t . I * . * 1 I JIL wHmnM H , „ ; •• '. " • riH • i. :{ • I f« HifiimH m Pi Pi nuMHHo iiliUlj ';• [{flOJjlflff 111 .''His [iiliHiilinuuiii flWillffl i i i?i mil R A » u Htfimffl m lit Hft (uHli nil (, * f i N i'ii; !• i- i I U ita 1 1 u M itf 1 1 . ;?!il(U\' fflflffi I (If f • • •> . i 1 I IlpllI S IflN Ulli : m mm il i! i Hyiamit'ii ,1,1 . * c ^ '1 1 1 1 mnwl ru Oi ! r-R <=> CZJ D m CD SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY VOL. XXV PUPILLID^: (GASTROCOPTIN/E, VERTIGININ^E) BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D. AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE, Ph.D. Collaborating on Hawaiian forms PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA I9I8-I920 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. HENRY SKINNER, M.D., Sc.D. WITHER STONE, A.M., Sc.D. HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D. WILLIAM 3. Fox EDWARD 3. NOLAN, M.D. EDITOR: HENRY A. PILSBRY. TREASURER : S. RAYMOND ROBERTS. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction — Terminology of the teeth of Pupillidse vii Descriptions of genera and species- Subfamily Gastrocoptinas. Genus CHONDRINA Reichenbach 1 Subfamily Vertigininae 68 Genus VERTIGO Miiller 69 American species 74, 372 Species of Japan and Eastern Asia 150 Palaearctic species, Europe, Asia, Northern Africa 159, 378 Fossil Vertigiuinae 214, 379 Genus STAURODON Lowe 224 Genus LYROPUPA Pilsbry (Hawaiian) 226 Genus PTYCHALAEA Boettger 27: 1 Genus NESOPUPA Pilsbry 274 Systematic classification 275 Hawaiian species 278 ( -| COLUMELLAR I iHfracohimeLlai- ... -•— UPPER PALATAL •-; Iroterpalatal ._, LOWEK PALATAL •JT r^» 1 ii.fra.pa 1 a ta 1 •*^ BASAL FIG. 1. TEKMINOLOGY OF LAMELLAE AND FOLDS. 133 I to -4 The names of primary teeth are in small capitals. The bay formed by the upper arc of the outer lip, aud usually limited by the upper palatal and angular teeth, is called the SINULUS. This term has also been used extensively in Clausttia, Ennea, etc., in the same sense. In Vertigo, the point of the outer lip, running forward or bent inward, has been termed the AURICLE by Dr. Sterki. The ridge encircling the whorl behind and parallel to the free margins of the peristome is known as the CREST (collar, cattus cervicalis, bourrelet extcrieur, Nackemvulst) . (vii) Vlll INTRODUCTION. The use of formulas for expressing succinctly such struc- tures as the teeth of bivalves or gastropods would be a great convenience if it were not that nearly every investigator in- vents a new system for himself. Without uniform currency, terminology loses its value as an intellectual tool. For this reason, and because such formulas appeal to some but not to all naturalists, little use has been made of them in this work. In the Introduction to Vol. XXIV, p. viii, the tooth-formula used by Westerlund was noticed, and a more elaborate one was proposed. As the latter has never been used practically, it need not be considered further, being at best rather clumsy. Westerlund 's formula gives merely the number of teeth on each margin of the aperture, parietal, columellar, and palatal including basal, thus: 2-1-3. This is easily understood- and often convenient for succinct statements in keys or tables. More elaborate formulas for brief statement of the aper- tural denticulation of Vertigo (but applicable also to other Pupilli(hv) have been published by Dr. V. Sterki (Proc. IT. S. Nat. .AIus.. xi. 1889, pi. 42, fig. 5) and by Mr. C. M. Steenberg (I)anmarks P'auna, Laudsnegle, 1911, p. 156, fig. 127). Though these formulas have been used but little outside of the publications mentioned, the lists of symbols are given below as a matter of record. Both the Sterki and the Steenberg formulas express the structures fully. The chief objection to them is that they are rather difficult for one not a specialist on Pupillida3 to inter- pret. Steenberg 's symbols do not distinguish between pri- mary and secondary teeth, and are based upon the Danish language; Sterki does not recognize the latnclla angularis as a primary tooth. In writing his formula?, Dr. Sterki uses dots in place of figures for the secondary teeth. It appears to me that an "international" formula uniting the best features of both could be constructed by designating the six primary teeth by the initials of their Latin names, and the secondary denticles by dots; the parietal, columellar and baso-palatal parts of the formula to be separated by hyphens. In all formulae the enumeration proceeds anti- clockwise. INTRODUCTION. IX Terminology of "International" Sterki Steenberg this work. formula. formula. formula. Parallel and Twin laraellas la Vt Angular lamella A 1 V2 Parietal lamella P A V3 Infraparietal lamella 2 V4 Supracolumellar lamella At Columellar lamella C B A2 Subcolumellar lamella A, Basal fold B C B Infrapalatal folds 3 G6-8 Lower palatal fold Pi D G5 Interpalatal fold 4 G4 Upper palatal fold Ps E G3 Suprapalatal fold ~> G2 Sutural fold 6 Gt In the second column the letters i and s are added to the initial P to indicate inferior and superior palatals. As an example, the teeth of an 8-toothed Vertigo antivcrtigo (angular, parietal, infraparietal, columellar, basal, infra- palatal, lower and upper palatals) would be represented thus: Westerlund formula: 3 — 1 — 4 Sterki formula : .A.BC.DE Steenberg formula : V 2, 3, A — A — B — G 3, 5, e "International" formula: AP.— C— B. Pi Ps MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY Subfamily GASTROCOPTIN^E (continued). Genus CHONDRINA Reichenbach. Pupa, in part, DRAPARNAUD 1805, and of most subsequent authors ; not of Bolten, 1798. — Chondrus CUVIER, 1817, in part. —Cochlodonta FERUSSAC, 1821, in part. Torquilla STUDER, Kurzes Verzeich., etc., 1820, p. 89. — VON MARTENS, Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 287, type Pupa avenacea Brug. Not Torquilla Brisson, 1760 ( Aves] . Chondrina REICHENBACH, Allgemeine Taschenbibliothek der Naturwissenschaften. 5ter Theil. Zoologie oder Natur- geschichte Thierreichs, i, 1828, p. 93, as substitute for Cho-n- drus Cuv. ; ii, 1836, p. 152, for H. avenacea. Modicella H. and A. ADAMS, Genera Rec. Moll., ii, 1855, p. 169. — BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk., xlii, 1889, p. 249. — WESTERLUND, Fauna Europaea Moll. Extramar. Prodr., ii, 1878, p. 178 ; Synopsis, 1897, p. 94.— Cf. also CAZIOT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 33, 1908, p. 195. Alloglossa LINDSTROEM, Om Gotlands Nutida Mollusker, 1868, p. 18; monotype A. avenacea (Brug.). The shell is rimate, cylindric-conic or conic, brown (except the group of C. similis, which have the shell opaque- whitish), of 4!/2 to 10 whorls. Aperture with teeth arranged as in Abida, but often small, reduced in number or wanting; palatal plicas not entering deeply and not enlarged to form an internal barrier. Peristome somewhat expanded. Radula having the central and lateral teeth narrow, •uni- cuspid, the cusp long and curved in profile ; marginals with several cusps. Type C. avenacea (Brug.). Distribution, southern Europe from Portugal to the Caucasus, north to Gotland; North Africa. 2 CHONDRINA. The radular teeth of Chondrina differ a good deal from those of other PupilUdfc, yet the peculiarity is probably not indicative of great systematic separation. Similar simplifica- tion of the teeth is seen in Allog-nathus, which in other char- acters differs but little from the rest of the Pentataeniate Heli- ces ; also in some tree snails. C. avenacea is probably as near as any recent species to the ancestral forms of the genus, its aperture having the full tooth-formula of the Abida group of genera. The other sec- tions of the genus (Modicella and Solatopupa) appear to be regional specializations from ancestors belonging to the aven- acea group (Chondrina s. sir.). The specialization usually was in the direction of tooth-reduction ; but in the case of tiolatopnpa (C. similis and its allies) there has been adapta- tion to direct, brilliant sunlight, the shell becoming conspic- uously calcareous. Under Abida (Vol. XXIV, p. 263) the author has men- tioned his diffidence in offering a compilation in place of the monograph by an expert which these genera stand in need of. It seems best not to leave the account of Pupillidge incom- plete, and it is not practicable at present to have the work done abroad. Radula. — The dentition of this genus was first investigated by G. Lindstrom (Om Gotlands nutida mollusker, 1868, p. 18), who described and figured the teeth of Pupa avenacea. On account of the narrow, simple cusps he formed a new genus, Alloglossa, for this species. It is a pity that a prior name has to be used, as Lindstrom was the first to define the group scientifically. Schako (in Westerlund, Fauna Europaea, etc., 1878, p. 167) stated that he had found dentition like that described by Lindstrom for avenacea< in the species avenacea Brug. goniostoma B-m. quinquedentata Born. ventilatoris Parr. megacheilos Jan. muhlfeldii Kiist. Finally, the Rev. Prof. H. M. Gwatkin (Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1897, p. 227) gave the results of his examination CHONDRINA. 3 of Pupillid dentition with lists of the species described. The following are stated to have teeth of the megacheilos-avenacea type: algesirae Kob. megacheilos Jan. amicta Parr. qii-inquedentata Born. avenacea Brug. scalaris Ben. bergomensis Charp. secale Drap. bigorrensis Charp. similis Brug. calpica West. The inclusion of secale must be due to an error of some sort, as I have found that species to have broad lateral teeth, all of them bearing ectocones. Distribution. Chondrvna, like Abida, is generally found upon rocks, walls and cliffs, preferably on limestone, and therefore is chiefly de- veloped in broken country or mountains, where such stations abound, as are most of the Clausilias. Favorable stations are limited and discontinuous, leading to the segregation of colo- nies of snails having the habits mentioned. In distribution, Chondrina is much like Abida, the Alps and the Pyrenees being evolution centers, with one plastic and adaptable species, C. avenacea, widely spread over central Europe. About the Alpic center there is the typical or avenacea group of Chondrina, and the section Solatopupa, the similis group. In the Pyrenean center and through Spain and Portugal there is the bigorriensis group of Chondrina,, and the weakly differentiated section Modicella; both probably derivatives of avenaceous ancestors. Species and races are very numerous, though the structural differentiation has been less, perhaps, than in the Alpic center. The number of species diminishes rapidly westward from the Pyrenees, very few being found in Portugal and northern Morocco. It appears reasonable to suppose that an avenacea-likQ stock, widely spread in southern Europe in late Tertiary time. CHONDRINA. was subjected locally to a great variety of conditions conse- quent upon the elevation of the Alps and Pyrenees, with pro- gressive interruption of limestone terranes by folding-, fault- ing and erosion. To these isolating factors, probably, the pro- lific speciation is chiefly due. C. tingitana in Morocco is very closely related to forms of the adjacent part of Spain. The group of C. goniostoma, pen- chinatiana, letourneuxi and lallemantiana, reported from Al- geria by Bourguignat and Letourneux, have an aspect so Pyrenean that the possibility of importation occurs to one. They appear out of place in Algeria. C. avenacea reported by Letourneux also seems to be a stranger in Algeria, and Caziot directly denies its occurrence there (Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Annee 1908, p. 160, footnote 1). Chondrina, is not certainly known anterior to the Pleisto- cene. Several forms possibly referable to the genus are enu- merated below, but by being toothless they resemble a few aberrant, terminal products of evolution in the recent fauna rather than the more normal toothed forms which must have been ancestral. There is little reason for referring any of them to Chondrina, yet no other generic reference is obvious. The absence of definite traces of this genus in known Tertiary deposits leaves the question of its origin highly problematic. CHONDRINA ( ??) TROCHULUS (Sandb.). Pupa (Modicella) trochulus SANDBERGER, Vorwelt, 1875, p. 601, pi. 29, f. 25.— CLESSIN, Malak. Bl. n. F., vii, p. 86. Upper Miocene : Morsingen, Undorf. Similar to Oranopupa rupestris Ph. ; toothless ; but in view of the frequency of tootli degeneration in Pupillidcr this character is almost worthless as a test of relationship. PUPA MULTICOSTULATA Gutzwiller. Abhandl. Schweizer- ischen palaont. Ges., vol. 32, 1905 (1906), p. 28, pi. 4, f. 30. Eocene, Lausen near Basel. Aperture unknown, and position doubtful ; externally resembles Chondrina. CHONDRINA(?) TOURNOUERI (Ancey). Pupa lusitanica TOURNOUER, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 27, 1879, p. 176, pi. 6, f. 3; not of Rossmaessler. — Pupa tournoueri ANCEY, Le Natural- iste, i, p. 414, n. n. for lusitanica Tour. --Pupa tournoueri CHONDRINA. 5 COTTER, CornmuuicaQoes da Direcgao dos Services Geologicos de Portugal, iv, 1900-1901, p. 144, plate, f. A, 24, 25, n. n. for lusitanica Tour. Lower Miocene ( ?) near Lisbon, Portugal. Nomenclature. The species now referred to Cho-ndrina have been known almost universally as Pupa or Torquilla. Both of these generic names were originally used for other groups of animals, and hence must be dropped in this connection. Chondrina was not discriminated from Abida until 1868, and in fact up to the present time few authors make the distinction, so that the notes on nomenclature given under Abida (Vol. XXIV, p. 267) are to be consulted in connection with the following: The genus Chondrus Cuvier, 1817, comprised species of three modern genera, arranged in two divisions, as follows : L Bulimus zebra Oliv. 2. Pupa fruiuentum Drap. Pupa tridens Drap. Bulimus similis Brug. Pupa variabilis Drap. Pupa polyodon Drap. 2. Bulimus avenaceus Brug. Pupa quadridens Drap. Pupa secale Drap. In 1821 Gray mentioned Pupa cinerea as an example of the genus, and Hartmann, in the same year, used Chondrus for species now referred to Abida, Chondrina, etc.; but no type was expressly named until Gray, in 1847, selected Bulimus zebra. Chondrus, however, was not valid, having been used previously by Lamouroux for another group. Pfeiffer says of Chondrus Hartmann, 1821, "genus restric- tum ex typo P. frumenti," but this is not the case. In his article, System der Erd- und Flussschnecken der Schweiz, mit vergleichen der Aufzahlung aller auch in den benachbarten Landeru, Deutschland, Frankreich und Italien sich vorfind- enden Arten (in Neue Alpina, Bd. i, pp. 218-220) Hartmann used Chondrus in somewhat wider than Cuvierian limits, in- cluding species of the modern genera Cho-ndrina, Abida, Chon- drula, Vertigo, Pupilla, TruncateUina and Lauria. Recognizing the preoccupation of Chondrus, Reichenbach, 1828, proposed to substitute Chondrina, without mentioning any species. He considered it a subgenus or section of Helix 6 CHONDRINA. In 1836 he defined Chondrina briefly, mentioning one species, H. avenacea, as an example of his subgeuus. This becomes, necessarily, the type of Chondrina. Cochlodonta Ferussac, Tableau Syst., 1821, pp. 28, 58, cov- ered lengthened, toothed snails of many genera, including various Pupillida?. As no type appears to have been selected, Helix uva Fer. (Cerion uva L.) has been named as the geno- type (Man. Conch., XXIV, p. 268). Modicella was also a composite group, proposed for tooth- less Pupa?, with the following species, the modern genera being added in parentheses : conoidea Nc. (Bothriopupa) pacifica Pfr. (Pupoides) fallax Say (Ena, Pupoides) pallida Ph. (Chondrina) farinesii Desm. (Chondritia) putilla Shuttl. (Pupoides} freyeri Schm. (Zospeum) rupestris Phil. (Granopupa) rnodica Gld. (Pupoides) No type has been selected, but Westerlund, Boettger and some other authors have used Modicella for the groups of avenacea, rupestris and their allies. Ct. Caziot has contended that the name should be dropped. Pupa farinesii is selected here as the type species. Chondrina is here limited to species known or believed to have similar radulae. It contains many of the species grouped in the genus Modicella by Westerlund (1897), but it differs by the exclusion of the Rupestrelhe ( Westerlund 's groups 5 to 8) and by the inclusion of the similis group, which Wester- lund leaves with the Abidae. Westerlund has classified the species in eight groups desig- nated by numbers. Commandant Caziot has offered a re- arrangement into five groups (Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon, vol. 53, 1907, pp. 196-7), uniting Westerlund 's 3d and 4th groups, and making two groups out of Westerlund 's 5th to 8th, with also numerous transpositions of species. Most of these altera- tions appear to be improvements. In the following year Caziot and Margier outlined eleven groups to contain the Chon- drinas and Rupestrellas, mentioning a few species under each group. Connecting links are so numerous that any linear CHONDRIN^E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. 7 arrangement has its flaws, and the number of subordinate groups into which the three main series or sections may be split is here, as everywhere, purely a matter of convenience. The presence of several series of independent origin, in which the teeth have been reduced or lost, adds to the complexity of specific classification. Sections of Chondrina. a.1 Shell brown, of different shades. b.1 Lamellae and plicae well developed, 6 or more. Sec- tion Chondrina, p. 7. c1. Alpic; series of C. avena-cea, no. 1 to 8. c2. Pyrenean ; series of C. bigorriensis, no. 9 to 28. &.2 Teeth small or wanting; not more than 2 plicee in the outer-basal lip. c1. Pyrenees and Spain. Section Modicclla, p. 44. c2. Alpes Maritimes and Liguria, species no. 3, 4. a-. Shell opaque, whitish or very pale. Southern France and Italy. Section Solatopupa, p. 57. It should be noted that some species of the avenacea group and of Solatopupa have degenerate teeth, as in the section Modicella. See species no. 3, 4, 42, 43. Section CHONDRINA s. str. Series of C. avenacea. 1. CHONDRINA MEGACHEILOS (Cr. et Jan). PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3. The shell is more or less openly umbilicate, nearly smooth or somewhat wrinkled, chestnut-brown to chocolate, paler above, shining. Spire slowly tapering, the penult whorl nearly as wide as the last ; latter part of last whorl compressed into a narrow ridge below, flattened laterally, and often weakly impressed over the upper and lower palatal plicae. Aperture oval, armed with 9 teeth : angular lamella long, continuous, or almost joining the short, higher, spiral lamella; parietal lamella short. Columellar lamella is strong and rather long, not quite reaching the peristome ; subcolumellar smaller, shorter. Five palatals, the sutural and suprapalatal plica? 8 CHONDRIN/E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. very small, upper and lower palatals long, the former emerg- ing to the peristome, basal plica small, rather deep. Peri- stome is expanded and strongly thickened within, white. Length 7, diam. 3 mm.; iy2 whorls (Como). Length 8, diam. 3.2 mm.; 8 whorls (Como). Length 10.3, diam. 4 mm.; 9 whorls (Milan). Italy : Lombardy and Piedmont ; also in adjacent parts of the Tyrol and Switzerland, and rare west to Grasse (Alpes- Maritimes) ; valley of the Verdon, Basses-Alpes, abundant and of good size (Margier). Chondrus megacheilos DE CRISTOPORIS et JAN, Catalogus rerum nat. in Museo extantium Joseph! de Cristofori et Georgii Jan, sect, ii, pars 1, fasc. 1, p. 5, Mantissa, etc., 1832, p. 3.— Pupa megacheilos Jan, ROSSM., pt. 5, 1837, p. 13, pi. 23, f . 318 ; iii, pt. 17, p. 106, pi. 85, f. 938.— KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 46, pi. 6, f. 6-8. — DBS MOULINS, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., vii, 1835, p. 162, pi. 2, f. Al, A2.— MOQ.-TAND., in part, Moll. Fr., p. 354, pi. 25, f. 23-32 ; Avith var. rufula. - - PPR., Mouogr., ii, 346; iii, 547; iv, 673; vi, 315; viii, 384 (see for older refer- ences) .-- WESTERLUND, Malak. Bl., xxii, 1874, p. 62 (new diagnosis, and notes on transitions to avenacea) . — SCHROEDER, Nachrbl. d. in. Ges., vol. 45, 1913, p. 171 (varieties, etc.). — E. MARGIER, Feuille Jeunes Naturalist es, 1904, no. 399, p. 65. —CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1908, p. 158 (distribution, etc.). — TorquUla tricolor ANT. et J. B. VILLA, Dispositio Syst. Conch., etc., 1841, p. 57. — P. albilabris ZIEGLER MS., according to VILLA, Disp. Syst., 1841, p. 24. — Pupa megacheila CAZIOT, fitude Moll. terr. et fluv. Monaco, etc., 1910, p. 316, with var. minor, p. 317, pi. 9, f. 19, from north of Grasse, on the short- cut leading to Saint-Vallier. — Pupa megacheylos DUPUY, Hist. Nat. Moll. France, p. 394. In its typical form this species differs conspicuously from avenacea by its strongly thickened white lip, the columellar border more straightened, and by the development of 9 teeth, the sutural fold never being found in avenacea; also by the strongly compressed base and the more open umbilicus; yet there are transitional forms in the Tyrol which appear to connect the two stocks. These have been left as "varieties" under avenacea in this work. CHONDRIN^ OF THE ALPIC CENTER. Doubtless all records from the Pyrenees, from those of Boubee and Des Moulins on, pertain to other species. It is not found in southern France beyond the dep. Alpes-Mari- times and Alpes-Basses, and even there the colonies are ap- parently few and small. According to Adami, the large, typical forms are at elevations above 2000 meters, smaller forms being found at lower levels. Commandant Caziot regards the bigorriensis group of the Pyrenees as modifications of a megacheilos stock which radi- ated from the Alpic center, but I am disposed to look upon the bigorriensis group and megacheilos as parallel mountain modi- fications of an early avenacea-\ike stock, and not otherwise directly related. Jan's original description is as follows: Chondrus mega- cheilos.— Ch. with the shell dextral, conic-cylindric, the sum- mit a little obtuse (alt. 4y2, width iy2 lines). Aperture 7- plicate (alt. 1%, width 1 line) peristome wide, white. North- ern Italy. Torquilla tricolor Villa was said to differ from megacheilos by the greater size, thicker shell, more reflected peristome and more numerous apertural folds (8) ; length 11-13, diam. 5 mm. In humid, limestone mountains of Valsassina, province of Como. This name may be used for the large form of mega- cheilos if one is needed. Form minor West. Length 51/2-6, diam. 2 mm. Different from avenacea. by the compressed, keeled base of the last whorl, reflected lip, the mouth angular below, the straightened colu- mellar lip, etc. (Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 96). No locality was given by Westerlund, but Schroder has reported it from near Gargnano, Salo, etc., on Lake Garda (Nbl., 1913, p. 174). Caziot also figured a "var. minor" from north of Grasse, length about 5.7 mm. Var. toscolana Schroder. Shell similar to the type except that it is stronger ; whorls 8-9 ; throat set with many folds and tooth-like tubercles (up to 16 !). Length ll-14i/2, breadth 4-5 mm. On cliffs in Toskolano valley, in the mountains west of Lake Garda (Modicella megacheilos Jan, var. toscolana, Schro- der, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., vol. 45, 1913, p. 174). 10 CHONDRIN.E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. Var. caziotana n. n. A variety rather of megacheila than of avenacea; in the latter species the palatal folds are opposite the columellars, and do not reach the peristome, while in megacheilos the stronger palatal folds alternate with the colu- mellars, and one at least, or several, reach the peristome, and this is the case with our variety, which is therefore closely re- lated to the var. maritima. It forms a passage to Pupa mega- cheila, but has not an angular aperture. Alpes-Maritimes : Gorges of Cians, north of Beuil, at 1500-1600 meters eleva- tion, and on the limestones of the plateau de Caussols, in the ravine near the road from Grasse to Thorenc, at the place called le Planesteli, at about 1000 meters (Pupa megacheila var. labiosa Caziot, Etude moll. terr. et fluv. Monaco, 1910, p. 317, pi. 8, fig. 9). It may perhaps be equivalent to Pupa ave- nacea var. maritima Loc., according to Caziot, t. c., p. 316, footnote. The names labiosa and maritima are preoccupied in Pupa. Caziot 's figures are too small to show any distinctive characters. His description is given above. Var. galloprovincialis Margier. Hauteville (Ain). A form said to resemble that of the Tyrol. I have not found a descrip- tion of it, and suspect that it is a MS. name. Mentioned by Caziot, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon for 1908, p. 159. 2. CHOXDRINA AVENACEA (Brug.). PL 1, figs. 4, 5, 6. The shell is perforate, rimate, cylindric-conic, thin, chest- nut-brown or carob-brown ; weakly, rather finely, irregularly striate. Whorls somewhat convex, the last well rounded at base, slowly ascending forward. Aperture with 7 teeth. An- gular lamella low, rather long, either weakly joining the spiral lamella or shorter and discontinuous with the spiral ; the spiral lamella is often rudimentary or absent. Parietal lamella short. Columellar lamella short, horizontal, a smaller, shorter subcolumellar below it. Upper and lower palatal and basal plica? rather short, the upper reaching the peristome, the others a little immersed ; frequently a minute suprapalatal plica is developed. Peristome thin, whitish, a little expanded; parietal callous very thin, transparent. Length 6.8, cliam. 2.8 mm.; iy2 whorls. CHONDRIN.E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. 11 Length 5.8, diam. 2.2 mm. ; 7 whorls. Europe, from the French Pyrenees to Greece, north to Oe- land and Gotland, but not in the British Isles. Western Cau- casus. Type loc., near Paris. Bulimus avenaceus BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, 1783, p. 355 (en- virons de Paris). — Pupa avenacea Brug., PFR., Monogr., ii, 347; iii, 548; iv, 674; vi, 316; viii, 385 (see for older refer- ences).— CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon for 1908, pp. 160-169 (distribution, synonymy, etc.). — WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 97, with forms eupora, paucidens, and p. 98, var. subhor- deum, lepta, transient West., etc. — LOENS, Nachrbl., xxiv, 1892, p. 172 (varieties about Lake Lugano). — Pupa (Modi- cella) avenacea Brug., BOETTGER, Jahrb. d. m. Ges., viii, 1881, p. 226, and x, 1883, p. 179 (Caucasus and Transcaspian Terri- tory).— Alloglossa avenacea Brug., LINDSTROM, Orn Gotlands nutida Mollusker, 1868, p. 18, pi. 1, f. 11, 13 (jaw and radula). — STEENBERG, Danmarks Fauna: Landsnegle, 1911, p. 178, f. 147-149 (good). — Torquilla avenacea Brug., CLESSIN, Mollus- kenfauna Oesterreich-Ungarns u. der Schweiz, 1887, p. 227, f. 129. — Modicella avenacea WEST., Synopsis, 1897, p. 97. — STEENBERG, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., vol. 45, 1913, p. 169 (oc- currence in Denmark doubtful) ; Danmarks Fauna, Land- snegle, 1911, p. 178, f. 147-149 (teeth, genitalia and shell). - Pupa avena DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Moll. France, 1805, p. 64, pi. 3, f . 47, 48. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., i, p. 82, pi. 2, f. 36 ; pt. 5, p. 13, f. 319.— KUESTER, C. Cab., p. 48, pi. 6, f. 12-14.— Pupa hassiaca PFR., Symbolae ad Hist. Hel., i, 1841, p. 45 ; Monogr., ii, p. 334 ( Habichtswald, Cassel, Hessen). — KUESTER, Con- chyl. Cab., p. 85, pi. 12, f. 10, 11.— VON MARTENS, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., x, 1878, p. 89 (type specimen is an avenacea, injured in the penult whorl). — CAZIOT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxiv, 1909, p. 221. — Jaminea septemdentata Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 1826, p. 91. — Pupa lucana BRIGANTI, Su due nuove specie di testacei spettanti al genere Pupa, 1832, in Atti 1st. Incoraggiamente, Napoli, v, 1834, pp. 221-238 (not seen) ; placed as a synonym of Pit-pa avena by Scacchi, Catalogus Conchyliorum Reg. Neapolitani, 1836, p. 16. This common snail is more widely distributed than any other 12 CHONDRIN/E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. species of this or related genera except Granopupa granum. No satisfactory record for Spain has come to my notice, but Caziot states that, according to Margier, it has been found in the neighborhood of Gerona, Catalonia. Eastward the locality Caucasus is a long way from any other record, but the species probably extends through the southern provinces of Russia. Sicily and Greece are the southern extremes of its well-known range, but there is a single Algerian record, limestone rocks at the foot of the great massif of Thabbourt Bouzgueur, Kabylia (Letoumeux, La Kabylie, i, 1872, p. 227). The thin lip, dark color, rounded base and 7 or 8 teeth are the chief characters ; but there are forms more or less connect- ing with C. megacJieilos. Westerluud has compiled a formidable list of varieties ; to it considerable additions are here made. It is an undigested mass of forms of different grades which nobody has yet studied in a broad, comparative manner. Some of them probably pertain to C. megacheilos. Form eupora West. Shell typical ; aperture with 2 or 3 parietal and 2 columellar lamellae, 4 palatal plicas, the upper one punctifonn, the fourth short (West., 1887). Locality not given. Caziot states that most specimens of middle France are of this form. Form cerealis Ziegler MS. Shell larger, length 8, diam. 21/4-3 mm. (Westerlund). Form paucidens West. Shell typical, but with 2 palatal plicas ( West., 1887). Locality not given. Var. subcereana West. Aperture with 2 parietal, 2 colu- mellar, 4 palatal plicas, the angular lamella very large, pala- tals subequal, remote ; length 71/2-8, diam. 2y2 mm. Sweden : Gotland, Oelaud ; Denmark; also Tirol, Tauria (Alloglossa avenacea var. subcereana Westerluud, Fauna moll. terr. et fluv. Suecica, etc., 1873, p. 280 ; Modicella a. s., West., Synop- sis, 1897, p. 97). Var. ferruginea West. Shell perforate, narrowly ovate- conic, rufous-f erruginous ; very delicately, more distinctly stri- ate at the suture, with few, distinct, whitish delicate riblets; whorls convex, the last a little convex at base ; aperture with CHONDRIN.E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. 13 3 parietal, 2 columellar, 4 palatal plica?, the outer parietal fold very small, very deeply placed below the angular; the upper palatal minute, deeply placed, the median plicae longest, higher within. Length 4-5, diam. 1^-2 mm. Agen, France. (Pupa ferruginea West., Fauna Europaea Moll, extramar. Prodr., ii, 1878, p. 180 ; Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 98 ; Synopsis, p. 97, as var. of avenacea) . According to Margier, it was based upon decolored examples of avenacea. Var. subhordeum West. (pi. 1, fig. below f. 8). Shell smaller, with the same number of whorls, nearly smooth; 2 folds on parietal wall, columella and palate ; length 5, diam. 2 mm. ("P. hordeum of many authors, P. avena- v. minor Kiis- ter, Mon., pi. 6, f. 15-16," Westerlund, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 98). Kiister's figure is copied. He gives the localities, Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Switzerland, Carinthia and Carniola as far as Triest. Var. cocchi Ben. Benoit states that in Sicily Pupa avenacea is common in woods and in the high mountains of Madonie, of Fiumedinisi ; found also at Marineo and Busambra. The Sicil- ian specimens are usually a little smaller than those of the rest of Europe (Nuovo Catalogo, 1881, p. 93). This form is evidently that which Benoit tentatively named Papa [sic] cocchi in 1845, in this manner. PAPA AVENA? Dra.p. Shell subconic, umbilicate, chestnut; whorls 7, obliquely striate ; aperture subrotund ; 7-toothed, lip eniarginate ; apex rather obtuse. The shell which is found in Sicily is different, I believe, from that which lives in France ; yet it is closely related, for the Sicilian form differs only by being less conic, by the num- ber of whorls, by the shape of the aperture and by the ar- rangement of the folds in the same. According to Baron Mandralisca it is found abundantly at Madonie, on limestone rocks. Size 2y2 lines. PAPA COCCHI? Mihi. (L. Benoit, Ri- cerche Malacologiche, 1845, p. 11, pi. 2, f. 7). De Gregorio has named the same form Pupa avenacea Brug. var. sicula, II Nat, Siciliano, xiv, 1895, p. 203; referring to Benoit 's figures, II. Sist., pi. 5, f. 33, and his Nuovo Cat., and stating that the examples differ from the typical form by the smaller size and by having the lip of the aperture simple. 14 CHONDRIN^ OF THE ALPIC CENTER. Var. minima Loc. Shell a third smaller than the type, of a little more thick-set form, somewhat veiitricose, the striae more strongly marked. Not common; le Mont-d'Or lyonnais (Locard, Variations Malac., i, 1880, p. 253). Var. aureacensis Loc. Shell much lengthened, slim, little tapering ; 10 nearly flat whorls, the last a little larger ; suture very large, as though channelled ; aperture small, rather nar- rowly oval, retracted at base ; 2 separated superior folds, the second immersed ; 2 deeply placed columellars ; 3 immersed palatals, the first barely reaching the peristome ; peristome thin, sharp, straight ; shell vinous-brown, with little gloss, ornamented with very strong and irregular ridges. Length 9-10, diam. 2 mm. Saint-Didier-au-Mont-d'Or (Rhone) ; Cau- terets (Hautes-Pyreuees). (Pupa aureacensis Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon (7), iii, 1906, p. 186.) The two widely separated localities, in diverse faunas, raise a suspicion that it may have been based on abnormal shells. Var. aveniculum 'Hartni.,' Clessin. Shell small (smaller than that of hordeum), of circular form. Length 5-6 mm. Switzerland, environs of Chur, Malans, right bank of the Landquart, Zizers, in the Schlundtobel on the Greta v. Schu- ders (Hartm. in sched. Am. Stein Graubiinten, p. 61. Tor- quilla avenacea var. aveniculum Clessin, Moll.-fauna Oester- reich-Ungarn, 1887, p. 229). Var. duplicata Kiister (pi. 1, fig. below fig. 7) differs from avenacea by having four palatal folds, the upper one deeper and shorter, the other three not reaching to the peristome ; the upper fold at the insertion of the right margin of the peri- stome is weak, not penetrating deeply ; nearly behind it the second fold of the parietal wall is doubled, the right part hardly half as large as the left. Length 2, diam. 1 line. Tou- lon, southern France (Pupa duplicata Kiister, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 109, pi. 14, f. 37-39). The separation of angular and spiral lamella? is by no means rare among French specimens of avenacea, but the present form is also distinguished by having a suprapalatal plica and by small size. Var. lepta West. Fusiform-turrited, slenderly elongated, acuminate, chestnut-brown or corneous-brown, nearly smooth ; CHONDRIN^ OF THE ALPIC CENTER. 15 whorls 8, convex. Aperture oblong, outer lip more strongly arcuate, thin ; 7 lamellae and folds : 2 parietal, 2 columellar, 3 palatal, these of nearly equal length. Length 5, diam. 2 mm. Adelsberg. (Pupa avenacea var. lepta Westerlund, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 98.) Var. clienta West. (pi. 1, figs. 7, 8). Slenderly fusiform, regularly, densely striatulate, aperture 8-toothed : 4 palatals, the two median pliciform, the upper produced to the margin, the one above it punctiform ; peristome with the outer margin regularly arcuate (not angular above) ; length 7, diam. 2 mm. Choc, in the Tatra Mts., Galicia. (Pupa awenacea var. clienta Westerlund, Jahrb. d. m. Ges., x, 1883, p. 60.) Two specimens figured were received from Bielz. Var. melanostoma l Paul. ' West. Very dark chestnut-colored suffused with blue, mostly shortly ovate with very ventricose, rarely with conically elongated, spire; irregularly striate; whorls 61/2~7, convex ; peristome very narrowly expanded, thin; lainellas and plica? typical. Length 5-6, diam. 2-21/2 mm. Opcina and Nabreciua near Triest ; a var. is 41/2 x l1/^ mm. (Pupa avenacea var. melanostoma Paul, in sc., Wester- lund, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 98). Var. apuana Issel. PL 1, fig. 12. This variety has some analogy with P. hordeiim, but differs by the shape of the aper- ture. The shell is more slender than that of the type, of a brown color, and has the right margin of the aperture more regularly arcuate. Punta del Sagro in the Apuan Alps (Pupa avenacea var. apuana Issel, Dei Molluschi race, nella Prov. di Pisa, in Mem. Soc. Ital. di Sci. Naturali, ii, no. 1, 1866, p. 21. Del Prete, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., v, p. 81, pi. 1, f. 10-12). According to Del Prete, it is found in abundance at Carrara above Torano, at Tarnbura, and rare at Matanna. One of his figures is copied, pi. 1, fig. 12. His natural-size figure is 6.3 mm. long. The name appeared as Alloglossa avenacea var. apuna Issel, in Westerlund, Malak. Bl., vol. 22, p. 130. Form elatior Paulucci. Larger, both in length and width, but differing chiefly by being much more slender. Avellana in Umbria and at Caramanico (Pupa avenacea form elatior Paul., Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., vii, 1881, p. 119). 16 CHONDRINxE OF THE ALPIC CENTER. Var. lessinica Adarni. Elongate, brown, the aperture irreg- ularly subangulate, toothless; whorls 8-10; length 8-11, diam. 21/0 mm. Breonio, Prov. of Verona (Pupa avenacea var. lessi- nica Adami, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., xi, 1885, p. 222). "Found sporadically in many localities." From this re- mark it appears to be an occasional mutation rather than a race. Var. arcadica Reinh. Two palatal plicas, one parietal in the middle, the other vanishing, upper columellar fold strong, the lower deep, weak and vanishing. Otherwise strongly devel- oped, resembling normal avenacea in color, striation and size, 6.5 to 7.5 mm. Mountain region of Kyllene, Arcadia, Greece. (Torquilla avenacea var. arcadica Reinhardt, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1881, p. 137). Form tirotica West. One parietal, 2 columellar, 4 palatal folds. Length 5y2, diam. 2y2 mm. Vallarsa, Tyrol (Modicclla avenacea var. arcadica form tirolica Westerlund, Synopsis, 1897, p. 97). Why considered a form of arcadica is not ap- parent. Var. abundans West. Shell subturrite-tapering, acuminate, rufescent, obsoletely, irregularly striate; whorls 8, convex, especially the upper ones ; suture impressed ; aperture oblong, rounded at base, the margins subparallel, outer one curved above, columellar margin long, straightened, vertical ; with 8 teeth ; upper palatal internal, very short. Length 8, width 3y2 mm. (Pupa [Modicella] avenacea var. abundans Westerlund, Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1902, p. 406. Pupa [Tor- quilla] avenacea Brug. var. dbundans Westerlund, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges.. xxvi, 1894, p. 172). Greece: Kylteni in the Morea (Th. Kriiper). (Races having some characters of megacheilos, from the Tyrol, Venetia and Alpes-Maritimes.) As I have seen only riviana, I can form no opinion upon the value or synonymy of these races. Var. avenoides West, (transiens West.). Large, strong- shelled, cylindric-fusiform, very indistinctly striate, glossy, reddish-brown with bluish suffusion, the spire produced ; whorls S-Si/o, very convex ; aperture oblong, with nearly equal, CHONDRIN.E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. 1< weakly arcuate margins ; lamella? and plicae 9 : 3 parietal, 2 columellar, 4 palatal, none of them reaching the peristome, the upper one very small; margin whitish, somewhat ex- panded below and on the left. Length 7y2-9y2, diam. 2%-3i4 mm. Lake Garda, Tirol. (P. avenacea- transiens ad mega- cheilos Strobel. P. megacheilos var. avenoides and var. bigor- riensis Westerlund, Fauna Europaea Moll, extramar. Prodr., ii, 1878, p. 168. P. avenacea var. transiens West., Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 98. Var. transiens W., Caziot, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1908, p. 165.) Differs from megacheilos by having the last whorl rounded at the base, the base of the aperture regularly rounded, the lip not reflected and the more deeply placed palatal plica? (West.). This appears to be a well-marked sub- species, which should evidently bear the earliest name, C. ave- nacea avenoides West. See also Gredler, Nachrbl., 1878, pp. 20, 21. Var. megacheiloides Clessiii. Shell moderately umbilicate, ovate-conic, usually of lighter color; peristome somewhat lipped ; aperture with 3 nearly equal palatal plica? standing directly opposite the columellar folds and the inner fold of the parietal wall, and one small upper palatal plica far within. Neck obtuse 011 the margins, usually without furrows. South- ern Tirol, Doss Trento and S. Bernardino near Trient, Segno in the Nonsberge, etc. (Pupa avena Drap. Gredler, Conch, aus den Nordosten Tirols, 1860, p. 104. Torquilla avenacea var. megacheUo'ides Clessin, Molluskenfauna Oesterreich-Ungarns u. der Schweiz, 1887, p. 229). Probably a synonym of var. avenoides West. Var. transiens Clessin. Shell as in the preceding variety, but more slender, regularly striate, darker colored ; peristome less lipped. South Tirol, Bozen on porphyritic rocks, on the Schloss Rungelstein, near Dolsach in the Drauthal, on primi- tive rocks (the first fold rudimentary). (Pupa avena Gred- ler, Tirol, p. 104. Torquilla avenacea var. transient Cless., Moll.-fauna Oesterreich-Ungarns, 1887, p. 229.) This is not transiens West., which probably has priority. Var. gredleriana Clessin. Shell somewhat smaller; neck compressed, keel-like, the upper palatal fold wanting or rudi- 18 CHONDRIN.E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. mentary and almost concrescent with the second fold. Aper- ture not rarely narrowed angularly at the base. South Tirol, Salurn on the Litschbach, on limestone (Pupa avena Gredler, Tirol, p. 104. Torquilla avenacea, var. gredleriana Clessin, Moll.-fauna Oesterreich-Ungarn, p. 229). Var. riviana Schroder. PL 1, figs. 9, 10. Shell narrowly umbilicate, fusiform-conic, finely striate or smooth, corneous- brown to dark brown, often \vith a bluish wash ; 7-8 weakly convex whorls; neck somewhat flattened, compressed into a weak keel beneath; aperture large, ovate, obliquely truncate above; throat with 8 folds: 2 each on the parietal wall (the one next to the outer lip sometimes divided) and on the colu- mella, 4 on the palate, the upper small, the next long and reaching the margin, the last somewhat shorter; peristome sharp, white, weakly lipped, somewhat reflected at the colu- mellar margin. Alt. 7-101/2> breadth 3-4 mm. (Schroeder). Austrian Tyrol : cliffs on the banks of Lake Garda, at Tor- bole and Riva, especially on the numnaulitic limestone of Monte Brione, usually in company with Chondrula quadridens and Torquilla frumentum (Schroder). Modicella riviana SCHROEDER, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., vol. 45, 1913, p. 173. It differs from Modicella avenacea by its size, the wide mouth, the number and strength of the folds (avenacea 7, riviana. 8) ; from M. megacheilos Jan by the more fusiform shape, the sharp peristome which lacks a flattened lip, and the number of teeth (megacheilos 9, riviana 8). The varieties in- troduced by Clessin, megacheiloid'.es, transiens and gredleriana, from other districts of the southern Tyrol, have nothing to do with it (Schroeder). Cf. also Westerlund's notes on the same form. Malak. Bl.,, xxii, p. 63, and Gredler, Nachrbl., 1885, p. 37, paragraph 3. Specimens collected at Riva by J. L. and A. L. Baily (pi. 1, figs. 9, 10) show considerable variation in shape and size. Whether it is to be ranked as a species, or as a subspecies of avenacea- or megacheilos is a question to be decided when the intermediate forms abounding in the Tyrol shall be revised with adequate material. CHONDRIN/E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. 19 Var. plica-tula Adami. Shell subfusiform, brown, the aper- ture subangular below, brown within ; 5 subeqnal palatal plicae ; columellar margin plicatulate. Whorls 8-9. Length 8-9, diam. 2~y2-3 mm. Heights of the limestone mountains in the Illasy valley (Mt. Malera, Zevola and Campobruno), Province of Verona. Near to megacheilos Jan. (Pupa avenacea- var. plica-tula Adami, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., xi, 1885, p. 221.) Var. maritima Loc. Subcylindric-elongate, slowly tapering, 8-9 quite convex whorls, the last a little larger ; suture deep ; aperture quite large, oval-rounded, a little angular at the base ; 2 superior folds, the second approaching and much im- mersed ; 2 subequal and deeply placed columellar folds ; 3 pala- tals, of \vhich only one or two reach the peristome ; peristome sharp, expanded, white-rose or red ; shell vinous-brown, glossy, ornamented with strias, occasionally obsolete. Length 10, diam. 3 mm. Saint-Martin-de-Lentosque (Alpes-Maritimes). (Pupa maritima Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon (7), iii, 1906, p. 186. Cf. CAZIOT, Etude Moll. Monaco, 1910, p. 316.) Not Pupa maritima Pfr. This form may perhaps be referable to megacheilos. The name was preoccupied. 3. CHONDRINA OLIGODONTA (Del Prete). PI. 1, figs. 13, 14. Shell cylindric-conic, ashy-brown ; aperture having a single columellar lamella, the parietal and palatal folds rudimentary, often wanting ; right lip more arcuate. This variety, which in external appearance differs little from the type [avenacea] and even less from var. apuana Issel, is well distinguished by the characters of the aperture, which has a single superior columellar tooth (and even this smaller than in the type), whilst the other superior and palatal teeth can scarcely be seen, or are wholly wanting. The exterior wall is characterized by wanting the three little white, parallel lines of the type [of avenacea], which corres- pond to the internal palatal teeth (Del Prete). Italy: Apuan Alps, Liguria, only at considerable elevations. Pupa avenacea Brug., var. oligodonta Del Prete, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., v, 1879, p. 80, pi. 1, f. 13-15. 20 CHONDRIX.E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. My knowledge of this form is solely from the original ac- count. Probably the shell which has been identified by Sette- passi as Pupa farinesii, from the same region, is a form of oligodonta more advanced in tooth-reduction. I do not think it is at all likely to be the Pyreneau species. Part of Sette- passi's note follows. Cf. C. a. lessinica, p. 16. In the course of my researches in the Apuan Alps (a part of the Apennines penetrating Tuscany from the Magra river, Spezia, in Liguria, to the Serchio river, Lucca, in Tuscany) I found Pupa farinesii almost everywhere. It is the real fari- nesii, without teeth, mingled with P. avenacea Brug., but always at high elevations. Its presence has already been an- nounced by Dr. Raymond del Prete, who has had it in his col- lection for several years. It is found together with another form which has one tooth, the variety described by Moquin- Tandon, 1855, p. 359, as var. denticus [sic], and with another having the same tooth and two columellar callosities above, var. oligodonta Del Prete (F. Settepassi, in Feuille Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 520, 1914, p. 75). 4. CHONDRINA CIANENSIS (Caziot). PI. 1, fig. 15. Shell dextral, subfusiform, a little swollen, tapering above; 8 convex whorls, slowly and regularly increasing, the last a little less convex, not ascending to the aperture, having a height of 3 mm. in a total height of 11. Suture oblique, well impressed throughout ; summit obtuse. Umbilicus narrow, half encircled by a not very pronounced cervical gibbosity. Aperture ample, nearly vertical (the axis a little inclined to the right), oval, a little elongate, the upper border not an- gular, lower margin regularly oval, columellar margin straight, the margins converging and joined by a thin callous. In some specimens there is a very thin angular tooth, a reduced pari- etal, and a slightly more distinct columellar, but these teeth do not exist in all individuals. There are no traces of palatal teeth. Peristome thin, sharp, reflected chiefly in the lower part and the upper part of the columella. The shell is ochra- ceous, uniform, nearly of the same color as the rocks it lives upon ; the first whorls are darker ; ornamented with irregular, unequal, very oblique strife, more or less crowded, the upper whorls not striate. Alt. 9, diam. 2% mm. (Caziot). CHONDRIN/E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. 21 Alpes-Maritimes : gorges of the Cians, at about 1200 meters elevation, nearer to Beuil than Rigaut, living on Permian rocks in very numerous colonies, on the right bank of the torrent. Pupa cianensis CAZIOT, Etude Moll. Monaco et Dep. Alpes- Maritimes, 1910, p. 318, pi. 9, f. 16. P. cianensis differs from pallida by the coloration, the slower increase of the whorls, the deeper suture, stronger, coarser and more irregular striation ; the more lengthened last whorl, which is less convex, and the longer aperture. Pupa cianensis does not belong to the group of pallida, but to that of mega cheilos and avenacea. In the Alpic center it takes the role of farinesii in the Hispanic (Cazwt). It lives in a much colder zone than pallida, in gorges shaded from the rays of the sun except for short periods. Just what relation it holds to C. oligodonta of the Apuan Alps has not been touched upon by Ct. Caziot. 5. CHONDRINA CEREANA ('Muhlf.' Kiister). PI. 1, fig. 11. Shell subperforate, cylindric-subfusiform, lightly wrinkle- striate, glossy, purplish-brown ; spire turrited, rather acute ; 8 slightly convex whorls, the last somewhat compressed at the base. Aperture oblong, brown, 8-plicate within : angular and parietal folds deeply placed, of moderate size ; 2 columellars, the lower dentiform ; 4 palatal plica?, the upper one minute or obsolete, the rest subequal, nearly reaching the margin ; peri- stome simple, narrowly expanded, the margins converging. Length 7, diam 2f mm.; aperture 2 mm. long, If wide (P/r.). Southern Germany and France (Kuester) ; Carinthia, south- ern France, northern Spain (Westeiiund). Pupa cereana Miihlfeldt in coll., KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., 1845, p. 47, pi. 6, f. 9-11.— PFR., Monogr., ii, 348.— WESTER- LUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 99. — Modicella cereana Ch., Kiist., WESTERL., Synopsis, p. 98. With the appearance of P. avenacea, it agrees more with P. megacheilos in structure of the plicas (Pfr.). The distribu- tion given by Westerlund does not appear plausible. 22 CHONDRIN.E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. 6. CHONDRINA CIRCUMPLICATA ('Mouss.' West.). PL 4, figs. 12, 13. Shell shortly conic-turrited, dark purple to chocolate-brown, nearly smooth ; whorls 8-9, convex, the last divided above the middle by a spiral furrow. Aperture with 7 or 8 lamellae and plicae : 2 parietal lamellae, the angular lamella very long ; 2 columellar lamellae, the upper one prolonged to the margin; 3 or 4 palatal plicae, the margin moreover closely set with small white folds. Length 6~y2> diam. 2y2 mm. (West.). Italy : Val Membrano above Bergamo, Lombardy. Pupa circumplicata Mss., WESTERLUND, Malak. BL, xxii, 1875, p. 131 ; Fauna Europaea, 1878, p. 168 ; Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 99. --PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 385. --Modicella c., WEST., Synopsis, 1897, p. 98. --Pupa multidentata STROBEL, Essai d'une Distrib., 1857, not J. multidentata Risso, 1826. The lamellae and plicae are all stronger and longer than in avenacea. The spiral lamella is either continuous with the angular or separated from it. There is a deeply immersed suprapalatal plica. The columellar lamella sometimes emerges Aveakly to the lip, sometimes not, but there is a slender lamella in the angle of columella and parietal wall. The specimens figured are from the Marchesa Paulucci. 7. CHONDRINA BERGOMENSIS ('Charp.' Kiister). PI. 4, fig. 10. Shell short, deeply rimate, ovate-conic, lusterless, translu- cent, closely, obliquely rib-striate, pale corneous-yellow, the spire rather long, turrited, obtuse at apex; 7-7y2 whorls are weakly convex, with simple, strongly impressed suture, the last somewhat ascending in front, slightly compressed below; the neck ribbed, impressed above the middle anteriorly. Aper- ture large, nearly ovate, 7-folded, 3 folds stand in the palate, 2 on the parietal wall, and 2 on the columella. The palatal folds are long and show outside as white lines ; peristome ex panded, scarcely thickened, whitish, the margins strongly con- verging, joined by a thin, glossy callous. Length 21/0-2%, diam. % lines (Kuester). Italy: around Bergamo, especially in the villages Valbona, CHONDRIN/E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. 23 Rosciano and Ponteranica, on walls and limestone cliffs (Charpeutier) ; Bergamasker Alps as far as Lake Garda (Kobelt). Pupa bergomensis Charpentier MS., KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 114, pi. 15, f. 14-16.— PFR., Monogr., iii, 548.— WES- TERLUND, Fauna, 1887, p. 99. — KOBELT, Iconogr. n. F., ix, 1902, p. 70, f. 1696. It is distinguished from all its relatives (megacheilos, avena and secale) by its more slender shape, grayish horn-color, smaller size, and entire lack of gloss; but chiefly also by the rib-striae, and by the very regularly and gradually increasing whorls (Charp. in Kuester). The angular lamella is usually separated from the spiral, but sometimes they are weakly connected. There is no supra- palatal plica. The upper palatal reaches the peristome, the lower scarcely, and the basal is decidedly shorter. The base is rounded, though the last whorl is distinctly compressed later- ally. Lip is thin and somewhat expanded throughout. Stria- tion is fine, close and regular. Length 6, diam. to edge of lip 2.4 mm. Var. lepida West. Shell longer, the last whorl wider and higher, the outer margin of aperture more strongly angular above, columellar margin strongly converging at the insertion ; length 6y2, diam. 2y2 mm. Lago di Garda. (Westerlund, Fauna Europaea, etc., 1878, p. 173.) 8. CHONDRINA SPELTA (Beck). Vol. 24, pi. 48, figs. 6, 9. Shell more conic than the typical form [of avenacea] , um- bilical crevice larger, whorls more convex, the suture therefore deeper, the last whorl almost globular ; neck not compressed at base ; lower columellar fold usually rather degenerate ; always two folds in the palate; aperture somewhat more rounded; length 2, diam. 1 line, 7 whorls; in all other characters like the type. Dalniatia (Rossni., P. avena var. minor). Shell with a narrow but penetrating umbilicus, ovate-conic, obtuse, from reddish-brown to brownish purple-red, frequently one of the whorls pale red, from the light-colored body show- ing through. The surface is closely rib-striate, almost luster- 24 CHONDRIN.E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. less, the walls rather thick and scarcely translucent. The spire, which terminates in an obtuse apex, consists of 7 rather convex whorls separated by an impressed suture, and becom- ing rather high below. The last whorl is the broadest, nar- rowed below without a carina. Aperture almost round, red- dish-yellow, rather large, with 6 rather strong teeth, of which 2 are in the palate, 2 on the parietal wall and 2 on the colu- mella. The peristorne is only slightly thickened, somewhat re- flected towards the umbilicus only, the insertions approaching somewhat, the outer one joined with the upper fold of the parietal wall. Length 2y2, diam. iy2 lines (Kuester, P. miihl- feldtii) . Dalmatia : Almissa, Ragusa, and on the islands Lesina, Brazza and Bua, on rocks and under stones (Kiister). Servia (Mollendorff). Montenegro at Cett in je (Margier). Pupa avena var. minor Menke, (syn. : Torquilla hordeum), ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr. 1, pt. v, vi, 1837, p. 13 ; Pupa hordeum on pi. 23, fig. 320.— Torquilla spelta BECK, Index Moll., 1837, p. 86 (based upon Rossmaessler's fig. 320). --Pup [a] nana POTIEZ et MICHAUD, Galerie des Moll., Mus. de Douai, i, 1838, p. 169, pi. 17, f. 3, 4 (La Dalmatic).— Pupa miihlfeldtii KUES- TER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 28, pi. 4, f. 1-3, with var. major, p. 29, f. 4, 5, and var. minor (Pupa dbscura Miihlf. coll.), p. 29, f. 6, 7 ; Bericht nat. Ges. Bamberg, ix, 1870, p. 97.— PFR., Monogr., ii, 332.— WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 104.— CAZIOT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 35, 1910, p. 149. -- MARGIER, Feuille Jeunes Nat., vol. 40, 1910, p. 95. — Pupa quinqueplicata Miihl- feldt MS., ANTON, Verzeichniss Couch., 1839, p. 47, no. 1713 (nude name; not P. quinqueplicata P. & M., 1838). -- Allo- glossa miihlfeldti K., MOELLENDORFF, Malak. BL, xxi, 1873, p. 134 (Servia). A markedly conic, chestnut-brown shell, of stouter figure than shells of the philippii group, and differing from avenacea and its immediate allies by the more conic shape and by hav- ing only two palatal folds, by the shorter angular lamella, etc. It is a rather isolated species. Nomenclature. — This species, usually known as Pupa miihl- fddti or miihlfeldi K., has not been correctly designated dur- CHONDEIN^E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. 25 ing the last 80 years. Pupa avena var. maior and var. minor Menke, Synops. Meth., 1828, p. 18, were not defined or local- ized, and in using var. minor for the present form, Ross- maessler admitted that he was in the wrong, as there is no evidence that Menke ever saw the Rossrnaesslerian form, and apparently intended merely to designate small examples of avenacea. T. hordeum Sttider, mentioned in this connection, is an undetermined Swiss species, certainly not the Dalmatian form. After Rossmaessler, Beck was the first to name the shell, his Torquilla spelta being based upon Rossmaessler 's figures, one of which is copied in our pi. 48, fig. 6. This an- ticipated the subsequent names nana, miihlfeldtii, obscnra and quin-queplicata. The typical form of spelta is small, length 2 lines according to Rossmaessler 's text, 5 mm. in the natural-size figure on his plate. There are but two palatal and no basal plicae, and the angular lamella is distinct but not long, entering but little be- yond the anterior end of the parietal lamella. This form is also represented by pi. 48, fig. 9, length 5, diam. 2.5 mm., 7% whorls. Another of the same lot is 5.4 mm. long. Kiister (1870) notes that this species "is found almost everywhere in middle Dalmatia, from the interior (Verlika) to close to the coast, on cliffs, common in places, as on the fine cliffs near Almissa ; also on the islands, where I obtained it on Lissa and Lesina. It appears to remain active also in summer. "Two forms of this species occur, sometimes in the same places, sometimes segregated, the one double the size of the other, 6-6!/o mm. high, 3 mm. wide; the smaller one only 4 mm. high, 2 broad. The larger form is usually darker — even deep cherry-brown, with 6 to 8 folds in the aperture, there being a little plica above the two normal palatal plicae, and a fourth, rarely developed, in the base. The small form is brownish corneous-red, normal examples with 6 folds, 2 in the palate, 2 on the columella and 2 on the parietal wall are often present; but not rarely one disappears from each of the last two pairs, or only the lower columellar fold is lacking. "At Ragusa I found both forms, but not together; on Le- sina an intermediate form ; the largest are at Spalato ; fur- 26 CHONDRIN/E OF THE ALPIC CENTER. ther inland there is only the small form at Makarska. On Lissa, rather large, yet not reaching the size of the Spalato shells." These notes give the proper perspective for viewing the named varieties; Kuster's large form being ventilatoris, his small one typical spelta and var. obscura. Var. ventilatoris ('Parr.' West.). Vol. 24, pi. 48, fig. 11. Larger, more openly umbilicate, irregularly rib-striate, from dark chestnut-brown to deep cherry-brown ; sometimes having a third palatal fold at the base, and a fourth little one above near the suture. Length 6%-7, diam. hardly 3 mm. ( West.). Dalmatia : Spalato. Pupa ventilatoris Parreyss, MARTENS, Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 288 (name only).— WESTERLUND, Malak. Bl., xxii, 1875, p. 131 (description). — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 264. — CAZIOT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 35, 1910, p. 151. — Pupa- miihlfeldi [sic] var. ventilatoris Parr., WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 104. — Pupa miihlfeldtii var. major KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 29, pi. 4, f. 5, teste West., Nachrbl., vii, 1875, p. 73. Kuester recognized this race, but used a preoccupied name. His description follows : Var. major Kiister. Vol. 24, pi. 48, fig. 11. Shell in general like the typical form, but the color is generally darker, the whorls flattened in the middle, aperture with 6 or 7 folds, the seventh standing basally on the palate, where the peristome curves into the columella. Length 3, diam. 1% lines. Under stones near Spalato, Dalmatia, above Salona towards the fort- ress Clissa, in company with Clausilia crenulata, not uncom- mon (K.). Var. obscura Muhlf., Kiist. Vol. 24, pi. 48, fig. 4. Shell rather thin-walled, long-conic, the whorls flatly convex, with the suture but little impressed, aperture 6-plicate, the outer [angular] fold of the parietal wall sometimes almost imper- ceptible. Length scarcely 2 lines, diam. 1 line. Within the Spalatine district, on cliffs (K.). This is var. minor Kiister. The figures of this and the preceding variety are from Kiister. A specimen having the angular lamella extremely low, but with convex whorls, is drawn in vol. 24, pi. 48, fig. CHONDRIN^I OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 27 10; length 4.7, diam. 2.5 mm., 6% whorls. Another of the same lot is 5.3 mm. long, with 7 whorls. Series of C. bigorriensis. The forms of this eminently Pyrenean and Spanish series have often been referred to C. megacheilos of northern Italy, on account of their strong teeth and lip ; yet the relationship appears to be an indirect one, through a common ancestry in the avenacea, stock. The series, while natural enough, is here segregated from the avenacea, series rather as a matter of con- venience in treating the numerous forms than because of any important structural features. However, the lip is usually thickened within. The various varieties of P. megacheilos described by Des Moulins and Moquin-Tandon belong to the present group of species and races. P. megacheilos var. rufula Moq., Moll. Fr., p. 354, with the " shell reddish, more or less pale, Saint Sau- veur, ' ' has not been recognized by subsequent authors, though doubtless known under some other name. They may naturally be considered under these geographic groups : a. Species of the Pyrenees, Catalonia and adjacent prov- inces of Spain, no. 9 to 20. &. Species of central Spain, no. 21. c. Species of northern Spain, no. 22,' 23. d. Species of Portugal, Cadiz and Morocco, no. 24 to 26. e. Species of Algeria, no. 27, 28. The group (a) of the Pyrenees and Catalonia is intricate, containing many forms which have not been figured or de- scribed in comparative terms, and which are scarcely known outside of the collections of their describers. A table giving some of the main characters is given as an aid to identification of species. The Algerian species also are known by the orig- inal account only. The few forms recorded up to this time from northern and western Spain, Portugal and Morocco are better understood. 28 CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Central Pyrenees. Basses-Pyre'ne'es. Pyre'ue'es-Orientales Eastern Pyrenee aS x C .S cs ~ -S C. sj '2 . cu S cr ^Tr " Qt2 " cs a. " -< ffl 13 o «" CD (5 C s •s. 1 a ep ai "5 ^ ^ — i C3 c3 «S ,O • — - — • — .— U - I. i. — ^ *J *- co cn co ^ ^ c c c I '.I 00 4 - CO O CO i— I HT» ^H 1 «D uO 1C F*M O . suoq \\ coco oe i— i co I j_ i • - t £r«i> t^ c: t> ^H t^ ^ i> TO g« rf^« O >*, u «^5 CC 1 — 0 Tf Tf -^ <~ O ^ *a O> CO 1C I (M (M § CHONDRIN/E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 29 (a. Species of the Pyrenees, Catalonia and Aragon, to Valencia. ) 9. CHONDRINA BIGORRIENSIS ('Charp.' Des M.). PL 2, figs. 1, 2, 3, 7. The shell is fusiform-conic, perforate and rimate, hessian- brown, fading to cinnamon-brown at the summit ; but slightly glossy; finely and regularly rib-striate (but varying in degree and distinctness). Whorls moderately convex, the last a little flattened over the palatal region, which is marked with three white lines ; the base compressed into a rounded keel ; whitish- rufous towards the lip. Aperture oblong, cinnamon within, having 8 teeth: angular lamella long, continuous with the spiral ; parietal long and low ; columellar larger and longer than the subcolumellar ; 3 equal, rather long palatals, and a very minute or subobsolete and inconspicuous suprapalatal. Peristome white, but slightly expanded, a rather thick cinna- mon callous within the throat, but not thickened at the edge. Length 9.2, diam. incl. perist. 2.8 mm. ; 8y2 whorls. Length 7, diam. incl. perist. 2.4 mm. ; iy2 whorls. Central Pyrenees: type loc. Bagneres de Bigorre (Hautes- Pyrenees). [Pupa megacheilos] var. d, pusilla (Pupa, bigorriensis Charp.), DES MOULINS, Actes Soc. Linn, de Bordeaux, vii, 1835, p. 163, pi. 2, f. ol, o2. - - ? P. farinesii var. bigoriensis Charp. subvar. ventricosa- DUPUY, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Tou- louse, xiii, 1879, p. 55 (La Preste; no description). --Pupa bigorriensis GOURDON, Moll. Mts. de Luchon et de la Barousse, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Toulouse, xv, 1881, p. 92 (dist. in Hautes-Pyrenees and Haute-Garonne). -- FAGOT, same Bull., xvi, 1882, p. 73 (Pic du Gar). — Pupa megacheilos var. gracilis EOSSM., Iconogr., ii, pt. 11, 1842, p. 10, pi. 53, f. 729 (Mont- pellier and Barrege). Mr. Ancey has reported (as Pupa bigorriensis Charp. var. sinistrorsa} finding a single sinistral specimen among normal specimens from Cazaril, Bigorre (Le Naturaliste, i, 1881, p. 403). Des Moulins ' original description follows : 30 CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Var. d. (pusilla'). It is this shell which received from M. de Cliarpentier the name of Pupa bigorrieiisis. It is smaller than the preceding variety [tenuimarginata] ; its peristome is less \videned; and the aperture, of which the basal angle is almost effaced, is less lengthened. The effacement of this in- ferior angle loses all really characteristic importance by its inosculation with the type ^ [that is, the typical megacheilos, in which the aperture is somewhat angular at the base] equally in the four varieties. It only forms an individual variation which dominates the type at Bagneres de Bigorre, whilst it is the type which dominates at la Preste (Pyr.-OrientaL). Length 7-8, diam. 2% mm. Central Pyrenees. Des Moulins' figure, copied in pi. 2, fig. 3, shows a fourth fold in the base. The specimens from Bigorre (received from Locard, and from other sources), do not show this fold. Perhaps the name pusilla should be used for this species, since it was that adopted by Des Moulins ; yet as pusilla, and bigorriensis were published simultaneously (as above), it may not be necessary to reject the selection of the second by nearly all subsequent authors. Rossmaessler states that he received pusilla from the Pyrenees from Parreyss in 1845 under the name P. consobrina (Iconogr., iii, 1859, p. 108). Pupa moquiniana is ranked as a variety of bigorriensis by Westerlund. There does not seem to be much difference. Var. moquiniana, Kiister. PL 2, figs. 8, 9. The shell is elon- gate, rather obtuse, conic-cylindric, rimate, finely rib-striate, the stria? rather oblique, having a silky luster, dark reddish- brown, the apex rust-yellowish. The 7-8 whorls are flatly con- vex, contracted towards the base, joined by a simple, slightly impressed suture, and increasing in height very gradually. Neck flat, compressed at the base, rounded, sometimes quite keel-like, whitish; also the rest of the neck is light flesh- colored, with 4 unequal whitish streaks from the folds show- ing through. Aperture wide, rust-reddish, vertical, higher than wide, with 9 unequal folds in the contracted throat : two on the parietal wrall, the inner one far within, small ; 2 on the columella, the upper one much larger, sometimes emerging far ; 5 in the palate, the upper one small, far within, like the rest in this place, elevated tooth-like; the 2d, 3d, and often CHONDRDSLE OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 31 the 4th emerging to the peristome, the 5th small, obtuse, almost always in the obtuse angle formed by columella and lip, often even standing on the columella, frequently turned towards the right. Peristome sharp, broadly expanded, white-lipped ; columella nearly straight ; terminations approaching. Length 31/2~4, diam. l1/^ lines (Kuester). France: Mt. Beudar near Pau (Basses-Pyrenees). Pupa moquiniana KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 52, pi. 7, f. 4, 5.— PFR., Monogr., ii, 347. 10. CHONDRINA TENUIMARGINATA (Des Moulius). PI. 2, figs. 4, 5. ' ' Very brown ; less solid and less lengthened than the pre- ceding [elongatissima], smaller and more striate than var. a [Italian megacheilos}, with the same variations as to the in- ferior angle of the aperture, but having the margin of the peristome thinner, sharper, and reflected less flatly; 7-8 whorls. Length 8-9, diam. 3 mm. Pyrenees-Orientales. It was this which M. Michaud had intended to publish under the name P. farinesi, and M. Farines under that of P. pyrenaica. It offers a subvariety of a very light corneous color, transpar- ent, fragile, very much striate, from Barcelona (Des Mo-ulins). Pyrenees-Orientales: la Preste (Farines, Fagot); also re- ported from Luchon (Haute-Garonne) by Moquin-Tandon. Pupa frumentum BOUBEE, Bull. Hist. Nat. France, 3e. sect., moll, et zooph., 1833, pp. 10, 11 ; edit, of 1834, p. 30 ; not of Drap. — Pupa megacheilos var. c (tenuimarginata) DES Mou- LINS, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., vii, 1835, p. 163, pi. 2, f. cl-4. — Pupa farinesi Mich. MS., and P. pyrenaica Farines MS., ace. to Des Moulins, in synonymy of tenuimarginata, 1835. — Pupa badia MOQUIN-TANDON, as synonym of tenuimarginata, Hist. Moll. France, ii, 1855, p. 354. — Pupa leptocheilos FAGOT, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 1879, p. 241. — Pupa leptochila Fagot, LOCARD, Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 188. The arrangement of teeth is practically the same as in bigor- riensis, but it is a less cylindric, lighter colored shell, with the aperture more angular below, at least typically. There is sometimes a small sutural fold. The angular lamella is con- 32 CHONDRINM: OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. tinuous with the spiral. Des Moulins' figure is copied in pi. 2, fig. 5. The name was altered by Fagot on the ground that "sesquipedalia verba excludenda sunt" as specific names — a salutary but obsolete Linnean regulation. Var. clongatissima (Des Moulins). PI. 2, fig. 6. Remark- able for its elongation, the fusiform appearance, the narrow- ness of the umbilicus (consequent upon the elongation), and by the smallness of the \vhorls of the point, characters which make it resemble a Clausilia. The shell, more transparent than that of Italy [megacheilos], is more solid than in the following varieties [tenuimarginata, bigorriensis]. The peri- stome thickened and reflected almost as flatly as in that of Italy, presents the same variations as to the inferior angle of the aperture. The size of aperture is equal to that of var. a [megacheilos], which results in a different proportion which is very characteristic of the variety ; 9-10 whorls. Length 12- 13 mm., diam. 3y2-4 mm. Pyrenees. The celebrated ento- mologist and lichenologist M. Leon Dufour gave four speci- mens to M. de Grateloup, but the precise locality is unknown to me (Pupa megacheilos var. b (elongatissima), Des Moulins, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., vii, 1835, p. 162, pi. 2, f. si, e2). Moquin-Taiidon has recorded this variety from back of Gavamie on the Spanish side of the boundary; perhaps he intended the following form. 11, CHONDRINA GIGANTEA ('Moq.' Rossm.). PI. 3, figs. 7, 8. Its color is light corneous-brown ; while very finely striate, it is much more decidedly so than P. megacheilos Jan. The umbilical orifice, narrow but very distinctly developed in megacheilos, is only wreakly indicated ; the back of the neck is less strongly compressed, and the aperture therefore less an- gular below. It is especially remarkable that the two middle palatal folds become weaker inwards, as usual, while in mega- cheilos they always begin there with a tubercle. The lip of the less expanded peristome is weaker and not so broad and flat as in the other species (Rossm.). Cirque de Gavarnie, on the Spanish border, beyond the Pont de Neige (Partiot). CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 33 Pupa badia var. gigantea Moquin-Tandcm MS., ROSSMAES- LER, Iconogr., iii, 1859, p. 106, pi. 85, f. 937 (as var. ? of mega- cheilos). 12. CHONDRINA GONIOSTOMA (Kiister). PI. 2, figs. 13, 14. Shell somewhat cylindric-conic, rather thin, translucent, narrowly but deeply umbilicate, very finely rib-striate, glossy, especially on the penult whorl, reddish corneous-brown, the summit yellowish ; the spire is rather drawn out, the 7-8 whorls flatly convex, appearing separated by a deep suture, slowly increasing ; neck flat, yellowish behind the lip, with three whit- ish lines; base compressed, sharpened keel-like. Aperture rather broad, rounded-triangular, with a sharp angle below at the passage of the lip into the columella ; at the base of the latter there is sometimes a tooth-like projection. Four plica? in the palate, the first small, the second very large, emerging to the peristome and forming a blunt tubercle there; colu- mellar lip ascending in a curve, much shorter than the peri- stome. Length 4, breadth li/o lines (Kn-ester). France: in the eastern Pyrenees (Kiister). Pupa goniostoma KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 53, pi. 7, f. 1-3. -PFR., Monogr., ii, 345 ; iii, 547 ; iv, 673 ; vi, 314. — BOURGUIG- NAT, Moll, de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 22; Malac. de 1'Al- gerie, ii, 85, pi. 5, f. 35-38. A species more closely related to P. megacheilos than the preceding [P. moquiniana], but readily distinguished by the peculiar shape of the aperture as well as by the lack of a white lip. The finer striation, stronger gloss, smaller number of folds and more purely conic form separate goniostoma from moquiniana, in which there is also a tendency towards the formation of an apertural angle. From cereana the present species is distinguished by the greater size and especially by the union of the second palatal fold with the peristome ; from avenalay the greater number of palatal folds (Ku-ester). This appears to be a variety of tenuimarginata Des Moulins. Form aucta West. With 6 palatal folds, the first very short, sutural, 2d short, 3d to 5th marginal, 6th below, near the columella (Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnenconch., iii, 1887, p. 96). 34 CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Var. juliensis Bgt. PI. 2, figs. 15, 16. Shell resembling the type, but having two folds (instead of one) at the insertion of the right margin. San Julia de Loria, Andorra. The typical form is quite rare, but the var. juliensis is much more abun- dant (Pupa goniostoma var. juliensis Bourguignat, Moll, de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 24). 13. CHONDRINA ANGULATA (Fagot). Shell perforate-rimate, conic-tapering, the spire fusiform, densely, subregularly striate, corneous-buff; whorls 12, the upper convex, lower flattened, the last with a strong white crest at base. Aperture oblique, oval-compressed, angular below; 2 parietal, 2 columellar and 5 or 6 palatal folds, the angular long, 3d palatal emerging, 4th and 5th punctiform; outer margin strongly thickened, the columella porcellanous. Length 11, diam. 2 mm. (Westerhuid'). Spain. Pupa angulata FAGOT, in Cronica Cientifica, 1888, not seen. -Modicella angulata Fag., WESTERLUND, Synopsis, p. 95. Appears to differ from others of the group by the large number of whorls. 14. CHONDRINA ARIGONIS (Rossm.). PL 2, figs. 10, 11, 12, 17, 18. Shell perforate-rimate, ovate-turrited, the spire acutely tapering ; violaceous-brown, substriate ; whorls 7-8, convex, the last finally ascending, the neck a little swollen, the base rotundly compressed a little, buff, having two short white lines; suture deeply impressed. Aperture rounded semi- ovate, 6-folded : two folds on the parietal wall, one oblique, at the insertion of the lip, the other elevated, immersed ; two on the columella ; two rather deeply placed plica? of medium size in the somewhat calloused palate ; peristome somewhat spread- ing, with a very fully developed white or brownish lip. Length 6y2-8, diam. 3y2 mm. (Rossm.}. Spain : Pego, Prov. Valencia (Jose Arigo). Pupa arigonis ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., iii, p. 105, pi. 85, f. 936. — pFRv Monogr., vi, 316. --Pupa arigoi Rssm., WESTER- LUND, Fauna, iii, p. 101. CHONDRIN^ OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 35 By the form and the much developed lip it groups with the smaller forms of megacheilos, but differs by the base of the neck not compressed, and by having only 2 palatal plica, as well as by the upper anterior fold [angular lamella] which never penetrates inward to the inner end of the parietal lamella, but always terminates at its forward end (Rossm.). The outer lip expands very little or not at all, but the whole peristome is widened by the conspicuous thickening of the inner edge. There is also a wide buff band behind the lip. Typically the teeth are strongly developed, but in one lot labeled Catalonia they are much reduced, low and weak, length 7.9, diam. 2.9 mm., 8 whorls. However, this lot is per- haps not really referable to arigonis. In another set from the type locality, the shell is more conic, and there are very minute, deeply immersed supra- palatal and basal plicae (figs. 17, 18, length 6, diam. 2.7 mm.). The surface, in all specimens seen, is nearly smooth or has very low, coarse wrinkles. Other described forms of the series follow ; none of them have been figured, and their relations with the better known species remain to be indicated. 15. CHONDRINA BAREGIENSIS ('Bgt.' Loc.). — Cylindric, a little ventricose, 8 slightly convex whorls, the suture well marked ; aperture subtriangular, a little contracted, angular at the base ; 2 small superior folds, the lower well immersed ; 1 columellar at the superior angle ; 4 narrow palatals, the upper obsolete, not reaching to the peristome ; peristome thin, very little reflected, sharp ; shell a little shining, dark red, ornamented with coarse stride. Length 9, diam. 3 mm. En- virons of Bareges (Hautes-Pyrenees). (Pupa baregiensis Bourguignat in coll., Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon. (7), iii, 1896, p. 187.) It appears to be distinguished by the single columellar lamella. 16. CHONDRINA CENTRALIS (Fagot). Quite small, conic, short and squat, rapidly tapering; 7 convex whorls with im- pressed suture. Aperture rounded basally, with parallel mar- gins ; 2 superior folds, one moderate, the other small ; 2 colu- mellars, the lower one more slender; 2 palatals, the lower obsolescent, not reaching the peristome. Peristome acute, 36 CHONDRIN/E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. \ little reflected. Shell wine-brown, ornamented with quite spaced lamellar stria?. Length 7, diam. 3 mm. Plateau de Lourdes, vallee du Gave d'Osson (Hautes-Pyrenees). (Pupa centralis, Fagot, Hist, malacol. des Pyrenees Francaises et Espagnoles, Bull. Soc. Ramond, 1891, xxvi, not seen; desc. from Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 188.) 17. CHONDRINA DERTOSENSIS (Bofill). Shell perforate-sub- rimate, ovate-subconoid, obtusely tapering at the apex, cor- neous-reddish, a little glossy, obliquely striatulate; 7-8 convex whorls, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, smooth at the apex; the last whorl a little swollen, a little compressed at the rimation, slightly ascending to the aperture. Aperture subvertical, semiovate-rounded, plicate as follows : An angular fold at the insertion, another rather prominent, immersed parietal in the middle ; 2 on the colu- mellar lip, the lower one smaller; 2 or 3 palatals (in adults), the upper one stronger, reaching the lip, the others shorter, a little immersed ; peristome unexpanded, acute, with a tawny lip within, the margins strongly approaching, the outer curved above, columellar slightly reflected. Length 6, diam. 2, aper- ture 2-x 1% mm. (Pupa dertoscnsia Bofill, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii,' 1886, p. 162). Spain : rocks at the peak of the Serra de Cardo, Tortosa Catalonia). This form has been placed by Westerlund in the avenaceo group, by Caziot in the farinesii group near pulchella. 18. CHONDRINA CRASSATA ('Bofill', Fagot). Shell nearly covered rimate, almost cylindrical, rather rapidly tapering at the summit, corneous-violaceous or rufescent, nearly smooth. Whorls 9, rapidly regular, the last compressed basally, broadly crested, descending at the aperture. Aperture produced to the left, ovate, with 2 parietal, 2 columellar and 4 palatal folds. Columellar lamella? nearly equal ; first palatal puncti- form, the rest subequal, not emerging; peristome expanded throughout, strongly thickened, porcellanous, the columellar margin oblique, straight, outer margin arcuate. Length 10, diam. 2i/2 mm. Spain. (Pupa crassata Bofill, in Fagot, Cro- nica Cientifica, 1888, not seen ; desc. from Westerlund, Synop- sis, 1897, p. 96.) 19. CHONDRINA SCHISTA (West.). Shell deeply perforate, cylindric-conic, cherry-brown, rarely reddish-corneous, smooth (sometimes, under strong magnification, very irregularly stri- CHONDRINJE OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 37 ate), with oblique apex. Whorls 7-8, somewhat convex, the upper very rapidly increasing, the two before the last nearly equal, the last anteriorly obtusely angular above ; flattened in the middle, strongly blunt-keeled at the base. Aperture oval, with 2 parietal lamellae (the angular lamella long, interrupted deep within) ; 2 columellar lamellae, strong and horizontal; 4 palatal plica (the first very short, deep within, the rest very long, interrupted, the second nearly reaching the margin. Peristome narrowly expanded, brownish yellow; margins sep- arated, the outer lip more arcuate above. Length 5-6^, diam. 2-21/2 mm. Pyrenees. (Pupa schista Westerlund, Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnenconch., iii, 1887, p. 112.) 20. CHONDRINA HOSPITII (Fagot). Shell cylindric-conic, corneous-buff, a little rufous, not glossy, striate; whorls 8, convex, regular, the last a little larger, swollen in the middle, compressed belo\v, much ascending. Aperture lunate-oval, large, with 2 parietal, 2 columellar and 3 or 4 palatal folds. Angular lamella thin, entering ; parietal deep ; columellar strong, immersed ; 2 upper palatals subequal, the first some- what immersed ; sometimes with a punctiform fourth palatal fold. Peristome expanded throughout, white, thickened, the external margin much incurved, columella arcuate. Length 7-8, diam. 2 mm. Spain: Venasque. (Pupa hospitii Fagot, Cronica Cientifica, 1888, not seen ; desc. from Westerlund, Synopsis, 1897, p. 95.) PUPA ORTIGOSANA Fagot, of Ortigos (Logrona) is an unpub- lished species mentioned by Caziot, Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon, liii, 1907, p. 196, who placed it between hospitii Fag. and lusi- tanica Em. (b. Species of Central Spain.} 21. CHONDRINA GRATIOSA (West.). Shell rimate, oblong-turrited, cyliudric, brown, delicately rib-striate ; whorls 7, convex. Aperture oblong-ovate, with 1 parietal, 2 columellar, 4 palatal folds (no angular; parietal deeply placed, high, compressed and short ; columellars small, immersed, white ; 1st to 3d palatals remote, outwardly thick, inwardly tapering, long and slender, the 4th basal, smallest, punctiform, more deeply immersed). Peristome unexpanded, thin, the margins distant, very lightly curved, the outer shortly arcuate above. Length 4 mm. (West.). 38 CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Central Spain, in drift of the Jarama river (S. Calderon). P.[upa] (Modicella) gratiosa WESTERLUND, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., iii, 1898, p. 167. It seems to be near P. sardoa Cantr. (West.). (c. Species of Northern Spain.) Besides the following forms, C. gorbeana, no. 40, belongs to this district. 22. CHONDRINA VASCONICA (Kobelt). Shell fusiform-turrited, the spire slender, rather obtuse at the apex, rufescent-corneous, finely rib-striate; 8 convex whorls, separated by a deep suture, slowly increasing, the last a little longer than the penult, compressed at base, distinctly ascending in front, compressed behind the aperture, and lightly scarred over the lamella. Aperture small, truncate- ovate, with the peristome thickened, margins joined by a very thin callous, contracted by 6 lamellas : two in the parietal wall, one larger, reaching the callous at the insertion of the outer margin, the other deep, entering, small ; a third at the begin- ning of the basal margin ; and three parallel folds in the outer margin, shining through to the outside, of which the lower is scarcely visible in the aperture. Length 6, diam. 2, alt. aper- ture scarcely 1.5 mm. (Kobelt). Spain: Orduna, Biscaya (Kob.). Pupa vasconica KOBELT, Jahrb. d. Malak. Ges., ix, 1882, p. 72. 23. CHONDRINA KOBELTI ('Hid.' West erlund). Shell oblong with rather conic spire, irregularly striate, chestnut-brown, whitish near the aperture. Whorls 7, very convex, the last rounded beneath, flattened anteriorly, slowly ascending above ; suture impressed. Aperture triangular- oblong, with 6 or 7 teeth : 2 parietal lamellae, the angular long, 1 columellar lamella, situated high, horizontal in front, not running forward, curving upward rapidly within ; 4 palatal folds, the first very small, within, the other three nearly equal, separated, elevated within, very shortly entering. Peristome CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 39 simple, the margins separated; outer margin thin, arcuate above, then straightened; columellar margin nearly vertical, somewhat thickened, dilated; columella somewhat calloused. Length 5y2, diana. 2 mm. (West.). Spain : Oviedo, Asturias. Pupa, kobelti Hid., WESTERLUND, Fauna, Pal. Reg. Binnen- conch., iii, 1887, p. 102. Modicella kobelti WEST., Synopsis, p. 95. 23#. C. kobelti ordunensis n. subsp. PL 3, figs. 2, 3, 4. The shell is shortly rimate, cylindric-fusiform, rather solid, carob-brown, with an irregular cinnamon band behind the peristoine and on the base; penult and last whorl flattened, tapering downwards, furrowed above the rounded, projecting base. Spire stout, convexly conic, not paler. Whorls con- vex. Sculpture of fine oblique striae. The aperture is much longer than wide, subtriangular, being narrowed below, rounded basally, tawny within, armed with 7 (or 8) white lamellae and plicae : angular lamella low, rather long, extend- ing a little beyond the outer end of the parietal, which is stronger ; columellar lamella horizontal, strong, not emerging, curving upward deep within ; the subcolumellar lamella ob- tuse, tuberculiform, tinted, not visible in a direct front view. Three subequal plicae are evenly spaced, the upper palatal reaching to the peristome, the others shorter; they show as white or whitish streaks outside (and there is sometimes a minute, immersed, suprapalatal fold). The columellar lip is dilated, peristome otherwise unexpanded, with a thin, blunt edge ; but it is rather strongly thickened a little distance within the palate. Length 5.5, diani. 2.1 mm.; 6i/> whorls (fig. 3). Length 5, diam. 2.1 mm. Spain : Pena de Orduna ; type no. 22791 A. N. S. P. This form differs from the unfigured C. kobelti West., from further west in northern Spain, by having a well-developed subcolumellar lamella, which, however, is immersed and scarcely visible in a front view. I have not seen C. kobelti. 40 CHONDRINvE OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. (d. Species of Portugal, the Province of Cadiz, and Morocco.) 24. CHONDRINA LUSITANICA ('Rossm.' Pfr.). PI. 3, figs. 5, 6. The shell is subperforate-rimate, cylindric-coiiic, very ob- liquely, irregularly ribbed, brown ; spire tapering, obtuse ; whorls 8, convex, the last ascending at the end, the neck sharply costulate, buff ; base somewhat compressed obliquely ; with 4 white lines. Aperture suboval, liver-colored, 8-plicate : 2 rather long lamella?, near together, on the parietal wall, one extending to the outer margin where it connects with the in- sertion, the other more immersed ; 2 moderate folds on the columella ; 4 in the palate, showing outside white through the tawny throat, the upper one remote and small, the second curved, reaching the margin, the third and fourth shorter and a little further in. Peristome spreading, somewhat thickened, the outer margin angularly curved above. Length 7, diam. 3 mm. (Rossm.). Portugal: Serra d'Arzabida [Arrabida] (type loc.) ; many places in provinces Douro, Beira and Estremandura (Nobre). Pupa, lusitanica Rossm. in litt., PFR., Monogr., ii, 1848, p. 347. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., iii, 1859, p. 105, pi. 85, f. 935. — LOCARD, Conchyl. Portugaise, Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Lyon, vii, 1899, p. 147. - - Pupa avenacea var. luzitanica Rossm., NOBRE, Annaes Sci. da Acad. Polytech. do Porto, iii, 1908, p. 50, pi. 1, f. 3, 4. This form is distinguished from avenacea chiefly by the strong rib-striatiou and the internally thickened lip, produc- ing a light tawny area behind the lip. The teeth are strongly developed, the angular entering as far as the parietal, no divi- sion into angular and spiral lamella? being evident. The minute denticle in the base is sometimes nearly obsolete, and the suprapalatal is minute. Some authors have considered lusitanica a variety of ave- nacea, but it is surely quite distinct by the callous thickening in the throat and the strong sculpture. It belongs to a group of forms chiefly developed in the Pyrenees, and not to the immediate group of avenacea. Whether the true avenacea occurs in Portugal is highly doubtful ; its western limit has CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 41 not been determined, and even reliable Spanish records are lacking. M. Morelet at one time cited lusitanica as P. secale, a species not found in Portugal. The best recent account of lusitanica is that of Nobre. 25. CHONDRINA CALPICA (West.). PI. 3, figs. 10, 11. Shell perforate, ovate-turrited, horn-yellow, often densely suffused with bluish, ribbed; 7y2 whorls, the upper convex, the last depressed on the neck, somewhat compressed at the base, ascending above. Aperture oblong-semiovate, with 6 strong white, immersed lamellae and plicae : 1 parietal lamella, 2 columellar, the lower one very small ; palatal folds 3, the upper very long; peristome thin, simple, acute; outer margin strongly arched above. Length 7, diam. 3 mm. (West.). Gibraltar: along the way from the city to the fortress (J. Lindahl ) . Pupa calpica WESTERLUND, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1872, p. 27 ; Malak. Bl., xxii, 1874, p. 58, pi. 2, f. 6-8 ; Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 103. — PFR., Monogr., viii, 386. — KOBELT, Iconogr. n. F., ix, 1902, p. 70, f. 1694. The angular lamella is rudimentary or obsolete. In fresh shells (Westerlund's had been preserved in spirits) the color is carob-brown or chocolate, fading more or less upward, but sometimes the whole tint is lighter, nearer walnut-brown. Sometimes there is a small suprapalatal plica, as in fig. 11. Length 6.5, diam. 2.8 mm. It is related to tingitana. 26. CHONDRINA TINGITANA (Kobelt). PI. 3, fig. 9. Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform-turrited, the spire slender; corneous; sculptured with oblique, rather widely spaced, ar- cuate ribs; 7 slowly increasing whorls, separated by a deep suture, the last nearly twice as long as the penult, the base compressed in an obtuse crest. Aperture ovate, somewhat ob- lique, with the margins of peristome converging, joined by a thin callous, subtuberculiferous near the insertion of the outer lip ; contracted within by 6 lamella? : one compressed parietal ; two, the upper larger, in the basal [columellar] margin; 3 parallel in the outer margin. Alt. 7.5; a variety is smaller and more swollen (Kobelt). 42 CHONDRIN.E OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Morocco : mountains of Beni Hosemar, opposite Tetuan, on limestone cliffs (Kobclt). Pupa tingitana KOBELT, Jahrb. d. nialak. Ges., ix, 1882, p. 71. The specimen figured, labeled Tetuan, determined by Cles- sin, is not exactly typical of the species or the variety. The peristome is quite thin; angular lamella very low, irregular, composed of low tubercles weakly connected, and sometimes penetrating as far as the parietal lamella, but usually shorter or interrupted. Parietal lamella high. Upper and lower palatal plicae are rather long, a minute suprapalatal above them. Length 7, diam. 2.9 mm. Chondrina tingitana algesirae (Kob.). Differs from the preceding, which is close, by having the outer margin only armed with two lamella?, and also the tubercle of the parietal callous far more distinct. Found by me in multitudes on a limestone ridge near Algeciras ; seems constantly distinct from the preceding by the lack of the third lamella 011 the palate, yet is apparently only a local variety (Kobelt). (e. Species of Algeria.) 27. CHONDRINA LETOURNEUXI (Bgt.). PI. 3, figs. 14. Shell rimate, obese-oblong, ventricose, rather solid, corneous, sharply and strongly costulate. Spire short, tapering, the apex obtuse, smooth. Whorls 8, slightly convex, slowly in- creasing, parted by a moderately impressed suture, the last whorl tapering, compressed-carinate at base, deeply furrowed in the middle, and strongly ascending at the insertion of the outer lip. Aperture semioval, 7-folded ; a lamelliform fold at the outer lip, a stronger, more deeply placed parietal fold, two obliquely descending, emerging columellar folds, of which the lower is stronger, and three lamelliform, emerging palatal plica?, of which the upper is very strong, converges towards the parietal fold, which it almost touches. Peristome thick- ened, white, expanded, the outer margin arcuately angular anteriorly; margins joined by a thick callous cut into seven little teeth, one in the upper angle between the outer lip and the large larnelliform fold, and six others between the large CHONDRIN/E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 43 fold and the columellar margin. Length 51/0, diain. 2y<> mm. (Bgt.). Algeria : debris of the ravine of Chabet-Beinan, near Cape Caxine, 14 kilometers west of Algiers (Letourneux, Poupil- lier) . Pupa letourneuxi BOURGUIGNAT, Malacologie de 1'Algerie, ii, 1864, p. 78, pi. 5, f. 19-22. The exact relations of this species and the next are in doubt, as we do not know whether there is an internal palatal plica above the upper emerging one, and the presence of a spiral lamella is uncertain. Their presence in Algeria is rather anomalous, as they appear to be of Pyrenean type. I have elsewhere (p. 4) referred to the Algerian records for C. goniostoma and other Pyreueau species. 28. CHONDRINA LALLEMANTIANA (Bgt.). PI. 3, fig. 13. Shell rimate, acuminate-elongate, ventricose at base, solid, somewhat glossy, subpellucid, under the lens regularly and obsoletely subcostulate, pale corneous or whitish-ashen. Spire acuminate, the apex smooth, rather acute. Whorls 9, a little convex, slowly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl tapering, compressed at the base (as though gibbous) and carinate (the keel acute, strong, nearly disap- pearing at the peristome), at the periphery thicker, whitish, and strongly ascending at the outer lip. Aperture semiovate, slightly contracted below, having 7 folds: a lamelliform fold at the outer lip ; parietal fold minute, lamelliform ; 2 strong columellar folds; and 3 emerging, lamelliform palatal plicae, of which the upper is stronger. Peristome white-thickened, expanded, strongly reflected at base ; outer margin arcuate anteriorly; the margins joined by a whitish callous orna- mented with 7 or 8 very long little plications. Length 7, diam. 3 mm. (Bgt.}. Algeria : debris of the ravine Chabet-Beinan, near Cape Caxine, 14 kilometers west of Algiers (Letourneux, Poupil- lier). Pupa lallemantiana BOURGUIGNAT, Malacologie de 1'Algcrie, ii, 1864, p. 80, pi. 5, f. 23-27. 44 CHONDRIN.E OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Differs from letourneuxi, according to Bourguigriat, by the conoid form, more glossy shell of a lighter tint, by the more separated, blunter, much less strong costulations, by the ab- sense of a median furrow on the last whorl, as in letourneuxi; by the outer margin not angular and not projecting forward by the less projectng columellar folds, not obliquely entering; by the upper palatal plica not converging to the parietal fold, and by the plications of the parietal callous, which have a lamelliform, not a punctiform appearance as in letourneuxi. Section MODICELLA Ads. Series of C. farinesii. These forms of the Pyrenees and southeastern Spain differ from avenacea by the weakness or loss of teeth; of palatal folds there are not more than two, often one or none. Parietal and columellar margins each bear two, one or no lamella?. When present, the lamella? and folds are small and short. As is usual in series showing degeneration of the teeth, the individual lamella? and plica? become highly variable, and their value as specific characters is correspondingly diminished. There has been no rational revision of the many local forms, races or species. The work can be done only by a naturalist able to get a practical knowledge of them in the field and by study of the types or topotypes. As the data are not at hand for construction of a key, some of the more obvious characters have been tabulated below as an aid in determination. In the second column of the table, a indicates the presence of an angular lamella. CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 45 Teeth OT . 1 L- O *_» 5 Sculpture &• 1 1 * as du 3 cs ^H •£ 0) h3 3 farinesii 0 0 0 7-7i 5-6.6 2-2.6 striate. farinesii var. . < a a 0 1 0 0 speluncae . . 0 0 0 9-10 8 3 fine crowded wrinkles. tarraconensis . < a 2 1 1 0 0 8 6 n irregularly striatulate. longini . . . 2 1 0 7* 6 2 " undulately striatulate. microdon .... o 1 0 6$ 4 If smooth. boettgeriana. . 0 0 0 10-11 6.5 1.5 finely costulate. jumillensis . . - a 2 0 8 8 si wrinkle-striate. a 2 0 8 7-8 3-3J very finely striolate. guiraonis a 1 o wrinkle-striate. sal tus . ... a. 1 1 9-10 7-8 2 hair-striate. obliterata . . . 2 1 2 8 fj 2 distinctly, irregularly striate. massotiana . . . 2 1 1 8 ei 2i striate. m. penchinatiana 2 1 2 m. angustata . . 2 1 2 7 7 2| | strongly striate. m. confusa . . . 2 2 0 . . . • • very finely, closely striate. m. sexplicata . . 2 2 2 aragonica. . . . 2 1 2 10 6-9 2-2£ irregularly hair striate. domicella. . . . 2 2 3 8 7 2.5" ribbed. pulchella .... 2 2 2 8 4.5 1.5 inconspicuous striae. p. rnanotiana . . 2 2 2 7J 6 2 costulate-striate. ilendensis. . . . 2 2 2 8" 6 2 striatulate. gorbeana .... 2 0 0 71 ^T 2.8 fine, uneven striae. 29. CHONDRINA PARINESI (Des Moulins). PI. 5, figs. 1, 2. Shell cylindric-conic, more or less lengthened, striate, brown ; whorls 6-7, a little convex, the suture deep. Aperture sub- oval, toothless ; peristome whitish, simple, not reflected ; um- bilicus patulous virgulaeform. Length 6-G1/^, diam. 2 mm. A variety is shortened, more conic, length 5, diam. 2 mm. (DesM.). The shell is thin, chestnut-brown or carob-brown, finely and irregularly striate, the striation sometimes almost effaced, sometimes distinct. The whorls are strongly convex, the last somewhat compressed laterally, rounded basally. The peri- stome is thin, whitish, the columellar margin dilated, outer lip unexpanded, strongly arcuate above. Typically there is no trace of lamellae or plicae. 46 CHONDRIN^: OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Length 6.6, diam. 2.6 mm.; 7y2 whorls (La Preste). Length 6, diam. 2.3 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 5 mm.; 7 whorls (Perpignau). Pyrenees of southern France and eastern Spain, generally distributed; type loc. La Preste (Pyrenees-Orientales), on limestone back of the thermal baths ( J. N. Farines) ; north- eastward to dep. Lozere. Pupa farinesn DBS MOULINS, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vii, 1835, p. 156, pi. 2, f. El-3.— PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 308.- ROSSM., Iconogr., ii, pt. 10, p. 25, f. 639. — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 51, pi. 6, f . 21, 22. - - MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. Fr., ii, 1855, p. 359, pi. 26, f. 5-10, with var. dentiens, 1. c., f. 11. — BOURGUIGNAT, Mollusques de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 15, pi. 2, f. 1-3, with var. dentiens, p. 17, pi. 2, f. 5, var. obesa, p. 17, pi. 2, f. 4, and var. subcarinata, p. 17, pi. 2, f. 6 (in Rev. et Mag. de Zool., xv, 1863, p. 58). — CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, liii, 1907, p. 194 (distribution). - - MARGIER, Feuille Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 516, 1913, p. 199 (distribution). — Probably not P. farinesn of SETTEPASSI, Feuille J. Nat., no. 520, 1914, p. 75. A well-differentiated species, by the lack or very small size of teeth, recalling the Sicilian G. rupestris and the Algerian G. du-poteti, yet not closely related to either. The distribution of farinesii has been worked out by Mar- gier and Caziot. It is generally distributed in the dep. Pyre- iiees-Orientales, and occurs also in the Spanish Provinces of Gerona and Barcelona. There is a record from Portugal, no doubt erroneous. In France it extends northward from the dep. Pyrenees-Orientales through Aude, Tarn, and Averyron to Lozere, that is, along the Cevemies uplift (using this term in a wide sense) . There is even a single record from Langogne (dep. Allier), but I regard this as dubious, since the Abbe Dumas, who seems to have collected assiduously, did not find it (Rev. Sci. du Borbonnais, 1901). It is very local in these eastern departments, special localities being on limestone rocks of the gorge of Malefosse, of the Tarn, as far up as Bla- joux. M. Locard found specimens in flood debris of the Rhone, doubtless washed in from a western affluent. There is CHONDRIN/E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 47 no satisfactory evidence that farinesii occurs anywhere east of the Rhone. It has been reported from the Apuan Alps of Tuscany, but while I have not seen specimens, I am disposed to think them terminal members of a parallel and independent evolution-series from the avenacea stock. See under oligo- donta. Of the several varieties described, the first three appear to occur with the typical form, and seem to be merely mutations. Var. obesa Bgt. Shell shorter, more obese than the type. San- Julia de Loria, Andorra. Var. subcarinata Bgt. Shell a little more lengthened than the type, with an obsolete carina at the base, which makes the aperture larger. San-Julia de Loria. Var. dentiens Moq.-Tand. PI. 5, fig. 4. The angular lamella present as a whitish deposit, diffuse or in form of a little tooth, and a low prominence may usually be seen on the columella. La Preste. Var. biplicata Bgt. Shell of a little smaller size, having only one tooth on the columella instead of two as in the type [of jumillensis]. Rocks of San-Julia de Loria ; also valleys of Ussat and Vic-Dessos (Ariege). (Pupa jumillensis var. bipli- cata Bourguignat, Moll, de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 18, pi. 2, f. 10-12.) It differs from var. dentiens by having a low columellar lamella as well as an angular. See p. 50. Var. ascendens West. Shell widely perforate; whorls iy2, the ascent of the last high and long, rounded at base. Aper- ture with the base narrower, two-folded ; outer margin angu- larly curved above. Length 6, diam. 3 mm. St. Beat, Pyre- nees. (Pupa jumillensis var. ascendens Westerlund, Fauna Europaea Moll. Extramar. Prodr., fasc. ii, 1878, p. 179.) PUPA SPELUNCAE ('Bgt.,' Loc.). Cylindric-elongate, feebly tapering; 9-10 slightly convex whorls, the last a little larger, suture moderate ; rimation quite strongly developed ; aperture subrectangular, a little excentric ; peristorne thin, sharp, with- out external crest; shell quite solid, slightly glossy, deep brown, ornamented with fine, crowded Avrinkles. Length 8, diam. 3 mm. Entrance of the grotto of Eaux-Chaudes (Basses- Pyrenees). (Pupa spelunca; Bourguignat in coll., Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 185.) 48 CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYEENEAN CENTER. Probably a large form of farinesii. 30. CHONDRINA TARRACONENSIS (Fagot). Shell rather openly perforate, regularly conic from the base, corneous-buff, irreg- ularly striatulate ; whorls 8, somewhat convex, slowly increas- ing, the last larger, ascending, rounded at the base. Aperture vertical, ovate-lunate, with 1 to 3 teeth : angular smaller, parietal more or less lengthened, or punctiform or wanting; columella thick, toothed ; peristome unexpanded, margins nearly parallel. Length 6, diam. 2 mm. Spain. (Pupa tarra- conensis Fagot, Catal. Moll. Essera (not seen) ; Westerhmd, Synopsis, 1897, p. 100.) Cfr. M. jit mill. v. ascendens W. (Westerlund). 31. CHONDRINA LONGINI (Fagot). Shell rimat.e-perforate, the perforation nearly covered by the columellar margin, cylindric-conic, opaque, glossy, corneous-violaceous, at the summit yellowish ; irregularly and obliquely undulately stri- atulate ; spire tapering from base to summit, especially so in the upper part, the apex corneous, smooth, mamillate, not prominent, as though truncate; whorls Ti/o, a little convex, separated by a well-impressed suture, regularly increasing, the last larger, not compressed below but rounded, ascending a little to the aperture. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate- rounded, 3-plicate as follows: 1 tooth-like, porcellanous an- gular ; 1 immersed, lamelliform, compressed, tapering parietal, also porcellanous ; 1 straight columellar, more or less incurved at the summit ; peristome thickened at the aperture, the mar- gins little approaching, the columellar margin lightly in- curved, reflected at the umbilicus, outer margin simple, regu- larly curved. Alt. 6, diam. 2 mm. ; alt. aperture 114, width 1 mm. (Pupa longini FAGOT, in Navas, Boletin Soc. Aragonesa de Cienc. Nat., v, 1906, p. 201). Spain : peria Foradata above the Salient, Aragon, at an ele- vation of over 2000 meters (R. P. Longin Navas). It is perhaps approached only by our Pupa saltus of the Essera valley, and ignota of the valley of Panticosa ; but it is- distinguished from the first by the less numerous whorls (8 instead of 10), the last whorl rounded at the base and not compressed, the aperture more oval-rounded, by its columellar fold more immersed and curved at the top, etc.; from the second it differs by the greater size, more swollen whorls, the feebler teeth, etc. (Fagot). This is apparently the Pupa navasi Fagot, ined., mentioned by Caziot, Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon, liii, for 1906 (1907), p. 197, from the same place. CHONDRIN/E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 49 32. CHONDRINA MICRODON (West.). Shell riraate-perf orate, ovate-conic, with the spire 2y2 times longer than the aperture, brown, smooth, the apex obtuse. 6^ strongly, beautifully convex whorls, regularly increasing, the last rounded below, ascending in front; suture deep, narrow. Aperture strongly receding below, obliquely oblong, with one conic tooth deep within and high up an the columella; peristome simple, nearly unexpanded, only the columellar margin being dilated above ; margins very little and almost equally arcuate, except that the outer lip is strongly curved and protracted towards the colu- mella above. Length 4, diani. 1% mm. (Pupa microdon WES- TERLUND, Fauna, Pal. Reg. Binnenconch., iii, 1887, p. 104. — Modicella m., WEST., Synopsis, 1897, p. 100) . Spain : Montserrat, prov. Barcelona. 33. CHONDRINA BOETTGERIANA (Clessin). PL 5, fig. 3. Shell rimate, subfusiform, thin, brown, pellucid, finely eos- tulate, the ribs narrow, regular ; 10-11 convex whorls, slowly and regularly increasing, separated by a moderately impressed suture, the last somewhat compressed at base, about equalling one-fifth the length. Aperture nearly quadrangular, toothless. Peristome acute, a little reflected, the margins connected by a scarcely perceptible parietal callous, the outer margin lightly impressed. Length 6.5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Clessin}. Spain : Jaen. Pupa boettgeriana CLESSIN, Malak. Blatter (n. F.), v, 1882, p. 188, pi. 4, f. 4. Described from one specimen. From farther southwest than other toothless species. 34. CHONDRINA JUMILLENSIS ('Guirao,' Pfr.). PI. 5, figs. 6, 7. Shell perforate, ovate-turrited, rather solid, obliquely Avrinkle-striate, slightly glossy, purplish-brown. Spire con- vex, slowly tapering, the apex rather acute; suture deep, simple. Whorls 8, convex, the last scarcely forming one-third of the length, slightly compressed around the punctiform per- foration. Columella longitudinally folded within and trans- versely two-toothed. Aperture slightly oblique, truncate- oblong ; parietal wall having a little lamella at the right angle ; peristome simple, slightly expanded, the right margin strongly curved above, toothless, columellar margin widely dilated. Length 8, diam. 3% mm-, aperture 3 mm. long (Pfr.). 50 CHONDRIN/E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Southeastern Spain: Jumilla and Orihuela (Bourgeau). Pupa jumillaisis Guirao, PFR., Monogr., iii, 1853, p. 540 (Pupa bo-urgeaui Shuttlew. Mss. cited as a synonym). BOUR- OUIGNAT, Moll, de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 17, pi. 2, f. 7-9. The original description of jumillensis is translated above. The figures are from Bourguignat, who did not give the source of the specimens, remarking that it is " found in a great num- ber of Spanish localities. ' ' Nomenclature. — Rossmaessler, in 1859, described as the true Pupa jumillensis of Guirao a form much smaller than Pfeif- fer's and having but one columellar lamella instead of two. He was at a loss as to the source of Pfeiffer's specimens, which were supposed to have been furnished by himself. The matter is discussed at length in Icon&graphie, iii, p. 110. Bourguig- nat, in his Mollusques de San-Julia de Loria, cited above, re- described jumillensis Pfr., and synonyrnized jumillensis Rm. with his own P. jumillensis var. biplicata, from the Pyrenees— a locality far from Rossmaessler 's. Westerlund ignores Pfeif- fer's jumillensis of 1853, accepting Rossmaessler 's species of 1859, a proceeding clearly inadmissible. The untangling of this snarl must be left to European students who must elu- cidate the zoological relations of the forms as well as their nomenclature. Various forms which have been described as varieties of jumillensis appear referable rather to farinesii. A variety with three folds, 1 angular, 1 immersed parietal and 1 colu- mellar, is noted by Bofill in the Province of Barcelona (Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., iii, 1886, p. 154). Possibly some form of fari- nesii is intended. Cf. P. tcirraconensis Fagot. Pupa ignota appears to have been proposed as a substitute for P. jumillensis Pfr. not Rossm., and if so it becomes an exact synonym of jumillensis as here understood. Since I have not seen the original publication, Locard's description of ignota is given here. Pupa ignota Fagot. Cylindric-turriculate, a little elongate, spire high ; 8 convex whorls, the suture well marked ; aperture oblong-rounded, triplicate : 1 superior fold, lodged at the suture; 2 columellar folds; peristome a little everted; shell a CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 51 little glossy, violaceous-brown, very finely striolate. Length 7-8, diam. 3-3 1/2 nun. Haute-Garonne, Hautes et Basses- Pyrenees, etc. (Pupa, ignota Fagot, Cat. Moll. Essera, in Cro- nica Cientifica, 1888, p. 23; Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon, (7), 1896, p. 185). 34a, Chondrina jumillensis guiraonis n. n. Vol. XXIV, pi. 47, fig. 9. The color is between russet and chestnut-brown, somewhat glossy, wrinkle-striate. The aperture is shorter and more ob- lique than that of farinesii. Angular lamella small and slen- der ; columellar lamella low, obtuse, so deeply immersed that it does not show in a direct face view. Length 4.7, diam. 2.2 mm. Rossmaessler's description of jumillensis follows: "Shell most minutely perforate, ovate-turrited, brown, obliquely stri- ate, the apex somewhat obtuse; whorls 6, convex, the last slightly compressed at base, a little ascending; aperture rounded semi-ovate, having 2 folds: one very slender fold at the insertion of the outer lip, one deep within on the straight- ened columella ; peristome a little expanded, thin, simple, the outer margin strongly curved, columellar margin rather straightened. Alt. 5, diam. 2y2 mm." (Rossm.). Rocks of Monte San Miguel near Orihuela, prov. Alcante, and of Monte de Santa Ana near Jumilla, prov. Murcia, Spain (A. Guirao). Pupa jumillensis Guirao, ROSSM., Iconogr., iii, p. 110, pi. 85, f. 943. — Cf. Pupa jumillensis var. biplicata BOURG., Moll, de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 18, pi. 2, f. 10-12. This shell is shorter and rougher than C. farinesii dentiens, with a shorter aperture. The type specimen figured is from Jumilla, no. 22790 A. N. S. P. Bourguignat 's var. Mplicata was said by him to equal jumil- lensis Rm., which I doubt. It is from Andorra in the Pyre- nees, and is probably a form of farinesii,. 35. CHONDRINA SALTUS (Fagot). Shell nearly covered rimate-perforate, corneous-buff, reddish, hair-striate ; spire regularly tapering from the base, subulate ; whorls 9-10, the last ascending; aperture oval, with single folds on parietal wall, columella and palate; angular tooth-like callous, colu- 52 CHONDRIN.E OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. mellar immersed, palatal small, immersed ; outer margin thick- ened, arcuate, columella straightened, reflected above. Length 7-8, diam. 2 mm. Spain. (Pupa salt us Fagot, Catal. Moll. Essera, Cronica Cientifica, 1888, not seen; descript. from Westerlund, Synopsis, 1897, p. 101.) 36. CHONDRINA OBLITERATA (Charp.). PI. 5, figs. 9, 10. The shell is long, cylindric-conic, thin, slightly glossy, purple-brown, distinctly but irregularly striate, composed of nearly 8 whorls, rather rapidly increasing in height, weakly convex, joined by a whitish, thread-like, somewhat impressed suture ; the apex bluntly rounded, the last whorl contracted below, with flat neck. The aperture is semiovate; on the straight columella an indistinct fold stands; two of them in the palate, the upper one indistinct, punctiform, the lower somewhat longer ; a fourth indistinct one on the parietal wall near the insertion of the peristome. The columellar reflection is wide and almost half covers the large, deep umbilical crev- ice. Length 3Vi> lines, width 1 line (Kuester) . Portugal (Holl). Pupa obliterata CHARPENTIER, in Kuester, Conchyl. Cab., p. 112, pi. 15, f. 7-9.— PFR., Monogr., iii, 544. This species is known only by the description of Charpen- tier, and the figure and description of his type by Kuster. It has not been found by recent collectors in Portugal, and that locality must be considered dubious. It has some resemblance to forms of eastern Spain. Cf. also M. avenacea apuana. 37. CHONDRINA MASSOTIANA (Bgt.). PI. 5, fig. 5. Shell oval-turriculate, deeply rimate, corneous-chestnut, with a very fugacious blue-white bloom when fresh, obliquely striate. Spire lengthened, the summit smooth, glossy and quite obtuse; 8 whorls, regularly increasing; suture deep, making the whorls very convex and a little flattened towards the suture ; last whorl slightly keeled around the umbilical fissure, and slightly ascending in front. Aperture slightly oblique, rounded-oblong, with four little teeth, as follows: one at the insertion of the outer lip, the second, deeply immersed, in the middle of the convexity of the penult whorl, the third in the CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 53 upper part of the columellar lip ; filially a fourth, larnelliform, in the middle of the outer lip. These teeth exist only in quite adult individuals. Peristome a little everted. Columellar margin rectilinear, reflected and dilated, the outer lip strongly arched, the margins converging and strongly approaching. Length 6y2, diam. 214 mm. (Bgt.). Pyrenees: damp rocks along the pathway, San- Julia de Loria, Andorra. Pupa massotiana BOURGUIGNAT, Moll, de San- Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 18, pi. 2, f. 13, 14 (in Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1863).- Pupa penchinatiana- BGT., t. c., p. 20, pi. 2, f. 15, 16. Closely related to jumillensis and farinesii, from which it differs by having a palatal fold and a small parietal lamella. Var. penchinatiana Bgt. PI. 5, fig. 11. Umbilical crevice more open, and there are two palatal folds, not reaching the peristome, while the single one of massotiana is on the peri- stome and extends a little way inward. Pathway at San-Julia de Loria. Pupa penchinatiana has been recorded from the mountains of Kabylia in Algeria (Hanoteau et Letoumeux, La Kabylie, 1872, p. 227). Such a distribution appears anomalous, yet, as in the case of Abida brauni, one is perhaps not justified in ex- pressing more than surprise. Var. sexplicata Bofill. With 2 columellar folds. Catalonia, at the Escalas de Sopeira; limestone rocks at Pont de Mon- tanyana, and on the margins of the Noguera Ribagorzana (Pupa penchinatiana var. sexplicata Bofill, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 160). Var. angustata West. Shell broadly perforate, conic, strongly striate, with 7 whorls; margins of the peristome ob- liquely produced downward, approaching one another; the aperture therefore narrowed below, outer lip strongly curved above. Two lamella on parietal wall, one on columella, two folds in palate. Length 7, diam. 2% mm. Alcazar, Spain. (Pupa massotiana var. angustata West., Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 102.) Var. co-nfusa West. Shell ovate-turrited, very finely, very obliquely and closely, regularly striate, dark cherry-brown ; 54 CHONDRIN/E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. the last whorl rounded below. Aperture with 4 white teeth: 1 small angular lamella, 1 sunken, short, strong, parietal, and 2 horizontal columellar teeth, deep within, high on the colu- mella, the second one very small. No palatal folds. Catalonia. Coll. Pousonby, sent by Bofill as P. dertosensis Bof. (P. masso- tiana var. confusa West., Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 102). Var. aragonica Fagot. Shell rimate, cylindric-conic, elon- gate, buff-reddish, very delicately, irregularly hair-striate ; whorls 10, somewhat convex, rapidly and regularly increasing, the last ascending, compressed at the base, but not carinate. Aperture oblique, oval, with 2 parietal, 1 columellar, 2 palatal folds. Angular lamella tooth-like ; columellar small, oblique ; palatals rather short, remote ; peristome expanded throughout, white, the columellar margin nearly straight, outer margin longer, arcuate. Length 6-9, diain. 2-2i/o mm. Spain. (Pupa aragonica Fagot, Catal. Moll. Essera, 1888, p. 17; descript. from Westerlund, Synopsis, p. 101.) 38. CHONDRINA DOMICELLA (Westerlund). Shell rimate, ovate-conic, obliquely ribbed, rufous-brown. Whorls 8, con- vex, regularly increasing, last slightly compressed at base ; suture deep. Aperture oval, rounded beneath, with 6 lamellae and plica?: 1 long angular lamella, 1 much shorter, immersed parietal fold, 2 horizontal columellar lamella?, situated high and immersed, the upper much the stronger, opposite the palatal lamina? ; 3 palatal lamina1, not marginal, the 1st rather immersed, very short, 2d and 3d prolonged inward, especially the 2d. Peristome but slightly expanded, the outer margin obtusely, angularly curved above. Length 7, diam. 2.5 mm. (West.). France: Lourdes (Fagot). Pupa (Torquilla) do-micella- West. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xlii, 1892, p. 36. Lourdes, France. "This species approaches nearest to P. massotiana'" (W.). 39. CHONDRINA PULCHELLA (Bofill). Shell perforate-subrimate, conoidal, rather glossy, of a deep reddish color, obliquely ornamented with irregular, inconspic- uous stria?; regularly tapering from the convexity of the last CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 55 whorl to the summit; 8 very convex whorls of slow, regular increase, separated by a deep suture, the first whorls smooth, summit quite obtuse; last whorl a little ascending above towards the aperture, ornamented with 2 transverse lines, not very long and not reaching the peristome, corresponding to palatal folds. Aperture nearly vertical, suboval-truncate, with 6 lamelliform denticles : one angular, white, approaching the outer lip at the beginning but diverging inwardly ; one apertural [parietal], white, immersed, quite near the end of the angular lamella; two whitish columellars; two yellowish palatals, immersed, feebly prolonged inwardly. Peristome simple, narrow, curved towards the apertural angle, slightly everted at the base and the columella, the margins approach- ing, united by a \veak callous. Length 41/2, diam. l1/^, aper- ture 1 x ys mm. (Bo fill). Spain : arid places of Montsech, Catalonia, on rocks of the road of Pont de Montanyana, at "Ca'n Quinquilla/' Pupa pulchella BOFILL, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 161. By its teeth this Pupa has some resemblance to our var. sexplicata of P. penchinatiana (Bourg.), but it is readily dis- tinguished by the conoidal form, by the regular taper of the spire from the convexity of the last whorl to the summit, by the very convex whorls, smaller size, slimmer form, and the reddish color (Bo fill). Possibly related to graniim Drap. Var. manotiana 'Bgt.,' West. Shell umbilicate, oblong- conic, costulate-striate, brown ; whorls iy2, regularly increas- ing, convex, separated by a rather deep suture, the last some- what ascending in front. Aperture oval, an angular fold at the insertion of the outer margin, and a parietal fold in the middle, a columellar fold, and two palatal folds, all deeply placed, white, short and high, a denticle on the columella below ; peristome unexpanded, thin, the outer margin strongly arcuate above and approaching the columellar margin. Length 6, diam. 2 mm. Spain. (Pupa [Torquilla] pulchella Bof. var. manotiana Bgt. in sc., Westerlund, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., 1894, p. 172.) 56 CHONDRIN/E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Var. ilendensis (Fagot). Shell rimate-perforate, conic, stri- atulate, corneous-buff ; spire lengthened-turrited ; whorls 8, regular, the last slightly larger, a little compressed at base. Aperture oblique, ovate, with 2 parietal, 2 columellar and 2 palatal folds. Angular larnelliform, the parietal regular, ar- cuate ; upper columellar tooth-like, the lower remote ; palatals equal, not emerging, exactly opposite the columellar. Peri- stome unexpanded, reflected at the umbilicus, the columellar margin almost straight. Length 6, diam. 2 mm. Spain. (Pupa ilendensis Fagot, Catal. Moll. Essera, 1888; descript. from Westerlund, Synopsis, p. 102.) 40. CHONDRINA GORBEANA n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 12. The shell is deeply, rather shortly rimate, long-conic, slowly tapering from the last whorl to the obtuse summit, glossy, carob-brown, the apex paler, last whorl with a tawny or white band behind the lip. Sculpture of fine but irregularly devel- oped oblique stria?. Whorls moderately convex, the last ascend- ing in front, slightly compressed, the base quite narrowly rounded. The suture is impressed, bordered by a pale gray line. The aperture is truncate-oval, brown within. Angular lamella very low, parietal lamella represented by a barely perceptible callous ; columellar lamella small, far within, high on the pillar. No palatal folds. The peristome is dilated above the umbilical fissure, the outer lip not in the least ex- panded ; within its edge there is a rather strong, white callous throughout, Parietal callous thin and transparent, Length 7, diam. to lip-edge 2.8 mm. ; 71/2 whorls. Spain : Pena de Gorbea (southern border of prov. Vizcaya). This species differs from avenacea by the strong white cal- lous within the peristome, as well as by the obsolescence of the lamella? and absence of plica?. In one specimen the an- gular lamella is short and tubercular but stronger than in the type. The species appears to be a degenerate member of the Ugoriensis group. The locality is not far east of Orduna. CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. 57 Section Solatopiipa Pilsbry. Solatopupa PILS., Man. Conch., XXIV, p. 234, type Pupa similis (Nov. 9, 1917). The shell is calcareous though thin, opaque, whitish with more or less cinereous, violaceous or bluish tint, and often marbled with brown ; having angular, parietal and coluraellar lamella?, upper and lower palatal and basal folds, or lacking teeth. Type C. similis (Brug.). Distribution : southern France, northern and western Italy south to Tuscany; a group of the olive zone, living on lime- stone rocks exposed to the sun. a1. Palatal folds well developed ; 5 to 7 teeth. C. similis, no. 41. «-. No palatal folds. 61. Shell conic, thin and fragile, toothless. C. psarolena, no. 43. &-. Shell cylindric, opaque, teeth 3 to 0. C. pallida, no. 42. 41. CHONDRINA SIMILIS (Brug.). PI. 4, figs. 1 to 4. The shell is shortly rimate, cylindric-fusiform, opaque, pale cinereous or nearly white, generally more or less clouded and obliquely flamed with cinereous or vinaceous gray, the upper whorls of a chamois tint. More or less distinctly striate. Upper whorls strongly, the later ones weakly convex, the base rounded. Aperture is shortly oval, brown within, having 5 whitish teeth : angular lamella short and low, joining the lip. Parietal lamella rather strong. Columellar lamella obliquely ascending within, not emerging, a very low prominence (or a small, blunt lamella) below it. Upper and lower palatal folds subequal, not approaching the peristome. Peristome white, somewhat expanded, scarcely thickened. Length 10.5, diam. above aperture 3.2 mm. ; S1/^ whorls (Marseilles). Length 14, diam. above aperture 3.6 mm. ; 10 whorls (Grasse). Length 13, diam. above aperture 4 mm. ; 9 1/2 whorls (Nice). 58 CHONDRIXA, SECTION" SOLATOPUPA. Length 8.6, diaru. above aperture 2.9 mm. ; 71/-) whorls (Cette). Southern France: northern and western Italy south to Tuscany; Corsica. Bulimus similis BRUGUIERE, Encyclop. Meth., i, 1792, p. 355. —Pupa similis Brug., DUPUY, Hist. Moll. France, p. 401, pi. 20, f. 6— WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 94; with (p. 95) forms major, minor, variegella, pachyga-stra, laevigata-, dis- similis; var. porcella-ta, in Supplement, 1890, and Synopsis, 1897, p. 79.— MARGIER, Feuille Jeunes Nat,, 1901, no. 365, p. 139 (distribution). -- CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon, vol. 50, 1904, pp. 147-154; var. fasciata, and var. guidoni, p. 151 (synonymy, varieties, distribution) ; Etude sur les Moll. terr. et fluv. de la Principaute de Monaco et du Dep. Alpes-Mari- times, 1910, p. 309. --MERLE, La Nature, 1912, no. 2055, p. 305, f. 2 (radiograph). — Pupa cinerea DRAP., Tableau, p. 61; Hist. Moll. Fr., p. 65, pi. 3, f. 53, 54. — Ross., Iconogr., pt. 5, p. 19, f. 336.— KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 36, pi. 5, f. 4-8.- SCHMIDT, Abh. Nat, Ver. Sachsen u. Thiiringen in Halle, i, p. 42, pi. 10, f. 82 (anat.).— PAGET, Ann. and Mag. N. H., (2), xiii, 1854, p. 455 (tooth variation and banding at Nice; in- cludes several species). — Pupa cinerea Drap., var. pachygaster SHUTTLEWORTH, Mittheil. Naturforsch. Ges. in Bern, no. 3, June, 1843, p. 18, no description. — Pupa quinquedentata Born, Pfeiffer, Monogr., ii, 345, with var. minor = Pupa variegella, Ziegl. in coll.; iii, 547; iv, 673; vi, 314; viii, 384. — ROSSM., Iconogr., iii, pt. 17, p. Ill, pi. 85, f. 945. — MOQUIN-TANDON, Hist. Moll. Fr., ii, 1855, p. 352, pi. 25, f. 15-22; with varr. major, variegella, minor, pachygaster. — BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. Chateau d'lf, p. 24, pi. 1, f. 14, 15, with var. turriculata, p. 25, pi. 1, f. 16.— G. NEVILL, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 125 (all along the Genoese Riviera, at Menton from the sea to 4000 ft.) ; also varr. pra-kistorica and speluncarum. Probably not Turbo quinquedentatus Born, Test. Mus. Caes. Vindob., 1780, p. 359, pi. 13, f. 9. --Pupa quinquedentata Born (cinerea Drap.) WIEGMANN, Nachrbl. d. Malac, Ges., 1901, p. 12 (anatomy). — Jaminia quinquelamellata Risso, Hist. Nat, Eur. Merid., iv, 1826, p. 91, teste Bourguignat, — Pupa quinqueplicata POTIEZ et MICHAUD, Galerie, etc., i, 1838, p. 163. CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. 59 This very abundant species varies widely in size, degree of variegation and in sculpture, the greatest diversity being among lots from the Alpes-Maritimes. Bruguiere's type was about 10 mm. long, from the south of France. In several lots from Italy there is a short basal fold which is often so far immersed that it is not visible in a direct face view (pi. 4, fig. 2, Florence). It is not constantly present in any lot examined. Paget appears to have noticed this fold in specimens from the Riviera, but 110 other author has men- tioned it. The subcolumellar lamella varies from distinct to so deeply immersed as to be nearly invisible, in different individuals of most lots examined. In the Alpes-Maritimes it lives in populous colonies, accord- ing to Caziot, in well-exposed, sunny places, at Saint-Jeamiet, Eze, Saint Vallier, etc., up to 1000 in., on calcareous rocks. It avoids alluvial plains and is very rarely found on igneous rocks. A length of 16 mm. is not common, but specimens that long have been found on the rocks of Eze, etc., the diani. 4 mm. The distribution of C. similis has been worked out by Mar- gier and Caziot. In northern Italy it is rare in Piedmont, but extends through Lombardy and as far as Verona in Vene- tia, according to specimens in this collection. Southward it appears to be confined west of the Apennines, being very com- mon in Liguria, also in Tuscany (Leghorn, Florence, etc.) south to a point 17 kilom. southeast of Rome. In France it is found in Corsica, in the departments of Alpes-Maritimes, Alpes Basses, and westward, north to Drome and Estaing (Aveyrou), west to Amelie-les-Bains, in the Pyrenees. It has also been recorded from the province of Gerona, eastern Spain, from Fonteta and Figuera on the Ampurdan, its south- ern known limits. The details of distribution are given by Margier, Feuille Jeunes Nat,, 1901, pp. 139-141. A scalariform abnormal form resembling Clausilia scalaris Pfr. has been noted by Caziot (1904, p. 150). Since 1848 this species has often been called P. quinqueden- tata (Born), but the identity of Bora's species is very uncer- tain. The figure looks more like a Clausilia, and may possibly 60 CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. be one of the long and slender varieties of Abida variabilis; the description is inconclusive, and the locality unknown. The following described forms are synonyms : Form dissimilis West. Quite cylindric, with the spire shortly, conically tapering only near the summit, all whorls equally and very slowly increasing, somewhat angular below ; 110 angular lamella ; parietal lamella very high, very oblique, long. Length 12-14, diam. scarcely 3 mm. ; aperture 2% mm. .See under P. olivetorum. Pupa olivetorum Loc. Cylindric, very narrowly elongate, the spire feebly acuminate ; 10-12 quite convex whorls, the last angular towards the rimation ; suture well marked ; aperture small, oboval ; peristome not very thick ; 2 superior folds, one very small at the suture, the other long and deeply placed ; columella simply folded; two deep palatal folds; shell some- what thin, ashy white, marbled, finely striolate. Length 15- 16, diam. 3 mm. Le Midi, Alpes-Maritimes. Gard, Herault, etc. (Locard, Ann. Soc. Agricult. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 183). Identical with dissimilis West, and not a species or even a valid variety, according to Caziot (1904), but simply a slen- der mutation occurring individually in normal colonies in many places, never in pure colonies. The tendency to produce such cylindric individuals is common in many species of the genus. Pupa plagionixa 'Bgt.,' Loc. Quite small, almost regularly conic, rather squat. 8-10 nearly flat whorls, the last well keeled at the base ; suture not very deep ; aperture subrec- tangular, with the same apertural teeth as similis; shell solid, ashy-white, marbled with blue, finely wrinkled. Length 9-11, diam. 3iX? mm. Alpes-Maritimes, Var, Bouches du Rhone, Isere, etc. (Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 184). According to Caziot (1904) this is certainly an ab- normal shell. Pupa variegella Ziegl. This form was mentioned as Chon- drus variegellus Ziegl., but not defined by Cristofori and Jan (Catalogus, etc., sect, ii, 1832, p. 5, no. 18) ; they give the locality southern France. The next notice and first definition is by Beck, who has a var. c. varia, with the synonym Pupa variegella Zigl., under Torqitilla cinerea (Index Moll., 1837, p. 87). He refers to Rossmaessler's fig. 336 as illustrating his variety. This figure appears to be a strongly variegated speci- men of the typical form, about 13 mm. long. Pfeiffer, in CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. 61 1848, recognized a var. minor, of which he cites P. variegella Ziegl. as a synonym, with the description, "Whorls 8, length 9y2, diam. 3 mm." No locality is given. Moquin-Taudon, 1855, recognized var. variegella for a "shell larger [than typical similis], very distinctly marbled," with the locality Grasse. This interpretation has been accepted by Ct. Caziot (1904). If the name variegella is used at all, it should prob- ably be restricted to the shell figured by Rossmaessler, but a better course would be to discard it as superfluous. The following varieties are given for what they are worth- not much in most cases. Var. major Moq. Shell larger, of the same color. Saiiite- Lucie near Narbonne; Draguigiian (Moq.-Tand., I. c., pi. 25, f. 22). The figure measures 16.5 mm. long, 4.5 diam. Var. minor Moq. Shell smaller. Caziot states that this form is common at the chateau of Nice and other places in the Alpes-Maritimes. Length 9-10, diam. 3 mm.; on the Var river, 8 x 2y2 mm. Var. pachygaster 'Shuttl.,' Moq. Shell of the same size as the typical form [9-13x3-4 mm.] or smaller, more ventricose. Corsica: Ajaccio, Saint-Florent (Moq.-Tand.'). The name is preoccupied. Form laevigata West. Irregularly, finely striate or almost smooth. Var. porcellata West. Shell subfusiform, rather swollen in the middle, strongly tapering above, very acute, regularly and closely rib-striate; length 11, diam. in the middle 3y2 mm. Spezzia, Italy. Var. fasciata Caziot. Each whorl ornamented with a brown median band, as in Cochlicella. Aqueduct de Carpentras (Alpes-Maritimes) ; also in Provence. Var. giiidoni Caziot. Differs from the type by its colora- tion, the cask-like form of the whorls of the spire, the more pronounced suture and the nearly smooth shell. Pioggiola pres le Mont Padro, Corsica, on granite. Var. Juliana Issel. Color reddish, more or less intense, probably due to the ferruginous material abundant in the same locality. Baths of S. Giuliano, Prov. Pisa. (Pupa quin- quedentata var. Juliana ISSEL, Memorie Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat., ii,no. 1,1866, p. 21.) 62 CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. Var. pr&historica G. Nevill. The commonest subfossil shell in all the deposits except F ; though varying in countless ways, it always preserves a distinct "facies" from that of the pre- ceding living form [simUis] ; it can invariably be distin- guished by the much stronger and more regular striation, not so oblique, so flexuous, or so inclined to be subobsolete ; the aperture is also invariably smaller and more contracted, less everted as a rule, with both margins straight and parallel, in- stead of more or less rounded ; the folds appear scarcely to differ at all. Long. 14, diam. 4 mm. Type of the var. from deposit B, Menton (Nevill). Var. speluncarum G. Nevill. A more distinct and charac- teristic variety than the preceding, which I only found in de- posit F, where it was abundant, and in the interior of the cave itself (as I have already mentioned). A very short, convexly swollen, tumid form, of only 9 instead of 10 whorls, the last being proportionally much broader; striation more like that of the typical form than of the preceding variety; the short, quadrangular, unusually everted aperture, with remarkably thickened and reflected peristome, seems to be its most char- acteristic feature, the margins being more convexly rounded and united by a distinct (instead of subobsolete) callosity. I can see no difference in the folds (or teeth). Long. lO1/^ diam. 3y2 millim. From deposit F (Nevill). Menton. Types, Indian Museum, Calcutta. Var. Isabella: Caziot. A variety of lengthened shape, very slightly swollen, robust, 11 very slightly convex whorls. It differs from the type especially by the dimensions, length 17- 18, diam. 4y2 mm. The typical similis varies between length 9-15, diam. 3-31/2 mm. The var. major West, has, length 16 mm., with a diam- eter equal to my variety ; it is thus more obese. The var. isa- belkc approaches var. variegella Ziegler which has been found at Grasse, and which is more ventricose and more distinctly marbled. The variety of the Courmettes has, besides, the depth of the aperture of a dirty yellow color. Some specimens show a single band, such as is characteristic of my var. uni- fasciata. Southern slope of the Courmettes between the tor- CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. 63 rent du Loup and the village Tourette (Alpes-Maritimes) (Caziot). Pupa similis Brag. var. Isabella: CAZIOT, Feuille Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 513, 1913, p. 148, fig. on p. 147. 42. CHONDRINA PALLIDA ('Phil.,' Rossm.). PI. 4, figs. 5 to 8. Shell with a shallow umbilical crevice, ovate-fusiform, pointed; lilac-ash-gray, with irregular brownish flecks and horn-colored apex; weakly striate, somewhat glossy. Eight somewhat convex whorls. Aperture semi-ovate, the throat yellowish-brown ; peristome expanded, sharp, simple, the colu- mellar margin shorter and straighter than the outer lip. Columella somewhat callous, advancing. Length 4, diam. 1% lines, 7 whorls (Rm.). Upper Italy (Philippi) ; Riviera from Toulon to Porto Venere near Spezia (v. Martens). Pupa pallida Phil, in lit., ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., ii, pt. 11, 1842, p. 11, pi. 53, f. 732.— KUESTER, C. Cab., p. 86, pi. 12, f. 12, 13. — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 308. — VON MARTENS, Nachrbl. d. in. Ges., 1900, p. 70 (between Rapallo and Zoagli, very abun- dant on limestone cliffs). --Pupa pa-tula Menke, teste Pfr., Monogr., viii, p. 363. The type figure is copied, fig. 7. It is not known where the very small, toothless form which served as type of this species occurs; but it is doubtless merely a local race or colony of the prevalent larger form known as amicta Parr. It is unfortunate that the species was first described from a peripheral mutation. Var. amicta Parreyss. — Shell deeply rimate, cylindric-tur- rited, solid, smooth, bluish-white; spire long, corneous above, gradually terminating in a rather obtuse cone ; suture simple. Whorls 9, scarcely convex, the last about two-sevenths the total length, subtuberculate-compressed at base. Aperture nearly vertical, truncate-oblong, fleshy-brown within, with 3 teeth : the first angular, second standing apart deep on the belly of the penult whorl, the third fold-like, deep on the colu- mella. Peristome white, a little expanded ; the margins some- what unequal, right margin toothless. Length 12, diam. 3 mm.; apert. 3% mm. long, 3 wide (Pfr.}. 64 CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. Pupa amicta Parreyss MS., PFR., Malak. BL, i, 1854, p. 67 ; Monogr., iv, 668 ; vi, 307. - - BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. terr. chat, d'lf, p. 25, pi. 1, L 11-13.— ISSEL, Bull. Soc. Malac. ItaL, vii, 1881, pp. 208-212; with var. excelsa, p. 210. --Pupa pallida var. trident at a BOSSMAESSLER, Icouogr., iii, pt. 17, 1858, p. Ill, pi. 85, f. 944. --F. pallida var. dentiens MARTENS, Die Hel., 1860, p. 287. Distinguished from typical pallida by the presence of small angular, parietal and columellar teeth ; but these are variable in development in adult shells of the same lot. In some of the examples from Nervi, Liguria, the angular and parietal are reduced to slight traces (pi. 4, fig. 5), and there is no colu- mellar. Such specimens approach the original pallida rather closely, but all I have seen are slightly larger, 9y2 to 10 mm. long. Other shells of the same lot have two distinct teeth and a trace of the columellar, or none. Specimens from Spezia have the three teeth distinct (pi. 4, fig. 8). This may be taken as type locality of amicta, since Pfeiffer gave only Sicily (1854) and northern Italy (1859). Specimens from Grasse (Terver) have the lip more ex- panded than Italian shells seen ; two teeth, with rarely a small columellar also (pi. 4, fig. 6). The parietal is often not visible in a direct face view. They vary in size : Length 12, diam. above aperture 3.3 mm. ; 9 whorls. Length 9.5, diam. above aperture 3 mm. ; 7y2 whorls. Although amicta has been reported from the Chateau d'lf (Dep. Bouches-du-Rhone) and the peninsula of Saint-Man- drie, near Toulon ( Bourguignat, I860), and I have specimens from Grasse (Var), yet it appears to be wanting in the Dep. Alpes Maritimes, where the snail fauna has been studied care- fully by Ct. Caziot and many others. It occurs at suitable places along the whole coast of Liguria, but the colonies, while rather numerous, appear to be of limited extent. According to Issel, C. amicta ordinarily lives on limestone rocks near sea level, but it has also been found inland and at some elevation, at Bavari and Traso in the Bisagno valley, five or six kilometers from the coast, at about 100 meters elevation, and above Cassagna and Statale, ten to twelve kilometers in- Pupillidae PLATE 1 11 ljupillid<3e ' . -y.-^.r:'« • > , , | • ; •:g it^V ' ( N - • 9 c> J i: 17 PUPILLID>C PLATE 3 13 PUPILLID,^ PLATE 4 ,• . . . - • > 9 • - ••- 10 11 12 13 PUP1LLID>E PLATE 5 17 CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. 65 land at about 450 meters above the sea. Upon these specimens he bases the following variety. Var. excelsa Issel. The shell more slender, more acuminate, smaller, and having the aperture more regularly oval, and with the margins more approaching. 43. CHONDRINA PSAROLENA (Bgt.). PL 4, figs. 9, 11. Shell rimate-p erf orate, conic-oblong, fragile, a little pellu- cid, obliquely striatulate; corneous, irregularly marked with longitudinal streaks of cinereous or whitish-blue. Spire conic, the apex acute, corneous, smooth ; whorls 7, very convex, parted by a deeply impressed suture, the last whorl not one- third the whole length. Aperture rounded, the peristome simple, acute, not reflected ; columella simple ; columellar margin dilated, a little expanded; margins strongly converg- ing, joined by a thin callous. Length 7-8, diam. 4 mm. ; height of aperture 2.5, width 1.75 mm. (Bgt.). Alpes-Maritimes, in the gorges of the Saorge (type loc.5 Bgt., Caziot) ; also cavern la Giachera in the Nervia valley, Liguria, and on the Costa di Drego above a little affluent on the left of the Argentina or Tazzia river, at 1000 meters eleva- tion (Issel) ; fossil in the pleistocene deposits of Menton (Nevill). Bulimus cinereus MORTILLET, Coq. fluv. et terr. de Nice, in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, iii, 1851, p. 96. — Bulimus cinereus DUMONT et MORTILLET, Descript. somm. des esp. nouv., in Prospectus de 1'Hist. Moll, terr., etc., Savoie et du Basin du Leman, 1852, p. 3. -- ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., iii, pt. 17-18, 1858, p. 102, pi. 84, f. 929. Not Bulimus cinereus Reeve, 1848. —Bulimus psarolenus BOURGUIGNAT, Arnenites Malac., ii, 1859, p. 116, pi. 15, f. 1, 2. --Pupa psarolena Bgt., STABILE, Bull. Malac. ItaL, i, 1868, p. 33 (discussion of synonymy). — NEVILL, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 124.— CAZIOT, Etude Moll. Monaco, et Alpes- Marit., 1910, p. 313, pi. 9, f. 23, 24.— Pupa mortilleti v. MAR- TENS, Die HeL, 1860, p. 287 (n. n. for B. cinereus Mort). I have not seen this species, which appears to take the place of pallida in the Alpes-Maritimes, but apparently at much greater elevations than pallida. It lives on dusty limestone 66 UNDETERMINED PUPM. rocks according to Caziot. Bourguignat found it on rocks of the gorges above the village of Saorgio, near Nice, in great abundance. Mortillet 's locality was back of Menton. G. Nevill found an elongated form of the species in the pleisto- cene of Menton. Caziot 's figures also represent more length- ened examples. Unidentified and Undescribed Species of Abida, Granopupa or CJwndrina. Pupa affiiiis Aradas et Maggiore, Catalogo regionato della Conchiglie viventi e fossili di Sicilia, p. 116 (Atti Accad. Gioenia, xv, 1839; xx, 1843). Shell conic-cylindric, ashy, smooth, solid ; aperture 5-toothed ; margin white, slightly re- flected. Alt. 3%, diam. l1/^ lines. Coast of Catania. Differs from P. variabilis by the form, cylindric to the upper third, and the situation of the teeth, of which one is in the insertion of the lip, second in the labruin, two minute and contiguous 011 the columella, and the fifth, laminar, in the labium. I have not seen this publication, and take the diagnosis from Philippi, Enuin. Moll. Sicil., ii, 220, who quotes from A. & M. Ross- massler 's use of the name P. affinis was probably prior. Pupa contorta Calcara. T. cylindraceo-conica, striata, cor- neo-cinerascens ; anfr. 8 plano-convexi, ultimus ante finem notabiliter contortus; apertura alba, 8-dentata, margine eras- siusculo, subrefiexo. Long. 3 liu. Palermo, Sicily. (Calcara, Effem. scient. per la Sicil., N. 75, p. 101.) Torquilla gastrodes Zigl. Beck, Index Moll., 1837, p. 58. Dalmatia. Jaminia heptodonta Risso. T. glabra, nitida; anfr. 11, liue- olis obliquis impressis sculpti; apertura septemdentata ; epi- dermis fuscescens. Circa Nizza. Long. 0.009 (Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 1826, p. 92). Torquilla hornbeckii Villa. See vol. xvi, p. 24. Pupa libanotica Tristram. Shell cylindric-oblong, corneous or whitish, under the lens irregularly striate, the apex very obtuse ; whorls 10, a little convex, the suture impressed ; first 5 whorls very obtuse and rapidly increasing ; 6th whorl about equal to the 7th ; the last and penult strongly contracting, the UNDETERMINED PUP.E. 67 last carinate at the base and contracted at the aperture. Aperture semi-oval, one-toothed, the tooth standing on the callous; peristome whitish, reflected, continuous in a callous. Length 11, diam. 4% mm. (Tristram). Palestine: Ainat, Lebanon (Tristram). Pupa libanotica TRISTRAM, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1865, p. 538. This species has not been figured. It may belong to the Enidce, but has been considered a Torquilla. Pupa plusiodonta Holmberg. Shell subperf orate, fusiform- ovate, thick, scarcely shining, unequally subplicate and stri- ate, brownish fulvous, paler towards the apex ; spire subovate- conic, the apex obtuse, suture deep ; whorls 1%, gradually increasing, convex, the first brownish-tawny, smooth, the rest darker, the last very little ascending, one-third the length. Aperture oval, contracted by 8 pliciform teeth : two parietal, of which one is produced to the suture, the other more deeply placed, parallel, further from the right margin; two on the columella, of which one further from the base is higher than the other; one basal, is smaller than the rest; and three mar- ginal, parallel and equidistant, the first nearly basal, the second going further in, the third deep ; these being visible ex- ternally as whitish lines. Peristome acute, expanded, pale, whitish externally and within; columellar margin straight, the basal regularly curved, right margin moderately curved, becoming strongly so near the suture; margins separated, joined by a thin callous. Length 9y2, diam. 3y2, aperture S1/^ mm. long, 2% wide (Holmberg). Argentina: on the left bank of the Rio Negro near where it enters the sea, a single specimen found among fluviatile, land and sea shells (Pupa plusiodonta HOLMBERG, Apuntes de Historia Natural, i, no. 2, Feb. 1909, p. 27). It has not been figured. The description suggests a form of Abida or Chondrina. As the unique type was found among shells which had been collected some twenty-five years before, it appears likely that a stray European shell, perhaps from Italy, had got among them in the meantime. The following names, without further information, except 68 VERTIGININAE. that they belong to the submenus Torquilla, are from Schau- fuss, Molluscoruni Systema et Catalogus, Samml. Fr. Paetel, 1869: Pupa dalmatina Prtsch. Dalm. P. 85. Pupa parrajena d 'Orb. Cuba. P. 85. Second edition of the same: Catalog der Couchylien- Sammlimg von Fr. Paetel, 1873. Pupa baldensis Parr. M. Bald. P. 107. Pupa depressilabris Parr. Gorz. P. 107. Pupa formosa Parr. Balkan. P. 108. Pupa wconspecta Parr. Serb. P. 108. Pupa labiosa Parr. Grasse. P. 108. [=-P. brauuii var. labiosa Moq. ?] Pupa oblonga Parr. Italia. P. 108. Pupa prolongata Parr. Banat. P. 108. Pupa proxima Rm. Illyr. P. 108. Pupa striatula Parr. Hispan. P. 108. Pupa turgida. Zglr. Illyr. P. 109. The same, edition of 1883 : Pupa anceps Fagot. Europ. P. 158. The same, 4th edition, 2d part, 1889 : Pupa scalariformis Em. Sicil. P. 304. Pupa tricolor Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xx, pi. 20, f. 190. ? — tricolor Villa. Subfamily VERTIGININAE. Pupillid snails without inferior tentacles. This group comprises Pupillidae having compact, oval, ovate or cylindric shells of quite small or minute size, usually 1% to 3 mm. long, from brown to amber or olivaceous color, having the typical 6 teeth of the family, or varying to none or to a greater number. The axis is perforate, but usually closed in the adult stage. Vertigininae are abundant in Holarctic, Polynesian and Hawaiian faunas, almost wholly wanting in South American and African. VERTIGO. 69 The subfamily, in its present limits, is a new group. The family Vertiginidae of Stimpson (Shells of New England, 1851, p. 53) comprised only the genus Vertigo including V. simplex Gld., but Stimpson also characterized his family by the want of inferior tentacles. From the literature it may be gathered that some Pupillidae certainly belonging to other subfamilies are deficient in ten- tacles, and according to Gredler, a reliable observer, V. genesii has inferior tentacles. Further careful observations on many species are needed. The inferior tentacles are usually very short in Pupillidae, and may therefore be overlooked easily. A general likeness may be traced between the shells of the genera now referred to Vertigininae ; it appears to be a na- tural group ; though the variation is so great throughout the family that definitions sufficiently elastic to cover any of the groups larger than genera become too comprehensive to be diagnostic. The genera fall into two main geographic divisions: 1. northern or mainly Holarctic, including Vertigo, Trunca- teltina, Sterkia and their satellite groups, and 2. Polynesian and Tropical, with Nesopupa and the associated groups. Places where these divisions overlap are extremely few. A list of fossil genera and species of Vertigininae follows the account of the genus Vertigo. Genus VERTIGO Miiller. Vertigo 0. F. MULLER, Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium Hist., ii, 1774, p. 124, monotype V. pusilla Mull. Isthmia GRAY, London Medical Repository, xv, 1821, p. 239, for ''Helix Isthmia, cylindrica Drap, t. 3, f. 30, 31," pygmaa Drap. Cf. BALL. Tr. Wagner Inst. iii, pt. 2, p. 248 ; Nautilus xvii, 1904, p. 114, and NEWTON and HARRIS, Proc. Malac. Soc. London i, p. 72, footnote 1.— GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 176, type Vert, nitida = edentula Drap. Alcca, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. London xvi, 1830, p. 357. -GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 176, type A. palustris Jeffr. = V. antivertigo. — PILSBRY, Nautilus xviii, 1905, p. 119. 70 VERTIGO. Staurodon LOWE, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 214, type P. pygmcca Drap. Not Staurod&n Lowe, 1852. Dexiogyra STABILE, Moll. terr. Viv. du Piernout, 1864, p. 104 (in Atti della Soc. di Scienze Nat., Milano, vi), for V. moulwisia/na, V. pygniE PLATE 8 fe ~ . L ! . ' 6 ; i£./-~ 8 9 10 11 . -. 13 14- PUPILLIDyE PLATE 9 m • -',?r f 8 . •• •.-v' ••i :.<-• -*• ' 3 y 13 PUPILLIDXE . PLATE 1O 11 12 13 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 145 wards the subtriangular small aperture. Shell thin, delicate, of pale horn color, as is the palatal wall and margin; the latter simple and straight, with a very slight, thin callus inside, lamella 3, whitish, rather small: one apertural [parietal], one columellar, longitudinal, and the inferior palatal; sometimes there is also a very small superior palatal. Length 1.5, diam. 0.8 mm." (Sterki). Length 1.45, diam. 0.8 mm. ; nearly 5 whorls. Length 1.53, diam. 0.85 mm. Florida: Mosquito Island, Volusia Co., type loc., Oscar B. and G. W. Webster; Grassy Key, Eaybon. Alabama: Ever- green, Conecuh Co., H. H. Smith. Louisiana: S.-W. cor. Madison Parish, Bayou Macon, C. B. Moore. Arkansas : Keller Place Landing, Ouachita E., Calhoun Co., C. B. Moore. Texas : Guadalupe E. near New Braunfels, Ferriss and Pilsbry. Vertigo oscariana STERKI, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1890, p. 33 ; reprinted in BINNEY, 4th Suppl. Terr. Moll, v, Bull. M. C. Zool. xxii, 1892, p. 197, fig. — , Nautilus iii, 1890, p. 136 ; iv, 1890, p. 39, pi. 1, f. 5.— PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1906, p. 147.— CLAPP, Nautilus xxviii, 1915, p. 137, pi. 6, f. 8. The surface is delicately but rather sharply and regularly striate, most conspicuously so on the penult whorl. The colu- mellar lamella is rather blunt and thick, the lower end vertical, the upper slanting slightly inward. The parietal lamella is short and rather high. Figured from the type, no. 60463 A. N. S. It varies in degree of inflation, as the figures show. Dr. Clapp has noted that the specimens from Evergreen, Alabama, are nearly smooth, showing only obsolete striation. One meas- ures 1.45 x 0.8 mm. The Texan form is also nearly smooth, 1.7 x 9 mm., and some have a thin palatal callus. All of the localities given are for specimens in coll. A. N. S. It is an isolated species, without near relatives in our fauna. Subgenus ANGUSTULA Sterki. Angustula STERKI, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi, 1888, p. 378, for V. milium and V. venetzii; Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1889, p. UL—VertHla. P. & V., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 597. 146 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. Angular, parietal and columellar lamellae are strongly de- veloped, the parietal long, columellar crescentic, its inner end curving downward. Palatal folds strong, the lower entering to the dorsal side, its inner end curving downward. Type V. milium. The peculiarities of Vertigo milium were first fully worked out by Doctor Sterki, wrho considered it related to the Euro- pean V. angustior (veuetzii) ; but the relation seems to be one of partial parallelism rather than of direct affinity. I may mention that Dr. Sterki now considers the relationship doubtful. The two species differ as follows : V. milium. V. angustior. Dextral. Siiiistral. Columellar lamella running Columellar fold spirally as- downward inwardly. cending inwardly. Lower palatal fold entering Upper palatal fold entering deeply. deeply. August ula has some features in common with the Cali- fornian species of Sterkia, particularly the well-separated angular and parietal lamellae and the descending inner end of the columellar lamella; but there is probably no direct relationship. Dr. 0. Boettger has considered V. ovatulst, of the German upper Oligocene and lower Miocene, to be closely related to V. milium. I have not seen that species, but as the form of the columellar lamella as figured is entirely different in V. ovatula and V. milium, the former evidently does not be- long to August ula. Two species are known : V. milium, no. 32, in which there is a moderate swelling behind the outer lip, and V. bcrmu- densis, no. 33, having a very high, massive crest. 32. VERTIGO MILIUM (Old.). PL 13, figs. 1 to 7. ' ' Shell minute, of a globosely-oval form, color a light chest- nut; whorls four or somewhat more, obviously wrinkled obliquely, rather convex ; apex bluntly rounded ; suture deep ; AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 147 aperture half the width of the last whorl, heart-shaped, the apex being at the right posterior angle ; the transverse margin is nearly direct ; the outer lip is scalloped by an indentation of the lip ; the remainder of the margin is regularly arcuated ; lip white, slightly everted ; throat with six teeth, two of which are on the transverse lip, equidistant; one, with a tubercle at its base, is on the middle of the columella, and nearly at right angles with the preceding, and is the largest; a fourth is on the indenture of the outer lip, directed between the two on the transverse lip ; and two smaller ones, more retired within the shell, are equidistant between the two last mentioned; umbilicus large and deep. Length less than 1/30 of an inch : breadth 1/40 of an inch" (Gould). Maine to Florida, west to South Dakota, Grand County, Colorado and southeastern Arizona; Tampico, Mexico; Jamaica. Type locality Oak Island, Chelsea, near Boston. Pupa milium GOULD, Boston Journal of Natural History iii, pt. 3, 1840, p. 402, pi. 3, f. 23 ; iv, p. 359, 1843 ; in Binney, Terr. Moll, ii, p. 337, pi. 71, f. 1 ; Invert, Mass. p. 187, f. 118. — ADAMS, Vermont Moll., p. 157. — Vertigo milium Gld., W. G-. BINNEY, Terr. Moll, v, 1878, p. 215, pi. 71, f. 1 ; Man. Amer. Land Shells, 1885, p. 332, f. 361.— MORSE, Amer. Nat. i, 1868, p. 669, f. 65, 66.— STERKI, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi, 1888, p. 377, pi. 42, f. 10, 13; Nautilus xxix, 123 (Geneva, 0.).- WALKER, Moll, of Michigan, 1906, p. 515, f. 146, 147 (Newaygo, Kent, Bay, Oakland, Washtenaw and Lenawee counties) ; Nau- tilus xxxi, 54, 56 (Chester Shoals and Palm Beach, Fla.). — JOHNSON, Fauna of New England 13, 1915, p. 215 (Me., Vt., Mass.). — DANIELS, 27th Ann. Rep. Dep. Geol. and Nat. Res. Indiana, 1902, p. 632 (Steuben Co., Brookville, Lawrence- burg, Dunreith, Ind.). — OVER, Nautilus xxix, 91 (Chamber- lain, Brule Co., S. Dak.). — VANATTA, Naut. xxviii, 11 (Sussex Co., N. J.). — PILSBRY, Nautilus xiv, 74 (Cape May, N. J.) ; xxv, 35 (Atlantic City, N. J.). — HANNA, Nautilus xxiii, 95 (Douglas Co., Ks.). — HINKLEY, Nautilus xxi, 77 (Tampico). — HANHAM, Nautilus x, 101 (Quebec). — CHADWICK, Nautilus xix, 58 (near Milwaukee). — CKLL., Nautilus iii, 21 (Kremm- ling, Colo.). — SMITH, Nautilus xx, 90 (Otsego Co., N. Y.). — 148 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. STUPAKOFF, Nautilus vii, 135 (Allegheny Co., Pa.). — PRIME, Nautilus viii, 70 (Long Island, N. Y.). — GARDNER, Naut. viii, 76 (Long Island). — SARGENT, Naut. ix, 89 (Clearwater, Minn.). — PLEAS, Naut. vii, 68 (Henry Co., Ind.). — Pupa millium SOWERBY, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 18, f. 164. Gould 's description and figure are not quite correct in some points ; evidently the columellar lamella and lower palatal fold were not fully seen. The color of the shell is cinnamon or paler. The last whorl has an external impression over the lower palatal fold ; there is a swelling in front of the im- pression and below a deeper impression which runs to the lip, over the upper palatal fold. The angular lamella is high, short, and situated inward from the insertion of the outer lip. The parietal is high and long, entering deeply. The high columellar lamella enters horizontally at first, then turns downward, being crescent-shaped. (Its downward con- tinuation was mistaken by Gould for ' ' a tubercle at its base " ) . The upper palatal fold is long and high, slightly curved. Lower palatal is a little immersed, high, thin and enters to the dorsal side, where it curves downward (fig. 5). Both palatal folds are rather thick and tapering at their outer ends. The basal fold is somewhat immersed, short and high. There is sometimes a small, tubercular suprapalatal fold. The outer lip is somewhat expanded and strongly biarcuate. The parietal callus is generally rather thick. Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm. ; 5 whorls. Cleveland, Ohio, fig. 1. Length 1.38, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 5 whorls. Cleveland, O., fig. 3. Length 1.65, diam. 0.85 mm. Vermont, fig. 7. Length 1.4, diam. 0.9 mm.; 4y2 whorls. Volusia Co., Fla., fig. 6. V. milium shows but little variation in the teeth, though in some examples the lower palatal fold emerges further than in others, and the degree of curvature of its inner end varies somewhat. The size and contour of the shell, however, are quite variable, as will be seen by reference to the measure- ments and figures. In one lot I found the length from 1.38 to 1.75 mm. The shortest specimens seen (but generally associated with AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 149 others of normal shape) are from the Gulf States. In a speci- men from ' ' Mt. Taylor, ' ' an artificial mound on the St. Johns River, south of Volusia, Florida, the diameter is two-thirds of the length (pi. 13, fig. 6). Examples from Arizona and Tampico, Mexico, appear to be normal in shape and teeth. Specimens from Brownstown, St. Ann's, Jamaica, have strongly developed teeth, the inner end of the lower palatal fold scarcely bent downward, the shape normal. Length 1.2 to 1.25 mm. 33. VERTIGO BERMUDENSIS n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 8, 9, 10, 12. The shell is minute, oblong, gray, irregularly rather weakly striate but not polished on account of a microscopic granula- tion. Whorls rather strongly convex, the suture appearing margined by translucence of the shell; last whorl convex in front but becoming flattened and tapering downwards dorsally. Some distance behind the aperture there is a very high, mas- sive, rounded crest, followed by a deep contraction, in which there is a pit behind the prominence of the outer lip. The aperture is piriform, having teeth arranged as in V. milium. The angular lamella is rather long and emerges further than the parietal, which is very long and curved, entering spirally. The columellar lamella is somewhat immersed (sometimes in- conspicuous in a front view) ; it enters horizontally, then turns downward along the axis, much as figured for V. milium. The stout upper palatal fold emerges to the palatal callus. The lower palatal arises farther inward, is high and lamellar, penetrating to the dorsal side where it turns downward slightly. The basal fold is absent, or represented by an in- distinct callus. The peristome is well expanded and projects forward in a rounded "auricle" above the middle of the outer margin. Length 1.45, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 5 whorls. Bermuda: around Church Cave, Paynter's Vale, near Tucker's Town (S. Brown, Arthur Haycock). This species has about the size and shape of V. milium, from which it differs chiefly by the enormous development of the oblique crest behind the lip. The much larger V. numel- 150 VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. lata has a similar crest, the lower palatal fold is long, also, and the angular and parietal lamellae similar in position; yet it has not the peculiarly shaped columellar lamella of Angustula. Pupa cyriesii Drouet, of Guyana, which I have placed in the genus Sterkia, has about the size of this species, but as nothing was said of the extraordinary crest, it appears to be quite different. I have not seen it. II. JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. Vertigo appears to be generally distributed in Japan, the maritime province of Siberia and northward to Bering Strait, though there are as yet but few records, widely scattered over a vast area. The insular species are known by shells brought together by Mr. Y. Hirase of Kyoto. For those of the main- land we depend upon records which leave much to be de- sired in point of illustration, and in some cases, possibly, of precision. The Japanese species (except V. dedecora) are quite similar to forms of North America and Europe, and belong to the same groups. Like Cochlicopa. and a few other Holarctic genera, they mingle in a snail fauna which is otherwise chiefly Oriental in its affinities. V. dedecora of the Bonins is related to Tertiary species of Europe. The mainland species of eastern Siberia are not known to me by specimens, and all but one are boreal forms also found in Europe or America. The following have been reported. V. denudata. (Mouss.) Vladivostok. No. 40. V. alpestris (Alder). Vladivostok, Amur Valley. See no. 73. V. borealis (Morel.), Kamchatka (= - V. modest a, no. 25). V. Jcrausseana (Reinh.). Chukchi Peninsula (and Alaska?). No. 27. V. arctica (Wallenb.) Chukchi Peninsula? No. 66. The last three species, as represented in the Chukchi Pen- insula and Alaska are in need of rigid comparison, as it does not seem likely that three very similar forms in the same region are specifically distinct. They belong properly to the circumpolar fauna. VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. 151 Key to Japanese species of Vertigo. 1. Angular lamella curving into and connected by a ridge with the upper termination of the peristome (subgenus Ptychalaea.) . V. dedecora, no. 41. Angular lamella, if present, not connected with the upper termination of the peristome (Vertigo s. sir.). 2. 2. Having a strong palatal callus and an external crest. 3. Without a palatal callus; no external crest. 6. 3. Shell finely but sharply striate, 1.8 x 1.15 mm. ; no angu- lar lamella present. V. hachijoensis, no. 36. Shell smoothish, striation very weak if present. 4. 4. An angular lamella present; basal tooth present, in a subcolumellar position ; outer lip noticeably bent in near the middle. 5. No angular lamella ; crest very close to the lip. V. kushiroensis, no. 37. 5. 2.15 x 1.4 mm. ; a suprapalatal nodule present ; crest strong. V. eogea, no. 34. 1.75 x 1 mm. ; no suprapalatal tooth. V. hydrophila, no. 35. 6. Outer lip straightened in the middle ; smoothish, aperture with 4 small teeth ; 1.65 to 1.8 mm. long. V ". hirasei, no. 38. Outer lip biarcuate. 7. 7. Smoothish, with 1-1-2 teeth. V. japonica, no. 39. Striate, with 2-1-2 teeth. V. j. tosana, no. 39&. Subgeuus VERTIGO s. str. 34. VERTIGO EOGEA n. sp. PL 14, figs. 1, 2, 3. The shell is rimate, broadly ovate, auburn, fading some- what above, glossy, nearly smooth, but under the microscope some very weak striae are seen. The whorls are moderately convex, the last having a distinct, oblique impression over the palatal folds, followed by a rather strong, somewhat sinuous crest, which is light-colored and striate ; in the con- cavity between crest and lip there is a linear impression run- ning to the projection of the lip. The aperture has a well 152 VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. marked sinulus. The parietal lamella is strong and rather long ; angular lamella small and short. The columellar lamella is situated high, ascends inwardly, and is rather large and massive. The two strong palatal folds are rather short and near together. The basal fold is smaller, at the junction of basal and columellar margins. There is a low supra- palatal nodule. The palatal and basal folds are united by a strong buff callus. The outer lip is strongly biarcuate, a little expanded, the columellar margin being rather widely reflected. Length 2.15, diam. 1.4 mm.; nearly 5 whorls. Japan: Akkeshi, Kushiro, Yesso (Y. Hirase). Type and paratypes no. 87899 A. N. S. P., from no. 1307 Hirase coll. Also Kashima, Harima (Hirase). I formerly identified these specimens with V. hydrophUa, but they differ by the larger size, paler color, by the develop- ment of a stiprapalatal fold, and by the shape, if Reinhardt's figures are correct. Possibly a comparison of specimens may show that it is a subspecies of V. hydrophila. It has some resemblance to V. pygmaea. A race from Kashima, Harima, in central Japan, differs by the less swollen spire and the very small size of the basal fold. Length 2.05, diam. 1.3 mm. (Fig. 3). 35. VERTIGO HYDROPHILA (Reiuh.). PI. 14, figs. 4, 5. Shell dextral, ovate, rimate, glossy, glabrous, striatulate un- der the lens, corneous, pellucid ; spire conic, obtuse ; 4y2 slightly convex whorls, rapidly increasing, the penult large, the last rounded, not compressed at the base. Aperture trans- versely cordate, 5 to 6 dentate : a strong parietal lamella and another [angular] obsolete; 2 columellars, the upper one stronger; 2 palatals. The palatal and columellar teeth are united by a glossy, ivory-like callus, which appears rufous externally. Peristorne acute, a little expanded, the margins remote, joined by a thin callus, the right margin a little produced and bent inward, the columellar margin a little reflected. Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm. (Reinhardt). Japan: Hakodate, Yesso (Dr. Hilgendorf). VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. 153 Pupa (Vertigo] hydrophila 0. REINHARDT, Jahrb. d. Malak. Ges. iv, 1877, p. 323, pi. 11, f. 6. — Pupa hydrophila Reinhardt, KOBELT, Fauna Moll. Extramar. Jap., 1879, p. 61, pi. 1, f. 16. "Belongs in the kinship of P. antivertigo and stands es- pecially near P. ovata Say, which differs, however, by the somewhat slimmer shape, the last whorl somewhat compressed at base, and by the somewhat stronger teeth" (Reinhardt). I have not seen this species. The second columellar tooth described is what would now be considered a basal fold, sub- columellar in position. 36. VERTIGO HACHIJOENSIS n. sp. PL 14, figs. 6, 7. The shell is rimate, rather shortly oval, sayal brown, opaque. The surface is very finely, sharply striate on the penult and next earlier whorls, more coarsely and less sharply so on the last whorl. The whorls are moderately convex, the last not compressed below or impressed over the palatal region ; it expands into a rounded crest close to the lip. The aperture is ovate, with four well developed teeth : parietal lamella rather long ; columellar lamella somewhat smaller ; two rather small palatal folds, the lower one larger, as usual. In old specimens, such as the figured type, there is also a very low, almost inmersed basal fold (but in others this is wanting). There is a rather thick palatal callus. The outer lip is straightened and very slightly incurved in the middle, its edge a trifle expanded. Length 1.8, diam. 1.15 mm.; 4% whorls. Japan: Hachijojima, Izu, Y. Hirase. Type and para- types no. 83394 A. N. S. P. It is distinguished from other Japanese species having a crest and a palatal callus by the distinctly striate shell. It was mentioned without description in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 718. 37. VERTIGO KUSHIROENSIS Pils. & Hir. PI. 14, figs. 8, 9, 10. The shell is rimate, ovate, auburn. Surface glossy, nearly smooth, with only weak traces of striation. The whorls are convex, the last not impressed over the palatal region, having a strong, opaque buff crest behind the lip. The aperture is 154 VERTIGO OP JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. ovate, with 4 or 5 white teeth: parietal lamella moderately developed; columellar lamella directed downward, ascending a little within; two well developed palatal folds, the lower longer; a small basal fold (but wanting in some examples). There is a distinct whitish palatal callus. The outer lip is straightened in the middle but not inflexed; lower part of the peristome is expanded. Length 1.8, diam. 1.1 mm. ; barely 5 whorls (type, figs. 8, 10) . Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm. (fig. 9). Japan : Akkeshi, Kushiro, in northeastern Yesso, Y. Hirase. Type and paratype no. 90223 A. N. S. P. Vertigo hirasei kushiroensis PILSBRY & HIRASE, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 718. This species differs from V. hydrophila by having no angu- lar lamella ; from V. hirasei by the development of a strong crest, as well as by the stronger, darker shell. 38. VERTIGO HIRASEI Pils. PI. 14, figs. 13, 14. The shell is rimate, cylindric-ovate, ochraceous-buff, im- perfectly transparent, thin. Surface glossy, with faint traces of striae, becoming finely more distinctly striate a short dis- tance behind the lip. The summit is very obtuse. Whorls are rather weakly convex, the last not compressed below, with- out external impressions or crest. The aperture is ovate, having 4 small teeth: the parietal lamella is oblique, about 0.2 mm. long; columellar lamella short, ascending a little in- wardly. Lower palatal fold short, but longer and more im- mersed than the very small upper palatal. There is no trace of a palatal callus. The peristome is thin, strongly arched above, straightened in the middle; it is very slightly ex- panded in the lower part. In profile view (fig. 14) it is seen to bend well forward in a rounded lobe above the middle of the outer margin. Length 1.65, diam. 1 mm. ; fully 4y2 whorls. Japan: Yanagawa, Chikugo, in Kiushiu, Y. Hirase. Type and paratypes no. 79738 A. N. S. P. Vertigo hirasei PILSBRY, Nautilus xiv, March, 1901, p. 128 ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1901, p. 484, pi. 28, f. 53.— Vertigo VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. 155 hirasei glans PILSBRY & HIRASE, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1904, p. 631 (Okinoerabushima). The absence of angular and basal teeth and small size of the others, the thin lip, without palatal callus and not in- flexed, and the absence of a crest, are characteristic of this species. V. h. glans. — The characters I relied upon in character- izing1 V. h. glans have little value, and I doubt whether it is really separable. The shell is more egg-shaped and a trifle smaller than the type specimen of V. hirasei, and there is no upper palatal fold. Length 1.5, diam. 0.85 mm. (pi. 14, fig. 15, type specimen). Specimens of a race of V. hirasei were sent by Mr. Hirase from Miyakejima, an island of Izu. The teeth are larger than in the Kyushu form. It probably is another subspecies, but the specimens are not in sufficiently good condition for decision (pi. 14, figs. 11, 12). 2Sa. Vertigo hirasei okinoerabuensis Pils. & Hir. PL 14, fig. 16. The shell is longer than V. hirasei, of paler tint, with the lower palatal fold longer ; upper palatal present. Length 1.8. diam. 0.95 mm. ; nearly 5 whorls. Okinoerabushima, an island of Osumi, Hirase. Type and paratypes no. 87690 A. N. S. P. Vertigo hirasei okinoerdbuensis PILS. & HIR., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1904, p. 631. The type is figured. A rather weakly differentiated form. 39. VERTIGO JAPONICA Pils. & Hir. PL 15, figs. 1, 2. The shell is perforate and rimate, oblong, the summit ob- tuse, auburn, thin; surface smoothish, showing some weak striae under the microscope, the last whorl distinctly striate behind the lip. The whorls are convex, parted by a well impressed suture, the last half of the last whorl tapering towards the base, having a rather deep furrow running to the auricle, but no crest. Aperture ovate, with four well- developed teeth: parietal lamella large and rather long; columellar lamella smaller, ascending a little inwardly; two 156 VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. palatal plicae well developed, the lower one somewhat more immersed. No palatal callus. The outer lip is biarcuate, a conspicuous entering angle at the junction of the arcs ; edge blunt and expanded. Length 1.65 diam. 0.95 mm.; 5 whorls. Japan : Ikusagawa, Ojima, Y. Hirase. Type and paratypes no. 85746 A. N. S. P. Vertigo japonica PILSBRY & HIRASE, Nautilus xvii, Feb., 1904, p. 118. It differs from V. hirasei by the entering point of the outer lip ; from V. hijdrophUa by the same character and by having fewer teeth. 39o. Vertigo jap&nica coreana n. subsp. PL 15, fig. 4. Differs from V. japonica by the decidedly longer lower palatal fold. Length 1.53, diam. 0.9 mm. Korea: Island of Ko-je, Y. Hirase. Type and paratypes no. 95772 A. N. S. P. Some "dead" specimens from Fusaii, Korea, partly young and all more or less broken, look like V. japonica, but their identity is not certain. 39&. Vertigo japonica tosana n. subsp. PI. 15, fig. 3. The shell is distinctly striate ; there is a low angular lamella ; other teeth as in V. japonica. Length 1.65, diam. 0.95 mm. Japan : Irazuyama, Tosa, Y. Hirase. Type no. 86486 A. N. S. P. 40. VERTIGO DENUDATA (Mousson). PI. 15, fig. 8. Shell very minute, perforate, long-ovate, denuded of epi- dermis, smoothish, slightly striatulate, subopaque, whitish. Spire convex, rather obtuse at summit; suture impressed. Whorl 5y2 to 6, convex, the penult a little larger, the last whorl somewhat tapering, not compressed below. Aperture nearly vertical, semicircular; peristome acute, a little re- flected, bordered by a wrinkle outside ; margins connected ; outer margin curved at the insertion, almost forming a right angle. Within there are two distant parietal teeth, one columellar and one palatal, sometimes a second small one being VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. 157 added. Length 1.2, diam. 1 mm. Ratio of aperture [to spire] 1:1 (Moiiss.}. Siberia : Vladivostok, Louis Graeser. Pupa (Vertigo] denudata MOUSSON, Journ. de Conch, xxxv, 1887, p. 19, pi. 1, f. 6. ' ' Taken at the same point as P. alpestris, but it is not to be confused with that. It is always denuded, with little trans- lucence, whitish, while the other, species is corneous and dis- tinctly translucent. P. denudata has y2 to 1 whorl more than alpestris, its whorls are less close, giving it a longer, slimmer shape; the aperture is more regularly rounded, the outer margin not concave" (Mousson). The presence of two teeth on the parietal wall, and of a crest ('lperist. . . . extus ruga- circumdatum") seem to show affinity with the V. hydrophila group, but the figure is not sufficiently exact for a critical comparison with the Japanese species. Moreover, the dimensions given are clearly erroneous Subgenus PTYCHALAEA Boettger. Ptychalaea BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturkunde, Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 293. Type by orig. des. V. flexidens (Ess.). Similar to Vertigo except that the angular lamella connects by a curved callous ridge with the termination of the outer lip ; there is a rounded crest behind the peristome. Type V. flexidens Reuss. Distribution, Lower Miocene to Pliocene of Europe; recent in the Bonin Islands. The type of this subgenus, V. flexidens (pi. 15, fig. 15), has an infraparietal lamella and a suprapalatal denticle. The angular lamella and the rest of the structure agree exactly with the recent species, and I believe that there can be no doubt that the latter belong to Ptychalava. The Bonin Islands have a highly peculiar snail fauna, doubtless evolved on a far larger land-mass which included all of the present islands. This fauna appears to have been derived from the continent not later than the middle Tertiary, and probably earlier. In Europe the species of Ptychalaea had about the 158 VERTIGO OP JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. distribution and nearly the duration of the Gastrocopts, which are also related to those of the Bonin Islands. The Tertiary species are enumerated on page 220. 41. VERTIGO DEDECORA (Pilsbry). PI. 15, figs. 5, 6, 7, 9. The shell is minute, with a distinct circular perforation, and a rather long umbilical chink, obesely oval, tawny, the surface having very weak but somewhat coarse striae and very little gloss. The whorls are moderately convex, the last one flat- tened over the palatal folds, rising in a rounded, lighter- colored crest behind the peristome, this crest being very promi- nent at the base. The parietal lamella is very long, entering deeply, not emerging to the edge of parietal callus. Angu- lar lamella is much shorter, connected by a callus with the termination of the outer lip. The columellar lamella is hori- zontal and deeply immersed. Upper palatal fold is larger and longer than the lower, and it emerges nearly to the peristome. Basal fold is short and somewhat immersed. There is a dis- tinct palatal callus. The peristome expands and is of a tawny color, the margins united by a distinct parietal callus. The outer margin is slightly impressed in the middle, a slight groove preceding the impression. Length 1.5, diam. 1 mm. ; 5 whorls. Length 1.6, diam. 1.05 mm. ; 5 whorls. Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-jima) : Hahajima, Y. Hirase. Type no. 82583 A. N. S. P. Nesopupa dedecora PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., Apr. 23, 1902, p. 31. The compact, broadly oval figure, strong crest, long parietal lamella and the union of angular lamella with the peristome are the more prominent features of this species. 41a. V. d. tamagonari Pils. & Hir. PI. 15, figs. 10, 11. The shell is somewhat more globose and often smaller than typical dedecora; the crest is not quite so prominent. Chichijima, Ogasawara. Length 1.4, diam. 0.95 mm. (type). Length 1.5, diam. 1 mm. Nesopupa tamagonari PILSBRY & HIRASE, Nautilus xvii, Feb., 1904, p. 118. EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 159 Comparison of the whole series now at hand shows that this is merely a slight variant from another island, doubtfully separable from the original dedecora. III. PAiuEARCTic SPECIES, EUROPE, ASIA AND NORTHERN AFRICA. The European Vertigos have never been monographically studied. Westerlund's several works are synoptical compila- tions not really aiming to be critical monographs, I presume ; and the extensive and valuable papers of Gredler and Boettger, as well as the several faunal manuals, such as those of Clessin and others, cover only part of the ground. Wester- lund has carefully described many new forms from Sweden, where the genus appears to have an extraordinary develop- ment; but they have not been figured, and most of them are to be found in very few collections, or in but one, many being practically unknown outside of Sweden. Most of the species of Central Europe have been figured by Kobelt, Geyer and others, in lithographs, and by Steenberg in admirable pen drawings, among the best figures of Vertigo ever published. Having no special knowledge of European species, and possessing few of them, the author has compiled most of the following account from the original publications. NORTH AFRICAN SPECIES are all supposed to be distinct from those of Europe. They are still known only by Bourguignat 's work of over 50 years ago. V. discheilia Bgt., no. 49. V. briobia Bgt., no. 59. V. maresi Bgt., no. 50. V. microlena Bgt., no. 60. V. aprica Bgt., no. 57. V. latasteana Bgt. & Let., no. 45. V. codia Bgt,, no. 58. Westerlund has constructed a partial key to Palsearctie species, which is recast below with some small alterations. 1. Shell dextral. 2. Shell sinistral. 9. 2. Aperture toothless; neck scarcely impressed in front, without an encircling crest; no internal palatal callus: wf _rtS JL, 160 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. V. genesii, 78 ; dica:a, 63 ; cela-ta, 64 ; inermis, 62 ; eggeri, 66; regularis, 65. Aperture toothed. 3. 3. No crest behind the peristome. 4. Having a crest. 6. 4. No palatal callus, the palatal folds standing free. 5. Palatal folds united in front by a palatal callus. V. eremia, 61. 5. One parietal lamella or none : V. daliaca, 69 ; pineticola, 70 ; krauseana, 26 ; hebraica ; gemma, 71 ; ovoidea, 72 ; arctica, 67 ; tatrica, 676 ; alpestris, 74 ; acheila, 76 ; /leZdi, 74a; haeusleri, 52a ; schultzii, 75; helvetica, 74d; leontina, 74&; biittneri, 77. Having two lamellae on the parietal wall: thibetica, vol. xxiv, p. 138. 6. No palatal callus between the palatal folds. 7. Palatal folds united by a palatal callus. 8. 7. No impression behind the outer lip, crest weak : V. decora, 25 ; ro-nnebynesis, 68 ; graellsiana, 56. An impression between the strong crest and the edge of outer lip: V. antivertigo, 45; lilljeborgi, 46; kiisteriana, 53& ; latasteana, 45. 8. One parietal lamella: V. moulinsiana, 53; pachyga-ster, 54; pygmcca, 52; loroisiana, 55; aprica, 57; coe&a, 58; briobia, 59 ; microlena, 60. Two lamellae on parietal wall : y. sieversi, 73 ; substriata, 51 ; remana, 45c ; baudoni, 47 ; dischettia, 49 ; maresi, 50. 9. Upper palatal fold not longer than the lower when present. 10. Upper palatal fold very long, entering to the dorsal side ; columellar lamella spirally ascending, blunt : y. angustior, 81 ; callista, 82. 10. 5 to 10 teeth: V. p-usitta, 42; erla-ndi, 44; collina, 43. 2 or 3 teeth : y. otostoma, 79 ; clevei, 80. Group of V. pusMa. These are merely sinistral species, otherwise like the a/nti- vertigo group. EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 161 42. VERTIGO PUSILLA Miiller. PL 16, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell subfusiform, with somewhat of a quadrangular out- line, thin and semitransparent, very glossy, horn-color, with a faint tinge of yellow, very slightly and remotely striate in the line of growth; periphery rounded, with a tendency to angularity ; epidermis thin ; whorls 4.y2 or 5, very convex and cylindrical, gradually increasing in size, the penultimate whorl as broad as the last, which occupies about two-fifths of the shell; spire shortish, but rather tapering, and blunt at the point ; suture very deep ; mouth semioval, contracted or sinu- ous in the middle of the outer edge; teeth six or seven, viz. two on the pillar [parietal wall], two on the pillar lip (the inner one of which is always larger, and the outside one tubercular and placed in the angle where the outer lip joins), and two or three within the outer lip (the third, when it is present, placed near the pillar lip and being a mere tubercle:) outer lip rather thick and slightly reflected, strengthened by a strong rib both outside and inside, which is situate near the opening of the mouth and is yellowish- white ; outer edge rather abruptly inflected ; inner lip slightly thickened in full grown specimens; umbilicus small and narrow, contracted by a rather sharp and gibbous crest or ridge at the base of the shell. L. 0.07. B. 0.045 inch (Jeffreys). Europe; Caucasus; Asia Minor. Vertigo p^isilla MULLER, Vermium terr. et fluv. Hist., ii, 1774, p. 124.— A. MULLER, Wiegm. Archiv f. Naturg. 1838, i, p. 211, pi. 4, f. 5. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr. ii, pt. 10, p. 29, pi. 49, f. 649.— JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, i, p. 263.— MOQUIN- TANDON, Moll. France ii, p. 409, pi. 29, f. 12-14.— Pupa pusilla (Mull.) PFEIFFER, Monographia ii, p. 364; iii, 560; iv, 686; vi, 336 ; viii, 404.— KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 129, pi. 16, f . 38-40. — WESTERLUND, Fauna iii, 1887, p. 141 ; Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica xiii, no. 7, p. 70 (dist. in Norway, Sweden, Finland). — Helix vertigo GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3664. — Pupa vertigo DRAP., Hist. Moll. France, p. 61, pi. 3, f . 34, 35. — Vertigo Jieterostropha Leach, TURTON, Manual, 1831, p. 105. —LEACH, Synopsis Moll. G. B. 1852, p. 94. 162 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. With teeth somewhat as in V. antivertigo, this species differs by the more oblong shape and sinistral coil. Westerlund gives the length as 1% to 2y2 mm. • those I have measured are mainly between 1.9 and 2.1 mm. long; the shortest adult 1.6 x 1 mm. It is locally distributed in England and Ireland but not in Scotland, according to Jeffreys. 42a. Vertigo pusilla titmida Westerlund. Shell ventri- cose-ovate, obtuse, the base swollen on the right; brown, stri- atulate ; whorls 4.y2 to 5, convex, the last pale anteriorly, with a very thin callous, the base a little compressed. Aperture broadly, unequally cordate, 4 to 6 toothed : parietal 2 or 1, columellar 2 or 1, palatal 3. Length 1%, diam. iy2 mm. Sweden, at Pehrsborg near Ronneby among rotten, damp leaves in a beech wood (type loc.) and Borgholni; Norway, Malmoen; Denmark, Linaa Vesterskov. ( Westerlund). Vertigo tumida WESTERL., Malak. Blatter xiv, 1867, p. 203. —Pupa tumida WESTERL., Fauna iii, 1887, p. 141; Acta Soc. fauna et flora Fennica xiii, no. 7, p. 71. Said to differ from V. pusilla by the smaller, blunt and ven- tricose shell, with different shaped aperture, darker color and smaller umbilical crevice. "I am not sure that it is more than a dwarf variety or form of V. pusilla. The two specimens sent by Dr. Wester- lund differ from each other in the number of teeth, one speci- men having 5 and the other 7 teeth. He describes tumida as 6-dentate, and V. pusilla as 6-8 dentate." (Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N. H. 5th ser., ii, 1878, p. 381). Mr. J. W. Taylor states that Westerlund sent him a specimen labelled Vertigo pusilla Mull. var. tumida West. (Journ. of Conch, v, 357). 43. VERTIGO COLLINA Westerluud. Shell [sinistral] rimate, ovate, striatulate, corneous. Spire subconic, short, rather obtuse. Whorls 5%, somewhat flat, united by a lightly impressed suture, not descending at the aperture, the last whorl a little impressed in the middle in front, strongly sloping below, as viewed from the side. Aper- ture oblique, subcordate, with 2 lamelliform, parallel palatal EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 163 teeth, not reaching the margin ; peristorne simple, unexpanded, the outer margin forming two well curved circles; connected with the columellar margin by a rather strong callus. Length 2, diam. iy8 mm. (Westerl.). Sweden: Pehrsborg near Ronneby, among rotten leaves in a beech wood. Pupa collina, WESTERLUND, Nova Acta E. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3), viii, 1871, p. 100; Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica xiii, no. 7, p. 71. 44. VERTIGO ERLANDI (Westerlund). Shell [sinistral], circularly perforate, oblong-conoid, corn- eous-brown, delicately striatulate. Whorls 6, regularly in- creasing, convex, the suture oblique as far as to the aperture, the last whorl with no transverse callus, smooth. Aperture sinuate-oval, the parietal margin very oblique, with 1 enter- ing parietal lamella ; 2 conic columellar teeth ; 3 rather thick, long, palatal folds, impressed in the middle, or abrupt, the 1st emerging, corresponding to an external furrow, the 3d basal. Outer margin much longer, formed of two arcs, the upper one stronger, produced. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (WesterL). Sweden: Dalbyo, prov. Sodermanland. Pupa (VertiUa,} erlandi WESTERL., Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, 1897, p. 194. Group of V. antivertigo. Ovate, glossy, usually rather dark colored species with 6 to 10 teeth, 2 or 3 on the parietal wall (or in V. moulinsiana 4-6 teeth, 1 or 2 on parietal wall). This group of fully toothed forms of Europe and north Africa is equivalent to what is called the group of V. ovata in America. V. callosa of the central European Oligocene be- longs to the same group, and is probably ancestral to the recent European species. 45. VERTIGO ANTIVERTIGO (Drap.). PI. 16, figs. 4, 5, 6. The shell is rimate, oval, ventricose, nearly smooth, glossy, 164 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. amber-brown or nearly chestnut, slightly transparent, out- lines very convex. Whorls rather convex, the last somewhat compressed below, with an impression over the lower palatal fold, a moderately developed, opaque crest behind the peris- tome; and a very deep impression between the crest and the point of the outer lip. Aperture having 6 principal and usually several smaller teeth : parietal lamella rather long ; angular and infraparietal short and smaller. Columellar lamella large, ascending inwardly. Upper and lower palatal folds strong, the lower longer. Basal fold stout, in a sub- columellar position. Usually there are small suprapalatal and infrapalatal denticles. Peristonie thin, a little expanded, the outer margin biarcuate, with a median entering angle. Palatal callus well developed. Length 1.95, diam. 1.2 mm.; 5 whorls (Lyons). Length 2.25, diarn. 1.4 mm. (Lausanne). Nearly all Europe; Transcaucasus ; Armenia, Talysch Turkestan ( Westerlund ) . Pupa antivertigo DRAPARNAUD, Tabl. Syst. Moll. France, 1801, p. 57; Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr., p. 60, pi. 3, f. 32, 33 (dans la Bresse; en Lauguedoc). — PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. ii, 361; 11, 558 ; iv, 685 ; vi, 332 ; viii, 404. — KUSTER, Syst. Conchyl. Cab. p. 125, pi. 16, f. 27-30.— WESTERLUND, Fauna iii, 1887, p. 140; Nova Acta K. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3), viii, 1871, p. 89, with varr. ferox, seminulum. — Vertigo antivertigo Drap., NOBRE, Moll. Portugal, p. 241. — MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. France, 1855, p. 407, with var. octodentata Stud. — BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 299 (recent and Pleistocene distribu- tion).— WEISS, Nachrbl, D. M. Ges. 1894, p. 156, pleistocene of Taubach, with ver. ferox. Alaea palustris Leach MS., JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xvi, pt. 2, 1830, p. 360. Turbo sexdentatus MONTAGU, Test. Brit. 1803, p. 337, pi. 12, f. 8. — Vertigo sexdentata WAGNER in Chemnitz, Conchyl. Cab. xii, p. 175, pi. 235, f. 4124. Vertigo 8 dentata STUDER, Kurzes Verzeich., in Naturwiss. Anzeiger allg. Schweiz. Ges. Naturwiss. iii, May 1, 1820, p. 89, based upon Drap. pi. 3, f. 32, 33 (near Bern and Ringgen- EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 165 berg). — Pupa vertigo var. P. 7 dentata HARTMANN, Neue Alpina i, 1821, p. 219, based upon Drap. pi. 3, f. 32, 33, Pupa antivergio [sic] . — Vertigo septemdenta FERUSSAC, Tabl. Syst. p. 64, based upon P. antivertigo Drap., V. 8 dentata Studer, T. sex dentatus Mont. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr. ii, pt. 10, p. 28, pi. 49, f. 647. Distinct from other species of its region by the three teeth on the parietal wall, the obesely oval shape and the deep angle between the two arcs of the outer lip. It is very closely re- lated to the American V. ovata, but is smaller with less im- pressed suture. Boettger, however, considered ovata a variety of antivertigo (Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 1889, p. 300) ; and probably, if the areas of the two were not so widely separated, this view might be generally entertained. Westerlund gives the size as length 2-21/£, diam. !1/^-l%. This indicates a somewhat larger size than any I have seen. According to Jeffreys it is found "under stones and logs of wood as well as at the roots of grass, and on moss, flags and water plants, in marshy places and at the sides of streams and canals." Many of the minor modifications have been named, but probably few if any of them have racial value, so far as one may judge by the literature. It has not been stated that any occur in pure colonies. Moreover, some forms appear to have been named more than once. Westerlund recognizes the following forms : sexdentata Mont., 2 columellar teeth, the upper wanting; octodentata Hartm., with 3 palatal teeth ; ferox West., aperture 9 to 10 toothed, 2 or 3 parietal, 3 columellar, 4 palatals, two lamelliform, two minute; or with 3-2-4 or 3-2-5 teeth (= var. novemdentata Sandberger, Vorwelt, 1875, p. 795). Sterki noted antivertigo mit 10 Zahnen, Schleitheim, Switzerland, Nachrbl. 1881, p. 37. This form occurs also in Germany. Var. semmulum West. Shell small, oval; whorls 4; aper- ture 5 to 6 toothed : 2-2-2. Length li/2, diam. 1 mm. Oester- gotland, Sweden. Pollonera defines the following forms: typica, teeth 2-3-2; irregularis, 2-2-3 ; aequidentata, 2-2-2 ; padana, 2-1-3 ; cisalpina, 166 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 3-2-2. All from Piedmont (Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, xx, 1885, p. 686). Var. major Locard. Alt. 2-21/4, diain. l1/^ mni. ; 5 folds. Uriage (Isere). (Locard, Ann. Soc. Agricult. Lyon (5), ii, 1880, p. 855). Var. novemplicata Loc. Shell conforming to the type but with a third fold on the penult whorl ; this fold is very low and situated near the coluniellar margin, ordinarily quite im- mersed. Alluvium of the Rhone at Lyons (Locard, t. c., p. 856). Var. cornea Loc. Pale corneous, subtransparent. Environs of Lyons (Locard, 1. c.). Pfeiffer (Monographia ii, 361) mentioned, as a doubtful small variety of V. antivertigo, a Pupa pusilla Bivona fils, Monogr. p. 14; Arad. et Magg., Catal., p. 131. "T. valde parva, ovato-conica, apice obtuse, corneo-rufescente ; anfr. 4 —5 convexis, suturis impressis; aperture 6- vel 7 dentata, latere dextro sinuosa ; margine reflexo. — Long. i/2 lin." (Ar. et Magg.). It is from the river Oreto, Sicily. The name is preoccupied. Benoit (Nuovo Catal. Conch, terr. e fluv. Sicilia 1881, p. 99) remarks that two varieties of Pupa antivertigo have been observed in Sicily, the larger one living at Madonie, the smaller on the banks of the Oreto river. If really as small as stated, this is evidently a distinct species. Vertigo sinuata Mousson (pi. 16, fig. 7). Shell small, dex- tral, rimate, globose-ovate, slightly striatulate, pellucid, glossy, pale corneous. Spire convexly conic, the apex obtuse, suture somewhat impressed. Whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the penult largest, inflated, the last ascending a little, tapering below, more distinctly striate, in the middle of its alt. acutely im- pressed and having a transverse wrinkle. Aperture small, vertical, irregularly semioval, conspicuously sinuate above on the right, internally 7-toothed : 2 distinct and a third rudi- mentary parietals. 1 long in the post-sinual angle, 1 deep, elongate and another shorter in the lower margin, finally a seventh, immersed, on the columella. Peristome rather ob- tuse, a little reflected, labiate within ; margins somewhat ap- proximate and converging, joined by a somewhat callous la- mella, the right bisiuuate, the angle projecting strongly into EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 167 the aperture, a little produced forward. Length 0.9, diam. 0.6 mm. (Mouss.}. Banks of the Araxis river, Transcaucasus. Vertigo sinuata MOUSSON, Jouru. de Conchyl. 1873, p. 213, pi. 8, f. 10.— Pupa sinuata Mouss., J. de C. 1876, p. 40.— PPR., Moiiogr. viii, p. 405. If the dimensions are correctly given by Mousson, this must be distinct from V. antivertigo, of which it has been considered a synonym. 45a. Vertigo reneana Servain. Shell rimate-perforate, ovate-globose, ventricose, corneous, glossy, nearly smooth. Spire convexly oblong, the apex large. Whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, parted by a deep suture; the last whorl minute, rounded, straight above, crested-tuberculose below, the protuberance joined to the gibbosity preceding the peris- tome; gibbous behind the margin, the swelling paler, strong, transverse, stronger below, and concave in front of the swell- ing below. Aperture ventrical, subtrigonal, narrowed and indistinctly angular below, externally sinuate, 7 plicate, as follows: 3 parietals, of which the median is stronger; 2 colu- mellars, the upper one thicker, and 2 nearly equal palatals, the upper one attaining the margin. Peristome lipped within, somewhat expanded and slightly reflected, the outer margin sinuated within, columellar margins obliquely straightened, margins remote. Length 2y2, diam. iy2, aperture % x y2 mm. (Servain). Spain: drift of the Ebre at Saragossa. Vertigo reneana SERVAIN, Etude Moll. Esp. Port. 1880, p. 126. Resembles V. maresi of Algeria in form and size, but it differs by the aperture having 7 teeth and by the characters of the last whorl (Servain). It has not been differentiated satisfactorily from antivertigo. 46. VERTIGO LILLJEBORGI (Westerlund). Shell ventricose, ovate, strongly glossy, very finely striate, chestnut horn-color. Whorls 5, rather rapidly increasing, convex, the last but little higher than the penult, double as high as the next earlier whorl, a little ascending in front. Suture but slightly oblique. Aperture quite piriform, or obliquely cordate, with 1 parietal tooth (sometimes with an- 168 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. other punctiform one), 2 coluinellar teeth, the lower very small, often wanting; 2 short, high, equal, immersed teeth in the palate, bounded by a reddish brown streak in front. Peristome weak, expanded, the margins delicately united; outer margin not impressed, scarcely produced angularly for- ward. Length 2 to 2*4, diam. 114 to l1/^ mm. (Westerl.). Sweden and Norway, type loc. on the southern shore of Tresjon lake, near Ronneby. Western Ireland : Ballyna- hinch, Co. Galway ; Connemara. Vertigo moidinsiana JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, i, 1862, p. 255 (not of Dupuy), with var. bidentata, p. 256. — Vertigo modesta WESTERLUND, (Efvers af K. Vet. Akad. Forh, 1865, p. 556; Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866, p. 45 (not of Say, 1824).— Pupa modesta A. West., PFR., Monogr. vi, 332. — Vertigo lilljeborgi WESTERLUND, Coll. Typ. Moll. Suecia, 1868, No. 60 ; Synopsis, 1897, p. 119, with var. merita, p. 119, and var. globula, p. 120. -R. A. PHILLIPS, The Irish Naturalist, May, xvii, 1908, p. 89, pi. 3, f. 13, 14; p. 92, figs. G, H. (history of the species in Ireland). — Pupa lilljeborgi WESTERLUND, Expose crit., Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3), viii, 1871, p. 90 (dist. in Sweden) ; Fauna iii, 1887, p. 136. V. littjeborgi, compared with V. moidinsiana, "is much smaller, more glossy, its whorls are more tumid, and its thinner lip lacks the broad, almost colorless margin of the latter. The habits of the two animals also appear to be quite differ- ent, for, as has been shown, V. mowMnsiana, although inhabit- ing marshes, avoids during both summer and winter anything in the nature of damp or decaying matter ; while the favorite, if not only, habitat, in this country at least, of V. lilljeborgi, is among the decaying roots and stems of aquatic plants cast up on lake shores" (R. A. Phillips). Westerlund's localities in Sweden are also lake shores. Among other notes he states that the present species has so much resemblance to P. antivertigo Drap. in form, color, size, that he at first glance took it to be the young of this species, which also occurs on nearly all of our lake shores. It differs from antivertigo by the yellowish, not reddish brown color, the more convex whorls, brighter gloss, the shape of the neck EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 169 and the aperture. In antivertigo the neck has a swollen callus, cut above by a scratch-like impression, the furrow between the callus and the somewhat reflected peristome deep and narrow; it has also a differently shaped aperture and more numerous teeth, 6 to 10. Var. merita Westerlund. Callus of the last whorl extremely thin, rufous or nearly obsolete ; no groove behind the aperture ; teeth 1-1-3 (2), very small, nodiform. Sweden at Oestersund, Finland at Rissalanranta (Westerl.). Var. globula Westerlund. Shell subglobose, extremely ven- tricose, brownish-chestnut, striatulate; 4 very convex whorls, the penult largest, 3 times as large as the antepenult, larger and especially wider than the last; last whorl dilated anter- iorly, having a callus [crest] of the same color, and a small groove on the back. Aperture with 1-1-2 teeth, the parietal small, deeply placed, columellar basal, palatals punctiform, distant, submarginal. Length 2, diam. 2 mm. Sweden, in the province Sodermanland (Westerlund). Var. bidentata Jeffreys. Labial or palatal teeth wanting. If this named variety is really a form of lilljeborgi, it should be noted that the name is anterior. 47. VERTIGO BAUDONI Massot. Ovoid-globose; 5 quite convex whorls, the suture much im- pressed ; aperture half-round, very obtuse at base ; 2 immersed superior folds of which that in the middle is largest ; 2 deeply placed columellars; 3 palatals, the upper one short, the two others reaching the peristome; peristome continuous, ex- panded, rather thick, with an external crest; shell yellowish rufous-brown, ornamented with spaced, regular epidermal expansions. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (Locard). France: Tautavel (Pyrenees-Orientales). Vertigo baudoni MASSOT, Enurn. Moll. Pyr.-Or., 1872, p. 72 (not seen). — LOCARD, Ann. Soc. Agricult., Sci., Ind., de Lyon, (7),iii, 1896, p. 221. This little-known form should be recognized by the 7 teeth and the sculpture ; it may be related to V. substriata. 170 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 48. VERTIGO LATASTEANA Let. et Bgt. Shell very minute, slightly rimate, swollen ventricose, sub- ovate-spherical, fragile, diaphanous, corneous, smooth ; spire short, very obtuse; whorls 5, convex (the embryonic small, median relatively ample and turgid, the last smallest, dimin- ishing and tapering), rapidly increasing, separated by a rather deep suture ; last whorl small, less wide than the penult, ex- ternally compressed, scrobiculate, elegantly marked with a lip [crest] behind the peristome, compressed at base and angu- lar around the umbilical crevice ; above ascending to the in- sertion of the lip. Aperture suboblique, very small, con- tracted, subtriangular and 5-toothed as follows: 2 long and rather strong parietal teeth; 1 robust columellar; 2 lamelli- form palatals, reaching the outer margin, the upper one stronger and forming a deep external pit. Peristome paler, rather thick, spreading throughout; columella very short; outer margin sinuated in the position of the external pit, and produced forward in a sort of little beak; columellar margin dilated ; the margins remote. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (L.&E.}. Tunis : debris of the Oued Sidi-Aich. V. [ertigo] latasteanu LETOURNEUX et BOURGUIGNAT, Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, 1887, pp. 109, 166. This very small species, remarkable for the contraction of its aperture and the spherical shape, cannot be assimilated with any of the living Vertigos. We see only V. milne- edwardsi of the hill of Sansan which resembles it not only in respect to the denticulation but in shape and contours (L. <£•£.). 49. VERTIGO DISCHEILIA Bourguignat. PI. 16, figs. 8, 9. Shell very minute, rimate, globose-oblong, glossy, subpel- lucid, corneous, obliquely substriatulate under the lens. Spire tapering, obtuse, the apex smooth, paler, obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, rather rapidly increasing, separated by an impressed suture; the last small, tapering, a little compressed basally, straightened in front. Aperture a little oblique, lunate, half- round, ringent, with many, folds: 2 parietals, the lower deeper EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 171 within, lamelliform ; 2 columellar, or often 3, the upper one stronger; 2 lamelliform palatals, forming external furrows; finally, in adult shells, very often a dentiform fold at the insertion of the outer lip. Peristome a little expanded, acute, with a whitish thickening deep within, and encircled ex- ternally at the periphery with a thick and strong whitish lip [crest] . Outer margin sinuous above, arcuate anteriorly, the margins joined by a rather strong callus. Length 2y2, diam. li/4 mm. (Bgt.). Algeria: debris of the Harrach at Algiers, of the Oued Tademit near Oran, and the Safsaf near Philippeville ; type loc., fossil in Pleistocene deposits of the Oued Tademit, 15 leagues S.-W. of Djelfa. Tunis: debris of the Oued Sidi- Aich (Bgt.). Vertigo discheiHa- BOURGUIGNAT, Paleont. Algerie, 1862, p. 78, pi. 4, f. 3, 4; Malac. Alger. ii, 1864, p. 105, 313, pi. 6, f. 45-47. — LETOURNEUX et BOURGUIGNAT, Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, 1887, p. 109. Var. unilabiata Bourguignat. Like the type but without external peristomial callus. Drift of the Harrach. 50. VERTIGO MARESI Bourguignat. PI. 16, figs. 10, 11. Shell pygmy, rimate, globuloid, glossy, pellucid, fulvous, smooth. Spire very obtuse, the apex very obtuse, paler. Whorls 5, convex, rapidly increasing, separated by a deep suture, the penult largest, inflated-globuloid ; the last small, contracted, tapering, a little compressed basally, straightened in front, often in some specimens a little swollen and angu- late-flattened at the suture. Aperture lunate, somewhat half- rotund, ringent, many-folded: 2 lamelliform parietal folds, the inferior deeper and stronger ; 2 or often 3 columellars, the upper one stronger and the lower remote and very minute; 2 palatals, lamelliform, forming furrows externally. Peris- tome simple, acute, slightly expanded, slightly thickened within, and externally encircled by a more or less strong, vinaceous-fulvous, very rarely paler lip [crest] ; outer margin sinuous above, slightly arching forward, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length 2, diam. 114 mm. (Bgt.). 172 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. Algeria: Oued Tademit, 15 leagues S.-W. of Djelfa, origin- ally found fossil, but later also living in the same valley, in humid places under stones (Mares). Alluvium of the Isser (Letourneux). Vertigo maresi BOURGUIGNAT, Paleontologie de 1'Algerie, 1862, p. 79, pi. 4, f . 6-8 ; Malac. Alg., ii, 1864, p. 106, 313, pi. 6, f. 48-50. — HANOTEAU & LETOURNEUX, La Kabylie, i, 1872, p. 228. Group of V. substriata. Strongly striate or rib-striate, with teeth as in the anti- vertigo group, 1-1-2 to 3-1-2 or 3-1-3. According to Jeffreys the half grown shell has a spiral columellar lamella. 51. VERTIGO SUBSTRIATA Jeffreys. PI. 17, fig. 10. "Shell oval or subfusiform, rather thin, and seniitraus- parent, glossy, pale yellowish-horn-color, very strongly and obliquely striate and almost ribbed in the line of growth, but less so on the body whorl, which is faintly striate spirally, periphery rounded : epidermis rather thick : whorls 4i/£>, very convex or cylindrical, and suddenly increasing in bulk, the penultimate whorl slightly exceeding in breadth the last, which occupies about one-half of the shell : spire short, very abrupt and bluntly pointed: suture remarkably deep: mouth semi- oval, contracted or sinuous in the middle of the outer edge; teeth from four to six, viz. from one to three (usually two) on the pillar [parietal wall], one on the pillar lip, and two or three on the inside of the outer lip, the last springing from a white rib ; in half grown specimens the pillar lip has a spiral or longitudinal fold. Outer lip thin and slightly reflected, strengthened [externally] by a strong rib, which is placed very near the opening the mouth ; outer edge abruptly in- flected, inner lip thickened in the adult ; umbilicus small and narrow, contracted by a keel or ridge at the base of the shell. L. 0.065. B. 0.04 inch." (Jeffreys). Great Britain, "from Skye to Devon as well as throughout Ireland " (Jeffreys). Scandinavia, Denmark and Germany, south to Switzerland and the Austrian Tyrol ; Caucasus. EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 173 Type loc., Barnstaple, Devonshire. " Under stones, among dead and decaying leaves and at the roots of grass in woods and moist places." Akea substriata JEFFREYS, Trans. Linnean Soc. London, xvi, 1830, p. 515 ; Vertigo substriata, JEFFREYS, British Conchology i, p. 261.— KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 89, f. 1524, 1525.— STANDEN, Journ. of Conch, xi, 1905, p. 200, monstr. sinis- trorsum. — Vertigo (Alcea] substriata Jeffr., BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 1889, p. 303 (Pleistocene and recent dis- tribution).— STEENBERG, Danmarks Fauna, Laudsnegle, 1911, p. 162, f. 133. Pupa substriata Jeffr., KAISTER, Syst. Conch. Cab. p. 180, pi. 21, f . 22, 23.— PFR., Monogr. ii, 363 ; iii, 559 ; iv, 685 ; vi, 334 ; viii, 407.— GREDLER, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. 1872, p. 70, with var. sextana. — WESTERLUND, Expose crit., in Nova Acta. Eeg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3), viii, 1871, p. 92 (many localities in Sweden and Norway), with var. moms. — Pupa (Vertigo] sub- striata Jeffr., GEYER, Jabresh. Ver. vaterl. Naturk. Wiirttem- berg, 36, 1907, p. 424; occurrence in Germany. Pupa curta HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 304 (Bavaria). Vertigo 5-dentata and V. 6-dentata STUDER, in Coxe, Travels in Switzerland, 1789, iii, p. 388, names only ; = sub- striata according to Jeffreys, Linn. Trans, xvi, 516. The short, keg-like shape, the 6 or 7 teeth and especially the very strong striation, amply distinguish this species. Length 1.75, diam. 1.1 mm.., or slightly smaller. Steenberg, who has published the best figure of the species, gives the length of Danish examples as 1.5 to 1.8 mm. Var. mitis Boettger. PL 17, fig. 4. Form, sculpture and position of teeth as in substriata, V. sieversi being less strongly sculptured, more glossy and turrited. There is a similar weak transverse keel preceding the aperture as in typical specimens from Yorkshire. The outer parietal tooth is always very small, a feature observed here and there also in specimens from Dalarne, Sweden, and in other localities of the species. The Caucasian form is indistinguishable from specimens df the last-named locality. Alt. 1%, diam. 1 mm. Caucasia: 174 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. Abastuman and Kasbek. Pupa (Vertigo} siibstriata var. mitis BTTG., Jahrb. d. in. Ges. vii, 1880, p. 140, pi. 4, f. 7. Var. mo-nas Westerlund. Very small, oval, very finely striate, dark colored, whorls 4y2, cervical callus yellowish- red. Length li/3-l%, diam. l-l1/! mm- Sweden: Eonneby and Mt. Mosseberg in prov. West ergot-land. Wiirtemberg at Hohin Wittlingen (Westerlund). Var. scxtana Gredler. The lower tooth on the columella is wanting, the palatal teeth weaker, the crest and projection around the umbilicus are scarcely indicated, the shell is thicker and more opaque, browner, somewhat larger, also the striation is less close (Gredler). Tyrol : Sexten valley (Puster- thal), under stones. Form viridana Lindholm. Shell pale greenish, the neck encircled anteriorly with a whitish callus. Bobylsk, near Lachta, northwest of Petrograd, at the extreme eastern end of the gulf of Finland (Alaea substriata f. viridana Lindh., Nachrbl. d. in. Ges. vol. 42, 1910, p. 35). Group of V. pygmaea. Similar to the V. antivertigo group, but with fewer teeth, a single lamella on the parietal wall ; the shell smoothish or weakly striate. Europe and northern Africa, North America. Only V. pygmtra and V. moulinsiana can be considered well known species, most of the others being known by the original descriptions only. 52. VERTIGO PYGM.EA (Drap.). PI. 17, figs. 15, 16, 17. Shell extremely small, oval-cylindric and obtuse at the summit, of a more or less deep brown, smooth and little shin- ing. Spire of 5 progressively increasing whorls. Aperture scarcely longer than wide, and nearly round, furnished with 4 teeth, of which the superior is acute, two deeply placed in- ferior, and finally one on the columellar margin. Often a fifth is found in the base of the aperture. The lateral margin is slightly angular in the middle. Peristome reflected be- low. Umbilical crevice quite pronounced. Lives under the hedges (Drop.). EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 175 Europe; Caucasus and Transcaucasia; Talysch region; Asia Minor. Ponto Delgado, S. Miguel, Azores, probably imported. Pupa pygmaea DRAPARNAUD, Tableau Moll. terr. et fluv. de la France, 1801, p. 57 ; Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et fluv. France, p. 60, pi. 3, f. 30, 31.— PPEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv. ii, 362; iii, 559; iv, 685; vi, 334; viii, 405 (see for older references). — KiisTER, Syst. Conch. Cab. p. 127, pi. 16, f. 31-34. — GREDLER, Tyrol's Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien, Verb. Zool.-bot. Vereins in Wien. vi, 1856, p. 126, with var. athesina and sarena. — WESTERLUND, Fauna, 1887, p. 137. — WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlantica, p. 47. — Pupa pygmea and var. 5 dentata HARTMANN, Neue Alpina i, 1821, p. 219. Vertigo (Alaea) pygmaea (Drap.) BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 1889, p. 305 (Pleistocene and recent distribution). — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., pt. x, 1839, p. 29, fig. 648. — MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. France, ii, p. 405, pi. 28, f. 37-42 with var. quadridentata. — STEENBERG, Daninarks fauna, Land- snegle, 1911, p. 161, f. 132, with forms quadridentata and qmnquedentata Studer, sexdentata and septemdentata, new forms. — GEYER, Uusere Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken, 1909, p. 55, pi. 5, f . 26, 27 ; 6, f . 1. Vertigo similis FER., Tabl. Syst. p. 64. Vertigo 4 et 5 dentata STUDER, Kurzes Verzeichniss der bis jetzt in unserm Vaterlaude entdeckten Conchylien, Natur- wissensch. Anzeiger der allg. SchwTeizerischen Gesell. f. d. gesammten Naturwiss., May 1, 1820, p. 89 (based upon Pupa pygnuca Drap., 3 : 30, 31). Helix Isthmia cylindrica GRAY, Lond. Medical Repository, xv, 1821, p. 239, based upon Drap. pi. 3, f. 30, 31.— Vertigo vulgaris LEACH, in TTJRTON, Manual of land and fresh-water shells of the Brit. Is., 1831, p. 103 (as synonym of V. pygmaea}. A fuller description and American references may be found on p. 96. I can see no difference between European and American specimens. It is perhaps the most generally dis- tributed Vertigo in Europe, from Portugal and the British Isles eastward. Form similis Ferussac (Tabl. Syst. p. 64) had no definition 176 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. further than "4 dentata" and the citation of "Vertigo 4 a 5 dentata, Studer, Catal. ' ' ; this last being repeated also under V. pygmaea. It was taken up by Fitzinger as "Vertigo pygmaea var. simHis mihi" without definition (Beitrage zur Landeskunde Oesterreich 's, iii, 1833, p. 109). Ferussac's in- tention was to segregate the form lacking the basal fold, which was subsequently named quadridens West., as follows. Form quadridens Westerlund. Aperture with 4 teeth, lack- ing the lower columellar (Pupa pygmcra v. quadridens, West., Expose critique, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsaliensis (3) viii, 1871, p. 93). No special locality is given for this, which ap- pears to be not subspecifically separable from pygmaea. Many Scandinavian localities are mentioned for the latter. Var. quadridens has been reported from numerous places, as far south as the Balkans. Var. sexplicata Locard. Similar to the type but there are 6 apertural folds ; the upper fold of the penult whorl is split, giving rise to a second obsolete superior fold. Debris of the Ehone north of Lyons. (V. p. var. sexplicata Loc., Fauna Mai. Bassin Rhone, in Ann. Soc. d'Agricult. Lyon, (5), ii, 1880, p. 853). Var. rubella Loc. shell similar to the type, with 5 folds, but of deep, reddish color. Environs of Grenoble (Locard, I. c.). Var. cornea Loc. shell similar to the type, with 5 folds, but of pale, subtransparent corneous color. Environs of Lyons and Grenoble (Locard, I. c.}. This appears not to differ from pallida, which is earlier. Form pallida Jeffreys. Shell thinner and of a lighter color (V. pygmaea Jeffr., Brit. Conch, ii, 1862, p. 257, with var. pallida on p. 258). Form ausonia de Stefani. Upper palatal fold elongated. Italy. (Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. ix, 1883, not seen. Westerl., Fauna iii, p. 137). Form miiwr Westerlund. 1% to 1% x 1 mm. Caucasus (Fauna iii, 1887, p. 137). Var. callicarens (Bttg. Hesse). A form without a trans- verse callus preceding the mouth. Near Greussen, Germany EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 177 {Hesse). Neighborhood of Piazza, in the Val Brembana, Italy (Andreae). Pupa pygmaea, var. callicarens Bttg., HESSE, Nachrbl. d M. Ges. 1881, p. 7. — P. p. var. callocarens ANDREAE, Nachrbl. 1883, p. 135. Var. athesina Gredler. The impression behind the cervical callus [crest] inconspicuous; in the palate a small third tooth near the insertion of the outer lip, which is often more elevated than the lower one of the columella, and relative to size appearing to stand in an inverse proportion to the latter. I first found [this variety] in several examples at Bad Bergfall, near Olang in the Pusterthal, under stones. Further I have noticed it, more or less characteristically de- veloped, in the whole Etsch river region, especially at Klausen, Botzen, Salurna, Naturna, etc. [Tyrol] (Gredler). Var. sarena Gredler. Shell larger ; aperture 8-toothed : the lower tooth on the columella split into two smaller ones; in the palate 4 instead of 2 teeth, of which the 1st and 3d are noticeably larger, the 2d and 4th bluntly conic. [Tyrol] In the Sarnthal, in the village of the same name, under stones associated with var. athesina (Gredler). Dr. D. Geyer (Nachrichtsblatt d. deutschen Malak. Ges., 44, 1912, p. 117-124), in an article on what might be called over-grown snails, discusses the individuals sometimes met with (a) having the last whorl abnormally inflated, (&) the shell relatively elongated by a whorl or two, with weakening of apertural structures, or (c) with these peculiarities com- bined ; noting various instances. Elongation of the shell is said to be commonest in V. pygmaea ; frequently a sixth whorl is added, the peristome being left sharp, without the char- acteristic armature. Others have the aperture finished, but without teeth or folds. He believes that Pupa haeiisleri and Vertigo heldi are such forms of Vertigo pygmaea. In the river valleys of the south German Jura, where these rare snails appear to be restricted, they always occur associated in the river debris with V. pygmaea, never without it, though pygmaea occurs also without either haeusleri or heldi. Similar cases of gigantism are known in Cochlicopa (Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xii, p. 312), Azeca and other genera. 178 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. The description of P. haeusleri follows. It is a little-known form, placed by Westerlund near alpestris and heldi. 52, convex, rapidly increasing, the penult double the height and wider than the preceding; in front much lower than, and behind equal to the last whorl. Last whorl has a strong brown-reddish callus behind the peristome. Aperture half-oval, 4-toothed: teeth 1-1-2, fold-like, short, white. Peristome simple, thin, of the same color, the margins separated, outer margin neither produced forward or impressed, regularly curved. Length 13/4, diam. iy5 to iy4 mm. (Westerl.). Norway : Skien. V.[ertigo] pachygaster JENSEN, Indberetning om en i Som- meren 1870 foretagen Reise i Kristiania og Kr.-saiids Stift, etc., 1872 (p. 69 of separate copy), in Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, xix, 1873, p. 111. --Pupa gravida WESTERLUND, Fauna Moll. terr. et fluv. Svecise, Norwegiae et Danife, 1873, p. 610; Malak. Bl. xxii, 1875, p. 128.- PFEIFFER, Monogr. viii, 399. — Vertigo pachygastra Jensen, WESTERL., Synopsis Moll, extramar. Pal., 1897, p. 120. The name of this species was changed by Westerlund on account of the earlier Pupa pachygastcr, which is an Abida; it does not appear to be preoccupied in Vertigo, and has been restored in his later Synopsis. 55. VERTIGO LOROISIANA (Bourguignat). PI. 16, fig. 15. Shell dextral, minute, ovate-cylindric, rimate, rather fragile, smooth, but under the microscope some fine striae are visible ; EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 183 of a corneous-fulvous tint. Summit obtuse, smooth, and of a paler tint. 6 convex whorls, regularly increasing, separated by a deep suture. Aperture slightly oblique, rounded-lunate, having 4 strong, elevated denticles: one in the middle of the convexity of the penult whorl, a second on the columellar, 2 other palatals on the internal callus of the peristome. Peristome double, the first, interior, is indicated within by a whitish callus, and externally by a swelling ; the second peris- tome is simple, acute and a little reflected. Between the two peristornes the last whorl is a little constricted, this being very marked at the base. The margins are united by a nearly invisible callus of the same color as the rest of the shell. Length 2i/o, diam. 1 mm. (Bgt.). France: around Vannes (Morbihan), under stones in shady places. Pupa loroisiana BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. terr. et fluv de la Bretagne, 1860, p. 65, pi. 2, f. 7-9. — Pupa laroisiana Bgt., WESTERLUND, Fauna iii, 1887, p. 138. — Vertigo laroisiana Bgt., WESTERLUND, Synopsis, 1897, p. 121. The strong palatal callus and external crest, the rather elongate shape and four teeth appear to be the salient charac- ters of this form, which is more slender than the related V. moulinsiana according to Bourguignat's account, by which it is solely known. 56. VERTIGO GRAELLSIANA Servain. Shell minute, rimate-perforate, oblong, very glossy, smooth, subdiaphanous, reddish-corneous. Spire rather long, obtuse at summit, the apex large. Whorls 5, convex, regularly and slowly increasing, separated by a rather deep suture; the last whorl small, rounded, straight above, angular below, around the perforation, the angle confluent with a swelling behind the peristome; contracted and then gibbous behind the lip, the gibbosity paler, strongly convex, transverse, join- ing the basal angle. Aperture vertical, semiovate or sub- trigonal, wide above, narrowed and angular below, 4-plicate, as follows : one median, lamelliform parietal ; one strong colu- mellar ; and two equal palatals, in the middle of the convexity 184 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. of the outer margin, and visible outside. Peristome lipped within, patulous and reflected throughout, the outer margin sinuated ; columellar margin oblique, somewhat straightened ; margins approaching. Length 214, diam. 1*4 mm., apert. y2 mm. high, 14 wide (Servain). Spain: drift debris of the Ebre at Saragossa and of the Xenil at Grenada. Vertigo gracllsiana SERVAIN, Etude sur les Moll. rec. en Espagne et en Portugal, 1880, p. 124. How this differs from V. moidinsiana has not been made clear. 57. VERTIGO AFRICA Bourguignat. PI. 16, fig. 14. Shell rimate, small, globose-oblong, obtuse, shining, sub- pellucid, fulvous-corneous, under the lens very sharply sub- striatulate. Spire tapering, obtuse, apex smooth, minute, obtuse; whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the last slightly larger, tapering, the base compressed, anteriorly ascending very little. Aperture slightly oblique, semioblong, 4-plicate : 1 parietal, 1 columellar and 2 palatal, of which the lower is more immersed. Peris- tome acute, with a whitish thickening within, expanded, es- pecially at the base, externally encircled by a wyhitish lip [crest] ; outer margin sinuous, arcuate in front and forming a sulcus externally at the periphery ; the margins joined by a scarcely visible callous. Length 3^4, diam. 2 mm. (Bgt.). Algeria: Alluvium of the Oued Isser, near Algiers, Let- ourneux. Vertigo aprica BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, 1864, p. 101, pi. 6, f. 36-38. 58. VERTIGO CODIA Bourguignat. PI. 16, fig. 12. Shell minute, perforate, globuloid, ventricose, glossy, sub- pellucid, smooth, corneous. Spire obtusely tapering, the apex paler, obtuse. Whorls 5^ to 6, rapidly increasing, separated by a deep suture, the penult longest, inflated, rotund; the last tapering, compressed at the base, very little ascending in front. Aperture slightly oblique, lunate, trigonal, nar- EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 185 rowed at base, 4-plicate : 1 lamelliform parietal, 1 dentiform, deeply placed columellar and 2 palatals, the upper one emerg- ing, dentiform, the lower immersed, lamelliform. Peristome white lipped within, expanded especially on the basal and columellar margins. Outer lip sinuous and anteriorly arcu- ate, having a little sulcus at the periphery; the lip margins united by a rather strong callus. Length 2^, diam. 2 mm. (Bgt.). Algeria : alluvium of the Oued Mazafran and the Harrach, near Algiers. Vertigo codia BGT., Malac. Algerie ii, 1864, p. 103, pi. 6, f. 39-41. Vertigo codia differs from V. aprica by the globulose form, ventricose, not oblong, by the much more rapid increase, the far more swollen penult whorl, smaller, more tapering last whorl, the triangular aperture, etc. (Bgt.). 59. VERTIGO BRIOBIA Bourguignat. Shell very minute, rimate, oblong, glossy, subpellucid, smooth, corneous ; spire obtusely tapering, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, a little convex, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the last somewhat compressed basally, straightened at the aperture. Aperture slightly oblique, a little lunate, oblong-subtrigonal, 4-plicate; 1 lamelliform parietal, 1 dentiform columellar and 2 palatals, the lower stronger. Peristome straight, acute, white-lipped within, lightly expanded at the columellar margin, and outside en- circled with a paler lip [crest], swollen below; margins joined by a callus. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (Bgt.). Algeria : debris of the Harrach near Algiers. Vertigo briobia BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, 1864, p. 313. 60. VERTIGO MICROLENA Bourguignat. PL 16, fig. 13. Shell rimate, very minute, oblong-globose, glossy, subpel- lucid, corneous, smooth ; spire obtusely tapering, the apex minute, paler. Whorls 5, convex, rather rapidly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the last slightly larger, tapering, somewhat flattened at the periphery behind the 186 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. outer lip, constricted, especially in the lower part (as well as having a hanging swelling, as though a blister had been raised) ; at the base lightly compressed and straightened in front. Aperture vertical, lunate, semirotund, ringeut, 5- plicate: 1 strong parietal, 2 columellar (the upper lamelli- form, strong, the lower small, dentiform), and 2 strong palatals. Peristouie expanded, white-lipped deep within, ex- ternally at the periphery encircled with a whitish lip [crest] which is swollen below. Outer margin straight; margins joined by a callus. Length 2, diam. 114 mm. (Bgt.). Algeria: debris of the ravine of Chabet-Beinan, near Cape Caxine, west of Algiers ; debris of the Harrach at Algiers. Vertigo microlena BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. Algerie ii, 1864, p. 104, pi. 6, f. 42-44. — ? Pupa pygmcca MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. iv, 1853, p. 292. 61. VERTIGO EREMIA (Westerlund). Shell tumid-ovate, ventricose, brown ; smooth, the last whorl rugose-striate anteriorly. Whorls 5, convex, the penult twice as large as the antepenult, the last swollen outwardly, a little shorter. Aperture somewhat semirotund, 3-toothed, the teeth rather strong, 1-1-1 ; parietal tooth compressed, columellar tooth conic, palatal tooth thick, tuberculiform, united with a strong white palatal callus. Margins of the peristome united by a callus joined to the apertural callus, the outer margin arched above, somewhat straightened below. Length 2, diam. ll/2 mm. (Westerl.). Sweden : Medelpad at Ange. Pupa eremia WESTERL., Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, 1897, p. 67. Described from one specimen. Appears to resemble the American V. tridentata, but there is no crest behind the peristome. Group of V. modest a. The "auricle" or lip-point is but little developed; teeth 1-1-2 to 0-0-0, small when present, and with a tendency to be reduced or lost in many of the species. Chiefly boreal or mountain forms. EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 187 62. VERTIGO INERMIS (Westerhmd). Shell umbilicate-perf orate, ovate, very finely striate, glossy, reddish horn-color, obtuse at apex. Whorls 5, convex, the penult (viewed from the right side) half as high in front as behind, the last double as high in front as behind on account of the deep suture strongly ascending, to the aperture; last whorl nearly horizontal at the base, almost equally as wide as the penult. Aperture distinctly lateral, oval, narrowed to- wards the base, toothless ; margin very weakly lipped within, a broad, thin deposit of callus between the margins. Length 2, diam. l1/^ mm. (West.}. Siberia: north of Seliwarinskoje, about 70° N. Lat. Pupa inermis WESTERLUND, Siberiens Land- och Sotvatten- Mollusker, in Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handlingar, xiv, no. 12, 1877, p. 103 ; Fauna iii, 1887, p. 130. — Vertigo inermis WEST., Synopsis, 1897, p. 115. 63. VERTIGO DIC^EA (Westerlund). Shell cylindric-ovate, seen to be densely striatulate under a strong lens, yellowish corneous. Whorls regularly increas- ing, a little convex, separated by a rather deep, oblique suture, ascending below, back of the last whorl obliquely flattened a little, strongly constricted, dilated on both sides in front. Aperture semiovate, toothless, parietal wall oblique, outer mar- gin regularly arcuate, columella dilated, spreading. Length, 1%, diam. 1% mm. (Westerl.}. Sweden : Dalbyo, Sodermanland. Pupa dicaa WEST., Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, xiii, 1897, no. 7, p. 64. 64. VERTIGO CELATA (Westerlund). Shell perforate, cylindric-conic, apex obtusely conic ; densely striatulate rufous-corneous. Whorls 6^, slowly increasing, very convex, or swollen-convex, separated by a deep suture which is subhorizontal throughout, penult and antepenult whorls equal, the last scarcely or slightly larger, rotund at base. Aperture small, semioval, wholly toothless. Peristome 188 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. simple, thin, the outer margin arcuate, uuexpanded, colu- mellar margin a little straightened, strongly reflected. Length 21/0, diarn. 1 mm. (Westerlund, 1894). Sweden, the special locality unknown. Pupa (Alaea] celata WESTERL., Nachrblatt D. M. Ges. 1894, p. 173. Belongs to the little group of P. genesi Gr., eggeri Gr. and inermis W., differing from all by its shape, the number and the different growth of the whorls ( West erl. ) . Westerlund subsequently (1897) stated that this descrip- tion, being inaccurate, was to be deleted and the following substituted. It appears likely that the two descriptions ap- ply to two species; but as neither has been figured, and no specimens are at hand, this surmise cannot be controlled. Vertigo celata W. Shell subperspectively perforate, obese, cyliudric-ovate, obtuse, brown-reddish, whitish at apex, densely striate under a lens. Whorls S1/?, convex, separated by an impressed suture which is oblique above, horizontal below ; the three last very slowly increasing, the antepenult nearly double the height of the preceding, the last two almost equal ; last whorl almost equal in height in front and behind, the back regularly convex. Aperture semiovate, toothless, parietal margin subhorizoiital ; margins unexpanded, the outer regu- larly arcuate. Length 2, diam. li/£ mm. ( Westerlund, Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, 1897, p. 64). Sweden : Dalbyo, Sodermauland. 65. VERTIGO REGULARIS (Westerlund). Shell openly perforate, cylindric, very obtuse, smooth, rufous-corneous. Whorls 6, somewhat tumidly convex, the upper ones very narrow, the antepenult one-third higher than the preceding, equal to the penult, the last a third shorter than the penult, at the back scarcely, in front distinctly higher, rotund at base; suture immersed [? impressed], nearly hori- zontal throughout. Aperture toothless, truncate-ovate, the parietal wall a little oblique, the margins distant and separ- ated, equally curved, the outer margin straight, columellar margin shortly reflected. Length 2, diam. l1/^ mm. (West.). EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 189 Turkestan: confluence of the Radonak with the Bartang river (A. Kasnakow). P.[upa] (Vertigo} regularis WEST., Annuaire Mus. Zool. Ac. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb., iii, 1898, p. 166. "Related to P. celata of middle Sweden." One specimen. 66. VERTIGO EGGERI (Gredler). Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, the spire much narrowed, un- evenly substriatulate, glossy, brown-rufous. Whorls 5, con- vex, rapidly increasing, the last somewhat widened, shortly ascending at the insertion. Aperture ample, semioval, tooth- less. Peristome a little reflected, whitish bordered, the outer margin subangularly impressed and more produced in the middle, arcuate above at the insertion, the margins joined by an indistinct parietal callus. Length 2l/2, width ll/2 mm. (Gredler). Tyrol: in the so-called Barental bei Steinegg, near Bozen, under damp moss. Pupa (Vertigo) eggcri GREDLER, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. xxii, 1890, p. 41. V. eggeri has much greater dimensions than V. genesii, and differs moreover by the totally different habitus, by its conic spire and more distinct striation, but it approaches genesii in the strong convexity of the whorls, in the coloring (also that of the peristome), and in lacking denticulation (Gredler). 67. VERTIGO ARCTICA (Wallenb.). PI. 10, figs. 7, 8. Shell dextral, rimate, ovate, thin, smoothish, somewhat glossy, pellucid, brownish-tawny. Whorls 5 to 5y2, convex, the last nearly two-fifths the altitude, rounded at base, an- teriorly having a somewhat swollen crest. Aperture slightly oblique, semiovate or piriform, obstructed by 3 teeth : in the middle of the parietal wall, on the columella, and a smaller one in the palate (frequently wanting) ; peristome spreading, slightly labiate, the margins joined by a callus, the right margin very strongly curved above, coluinellar margin some- what dilated, spreading. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm. ( Wallenb.). 190 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. Lapland : Walli-corso, a narrow ravine between Walli-faltet and Gaskaiwo, at the upper limit of trees; also one of the islands near Quickjock (Wallenberg). Bohemia; at high ele- vations in the Tatra and Austrian Tyrol (as P. tirolensis). It has also been reported from the Chukchi Peninsula and Alaska, but these specimens may be referable to V. modesta. Pupa arctica WALLENBERG, Malak. BL, v, 1858, pp. 32, 99, pi. 1, f. 3a-c, 4. — PFEIFPER, Monogr. vi, 325. — REINHARDT, SB. Ges. Nat. Fr., Berlin, 1883, pp. 32, 38 (Chukchi Penins.; Emma Harbor). — WESTERLUND, Vega-Exped. Vet, lakttag. iv, 1887, pp. 152, 155, 157, 163 (Lapland, Siberia, Port Clarence, Alaska). — Vertigo arctica Wallenb., WESTERLUND, Mai. BL xiv, 1867, pp. 201, 202.— BABOR & NOVAK, Nachrbl. 1909, p. 147.— KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 93, f. 1535.— Pupa tiro- lensis GREDLER, Verh. Zool-bot. Ges. in Wien, xix, 1869, p. 912. Wallenberg states that out of 20 specimens apparently adult, only 2 had the palatal fold developed. It has never been made clear how I7, arctica differs from weak-toothed races of V. modesta; especially since Wester- lund, who should certainly know V. arctica, identified it from Port Clarence, Alaska. Specimens possibly referable to V. arctica, collected at Norton Sound, Alaska by Mr. R. C. Mc- Gregor, have three teeth as in V. arctica, differing from typi- cal V. modesta by lacking an upper palatal fold, and com- pared with typical modesta, by the smaller size of the teeth. The example figured measures, length 2.65, diam. 1.35 mm. (page 124, fig. 3). I have not seen specimens of arctica from Lapland or any part of Europe, and cannot therefore indi- cate how it differs from V. modesta, if at all. Westerlund placed Pupa tirolensis in the synonymy of arctica after comparison of a specimen received from Gredler, and Kobelt has referred Pupa tatrica to the same species. The descriptions of these forms follow. 67o. Vertigo arctica extinui (West.). Shell broadly perforate, ovate-oblong, brown-corneous, slightly shining, smooth; whorls 5~y2, convex, rather slowly and regularly increasing, rounded at base, encircled with a EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 191 thin callus of the same color behind the aperture; suture strongly ascending anteriorly. Aperture little oblique, semi- ovate, rounded at the base, entirely toothless ; peristome slightly spreading, the right margin strongly curved above; columellar margin a little straightened, reflected-spreading above; the right margin thinly labiate within. Length 2% to 3, diam. l1/^ to 1% mm. (Westerlund) . Siberia: Baklanowskij, Jenesei, lat. 64° 25' N. Pupa (Vertigo) arctica Wallenb., var. extima WESTERLUND, Nachr. d. Malak. Ges., viii, 1876, p. 99; Sibiriens Land- och Sotvatten-mollusker, p. 42, in Kongl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. xiv, no. 12, 1877. The shell appears to be larger than other toothless forms of the V. modesta stock, about the size assigned for V. hoppii. 67&. Vertigo arctica tatrica (Hazay). Shell small, dextral, cylindric, obtuse, corneous-buff, glossy. Aperture semiovate, 2 or 3 toothed. Whorls 5y2- Alt. 2, diam. 1 mm. The small shell has a long-cylindric shape, is glossy, trans- lucent, of yellowish horn-color; spire blunted. The 5y2 con- vex whorls increase very slowly, the last being scarcely notice- ably wider than the penult, occupying scarcely % the length of the shell. Aperture semiovate, having 2 or 3 denticles: one sharp, laniellifonn, stands on the parietal wall, a smaller on the coluniella and a small punctiform tooth on the inner wall [of the outer lip] ; the last is often lacking. The outer margin is evenly curved, not impressed (Hazay). Carpathians: Hohen Tatra, in Kotlina valley, on old tree trunks. Pupa tatrica HAZAY, Jahrb. d. Malak. Ges. xii, 1885, p. 32 ; Eszaki Karpat. p. 356. This species stands nearest to Pupa leontina Gredl., which is said to have 2 denticles, but differs by its conic shell with only 4*/2 whorls and the impressed peristome. It is distin- guished from Pupa arctica Wallenberg, which also has 3 denticles, by the shape, increase of the whorls, the peristome not bent in (Hazay). 192 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 67 c. V. arctica- tirolensis (Gredler). Shell umbilicate ovate, obtuse at the apex, obsoletely stri- ate, glossy, pellucid, rufous-corneous. 5 convex whorls. Aperture oblique, cordate, bidentate, the columellar tooth short, acute, the parietal pliciform. Peristome a little ex- panded, furcate, margins joined by a very thin callus, the right margin slightly inflected in the middle and somewhat projecting forward. Length 1%, diam. % lines (Gredler}. Tyrol : Rodlerberg near the Peitler Kofel, at the upper limit of trees, under stones. Pupa tirolensis GREDLER, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xix, 1869, p. 912. 68. VERTIGO RONNEBYENSIS (Westerlund). PL 17, fig. 14. Shell deeply perforate, long-ovate, regularly finely striate, very glossy, reddish-brown. Whorls 5^, convex, the last about equal to the penult, which is a third higher than the preceding whorl, which is double the height of the next earlier; last whorl has a transverse callus of the same color near the aperture. Suture very oblique, ascending to the aperture. Aperture quite obliquely piriform, excised by the very oblique parietal wall, 4-toothed : 1 parietal lamella, 1 conic tooth at the lower end of the sharply emerging, dark- colored colmnella ; 2 short, widely separated, deeply im- mersed palatal folds. Margins delicately united, the outer margin weakly arcuate, nearly straight, the columellar margin broadly reflected. Length 2% to 2y2, diam. iys to l1/^ mm. (Westerl.). Sweden: Pehrsborg, near Ronneby, under rotten beech leaves. Northern Germany, Bohemia. Pupa raunchy ensis WESTERLUND, Expose Grit., in Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3) viii, 1871, p. 94; Fauna iii, p. 135. — D. GOLDPUSS, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. xxvi, 1894, p. 216; xxvii, 1895, p. 100 (Tegel near Berlin; Cladow, Neumark; near Landsberg a. Warthe, Spechthausen bei Eberswalde, Oderberg in der Mark and from the Oscher Walde (Kreis Schwetz) in West Prussia). — Vertigo ronnebyensis West., EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 193 MERKEL, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1887, p. 13-16 (Tegel bei Berlin). — BABOR & NOVAK, Nachrbl. 1909, p. 147 (Bohemia).— GEYER, Unsere Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken, 1909, p. 55, pi. 5, f. 18, 19 (dist. in Germany). This species approaches P. alpestris by the aperture pro- vided with 4 teeth, but it differs considerably by the shell be- ing of dark color, oblong-ovoid, and noticeably larger, nearly as large as a P. edentula of 6 whorls, the palatal teeth short and higher, etc. (Westerlund). The figure is from Geyer. 69. VERTIGO DALIACA (Westerlund). Shell oblong-cylindric, with rounded summit, smooth, red- dish horn-colored, somewhat glossy. Whorls 5, somewhat convex, the first two small, the second half as long as the third, the three last regularly increasing, the last slightly and very slowly ascending, rounded, not as wide as the penult. Suture oblique. Aperture rounded, with one strong, conic, acute tooth high on the columella ; parietal margin but slightly oblique ; the margins equally arcuate, outer margin somewhat angular above. Length 1%, diam. I1/-} mm. (Westerl.). Sweden : Dalsland. Pupa daliaca WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnen- conchylien, iii, 1887, p. 131. Var. dalecarlica Westerlund. Shell cylindric, brown, slightly striatulate ; whorls 5 to 6, slowly and regularly increasing, the last 2 subequal, a little convex, the last rotund at the base, the suture oblique in the middle, subhorizontal at the aperture. Aperture semiovate : 1 very short, white, deeply placed parie- tal tooth, one in the palate nearly at the base, nodiform, im- mersed, rarely with 1 or 2 punctiform, brown, very obsolete teeth in the middle of the palate outwardly. Columellar margin of the peristome subvertical, reflected, the outer mar- gin strongly curved above, then obliquely straightened, un- expanded. Length li/£ to 2, diam. 1 mm. Sweden in the province Dalarne, at Leksand and at Fu par. Mora. (Pupa daliaca var. dalecarlica Westerlund, Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, p. 64, 1897). 194 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 70. VERTIGO PINETICOLA (Westerlund). Shell rimate, ovate-cyiindric, finely striate, reddish-brown,, glossy. Spire produced, gradually tapering. 5 whorls, slowly increasing, convex, the last scarcely ascending in front. Suture deep, nearly horizontal. Aperture oblique, piriform. with one tooth below on the columella • parietal margin very oblique; peristome somewhat expanded. Length 2%-2!/o, diam. l1/^ mm. (Westerl.}. Sweden: Tenhult, prov. Smaland (E. Hemberg). Pupa pineticola WESTERLUND, Expose Critique, in Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsaliensis, (3), viii, 1871, p. 97; Fauna iii, 1887, p. 131. 71. VERTIGO GEMMA Westerlund. Shell cylindric-oblong, slowly tapering above the middle, obtuse, chestnut, glossy, smoothish. Whorls 6, convex, the last two wide, slightly unequal, the upper ones narrow (the penult more than double the alt. of the preceding), last whorl in front dilated below, the base gibbous-crested ; suture oblique above, horizontal below. Aperture (margins not as yet wholly complete) subtriangular, narrowed below, 1 or 2 toothed : palatal tooth nodiform, below the middle of the margin, a very minute denticle above the middle. Peristome simple, the outer margin angularly produced above the middle, very strongly arcuate above, a little straightened below the middle. Columella straight, vertical, thickened at base, the columellar margin dilated and reflected above, in front of the columella, below the columella strongly arched backward. Palatal and cervical callus wanting, between the penult and last whorls there is a transverse white line, from a thin in- ternal lip. Length 2y2, diam. 1% mm. ( Westerlund). Sweden: Dalbyo, Sodermanland. Pupa gemma WESTERLUND, Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, p. 65, 1897. Described from one specimen. EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 195 72. VERTIGO OVOIDEA (Westerlund). Shell ovate, ventricose, widest in the middle, reddish-yellow, finely striate, rather glossy. Whorls 5, convex, the upper ones rapidly increasing in width, the last equal in height to the penult in front, behind strongly sloping, far lower and less wide than the penult. Suture very oblique above, nearly horizontal below. Aperture semiovate, with three small tuber- cular teeth, one each on the parietal wall, columella and deep in the palate. Parietal wall scarcely oblique ; peristome sim- ple, acute, the columellar margin somewhat reflected above, margins delicately joined. Length 2, diam. 114 mm. (Westerl.). Sweden: Tenhult, Prov. Smaland (E. Hemberg). Pupa ovoidea WESTERLUND, Expose Critique, in Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3) viii, 1871, p. 96; Fauna iii, p. 131- PFR., Monogr. viii, 393. 73. VERTIGO SIEVERSI (Bttg.). PL 17, figs. 11, 12. Nearest related to V. substriata Jeffr., but ovate-turrited, not shortly ovate, the sculpture slighter. Shell small, ovate- turrite, somewhat glossy, rather silky, corneous-olivaceous, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, very delicately but distinctly striate, the last scarcely one-third the total length, encircled anteriorly with an annular broad but not strong callus, either fulvous or whitish, externally not or slightly impressed. Aperture truncate-ovate, 6-toothed : two pliciform palatals, two subequal columellars, and two parietals, the inner one larger. Peristome a little expanded, pale, somewhat thick- ened, sublabiate, the margins connected by a thin callus. Outer margin a little projecting and slightly impressed in the middle. Length 1% to 2i/g, diam. 1 mm. (Bttg.). Caucasia: Tabizhuri (Dr. Sievers) ; debris of the Psekup (Rosen). Pupa (Vertigo) pygmcca Drap. var. nitidula MOUSSON, Journ. de Conch. 1876, p. 143. — Pupa (Vertigo) sieversi BOETTGER, Jahrb. d. m. Ges. vi, 1879, p. 407, pi. 10, f. 6; with var. pmictulum, pi. 10, f. 7 ; Jahrb. vii, 1880, p. 141, with var. punctum [sic] and var. subalpestris. — Vertigo 196 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. sieversi Bttgr. var. subalpestris BOETTGER, Bericht Senckenb. Nat. Ges. 1889, p. 25. — Pupa sieversi Bttg., ROSEN, Nachr. d. m. Ges. vol. 39, 1907, p. 205. Constantly of a more elongate turrited form [than V. pygmtra], by the striation and position of the parietal tooth most nearly related to V. substriata. (Bttg.). Var. punctulum Bttg. PL 17, fig. 13. Smaller, more ovate. Mauglis; debris of the Kura at Borshom (Sievers) ; also Martkopi and Abastuman (Leder). In all the specimens from Abastuman the lower columellar tooth of typical P. sieversi is wanting (Bttg.). Var. subalpestris (Bttg.). Differs from V. alpestris chiefly by the very small size, alt. 1%, diam. % mm., the more ovate shape, the somewhat stronger sculpture and the stronger de- velopment of the upper parietal denticle. Caucasia: on the Kasbek (type loc.) ; forest region of the southeastern and northern spurs of the Oschten-Fischt moun- tain-group ( Leder) . Dr. Boettger states that specimens from the last locality are somewhat larger, length 1%, diam. 1 mm. ; the second parietal tooth is altogether lacking, and in these characters and the size this form is so similar to the true V. alpestris that without the most careful attention it would be mistaken for that. Besides the differential features noted above, sub- alpestris has the weak indication of a narrow transverse cal- lus in the base of the mouth, near the peristome. Were it not for the transitions to sieversi from the Kasbek, subalpestris would be united with the real alpestris. Vertigo sieversi was first described as P. pygma-ea var. nitidula, by Moussou ; and I am not sure that his name should be rejected. Boettger gives no reason for doing so. There is, however, a Torna-tella nitidula of Lamarck, which in modern nomenclature will become Pupa nitidula. Mousson's descrip- tion follows. Pupa (Vertigo) pygmaea Drap. var. nitidula Mousson. Smaller, 1.5 mm. long, 0.9 diam., brown, glossy, the base not compressed; 2 minute palatal teeth, not produced, visible ex- ternally, columellar tooth single small. This appears to me EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 197 to be only a variety of V. pygmaeus, which in Europe also varies considerably. Its smaller size, slightly less cylindric shape, the more rounded base, the weakness of the teeth, of which the 2 palatals are more immersed but visible from the outside, and the single, rudimentary colurnellar distin- guish it from the type (Mmiss.). Transcaucasia: Tabizhuri, Dr. Sievers. 74. VERTIGO ALPESTRIS Alder. PI. 18, figs. 1, 2. "Shell subcylindrical, thin and semitransparent, very glossy, pale yellowish-horn-color, closely and rather strongly striate in the line of growth; periphery rounded: epidermis thin. Whorls 4^, convex, but slightly compressed. Spire short, abrupt and bluntly pointed. Suture excessively deep. Mouth semioval and subangular, owing to the outward com- pression of the periphery : teeth four, viz. : one sharp and prominent tooth on the middle of the pillar [parietal wall], one strong and also prominent and thick tooth on the pillar lip, and two lamellae or plate-like teeth which are placed at some little distance within the outer lip, but not on any rib or callous fold as in V. pygmaa ; the labial teeth are visible on the outside, owing to the thinness and transparency of the shell. Outer lip rather thick very slightly reflected, not strengthened by any rib either outside or inside, outer edge abruptly reflected; inner lip somewhat thickened in adult specimen. Umbilicus small and narrow, but rather deep. L. 0.07. B. 0.04 inch (Jeffreys). Length 2, diam. 1.1 mm. Length 1.9, diam. 1 mm. England : Lipwood, near Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, on an old wall, type loc. ; Clithero, Lancashire, etc. The Alps, Switzerland, the Lower Harz, etc. Norway, Sweden and Lapland ; in Siberia east to the Amur valley and Vladivostok. Vertigo alpestris Fer., ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, etc., ii, 1838, p. 340. — GRAY, Turton's Manual, p. 202, pi. 12, f. 141. — JEFFREYS, British Conch., i, p. 259.— BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 307 (Pleistocene and recent dist.) — KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 198 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 91, fig. 1531. — DEAN and KENDALL, Journ. of Conch, xii, 1908, p. 209 (distribution in England, and frequent association with V. pusilla). Pupa alpestris Fer., PFR., Monogr. viii, 1877, p. 396. — MOUSSON, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 19 (Wladiwostock). — WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 132 ; Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handlinger, xiv, no. 12, 1877, p. 44 (Jenissei, Siberia, 6 m. s. of Podk. Tunguska, 61° N. lat. Lapland N. to Quick jock, 67-68° N. lat.). Pupa alpestris Alder, STERKI, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1883, p. 73 (many localities in Switzerland), with var. elongcita. Pupa shuttleworthiana Charpentier MS., PFEIFFER, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 148 (Bex, Switzerland) ; Monogr. Hel. Viv. ii, 355 ; iii, 555 ; iv, 680 ; vi, 327. — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 128, pi. 16, f. 35-37.— WALLENBERG, Malak. Blatter v, 1858, p. 101, pi. 1, f. 5 (Quickjock, Lulea-Lapland). SCHRENCK, Amurl. Moll., 1867, p. 657. — GREDLER, Verh. Zool.- bot. Vereins Wien, 1856, p. 128; Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1879, p. 112, with var. mitis (occurrence in the Tyrol). — SCHRENK, Reisen u. Forsch. im Amurlande ii, p. 657 (Krasnoyarsk, around Irkutsk, Kultuk on L. Baikal, lower Amur above Kidsi). — Vertigo shuttleworthiana Charpentier, KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 94, f. 1536. Pupa pugmaea var. alpestris MAACK, Bull. Acad. St. Pet. xi, 1853, 110. 263, 264. Pupa (Vertigo) parcedentata' (in part) SANDBERGER, Verh. Phys.-Med. Ges. Wiirzburg, n. F., xx, 1887, with varieties quadridens, pi. 8, f. la-c ; tridens, f. 2 ; and adversidens, f. 3. The total absence of a crest or palatal callus and the some- what straightened but not in-bent outer lip are characteristic. Wallenberg found the Lapland specimens a little larger than those of England, 2.2 x 1.2 mm. Var. mitis Westerlund. Aperture bidentate, one parietal and one columellar tooth ; or tridentate, one parietal, one columellar and one lower palatal. Sweden. (Pupa alpestris var. mitis Westerl., Fauna Europaea, fasc. 1, 1876, p. 197 ; Pupa alpestris forma mitis, bidentata and tridentata, WESTER- LUND, Fauna iii, 1887, p. 132). EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 199 It has been reported from Transylvania by Clessin, and has been described as P. parcedentata var. tridens (see pi. 18, fig. 13) and perhaps var. adversidens (pi. 18, fig. 16) by Sand- berger, who records these, together with var. quadridens (pi. 18, fig. 14, = typical alpestris) from the Rhine valley loess. It may be presumed that Westerlund did not intend the terms bidentata and tridentata as names, but merely descrip- tive of the forms he included under var. mitis. Var. elongata Sterki. A few examples of a beautiful, large, cylindric form, of brownish color, rather smooth, from Trous (Canton Graubiinden) [Switzerland] are in the Mousson col- lection, collected by Blauner, and labelled pygmaea, (Sterki, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1883, p. 73). The identity of Pupa shuttleworthiana (pi. 18, fig. 3, copied from Steenberg) with V. alpestris has been affirmed by Jeffreys (British Conchology, p. 261) and by Boettger (Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1882, p. 19), who declared them absolutely identical. Kobelt, in the Iconographie, remarks that "in the local faunas this species has frequently been misunderstood ; it is hardly anything other than a four-toothed race of V. alpestris." He states that the original locality is Bex, Switzerland, and it has also been reported from Belte- berga, Sweden, by Westerlund. 74&. Vertigo alpestris heldi (Clessin). PL 18, fig. 4. Shell rimate, turrited, irregularly and very finely striate, of reddish-brown color, glossy. Whorls 6, slowly increasing, rather convex ; the first 3 form a blunt summit which is about % the length of the shell; the last 3 are of nearly equal height and form the remaining cylindric part of the shell. The last whorl is neither calloused nor contracted preceding the aperture Aperture about y± the length of shell, arcuately convex, somewhat impressed on the outer side, the impression running as a groove-like depression for a short distance on the last whorl. Toothed, the teeth reddish, very weak and placed deep in the throat ; 1 tooth on the middle of the parietal wall, 1 on the columella, 2 very weakly developed, frequently want- ing, on the palatal wall. Peristome continuous, somewhat v o O 5 ? rTO"'^' ^ \ 200 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. expanded, little thickened. Length 4-4.5, diam. 1 mm. (Clessin, 1877). Germany : drift debris of the Danube, Regensburg, Bavaria type loc. Giinzburg on the Danube, Schonthal on the Jagst and Neckarthailfingen on the Neckar (Goldfuss). Ireland? Pupa (Vertigo) heldi CLESSIN, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1877, p. 49; Deutsche Exk.-Moll.-Fauna, edit. 2, p. 266, fig. 156. — OBERNDORFER, Nachrbl. 1898, p. 69. — Pupa (Alaea) heldi CLESSIN, Berichte naturwiss. Vereines zu Regensburg xiii, Heft fiir 1910-1911, p. 83. — Pupa pygmaea var. elongata GEYER, Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. Wiirttemberg 1894, p. 107; identical with P. heldi, same Jahresh. vol. 36, 1907, p. 424. Debris of the Danube, Neckar, etc. ? Vertigo heldi TOMLIN, Irish Naturalist xii, 1903, p. 110; Journ. of Conch, x, 1903, p. 307; Proc. Malac. Soc. London xii, 313 (an abnormal V. pygmaea}. — B. B. WOODWARD, t. c., p. 361 (doubts the identification). Clessin found only dead specimens in the Danube debris, but thought it must live not far away. It was found living in the Wiirttemberg Jura. Dr. Geyer believes heldi to be an over- grown V. pygmaea. He notes that "full-grown specimens with completed peristorne and teeth are rare. Contrary to the other Vertigos, the palatal teeth appear first, and the parietal tooth may even continue absent, this condition lead- ing to P. haeussleri Sterki." V. heldi was first reported from Ireland (Ballintoy, Co. Antrim) by Mr. B. Tomlin, whose specimen was examined by Dr. Boettger, who believed heldi to be a variety of alpestris. In his second note, attention is called to the smooth and glossy surface of the Irish shell while heldi is described as striate. "Placed side by side with a typical V. alpestris it differs in possessing an extra whorl and larger dimensions in every way, in its reddish-brown color, in its feebler dentition, and in the shape of the mouth, the outer margin of which slopes very obliquely from right to left, thus producing the sort of channel at the top to which Clessin refers." Subsequently Mr. Tomlin thought the Irish shell an abnormal V. pygmaea. This harmonizes with the ideas of Geyer, noticed under V. pygmaea. EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 201 74&. Vertigo alpestris leontina (Gredler). PI. 18, figs. 5, 6. The shell is very small, subperforate, ovate-cylindric, obtuse, very delicately striate, very glossy, pellucid, whitish-corneous. "Whorls 4^, convex. Aperture semioval, 5-plicate, plicae un- equal ; 1 parietal, 1 columellar, 3 very small palatals, the lower one punctiform, the median and upper lamelliform. Peris- torne a little reflected, thickened, white, margins joined by a thin callus, the right margin sinuous. Length %, diam. % of a line (Gredler}. Tyrol : Lienz, scarce, at the foot of the Tristacherwand. Pupa leontina GREDLER, Verh. zool-bot. Ver. Wien 1856, p. 127, pi. 2, f. 4. — WESTERLUND, Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 128 (iden- tical with Pupa schultzii Phil.). — PFR., Monographia iv, 680. Among the Tyrol Pupas this new species stands next to P. shuttle wortliiana [alpestris], but it is smaller, lighter colored, more transparent, and has half a whorl less. The palatal folds (though the specimen is full grown) are far more weakly developed and differ in number (Gredler}. Pupa isarica Westerlund. PI. 18, figs. 7, 8. 2-toothed, without any trace of palatal folds, though full grown, 1.7 x 1.1 mm. Bavaria : drift debris of the Isar, one specimen. Pupa leontina Gredler, CLESSIN, Deutsche Excursions- Mollusken-Fauna, 1876, p. 216, f. 122, not of Gredler.— Pupa isarica WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnenconch. iii, 1887, p. 134 (based upon Clessin's note and figure) ; Synops. Moll, extramar. Beg. Pal., 1897, index p. 11. — Vertigo isarica West., KOBELT, Iconogr. (2) viii, p. 95, f. 1539. Except by lacking palatal folds, this form agrees W7ith V. leontina. It is known by a single example, possibly abnormal. 74c. Vertigo alpestris helvetica (Westerlund). Shell rimate-perforate, long-cylindric, with conically taper- ing apex, light reddish horn-color, very finely striate, whorls 61/2> somewhat convex, regularly increasing, rather high, the last whorl small, but little more than 14 the total length, an- teriorly impressed at the base, then tubercularly blunt keeled 202 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. below, behind strongly sloping. Aperture oblique, narrow, triangular, with 1 parietal lamella, 1 coluniellar lamella, in the middle, receding below. Peristome simple, thin; outer margin arcuate above, then obliquely produced to the left; the coluniellar margin short, somewhat oblique towards the right. Length 2%, diani. 114 mm. ( Westerlund). Switzerland: based on a single specimen without definite locality. Pupa alpestris var. helvetica WESTERLUND, Fauna Europaea 1876, p. 198. — Pupa helvetica WESTERL., Fauna Pal. Eeg. etc., iii, 1887, p. 134. 75. VERTIGO SCHULTZII (Philippi). PI. 18, fig. 9. Shell minute, rimate, subcylindric, obtuse, very smooth, glossy, fulvous ; whorls cylindric, aperture rounded, the throat 5-toothed, single teeth on parietal wall and columella, 3 in the palate, the lower one smallest. Alt. 1, diam. 7/12 lines; whorls 5 to 6 (Philippi). Sicily: Palermo, Dr. Schultz. Pupa. (Vertigo?) schultziiPmiAPPi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1844, p. 106. — Pupa schultzii KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 93, pi. 13, f. 3, 4.— PFR., Monogr. ii, 359.— Vertigo schultzii Phil., KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 95, f. 1538 (copied from Kiister). A very remarkable species of the form of P. dilucida Ziegl., but with the whorls more strongly convex, and without trace of striae. By this it compares best with Vertigo pygmaea, though far more slender, witli more strongly convex whorls. The parietal fold emerges very far, while the second palatal fold is only weakly developed (Philippi). A lost species, possibly a form of alpestris as surmised by Kobelt, though the locality and very smooth surface are against that view. 76. VERTIGO ACHEILA Servain. Shell very minute, perforate, ovate, more convex 011 the left than on the right side, very glossy, smooth, diaphanous, corneous. Spire obtuse. Whorls 5, a little convex, slowly increasing, separated by a rather deep suture, the last whorl EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 203 moderate, convex, angular below around the perforation, above straight and slightly descending to the insertion of the lip, nearly i/a, the total alt., thicker but not swollen behind the aperture. Aperture slightly oblique, trigonal, below angu- larly narrowed and transversely straightly thickened, 4- plicate, as follows: 1 strong parietal, 1 colmnellar at the upper part of the columella, and two approximate palatals, visible externally, the upper one stronger and reaching the margin. Peristome lipped within, spreading and a little re- flected, the outer margin a little straightened, thicker in the middle ; the columellar margin somewhat straightened, in an oblique direction from left to right ; margins rather remote. Length 1%, diam. l1/^, alt. ap. %, width y2 mm. (Servain). Spain : drift debris of the Ebre at Saragossa. Vertigo acheila SERVAIN, Etude Moll. rec. en Espagne et en Portugal, 1880, p. 125. "The columellar margin has an obliquely rectilinear direc- tion from right to left, rendering the aperture triangular and quite angular at the base. The aperture is, moreover, char- acterized by a horizontal thickening interiorly in the lower part, altogether identical with that which has been remarked in the pupa microtragus of Turkey" (Servain). It appears to be known only by Servain 's description. 77. VERTIGO BUTTNERI Siemaschko. Shell very minute, ovate, somewhat obtuse, very elegantly striate, subrimate. Aperture semiovate, peristoine white- lipped; parietal wall and palate 1-toothed. Length 2, diam. 1.5 mm. ; whorls 4^ (Siem.). Courland: Parvecia (H. Biittner). Vertigo buttneri SIEMASCHKO, Bull, de la Classe Physico- Math. de 1'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., vii, no. 159, 1849, p. 234. This small reddish-brown snail has great resemblance to Pupa bigranata, but it is a true Vertigo ; lightly striate, above obtuse, the aperture half-round, with thickened white margins, outwardly a little angular, and two-toothed. Of the teeth, one stands above, the other below, obliquely opposite; on the 204 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. right from the latter one sees sometimes another quite small denticle which stands nearer the outer lip. The greatest diameter is equal to the height of the last whorl (Siem.). So far as I know, this species has not been recognized by any subsequent author; yet it may be known under another name. 78. VERTIGO GENESII (Gredler). PI. 18, figs. 10-12, 17, 18. The shell is very small, ovate, obtuse, indistinctly, spaced striate, glossy purplish brown. Whorls 4y2, rather convex, high, rapidly increasing, joined by a somewhat impressed suture, the penult large, almost ventricose. Umbilical open- ing moderate. Aperture semirotund, nearly quadratic, with- out any folds. Peristome scarcely expanded, thickened lip- like, bordered with bluish black, the margins connected by a very weak callus, the right margin arched at the insertion. Length %, diam. y2 line [about 1.5 x 1 mm.]. Animal raven-black, the tentacles short, contracted in the middle, the anterior pair not indistinct (Pupa f). Bears itself quite timidly, but promptly takes courage again (Gredler). Tyrol : above St. Jenesien, near Botzen, at 5000 ft. (Gredler) . Also in Germany, near Kisslegg, southern Wurternberg (Geyer). Sweden : Westergotland (Linnarsson). Pupa genesii GREDLER, Tirol's Land- und Siisswasser- Conch., Verh. z.-b. Ver. Wien vii, 1856, p. 122, pi. 2, f. 3.- PPR., Monogr. iv, 662. — Alaea genesii CLESSIN, Corresp.-Bl. Zool. Min. Vereins Regeusburg, 1877 ; Moll, fauna Oesterreich- Ungarns, 1887, p. 279. — Pupa genesii WESTERLUND, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sei. Upsaliensis, (3), viii, 1871, p. 97; Fauna, iii, p. 130 ( Oestergotland ) . — Pupa (Vertigo) parcedentata var. genesii SANDBERGER, 1887. — Vertigo genesii GEYER, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1912, p. 125. — STEUSLOFF, Archiv Ver. Fr. Naturg. in Mecklenburg, 61 Jahr. 1907, p. 68, 71 (dist. in quaternary). — Pupilla genesii Gredl., KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 82, f. 1512. Originally described as toothless, this species varies to forms with 4 teeth. It has been considered a toothless variety of V. parcedentata by Sandberger and Boettger, and if this view EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 205 is supported, the latter will stand as V. gemsii parcedentata, as genesii was the first to be described. Kobelt placed the species in Pupilla on account of Gredler 's note on the tentacles. D. Geyer, who collected V. genesii at the original locality, under the guidance of Gredler, writes as follows: "Vertigo genesii Gredler is not invariably toothless (lohne alle Fait en' Gredler), but 4-toothed examples occur with the toothless ones; 1 tooth on the parietal wall, 1 on the colu- mella and 2 in the palate, showing through outside. These last two develop last, and examples about to become complete therefore appear to be transitional, with only 2 or 3 teeth. V. genesii is therefore similar in dentition to Pupilla, mus- corum, steini, triplicata and others. The station of the snail is at the Salten near Jenesien (so the name of the village is pronounced, and so it appears on the charts — not 'St. Genesien'), in the neighborhood of Bozen. The snail is not restricted to rocks, as Gredler stated, but also lives on wood, in humid forest openings. "F. genesii is not confined to the Salten and Tyrol, but also lives in Germany. Years ago I found 4 specimens in a meadow near Kisslegg in the Wiirtemberian Allgau, and a single 4-toothed Pupa in the debris of the Aach near Wolfegg, 9 kilom. northwest of Kisslegg. * * * I see now that these German specimens, also from a humid but far lower station (at Salten about 1200, at Kisslegg 647 m.), agree completely with those of the Tyrol, being only a little lighter in color. ' ' Geyer further states that genesii and parcedentata "show the same variability in dentition, both having 0 to 4 teeth, but in size, contour, growth and number of whorls they differ from one another decidedly." Yet it must be noted that Geyer compares with Sandberger's fig. 1, which Boettger considered to be really V. alpestris. Geyer considers that parcedentata is a synonym of alpestris; but the small form without columellar or upper palatal folds, which is really the typical parcedentata, appears to support the view of Sand- berger and Boettger, that parcedentata is specifically not separable from genesii. 206 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. An allied but larger form has been found in the Kartitsch Valley, Tyrol, by Wiedemayr (Zeits. Ferdinandeums fur Tirol u. Vorarlberg, Innsbruck, 44, 1900, p. 167). Vertigo pygmaea var. condnna Scott - V. levenensis Scott has been placed by Kennard and Woodward (1917) in the synonymy of V. parcedentata. Dr. Boettger considered speci- mens submitted to him to be identical with genesii. The original description follows. Rather smoother and more glossy than the typical Vertigo pygmcca. It differs chiefly, however, in the mouth being un- furnished with teeth. In this respect it agrees with T". eden- tida, but the form of the shell is certainly that of T7. pygmcca (Scott). Scotland : Kirkland marl, Leven ; Pleistocene. V. pygnuca var. condnna T. SCOTT, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, x, p. 335, footnote, 1890; Scottish Naturalist, April, 1891, p. 53 (not seen). — Vertigo levenensis SCOTT, Scottish Naturalist 1891, p. 141, n. n. for V. p. co-ndnna (not seen). CF. KENNARD & WOODWARD Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vii, 119. The name condnna was quite unnecessarily changed to levenensis on account of Pupa condnna Lowe, a Madeiran snail belonging to a different subfamily. 78a. Vertigo martini Sayn. A very small species of the size and nearly the shape of the short varieties of V. pygmaea, but having the aperture absolutely without folds or teeth. I do not see that there is anything in the French fauna which is comparable, and the Pliocene fossil forms having the aper- ture toothless, such as V. crossei of Hauterive, are all much larger and of a different shape (Sayn). France : Pleistocene ; marnes inferieures de Pont-Neuf, Ain river near its confluence with the Rhone. V. [ertigo] martini SAYN, Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon Annee 1911, Iviii, p. 246. A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward have suggested that this is probably identical with Vertigo parcedentata (Al. Braun) (Proc. Geologists' Asso., xxviii, 1917, p. 170). It EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 207 will be noted that the description of V. martini, such as it is, agrees with that of V. concinna = levenensis. Its distinctness from V. genesii remains to be established, if it is not identical. 78&. Vertigo genesii parcedentata (Al. Br., Sbgr.). PI. 18, figs. 15, 19. The small, narrowly ovate shell has a narrow umbilical crevice and blunt summit; consists of 4^2 to 5 convex whorls separated by a deeply impressed suture, the last whorl form- ing half of the total length. First whorl entirely smooth, the rest having rather oblique striae, of which there are several finer between two stronger striae. The aperture is semi- ovate, obliquely truncate above, with weakly reflected mar- gins which are connected by a very thin callus; the right margin being \veakly arched forward. It has either one to four teeth [one or two; see below] or is wholly toothless. Length 1.8 to 2.2, diam. 1 mm. (Sandberger) . Germany: Pleistocene and Alluvium of the Rhine valley, etc. Pupa or Vertigo parcedentata A. BRAUN, Amtl. Bericht iiber die XX Versammhmg deutscher Naturforscher u. Aerzte zu Main, 1842, p. 143 (Wiesbaden; no description). — Pupa (Pupilla) parcedentata A. Braun, SANDBERGER, Vorwelt, p. 876, pi. 36, f . 25, 1875 ; Verh. Phys.-Med. Ges. Wurzburg xx, 1887, pp. 229-235, pi. 8 ; with, on p. 232, varieties quadridens, fig. 1; tridens, fig. 2; adversidens, fig. 3; bidens, fig. 4; glandi- cula, fig. 5; genesii, figs. 6-8. — Vertigo (Alaea) parcedentata (Al. Br.) BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. xxxxii, 1889, p. 308. — Vertigo parcedentata Al. Br., KENNARD and WOODWARD, Proc. Geol. Asso. xxviii, 1917, p. 170. (Pleisttocene and Holocene, Northampton, Middlesex, Fifeshire) ; Proc. Malac. Soc. London vii, 1906, p. 119 (identity of V. levenensis with parcedentata var. genesii). — Pupa adversidens and Pupa glan- dicida, SANDBERGER, Verh. Phys.-Med. Ges. Wurzburg, n. F., xix, 1886, p. 319, names only. — Pupa (Vertigo) parcedentata Al. Br., WiisT., Zeitschr. deutschen Geol. Gesell, vol. 59, 1907, p. 121 ; Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss, vol. 75, 1902, pp. 316, 320, pi. 6, f. 26-32. 208 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. The first description of this snail, so far as I can learn, was that of Sandberger in 1875; from this it appears that the form with a weak parietal tooth as well as one opposite it in the palate [lower palatal], is to be regarded as typical. It is that which he figures. Boettger states that according to his understanding typical parcedentata forms have 1 or 2 blunt denticles, and occur in his environs in the younger Middle- Pleistocene loess of the ' ' Erbenheinier Talchens bei Wiesbaden und von Schiersteiu und im alten alluvium des Grossen Bmchs bei Traisa in der Prov. Starkenburg. ' ' Outside of this region it is known from the loesses of Heidiugsfeld, Wiirzburg and Regensburg, and the toothless form has also been recognized in England and Scotland, perhaps also in France. According to Boettger, the earliest Pleistocene forms known appear to have been toothless; afterward variable, partly toothed forms in the later Pleistocene and Alluvium, finally extinction of the toothed parcedentata stock, which Boettger considered to belong to lower elevations, the toothless genesii alone surviving, and only in Alpine and high northern regions. In his paper of 1887 Sandberger described the following varieties, the first three probably referable to I7, alpestris. Var. quadridens (pi. 18, fig. 14). Aperture armed with one mammilliform parietal tooth, one columellar and two on the throat [palate], of which the anterior is smaller. Var. tridens (pi. 18, fig. 13). Anterior tooth of the throat obsolete or wanting, the rest present. Var. adversiden-s (pi. 18, fig. 16). No columellar tooth, the rest are apparent. Var. Widens (pi. 18, fig. 15). Columellar and anterior tooth of the throat wanting. This form is the typical parcedentata. Var. glandicula (pi. 18, fig. 19). Only the parietal tooth visible. Var. genesii (pi. 18, figs. 10-12). Toothless; bright brown in life, subpellucid, the margins of aperture violacous-brown [= genesii Gredler] . Dr. Boettger considers the relatively large, 4-toothed loess form which Saudberger described as var. quadridens to be EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 209 V. alpestris (Alder). He states farther that he knows of no form of parcedentata-genesii having more than two teeth, none having a columellar or an upper palatal. Sandberger-s varie- ties quadridens, tridens and adversidens would therefore be forms of alpestris. Boettger further remarks that recent forms of V. alpestris (Aid.) with only one palatal fold, or without them, are not rare, and have been described by Westerlund as var. tridentata and bidentata. Cf. notes under alpestris var. mitis West. See also Geyer's notes under V. genesii, from which it ap- pears that the living form may be either toothed or toothless. At present the distinctions, if any, between genesii and parce- dentata remain to be formulated. The present usage appears to be this: the recent specimens are called genesii and the fossil (Pleistocene or Holocene) are called parcedentata. Group of V. otostoma. Sinistral species with few, small teeth, arranged 1-1-1 or 1-1-0. 79. VERTIGO OTOSTOMA Westerlund. Shell [sinistral], cylindric, finely striate, yellowish-brown, glossy. Whorls 6^2 to 7, slowly increasing, convex, the two penult nearly equal, the last much higher, having two pale longitudinal furrows anteriorly. Aperture small, ear-shaped, with only 2 low white folds and 1 very small tooth in the lower part of the palate. Peristome very oblique, margins connected, the outer margin long, angularly drawn forward above the middle, not impressed, strongly arcuate above, pass- ing into the weakly sigmoid columella in a short arc. Length 2%, diam. iy3 mm. (West.). Sweden : Tenhult, prov. Smaland. Pupa otostoma WEST., Nova Acta R. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3) viii, 1871, p. 100; Fauna iii, 1887, p. 142.— PFR., Monogr. viii, 410. The special locality of this ' ' ganz eigenthiimlich und hochst merkwiirdig" shell is Augustenborg, a high hill opposite the road to the estate of Tenhult, ll/2 Swedish miles from the town 210 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. of Joukoping, southward, where it occurs with V. pin-eticola, ovoidea, arctica and others of the genus, upon twigs and fallen leaves. 80. VERTIGO CLEVEI Westerlund. Shell [sinistral] obesely ovate; whorls 5y2, convex, the penult inflated below, the last scarcely higher, much narrower, impressed at the aperture. Aperture truncate-ovate, the outer margin arcuate above, straight in the middle, oblique; basal margin rounded. Teeth only 2, one each on the parietal wall and the columella. Length 1%, diam. 1 mm. (West.). Sweden: Sala, in a place called Grona gaugen (Prof. P. T. Cleve). Pupa clevei WEST., Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnen-couch. iii, 1887, p. 142. Subgenus VERTILLA Moquin-Tandon. Vertilla M.-T., Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et fluv. France ii, 1855, p. 408, for V. plicata and V. pnsilla. Angular and parietal lamellae well developed, the angular not connected with the peristome, parietal long; columellar lamella subvertical, spirally entering above. Upper palatal fold very long, its inner end curving down ; the lower palatal short or wanting. Type V. angustior Jeffr. (V. plicata Moq.). This group differs from Augustula by having the columellar lamella of entirely different form, and the upper palatal fold penetrating deeply, its inner end decurved and somewhat hook-like (as in pi. 5, fig. 17). In August ula and most species of Vertigo the upper palatal fold is shorter than the lower. While Anguxtula and Vertilla show a certain parallelism or convergence, there appears to be 110 direct or close relationship. Vertigo angidifera Boettger, a dextral species of the German Miocene, is said to be closely related to V. angustior, and prob- ably is ancestral to the recent species. Vertilla was proposed for sinistral species of Vertigo, — in- cluding the type of the genus ; and the name has been exten- sively used by European authors in this sense. The sinistral forms have obviously been derived from several dextral stocks EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 211 independently, so that Vertilla, as used by Boettger, Wester- lund and others is heterogeneous. The name may properly be restricted to V. angustior and its immediate relatives. 81. VERTIGO ANGUSTIOR Jeffreys. PL 5, figs. 13, 16-18. Shell subfusiform or barrel-shaped, narrower in proportion than V. pusilla, rather solid, but semitranspareiit, glossy, light horn-colour, strongly, obliquely and rather closely striate in the line of growth ; periphery compressed and somewhat angular : epidermis thin : whorls 4y2, rather convex, but compressed, gradually increasing in size, the penultimate one a trifle broader than the last, which occupies about two-fifths of the shell, the first or upper whorl smooth and shining: spire rather short, abrupt, and blunt at the point : suture rather deep, mouth subtriangular, and very narrow in consequence of the great contraction or sinuosity of the outer edge in the middle as well as towards the base ; teeth four or five, viz. two on the pillar [parietal wall], the outer one of which is a little in advance of the other; one on the pillar lip [columella], which is sunk deep within the mouth and resembles a strong curved plate more than a tooth ; and one thick and promi- nent tooth inside the outer lip, with rarely a small tubercle by the side of it. Outer lip exceedingly thick and scarcely in- flected, strengthened outside and inside by a strong rib which is situate near the rim and is yellowish- white ; the inside rib remarkably thick and increasing the contraction of the mouth ; inner lip consisting of a slight deposit on the columella. Umbilicus very small, narrow and indistinct, being much con- tracted by a sharp and gibbous keel or crest at the base of the shell. L. 0.06. B. 0.035 inch (Jeffreys}. Vertigo angustior JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. London xvi, pt. 2, 1830, p. 361 (rejectamenta of a small stream at Marino, near Swansea) ; British Conchology i, p. 265. — STEENBERG, Danmarks Fauna, Landsnegle, 1911, p. 166, f. 137. — Pupa angustior Jeffr., PFEIFFER, Monogr. iii, 560 ; iv, 686 ; vi, 336. — WESTERLUND, Fauna Europaea Moll. Extramar. Prodr. ii, 1878, p. 200, with var. producta and gothorum, p. 201 ; Fauna iii, p. 142, with var. nana Mich., producta W., gothorum W. — 212 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. Acta Soc. pro founa et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, p. 71 (dis- tribution, etc.). Turbo vertigo MONTAGU, Testacea Brit. 1803, p. 363, pi. 12, f. 6. Not Helix vertigo Gmelin. — Vertigo vertigo ISSEL, Moll. Pisa, 1866, p. 23. Pupa ocsensis HALEVATS, Res. Wiss. Erforsch, Balatonsees, iv, pt. 2, p. 60, pi. 3, f. 10. Upper Pontic beds, Oecs, Lake Balaton (considered by 0. Boettger a var. of V. angustula). Vertigo venetzii Charpentier MS., FER., Prodr. p. 65 (nude name). — CHARPENTIER, Cat. Moll. Suisse, p. 18, pi. 2, f. 11. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr. pt. 10, p. 30, f. 650. — STERKI, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1888, p. 380, pi. 42, f. 11, 12.— Pupa venetzii Charp., PFR. Monogr. ii, 364. Vertigo hamata HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 304. Vertigo plicata A. MULLER, Wiegmann's Archiv fur naturg. 1838, i, p. 210, pi. 4, f. 6 (Neuhaldensleben). Vertigo nana MICHAUD, Complement de 1'hist, nat. des moll., etc., 1831, p. 71, pi. 15, f. 24, 25 (Lyons). V. angustior is readily known by the strongly striate shell tapering towards both ends, the vertical columellar lamella and the very long and strong upper palatal fold, decurved at its inner end ; the lower palatal being either quite weak or want- ing. The palatal callus is very strong. Var. nana Mich. 2 parietal teeth; columellar margin less thickened, with scarcely noticeable teeth. Upper palatal tooth short, the lower rudimentary. Southern France at Lyons: northern Italy (Westerlund). Michaud's description and figure are not complete for de- tails of structure, and as far as I can see pertain to practically typical V. angustior. Numerous specimens from Lyons ap- pear to be practically typical. Westerlund, however, defines nana as a variety. Dupuy says of specimens received from Michaud that the upper palatal fold is less strong, and the lower less distinct than in what he had figured as Pupa venetzii (Hist. Nat. Moll. France, p. 121). Var. producta Westerlund. Elongate ovate, chestnut- colored, 51/0 to 6 convex whorls, the last with straight back, very oblique, with a strong white tubercle at the base, pro- EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 213 duced forward, almost equally bipartite by the deep longi- tudinal furrow. Length 2, diam. li/4 mm. (Westerlund). Sweden : Borgholm. Var. gothorum Westerlund. Shortly oval, rather ventri- cose, the 4y% to 5 whorls but little convex, the last longitudin- ally impressed in front, a little tubercular below. (Margins of the peristorne united by a callus. Length 1^, diam. 1 mm. (Westerlund). Sweden: "Bellevue, " Carlshamn. 82. VERTIGO CALLISTA Westerlund. Shell cylindric, chestnut-brown or rufous brown, densely striatulate ; whorls 6, convex, the antepenult and preceding en- tirely cyliiidric, separated by a deep suture, the penult whorl largest, the back of the last whorl strongly and straightly slop- ing, divided into two parts by a deep transverse furrow, the upper, larger part narrow, cylindric, the other very short basal part with a strong white protuberance near the aperture, from which it is separated by a wide furrow. Suture very oblique, not ascending to the aperture. Aperture placed to the left, suboval, with about 2 [parietal] teeth or folds: one shorter, more exterior, marginal, the other deeply entering, nearly continuous with the former ; palatal fold long, strongly curved within; columella calloused, and the lip with a rufous callus deep within the outer margin. Peristome unexpanded, the outer margin strongly arcuate above, and angularly produced above the middle. Length l1/^, diam. % mm. (WesterL). Sweden : Dalbyo, prov. Sodermanland. Pupa callista WESTERLUND, Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, 1897, p. 72. Vndescribed or uncertain species. Vertigo lucida Jan. T. dextrosa, conico-cylindrica, obtusa, diaphana, lucidissima; apertura ovalis; labium columellae coarctatum; perist. edentulum. (Jan Mantissa p. 3), north- ern Italy. Vertigo dinii Stefani, = Truncatellina. Pupa (Vertigo) danica Westerl., Cat. der Conchyl.-Samm- lung Fr. Paetel, 1873, p. 107. Dania, nude name. 214 TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. Vertigo guadalupensis Fer., Tabl. Syst. p. 64, no. 6 "(4 deiitata ) . Habit. La Guadeloupe. ' ' Vertigo cylindrica J. Colbeau, Aim. Soc. Malac. Belgique iii, 1868, p. 97, pi. 2, fig. 7. Shell cylindro-couic, yellowish brown, glossy, the growth-striae quite noticeable, 5-6 whorls, the first very small, the later ones nearly equal ; aperture small, oval, longer than wide, without teeth. Length 1%, diam. about 1 mm. Colbeau remarks that the unique example of this shell he formerly regarded as a variety or anomaly of V. pygmaa, not adult. The aperture is relatively smaller than in V. muscorum [Drap., non L.] and edentnla; it is larger and more glossy than muscorum, smaller and darker colored than eden- tnl«. From Belgium. The figure is copied, pi. 17, fig. 8. May be a Truncatellina or an abnormal V. pygmaea. Vertigo subtrochiformis de Gregorio (pi. 17, fig. 7). Shell very minute, pupoid, subtrochiform, the last whorl a little angular, aperture small, subrotund. Length 2 mm. Perhaps this is a variety of the preceding ["Pupa muscorum," a Truncatellina} having the last whorl broken and the spire a little wider. I have only one specimen (Vertigo subtrochi- formis de Greg., Annales de Geol. et de Paleont., 32 livr., Feb., 1907, p. 8, pi. 1, f. 17). Italy : Abano, found in mud from a hot spring. The figure is obviously inexact, and looks like anything but a Vertigo. Generic position dubious; though not so absolutely hopeless as some other generic references in the same paper, such as the "Glandina" and " Melanopsis." IV. FOSSIL SPECIES OP VERTIGO AND OTHER VERTIGININAE. Vertiginmae are common as Pleistocene fossils, which in this work are included with the recent species. A few Eocene species described as Pupa are probably Ver- tigininae, but the only one of which the apertural character is known has no teeth. As this is undoubtedly a secondary condition, such a form could not be ancestral to the modern genera, and it was probably an end-product of evolution from some toothed genus of the Palaeocene or Mesozoic. TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. 215 Undoubted species of Vertigo, having teeth like V. nwulin- sia.no. or alpestris, and of quite modem aspect, appeared in the Lower Oligocene (amber of the Baltic coast) ; and in the Middle and Upper Oligocene and Miocene of central Europe the species became somewhat numerous. Most of these forms differ only in specific characters from living species, and the ancestors of the latter are probably among them. In Italy and southern France, Pliocene species occur, some closest to Miocene, others to recent forms. There has thus been a suc- cession of similar species in Europe from Oligocene to recent times. The subgenus Vertilla appeared in one or two species in the German Lower Miocene. Ptychalaea, in the recent fauna known only from the Bonin Islands, is known by several European species from the Lower Miocene to Pliocene. Glandicula occurs in the Upper Oligocene and Lower Miocene, Germany and France, then becoming extinct, so far as known. Pseudelix and Enneopupa are other genera of the German Upper Oligoceue which left no descendants. In America Vertigo is possibly represented by two Middle Eocene species, which from their shape and size appear refer- able to this genus rather than to Pupilla • yet as the apertural characters are unknown, and they are from a far lower horizon than any indubitable Vertigo, little stress is to be placed upon the generic reference. The general appearance is that of the two French Eocene species following. Perhaps we have to do with an unrecognized Eocene genus, and for this reason the species are here listed as Pupae, as originally described. List of Tertiary species of Vertigo. PUPA ARENULA White. 12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr, for 1878, pt. 1, p. 46, pi. 19, f. Sa, b. Upper Green River Group [= Bridger] Valley of Henry's Fork southward from Green River City, Wyoming. PUPA ATAVUNCULA White. Loc. cit., pi. 19, f. 9a. Same locality and horizon. 216 TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. PUPA BONNETI Cossm. Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. et Mai. Belg. xli, 1906, p. 283. Eocene: Sparnacien inferieur, Grauves. PUPA HEBERTI Fougeroux et Denainvilliers. Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 75, pi. 3, f . 7. Upper Eocene : Calcaire de Provins, Saint-Parres near Nogent-sur-Seine. VERTIGO HAUCHECORNEI Klebs. Jahrb. Preuss. geol. Landes- anst. u. Bergakademie zu Berlin, 1885, (1886), p. 382, pi. 17, f. 5.— Koken, Die Vorwelt, p. 463, f. 112. Lower Oligocene, in amber, Prussian coast. VERTIGO KUNOWII Klebs. Jahrb. Preuss. geol. Landesanst, 1885 (1886), p. 386, pi. 17, f. 6. Lower Oligocene, in amber of the Prussian coast. Resembles genesii. VERTIGO MINOR Boettger. Vertigo callosa var. minor BTTG., Jahrb. d. geol. Reichsanst. xx, 1870, p. 296, pi. 13, f. 7. — V. (Alaea) minor BTTG., Jahrb. Nassau. 1889, p. 305. Tuchoric, Bohemia, Upper Oligocene. VERTIGO DEFRANCII (Brong.). Pupa defrancii BRONGNIART, Mem. du Museum, xv, 1810, p. 378, pi. 22, f. 19. — DESHAYES, An. s. Vert, ii, 1864, p. 857, pi. 56, f. 37-39. Aquitanian : Meulieres superieures, Milon, Palaiseau, Mont- morency. VERTIGO MOENANA Zinndorf. 37-42 Bericht ueber die Thatigkeit des Offeubacher Ver. Naturk. 1901, p. 136, pi. 5, f. 9. Upper Middle Oligocene, Offenbach a. M. VERTIGO ELSHEIMENSIS Bttg. Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 295, pi. 7, f. 2. Middle Oligocene, Elsheim in Rhein- hessen. VERTIGO CALLOSA (Reuss). Pupa callosa REUSS, Paleon- tographica ii, 1849, p. 30, pi. 3, f. 7. — SANDBERGER, Vorwelt, p. 400, pi. 24, f. 19. — Vertigo (Ala-ea) callosa BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 296. Upper Oligocene, Tuchoric, Bohemia. V. c. mut. maxima Bttg., t. c., 1889, p. 296, pi. 7, f. 3. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim. V. c. mut. convergent Bttg., t. c., p. 297, pi. 7, f. 4. Old Lower Miocene, Affenstein, near Frankfort a. M. V. c. mut. alleodus (Sandberger). Pupa alleodus SDBGR.,. Mainzer Becken p. 58, pi. 35, f. 10. — V. c. mut. alleodus BTTG., t. c., p. 298. Lower Miocene, Appenheim, Rheinhessen, etc. TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. 217 V. c. mut. quinquedentata Joos, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 64, 1911, p. 66. Miocene, Budenheim. Vertigo callosa cyrenarum Zinnd. Vertigo (Alaea) callosa (Ess.) var. cyrenarum ZINNDORF. 37-42 Bericht Offenbacher Ver. Naturk. 1901, p. 136. Cyrena marl, Upper Middle Oligo- cene, Offenbach a. M. Vertigo callosa divergent Flach. Verb. Phys.-Med. Ges. zu Wiirzburg, n. F., xxiv, 1890, p. 8, pi. 3, f. 4.— Joos, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1912, 39. — Pupa (Vertigo) cardiostoma var. diverg- ens CLESSIN, Ber. naturw. Ver. Regensburg 1893, iv, p. 9, no. 38, pi. 1, f. 6. VERTIGO CARDIOSTOMA (Sandberger). Pupa (Vertigo} cardiostoma SDBGR., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 600, no description. — CLESSIN, Regensburger Correspondenzblatt 1877, p. 37 ; Malak. Blatter viii, p. 86. — Vertigo (Ptychalaea) cardiostoma BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 42, 1889, p. 294. — FLACH Verh. Phys-med. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1890, p. 8, pi. 3, f. 5.- Vertigo (Alaea) cardiostoma Joos, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1912, p. 39. Upper Miocene, Undorf, near Regeusburg, Bavaria; Steinheim. Placed by Boettger in Ptychalaea, by Joos in Alaea. VERTIGO PROTRACTA (Sandberger). Pupa protracta SDBGR., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 400. — Vertigo (Alaea) protracta BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 1889, p. 300, pi. 7, f. 5. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim. VERTIGO OVATULA (Sandberger). Pupa ovatula SDBGR., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 400. — V. (Alaea) ovatula BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau., 1889, p. 301, pi. 7, f. 6. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim. V. o. mut. miliiformis Boettger. Bericht Senck. Ges. 1884, p. 270, pi. 4, f . 9 ; Jahrb. Nassau, 1889, p. 302. Older Lower Miocene, near Niederrad. V. o. mut. hydrobiarum Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau, 1889, p. 302, pi. 7, f. 7. Newer Lower Miocene, Mosbach-Biebrich. Var. mosbachiensis Bttg., t. c., p. 303, pi. 7, f. 8; with the preceding. Dr. Boettger considers this species to be closely related to V. milium; but there is nothing in the description or figures to show that it has a columellar lamella of the Angustula type, 218 TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. so that the relationship claimed is quite uncertain, and appears to me improbable. VERTIGO KOCHI Boettger. Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 304, pi. 7, f. 9. Upper Oligocene, Hochkeim. VERTIGO DIVERSIDENS (Sandberger). Pupa, diversidens SDBGR., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 549, pi. 29, f. 23.— Vertigo diversi- dens BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. Sansan p. 84, f. 124-127; Vertigo presbytera Bgt. mentioned as a synonym. Middle Miocene: Sansan. VERTIGO TUCHORICENSIS (new name). Pupa microstoma REUSS, Sitzungsber. Math.-Nat. Cl. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlii, 1861, p. 73, pi. 2, f. 8.— SANDBERGER, Vorwelt, p. 438, pi. 24, f. 17. — Vertigo microstoma Reuss, KLIKA, Tert. Land- und Siisswasser-Conch. des nordwesten Bohmen, p. 98, f. 93, in Archiv naturwiss. Landesdurchforschung von Bohmeu, vii, no. 4, 1891. Lower Miocene : Lipen, Bohemia. This is not Pupa microstoma Mlldff., 1881, or Pupa microstoma Pfr., 1852. VERTIGO (?) GLOBULUS Desh. Pupa globulus Dh., An. s. Vert, ii, 1864, p. 860, pi. 56, f. 16-18. Lower Miocene : Cal- caire de Beauce. Perhaps a Gastrocopta. It has been re- ferred by Oppeuheim to his genus Paracraticula. VERTIGO (?) ANODON (Desh.). Pupa anodon DESHAYES, An. s. Vert, Bassin Paris, ii, 1864, p. 849, pi. 56, f. 22-24. Lower Miocene : Calcaire de Beauce. VERTIGO (?) PARVULA (Desh.). Pupa parvula Dh., An. s. Vert, ii, 1864, p. 852, pi. 56, f . 31-33. Lower Miocene : Cal- caire de Beauce. VERTIGO COARCTATA (Desh.). Pupa coarctata Dh., An. s. Vert, ii, 1864, p. 856, pi. 56, f . 13-15. Lower Miocene : Cal- caire de Beauce. VERTIGO DIEZI (Clessin). Pupa (Alaea) diezi CLESSIN, Berichte Naturwiss. Ver. Regensburg, xiii, 1912, p. 107. Middle Miocene, Undorf, near Regensburg, Bavaria. VERTIGO UNDORFENSIS (Clessin). Pupa (Alaea] undorf- ensis CL., t, c., p. 108. Middle Miocene, Undorf. VERTIGO GLOBUS, new name. Pupa (Alaea) globula CL, t. c., p. 108 (Not Pupa globulus Deshayes). Middle Miocene, Undorf. TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. 219 VERTIGO MUSCICOLA Clessin. Pupa (Alaea} muscicola CLESSIN, t. c., p. 108. Middle Miocene, Undorf. VERTIGO INFLATULA (new name). Pupa (Alaea) inflata CLESSIN, t. c., p. 109 (not Pupa inflata Wagner, 1827). Middle Miocene, Undorf. VERTIGO MINIMA Clessin. Pupa (Alaea) minima CLESSIN, t. c., p. 109. Middle Miocene, Undorf. The name minima has been used in Pupa in a varietal sense. VERTIGO CYCLOPHORA Bgt. Malacol. de Colline de Sansan 1881, p. 83, pi. 5, f. 120-123. Middle Miocene : Sansan. The following 12 species are from the same formation. VERTIGO CAMPANEA Bgt., t. c., p. 85, pi. 5, f. 140-143. VERTIGO SANSANICA Bgt., t. c., p. 87, pi. 5, f. 128-131. VERTIGO LCEMODONTA Bgt., t. c., p. 88, pi. 5, f. 132-135. VERTIGO CALLOSTOMA Bgt., t. c., p. 89, pi. 5, f. 136, 137. VERTIGO CODIOLENA Bgt., t. c., p. 91, pi. 5, f. 144-147. VERTIGO MILNE-EDWARDSI Bgt., t. c., p. 92, pi. 5, f. 148-151. VERTIGO BOTHRIOCHEILA Bgt., t. c., p. 93, pi. 5, f. 152-155. VERTIGO RAGIA Bgt., t. c., p. 95, pi. 5, f. 156-159. VERTIGO TRIODONTA Bgt., t. c., p. 96, pi. 5, f. 160-163. VERTIGO RHYNCHOSTOMA Bgt., t. c., p. 97, pi. 5, f. 164-167. VERTIGO ONIXIODON Bgt., t. c., p. 98, pi. 5, f. 168-171. VERTIGO MICRONIXIA Bgt., t. c., p. 100, pi. 5, f. 172-175. VERTIGO PERAPERTA (new name). Pupa (Alaea) aperta Saiidb. Ms., K. MILLER, Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. Wiirt- temberg, vol. 56, 1900, p. 397, pi. 7, f. 13.— Joos, Nachrbl. 1912, p. 40, pi. 2, f. 7. (Not Pupa aperta Marts., Mai. Bl. x, 1863, p. 180). Upper Miocene, Steinheim. It is said by Joos to be closely related to V. angulifera Bttg., which appears to be a Vert ilia. The palatal fold is described by Joos as about 5 mm. long, — an obvious mistake, in a shell 1.4 mm. long ; probably 0.5 mm. was intended. VERTIGO PSEUDANTIVERTIGO Paladilhe. Revue des Sciences Naturelles, ii, 1873, p. 207, pi. 2, f. 25-27. Pliocene, near Montpellier. VERTIGO (?) BLEICHERI Paladilhe. Rev. Sci. Nat. ii, 1873, p. 51, pi. 2, f. 19-21. Pliocene, Montpellier. VERTIGO MYRMIDO Michaud. Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon, Rev. 220 TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. Ser., ii, 1855, p. 47, pi. 5, f. 14, 15. — Pupa (V.) myrmido SANDBERGER, Vorwelt, p. 723, pi. 27, f. 22. Pliocene, Hauterive. VERTIGO CROSSEI Midland. Journ. de Coiichyl. x, 1862, p. 77, pi. 4, fig. 3. Pliocene, Hauterive (Drome). A toothless form of which the position is dubious; perhaps a Columella. See Locard, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Lyon, ii, 1878, p. 230. VERTIGO SCHLOSSERI (Cossmann). Pupa (Vertigo) oviformis SCHLOSSER, Jahrb. k.-k. Geol. Reichsanstalt 1907, Ivii, p. 757, pi. 17, f. 5. Not Pupa oviformis Michaucl. P. [up a] schlosseri COSSMANN, Revue Grit. Paleozool. 1908, p. 257. Pliocene, Eichkogel near Modling. VERTIGO GLOBOSA Sacco. Fauna Malac. All. il. Piemonte, 1885, p. 31, pi. 2, f. 3.—Alaea globosa SACCO, I Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte xxii, p. 71, pi. 6, f. 8. Pliocene, Tassarolo. V. g. tassaroliana Sacco. Riv. Fauna malac. foss. terr. lac., 1887, p. 174. — Alaea g. var. tassaroliana SACCO, I moll. terr. Terz. Piem. xxii, p. 71, pi. 6, f. 9. Tassarolo, Fossano. Subgenus PTYCH ALAEA Boettger. VERTIGO (PTYCHALAEA) FLEXIDENS (Rss.). Pupa flexidens REUSS, Sitzmigs-Ber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. Cl., xxxii, p. 74, pi. 2, f. 9. — SANDBERGER, Vorwelt p. 439, pi. 24, f. 18. — V. (P.) flexidens BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. xxxxii, 1889, p. 293, pi. 7, f. 1. Lower Miocene, Appenheim in Rheinhesseu ; Tuchoric and Lipen, Bohemia ; Saucats, Bor- deaux (var. girondica Boettger, t. c., p. 294). — WENZ, Nachrbl. d. in. Ges. 44, 1912, p. 190, f. 2.— KLIKA, Arch. Naturwiss. Landesdurchforschung von Bohmeu, vii, no. 4, 1891, p. 95, f. 90. VERTIGO (PTYCHALAEA?) TRIGONOSTOMA (Al. Braun). Pupa trigonostoma Al. Br., in Walchner's Geognosie, p. 1185. — SANDBERGER, Mainzer Becken p. 59, pi. 5, f. 17. — V. (Ptycho- chilus) trigonostoma BTTG., Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 1889, 292. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim. VERTIGO (PTYCHALAEA) BLUMI Boettger. V. (Ptychochilus) Uumi BTTG., Bericht Senck. Ges. 1884, p. 268, pi. 4, f. 8. Lower Miocene, Schleusenkammer bei Niederrad. VERTIGO (PTYCHALAEA) PRISCILLA Paladilhe. Vertigo pris- TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. 221 cilia PALAD., Eevue Sci. Nat. (Montpellier), ii, 1873, p. 53, pi. 2, f . 22-24. Pliocene, Montpellier. VERTIGO (PTYCHALAEA) CAPELLINII Sacco. Vertigo (Scara- bella) ctipellinii SACCO, 1885. Scarabella capellinii SACCO, I Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte, xxii, p. 71, pi. 6, f. 7. Piedmont Upper Pliocene, Villafranchian stage, Fossano and Tassarolo. V. c. ligustica Sacco. V. (8.) capellinii var. ligustica SACCO, 1887. Scarabella c. L, SACCO, 1. c. Tassarolo. Subgenus VERTILLA Moquin-Tandon. VERTIGO ANGULIPERA Boettger. Bericht Senck. Nat. Ges. 1884, p. 271, pi. 4, f . 10 ; Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 310. Lower Miocene of the Schleusenkammer near Nieder- rad. Placed in Alaea by Boettger, but probably a dextral species of VertUla. Genus GLANDICULA Sandberger. Glandicula SANDBERGER, Land- und Siisswasser-Conchyl. der Vorwelt, p. 401, 1875; monotype Pupa (Glandicula} tiarula A. Brn. — Paracraticula OPPENHEIM Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., Wien, vol. 57, 1890, p. 126. Acorn-shaped, with deeply impressed suture, the post- embryonic whorls having sculpture of distant, oblique ribs; aperture triangular, the outer lip inflexed; typically with 3-1-2 teeth, the angular and parietal lamellae emerging to the margin. Type G. tiarula (A. Brn.), pi. 5, figs. 14, 15. Upper Oli- gocene : Hochheim, Landschneckenkalk,. GLANDICULA TIARULA (A. Brn.). Vertigo tia-rula A. Braun, Walchner's Geogn. 2 edit., p. 1135. — Pupa tiarula Sandberger, Mainzer Becken p. 60, pi. 5, f . 18 ; Vorwelt, p. 401, pi. 23, f . 17. — Vertigo (Glandicula) tiarula Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 290. Boettger has given a good account of this rare snail, which has not been figured in sufficient detail. He believes its affinity to be with Ptychochilus (Lyropupa), mentioning such forms as perlonga Pse. and lyrata Gld., evidently influenced 222 TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. by the sculpture, a character of no great importance. I have not seen specimens. GLANDICULA TURCICA (Desh.). Pupa turcica Deshayes, An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris ii, 1864, p. 861, pi. 57, f. 1-3. Lower Miocene : Calcaire de Beauce. GLANDICULA (PARACRATICULA) UMBRA (Oppeuh.), Pupa (Paracraticula) umbra OPPENHEIM, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., Wien, vol. 57, 1890, p. 126, pi. 3, f. 10. Eocene, Puguiello, Italy. This species is the type of Paracraticula Oppenh. Referred to Glandicula with some doubt. Genus ENNEOPUPA Boettger. Enneopupa BTTG., Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. xxxii, 1889, p. 288. Monotype Pupa cylindrella Al. Br. Shell cylindric, of few (5-6) costulate whorls, the neck having a groove parallel to the suture ; aperture oblique ; peris- tome continuous, subobsolete ; angular lamella distinct but low, (1 or) 2 deeply placed, not marginal parietal lamellae separ- ated from the angular; 2 columellar lamellae; (3 or) 4 long palatal folds. ENNEOPUPA CYLINDRELLA (Al. Braun). PL 5, fig. 12. Pupa cylindrella Al. Br., Walchner's Geogn. p. 1136. — Sand- berger, Mainzer Becken, p. 50, pi. 5, f . 9 ; Vorwelt p. 393, pi. 23, f. 7. — Vertigo (Enneopupa] cylindrella BTTG., t. c., p. 288. Upper Oligocene of Hochheim. Sandberger's figures are copied in pi. 5, fig. 12. Genus PSEUDELIX Boettger. Pseudelix BTTG., Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins f. Natur- kunde, Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 316, type Pupa microhelix Sbgr. Shell with a small perforation, globose-conic, heliciform, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 4-5, nearly smooth. Aperture oblique, semilunar, with 1 to 3 compressed teeth, not deeply placed, the parietal lamella always distinct ; margins expanded, somewhat labiate. Type: Pupa microhelix Sbgr., from the Upper Oligocene landshell chalk of Hochheim (pi. 5, fig. 8). This group is compared by Boettger with the American Pupa TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. 223 conoidea Nc., which has some resemblance in figure and teeth. The entirely different and peculiar sculpture of conoidea, which belongs to the genus Bothriopupa (Vol. XXIV, p. 231), together with other differential features, shows that the sup- posed affinity is improbable. Prof. Boettger had not seen a specimen of conoidea. Pseudelix has a somewhat specialized shape, and appears to have left no survivors or no closely related genera. The nomenclature of the two species is not clear to me, Boettger 's synopsis is followed. PSEUDELIX MICROHELIX (Sbgr.). Pupa microhelix SAND- BERGER, Mainzer Becken, p. 61, pi. 35, f. 26; Vorwelt, p. 402, pi. 23, f. 18. PSEUDELIX COMES Boettger. Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk. 1889, p. 317. - - Helix pupula Al. Braun, in Walclmer's Geoguosie, 2d ed., p. 1139. — Pupa microhelix in part, SAND- BERGER, Mainzer Becken p. 61, pi. 3, f. 8. Upper Oligocene landshell chalk of Hochheim. Genus Carychiopsis Saudberger. Fusulina SANDBERGER, olim. — Carychiopsis SANDBERGER, Land und Siisswasser-Conch. der Vorwelt, pp. 169, 170 (1872), type Pupa dohrni [dhorni] Deshayes. A group of minute, slender Pupoid snails, chiefly Lower Eocene, contains the species Pupa remiensis, alter nans, ~bige- minata, dhorni (== dohrni Dh., Sandberger) and coarctata, all of Deshayes (Anim. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, 1864, pp. 853- 856). Some of these have been referred to Vertigo by subse- quent authors, but in the opinion of Sandberger, which appears well founded, they have no special affinity with that genus, but belong near Carychium. Pupa inter f ere ns Desh. may possibly also belong to this group, though somewhat different. It has the general appear- ance of Gastrocopta. Carychiopsis costulata Sandberger, t. c., p. 371, of the Lower Miocene of Germany and Bohemia, is the latest known member of the group. Pupa schivageri Reuss, Sitzungsber. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien Ivii, p. 82 is synonymous. 224 STAURODON. Germs STAURODON Lowe. Staurodon LOWE, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. (2), ix, 1852, p. 278, for Pupa saxicola and P. seminulum. The shell is minute, oblong, the last whorl without crest. Peristome continuous by a strong parietal callus. Teeth ar- ranged as in Vertigo except that the angular lamella is tiiber- culiform, marginal upon the parietal callus closes to the termination of the outer lip, with or without a short con- tinuation inward. Type Staurodon saxicola (Lowe). Distribution, Madeira. See pi. 15, figs. 12-14. The emergence of the angular lamella and its union with the outer lip is probably an ancestral character, found also in Ptychalaea and some other Vertigiuiue groups, as well as in other subfamilies, such as Gastrocoptinue. In Staurodon this lamella has been much shortened, often running inward less than shown in pi. 15, fig. 14. The genus has probably existed on Madeira since the early Tertiary, as it appears to have no near relatives in the Euro- pean series from the Oligocen-e on. The strong parietal callus is doubtless a later development. Many snails of arid regions show more or less similar strucures. In his publication of 1852, Lowe places only the species Pupa saxicola and P. seminulum under Staurodon, but in his differential diagnosis of sa-xicola he mentions P. (Vertigo) alpestris and P. pygmaea in order to point out how sa-xicola differs from them, but without stating or implying that they belong to Staurodo-n. It appears from this that either saxi- cola or seminulum must be the type of Staurodon. In 1854 Lowe designated P. pygnwea- Drap. the type of Staurodon, a course clearly barred by the fact that he had not included this species in his group in 1852. 1. STAURODON SAXICOLA (Lowe). PL 15, figs. 13, 14. The shell is shortly rimate, cinnamon-brown, oblong, taper- ing slightly upwards, very finely but distinctly striate, the striation strongest on the penult and antepenult whork. The PUPILLIDvE PLATE 11 • i - 8 9 10 11 PLATE 12 ••• I '.'i':: , Q ''''•' . . ''' 10 f ! 1i " 13 ' 14- 15 PUPILLID/E PLATE 13 14 16 17 PUPILLID>E : .:•,. PLATE 14 7 • 9 13 10 14- 11 15 I* • ' .-• , 16 PUPILLID.XF PLATE 15 7 . 9 .- - . w*^?_ '• 10 , • ? . 11 12 13 14 15 PUPILLIDvE PLATE 16 . - E L . . .,,- 8 .-'• . - : - ^ 10 11 - 1 13 V '• 14 -• L5 PUPILLID>E PLATE 17 •. ' '~~^ - . ' '-''. ' If fci 11 13 14- 15 PUPILLIDv-T PLATE 18 • f 10 11 13 14 17 i o 19 STAUKODON. 225 first whorl smooth. The whorls are moderately convex, the last without grooves or crest behind the lip. The aperture is rounded-piriform, containing 5 teeth. The angular lamella is a blunt, callous tubercle close to and in adults connected with the outer termination of the lip. The parietal lamella is long, liigh, and stands remote from the edge of the parietal callus. Columellar lamella short, entering horizontally. There are two rather short but high palatal folds, the lower one longer. No palatal callus. The peristome is slightly ex- panded, thick, of lighter tint than the shell ; outer margin a little straightened in the middle, connected with the columellar margin by a thick, straight, cord-like callus across the parietal wall, bearing the angular lamella. Length 1.7 to 1.8, diam. 1 mm.; 41/-r4i/> whorls. Madeira: beneath stones and scoriae in dry, rocky spots of low elevation, in the south of Madeira: Praia. Bay, west of Funchal, under loose pieces of basalt at the top of the cliff at the eastern end (Wollastoii, Leacock) ; Feijaa dos Asnos and Cabo Girao (Baron Paiva). Subfossil in calcareous deposits near Canical (Wollaston). Pupa saxicohi LOWE, Ann. Mag. N. H. ix, 1852, p. 278; P. Z. S. 1854, p. 214.— PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 559.— KiisTER, Conchyl. Cabinet, Pupa, p. 182, pi. 21, f. 26, 27. — ALBERS, Malacol. Maderensis p. 62, pi. 16, f. 13, 14.— PAIVA, Monogr. Moll. Ins. Mader. 1867, p. 139.— WOLLASTON, 'IVstacea Atlantica, 1878, p. 237. Pupa semmulum LOWE, Ann. Mag. N. H. ix, 1852, p. 278; ^yn. p. 14. — PFR., Monogr. iii, 559. The cord-like parietal callus and the structure of the angu- lar tubercle are characteristic. la. S. suxicola seminulum Lowe (PL 15, fig. 12). Differs from P. saxicola by the smaller, even very minute size, the whorls more swollen, suture deeper, shape more obese, the aperture triplicate, the folds unequal, arranged in a triangle, the ventral largest, the columellar and palatal smaller and subequal; the subangularly somewhat straightened lip bent inward; the upper denticle somewhat distinct inward (Lowe}. 226 LTROPUPA. The figure represents a shell from the Lowe collection. It is smaller than saxicola, length 1.55, diam. 0.8 mm. In his second description Lowe gives the length as 114 to l1/^, diam. % mm. His description, translated above, was from a shell without the upper palatal fold, perhaps not fully mature. Wollaston remarks that "the P. seminulum Lowe, which was detected by Mr. Leacock at the Cabo Garajao or Brazen Head, does not appear to me to differ specifically, in any single particular, from the present species [i. e.. saxicold]." Genus LYROPUPA Pilsbry. By H. A. Pilsbry and C. Montague Cooke. Lyropupa PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 432 (as a sub- genus of N esop'U-pa-} , type Pupa- lyrata Gould. — ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London vi, 1904, p. 124 (as a genus). The shell is openly rimate, often perforate, the shape from broadly ovate to cylindric ; embryonic 1^ whorls microscopi- cally granulose, sometimes spirally striate, the following whorls abruptly becoming strongly sculptured with axial or oblique ribs narrower than their intervals. Aperture trun- cate above, rounded below, the peristorne continuous, free and expanded. Angular lamella emerging to the margin ; parietal strong, somewhat immersed. Columellar deeply placed, strongly developed, axial or oblique. Two palatals the upper very long, emerging to the lip, defining a sinulus. A deeply placed basal fold often developed. Axis hollow and rather large. Immature stages toothless. Type Pupa lyrata Gould. Distribution, Hawaiian Islands. There are no inferior tentacles. The head has rounded lateral processes and a somewhat prominent median convexity above. The sole is almost white in species examined, the back and face pigmented. Important specific characters are found in the form and ar- rangement of the palatal folds, but they are so deeply im- mersed that the shell must be broken to see them. Holding it LYROPUPA. 227 in the fingers under a dissecting microscope, the front of the last whorl and the whole columellar side of the aperture can be broken away with a needle, leaving the entire inside of the outer wall of the last half whorl exposed. In fossil shells it breaks off (as figured in pi. 25, figs. 2, 14, 15). The piece may then be stuck upon a slip of card for convenient examination under the microscope. Care must be taken to break away enough of the basal wall to show the basal fold, which is often hard to see. A bull's eye or other condenser is useful. In comparing specimens with the drawings it must be re- membered that the apparent shape of the tubercle under the inner end of the upper palatal fold changes somewhat with the angle of vision. The large, hollow axis is broadly open in the young, as in pi. 26, fig. 8, L. spaldingi. Lyropupa lives on or near the ground. The sinistral species inhabit the humid forest zone where they may be found on mossy stones, fallen twigs and dead leaves. The dextral species live in dryer open country, under stones and logs. Only dex- tral forms are known from Niihau and Kahoolawe. Lyropupae are abundant in Pleistocene and later deposits on all the islands. They formerly occupied a far greater area than at present. The forest species occurred at lower levels than now, as the Achatinellas did. A good part of the low country species are now extinct, and others which are abundant as fossils are rare and local as living snails. Twenty-two species are now recognized, nine of them de- fined by former authors, Gould, Pease, Dall and Ancey. One species, Vertigo stria-tula Pease, has not been recognized with certainty. The type specimens of all the others have been examined in the preparation of this work. DISTRIBUTION. — 16 of the 22 species are confined to single islands, so far as known. 6 are common to two or more islands,, but in most cases represented by special races on each. A narrower view of species than we have taken would increase the apparent insular endemicity but would not show inter- island relationships so well. 228 LYROPUPA. L. pcrlonga, Oahu, a subspecies in Niihau and Kauai. L. lyrata, Oahu, a variety in Kauai. L. micra, Oahu, a subspecies in Molokai. L. ovatula, Oahu, a subspecies in Molokai and Hawaii. L. rkaldota, Molokai, a subspecies in Laiiai and Maui. L. kahoolavensis, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe and Hawaii. L. Jcahoolavensis shows very little variation throughout, its range. It inhabits more islands than any other species, and is one of the most primitive. It occurs on 4 islands as a fossil only. Except in the case of L. ovutultt, the islands inhabited by one species are always contiguous. Probably some race of ova-tula (also of kahoola/vensis) will be found on Maui, where the Pupillidae are much less known than on other islands, If so the single exceptional case will be eliminated. Niihau and Kahoolawe each have but one species also found •on the contiguous islands. Species of the islands from Molokai east are closely related, but Molokai also connects with Oahu, having three fossil sub- species of specific stocks which are widely spread on Oahu. Otherwise the species of the eastern group of islands all differ from those of Oahu and the western islands. In general, the distribution of Li/ropupti agrees with Lept- *t4i]i.5. Form broadly oval, compact, the whorls short, con- vex, the last whorl with 25-30 ribs, and one or two impressions 011 the back ; length 1.9-2.2 mm. c'. Diameter about 70 per cent of the length; 5 whorls; aperture contained 2i/> times in length of the shell. L. ciibana, 110. 21. e2. Diameter about 58 to 65 per cent of the length ; 51/2 Avhorls ; aperture scarcely one-third length of shell. L. tliaumasiu, no. 22. Group of L. lyrata. Sinistral Lyropupae characterized by a strong, long, angu- lar lamella, and by minute spiral stria3 between and on the strong ribs. There are two series belonging to this group. LYROPUPA. 233 Species from Kauai and Oahu have the surface of the em- bryonic whorls wrinkled-granulose (except L. microthauma.). Those from Molokai, Lanai. Maui and Hawaii have the em- bryonic whorls minutely, closely, spirally striate. The two Oahuan species are quite distinct, but L. lyrata has numerous local races or forms not yet fully worked out. L. truncata of HaAvaii is one of the most characteristic of the genus, but. the other known species of Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii are closely related and by no means conspicuously differentiated. The following key is given as an alternative to that on p. 229 ; it is based upon more natural characters, but partly not to be observed in worn or fossil specimens. a1. Embryonic whorls minutely granulose-wrinkled ; Calm. L. lijrata, no. 1. a2. Embryonic whorls minutely striate spirally. 61. Later whorls very closely striate spirally. c1. Summit bluntly rounded. c?1. Ribs numerous; Maui. L. tJuiaiiumi, no. 4. d~. Ribs rather widely spaced ; Molokai. L. rhabdota -plur-is, no. 3«. c2. Summit subconic. d1. Length 1.8 to 2.1 mm.; Oahu. L, microthauma, no. 2. d2. Length 2.5 to 2.7 mm. ; Molokai, Lanai and Maui. L. rhabdota, no. 3. d '•'•. Length 2.7 to 3.1 mm. ; Hawaii. L, prisca, no. 5. b2. Later whorls distantly striate spirally ; Hawaii. c1. Summit subconic. L. clathrotula, no. 6. c2. Summit abruptly truncate. L. trinicata, no. 7. 1. LYROPUPA LYRATA (Old.). PL 19, figs. 1 to 6. "The shell is small, most generally siuistral, chestnut colored, widely umbilicate; 5 convex whorls, with about 20 neatly clathrate flexuous riblets ; aperture somewhat orbicular, bell-shaped, posteriorly armed with two lamella-like teeth and 234 LYROPUPA. two others in the throat. Length 22/200, diam. 13/200 inch" [2.75 x 1.62 mm.] (Gould,}. Hawaiian Islands (Gould). Oahu : very abundant over nearly the whole length of the Koolau Mountains (Thaanum, Spalding, Gouveia, Emerson, Cooke, Pilsbry). Type and paratypes no. 219, G. 2687, Museum of the University of New York. Pupa, lyrata GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc., i, 1843, p. 139; Boston Journ. of Nat. Hist,, iv, 1844, pi. 16, f. 16 ; Otia Couch., 1862, p. 189 (Habitat, Maui; "length 1/10, diam. 1/20 -f inch") [2.54 x 1.27 mm.]. — PFR., Monographia Hel. Viv., iii, p. 561- nec Pupa lyrata PFR., Monographia Hel. Viv. iv, p. 686 — nee BOETTGER, in von Martens' Conchologische Mittheilungen, i, 1881, p. 61, pi. 12, f. 11.— Vertigo lyrata H. and A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 172. — PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1871. p. 474 (Oahu). — Nesopupa (Lyropupa) lyrata, PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 432. — non Lyropupa lyrata ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 124. — Pupa magdalenae ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, v, 1892, p. 716 (Palama, Baldwin). — Pupa lyrata SYKES, Fauna Hawaiensis, ii, 1900, p. 294. — Lyropupa carbon aria ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 125, pi. 7, f. 21 (Nuuanu). The specimens in the Albany Museum, the original material on which Gould based his species, bear the habitat Kauai. (lould later, in Otia Conchologk-a, gave Maui as the habitat, and the measurements in this description are smaller than originally given. Both of these localities are incorrect. The Lyropupae from Maui and from Kauai have been compared with Gould's specimens and found to belong to different species or subspecies. P. lyrata was doubtless from Oahu, where typical examples have been taken in Nuuanu valley. Gould's type lot is heterogeneous. This accounts for his expression "plerumque sinistrorsa" and for the discordant measurements of his two descriptions. There is one specimen of the widely spread Nesopupa newcombi in the lot, and two of the dextral Lyropupa. perlonga, a common Oahuaii shell. The larger one of these was probably the original of Gould's left hand figure, which represents a dextral shell. His other LYROPUPA. 235 three figures sho\v a sinistral shell, which may be taken as the type. This shell is drawn in pi. 19, fig. 4; or at least so we assume, as only this one specimen had the aperture well cleaned when the lot was examined. The spire is convexly conic. The ribs are strong: through- out, 17 on the last whorl (Gould probably doubled the number seen on the face to reach the number "ad 20"). There is a rather deep external impression about a half whorl long over the upper palatal, and a shorter one, diverging forward, over the lower palatal. The lower palatal fold is rather long, as seen in the mouth. It becomes stronger towards the inner cud, which penetrates slightly beyond the upper palatal fold. It is not hooked downward at the inner end, and not inter- rupted, though in some specimens of the lot. there is a sub- median depression of the crest of the fold. Fig. 5 represents the palatal region of an example of the Gould series. Some others have the lower palatal fold somewhat shorter and lower anteriorly (fig. 6) . Length 2.7, diam. 1.6 mm.; 51/', whorls (type). Length 2.4, diam. 1.6 mm. (another of type lot). The contour varies, as the measurements indicate, the shorter examples being shaped like pi. 19, fig. 1, which represents a paratype of magdalenm*. With this typical, strongly ribbed form of lyr are exactly as in some specimens of lyrata though the lower palatal is shorter than in the lyraia selected for the figure. la. Lyropupa lyrata uncifcra C. & P., n. subsp. PL 19, tigs. 12, 13. The shell is slightly smaller than that of the typical form, and more cylindrical in outline, with 17 to 18 strong. hardly flexuous costae. In its fossil state, the fine deciduous spiral stria? are absent. There is a light-colored peripheral •/.one on the last whorl between tawny sutural and basal zones. Whorls 5, convex and separated by a deep suture; the last tapering towards the base. Parietal lamella more deeply LYROPUPA. 237 seated and closer to the angidar tkaii in the typical form. Lower palatal fold converging towards the upper inwardly, its inner end enlarged and curving towards the base. Length 2.4, diani. 1.4 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 2.55, diam. 1.5 nun.; 5y2 whorls (type). Length 2.2, diam. 1.35 mm. ; 5 whorls. Oahu: Coral bluff l1/^ miles west of Kahuku (Cooke and Pilsbry, type loc. ) ; Malaekahaua, Kaipapau, Laie and Punaluu (Cooke). Fossil in Pleistocene and later deposits. The essential character of this northwestern race is the hook- like shape of the lower palatal fold. In L. lyrata it is nearly straight. In its typical form the race appears to be extinct, yet there are some living forms which approach it and are referred here provisionally. Recent specimens from Kainanaiki, Kalihi, show some ap- proach to the fossil form. The lower palatal has an enlarged, slightly decurved inner end, which is almost separated from the low outer portion. Those collected living in Glen Ada, Nuuanu, have the lower palatal fold strongly hooked dmcii- tcard (pi. 19, fig. 10). The external shape varies from some- what conic to that of nncifcra. The variations and races of It/ rata will not be understood until specimens from a large number of places are opened for study of the palatal folds. It. will probably be found necessary to recognize a number of local races. Kauaia.n race. — A slightly larger race which appears closely related to this subspecies though not identical, is found in a fossil state on Kauai at Limahuli (Dole, Cooke) and Haena (Cooke) . The shells agree with uncifera in having the parietal lamella very deeply seated and close to the angular lamella, hut the lower palatal fold is lo\v and rather wide, and its inner end descends very little. One of the specimens meas- ures: Length 2.62, diam. 1.45, alt. apert. 0.95 mm.; whorls .">1 ... A specimen from Limahuli is drawn in pi. 20, fig. 1. Ib. Lyro-pupa lyrata fossil'is C. & P., n. subsp. PL 19, figs. 7, 11. The shell is longer and narrower in proportion to its 238 LYROPUPA. length than L. I y rat a and more cylindrical in outline; the apical whorls are granulose-wrinkled, the rest of the whorls strongly sculptured, the last with about 15 hardly flexuous cost*. Lower palatal fold very short. Length 2.8, diam. 1.47, apert. 1.0 mm.; whorls 5^ (type). Length 2.6, diam. 1.55 mm. Oahu : Very abundant in pleistocene deposits, Manoa. (Thaauuin, Cooke) ; Waimaualu (single specimen, Cooke). Type 11039 Bishop Museum .- paratypes 45279 Bishop Museum and 119462 A. N. S. P. The external features are about as in uncifera, but the lower palatal fold is somewhat, more reduced than in any other form. 2. LYROPUPA MICROTHAUMA Aiicey. PI. 21, tigs. 2, 3. "Shell smaller than the preceding [mirabilis] and less cylindrical, hence more conoidal-oblong ; whorls 5, with the upper margin extended less outwardly, angular lamella more elongate and distinct, the upper palatal elongate, almost abruptly truncate near the external margin, the lower more elongate, scarce/y drop-shaped, not at all parallel to the pre- ceding, but diverging gradually forward. Length 1.8, diam. 1, apert. 0.06 mm.'' (Ancey). Oahu: Nuuanu, type loc. (Thaanum) ; numerous localities in the Koolaii range from Keawaawa to Kaipapau (Spalding, Grouveia, Bridwell, Cooke) ; Waianae range, Pukaloa (Spald- ing, Cooke). Holotype 18750 Bishop Museum and paratypes 18751 Bishop Museum and Thaanum. Coll. Lyrop'iipa wicrothaiima ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc., London, vi, 1904, p. 126, pi. vii, f. 20. L. microthauma is somewhat intermediate between the group of L. lyrata and that of L. mirabili'S. The embryonic whorls are minutely spirally striate, a character found in most of the species of the first named group. The angular lamella is shorter than in the other species of this group but higher and more developed than in any species of the second group. The columellar lamella is very deeply, almost axially seated. It is rather strong and viewed from above slightly semilunate LYROPUPA. 239 in outline. The abrupt termination of the upper palatal fold at the lip, and its slight enlargement there, are special features of the species. The lower palatal fold is shorter and stouter than the upper, and penetrates more deeply. In a few speci- mens the last whorl is distinctly closely and minutely striate spirally, but in most specimens the minute spiral striae are visible only on the ribs and have entirely disappeared from the interstices. Specimens from the type locality have from 19 to 21 rather strong slightly oblique ribs 011 the last whorl. Those from Kaipapau have 23 to 24. In a Kaipapau shell opened the lower palatal fold is some- what longer than in the Nuuanu preparation figured, and is curved, the concavity towards the base, the inner end being a little stronger. Length 1.96, diam. 1.04, apert. 0.65 mm. ; 6 whorls (type loc., head of Nuuanu Valley). Length 1.9, diam. 1.04, apert. 0.64 mm.; 5% whorls (Kaipapau). Length 1.92, diam. 1.1, apert. 0.65 mm. ; 5y2 whorls (Pukaloa, Waiauae Range). This species has never been found abundantly in any local- ity. It is usually taken in loose, damp talus more or less covered with dead leaves. It is probably distributed over the whole length of the Koolau Mts., as it has been found by a number of collectors in rather widely separated colonies. In the Waianae Mts. it has only been taken, on two occasions, from one of the little valleys. 3. LYROPUPA RHABDOTA C. & P., n. sp. PL 20, fig. 2. The shell is sinistral, rimate-perforate, subcylindrical, with slightly convex and tapering outlines, brussels brown, except for a rather broad lighter zone at the middle of the last whorl, hardly translucent, dull. Sculpture of strong, slightly oblique ribs, 12 to 14 on the last whorl, the interstices and ribs spirally striate with minute, close, raised threads. Spire tapering above to a slightly conical, obtuse summit. The in- dividual whorls very convex and separated by a deep suture. 240 LYROPUPA. Whorls S1/^, l1/^ embryonic, nearly smooth, marked by minute, dose, raised, spiral lines, the transverse ribs beginning abruptly at this point. The last whorl tapers downward, and the latter part ascends slowly towards the aperture; there is a broad, shallow furrow extending for nearly % its length and ending just ba.ck of the lip. The aperture is perpendicular, trun- cate above, rounded below, peristome continuous. The inner .half of the parietal margin is appressed to the penultimate whorl, the outer half free. Angular lamella strong, erect, long, slightly curved outwards in cross section, extending to the outer margin ; parietal lamella strong, somewhat curved spirally. Columellar lamella very deeply seated, obliquely placed on the columella, short. Upper palatal fold long, ex- tending nearly to the margin of the aperture, slightly modi- fied in front by the angular, with which it forms an almost complete sinulus. Lower palatal long, low, much more deeply seated than the upper and almost parallel with it. Peristome more or less expanded on all sides, thin at the margin. Length 2.7, diam. 1.53, apert. 1.0 mm. Molokai: Pelekunu, type loc. (Forbes), Wailau Pali and Kamalo (Cooke), Kalamaula (Thaanum. Pilsbry and Cooke), fossil at the base of the Kalaupapa cliffs (Cooke) and top of Mauna Loa (Pilsbry and Cooke). Type 11040, Bishop Museum; Paratypes 24871 B. M. and 119456 A. N. S. P. There can be no doubt that this species is distributed over the whole of the wooded portion of Molokai. Unfortunately it has never been found in any number in any one locality and in none of the lots are there more Than half a do/en specimens — in most of them only 1 to 3. This species is, at first glance, very similar to some of the forms of lyrata from Oahu. It is easily separated by the dif- ferent sculpture of the embryonic whorls and the longer lower palatal fold. 3«, L. rlwh, whorls. These forms were collected by the authors in some abund- ance among dead leaves in humid, shady places, with L. k. xparna. They differ from L. thaamvmi by the smaller size and fewer ribs. A still smaller race of L. rhabdota was found in Mapulehu A'alley (Cooke). Except for their smaller size the shells agree perfectly with the larger and more widely distributed typical form. Length 2.1, diam. 1.28, apert. 0.75 mm. ; 5 whorls. 3fr. L. rhabdota lunuu'nsis C'ooke, n. subsp. PI. 20, fig. 6. Specimens from Lanai differ slightly from the Molokai form. The shells are slightly smaller, more conical in outline, taper- ing more gradually towards a somewhat acute summit ; they are darker colored and with the pale zone only indicated near the aperture. There are 16 to IS ribs on the last whorl : the embryonic whorls, under a strong lens, are distinctly, spirally striate; the columellar fold enters obliquely, is short, almost nodule-like when viewed from above, and there is usually a minute basal fold, situated deep within. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5, apert. 0.92 mm.; 5i/2 whorls. Lanai: (Thaanum, Spalding, Forbes). Type 11041, Bishop Museum; Paratypes 34182, Bishop Museum, and 119451 A. N. S. P. 3r. L. rhabdota baldwittiaim Cooke, n. subsp. PI. 20, tigs. 7, 8. Specimens from West Maui agree very closely with the type form in shape, color, etc., but are slightly smaller. They differ mainly in that the embryonic whorls are much more finely striate spirally, and in the presence of a minute basal fold and the more axially seated columellar fold. There are usually about two more ribs on the last whorl, which is furnished with from 15 to 17. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5, apert. 1.0 mm.; 51 ; | whorls. 242 LYROPUPA. West Maui: lao (type loc.), and Waikapu (Cooke) ; Hono- kawai (Thaanum) ; Maiinahoama (Forbes and Cooke) ; Hona- kahua (Fleming). Type 11042 Bishop Museum; paratypes 38949 Bishop Museum and 119457 A. N. S. P. From L. r. lanaiensis it is separated by its more convex and swollen whorls, lighter color and much more finely spirally striate embryonic whorls. 4. LYROPUPA THAANUMI C. & P., n. sp. PL 20, figs. 12, 13. The shell is sinistral, rimate-perforate, cylindrical, mars brown, with a very indistinct, broad, pale zone just above the periphery of the last whorl, chiefly visible 011 the ribs which are there dirty white ; rather solid, opaque, dull. Sculpture of strong ribs, 18 or 19 on the last whorl, the interstices with minute, close, deciduous spiral stria?, only visible with a strong lens. Spire nearly cylindrical, with a rounded, blunt almost truncate summit, the first two whorls nearly immersed in the third ; last three whorls rather strongly convex, separated by a deep narrow suture. Whorls 5%, the embryonic l1/^ when viewed under a. strong lens (in adult specimens) are nearly smooth though indistinctly spirally striate. The last whorl ascends slightly uyar the aperture, tapering towards and con- tracted at the base, furnished with a broad, shallow furrow for a little more than half its length ; the furrow bifurcates indistinctly near its termination, the upper branch extending to the margin of the lip. Aperture perpendicular, nearly quadrangular in outline, with rounded corners, and base, the peristome continuous, the inner half of the upper margin ap- pressed to the penult whorl, the outer free. The angular lamella is long, strong, its free edge slightly curved outwards, extending to the outer margin of the aperture. Parietal lamella strong, very deeply seated, bent outwards; columellar lamella very deeply and almost axially seated. Upper palatal fold is long, high within, becoming low in front, emerging nearly to the margin of the aperture. Lower palatal fold very deeply seated and parallel to the upper, a little curved, extending deeper than the upper palatal, and enlarged, nodule- like, below the inner end of the latter. LYROPUPA. 243 Length 2.75, diam. 1.67, aperture 1 mm. (type). Length 2.5 nun. East Maui : Auwahi, type loc. (Thaanum) ; Ukulele (Forbes) . Type 11043 Bishop Museum; paratypes 36896 Bishop Museum., 119452 A. N. S. P. and 7597 Thaanum collection. This species is related to L. rhabdota and its subspecies. It differs, however, in its larger size, more cylindric outline and the depressed, rounded summit. The same character separates it from L. prisca, which appears to be the most closely allied species. L. thaanumi is also related to L. tnmcata, but is easily separated by its less flattened apex, thicker shell and especially by the finer and closer spiral striae on the last whorl. 5. LYROPUPA PRISCA (Ancey). PI. 20, figs. 9, 10, 11. The shell is siuistral, rimate-perforate, subcylindrical, in its; fossil state pinkish cinnamon with a narrow nearly white band above the periphery 011 the last two whorls, thick, opaque, strongly costate, with 15 to 17 slightly oblique ribs 011 the last whorl; the interstices very minutely, closely, spirally striate (but in its fossil state these strife are usually absent). Spire subcylindrical, tapering gradually above to a rather obtuse apex; individual whorls convex, separated by a deep suture. Whorls 514 to 5l/2, the embryonic l1/^ whorls (under a strong lens) nearly smooth, only traces of minute close, spiral stria? remaining. The last whorl ascends slightly towards the aper- ture, and, tapers very gradually to the base ; it has two dis- tinct nearly parallel shallow sulci which unite further in back into a broad shallow furrow. Aperture perpendicular, roughly triangular with broadly rounded base, its margins continuous. Angular lamella long and strong, emerging to the margin. Parietal lamella thinner than in most of the species and de- cidedly slanting outwards. Columellar lamella strong, deeply seated, obliquely entering, high in front, low in back, running into the columella above. Upper palatal fold long, extending nearly to the margin, high within, very low where opposite the angular. Lower palatal fold shorter and broader, deeply seated, nearly parallel to the upper, and penetrating inward beyond it, either simple or divided by a median depression 244 LYROPUPA. (figs. 9, 10). There is a very small and very deeply placed basal fold, at least in some specimens. Peristome very slightly expanded. Length 3, diam. 1.62, apert. 1.1 mm. Length 2.7, diam. 1.6 mm. Hawaii : In pleistocene deposits at Mana and Palihoukapapa •(Henshaw, Thaanum). Type 18746 Bishop Museum; para- types 18756 Bishop Museum, 119453 A. N. 8. P., also in Henshaw and Thaanum colls. Lyropupa magdaienae var. pr-iaca ANCEY, Journal of Mala- t-ology, London, xi, 1904, p. 68, pi. 5, f. 19. — ? Pupa lyrata Gould, BOETTGER in v. Marts., Conchol. Mittheil., i, 1881, p. 61, pi. 12, f. 17 (Auf der Insel Hawaii). The above description is not drawn from Ancey 's type speci- men but from another from Mana, as the former is not in per- fect condition. Ancey gave Palihoukapapa as the type local- ity but as this species is extremely rare in the deposits and common in those from Mana. I am of the opinion that the former locality is an error. Two nearly equal lots of earth from each locality were picked over and the Mana lot contained nearly 200 specimens of priwa to 1 from Palihoukapapa. From the number of specimens of prisca in the Ancey collection I liave no doubt but that his came from the Mana deposit. L. prised is in no way closely related to /,. m.a-fidaletuc, the surface sculpture of the embryonic whorls is enough to separ- ate the two as species. It differs from the other species from Hawaii in having close, fine, spiral stria* in the interstices be- tween the costa> in the most perfectly preserved examples; these striae are almost or entirely absent in most the specimens examined, due to the fossil condition of the shells. Ancey 's measurements in the Journal of Malacology are somewhat con- fusing; his type measures, length 2.8. diam. 1.5 mm. Dr. Boettger's description and figure of what he identified as J'ltpa lyrata appears to have been based upon recent specimens of this or some very closely related Lyropupa. He placed 1'. striatula Pease in the synonymy of bjru-td, but without hav- ing any knowledge of it other than the original description. L. tli •"• | to 6, the embryonic iy2 nearly smooth, under a strong lens very minutely granulose, the transverse costae ap- pearing abruptly at about the middle of the second whorl. The last whorl has a somewhat flattened base ; furnished witli a rather broad shallow sulcus 011 about the last % °f ite length, the sulcus ending just behind the expanded peristome. Aper- ture perpendicular, indistinctly triangular in outline, with very rounded corners; peristome continuous, with free mar- gins. Angular lamella short, blunt and low, extending to the margin ; parietal strong, very deeply seated, a little curved concentrically, not very long, oblique, its free margin flaring outward. Sometimes there is an indistinct nodular, deeply seated infraparietal present. Columellar lamella short, nodu- lar, high, deeply seated and very obliquely entering; upper palatal fold rather short, low and not emerging to the lip. Lower palatal is somewhat higher and more deeply seated, nearly parallel to the upper, which reaches about to the middle of its length. Basal fold transverse, deeply seated, blunt, Peristome continuous, expanded. Length 2.58, diam. 1.45, apert. 0.95 mm. (fig. 14). Hawaii: Palihoukapapa and Mana (Henshaw, Thaanum) ; fossil. Type 18748 Bishop Museum, paratypes 36656 Bishop Museum and 119468 A. N. S. P. Also in Thaanum and Hen- shaw collections. 252 LYROPUPA. Lyr&pupa mirafoilis var. hawwwensis ANCEY, Journal of Malacolo^, xi, 1904, p. 68, pi. 5, f. 19. The above description is based on a specimen from the ori- ginal material from which Aucey's type came, and may be considered a paratype. It. agrees with Ancey's type which is slightly broken. This species is superficially close to L. mirubilis. It is here considered distinct on account of the fewer costae on the last whorl, the relative proportions of the lower palatal fold, which. is not interrupted, to the upper, and the presence of a basal fold. The possession of this fold shows some relationship ro L. anceyana from which it is easily separated by its oblong, less ovate form, the less convex whorls and more numerous' ribs on the last whorl. Ancey's description follows: "Separated from the type (from the Waiauae Alts., Oahu) as the shell is usually a little larger, more robust, with pale costula?; with a stronger and more elongate lower palatal lamelliform tooth ; whorls (i. Length 2.5, diam. 1.25, apert. (long.) 0.75 mm. There are twenty to twenty-two costulas on the last whorl, while in the type specimen there are about twenty-two to twenty-four." According to our methods, Ancey's type specimens has the following measurements: Length 2.45, diam. 1.35, apert. 0.85 mm. 12. LYROPUPA SPARNA C. & P., n. sp. PI. 22, figs. 6, 7, 10, 11. The shell is subcylindric, with rather long terminal cone, walnut brown or darker, Avith sculpture of rather short narrow ribs, about 20 on the last whorl, intervals microscopically granulose. There is a deep median sulcus 011 the last half whorl. Aperture is somewhat triangular, with well-expanded, pale, continuous peristome. The angular lamella is a low- ridge or reduced to a mere swelling. Parietal high but short- The columellar lamella is short, thick, rounded, somewhat tr;msverse to the columella. The upper palatal fold is low and not very long; lower palatal deeply placed, somewhat stronger than the upper, and penetrates much further in ; it is usually a little curved. The basal fold is a low rounded or oblong tubercle. LYROPUPA. 253 Length 2.05, diam. 1.15, aperture 0.75 mm. (type). Length 2.1, diam. 1.33, aperture 0.75 mm. Length 2.2, diam. 1.2, aperture 0.8 mm. Moloka.i: Kalihi, type loc. (Pilsbry & Cooke), Kalamaula (Thaanum), Kawela (Cooke), also fossil at Kaluaaha, Kalau- papa and Kaiehu (Cooke); Lanai : Ma liana and Kaiholena (Forbes). Type 33627 Bishop Museum (tig. 6) ; paratype 108919 A. N. S. P. (figs. 7, 10, 11). L. spa-ma differs from L. mirabilu by the palatal armature. It resembles L. antiqua in this respect, but the shell is smaller -and the ribs thinner and more numerous. L. hawaiiensis is a. larger, more robust shell, with less triangular aperture and -a. stronger basal fold, but closely related. It occurred along the pipe-line trail in some abundance among dead leaves. As far as known, only two specimens have been collected on Lanai, one from each of the localities mentioned above. These two specimens agree very closely with those from Molokai. One of them measures, length 2.1, diam. 1.25 mm., o1/^ whorls. 12«. L. sparna sinulifem P. & C. PL 22, fig. 13. The angular lamella is developed as a distinct though small plate, and the upper palatal fold is somewhat stronger than In sparna, the sinulus being therefore better defined. The lower palatal fold is strong and deeply placed, more than half of its length beyond the inner end of the upper palatal. Length 2.2. diam. 1.1 mm. Molokai: Western ravine of Kamalo ; also in small numbers along the pipe-line trail with L. sparna (Cooke & Pilsbry). 13. LYROPUPA ANCEYANA C. & P., n. sp. PI. 26. figs. 3, 6. The shell is sinistral, ovate, chestnut-brown, scarcely shin- ing. Sculpture of strong, rather narrow, equidistant, oblique ribs, slightly flexuous on the last whorl, where they are often more prominent above the middle, and number 12 to 14; minute striae of growth may be seen between the ribs, but no spiral stria?. The first iy2 whorls are microscopically granulose. The spire is oblong-tapering, the summit obtuse. The whorls are very convex, the suture deep and undulating. 254 LYROPUPA. The last whorl is impressed by a moderately deep and wide sulcus parallel with the suture, the base being narrowly rounded and prominent. The aperture is rounded below, truncate above, the sinulus not very well defined. The angu- lar lamella is short and very low. The parietal lamella is median, oblique, deeply placed, its deeply penetrating inner part stronger. The columellar lamella, rather deep within, appears as a plate with arcuate outline ; the upper end recedes, the plate standing obliquely. The upper palatal fold is low, slender, and does not penetrate far. Lower palatal is more deeply placed, very strong, somewhat curved, and penetrates to the back. There is a strong but short, obliquely axial basal fold. The peristome is whitish, somewhat thickened and well expanded, continuous. Length 2.25, diarn. 1.4, aperture 0.72 nun. ; 5y2 whorls. Hawaii : Olaa (Thaanum). Type 11050 Bishop Museum ; paratypes 18769 Bishop Museum, 119469 A. N. S. P. and 838 Thaanum Coll. Lyropupa lyrata (Gld.) ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 124; not Pupa lyrata Gould. This species is based on specimens believed by Mr. Ancey to be Gould's Pupa, lyrata. It is well distinguished from allied forms by the very convex whorls, the unusually strong lower palatal fold and the short, high, deeply placed basal fold, stronger than in any related form. It is not nearly re- lated to L. lyrata, which differs by the well-developed angular lamella and the spiral striatiou. L. anceyana, stands close to L. hawaicnxis, but it is smaller with the ribs more widely spaced, the spire more tapering, and the whorls are conspicuously more convex. 14. LYROPUPA SCABRA P. & C., n. sp. PI. 26, figs. 1, 2. The shell is perforate and rimate, tapers above, last two whorls forming a short, cylindric portion ; russet with sculp- ture of well-spaced ribs, about 16 on the last whorl. Last two- thirds of the last whorl has a deep and wide sulcus. The aperture is dark within with pale brown peristome and teeth. Angular lamella short, rather low. Parietal strong. Coin- LYROPUPA. 255 mellar lamella strong, almost transversely placed upon the columella. Upper palatal fold small, shorter than the lower, and not quite reaching the inner margin of the peristome; the entire length of both seen in a front view. Length 2.8, diani. 1.6, apert. 1.1 mm.; 5% whorls. East Maui: Ukulele, type loc. (Forbes). W. Maui: Mauna- hooma (Cooke). Type 11049 Bishop Museum; paratypes 12639, Bishop Museum and 119465 A. N. S. P. Only five adult specimens of this race have been seen, four from the type locality, one from West Maui. The shell is less fusiform than L. spaldingi, darker colored, the base less produced, and the palatal folds shorter; but it differs conspicuously by the single broad and deep furrow on the back of the last whorl. Section Mirapupa C. & P., n. sect. The shell is dextral ; the angular lamella is high and rather long; the surface is ribbed and minutely striate spirally (when unworn). Other characters as in Lyropupa. Type Lyro- pupa perlonga (Pse.). Typically the lower palatal fold is short, and there are two tubercles forming a vertical barrier under the inner end of the upper palatal fold ; but some species have the palatals aa in typical Lyropupae. Except in being dextral, these shells resemble the typical Lyropupae. On all of the Hawaiian islands, these are Lyropupae chiefly of the arid lower zone, probably nowhere found in the zone of humid forest. They live under stones. Owing evidently to increasing aridity since the Pleistocene, many forms have become extinct, and the others are local and infrequently found as living snails. They are among the most abundant Pleisto- cene and Holocene fossils, in many places to be collected by hundreds or by thousands. The peculiar feature of most Mirapupae is the inner barrier formed of two short folds or tubercles below the inner end of the upper palatal fold, as in pi. 25, fig. 15 and other figures. These internal tubercles are the enlarged and isolated inner 256 LYROPUPA. ends of the lower palatal and basal folds, which are otherwise reduced or sometimes absent. The structure is strictly com- parable to that of some Abidas, such as are illustrated in vol. 24, pi. 44, fig. 6. L. kah-oolavrnvis is a relatively primitive species not showing this specialization. Among the sinistral Lyropupa-e there is similar interruption of the lower palatal fold in L. mirabilis. 15. LYROPUPA KAHOOLAVENSIS P. £ (•., n. sp. PI. 22, figs. 1 to 4, 8, 9. The shell is cylindric, obtuse at the ends, cinnamon-brown, very thin. Earlier whorls are strongly convex, the last two flattened in the middle, bulging below the deep suture. Em- bryonic lVi> whorls are granose-vermiculate, the next whorl closely obliquely ribbed. The last 3 whorls, forming the cylin- dric portion, have widely spaced ribs, at first continuous and oblique (retractive), but on the last two whorls they are subvertical and widely spaced on the upper half of the whorl, interrupted in the middle, and on the lower half more oblique and irregular, and more numerous; minute spiral striae may be traced in the intervals. The last whorl lias three impres- sions parallel to the suture, the upper long, reaching the lip, the others short, the third one being basal. The aperture has the usual squarish form. Peristome continuous, expanded, whitish. Lamellae of parietal wall as in L. prrlonya except that the parietal does not penetrate so deeply. The columellar lamella is very deeply placed, vertical, but the lower end bends a little outward, the upper end bending inward. The upper palatal fold enters about one-third of a whorl. The lower palatal is immersed, continuous, bent downward and enlarg- ing at the inner end, which is even with that of the upper palatal. Below it there is a tubercular basal. Length 2.15. diam. 1.05 mm.: 5';; whorls. Type, Hakioawa Bay. Length 2.:! mm.; 5y2 whorls. Length 2.4, diam. 1.2 mm. Hanakanaea or Smuggler's Bay. TxMigth 2.fi, diam. 1.2 mm. Kanapou. Length 2.55. diam. 1.15 mm. Kanapou. LYROPUPA. 257 Length 2.75, diam. 1.15 mm.; 6 whorls. Kanapou. Length 2.15, diam. 1.15 mm. ; 5 whorls. Lanai. Length 2.5, diam. 1.2 mm. ; 6 whorls. Maunalei, Lanai. Length 2.2, diam. 1.1 mm.; 5% whorls (Kona crater, Hawaii). Kahoolawe: Hakioawa (type loc., figs. 1-3, 9), Kanapou arid Hauakanaea Bays (Cooke, Stokes and Pilsbry) ; probably wherever fossils occur, as these places are near the north, southeast and western angles of the island. Lanai: Maunalei (Forbes). Molokai: Summit of Mauna Loa and at Moomomi (Cooke and Pilsbry) ; Mauna Loa near the shifting sands and Kaiehu, near Moomomi (Cooke). Hawaii: Kona crater (Thwing; pi. 22, f. 4, 8). This species, which seems to be widely distributed on Kahoolawe, and the only Lyropupa known from that island, differs from other Mirapupas by the better developed, longer and continuous lower palatal fold. The enlarged inner end of this fold represents the upper of the two tubercles of the inner barrier of the other species. The Kahoolawe species is also characterized by the sculpture and thin .shell. No specimens were collected alive, though some appear fresh. The island is now a mere desert, many square miles without humus or herbage of any kind. At the third locality it was found but a few feet, above sea level; at the others in aeolian material at higher levels, up to several hundred feet above the sea. Specimens from Hawaii (no. 119466 A. N. S., 12438 Bishop Mus.) are somewhat more solid than those of Kahoolawe. In the specimen figured there are about 20 ribs 011 the last whorl (pi. 22, figs. 4, 8). In Molokai this species is somewhat widely distributed on the treeless western part, as a, fossil of Pleistocene and more recent age, sometimes in aeolian deposits of calcareous sand, but on Mauna Loa. under stones where they lived. Usually the lower palatal fold is shorter, its inner half higher than typical, and the tubercle below it is generally strongly de- veloped (pi. 26, fig. 13, Mauna Loa, near the shifting sands). 258 LYROPUPA. On Lanai, as on Kahoolawe, this is the only Lyropupa known to exist. While some slight insular differentiation has been noted above, it is too variable to allow us to speak of races on the different islands. Cases of similar distribution have been re- corded in Leptachatma and the Tornatellinidae. L. kahoolavensis puukolckolensis P. & C., 11. subsp. PI. 26. figs. 9, 12. Recent specimens from Puukolekole, Molokai, collected by Thaanum, are tawny or a little darker, irregularly sculptured, numerous riblets being intercalated on the lower half of the last whorl or two. The sinulus is more distinct than in Oahuan perlonga. as the upper palatal fold emerges nearly to the edge. The lower palatal fold is a rather large callous pad, as seen in the mouth. It has a lower connection backward with the high tubercle below the inner end of the upper palatal. There is a quite weakly indicated basal callus, and the usual tubercle deep within. Length 2.1, diani. 1.2 mm.; 5 whorls (fig. 9). Length 2.25, diam. 1.25 mm. ; 5 whorls. This form has a lower palatal fold intermediate in develop- ment between kahoolavensis and perlonga, but the sculpture is practically as in the latter. It is more specialized than the fossil kahoolavensis, as the connection between the anterior and posterior portions of the lower palatal is low, and except in certain lights the fold appears interrupted. 16. LYROPUPA PERLONGA (Pease). PL 23, figs. 1-6, 13, 14; pi. 24, figs. 6, 7. "Shell elongate, cylindrical, rimate-perforate, dextral, pale- straw color, longitudinally thread-like costate, the costae oblique, remote, flexuous; spire obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 5, somewhat flat, the last concentrically sulcate at the middle, indented near the base; the base compressed, rotund- ate-angulate about the umbilicus; aperture somewhat quad- rangular, slightly extended, contracted at the base, rotund, pos- teriorly bilamellate, the upper lip sinuous above, unilamellate : LYROPUPA. 259 peristome continuous, scarcely everted. Length 2.5, diancu 1 mm." (Pease) . Oahu : (Pease). Very abundant in pleistocene and holoceiie deposits on the costal plain of Oahu, Diamond Head eastward ; Kailua ; living examples from Koko Head. Vertigo perlonga PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 462. — Pupa perlonga PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 377.— BOETTGER, in von Martens, Conchologische Mittheilungen, i, 1880, p. 60, pi. 12, f. 16. — Nesopupa (Lyropupa) perlonga PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 432. — Lyropupa per- longa ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 126. This is the most widely distributed and commonest Oahuan species of Lyropupa. Numerous specimens of the typical form or of one of its races are found in most of the fossil deposits adjacent to the Koolau range. Living examples are only occasionally found and are hardly ever abundant ; as far as known, less than a dozen lots have been reported. In every case where the junior author found living examples they were- taken in open country under dead sticks and stones. Only once were they found in any number, and that was near the top of Koko Head, at an elevation of about 1,000 ft. Pease's unique type specimen, No. 48063 Mus. Cornp. Zool.,. is drawn in pi. 23, fig. 1, with the aperture enlarged, fig. 2. It is a fossil shell, a good deal \vorn, the ribs worn from the upper part, giving it a. more tapering outline than it origin- ally had. There are about 17 narrow ribs 011 the last whorl, 0.17 mm. apart on the face of the whorl, closer behind the lipy part of them extending over the strong basal ridge, which has an obtuse hump in the middle, preceded and followed by dimples, visible in basal view. The outer edge of the lip is broken away. The angular lamella is long, parietal lamella higher, entering deeply, emerging to the middle of the angular. The columellar lamella is seen as a broad, vertical plate, in front view. Upper palatal fold emerging to the lip. Lower palatal fold a low. callous nodule. Internal barrier, so far as it is visible in the mouth, as in pi. 24, fig. 7. Length 2.1, diam. . 1.05 mm. The dimensions do not agree fully with Pease 's description-,. 260 LYROPUPA. but his measurement was doubtless only approximate. He gave the locality Oahu, and the label (in Anthony's hand) gives Nuuanu. It was probably from some Holocene deposit at a low level. Specimens from the bench of calcareous sandstone east of Diamond Head agree closely with the type specimen (pi. 23, figs. 3, 4, 5 ; also pi. 24, tigs. 6, 7, showing the lamellae and an inside view of the palatal region). The summit is blunt ; the embryonic whorls are coarsely wrinkled-granulose ; the first three whorls increasing rapidly, the third whorl swollen, as broad as the last two ; the later two or three whorls are slightly swollen below the suture, the last whorl tapering and narrowing below; there are about 18 cost* on the last whorl, the back of which is trisulcate, the uppermost sulcus long, shallow and broad, lightly indicated on the penult whorl, the two lower being short, dimple-like ; the margin of the peristome is free; the angular lamella is long and low, extending to the margin : the parietal more deeply seated, emerging to the middle of the angular; the columellar lamella is deeply seated, its upper part vertical, the lower end sloping towards the aperture somewhat. In shape it is a semi-circular plate, slightly concave on the side next the aperture. The upper palatal fold is long, slender, its crest only slightly sinuated where approached by the angular and parietal lamella3. The lower palatal fold is nodule-like, low and short: beyond it, further in, there is a strong, tri- angular or comma-shaped barrier, a lower callus below it (pi. 24, fig. 7, interior view of palatal wall). Specimens from the raised bench of consolidated coral sand east of Diamond Head measure : Length 2.45, diam. 1.05, aperture 0.8 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Length 2.25, diam. 1.1 mm. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. ; 5 whorls. The same typical form is found on Diamond Head near the lighthouse, and on the floor of the crater. All of these are fossil. Living specimens collected on Koko Head (pi. 23, fig. 6; pi. 26, figs. 4, 7) are brussels brown in color, they are slightly LYROPUPA. 261 smaller than the typical perlonga, with closer costa?, and have distinct though minute close spiral striae in the intercostal spaces. There are about 20 riblets on the last whorl. The lower palatal fold is comma-shaped (pi. 26, fig. 4) in some examples, but. in others there is a very low anterior callous pad, connected with the higher posterior portion (pi. 26, fig. 7). This may be a more mature phase. Length 2.15, diam. 1.2 mm. The shell of nearly 3 whorls is drawn in pi. 23, figs. 13, 14; diam. 1 mm. At Kaelepulu, Kailua, on a low lime-rock bluff about a quar- ter mile from the shore, this species is abundant and variable, extreme specimens measuring: Length 2.4, diam. 0.96 mm. ; 6 whorls (pi. 24, fig. 10) . Length 1.9, diam. 1 mm. ; nearly 5 whorls (pi. 24, fig. 9). It occurs with L. ova-tula, L. micra and L. ni. percostata, also with other land shells, all now extinct in that place. The lower palatal fold is reduced to a very low, small rounded callus, difficult to see. The same form is found on the neck of Mokapu peninsula, likewise extinct. Form cylindrata, pi. 23, fig. 8. Specimens from a few locali- ties differ somewhat from the typical form. The shells are longer, more cylindrical in outline and the third whorl is usually slightly more swollen and wider than the lower whorls. The lower palatal fold is shorter than in the forms described above. Length 2.6, diam. 1.05, apert. 0.73 mm. : 5y2 whorls. Oahu : Makua; type loc. Length 2.7, diam. 1.1, apert. 0.8 mm. ; 614 whorls. Oahu : Diamond Head, sea-cliffs. 16a. Lyropupa perlonga' wterrupta P. £ C., n. subsp. PI. 22, figs. 5 ; pi. 25, figs. 1 to 4, 10. The shell is cylindric, cinnamon or somewhat darker, the whorls flattened, swollen along the suture, with sculpture of irregular ribs, on the last whorl or two interrupted in the middle. Impressions on the last half whorl are strongly de- veloped. The parietal lamella is very long, curving at its inner end. Columellar lamella is crescentic, both ends curving LMi'J LYROPUPA. towards the aperture. The internal palatal tubercles are strongly developed, the lower palatal fold otherwise very low, in form of a rounded callus pad (fig. 2). Length 2.25, diam. 1.1 mm.; 5^ whorls; type. Length 2, diam. 1.2 mm. ; 5 whorls. Length 1.8, diam. 1.1 mm. ; 4*/*> whorls. Oahu: abundant in debris of the "coral bluff" ly^ miles west of Kahuku (Cooke & Pilsbry) ; Maleakahana (Cooke). It is readily distinguishable by the irregular sculpture. The internal structure is much as in ovatula, but it has not the strongly differentiated basal crest of that. The parietal lamella penetrates much further than in Diamond Head perlonga, and the columellar plate is larger and more curved. Occasional individuals are very short but of about the dia- meter of the longer ones, as in the third measurement given above. Sometimes there is an indistinct dorsal hump near the base of the last whorl. A small form, resembling the smallest found at Kahuku, has been taken at Maleakahana (pi. 25, fig. 10) ; dune deposit west of the Laie stream, between the highway and the sea (Cooke & Pilsbry), on the north shore, near the northwestern point of Oahu. There is an inconspicuous, rounded basi-dorsal prominence ; the lower palatal is rather strongly developed. It is wider than L. micra of the same length, but approaches it somewhat by the incipient hump. Length 2, diam. 1.1 mm. 16&. L. perlonga filocostata C. & P., u. subsp. PI. 23, fig. 12, Specimens from Kauai and Niihau differ from those from the other islands in that the surface is crowded with slender, oblique, flexuous eosta? (sometimes quite irregular), about 28 to 30 on the last whorl. All the specimens examined are fossil. In some of these the delicate spiral stria? are still present. The lower palatal fold is low but comparatively strongly developed, and appears to be weakly united with the strong, oblique tubercle further in. There is a weak basal fold, fol- lowed within by another callus tubercle. Length 2.15, diam. 1.15, apert. 0.8 mm.; 51/2 whorls; Kauai: Limahuli, type (Cooke). LYROPUPA. 263 Length 2.5, diam. 1.18, apert. 0.75 mm. ; Niihau : Kiekie (Stokes). 17. LYROPUPA MICRA C. & P., n. sp. PI. 23, fig. 7 ; pi. 25, figs. 5, 6, 7. The shell is smaller than L. perlonga, the whorls nearly flat; ochraceous-tawny, with sculpture of many low riblets, which are somewhat irregular and unevenly spaced. The last half- whorl has the usual three impressions well developed, and be- low the middle there is a vertical ridge or hump, running to the base, about a third of a whorl behind the outer lip. The sinulus is small and rounded. The parietal lamella is not very long, but penetrates beyond the strong columellar lamella, which is straight and vertical. The upper palatal lamella penetrates to the dorsal side. Lower palatal is deeply im- mersed, short but large. The basal fold is narrow7 and longer, but also deeply placed. There is a vertical barrier below the end of the upper palatal, composed of two strong tubercles separated by a rather narrow sinus. Length 1.9, diam. 1.1 mm.; 5 whorls (Kaelepulu, type). Length 1.9, diam. 1.05, aperture 0.65 mm. ; 5 whorls ( Lualualei ) . Length 1.8, diam. 0.95, aperture 0.65 mm. ; 5 whorls (Rocky Hill). Oahu: Kaelepulu, Kailua, on a lime-rock bench about 14 mile from the north shore (Pilsbry, type loc.). Rocky Hill, Al,auoa valley (Cooke; fig. 7) ; and in the Waianae region at Lualualei (Cooke) and KaAvaihapai (Cooke and Pilsbry). Liv- ing at Lualualei, elsewhere fossil. A subspecies in Molokai. L. micra- is more slender than L. thaumasia. The dorsal hump, while variable in prominence, appears to be constant in the great number seen. Both on Oahu and on the dry western part of Molokai it occurs with larger species of the perlo-nga group. The living specimens from Lualualei are cinnamon-colored. The specimens from Kaelepulu, Kailua (pi. 25, figs. 5, 6, 7), have the sculpture weaker than most of those from Rocky Hill though there are often prominent, thin laminae near the 264 LYROPUPA. base. The Rocky Hill example figured, pi. 23, fig. 7, is one of the most strongly .sculptured. 17a. L. inicra percostata P. & C., n. subsp. PI. 25, figs. 11, 12. The ribs are more prominent than in L. micro, more separ- ated, often in pairs. There is a prominent dorsal hump, below the middle of the last whorl. The parietal lamella is deeply placed, high within, its free edge flaring towards the suture. Columellar lamella immersed, vertical, nearly straight, the ends very weakly bent forward. Upper palatal fold about one-third of a whorl long. Lower palatal a small, low and indistinct rounded callus, deeply immersed. Basal fold deep within, blunt and elongate. There are well-developed tubercles below the inner end of the upper palatal fold, be- yond the lower palatal and basal. Length 1.8, diam. 0.9 mm.; 5 whorls (type). Length 2 mm. ; o1/;* whorls. Oahu: Kaelepulu, Kailua, on a lime-rock bluff about a quarter mile from the shore (Pilsbry). Chiefly distinguished by its sculpture. This and the less strongly ribbed L. micro are abundant in the same Holocene deposit, without intergrading forms. 176. L. micro maunaloae P. & ('., n. subsp. PI. 25, figs. 8, 9. The Molokai form is somewhat more sharply sculptured than that of Oahu, and there are low protractive waves below the suture on the last whorl or two, or the riblets are grouped by fascicles there. Length 1.95, diam. 9 mm. (type, fig. 9). Length 1.75 mm. Length 1.9, diam. 0.97 mm. ; 5 whorls. Molokai : summit of Mauna Loa, and at Moomomi on the north shore, near sea level (Cooke & Pilsbry) ; near the shift- ing sands, Mauna Loa (Cooke). Pleistocene ?, and on the summit of Mauna Loa later, within the human period, though now extinct. Some of the examples from Moomomi are a little larger 2 to 2.1 mm. long. LYROPUPA. 265 18. LYROPUPA OVATI-LA C. & P., n. sp. PI. 23, fig. 11; pi. 24, figs. 1 to 5. The shell is of shorter, wider shape than L. perlunga, taper- ing more upwards. Whorls convex, the h'rst 1 1/2 smoothish, the rest sculptured with curved ribs stronger than in L. per- lo-nga, subequally spaced, retractive on the spire, more nearly vertical on the last whorl, where there are about 16, standing nearly 0.2 mm. apart on the face of the whorl. The last whorl has three impressions on the last half: a long, deep and wide impression below the middle, the others shorter and sharper. The ba*r has a prominent, straight crest (pi. 24, fig. 2), divided by the inferior impression, the ribs passing over it being small or obsolete. Its posterior end forms a rounded hump. The angular and parietal lamellae are longer than in L. perlonga. The vertical columellar lamella is crescentic, the concavity towards the aperture, and much more curved than in L. perlonga. The upper palatal fold emerges, and penetrates to the dorsal side. Below its inner end there are two callous nodules, as usual (pi. 24, fig. 4). There is a low but rather strong lower palatal fold, and a small basal fold. The peristome is rather well expanded. Length 2.25, diam. 1.3 mm.; o1/^ whorls. Kailua. Length 2.1, diam. 1.25 mm. Kailua. Length 2.2, diam. 1.28, ap. .85 ram.; 5 whorls. Manoa, pi. 23, fig. 11. Oahu : Kaelepulu, Kailua, in crevices and along the base of a low lime-rock bluff about 14 mile from the shore (Pilsbry) ; Rocky Hill, Waimanalo and Koko Head (Cooke). It has only been found fossil. The peculiar basal crest is the most conspicuous external feature of this species. Internally, the longer parietal lamella and the markedly crescentic columellar lamella distinguish it. At Kaelepulu the type locality (pi. 24, figs. 1-3, 5) it occurs with L. perlonga, L. micro, etc., all being abundant. The specimens are all dead, apparently being Holocene fossils. They vary in color from vinaceous-cinnamon to cart- ridge-buff, or of the former tint with a cartridge-buff median 266 LYROPUPA. /one. The shape varies from cylindric to more tapering. Spiral striation is riot perceptible in most specimens, but it is faintly visible on some. 18«. Lyropupa ovatula kona P. & C., n. sp. PI. 26, figs. 10, 11, 14, 5. The shell is shortly cylindric, the upper third conic, apex obtuse ; whorls convex, the last contracted below the periphery. Cinnamon-colored. The first iy2 whorls are smooth (micro- scopically pitted), the rest with coarse sculpture of well-spaced ribs, quite oblique, retractive on the spire, nearly vertical on the last whorl, where they are usually interrupted or partly so in the middle, and about 16 in number. The intercostal intervals are nearly smooth, without spiral striae. The last whorl has a conspicuous constriction in the middle, stronger on its last half; there is an inconspicuous furrow (sometimes obsolete) over the position of the lower palatal fold, and a short basal furrow. Behind the basal and lower palatal fur- rows, and below the main constriction, there is a small in- flation or hump. The aperture is wide, with continuous, ex- panded peristome. Angular lamella long; parietal lamella high, not emerging. The columellar lamella is very- deeply placed. The upper palatal fold defines a nearly closed sinulus. Lower palatal is very deeply placed, a rather strong, oblong tubercle. Basal fold, below the preceding, similar but nar- rower (or sometimes shorter). Below the inner end of the upper palatal there is a barrier formed of two erect tubercles, representing the inner ends of the lower palatal and basal folds (pi. 26, fig. 10). Length 2.3, diarn. 1.25 mm.; 5y2 whorls (type, Huehue). Length 2.1, diam. 1.25 mm. (Huehue). Length 2.25, diam. 1.3 mm. (Kapulehu). Hawaii: North Kona at Huehue (type loc.) and Kapulehu (Gouveia). Molokai: Moomomi (Cooke & Pilsbry). Only found fossil. The Hawaiian L. cyrta differs by the more regular shape of the last whorl. L. kahoolavens'is has a continuous lower palatal fold, among other differences. L. o. kona is nearly related to LYROPUPA. 267 L. micro and especially L. ovatula. It is larger than the former, with far stronger sculpture. L. ovatula of Oahu is very closely related, but the prominent basal crest and hump distinguish it. The lower palatal and basal folds are stronger in L. o. konti. The chief variations noticed among the numerous specimens are in shape (see measurements) and strength of the ribs, as shown in the figures. A single specimen (pi. 26, fig. 5) was among Lyropupae taken by the authors on Molokai at Moomomi on the north coast, at the end of the escarpment running north from Mauna Loa. It measures, length 2.25, diam. 1.4 mm., and appears to differ in no respect from those of the Kona slope of Hawaii. Probably the species will be found in Maui when fossil material from that island comes to hand. 19. LYROPUPA PLAGIOPTYX P. & C., n. sp. PL 24, figs. 8, 11, 12. The shell is ovate, rather solid, the whorls strongly convex, the greatest convexity below the suture, with sculpture of regular, strong, arcuate ribs, about 15 on the last whorl. The last whorl tapers downwards. Its last half is swollen and strongly ribbed below the suture, encircled in the middle with a rather deep sulcus, crossed by the ribs. Below this is a short, sharp lateral sulcus (over the lower palatal fold), and on the basal convexity are two very short impressions. The ribs diminish in size and are increased in number on the basal half of the last half whorl. Aperture as usual in the group externally. The columellar lamella is strongly crescentic, as in L. ovatula. The crest of the upper palatal fold is uneven. Below its inner end there is a small but high and short vertical tubercle. The lower palatal fold is immersed but visible in a front view, short, high and oblique, its outer end doping steeply downward. Length 2.15, diam. 1.3 mm. Oahu: Kawaihapai, on a steep, wooded hillside about 500 ft. above the plain and perhaps % mile from the sea (Cooke & Pilsbry, 1913). This species, found only dead in the surface debris, is re- 268 LYROPUPA. lated to L. ovai >(!<], but it differs by not having a distinctly differentiated basal crest and especially by the internal struc- ture of the palatal region. The tubercle below the inner end of the upper palatal fold is of different shape, and the lower palatal fold is a high and oblique lamina in L. plagiopti/.r. a lower, diffuse tubercle in L. ovatnla. The locality is at the western end of the Waianae range. 20. LYROPUPA CYBTA C. & P., n. sp. PL 23, tigs. 9, 10. The shell is stouter than L. perlonga, the outlines more con- vex, the spire tapering more upwards. The whorls are regu- larly and strongly convex, the last having only two sulci, and these very shallow or even scarcely discernible. The ribs are stronger than in perlonga, not flexuous, and number about 15 on the last, whorl. They pass over the narrowly rounded base. The lower palatal and basal folds are deeply placed, the former a short, rather spreading callous tubercle, the latter narrower and longer. Two strong tubercles stand beyond their inner ends (pi. 25, tig. 15). Length 2.75, diam. 1.45, aperture 1 mm. ; 5VL> whorls. Hawaii: fossil at Mana, type loc., and Palihoukapapa (Hen- shaw, Thaanum). This species resembles L. ovutula, but it is larger with far less distinct sulci on the last whorl and no differentiated basal crest, 21. LYROPUPA cru.vxA (Dall). PL 25, figs. 13, 16, 17. "Shell pinkish brown, paler toward the apex, small, short, stout, dextral, five-whorled, apex rather bluntly rounded, sides subparallel, base full and rounded ; spiral sculpture of fine striae, most prominent between the ribs on the last whorl and obsolete on the early whorls; they do not overrun the ribs; transverse sculpture of ( on the last whorl about twenty-five) strong, sigmoid, squarish, narrow, elevated ribs, running from suture to suture, and separated by much wider interspaces ; these ribs are closer and finer toward the apex of the spire, they resemble when best developed those of Pupa lyrain Gould ; last whorl subconstricted before the aperture is LYROPUPA. 269 formed; aperture obscurely trilobate, margin well reflected, whitish; primary lamellae, except A and E, set rather more deeply in the throat than usual. Formula ACE according to Dr. Sterki's arrangement. The primary A [angular lamella] is stronger and more tri- angular at the aperture than the others, but becomes a thin, narrow, sharp lamella internally; the secondary 2 [parietal lamella] does not come so near the aperture as A [angular lamella], but further back is a little higher than the latter, and the two run parallel like rails on a track, but somewhat irregu- larly. From the aperture no lamella can be observed on the pillar, but the primary C, [lower palatal fold] which falls short of reaching the margin and is comparatively weak to- ward the aperture, in the depths of the throat, is higher and stronger, forming a prominent, high, thin lamella. The pri- mary E [upper palatal fold] is prominent, at the angle of the outer lip, and projects toward A [angular lamella ; deeper in it becomes lower and weaker, and still further in it projects in a high triangular plate stronger than any of the others at that depth. There are no indications of any other lamellae or callosities. The margin of the aperture is set somewhat obliquely to the axis (see fig. 16) . Max. Ion. of shell 1.75 ; max. • liam. 1.37mm. Habitat, Cuba" (Doll.). Vertigo cubana BALL, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. xiii, 1890, pi. 1, tigs. 1, 2. "A single specimen of this remarkable little species is in the U. S. National Museum, mollusk register 87645. It was re- ceived from the collection of the late Dr. Shurtleff, now be- longing to Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., and was obtained by him from the late Prof. C. B. Adams, or at least still occupies the tiny glass tube, stopped with sealing-wax, in which Professor Adams secured his minutiae, and a tiny label on which is written "Pupa. .... Cuba" in Professor Adams' well-known chirography '' (DalL). There can be little doubt that the locality Cuba was an error. Professor Adams received and described land shells from the Hawaiian Islands, and as V. cubana differs very little from L. tkaumasia, a Hawaiian origin appears probably, al- 270 LYROPUPA. though up to this time no other Hawaiian specimens have been turned up. The species was referred to costata Pse. as a synonym by the senior author (Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 432, footnote 4), upon comparison of the figures with examples of L. tha-uma-sia- which Pease sent out as costata ; but there are some small differences in shape which cause us now to leave them apart. The type specimen of cnbaiui has lamellae arid folds like those of thaumttsia. In both species the broad, milk-white colmnellar lamella may be seen in an oblique view in the aperture. The lower palatal fold is short and rather high. The internal barrier is not visible in the mouth, but externally the impressions and the light markings due to the plicae are exactly as in thawmasia. The specimen measures : length 1.9, diam. 1.3 mm., alt. of aperture 0.8 mm. Figs. 16, 17 are copies of the original illustrations: fig. 13 a direct face view of the same specimen. 22. LYROPUPA THAUMASIA ( '. & P., n. sp. PI. 24, tigs. 13 to 15 : pi. 25, fig. 14. The shell is small, broadly oval, perforate and rirnate, tawny, solid. Outlines of the spire are strongly convex. The whorls are short, convex, the embryonic li/o very minutely granulate, the rest with sculpture of moderately strong, oblique, some- what arcuate ribs about half as wide as their intervals, about 27-30 on the last whorl, which ascends slightly near the aper- ture. There are minute spiral striae between the ribs. The last half whorl has a rather shallow sulcus (sometimes scarcely noticeable) parallel with the suture, and nearer the base a shorter broader excavation preceded by an inflation. The base is narrow, rounded and straight (as viewed from below), passing posteriorly into the baso-dorsal inflation mentioned. The aperture is but slightly oblique, squarish, the peristome well expanded, continuous, though adhering to the preceding whorl for a short distance above the columella. The angular lamella is rather long and straight; its edge curves slightly outward, to form a nearly entire circular siuulus with the upper palatal plica. The parietal lamella is very long, curved LYROPUPA. 271 at the inner end, its free edge being reflected towards the suture. The very deeply placed colmnellar lamella is not visible in a frontal view ; it is stout and semicircular. The upper palatal fold is long, its free edge haying two con- cavities where the angular and the parietal lamellae approach it ; its inner end curves downward a little, terminated on a very low semicircular callous rim which bounds the cavity formed by the posterior inflation of the basal crest. Upon this rim stand two short, high oblique folds, upper and lower, converg- ing towards each other inwardly. The lower palatal fold is short and rather high. Externally the palatal folds are visible as buff markings, the upper palatal and upper oblique fold showing as a decurved band, the lower oblique fold and lower palatal as indistinct spots (pi. 25, fig. 14). Length 1.95, diam. 1.18, aperture 0.73 mm. ; 5y2 whorls (type). Length 1.95, diam. 1.13, aperture 0.66 mm. Limahuli, fossil. Length 2.02, diam. 1.3 mm. Ekaula. Length 2, diam. 1.25 mm. ; 5*4 whorls. Length 1.9, diam. 1.25, aperture 0.6 mm. ; 5% whorls. Kauai: Hanakapiai (type loc.) ; Ekaula and Olokele (Cooke) ; also fossil at Limahuli (Dole and Cooke). Type 11061 Bishop Museum; paratypes 15575 Bishop Museum and 119449 A. N. S. P. This species is well distinguished by its short, compact contour, numerous strong ribs, the absence of any trace of a third or subbasal impression on the back, and by the strongly developed apertural processes. L. thaumasia is closely related to L. cubana, and may prove to be connected by intermediate forms. On comparison of the type specimens there is no difference in color, sculpture or convexity of the whorls, but cubana is clearly wider than the shortest thaumasia at hand. In thaumasia of the same length as cubana, 1.9 mm., there is nearly a half whorl more, and the aperture is distinctly smaller. Its length, measured vertically is slightly less than one-third that of the shell, while in cubana it is decidedly more than that, contained 2y2 times in length of shell. There is no difference in the apertural parts so far as visible in the mouth. 272 LYROPUPA. In L. thaitmasia the diameter of the shell is about 58 to 65 per cent of the length; in L. cubana it is about 70 per cent. The specimens from Ekaula (4) and Olokele (1) are slightly larger than the typical form, more globose in outline, with considerably weaker palatal plicae and with shallower and less distinct sulci on the last whorl. Fossil specimens from Lima- huli agree very closely with the typical form. Pease distributed this species as his Vertigo cost at a ; but the description of that shell does not apply well to this. Undetermined *prd< s. •VKRTIGO COSTATA Pse. — Shell cylindrical, oblong, some- what solid, dextral, rimate-perforate, longitudinally flexuously strongly costate, reddish ; whorls 4, rotundate-convex, the last strongly concentrically bisulcate, compressed at the base, apex obtuse; suture strongly impressed; aperture bell-shaped, rotund at the base, furnished with 4 lamella1, 2 on the parietal wall, the first united with the lip, the second median, entering, 1 on the basal margin, 1 on the lip posteriorly; inner lip flexuous; peristome thin, with the margins not joined. Length 2.0, diam. 1.0mm. Hawaii." > I'ensi .) Vcrtif/o costata PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 461. —I* it pa < oxtata PFR., Monographia Hel. Yiv., viii, p. 399.— BOETTGER, in von Martens, Conehologische Mittheilungeu, i, 1880, p. 59.— ANCEY, Mem. Sot-. Zool. France, 1892, v, p. 710. This species could not be found in the Pease collection at ( 'ambridge, and the junior author, in the course of many years' collecting has never seen a specimen meeting all the require- ments of the description, \vliidi gives characters both of X,s. The fossil species P. flexide-n-s Reuss, and possibly ca-pellinii Sacco belong here. The other species enumerated under Pti/chakca on p. 220 belong to Nesopupa. 274 NESOPUPA. Genus NESOPUPA Pilsbry. Ptychochilus BOETTGER, Conchol. Mittheil., i, 1881, p. 47 • type P. tantilla Gld. Not Ptychocheilus Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sei. and Arts xix, 1855, p. 227. Not Ptychochilus, Jordan. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 10, 1877, p. 58. Nesopupa Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1900, p. 432. The shell is minute, rimate, oval or ovate, the surface usually opaque and dull, pitted, striate or ribbed. Aperture with angular, parietal and columellar lamellae and usually palatal folds; lip expanded. Type N. tantilla (Gld.). Animal similar to Vertigo in lacking inferior tentacles. Eye tentacles cylindric, rather stout, not swollen distally, the eyes central in the ends as seen from, above. Distribution : islands of the Pacific, Oriental and Ethiopian regions, St. Helena. Nesopupa is closely related to Ptijchala-ea (see above) and to Lyropupa, also to Costigo, Pronesopupa and Campolamus, which we believe to be groups derived from various Nesopupa?. The Madeiran Staurodon is also closer to Nesopupa- than to Vertigo. As tertiary fossils Nesopupae are known from the Upper Oligocene to Pliocene of Europe. N. trigonostoma (A. Brn.), N. blumi (Bttg.), N. priscilla (Palad.) (see p. 220) apparently belong here, appearing to be most related to the section Indo- pupa. Central Europe at that time had numerous Oriental genera of land snails. Inhabiting widely separated island groups, there have been several nearly independent centers of evolution, making the construction of a phylogenetic classification exceptionally dif- ficult. Thus, the Hawaiian Vcrtigininae though greatly varied, show few points of contact with those of other regions. The forms of Polynesia and Micronesia are a homogeneous group, but a few closely related species occur in the Moluccas and Mauritius. The Oriental region series is closely related to the Ethiopian group. While the interrelations of Nesopupid groups of restricted areas are fairly clear, it is not so when those of different faunal NESOPUPA. 275 units are to be combined in one classification. Different com- binations of characters, and parallel but not identical stages in their evolution are to be considered. Under these condi- tions it has been thought most convenient for those concerned to treat the species by faunal rather than by taxononic groups. The following synopsis of classification is therefore an arrange- ment for convenience, in which groups of different faunas in a similar stage of evolution but not directly related are some- times juxtaposed. Synopsis of Sections of Nesopupa. a1. Angular lamella long, entering rather deeply, anteriorly curved, joining the peristome. Inner end of the columellar lamella turning downward I. Inner end of columellar lamella straight or upturned II. a2. Angular lamella not entering deeply, straight, joining the peristome III. tt3. Angular lamella very short, nodular or shortly lamellar, sometimes not emerging to the peristome IV. I. Nesopupa, typical section. The angular lamella is long, strong, curving to join the outer lip near its insertion; the inner end of the columellar lamella turns downward ; there are at least 5 well developed teeth. The surface is more or less, pitted-granulose, with spaced cuticular riblets, often deciduous. This Section includes all of the Nesopupa3 of Polynesia and Micronesia which we have seen, N. moluccana, N. goniopla.G of Mauritius, and probably the Melanesia!! species. 1ST. tantilla (Gld.). Tahiti. N. pleurophora (Shutt.). Tahiti. N. armata (Pse.). Borabora. N. paivae (Crosse). Gambier Is. N. dentifera (Pse.). Cook Is. N. godeflfroyi (Bttg.). Samoa Is. N. tongana (Bttg.). Tonga Is. N. vitiana (Bttg.). Viti Is. N. norfolkensis (Sykes). Norfolk I. N. lifouana (Gass.). Lifu. N.mariei (Crosse). New Caledonia. N. quadrasi (Mlldff.). Guam. N. eapensis (Bttg.). Yap, Carolines. N. ponapica( Mlldff. ). Ponape, " N. moluecana (Bttg.). Amboina. N. gonioplax (Pils.). Mauritius.. "2i(> NESOPUPA. la. Section Nesopwpitta P. & (1. A collateral group of the Hawaiian Islands, differing by the sculpture of smooth rib- striae without cuticular edges or pitting of the surface, having one or two furrows behind the lip, over the palatal folds; lamellae as in typical Nesopupa. X. plieifera Auc. Oahu. X. baldwini Anc. Maui. X. waianaensis C. & P. Oahu. X. b. centralis Anc. Hawaii. X. HtoralisC.&P. Oabu. N. b. subeostata C. & P. Molokai. X. dispersa C. & P. Oahu to Hawaii. N. b. lanaiensis ( '. & P. Lanai. II. The angular lamella is long, strong, curving to join the lip insertion as in Nesopupa, but the coluinellar lamella is straight or slightly curved upward at the inner end, being less special- ized than in Nexopn-pa. Here are placed several sections not directly related. lla. Section Cocopiipa P. & C. Surface minutely pitted, without, riblets. \. coeosensis (Dall.). Cocos Islaud. lib. Section Nesodufjijx ('. & P. Surface with spaced ribs with cuticular edges and rugose intervals; angular lamella strong in front. N. wesleyana Ane. Hawaii to Oahu. X. w. rhadina C. & P. Molokai, N. w. gmiveiae C. & P. Hawaii. Maui. Lanai and Oahu. N. w. tryphera C. & P. Kauai to X.thaanumi Anc. Oahu. etc. Molokai. lie. Section ludopupa P. & C. Similar, but with sculp- ture like typical Nexopupa: the angular lamella low in front. < >riental Region. N. moreleti (A. IX Br.). Borneo, X. filosa (Th. & Stol.). Burma. Philippines. X. brevie-ostis (Bs.). Barrackpore. X. moellendorffi (Bttg.). Philip- N. salemensis (Blf.). Kalryen Hills. pines. X. cinghalensis (Gude.). Ceylon. lid. Section Afripwpu P. & C. Sculpture of close rib-striae without cuticular edges. The last three species referred to this section with doubt. NESOPUPA. 277 N. griquulamlica (M.&'P.) S.Africa. N. (?) iota (Preston). Brit. E. N. farquhari (Pils.). S.Africa. Africa. N. bisulcata (Jick.). Abyssinia. N. ( ?) micra (Pile.). Mauritius. X. b. rhodesiana (Pils.). Rhodesia. N. ( ?) nannodes (Q. &M.). Philip- pines. lie. Section Hel< HO/IH/XI P. £ C. Surface smooth. N. turtoni ( Smith ) . St. Helena. III. Section I in<>(lipii}>« P. & C. Angular lamella low through- out, straight, joining the outer lip ; surface as in Nesopupa,, pitted ; fonn rather cylindric. Oriental and Ethiopian Re- gions, Mascarene Islands. The last four species are placed in this section with some doubt. N. malayana (Issel). Borneo, N. megalomastoma (Malz.). W. Philippines. Africa. N. barraekporensis (Gude). Bar- N. ( ?) comorensis (Pils.). Comoros. rackpore. N. ( ?) incerta (G. Nev.). Bourbon. N. corrugata (Prest.). Rhodesia. N. ( ?)ventricosa(H.Ad.). Mauritius. N. minutalis (Morel.). Comoros. N. ( f ) eelebensis (T. C.). Celebes. IV. Angular lamella small, short, or not emerging to the lip insertion ; inner end of the columellar lamella not turning downward. IVa. Section Infranesopupa C. & P. Striae without cuti- cular edges. Hawaiian Islands. N. limatula C. & P. Maui. N. subeentrahs C. & P. Hawaii. N. dubitabilis C. & P. Molokai. N. bishopi C. & P. Maui. N. d. kaalaensis C. & P. Oahu. N. forbesi C. & P. Hawaii. N. anceyana C. & P. Hawaii. N. infrequens C. & P. Kauai. IVb. Section Limbatipupa C. & P. Striae or riblets having cuticular edges. Hawaiian Islands. N. neweombi (Pfr.). Hawaii to N. kauaiensis Anc. Kauai. Kauai (numerous varieties). N. singularis C. & P. Oahu, Maui. N. oahuensis C. & P. Oahu. N. alloia C. &P. Kauai. IV. Section — . Delicate lines of growth ; angular lamella remote from the lip insertion. N. proscripta (Smith). Christinas Island, near Java. VJ7S HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPILLID GROUPS. By C. Montague Cooke and H. A. Pilsbry. The Hawaiian species of this genus cannot readily be classi- fied with those of other regions. The characters elsewhere used for defining- groups do not, apply. They appear to have had an independent evolution. A pitted surface, so commonly seen in other islands, is not found here. There has been mature adaptive radiation ; besides the terrestrial forms there are many living on the bark of trees, others on foliage ; some in relatively dry, others in very humid habitats. In arboreal, and especially in folicolous species there is a tendency towards degeneration of the teeth, which culminates in the species referred to Pronesopupa, which may be geneti- cally related to the Limbatipupa?. This tendency may be traceable to the absence or rarity of predaceous insects, which are probably much more numerous on the ground than on bark and foliage. The authors have seen all of the Hawaiian Nesopupae and Pronesopupse except "Vertigo" bacca Pease. The types of the species of Ancey and of Cooke & Pilsbry are in the Bishop Museum, paratypes or topotypes of all but. N. allow and JV. forbesi are in the museum of the Academy. Section Nesopu-pilla P. & C., new section. While closely related to the typical Nesopupa? by the form of the angular and columellar lamellae, these shells differ in sculpture and by the sulci of the last whorl. They are minute shells with nearly smooth, minutely grauu- lose embryonic whorls, the third, fourth and last whorls costu- late (except in E. Maui and Hawaii specimens of N. baldwini) ; costa? without membranoiis edges, rather closely and evenly spaced. There are two nearly parallel sulci on the back of the last whorl, separated by a rounded ridge. The angular lamella is long, slightly sinuous, extending to the margin of the aperture; palatal folds long, the upper emerging nearly to the margin ; columellar lamella rather short, ending abruptly in a swelling, its inner termination deflected downwards, al- HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 279 most at a right angle, and extending to the base of the columella. Type N. waianaensis. They are usually found close to the ground in rather damp places on stones, dead leaves, fallen twigs and the like. The unidentified Vertigo bacca Pease is like these species in having the last whorl concentrically bisulcate, but nothing is said of palatal folds. The very brief and incomplete de- scription follows. ''Vertigo bacca Pse. T. cylindracea, abbreviata, tenuius- cula, dextrorsa, perforate, laevigata ; apex obtusus ; anfr. 4, rotundati, ultimus concentrice bisulcatus; apertura fere cir- cularis, in pariete aperturali bilaniellata, columella subuniden- tata ; labrum vix eversum; pallide fusca. "Hab. Kalapana, insulae Hawaii" (Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 462). No dimensions were given. Subsequent authors have added nothing to the above account. Pease further remarks: "The above description was drawn up several years since from speci- mens collected at Kalapana, district of Puna, Island of Hawaii ; as they have been lost, I furnished the precise locality to en- able collectors to recover the type." Key to the Species of NesopupHla. a1 . Angular lamella extending to outer margin of peristome or united to the outer lip-insertion by a thick callus. &1. Angular lamella terminating on the parietal wall, united to the lip insertion by a thick callus ; only the lowev sulcus on the back distinctly impressed. N. plicifera, no. 1. fe2. Angular lamella united to the outer margin of the peristome ; two furrows behind the lip clearly denned . c1. Lower palatal fold accompanied by a short fold near its outer end. N. waianaensis, no. 2. c2. Lower palatal fold not accompanied by a short lamella : Spire tapering near the summit. cZ1. Whorls weakly convex; length of shell more than 1.7 mm. N. litoralis, no. 3. 280 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. d~. Whorls convex ; length of shell less than 1 .65 mm. N. dispersa, no. 4. a~. Angular lamella terminating on the parietal margin near the insertion of the outer lip, not united to the lip insertion by a thick callus. N. baldwini, no. 5. 1. NESOPTPA PLICIFERA Ancey. PI. 27, figs. 1, 2, 3. "Shell small, ovate, dark reddish brown, somewhat thin, slightly shining, except for the apex obliquely and closely pli- cate, plica? smooth, distinctly perforate. Spire obtuse, ovate or cylindrically ovate. Whorls 5, noticeably slightly convex, suture impressed and simple, the last whorl tapering at the base, concentrically sulcately impressed, with the sulcus cor- responding to the lower palatal lamella, slightly compressed about the umbilical crevice. Aperture hardly oblique, reced- ing slightly at the base, ovately truncate, furnished with lamella?., as follows: two parietal, of which the upper angular extends to the upper margin, and is connected with the outer margin; strongly elongated; the lower [parietal lamella j is large, a little deeper seated, extending slightly spirally. One small, acute, tooth-like., columellar. Finally, two elongated palatals, parallel, the upper almost reaching the margin. Peristome brown, thickened, narrowly expanded, with distant margins, united by an inconspicuous callus, the upper sub- angularly produced outwardly. Length 1.5, diam. hardly 1, aperture 0.5 mm. long. Oahu, Nuuauu (Thaanum) " (Ancey). Ncsopupa plicifera Anc. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904. p. 122, pi. vii, f. 14. Type 18703, paratypes 18740 Bishop Museum. Aucey's material consists of the type and 4 paratypes. The angular lamella is slightly curved and is united with the junction of the outer lip by a thick callus, forming, witli the upper palatal fold, an almost circular sinulus. In immature specimens of 4y2 whorls, from the type locality on the slopes of upper Nuuanu, just south of the Pali, the embryonic whorls are almost smooth, under a high-power lens very minutely granulose for the first 1% whorls, then, almost ab- ruptly rather strong, sharp, oblique costa? set in. In adult HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 281 specimens carefully compared with the type but with better preserved surfaces, the third and fourth whorls are distinctly costate ; on the last whorl the costae are at first well developed near the suture, becoming weaker below ; the interstices are very minutely striate with lines of growth. The base is com- pressed and prominent. There is a narrow, rather deep con- centric sulcus on the back of the last whorl, just above the lower palatal fold, but no twisted sulcus just in back and parallel with the peristome, and merely a flattening over the upper palatal fold. In the holotype the costs? are about .055 mm. apart on penultimate whorl and the shell has the follow- ing measurements: length 1.53, diam. 0.95, greatest length of apert. 0.61 mm. There are about by± whorls and the outer margin of the aperture is not flattened. This is not the case in most of the adults examined ; for nearly all the fully adult specimens have 5i/2 whorls, and the outer margin of the aper- ture is slightly flattened. The typical form is distributed over the whole Koolau Mountain range of Oahu. It is exceedingly abundant, if one has the patience to look for these minute forms, and can nearly always be found on the dead leaves of ieie (Freycinetia) wherever this plant ocelli's. It is occasionally found on other dead leaves, but rarely on stones. In one or two isolated cases the junior author has found typical specimens under moss on trunks of living trees. A single example of the typical form from the Waianae Mts. is in the Bishop Museum collection. Occurring with typical examples are a few slightly larger specimens from upper Kaliuwaa and Kaipapau, Oahu. They differ only in that the outline is slightly more cylindrical and the shells are slightly longer. One with 5}/o whorls measures: Length 1.71, diam. 0.92, apert. 0.6 mm. in greatest length. 2. NESOPUPA WAIANAENSIS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 27, figs. 4, 5, 6. The shell is minute, perforate (umbilicus minute, deep, semi- circular in outline), ovately conic, snuff-brown, distinctly cos- tulate except on the embryonic whorls, shining, quite thin, somewhat translucent. Spire with convex outlines, and rounded apex ; individual whorls convex, separated by a rather 282 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. deep suture. Whorls 5, the first rather large, nearly smooth, under a high-power lens very minutely wrinkled ; the second slightly narrower than the first, becoming costulate rather abruptly near its termination ; the rest of the whorls increasing slowly and evenly, regularly and strongly costulate; riblets strongly oblique, with rounded edges, on the penultimate whorl about 0.055 and on the last whorl about 0.14 mm. apart (or partly obsolete) ; the interstices microscopically wrinkled, the wrinkles short ; last whorl slightly broader than the penult, tapering to the base, scarcely ascending near the aperture, bisulcate, the sulci deep, corresponding to the palatal plica?, the lower strongly curved, deep, broad, remote from the peris- tome, the upper arched, not quite so deep, nearly reaching the peristome, the two separated by a convex ridge. Aperture irregularly truncate-ovate, small, slightly oblique, contracted, its outer margin slightly sinuous, its lip insertions converging, nearly united by a thick callus. Angular lamella long, slightly curved, slender, not very high, extending to the margin of the outer lip just before its insertion. The parietal lamella is deeper seated, stronger and slopes outward. The columellar lamella is strong, at first horizontally entering, then descend- ing around the columella. The upper palatal fold is long, lamella-like, nearly reaching the peristome, with a depression just in back of its outer end. The lower palatal fold is very deeply seated, with a dentiform nodule close to and below its outer end. The outer margin of the peristome is slightly thick- ened within, scarcely expanded, the columellar margin broadly expanded. Length 1.41, diam. 0.8, diag. length of aperture 0.5 mm. Cotype. Length 1.41, diam. 0.85, diag. length of aperture 0.52 mm. Cotype. Oahu: Waianse Mts. at Pukaloa, in the open valley under stones near the "Hunter's Cabin," type loc. : Lualualei, near the head of the valley (Cooke) ; Kawaihapai at the western end of the range, fossil in soil of the plain and slopes of the foothills ( Cooke & Pilsbry ) . This species is closely related to N. plicifera. The angular HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 283 lamella is proportionally slightly weaker than that of N. pUcifera and is attached to the outer lip rather than the parietal wall ; the lower palatal fold is accompanied by a denti- form nodule whicli does not appear to be developed in any specimens of plicifera ; the lip insertions converge more and are nearly united by a thicker callus. Externally it has two strong furrows on the last whorl. 3. NESOPUPA LITORALIS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 1. The shell is minute, perforate and shortly rimate, cylindrical, the upper third convexly conic, whitish in its fossil state, the last four whorls obliquely costate. Spire nearly cylindrical with slightly convex outlines, tapering above to a rather blunt apex, individual whorls only weakly convex, separated by an impressed suture. Whorls 5y2 to 5%, the first and second of nearly equal width, the rest increasing very slowly and regu- larly; the embryonic shell, under a strong lens, almost smooth for about l^j whorls, the costas at first rather weak, blunt, the rest of the whorls evenly costate, costa? oblique, with blunt edges, about 0.07 mm. apart on the penult and 0.11 apart on the last whorl, the interstices nearly smooth. Last whorl nearly cylindrical, tapering gradually towards the base, as- cending very slightly to the aperture, bisulcate on the back, the sulci corresponding to the palatal plicae, the lower sulcus shallow, broad, strongly arched, terminating at a slight dis- tance from the peristome, the upper, shallower, wide, nearly parallel almost reaching the peristome, the two separated by a rounded ridge. Aperture truncate-ovate, rather small, con- tracted within, its outer margin very slightly sinuous, slightly oblique, perpendicular, the lip-insertions united by a thick callus. Angular lamella strong, long, slightly diverging from the parietal, and nearly equal to the latter in height, extend- ing nearly to the margin of the peristome and united with it just outside of the lip insertion. Parietal lamella strong, quite oblique, deeply penetrating. Columellar lamella rather strong, at first transverse to the axis, then abruptly turning down- ward at right-angles. The upper palatal fold is long, strong, extending to the inner margin of the peristome, with a de- 284 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. pression just back of its prominent outer end. The lower palatal is deeply immersed, higher within, slightly sinuous. The outer and basal margins of the peristome are uniformly, slightly thickened within, not expanded ; the columellar mar- gin is broadly expanded. Length 1.83, diam. 1 ; greatest length apert. 0.61. Cotype, B. M. Length 1.7:"), diam. 1.03 ; greatest length apert 0.63. Cotype, A. N. S. Oahu : Ewa, type loc., very abundant under stones on the coral plain below "Sisal" (Cooke) ; Diamond Head (Cooke & Pilsbry) : found only fossil. Cotypes 11065, Bishop Museum, and 44694 A. N. S. P. The typical form of this species is easily distinguished from. N. waianu-ensis by its larger size, more cylindrical form and less convex whorls. From N. plicifera it is recognized by its more tapering summit, but especially by the thickened parietal callus, and the angular lamella terminating on the outer lip rather than on the parietal callus, though it is very near the junction of the two. 4. NESOPUPA DISPERSA C. & P., n. sp. PI. '21, tigs. 7, 8. The shell is minute, perforate (umbilicus, extremely minute, open, deep) sub-cylindrical, whitish or brownish in its fossil state ; the last three whorls distinctly costulate ; opaque. Spire sub-cylindrical, extended, with slightly convex tapering outlines, rather obtuse at the summit, individual whorls moder- ately convex, separated by a rather shallow suture. Whorls 5%, the embryonic large, the second slightly wider than the third near its initial stage, nearly smooth, under a strong lens very minutely punctate, the riblets beginning rather abruptly near the end of the second whorl ; rest of the whorls increasing slowly and regularly, distinctly finely and evenly costate, the costae slightly oblique, about 0.07 apart on the penult and 0.09 on the last whorl, with the interstices minutely granulose ; last whorl slightly broader than the penult, subcylindric, tapering gradually toward the base, its last third straight, hardly as- cending at the aperture, bisulcate behind the aperture, the HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 285 sulci corresponding to the palatal plic* ; the lower suleus is strongly arched, shallow, broad, terminating at a little distance back of the aperture, the upper longer, shallower, not as strongly curved, extending nearly to the peristome. Aperture truncate-ovate, scarcely oblique, its outer margin slightly sinuous, lip insertions converging somewhat, sometimes united by a thin callus, thickened at and near the lip insertion. Angular lamella long, high, of nearly uniform height, nearly parallel to the parietal, extending to the margin of the outer lip; parietal lamella more deeply seated, strong, long and somewhat oblique. Columellar lamella strong, deeply seated, at first transverse to the columella, then abruptly turned down- wards almost at a right angle and extending to the base of the columella. Upper palatal fold strong, long, with a slight depression back of its outer end, its margin nearly touching that of the angular lamella; extending nearly to the margin of the peristome. The lower palatal fold is deeply immersed, long, strong within, tapering gradually to its anterior end. Peristome with the outer and basal margins uniformly thick- ened within, the columellar margin narrowly, triangularly a relied a.bove the umbilicus. Length 1.53, diam. 0.86, greatest length of apert. 0.5 mm. Oahu: Makua, type loc. (Forbes & Cooke), and Lualualei (Cooke), in the Waianae Mts. ; Kailua (Pilsbry, Cooke), Waimanalo, Rocky Hill, Manoa, Kahala, Malaekahana, Kahuku and Kawailoa (Cooke) in the Koolau Mts. Molokai : Kalaeokailio Pt., Mauna Loa, Shifting Sands and Moomomi (Cooke & Pilsbry). Lanai : Mahana Gulch a tingle living specimen, and Western End (Forbes). Kahoolawe: Kauapou, (Stokes, Forbes) and Schooner Bay (Pilsbry and Cooke). East Maui: Kanaio and Auwahi (Fleming). Hawaii: Puuwaawaa (Thurston), Kona (Thwing, Gouveia), Huehue, Kapulehn and Waiaha (Gouveia). All specimens fossil from more or less recent beds, except the single fresh specimen from Mahaua Gulch, Lanai. Type 11066 Bishop Museum, paratypes 42942 Bishop Museum and 44707 A. N. S. P. 286 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. A very variable and widely distributed little species. Speci- mens from different colonies and islands vary considerably from the typical form described above. The most important races may be briefly described as follows : a-. The shells from Rocky Hill and Manoa, Oahu, have slightly blunter apices than the typical lot. b. Those from Kahuku and Kailua are slightly smaller but agree in other characters. c. Specimens from Kalaeokailio Pt., Molokai, are slight I y longer and narrower in proportion to their length. d. Lanaian and East Mauian specimens are almost identical with the type lot. e. Specimens from Kahoolawe have more convex whorls and the outlines of the spire are also more convex. /. The shells from Hawaii are slightly smaller, cylindrical in outline and with fewer and closer costse. Shells from some of the different deposits have the follow- ing measurements : a. Length 1.53, diam. 0.86, greatest length apert. 0.55 mm. ; Rocky Hill, Oahu. «. Length 1.6, diam. 0.9 mm. Diamond Head, Oahu. b. Length 1.35, diam. 0.8, greatest length apert, 0.5 mm. ; Kahuku, Oahu. b. Length 1.38, diam. 0.8, greatest length apert. 0.5 mm. ; Kailua. Oahu. c. Length 1.6, diam. 0.83, greatest length apert. 0.55 mm.: Kalaeokailio Pt., Molokai. c. Length 1.55, diam. 0.9 mm. Moomomi, Molokai. d. Length 1.5, diam. 0.86 ; greatest length apert. 0.52 mm. ; Western End Lanai. d. Length 1.45, diam. 0.82, greatest length apert. 0.55 mm. ; Kanaia, E. Maui. e. Length 1.53, diam. 0.86, greatest length apert. 0.55 mm. : Kanapou, Kahoolawe. /. Length 1.43, diam. 0.75, greatest length apert. 0.52 mm. ; Puuwaawaa, Hawaii. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 287 5. NESOPUPA BALDWINI Ancey. PI. 27, figs. 9, 10. "Shell shortly cylindrical-oblong, openly yet minutely per- forate, brownish red, with a silky sheen, almost destitute of sculpture except for very thin lines of growth hardly visible under a strong lens. Spire obtuse. Whorls 5yz, convex, the first three increasing rapidly in diameter, the rest nearly equal, with an impressed suture. The last oblong, scarcely swollen, slightly attenuate at the base, contracted back of the aperture by two shallow sulci parallel to the suture ; slightly ascending in front. Aperture vertical, outwardly dilated angulate above the middle, truncate ovate, armed with plicae or lamellae as follows : parietals 2, of which one, the angular, is elongate, but shorter than the next; the other, nearly median, more deeply seated, long ; one columellar, acute, dentiform ; and two elon- gate palatals, corresponding to the exterior sulci, parallel, of which the upper almost reaches the margin. Peristome nar- row, unicolorous, brown, slightly thickened, except at the colu- mella, slightly expanded, with quite distant margins, the ex- terior of which is slightly sinuous above. Length 1.5, diam. 0.8, alt. of apert. about 0.5 mm. Molokai (Baldwin) ; Kaupa- kulua, Maui (Baldwin.) (Ancey.) E. Maui; Kaupakalua (Baldwin), Kailua (Cooke), Mahiku (Forbes). W. Maui: Hahakea, Waihee (Cooke), Honokahau (Forbes). Molokai: abundant on the wooded eastern part (Thaanum, Forbes, Pilsbry, Cooke). Lanai : "top of Moun- tain" (Forbes). Hawaii: Keehia (Thaanum), Laaloa (Gouveia). Holotype 18698 Bishop Museum. Nesopupa Baldivini ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 122, pi. 7, fig. 13, with var. centralis Ancey. This species and N. plicifera, are certainly very closely re- lated. In baldwini the shell is darker colored, with slightly more convex outlines, the surface is smoother, the costulse much weaker, closer and finer; the lip insertions are more re- mote, the angular lamella not being united with the outer lip by a thick callus. The columellar lamella is transverse to the columella, ending within in a rather prominent knob. In the typical form from Kaupakalua, Maui, the rib sculp- ' * **•*.. 288 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. ture of the group is almost completely wanting. The furrows behind the lip are only weakly impressed, the upper one wholly lateral, the lower extending to the dorsal line. Both angular and parietal lamellae are long, the former reaching the thickened edge of the parietal callus near the insertion of the lip, the parietal lamella somewhat immersed, regularly curved in a basal view. The deeply placed columellar lamella is much thickened at the inner end, but is hardly bent down- ward. Lower palatal fold is deeply immersed, as usual. The upper palatal does not have a depression preceding the outer end, such as is seen in the Oahuan species. Ancey's type has the following dimensions: length 1.6. diaiu. 0.98, greatest length of aperture 0.67 mm. These measurements are slightly greater than Ancey gave, but the specimen was labelled type in his handwriting. A paratype measures: length 1.65, diani. 1 mm. Specimens from West ]\Iaui are more like Molokai shells than those of East Maui. Var. cent nil ix Ancey. A little smaller and less cyliudric, whorls 5, otherwise scarcely differing from the type (Ancey). Hawaii : Olaa (Thaanum i . Very close to the typical Alauian form. In an Olaa speci- men from Thaanum (no. 79991 A. X. S. P.) the surface shows no ribs, but there are some striae on the last fourth of a whorl. The upper palatal fold is indicated externally by a slight impression, the lower by a shallow, broad concavity, both being quite short for this species. It measures, length 1.65, diam. 1.05 mm. Specimens from Keehia, Hawaii, collected by Mr. Thaanum are almost exactly similar to Ancey's type specimen. They are less distinctly costulate than those of Lanai, West Maui and Molokai. 5fl, Nesopupa buldtvini snbcoxtut whorls. Lanai. Section I)ifra>iesopi2 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. in outline. Fully adult specimens have but 4% convex whorls. The surface of the shell is more closely, finer and more evenly striate. Length 1.38, diam. 0.95 ; apert. greatest length 0.55 mm. Molokai: Poholua (type loc.), 2,500 ft. elevation; Kamoku and Ka \vela (Cooke) ; Ualapue (Forbes) ; Western ravine, head of Kamalo (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type 11068, Bishop .Museum, paratypes 35150 Bishop Museum and 44728 A.N.S.P. This species is undoubtedly closely related to N. livuitulu from which it is here considered as a separate species not only by its geographical distribution but by its much smaller size, form, etc. In an immature specimen witli 314 whorls the shell is openly perforate, lighter colored than in the adults. The embryonic whorls, under the microscope, are very minutely and closely granulose, the granules do not appear to be arranged in any particular order. The delicate, slightly oblique strife appear rather abruptly at about 1% whorls. Specimens from the western ravine at the head of Kamalo are somewhat larger : Length 1.55, diam. 1.05 mm. Length 1.5, diam. 1 mm. In. Nesopupa dubilcibiliy; kdidaeti^i,^ C. £ P., n. subsp. PI. 28, fig. 13. Specimens from Oahu are very similar to N. dnbltabil'is in xixe and form. They differ, however, in that adult specimens are always furnished with a minute basal fold slightly sub- cohimellar in position. This fold has not been observed in •specimens from Molokai. It is somewhat immersed, low, short, lamella-like rather than nodular. Two gerontic specimens show considerable variation in their lamella character. In the first there is a rather long, low swell- ing between the two palatal plica?, and the parietal lamella is continued nearly to the margin of the aperture, ending in a low broad nodule. In the second there is a minute nodular infraparietal lamella. An average adult measures: Length 1.45, diameter 0.97; ^perture, greatest length 0.92 mm. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 293 Oahu : Waianae Range at Mokuleia (Cooke), and Kaala, eastern spur, about 2,500 ft. elevation under bark of lehua trees (Bridwell). Type 11069 Bishop Museum; para types 42720 Bishop Museum and 44709 A. N. S. P. 8. NESOPUPA ANCEYANA C. & P., n. sp. PL 28, figs. 2, 3. The shell is somewhat like that of N. lima tula but longer, broader and usually with but 4i/o — 5 whorls. Shell compact, broadly ovate to globosely ovate, antique brown to buckthorn, brown, the lower whorls indistinctly, minutely striate, the stria? and their interstices covered with microscopic, irregular hair-like wrinkles. Spire with convex outlines; whorls con- vex, separated by a rather deep suture. The embryonic whorls are microscopically punctate with a few indistinct spiral lines just above the suture; last whorl slightly swollen just back of the aperture and scarcely flattened over the palatal plica?. Aperture irregularly triangular, with broadly rounded angles, lip-insertions scarcely converging. Angular lamella short, lamella-like, rather widely separated from the parietal. Parietal lamella long, strong, and nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall; colmnellar lamella very short, deeply seated, horizontally entering, and slightly slanting downwards notice- ably turned upward at the inner end, and in old specimens continued up the columella as a low callous ridge. The two palatal plicae are very .short, not approaching the peristome, nearly parallel and rather widely separated. Length 1.78, diam 1.15; apert., greatest length 0.73 mm.; 5 whorls. Length 1.53, diam. 1.1 ; apert., greatest length 0.7 mm. ; 4!/o whorls. Hawaii: Olaa (Thaanum, Ancey coll.; Lynian) ; Kilauea (Cooke), Piihonua and Hunmula (type loc. ; Forbes). Type 11072 Bishop Museum; paratype 39300, Bishop Museum and 44723 A. N. S. P. This species is most easily distinguished from N. limatula of Maui by the much shorter palatal folds; from N. sub- t'i/>, the embryonic IVo nearly smooth, under a strong lens minutely indistinctly punctate; rest of the whorls faintly striate, striaj weak, oblique, discontinous; under the microscope the whole surface is seen to be covered with minute short wrinkles; last whorl cylindrical, tapering towards the base, ascending slightly and slowly near the aperture. Flattened outside of the palatal plica3, having a very small impression over the lower one, and slightly swollen just before reaching the aperture. Aperture truncate-ovate, scarcely oblique, nearly perpendicular, the lip insertions remote, not united by a callus. Angular lamella deeply seated, weak, short, about one-half the height of the parietal ; parietal lamella stronger, emerging further, nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall ; columellar lamella weaker than in most species of this group, short, horizontally inserted on the columella and deeply seated. Two palatal plicae of about equal length, rather short, not approaching the peristome and nearly parallel, the upper emerging slightly further than the lower. Peristome very slightly thickened, the columellar margin ex- panded, the lower and outer margins nearly erect. Length 2.08, diam. 1.1 ; apert., greatest length 0.8 mm. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 297 E. Maui : Haleakala Crater, near Crystal Cave, under stones on the floor of the Crater (Cooke). Type 12465 Bishop Museum, paratype 44696 A. N. S. P. As far as known only three specimens of this species have been collected. It differs principally from N. linwtula- from the same island, by its larger size and weaker lamella?. 11. NESOPUPA FORBESI C. & P., n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 5. The shells are larger than any of the other species from Hawaii, thinner and more transparent, more glossy, orange- citrine and with very low almost evenly spaced striae, the interstices not wrinkled as in living examples of central/is or anceyana. Spire oblong with very convex outlines, tapering gradually to the apex. Whorls 5, the embryonic almost smooth, hardly granulose under the microscope, the evenly spaced rather distant low stria? beginning almost abruptly near the middle of the second whorl. Last whorl ascending slightly, swollen back of the aperture and hardly flattened over the palatal plica?. Aperture irregularly trapezoidal with rounded angles, the lip-insertions remote, united by a thin callus. Angular lamella minute, almost dentiform, deeply seated ; parietal deeply seated, long, strong, perpendicular to the parietal wall ; columellar rather strong, deeply seated, slanting downwards; two palatal plica? short, rather deeply seated, converging inwardly, the lower considerably larger than the upper. Peristome tinged with a darker color than the rest of the shell, erect, very faintly thickened within. Length 2.08, diam. 1.22 ; apert., greatest length 0.85 mm. Hawaii: Huumula (Forbes). Type 39288 Bishop Museum. Only two specimens of this rare species are known at present. Both were taken by Forbes on plants in a large kipuka in the 1855 Flow, about half Avay between Halealoha and Ainahou, at about 5,000 ft. elevation. The size of this species easily distinguishes it from the other species from Hawaii. From JV. bishopi it is most easily separated by its lighter color, thinner shell more convex outlines, and the surface, which is very minutely granular rather than wrinkled in the inter- stices between the stria?. 298 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 12. NESOPUPA INFREQUENS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 7. The shell is simatral, minute, sub-perforate (perforation very minute), nearly cylindrical, buckthorn brown, thin, trans- lucent, hardly glossy ; under a strong lens the surface is very minutely, closely and obliquely wrinkled, the wrinkles hair- like, rather short, more or less anastomosed. Spire with con- vex outlines, gradually tapering towards the apex, individual whorls slightly convex, separated by a rather narrow suture. Whorls 5, the embryonic nearly smooth, under a strong lens minutely gran u lose, the granules apparently arranged in trans- verse rows, the minute striag gradually appearing at about the middle of the second whorl. The last whorl tapers gradually to the base, ascending slightly near the aperture, slightly flat- tened over the palatal plica?, and only faintly swollen back of the aperture. Aperture scarcely oblique, nearly perpendicu- lar, irregularly truncate-ovate, lip-insertions remote, united by a thin transparent callus. Angular lamella short, lamella- like, deeply seated ; parietal strong, high, emerging further than the angular, perpendicular to the parietal wall ; colu- mellar lamella rather short, strong, deeply seated, indistinctly slanting downwards; two palatal plica? not approaching the peristome, rather short, nearly parallel. Peristome very slightly thickened within, arched above the columella, slightly expanded on the lower margin, the outer margin erect. Length 1.65, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.65 mm. Kauai: Halemanu, on a tree trunk; also on ferns (Cooke). Holotype 15489 Bishop Museum. It is the only siuistral Hawaiian Nesopupa known. Besides its sinistral coil, it is easily recognized from the other species of Nesopupa by the slightly coarse anastomosing stri* of the lower whorls. One of us (Cooke) recently collected probably about 40 specimens in different localities, the extreme points probably six miles apart. It has a different habit from any of the true Nesopupa? ; all the specimens taken in 1919 were on the fronds of ferns (Asplenium arnottii). A single one, the type, had previously been found on a tree. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. Section Nesodagys new section. Surface like Limbatipu-pa, but there is a long, lamella-like angular lamella reaching the lip. The two species included in this section are more or less intermediate between Limbatipupa and Nesop it-pa. a\ Shell oblong to ovate, embryonic whorls granulose. P. wesleyana and sub-species, no. 13. a-. Shell short, almost globose, embryonic whorls minutely spirally striate. P. thacnixmi, no. 14. 13. NESOPUPA WESLEYANA Ancey. PL 29, figs. 1, 2. "Shell oblong, thin, perforate, scarcely shining, under a strong lens granulate, brown-corneous, ornamented with oblique and distant, more or less deciduous, membranous cos- tulse, slightly wavy on the last whorl. Spire oblong, slightly obtuse. Whorls 5, separated by an impressed suture, the last oblong, ascending slightly towards its end, tapering gradually towards the base, slightly dilated near the aperture. Aper- ture vertical, truncate-ovate, very slightly receding at the base, nearly equal to i/>, of the length, brownish within, 5-plicate ; peristome not continuous, expanded and reflexed throughout, slightly thickened, sublabiate, with a unicolorous brownish lip. Angular lamella arcuate, elongate, slightly bent; parietal a little more deeply seated, nearly median in position ; colu- mellar lamella acute, deeply seated; two elongate, parallel palatal, the lower more deeply seated. Length 2, diam. 1, aperture about 0.75 mm." (Ancey). Hawaii: Hilo, 4 miles Olaa road, type locality (Tliaanum, Cooke) ; Glen wood (Pilsbry) ; Waipio Pali (Henshaw, Thaa- num) ; Rainbow Falls (Cooke) ; Puna (Thurston) ; fossil at Puuwaawaa (Thurston), Huehue (Gouveia) Palihoukapapa (Thaanum, Henshaw). Kahoolawe ; fossil at Kanapou (Forbes & Stokes). E. Maui : Kaupakalua (Baldwin), fossil at Kanaio and Auwahi (Fleming). W. Maui: Waiakapu and Waihee (Forbes), Hahakea and lao (Cooke). Oahu: Ahui- manu (Cooke), Kamanaiki (Gouveia) fossil at Kailua (Pilsbry). No typical specimens of this species have been 300 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. seen from Kauai. Type 18704. Bishop Museum; paratypes 18707 Bishop Museum, 44727 A. N. 8. P. and in Thaanum coll. Ncxopupd H-rxlci/iina ANCEY, Proe. Malac. Soc. London. vi, June 1904, p. 123, pi. 7, fig. 16. This species is easily recognized from P. in ircnmbi by its more cylindrical spire and the long;, lamella-like angular lamella. Typical P. wedeyana is usually found on rather damp rocks, though it is occasionally taken on rather smooth- barked trunks of trees. It does not seem to possess as many varieties or races as P. >/< in'ombi and the few varieties, noted below, are much more constant in all their characters than those of P. neicconibi. The embryonic whorls are rounded, scarcely lighter colored than the rest of the shell, under a strong lens very minutely granulose, the granules not appearing to be arranged in any regular manner. In the typical form the angular lamella is situated parallel to the parietal inwardly, curving outwards in front and unit- ing to the outer lip at a slight distance back of the outer margin. It descends rather abruptly in front but gradually at the inner end. Sometimes there is a slight depression or notch just back of outer end. This is very well represented in fossil specimens collected by Pilsbry at Kailua, Oahu. The parietal lamella is strong, rather deeply seated and nearly per- pendicular to the parietal wall. The coluuiellar is deeply seated, perpendicular to the columella and rather long. The lower palatal is somewhat deeply seated, long, parallel to. but stronger than the upper. The upper palatal extends nearer to the margin than the lower, inwardly its free margin is slightly bent towards the lower palatal. Externally there is a slight impression over it. A somewhat larger fossil race Avas found by Messrs Thaanum and Henshaw at Palihoukapapa. The whorls are slightly flatter than in the typical form. One of the specimens meas- ures: Length 2.15, diam. 1.22, apert. (diag.) 0.86 mm. 51/2 whorls. The type specimen has the following dimensions: Length HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 301 1.95, diam. 1.15, apert. (diag.) 0.8 irun. The color of fresh typical specimens from Hilo, Hawaii is buckthorn-brown. 13rt. Form gouveicc C. & P. PI. 29, fig. 4. A very small race of wesleyana was found by Gouveia at Hookena, and by Forbes at Kapua, both localities in South Kona, Hawaii. In this form the outline is narrowly ovate, tapering above. The aperture is truncately ovate, its outer margin hardly flattened. Whorls 4%. In cross section the upper palatal is only slightly bent ; the angular unites with the outer lip at a slight distance from the margin. Length 1.65, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm. Type 11081 Bishop Museum, paratype 39429 Bishop Museum, and 44732 A. N. S. P. !:!/>. Form trwlirni C. & P. PL 29, fig. 3. A form which is usually smaller than the typical and which appears to occur in pure colonies, has the upper palatal fold, abruptly bent in the middle, the inner half descending towards the lower palatal fold. A few of the specimens from Oahu (Nuuanu, Makiki and Moanalua, coll. by Spalding), are nearly equal to the typical form in size, but the majority of the colonies are decidedly smaller. Embryonic whorls similar to those of the typical form. Typical examples of this form have been taken from the following localities: Kauai : Lihue. Oahu: Palolo (type loc.), Tantalus, Nuuanu and Kaipapau, in the Koolau Range ; Palehua and Popouwela, in the Waiana? Range. Molokai : Puunea and Mapulehu (Thaanum). Except for the larger form from Oahu mentioned above the examples are remark- ably uniform in size and other characters. Length 1.75, diam. 1.1, apert. (diag.) 0.8 mm. 4% whorls (Palolo). Type 11082 Bishop Museum, paratypes 15422 Bishop Museum and 44714 A. N. S. P. L3c. N. w. rhadiiia C. & P., n. subsp. PI. 29, fig. 13. The shell is slender, oblong, usually tapering above, brussels brown, convex, closely and regularly marked with well-de- veloped membranous costee. Spire with convex outlines. 302 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. Whorls 5l/2, very convex. The embryonic whorls are more coarsely granulose than any of the forms noted in this sub- genus. The granules for the first half whorl are arranged longitudinally, giving the appearance of striae; at about the beginning of the second whorl the very faint transverse stria? appear to be made up of uniting granules. These strias gradu- ally become stronger with the growth of the shell, the granules persisting in the inter-costal spaces, gradually becoming fainter and disappear about the end of the second whorl. Aperture truncate-ovate, the outer margin hardly flattened, the lip insertions slightly converging, furnished with 5 lamella?. Angular lamella somewhat thickened and calloused in front, slender and thin inwardly, lower than the parietal. Colu- mellar lamella slightly slanting downward. The upper palatal fold is equal to if not higher than the lower, not quite as deeply seated, and slightly shorter. Length : 2.32, diam. 1.15, apert. (diag.) 0.85 mm. Type 11083 Bishop Museum, para- types 35126 Bishop Museum and 44726 A. N. S. P. Molokai : Poholua, type locality (Cooke) ; Kilohana and Puukolekole, Kamalo (Pilsbry and Cooke) ; Kalihi, Puunea, Waikolu (Cooke) ; Mapulehu (Thaanum) ; fossil specimens from Mauna Loa, Moomomi, Kalaeokailio (Cooke). This subspecies was at first considered as a separate species, but on comparing the large series of both wesleycvna, and rhadina in the Bishop Museum collection it appears to be better to consider both forms as belonging to the same species. N. rhadina is easily recognized from weslcya-na by its more convex whorls, darker color and narrower outlines. Living examples of this subspecies are only taken under the loose bark of trees or in moss growing on tree trunks. It is never found abundantly, due to the amount of time con- sumed in finding only a few specimens. The most usual habitat is under loose bark of the lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) . On the flat east of the peak, Puukolekole, it varies in size and shape. Alt. 1.95, diam. 1.18 mm. Alt. 2.15, diam. 1.3 mm. ; decidedly ovate-conic. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 303 Alt. 2.25, diam. 1.3 mm. ; subcylindric. In forest at the head of Kamalo there is a large, stout, cyl- indric form with the laminae of the surface more crowded, and generally having an interpalatal fold. Length 2.4, diam. 1.25 mm. This may be called form kamaloensis (pi. 29, fig. 9) . Kauai : This sub-species has been taken in several localities and is probably well distributed over the whole of the moun- tainous area of the island. It is also occasionally found in some of the fossil deposits of the lowlands. The specimens from this Island are fairly typical. They are slightly more tightly coiled than the typical form and the outlines are a little more convex. A typical example, from back of Lihue, meas- ures: Length 2.3, diam. 1.1, apert. (diag.) 0.83 mm. A fossil specimen from Limahuli is decidedly smaller, more conical in outline and there are but 5 whorls. Length : 1.95, diam. 1.05, apert. (diag.) 0.75 mm. Oahu : This sub-species is widely distributed over the Koolau range but is not represented by a large series in any of the lots. From the Waianas Mts. only a very few examples seem to have been taken. It is also found, though only in a few isolated cases abundantly, in a number of the fossil deposits from this island. Most of the specimens are considerably smaller than the typical form from Molokai. PI. 29, fig. 7 represents a fossil specimen from Kahuku coral bluff. Specimens taken from a few of the lots in the Bishop Museum collection showed the following measurements. Length 2.02, diam. 1.1, apert. (Diag.) 0.79 mm. 5 whorls; Manoa — Palolo ridge (Cooke). Length 1.9, diam. 1.0, apert. (Diag.) 0.75 mm. 5 whorls; Waimano (Grouveia). Length 1.95, diam. 1.1, apert. (Diag.) 0.8 mm. 5 whorls; Waialaeiki (Gouveia). Length 2.08, diam. 1.08, apert. (Diag.) 0.76 mm. 514 whorls; Popouwela, Waianae Mts. (Cooke). Length 1.8, diam. 0.95, apert. (Diag.) 0.7 mm. 5 whorls; Malaekahana, fossil (Cooke). Length 2.0, diam. 1.07, apert. (Diag.) 0.76 mm. 5 whorls; Kahuku, fossil (Cooke). 304 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. Length 2.25, diam. 1.13, apert. (Diag.) 0.85 mm. 5*4 whorls; Manoa, fossil (Cooke). Maui : Specimens of this subspecies from the highlands of West Maui, have the apices much eroded giving the appearance of a very blunt spire. The whorls are very convex and the outlines are almost cylindrical. The surface is covered with rather low, close, membranous cost*. A well preserved speci- men (the apex of which is not much eroded) measures : Length ±35, diam. 1.22, apert. (diag.) 0.97 mm. 5y2 whorls. Specimens from East Maui are similar to those from West Maui. Laiwi: I have seen only two specimens of this sub-species from Lanai. Both were collected by Forbes and each came from a different locality. Both specimens appear to be more closely related to the Molokaian form than the Mauian. One of them measures: Length 2.15, diam. 1.15. apert. (diag.) 0.86 mm. 514 whorls. No specimens of this subspecies have been seen from Hawaii, and so far as I know up to the present time it has not l>een taken on that island. 14. NESOPUPA THAAKUMI Ancey. PI. 2S, tigs. 11, 12. "Shell dextral, minutely rimate-perforate, of a pleasing corneous buff color, ornamented with rather distant, weak and very deciduous, silvery shining, membranous costal*; somewhat conic-ovate, obtuse. Whorls 4i/>, convex, suture im- pressed ; the upper quite minute; the last sub-saccate, shortly ovate, scarcely tapering at the base, ascending slightly to- wards its end, very lightly impressed outwardly back of the aperture. Aperture erect, truncate-oval, sub-rotund, ex- tended outwardly and bent in front (above the middle portion of the dextral margin), armed with xtronf) u-hitt IttmelUe as follows: an arcuate angular, elongate but short, extending to the margin ; a little more deeply seated parietal lamella, enter- ing deeply: a transverse, internal columellar; and 2 palatals, the upper seated a little nearer the margin, both elongate but not very long. Lip narrowly expanded, with quite distant insertions. Length 1.33, diam. 1.0, alt. apert. 0.5 mm. (Ancey). HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 305 Hawaii: Olaa (D. Thaaimm), type 18701 Bishop Museum, topotypes 44678 A. N. S. P.; Glenwood, in moss on tree trunks, abundant (Thaauum, Pilsbry). Nesopupa thua-numi (ANCEY), Proc. Malac. Soc., London, vi, June 1904, p. 123. Unfortunately the holotype from the Aucey collection is badly broken. This species is very abundant in the type locality, where it is found on tree-trunks, living among and on the fronds of a loose-growing species of moss. Under similar conditions this species has been found in nearly all the Hawaiian Islands. P. thaanumi is somewhat similar to P. iff xlcyana tryphera. Its shell is, however, smaller, more com- pactly coiled, much lighter colored and the aperture is more crowded with the five lamella?. It has apparently some re- lationship to the species included in Nesopupa- ss. It differs from all the species of the latter by its more convex whorls and especially by the membranous character of its rather dis- tant riblets. Immature specimens from the type locality have the embryonic whorls very minutely spirally striate. The angular lamella is strong, long and slightly sinuous, high in front, tapering gradually backward, and does not terminate on nor is it joined to the outer lip, but extends to the margin of the parietal wall. In this character it resembles species of Xcsopupa ss. with this distinction: that in thaanumi this lamella is stronger, with a more sinuous margin and the outer portion is not parallel to the parietal, but is distinctly bent towards the outer lip. The parietal lamella is only slightly more deeply seated than the angular, and emerges almost to the margin on the parietal wall. It is very strong, high and long, and is nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall. The columellar lamella is very strong, horizontally seated, rather long, diminishing rather abruptly inward, there turning up- wards and accompanying the columella as a mere thread. The two palatal folds are nearly parallel, about equal in height and length ; the lower slightly more deeply seated ; the upper extending nearly to the margin of the outer lip, with its free edge abruptly bent, almost at a right angle, towards the lower palatal. 306 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. Length 1.4, diam. 1.0, apert. (diag.) 0.65 inni. Whorls 4% (topotype). Length 1.56, diam. 1.0, apert. (diag.) 0.63 mm. Whorls 4^4 (topotype). Ancey's type specimen, according to my method, measures 1.53 mm. in length. This species has not yet been reported from Kauai. Oahu : widely distributed over the Koolau range ; up to this time none have been seen from the Waianae Mts. Shells of the different colonies differ but slightly from each other in size and otherwise agree very closely. Most of the specimens are slightly lighter colored than those from Hawaii. Length 1.51, diam. 1.0 apert. (diag.) 0.64 mm., 4% whorls; Waialae-iki. Length 1.4, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.61 mm., 4^/2 whorls; Nuuanu. Length 1.53, diam. 1.02, apert. (diag.) 0.64 mm., 4% whorls; Kaliuwaa. Lanai : I have been able to examine but two specimens of this species collected on Lanai. Both specimens agree closely with the typical form. One of them measures: length 1.47, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.65 mm., 4% whorls. Maui : This species is only known to have been taken from three localities on West Maui, and one from E. Maui. Like the specimens from the other islands, all the Maui specimens agree closely with the typical form. A specimen from Honokahau measures: length 1.43, diam. 1.02, apert. (diag.) 0.64 mm., 41/2 whorls. Section LIMBATIPUPA C. & P., u. sect. The shells are minute, brown to greenish-brown; the free margins of the costula? membranous and sometimes slightly prolonged into sharp membranous points; the 5 primary lamellae and folds present in most species, the angular lamella either shortly lamelliform, nodular or absent. Type N. new- combi. The species composing this section are differentiated by their HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 307 sculpture and the short, lamella-like, or nodular angular lamella, which is sometimes lacking. The species are rather closely connected ; however, they seem to be sufficiently differentiated from each other, and may be easily recognized. N. newcombi is by far the most variable species of the family found in the Hawaiian Islands, and a number of quite distinct races have here been grouped under this name without subspecific rank. Key to the Species of the Section Limbatipupa. ft1. Angular lamella absent or represented by a slightly swol- len callus. b1. Whorls 4, embryonic whorls minutely spirally striate, diameter about 70% of total length. N. alloia, no. 19. b2. Whorls 4^-5, embryonic whorls granulose, diameter about 60% of total length. N. singularis, no. 18. a2. Angular lamella nodular or short lamelliform. 61. Costae prominent, thin, membranous. c1. Upper palatal fold short lamella-like. N. newcombi, no. 15, c2. Upper palatal fold absent or nodular. N. oahuensis, no. 16.. b2. Costae low, with very narrow membranous margin. N. kauaiensis, no. 17. 15. NESOPUPA NEWCOMBI (Pfr.). Page 309, fig. 1. The shell is minute, perforate (perforation very minute, circular), ovate, brownish olive, thin, somewhat translucent, slightly shiny, uniformly and widely costulate, the riblets with membranous margins, about 15 on the last whorl. In some specimens they are slightly spiniferous just above periphery. Intercostal spaces minutely striate (strise short, parallel). Spire conic with convex outlines, apex obtuse ; individual whorls convex, separated by a rather deep suture. Whorls 41/4, the embryonic iy2 whorls are microscopically granulose, the granules apparently arranged in transverse rows, the mem- branous costa3 appearing abruptly in about the middle of the 308 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. second whorl. The rest of the whorls are costate. Last whorl large, rotund, tapering towards the rounded base, scarcely ascending near the aperture. Aperture nearly circular, scarcely oblique, perpendicular, the lip insertions approaching and united by a thin callus. Angular lamella short, lamella- like, united to the outer lip by a thick callus for about half its height and not extending to the parietal margin. Parietal lamella more deeply seated, large, strong, nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall. Columellar lamella strong, transversely seated and slightly slanting downward. Two palatal plica? rather deeply seated, nearly parallel, the lower slightly stronger than the upper. Peristome expanded, its outer and lower margins thin, membranous ; very slightly thickened with- in ; columellar margin dilated above the umbilicus. Length 1.65, diain. 1.1, aperture, greatest length 0.79 mm. E.r]>l. Fig. 1. Nesopupa newcombi (Pfr.). Typical. 18714BM. Wai- pio, Kauai. 2. N. newcombi seniinulum. 23375BM. Kapua, Hawaii. 3. 3o. N. newcombi multidentata, Type, 15316BM. Glen Ada. 4. N. newcombi angusta. Type, 20227 BM. Kipu, Kauai. 4d Ad. N. uewcombi interrupta. 44760. Kaelepulu, Kai- lua. 5. N. newcombi interrupta. Type, 42673BM. Waiaha, Hawaii. 6. 60. N. newcombi interrupta. li/> miles west of Ka- huku. 44761. 7. N. newcombi disjmicta. Type, 17219BM. Mokuleia. 8. 8a. N. newcombi gnampta. Type, 12526BM. Lua- kaha, Nuuanu. 9. N. kauaiensis (Anc.). 20608BM. Kipu, below 'the Gap, Kauai. 10. N. kauaiensis (Anc.). 20730BM. Kipu, slopes of Haupu, Kauai. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 309 310 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. Hawaiian Islands (Pfeiffer) ; Hawaii (Boettger, Pease), Waipio Valley (Thaanum). Lanai, Maunalei Gulch (Forbes) ; Mahana, Kaihalena (Spalding). Molokai, Mapulehu, (Thaa- nmn and Cooke) ; Puulua and Kalihi (Cooke). Oahu, Palolo, Tantalus, Makiki (Cooke), Waialaeiki (Bridwell), Pauoa (Gouveia). The above is the distribution of the typical form as known at present. More or less distinct races of this species have )>een taken on all the main islands except Niihau. '? Pupa- newconibi PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1852 (1854), p. 69; Monographia Heliceorura Viventium, iii, 1853, p. 530. Pupa newcombi PFR., Monographia Heliceorum Viventium, iv, 1859, p. 682— KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, 1859, p. 172, pi. 20, f. 23, 24. — BOETTGER, in von Martens, Conchologische Mittheiluugen, i, 1881, p. 56, pi. 11, f. 12; pi. 12, f. 13.- ANCEY, Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, v, 1892, ]>. 709. — Nesopupa newcombi PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 433. Vertigo costulom PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 4(i± — Pupa costuloaa PFR., Mouographia Heliceonim Viven- tium, viii, p. 408. — ANCEY, Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France, v, 1892. p. 711. This is one of the most variable species of shells found on the Hawaiian Islands. The typical form, with five lamellae in the aperture, appears to be rather uncommon. Specimens with from 6 to 10 lamella? and folds are found on nearly all the islands of the group. In some cases these races are found in nearly pure colonies, in others individuals representing two or more races are found in a single colony. Nearly 350 specimens from 33 colonies were closely examined and among them 40 different lamella-formula? were noted. The presence and form of almost all the lamella? seem to be variable characters except in a very few races. The only teeth found in all the specimens were the columellar, lower and upper palatal. In one (probably pathological) specimen the parietal and angular lamella? were absent, and in another the parietal lamella was lacking. Except for extremely rare HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 311 specimens the presence of these two lamella? must be con- sidered as a constant character. Two distinct forms of the angular lamella were found; in the first this lamella is reduced to a nodular or a short lamella-like form. This is usually united to the outer lip by a thick callus sometimes of more than half its height. In most cases it does not extend to the margin of the parietal callus, while in others it not only reaches the margin but is continuous with it, forming a low descending ridge along the callus of the margin. In the second form the angular lamella is discontinuous. It is represented by a low nodule seated deep within and to the outside of the parietal lamella, followed by a short interval with no indication of any thickening, and terminating near the angle with the usual nodule, as in fig. 4&. Forms with this character of the lamella are abundant in the Pleistocene deposits on nearly all of the islands. The parietal lamella is always strong and usually slants slightly outwards, but is often perpendicular to the parietal wall ; in some cases the free margin is slightly sigmoid. The infra-parietal lamella is usually represented by a low nodule- like swelling, rather deeply seated. In a very few cases speci- mens were found in which this lamella is discontinuous as described in the case of the second form of the angular lamella. The supra-columellar and subcolumellar lamellae are only pres- ent in a few specimens. They are never lamelliform, but appear as low callous swellings. The columellar lamella is always strong, horizontally entering, and generally slanting slightly downwards and emerging nearly to the outer margin of the columella. In most cases it terminates rather abruptly at the back and follows the margin of the columella upward as a low thread-like swelling. In two races, one from Kauai and the other from Oahu, the inner portion of this lamella is turned abruptly downwards terminating at the base of the columella, as in typical Nesopupa. The subcolumellar lamella, when present, is usually represented by a low elongate swell- ing parallel to the basal fold. The basal fold when present is generally lamelliform and reaches about half the size of the lower palatal. An infrapalatal fold is found only occasion- .'i!2 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. ally. It is more deeply seated than the outward termination of the lower palatal fold, and has a low lamella-like form. The lower palatal fold is always present ; it is deeply seated and generally much stronger than the upper palatal. The interpalatal fold is usually low, lamelliform, and more deeply seated than either the upper or lower palatals. Like the lower, the upper palatal fold was present in every specimen examined. The suprapalatal fold, when present, is nodular in form and is ordinarily seated about half way between the termination of the upper palatal fold and the inner margin of the peristome. The outline of the shell varies from narrowly conic-ovate to broadly ovate. There are from 4 to 4-:? whorls in adult specimens. The number of costa- on the last whorl varies from about 15 to nearly 30. In each of the different colonies the number of costa1 is nearly uniform. Typical specimens of neiccombi from Oaliu are slightly larger than those examined from Hawaii. Otherwise they agree fairly closely. A specimen from Palolo lias about 17 costae on the last whorl. It measures: length 1.75, diam. 1.1 apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm., 4y2 whorls. Another specimen from Tantalus measures: length 1.83, diam. 1.2, apert. (diag.) 0.79 mm., 41/i> whorls. In all the specimens from the latter locality there are from 25 to 28 costae on the last whorl. Lanai speci- mens are somewhat smaller than those from Hawaii. . They have about 20 costae on the last whorl. The outline of the shell is globosely-ovate. An adult specimen with 41/2 whorls measures: length 1.53, diam. 1.1, apert. (diag.) 0.67 mm. Molokai specimens are very similar to those from Oahu. An adult shell with 41/4 whorls measures: length 1.72 diam. 1.05 apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm. When typically developed the minor races can be deter- mined by the following key. «.] . Columellar lamella straight or slightly upturned within. 61. Angular lamella a short lamella or tubercle only. c1. Form rather broadly ovate-conic. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 313 d\ With 5 or 6 teeth. Length about 1.75 mm., typical newcombi. Length about 1.5 mm., form seminulum. d2. With 9 or 10 teeth. formmultidentata. c2. Form narrower. form angusta. b'2. Angular lamella interrupted, having a low inward lamella. c1. Aperture with 5 or 6 teeth. subsp. interrupta. c2. Aperture with 7 or 8 teeth. form disjuncta. a~. Inner end of the columellar lamella turned downward. subsp. gnampta. Pfeiffer originally described this species thus : "P. newcombi Pfr. T. subperforata, ovata, teuuis, lougi- tudinaliter costata, haud nitens, diaphana, saturate f usca ; spira inflata, apice acutiuscula ; anfr. 4 convexi, ultinius % longitudinis subaequans, basi rotundatus ; apertura obliqua, semicircularis, edentula; perist. tenue, vix expansiusculum, margiue columellari subreflexo. — Long. 2, diam. 1 mill. (Mus. Cuming. et Coll. Nr. 2.) Habitat in insulis Sandwich (New- comb)." This description appeared first in the Monographia Heli- ceorum, later in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. It will be noted that he termed it edentulous. Sub- sequently, in the Monographia iv, 1859, he characterized his former description as incomplete, and reprinted it except that in place of the word edentula he substituted "dentibus 4 pro- fuiidis coarctata: 1 parietali compresso, 1 subtransverso ad columellam, 2 in palato ; ' ' the rest of the description, the meas- urements, habitat, and collector standing unchanged. It has been surmised that he confused two species, one tooth- less, like P. adniodesta, the other dentate ; but a more likely supposition is that he did not see the teeth at first. This is clearly what he implied by calling his first description llin- completus. ' ' The supposed types of newcombi in London, examined by one of us (Cooke) are typical specimens of N. ivcsleyana Anc. ; doubtless they had been substituted for the original examples. Boettger has described the true neivcombi from specimens in 314 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. the Pfeiffer-Dohrn collection. The same author has stated that Vertigo costulosa Pease, according to specimens from Pease, is completely synonymous. Yet obviously Pease con- fused two species in his description, as he says that the last whorl is sometimes shortly bisulcate towards the lip. This is not true of any form of N. newcombi, and probably indicates that he had also a Nesopupitta. 150. Form seminulum (Boettger). Page 309, fig. 2. 'The shell is smaller, narrower, more elongate, horn-brown, more often the angular lamella is less distinct. Length 1.5 to 1.75; diam. 1 to 1.25 mm." (Boettger). Hawaii : (Boettger, Thurston, Gouveia) . W. Maui : Waihee, Lahaiua (Forbes, Cooke). E. Maui: Alalele (Cooke). Molo- kai: Mapulehu (Thaanum). Oahu: Tantalus, Nuuanu and fossil at Rocky Hill (Cooke), Waiawa and Waialaeiki (Spald- ing). Kauai, various localities (Cooke). Pupa newcombi var. seminulu-ni BOETTGER in von Martens, Conchologische Mittheilungen i, 1881, p. 58, pi. 12, f. 14. Not Pupa seminulum Lowe, 1852. Except for a slightly narrower form, as Boettger has already pointed out, this variety differs in no way from some of the various races of P. newcombi. In fact some of the narrower forms mentioned above are not proportionately broader than the measurements given by Boettger would indicate. The name is preoccupied, but as its value is rather uncertain it. is not renamed at this time. A number of shells from different localities have the fol- lowing measurements: Length 1.5, diam. 1.0 mm. 4^2 whorls; Kapua, Hawaii; 23375. Length 1.53, diam. 0.98 mm. 4i/> whorls; Puuwaawaa, Hawaii ; 39784. Length 1.65, diam. 1.05 mm. 4i/2 whorls; Lahaina, W. Maui; 20967. Length 1.8, diam. 1.1 mm. 4% whorls; Waihee, W. Maui; 39012. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 315 Length 1.53, diam. 0.98 mm. 414 whorls; (fossil) Rocky Hill, Oahu ; 39832. Boettger mentions only five lamellae in the typical form of this species. In most of the races examined by us, a low lamelliforni basal fold is present. 15&. Form multidentata-. Page 309, figs, 3, 3«. An easily recognized form that is widely distributed on Oahu is somewhat larger than the typical form. Living ex- amples are only found on damp moss-covered stones. The aperture is usually furnished with 9 or 10 lamellas and folds, the infraparietal, suprapalatal and basal being present in all the specimens examined. The interpalatal was present in about 90% of the specimens, and the infrapalatal and sub- columellar in about 20%. Angular lamella not very long, lamellifonn. Length 1.9, diam. 1.12, apert. (diag.) 0.83 mm.; 4% whorls. Glen Ada, Nuuanu. Length 1.95, diam. 1.3 mm. Glen Ada, type. 15c. Form an gust a-. Page 309, fig. 4. The most abundant form on Kauai, and one which is nearly uniform in all its characters, is longer and slightly narrower than the typical form; the angle lamella is somewhat longer than in the form already described. A low lamelliforni basal fold is always present. There are about 20 riblets on the last whorl and most of the shells are somewhat darker in color than the other forms. An adult specimen with 4% whorls measures: length 1.96, diam. 1.15, apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm. A similar form though slightly smaller is found on Oahu. An adult specimen with 4% whorls measures: length 1.83, diam. 1.1, apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm. lod. N. newcombi interrupta C. & P., n. subsp. Page 309, figs. 4o--6cr. In the following races the angle lamella is discontinuous; there is a nodular outer and a lamelliforni inner portion. From a number of fossil deposits of Kona, Hawaii, specimens 316 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. have been collected by Thwing and Gouveia. The infra- parietal and basal folds are usually present. One of the specimens from Waiaha, HaAvaii, measures: Length 1.65, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.64 mm.; 4% whorls. A number of fossil specimens of this form \vere also found at Kanapou, Kahoolawe, by Forbes and Stokes. In these the infraparietal lamella was present in about half of the speci- mens; the basal fold was present in all. One of them meas- ures: length 1.85, diam. 1.07, apert. (diag.) 0.65; 4y2 whorls. In a fossil deposit at Kainaio, E. Maui, a few specimens were found by Fleming. These are the smallest so far as seen. In nearly all the infraparietal and basal folds are present. One measures: length 1.47, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.61; 41/4 whorls. This form is exceedingly abundant in a fossil deposit on the northern slope of Mauna Loa, Molokai. In slightly more than half the specimens the infraparietal was present. The basal fold was noted in all but one example. In a few speci- mens infrapalatal or interpalatal plica? were seen, and in two instances both of them were present in the same specimen. An average shell measures: Length 1.7, diam. 1.12, apert. (diag.) 0.67 ; 41/0 whorls. In Oahu this form is exceedingly abundant in fossil de- posits, and living examples are not uncommon ; most of the living newcombi from the Waiana? Mts. belong to form mterrupta. It sometimes varies extraordinarily in shape, 4a-d represent- ing selected specimens from Kaelepulu, Kailua where it is an abundant Holocene fossil. The inner portion of the angular lamella is sometimes wanting. Figs. 6, 6cr- are from an aver- age and a short example from the coral bluff west of Kahuku. showing variations in teeth. The abundance of this and other species of Pupillidae in this deposit is astonishing. Fig. 6 measures, length 1.7, diam. 1.2 mm. Length 1.55, diam. 1.02 mm., whorls 4% ; fossil, Kailua ; (fossil). Length 1.59, diam. 1.1 mm., whorls 4V{ ; fossil. Kahuku; ( fossil ) . HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 317 Length 1.73, diam. 1.1 ram., whorls 4^; fossil, Rocky Hill. Length 1.72, diam. 1.17 mm., whorls 4y> ; fossil, Ewa, Waianse Mts. Length 1.78, diam. 1.1 mm., whorls 4%; fossil, Lualualei, Waianap Mts. Length 1.78, diam. 1.1 mm., whorls 4% ; fossil, Palolo. 15e. Form disjunct a. Page 309, fig. 13. In another slightly distinct form, with a discontinuous an- gular lamella, a race which is widely distributed on Oahu, the infraparietal, inter-palatal, suprapalatal and subcolumellar, as well as the basal are almost uniformly present. No speci- mens of this race were found in fossil deposits. In a veiy few cases the supra- and subcolumellar infrapalatal folds were also noted. It is larger than form interrnpta. Length 1.86, diam. 1.2 mm. ; whorls 4y>, Mokuleia, Waianae Mts. Length 1.78, diam. 1.17 mm.; whorls 4y2, Moanalua. Length 1.65, diam. 1.1 mm. ; whorls 4!/2, Kalihi. 15/. N. newcombi qnam.pt a, C. & P., n. subsp. Page 309, figs. 14, 15. A widely distributed form of Oahu, is nearly typical except that the inner end of the colmneUar lamella turns abruptly downward forming a right-angle, with its inner leg terminat- ing at the base of the columella. One from Luakaha, Nuuanu, measures: length 1.65, diam. 1.05, apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm.; 4!/2 whorls. Specimens from Kauai, with a similar columellar lamella, are slightly larger, one of them measuring: length, 1.78, diam. 1.1, aperture (diag.) 0.79 mm. 4y2 whorls. 16. NESOPUPA OAHUENSIS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 29, figs. 11, 12. The shell is minute, perforate, broadly ovate-conic, buck- thorn-brown, thin, slightly translucent, rather dull, marked with distant, weak, thin, membranous riblets (about 15 to 18 on the last whorl), the intercostal spaces minutely striate, stria? parallel. Spire with slightly convex outlines, tapering above to a, rather sharp apex. The individual whorls are very convex, separated by a deep suture. Whorls 4%, the em- 318 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. bryonic, under the microscope, minutely granulose, the minute, even, close stride appearing abruptly at about the middle of the second whorl ; last whorl large, saccate, tapering towards the base and rounded about the margin of the perforation, ascend- ing slightly and slowly near the aperture. Aperture scarcely oblique, nearly perpendicular, irregularly truncate-ovate, slightly flattened on the right margin and arched towards the upper insertion. The lip insertions distant but somewhat con- verging and united by a thin callus. Angular lamella puncti- form, seated somewhat within the margin and united to the outer lip by a very thin callus. Parietal lamella more im- mersed, nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall, lamella-like, high and short. Columellar lamella small, short, deeply placed, nearly horizontal, the edge slightly slanting down- ward. Lower palatal fold rather deeply placed, short, rather high, lamella-like ; upper palatal, when present, not so deeply seated, weak, low, almost punctifonn. Peristome expanded, the outer margin rather thin, the inner margin slightly thick- ened. Length 2.15. diam. 1.5, aperture 1 mm. Oahu : Nimanu Valley at Luakuha falls, type locality (Cooke) Ahuimanu (Spalding). Type 11075 Bishop Museum; paratypes 12559 Bishop Museum and 44695 A. N. S. P. This species is very closely related to P. kauaiensis ; it differs, however, by the thinner and lighter colored shell ; the spire is shorter and broader and the aperture is larger than in the latter species ; also, the membranous costa? are more distinct and stronger. In P. oahnfnsis the upper palatal fold is re- duced to a minute tubercle, hardly lamella-like in form. In most of the specimens examined it appears to be entirely lacking. This species has only been taken, so far as known, on damp rocks at the sides of waterfalls. Its larger size and shorter lamella? easily separate it from the various forms of P. new- combi. 17. NESOPUPA KAUAIENSIS Ancey. PI. 29, figs. 5, 6 : page 309. figs. 9, 10. "Shell sub-oblong, short, corneous-brown, obliquely wrinkled HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 319 with close and somewhat rough growth riblets, minutely per- forate, scarcely shining, somewhat thin. Spire obtuse, shortly subcylindrical but yet slightly conic-tapering. Whorls 5, con- vex, regularly increasing, suture impressed; the last shortly ovate, swollen, somewhat saccate, hardly ascending in front, not laterally compressed, rotund about the umbilicus. Aper- ture slightly oblique, not sinuate, truncate-subcircular, hardly effuse, furnished with tooth-like lamella?, as follows : two parie- tal, one of which, the angular, is small tubercle-like, and the second, parietal, median or nearly median, is elongate, more deeply seated, ending abruptly. An acute, small columellar ; and 2 short, nearly equal palatals, slightly elongate, parallel. Peristome narrowly expanded and thickened on all sides, slightly more dilated at the columella, livid, with quite dis- tant margins. Length 2, diam. 1.33, apert. 0.75 mm. ' ' (Ancey ) . Kauai: Kipu (type loc.), Kipukai, Koloa, Halemanu, Haena, Wainiha and Kalalau (Cooke) ; Nounou Mts. (Dole). Type 18700 Bishop Museum; topotypes 20733 Bishop Museum and 44724 A. N. S. P. Nesopupa Kauaiensis ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc., London, vi, June 1904, p. 124, pi. 7, f. 17. The type specimen measures, length 2.15, diana. 1.4, apert. (diag.) 0.86 mm. Interstices of costae granulose, the granules arranged in rows, costee granulose ; apical whorls eroded, the exact number could not be made out. The original specimens of this species were collected on the Kupu side of Haupu. Specimens in the Bishop Museum from near the original locality agree very closely with Ancey 's type now in the Bishop Museum. One of these specimens, carefully compared with the type, has 4y2 whorls, the color is argus-brown. The costae are lower, closer and more evenly spaced than in typical P. newcombi; their edges only very narrowly membranous. The embryonic whorls are distinctly granulose when viewed under a strong lens; the angular lamella is short, punctiform and seated close to the margin of a rather thick parietal callus. The parietal lamella is shorter than that of P. neivcombi, deeply seated and nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall. The columellar lamella 320 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. is rather short, thickened and low; the two palatal are short, nearly parallel, the lower nearly twice as high and long as the upper. An average specimen measures : length 2.1, diam. 1.4, greatest length apert. 0.86 mm. At a somewhat higher ele- vation the shells are slightly larger. One such measures: length 2.6, diam. 1.55, apert. 1.04 mm. On the same ridge, but nearer the sea and at a slightly lower station, the shells are much smaller. Among thirty examples taken at random, 12 had the five normal lamella? in the aperture; in 18 there was in addition a more or less minute basal fold. In this small race of kiiiniifiixiK the speci- mens at first glance have the appearance of typical newcombi. They are most easily recognized by the less expanded and more heavily thickened peristome and the lower and less mem- branous ribs, of which there are about 30 on the last whorl. A specimen of this small race (p. 309, f. 9) measures: length 1.63, diam. 1.16, aperture 0.73 mm.: 4'/o whorls. This race is widely distributed on Kauai, in rather damp situations on rocks. 18. NESOPUPA SINGULARIS (.'. & P., n. sp. PI. 2!), fig. 8. The shell is minute, perforate (perforation very minute, nearly circular) ovately conic, with a. short base, clay color, thin, translucent, rather dull, the surface rather closely ribbed- striate, a few of the striae, especially on the back of the last whorl (rather distantly and more or less evenly spaced) are more strongly developed and furnished with membranous edges; under a microscope the whole surface covered with very minute wrinkles. Spire with convex outlines tapering gradually to the semi-globular apex; individual whorls very convex, separated by a deep suture. Whorls 4;;4 : the em- bryonic minutely granulose, the granules more or less ar- ranged in transverse rows, the stria3 beginning gradually at about P/o whorls. The last whorl is sub-saccate, rounded about the umbilicus, the last ' ;. nearly straight. Aperture hardly oblique, nearly perpendicular, almost a complete circle, lip-insertions nearly united, connected by a rather thick, short white callus. Angular lamella usually absent, sometimes HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 321 indicated by a low indistinct swelling; parietal lamella strong, deeply seated, slanting outwards; columellar lamella strong, deeply seated, slanting downwards, the inner end abruptly turned upwards, following the columella as a thickened rounded ridge ; two palatal folds rather short, parallel when seen through the shell from the back, rather remote from the peristome, of almost equal size. Peristome with a uniform whitish thickening within, the margin expanded, thin, of the color of the shell. Length 1.57, diam. 0.9, aperture (diag.) 0.58 mm. Oahu : Kaliuwaa, on the rocky walls of the canyon, near the waterfall (Cooke) ; West Maui ; Honokaliau (Forbes). Type 11077 Bishop Museum; paratypes 19842 Bishop Museum and 44697 A. N. S. P. This species is separated from newcombi by its narrower outline, lighter color, circular mouth and the almost complete absence of an angle lamella. It is rather remarkable that the only two known colonies of this species should be from different islands. The species seems to be abundant where found, as 36 specimens were taken at Kaliuwaa and 13 at Honokahau. The Maui specimens are slightly larger with more convex outlines, and are darker-colored, with slightly more numerous and stronger developed membranous ribs than those from Oahu. One measures : length 1.56, diam. 0.95, a pert, (diag.) 0.67 mm.; 4% whorls. 19. NESOPUPA ALLOIA C. & P., n. sp. PL 29, fig. 10. The shell is very minute, perforate, shortly ovate, isabella color, thin, slightly translucent, scarcely shining, marked with thin, distant rather high membranous eosta? (about 19 on the last whorl), the inter-costal spaces minutely granulose- wrinkled. Spire short, summit convely conic, the individual whorls convex, separated by a deep suture. Whorls 4, the first minutely granulose and very faintly spirally striate, the oblique, delicate riblets beginning at about the middle of the second whorl ; the penult whorl is closely costulate, swollen ; the last whorl convex, tapering towards the base, scarcely ascending near the aperture. Aperture rather large, truncate- 322 COCOS ISLAND NESOPUPAE. oval, hardly oblique, slightly diagonal, lip-insertions distant, hardly converging. There is no trace of an angular lamella ; parietal lamella very strong, upright, oblique, slanting out- ward ; columellar lamella rather strong, deeply seated, hori- zontal, and perpendicular to the inner margin of the colu- mella ; lower palatal fold short, lamella-like, rather deeply seated ; upper palatal nearly equal and parallel to the lower, but not so deeply placed. Peristome expanded, its outer mar- gin very thin, membranous, the inner margin slightly thick- ened. Length 1.4, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.62 mm. Kauai : Hanapepe falls, on Trichomanes (Heller). Type 11078, paratype 20176 Bishop Museum. This most interesting little species was found by Mr. Forbes on mounted fern specimens collected by Heller, and now in the Bishop Museum herbarium. It is represented by two speci- mens which agree very closely, though one of them is slightly broken near the summit. This species was at first considered a not quite fully developed P. ihaanumi. Comparison with nearly adult specimens of thaanumi, shows that the angular lamella is present in that species before the peristome is at all thickened. P. allo-m is easily distinguished from P. singu- laris by its blunter summit, shorter and broader outline and fewer whorls. II. Cocos ISLAND SPECIES. Section Cocopupa P. & C., n. sect. The shell is minutely pitted with very little striation, the teeth typical for Nesopupa except, that the inner end of the columellar lamella does not turn downward ; last whorl not distinctly furrowed back of the lip. Cocos Island, in the Pacific about 550 miles southwest of Panama, has several species which have been referred to Ochrodcrma, a genus of the Caroline Islands ; but this relation- ship has not been fully established by anatomical comparison (see Vol. XVIII, p. 325). In the Galapagos Islands, however, there is a truly Polynesian snail, Tornatellides chathame n*i* (Vol. XXII, 201) ; so that the occurrence of the Polynesian COCOS ISLAND NESOPUPAE. 323 group Nesopupa at the eastern rim of the Pacific is not un- precedented. 20. NESOPUPA COCOSENSIS (Ball.). PI. 30, figs. 10, 11. "Shell small, reddish brown, rather pointed, with nearly five rounded whorls; apex paler, polished, rather blunt; last whorl much the largest ; base rounded with a well-marked umbilical pit; aperture wider behind, the posterior part of the outer lip and the pillar lip broadly reflected, the anterior outer and basal margin narrow ; the pillar and outer lip united by a thin callus ; lamella? according to Sterki's formula .ABDE, comprising one columellar and two parietal folds, and, on the outer wall well within the peristome, two narrow little-elevated ridges, of which the anterior is shorter. Axial length of shell 2.2, of aperture .8, width of last whorl 1.5, of aperture .8 mm." (Dall.) Cocos Island, on leaves (Heller and Snodgrass). Vertigo cocosensis DALL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, p. 98, pi. 8, f. 13. "The chief peculiarity of this species is that the surface, which looks silky under an ordinary hand lens, when more magnified is seen to be punctate all over, recalling V. variolosa Gould, of Florida, which, however, differs in form, size and dental armature" (Dall). By the color, sculpture and teeth this species appears most nearly related to those of Polynesia, but differs by the simpler columellar lamella, which does not curve dowai at its inner end. It is the only member of the genus found on the American side of the Pacific. The shell is ovate, deeply rimate, tawny, when not dulled by age, with a brighter cinnamon-rufous lip ; densely and very minutely pitted, and with weak striae of growth. The last whorl has a slight impression over the upper palatal fold. The teeth are grayish-wThite. The angular lamella curves out- ward and in old individuals joins the termination of the outer lip, as in fig. 11. The high parietal lamella is somewhat curved. The columellar lamella slants downward somewhat, enters horizontaJlv and is not turned down at the inner end. POLYNESIAN NESOPUPAE. The two palatal folds are well developed, not very long, either subequal, or the upper somewhat shorter; the lower decidedly further in. The peristome is expanded and in old shells thickened. Its outer border is bent in a little in the region of the upper palatal fold. Parietal callus thin. Length 2.2, diam. 1.35 nun.: 5 whorls. III. POLYNESIAN. MICKONESIAN AND MKLANEXIAN SPECIES. Section Nesopupa proper. Nesopupa^ with the surface more or less pitted or pitted- grauose, striae with membranous edges often present. Angu- lar and parietal lamellae strong and long, the former curving outward to join the end of the outer lip ; inner end of the columellar lamella bent downward ; palatal folds present. Nesopupae of the typical group inhabit high islands of all Polynesia and Micronesia, the P]ast Indies and Mascarene Islands, probably also Melanesia, having thus a very wide distribution. All of the Polynesian species were considered varieties or subspecies of A', t ant ilia by Dr. Boettger, whose revision is the main work on them. In the absence of evidence of inter- gradation it seems more logical to recogni/e the various island forms as species. No doubt many more remain to be dis- covered, as no adequate search has been made for the minute shells of Polynesia. Probably arboreal species will be found, as in Hawaii. (Polynesia.) Beck mentioned two undescribed species. Altca pitcairnensM Beck, and Aloe a millium Beck, Index Molluscorum 1837, p. 85. Pitcairn Island. Names and locality only. 21. NESOPUPA TANTILLA (Gould). PL 30, tigs. 1 to 4. Shell very minute, of an oval form, obtuse at summit, and composed of about four convex whorls, of which the upper ones are irregularly marked with delicate longitudinal bars, and the lower one, under a magnifier, appeal's to be roughened by minute, irregular granulations. Color whitish. Aperture POLYNESIAN NESOPUPAE. 325 somewhat four-sided, rounded at the corners, the lip slightly expanding and the throat armed with live teeth, one on the columella, one at the base, one on the outer lip, and two un- equal approximate ones on the middle of the transverse lip. There is a small umbilical fissure. Length 1/15, width 1/20 inch (Gould). Society Islands: Tahiti at 2000 ft. (Couthouy, U. 8. Ex- ploring Exped.) Tahiti, Huaheine, Borabora and Maupiti (Garrett). Also reported from the Marquesas, Paumotu Archipelago, and as far west as Viti, but these forms require critical comparison. I'upa (Vertigo) tantilla GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, 1847, p. 197; Expedition Shells p. 33. — Vertigo tantilla GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped., xii, Mollusca and Shells, 1852, p. 92, pi. 7, f. 105, a, b. — GARRETT, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. viii, 1881, p. 400 (Cook's or Harvey Islands) ; ix, p. 84; Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 34 (Marquesas). — Pupa tan- tilla Gld., PFR., MOD. Hel. Viv. iii, 557. — BOETTGER, Conchol. Mittheil. i, 1881, p. 49, pi. 10, f. 1.— "F. pazi Crosse" Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 35, footnote. This senior member of the group differs from its allies by the smaller number of teeth, 5, or when an interpalatal is developed, 6. The inner end of the columellar lamella turns down less than in related forms. The type specimen, 5505 U. S. N. M., labelled as the original of Gould's figure 103, is drawn in pi. 30, figs. 1, 2, 3. The sur- face is minutely confluent-pitted or pox-marked with traces of striae as usual in the Polynesian group. The last whorl has a rather short and shallow furrow over the upper palatal fold. Angular lamella high, straight within, then well curved out to join the lip. Parietal lamella curved. The columellar lamella is horizontal, its inner end curving downward, but far less than in AT. pleurophora or armata. The upper and lower palatal folds are rather short, subequal, and between them a small interpalatal stands. It is hard to see, and evidently was overlooked by Gould; (but in other specimens it is wanting). There is no basal fold or subcolumellar lamella, but in oblique view a very weak, hardly noticeable trace of a subcolumellar 326 POLYNESIAN NESOPUP^E. tubercle may be seen. The peristome is thickened a little, well expanded. Length 2.25, diam. 1.3 mm.; nearly 5 whorls (type). Length 2, diam. 1.35 mm. G-arrett, in his several lists, included dun-kcri, armata, pleurophora and de-ntifera as synonyms of tantilla, which he says ranges from the Society to the Viti Islands, and is found beneath rotten wood, under stones, and among decaying leaves. Boettger gives tantilla an equally wide range, but he distin- guishes 5 varieties and 2 subspecies. In the absence of inter- grading individuals it appears more logical to rank part of these as species. Typical tantilla is at present known posi- tively from Tahiti only. Mr. Ancey mentioned a P. pazi Crosse, stating that it does not differ specifically from tantilla • but I cannot find that Crosse described such a species. "2*2. NESOPUPA PLEUROPHORA (Shuttle worth). PL 30, figs. 5,6. Shell minute, rimate-perforate, shortly ovate, thin, slightly striate, beautifully ribbed with very thin, widely-spaced lamella1, sometimes vanishing, rufous chestnut, somewhat pel- lucid, slightly glossy. Spire rounded, obtuse. Whorls 5, strongly convex and somewhat inflated, the last rounded at the base. Suture deep. Aperture rounded auriform, with seven folds: angular lamella strong; parietal strongly ele- vated, somewhat immersed; two columellar lamellae, the upper strong, lower small ; three immersed palatal folds, the middle one smaller. Peristome expanded, callous-lipped, whitish, right margin angularly sinuous above, somewhat tuberculate below the sinus. Length about 2, diam. I1,-., aperture % mm. (Sluittl.). Marquesas Islands and Tahiti (Verreaux). Pupa, pleurophora SHUTTLEWORTH, Bern. Mittheil., 1852, p. 296.— PPR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., iii, 560.— [Pupa tantilla,} var. pleurophora Slmttlw., BOETTGER, Conchol. Mittheil., i, 1881, p. 51, pi. 10, f. 3. --Pupa dnnkeri ZELEBOR, in Pfr., Monographia, vi, 1868, p. 333 (Taheiti). Tahiti may be selected as the type locality. Under the microscope the surface is irregularly granose or vermiculate- POLYNESIAN NESOPUP^E. 327 granose, more or less noticeably striate, with sparse traces of cuticular riblets in some specimens, probably well developed in fresh shells. There are 8 teeth : angular and parietal lamellae strongly developed, columellar strong but deeply placed, turned down at its inner end ; there is a subcolumellar, usually invisible in direct front view; upper and lower pal- atals are subequal, not very long, and converge somewhat in- wardly; interpalatal smaller; and there is a small tubercular suprapalatal. Length 1.9, diam. 1.15 rnrn. Length 1.8, diam. 1.1 mm. It differs from N. tantilla by the smaller aperture, the more numerous teeth and by having the inner end of the columellar lamella turned more strongly downward, much as figured for N. armata. Still, it may prove to be a race of that species. N. armata has a much larger upper palatal fold, and appears to be quite distinct. Pupa, dunkeri Zelebor, whose MS. description was printed by Pfeiffer, is supposed to be identical with pleurophora. The description follows. " P. Dunkeri Zelebor. T. dextrorsum convoluta, ovato- cylindrica, apice obtuso, umbilici rima capaci, crassa, striis et granulis tantum oculo armato conspicuis holosericeo-splendeus, purpureo-fusca aut flavescente-olivacea ; spira sensim incres- cente, anfr. quatuor vel quinque valde convexis sutura pro- f unda conjunctis ; apertura semiovata plicis septem vel novem coarctata; plica magna et altera in radio, minima et duabus magnis incrassatis profunde intrantibus, quae cum aperturae margine conjunctae valde prominent, superiore aperturae pariete, quae cum ora, vix conspicua dentiformi in pullis de- ficiunt in toro aperturae, collocatis ; margine aperturae medi- ocre incrassato rotundato paulo reflexo, 11011 conjuncto, rufes- cente-fusco, in speciminibus clarioribus obscure rufescente- violaceo. — Alt. 2, lat. 1% mill. Habitat in insula Taheiti." (Zelebor in Pfr.) 23. NESOPUPA ARMATA (Pease). PI. 30, figs. 9, 12, 13. The shell is ovate, cinnamon-brown, darker behind the lip, with a tawny peristome and not much gloss. The surface is densely pitted or vermiculate-wrinkled, with irregular oblique 328 POLYNESIAN NESOPUP-/E. striation, which is most noticeable on the penult and next, earlier whorls. The whorls are strongly convex, the last having a long but not very deep impression behind the lip, descending obliquely from the upper palatal position. The peristome is expanded and heavily thickened within, ex- cavated at the siiiulus. The angular and parietal lamella? are much longer than in N. tantilla but similar in shape, the angular being straight within, then curving out to join the lip, the parietal well curved and entering deeply. There is a well-developed infraparietal lamella. The columellar lamella is deeply placed, ascending slowly within, then abruptly bent downward along the axis (fig. 9). Below it a tubercular subcolumellar nodule projects : this is probably a displaced basal fold. Within the outer lip there is a thin, high, diag- onally descending upper palatal fold and a small, tubercular suprapalatal. The lower palatal fold is immersed, basal in position, straight, and shorter than the upper. Length 2.2, diam. 1.3 mm.; r>i;? whorls. Society Is.: Borabora (Garrett). \'< rti<-t., 1900, p. 145, pi. 13, f. 3. An interesting little form with tumid whorls. Six of the teeth are of about the same size, but the lower parietal and upper palatal are very small (Sykes). The figure shows a sinistral and rather strongly sculptured shell, with the lower (parietal) lamella longer than the upper (angular). 30. NESOPUPA LIFOUAKA (Gassies). PI. 31, fig. 25. The shell is widely umbilicate, very small, finely and reg- ularly striate, shining, of reddish corneous, uniform color with an uneven zone of reddish-brown at the periphery of the last whorl. Spire conic-cylindric, with the summit obtuse, mamillate. Suture crenulate and rather deep. Whorls 6 to fil/2> convex, the last whorl forming one-third the total length. Aperture oblique, oval, contracted at base, having 4 folds and lamellae arranged as follows : one on the columella, descend- 334 MELANESIAN NESOPUP^E. ing and entering deeply ; two parietal, the first very small, running inward and descending, the second very large, placed far forward, projecting beyond the peristome, a little oblique towards the right side but perpendicular to the axis. Finally, the last tooth is placed within the base of the lower margin, and is a lamina which runs from right to left. The peristome is thick, reflected, excavated at the upper right margin opposite the large fold which projects beyond it, and which causes the peristome to form a quite distinct callous projection in % of the right, margin. Length 4, diam. 2!/o mm. (Gassies). Loyalty group : Lifu. Lives under ferns and in the moss (R. P. Lambert). Pupa lifouatui GASSIES, Fanna Conch. N. Caled., part 2, 1871, p. 98 ; Journal de Conch., xxi, 1873, p. 53, pi. 2, f. 8- SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., pi. 4, f. 28. - - PPEIFPER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, 376. 31. NESOPUPA MARIEI (Crosse). PI. 31, fig. 24. Shell narrowly perforate-rimate, subglobose, ventricose, rather thin, subtranslucid, seen under a strong lens to be very delicately, subobliquely striatulate, fleshy-buff, unicol- ored. Spire moderately elevated, the apex obtuse. Suture impressed. Whorls 414, convex, the last scarcely one-third the length, slightly contracted near the aperture. Aperture subvertical. lunate-rotund, colored like the outside. Peri- stome very strongly thickened, reflected, violaceous; the colu- mellar margin short, the basal rounded, the outer slightly sinuous, towards the insertion somewhat emarginate, taper- ing, somewhat scrobiculate externally. Parietal margin with two minute teeth, the larger near the insertion of the outer lip, the other more deeply placed, not conspicuous. Length 2, diam. scarcely 1.5 mm.; aperture 1.5 mm. long, scarcely % mm. wide (Crosse). New Caledonia: near Noumea (E. Marie). Pupa inariei CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xix, 1871, p. 202 ; xx, 1872, p. 358, pi. 16, f. 3; xlii, 1894, p. 303. MICRONESIAN NESOPUPA. 335 (Species of Micronesia.) 32. NESOPUPA QUADRASI (Mlldff.). PI. 32, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10. Shell subperforate, oblong-ovate, thin, sculptured with very delicate, rather widely-spaced riblets, silky, brown. Whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, separated by a deep suture, the last slightly ascending in front, compressed at base, distinctly pitted behind the lip. Aperture nearly vertical, rounded- triangular, the peristorne well expanded, with a brown thick- ening, the margins converging, right margin deeply sinuate, with a noduliform callus. Angular lamellar rather high, curving outward, and together with the nodule of the external lip forming an elliptical sinulus; 2 parietal lamellae, one strongly elevated, entering deeply, the other smaller ; 2 colu- mellar lamella? ; 3 deeply placed palatal plicas, of which the right one is rather long and lamelliform. Length 1.9, diam. 1 mm. (Mlldff.). Length 1.75, diam. 1.05 mm., aperture 0.8 mm. Marianne Islands: Guam. (Quadras). Vertigo (Ptychochilus) quadrasi MOELLENDORFF, Nachr. d. Malak. Ges., xxvi, 1894, p. 17. This species is closely related to N. moreleti, but it differs by the presence of a small interpalatal fold, or in one speci- men two, and the subcolumellar lamella which is rather deeply placed (and may be a displaced basal fold). There is some- times a suprapalatal fold, as in A7, moreleti, these specimens having 9 or even 10 teeth. The cuticular lamina? are often fugacious, and the surface then is somewhat pitted. This species has been distributed by dealers under the un- published name Pupa, maricwwrum Q. et M. 33. NESOPUPA EAPENSIS (Boettger). PI. 31, figs. 27, 28. "Differing from P. tantilla Gould by the perforate-rimate shell, oblong-ovate, the whorls more rapidly increasing, less convex, the last nearly half the total length, hardly impressed externally towards the aperture. The aperture is larger, rather high, truncate-subovate, 5-toothed, the teeth not very- strong; angular small, rather deeply placed, scarcely con- 336 EAST INDIAN NESOPUP^E. nected with tlie margin ; 1 parietal, 1 eolumellar, 2 palatals, opposed cross-like to the others, not very deeply placed. Peristome widely separated, a little reflected, somewhat thick- ened within, the outer margin not thickened at the sinulus and scarcely sinuate. "Length '2. width 1V8 mm." (Bttg.). Caroline Islands: Yap (Mus. Godeffroy). Pelew Islands (Kubary). Pupa fupaixis BTTG.. in Conchologische Mittheilungen, 1881, p. 5G, pi. 11, f. 11. — Vertigo (Ptychochiltis) eapcnsis (Bttgr.), MOELLENDOKFF. Joiirn. of Malac., vii, 1900, p. 112. 34. NESOPUPA PONAPICA (Mlldff.). Shell perforate-rimate, ovate-oblong, delicately and dis- tantly eostulate, silky, brown. Spire subcylindric below, conoid above, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, moderately convex, the last somewhat compressed at base, with a deep, long ex- ternal impression behind the aperture. Aperture nearly ver- tical, rounded-trapezoidal, the peristome moderately ex- panded, having a reddish lip, externally distinctly sinuate, the margins joined by a very thin callus. Teeth 6, the eolu- mellar receding; palatals 3, the lower two deeply placed, short, the third long, strong; angular lamella strong, entering deeply ; parietal remote from the margin, approaching the angular. Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm. (Mlldff.). Caroline Islands: Mpomp, Ponape (Kubary). Vertigo (Ptychochilus] pouopica MOELLENDORFF, Journal of Malacology, vii, March, 1900, p. 113. ' ' This minute shell belongs to the group of V. tautUla Old., and might be considered, like the preceding form [eapensis], to be merely a representative subspecies of that species, widely distributed over Polynesia" (Mlldff.). IV. NESOPUPA OF THE EAST INDIES AND PHILIPPINES. N. nwluccana is a typical Ncsopupa related to Polynesian species. The other known species belong to groups common to the rest of the Oriental region, or to Africa also. EAST INDIAN NESOPUP/E. 337 Key to Vertigmiixr of the East Indies. Angular and parietal lamella? diverging forward, the for- mer connecting with the outer lip. b\ Angular lamella small and low; 5 or 6 teeth. N. malayana, no. 39. &2. Angular lamella strongly developed ; 5 to 10 teeth. c1. Shell cylindric-oblong, palatals readily visible. d\ Irregularly striate with largely cutic- ular riblets at intervals, often fuga- cious; frequently minutely pitted. el. Without interpalatal folds. /'. Length 1.8 to 2.15 mm. N. mareleti, no. 36. f2. Length 1.5 mm. N. moellendorffiana, no. 37. e~. With 1 or 2 interpalatal folds, 7 to 10 teeth in all; Guam. N. quadrasi, no. 32. d~. Having fine, close rib-striag without cuticular edges; length 1.4 to 1.6 mm.; Philippine Islands. N. nannodes, no. 38. c2. Shell globose-ovate ; palatals, except the upper, deeply immersed ; 1.36 x 1.12 to 1.45 x 1.1 mm. N. moluccana, no. 35. Angular lamella short, remote from the upper termina- tion of the outer lip. bl. Diam. less than half the length; 2.25x0.9 mm..; Christmas Island. N. proscripta, no. 41. 62. Diam. more than half the length ; 2 x 1.2 mm. N. selebensis, no. 40. No angular lamella; parietal and columellar lamellae pres- ent ( Costigo ) . fe1. One or two palatal folds; striate, with spaced hair- like riblets; Moluccas. Costigo saparuana, p. 366. &-'. No palatal folds ; no cuticular riblets ; Busuanga. Costigo calamamea, p. 367. 338 EAST INDIAN NESOPUP/E. Section Nesopupa proper. 35. NESOPUPA MOLUCCANA (Boettger). PI. 32, figs. 11, 12. Shell small, with long, deep rima, globose-ovate, brown, silky. Spire short with convex sides, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, a little convex, separated by a distinct suture, striate and moreover ornamented with delicate, membranous, very widely separated riblets, the last whorl distinctly compressed at the base, ascending above, towards the aperture dilated funnel- like, and with a long, rectangular lateral impression ; three- sevenths the total length of the shell. The aperture is large, subvertical, truncate-oval, slightly impressed at the sinulus, with 6 or 7 teeth. Peristome expanded, thickened below the sinulus, calloused, violaceous, the margins joined by a light callus. Angular lamella very strong, emerging, joined to the margin of the peristome, curved, parallel within with the strong, receding parietal lamella; one acute palatal tooth deeper in the region of the sinulus more distinct, the others, 2 or 3 parietals | palatals ] and one columellar very deeply placed, scarcely visible. Length 1%, diam. 1%, alt. and width of aperture % mm. (Boettger). Moluccas: Ema, southern Amboina (Strubell). Vertigo (Ptychochilns) moluccana BTTG., Bericht Senck. naturf. Ges., 1891, p. 269, pi. 3, figs. 11, lla. This species is remarkable for its short, broad shape, the very strong angular and parietal lamellae, and the deep im- mersion of the lower palatal and columellar. In the single specimen seen, a topotype having Strubell's label, the cutic- ular riblets are mainly wanting. The surface shows some granulation or pitting in places, as in the Philippine species. The last whorl has a horizontal impression behind the lip, over the upper palatal fold, and further back there is a flat- tening over the lower palatal, giving the base a pinched ap- pearance. The very large parietal lamella curves towards the columella inwardly. There is a small but erect supra- palatal fold, and below it, more immersed, the laminar upper palatal. A small very deeply immersed interpalatal fold and EAST INDIAN NESOPUP/E. 339 a larger lower palatal are partially concealed by the parietal lamella. The columellar lamella is far within, not visible in a front view. Its inner end turns abruptly downward and along the pillar. Length 1.45, diain. 1.1 mm. Section Indopupa n. sect. Aperture having a strong angular lamella connecting with the outer lip, and typically a somewhat pitted surface, as in Nesopwpa, but the columellar lamella is horizontal or ascends slightly at the inner end. Type: N. filosa (Theob. & Stol.). 36. NESOPUPA MORELETI (Brown). PI. 32, figs. 1, 2, 3, 6. Shell perforate, ovate, thin, costate, pellucid, tawny. Spire convex, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, the last more than one-third the length, ascending in front. Aperture nearly vertical, somewhat rounded, with fine lamelliform teeth: one columellar; two parietal, the left one largest, the right deeply incised in the middle; one basal, one palatal. Peristome white, strongly reflected, flexuous. Length 214, diam. 1 mm. (Brown). Labuan Island, on the north coast of Borneo (Brown). Philippines (Quadras). Pupa moreleti A. D. Brown, Journ. de Conch., xviii, 1870, p. 393.— PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., viii, 391. - - E. A. SMITH, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xiii, p. 458 (Bunguran, Natuna Group, Everett). As this species has not been figured and the description is somewhat inexact it has been misunderstood by some authors. The record from the Natuna group is uncertain, as Mr. Smith states that his examples did not agree fully with the descrip- tion of moreleti. N. moreleti stands close to N. m&ellendorffi Bttg., which is probably a small race of the same species. As specimens from Cebu are not at hand, and the size is less than in any of the series of moreleti seen, both forms are left standing for the present. The outline is cylindric-oblong, the last two whorls almost 340 EAST INDIAN NESOPUP^E. equal in diameter. The color is near olive-buff, the shell .slightly translucent with but little gloss. There are narrow rib-lets at wide, unequal intervals, chiefly 011 the penult whorl, and under the microscope weak interstitial striae and some irregular pitting are visible. The whorls are strongly convex. The last whorl has a rather deep, horizontal impression be- hind the outer lip, over the upper palatal fold. The aperture has five to eight teeth. The angular lamella is strong and curves outward to join the outer margin. It is low in front, with, a depression before the higher part inward; this seen foreshortened was what Brown referred to as medw valde iiiciso. The parietal lamella is very high, strong and long, also curved. Tnfraparietal small, elongate. Columellar la- mella is strong and ascends a little inwardly. There is a small transverse basal tubercle in the most fully developed shells, but wanting or very inconspicuous in some apparently adult. The two palatal folds are long, the lower one longer and more deeply immersed. In some individuals there is a small, tubercular suprapalatal. The peristome is well ex- panded and strongly thickened within, the callus whitish. JSinulus defined by a thickening in the outer lip. Length 2, diam. 1.2 mm. ; scarcely 5 whorls. Length 2.15, diam. 1.2, aperture 0.85 mm. ; 5V? whorls. The variation in number of teeth is due to the absence in some examples of the basal, suprapalatal and iufraparietal. Figures 1-3 represent specimens from A. D. Brown. There is a set of nwreleti in the collection labeled "P. punctilucens Issel, Borneo," probably = [Pupa (Istmia)] punctUiunt Issel, Borneo, Paetel, Catalog, 4th edit., 1889, ii, p. 303, nude name. Shells from Penon de Bintuan agree well with the Labuau form, having 8 teeth, the developed sculpture well developed. Length 2.2, diam. 1.23 mm.; 5 whorls. Small examples from Moiitalban have a suprapalatal and a small basal fold but no iufraparietal. The riblets are few and weak. Length 1.8, diam. 1.15 to 1.2 mm. Both of the above lots were from the Quadras collection, and labeled Pupa moellevdorffi Bttg. EAST INDIAN NESOPUPA. 341 37. NESOPUPA MOELLENDORFFI (Boettger). PL 32, figs. 4, 5. Shell small, shortly punctate-rimate, conic-oval, thin, cor- neous-fulvous, silky. Spire conic with moderately convex sides, the apex rather acute. Whorls 41/£, a little convex, separated by a deep suture, striatulate and ornamented with, very oblique, distant, deciduous riblets, the last whorl two- fifths the altitude, very slightly ascending to the aperture., the middle part spirally impressed and somewhat compressed at the side below. Aperture oblique, somewhat heart-shaped, with 5 to 7 whitish teeth: on the parietal wall 2 or 3, the middle one lamelliform, receding, longer, the left tooth small, sometimes disappearing, the right or angular emerging and either contiguous to or connected with the upper lip margin ; upper columellar lamella strong, above the middle of the columella, the lower one small and sub-basal, sometimes dis- appearing; palatals two, distant, lamelliform. Peristome acute, little expanded, the middle of the right margin a little drawn forward. Length 11/2, diam. %, alt. aperture 1/2 mm. (Boettger), Philippines: Mt. Licos, Cebu. Also lives on Siquijor, Min- danao, Masbate, Luzon, Katanduanes. Ptychochilus moellendorffi BOETTGER, Bericht Senck. Ges., 1890, p. 252, pi. 9, f. 4.— Vertigo moellendorffi Bttg., MOEL- LENDORPF, Abh. nat. Ges. Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 152. 'Thinner shelled, narrower and more slender than all the rest of the species" according to Boettger, whose figures are copied. Very close to N. moreleti, probably not specifically distinct. 38. NESOPUPA NANNODES (Quadras & Moellendorff), u. sp. PI. 32, fig. 13. The shell is broadly rimate, oblong, the spire tapering slowly below, then rapidly to the obtuse apex ; light brown. Sculpture of fine, close rib-striae, straight, oblique, a little paler and narrower than the intervals, the first 1% whorls smoothish. The whorls are strongly convex, parted by a deep suture, the last slightly pitted behind the lip over the upper palatal fold. The aperture is subvertical, 6-toothed : angular 342 EAST INDIAN NESOPUP/E. lamella high, rather thin, curving outwardly to join the callus in the posterior termination of the lip. Parietal lamella larger; columellar lamella well developed, subhorizontal ; a small basal fold where the columella curves into the basal margin. The two palatal folds are strong, the upper one high but rather short, the lower more immersed, long, enter- ing deeply. The peristome is well expanded, thickened within, the outer lip rather strongly bent inward in the middle. Length 1.55, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 4% whorls. Length 1.4, diam. 0.9 mm. Philippine Archipelago: Bohol (Quadras). Vertigo na-nnodfs Quadr. et Mild., MOELLENDORFF, Abhandl. Naturforsch. Ges. Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 152, no description. This species is distinguished by its fine, regular rib-striae and the absence of accessory teeth. It is also smaller than the related forms. The columellar lamella enters horizontally, its inner end not turned either up or down. The specimen de- scribed and figured is from Quadras. N. -)wn nodes is similar to Afripupa in sculpture and prob- ably belongs to that section. Section Imulip-upa P. & C., n. sect. Angular lamella straight, low, joining the outer lip but not penetrating much beyond the outer end of the parietal lamella. Columellar lamella straight or slightly turned up at its inner end. Type N. minut alis (Morel.). 39. NESOPUPA MALAYANA (Issel.). PI. 32. figs. 14, 15, 16. Shell very minute, rimate, cyliiidric-ovate, ornamented with oblique, rough, lamellar riblets under a strong lens; corneous buff, translucid. Spire tapering, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, parted by an impressed suture, the last about one-third of the total length, slightly ascending at the aper- ture, a little compressed in the middle. Aperture nearly semioval, vertical, 6-toothed : two deep parietal teeth ; two columellar, the lower one smaller; two lanielliform palatals. Peristome reflected, the right margin sinuate, columellar ob- lique, lightly arcuate ( EAST INDIAN NESOPUP^. 343 Length 2*4, width 11/4 mm. (Issel). Borneo (Damon). Philippine Islands (Moellendorff, Qua- dras). Vertigo malayanus ISSEL, Molluschi Borneensi, in Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, vi, 1874, p. 416, pi. 5, f. 3Q-32.—Staurodon moreleU (A. I). Brown), BOETTGER, Bericht Senckenb. Ges., 1890, p. 252, not Pupa moreleU A. D. Brown. Figures 14, 15 are copied from Issel. He explains that the second columellar tooth is small and was inadvertently omitted by the draughtsman. I have provisionally identified this shell with specimens from Manila and Masbate, which are the Staurodon moreleU of Boettger and von Moellendorff, reported from Cebu, Busu- anga and Luzon, and in Moellendorff 's Verzeichnis from the entire Philippine Archipelago. But in material seen there is no basal or second columellar tooth (there being but 5 teeth), and the angular lamella is less erect than figured by Tappa- rone Canefri. These specimens are, in fact, not specifically distinct from AT. barrackporensis (Gude). They differ from N. minutalis (Morel.) by being more rugose. A Manila ex- ample (pi. 32, fig. 16) is here described. The shell is cylindric-oblong, hazel or somewhat darker in color, somewhat glossy, rather coarsely striate, and under the microscope densely pitted or vermiculate-granose. The whorls are moderately convex. The aperture has five teeth. The angular lamella is low, diverging forward from the parietal, joining the outer margin. Parietal high and long, slightly curved. The columellar lamella is strong, nearly horizontal, but ascending a little inwardly. There is no trace of a sub- col umellar or basal. The two rather short palatal folds are rather deeply placed. The peristome expands rather broadly but is hardly thickened within. There is no perceptible parietal callus. Length 2, diam. 1.1 mm. ; 5 whorls. 40. NESOPUPA SELEBENSIS (Tapp. Can.). PI. 31, fig. 2. Shell minute, subrimate, subovate, very thin, corneous- brown. Spire a little elevated, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, 344 KAST INDIAN NESOPUPJ3. subcouvex, ornamented with frequent membranous riblets, the last usually nearly smooth, somewhat compressed behind the aperture, about two-thirds the total length of the shell. Aper- ture rather large, subquadrate above. Peristome a little ex- panded and somewhat reflected throughout, the margins sep- arated. Apertural folds 4 or 5 : angular minute, parietal larger, somewhat sinuous, diverging from the angular; colu- mellar moderate; palatals 1 or 2, the upper one larger. Length 2, width 1.2 mm. (T. C.). Celebes: Macassar (Beccari). I'upu (Vertigo) selebensis TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xx, 1884, p. 171, pi. 1, f. 12, 33. Systematic position doubtful. 41. NESOPUPA PROSCRIPTA (E. A. Smith). PL 31, fig. 1. Shell minute, oblong, cylindric, umbilk-ate, brownish-cor- neous, striate with delicate lines of growth. Whorls 5, very convex, separated by a deep, slightly oblique suture, the last whorl slightly ascending, impressed behind the lip. Lip pale, expanded, somewhat reflected, the outer margin slightly pro- jecting inwardly in the middle. Aperture five-toothed : two unequal parietal teeth, a minute columellar, and two sub- equal, lamelliform palatals, distant from the edge of the lip. Length 2.25, diam. 0.9 mm. (Smith). Christmas Island (in the Indian Ocean south of the west- ern extremity of Java, lat. 10 25' S., Ion. 105° 42' E.) : Fly- ing Fish Cove. Type in British Museum. J(imi)te> whorls smoothish, the rest having un- even oblique stria?, mainly obsolete or blurred on the last two whorls, which have a minute vermiculate-granose sculpture, varying in distinctness on different specimens. The upper •\vhorls are quite convex, the last two much less convex; last whorl having a broad, shallow impression behind the lip, over the upper palatal fold, both palatals showing through the shell as light spots. The squarish-oval aperture is longer than wide, having five teeth : angular lamella is quite low, diverging from the parietal and joining the outer lip. The parietal lamella is much the largest tooth. It is thin but high, directed obliquely and a trifle sinuous. The columellar lamella is situated high on the columella and rather deep within, ascending a little as it enters, and the edge is directed obliquely downward. The two palatals are well developed, the lower a little deeper within and longer. The lip is slightly lighter than the exterior, well expanded, with hardly any thickening. A parietal callus is scarcely visible. Length 2, diaiu. 1 .12 mm. ; barely 5 whorls. These shells do not differ materially from the Philippine specimens which I have identified as nialayana Issel; yet as I have examined the types of neither species, and the original account of malayana is somewhat discrepant, the species are both allowed to stand provisionally. This Indian species has much stronger microscopic rugosity and less prominent oblique stria? than N. minutalis. It differs from N. carntgata chiefly by the well-developed palatal folds, but it is also a little smaller than that species. VI. SPECIES OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS AND COMOROS. The islands of the western Indian Ocean have representa- tives of three genera of three subfamilies of Pupillidae. One of these, the genus Gastrocopta, has been considered in Vol. xxiv, p. 127. They are small, white-toothed shells in which 350 NESOPUP^E OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. the angular and parietal lamella? are concrescent into one sinuous lamella. The Vertiginina? have been very poorly described, and only two of the nine species are at hand for examination. One subgenus, Nes&pupa, is common to these islands and Poly- nesia; another, Insidipupa, is common to the East Indies, India, the Mascarene Islands and Africa. Several other species, in the absence of specimens or adequate figures, can- not safely be classified. The species borbonica and desmazu- resi resemble the East Indian group Costigo in teeth, and have provisionally been placed there. Key to Species. tf.1. Aperture having both angular and parietal lamellae. &1. Angular lamella strongly developed, rather long and high ; columellar lamella entering deeply, dilated and curving downward at the inner end (Nesopupa). cl. Length 2.5 mm., about 8 teeth. N. gonioplax, no. 47. c2. Length 1.5 mm., at least 5 teeth. N. micra, no. 48. b~. Angular lamella small and much lower than the parietal ; columellar lamella subhorizontal, not turned down within (Insidipupa). c1. Species of the Comoros, having 5 or 6 teeth. d1. 2x1 mm. N. minutalis, no. 49. (P. 1.5 x 0.75 mm. N. comorensis, no. 50. c-. Bourbon; 4 to 5 teeth, 1 or 2 palatals. N. incerta, no. 51. c3. Mauritius; angular, parietal and columellar lamellae only, no palatals. N. ventricosa, no. 52. a~. Parietal lamella present, but no angular; 1 columellar, 2 palatals, &1. 2.5x1.33 mm.; Bourbon. Costigo borbonica, p. 367. b-. 2.25 x 1 mm. ; Rodriguez. Costigo dcsmazuresi, p. 368. a3. No teeth on the parietal wall ; columellar lamella, basal and two palatals present ; apex very obtuse ; length 2 mm. "Vertigo" prasliiiensis, no. 53. NESOPUP^ OP THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. 351 Section Nesopupa proper. 47. NESOPUPA GONIOPLAX n. sp. PL 33, figs. 8, 9, 10. The shell is ovate, cinnamon-brown, the peristoine more reddish, the teeth paler. The surface has little gloss, and under the microscope shows some rather weak growth- wrinkles and a dense, very shallow pitting or minute mallea- tion. The whorls are convex, the last having behind the lip two furrows, one lateral, the other sub-basal, diverging for- ward, and corresponding to the upper and lower palatal folds. The aperture has subparallel sides, straight parietal callus and strongly curved base, the peristome well expanded, somewhat thickened, at the sinulus thinner and retracted. The angular lamella is very strong, curved, joining the outer lip, diverging forward from the very strong parietal lamella, the inner end of which is bent towards the columella. There is a small infraparietal, rather deep within. The columellar lamella enters nearly horizontally, then deep within on the axis after rising a little it turns downward forming a broad plate, only imperfectly seen from in front but prominent from the back (fig. 9). There is a small basal fold at the junc- tion of columellar and basal margins. The upper and lower palatal folds are sinuous, strong, and converge inwardly. A small suprapalatal stands above them, making 8 teeth in all. Length 2.5, diam. 1.55 mm. ; 5 whorls. Mauritius (Morelet collection from Nevill, type 64093 A. N. S. P.). The most remarkable character of this snail is the dilation and deflection of the columellar lamella. Nothing of this structure is seen in N. moreleti and others of that group, which are otherwise similar. Though the shells came from Nevill, according to Morelet 's label, I cannot find that either G. Nevill or H. Adams described the species. The following species is apparently its nearest affinity. 48. NESOPUPA MICRA, new name. PL 33, fig. 4. The shell is deeply rimate, ovate-cylindric, thin, very lightly striate, silky, brownish-corneous. Spire convex, apex obtuse. 352 NESOPUP^E OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. Whorls 5, convex, the last obtusely angular around the um- bilical crevice, narrower and bisulcate behind the aperture. Aperture truncate-oval, vertical, with two parietal lamellae, the right-hand one prominent, left one remote. Peristome a little expanded, the right margin sinuous, provided with two entering folds. Length 1.5, diam. 0.75 mm. (H. Ad.}, Mauritius: Bamboo (G. Nevill). Pupa (P -up ilia) e.rigua- H. ADAMS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 13, pi. 4. f. 4. Not Pupa exigua Say, 1822. Adams did not mention a columellar lamella, but it is seen in his figure. The species is perhaps related to the preceding or to the Continental bi*ulcata group. It is smaller and nar- rower than N. (/oniopla.r, with different sculpture. Section Insvlvpupa P. & C. Probably N. ven-tr-ico-sa H. Ad., which lacks palatal folds, belongs to this group. In that case Insulipupa would include the subgenus Pagodella H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 304, monotype Pupa veutrirosit H. Ad. ; not Pagodella Swain son, 1840. 49. NESOPUPA MINUTALIS (Morelet). PL 33, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell minute, rather deeply rimate, acutely subcyliudric, corneous-tawny, somewhat shining, smooth, the apex obtusely conoid. Whorls 5^, a little convex. Aperture regularly oval, 6-plicate : one lamelliform angular ; one transverse pari- etal ; a rather prominent columellar ; and three nearly equi- distant punctiform teeth in the outer margin. Peristome simple, a little expanded, the margins separated. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (Morelet). Comoro Is. : Mayotte, on the islet of Dzaoudzi, on the bark of an Acacia. Pupa- mi-nut alis MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 29, 1881, p. 231, pi. 10, f. 5. The form is cylindric with obtuse, rounded or convexly conic summit. The surface is rather dull with some irregular striation. The angular lamella is quite low, forwardly diverg- ing from the parietal and joining or almost joining the outer NESOPUP/E OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. 353 lip. Parietal lamella high, rather long; columellar strong, subhorizontally entering, its crest slanting downward. There are two quite short palatal folds, the lower one somewhat the larger and more immersed. The upper palatal is sometimes very small. According to Morelet "trois denticules, visibles a la loupe, sont placees sur le cote libre du peristome, a des distances a pen pres egales 1 'une de 1 'autre ' ' ; one of these must be a basal fold ; but no basal is to be seen in the speci- mens examined, and Morelet 's figure shows only parietal and columellar teeth. The outer lip is well expanded. In a series received from M. Marie it is not thickened, though whitish; in another set, also from Mayotte, there is a, distinct though rather thin callous thickening, and the teeth are larger. Length 2, diam. 1.15 mm.; slightly over 5 whorls. Length 1.8, diam. 1.1 mm. ; 5 whorls. This species, as Dr. Boettger has already noted, is related to the East Indian N. mala if ana. It differs from that species by the smoother surface, which has very little pitting or gran- ulation. 50. NESOPUPA COMORENSIS n. n. PL 33, fig. 5. The shell is minute, deeply rimate, ovate, glossy, brownish- corneous, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, joined by an impressed suture, the last slightly ascending, somewhat compressed at the base. Aperture semioval, with two parietal lamellae, another columellar, and two small teeth in the basal margin. Peristome somewhat expanded, the margins sub- parallel. Length 1.5, diam. 0.75 mm. (Morelet}. Comoro Is.: Anjouan (Bewsher) ; Mayotte (Marie). Pupa man as MORELET, Jouru. de Conchyl., vol. 27, 1879, p. 310, pi. 12, f. 4; vol. 31, 1883, p. 196. Not Pupa substriata var. m&nas Westerlund, 1871. As specific and varietal names are held to have the same status in nomenclature, the name of this species has to be changed. 51. NESOPUPA INCERTA (G. Nevill). Not figured. Shell very closely resembling Vertigo (PagodcUa) ventri- 354 NESOPUP-^ OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. cosa H. Ad., from Mauritius; there are, however, two pari- etal teetli and within the outer lip a distinct, well-developed tooth, with occasionally another small, indistinct one close to it; the columella is slightly more dilated and subangulated (Nevill). Bourbon: near Salazie, in company with V. pupula Dh. (G. Nevill). Vertigo (Pagodella) incerta G. NEVILL, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 39, pt. 2, 1870, p. 413. "This most perplexing of shells can only be distinguished from Pagodellii ventricosa H. Ad. (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 303) by the different dentition of the aperture; of the latter I found about 40 specimens, to all appearance full grown and in first-rate condition, some of them, to my mind, very old specimens; in none of them were there any signs of any teetli whatever within the outer margin of the aperture ! Of the Bourbon species, I only found 5 specimens, one evidently young, the other 4 full grown and all showing the peculiar characteristics pointed out in my description. Still the re- semblance is so striking that I think no naturalist would hesitate to avow that they must at no very remote period have had a common origin ; there is, indeed, just the chance that at Mauritius a similar variety may exist, but, from the number of specimens I found there, I doubt it exceedingly. I have, however, written to Mr. Dupont at Mauritius to ask him to kindly examine all he can possibly procure of this species, and to see if he can find any trace of the apertural teeth, which give such a different appearance to my V. in- certa" (Nevill}. It is curious that, anyone could write so much about a shell and tell so little. 52. NESOPUPA VENTRICOSA (H. Adams). PI. 33, fig. 6. Shell deeply rimate, ovate, rather thin, obliquely striat- ulate, pale brown ; spire convexly conic, the suture impressed. Whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last ventricose, rounded at base. Aperture semioval, provided with a compressed, en- tering parietal fold and a tooth at the insertion of the right NESOPUP^E OP THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. 355 margin ; peristome simple, slightly expanded, the margins joined by a callus, right margin somewhat sinuous, columel- lar margin dilated above. Length 2.5, diam. 1.75 mm. (H. Ad.}. Mauritius: The Moka ravines (G. Nevill). Pupa (Pagodella) ventricosa H. ADAMS, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 304, pi. 19, f. 6.— Pfr., Monogr., vi, p. 308. —Pagodella ventricosa H. Ad., G. NEVILL, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 39, pt. 2, 1870, p. 413. G. Nevill writes of Pagodella ventricosa: "I found about 40 specimens, to all appearance full grown and in first-rate condition, some of them, to my mind, very old specimens; in none of them were there any signs of any teeth whatever within the outer margin of the aperture." 53. " VERTIGO ''(?) PRASLINENSIS (G. Nevill). Not figured. Shell resembles Pupa lienardiann Crosse, from Rodriguez, but the spire is less produced and there is no trace of the conspicuous parietal tooth ; apex remarkably obtuse ; 4y2 whorls which increase very rapidly, the first three more or less cylindrical, the last one moderately convex ; smooth, even under the lens no trace of sculpture is discernible; aperture triangular, regularly rounded at base, external margin some- what obsoletely sinuate; a strongly developed, transverse columellar tooth, three other palatal teeth, equidistant, the middle one the largest, no parietal tooth (G. Nevill). Length 2 mm. Seychelles Group : Praslin, near the Protestant church, at the foot of a cocoanut tree (Nevill; type in Indian Mus.). Carychium n. sp., G. NEVILL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 65. - - Vertigo praslinensis G. NEVILL, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 50, pt. 2, 1881, p. 140. The position of this species is quite uncertain. It may possibly be a Gastrocopta or one of the Pupillinae. For a shell of this group or of Gastrocopta to have well-developed columellar and palatal teeth and no parietal is anomalous. In dead shells the latter sometimes scales off with the parietal callus. It appears that only one specimen was found. 356 AFRICAN NESOPUP^. VII. AFRICAN SPECIES. fi]. Angular and parietal lamella? present. 61. Angular lamella rather high, strong and curved. r1. Length 3 mm.; nearly smooth. St. Helena. N. turt&ni, no. 60. r-. Length less than 2 mm.; closely rib-striate. dl. Sculpture of rather coarse, very oblique stria? ; shell ovate, white ; 1.5 x 1 mm. British E. Africa. N. iota, no. 57. d~. Sculpture of fine, close rib-striae; shell brown. c1. One broad median external fur- row behind the aperture; lower palatal and basal folds rather deeply immersed ; length 1.4 to 1.6 mm. S. Africa. N. (jriqualdnd'U'a, no. 54. €', One very slight impression behind aperture ; lower palatal but little immersed, basal minute, in sub- columellar position; length 1.6- 1.65 mm. S. Africa. AT. farquhari, no. 55. c3. One very slight impression be- hind aperture ; palatals rather short: no basal fold; length 1.85 mm. Rhodesia. AT. ft. rhodesiana, no. 56a. e*. Two deep furrows behind aper- ture ; no basal fold ; length 1.87 mm. Abyssinia. N. bisulcata, no. 56. 62. Angular lamella short ami low ; 2.25 to 2.4 mm. long. c1. Surface densely pitted: one palatal fold or none. Rhodesia. N. corrugata, no. 58. c-. Nianing, West Africa. N. megalomajtoma, no. 59. AFRICAN NESOPUP.E. 357 a2. No angular lamella; parietal, cohiuiellar and two palatal teeth present; length 1.75 mm. Island S. Thome. Costigo nobrei, p. 368. a3. Aperture without teeth (Genus Negnlus; Vol. XXVI). Section Afripupa P. & C., n. sect. Minute Nesopupa with teeth of the typical section except that, the columellar lamella does not turn doAvn at its inner end ; sculpture of close rib-strife without cuticular edges. Type .V. griqualandica (M. & P.). 54. NESOPUPA GRIQUALANDICA (Melv. & Pons.). PI. 34, figs. 1-4. Shell very minute, rimate, thin, rotund-cylindric, brown; whorls 5, rather swollen, compressed at the sutures, every- where closely, longitudinally, finely striate, the last whorl de- pressed-sulcate in the middle, dorsally towards the lip. Aper- ture ovate-rotund ; peristome thickened, sinuated on the labial flabral] margin, plicate: two parietal folds, very prominent and recurved, a third marginal on the columella, dentiform. Length 1, width 0.75 mm. (Melv. and Pons.}. British South Africa: — Cape of Good Hope: Griqualand East (type loc., Sykes) ; Cradock (Farquhar) ; Port Eliza- beth (Ponsonby coll.). Natal: Pietermaritzburg, Dargle, Tongaat, Edendale (Burnu'p). Zululaud : Dukuduku (Top- pin). Transvaal: Pretoria. District (Farquhar); Heidelberg (Miss Livingston) ; Buiskop (Connolly). Rhodesia: Victoria Falls (Connolly). Pupa griqualandica MELVILL and PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi, Jan. 1893, p. 3, fig. 9; (8), i, Jan. 1908, p. 76, pi. 1, f. 8, 10.— BURNUP, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), vii, 1911, p. 405. —Jaminia griqualandica' (Melv. & Pons.), CONNOLLY, Ann. South African Museum, xi, pt. iii, 1912, p. 182. This species appears to differ from»JV. bisulcata (Jickeli) by the more deeply immersed lower palatal fold, the presence of a basal fold and the deeper external furrow of the last whorl over the upper palatal fold. It is also smaller than Jickeli records. 358 AFRICAN NESOPUP/E. Melvill and Ponsonby's original description and figure are chiefly remarkable for what was omitted. The dimensions are grossly inaccurate. In their second account two species appear to have been in view, though in the main it relates to the true griqualandicc. The shell is distinctly perforate, openly rimate, long-ovate, the spire with convex outlines and very obtuse apex. Color cinnamon, becoming a. little darker towards the base and paler towards the apex. First 1% whorls smoothish (micro- scopically irregularly granulose), the rest with straight, close, somewhat oblique stria?; the latter part of the last whorl having a broad median furrow running to the lip, convex above and below it, with a shorter impression at the base. The aperture is wider in the upper part, nearly closed by 6 teeth : the angular lamella is subvertical, large, entering deeply, curving towards and joining the outer lip. Parietal lamella very long and high, oblique, directed towards a point, above the lower palatal fold. The columellar lamella is rather deeply placed, not very high, and enters horizontally to the dorsal side, where the end tapers and turns upward but very slightly. The upper palatal fold emerges to the peristome, and with the angular lamella defines a nearly closed, oval sinulus ; it enters deeply, descending a little. The lower palatal is a long fold, deeply immersed, only par- tially visible in a front view. The basal fold is short, trans- verse to the cavity, deeply placed but visible from in front. The parietal callus is rather thin. Length 1.5, diam. 0.85 to 0.9 mm. ; 4Vo whorls. Pretoria. "Length 1.41, diam. 0.83 mm." (Burnup). "Length 1.6, diam. 0.99 mm." (Burnup. largest specimen). 55. NESOPFPA FARQUHARI Pilsbry. PL 34, figs. 7, 8, 9. Shell perforate, openly rimate, long-ovate, walnut-brown, somewhat glossy. Spire convexly conic, the apex obtuse ; first 11/2 whorls smooth, the rest closely, somewhat obliquely rib-striate, as in N. griqiialandicd ; the latter part of the last whorl flattened and having a quite small and shallow im- pression behind the lip, over the upper palatal fold. Aper- AFRICAN NESOPUP/E. 359 ture shaped about as in griqualandica, with 6 nearly white teeth. Angular lamella strong, slightly curved, joining the outer lip. Parietal lamella high, oblique, penetrating to the dorsal side. Columellar lamella deeply placed, strong, pene- trating to the dorsal side, where it is somewhat enlarged and deflected, then passing into a low callus obliquely ascending the axis. The upper palatal fold is strong, curved, emerging to the peristome, entering deeply. Lower palatal very high, Jong, somewhat immersed. Basal fold very low and small, on the basal end of the columella. The peristome is pale, well expanded and a little thickened, incurved and thicker in the middle of the outer margin. Length 1.6 to 1.65, diam. 0.9 mm.; 5 whorls. South Africa: Grahamstown (J. Farquhar). Nesopiipa farquhari PILS., Nautilus, xxxi, October 1917, p. 50. While related to N. griqualandica, this species differs in numerous particulars. The spire is somewhat longer; the last whorl is far less impressed behind the lip ; the angular lamella curves less; the lower palatal fold emerges much further, and is as prominent in a face view as the upper. Finally, the basal fold is even smaller than in griqualandica, and is upon the columella. In the other species it, stands deep within the base, in a face view being in front of the deeply immersed lower palatal fold. The Abyssinian N. bisitlcata has not been directly com- pared with this species. By the description and figure it differs by being somewhat larger with no basal or subcolu- mellar tubercle, and the teeth do not appear to be as large as in farquhari. ~>6. NESOPUPA BISULCATA (Jickeli). PI. 34, figs. 11, 13, 14. The umbilicate shell is ovate-conic, scarcely glossy, very finely and obliquely costate longitudinally (visible under a lens), brown. The conic spire has an obtuse apex. The 5 convex whorls are separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl forming a third of the total length, is narrowed towards the base, with angular neck, and has two deep furrows. The 360 AFRICAN NESOPUP.E. vertical aperture is rounded and contracted by 5 folds: the right one of the parietal wall is connected with the termina- tion of the outer lip; the second is more deeply placed. There is a high columellar lamella and two palatal folds, of which the upper emerges to the peristome and unites there- with, the second disappears before reaching it. The peri- stome is moderately expanded and thickened within, the right margin bent inward by the upper furrow which cor- responds to the upper palatal fold. Length 1%. diara. 1. aperture % x l/2 mm. (Jirkcli \ . Abyssinia : plateau of Bora-Beit-Andu, province of Ha- maszen, and on the Keren Mts., Bogos, under rotten leaves, wood and stones (Jickeli). fiipa bi-s-ulcata .JICKELI, Malak. Blatter, 1873, p. 107: Fauna der Land- und Stisswasser-Mollusken Nord-Ost- Afrika's, in Nova Acta Aead. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Germ. Nat. Cur., vol. 37, 1875, p. 119, pi. 5, f. 10. No Abyssinian specimens are at hand, and as Mr. Buruup has observed, Jickeli 's figures do not agree in proportion* with his measurements. The latter indicate a shell proper tioned like the following form. 56r/. N. bisidciifd rhorlcxifiitd n. subsp. PL 34, tigs. 5, 6. The shell is more elongate and cylindric than in N. bisid- cdt, diam. IV. mm. (H. Ad.). Bourbon (G. Nevill). Vertigo (Alaca) borbon-ica II. AD., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 290, pi. 28, fig. 8. 4. COSTIGO DESMAZURESI (Crosse). PI. 33, fig. 12. Shell umbilicate, shortly cylindric, thin, translucent, ap- pearing smooth to the naked eye, but really marked with fine, slightly oblique stria? visible only Tinder a lens. Shell a little shining and of a light corneous-tawny color. Spire forming a short, cone terminating in an obtuse summit. Suture well marked. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last whorl a little smaller than the spire, slightly tapering and rounded at the base. Aperture subvertical, of rounded semilunar shape and provided with 2 unequal spiral lamella? [palatal folds] situ- ated deep within. Peristome simple, narrowly expanded, a little reflected, and of a light rosy white; margins separated; parietal ajid columellar margins provided each with one in- ternal tooth ; these two teeth being placed at right angles to one another (Croxse). Length 2.25, diam. 1 mm. Rodriguez : Pointe aux Coraux (A. Desmazures). Pupa desma-zuresi CROSSE, Joum. de Conchyl., xxi, 1873, p. 140 ; xxii, 1874, p. 227, pi. 8, f . 3. Crosse remarks that one of the palatal folds is more readily visible than the other, and it only is shown in the figure. 5. COSTIGO NOBREI (Girard). PI. 34, fig. 10. Shell rimate, oval, very finely striate, as though vermic- ulate, corneous, subtransparent. Whorls 4-4^4, very convex, with a deep suture, the last whorl contained about 2^> times COSTIGO. 369 in the total length, very distinctly contracted near the aper- ture, ascending a little, and very distinctly compressed at- the ]>a.se. Peristome simple, reflected. Aperture subvertical, somewhat rounded, toothed: a parietal fold larger than the others, a columellar fold more deeply placed, and two teeth on the outer wall, situated still further within the aperture. Length about 1%, diam. 1 mm. (Girard). Island of San Thome : Binda, under the bark of trees, F. Newton. Pupa nobrei GIRARD, Jornal de Sci., Math. Phys. e Nat. Aead. Real Sci. de Lisboa, (2), iii, no. 10, 1893, p. Ill, pi. 1, f. 21. Compared by Girard with Pupa corpulent a,, an American Vertigo. It has sculpture like the Nesopupce, apparently, but does not appear nearly related to known African forms. By the single lamella on the parietal wall it resembles Costigo. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS, VOL. XXIV PAGE 95, 12th line from bottom, the references to figures should read : PL 28, figs. 2, 3, Ecuador, and pi. 28, fig. 1, Duran. GASTROCOPTA OP THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. Vol. XXIV, p. 127. M. Germain has proposed a new genus, Falsopupa, for the species e.cigua II. Ad., microscopica Nev., lienardi (= lien- ardiana} Crosse and desmazuresi Crosse (Bull. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat. Paris for 1918, no. 7, p. 521; this number re- ceived at the Academy Oct. 14, 1919). This list contains species of two genera. No diagnosis of the group was given, and no species was selected as type. I take Pupa lienardwna Crosse (Falsopupa lienardi Crosse of Germain's list) to be the genotype. If the views of the affinities of the Mascarene species expressed in Vol. XXIV, pp. 127-133, are upheld, Falsopupa will become a synonym of the typical section of Oastrocopta. Genus ABIDA, vol. XXIV, p. 262. Add to the synonymy : Pupa Draparnaud, Tableau des Moll. terr. et fluv. de la France, 1801, pp. 32, 56, for muscorum [Drap. not LinneJ, pygmaea, antivertigo, vertigo [— pusilla Mull.], umbilicata, marginata, doliolum, dolium, granuni, avena, fmmentum, secale, polyodon, variabilis, 4-dens, 3-dens, cinerea, and vari- ous species of Clausilia and Balea. Pupa fru-mentum may be selected as type. Not Pupa Bolten 1798, or Pupa Lamarck, 1801. Deloplecta Agassiz, Nomeuclator Zoologicus, 1842-6, Mol- lusca, p. 29, there said to "== Pupa-". Agassiz, in the same (370) ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 371 work, mentions Pupa Humph., Mus. Calonnianum (a nomen nudiim), and Pupa Draparnaud. Deloplecta will be consid- ered equivalent to the latter, with the same type, Pupa fru- mentum. Agassiz gives tlie reference "Charp., Cat. Moll. Suisse, 1837," but the name does not occur in that work. Pupella SWAINSON, Treatise on Malacology, 1840, pp. 183, 334 (P. varuibilis here designated as type). Not Pupella, B. St. Vincent, 1825 (Infusoria). PAGE 264. Under the caption "Radula", the reference to Proc. Malac. Soc. London should be Vol. II. PAGE 307, tenth line from bottom, for "Bull. Soc. d'Agric." read: Ann. Soc. d'Agric. The same correction should be made on pp. 311 and 314. "PUPA" PYRENAICA Boubee. Pupa hospitii (p. 37) is said to be a synonym of Pupa (Modicella) pyrenaica Boubee (B., H. & d'A-A., Fauna Mala- cologia del Pirineu Catala, i, 1818, p. 99). The writer has not seen Boubee 's publication. According to Westerlund, Clausilia pyrenaica Boubee 1833 is identical with Pupa, pyrenn. pari-etalis. These ex- ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 373 treines, however, are fully connected in the Bluff Lake series, which must thus be treated as a unit. As in the Santa Cata- lina race of this species (p. 132), albino shells occur in some abundance. As in many other cases, the albino mutation occurs in colonies with the brown shells, and there is no reason to believe that it does not interbreed with them, as has been demonstrated for a number of other such cases. Dr. Berry has described the albino mutation as V. m. micro- phasma. In the writer's opinion the brown shells found with them are of the same race ; but the name can be used for the San Bernardino race as a whole, with its several variations and mutations. Though certainly without definite differen- tial characters, it is not, as a whole, either typical castanea or typical parietalis. VERTIGO MODESTA MICROPHASMA Berry. Figs. 1-6. "The shell is cylindro-conic, rimate-umbilicate, thin, very- pale horn-color, by transmitted light transparent and color- less. The surface is glossy and distinctly, irregularly, ob- liquely striate, especially on the upper whorls. The spire tapers from the last whorl, at first gradually, then more rapidly, to the obtuse apex. The whorls are strongly convex, the last with an indentation just back of the aperture over the lower palatal tooth, subsequently with a narrow, abrupt, axial constriction, then swollen to form a low, wave-like crest just back of and parallel to the lip. The aperture is rounded triangular, scarcely constricted on the outer margin, the peri- stome thickened and porcelain white in color, showing through the back of the shell as a white line, but the sharp lip scarcely reflected except over the columella. The posterior angle of the outer lip curves in rather sharply to the body whorl. The number of teeth varies from 2 to 5. The parietal and colu- mellar lamella? are always well developed. In addition there is almost always a well-developed lower palatal. A smaller, but variable upper palatal is frequently present, as also a minute angular lamella. All the teeth are porcelain-white in color. * ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 1-6, VERTIGO MODESTA MICROPHASMA. 1, VERTIGO ALLYNIANA. 8, V. ALLYNIANA milt. XENOS. 'Length of type 2.6; diameter to lip edge 1.5; length of aperture 0.9 ram. ; whorls 5. "Type: Cat. no. 2740 of the writer's collection, fig. 2. Paratypes in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, California Academy of Sciences, Southwest Museum, United States National Museum, and the private collections of Mr. George H. Clapp and others. "Type Locality: 7,550 feet altitude, cienaga near Bluff Lake. San Bernardino Mountains, California ; under sticks and logs at edge of forest; Nina G. Spaulding, G. E. Dole ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 375 and S. S. Berry, August, 1910 ; 59 specimens in this and neighboring cienagas. Also taken at 7,200 feet altitude, west, slope of Falls Creek Canyon, near the narrows about one mile above Dobbs Cabin, Dollar Pass Trail, San Bernardino Mountains, California ; under small sticks and pine cones on springy slope ; G. E. Dole and S. 8. Berry, Sept. 29, 1918 ; 32 specimens" (Berry}. Vertigo modesta microphasma BERRY, Nautilus, xxxiii, Oct. 1919, p. 48, figs. 1-6. ' ' This very puzzling little mollusk is one of the most beau- tiful of American Vertigos. It is very close to V. modesta parietalis and may also be described as an albinistic race of that subspecies, but it is a protean form and some shells are equally close to V. modesta modesta or even to V. m. castanea. That it is more than a mere 'albino' of the recognized type is strongly evidenced by its occurrence in such abundance and at scattered localities, as also by the fact that its distribution is by no means coincident with that of any of the other forms mentioned. Nor, although usually associated, do the white or brown shells occur in any apparent regular ratio. At the second locality above cited diligent outlook yielded but three specimens of the brown parietalis. It is evidently a com- paratively recent offshoot from the parent stock, but the field evidence is that it already is a race with its peculiar char- acters heritable to a marked degree. ' ' It seems rather remarkable that such features as the color, shell texture, and similar characters in this form should ex- hibit such constancy as compared with the variability shown in the development of the lamellae. In 39 specimens of the type lot now before me, 1 has only 2 teeth (columellar and parietal), 15 have 3 teeth (columellar, parietal, and lower palatal), 9 have 4 teeth (an upper palatal usually the one added), and 14 have a full set of 5 teeth. No mature speci- mens with fewer than 2 nor more than 5 teeth have been noted. This variation in a single well-defined colony (its members having, as shown by the other characters noted, an undoubtedly close phylogenetic relationship with one an- other) throws a valuable bit of light on the difficulty of at- 376 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. tempting the separation of the various races of the mode si . p. 159. Error for Pupa eyriesii Drouet. [Pupa ( Vertigo) } turgida Zglr. lllyr. Paetel, op. cit., p. 160. [Pupa (Alata)] acliila Sow. Hispan. Paetel, op. cit., 4th edit., 1889, ii, p. 293. Error for Vertigo aclieila Serv. VERTIGO MURCHISONIAE Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xxiii, 1867, p. 557, pi. 15, figs. 11, 12, from the Lias- sic deposit in Charter-House mine, Somerset, England, is a poorly preserved sinistral fossil, certainly not a Vertigo. EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. Except when otherwise stated, the figures were drawn from specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences. Those marked B. M. after the museum number are in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu. PLATE 1. H LITRE PAGE 1. Choudrina megacheilos C. & J. Milan. 22754 7 '2, 3. Chondrina megacheilos C. & J. Como. 3843 7 4, 5. Chondrina avenacea Brug. Metz. 22776 10 <5. Chondrina avenacea Brug. Sicily. 22769 10 I, S. Chondrina a. clienta West. Herkulesbad, Banat. 66045 15 9, 10. Chondrina a. riviana Schr. Riva. 101617 18 Fig. below 7. Chondrina a. duplicate Kuster. After Kiister 14 Fig. below 8. Chondrina subhordeum West. After Kus- ter 13 II. Chondrina cereana Kiist. After Kuster 21 12. Choudrina apuana Iss. After Del Prete 15 13, 14. Chondrina oligodonta Del Pr. After Del Prete. . 19 15. Chondrina cianensis Caz. After Caziot 20 PLATE 2. 1, 2, 7. Choudrina bigorriensis Ch. Bigorre. 22762 29 3. Chondriua bigorrieusis Ch. After Des Moulins 29 4. Chondriua tenuiraarginata Des M. Pyrenees. 3894. . 31 5. Chondrina tenuimarginata Des M. After Des Moulins. 31 6. Chondrina t. elongatissima Des M. After Des Moulins. 32 8, 9. Chondrina b. moquiniana Kiist. After Kuster .... 30 '10-12. Chondrina arigonis Rm. After Rossmaessler .... 34 13, 14. Chondrina goniostoma Kiist. After Rossmaessler. 33 15, 16. Chondrina g. juliensis Bgt. After Bourguignat. . 34 17, 18. Chondrina arigonis Rm. Pego. 22792 34 PLATE 3. 1. Chondrina arigonis Rm. Catalonia. 114976 34 (381) 382 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PAGE 2, 3, 4. Chondrina k. ordunensis Pils. Pena de Orduna. 22791 39 5. Choudrina lusitanica Rm. After Rossmaessler 40 6. Chondrina lusitanica Rm. Portugal. 22795 40 7. 8. Chondrina gigantea. After Rossmaessler 32 9. Chondrina tingitana Kob. Tetuan. 115001 41 10, 11. Chondrina calpica West. Gibraltar. 78391 41 12. Chondriua gorbeana Pils. Pena de Gorbea. 22779. . 56 13. Chondrina lallemantiaua Bgt. After Bourguignat . . 43 1 4. Chondrina letourneuxi Bgt. After Bourguignat .... 42 PLATE 4. 1. Choudriua sirailis Brug. Nice. 22751 57 2. Chondrina similis Brug. Florence. 101600 57 3. Chondrina similis Brug. Grasse. 22739 57 4. Chondrina similis Brug. Marseilles. 22747 57 5. Choiidrina pallida amicta Parr. Nervi. 4942 63 6. Chondrina pallida amicta Parr. Grasse. 44795 63 7. Chondriua pallida Phil. After Rossmaessler 63 8. Chondrina pallida amicta Parr. Spezia. 78390 63 9. Chondrina psarolena Bgt. After Bourguignat 65 10. Chondrina bergomensis Ch. Bergamo. 115007 .... 22 11. Chondrina psarolena Bgt. After Rossmaessler 65 32,13. Chondrina circumplicata Mss. Lombardy. 114980. 22 PLATE 5. 1. Chondrina farinesii Des M. Pyrenees. 22787 45 2. Chondrina farinesii Des M. La Preste. 67669 45 3. Chondrina boettgeriana Cl. After Clessin 49 4. Chondrina farinesii dentiens Moq. After Moquin- Tandon 47 5. Chondrina massotiana Bgt. After Bourguignat 52 6. 7. Chondrina jumillensis Guir. After Bourguignat . . 49 8. Pseudelix microhelix Sandb. After Sandberger 222 9, 10. Chondrina obliterata Ch. After K lister 52 11. Chondrina. m. penchinatiana Bgt. After Bourguignat. 53 12. Enneopupa cylindrella Al. Br. After Saudberger . . 222 13, 18. Vertigo angustior Jeffr. Lyons. 3801 211 14, 15. Glandicula tiarula Al. Br. After Sandberger . . . 221 16, 17. Vertigo angustior Jeffr. Lausanne. 22901 211 PLATE 6. 1, 2. Vertigo ovata Say. Upper Ited Hook, N. Y. 48553. 82 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. 383 FIGURE PAGE 3. Vertigo ovata Say. Oswego, Oregon. 111397 82 4. 7. Vertigo ovata Say. Hamilton, Ontario. 62900 82 5. 6. Vertigo o. mariposa Pils. Mariposa Co., Cal. 11644. 88 8, 9. Vertigo morsei St. Lake James, Ind. 105714 81 10,13. Vertigo berryi Pils. San Bernardino Mts. 105166. 89 11, 12. Vertigo o. diaboli Pils. Devil's River, Texas. 90437 88 PLATE 7. 1. Vertigo ventricosa Mse. Tignish, Prince Edwards I. 106971 94 2. Vertigo ventricosa Mse. Hebron, Maine. 87273 94 3. Vertigo ventricosa Mse. Buckfield, Maine. 87294 ... 94 4. 5. Vertigo gouldii Binn. Brookline, Mass. 82690 98 6. Vertigo elatior St. Woodland, Aroostook Co., Maine. 79782 95 7. Vertigo perryi St. Duxbury, Mass. 14830 103 8. Vertigo gouldii Binn. Brookline, Mass. 82690 98 9, 10. Vertigo bollesiana Mse. Buckfield, Maine. 87312 . . 101 11, 12. Vertigo pygmam Drap. Upper Red Hook, N. Y. 48554 96 13-15. Vertigo nylaiideri St. Woodland, Maine. 98331.. 100 PLATE 8. [Figs. 1-7 x 19 ; figs. 4-8, 10-14 x 25.] 1, 2. Vertigo rugosula St. De Soto Parish, La. 87438 . . 77 3. Vertigo rugosula St. Sullivan's I., S. C. 60462 77 4. Vertigo hebardi Van. Long Key, Fla. 106359 103 5. Vertigo oralis St. Tallapoosa R., 7 miles above We- tumpka, Ala, 91060 78 6. 7. Vertigo oralis St. Volusia Co., Fla. 11654 78 8, 10, 11. Vertigo oscariana St. Volusia Co., Fla. 60463. 144 12. Vertigo a. conecuhensis Clapp. Evergreen, Ala. 113414 80 9, 13, 14. Vertigo alabamensis Clapp. Tuscaloosa Co., Ala. 113412 79 PLATE 9. 1, 2. Vertigo califomica Rowell. Paratypes. San Fran- cisco. 59392 * 139 3. Vertigo c. cyclops St. Rocklin, Cal. 79817 141 4. Vertigo c. longa Pils. (elongata St.). S. Clemente I. 57856 142, 377 5. Vertigo c. catalinaria St. S. Barbara I. 113847 142 384 KXPLAXATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PAGE 6. Vertigo c. catalinaria St. S. Catalina I. 62362 142 7. Vertigo rowelli Newc. Douglas Co., Ore. 76372 143 8. Vertigo e. diegoensis St. San Ramon. 64578 141 9. Vertigo c. triiiotata St. Monterey. 62363 140 10. Vertigo c. eupressicola St. Cypress Point. 118835.. 143 1 1. Vertigo c. diegoensis St. San Ramon. 64578 141 12. Vertigo columbiana St. Vancouver I. 68881 108 13. Vertigo columbiana St., var. Olympia. 11661 108 PLATE 10. 1. Vertigo modesta Say. Laggan, Alberta. 7637") 123 2. Vertigo modesta Say. Loess, Des Moines, la. 79797 . . 123 3. Vertigo in. corpulenta Mse. Ogden canyon, Utah. 11663 '. 130 4. Vertigo m. parietalis Ane. Ogden canyon, Utah. 11659 " 128 5. Vertigo m. castanea St. Rae Lake. Cal. 115214 132 6. Vertigo m. castanea St. Type, Fish Camp, Cal. 11655. 132 7. 8. Vertigo arctica Wallenh. After Wallenbaum 189 8. Vertigo concinnula Ckll. Type, Custer Co., Colo. 59095 .' 119 10. Vertigo concinnula Ckll. Jemez Mts., N. M. 73587.. 119 11. Vertigo occidentelis St. Bluff Lake meadow, San Bernardino Mts. 105048 134 12. 13. Vertigo m. insculpta Pils. Mt. Lemon, S. Cata- linas. 109538, 109547 131 PLATE 11. 1. Vertigo dalliana St. Type, 416 Sterki coll 137 2-5. Vertigo sterkii Pils. Type and paratypes. 43706 . . 112 6, 8. Vertigo a. sanbernardinensis Pils. Cienaga below Bluff Lake. 118419 Ill 7. Vertigo a. sanbernardinensis Pils. 20 miles north of Yosemite. 114796 Ill 9. Vertigo andrusiana Pils. Oswego, Ore. 113980 109 10. 11. Vertigo andrusiana Pils. (Pig. 10 the type.) Douglas Co., Ore. 76380 " 109 12. Vertigo binneyana St. Paratype. Helena, Mont. 11672 ' 90 PLATE 12. 1-3. Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Fig. 2 the tvpe. Canton, III. 58008 106 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. 385 FIGURE PAGE 4, 5. Vertigo gouldii cristata St. Paratype. Quebec. 119008 100 6, 8. Vertigo gouldii paradoxa St. Paratype. Woodland, Me. 119007 '. 99 7, 9. Vertigo parvula St. Type, 270 Sterki coll 105 10, 11. Vertigo coloradensis inserta Pils. Bear Wallow. 109559 118 12. Vertigo hannai Pils. Type. U. S. N. M 114 13. Vertigo coloradensis Ckll. (type of V. colmnbiana utahenais St.). Box Elder Co., Utah. 119009. . 115 14. 16. Vertigo c. arizoiiensis P. & V. Type. 119010 ... 117 15. Vertigo c. basidens P. & V. Bland, N. M. 79467 ... 117 PLATE 13. 1-5. Vertigo milium Gld. Near Cleveland, 0. 95913 ... 146 6. Vertigo milium Gld. Mt. Taylor, Volusia Co., Fla. 43707 146 7. Vertigo milium Gld. Vermont. 58204 146 8. 10, 12. Vertigo bermudensis Pils. Type (f. 10, 12) and paratype. 105610 149 9. Vertigo bermudensis Pils. 91159 149 11. Vertigo neglecta Poey. After Poey 87 13. Vertigo ovata var. S. Domingo. 43705 87 14, 15. Vertigo numellata Gul. Bermuda. 91158 91 16. Vertigo ovata var. Porto Rico. 3807 87 17. Vertigo marki Gul. Type; Bermuda. 85574. 107 PLATE 14. 1,2. Vertigo eogea Pils. Akkeshi. 89899 151 3. Vertigo eogea Pils. Kashima. 83396 152 4, 5. Vertigo hydrophila Reinh. After Reinhardt 152 6, 7. Vertigo hachijoensis Pils. Type. 83394 153 8-10. Vertigo kushiroensis Pils. Type. 90223 153 1 1, 12. Vertigo hirasei Pils., var. Miyakejima. 86484 . . . 155 13, 14. Vertigo hirasei Pils. Type. 79738 154 15. Vertigo hirasei glans Pils. ' Type. 82689 155 16. Vertigo hirasei okinerabnensis Pils. Type. 87690 . . 155 PLATE 15. 1 , 2. Vertigo japonica Pils. Type. 85746 155 3. Vertigo j. tosana Pils. Irazuyama. 86486 156 4. Vertigo j. coreana Pils. Fusan. 95772 156 5. 6, 7, 9. Ptychalaea dedecora Pils. Hahajima. 82583.. 158 386 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PAGE 8. Vertigo denudata Mss. After Mousson 156 10, 11. Ptychalaea d. tamagonari P. & H. Type. 85745. 158 12. Staurodon s. seminulum Lowe. 97298 225 13, 14. Staurodon saxicola Lowe. 4930 224 15. Ptychalaea flexidens Rss. After Wenz 157 PLATE 16. 1. Vertigo pusilla Mull. Lausanne. 22898 161 2, 3. Vertigo pusilla Mull. Niedermodau. 123426 161 4, 5. Vertigo antivertigo Drap. Lyons. 3797 163 6. Vertigo antivertigo Drap. Calvados. 22890 163 7. Vertigo sinuata Mouss. After Mousson 166 8. 9. Vertigo diseheilia Bgt, After Bourguignat 170 10. 11. Vertigo inaresi Bgt. After Bourguignat 171 12. Vertigo eodia Bgt. After Bourguignat 184 13. Vertigo microlena Bgt. After Bourguignat 185 14. Vertigo aprica Bgt. After Bourguignat 184 15. Vertigo loroisia.ua Bgt. After Bourguignat 182 PLATE 17. 1. Vertigo moulinsiana Dup. Lyons. 22882 178 2, 3. Vertigo moulinsiana Dup. Cambridge. 109428 . . . 178 4. Vertigo substriata mitis Bttg. After Boettger 173 5, 6. Vertigo m. ventrosa Heyn. After Heynemann .... 181 7. ''Vertigo" subtrochiformis Greg. After de Gregorio. . 214 8. "Vertigo" cylindrica Colb. After Colbeau 214 9. Vertigo liaeussleri St. After Sterki 178 10. Vertigo substriata Jeffr. 109425 172 11. 12. Vertigo sieversi Bttg. After Boettger 195 13. Vertigo s. punctuluni Bttg. After Boettger 196 14. Vertigo ronnebyensis West, After Geyer 192 15. 16, 17. Vertigo pygmaea Drap. Lyons'. 3799 174 PLATE 18. 1. Vertigo alpestris Aid. Halker, England. 109427 197 2. Vertigo alpestris Aid. Lowenburg, Transylvania. 114999 197 3. Vertigo a. shuttleworthiana Ch. After Steeuberg. . . . 199 4. Vertigo held ii Cl. (? — pygmsea). After Geyer 199 5. 6. Vertigo leontina Gredl. After Gredler 201 7,8. Vertigo isarica West, (leontina Clessin). After Clessin 201 9. Vertigo schultzii Phil. After Kiister 202 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. 387 FIGURE PAGE 10-12. Vertigo genesii Gredl. Topotype. After Saiid- berger 204 13. Vertigo alpestris (tridens Sandb.). After Sandberger. 208 14. Vertigo alpestris (quadridens Sandb.). After Sand- berger 208 15. Vertigo genesii parcedentata (bidens). After Sand- berger 207 16. Vertigo alpestris (adversidens Sandb.). After Sand- berger 208 17. 18. Vertigo genesii Gredler. After Gredler 204 19. Vertigo g. parcedentata (glandicula) Sandb. After Sandberger 207 PLATE 19. I, 2. Lyropupa lyrata. Grid. (Paratype of Pupa magda- lenfc Ane.) Palama, Oahu. 18745BM 233 3. Lyropupa lyrata Gld. (Paratype of Pupa carbonaria Anc. j Nuuami, Oahu. 18752BM 233 4. Lyropupa lyrata Gld. Type. 219G, 2687 N. Y. State Museum * 233 5. Lyropupa lyrata Gld. Paratype, same museum 233 6. Lyropupa lyrata Gld. Nuuanu. 108336 233 7. Lyropupa 1. fossilis C. & P. Manoa. 119462 237 8. 9. Lyropupa lyrata, form gouldi P. & C. Type and paratype. New York State Museum 235 10. Lyropupa 1. uncifera P. & C. Glen Ada. 119422 . . . 236 II. Lyropupa 1. fossilis C. & P. Type. Manoa. 11039BM. 237 12, 13. Lyropupa 1. uncifera C. & P. Cotypes. li/> miles west of Kahuku, Oahu 236 PLATE 20. 1. Lyropupa lyrata var. Limahuli, Kauai. 11038BM. . . 237 2. Lyropupa rhabdota C. & P. Pelekunu, Molokai. 11040BM 239 3. 5. Lyropupa r. pluris P. & C. W. ravine upper Kamalo. 119427 240 4. Lyropupa r. pluris P. & C. Pipe-line trail, Kauna- kakai. 48625 240 6. Lyropupa r. lanaiensis Cooke. Lanai. 11041BM .... 241 7, 8. Lyropupa baldwiniana Cooke. lao, W. Maui. 11042BM 241 9. 10. Lyropupa prisca Anc. Mana, 119453 243 11. Lyropupa prisca Anc. Mana. 11044BM 243. 388 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PAGE 12. Lyropupa thaanumi C. & P. Auwahi. 11043BM ... 242 13. Lyropupa thaanumi C. & P. Auwahi. 119452 242 PLATE 21. 1. Lyropupa clathratula Anc. Olaa, Hawaii. 18768.... 245 2. Lyropupa microthauma Anc. Nu ua nu. 11045BM . . . 238 3. Lyropupa raicrothauma Anc. Nuuanu. 21562BM. .. 238 4. Lyropupa tmncata Cooke. Koliala Mts. 36996 247 5. Lyropupa mirabilis Anc. Popouwela. 11046BM 249 6. 7. Lyropupa mirabilis Anc. Popouwela. 108910 .... 249 8, 9. Lyropupa antiqua C. & P. Manoa. 119472 250 10. Lyropupa spaldingi C. & P. Pun Kaua. 119470 248 11. Lyropupa antiqua. Type ; Manoa. 11047BM 250 12,13. Lyropupa spaldingi C.& P. Puukaua. 11048BM. 248 PLATE 22. 1-3, 9. Lyropupa kahoolavensis P. & C. Type, fig. 1, and paratypes. Kahoolawe. 108871 256 4, 8. Lyropupa kaiioolavensis P. & C. Kona crater, Ha- waii. 119466 256 5. Lyropupa perlonga iuterrupta P. & C. Kahuku. 119446. 261 6. Lyropupa sparna C. & P. Kalihi. 33627BM 252 7, 10. 11. Lyropupa sparna C. & P. Pipe-line, upper Kaunakakai. 108919 252 12. Lyropupa hawaiiensis Anc. Palihoukapapa. 119468. 251 13. Lyropupa sparna sinulifera P. & C. Western ravine of Kamalo, Molokai. 119429 253 14. Lyropupa hawaiiensis Anc. Palihoukapapa. 119468. 251 PLATE 23. 1.2. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Type (a worn specimen). Nuuanu. 48063 Mus. Comp. Zool 258 3-5. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Typical. Bench of consoli- dated coral sand east of Diamond Head. 11052 B. M., f. 3, and 119473, f. 4, 5 258 6. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Recent. Koko Head. 11053 BM 258 7. Lyropupa micra C. & P. Rocky Hill. 11056BM 263 8. Lyropupa cylindrata C. & P. Makua. 11054BM 261 9. Lyropupa cyrta C. & P. Mana. 11060BM 268 10. Lyropupa cyrta C. & P. Mana. 119441 268 11. Lyropupa ovatula C. & P. Manoa. 11059BM 265 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. 389 FIGURE PAGE 12. Lyropupa filocostata 0. & P. Limahuli, Kauai. 11057BM 262 13, 14. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Embryo of Koko Head specimen 258 PLATE 24. 1-3. Lyropupa ova tula C. & P. Type. Kaelepulu. 119434 .' 265 4. Lyropupa ovatula C. & P. Palatal wall. Manoa. 119440 265 5. Lyropupa ovatula C. & P. Kaelepulu. 119434 265 6. 7. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Coral bench east of Dia- mond Head. 119473 261 8, 11, 12. Lyropupa plagioptyx P. & C. Kawaihapai. 109942 267 9, 10. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Kaelepulu, Kailua. 119425. 261 13, 14. Lyropupa thaumasia C. & P. Hanakupiai. 11061 BM 270 15. Lyropupa thaumasia C. & P. Hanakupiai. 119449.. 270 PLATE 25. 1-4. Lyropupa perlonga interrupta P. & C. West of Ka- huku. 119426 261 5-7. Lyropupa micra C. & P. Type and paratype. Kaele- pulu, Kailua. 48626 .' 263 8, 9. Lyropupa micra maunaloa? P. & C. Summit of Mauua Loa, Molokai. 119447 264 10, Lyropupa perlonga interrupta P. & C. Malaekahana, Oahu. 119463 261 11, 12. Lyropupa micra percostata P. & C. Kaelepulu, Kailua. 48627 264 13. Lyropupa cubana Dall. Type specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus 268 14. Lyropupa thaumasia. C. & P. Paratype. 119449 270 15 Lyropupa cyrta C. & P. Mana, Hawaii. 119441 268 16, 17. Lyropupa cubana Dall. After Dall 268 PLATE 26. 1. Lyropupa scabra P. & C. Ukulele, E. Maui. 11049BM. 254 2. Lyropupa scabra P. & C. Ukulele, E. Maui. 119465. . 254 3. 6. Lyropupa aneeyana C. & P. Olaa, Hawaii. 11050 BM 253 390 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PAGE 4, 7. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Palatal folds. Koko Head. 119437 260 5. Lyropupa ovatula kona P. & C. Moomomi. 44762 . . . 266 8. Lyropupa spaldingi, base of embryo. 11048BM 248 9, 12. Lyropupa k. puukolekoleiisis P. & C. Puukolekole. 119475 258 10, 11, 14. Lyropupa ovatula kona P. & C. Huehue, Ha- waii*. 44763 266 13. Lyropupa kahoolavensis P. & C. Palatal folds. Mauna Loa, near shifting: sands, Molokai. 44764 257 PLATE 27. 1-3. Nesopupa plieifera Anc. 11063, 15346, 19328BM. . . 280 4-6. Nesopupa waiauaensis C. & P. 11064BM 281 7, 8. Nesopupa dispersa C. & P. 11066BM 284 9, 10. Nesopupa baldwiui Anc. 18732BM 287 11, 12. Nesopupa b. subcostata P. & C. 108885 288 3, 14, 15. Nesopupa b. lanaieusis P. & C. 34521BM 289 PLATE 28. 1. Nesopupa litoralis C. & P. Ewa. 11065 283 2. Nesopupa anceyana C. & P. Olaa. 11072 293 3. Nesopupa anceyana C. & P. Kilauea-iki 293 4. Nesopupa bishopi C. & P. 12465 296 5. Nesopupa forbesi C. & P. 11074 297 6. 10. Nesopupa limatula C. & P. 11067 290 7. Nesopupa infmjuens C. & P. 15489 298 8. Nesopupa. subcentralis C. & P. 11070 294 9. Nesopupa dubitabilis C. & P. 11068 291 10. Nesopupa limatula C. & P. 11067 290 11, 12. Nesopupa thaanumi Anc. Olaa. 11084 304 13. Nesopupa. dubitabilis kaalaensis C. & P. 11069 292 (All but fig1. 3 from Bishop Museum specimens.) PLATE 29. 1, 2. Nesopupa wesleyana Anc. 11079 299 3. Nesopupa w. tryphera C. & P. 11082 301 4. Nesopupa w. gouveiae C. & P. 11081 301 5. 6. Nesopupa kauaiensis Anc. 11076 318 7. Nesopupa. \v. rhadina C. & P. Kahuku 303 8. Nesopupa singularis C. & P. Kaliuwaa, 11077 320 9. Nesopupa w. kamaloensis P. & C. Kamala. 108725... 303 10. Nesopupa alloia C. & P. Kauai. 11078 321 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. 391 FIGURE PAGE 11, 12. Nesopupa oahuensis C. & P. 11075 317 13. Nesopupa w. rhadina C. & P. Type. 11083 301 (All but figs. 5, 6, 7 and 9 from Bishop Museum specimens.) PLATE 30. 1,2,3. Nesopupa tantilla (Gld.). Type. 5505USNM . . . 324 4. Nesopupa tantilla (Gld.). 20665USNM 324 5, 6. Nesopupa pleurophora (Sh.). 22917 326 7, 8. Nesopupa paivae (Crosse). After Boettger 328 9, 12, 13. Nesopupa armata Pse. Type. 48315MCZ 327 10, 11. Nesopupa cocosensis (Dall). Cocos Island 323 12, 13. Nesopupa armata (Pse.). Type. 48315MCZ 327 14. Nesopupa dentif era (Pse.). Cotypes. 48314MCZ. . . 329 PLATE 31. 1. Nesopupa proscripta (Smith). After Smith 344 2. Nesopupa selebeusis (T.-C.). After Tapperone-Canefri. 343 3. 4. Nesopupa barrackporensis (Gude) 348 5, 6. Nesopupa cinghalensis (Gude). After Gude 347 7. Nesopupa salemensis (Blanf.). Conch. Indica 347 8. Nesopupa salemensis (Blanf.). J. A. S. Beng 347 9, 10. Nesopupa filosa (Theob. & Stol.). Type and para- type, Indian Mus 345 11. Nesopupa brevicostis (Bens.). After Gude 346 12. Costigo saparuana Bttg. After Boettger 366 13. 14. Nesopupa godeffroyi Bttg. After Boettger 330 15, 16. Nesopupa tongana Bttg. After Boettger 331 17. Nesopupa tongana Bttg. After Boettger 331 18, 19, 20, 21. Nesopupa vitiana Bttg. Oneata. After Boettger 332 22, 23. Nesopupa vitiana Bttg. Viti Levu. After Boettger 332 24. Nesopupa marie! (Crosse). Journ. de Conch 334 25. Nesopupa lifouana (Gass.). Journ. de Conch 333 26. Nesopupa uorfolkensis (Sykes). After Sykes 333 27. 28. Nesopupa eapensis (Bttg.). After Boettger 335 PLATE 32. 1-3. Nesopupa moreleti (A. D.Br.). A.D.Browu. 64105.339 4,5. Nesopupa moellendorffi (Bttg.). After Boettger. .. 341 6, Nesopupa moreleti (A. D. Br.). 96488 339 7, 8. Nesopupa quadrasi Mlldff. 78395 335 9, 10. Nesopupa quadras! Mlldff. 96014 335 392 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PACK 11. Nesopupa moluccana (Bttg.). 117139 33s 12. Nesopupa moluccana (Bttg.). After Boettger 338 13. Nesopupa iiannodes (Q. & M.). Bohol. 114970 .... 341 14, 15. Nesopupa malayana (Tssel). After Tssel 342 16. Nesopupa malayana (Issel). Manila. 63973 342 PLATE 33. I, 2, 3. Nesopupa minutalis Morel. 78394 352 4. Nesopupa micra Pils. (exigua H. Ad.). P. Z. S 351 5. Nesopupa comorensis Pils. (monatt Morel.). Journ. de Conch 353 6. Nesopupa ventricosa ( H. Ad.). P. Z. S 354 7. Costigo borbonica (H. Ad.). P. Z. S 367 8-10. Nesopupa gonioplax Pils. Type. 64093 351 II. Nesopupa turtoni f Smith). St. Helena. 69935 363 12. Costigo desmazuresi (Cr.). Journ. de Conch 368 13. Campola?mus perexilis (Smith), unit, contrarius. P. Z. S 366 14. 15. Nesopupa turtoni (Sm.). St. Helena. 69935.... 363 16, 18, 19. Campolsenms perexilis mut. ascendens 366 17. Campolaemus perexilis (Sm.). P. Z. S 365 PLATE 34. 1-4. Nesopupa griqualandica . (M. & P.). Pretoria. 114968. 357 5, 6. Nesopupa rhodesiana Pils. Victoria Falls 360 6ff. Nesopupa iota Prest. After Preston 361 7-9. Nesopupa farquhari Pils. 117282 358 10. Costigo nobrei (Girard). After Girard 36s 11. 13, 14. Nesopupa bisulcata (Jick.). After Jickeli... 359 12. Nesopupa eorrugata (Prest.). Burnup delin 361 15. Nesopupa cormgata (Prest.). Connolly coll 361 DATES OP ISSUE OF VOL. XXV. Part 97, pp. 1-64, plates 1-5, November 5, 1918. Part 98, pp. 65-144, plates 6-10, February 20, 1919. Part 99, pp. 145-224, plates 11-18, June 30, 1919. Part 100, pp. 225-404, plates 19-34, April, 1920. INDEX ABIDA Leach 370 abundaus West 16 aecedens Anc 119, 121 acheila Serv 202 achila Sow 380 adversidens Sandb 208 aequidentata Poll 165 affinis Arad 66 AFRIPUPA P. & C 276, 357 alabamensis Clapp 79 alaea Jeffr 69, 72 albilabris Ziegl 8 albina Tayl 378 algesirae Kob 42 alleodus Sandb 216 Alloglossa Linds 1 alloia C. & P 321 allyniana Berry 376 alpestris Aid 150, 197 alternans Dh 223 amicta Parr 63 anceps P^agot 68 anceyana C. & P 253, 293 andrusiana Pils 109 angulata Fag 34, 371 angusta C. & P 315 angustata West 53 angustior Jeffr 211 ANGUSTULA St 71, 145 angustula 212, 378 annaensis Beck 333 anodon Dh 218 antiqiia C. & P 250 antiquonim Ckll 84, 85, 86 autivertigo Dr 163 aperta Mill 219 (393) approximans St 94, 95 aprica Bgt 184 apuana Iss 15 apuna Iss., West 15 aragonica Fagot 54, 372 arcadica. Reiuh 16 arctica Wallenb 189 arenula White 215 arigoi West 34 arigonis Rm 34 arizonensis P. & V 117 armata Pease 327 arthuri v. Marts 121 ascendens Pils 366 ascendens West 47 atavuncula White 215 athesina Gredl 175, 177 aucta West 33 aureacensis Loc 14 ausonia Stef 176 avena Drap 11 avenacea Brag 10 aveniculura Hartm 14 avenoides West 16 B badia Moq 31 baldensis Parr 68 baregiensis Bgt 35 baldwiniana Cooke 241 baldwini Anc 287 barrackporensis Glide. .. 348 basidens P. & V 117 baudoni Mass 169 bergomensis Ch 22 bermudensis Pils 149 berryi Pils 89 394 INDEX. bidens Sandb bidentata Jeffr 168, bigeminata Dh biplicata Bgt 47 bisulcata Jick bleicheri Pal blumiBttg 220,274, boettgeriana Cl bollesiana Mse bonnet! Cossm borbonica. H. Ad borealis Morel bothriocheila Bgt bourgeaui Shutt brevicostis Bs briobia Bgt Bulimus cinereus Mort. . . Bulimus psarolenus B. . . biittneri Siem. C calamanica Mlldff californica Ing 119, californica Rowell calpica West callicarens Bttg callista West rallosa Reuss callosa St callostoma Bgt 219, campanea Bgt CAMPOL/EMUS Pils capellinii Saceo 221, carbonaria Anc eardiostoma Sa.iidb CABYCHIOPSIS Sandb. . . . castanea St catalinaria St caziotiana Pils eelata West cent rails Anc centralis Fag cereana Mlilf cerealis Ziegl Hiarpentieri Sh 208 CHONDRINA Reich 169 Chondnis Cuv 223 ciaiieiisis Caz .......... , 51 cinerea Drap .......... 359 cinereus Mort .......... 219 cinghalensis Gude ..... 379 eircumplieata Mss ...... 49 cisalpina Poll .......... 101 clathratula Anc ........ 216 clevei West ............ 367 clienta West ........... 127 coarctata Dh ....... 218, 219 cocchi Ben ............. 50 Cochlodonta Per ....... 346 COCOPUPA Pils ...... 276, 185 cocosensis Ball ......... 65 codia Bgt .............. 65 codiolena Bgt .......... 203 collina West ........... coloradensis Ckll ....... columbiana St ......... 367 comes Bttg ............ 120 comorensis Pils ........ 139 coucinna Scott ........ 41 concimiula Ckll ..... 119, 176 condita Gassies ........ 213 conecnheiisis Clapp . .80, 216 confusa West .......... 97 consobrina Parr ........ 379 contorta Calc .......... 219 contrarius Pils ......... 364 coiivergens Bttg ........ 379 coreana Pils ........... 234 cornea Loc ......... 166, 217 corpulenta Mse ........ 223 corrugata Prest ........ 132 costata Pease .......... 142 COSTIGO Bttg .......... 10 costiilata Sandb ........ 187 costulosa Pease ........ 288 crassata Bof ........... 35 cristata St ............. 21 crossei Mich ........... 12 cubana Ball ........... 179 cupressicola St ......... 1 1,5 20 58 65 347 22 165 245 210 15 223 13 1, 6 322 323 184 219 162 115 108 223 353 206 372 333 372 53 30 66 366 216 156 176 130 361 272 366 223 310 36 100 220 268 143 INDEX. 395 eurta Held 173 cyclopkora Bgt 219 cyclops St 141 cyrenarum Zinri 217 eyrta C. & P 268 cylindrata P. & C 261 cylindrella Al. Br 222 cylindrica Colb 214 cylindrica Gray 175 D daliaca West 193 dalecarlica West 193 ilalliana St 137 dalmatina Partsch 68 danica West 213 decora Old. 126 dedecora Pils 273 defrancii Brong 216 deloplecta Ag 370 cleuticus Settep 20 dentiens Marts 64 dentiens Moq 47 dentifera Pease 329 denudata Mss 156 depressilabris Parr 68 dertosensis Bof 36 desmazuresi Crosse .... 368 desmoulinsiana Jeffr. . . . 179 desmoulinsi Germ 179 Dexiogira De Betta .... 70 Dexiogyra Stab 70 dhorni Dh 223 dia.boli Pils 88 •dicaea West 187 diegoensis St 141 diezi Cless 218 dinii Stef 213 discheilia Bgt 170 disjiuicta C. & P 317 dispersa C. & P 284 dissimilis West 60 divergens Flach 217 diversidens Sandb. . .218, 379 dohrni Sandb. 223 doniicella West 54 dubitabilis C. & P 291 dunkeri Zelebor 326 duplicate Kiister 14 E eapensis Bttg 335 eggeri Gredl 189 elatior Paul 15 elatior St 95 elongata St 142, 199, 377 elongatissima DesM 32 elsheimensis Bttg 216 Enneopupa Bttg 222 eogea Pils 151 eremia West 186 erlandi West 163 eupora West 12 eurieysii Paetel 380 excelsa Issel 64 exigua H. Ad 352 extima West 190 F Falsopupa Germ 370 farinesii Des M 45 farinesi Mich 31 farquhari Pils 358 fasciata Caz 61 ferruginea West 12 filocostata C. & P 262 filosa Theob. & Stol 345 flexidens Rss 220, 273 forbesi C. & P 297 fonnosa Parr 68 fossilis C. & P 237 frumentum Boub 31 Fusulina Sandb 224 G gaali Wenz 379 galloprovincialis Marg. . . 10 GASTROCOPTA 370 gastrodes Ziegl 66 396 INDEX. gemma West 194 genesii Gredl 204 gigantea Moq girondica Bttg 220 glandieula Sandb 208 GLANDICULA Sandb 221 glans Pils. & Hir 155 globosa Sacco 220 globula. Cless 218 globula West 168, 169 globulus Dh 218 globus Pils 218 guampta C. & P 317 godeffroyi Bttg 330 gonioplax Pils 351 goniostoma Kiist 33, 371 gorbeana Pils 56 gothomm West 211, 213 gouldi P. & C 235 gouldii Binn gouveias C. & P 301 gracilis Rm 29 graellsiana Serv 183 gratiosa West 37 gravida West 182 griqualandica M. & P. . . 357 guadalupensis Fer 214 guidoni Caz 61 guiraonis Pils 51 H hachijoensis Pils 153 haeusleriSt 177, 178 hamate Held 212 hannai Pils 114 Haplopupa Pils 70 hassiaca Pfr 11 hauchecornei Klebs .... 216 hawaiiensis Anc 251 haydeni Anc 119, 121 hebardi Van 103, 372 heberti Foug. & Den. ... 216 heldi Cl 177, 199 HELENOPUPA P. & C. 277, 363 helvetica West. 201 heptodonta. Risso 66 heterostropha Lch 161 hexodon C. B. Ad 87 hirasei Pils 154 hoppii Moller 135 hordeum Rm 24 hornbeckii Villa 66 hospitii Fag 37, 371 hydrobiarum Bttg 217 hydrophila Reinh 152 50 56 68 348 276 187 219 219 ignota Fag ilendensis Fag incerta Nevill inconspecta Pan- indica Pfr INDOPUPA P. & C inermis West inflata Cless inflatula Pils INFRANESOPUPA C. & P. 277, 289 infrequens C. & P ...... 298 ingersolli Anc ...... 119, 120 insculpta Pils .......... 131 inserta Pils ............ 118 INSTTLIPFPA P. & C. 342, 348, 352, 361 interferens Dh ......... 223 intemipta P. & C. . .261. 315 iota Preston ........... 361 irregularis Poll ........ 165 Isabella? Caz ........... 62 isarica West ........... 201 isthmia. Gray ......... 69, 71 japonica P. & H 155 Juliana Tssel 61 juliensis Bgt 34 jmnillensis Guir 49 jumillensis Rm 51 INDEX. 397 K kaalaensis C. & P 292 kahoolavensis P. & C. ... 256 kauaiensis Anc 318 kobelti Hid 38 kochi Bttg 218 krauseana Reinh 136 kiinowi Klebs 216 kushiroensis P. & H 153 kusteriana West. 181 labiosa Parr 68 labiosa Caz 10 laemodonta Bgt 379 laevigata Kok 179 laevigata West 61 iallemantiana Bgt 43 lanaiensis Cooke 241 lanaiensis P. & C 289 laroisiana West 183 latasteana L. & B 170 leoiitina Gredl 201 lepida West 23 lepta West 14 leptocbeilos Pag 31, 371 leptocbila Loc 31 lessinica Ad 16 letourneuxi Bgt 42 levenensis Scott 206 libanotica Trist 66 lienardiana Cr 370 lienardi Genn 370 lifouana Gass 333 ligustica Sacco 221 lilljeborgi West 167 liraatula C. & P 290 limbata Part 179 LIMBATIPUPA C. & P. 277, 306 litoralis C. & P 283 Icemodonta Bgt 219 longa Pils 377 longini Pag 48 loroisiana Bgt 182 lucana Brig 11 lucida Jan 213 lusitanica Rm 40 lusitanica Tourn 4 luzitanica Nobre 40 lyrata Ancey 254 lyrata Gld. '. 233 LYROPUPA Pils 226 Lyropupilla P. & C 247 M inagdalena? Anc 234 uianotiana Bgt 55 maresi Bgt 171 mariei Crosse 334 mariposa Pils 88 marki Gul 107 martini H. & J 114 martini Sayn 206 major Kiist 24, 26 major Loc 166 major Moq 61 malayana Issel 342 massotiana Bgt 52 maunaloae P. & C 264 maxima Bttg. 216 meoracbeiloides Cl. 17 megacheylos Dup megacheilos C. & J 7 megalomastoma Malz. . . 362 megolomastoma Malz. . . 363 melanostoma Paul 15 merita West 168, 169 micra C. & P 263 micra Pils 351 microdon West 49 microhelix Sandb 223 microleua Bgt 185 micronixia Bgt 219, 379 microstoma Reuss 218 millium Sowb. 148 milne-edwardsi Bgt 219 miliiformis Bttg 217 minima Cless 219 minima Loc. 14 398 minor Bttg minor Menke minor Moq minor Pfr minor West minor West mirabilis Anc MIRAPUPA C. & P mitis Bttg mitis West modesta Say 123. modesta West MODICELLA Ads 1, ' moellendorffi Bttg moenana Zinn molnccana Bttg monas Morel ^ monas West 173 moqniniana Kiist moreleti Brown moreleti Bttg morsei St mortilleti v. Marts mosbachiensis Bttg moulinsiana Dup nrahlfeldtii Kiist muhlfeldi West miiltieostnlata Gutz. . . . miiltidentata C. & P. miiltidentata Strob. . . . murchisoniae Moore . . . muscicola Cless mvrmido Mich INDEX. 216 24 61 58 176 249 173 372 168 ,^ 341 216 338 174 33£ 343 65 217 178 24 26 . 315 . 21 219 nitidula Mss 195, 19G nobrei Girard norfolkensis Sykes 333 novemplicata Loc 166 numellata Gul nylanderi St 100 0 oahuensis C. & P 317 obesa Bgt 47 obliterata Ch 52 oblonga Parr 68 obscura Miihlf 24, 26 occidentalis St 134 ocse.nsis Hal 212 octodentata Stud 164 octodentata West 181 okinoerabuensis P. & H. . 155 oligodonta Del Pr olivetorum Loc 60 oneateiisis Bttg., Anc. . . 332 onixiodon Bgt 219, 379 oscariana St 144, 378 otostoma West 209 ovata Say 82, 372 ovalis St 79 ovatula C. & P 265 ovatnla. Sandb 217 oviformis Schl 220 ovoidea West 195 ovttlnm Pfr 86 oviilum St 79 N nana Mich 211, 212 nana P. & M 24 nannodes Q. & M 341 navasi Fag NearctulaSt 70,138 iieglecta Poey 87 Nesodagys C. & P. ..276, 299 NESOPUPA Pils 274, 351 NESOPUPILLA P. & C. 276, 278 newcombi Pfr 307 pachygaster Jens 182 pachygaster Sh 61 padana Poll 165 paivae Crosse 328 pallidaPhil 63 pallida Jeffr 176 palustris Jeffr 164 Paracraticula Opp 221 paradoxa St parcedentata Al. Br. . . . 207 parietalis Anc 128 INDEX. 399 parrajena Orb., Paetel . . 68 pusilla Miill 161, 378 parvrila Dli 218 puukolekolensis P. & C. . 258 parvula St 105 pygmaea Drap 96, 174 patula Mke 63 pyrenaica Boub 371 paucidens West 12 pyrenaica Far 31 pazi Crosse 325 penehinatiana Bgt 53 Q pereostate. P. & C 264 quadridens Sandb 208 perexilis Sm 365 quadridens West 176 perlonga Pse 258 quinqiiedeiitata Born ... 58 peraperta Pils 219 quiiiquedentata Joos . . . 217 perryi St 103 quinquedentata Stud. . . 173 personate Moq 179, 181 quinquelaniellata Eisso. . 58 pineticola West 194 quinqueplicata Miihlf. . . 24 pitcaimensis Beck 324 quinqueplicata P. & M. . . 58 plagioptyx P. & C 267 plicifera Anc 280 R pluris P. & C 240 ragia Bgt 219 ponapica Mlldff 336 regularis West 188 porcellata West 61 remiensis Dh 223 praehistorica Nev 62 reneana Serv 167 praslinensis Nev 355 rhabdota C. & P 239 presbytera Bttg 218 rhadina C. & P 301 prisca Anc 243 rhodesiana Pils 360 priscilla Pal. . . .220, 274, 379 rhynchostoma Bgt. . .219, 379 producta West 211, 212 riviana Schr. 18 prolongata Parr 68 ronnebyensis West 192 proseripta Smith 344 rowelli Newc 143, 378 protracta Sandb 217 rubella Loc 176 proxima Em 68 rufula Moq 8, 27 psaroleua. Bgt 65 rugosula St 77 pseudantivertigo Pal. . . 219 PSEUDELIX Bttg 222 S PTYCHAL/EA Bttg. . . 273, 379 salemensis Blf 347 Ptychochilus Bttg 274 saltus Fag 51, 372 pulchella Bofill 54 sanbemardinensis Pils. . Ill punctilium Paetel 340 sansaniea Bgt 219, 379 punctulum Bttg 195, 196 saparuana Bttg 366 punctmn Bttg 195 sarena Gredl 175, 177 Pupa Drap 1, 370 saxicola Lowe 224 pupseformis Poll 379 scabra P. & C 254 Pupella Sw 371 scalariformis Em 68 pupula Al. Br 223 schista West 36 pusilla Biv 166 schlosseri Cossni 220 pusilla Des M 29, 30 schultzii Phil. 202 400 INDEX. sclnvageri Rss selebensis T.-C seminulum Bttg seminulum Lowe seminulum West. . . . 164. septemdentata Fer septemdentata Risso . . . sexdentata Stud sexdentatus Mont sexplicata Bof sexplicata Loc sextana Gredl shuttle worthiana Ch. ... sicula De Greg sieversi Bttg similis Brug similis Fer singularis C. & P sinistrorsa Anc sinistrorsum Stand sinuata Mss sinulifera P. & C Solatopupa Pils spaldingi C. & P sparna C. & P spelta Beck speluncae Bgt speluncannn Nev STAURODON Lowe steenbuchii Beck sterkii Pils striatula Parr striatula Pse subalpestris Bttg. . . . 195, subcarinata Bgt subcentralis C. & P subcereana West subcostata P. & C subhordeum West substriata Jeffr subtrochiformis Greg. . . superioris Pils 223 343 314 225 165 165 11 17:} 164 53 176 174 198 13 195 57 175 320 29 173 166 253 57 248 252 23 47 62 224 136 112 68 246 196 47 294 12 288 13 172 214 97 tainagonari P. & H 158 tantilla Gld ........... tarraconensis Fag ...... tassaroliana Sacco ..... tatrica Haz ............ temiimarginata Des M.. . thaanumi Anc ......... thaamimi C. & P ....... thaumasia C. & P ...... thibetica Bens ......... tiamla Al. Br ......... tirolensis Gredl ..... 190, tirolica West .......... Tomigerns ............ tong-ana Bttg .......... Torquilla Stud ......... tosana Pils ............ toscolana Schrod ....... tournoueri Anc ........ tournoneri Cotter ...... trajisiens Cless ......... transiens West ......... tricolor Ant ........... tricolor Sowb .......... tridens Sandb ......... tridentata St ........... trinotata St ........... triodonta Bgt .......... triphera C. & P ........ trochulus Sandb ........ trolli F. & W .......... truneata Cooke ........ tuchoricensis Pils ...... tumida West .......... turgida Ziegl .......... turgida Zglr ........... turcica Dh ............ turtoni Smith ......... typica Poll ............ U ultima Pils ............ umbra Opp ............ uncifera C. & P ........ undorfensis Cless ...... unifasciata Cax. 324 48 220 191 31 304 242 270 378 221 192 16 364 331 1 156 9 4 4 17 16 8, 9 68 208 106 140 219 301 4 379 247 218 162 68 380 222 363 165 128 222 236 218 62 INDEX. 401 unilabiata Bgt 171 upsoni Calk 84 utahensis St 109, 116 V variegella Ziegl 58, 60 variegellus P. & M 60 vasconensis Noulet 379 vasconica Kob 38 venetzii Ch 212 ventilatoris Parr 26 ventricosa Dup 29 ventricosa H. Ad 354 ventricosa Mse 92, 372 ventrosa Heyn 181 Vertigininse 68 vertigo Gmel 161 vertigo Mont .......... 212 VERTIGO Miill .......... 69 VERTILLA Moq. . . 71, 210, 221 VERTILLARIA Pils ..... 71, 144 viridana Lindh ........ 174 vitiana Btt ........... 332 281 299 waianaensis C. & P wesleana Anc xenos 377 zonata Gass ........... 333 PUPILLID>E PLATE 19 '' " ''-> ^. ,'•• v- ''"•>- ;"'1,;;i^^^ 4 -;;^> 8 9 12 •/- .•- »'J^-^«U>»., >•'.—«. «. •r"-^-'V*.^. PUPILLID^R PLATE 2O N 13 PU PILLION PLATE 21 m 1 ;T^ 12 PUPI'LLID^E PLATE 22 14 PUPILLID/E: PLATE 23 A LS PUPTLLID^E PLATE 25 -•at - •>''"'-''' •"''" •• "\V: • •&\^Ji«lv PUPILLID>E PLATE 26 v ,-*f~. ^ ^•: '' 12 PUPILLID/E PLATE 27 PUPILLID^ PLATE 28 - 3 6 1O 8 11 ' 12 13 PUPILLID^E PLATE 29 I il PLATE 30 11 10 12 13 14 PUPILLID^ PLATE 31 PUPILLID^ PLATE 32 13 PUPI LLI PLATE 33 PUPILLID^E PLATE 34 SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED HY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. OONTINUKD BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY ov NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Part 4 PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES , ^ FOUNDED BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUKD BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAI SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. _, Part PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED HV GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Pat ,t PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED FJY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOI/LTJSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Part PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Part PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.