. 40.

A very large species of the P. partioti group (West.).

8. ABIDA DUPUYI (Wester!.). PL 43, fig. 10.

Shell oblong-cylindric, very delicately rib-striate, buff-
corneous; whorls 9-10, slowly increasing, the upper convex,
lower slightly so, the last whorl having two longitudinal fur-
rows, the base below the perforation ornamented with a high,
sharp-edged crest projecting as far as the subreflexed peri-
stome. Aperture semioval ; one angular lamella, thickened or
duplicated by a denticle above; one deeply placed parietal
lamella; one deeply placed, high columellar, situated in front
of the parietal wall, and another, lower lamella, long, curved,
running to the margin; palatal plicae 3, long, the upper one
very long, swollen tooth-like in the outer margin. Peristome
scarcely expanded, thin in the upper outer part, the rest
broadly expanded, thickened, white-lipped. Length 6, diam.
2 mm. (Westerlund).

France: Saint-Sauveur ( Hautes-Pyrenees) .

Pupa dupuyi WESTERLUND, Malak. Bl., xxii, 1874, p. 58, pi.
2, f . 5-7. Not Vertigo dupuyi of Michaud. — Pupa cristella

278 ABIDA.

WESTERL., Fauna, etc., iii, 1887, p. 108 ; Synops. Moll., 1897,
p. 88.— KOBELT, Iconogr. n. F., ix, 1902, p. 70, f. 1695.— Pupa
occidentals Bourguignat in coll., teste LOCABD, Ann. Soc.
d'Agricult. Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 201.

The figure of this species is copied from Kobelt. It appears
to be very closely related to partioti. The name Pupa dupuyi
was not preoccupied, as Westerlund supposed, Michaud's
species having been described as a Vertigo.

9. ABIDA RINGENS (Mich.). PL 43, figs. 12 to 15.

Shell perforate, cylindric, shortly conic near the summit,
reddish horn-color or grayish, sharply and closely striate.
Whorls 9, very slowly increasing, somewhat convex, the last
swollen near the suture, flattened in the middle, weakly com-
pressed below, suddenly ascending above. Aperture oval-
rounded, with 9 lamellae and plicae. Parietal lamellae 4 (two
strong and high on the right, two small and marginal on the
left) . Columellar lamellae 2 (the upper very long, strong and
marginal, the second only a little shorter). Palatal plicae 4
(the upper punctiform, deep within, 2d, 3d and 4th long, the
2d marginal, the 4th wholly basal ; sometimes there are several
small plicae between the large ones on the wall and columella) .
Peristome whitish, thin, scarcely expanded, the margins deli-
cately connected ; columellar margin arcuate, the outer margin
very strongly arcuate above (forming a nearly circular sinulus
by the nearly touching angular lamella and 2d palatal plica) ;
drawn forward in the middle. Length 6, diam. 2.5 mm.
( Westerlund) .

French Pyrenees: from 1'Ariege to Gavarnie; type loc.
Bagneres-de-Bigorre.

Pupa ringens MICHAUD, Complement de 1'hist. nat. Moll,
terr. et fluv. France, 1831, p. 64, pi. 15, f. 35, 36.— Kuester,
Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 99, pi. 13, f. 24-26.— PFR., Monogr.,
ii, 337; iii, 545; iv, 672; viii, 381. — MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll.
France, p. 362, pi. 26, f. 16-21. — WESTERLUND, Malak. Bl., xxii,
p. 65 ; Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 108. — CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon,
Annee, 1916, p. 58. — Pupa pyrenaica BOUBEE, Bull, du PHist.
nat. de France, i, 1833, p. 9 ~bis (not seen).

ABIDA. 279

According to Caziot, it extends from Bastide-de-Serou
(Ariege) to the Atlantic, and is represented in the extreme
west (Bayonne) by the form baillensi Dupuy, which reaches
Orduna, in the Basque Province of Spain. It does not live on
the southern slope of the Pyrenees.

The figures represent a specimen received from Michaud.
The palatal and basal plicae do not penetrate so far as in A.
partioU, falling short of the median dorsal line, the minute
denticle representing the suprapalatal fold being more lateral
than dorsal. The angular lamella is continuous, in a slender
cord, with the spiral lamella, which therefore does not exist
as a distinct lamella. The inner ends of this and the parietal
lamella are together and short of the dorsal line. The typical
form of ringens (figs. 12-14) has some small accessory denticles
on the parietal wall and peristome, but these are quite incon-
stant, and often wanting, as in fig. 15. Westerlund, whose de-
scription is given above, mentions two slender parietal lamellae
at the left (near the columella), but in several lots seen there
is but one ; also in Michaud 's figure. The original description
follows.

Shell cylindric, ventricose, obliquely striate, umbilicate,
ashy-corneous; whorls 8 or 9, convex; aperture semilunar,
coarctate; peristome reflected, white, triplicate; lip angulate,
labium biplicate ; columellar callous, triplicate, the middle fold
interior ; all the folds are white ; apex obtuse. Length 3 lines,
diam. 1% lines. Bagneres de Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrenees).
(Michaud.}

Var. elongata Moq. Shell longer and less swollen. Bigorre.

Var. pulchella Moq. Shell smaller and less swollen. Cau-
terets; Saint-Sauveur.

Var. disjuncta Moq. Shell of the same size (5-6 mm. long,
2%-3 mm. wide), the peristome not continuous. Cauterets
and Saint-Sauveur;

Var. subringens (Fagot). Narrowly elongate, a little ven-
tricose, slowly tapering upward ; 8 to 9 slightly convex whorls,
the last compressed laterally. Aperture narrowly oval; 3
superior folds, the median much immersed, the last lodged in
the columellar angle, sometimes another little rudimentary

280 ABIDA.

fold far up in the middle; 2 columellars, the first larger, it
only attaining the peristome, the upper being stronger; peri-
stome continuous, but little thickened, slightly reflected.
Length 7, diam. 2% mm. (Locard).

Basses-Pyrenees : Eaux-Bonnes.

Pupa subringens FAGOT, Malac. Pyr., 1892, p. 98. — LOCARD,
Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 200.

No sufficient distinction from A. ring ens has been made ap-
parent.

Abida rmgens bigerrensis Moq. PL 43, fig. 11.

Shell of the same size as the type (5-6 mm. long) ; peristome
not continuous; aperture lacking the little fold on the penult
whorl [parietal wall] alongside the columella (Moq.).

Bagneres-de-Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrenees) .

Pupa bigoriensis Mich., ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., i, pt. 5,
1837, p. 14, pi. 23, f . 321 ; not of Des Moulins. — Granaria
bigoriensis HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 918. — Pupa ringens KUESTER,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 50, pi. 6, f. 19, 20. — Pupa ringens var. biger-
rensis MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. France, 1855, p. 362, pi. 26, f.
21. — Pupa bigerrensis Moq., WESTERLUND, Malak. BL, xxii, p.
66. — Pupa fagotiana LOCARD, Prodr. Mai. Fr., in Ann. Soc.
Agricult. Lyon (5), iv, 1882, p. 438; Ann. Soc. d'Agricult,
Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 199. — Pupa ringens var. rossmdssleri
FAGOT, Moll. Haut.-Pyr., 1880, p. 13; Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat.
Toulouse, xiv, 1880, p. 204 (not P. rossmdssleri Schmidt).

The name P. bigoriensis had been applied (as bigorriensis]
to another species prior to Rossmaessler's use of it; biger-
rensis Moq. was not stated to be an emendation, it was a sub-
stitute; and as such it is sufficiently distinct to be retained.
The names substituted by Locard and Fagot are superfluous.
Some authors allow the form specific rank.

10. ABIDA BAILLENSI (Dupuy).

Shell ovate-conic, rather ventricose, obliquely, regularly
and finely striate, horn-bun3. Whorls 7, somewhat convex.
Aperture semi-ovate, broadly rounded basally, with 8 lamellae
and plicae. Three parietal lamellae (one within, in the middle.

ABIDA. 281

the others in the right and left angles), two columellar lamel-
lae (the upper horizontal, long; second obliquely ascending,
short). Three plicae, the basal one tooth-like. Margins sep-
arated (or very weakly united) ; outer margin more strongly
arcuate above. Length 4-5, diam. 2-2% mm. ( Westerlund) .

Basses-Pyrenees : Banks of the Adour and le Gave de Bay-
onne, Orthez ; woods behind the chateau de Cassaber a Caresse
(Dupuy) ; on nummulitic limestone scarps between le Moulin
d'Esbone et le Boucau (Folin) ; Garonne valley in Haute -
Garonne (Fagot).

Pupa baillensi DUPUY, Revue Agricole et Horticole du Gers,
1873, p. 3, fig. (not seen). — WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p.
109.— FOLIN, Le Naturaliste (2), iii, 1889, p. 167, fig.— Pupa
baillensis Dup., WESTERLUND, Malak. BL, xxii, 1874, p. 122. —
Pupa baillensi var. garumnica FAGOT, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat.
de Toulouse, 1877, p. 45.

This form, which I have not seen, appears from the accounts
to be closely related to ringens, perhaps a subspecies thereof.
The original description and figure are inaccessible to me, and
de Folin 's woodcut is obviously too crude to be worth repro-
duction here.

Var. garumnica Fagot. Shell larger, less acuminate, with
the upper palatal plica longer and prominent. This variety,
which seems characteristic of the Garonne valley, appears at
Luchon and lives from there to Montpezat on the left bank of
the Garonne. On the right bank it attains nearly to the limit
of the Eocene at Mauran. It is often found in the debris of
the Garonne at Toulouse (Fagot) . Westerlund adds that the
peristome is more expanded than in baillensi, and the parietal
wall more strongly plicate. Length 6%, diam. 2% mm.

Series of A. affinis.

Rather small and slender forms, much like the braunii group
in apertural structure. Pyrenean center.

Caziot and Margier's groups of pyrenearia and affinis, Wes-
terlund's groups 4, 5, 6, contain species of the eastern Pyre-
nees, chiefly in the dep. Pyrenees-Orientales in France, and

282 ABIDA.

Catalonia in Spain. The group is prolific in species or local
races, but few of them have been figured, and no general re-
vision which inspires confidence has been published.

11. ABIDA AFPINIS (Rossmaessler). PI. 44, figs. 5, 6.

Shell having an oblique rimation close behind the columellar
lip, cylindric, tapering above and below, horn-brown, with
hair-like striae and therefore a satiny luster, thin, translucent.
Whorls 11, rather convex, very slowly increasing, the last 4
of almost equal height, the last twice the height of the penult ;
suture somewhat impressed. Aperture almost ovate, higher
than wide, peristome discontinuous, but little reflected, white-
lipped, weakly angular below; columellar margin rather
straight, shorter than the somewhat inwardly bent outer mar-
gin. On the parietal wall close to the outer margin there is a
long, entering fold, doubled in front by a little fold close to it.
Columella with 2 indistinct folds ; in the palate two very long
folds, reaching from the peristome deep into the throat, one or
two quite small folds standing above the inner end ; below the
two long folds in front may be seen a short fold, then inter-
rupted, and appearing again farther back; so that upon the
neck one may see two long white streaks in the middle, and
backward, above these, one or two short streaks, andj below
them one short fold in front and one behind. Length 4%,
diam. 114 lines (Rossmaessler).

Some of my examples have the two long palatal folds in-
terrupted, and the two lower folds concrescent into one long
fold (Rossm.).

France : Pyrenees-Orientales at la Preste, etc. ; confined to
the upper Tech valley ; Andorra. Catalonia : valley of Ribas
at Santa Magdalena (Bofill) ; Pingsacas, Salt de Salient (de
Chia) Basagoda and Camprodon (Dr. Salvana), Montserrat,
and de Parramon, a variety (Bofill).

Pupa affinis ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., ii, pt. ix, Sept. 1839,
p. 26, pi. 49, f. 642.— BOFILL, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, vii, 1890,
p. 253. — WESTERLUND, Fauna, 1887, p. 114, with var. s<zva, p.
115 ; Synopsis, 1897, p. 83. — CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon,
Annee, 1916, p. 58.— MOQ.-TAND., MoU. Fr., p. 379, pi. 27, f.

ABIDA. 283

15-17 ; with var. cylindrella, fig. 18, and var. polyodon, fig. 19.
— Pupa longurio MOQ.-TAND., Mem. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, Nov.
1839, teste Moquin-Tandon.

Pupa eudolicha BOURGUIGNAT, Moll, nouv., litig ou peu con.,
iii, 1863, p. 74, pi. 8, f. 6-10.— DUPUY, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat.
Toulouse, xiii, 1879, p. 53 (as an "accidental variety" of
affinis). — MARGIER, Feuille Jeunes Naturalistes, 1913, p. 198.
—Pupa "endochtta Bourg.," GERMAIN, Encycl. Sci., Moll, de
la France, ii, 1913, p. 174.

[Pupa] bipalatalis WESTERLUND, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., 1883,
p. 173. Synopsis, 1897, p. 93.

To Rossmassler's account may be added that there is a small
spiral lamella within, past the dorsal position, and very widely
separated from the rather long angular lamella. The parietal
lamella is rather well developed, in a dorsal position, so deep
within that it does not show in a front view, though its an-
terior end is visible in an oblique view in the mouth. In fig. 6
the inner end of the parietal is seen below the spiral lamella,
on the right. The little supra-angular lamella is often indis-
tinct, replaced by a callous. Upper and lower palatal plicae
and basal plica emerge to the inner edge of the lip callous,
but the upper palatal is longest, curving upward into the
peristome. The basal, or all, may be interrupted within, but
reappear as stout teeth at the inner barrier, which is nearly a
half whorl in. The suprapalatal is also stout but short, and
the sutural plica is very small. The two columellar lamellae
are almost or quite immersed. Length 10, diam. 2.4 mm.., or
somewhat smaller.

Kossmaessler's figures are copied in fig. 5.

Var. cylindreUa Moq. Shell a little more cylindric. La
Preste.

Var. elongata Moq. Shell longer, and especially more cylin-
dric, with 13 or 14 whorls. Prats-de-Mollo.

Pupa eudolicha Bgt, from La Preste (Pyrenees-Orien tales)
is said by M. 1'abbe Dupuy, and later by M. Margier, to be
without any doubt an abnormal shell of P. affinis in which the
palatal plicae are not developed outwardly. Such specimens
occur as great rarities, Dr. Massot stating that in several thou-

284 ABIDA.

sand affinis which had passed under his lens he found but
three of this form, which may be termed a toothless variety of
affinis.

Var.(?) bipalatalis Westerl. Shell cylindrie-fusiform,
brown, obliquely densely striate. "Whorls 11, a little convex,
the last compressed at base, suture impressed. Aperture ver-
tical, narrow, oblong; two remote, short palatal plicae; peri-
stome not thickened within, without any vestige of a parietal
callous; outer margin acute, slightly arcuate above, the colu-
mellar margin obliquely vertical, widely reflected. Length
11%, diam. 2% mm. Luchon, Pyrenees. Based upon one
specimen.

Var. sava Westerl. Brown, indistinctly, obliquely rib-
striate. Whorls 11, the first convex. Aperture pyriform-
triangular, sharply angular below, with 7 lamellae and folds:
two on the parietal wall, the angular strong; 2 columellar
lamellae; 3 very long palatals, nearly interrupted in the
middle, the first marginal. Margins wholly separated, the
columellar margin obliquely straightened, broadly reflected
above ; outer margin strongly arcuate above. Length 13, diam.
3 mm. Luchon, France. (Westerl.}

A. affinis freseriana (Bofill). Shell rimate, cylindric,
slightly inflated in the middle, tapering towards both ends,
glossy, subtranslucent, fulvous, obliquely and rather regularly
striate, the striae conspicuous, not close; apex smooth, rather
obtuse ; 10-11 whorls, the first convex, the rest rather flattened,
regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the
last contracted, strongly ascending above to the aperture, hav-
ing four transverse white bands, crested beneath around the
umbilical crevice. Aperture rather oblique, subovate, almost
elongated and narrow, plicate, one bifid angular, one internal
parietal, two columellars, also internal, the upper one stronger ;
four palatals, the first (posterior) far within, the second
strong, external, third less emerging, fourth (anterior) a little
immersed; all reaching into the throat. Peristome white, a
little reflected, the outer lip angular above ; margins approach-
ing, joined by a thin callous. Length 9-10, diam, 2%-2%,
length of aperture 21/3-21/2, width l%-2 mm. Right bank of
the Freser, vallee de Eibas, Pyrenees of Prov. Gerona, Spain,
at the "pont del Serrat" (Bofill).

Pupa affinis var. major Bofill, Mol. del valle de Eibas, Cata-
luna; re-named Pupa freseriana Bofill, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr.,
vii, 1890, p. 255.

ABIDA. 285

This Pupa is distinguished from affinis by the more ventri-
cose form, swollen in the middle; by the more ascending last
whorl, which is more contracted and more projecting from
left to right, giving the aperture an inclination in the same
direction ; by the narrower, more lengthened aperture, by the
different rate of increase of the whorls, the more regular stria-
tion, the fawn, not reddish color, etc. (Bofill) .

A. affinis perlonga Bofill. Shell subperforate-rimate, slen-
der, cylindric, tapering towards both ends, glossy, subtrans-
lucent, corneous-rufescent, the apex a little obtuse, smooth;
obliquely, irregularly striate, the striae silky, hair-like, bent.
13-15 whorls, a little convex, rather rapidly increasing, ob-
lique, separated by a deep suture, the last irregularly rugose,
somewhat ascending to the aperture, having 4 pale transverse
bands, acutely crested at the rimation. Aperture vertical,
rather narrowly subelliptical, plicate : folds as in P. freseriana
but stronger, the parietal and columellar less deep within.
Peristome pale, reflected, the lip angular, margins subparallel,
little approaching, joined by a thin callous. Length 13, diam.
3, aperture 3 mm. long, 2 wide. Right bank of the Freser at
1 'Den Montagut," 5 kilom. below Ribas, Prov. Gerona, Spain,
at about 700 meters elevation (Bofill) .

Pupa affinis var. elongatissima Bofill, Mol. del valle de Ribas,
Cataluna ; re-named Pupa perlonga BOFILL, Bull. Soc. Malac.
France, vii, 1890, p. 257.

Pupa affinis of la Preste passes by insensible gradations,
still preserving its specific characters, from the type figured
by Rossmaessler to the var. elongata Moq.-Tand. and the var.
elongatissima of the abbe Dupuy, without however merging
with our P. perlonga (Bofill) . The latter was found rather
rare, in company with P. catalonica.

12. ABIDA PHTHISICA (Bofill).

Shell rimate, subcylindric, slender, rather solid, tapering
above, contracting in the last whorl, glossy, corneous-fulvous,
obliquely and rather closely striate, the apex smooth, obtuse.
Whorls 11-12, a little convex, slowly and regularly increasing,
separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl exserted,
strongly ascending to the aperture, whitish, having four pale

286 ABIDA.

transverse bands, crested at the rimation. Aperture rather
wide, somewhat oblique, rounded subovate, conspicuously pli-
cate, the plicae as in the preceding species, strong. Peristome
rather thick, subeffuse, margins approaching, joined by a cal-
lous which is not thin. Length 10, diam. 2%-2% mm., aper-
ture 2 mm long, l%-2 wide.

Spain: Besora in prov. Barcelona, alt. about 600 meters
(Bofill).

Pupa phthisiea BOFILL, Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., vii, 1890, p.
258.

This is the best characterized species, recognizable at first
sight by the quite solid spire, very slender, acicular, tapering
progressively towards the summit, the penult whorl con-
stricted, in this respect resembling P. vergnesiana KUSTER as
figured by Bourguignat (Rev. et Mag. de ZooL, 1863, p. 155,
pi. 14, f . 20) ; by having the aperture produced, as in certain
Cylindrellas, etc. (Bofill).

13. ABIDA VERGNIESIANA (Charp., Kuester). PL 44, figs. 7, 10,
12.

Shell rimate, subperforate, cylindric, closely and finely cos-
tulate-striate, silky, corneous-brown ; spire long, rather obtuse.
Whorls 9, convex, narrow, the last compressed basally, free in
front. Aperture rounded-oblong, contracted; one angular
fold, one deeply placed parietal, two columellar, and three
palatal, the lower basal, smaller. Peristome free, continuous,
white-lipped, a little expanded. Length 3, diam. % line
(Kuester).

France: Pyrenees, valley of the Ariege and its tributaries,
at Vic-Dessos; also found at Tarascon (Ariege) and Foix
(Charpentier). San Julia de Loria (Bourguignat).

Pupa vergniesiana Charp. in litt., KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl.
Cab., Pupa, p. 103, pi. 14, f . 13-16.— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 547 ;
iv, 673 ; vi, 314 ; viii, 383.— BOURG., Eev. et Mag. de ZooL, xv,
1863, p. 155, pi. 14, f . 20-22.— Pupa transitus BOUBEE, in part,
Bull. Hist. Nat., 2d edit., 1833, p. 9 (teste Pfr.) ; Pupa tran-
siens Boubee (teste West.) . — Pupa pyrenaearm PFR., Monogr.,
ii, p. 342.

ABIDA. 287

The aperture has a distinct sinulus, the lip retracted there.
The angular lamella is calloused on the right at its junction
with the lip. There is no spiral lamella. The strong parietal
lamella enters to a dorsal position. Columellar and subcolu-
mellar lamella are short, remote from the lip; the former is
steeply oblique. The upper palatal plica emerges into the
peristome, which the lower palatal barely reaches. Both be-
come weak deep within, and in the back are emphasized, form-
ing strong teeth. The basal plica is small and slender, inter-
rupted within, but represented by a tubercle below the palatal
teeth of the inner barrier. Beyond the inner barrier the pala-
tal plicae extend very weakly, so that they are visible on the
outside in a lateral view of the left side of the shell. Length
6.4, diam. 2 mm. ; Sy2 whorls, or a little longer.

Bourguignat's figures represent the aperture as larger than
in those of Kuester (copied in pi. 44, fig. 12), or the specimens
I have seen, figured in pi. 44, figs. 7, 10.

I have not seen Boubee's Bulletin, in which this form (or
an allied one, according to Bourguignat) was described as
Pupa transitus or trcmsiens.

A. vergnesiana provida Westerlund. PL 44, fig. 11.

Aperture with the upper columellar tooth of moderate size,
deeply placed, the lower very small or obsolete; 2d and 3d
palatal teeth produced inward only half as far (duplo brevius)
as in the type. Pyrenees ( West. ) .

P. (Torquitta Faure-Big.) vergniesicma, (Ch.) var. provida
WESTERLUND, Nachrbl., 1902, p. 39.

I take this to be a form in which the palatal plicae only reach
the dorsal side weakly, without a distinct inner barrier, such
as the specimen (from Terver) drawn in pi. 44, fig. 11.

14. ABIDA PYRENJEARIA (Michaud). PL 44, fig. 9.

Shell oblong, nearly cylindric, umbilicus quite open, fawn-
colored, glossy, a little transparent, with oblique, longitudinal
striae ; 9 whorls, a little convex ; aperture rounded, contracted,
and armed with 5 or 6 folds ; peristome white, reflected, nearly
margined and continuous, the lateral margin elbowed or in-

288 ABIDA.

fleeted ; columella [i. e., parietal wall] callous by the continua-
tion of the peristome which covers it, one-folded ; summit ob-
tuse. The first four whorls increase progressively, the others
are nearly equal except the last, which terminates in a con-
traction. Height 3 lines, diam. 1 line. It is distinct [from
P. granum and secale] by the arrangement of the folds, the
contraction of the aperture and the continuation of the peri-
stome, which has 6 or 7 folds, counting that of the columella
(Michaud) .

France : Pyrenees-Orientales. Spain : Port de Salau (No-
guera Polloresa) at 1,800 meters, Catalonian Pyrenees (Bofill).

Pupa pyrencearia MICHAUD, Complement, etc., 1831, p. 66,
pi. 15, f. 37, 38. — PPR., Monogr., iii, 547, in part. — MOQUIN-
TANDON, Moll. France, p. 364. — WESTEBLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887,
p. 112. — BOFILL, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vii, p. 266. —
CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Annee, 1916, p. 57 (distribu-
tion).— Pupa pyrenearia of some authors. — Pupa "pyrenaica
Boubee" GERMAIN, Encycl. Sci. : Moll, de la France, ii, 1913,
pp. 173, 175, f. 227.

The figures are copied from Dupuy.

According to Caziot, "the Pupa pyrenearia extends, in
various forms (which have been made, I think erroneously,
into species), far to the east, and even penetrates to the Medi-
terranean region. Thus, P. vergnesiana (Ch.) Kstr. and P.
aulusensis Fag. are found in the valley of Salat. In the valley
of the Ariege and its affluents, also the P. vergnesiana. In the
valley of the Aude, P. leptospira West. In the valley of the
Agly and on Mt. Alaric, P. attenuata Fag."

Var. novemplicata Moquin-Tandon. Shell of the same size
[6-8 mm.] ; aperture with 9 folds (two little accessory folds
between the palatals) . Cazeril.

Var. curta M.-T. Shell shorter by a quarter or third ; aper-
ture with the same folds, but less marked.

Abida pyrenearia clausilioides (Boubee) .

Shell scarcely perforate, fusiform-cylindric, corneous-ruf-
ous, somewhat glossy, pellucid, striatulate, the striae low, ob-
lique, very close ; spire long, slightly tapering, the apex very

ABIDA. 289

obtuse. Whorls 10, the first a little convex, the rest nearly
flat, suture not impressed, the last whorl larger, compressed,
ascending to the aperture, and somewhat crested around the
umbilicus. Aperture not oblique, irregularly oblong, seven-
toothed: two parietal folds, one being nearly in the angle,
strong, bified and reaching the margin, the other minute,
deeply placed. Two compressed columellar folds, very deep
in the throat. Three slender palatal folds, the lower remote
and short, sometimes wanting, the median somewhat remote,
the upper one almost marginal. Peristome a little thickened,
continuous, free, reflected throughout, white. Length 8, diam.
3 mm. (Fagot).

Hautes-Pyrenees : Mauleon en Barousse (Fagot).

Pupa clausilioides BOUBEE, Bull. Hist. Nat., Apr. 1, 1835,
p. 35, no. 81 (not seen) .—FAGOT, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Tou-
louse, xiv, pp. 205-208. — Pupa pyrenearia var. bcwbeensis
FAGOT et NANSOUTY, Moll. Haute-Cyr. (Bull. Soc. Ramond.),
1875, p. 20.

According to Fagot, this shell is more fusiform than P.
affinis, more compressed above, more thick-set, more cylindric,
and with the apex more obtuse; its aperture is continuous,
detached and reflected; the columellar folds are more im-
mersed, etc. It is larger than P. vergniesiana, more finely
striate, the aperture straight, not inclined, and a little de-
tached from the preceding whorl ; its palatal folds are thinner,
etc. It is more fusiform than P. pyrenearia, the last whorl
more compressed, strise lower, and the whorls less swollen,
not to mention its length, etc.

M. Fagot holds that the identifications of this species by
Dupuy, Pfeiffer and Westerlund are incorrect; and as I am
not in a position to decide, and the original publication of
Boubee is not accessible to me, his definition is given above.

The descriptions of several other related forms of unsettled
status follow.

15. ABIDA NANSOUTYI P. Fagot.

Shell thinner than P. pyrenearia, more cylindric, thicker
at the summit, the umbilical perforation rounded, as in P.

290 ABIDA.

secale, the peristome thinner, not continuous, and the folds
are more delicate and differently arranged, 7x2 mm. Sta-
tion Plantade on the Pic du Midi de Bigorre (de Nansouty).
Pupa nansoutyi Fagot, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. de Toulouse,
xiv, 1880, p. 205. P. nansoutyana Fag., in Journ. de Conchyl.,
xxix, 87.

16. ABIDA RETRACTA (West.).

Shell perforate, cylindric-conic, very densely striatulate,
pale corneous. Whorls 8, convex, slowly and regularly in-
creasing, separated by an impressed suture, rather oblique
below, the last whorl slowly ascending in front, angular above,
rounded basally. Aperture ovate-elliptical; one immersed,
curved parietal fold, two very short, deeply immersed colu-
mellar folds, the second scarcely visible ; four immersed, par-
allel, palatal plicae, subequal in front, the first and fourth very
short, third rather long. There is also a small tubercle at the
insertion of the outer lip. Peristome a little expanded, the
margins subparallel, the outer margin curved in an obtuse
angle above. Length 6, width 2 mm. Belated to P. nansoutyi
Fag. (Pupa (TorquiUa) retracta Westerlund, Nachrbl. d. M.
(res., 1892, p. 194; Anales de la Soc. Espanola de Hist. Nat.
(2), i, 1892, p. 388.)

Spain: Seville, in debris of the Guadalquivir (Prof. Cal-
deron).

Var. semidens West. Shell more strongly and regularly
striate ; whorls 7, aperture with 4 long palatal plicae equally
distant from the margin, the first, second and fourth very
short, thick, third a little longer, all tapering in short plicae.
Albarracin, Spain; B. Zapater. Pupa (TorquiUa) retracta
West. var. semidens WESTERLUND, Nachrbl., 1893, p. 120;
Synopsis, p. 86.)

17. ABIDA AULUSENSIS (Fagot).

Shell minutely perforate-rimate, cylindric with rounded
apex, reddish horn-color, lusterless, quite transparent, regu-
larly, obliquely striate, the last two whorls almost smooth.
Whorls 9%-10, quite flattened, slowly and regularly increas-

ABIDA. 291

ing, the last strongly compressed betieath. Aperture irregu-
larly oblong-rounded, vertical, with 7 lamellae and folds: 2
parietal; 2 columellar, strong and very deeply placed; 3
palatal folds, the first marginal, interrupted in the middle,
second strong, somewhat retreating, third small, immersed.
Peristome thick, continuous, reflected throughout, weakly con-
nected. Length 9, diam. 21/2-23/4 mm. (West.).

France: Ariege. Also Spanish slope of the Pyrenees at
Port de Salau, 1800 or 2000 meters elevation (Bofill).

Pupa aulusensis Fagot, Moll. terr. et d'eau douce, vallee
d'Aulus, Bull. Soc. Agric. Pyr.-Or., 1879, p. 23, fig. 1; An-
nales de Malac., ii, p. 189. — BOFILL, Bull. Soc. Malac. France,
vii, 1890, p. 266.— WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 113.

Not having seen Fagot's paper, the description is taken
from Westerlund.

18. ABIDA OCCIDENTALIS ('Fagot' Westerl.).

Shell narrowly perforate-rimate, elongate, oblong-conic or
cylindroid-fusiform, slowly tapering almost from the last
whorl, very densely and regularly striate, corneous-brown.
Whorls 9-9%, convex, slowly and regularly increasing, the
last compressed below, slowly ascending above. Aperture
oval-rotund; angular and parietal folds short and strong,
neither marginal; columellar lamellae 2 (the first immersed,
strong, the second smaller, very deeply placed, scarcely vis-
ible) ; palatal laminae 4 (first small, immersed, second and
third marginal, fourth short, basal), all produced equally to
the middle of the last whorl. Peristome continuous, white,
free and produced. Length 7, width 2.33 mm. (Pupa (Tor-
quilla) occidentalis Westerlund, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xlii, 1892, p. 37).

France: Valle Gave de Pau (Hautes-Pyrenees). Also a
Pupa affinis form, or belonging to the division containing
Pupa pyrenaaria (Boub.) Mich, (with P. aulusensis Fag., P.
attenuata Fag., P. vergniesiana (Ch.) Kstr. and P. clausUi-
oides Boub.) (West.).

19. ABIDA PETROPHILA (Fagot). PL 44, fig. 13.

It differs from pyren&aria (1) by the less prominent and
more spaced costulae; (2) by the last whorl more contracted

292 ABIDA.

at the base, as in the species of the affinis subgroup; (3) by
having the lip-margins not united but separated; (4) and
especially by its dentition; all of the lamellae are prominent
and robust, the upper columellar emerges to the peristome ;
the columellar lamellae and the median parietal are exactly
opposed to the palatals, instead of alternating as in P.
pyrencearia (it is the same with cereana in comparison with
avenacea) ; this gives the aperture the appearance of being
obstructed by the nearly touching lamellae. The angular
lamella is often double. Finally, one or two supplementary
punctiform palatals may be seen between the upper palatal
and the suture; characters very well indicated by Kuester 's
figure (Fagot).

France: Pyrenees-Orientales. Villefranche du Confluent;
footpath of San Julia de Loria at Andorra, on the Spanish
slope of the Pyrenees (Fagot).

Pupa pyren&aria (varietat), received as Pupa saxicola Mo-
quin-Tandon, KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 104, pi.
14, f . 29-31. Not Pupa saxicola Lowe, 1852. — Pupa petrophUa
FAGOT, Catal. Bsera., 1888.— Bofill, Bull. Soc. Malac. France,
vii, 1890, p. 260.

According to Fagot, this shell was first found by Professor
Al. Braun in the environs of Prades at Villafranche sur la Tet
(Pyrenees-Orientales), who communicated specimens to Pro-
fessor Moquin-Tandon. Some were sent, with the Ms. name
Pupa saxicola M.-T., to Charpentier, and were figured by
Kuester.

Fagot has given an incorrect reference to Kuester, but his
meaning is evident. He considers P. pyren&aria var. saxicola
of Moquin-Tandon 's Moll, de France different.

20. ABIDA BOFILLI Fagot. Having the external appearance
of a small Pupa affinis, this new species is related by its teeth
to P. aulusensis. P. bofilli is easily separable from pyren&aria
and the related species by having the peristome not contin-
uous, the shell lengthened-fusiform, etc. Length 8, diam. 2
mm. (Fagot) . Related to petrophila, from which it differs by
the more delicate striations which give the shell greater bril-
liance; by the less large aperture, and the less robust aper-
tural lamellae, which are arranged nearly the same. On rocks

ABIDA. 293

around the monastery of Montserrat, type loc., prov. of Bar-
celona, and has been found also at Cardona (BofiU). (Pupa
bofilli Fagot, Coiitrib. a la Fauiie malac. de la Catalogue, in
Annales MalacoL, ii, 1884, p. 189. — Bofill, Bull. Soc. Malac.
Fr., vii, p. 262.)

21. ABIDA LILIETENSIS (Bofill). Differs from P. bofilli by
the nearly obsolete striations, giving it a varnished appear-
ance ; by the more oblong aperture, its lamellae more delicate,
though longer. It differs from andorrensis by the more slen-
der form, the coloration of a lighter fawn, by the sinuation of
the right margin, the peculiar parietal, the long upper colu-
mellar, etc. Length 8-9, diam. 2 mm., 10-11 whorls. Cata-
lonian Pyrenees two or three kilometers above Pobla de Lillet,
on the road of Castella de Nuch, banks of the Llobregat.
(Pupa 1., Bofill, Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., iii, 1886, p. 155; vii,
1890, p. 263.)

22. ABIDA MONTSICCANA (Bofill). A slender form of 13-14
whorls, which are obliquely wrinkled instead of regularly
striate as in other species of the group; base conspicuously
crested. The columellar and palatal teeth where largest
almost touch, leaving a very narrow exit for the animal.
Length 9-12y2, diam. 2%-3 mm.

Catalonian Pyrenees, on small plants and limestone rocks
of "Portell del Montsedi" near the Pas del Roure (Noguera
Ribagorzana) at an elevation of about 700 meters.

Pupa- montsiccana BOFILL, Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., vii, 1890,
p. 263.

23. ABIDA ANDORRENSIS (Bourg.). PL 44, figs. 14, 15.

Shell perforate-rimate, cylindric, glossy, obliquely very
sharply striate, rufous-corneous. Spire elongate, tapering,
the apex minute, smooth, corneous, somewhat obtuse. Whorls
10, a little convex, regularly increasing, separated by an im-
pressed suture, the last whorl ascending at the aperture, and
compressed-carinate at the base. Aperture rounded, multi-
dentate ; 2 angular lamellae, one very small, the other longer
and strong; 2 little folds on the parietal wall, and 2 deeply
placed parietal lamellae; 3 columellar lamellae, the lowest
minute, between them are often some little folds outwardly;
5 palatal plicse, the lower one very minute, the upper small,
immersed, scarcely to be seen, and three strong, emerging

294 ABIDA.

folds in the middle. Peristome whitish, thickened, expanded,
nearly continuous, with the margins approaching and joined
by a callous. Length 10, diam. 3 mm. (Bgt.).

Catalonian Pyrenees: San Julia de Loria, in crevices of
rocks along the road (Bourg.).

Pupa andorrensis BOUEGUIGNAT, Revue et Mag. de Zool. (2),
xv, 1863, p. 155, pi. 14, f. 17-19.— PFR., Monogr., vi, 312.—
WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, p. 116.

Bourguignat notes that it differs from P. polyodon by the
longer, fusiform and not ventricose shell, the deeper umbilical
crevice and larger perforation ; by the compression of the base
of the last whorl, where there is a projecting ridge nearly as
acute as in P. goniostoma; finally by the different and less
numerous apertural teeth.

24. ABIDA CATALONICA (Bofill). Palatal plicae long, as in
P. affinis, but possessing a stronger parietal, and especially
two subhorizontal columellars, of which the upper one emerges
to the peristome. Length 11, diam. 2y2.

Spain: Camprodon, in the Pyrenees of prov. Gerona; also
at "Den Montegut," Eibas valley; Olote (Bofill).

Pupa catalonica BOFILL, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886,
p. 157; vii, 1890, p. 259.

25. ABIDA HETAERA (West.). Shell perforate-rimate, cylin-
dric, at the apex conic, densely and regularly, delicately but
sharply striate, more distinctly and strongly so on the last
whorl; fulvous-corneous. Whorls 10, very slightly convex,
regularly increasing. Aperture oval, margins not connected
or but very delicately so. Angular fold doubled in front, one
parietal fold slighter, immersed ; two columellar lamellae (the
first very long, submarginal, the second shorter, not mar-
ginal) ; four palatal laminae (first very deeply placed, second
and third very long, submarginal, penetrating inward to the
columellar margin, as seen in a front view, fourth wholly
basal; the second and third opposite the columellar lamella
and parietal plica) ; sometimes having a tubercle in the angle
between columella and parietal wall. Length 8, diam. 2.33
mm. (Pupa (Torquilla) hetaera Westerlund, Verh. zool.-bot.
Ges. Wien, xlii, 1892, p. 36.)

East Pyrenees. This remarkable Pupa affinis form is especi-

ABIDA. 295

ally related to Pupa lilietensis Bof., of Catalonia, from which
it differs principally by its apertural armature, diverse in
number, form and position (West.). '

26. ABIDA LEPTOSPIBA (West.). Shell slender, cylindric-
turrited, very slowly tapering above, with obtuse apex, very
closely, beautifully striate with hair-fine striae, with a matt
satin luster, dark horn-yellow, thickened and broadly white
near the aperture. Whorls 9%-ll, convex, slowly increasing,
the last ascending, contracted behind the peristome, bluntly
carinate below. Suture impressed. Aperture elliptic-rounded,
with 8 lamellae and plicae: 2 parietal lamellae, the upper one
minutely doubled ; columellar lamellae 2, the upper very long,
emerging quite to the margin, the second shorter; palatal
plicae 4, the first very short, immersed, the rest penetrating
only to the middle of the whorl ; second and third marginal,
very weakly S-shaped. Peristome continuous, the connecting
callous thick, white, very narrowly reflected throughout,
lipped. Length 7%-8, diam. 2 mm. (Pupa leptospira Wes-
terlund, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 113, no. 79.) France: Axat
(Aude), Fagot.

27. ABIDA MIGMA (West.). Shell openly, roundly perfor-
ate, cylindric-conic (gently narrowed conically from the
middle up, the sides a little convex), delicately, densely and
elegantly striate, corneous. Whorls 9%, slowly and regularly
increasing, the upper more strongly, lower more slightly con-
vex, the last crested-compressed at the base. Aperture oval,
the peristome continued as an acute, elevated callous. An-
gular fold furnished with a tubercle in the angle; parietal
fold immersed; columellar lamellae 2, the first submarginal,
second shorter ; 3 long marginal palatal laminae, the first and
second penetrating inward to above the perforation, somewhat
abrupt at the beginning, then strong at the end; the third
basal. Length 8, width 2 mm. (Pupa migma Westerlund,
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xlii, 1892, p. 37.)

France, in the eastern Pyrenees. It shares the last division
of the Pupa affinis group with P. leptospira, and differs from
that by the open perforation; the shape, which is cylindric
below, conic above the middle; the weakly convex later
whorls ; the palatal plicae being only three in number but much
more deeply penetrating, at first broken off, the strong, sharp
(not thickened) parietal callous of the peristome, etc. (West.).

28. ABIDA ATTENUATA (Fagot). This species, which will be

296 ABIDA.

characterized later, belongs to the group of Pupa pyrenearia,
but is easily distinguished from its congeners by the spire,
which regularly tapers from aperture to summit, a little like
P. affinis (Rossm.) and our P. bofilliana. Pupa attenuata is
abundant in the valleys of the Aude and the Agly, where it
replaces P. vergnesiana of Ariege. Banks of the Agly a little
above rErmitage, in the ravine (Pupa attenuata Fagot, Bull.
Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 202).

This form was described more in detail by Westerlund from
specimens supplied by Fagot. "Similar to leptospira, but
conic-turrit e, gradually and regularly tapering from the aper-
ture upward, horn-brown ; whorls 9, the six upper very slowly
increasing, the three lower much broader, but of about equal
width; the uppermost three cylindric, the rest convex, the
last whorl rapidly sloping behind. Angular lamella very
long; columellar lamella deep within; peristome thin. Length
7, diam. 2 mm." (Westerlund, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 114.)

29. ABIDA OP AREA 'Bgt.' Loc. Narrowly elongate, Clausili-
f orm, tapering slowly at the base and summit ; 9-10 quite con-
vex whorls, a little high, especially the last, the suture quite
impressed. Aperture subtriangular, quite angular at the
base, contracted above; 2 thin superior folds, one lodged at
the suture, the other immersed; 2 immersed columellars, the
first stronger, situated in the superior angle ; 3 palatals, only
the first attaining the margin, the last very small. Peristome
subcontinuous, thin, slightly everted. Shell red-brown, orna-
mented with very fine striae, crowded, a little irregular. Alt.
10, diam. 2% mm. Very rare; le Tourmalet, Saint-Sauveur
(Hautes-Pyrenees). Pupa oparea Brgt. in coll., Locard, Ann.
Soc. de 1'Agricult. Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 205. Placed by M.
Locard in the group of micheli.

Series of A. frumentum.

Cylindric, having four long palatal plicae, an interpalatal
being developed; also a short, immersed suprapalatal or
sutural plica. Chiefly developed in the eastern and southern
Alps, but A. frumentum spreads far into Austria, Germany
and France.

a1. A distinct twin lamella accessory to the angular lamella,
at the upper angle of the lip.

fe1. Accessory lamella rather long. A. apennma, no. 32.

b2. Accessory lamella short; no whitish callous swelling

behind the outer lip. A. illyrica, no. 31.

ABIDA. 297

a2. No accessory lamella in the upper angle, the angular
lamella being thickened there; usually a whitish callous
behind the outer lip. A. frumentum, no. 30.

30. ABIDA FRUMENTUM (Drap.). PL 42, figs. 1 to 4.

Shell cylindric, the upper third conic; somewhat trans-
parent tawny-olive, with an opaque whitish more or less swol-
len tract behind the lip ; rather closely regularly striate. An-
gular lamella strongly thickened on the right side where it
joins the peristome, a short, deeply placed lamella (spiral
lamella) beyond its inner end. Columellar and subcolumellar
lamellae subequal, remote from the peristome ; the supracolu-
mellar small and almost immersed or wanting. There are 4
long, conspicuous plicae, the lower palatal slightly longest and
penetrating to the mid-dorsal line; upper palatal nearly or
quite as long; the interpalatal and basal plicae are shorter
within ; deep within a short suprapalatal or sutural plica may
be seen ; all of them are conspicuous externally as light lines.
Lip is reflected, thickened and whitish, preceded by a low
crest or hump.

Length 7.7, diam. above aperture 3 mm.; 9 whorls (Lyons).

France, mainly north and east, Alsace to Bohemia, south
to Servia, Dalmatia, northern Italy ; Sardinia and Corsica.

Pupa frumentum DRAPARNAUD, Tableau, etc., 1801, p. 59;
Hist. Nat. Moll. France, p. 65, pi. 3, f. 51, 52. — ROSSMAESSLER,
Iconogr., i, p. 81, f. 34; pt. v, p. 11, f. 310. — PFEIFFER,
Monogr., ii, p. 338; iii, 546; iv, 672; vi, 312; viii, 382 (see for
older references). — SCHMIDT, Stylommatophoren, p. 42, pi.
10, f. 81 (anatomy). — KUSTER, 9ter Ber. Ges. nat. Bamberg,
1870, p. 95 (Dalmatian forms and dist ). — BOETTGER, Jahrb.
Nassau. Ver. Naturk., xlii, 1889, p. 247 (distribution).— WES-
TERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 107, with varr. elongata, Ulyrica,
curta, cylindracea, pachygastra, apennina, polita, bugeysiaca
and minor. — CAZIOT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxv, 1910, pp.
155-159. — Pupa frumentum (southern Tirol, Trient) and var.
castanea GREDLER, Nachrbl., xi, 1879, p. 110.— Pupa frumen-
tum Drap., with varr. subcylindrica, ventricosa and bugey-
siaca LOCARD, fitudes variations Malacologiques, i, 1880, pp.

298 ABIDA.

256-7. — Pupa triticea Ziegler, " frumentacea Drap.," rhoda-
nica Loc., rustica Bourguignat Ms., LOCARD, Annales Soc.
d 'Agriculture, Sci. et Ind. de Lyon (7), iii, for 1895 (1896),
p. 192, and Pupa crimoda, mea and nova Bgt. Ms., p. 193;
iv, 1897, p. 83. — Pupa callosa Ziegler MS., BOSSMAESSLER,
Iconogr., i, 1835, p. 82, as synonym of typical P. frumentum.

The typical P. frumentum of France, Belgium and south-
ern G-ermany is characterized by the whitish, usually swollen
tract behind the lip (or so-called cervical callous of some
authors) ; the angular lamella with a callous enlargement
where it joins the lip, but no entering lamella between the
angular and the outer lip; a small, short, remote "spiral
lamella," visible with difficulty inward from the angular
lamella, and a rather small, regularly striate shell. This type
is somewhat modified in northern Italy and eastward, but as
yet there has been no careful comparative study of these
minor modifications. The more distinct forms of northern
Italy and Illyria have been segregated as species (illyrica and
apennina) .

The southern border of the range of frumentum in Italy
has not been definitely stated, but it is not known from Sicily
except by two empty drifted specimens found on the strand.

The following forms defined by Locard are either synonyms
or local races of frumentum.

Pupa rhodanica Loc. Small, ovoid, short and very squat,
rapidly tapering above; 7-8 convex whorls, the suture well
marked. Aperture relatively large, somewhat rounded, with
well-developed folds; 2 straight, contiguous superiors, the
largest at the suture, the other immersed ; 2 subequal columel-
lars, contiguous and immersed ; 4 palatals attaining the peri-
stome, the third larger than the others. Peristome a little re-
flected, thick. Shell corneous-red, ornamented with fine and
regular striae. Alt. 6-7, diam. 3 mm. Quite rare ; Rhone, Ain,
Isere, Savoie, etc. Pupa rhodanica Locard, Ann. Soc. d 'Agri-
cult. Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 192.

Pupa rustica Bgt. Loc. Small, cylindroid, a little narrowly
elongated, slowly tapering above; 7-8 convex whorls, the
suture well marked. Aperture nearly rounded, with converg-
ing margins; 2 superior folds, the longest against the suture,

ABIDA. 299

straight and calloused, the smaller immersed and oblique.
Two columellars, deeply immersed, small and strongly con-
tiguous; 3 palatals, the two upper small and immersed, the
third stronger and reaching the peristome. Peristome ex-
panded, well reflected, a little thin, light corneous, ornamented
with very fine, slightly effaced striae. Alt. 7-8, diam. 2% mm.
Quite rare. Hautes-Alpes, Isere, Drome, Ain, Savoie, H.-
Savoie, etc. (Pupa rustica Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c., 1896,
p. 192.)

Pupa crimoda Bgt., Loc. Quite small, cylindroid, rather
short, slowly tapering above ; 9 convex whorls, the first close,
the last large, the suture marked. Aperture oblique, semi-
circular; 2 closely contiguous superior folds, subequal, only
one of them immersed and a little callous ; 2 small, deeply im-
mersed columellars; 3 palatals, the first very small, the fol-
lowing two reaching the margin; peristome expanded, much
reflected, well thickened. Shell solid, corneous-red, finely stri-
olate. Alt. 8~y2, diam. 3 mm. Very rare ; Meaille near Annot
( Basses- Alpes). Pupa crimoda Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c.,
p. 193.

Pupa mea Bgt., Loc. Small, conoid- ventricose, short and
fat ; 7 convex whorls, the suture quite well marked. Aperture
semicircular, quite large, well rounded at base ; 2 closely con-
tiguous superior folds, as though superposed, straight, sub-
equal, only one emerging to the suture ; 2 quite strong, deeply
immersed columellars ; 3 palatals, the first two very small, the
third attaining the peristome. Peristome well expanded, re-
flected, quite thick. Shell light corneous, a little striolate.
Alt. 6, diam. 2% mm. Bare; Aix-les-Bains (Savoie), environs
of Belley (Ain), etc. Pupa mea Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c.,
1896, p. 193.

Pupa nova Bgt. Loc. Very small, ovoid, a little elongate,
slowly tapering above ; 7 quite convex whorls, the suture well
impressed. Aperture small, subovate, a little retracted at
base; 2 superior folds, of which one is small and immersed,
the other at the suture, emerging, large and a little oblique ;
2 small, deeply immersed columellars; 3 palatals, the upper
two deeply immersed, scarcely visible, the third reaching the
peristome. Peristome little expanded, slightly reflected, quite
thin. Shell corneous-red, a little striolate. Alt. 6, diam. 2%
mm. Very rare; Aix-les-Bains (Savoie). Pupa nova Brgt.
in coll., Locard, t. c., 1896, p. 183.

Var. curia (Pot. et Mich.). PL 46, fig. 8. This little shell,

300 ABIDA.

very distinct by the numerous teeth and folds which are in
the aperture, has similarity of form with Pupa polyodon, but
it is shorter and more ventricose; the aperture is subtrian-
gular, and the labrum, or lateral border, is ornamented with
four laminae which become lost in the cavity. Two teeth are
placed on the columellar margin, and two other lamellae cover
the columella [i. e., the parietal wall] ; one of these lamellae,
placed further forward, abuts on the upper angle of the aper-
ture at the point of insertion of the lateral margin with the
columellar. The whole surface is very distinctly and obliquely
grooved, the grooves visible under the lens, and sometimes to
the naked eye. The Tyrol. (Pup[a] curt a Potiez et MICH-
AUD, Galerie des Moll., Donai, i, 1838, p. 164, pi. 16, f. 13-14.)
The figure shows a shell 9y2 mm. long, of about 9 whorls. It
does not seem to have been recognized by subsequent authors,
and its position is dubious. Possibly a Chondrwa.

Var. subcylindrica Locard, 7-Sy2 mm. long, subcylindric.
Mont-d'Or lyonnais and debris of the Rhone north of Lyons.

Var. ventricosa Loc. Smaller than the type, shorter, more
conic and more swollen at the base ; special to the environs of
Lyons.

Var. bugeysiaca Loc. Of medium size, a little ventricose,
the peristome quite strongly reflected, columellar and palatal
folds deeply immersed except the third palatal. Found at
Thoys near Belley, department de 1'Ain.

Form intrans Westerlund (Syn. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Pal.,
1897, p. 80) has the second, third and fourth palatal plicae
prolonged inward as far as the columellar margin (as viewed
from in front) . Lyons. In typical frumentum only the third
or lower palatal plica is so long.

Var. turgida Parr. Kiister. PI. 42, fig. 6. Very small,
strongly ventricose, the folds strongly developed. Alt. 2%-3,
diam. 1% lines. In Switzerland, Carniola, in Istria near
Trieste, in company with the typical form. Pupa frumentum
var. curta (Pupa turgida Parreiss Ms.) KUESTER, Conchyl.
Cab., Pupa, p. 41, pi. 5, f. 20, 21. Probably not a valid race,
as such short forms occur as individual variations in normal
colonies. It is not Pupa curta Pot. et Mich., 1838.

ABIDA. 301

Another name for the form is P. /. var. minima Kreglinger,
Syst. Verz. Deutschl. Binnen-Mollusken, 1870, p. 192.

Var. curta Issel. Shell small, ventricose, short, with the
aperture somewhat triangular. Debris of the Arno, Prov. of
Pisa (Tuscany). Pupa frumentum var. curta Issel, Moll.
Pisa, in Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., ii, pt. 1, 1866, p. 21. The
name had previously been used by Potiez and Michaud and
by Kiister for forms of frumentum.

Form primula West. Shell still more entirely cylindric,
conically tapering only at the apex, whitish, pellucid, densely,
regularly striatulate. Whorls 11, the upper slowly increasing,
middle ones equal, the last small, subtriangular as seen from
the left side, retracted below. Aperture small, the angular
lamella very thin and short, parietal lamella deep, two palatal
plicae very long, the lower marginal. Length 9%, width 2 mm.
Hungaria at Trencsin-Teplicz. (Pupa (Torquilla) f rumen-
turn Drp. var. cylindricea Em. form primula Westerlund,
Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., xxiv, 1892, p. 193.)

In Synops. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Pal., 1897, p. 80, Wester-
lund says: "palatal plicae 4, the first deeply placed, thin,
second and fourth very thin, scarcely conspicuous, third sub-
emerging, long."

Abida frumentum hungarica (Kimakowicz). PL 42, fig. 5.

"Distinguished by the constantly wanting or only very
weakly developed apertural callous [behind the outer lip],
and the obsolete, somewhat less regular striation of the shell.
In form and size it agrees with the type form. The angular
lamella is always simple and at most somewhat thickened in
front.

"The shells vary somewhat in shape and in the more or
less distinct striation. Often, especially in the northern local-
ities, a callous on the neck is indicated, or the lamellae and
plicae are better developed, but in these places there are always
transitions to the typical var. hungarica. The size varies from
length 5.7, diam. 2.5 mm. to 10.3 x 3.3 mm." (Kimakowicz).

Transylvania, in the part southwest of a line connecting
Kronstadt and Klausenburg; also on the southern slope of

302 ABIDA.

the Transylvanian Alps, south of Tomoser Pass, in Rumania
(Kim.).

Torquilla frumentum Drap. var. hungarica Kim., Ver-
handl. u. Mittheil. des Siebenbiirgischen Vereins fur Natur-
wiss. in Hermannstadt, xl, 1890, p. 102. — Pupa frumentum,
and P. f. var. illyrica in part of Clessin and Westerlund.

In a large series from Nandor received from E. A. Bielz,
the aperture is exactly as in frumentum, but the callous be-
hind it is weaker or wanting, and the striation is finer. The
shorter shells, about 6 mm. long, have the upper half conic ;
the longer ones, 8 mm., are markedly cylindric. While not
strongly differentiated, it appears to be distinguishable as a
peripheral southeastern race.

Abida frumentum pachygastra, (Ziegl., Rossm.). PL 42, figs.
7, 10, 11.

Shell cylindric-fusiform, acuminate, ventricose, corneous-
buff, very delicately rib-striate. Aperture semiovate; peri-
stome reflected; the throat many-folded: two folds on the
columella and on the parietal wall, in the palate five or six.
Length 5, diam. 1% lines; whorls 11 (Rossm.).

Dalmatia.

Pupa pachygaster ZIEGLEB in coll. — Pupa pachygastra
Ziegl., ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., i, pt. 5, 1837, p. 11, pi. 23, f.
314 (P. oblongata on plate) . — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 38,
pi. 5, f. 11-15; Zehnter Bericht der naturf. Ges. Bamberg,
1875, p. 56. — P. pachygastris Ziegler, KUESTER, 9ter Ber.,
Bamberg, p. 95. — Torquilla polyplicata Miihlfeldt MS.,
ROSSM., I. c., in synonymy.

This form is more glossy and less distinctly striate than A.
frumentum; there is no whitish callous behind the lip; the
angular and parietal lamellae are a little further apart, the
parietal lamella is less regularly arcuate, viewed from below ;
the spiral lamella is longer and slightly curved (fig. 7) . Kues-
ter (1875) has argued that it differs specifically from frumen-
tum, which may be true, but most authorities have reckoned
it a variety. Specimens from Riva measure 8.5 to 10 mm.
long. Rossmassler's figures are copied in pi. 42, figs. 10, 11.

ABIDA. 303

A. frumentum castanea Gredler. ''Nearly of the size and
shape of elongata Essm., with which it lives, but beautiful
reddish brown. This extremely notable color-variety — if not
a hybrid of frumentum and megacheilos — extends only along
a fifteen-minute stretch between Nago and Torbolo, in the
Sarkathal, but is found in abundance here on the road walls,
as well as upon Mt. Brione" (Gredler).

Described as a variety of P. frumentum, but it may belong
rather to A. Ulyrica. I have not seen it.

Pupa frumentum var. gigantea Schroder, Beitrage zur
Konchylienkunde Tirol und Italienschen Grenzgebiet, 1910,
p. 40. The publication is not accessible to me.

31. ABIDA ILLYRICA (Rossm.). PL 42, figs. 8, 9.

The shell is usually somewhat larger (than frumentum),
more slender, with the summit drawn out longer, and the
striation finer and irregular; a callous (behind the lip) is en-
tirely wanting (Rossm.). The angular lamella is slightly
forked in front, and is often almost continuous with the spiral
lamella. A quite small twin lamella runs inward from the
callous at the posterior angle of the lip. The palatal plicae
emerge further on the lip, and the sutural plica is longer than
in frumentum. There is sometimes a small infrapalatal plica.

Length 10 to 11, diam. 3.5 mm. ; 10 to 11 whorls.

Carinthia, Dalmatia, southern Tirol.

Pupa frumentum var. Ulyrica ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., i, p.
82 ; Heft. 5, p. 11, pi. 23, fig. 312.— PAULUCCI, Bull. Soc. Malac.
ItaL, vii, p. 118. — Pupa Ulyrica Rm., CAZIOT, Bull. Soc. Zool.
Fr., xxxv, 1910, p. 159. — Pupa frumentum var. elongata
Rossm., Iconogr., 5, 1837, p. 11, pi. 23, f. 313.— P. adjuncta
Ziegler MS., in Rossm., 1. c. — Pupa frumentum var. minor
ROSSM., t. c., 1837, p. 11, pi. 23, f. 311. — Pupa cylindracea
Ziegler in coll., ROSSM., t. c., 1837, p. 12, pi. 23, f. 315.—
KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 37, pi. 5, f. 9, 10.— PFR., Monogr.,
ii, 339.— Torquilla triticum Ziegler, STABILE, Fauna Elvetica,
1845, p. 40, fig. 35, with var. parva and magna.—Pupa fru-
mentum var. meridionalis STROBEL, Notizie Malacostatiche sul

304 ABIDA.

Trentino, 1851, p. 37. — "Pupa triticea Zeigler" GERMAIN,
Mollusques de la France et des regions voisines, ii, 1913, p.
176, footnote 1. — Pupa frumentum var. major KREGLINGER,
Syst. Verz. Deutsehl. Binnenmoll., 1870, p. 192.

This form has generally been ranked as a variety of A.
frumentum, but possibly the relations of the various forms
may appear clearer by giving it specific standing, as Com-
mandant Caziot holds. This author (t. c., p. 156) has wholly
misunderstood Rossmaessler's plain statement that P. callosa
Ziegler (undescribed) is typical frumentum, and the other
Illyrian form which Ziegler thought was frumentum is the
new variety Ulyrica.

Torquilla triticum Ziegler, from Dalmatia, was mentioned
by Porro, 1839 (with the undefined varieties elongata and
curt a Z.), and by Villa, 1841, but it was first described by
Stabile, whose diagnosis and figures show it to be identical
with Ulyrica. The following dimensions are given by him.

Length 10, width in the middle 3% mm. (triticum).

Length 9, width 3% mm. (var. parva Stabile, Bianza, Lom-
bardy) .

Length 12, width 3% rnm. (var. magna Stabile).

The following described varieties are referable to iUyrica
as races or local forms of some degree.

A. Ulyrica elongata Eossm. PL 45, fig. 4. Shell larger,
darker, rather cylindric, pointed, without cervical callous, the
folds strongly developed. Very abundant on a low, shrub-
covered breastwork, Passeggio a S. Andrea, near Triest; also
from Windischgraben near Ferlach in Carinthia. This form
is P. adjuncta Zgl. (Rossm. ) .

A. Ulyrica minor Rossm. PI. 45, fig. 3. Shell smaller,
weaker, with the palatal plicae not very well developed, gener-
ally only the median two fully developed, and without a cer-
vical callous. I found this form on the Karst between Op-
china and Sessana, under limestone blocks, and near Laibach
on limestone din's, especially on the Grossgallenberge and
near Verbleine, at the last place in company with var. Ulyrica.

ABIDA. 305

Sent by Parreyss from St. Gotthardt (Rossm.). The length
is slightly over 7 mm.

A. illyrica cylindracea ('Ziegl.' Rm.). PL 45, figs. 1, 2.
Shell rimate, cylindrical, acute, rather glossy, buff-corneous,
last whorl subangular. Aperture rounded-semiovate ; throat
8-plicate, two folds on the columella and on the parietal wall,

4 in the palate. Length 5y2, diam. iy2 lines; 10 to 11 whorls.
Almissa, Dalmatia, Ziegler (Rossmaessler) .

A. illyrica kanalensis (Caziot). Shell shining, rufous, very
delicately, regularly striate, ventricose, conic at apex; last
'whorl very little calloused anteriorly. Aperture 11-plicate:

5 palatals, 3 columellar, the upper one small, dentiform, pari-
etal wall 2-plicate (the median very high, compressed ; within,
towards the suture a small but distinct fold), angular lamella
1, thickened tooth-like above. Length 5%-7, diam. 2%-3 mm.
( Westerlund) .

Carinthia: Kanal valley, abundant.

Pupa frumentum var. polita Westerlund, Fauna Europaea
Moll. Extramar. Prodr., ii, 1878, p. 171 ; Fauna Palaarct., iii,
1887, p. 107. Not Clausilia polita Risso. — Pupa kanalensis
CAZIOT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxv, 1910, p. 158, n. n. for
polita West.

Commandant Caziot believes this to be a distinct species,
stating that it is characterized by the presence of a third
columellar lamella; but this is also present in many of the
forms of the frumentum series. It has not been figured.

A. illyrica gastrodes n. var. PL 46, fig. 6. The shell is
smaller than illyrica and typically more ventricose ; lamella as
in Ulyrica. Length 9, diam. above aperture 3.5 mm., 8%
whorls. Type no. 22859 A. N. S. P. was labeled P. gastrodes
Z. Verona.

32. ABIDA APENNINA (Charp., Kiister). PL 42, figs. 12 to 16..
Shell obliquely rimate, cylindric-fusiform, obliquely rib-
striate, corneous-buff; spire tapering in an acute cone above
the middle ; whorls 10, slightly convex, the last compressed at
base. Aperture semioval, many-folded, three folds on the*

306 ABIDA.

parietal wall, the angular lamella being doubled, two on the
columella, five in the palate ; peristome expanded and a little
reflected. Length 4-4%, diam. 1^-1% lines (Kuester).

Central Italy: The Appenines between Grenoa and Ascoli
(Charp.) ; Camporbiano near Volterra, Tuscany; Avellana,
Umbria; Monte Maielle, Abruzzo (Paulucci).

Pupa apennina Charpentier in litt., KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab-
inet, Pupa, p. 105, pi. 14, f. 25-28. — Pupa frumentum var.
apennma Charp., PAULUCCI, Materiaux, etc., 1878, pp. 10, 36 ;
Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., vii, 1881, p. 117.

The accessory lamella between the angular and the end of
the outer lip is more developed than in illyrica or any form
of the frumentum series. The angular lamella approaches the
parietal rather closely. The spiral lamella is long, as in illy-
rica. The parietal lamella has a longer inward continuation
than I have seen in any other of the frumentum group. On
the last half-whorl the white lines over the palatal plicae are
conspicuous. The specimens examined are larger than the
types of Kuester, measuring from 10 mm. long to : length 11,
diam. 4 mm. ; 101/2 whorls.

Figs. 12 and 15 are copied from Kuester. Fig. 16 from a
specimen from Mme. Paulucci, and figs. 13, 14 specimen from
Terver.

It has often been considered a variety of frumentum, but it
is more distinct than any of the other forms.

Series of A. secale.
33. ABIDA SECALE (Drap.). PL 47, figs. 11, 13, 14, 15.

The shell is minutely perforate, cylindric, the upper half or
third tapering to the obtuse apex ; cinnamon-brown (but vary-
ing from much darker to paler) ; finely striate. Whorls
slightly convex, the last rounded below, and showing whitish
lines over the internal plicae. Aperture brown within, the
teeth whitish. Angular lamella continuous with the spiral,
which penetrates as far as or a little beyond the parietal (fig.
11). A short twin-lamella within the lip-insertion. Parietal
lamella high in the middle, tapering towards both ends.
Columellar lamella a little stronger and longer than the sub-

ABIDA. 307

columellar. Upper and lower palatal and basal plicae emerge,
the upper to the margin, the others to the inner edge of the
peristome; their inner ends are well in advance of a mid-
dorsal position, and a short suprapalatal plica stands above
them. Peristome expanded, whitish, the ends joined by a tliiii
parietal callous.

Length 8, diam. 3 mm. ; 9*4 whorls.

Length 6.4, diam. 2.7 mm. ; 8% whorls.

England, in the Channel and Thames counties; France,
Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and northern Italy.

Pupa secale DRAPARNAUD, Tabl., 1801, p. 59; Hist. Moll.
France, 1805, p. 64, pi. 3, f. 49, 50.— KUESTER, Syst. Conch.
Cab., p. 44, pi. 6, f. 3-5; Ber. Nat. Ges. Bamberg, x, 1875, p.
57.— PFEIFFER, Monogr., ii, p. 341 ; iii, 546 ; iv, 672 ; vi, 313 ;
viii, 382 (see for older references). — FORBES and HANLEY,
Brit. Moll., iv, p. 101, pi. 129, f. 5.— MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll.
Fr., p. 366, pi. 26, f. 26-29.— LINDSTROM, Gotl. nut. moll., p.
47, pi. 1, f. 12 (jaw). — BGT., Malacologie Aix-les-Bains, p. 48.
— WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 110. — CAZIOT, Ann. Soc.
Linn. Lyon for 1908, p. 169 (synonymy, distribution, etc.). —
Chondrus secale CUVIER, Regne Anim., ii, p. 408. — Abida
secale LEACH, in TURTON, Manual, 1831, p. 101. — TorquiUa
secale Dr., BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturkunde, xlii,
1889, p. 248 (distribution). — Turbo jumperi MONTAGU, Tes-
tacea Brittanica, pt. 2, 1803, p. 340, pi. 12, f. 12 (Easton Grey
and Devizes, Wilts.) . — Pupa juniperi of some authors. — Turbo
cyUndricus HARTMANN, Alpina, ii, p. 212 (teste Pfr.). — Pupa
"secaUna Drapernaud" LOCARD, Bull. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon,
1896, p. 194, fig. 426-7.

This common species varies rather widely in shape, size,
sculpture and teeth, even in the same locality. In many places
specimens are found having a low lamella close to the colu-
mellar insertion (figs. 1, 13), usually occurring with indi-
viduals without that structure (fig. 14). A small denticle is
often developed at the base of the columella (fig. 15). These
and other variations have led to the description of numerous
"varieties" and "species" which are noticed below, though
many of them appear to me quite superfluous.

308 ABIDA.

The description, measurements and figures are from speci-
mens from Lyons.

Form novemplicata 'Bgt.' West. This variety differs from
the type by the large fold situated at the upper angle of the
outer lip, which is completely divided into two. Aix-les-
Bains. It was described by Bourguignat but named by Wes-
terlund. Probably an individual variation or pathologic.

Pupa secale var. minor Michaud, Complement de 1'hist. nat.
des moll. terr. et fluv. de la France, 1831, p. 65, based upon
Draparnaud, pi. 3, f. 49, 50. Length of figure 6.8 mm. This
would appear to be a small form of typical secale. Wester-
lund has a ' * form minor, small, thin, nearly smooth, otherwise
quite typical, length 6%, length 1% mm." (Fauna, iii, 1887,
p. 110).

Var. cylmdroides Moquin-Tandon. Shell more cylindric;
aperture with same folds. Pyrenees-Orientales at Ville-
franche and Gavarnie (Hist. Moll. Fr., 1855, p. 366).

Var. elongata Saulcy. Length 9 mm. Along the Gave near
Saint-Sauveur, Hautes-Pyrenees (Journ. de Conch., 1853, p.
270).

Var. sarratina Moq.-Tand. Shell a little smaller ; aperture
with the large fold of the parietal wall almost double ; a low
accessory fold at the angle of the columellar lip. Durfort,
near Saint-Ferreol (Hist. Moll. Fr., 1855, p. 366).

Var. siligo Roth. One or two little accessory folds at the
angle of columella and parietal wall. Bavarian Alps and
along the Isar. (Pupa secale var. siligo Roth, Malak. Bl., ii,
1855, p. 41. Var. seligo West., Fauna, iii, p. 110.)

Var. gracilior Kreglinger. Differs from secale in that it is
more slender, has one more whorl (9%-10), and there is one
fold less in the mouth. Length 3%, breadth 1 line. Lahr,
near Zierenberg, in company with P. secale, rare. (Pupa
variabilis C. Pfeiffer, Syst. Anord. u. Beschreib deutscher
Land- und Wasser-Schnecken, i, 1821, p. 56, pi. 3, f. 15, not
of Drap. — Pupa secale var. gracilior KREGLINGER, Syst. Ver.
Deutschl. Binnen-Mollusken, 1870, p. 194, based upon C.
Pfeiffer 's descript. and fig. — Westerlund, Fauna, iii, 1887, p.
110.)

Var. hordeum ('Stud.,' Hartm.). PI. 47, fig. 16. "[Tor-

ABIDA. 309

<iuill-a] hordcum(l) Mihi. Somewhat smaller than the pre-
ceding [avena Drap.], and perhaps often confused with it, but
appears to be different." (Studer, Kurzes Verzeich., 1820,
p. 89.)

The name was next used as * ' Chandrus secale var. Ch. hor-
drum" by Hartmann, System der Erd- und Susswasser Gas-
teropoden Europa's, in Sturm, Heft 5, 1821, p. 50, no de-
scription; Sturm's Deutschlands Fauna, vi, Abth., Die Wtir-
mer, 7. Heft, 1824, pi. 5, and accompanying text (lettered on
plate * ' Chondrus secale Cuv. var. hordeum Aud., ' ' apparently
an engraver's error for Stud.). Hartmann refers to Studer 's
TorquUla hordeum as identical. He gives the localities: bei
Bern fand sie Herr Professor Studer; also Sarganserland and
Zurich. Hartmann notes that it is shorter and somewhat more
ventricose than secale, 3 lines long, and of 8 whorls. His
figure is copied, pi. 47, fig. 16.

As this was the first recognizable definition of Studer 's
form, and in all probability founded upon specimens from
Studer, the name hordeum should be restricted to Bern shells
agreeing with Hartmann 's figure.

In his Catalogue des Moll. terr. et fluv. de la Suisse in
Neue Denkschr. der allg. Schweizerischen Ges. gesammten
Naturwiss., i, 1837, p. 16, pi. 2, f. 7, Charpentier records,
"Rare. Roches Calcaires: Devens, Pierre a Besse," and gives
figures which represent a long, cylindric form probably of
secale, length 12.5 mm.

Westerlund (Fauna, iii, p. 110) has accepted this form to
represent hordeum; yet Charpentier 's form is certainly not
that of Studer or Hartmann. Comm. Caziot has also dis-
cussed hordeum, Feuille Jeunes Naturalistes, 1910, no. 474,
p. 94, but without knowing of Hartmann 's publication, which
appears to me the only important work on the variety.

Var. cylindrica Locard. Shell of a somewhat cylindric,
elongate shape, not swollen, measuring 8-9 mm. long, with
whorls but little rounded. Aperture with 9 folds, having an
inconspicuous fold at the angle of the columellar margin.
Debris of the Rhone (Variations Malac., 1880, p. 259).

Var. decemplicata Bourguignat MS., Locard. Shell resem-

310 ABIDA.

bling the type, but with, 4 superior folds, 2 columellars and 4
palatals; "resembles the preceding variety, differing only by
a little fold, very thin and long, which follows the upper
angle of the columella. This variety imitates P. boileausiana
Charp. ' ' Environs of Aix-les-Bains, and in drift of the Rhone
(Locard, Variations Malac., 1880, p. 259).

Var. oyonnaxia Locard. Shell resembling the type, but
with 10 folds disposed thus : 3 superior, the little fold of the
upper angle of the outer lip often not very distinct, 3 colu-
mellar folds, and 4 palatal folds; the third columellar fold is
very low down and emerges but little, it is very distinct in
some specimens; rare. Oyonnax (Ain). Loc., Var. Mai.,
1880, p. 259.

Var. bourgetica Bourguignat. Aperture 11-plicate, 4 folds
on the parietal wall, 3 columellar and 4 palatal. This variety
is distinguished from the preceding [var. dec-emplicata] in
that the columella instead of having 2 lamelliform folds pre-
sents besides a third punctiform fold at the base. Aix-les-
Bains (Savoie). Pupa secale var. bourgetica BGT., Malac.
d'Aix-les'-Bains, 1864, pp. 49, 50, pi. 2, f. 1. — LETOURNEAUX,
Moll. Lamalou, p. 64.

Var. sublaevigata Bourguignat MS., Locard. Has the same
characters as the preceding, except that the shell is nearly
smooth and under the lens does not show the fine, oblique,
crowded striae which characterize the type. Dent-du-Chat,
in Savoie. Locard, Var. Malac., 1880, p. 260.

Var. duodecimcostata Locard. The shell conforms to the
type but is a little larger, ornamented with 12 folds disposed
thus : 4 superior, 2 columellar, the upper strongly developed,
6 palatals, the upper deeply immersed, the second and fourth
very prominent, the other three reduced to punctiform folds,
little immersed. Environs of Lyons and Vernet, coll. of M.
Gabillot. Locard, Var. Malac., 1880, p. 260.

Var. edentula Taylor. Shell smaller, thinner, smooth and
glossy ; striation regular, and fine on the upper whorls, grad-
ually becoming fainter and more irregular on the lower ones ;
apertural plications obsolete. This variety was found by me
in September, 1877, at the foot of the rocks near Ingleton in
Yorkshire. The specimens of the type found in company with
it partake of many of the peculiarities enumerated. It fur-
nishes an approach to the continental species, Pupa avena
(Taylor, Journal of Conchology, 1879, p. 5).

Var. oryza.no, Locard. Ovoid, somewhat slender, of 7-8
quite convex whorls ; 3 superior folds, the first two contiguous,
lodged near the suture, third immersed; 3 columellars, the

ABIDA. 311

first sometimes obsolete, lodged below the upper angle of the
margin, the second stronger than the third, almost marginal ;
3 palatals approaching the peristoine, the second a little the
strongest. Shell corneous-red, quite glossy, striae fine and
regular. Length 6, diam. 1% mm. Aude, Vaucluse, Drome,
Isere, Jura, etc. (Pupa oryzana Loc., Bull. Soc. Agric. Lyon
(7),iii, 1896, p. 194).

Var. lasallei 'Bourg.' Locard. Ovoid, a little short and
stout, feebly tapering above, of 8-9 convex whorls ; 4 superior
folds, the first and last nearly rudimentary, lodged in the two
angles ; 3 columellars, the last much immersed ; 4 palatals, the
first and last very small, the other two attaining the margin.
Peristome reflected, quite thick; shell glossy-red, ornamented
with fine and very crowded striae. Length 6-7, diam. 2%-3
mm. Aude, Saone-et-Loire, Haute-Savoie, Ardeche, etc. (Pupa,
lasallei Bgt. in coll., Locard, Bull. Soc. Agric. Lyon (7), iii,
1896, p. 196).

Var. kraliki Let. Shell perforate (perforation spreading,
deep), minute, cylindric, tapering, glossy, corneous, elegantly
striate (the striae like riblets, straight, oblique, close, and
stronger towards the aperture). Spire little lengthened,
shortly tapering; apex obtuse, smooth, paler. Whorls 9, a
little convex, slowly increasing, separated by a moderately
impressed suture, the last compressed outside, ascending to
the lip-insertion, carinate at the base (the carina subobtuse,
arcuate, not reaching the periphery). Aperture nearly ver-
tical, lunate, buff within, somewhat semioblong, with 11 folds :
Parietals 4, of which there are two angulars (one minute, the
other very long, running into the throat and enlarging) ; a
narrow lamella at the angle at top of the columella; and a
remote, robust lamelliform tooth within in the middle of the
parietal wall. Columellars 3, the upper one strong, robust,
emerging to the margin, another minute, rather deep within,
and a lower punctiform. Palatals 4, of which the upper is
very deep within, scarcely visible in the mouth, the others
very strong, robust, lamelliform, reaching to the margin.
Peristome thickened, a little expanded throughout, the mar-
gins approaching and connected by a thin callous. Alt. 6^,
diam. 2% mm. (Pupa kraliki Letourneux, Revue et Magazin
de Zool. (3), v, 1877, p. 348.) France, Dep. Herault, aux
Douze, near Lamalou-les-Bains, under stones ; rare.

According to Letourneux, this species is remarkable not
only for the apertural folds which are exactly opposite one
another and almost touching, but also by their form ; instead

312 ABIDA.

of being thin and sharp, they are broad, thick, tuberculose, as
though crushed down. As only three specimens were found,

1 suspect that it may be an abnormal form.

Var. phymata West. Very beautifully, hair-fine striate, the
striae stronger and more spaced on the last whorl, reddish-
yellow, whitish towards the aperture, the last whorl with a
white hump on the base ; margin thickened throughout, white-
lipped, narrowly reflected ; aperture with 8 lamellae and plicae :

2 parietal, 2 columellar, 4 palatal (the first small, deep within,
second to fourth marginal, second and third elevated within,
obliquely truncated, beyond which they continue inward as
small folds). Length 7, diam. 2 mm. Hautes-Pyrenees (Pupa
secale var. phymata Westerlund, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 110).

Var. piniana Fagot. Shell minutely perforate, regularly
conic-elongate, horn-brown or violet, very closely striate,
scarcely shining. Spire lengthened, slowly increasing. Whorls
8, scarcely convex, regularly increasing, the last larger, some-
what compressed around the umbilicus. Aperture oblique,
truncate-oblong, with 8 lamellae and folds: 2 parietal, 2 colu-
mellar, the upper nearly marginal, lower immersed, 4 palatal
plicae, the first very small, very deep within, second marginal,
third somewhat and fourth more immersed. Peristome acute,
margins separated, the outer expanded, columellar reflected.
Length 7, diam. 2% mm. (Westerlund). France: Ponech
(Ariege). Pupa piniana Fagot, Bull. Soc. Agr., Sc. et Litt.
Pyr.-Or., 1880 ; Westerlund, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 111.

Abida secale botteausiana ('Charp.' Kiister). PL 46, fig. 11.

A species of the group of P. frumentum. The shell is ob-
liquely rimate, subperforate, somewhat lengthened conic,
finely and obliquely rib-striate, satin-shining, light corneous-
yellow. The spire is somewhat fusiform, apex obtuse, the 9
or 10 whorls narrow, very slowly increasing, weakly convex,
united by a simple, little-impressed suture, the last whorl con-
tracting, weakly compressed below, the base rounded. The
aperture is lengthened, rounded, yellowish flesh-colored, with
8 snow-white folds, of which three are on the parietal wall,
the first and largest arising from the insertion of the peri-
stome, the second deep within, the third near the angle formed
by the parietal wall and columella. On the columella there
are three folds, and in the palate three, the upper one largest
and emerging to the edge of the lip ; above it the beginning

ABIDA. 313

of a fourth palatal fold may be seen deep in the throat; all
are visible as white lines on the neck. The peristome is white,
a little thickened, expanded. Length 3-3%, diam. 1% lines
(Kuester).

Southern France (Charpentier). Departments Ariege,
Herault, Haute-Garonne, Pyrenees-Orientales, etc. (Locard).

Pupa boUeausiana Charpentier KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab.,
Pupa, p. 98, pi. 13, f. 21-23.— DUPUY, Moll. France, p. 386, pi.
19, f. 3.— PFR., Monogr., iii, 546.

This race has been reported from Dorridge, near Knowle,
Warwickshire, by Taylor (Journ. of Conchol., ii, 1879, p. 5),
but as the characters of small size and a fold on the parietal
wall contiguous to the columella are common in other races of
secale, it seems unlikely that the real boUeausiana occurs in
England.

Var. fagorum ' Fagot' Locard. Shell more strongly and a
little more distantly striate ; base of the aperture more retuse ;
lamella at the columellar angle more distinct and always pres-
ent ; parietal lamella more immersed. Length 6-7, diam. 2 mm.
(Pupa boUeausiana var. fagorum Westerlund, Synopsis, p.
89). Pupa fagorum P. Fagot in coll. Brgt., Locard, Ann. Soc.
d'Agricult., Sc. et Ind. Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 196. France:
Aulus (Ariege) ; Quillan, Limoux, mont Alaric (Aude).

Abida secale gmirdoniana Fagot. Aperture 8-toothed; 2
parietals, 2 strong, deeply placed columellars, 4 palatals, of
which the lower is rather immersed, the middle strong, less
remote, the third nearly attaining the margin, the fourth
smallest, tubercular, situated below [above] the middle of the
third [or upper palatal]. Peristome thick, interrupted, re-
flected throughout. Alt. 8, diam. 2-21/2 mm. ; 9 whorls. Ter-
minal cone of the pic du Gar (Haute-Garonne). Pupa gour-
doniana Fagot, Moll. Pic du Gar, 1882, p. 11; Bull. Soc.
d'Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 1882, p. 74.— GOURDON, Feuille Jeunes
Nat., 1895, no. 293, pp. 75, 91. Gourdon adds the localities
montagne de Cierp, and limestones at entrance of the Val de
la Hosse at Barousse. He thinks it belongs rather to the
pyrenaaria group.

Abida secale abrupt a, West. Shell minutely perforate,

314 ABIDA.

cylindric-fusiform, regularly but extremely finely and closely
striate, light corneous-yellow, thin, somewhat glossy, with
slowly tapering spire; whorls 8-9, a little convex, the last
rounded at the base; aperture somewhat contracted but
rounded below. Parietal lamellae 2, the angular short, slen-
der, simple and wholly without thickening. Columellar lamel-
lae 2, the upper strong within, slenderly emerging nearly to
the peristome, the lower lamella shorter and slenderer. Pala-
tal plicae 4, the upper punctiform, deep within, second inter-
rupted in the middle, marginal, the third having two lumps
in the middle, shorter, fourth still more immersed. Peristome
thw, simple, the margins widely separated, weakly reflected,
white, columellar margin rather straightened, the outer mar-
gin strongly curved above. Length 6%-7, diam. 2 mm.
France: Aulus. P. secale var. abrupta Westerlund, Fauna
Europ., 1876, p. 172; Fauna, in, 1887, p. 111.)

Abida secale costata 'Fagot' Locard. Shell reddish-viola-
ceous, glossy, ornamented with strong, rather widely spaced
riblets. Two parietal folds, 2 immersed columellar, 2 sub-
equal palatals emerging to the peristome, which is slightly ex-
panded and a little thickened. Length 6-7, diam. 2% mm.,
7-8 quite convex whorls. France: valley of Ossoui (H.-Pyre-
nees) ; gorge des Eaux-Chandes (B.-Pyr.). Pupa costata
Fagot in coll. Brgt., LOCARD, Bull. Soc. d 'Agric., etc., de Lyon
(7),iii, 1896, p. 195.

34. ABIDA CADICA ('Fag.' West.). Shell cylindric, tapering
a little above, densely hair-striate, corneous ; Sy2 slightly con-
vex whorls, the last slightly ascending, obtusely crested at
base. Aperture narrow, the base narrowed in the middle,
channelled; with 8 folds, 2 parietal, 2 columellar, 4 palatal
(the angular short, parietal median, columellars short, im-
mersed, distant, the upper larger; first palatal immersed,
small, the lower three subequal, submarginal, prolonged in-
wardly but little; peristome continuous. Length 6, diam. 2
mm. A species of the group of P. secale. P[upa] (Torquilla)
cadica Fagot m sc., Westerlund, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Gesv Apr.
1902, p. 39.) Spain: Sierra de Cadi (P. Fagot).

Probably distinct from secale, as it is beyond the known
range of that ; but if so, the description is insufficient.

ABIDA. 315

Series of A. micheli.

Slender, corneous species of southeastern France and
northern Italy.

35. ABIDA MICHELI (Terver). PL 45, figs. 8, 9.

Shell punctiform-umbilicate, elongate, subcylindric, rather
glossy, delicately costulate-striate, corneous-yellow ; whorls 9,
narrow, nearly flat. Aperture semiovate, 8-plicate: 4 plic«
in the palate, the upper very short, deeply placed; 2 on the
parietal wall, the others on the columella; peristome white-
lipped, reflected. Length 2.5, width .8 lines (Kuester in litt.,
Pfr.).

Southern France: from dep. Herault to Alpes-Maritimes ;
type loc., environs of Toulon (Terver).

Pupa michelii Terver MS., DUPUY, Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et
d'eau douce France, 1850, p. 397, pi. 19, f. 11. — KUESTER,
Syst. Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 106, pi. 14, f. 29-31. — PFR.,
Monogr., ii, 1848, p. 340. — WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p.
119; Synops. Moll. Extramar., 1897, p. 91. — LOCARD, Ann.
Soc. d'Agricult. Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 204. — Pupa columnella
Loc., LOCARD, t. c., p. 205; P. olearum Bgt., P. magdalenae
Bgt., P. rusticula Bgt., P. valcourtiana Bgt., in LOCARD, t. c.,
p. 206. — P. micheli Terver, CAZIOT, Etude Moll. Monaco, etc.,
1910, p. 325.

The angular lamella is low, very long, almost doubled above ;
upper columellar lamella high within, diminishing towards
the margin, the lower one immersed. Palatal plicae 4, the
upper very small, deep within, second marginal ; second, third
and fourth of equal length within, penetrating to about the
middle of the whorl. Length 5-6, diam. 1.75 mm. (Wester-
lund).

Several supposed species described from southeastern
France, in the departments B.-du-Rhone, Var, Basses-Alpes,
etc., are apparently synonyms or perhaps varieties of micheli;
the descriptions follow.

Pupa columnella Loc. Narrowly cylindric, a little taper-
ing, quite obtuse at the summit ; 8-9 quite convex whorls, the
suture marked. Aperture small, regularly ovate, a little elon-

316 ABIDA.

gated ; one lamellar superior fold, median and immersed ; two
very small columellars, deeply immersed and tubercular ; four
immersed and tubercular palatals, the third a little stronger,
the fourth obsolete. Shell light red, ornamented with strong
striae, somewhat spaced and quite regular. Length 6%, diam.
1% mm. Bare; les Angles ( Basses- Alpes). Locard, Ann.
Soc. de TAgricult. de Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 205.

Pupa olearum 'Bgt.' Loc. Cylindric-elongate, a little ven-
tricose, quite rapidly tapering to the summit; 9-10 whorls a
little convex, progressive, the suture quite marked. Aperture
small, ovate, well rounded at the base; 2 superior folds, the
stronger lodged at the suture, the other immersed ; 2 subequal
columellars, quite strong but immersed; 2 subequal palatals,
only the upper attaining the peristome. Peristome subcon-
tinuous, a little thickened, slightly everted. Shell solid, sub-
opaque, slightly yellowish red, ornamented with very fine,
very crowded, quite regular striae. Length 8, diam. 2 mm.
Quite rare ; Ollioules ( Var) ; environs of Marseilles and of
Aries (B.-du-R.). Pupa olearum Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c.,
p. 206.

Pupa magdalenae 'Bgt.' Loc. Small, conoid, quite narrow,
slowly tapering to base and summit; 8-9 slightly convex
whorls, the suture not deep. Aperture small, somewhat
rounded; 2 subequal superior folds, the first lodged at the
suture, the second median and immersed; 2 columellars, the
first very small and very deeply immersed, the second robust,
but not reaching the peristome; 3 palatals, the first very
small, the second strongest, and alone reaching the peristome.
Peristome subcontinuous, a little thickened and reflected.
Shell somewhat thin, brilliant, corneous-fawn, a little striolate.
Length 61/2-7, diam. 2 mm. Quite rare; Var, Bouches-du-
Rhone, etc. (Pupa magdalenae Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c., p.
206).

Pupa rusticula 'Bgt.' Loc. Small, a little ovoid-ventricose,
quite rapidly tapering upwards. Eight to nine quite convex
whorls, the suture quite marked. Aperture almost regularly
oboval, a little contracted at the base; 2 superior folds, the
first accompanied by a slight tubercle and lodged at the
suture, the second median and immersed ; 2 strong columellars
subequal, distant and immersed ; 3 palatals, the first strongest
and reaching the peristome, the last very small. Peristome
subcontinuous, a little thickened and reflected. Shell cor-
neous-red, glossy, a little striolate. Length 6-7, diam. 2% mm.
Rare; Saint- Auban, near Briangonnet (Alpes-Mari times ),
Pupa rusticula Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c., p. 206.

ABIDA. 317

Pupa valcourtiami 'Bgt.' Loc. Shell cylindric, short,
rapidly tapering to the summit. Seven to eight slightly con-
vex whorls, the suture quite marked. Aperture oboval-
rounded, not contracted at base; 2 thin superior folds, the
first lodged at the suture, the second median and immersed ;
2 immersed columellars, the first one stronger; 3 palatals, the
first two reaching the peristome, the third small. Peristome
subcontinuous, feebly thickened, a little everted. Shell cor-
neous-red, a little glossy, slightly striolate. Length 6, diam.

2 mm. Rare; clus de Saint- Auban (Alpes-Maritimes). Pupa
valcourtiana Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c., p. 206.

36. ABIDA ANCEYI (Fagot). PL 45, fig. 10.

Shell minutely perforate, subfusiform-elongate, conic, cor-
neous-rufous, glossy, pellucid, hair-striate (the striae oblique,
irregular, in the last whorl distant and disappearing) . Spire
long, acuminate, the apex obtuse, mamillate. Whorls 10, the
first convex, the rest a little convex, slowly and regularly in-
creasing, separated by a well-impressed suture; the last
whorl slightly larger, ascending at the aperture, and a little
compressed around the perforation. Aperture oblique, ob-
long-rounded, 7-plicate: parietal plicae 2, the angular tuber-
culose, the other deeply placed, rather strong; 2 columellar
plicae, rather remote in the throat, the upper one less remote ;

3 palatal plicae, the inferior small, remote, the middle one
strong, elongate, projecting nearly to the outer margin, the
upper not marginal, long and interrupted. Peristome thick-
ened, expanded throughout, the margins remote, subequal.
Length 7, diam. iy2 to 1% mm. (Fagot).

France: Val de Crede, near Marseilles (Bouches-du-Rhone).

Pupa anceyi FAGOT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vi, 1881, p. 139.

"This new species, discovered by M. Ancey, to whom it is
dedicated, belongs to the group of Pupa mortitteti and
micheli; but it is separated from the former by the more deli-
cate dentition, from the second by the different dentition, and
from both by the slimmer shape, recalling that of Pupa gra-
num" (Fagot).

There is no spiral lamella. The upper and lower palatal
and the basal plicae are all strengthened into rather strong

318 ABIDA.

folds in the dorsal position, and again at the inner margin of
the peristome. The lower palatal, though deeply excised, is
continuous to the margin, and its inner enlargement is visible
from in front ; the upper palatal is nearly continuous, but the
basal is interrupted, and the inner folds of these two do not
show in a face view. Both palatals have more or less developed
thread-like continuations inward, visible as light lines outside.
The exterior is almost smooth. The figured topotype meas-
ures, length 6.7, diam. above aperture 2 mm. ; 9 whorls.

37. ABIDA STABILEI (Martens). PL 45, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell obliquely rimate, subcylindric-fusiform, rather smooth,
somewhat shining, corneous. Spire gradually tapering, rather
acute; whorls 9, scarcely convex, the last slightly narrower,
compressed preceding the aperture; suture moderately dis-
tinct. Aperture semioval, 7-plicate; angular lamella moder-
ately or very short and thick; median parietal lamella im-
mersed, deeply entering ; two columellar lamellae approximate,
deeply placed, tooth-like; three palatal plicae, of which the
upper (towards the suture) is very deeply immersed, very
short and callous, often continued inward, very thin and long ;
towards the margin of the peristome there is often an incon-
spicuous callous which appears to be its forward continuation,
but there is always an interruption. The second (or middle)
palatal plica is long and strong, and reaches to the peristome ;
the third or basal plica, situated at the cervical compression,
is very small and rudimentary. Peristome interrupted, mod-
erately reflected and expanded, not thick, whitish, with the
extremities a little converging. Length 6-7, diam. 2-2% mm.
(Stabile).

Italy, Piedmont : Susa, Valle Dora Riparia at 5-600 meters ;
alpine meadows above Crisolo, on Monte-Viso, 1600-1800
meters; Valle Stura di Cuneo at Vignolo, 550 meters, and
Rocca Sparvera, 560 meters ; Limone ; Valle del Gesso at Ver-
nante, at the foot of the Col de Tenda. France: Brian^on
(Hautes-Alpes) at over 1300 meters, among limestone rocks
on the Mont-Genevre road (Margier).

Pupa mortUleti STABILE, Mollusques terrestres Vivants du

ABIDA. 319

Piemont, 1864, p. 96, pi. 2, f. 4. — PFR., Monogr., vi, 313.—
WESTEBLUND, Malak. Bl., xxii, 123 ; Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 118.—
MARGIEE, Feuille jeunes naturalistes, 1896, no. 312, p. 240.—
Torquilla mortilleti Stabile, POLLONERA, Atti R. Accad. Torino,
xx, 1885, p. 688. Not Pupa mortilleti Martens, I860.— Pupa
stabili v. MARTENS, The Record of Zoological Literature, 1864,
p. 233, substitute for P. mortilleti Stabile. — STABILE, Bull.
Malacologico Ital., i, 1868, p. 34, name corrected to Pupa sta-
bUei.

A species of the Alpine zone, which differs from A. varia-
bUis by the small, slender, not swollen shape, which is fusi-
form like P. avenacea, or even somewhat subcylindric ; the
less solid shell, with the peristome not thickened and with 3
instead of 4 plicae. Boettger (1884) regarded the form later
named limonensis as typical mortilleti. Westerlund (1887)
remarks that "the description of Stabile is not exact, appar-
ently because he had specimens of limonensis also before him. ' '

A. mortilleti simoni Bttg. Differs from the type [that is,
from bland] by the smaller shell, the aperture more rounded;
subcircular, less strongly lipped, the angular lamella lower,
palatal plicae less deeply entering. Length 6-6%, diam. 2%-
2y2 mm. Abundant on Mt. Cenis (Bttg.).

Pupa (Torquilla) mortilleti Stab. var. simoni BOETTGER,
Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., 1884, p. 47.

Westerlund considers this a variety of his subsequently de-
scribed P. limonensis, which is identical with bland Poll. If
this is correct, then the species will be called A. simoni, and
bland will become a subspecies, since simoni has priority.
Having seen neither form, I am leaving simani where it was
placed by Dr. Boettger until the forms can be adequately
revised.

38. ABIDA BLANCI (Pollonera).

Shell glabrous, corneous, elongate-fusiform or subcylindric-
fusiform; whorls 9-10, very slightly convex, the last com-
pressed before the rimation. Aperture semioval, 7-folded;
one median parietal fold ; a strongly angular fold, produced
inward ; two deeply-placed columellar folds, of which the

320 ABIDA.

lower one is larger; three palatals, strong, very long within,
joined to the lip-callous; peristome thick, reflected, white-
lipped, exteriorly white calloused. Length 7-8, width 2y2
mm. (Pollonera).

Italy: Limone, north of the Col di Tenda, in the Alpine
zone, Piedmont (H. Blanc).

Pupa mortilleti, typus, BOETTGER, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., 1884,
p. 47, not of Stabile. — T. [orquilla] Uanci POLLONERA, Atti R.
Accad. del Sci. di Torino, xx, 1885, p. 688. — Pupa limonensis
WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnenconch., iii, 1887, p. 118.
— Pupa limonensis var. isseli CAZIOT, fitude. Moll. terr. et fluv.
Principaute de Monaco, 1910, p. 312.

Differs from mortilleti (stabilei), according to Pollonera,
by the less robust angular lamella, and the three palatal plicae
which extend to the peristome without interruption; the
peristome is thicker and reinforced outwardly with a whitish
callous.

Figures have been published by Caziot (Moll. terr. et fluv.
Monaco, pi. 9, f. 17, 18), but they are too small and indistinct
to be of use.

As there was no prior Torquilla or Abida named blanci, the
name is valid. It is not a homonym of Pupa bland Bourguig-
nat. The substitution of limonensis by Westerlund was there-
fore superfluous.

The description of Pupa limonensis West., from the same
locality and collector, here follows.

Shell rimate, cylindric-fusiform, nearly smooth, glossy,
horn-colored. Whorls 9, scarcely at all convex, the last some-
what compressed below, whitish and thickened near the aper-
ture. Aperture semielliptical, with 7 lamellae and plicae: 2
parietal lamellae (the angular moderate) ; columellar lamellae
2 (either both deep within, very small, or the upper small
and tooth-like, the lower drawn out towards the margin).
Palatal plicae 3 (long, strong, marginal, prolonged inward far
beyond the middle of the whorl, the upper two even around
to the columellar margin). Peristome somewhat reflected,
white-lipped, almost separated. Size up to 8 mm. long, 2%
wide (Westerlund).

Var. isseli Caziot. Differs from Pupa limonensis by its

ABIDA.

smaller dimensions, more subcylindric shell which is not fusi-
form above, by the deeper suture, and the less rapid increase
of the whorls. The disposition and number of the teeth and
lamellae is quite similar in the two forms, but the palatals and
columellars are less robust in limonensig, and the parietals are
stronger. Moreover, in this last species the two columellar
lamellae are almost united with one another and usually the
lower one is stronger than the upper. In the var. isseli the
two columellars are quite distinct, and the upper is especially
more developed than the lower (Caziot).

Alpes-Maritimes : Vallee de la Roya, between 1500 and 2000
meters (Issel).

Series of A. variabilis.

Slender, somewhat fusiform species, in which the lower
palatal plica emerges strongly, that above it weakly or im-
mersed. Alpic.

39. ABIDA VARIABILIS (Drap.). PL 45, figs. 11, 12.

The shell is obliquely rimate, lengthened-fusiform, some-
what transparent brownish-corneous, almost smooth; earlier
whorls convex, the later ones but slightly so, last whorl more
or less completely encircled with whitish spiral lines. Aper-
ture with 4 lamellae and 4 plicae : angular lamella short, some-
what thickened at the junction with outer lip ; deep within, a
short spiral lamella may usually be seen, but its presence is
variable ; parietal lamella entering to the dorsal side. Colu-
mellar and subcolumellar lamellae equal, but the former enters
further. Upper palatal plica short, immersed, remote from
the lip; interpalatal weakly reaching the lip (or interrupted,
immersed) ; lower palatal stronger, emerging to the lip.
Basal plica short, deeply immersed, but sometimes having a
weak continuation to the peristome. All of the plicae are
strongest within the dorsal wall, and are continued further
inward as delicate threads, varying in length. The peristome
is white, expanded and a little reflected, strongly thickened
within except near the posterior angle.

Length 10.3, diam. 3.2 mm.; 10 whorls (Lyons).

Length 11.5, diam. 3.4 mm.; 10% whorls (Lyons).

322 ABIDA.

Length 7.2, diam. 2.5 mm.; 9 whorls (Lyons).

Length 9.2, diam. 3.3 mm.; 9% whorls (Lyons).

Length 13.7, diam. 3.6 mm.; Iiy2 whorls (Nice).

Central France: southwest to dep. Pyrenees-Orientales,
southeast to dep. Basses-Alpes. Bonifacio, Corsica, intro-
duced. Italy: northern slopes of the Piedmont Apennines.
Switzerland : around Geneva, Lausanne, etc.

Pupa variabilis DRAPARNAUD, Tableau Moll. France, 1801,
p. 60 ; Hist. Nat. Moll. France, p. 66, pi. 3, f . 55, 56.— Ross-
MAESSLER, Iconogr., pt. 5, pi. 10, fig. 309 ; pt. 11, p. 10, f . 725.
— PPEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, 340; iii, 546; iv, 672; vi,
313 ; viii, 382. — WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Beg. Binnenconch.,
iii, 1887, p. 117, with var. angularis, p. 118; Synops. Moll.
Bxtramar. Keg. Pal., i, 1897, p. 81. — CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. Linn,
de Lyon, Iv, 1908 (1909), p. 155 (distribution) ; fitude sur les
Moll. terr. et fluv. de la Principaute de Monaco, 1910, p. 322.
— LOCARD, Ann. Soc. d'Agricult. Lyon (7), iii, 1895 (1896),
p. 188, f. 422-3. — Pupa ovulina, P. iscliurostoma LOCARD, t. c.t
p. 189 ; P. ebrodunensis, P. arctispira, p. 190 ; P. delphinensis,
P. plagiostoma, p. 191. — Pupa multidentata Oliv., MOQUIN-
TANDON, Hist. Moll. France, ii, 1855, p. 374, pi. 27, f. 5-9 (not
of Olivier) . — BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. Aix-les-Bains, 1864, p. 47,
with var. sabaudina, p. 48, pi. 2, f. 6, 7. — G. NEVILL, P. Z. S.,
1880, p. 125, with var. polita Risso, p. 126. — Jaminia multi
dentata Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 1826, p. 92. — Clau-
sttia charlotia Risso, t. c., p. 86, pi. 4, f. 22. — Helix (Cochlo-
donta) mutabilis FERUSSAC, Tabl. Syst, 1821, p. 60, based
upon Pupa variabilis Drap. ; with var. pineta Fer., unde-
scribed.

This species is especially characteristic of the western Alps.
While somewhat related to A. frumentum, it differs by the
absence or small size of the spiral lamella (inward from the
angular) and of the sutural plica, of which a trace may some-
times be seen, however; also by the immersed upper palatal
and basal plicae. The spire tapers more gradually, and the
surface is almost smooth.

It varies widely in size in the same lots. The form called
sabaudina by Bourguignat (pi. 45, fig. 13) is rather readily

ABIDA. 323

recognizable, and somewhat widely spread. I have seen it
from Lausanne (fig. 15), Lyons and elsewhere, variabUis
occurring in the same districts, though not, probably, in the
same colonies.

Minor variations, doubtless partly local or racial forms,
have been named; part were ranked by their describers as
' ' varieties, ' ' part as species, as follows :

Var. major Moquin-Tandon, 1855. Shell a fourth larger
(than the normal size of 8-10 mm.). Grasse.

Var. minor Moq. Shell a fourth smaller. Ries, Montpellier.

Var. labiosa Moq. Shell of the same size (8-10 mm.), the
peristome much reflected and very thick. Cette, Grasse.

Var. pachygaster Moq. Shell 8-10 mm., very ventricose,
peristome quite thin. Montpellier, Avignon.

Var. ovularis Moq. Shell a third smaller, very ventricose,
ovoid, peristome quite thick. Basses- Alpes.

Var. inccrtus Hartm. PL 46, fig. 9. Shell pale horn-color,
3 lines long, 1 wide ; 8 apertural folds, 2 on the columellar, 4
in the outer margin, 2 on the parietal wall, of which one ap-
pears as a tubercle at the lip-insertion. Under stones and on
rocks at Zurich, Switzerland (Chondrus variabUis var. Ch.
incertus Hartmann, System der Erd- und Suesswasser Gas-
teropoden Europa's, 1821, p. 50, no. 20, no description; Neue
Alpina, i, 1821, p. 218; and in Sturm's Deutschlands Fauna,
vi Abth., 6 Heft, 1823, unnumbered page and plate, f. a, B.

Hartmann 's figure, copied in fig. 9, shows three short folds
above the long lower palatal, but the shape is that of variabUis.

Pupa ovulina Loc. Small, ovoid-swollen, tapering above
and below; 8 rather close whorls, slightly convex, the suture
marked ; aperture small, straight, rather rounded ; 2 superior
folds, the largest at the suture, very flexuous, a little calloused ;

2 rather strong columellars, far immersed, quite contiguous;

3 palatals, the upper two rudimentary and deeply immersed,
only the third attaining the peristome; peristome a little re-
flected, quite thin. Shell thick, red, ornamented with nearly
effaced strise. Height 6i/2-8, diam. 3 mm. Not common.
Gard, Vaucluse, Bouches-du-Rhone, etc. (Pupa ovulina Lo-
card, Ann. Soc. d'Agricult. Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 189).

Pupa ischurostoma Bgt., Loc. Subconic, quite wide at base,

324 ABIDA.

almost regularly tapering to the summit; 9 close, subequal,
nearly flat whorls, the suture quite marked. Aperture semi-
round, sinuated in the upper part, small; 2 superior folds,
the longest at the suture, short, very oblique, not callous; 2
small, very unequal, well-immersed columellars; 3 palatals,
the first two rudimentary, the third small, attaining the peri-
stome. Peristome rather thin, feebly reflected. Shell thick,
red, finely striolate. Length 9, diam. 3 mm. Very rare;
plateau of Meaille at Annot (Basses- Alpes). Pupa ischur-
ostoma Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c., 1896, p. 190.

Pupa ebrodunensis Bgt., Loc. Cylindric, a little narrowly
lengthened, rapidly tapering at summit; 10 quite close, sub-
equal, very slightly convex whorls, the suture quite marked.
Aperture high, narrowly ovate, retreating at base ; 2 superior
folds, the largest at the suture, straight, thin, the other quite
immersed; 2 quite strong, contiguous, immersed columellars;
3 palatals, the superior very short, the second rudimentary,
the third only attaining the peristome; peristome reflected,
quite thick. Shell solid, red, a little light, with coarse, thin
striae. Alt. 11, diam. 3 mm. Very rare; Embrun (Hautes-
Alpes) . Pupa ebrodunensis Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c., 1896,
p. 190.

Pupa arctespira Bgt., Loc. Narrowly cylindric-elongate,
rapidly tapering at the summit; 10 to 11 close whorls, the first
convex, the last nearly flat, suture quite marked. Aperture
small, straight, semi-round; 2 superior folds, the largest at
the suture, a little oblique, somewhat callous, the other contig-
uous, a little immersed and very arcuate ; 2 strong, contiguous
columellars, but slightly visible ; 4 palatals, the third slender,
reaching the peristome, the others rudimentary ; peristome re-
flected, very thick. Shell solid, quite glossy, dark-corneous,
very finely striolate. Alt. 10-11, diam. 2% mm. Quite rare ;
Hautes et Basses- Alpes, Var, Drome, Isere, Ain, etc. (Pupa
arctespira Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c., 1896, p. 190).

Pupa delphinensis Loc. Large, narrowly and regularly
cylindric, shortly tapering at the summit; 12-13 very close,
slightly convex whorls, the suture well marked. Aperture
small, semi-rounded; 2 subequal superior folds, one at the
suture, very arcuate, the second immersed, strong and arcuate ;
2 very small columellars, contiguous and well immersed; 4
palatals, the two first quite strong and immersed, the third
only attaining the peristome, the fourth rudimentary. Peri-
stome everted, reflected, rather thin. Shell light corneous,
very glossy, a little striolate. Height 11-13, diam. 2%-3 mm.
Rare; Sassenage, Corps (Isere), Cassis (Bouches-du-Rhone),
etc. Pupa delphinensis Locard, t. c., 1896, p. 191.

ABIDA. 325

Pupa pl(i</ioxloma Bgt., Loc. Conic-vent ricose, slowly taper-
ing above; 7-8 quite convex whorls, the suture impn—
Aperture large, ovate, oblique in our direction; 2 superior
folds, the one nearest the suture very small, the other larjr- r.
arcuate, immersed: 1 eolumellar fold, immersed and rudi-
mentary; 2 subequal palatals, the second nearly attaining the
peristome. Peristome well expanded, a little thin. Shell cor-
neous-red, but little striate. Alt. 10, diam. 3% mm. Bare;
Meaille near Amiot ( Basses- Alpes), Saint-Raphael (Var), etc.
Pupa plagiostoma Brgt. in coll., Locard, t. c., 1896, p. 191.

Var. sabdidlhid Bourguignat (pi. 45, fig. 13, after Bgt. ; fig.
15, Lausanne, Switzerland). " Differs from the type by the
smaller shell, larger aperture, and the much immersed four
palatal plica? except the third, which alone extends to the
peristome." Found in dry, elevated places, under stones,
Aix-les-Bains. Has a rather distinct appearance.

Var. angularis Westerlund, 1887. Shell cylindric, only
conic above, the suture dark-margined. Aperture drawn out
below, the peristome reflected, strongly convex, white-lipped.
Angular lamella strongly arched above and united with the
outer lip. Palatal plica? 4 (first short, fourth punctiform,
second and third marginal, but the second weaker. Length
8-ll!/2, diam. 21/2~31/£ mm. Poisat, in Dauphine (Wester-
lund).

A. variabilis obliqua (Nevill). PL 45, fig. 14.

Shell related to P. multidentata [A. variabilis] but of
smaller, more compressed form, more cylindric and turrited.
Whorls 11, nearly equal, parted by a much impressed suture.
Aperture very much contracted, quadrangular, the margins
somewhat straight, parallel, and joined by a very strong cal-
losity. Columellar margin distinctly angulate below ( in P.
multidentata rather rounded) ; parietal lamella less oblique
and prominent; eolumellar lamellae deeper within; principal
[lower] palatal plica conspicuous and noticeable, straightly
ascending, hardly curved.

Length 10, diam. 3 mm. Type from deposit F.

Length 9%, diam. 3.1 mm. Specimen from deposit B (Ne-
vill).

Alpes-Maritimes : Menton, in Quaternary deposits. Type
in Indian Mus.

326 ABIDA.

Papa (Torquilla) obliqua G. NEVILL, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 126,
pi. 13, f . 4.

A rather rare species, from deposits B. and F only; M.
Bourguignat informs me he possesses numerous recent speci-
mens from the "Plateau glace de Meaille, Dept. Basses-
Alpes." I should have ranked this subfossil form as a re-
markable dwarf variety of P. multidentata, but for the con-
stant and characteristic difference in the prominent palatal
fold, which is always more or less semicircularly and markedly
curved or rounded in all the f onns I know of P. multidentata;
in my new species this fold ascends the aperture without any
deflection or curve whatever; the parietal fold is also dis-
tinctly straighter and less prominently produced, the colu-
mellar margin not being in the least convex, as well as dis-
tinctly angulate at base, seems also a constant character. The
present form is nearer the wonderfully produced and turric-
ulate var. polita of Risso than typical P. multidentata (Nevill) .

One of the two forms of variabilis named by Bourgnignat
from the plateau of Meaille may be identical with this.
Caziot, in his volume on the land and fresh-water mollusks of
Monaco (p. 324) notes that it occurs living on the Var and
in the Basses-Alpes, at Meailles near Annot, but that it is
nothing but an individual variation of the very polymorphic
Pupa variabilis.

A. variabilis has sometimes been identified with Turbo multi-
dentatus Olivi, Zoologia Adriatica, 1792, p. 171, pi. 5, f. 2,
said to be found in debris of our coast (the Italian shore of
the Adriatic). The figures indicate a shell having 10 or 12
whorls, about 17 mm. long, if of natural size. This agrees
better with A. variabilis polita of the Riviera than with any
other known form. However, as the description and figures
are very poor, the name has generally been discarded.

A. variabilis polita (Risso). PL 45, fig. 16.

Shell very glossy, shining, translucent, very abruptly ter-
minated above ; whorls 12, sculptured with very fine, oblique,
somewhat curved striae ; suture deep ; epidermis corneous ;
peristome ivory-white, on the right and posteriorly armed
with two lamelliform teeth. Length 14 mm. (Risso).

ABIDA. 327

Nice, under stones in ravines (Risso). Maritime Alps from
Menton to the Var River.

Clausilia polita Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 1826, p.
87, pi. 4, f. 36. — Pupa polita Risso, CAZIOT, £tude sur les Moll,
terr. et fluv. de la Principaute de Monaco, 1910, p. 323.—
Jaminia multidcntata Risso, t. c., p. 92.

According to Commandant Caziot, this form, which he ranks
as a species, differs from P. variabilis by the constantly greater
dimensions, the number of whorls (12 or 13, instead of 9 or
10), its lengthened shape, the form of the aperture, etc. It is
very common in the Alpes-Maritimes, chiefly on low, dry
plants.

G. Nevill gives length 19, diam. 4.5 mm., 15 whorls, for an
extreme turriculate form from the Hill of Grimaldi, and
length 15, diam. 4 mm., for an ordinary form from Roque-
brune, 1500 ft. elevation.

Series of A. atracta.
Eastern Alpic center: Dalmatia, Greece.

40. ABIDA ATRACTA Pils., n. n. PL 45, figs. 18, 19.

The shell is subrimate, lengthened, fusiform, very gradually
tapering above, the apex rounded, smooth, the rest very finely,
obliquely striate; ground-color is yellowish corneous, some-
what darker below. Whorls narrow, a little convex, united by
a thread-like, scarcely impressed suture, the last whorl
scarcely a fourth of the spire, compressed below, flattened on
the neck, the base raised and somewhat tubercular. Aperture
rather small, irregularly semiovate, nearly vertical, whitish,
having 7 folds: two folds stand on the parietal wall, two
rather high ones on the columella, three in the palate, of which
the lower two emerge to the lip ; all three being visible exter-
nally as whitish lines on the neck, and below them an incom-
plete fourth appears as a whitish fleck on the base. The peri-
stome is white-lipped, the outer margin reflected, columella
expanded, forming a small umbilical fissure, terminations of
lip joined by a white callous. Length 6, diam. 1% lines
(Kuester).

328 ABIDA.

Dalmatia : Budoa, on low ground near the sea.

Pupa fusiformis KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 83, pi.
12, f . 4, 5 ; with var. minor, p. 84, f . 6, 7 ; Ber. Nat. Ges. Bamb.,
ix, 1870, p. 96. — PFEIFFER, Monogr., ii, 340 ; iii, 546 ; iv, 672 ;
viii, 382. Not Pupa fusiformis C. B. Adams, 1845 (Man.
Conch., xvi, 25).

More slender than cylindracea Ziegler, with sharper apex,
very indistinctly striate, with white-edged suture and only
two complete palatal plicae (Kuester).

Var. puella n. n. PI. 45, fig. 17. Less lengthened, with
nearly the same width, the aperture somewhat larger, more
projecting, rounded, the folds less strongly developed, so that
only the third emerges to the lip ; the columellar reflection is
rather wide, and forms a small umbilical fissure ending in a
puncture. Length 4^, diam. 114 lines (Pupa fusiformis var.
minor Kiister) .

As the names fusiformis and minor are preoccupied in Pupa,
I have changed both.

41. ABIDA EXIMIA (West.).

Shell obliquely rimate, subfusiform, very lightly obliquely
striatulate, glossy, rufous-corneous. Spire slowly tapering
from the middle up, with the apex rather acute ; suture hair-
like, somewhat marginated. Whorls 11-12, the upper smooth,
the following a little convex, the last four nearly flat; last
whorl slightly ascending in front, subcristate-compressed at
the base. Aperture vertical, truncate-oblong; parietal wall
having a strong angular lamella and a second lamella, thin
and deeply immersed. Columella highly and deeply, equally
bidentieulate. Palatal plicae 3, externally conspicuous, the
upper short, the second (usually) and the third (always)
emerging to the margin ; below them the rudiment of a fourth.
Peristome a little expanded, thickly lipped with white or
flesh-colored, the margins subparallel, the outer margin usu-
ally thickened at the insertion. Length 14, diam. 4% mm. ;
aperture with peristome 4 mm. long, 3% wide (Pfr.).

Habitat unknown.

Pupa fusiformis var., PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, p.

ABIDA. 329

313, descript. in footnote. - - I'trpa eximia WESTERLUND,
Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., vii, 1875, p. 73 (based upon Pfeiffer's de-
scription) ; Synopsis, 1897, p. 91.

42. ABIDA APPELIUSI (Westerlund).

Shell broadly rimate, oblong-conic, the spire long-conic,
delicately, regularly striate, corneous-brown; whorls 8!/2-9,
the upper narrow, very slowly increasing, the lower widely
although very slowly increasing, rather convex, separated by
an impressed suture, the last whorl shortly ascending in front.
Aperture oval, somewhat sinuated above towards the right.
Angular fold long, doubled externally; parietal fold im-
mersed ; 2 columellar lamellae strong, the upper longer; 4 pala-
tal lamellae, the first very deep in, the rest long, marginal.
Peristome white, thickened, the margins joined by a thin
parietal callous. Length 5, width 2 mm. (Westerlund).

Dalmatia (Appelius).

Pupa (Torquilla) appeliusi WESTERLUND, Verh. zool.-bot.
Ges. Wien, xlii, 1892, p. 37 ; Synopsis, 1897, p. 91.

Pupa fusiformis Kstr. P. eximia West, are both 13-14 mm.
long, lengthened spindle-shaped forms. Beside them the new
form here described is to be placed, with its lengthened-conic
shell only 5 mm. long. It differs from fusiformis, moreover,
by the double number of palatal folds, the smaller number of
whorls (8-^-9 instead of 13), the lipless margin, etc.; from
eximia by whorls and margin, strong columellar folds, 4 pala-
tal folds, etc. Perhaps it would be best to make it the type of
a new group (Westerlund).

43. ABIDA KRUEPERI (Westerlund).

Shell rimate, cylindric, with conic apex, densely striatulate
corneous- fulvous ; whorls 7%, convex, separated by a slightly
impressed, strongly margined suture, the last one slowly
ascending in front. Aperture oval, rounded at base, the mar-
gins a little arcuate, subparallel, the outer one regularly
arcuate above. One rather large median, oblique, immersed
parietal fold (the angular fold represented by a small whitish
spot in front of the outer lip) ; columellar folds 2, immersed.

330 ABIDA.

the upper small, lower very small ; palatal folds 4, immersed,
the two middle ones moderately lengthened, deep within ; the
first subsutural, punctiform, the fourth below, nodule-like;
peristome a little thickened inside, the margins separated,
columellar margin slightly expanded. Length 4, diam. 1 mm.
(West.).

Greece: Kolokytha, in Attica (Th. Kruper).

Pupa (Torquilla) krueperi WEST., Nachrbl. d. m. Ges.,
1894, p. 172. — Pupa kriiperi WEST., Synopsis, p. 91.

Westerlund says that according to its shape and teeth (the
upper and the lower of the palatal folds are very short and
deeply placed), this new Grecian species boldly takes its place
beside the southwest European P. brauni Rm. In the Synopsis
Westerlund places the species between appeliusi and micheli.

Semes of A. lapidaria.

Species with slowly increasing whorls and strong apertural
armature: 2 parietal, 2 columellar and 4 palatals in known
species, the angular lamella small and short.

I have not seen this species, which resembles Amphiscopus
by the short angular lamella. Just where it belongs in the
series is uncertain, but the reference to Abida does not appear
plausible. Some forms of Granopupa and Clwndrina have a
short angular lamella.

In this connection it may be mentioned that Mr. Ancey ex-
pressed the opinion that several species placed by Westerlund
in his section Amphiscopus (of Buliminus), belong to Abida.
Westerlund himself appears to have been in doubt as to where
Amphiscopus belongs, remarking that it could also be placed
next to Torquilla (Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 78), but leaving it as
a section of Buliminus (p. 55). Pupa arabica Dohrn (Malak.
Bl., 1859, p. 203) has been placed by Ancey in Abida ( Journ.
de Conchyl., liii, 1905, p. 265), but apparently he had not
seen that little-known and still unfigured species.

44. ABIDA ( ?) LAPIDARIA (Button). PL 46, fig. 10.

Animal dusky. Shell composed of 7 cylindrical volutions,
exclusive of apex ; the three first whorls rapidly decreasing

ABIDA. 331

and producing an obtuse spire ; the other whorls nearly equal ;
color brown; finely wrinkled with oblique striae of growth;
aperture ovato-quadrate ; lips subreflected, polished and white
within ; subumbilicate ; furnished with eight teeth, two on the
pillar within, four on the outer lip within, all of which are
visible on the back of the whorl in four pale bands, giving that
part a furrowed appearance; and two others on the inter-
rupted part of the peristome, the inner one, which is indeed
quite within the aperture, being the largest of all, and the
other one small and placed at the angle of the outer lip.
Length y± inch (Hutton).

Shell rimate, subcylindroid, rather thin, obliquely striatu-
late, brownish-corneous; spire lengthened, obtusely conic at
the apex. Whorls 7, convex, the last scarcely one-third the
length, somewhat compressed at the base. Aperture vertical,
truncate-oblong, 8-toothed: one lamelliform, entering, deeply
placed parietal and one minute, nodiform subangular tooth
on the parietal wall ; two on the columellar ; four long teeth,
showing outside, in the palate; peristome white, a little ex-
panded. Length 6, diam. 2% mm. (Pfr.).

Afghanistan: under stones among blocks of limestone bor-
dering the desert plain of Dusht-i-Be-dowlut at the western
end of the Bolan Pass (Hutton).

Pupa lapidaria HUTTON, Journal Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,
xviii, pt. 2, 1849, p. 652. — PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., iii, p.
546. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 40, pi. 100, f.
10. — SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, Pupa, pi. 16, f. 147; not pi.
4, fig. 32.

It is very closely allied to the English species Pupa juniperi
(Gray), having the teeth arranged much in the same manner,
those of the body whorl giving rise externally to the same
furrowed or ribbed appearance. It differs, however, in having
only 7 whorls instead of 8 or 9, and in having the largest tooth
placed well within the aperture on the middle of the body-
whorl (Hutton).

Probably the locality is in Baluchistan, or at all events near
the border.

332 GRANOPUPA.

Genus GRANOPUPA Boettger.

Granopupa BTTG., Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins fur Natur-
kunde, Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 249, monotypic, for Pupa granum
Drap.

Rupestrella MONTEROSATO, II Naturalista Siciliano, xiii,
June, 1894, p. 170. Pupa rupestris Ph. type by virtual tau-
tonymy.

The shell is small, cylindric, conic or turrite, dull brownish
or pale brown, thin, striate or ribbed, of 4^ to 6 whorls.
Aperture having 0 to 8 teeth, those present arranged as in
Abida, but n-ot entering deeply ; angular lamella short or
wanting. Lip slightly or not expanded, thin. Columellar
axis very slender.

Radula (of G. rhodia) having bicuspid lateral teeth with
rather wide, squarish basal-plates, long mesocone and distinct
ectocone.

Type G. granum. Distribution, borders of the Mediterra-
nean and east to Persia ; Canary Is.

The radula of G. granum, type of the genus, is still un-
known; but that of G. rhodia has been examined by Prof.
Gwatkin and by myself, and proves to be of the type usual in
Pupillidce. This removes it from Chondrina. The concholog-
ical characters differ markedly from Abida, and make it ex-
pedient to treat the group as of generic rank.

Prof. Boettger proposed Granopupa for the species granum
alone, and in associating the Rupestrellas with it I am assum-
ing that the radulae will be found similar. So far as the shells
are concerned, the genus as here constituted appears natural
enough. The species of Rupestrella have been associated
hitherto with the Chondrinas by all authors who have treated
of their affinities, but the dentition is not of the peculiar
Chondrina type.

Granopupa is more primitive than Abida and Chondrina;
quite possibly both of these genera arose from Granopupid
ancestors. The connection existing between European genera
and the South African Fauxulus was probably through a com-
mon ancestral stock resembling the relatively unspecialized
Granopupa?, since the details of tooth specialization differ in

GRANOPUPA. 333

the more advanced forms of the two areas, though the homol-
ogy of the principal teeth is obvious.

Distribution of Granopupa.

In its mode of life, which is essentially that of PupUla and
many Vertigos, Granopupa granum has invaded a new station
(or perhaps more properly, it has remained in the primitive
station of its ancestors) ; this allowed it to spread more widely
than the allied genus Abida, which is confined for the most part
to rocky or mountainous and usually limestone districts, where
they live on cliffs and rocks, like Clausilia. No fossil forms
of Granopupa are known, but its presence from the Canaries
to Persia indicates considerable antiquity.

The subgenus Rupestrella is less widely spread, though
some species such as rhodia and especially philippii have wide
ranges. The species inhabit the borders of the Mediterranean,
Adriatic, Aegean and Black seas from Bougie in Algeria to
Armenia. The Algerian group was evidently derived from
that of Italy and Sicily by way of a former land bridge sep-
arating the eastern and western basins of the Mediterranean.
In Europe, none are found west of Italy; France and Spain
being without species of Rupestrella. Ct. Caziot considers it
a group of the southern Alpic center, but beyond limiting its
northward spread locally, it may be doubted whether the Alps
had anything to do with the evolution of the group. They are
not mountain snails.

Key to Species of Granopupa.

a1. Four palatal folds, in all 7 or 8 teeth. granum, no. 1.

a2. Two palatal folds.

61. Distinctly conic, diam. fully half the alt.; 6-8 teeth,
61/^-7 whorls. Dalmatia.

Chondrina spelta, Vol. XXV.

62. Oblong-conic or fusiform, more slender; 4-6 teeth.

c1. European species, Italy to Greece, Crimea,
and Asia Minor.

dl. A parietal and usually an angular lam.,
1 or 2 columellars, 2 palatal folds.

nitida, no. 3 ; philippii, no. 2.

334 GRANOPUPA.

d~. No lamellae on parietal wall ; spire more

slender. rhodia, no. 4.

c2. North African species; 6 teeth.

d1. Rib-striate; 5% to 6~y2 mm., 7 whorls.

Algeria. miehaudi, no. 5.

d2. Elegantly costulate; 5 x 2% mm., 7

whorls. Algeria. kabyliana, no. 7.

ds. Striatulate; 4 x iy2 mm., 51/2 whorls.

Tunis. punica, no. 9.

a3. One palatal fold or none.

61. Aperture toothless.

c1. Algerian species; length about 4 mm.

d1. 41/2 whorls. dupoteti, no. 11.

d2. 6 whorls. eucyphogyra, no. 12.

c2. Sicilian species.

d1. Rib-striate ; whorls very convex.

rupestris, no. 13.

d2. Obsoletely costulate; whorls less convex.

homala, no. 14.
c3. Species of the Pyrenees and eastern Spain.

Chondrina farinesii, Vol. XXV.

62. Aperture with 1 to 3 teeth; no angular lamella;
Sicily.

c1. Whorls extremely convex, scalariform, coarsely

ribbed; columellar lamella present, sometimes

parietal and palatal also. scalaris, no. 16.

c2. Penult whorl very convex; coarsely ribbed; a

col. lam., sometimes also parietal and palatal.

refuga, no. 17.

c3. Whorls not extremely convex, rib-striate;
single parietal, columellar and palatal teeth.

occult a, no. 15.
53. Aperture with 1 to 4 teeth. North Africa.

c1. Striatulate ; 4 x 2 mm., 5% whorls. Tunis.

barratti, no. 10.

c2. Costulate or rib-striate ; about 5x2 mm., 6
whorls. Algeria. brondeli, no. 6.

cartennensis, no. 8.

GRANOPUPA. 335

Subgenus GRANOPUPA Boettger.

Shell small, cylindric or somewhat conic, with 7 or 8 im-
mersed but not deeply entering teeth arranged as in Abida
and Chondrina; the angular, spiral and subcolumellar lamellae
and suprapalatal and basal plicae are small or often wanting,
the parietal and lower palatal being the largest teeth. Colu-
mellar axis slender. Type Pupa, granum Drap.

Distribution : Mediterranean region and east to Persia ;
Canary Islands. Living at roots of grass and under stones.

In proposing Granopupa as a genus, Dr. Boettger did not
define it, but remarked that the little group of P. granum is so
•different from TorquUla in size, structure of the mouth and
apertural folds, and especially in habits, that it must be elimi-
nated from that genus; its peculiar geographic distribution
alone sufficiently demonstrates its broad distinction from the
true Torquillas.

1. GRANOPUPA GRANUM (Drap.). PL 47, figs. 3, 12.

The shell is rimate, cylindric, the upper third tapering to
the obtuse apex, of a cinnamon color, fading at the summit;
delicately, rather closely rib-striate. Whorls convex, the last
rounded beneath, not ascending in front. Aperture truncate-
oval, with 1-2-4 teeth. Parietal lamella high, rather short,
deeply placed; columellar and subcolumellar lamellae small,
short, deep within; lower palatal plica rather long, high in
the middle, the upper palatal, suprapalatal and basal smaller ;
all remote from the peristome. Peristome thin, the columellar
margin dilated, other margins scarcely expanded.

Length 4.5, diam. 1.6 mm. ; iy2 whorls.

Length 4.8, diam. 1.7 mm. ; 7!/2 whorls.

Length 3.5, diam. 1.5 mm. ; G1/^ whorls.

Throughout southern Europe from Portugal eastward,
north to Switzerland ; Sicily, Malta and the islands of Greece.
Asia Minor, Caucasus, Transcaspian Territory and northern
Persia ; Arabia. North Africa from Tunis to Morocco ; Canary
Islands. Lives at the roots of shrubs and grass and under
stones.

Pupa granum DRAPARNAUD, Tabl., 1801, p. 59 ; Hist. Moll.

336 GRANOPUPA.

Fr., p. 63, pi. 3, f . 45, 46. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., i, pt. 5,
p. 14, f. 322; pt. 11, p. 11, f. 730. — MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll.
France, p. 370, pi. 26, f. 34-38. — PFEIFFER, Monogr., ii, 343 :
iii, 547 ; iv, 673 ; vi, 314 ; viii, 383 (see for earlier references) . —
WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 119, with forms minor and
tetrodon West, p. 120. — MORELET, Journ. de Conch., 1880,
p. 60 (Medit. litoral of Morocco). — NAEGELE, Nachrbl., 1902,
p. 7 (Adana, Cilicia). — SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool.,
vol. 27, p. 393 (Koyun Daghi, Lake Urmi, Persia). — NOBRE,
Annaes Scientif. Acad. Polytech. Porto, iii, 1908, p. 52, pi. 1,
f. 6 (dist. and variation in Portugal). — BENOIT, Nuovo Cata-
logo Conch, terr. e fluv. Sicilia, 1881, p. 94 (many Sicilian
localities). — LETOURNEUX and BOURGUIGNAT, Prodr. Malac.
Tunisie, 1887, p. 108 (common in Tunis). — BOURGUIGNAT,
Malacologie de TAlgerie, ii, 1864, p. 84, pi. 6, f. 1-3, with var.
minor (many localities throughout Algeria). — KUESTER, 9ter
Bericht Nat. Ges. Bamberg, 1870, p. 97 (everywhere in Dal-
matia, very variable in size, the smaller ones more conic, the
larger, up to 5 mm. long, cylindric). — Granopupa granum
Drap., BOETTGER, Jahrb. d. Malak. Ges., vi, 1879, p. 399
(Transcaspia) ; Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., vol. 39, 1907, p. 39
(Islands of Corfu, Euboea, Crete, Syra, Thasos; Pelion Mts.,
Thessaly ; Asia Minor) ; Zoologische Jahrb., iv, 1889, p. 957
(Krasnowodsk and high on the Great Balchan, Transcaspia;
Shah-rud, Prov. Irak Adschmi, Persia; Adalia, Lycia; Bru-
mana, Syria; Transcaucasus ; Russian Armenia, etc.). — WES-
TERLUND, Synopsis, 1897, p. 105, with varr. diluta, subulata,
poulseni. — Abida (Granopupa) granum Dr., ANCEY, Jourru
de Conchyl., liii, 1905, p. 264 (Djeddah, Arabia).

Pupa graniformis " Draparnaud, " LOCARD, Ann. Soc.
d'Agricult. Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 208, f. 446-7; n. n. for
granum Drap.

Pupa- aemula Parr. Mss., MARTENS, Malak. BL, xx, 1872, p.
49, pi. 3, f. 6.

Pupa saulcyi BOURGUIGNAT, Test, nov., etc., 1852, p. 19;
Catal. Raisonne Moll. terr. et fluv. rec. par Saulcy, 1853, p.
53, pi. 2, f. 22, 23 (under stones, Nabi-Younes, Syria).

Pupa granum var. meridionalis ADAMI, Bull. Soc. Malac.
Ital., xi, 1885, p. 222.

GRANOPUPA. 337

Pupa granum var. bulimiformis Love MS., MOUSSON, Re-
visioii de la Fauna Malacologique des Canaries, 1872, p. 123.
— Pupa granum var. bulimaformis WOLLASTON, Testacea At-
lantica, 1878, pp. 451-2.

P. [upa] (TorquUla) profuga WESTERLUND, Ann. Mus.
Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., iii, 1898, p. 165.— LIND-
HOLM, same Annuaire, xviii, 1913, p. 159, as a synonym of
Pupa granum.

The typical form of granum has seven teeth, as described
above. In some localities a minute angular lamella is added,
and there may be also a little spiral lamella outside of the
inner end of the parietal and not visible in a direct front view,
as shown in pi. 47, fig. 12, from Tuscany.

In specimens seen from Greece and Asia Minor the little
suprapalatal plica is often wanting, and the angular nodule
frequently rather conspicuous.

Having seen many specimens labeled P. subulata by Benoit,
I am unable to find any constant differences. The specimens
from Malta, from A. Caruana-Gatto, are ordinary granum.

In most localities there is considerable variation in size and
degree of taper. Sometimes the striae are partly effaced on
the later whorls. The named varieties are partly selected
specimens from variable lots, and none of them appear to
have much racial value.

The Transcaspian P. profuga West, is said by Lindholm,
who examined the type lot, not to differ even varietally from
granum. The description follows:

P[upa] (TorquUla) profuga West. Shell rimate, cylindric-
turrited, buff, densely hair-striate under a strong lens, the
striae oblique and curved. 7%-8 slowly increasing, rather
convex whorls, the last ascending in front, dilated, rotund at
base. Suture a little oblique. Aperture oval, 7-toothed : one
parietal, two columellar, four palatal ; and an obsolete angu-
lar denticle ; parietal lamella immersed, high ; columellar teeth
immersed, short, the lower one smaller; palatal plicae im-
mersed, the first very short, fourth punctiform, second and
third short (the third longer), tubercular in the middle, but
prolonged inward in a long, thin tail. Peristome everywhere
equally spreading, whitish, the margins slightly curved, con-

333 GRANOPUPA.

verging, and joined by a very thin callous. Length
diam. ll/2 mm.

Krassnovodsk, Transcaspian Province (A. Kasnakow), in
Zool. Mus. Petrograd (WESTERLUND, Ann. du Musee Zoolo-
gique de 1'Acad. Imp. Sci. de St. Petersb., iii, 1898, p. 165).

Var. turbiana Caziot. Form stouter, more ventricose.
Under stones between la Turbie and Notre-Dame de Laghet
(Pupa granum var. turbiana Caziot, Etude Moll. t. et fl.
Monaco et Dep. Alpes-Marit., 1910, p. 322).

Var. diluta West. Shell whitish or buff, the whorls convex,
the last narrower posteriorly, aperture more oblong, three
upper palatal plicae, especially the first and second, long, but
the lower (fourth) one short. Grasse, France. ( [Pupa gra-
num] var. diluta West., Fauna Europaea, ii, 1878, p. 177.)

Var. meridionalis Adami, from debris of a stream flowing
into the sea at Noicataro near Bari, Trentino, appears to differ
from granum only by the reduction of the teeth to five, there
being but two palatals, though the shape is said to be a little
less tapering, and the ends of the lip distant, not converging.

Var. aemula 'Parr.' Martens. Shell rimate, ovate-oblong,
lightly striate, glossy, pale corneous; the spire somewhat ob-
tuse; whorls 6^, a little convex, the suture not deep, last
whorl rounded at base ; aperture oval, 5-plicate ; no angular
fold ; parietal immersed, compressed, strong ; columellar tooth-
like; three palatal plicae, the upper very short, lower very
long; peristome simple, a little expanded, the margins con-
verging. Length 3%, diam. scarcely l*/^, aperture 1% mm.
Athens, E. Raymond. Dalmatia according to Parreyss. When
one looks as deeply as possible into the aperture another
smaller columellar tooth often becomes visible below the first
one (Martens).

Form tetrodon West. Aperture with only 4 folds, a pari-
etal, 2 columellars, the lower scarcely noticeable, 1 palatal.
Piraeus (Westerlund) .

Pupa saulcyi Bgt., of Syria, was described and figured as
having 6 little teeth : a small angular tooth, two parietals, of
which one is wholly immersed, and three palatals. No colu-
mellar teeth are mentioned or figured, but the presence of one

GRANOPUPA. 339

or two, deeply immersed, may be suspected. It is 4 mm. long,
2 wide. Since the shell agrees with granum except as to the
columella, it has been placed in the synonymy of that species
by Pfeiffer and others. Bourguignat's figure is copied, pi.
46, fig. 4.

Var. sardoa (Cantraine). In form and size it resembles P.
philippn and occulta. It is nearly cylindric, a little conic,
marked with spaced striae nearly resembling little ribs; the
color is corneous-brown. The whorls of the spire are quite
convex, as in the preceding species [frumentum] . As to the
aperture, it is semi-oval and furnished with five folds, of
which one is on the columella, three on the lip, of which the
lower one is the strongest, and it alone merits the term of fold,
the two others resembling teeth; they are shown on the out-
side as white marks; the fifth fold is placed on the convexity
of the penult whorl. They are all quite immersed within the
aperture. The umbilical crevice is quite open, and the peri-
stome is simple or slightly reflected. Alt. 2, diam. % lines ; 7
whorls. Sardinia (Cantraine).

P.[upa] sardoa CANTRAINE, Malacologie Mediterraneenne
et Littorale, 1840 (Mem. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles), p. 142, pi.
13, f. 6.

I do not know that the plate referred to by Cantraine was
ever published, as the copy of Malacologie Mediterraneenne
before me has only six plates.

M. Margier (or at least "E. M.") writes that he was "so
fortunate as to find two examples which correspond remark-
ably well with Cantraine 's description of P. sardoa, among
specimens of Pupa granum from the environs of Caglieri,
sent by M. le Marquis de Monterosato. P. sardoa belongs in-
con testably to the group of P. granum Drap. It differs from
the latter by the shape, which resembles that of P. subulata
Biv. of Sicily, and by the number of palatal teeth (only
three) , while P. granum has four. It appears to be simply a
variety of Draparnaud's species, well known and widely
spread throughout Mediterranean lands. The P. subulata Biv.
should not be kept as a species, it appears to us, but as a vari-
ety of P. granum." (E. M. in Feuille des Jeunes Natural-
istes, Dec. 1902, no. 386, p. 35.)

340 GBANOPUPA.

Var. subulata (Bivona). Shell shortly rimate, cylindric-
ovate, very finely rib-striate, silky, corneous; spire gradually
tapering, the apex rather acute; 6-7 convex whorls, the last
narrower ; aperture somewhat rounded, 8-f olded : 1 parietal,
2 tooth-like columellars, about 5 unequal palatals; peristome
simple, slightly expanded, the margins approaching. Length
4, diam. 1%, apert. V/± x 1 mm. (Pfr.). Sicily: near Palermo
on the Oreto river, and near Cefalu, Benoit.

Pupa subulata BIVONA, Monogr. Moll. Palermo, 1840, p. 11.
— PHILIPPI, Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1844, p. 105.— KUESTER, Syst.
Conch. Cab., p. 94, pi. 13, f. 5, 6.— PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 343. —
BENOIT, Nuovo Catalogo Conch, t. e fl. Sicilia, 1881, p. 94.

Philippi notes that this species is very like P. granum, but
not so elongate and easy to distinguish by the larger number
of palatal folds [5]. In one example there is an indication
of a tubercle at the insertion of the outer lip.

Var. poulseni West. Cylindric, with conic and very obtuse
apex; whorls 7, strongly convex, with, very deep suture, the
last whorl not so wide as the penult, elongate-convex behind,
slowly and highly ascending above. Aperture oval-rounded,
with 7 lamellas and plicae : 1 parietal lamella and a diminutive
little angular tubercle ; 2 deeply placed columellars, 4 short
palatals. Columellar margin straightened, the outer margin
strongly arched above. Length 4, diam. iy2 mm. Sicily, on
the Simito river near Catania, Dr. Poulsen ( [Pupa subulata]
var. poulseni Westerlund, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 120).

Var. minor Bgt. Smaller, 3% x 2 mm., with shorter, more
acuminate spire of slightly more convex whorls; found here
and there with the typical form in Algeria (Pupa granum var.
B. minor Bourguignat, Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii, 1864, p. 86).

Var. bulimiformis 'Lowe' Mouss. Smaller, 4-4% nim.
long, 11/^-1% diam., thinner, subpellucid, pale corneous,
scarcely rib-striate. Canary Is., between Maspalomas and
Juan Grande, Grand Canary ; Sta. Maria Betencouria, Fuerte-
ventura ; below Haria, Lanzarote ; under stones in arid places,
collected by Wollaston (Mousson).

GRANOPUPA. 341

Section Rnpestrella Monts.

Slender Granopupre with the lamellae and plicae small, often
wanting wholly or in part; palatal plicae 0 to 2; peristome
thin, with slight expansion or none. Shell generally daubed
with dirt.

Type Pupa rupestris Ph. Distribution, Italy and Sicily
eastward to Asia Minor, and in Tunis and Algeria.

Westerlund and Caziot have distributed these forms among
several successive groups, natural enough, yet very closely
connected. The series is a complex of related forms showing
various stages in tooth-reduction, culminating in wholly tooth-
less species. This series is parallel to the Chondrina farinem
series of Spain, though of course of quite different genesis, the
farinesii series being apparently derived from the C. avenacea
group.

Species of Sicily, Italy, Dalmatia, Greece and Asia Minor.
2. GRANOPUPA PHILIPPII (Cantraine). PI. 48, figs. 12, 13, 14.

The shell is shortly, deeply rimate, oblong-conic, russet,
finely rib-striate, the striae usually somewhat irregular. First
whorl large, projecting, retuse at apex, very minutely granu-
lose ; following whorls strongly convex, the penult somewhat
swollen, last whorl somewhat flattened behind the lip, not
ascending. Aperture oblong. Angular lamella very small
and short, parietal much larger though small; columellar
lamella equal to the parietal and equally immersed, subcolu-
mellar very minute ; palatal plicae two, the upper much larger,
not reaching the peristome, the lower less emerging [and
sometimes wanting] . Peristome thin, whitish, the outer mar-
gin scarcely expanded, columellar margin broadly triangu-
larly dilated ; the margins approach, and are joined by a thin,
transparent parietal callous.

Length 4, diam. 1.6 mm.; 5% whorls (Capri).

Length 3.9 to 4.2, diam. 1.8 mm. (Prevesa).

Sicily: environs of Palermo (Benoit) ; Taormina, near Sira-
cusa (Benoit, J. L. Baily). Italy: Capri; around Naples
(Philippi) ; Scala d'Anacapri (Bellini) ; Calabria; Abruzzo;
Tuscany; Pisa (Charp.) ; Sardinia (Cantraine) ; Apuan Alps.

342 GRANOPUPA.

Dalmatia. Albania. Montenegro. Greece: Corfu; Prevesa;
Epirus; Thessaly; Attica; Euboea; Leros Is.; Kalymnos;
Zante; Rhodes. Armenia (Pfr., Westerlund).

Pupa, philippii CANTRAINE, Malac. Med. et Litt., 1841, p.
140.— PHILIPPI, Emum. Moll. Sicil., ii, 1844, p. 114, pi. 21, f.
3 (copied from Rossmaessler) . — PFR., Monogr., ii, 350; iii,
548 ; iv, 674 ; vi, 348 ; viii, 387.— MOUSSON, Coq. terr. et fluv.
rec. dans 1'Orient par A. Schlaefli, p. 11, with. var. exigua, p.
12 (in Vierteljahrsschrift Naturforsch. Ges. Zurich, iv, 1859).
— BELLINI, Boll. Soc. di Naturalist! in Napoli, xxvii, 1915, p.
178.— CAZIOT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxv, 1910, p. 147 (dis-
cussion of synonymy). — BENOIT, Nuovo Catal. Conch. Sicilia.
1881, p. 96. — Pupa caprearum Philippi in litt., ROSSMAESSLER,
Iconogr., ii, pt. xi, 1842, p. 11, pi. 53, f. 729.— KUESTER, Con-
chyl. Cab., p. 32, pi. 4, f. 14-16.— Pupa nana M. von Miihlfeld
in coll., never described ; re-named Torquilla humilis BECK,
Index Moll., 1837, p. 85, no description. — Pupa savii Charp.,
in litt. (as synonym of caprearum), ROSSM., Iconogr., ii, pt..
xi, p. 11 (specimens from wall of Pisa near the Battisterio on
the Arno) . — P. sawii Char., MOUSSON, Coq. Schlaefli, 1859, p.
11, as syn. of P. philippii.

Form major West. Length to 5% mm. Armenia ( Wester-
lund, Synopsis, 1897, p. 105).

Var. exigua Mousson. Smaller, not exceeding 3-3^ mm.,
dull violaceous corneous, whorls 3-31/2, palatal teeth very
minute. It approaches most to the specimens of Attica. Corfu
(Mouss.). Hesse found similar examples at the foot of Hy-
mettos, Athens (Jahrb. d. m. Ges., ix, 333).

Hesse, writing of Grecian specimens, says that "the denti-
tion is extraordinarily variable. In all examples except the
small ones from Athens, I observed the angular lamella..
Those from Lykabettos (near Athens) and from Prevesa have
only one tooth on the columella, those from Hymettos and
also Corfu have always two, of which the lower is sometimes
rudimentary but always perceptible. Of the Epirotic exam-
ples one has two columellar teeth, and between the upper one
and the parietal lamella, two other little denticles" (Jahrb. d..
mal. Ges., ix, 1882, p. 333).

GRANOPUPA. 343

Commandant Caziot mentions Majorca among the localities
for philippiij but if living there, I suspect that it was im-
ported from Italy.

This widely distributed species has the spire less attenuate
above than in rhodia, and there is usually an angular lamella.

3. GRANOPUPA NITIDA ('Fer.' Kiister). PL 48, fig. 3.

The shell is small, with a short, rather widened umbilical
crevice, fusiform, obtuse, very finely rib-striate, very glossy,
reddish horn-brown, strongly translucent, thin. The 6 whorls
are strongly convex, separated by a very deep suture, the first
wart-like, the rest increasing in height rather rapidly, the
penult almost wider than the last. The neck is hardly flat-
tened, with two whitish spots, the base but little compressed.
Aperture large, rounded, higher than wide, almost rounded
quadrangular, rust-yellow, with 4 folds, one each on the colu-
mella and deep in the parietal wall, 2 very unequal on the
palate, the upper long and rather strong, the lower remote
and punctiform. Peristome acute, but little expanded, with-
out lip, angularly produced above, the margins much converg-
ing. Length 21/4, diam. % line (Kuester}.

Switzerland (Anton).

Pupa nitida Fer. ANTON, Verzeichniss der Conchylien
Sammlung Anton, 1839, p. 47, no. 1714 (nude name). —
KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 50, pi. 6, f . 17, 18.— PFR., Monogr.,
ii, 335.

A lost species. Possibly it may be a rather large philippii
without an angular lamella; yet as that form and its allies
had been worked over carefully by Kiister (C. Cab., pp. 32,
33), one would expect a recognition of that well-known species
from him. The locality given by Anton was probably wrong,
as the shells of Switzerland are rather well known, and no
subsequent author has recognized nitida, so far as I know. It
has also some resemblance to spelta Bk., particularly to the
var. obscura. This is not "Pupa nitida AntonelW of Sow-
erby, Conch. Iconica, xx, pi. 17, fig. 174. His figure looks like
Columella edentula (Drap.).

844 GRANOPUPA.

4. GRANOPUPA RHODIA (Roth). PL 48, fig. 15.

The shell is subperforate and rimate, slender, turrited,
rather closely rib-striate, cinnamon-brown. Spire attenuate,
with slightly concave outlines in the upper part. First whorl
large, obtuse, most minutely granulose. Whorls strongly con-
vex, the penult rather swollen, last whorl rounded at base and
slightly impressed over the upper palatal plica. Aperture
oblong, brownish within with white teeth. There is no an-
gular lamella ; parietal lamella short and rather high, the colu-
mellar lamella equal to it; subcolumellar much smaller and
shorter. Two palatal plicae, the upper rather long, and weakly
reaching the peristome, the lower smaller, shorter. Peristome
thin, white, the outer margin scarcely expanded, columellar
margin dilated ; parietal callous thin and transparent. Length
4.5, diam. including peristome 1.8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Dalmatia; Montenegro; Kephalonia; Euboea; Rhodes;
Adana in Asia Minor; Beirut, Syria; southern Crimea at
Jalta and Sadah.

Pupa rkodia ROTH, Moll. Species quas in Iter. per Orient.
Schuberti, Erde et Roth : Dissert. Inaug., 1839, p. 19, pi. 2, f .
4. — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 31, pi. 4, f. 11. — PFR., Monogr.,
ii, 350 ; iii, 548 ; iv, 674 ; vi, 318. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., iii,
1859, p. 108, pi. 85, f. 940.— MOUSSON, Coq. terr. et fluv. rec.
par Roth, 1861, p. 50 (around Jerusalem). — WESTERLUND,
Malak. Bl., xxii, p. 123; Synopsis, 1897, p. 105, with var.
taurica Kessler. — CAZIOT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxv, 1910,
p. 150 (synonymy). — Pupa acuta Kutschig MS., and Pupa
acutula Parreyss MS., according to ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr.,
iii, 17-18 Heft, 1859, p. 108. — Pupa meledana Stentz MS.,
quoted without description as a synonym of Torquttla acculta
Parr., by A. et J. B. VILLA, Disp. Syst. Conch., etc., 1841,
p. 24.

A strongly sculptured species, with the spire very slender
above, and having no angular lamella.

The undescribed Pupa meledana Stentz would be a synonym
of occulta according to the record, since it was first mentioned
in that connection; yet as the name is obviously from the
island Meleda near Ragusa (far from the habitat of occulta

GRANOPUPA. 345

and within that of rhodia-), Com. Caziot has transferred it to
the synonymy of rhodia.

Var. taurica Kessler. Shell larger, the palatal plica? sub-
equal. Length up to 5, diam. 2.1 mm. Tauria. (Reise nach
d. Krim, 1860.)

African Species.
5. GRANOPUPA MICHAUDI (Terver). PI. 47, fig. 1.

The shell is obliquely rimate, subperforate, slender, regu-
larly tapering from the last whorl to the obtuse apex, cinna-
mon-brown. First whorl is minutely granular, the rest ob-
liquely rib-striate. All the whorls are rather strongly convex,
regularly increasing, the last somewhat compressed and taper-
ing to the narrowly rounded base, the suture scarcely or not
ascending to the lip. The aperture is slightly oblique, oblong,
brown within, with whitish teeth and margin. The angular
lamella is rather short; no spiral lamella; parietal lamella
longer. Columella lamella subhorizontal, not emerging to the
peristorne in front, obliquely ascending to a dorsal position
inwardly; subcolumellar lamella smaller and shorter. The
small upper and lower palatal plicae do not reach the lip ; both
are short, but the upper somewhat longer. Peristome is thin,
the outer lip and columellar margins subparallel, outer very
slightly expanded, strongly arched above, columellar ex-
panded ; terminations approach and are joined by a scarcely
perceptible, transparent callous, which is corrugated by the
stria?.

Length 6.3, diam. including lip 1.8 mm. ; 7% whorls.

Length 5.3 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Algeria : Bougie, on the ridges of Gourayah, a mountain of
about 700 meters elevation, on rocks exposed to the east (Du-
potet, Terver) ; near Constantine on the peak of Bou-Mecid
(Raymond, Brondel) . Gorges of the Isser ; Ait Ouaban in the
Jurjura (Letourneux).

Pupa michaudii TERVER, Catal. Moll, nord d'Afrique, 1839,
p. 31, pi. 4, f. 12. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., ii, pt. x, p. 25, pi.
49, f. 640; and in Wagner, Reisen in der Regentsch. Algier,
ii, 1841, p. 250.— KUESTER, C. Cab., p. 30, pi. 4, f. 8-10.— PFR.,

346 GRANOPUPA.

Monogr., ii, p. 349. — MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl., iv, 1853T
p. 292. — BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. d'Algerie, ii, 1864, p. 87, pi. 5y
f. 39-42. — LETOURNEUX, La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles,
1872, p. 227.

There are sometimes small accessory tubercles in the sub-
parietal position and between columellar and subcolumellar
lamellae. The figure is from a specimen received from Terver.

The animal is black or deep gray, its tentacles long, rounded
at the summits, lower tentacles extremely short, only appear-
ing as black dots (Terver}.

5a. Gmnopupa michaudi isseriana n. subsp. PL 47, fig. 2.

Resembling michaudi, but of stouter, more conic figure, with
finer striation and larger aperture, and the palatal plica3 and
columellar lamella emerge less. Length 6.5, diam. 2.2 mm.

Gorge de Palestro, Kabylia. Type no. 75906 A. N. S. P.,
from C. F. Ancey.

Pupa michaudi var. isserica ANCEY in coll., not Pupa isse-
rica Letourneux, 1870.

6. GRANOPUPA BRONDELI (Bourg.). PL 47, figs. 4, 5.

Shell subperforate-rimate, very long conic, slender, sub-
pellucid, fulvous, and elegantly costulate. Spire subulate-
acuminate, the apex paler, smooth, obtuse. Whorls 6, convex,
regularly increasing, separated by a deep suture, the last a
little larger, rounded at base, slightly sinuated at the outer lip,
and slightly ascending to the insertion of the outer lip. Aper-
ture rather oblique, lunate-rotund, biplicate : one parietal and
one columellar fold. Peristome thin, a little expanded, the
columellar margin somewhat reflected; margins converging
and approximate. Length 5, diam. 2 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria: Pescade point (Peraudiere, Brondel, et al.) ; debris
of the Harrach (Letourneux) and grounds of the Maison-
Carree (Lallemant).

Pupa brondeli BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii, 1864,
p. 88, pi. 5, f. 43-46.

Pupa brondeli differs from michaudi, the only species with
which it could be confounded, by the smaller shell which is

GRANOPUPA. 347

less lanceolate, more conic, by the stronger, more widely
spaced riblets, and especially by the oblique aperture, having
only one columellar and one parietal fold (Bgt.).

Specimens in coll. A. N. S., apparently referable to bron-
deli, vary in the teeth as follows : one columellar lamella only ;
columellar and parietal lamellae ; columellar, parietal and an-
gular lamellae, and a weak upper palatal plica, the latter
brown like the shell (pi. 47, fig. 4). Length 5, diam. 2.2 mm.

7. GRANOPUPA KABYLIANA (Let,). PL 47, fig. 10.

Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, subpellucid, corneous
throughout, elegantly, sharply and obliquely costulate. Spire
long, tapering, at the apex obtuse, glossy, smooth, mamillate.
Whorls 7, convexly rounded, regularly and rather rapidly in-
creasing, separated by a deep suture, the penult, large, swol-
len, the last smaller, descending at the aperture. Aperture
slightly oblique, lunate, semi-oblong, six-toothed, as follows:
two teeth on the convexity of the penult whorl, one median,
deeply placed, stronger, the other smaller, at the insertion of
the lip; two on the columella, one stronger, above, the other
smaller ; two palatal, immersed, lamelliform. Peristome acute,
slightly expanded, a little labiate within ; outer margin straight
towards the insertion of the lip ; columella straight, expanded.
Length 5, diam. 2% mm. (Let.).

Algeria: Rocks of Tablabalt near Fort Napoleon; Azeron
des Ait-Zikki (Kabylie du Jurjura). Chabet-el-Akra (Kaby-
lie des Babors) .

Pupa kabyliana LETOURNEUX, Ann. de Malacol., i, 1870, p.
309 ; La Kabylie, 1872, p. 227.

It is a shorter, more conic shall than michaudi, with de-
cidedly finer striation. The figured specimen from the Jur-
jura Mts. at 3000 ft., was received from Ancey, and measures,
length 5.3, diam. 2.1 mm.; 6% whorls. The apical whorl is
like that of michaudi.

8. GRANOPUPA CARTENNENSIS ('Let.' Ancey).

Shell elongate-oblong, perforate, slightly shining, dark
vinous-brown, coarsely rib-striate except at the summit. Spire

348 GRANOPUPA.

oblong-tapering, the summit somewhat obtuse. Six convex,
regularly increasing whorls, the suture impressed, last whorl
oblong, somewhat tapering. Aperture oblong, subangular
above, wholly toothless except for a columellar denticle. Peri-
stome expanded a little, somewhat dilated at the columella.
Length 5, diam. 1% mm., aperture scarcely 1% mm. high
(Aiicey).

Algeria: mountain of the Cape of Teiies (Cartenna), in the
dep. d'Alger (Letourneux).

Pupa cartennensis Letourneux MS., ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Zool.
de France, vol. 18, 1893, p. 138.

"This interesting species belongs to the group of Pupa
michaudi of Terver. It is quite unlike all of its congeners,
from which it may be distinguished without difficulty by the
characters of the aperture. This is not toothless, as has been
affirmed by MM. Letourneux et Bourguignat in their Prodrome
de la Malacologie terrestre et fluwiatile de la Tuwisie, but pro-
vided with a single columellar denticle" (Ancey).

This species was mentioned incidentally by Letourneux and
Bourguignat under their description of Pupa punica, q. v.

9. GRANOPUPA PUNICA (Let. et Bgt.).

Shell minute, rimate (the rima half covered), oblong,
slightly fusiform, tapering above and below, a little swollen in
the middle, rather fragile, subdiaphanous, corneous-chestnut,
obliquely striatulate ; spire oblong, obtusely tapering, the apex
large, obtuse, having a mamillate appearance; whorls 5V2>
having a twisted appearance, rounded, regularly increasing,
separated by a deep suture, the last of moderate size, a little
convex, slightly flattened near the peristome outside, tapering
below, straightened above at the insertion. Aperture oblique,
subovate, 6-lamellate, as follows: 2 parietal lamellae, one
minute at the insertion, the other median, more deeply placed ;
2 columellar lamellae, the lower one very minute ; and 2 pala-
tals, rather remote, and not reaching the margin. Peristome
whitish, acute, lightly spreading throughout ; columellar mar-
gin dilated in triangular form and expanded above the um-
bilical crevice ; margins strongly approaching. Alt. 4, diam.
iy2 mm. (L.&B.).

GRANOPUPA. 349

Tunis: 011 damp rocks near the spring, Djebel Zaghouan
(Let.).

Pupa punka LETOURNEUX et BOURGUIGNAT, Prodrome de la
Malacologie terr. et fluv. de Tunisie, 1887, p. 107.

This species, of the series of Pupa avenacea, is distinct
from all the Pupas of this series. It is not without points of
resemblance in size and form with P. cartennensis (Letour-
neux, 1884) of the mountain of Tenez, in Algeria; but that
has a wholly toothless aperture (L. & B.).

10. GRANOPUPA BARATTEI (Let. et Bgt.).

Shell minute, narrowly perforate; oblong-subconoid, not
tapering downward, but stouter, ventricose; fragile, subdi-
aphanous, corneous; obliquely striatulate. Spire long, regu-
larly tapering but obtuse at the summit, the apex very obtuse,
large, flattened above. Whorls 5%, rounded, regularly in-
creasing, separated by a deep suture, the last whorl convex,
rounded below, straightened at the insertion. Aperture ob-
lique, subovate, four-lamellate as follows: two punctiform
parietal lamella?, of which the upper is at the insertion, the
lower deeply placed and median; one columellar lamella,
above, denticle-like ; palatal lamella also single, very obsolete.
Peristome paler, fragile, spreading throughout; columellar
margin dilated and expanded ; margins approaching. Alt. 4,
diam. 2 mm. (L. & B.).

Tunis: in crevices of the rocks, Djebel Bou-Kournein (Let.).

Pupa barattei LETOURNEUX et BOURGUIGNAT, Prodr. Malac.
Tunisie, 1887, p. 108.

This Pupa, of the same series as the preceding, is distin-
guished from that not only by the denticles of the aperture,
but also by the subconoid form, swollen and not tapering at
the base, by the whorls not being twisted, the last one, more
convex, is well rounded in its lower part (L. & B.}.

11. GRANOPUPA DUPOTETI (Terver). PL 47, figs. 7, 8.

Shell very small, swollen, conic, corneous, most minutely
striate, umbilicate; aperture subrotund, toothless; 5 rounded
whorls; suture deep; peristome simple, subreflected. Length
to 2 lines, diam. 1 line (Terver).

350 GRANOPUPA.

Shell small, perforate and arcuately rimate, conic, tliin, cin-
namon-brown, glossy, very lightly irregularly striate. Spire
conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls strongly convex, the last
rounded below, very slightly and slowly ascending in front.
Aperture shortly oval, slightly oblique, without teeth; peri-
stome thin, whitish, the terminations approaching, the colu-
mellar margin dilated, other margins unexpanded, connected
by a short, thin parietal callous. Length 4, diam. to edge of
lip 2 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Algeria: Bougie; between the blockhouse of Kalifa and
Fort Clausel ; rocks above Si-Aya-Bosgri ; near Fort Bonack,
etc. (Dupotet) ; around Bone (Letourneux) ; Cime de Bou-
Mecid, near Constantine (Raymond, Brondel). Sidi-Yahia.
Gorges of the Isser, Kabylia (Letourneux).

Vertigo dupoteti TERVER, Cat. Moll. terr. et fluv. nord de
1'Afrique, 1839, p. 32, pi. 4, f. 11.— PFR., Monogr., iv, 664 —
BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii, p. 96, pi. 6, f. 25-27. —
LETOURNEUX, La Kabylie, p. 228. — ? Pupa dupontii PAETEL,
Catalog, p. 107. — Pupa rupestris ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., pts.
ix and x, 1839, p. 25, 44, pi. 49, f . 637 ; not of Philippi.

M. Dupotet observed only two tentacles, those bearing the
eyes. They are quite short; the animal is light-er or darker
gray, sometimes nearly black.

Bourguignat notes that the examples from Bone and Bou-
Mecid are ordinarily plicatulate-striate, while those from the
environs of Bougie are more usually minutely striatulate. His
figure (copied in pi. 47, fig. 7) agrees well with that of Ter-
ver, and shows the margins of the peristome converging less
than in the specimen drawn in fig. 8. In younger individuals
the margins approach less and the parietal callous is longer
than in the old of the same lot.

"Westerlund 's phrase "Marg. distantibus, non conniventi-
bus" is inexact for adult shells. Bourguignat described the
structure better: "bords marginaux tres-rapproches, conver-
gents et reunis par une f aible callosite. ' '

12. GRANOPUPA EUCYPHOGYRA (Let.). PL 47, fig. 6.

Shell openly perforate, long-conic, subpellucid, glossy, cor-

GRANOPUPA. 351

neous, obliquely and sharply striatulate; spire acuminate,
long, the apex large, obtuse, smooth. Whorls 6, swollen, reg-
ularly increasing, separated by a deep suture, the last turgid-
rounded, slightly ascending, equal to one-third the height.
Aperture nearly vertical, slightly lunate, subrotund; peri-
stome unexpanded, subacute, slightly thickened, the columel-
lar margin expanded, margins strongly approaching. Length
4, diam. 2 mm. (Let.}.

Algeria : under rocks of a dolmen of the defile of Mazla, in
the region of the Oued-Zenati (Let.).

Pupa eucyphogyra LETOURNEUX, Annales de Malacology, i,
1870, p. 311, pi. 6, f. 8-10.

This species has more whorls and a longer spire than dupo-
teti, with which it agrees in having a toothless aperture.

Pupa papicri Hagenmiiller MS., from Cap de Garde a Bone,
and Pupa- octavia Hagenmiiller MS. in coll. Fagot, are unde-
scribed forms related to eucyphogyra, according to Caziot and
Fagot, Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon, vol. 53, 1907, p. 197.

Sicilian Species.
13. GRANOPUPA RUPESTRIS (Phil.). PL 49, figs. 1, 2, 3, 6.

Shell two lines long, a little over one wide, conic-turrited,
the apex obtuse, ornamented with elevated striae, reddish
brown, pellucid. Whorls 5y2 to 6, very convex, swollen, the
last largest. Aperture obliquely ovate, more than half the
length of the spire; lip simple, not reflected, the extremities
approaching; umbilical fissure large and deep (Phil.).

The first wrhorl is large, projecting, and turned in at the tip.
The last whorl ascends a little towards the lip. The surface
has a golden gleam, and is sculptured with riblets which be-
come a little more widely spaced on the last whorl. The outer
lip is unexpanded, columellar lip dilated. There are no traces
of apertural teeth.

Length 4, diam. 2.2 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 4.3, diam. 2.3 mm. ; 5 whorls.

Sicily: Palermo, Sciacca (Phil.); Monte Pellegrino near
Palermo; Termini, Monte S. Calogero (Benoit) ; island of
Ustica; il Pirajno sulle Madonie (Calcara) ; also Siracusa,

352 GBANOPUPA.

Mazzara and island of Maretimo, the specimens larger and
dark chestnut (Benoit).

Bulimus rupestris PHILIPPI, Enumeratio Molluscorum Sici-
liae, 1836, p. 41, pi. 8, f. 18. — Pupa rupestris Phil., EOSSM.,
Iconogr., ii, pt. x, p. 25, in part. — PHILIPPI, Enum., ii, p. 113.
— KUESTEB, Conch. Cab., p. 19, pi. 3, f. 1-3. — PFR., Monogr.,
ii, p. 310. — BENOIT, Illustr. sist., crit., iconogr. Testae, estra-
mar. SiciL, pi. 5, f . 36 ; Nuovo Catal. Conch, terr. e fluv. Siei-
lia, 1881, p. 95. — Pupa (Rupestrella) rupestris Ph., MONTE-
ROSATO, II Nat. Siciliano, xiii, 1894, p. 170 (Monte Pellegrino),
— Pupa rupestris var. b, A. BIVONA, Nuovi Moll. terr. e fluv.
Palermo, 1839, p. 19, fig. 9.

Not Pupa rupestris Studer, var. conica Ben., DE GREGORIO,
II Nat. Siciliano, xiv, p. 204, error for Helix rupestris conica
Benoit.

This species is much more strongly ribbed than the Algerian
dupoteti, with which some authors confused it. It appears
from the records to be widely spread in Sicily ; but there are
several varieties which require local study.

The typical form (pi. 49, fig. 6) is 4 mm. long or slightly
larger, rather finely rib-striate, with about 5^2 whorls.

G. rupestris coloba n. subsp. PL 49, fig. 4. A smaller form,
length 3.1, diam. to edge of lip 1.8 mm., 5 whorls; more
coarsely striate.

There is also a form with far less convex whorls (pi. 49, fig.
2), which may possibly be a different species.

14. GRANOPUPA HOMALA (West.).

Shell rimate-perf orate, ovate-conic, reddish-brown, rather
obsoletely, obtusely costulate; spire broadly conic. "Whorls
51/2, convex, separated by an impressed suture, regularly in-
creasing, the last whorl a little larger than the penult, not
swollen, rounded at the base, and ascending a little in front.
Aperture ovate, toothless, the margins joined by a very thin
callous; columellar margin lightly arched, the outer margin
strongly curved above. Length 5, width 2% mm. (West.).

Sicily: Monte Galdo (M. de Monterosato) .

Pupa (Torquilla) homala WESTERLUND, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges.,
1892, p. 192. — Modicella homala WEST., Synopsis, p. 102.

GRANOPUPA. 353

Most nearly related to rupestris Phil., which however has a
far more slender, narrower and strongly twisted spire, with
deeper, gutter-like suture and very convex whorls ( West. ) .

15. GRANOPUPA OCCULTA ('Parr.' Rm.). PL 49, figs. 5, 7, 8, 9.
Shell small, scarcely rimate, fusiform-turrited, light cor-
neous-brown, thin, translucent, lusterless, rib-striate. Whorls
5-6, convex, the last noticeably larger than the penult, scarcely
as large as the others together. Suture deep. Aperture ovate,
somewhat higher than wide ; throat with 3 fold-like teeth, one
each on columella (the largest), on the palate, and on the
parietal wall. Lip-margins approaching. Length 2*4, width

1 line (Rossm.).

Sicily: campagna di Palermo, rare (Benoit).

Pupa occulta Parr, in litt., ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., ii, pt.
10, 1839, p. 25, pi. 49, f. 638.— PHILIPPI, Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii,
p. 114.— KUESTER, Conch. Cab., p. 18, pi. 2, f. 25, 26.— PPR.,
Monogr., ii, p. 349. — BENOIT, Nuovo Catal. Conch, terr. e fluv.
Sicilia, 1881, p. 94; 111. Sist., crit., icon., etc., pi. 5, f. 35 (copy
from Rossm.). — ?? Pupa (Torquilla) occulta Rossm., WESTER-
LUND, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., 1892, p. 193 ; Synopsis, 1897, p. 103.

Rossmaessler's figures are copied in pi. 49, figs. 7, 8. The
shell is much like rupestris in shape and sculpture, but differs
by having teeth — parietal, columellar and lower palatal.

In the specimen figured on pi. 49, fig. 9, the palatal plica is
obsolete, but there is a slight thickening in its place; length
4.7, diam. over all 2.4 mm. ; 6 whorls.

PL 49, fig. 5, represents a smaller example, length 3.5, diam.

2 mm., 5% whorls, in which only a columellar lamella is de-
veloped, though the shell appears to be adult. It is transi-
tional to rupestris.

Westerlund's new diagnosis (1892) appears to apply to
some other form, not to typical occulta.

16. GRANOPUPA SCALARIS (Ben.). PL 48, figs. 1, 2, 5, 7, 8.

A small and elegant shell, rimate, fusiform, rather fragile,
of a yellowish color; spire with the summit obtuse; whorls 6
in number, obliquely and equally ornamented with riblets, the

354 GRANOPUPA.

elevation of which, in combination with the depth of the
suture, renders the whorls obtusely carinate. Aperture ovate-
elongate, with a distinct tooth on the wide columella ; peristome
simple, somewhat reflected above the place of the umbilicus;
margins approaching. Length 4, diam. 1% mm. (Benoit).

Sicily: campagne di Palermo and in Madonie (Benoit).

Pupa scalaris BENOIT, Nuovo Catalogo Conch, terr. e fluv.
Sieilia, 1881, p. 96; Illustr. Sist., Grit., Icon., pi. 5, f. 37.— P.
scalaris (Parr.) Essm., WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 105.
— Modicella scalaris Ben., WESTERLUND, Synopsis, 1897, p.
103, with var. albidocostata. — Pupa scalarina Gundlach, Sow-
ERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, 1875, pi. 17, f . 153 ; not of Gundlach !
— ?P. occulta v. scalarisca PAETEL, Catal. der Conchylien-
Sammlung, 1873, p. 108 (name only).

This peculiar little snail is distinguished by the scalariform
spire of extremely convex whorls separated by a deep, wide
sutural excavation ; also the coarse costation. It recalls Pineria
or Spiraxis mirabilis.

The shell is typically light brownish, between honey-yellow
and isabella color, with lighter or whitish ribs ; but some lots
are darker, cinnamon-brown, the pale ribs therefore more con-
trasted (fig. 2). This form has been named var. albidocostata
West. : * * shell strongly, distantly ribbed, ribs whitish ; length
51/2, diam. 214 mm."

Prof. Gwatkin placed this species among those having teeth
of the Chondrina megacheilos type ; yet as there are certainly
several mistakes in his lists, I leave scalaris in the same group
with rhodia until the difference is confirmed.

The post-embryonic whorls are very strongly swollen in the
middle, contracted towards the sutures. The median ridge
often becomes lower on the last half of the last whorl, where a
spiral furrow runs below it. Sculpture of well-spaced oblique
ribs. The aperture is oblique, outer lip thin and scarcely ex-
panded, columellar margin dilated, as usual in the group.
There is a short but rather strong entering tooth-like lamella
on the columella, and a smaller one on the parietal wall ; both
are often so far immersed that they scarcely appear in a direct
front view (pi. 48, fig. 5) and this was apparently the case in

GRANOPUPA. 355

the specimen figured by Benoit. The parietal lamella is de-
veloped only in fully adult shells, is sometimes very small,
and in some apparently adult shells is wanting. The palatal
region shows a more or less conspicuous ridge corresponding
to the external furrow. Very often a small white fold stands
upon this ridge, though not in all adult shells; and the type
of Benoit was without it. Specimens of full size and in the
same lot may therefore be found with one, two or three teeth.

Length 5.5, diam. 2 mm. ; 6y2 whorls.

Length 4.5, diam. 2.1 mm. ; 5% whorls.

P. gibilfunnensis, which I have not seen, does not appear to
differ from the more fully toothed examples of scalaris, yet it
may be a distinguishable race. Sowerby's Pupa scalarina,
which he got tangled up with a Cuban Cerion, is the triden-
tate form of scalaris. Westerlund's diagnosis of occulta (Nbl.
d. m. Ges., 1892, 193) reads a good deal like scalaris.

Var. (?) gibilfunnensis (De Greg.). — "A small, elegant,
very characteristic species. It is of an earthy color, orna-
mented with marked, laminar, oblique riblets. That which
characterizes and distinguishes it from other related forms is :
(1) the shape of the whorls, which are (especially the penult)
extremely convex in the middle, constricted anteriorly and
posteriorly, in such manner that they are carinate. (2) The
arrangement of teeth in the aperture, of which there are two
rather large on the columellar side, one rather slender on the
outer lip. This last tooth is much less conspicuous, situated
within, and sometimes transformed into a fold, or a slight
protuberance ; it corresponds to a concavity of the outer side
of the whorl, which is continued spirally to the outer lip, in
which it frequently produces a sinuosity.

"This species is related to scalaris Ben. (111. Sist., pi. 5, f.
37; Nuovo Cat., p. 96) and also philippii Cantr. (Ben., 111.
Sist., pi. 5, f. 38), but is quite distinct from both by the shape
of the whorls and by the tooth of the outer lip ' ' (Pupa gibil-
funnensis De Gregorio, II Naturalista Siciliano, xiv, Sept.
1895, p. 204).

Sicily: Monte Gibilfunni, near Palermo (De Gregojio).

17. GRANOPUPA BEPUGA (West.).

Very similar to Pupa rupestris Phil., but the shell is more
slender, more distantly and more strongly ribbed, the riblets

356 GEANOPUPA.

obtuse; last whorl not inflated; aperture oblong-oval; and
especially distinct by the strong, white, transverse fold on the
upper part of the columella ( West. ) .

Sicily: Palermo (Westerlund).

Pupa (Torquilla) refuga WESTERLUND, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges.,
1892, p. 192 ; Modicella refuga WEST., Synopsis, p. 102.

As this species has not been figured, and no dimensions are
given, its identification is not without hazard. However, the
description, as far as it goes, applies to a variable species
which is rather common in the Palermo district, drawn in pi.
49, figs. 10 to 14.

The shell is cinnamon-brown to chestnut-brown, turrited-
conic; whorls strongly convex, the penult conspicuously in-
flated (sometimes even obtusely subangular), last whorl less
inflated, its latter half somewhat flattened or even sulcate
below the periphery. Sculpture of coarse, somewhat irreg-
ularly spaced, oblique ribs. Aperture having: (1) a rather
strong but short lamella high on the columella, fig. 11; (2)
the same, with a smaller or minute parietal lamella, fig. 14;
(3) columellar and parietal lamellae and a palatal plica, figs.
12, 13.

These tooth-varieties occur in the same lots as received.
The parietal lamella is often extremely small.

Length 5, diam. 2 mm.; 6 whorls (fig. 12).

Length 4.3 mm. ; 5% whorls (fig. 14) .

This form is most closely related to scalaris, with which it
may, indeed, prove to intergrade ; but the median inflation of
the whorls is less marked in refuga, not conspicuous except on
the penult whorl. G. occulta has much more regular form and
closer striation.

Pup. [a] unicarinata Potiez et Michaud, Galerie des Mol-
lusques Mus. de Douai, i, 1838, p. 175, pi. 17, f. 11, 12, of
Sicily, was evidently a shell of the occulta or refuga kind,
scarcely to be identified without reference to the type. Wes-
terlund has included it in his Fauna with an abstract of the
original description, but it has never been identified with a
real shell. Fortunately the name was previously used by
Lamarck (see vol. xvi, p. 132)", so the species may be dropped..

APPENDIX.

GASTROCOPTA PERVERSA (Sterki). PL 46, fig. 13.

Page 40. Several dextral specimens were found in the drift
debris of the Salt River, Tempe, Arizona, by Ferriss, Daniels
and Pilsbry in 1910. The normal form occurs in the same
deposit. We do not know whether these represent a dextral
colony or race, or are merely "accidental," but in consider-
able lots from other localities gone over, all are sinistral.
These dextral shells may be known as G. perversa, form sana
(pi. 46, fig. 13).

GASTROCOPTA PROCERA DUPLICATA Sterki (p. 65).

This name being preoccupied, becomes G. p. sterkiana Pils.
(p. 127).

GASTROCOPTA WOLFH (Miller). Page 94.
GASTROCOPTA MUNITA (Reibisch). Page 96.

In Proc. Biological Soc. Washington, vol. 30, p. 10, Jan. 22,
1917, Dr. Dall writes:

"Paul Reibisch described a species of Pupilla under the
name of wolfi which he supposed to be the same as the P. ivolfi
of Miller, originally from Guayaquil on the mainland. Dr.
Pilsbry informs me that the Galapagos species is not the same
as the continental wolfi, and therefore I propose for it the
specific name REIBISCHI. Reibisch 's P. clausa and P. munita
seem sufficiently distinct."

The facts appear to be: Herr Reibisch did not describe
PupUla wolfi, but he figured a specimen of Pupa wolfii Miller,
from the Province of Guayaquil, for comparison with his new
Pupa munita from the Galapagos. There appears to be no
reason for doubting, and I have never doubted, that Pupa
wolfii Miller was correctly identified by Reibisch.

(357)

358 APPENDIX GASTROCOPTA.

Dr. Ball's new name [PupUla] reibischi, being based upon
"the Galapagos species," becomes, I presume, a synonym of
Gastrocopta munita (Reibisch) ; or, if it is held to be based
upon Reibisch 's pi. 2, fig. 11, it will be a synonym of Gastro-
copta wolfii (Miller), of Guayaquil.

Pupa wolfii has been reported from the Galapagos only by
Dr. Dall, and all of his specimens, which he courteously per-
mitted me to examine, are P. munita of Reibisch. There is at
present no evidence that P. wolfii exists on the Galapagos.
Having carefully compared long series of munita, from sev-
eral islands of the Galapagos group, with Guayaquil Province
wolfii, I found them constantly distinct. See last paragraph
on p. 96 of this volume.

Dr. Dall 's note was doubtless written before he had seen the
account in this volume, pp. 95, 96, published Dec. 18, 1916,
where the status of the species involved is sufficiently exposed.
I fear also that there may have been some ambiguity in my
letter to him on the subject — in which case the error here
corrected must have been due to my own vagueness. Certainly
I intended to convey the conclusions stated on pp. 94-99, which
had just then been written.

G. wolfii sometimes has a very low swelling behind the outer
lip, though typically there is none.

Page 120. The following species is to be inserted after G.
pleimesi:

65%. GASTROCOPTA HAGGENMACHERI (Jick.).

Shell rimate, cylindric-ovate, white, glossy, diaphanous,
under the lens obsoletely striated longitudinally, covered with
dirt; spire somewhat tapering, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5,
slightly convex, separated by a rather impressed suture, the
last equal to one-third of the length, a little compressed at
base, with a bifid sulcus. Aperture rounded, 6-plicate : a fold
on the parietal wall divided by a deep sinus, the anterior part
forming a minute denticle ; 2 columellar folds, the lower one
situated on the angle between columellar and basal margins;
3 palatal folds, the upper one punctiform, the middle and

APPENDIX — GASTROCOPTA. 359

lower joined together. Peristome a little expanded, the mar-
gins converging. Length 1%, diam. maj. 1 mm. (JicUeli).

Abyssinia : Habab, on Nakfa, in the gorge of Asqaq.

Pupa haggenmacheri JICKELI, Fauna der Land- und Siiss-
wasser-Mollusken Nord-Ost-Afrika's, in Nova Acta Acad. Caes.
Leop.-Carol. Germ. Nat. Cur., vol. 37, 1875, p. 118.

It is readily distinguished from the preceding [Pupa kliw-
zingeri and Pupa pleimesi] by the more compressed shape,
and further differs from P. klunzingeri by the second colu-
mellar fold and the third palatal fold ; from P. pleimesi by the
absence of a second denticle on the parietal wall (Jicketi).
The single specimen found was broken in measuring. It has
not been figured.

GASTROCOPTA DAMARICA (Ancey). Page 125.

A specimen of the form described as Pupa ridibunda M. &
P., from Cradock (Farquhar) is drawn in pi. 46, fig. 12. It
differs from the specimens of damarica already figured by
being decidedly more sharply striate, and by having the lower
palatal fold somewhat larger, entering more deeply, or in some
specimens more immersed as a whole. The peristome is con-
tinuous, as a thin, slightly raised ledge, across the parietal
wall, while in typical damarica it is very short and adnate.
Length 2.1 mm. These small differences will probably not
prove constant enough for recognition of ridibunda as a sub-
species, but this point can be determined only by the examina-
tion of long series.

GASTROCOPTA (?) INSULSA (Preston).

The figures of Ennea insulsa Preston, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1913, p. 205, pi. 33, figs. 13, 130, from Gazi, British East
Africa, are so similar to Gastrocopta damarica in shape, size
and teeth that I suspect a mistake in the genus. As I have
not seen the shell, and nothing is said of its texture, the ques-
tion is left to those having access to specimens.

P. 179. TONKINIA MIRABILIS Mab. This species has been
shown to belong to the Streptaxidce, in which TonUinia is a
valid genus. See Kobelt and Von Moellendorff, Monograph
of Streptaxida in Krister's Conchylien Cabinet.

360 APPENDIX GASTROCOPTA.

P. 182. HYPSELOSTOMA INSULARUM Pils. The reference to
figures should be : PL 32, figs. 1 to 5.

P. 184. M. I. major Mlldff. Reference to figure should be :
PI. 32, fig. 9.

P. 184. H. I. imbricata Mlldff. Reference to figures should
be : PL 32, figs. 10, 11, 13.

P. 185. HYPSELOSTOMA QUADRASI Mlldff. Reference to fig-
ures should be : PL 32, fig. 6.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Except when stated otherwise, the specimens figured are in
the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and were
drawn by Miss Helen Winchester.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 1. Gastrocopta.

I. Gastrocopta armifera Say. Type specimen 15

2-4. Gastrocopta armifera Say. Germantown, Philadel-
phia. 73876 15

5. Gastrocopta a. affinis St. Evansville, Wis. 98273 . . 18

7. Gastrocopta a. similis St. Rose Hill, Ont. 98272 ... 17

7-9. Gastrocopta a. clappi St. Knoxville, Term. 98279.. 20

10. Gastrocopta a. ruidosensis Ckll. Ruidoso, N. M. 73944. 19

II. Gastrocopta a. ruidosensis Ckll. Gallinas Cn., N. M.

84465 19

PLATE 2. Gastrocopta.

1, 3. Gastrocopta armifera abbreviata St. Eastport, Iowa.

98270 18

2. Gastrocopta a. abbreviata St. Shawnee Co., Ks. 11639. 18
4-6. Gastrocopta holzingeri St. Joliet, IU. 47545 25

7. Gastrocopta h. agna P. & V. Trinidad, Colo. 93052 . . 26

8. Gastrocopta contracta peninsularis Pils. Crystal R.,

Citrus Co., Fla 24

9, 12. Gastrocopta contracta Say. Troy, N. Y 22

10. Gastrocopta contracta Say. Fairfax Co., Va. 101573. 22

11. Gastrocopta contracta Say. Washington, D. C. 11607. 22

PLATE 3. Gastrocopta.

1, 4. G. contracta climeana Van. Type. 97605 24

2, 3. G. pentodon Say. Lebanon Springs, N. Y. 68885.. 28

5. G. pentodon Say. Ventnor, Atlantic City, N. J. 104640. 28

6. G. pentodon Say. Ocean City, N. J. 72709 28

7. 8. G. pentodon Say. Troy, N. Y. 58251 28

9. G. p. tappaniana Ad. Philadelphia, Pa. 58224 33

(361)

362 EXPLANATION OP PLATES.

FIGUKE PAGE

10, 12. G. pilsbryana St. Oak Creek, Arizona. 79413... 34

11. G. pilsbryana St. S. Catalina Mts., Ariz. 109656. . . 34

PLATES 4, 5. Gastrocopta pentodon and varieties.

Explanation of figures 1-41 on page 32; figs. 42-53, on
page 34.

PLATE 6. Gastrocopta.

I, 2, 8. G. cochisensis P. & F. Tanner canyon. Huachuca

Mte. 97442 44

3. G. cochisensis P. & F. 109679 44

4. G. cochisensis P. & F. Santa Rita Mts. 78693 44

5. G. ashnrani St. Dragoon Mts., Ariz. 112381 41

6. 7. G. ashmuni St. Dragoon Mts., Ariz. 112383 41

8. G. cochisensis P. & F. Huachuca Mts., Ariz. 97442. . 44

9, 10. G. perversa St. Benson, Arizona. 112063 40

II. G. perversa St. Dragoon Mts., Ariz. 112390 40

PLATE 7. Gastrocopta.

1-5. G. prototypus Pils. Cotypes. 82823 47

6, 7. G. basidentata Pils. Type. 190017 U. S. N. M 48

8-11. G. oligobasodon P. & F. Ash canyon, Chiricahua

Mts. 97444 46

PLATE 8. Gastrocopta.

1-4. G. bilameUata St. & Clapp. B. of Quartzsite, Ari-
zona. 98268 51

5-7, 9. G. dalliana St. Nogales, Arizona. 78689 49

8. G. dalliana St. Dragoon Mts., Arizona. 112395 49

10,11. G. dalliana media Pils. Montezuma's Well. 82918. 50

PLATE 9. Chaenaxis.

1, 2. Chaenaxis tuba P. & F. Benson, Ariz. 112062 .... 2

3. Chaenaxis tuba P. & F. Tucson, Ariz. 112124 2

4. 5. Chaenaxis t. brevicostata Pils. Tempe, Arizona. ... 4

6. Chaenaxis intuscostata Clapp. Tucson, Arizona 3

7-9. Chaenaxis intuscostata Clapp. Cotypes. 99599 .... 3

PLATE 10. Gastrocopta.

1, 2. G. corticaria Say. Upper Red Hook, N. Y 52

3, 4. G. corticaria Say. Philadelphia, Pa. 64524 52

5. G. carnegiei St. Type. Coll. Sterki 35

EXPLANATION OP PLATES. 363

FIGURE PAGE

6. G. marginalba Pfr. S. Vicente Banos, Cuba 60

7, 10. G. quadridens Pils. Capitan Mts., N. M. 74567 . . 57

8, 9. G. marginalba Pfr. Matanzas, Cuba 60

PLATE 11. Gastrocopta.

1. G. rupicola Say. Lossman's Key, Fla. 105353 58

2. G. rupicola Say. South Carolina. 3927 58

3, 5, 6. G. rupicola Say. Seville I., L. George, Fla. 69545. 58

4, 7, 9. G. r. duplex Pils. Bermuda. 105797 60

8. G. marginalba Pfr. After Kiister 60

10, 11. G. marginalba Pfr. Bermuda. 91154 60

12, 13. G. marginalba Pfr. Matanzas, Cuba 60

PLATE 12. Gastrocopta.

1-5. G. procera Gld. Washington, D. C. 28815 62

6. G. p. riparia Pils. Galveston, Texas. 78684 65

7, 8. G. p. sterkiana Pils. (duplicata St.) . Glenrose, Texas.

105745 357

9, 10. G. riograndensis St. Type. Hidalgo, Tex. 601337. 69

PLATE 13. Gastrocopta.

1, 2. G. mcclungi Hanna. Clay Co., S. D. 110762 66

3. G. mcclungi. Chamberlain, Brule Co., S. D. 110997.. 66

4, 5. G. mcclungi. Rogers, Ark. 90440 66

6. G. cristata P. & V. Tempe, Ariz. 112031 68

7. G. procera sterkiana Pils. Glenrose, Texas. 105745. . 357
8-12. G. cristata P. & V. Camp Verde, Arizona. 78694. . 68

PLATE 14. Gastrocopta.

1. G. rupicola matacumbensis Pils. Type. 105511 60

2, 3. G. rupicola matacumbensis Pils. Topotypes. 105509. 60

4. G. servilis Gld. St. Thomas. 60550 70

5. 6. G. servilis Gld., Cuba. 60548 70

7. G. servilis Gld. Somerset, Bermuda. 100483 70

8. G. s. riisei Pfr. Water Island, near St. Thomas. 3811. 74

9. G. s. riisei Pfr. Water Island, near St. Thomas. 22944. 74

10. G. desiderata Weinl. After Weinland 73

PLATE 15. Gastrocopta.

1-3, 5. G. peUucida Pfr. Cuba. 10036 75

4, 9. G. p. delicata Pils. Type and paratype 78

6. G. ovumformicae Weinl. After Weinland , 82

364 EXPLANATION OP PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

8. G. longnrio Cr. After Crosse ...................... 82

7, 10. G. pellucida biminiensis Pils. Rosario, Cuba ..... 78

11-13. G. pellucida biminiensis Pils. South. Bimini Cay.

114028 .................................... 78

PLATE 16. Gastrocopta.

1-27. G. pellucida hordeacella Pils. Localities on p. 80. . 78
drawn to one scale, by E. G. Vanatta.

PLATE 17. Gastrocopta.

1, 2. G. pellucida hordeacella Pils. Drift of Pecos River,

Texas. 90494 .............................. 78

3. G. pellucida hordeacella Pils. New Braunfels, Texas.

60460 ..................................... 78

4. G. pellucida hordeacella Pils. Guajadami, L. Cal.

190397 U. S. N. M ......................... 78, 80

5. 6. G. polyptyx Pils. St. Thomas. 60547 ............ 89

7. G. polyptyx Pils. Jamaica. 10035 ................. 89

8. G. pellucida parvidens St. Jerome, Arizona. 78717 . . 80

9. G. oblonga Pfr. After Kiister ..................... 90

10. G. nodosaria Orb. After d'Orbigny ............... 94

11,12. G. barbadensis solitaria Smith. After E. A. Smith. 88

13. G. pazi Hidalgo. After Hidalgo .................. 102

14. G. oblonga Pfr. Fortaleza. 171445 U. S. N. M ..... 90

15. G. oblonga Pfr. Para. 91128 .................... 90

16. G. iheringi Sut. Paratype. 22940 ................ 101

PLATE 18. Gastrocopta.

1, 3. G. barbadensis Pfr. Barbados. 85464 ............ 83

2. G. barbadensis Pfr. Barbados. 57202 .............. 83

4, 5. G. barbadensis Pfr. Guadalupe. 59903 ........... 83

6. G. b. crassilabris Pils. Somerset, Bermuda. 1017520. 85
7-9. G. b. crassilabris Pils. Mangrove Cay, Andros. 180645

U. S. N. M ................................. 85

10, 12. G. barbadensis Pfr. Varadero Park, Cuba ..... 83, 85

11. G. uvulifera Guppy. After E. A. Smith ........... 87

PLATE 19. Gastrocopta.

1-3, 6, 8. G. munita Reib. Albemarle. 215785 U. S. N. M. 96
4, 5. G. pfeifferi Bttg. (= munita). After Boettger . . .96, 98

7. G. munita Reib. After Reibisch ................... 96

9. G. clausa Reib. After Reibisch .................... 99

10. G. munita Reib. Iguana Cove. 215782 U. S. N. M. 96

EXPLANATION OP PLATES. 365

FIGURE PAGE

11. G. munita Reib. Narborough. 108517 U. S. N. M. .. 96

12-14. G. clausa Beibisch. Abingdon. 108516 U. S. N. M. 99

PLATE 20. Gastrocopta.

I, 2. G. chichijimana Pils. Type. 80325 105

3, 6. G. c. ogasawarana Pils. Type. 83224 106

4, 5. G. boninensis Pils. Type 107

7, 9, 10. G. armigerella Reinh. Miyakejima. 85789 107

8. G. armigerella (atoma Hde.). Shanghai. 64107 109

II. G. armigerella Reinh. Kunchan. 80992 107

PLATE 21. Gastrocopta.

I. G. armigerella hachijoensis Pils. Hachijojima. 83395. 109

2-4. G. coreana Pils. Kojeto, Korea. 95775 109

5-7, 10. G. hirasei Pils. China. 94774 110

8, 9. G. monadicula Hde. After Heude Ill

II. G. theeli West. After Westerlund 118

12. G. ejecta B. & D. After Bavay and Dautzenberg. . . . Ill
13, 14. G. baudoni Mich. Pliocene, Hauterive. 4257 . . . 114

15, 16. G. huttoniana Bens. Kashmir. 84272 137

17. G. huttoniana Bens. Conch. Indica 137

PLATE 22. Gastrocopta.

1, 2, 4. G. dupuyi Mich. Pliocene, Hauterive 113

3. G. klunzingeri Jick. Abyssinia 120

5, 6. G. pleimesi Jick. After Jickeli 119

7. G. hermosa Jouss. After Jousseaume 121

8, 10, 13. G. acarus Bens. Fogo, Azores. 97279 122

9. G. microbus Morel. After Dautzenberg 123

11, 12. G. flocculus Morel. After Morelet 124

13. G. acarus Bens. Fogo, Azores. 97279 122

14-16. G. damarica Anc. Pienaar's Poort. 106484 125

PLATE 23. Gastrocopta.

1, 4. G. seignaciana Cr. Nossi-Be. 22926 128

5. G. tripunctum Morel. After Morelet 130

6. G. seignaciana Cr. After Crosse 128

7, 12. G. tripunctum Morel. Mayotte. 22927 130

8. G. microscopica Marts. Mauritius. 64102 131

9. G. lienardiana Crosse. Bourbon 132

10. G. lienardiana Crosse. After Crosse 132

11. G. 1. eudeli Pils. Bourbon. 64091 133

12. G. tripunctum Morel. Mayotte. 22927 130

366 EXPLANATION OP PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

13-15. G. microscopica Marts. After von Martens 131

16, 17. G. mimula Bens. Ceylon. 22935 134

PLATE 24. Gastrocopta.

I, 2. G. lyonsiana Anc. Kualii, Oahu 141

3, G. lyonsiana Anc. Pearl Harbor. 108730 141

4, G. lyonsiana Anc. Kawaihapai. 109957 141

5, 6. G. lyonsiana kailuana Pils. Kailua, Oahu 143

7,11. G. lyonsiana "var. cornea" Bisucay, Calamianes.

96009 144

8, 12, 13. G. moellendorffiana Pils. Philippines 145

9. G. microsoma Tap.-Can. After Canefri 152

10. G. recondita Tap.-Can. After Canefri 153

II. G. lyonsiana "var. cornea." Bisucay, Calamianes.

96009 144

12, 13. G. moellendorffiana Pils 145

14. G. obstructaGassies(— neocaledonica). After Gassies. 154

15. G. niobe Fulton. After Fulton 153

PLATE 25. Gastrocopta.

1-3. G. pediculus Sh. Marquesas Is. 83161 145, 147

4, 9. G. palmira Stol. After Stoliczka 139

5,8. G. pediculus Shuttl. (artensis Montr.). New Cale-
donia. 22928 145, 148, 150

6, 7. G. pediculus nacca Gld. Manoa Valley, Oahu 149

10, 11. Nesopupa filosa Stol. After Stoliczka.

12. Gastrocop ta pediculus ("samoensis"). Samoa. 22929.

145, 151

13. G. pediculus ovatula Mlldff. Loboc. 96011 149

14. G. artensis (= pediculus). After Montrouzier. . .145, 150

15. G. p. ovatula Mlldff. Sierra Bullones, Bohol. 96012. 149

PLATE 26. Gastrocopta.

1. G. pediculus Sh. (rossiteriBraz.). Point Piper. 115539. 158

2. G. p. queenslandica Pils. Calliungal. 115630 159

3, 5. G. strangei Pfr. Sydney, N. S. "W. 22934 157

4, 6. G. strangei Pfr. Narrabri. 63262 157

7, 8. G. margaretae Cox. After Cox 160

9, 10. G. tatei Pils. Type. (The columellar lamella of

fig. 10 is drawn incorrectly. See pi. 30, fig. 12). 165

11. G. avanica Bens. Ava. Indian Museum 138

12, 13. G. moretonensis Cox. After Cox 161

14. G. bathyodon Bens. Nerbudda Valley. Indian Museum 136

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 367

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 27. Gastrocopta.

1-4. G. hedleyi Pils. Cotypes. 63279 166

5, 6. G. nmssoni Pils. Type. 115541 167

7, 8, 10. G. m. macrodon Pils. Type. 63068 164

9. G. macleayi (= macdonneUi). 115542 162

11, 12. G. macdonneUi. 115538 162

PLATE 28. Gastrocopta, Gibbulina, Bothriopupa.

1. Gastrocopta wolfii Mill. Duran, near Guayaquil 94

2,3. Gastrocopta wolfii Mill. Ecuador. 307631 U. S.

N. M 94

4. Gastrocopta wolfii Mill. After Miller 94

5, 6. Gibbulina infundibuliformis Orb. After d 'Orbigny. 6

7. Bothriopupa conoidea Nc. Cariaquita. 105199 231

8, 11. Bothriopupa conoidea Nc. Demerara 231

9. 10. Bothriopupa breviconus Pils. Guatemala. 107534. 230
12-14. Bothriopupa geminidens Pils. Type and para-

typ^s. 105200 228

PLATE 29. Bothriopupa, Gastrocopta.

1. Bothriopupa leucodon Morel. After Fischer & Crosse. 232

2. Bothriopupa variolosa Gld. Big Pine Key, Fla. 104026. 230

3. Bothriopupa variolosa Gld. Little Marco, Fla. 92889. 230

4. Bothriopupa leucodon Morel. Specimen 232

5. 7. Bothriopupa tenuidens Ad. Mandeville, Jamaica.

101497 229

6. Bothriopupa tenuidens Ad. Jamaica 229

8. Gastrocopta bathyodon Bens. After Conch. Indica . . . 136

9. Gastrocopta avanica Bens. After Conch. Indica 138

10. Gastrocopta barrackporensis Gude. After Conch. In-

dica 135

11-13. Bothriopupa tenuidens Ad. Cariaquita. 105199.. 229

PLATE 30. Gastrocopta.

1. G. larapinta deserti Pils. Forrest River. 115540 170

2, 3. G. larapinta deserti Pils. Central Australia. 72481. 170

4. G. mooreana Smith. After B. A. Smith 160

5-7. G. larapinta Tate. Paratypes from Prof. Tate 168

8. G. mussoni ( ?). Calliungal. 115631 168

9. 11. G. larapinta Tate. Central Australia. 72478 168

10. G. larapinta Tate. After Tate 168

12. G. tatei Pils. Type 165

368 EXPLANATION OP PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 31. Hypselostoma.

1-5. Hypselostoma tubiferum Bens. 22656 and 1215 178

6, 7. Tonkinia mirabilis Rochebr. After Rochebrune .... 359

8-10. Hypselostoma roebeleni Mlldff 186

11-13. H. annamiticum altius Pils. Annam 181

14. 15. H. laidlawi Cllge. After Collinge 181

PLATE 32. Hypselostoma.

1-5. H. kisularum Pils. Type. 95252 182

6. H. quadras! Mlldff. 96539 185

7, 8. H. luzonicum Mlldff. After Boettger 183

9. H. luzonicum major Mlldff. After Boettger 184

10. H. luzonicum imbricata Mlldff. After Boettger 184

11. H. luzonicum imbricata Mlldff. 96542 183

12. H. edentulum Mlldff 187

13. H. luzonicum imbricata Mlldff. 96541 184

PLATE 33. Anauchen, Boysidia.

1. Anauchen gereti B. & D 189

2. 3. Anauchen gereti B. & D. After Bavay and Dautzen-

berg 189

4. Anauchen messageri B. & D 189

5, 6. Anauchen angulinus Gredler. After Gredler 191

7. Anauchen messageri B. & D. After Bav. and Dautz. . . 189

8, 9. Boysidia hunaiia Gredler. After Gredler 194

10. Boysidia hunana conspicua Mlldff 195

11. Boysidia salwiniana Theob. After Hanley & Theobald. 206
12-14. Boysidia hunana conspicua Mlldff 195

15. 16. Boysidia strophostoma Mlldff 197

17. Boysidia hangchowensis Pils. Type 196

PLATE 34. Boysidia.

1, 2, 4. B. plicidens Bens. Landour. 3933 198

3. B. plicidens Bens. Hangchow. 94775 198

5, 6. B. dayana Stol. After Stoliczka 205

7,8. B. boettgeri Mlldff. 69799 208

9, 10. B. plicidens Bens. Yoro, Mino. 84272 198

PLATE 35. Boysidia.,

1, 2. B. robusta B. & D. 105062 201

3-6. B. lamothei B. & D. 105081 202

7, 8. B. paivei B. & D. 105095 203

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 369

FIGURE PAGE

9. B. landurensis Pils. Type. 16721 204

10, 11. B. kelantanensis Sykes. 98191 208

12. B. kelantanensis Sykes. After Sykes 208

PLATE 36. Gyliauchen.

1-4. G. hungerfordiana Mlldff. Gunong Pondok. 62516. 212

5, 8. G. transitans Mlldff. Siam 214

6, 7. G. transitans Mlldff. After MoeUendorff 214

9, 10. G. crossei Morlet. After Morlet 215

11-13. G. crossei Morlet. 66063 215

PLATE 37. Gyliauchen.

1-3. G. fruhstorferi Mlldff. 69883 217

4-6. G. everetti Smith. 78403 218

7-9. G. dohertyi Fulton 219

10. G. everetti Smith. After E. A. Smith 218

11. G. bensonianus Blanf. 62170 211

12. G. bensonianus Blanf. Conch. Indica 211

PLATE 38. Aulacospira, Systenostoma.

1. Aulacospira mucronata Mlldff. 96547 222

2. Aulacospira porrecta Mlldff. 78406 222

3-5. Systenostoma pauperrima B. & D. After Bav. et

Dautz 225

6, 7. Aulacospira hololoma Mlldff. 78414 222

8, 9. Aulacospira scalatella Mlldff. 67983 223

10-12. Systenostoma pulverea B. & D. After Bav. et

Dautz 225

13. Aulacospira rhombostoma Mlldff. 98247 223

14, 17. Aulacospira azpeitiae. Hidalgo. 95550, 81595 . . 224

15, 16. Systenostoma defixa B. & D. After Bav. et Dautz. 226

PLATE 39. Fauxulus.

1-3. F. capensis Kiister. Buffelsfontein. 106494 236

4. F. capensis Kiister. Port Elizabeth. 65780 236

5. F. capensis ovularis Kurr. After Kiister 238

6. F. capensis Kurr. After Kiister 236

7. F. capensis ovularis Kurr. Large form. 22904 238

8. F. capensis (P. pottebergensis Kr.). After Kiister. . . 240

9. F. capensis var. (P. fonticola Dh.). After Deshayes. . 239

10, 11. F. pamphorodon Bens. Simonstown. 64096 240

12. F. pamphorodon Bens. Simonstown. 106489 240i

370 EXPLANATION OP PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 40. Fauxulus.

1, 2. F. glanvilleanus novenarius Pils. Grahamstown . . . . 250

3. F. pereximius M. & P. After Melvill & Ponsonby 247

4. 5. F. mcbeanianus M. & P. Topotype 247

6. F. glanvilleanus darglensis Bnp. After Burnup 250

7. 9, 10. F. ponsonbyanus Morel. Grahamstown. 114967. 253

8. F. glanvilleanus tomlini Bnp. Somerset East 252

PLATE 41. Fauxulus, Gastrocopta, Odontocyclas.

1, 2. Fauxulus crawfordianus M. & P. After Burnup . . . 242

3. Gastrocopta duplicata Preston. After Preston 127

4-6. Fauxulus layardi Bens. Cape Point. 106495 243

7. F. 1. stoaphora 'Bs.' Bnp. 64100 245

8. F. 1. stoaphora 'Bs/ Bnp. After Burnup 245

9, 10, 11. Odontocyclas kokeilii Rm. 22700 256

12. 13. Odontocyclas rossmaessleri Schm. 114972, 22860. 257

PLATE 42. Abida.

1-4. Abida frumentum Drap. 3884 297

5. A. f . hungarica Kim. Nandor. 66048 302

6. A. frumentum turgida Parr., Kiister. After Kiister. . 300

7. A. frumentum pachygastra Zgl. 101618 302

8. 9. A. iUyrica Em. 114982 303

10, 11. A. frumentum pachygastra Zgl. After Rossmaess-

ler 302

12, 15. A. apennina (Charp.) K. After Kiister 305

13. 14. A. apennina (Charp.) K. 22820 305

16. A. apenrina (Charp.). Tuscany. 114981 305

PLATE 43. Abida.

I, 2. A. braunii Rossm. 66916 273

3. A. braunii Rossm. 22823 273

4-6. A. braunii Rossm. After Rossmaessler 273

7-9. A. partioti Moquin-Tandon. 67750 276

10. A. dupuyi West. After Westerlund 277

II. A. ringens bigerrensis Moq. After Moquin-Tandon . . 280
12-15. A. ringens Mich. 3896 278

PLATE 44. Abida.

1-3. A. polyodon Drap. 22843, 3882 270

4-8. A. polyodon ringicula Mich. Barcelona. 106561 . . . 272

5. A. affinis Rossm. After Rossmaessler 282

6. A. affinis Rossm. 114977 282

EXPLANATION OP PLATES. 371

FIGURE PAGE

7, 10. A. vergniesiana Ch., Kiister. 22842 286

9. A. pyrenaearia Mich. After Dupuy 287

11. A. vergniesiana provida West. 3390 287

12. A. vergniesiana Ch., Kiister. After Kiister 286

13. A. petrophila Fagot. After Kiister 291

14, 15. A. andorrensis Bgt. After Bourguignat 293

PLATE 45. Abida.

1, 2. A. illyrica cylindracea Rm. After Rossmaessler . . . . 305

3. A. illyrica minor Rossm. After Rossmaessler 304

4. A. illyrica elongata Rossm. After Rossmaessler 304

5-7. A. mortilleti Stab. (= stabilei Mts.). After Stabile. 318

8, 9. A. micheli Terver. After Dupuy 315

10. A. anceyi Fagot. 114978 317

11, 12. A. variabilis Drap. 22849 321

13. A. v. sabaudina Bgt. After Bourguignat 325

14. A. v. obliqua Nevill. After Nevill 325

15. A. v. sabaudina Bgt. Lausanne. 22855 325

16. A. v. polita Risso. After Risso 326

17. A. fusiformis var. minor K. (= A. atracta puella).

After Kiister 328

18, 19. A. fusiformis K. (= A. atracta). After Kiister. . 327

PLATE 46.

I, 2. Sandahlia cylindrica Mich. 79952 259

3. Sandahlia cylindrica Mich. 3904 259

4. Granopupa granum saulcyi Bgt. After Bourguignat .. 338

5. 7. Sandahlia cylindrica curtata Pils. 22731 261

6. Abida illyrica gastrodes Pils. 22859 305

8. Abida frumentum curta P. & M. After Potiez & Mich-

aud 299

9. Abida variabilis incerta Hartm. After Hartmann .... 323

10. Abida lapidaria Hutton. Conch. Iconica 330

II. Abida secale boileausiana Charp. After Kiister .... 312

12. Gastrocopta ridibunda M. & P. (= damarica Anc.) . . 359

13. Gastrocopta perversa sana Pils. Type 357

PLATE 47.

1. Granopupa michaudi Terver. 22804 345

2. Granopupa michaudi isseriana Pils. 75906 346

3. Granopupa granum Drap. 22699 335

4. Granopupa brondeli Bgt. 63612 346

5. Granopupa brondeli Bgt. After Bourguignat 346

372 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

6. Granopupa eucyphogyra Let. Ann. de Malac 350

7. Granopupa dupoteti Terver. After Bourguignat 349

8. Granopupa dupoteti Terver. 3824 349

9. Chondrina guiraoensis Em. 22790 Vol. XXV

10. Granopupa kabyliana Let. 75905 347

11. 14. Abida secale Drap. 22830 306

12. Granopupa granum Drap. Tuscany. 22697 335

13. 15. Abida secale Drap. 22835 306

16. Abida secale hordeum Studer. After Hartmann .... 308

PLATE 48. Granopupa.

I, 2. Granopupa scalaris Benoit. 22801, 22799 353

3. Granopupa nitida (Fer.) Kiister. After Kiister 343

4. Chondrina spelta obscura Miihlf., Kiister. After Kiis-

ter Vol. XXV

5. 7, 8. Granopupa scalaris Benoit. 22800 353

6. Chondrina spelta minor Em. After Eossmaessler. Vol. XXV

7. 8. Granopupa scalaris Benoit. 22800 353

9. Chondrina spelta Beck. 22794 Vol. XXV

10. Chondrina spelta obscura Miihlf., Kiister Vol. XXV

II. Chondrina spelta ventilatoris Parr. After Kiister.

Vol. XXV

12-14. Granopupa philippii Cantrine. 5194,101625,22802. 341
15. Granopupa rhodia Eoth. 5195 344

PLATE 49. Granopupa.

1, 2. Granopupa rupestris Phil. 3901 351

3. Granopupa rupestris Phil. 22796 351

4. Granopupa rupestris coloba Pils 352

5. Granopupa occulta Parr., Eossm 353

6. Granopupa rupestris Phil. 22798 351

7,8. Granopupa occulta Parr., Eossm. After Eossmaessler. 353

9. Granopupa occulta Parr., Eossm 353

10-14. Granopupa refuga West 355

DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF VOL. XXIV.

PART 93, pages 1-112, plates 1-13, Dec. 18, 1916.

94, pages 113-176, plates 14-29, July 18, 1917.

95, pages 177-256, plates 30-38, Nov. 9, 1917.

96, pages 257-380, plates 39-49, March, 1918.

INDEX.

Note. — Names of genera and other groups are printed in
SMALL CAPITALS ; of synonyms in italics.

abbreviata St

ABIDA Leach

abrupta "West

acarus Bs

acavus Schauf

acuta Kutsch

adjuncta Ziegl 303,

aenmla Parr

affinis Rossm

affinis Sterki

agna P. & V

albid,ocostata W

ALBINULA Sterki . . 11, 13,

altius Pils

ameliae Bgt. Loc

ANAUCHEN Pils

anceyi Fag

andorrensis Bgt

angularis West 322,

angulinus Gredl

ANISOLOMA Anc

annaa-ensis Bk

annamiticum Mlldff. . . .

annobonensis Gir

antiqua Schub

apennina Charp

appeliusi West

arabica Dohrn

arctespira Bgt

armigera P. & M

armigerella Reinh

artense Mlldff.

18
262
313

artensis Montr 147, 150

ashmuni St 41

atoma Hde 108, 109

atractaPils. . . 327

-i 22 attenuata Fag 295

attrita Moq 271, 272

AULACOSPIRA Mlldff. ... 220

aulusensis Fag 290

auriformis Gupp 88

avanica Bs 138

^ azpeitiae Hid 224

26
354

114 baillensi Dup 280

181 battlensis West 281

272 barbadensis Pfr 83

188 barrackporensis Gude . . 135

317 barrattei L. & B 349

293 barreri Bgt 116

325 basidentata Pils 48

191 bathyodon Bs 136

247 baudoni Mich 117

103 BENSONELLA Pils 198

180 bensonianus Blf 211

124 bermudensis Prime .... 72

270 Bifidaria Sterki 6

305 bigerrensis Moq 280

329 Ugoriensis Mich 280

330 bilamellata S. & C 51

324 biminiensis Pils 78

16 bipalatalis W 283, 284

107 blanci Poll 319

142 boettgeri Mlldff 208

(373)

374

INDEX.

bofilli Fag 292

boileausiana Ch 312

boninensis Pils 107

BOTHRIOPUPA Pils 226

boubeensis Fag 289

bourgetica Bgt 310

boysianum Bs., Nev 137

BOYSIDIA Ancey 192, 194

braunii Eossm 273

breviconus Pils 230

brevicostata Pils 4

brevituba Mlldff 217

brondeli Bgt 346

bugeysiaca Loc 300

bulim&formis Woll 337

bulimiformis Love 337

C

cadica Fag 314

callosa Zgl., Em 298, 304

capensis Kiist 236

capillacea D. & S 144

caprearum Phil 342

carinata Gld 63

carnegiei St 35

cartennensis Let 347

Carychium 131, 137

castanea Gredl 303

catalonica Bof 294

CERION Bolt 267

Cerium Link 268

CH^NAXIS P. & F 1

charlotia Eisso 322

chichi jimana Pils 105

CHONDRINA Eeich 234

Chondrus Cuv 262, 268

cincinnatiensis Jdg. ... 28, 29

clappi Sterki 20

clausa Eeib 99

clausilioides Boub 288

clessini Doer 93

climeana Van 24

cochisensis P. & F 44

Cochlodonta Fer 268

coloba Pils. . 352

columnella Loc 315

conica Ben 352

conispira West 275

eonoidea Nc., Pfr 231

conspicua Mlldff 195

contracta Say 22

coreana Pils 109

cornea Mlldff 142, 144

corrugata Loc 261

corticaria Say 52

costata Fag 314

crassilabris Pils 85

orassilabrum Bgt 275

crawfordianusM. & P.. . 242

crimoda Bgt., Loc 299

cristata P. & V 68

cristella West 277

crossei Mori 215

curta Ant 103

curta Issel 301

curta Kiist. 300

curta Moq 260,261

curta Moq 288

curta Pot. & Mich 299

curta Sterki 34

curtata Pils 261

curvidens Gld 28

cycloides Moq 274, 275

cylindracea Ziegl 305

cylindrella Moq 283

cylindrella Loc 309

cylindrica Mich 259

cylindricus Hartm 307

cylindriformis Loc 260

cylindroides Moq 308

D

dalliana St 49

damarica Anc 125, 359

darglensis Bp 250

dayana Stol 205

decemplicata Bgt 309

defixa B. & D 226

delicata Pils 78

delphinensis Loc 324

INDEX.

375

deltostoina Charp 22

deserti Pils 170

desiderata Weinl 73

dicrodonta Pils 100

didymodonta Br 116

didymodus Sdb 116

dilute West 338

disjuncta Moq 279

dohertyi Fult 219

dorsalis Mlldff 196

dorsata Ancey 195

dufourii Fer. 259

duodecimcostata Loe. . . . 310

duplex Pils 60

duplicate St 65, 127, 357

dupontii Paet 350

dupoteti Terv 349

dupuyi West 277

E

ebrodunensis Bgt 324

echthrodes West 261

edentula Taylor 310

edentulum Mlldff 187

e jecta Bav. & Dautz Ill

elongata Moq 279, 283

elongata Saulcy 308

elongata Ziegl 304

elongatissima Bof 285

elongatissima Dup 260

endochUa Germ 283

endodonta MUdff 217

Eubifidaria St 53

eucrina Bgt 116

eucyphogyra Let 350

eudeli Pils 133

eudolicha Bgt 283

euryomphalum Mlldff. . . 141

everetti Smith 218

exigima Mouss 342

exUis Moq 273

eximia West 328

extrema Hde., Mlldff. ... 108

fagorum Fag 313

fagotiana~Loc 280

farcimen Sdb 116

Faula Ads 234

FAUXULUS Schauf 234

ferdinandi And 117

filosaStol 140

fischeriDh 117

fissidens Sdb 117

flocculus Morel 124

floridana Dall 29, 30

fonticola Dh 239

fordiana St 26

fossanensis Sacco 115

freseriana Bof 284

fruhstorferi Mlldff 217

frumentacea Loc 298

frumentum Drap 297

fryanus Bens 246

fusiformis Kiist 328

fustisBttg 270

G

garumnica Fag 281

GASTROCOPTA Woll 6, 53

gastrodes Pils 305

geminidens Pils 228

gereti B. & D 189

gibbosa Say 63

GIBBULINA Beck 5

gibilfunnensis de Greg. . . 355

gigantea Schr 303

glanvilleana M. & P 249

glanvillianus Anc 249

gracilidens Sdb 116

gracilior Kregl 308

gracilis Sterki 29, 31

Granaria Held 262

graniformis Loc 336

GRANOPUPA Bttg 332

granum Drap 335

Oredleriella Mlldff. 194

376

INDEX.

gourdoniana Fag 313

GYLIAUCHEN Pils. . 210

hachijoensis Pils 109

haggenmacheri Jick. . . . 358

hangchowensis Pils 196

hedleyi Pils 166, 167

Helix infundibuliformis

Orb 6

Helix miliola Orb 92

Helix moricandi Fer. . . . 257

Helix nodasaria Orb. ... 94

hetaera West 294

heterodus Bttg 116

hirasei Pils 110

hololoma Mlldff 222

holzingeri St 25

homala West 352

hordacea Gabb 69

hordeacea Binn 69

hordeacella Pils 78

hordeum Stud 308

humilis Beck 342

hunana Gredl 194

kunanensis Mlldff 194

hungarica Kim 301

hungerf ordianus Mlldff. . 212

hupeana Gredl 206

huttoniana Bs 137

hyalina Zel 147, 152

Hydrocena milium Bs.

199, 200

HYPSELOSTOMA Bens. . , 175

iheringi Sut 101

illyrica Eossm 303

imbricata MUdff 184, 360

IMMERSIDENS P. & V.

11, 38, 100

incertus Hartm 323

indica Pfr 136

indigena Anc 86

Infundibularia Pfr 5

infundibuliformis Orb. . . 6

insularum Pils 182, 360

insulsa Prest 359

interpres St 17

intrans West 300

intrusa Slav 269

intuscostata Clapp 3

ischurostoma Bgt 323

isseriana Pils 346

isserica Anc 346

isseli Caz. . . 320

jamaicensis Ad 75, 81

Jaminia Leach 262, 268

javana Mlldff 209

juniperi Mont 307

K

kabyliana Let 347

kailuana Pils 143

kanalensis Caziot 305

kelantanensis Sykes .... 208

klunzingeri Jick 120

kockeiliiPoll 256

kokeilii Bm 256

kralikiluet 311

krueperi West 329

kruperi West 330

labiosa Moq 274

labiosaMoq 323

laidlawi Cllge 181

lamothei B. & D 202

landurensis Pils 204

lapidaria Hutt 330

larapinta Tate 168

larteti Dup 115

lasallei Bgt 311

layardi Bens 243

leptospira West 295

Leucochilus Bttg 6, 8

leucodon Morel. . 232

INDEX.

377

lienardiana Cr 132

lilietensis Bof 293

limonensis West 320

longa Moq 260

longidens Cl 117

longurio Crse 82

longurio Moq 283

luchuana Pils 108

ludovici Bgt 116

luzonicum Mlldff 182

lyonsiana Anc 141

M

macdonnelli Braz 162

macleayi Braz 163, 164

macrodon Pils 164

magdalenae Bgt 315, 316

magna Stab 303, 304

major Bgt 275

major Bof 284

major Kregl 304

major MUdff 184,360

major Moq 323

major West 342

margaretae Cox 160

marginalba Pfr 60

matacumbensis Pils 60

mcbeanianus M. & P. ... 247

mcclungi H. & J 66

mea Bgt., Loc 299

media Pils 50

meledana St 344

meridionalis Ad 338

meridionalis MLldff Ill

meridionalis Strob 303

messageri B. & D 189

michaudi Terv 345

michelii Terv 315

microdonta Doer 92

Micropetasus Mlldff 220

microsoma T.-C 152

migma West 295

miliola Orb. 92

milium (Hydrocena)

Bens 199, 200

minima Kregl 301

minor Bens 245

minor Bgt 336, 340

minor Kiist 328

minor Mich 308

minor Moq 323

minor Bossm 272

minuta Say, Pfr 63, 64

mitiuta St 35

miocaena Brn 289

mirabilis(Tonkinia)Mab. 359

moellendorffi Bttg 209

monadicula Hde Ill

monas Hde 108

montanella Ckll 29, 31

montserratica Fag 272

montsiccana Bof 293

mooreana Sm 160

moretonensis Cox 161

moricandi Fer 257

mortilleti Stab 318

mucronata Mlldff 222

multidens Moq 274, 275

nmltidentata Oliv 326

munita Reib 96, 357

mussoni Pils 167

mutalUis Fer 322

myrmecoon Crse 82

N

nacca Old 147, 149

nana Miihlf 342

nansoutyana Fag 290

nansoutyi Fag 289

nebraskana Binn 22

necra Bgt 116

neocaledonica Pils 154

nodosaria Orb 94

noerdlingensis K1 270

nouleti Mich 116

nitens Pse 146, 151

nitida Ant., Sowb 343

nitida Fer 343

niobe Fult 153

nova Bgt., Loc 299

378

INDEX.

novemplicata Bgt 308

novemplicata Moq 288

novenarius Pils 250

0

obliqua Nevill 325

oblonga Pfr 90

oblongata Rm 302

obstructa Br 117

obstruct®, Gass 154

occidentalis Fag 291

occulta Parr 353

octavia Hagenm 351

ODONTOCYCLAS Schluet. . 254

ogasawarana Pils 106

olearum Bgt 315, 316

oligobasodon P. & F 46

oparea Loc 296

oryzaEdw 269

oryzana Loc 310

ovampoensis M. & P 125

ovatula Mlldff 149

ovularis Kurr 238

ovularis Moq 323

oyonnaxia Loc 310

pachygaster Moq 323

pachygastra Frass 270

pachygastra Ziegl 302

pachygastris Kiist 302

pamphorodon Bens 240

papieri Hag 351

PARABOYSIDIA Pils 201

parva Stab 303, 304

partioti Moq 276

parvidens St 80

pauperrima B. & D 225

paviei B. & D 203

pazi Hid 102

pediculus Sh 145, 158

pellucida auct 71

pellucida Pfr 75

peninsularis Pils 24

pentodon Say 28

petrophila Fag 291

pereximius M. & P 247

perlonga Bof 285

perversa St 40, 357

pfeifferi'Bttg 96, 98

philippii Cantr 341

phthisica Bof 285

phymata West 312

pilsbryana St 36

pineta Fer 322

piniana Fag 312

plagiostoma Bgt 325

pleimesi Jick 119

plicidens Bens 198

polita Eisso 326

polita West 305

polyodon Drap 270

polyodon Mlldff 185

polyodon Moq 261

polyodon Moq 283

polyplicata Miihlf 302

polyptyx Pils 89

porrecta Mlldff 222

potteburgensis Krs 240

poulseni West 340

primula West 301

procera Gld 62

profuga West 337

provida West 287

PSEUDOSTREPTAXIS Mlldff. 224

puella Pils 327

pulchella Moq 279

pulverea B. & D 225

punica L. & B 348

PUPA Bolt 267

Pupa Drap 262, 267

Puparia Eaf 268

pusillum Mlldff 186

pyrenasaria Mich 287

pyrenmca Boub 278

pyrenaica Q-erm 288

pyrenearia auct 288

Q
quadras! Mlldff 185, 360

INDEX.

379

quadridens Pils 57

quadridentata St 57

quadridentata Kl 115

quadriplicata Brn 114

quatuordentata Sac 115

queenslandica Pils 159

R

recondita T.-C 153

refuga West 355

reibischi Dall 357

retracta West 290

rhodanica Loc 298

rhodia Roth 344

rhombostoma MUdff. ... 223

ridibunda M. & P. . .125, 359

ringens Mich 278

ringicula Mich 272

riograndensis St 69

riparia Pils 65

robusta B. & D 201

rochebruni Mab 190

roebeleni Mlldff 186

rossiteri Braz 147, 158

rossiteri Pils 167

rossmaessleri Schm 257

rossmassleri Fag 280

ruidosensis Ckll 19

RUPESTRELLA Monts. 332, 341

rupestris Phil 351

rupestris Rossm 350

rupicola Say 58

rustica Bgt., Loc 298

rusticula Bgt 315, 316

S

sabaudina Bgt 322

saeva West 284

salwineana Theob 207

salwiniana Theob 206

samoensis Mss 146, 151

sana Pils 357

SANDAHLIA West 258

sardoa Cantr 339

sarratina Moq 308

336, 338

savii Charp 342

sawii Mouss 342

saxicola Moq 292

scalarina Sowb 354, 355

scalaris Ben 353

scalarisca Pact 354

scalatella MUdff 223

schiibleri Kl 270

Scopelophtta Alb 254

secale Drap 306

secale Sowb 241

secatina Loc 307

secalina. "Marts." 264

seignaciana C. & F 128

seligo West 308

semidens West 290

senegalensis Malz 121

serrula Bs 135

servilis Old 70

sibuyanicum Mlldff. . . . 184

siligo Roth 308

similis Sterki 17

simoni Bttg 319

SlNALBINULA Pils.

11, 103, 116, 118

SOLATOPUPA Pils 234

Solidula F. de W 267

solitaria Sm 88

soluta Pfr 244

stabilei Marts 318

stabili Marts 319

sterkiana Pils 127, 357

stoaphora Bs., Bp 245

Stomodonta Merm. . .262, 268

strangei Pfr 157

striolatus Mlldff 215

strophostoma Mlldff. . . . 197

subantiqua Lorn 270

subcylindrica Loc 300

subfusiformis Kl 270

sublaevigata Bgt 310

subringens Fag 279

snbulata Biv 340

subvariabilis Sandb 269

suevica Sdb. 115

380

INDEX.

SYSTENOSTOMA B. &D... 224

T

Tanystoma Bens 175

tapeina Bgt 116

tappaniana Ad 33

tappiana Ward 33

tatei Pils. 165

taurica Kessl 345

tenuidens C. B. Ad 229

tetrodon West 338

theeli West 118

thibetica Bs 138

TOMIQERELLA Pfr 241

tomlini Bp 252

TONKINIA Mab. 175, 176, 359

TorquilU Studer 262

transient Boub 286

transitans Mlldff 214

transitus Boub 286

triptycha Mlldff 223

triticea Ziegl 298

triticum Ziegl 303, 304

tuba P. & F 2

tubiferum Bens. 178

turbiana Caz 338

turgida Reuss 115

turgida Parr 300

tuxensis Fag 277

U

ulmensis Schl 269

undorfensis Pils 117

unicarinata P. & M 356

uvuUfera Gupp 87

valcourtiana Bgt. . . . 315, 317

variabilis Drap 321

variolosa Old 230

ventricosa Loc 272, 300

vergniesiana Ch 286

VERTIGO 116

YERTIGOPSIS Ckll 11, 27

vouastensis Rasp 269

W

wallabyensis Sm 171

wolfiiMill 94,357

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