m m nn .a O m CD SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA MANUAL OK CONCHOLOGY VOL. XXVI PUPILLIM: , PUPILLIN.E) BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D. /f I? \j -- PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA I920-I92I tiff ' PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: HENRY SKINNER, M.D., Sc.D. WITHER STONE, A.M., Sc.D. HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D. WILLIAM J. Fox MILTON J. GREENMAN, M.D. EDITOR : HENRY A. PILSBRY. TREASURER : S. RAYMOND ROBERTS. CONTENTS PAGE Family Pupillidae, subfamily Vertiginiiiae 1 Genus PRONESOPUPA Iredale 1 Polynesian species 1 Hawaiian species (in collaboration with Dr. C. Montague Cooke) 3 Genus PUPISOMA Stoliczka 19, 235 Old World species 22 American species 36 Genus CYLINDROVERTILLA Boettger 43 Genus STERKIA Pilsbry 49, 236 Genus TRUNCATELLINA Lowe 58, 236 Atlantic Island species 62 European species 64 Japanese species 84 African species 85 Genus ACMOPUPA Boettger 101 Genus NEGULUS Boettger 101 Subfamily Pupillinae 106 Genus PUPOIDOPSIS Pilsbry & Cooke 106 Genus PUPOIDES Pfeiffer 108 American species 110 Oriental and Ethiopian species 121 Australian species 140 Genus MICROSTELE Boettger 147 Genus MICROCERION Dall 151 Genus PUPILLA Leach 152, 238 Species of North America 155 Species of Europe and North Africa 172 Species of Asia 192 Species of Africa 205 Species of Australia 21 8 (in) 1 V CONTENTS PAGE Genus BOYSIA Pfeiffer 225 Appendix to Volumes XXIV, XXV, XXVI 228 Explanation of Plates 239 Dates of publication, parts 101-104 248 Index 249 MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY Family PUPILLID^ Turton. Subfamily VERTIGININJE, continued. Genus PEONESOPUPA Iredale. Pronesopupa IREDALE, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, x, 1913, p. 384, for P. sen-ex. The shell is similar to Nesopupa except that the aperture is toothless; outer lip reflected, the lip insertions remote. Living on trees or plants. The species are illustrated on plate 1. The arboreal P. senex, of Kennadec, type of this genus, is riot known to us by specimens, and we have not seen P. sim- plaria Pease, of the Marquesas, which appears to belong here. The Hawaiian species which we now place in Pronesopupa by having cuticular lamina? on the ribs, or "membranous ribs", agree with numerous toothed Hawaiian forms of Nesopupa. It appears likely that they were derived from the Limbati- pupa group of Nesopupa by loss of teeth. It is quite possible that Pronesopupa senex is a similar derivative from some other dentate stock of southern Nesopupa:. The negative character of being toothless has little weight in phylogeny, but we have nothing better at present; when the radulas of P. senex and the Hawaiian species can be com- pared a further step may be taken. 1. PRONESGPUPA SENEX Iredale. PI. 1, figs. 8, 9. "Shell minute, pupoid, dextral, few whorls. Color brown. Whorls 4 ; the first whorl and a half smooth ; the succeeding whorls have a sculpture of distant sharp lamellae, the inter- vening spaces threaded with stria^ : in some shells the lamellae PRONESOPUPA. are obsolete, or only occur on the last half whorl, whilst in others they regularly appear on each whorl; on the last whorl about a dozen can be counted, either indistinct or very prominent. A narrow, deep umbilicus is present. The colu- mella is straight and reflected ; aperture discontinuous, almost circular, with the outer lip reflected and expanded. In gen- eral shape the specimens vary, some being more loosely coiled than others which have a humped-up appearance. Height 2, breadth 1.25mm." (Iredalc). Kermadec Group: Sunday Island. Living on tree trunks, not moss-covered, and hiding in the crevices of bark- in dry weather (Iredale). Pronesopupa senex IREDALE, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, x, Sept. 1913, p. 385, pi. 18, figs. 1, 2. No species, in any way allied to this, has yet been recorded from New Zealand, though I have seen very similar shells with the mouth fully armed from Fiji. Nothing of this nature has yet been found on Lord Howe Island, but the species named Vertigo norfolcensis by Sykes, from Norfolk Island, is referable to Nesopupa; it is, however, very much larger a.nd sinistral (Iredale). 2. PRONESOPUPA SIMPLARIA (Pease). Not figured. Shell thin, obesely ovate, dextral, rimate, yellowish, longi- tudinally delicately striate ; whorls 3, rounded-convex, the last flattened; suture deeply impressed; apex obtuse; aper- ture nearly circular, toothless; peristome thin, margins sep- arated ; columella spreading above, slightly expanded. Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm. (Pease). Marquesas. Vertigo simplaria PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 461. Collector unrecorded. The species was not found by Gar- rett, who catalogued the Marquesan shells in 1887. This species could not be found in the Pease collection in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and is known by the above description only. PRONESOPUPA. O HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF PRONESOPUPA. BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE AND H. A. PILSBRY. The shells are minute (1.4 to 2.7 mm. in length), fragile, dextral, perforate, ovately conic to conic-helicoid, costate, with 4 to 5% whorls. The embryonic whorls are minutely granulose. Aperture without palatal plica;; in one species (P. boettgeri) there are one or two minute lamellae on the parietal wall and occasionally there is a swelling or a minute, deeply-seated fold on the columella. Lip insertions remote. The animal is like Lyropupa, Nesopupa and Vertigo in '.•eking inferior tentacles. No muscular waves of the sole were noticed in crawling. Nearly all the species are arboreal in habit, being found either on the trunks of trees, the branches of bushes or on the leaves of low-growing plants. A very few specimens have been taken 011 the ground, 011 mossy stones or dead leaves, probably fallen from plants. Key to Subgenera and Species of Hawaiian Pronesop-upa:. a\ Adult shells with 4-41/4 whorls; costa? -with membranous margins, often forming spine-like processes at the shoul- der. &1. Surface of embryonic whorls minutely granulose, and in addition, furnished with very minute raised spiral lines; 35-40 eostse on the last whorl (Section Edentulopupa). P. admodesta, no. 7. b2. Surface of embryonic whorls minutely granulose, the granules arranged in transverse rows, and with- out spiral lines ; 20-30 costae on the last whorl ( Sec- tion Pronesopupa proper). c1. Costpe uniform in height, not armed with spines. P. acanthimda, no. 3. c2. Costae armed with spines. d1. Aperture without teeth. c1. Diameter 80-85% of the length. P. b. spinigera, no. 6. e~. Diameter 95-100% of the length. P. hystricella, no. 4. PRONESOPUPA. d~. Aperture furnished on the parietal wall with a minute angular or parietal la- mella, more often with both. P. ~boettgeri, 110. 5. a~. Adult shells with 5-5% whorls; costge without membran- ous edges; last whorl with more than 45 costee (Section Sericipupa). b\ Whorls closely coiled, convex. c1. Adult sliell with diameter less than 55% of length. Hawaii. P. orycta, no. 13. c-. Adult shells with diameter more than 55% of length. P. lymaniana, no. 12. &-. Whorls more loosely coiled, very convex. c1. Adult shells more than 2.2 mm. in length. rf1. Adult shells about 2.7 mm. in length. Hawaii. P. scricata, no. 11. (/-'. Adult shells about 2.3 mm. in length. E. Maui. P. f. corticicola, no. 8a. c". Adult shells less than 2.1 mm. in length. f/1. Adult shells less than 2.0 mm. in length. e\ Adult shells between 1.9 and 2.0 mm. in length. Molokai. P. molokaiensis, no. 9. r-'. Adult shells between 1.7 and 1.8 mm. in length. Kauai. P. incerta, 110. 10. whorls. Embryonic whorls granulose, the granules arranged in transverse rows, towards the last of the second whorl the granules uniting into distinct costse. Margin of the costas sharp, thin, transparent, mem- branous, often extended into membranous spines, the inter- stices covered with minute wrinkles. Aperture truncate above, the lip insertions remote. The outer lip thin, slightly PRONESOPUPA. b expanded, the coluinellar margin broadly so. Aperture un- armed (except in P. bvettgeri, which has sometimes a very minute angular, sometimes a minute parietal lamella, but more often is furnished with both). There are no palatal plica?. Reproduction ovoviviparous. The Hawaiian species given below are provisionally located with P. senex. Unfortunately the microscopic surface char- acters of Iredale's species are not kno\vn to us, but from the description and figures of his species (having 4 whorls and with rather few distinct costse), P. sencx and the Hawaiian species seem to be closely related. Nearly all the species belonging to this section are found at rather low elevations, very few, as far as known, being found much above 2,000 feet elevation. They are to be looked for in almost any damp locality, especially in what is known as the Kukui-belt (Alcurites moluccana) . 3. PRONESOPUPA ACANTHINULA (Anc.). PI. 1, fig. 7. "Shell perforate, thin, transparent, dark corneous, globose, hardly pupoidal, sculptured with moderately distant and thin acute lamellae, very delicately and obliquely wrinkled in the interstices (visible with a strong lens). Spire globose-ele- vated, very obtuse. Whorls 4, convex [separated] by an im- pressed suture, increasing regularly, the upper smooth, the last globose, large, slightly oblique, saccate, not ascending. Aperture oblique, large, toothless, slightly flattened on the right side, angularly, very slightly produced forward in front of the middle, obliquely truncate-ovate. Peristome slightly expanded, regularly dilated at the columella. Length 1.5, diam. 1.5; alt. aperture 0.75 mm. Makiki, Oahu (Bald- win" (Anc.). Length 1.4, diam. 1.25 to 1.27 mm. Rim Tantalus bowl, s.-w. Oahu, Koolau Range: Kahana, Kaipapau, Kaliuwaa and Waiahole (Cooke) ; Kalihi (A. Gouveia) ; Makiki (Baldwin, M. Desnouee) ; Tantalus (Cooke and Pilsbry) ; Palolo (Brid- well) ; fossil at Malaekahana and Punaluu (Cooke). Waianae Range: Green Peak and Palehua (Cooke), Kaala (Bridwell). PRONESOPUPA. Molokai: Pelekunu (Forbes), Mapulehu, Kalamaula (Cooke). West Maui: Waikapu, Honokahau (Forbes), lao, Waihee (Cooke). East Maui: Kaupakalua, Keanae (Baldwin), Kai- lua, Alalele (Cooke). Hawaii: District of Hilo (Forbes, Thaanuin) ; Reed's Island, four miles Olaa Road, Rainbow Falls (Cooke), Mau- lua Gulch (Thaanurn). District of Puna (Thurston and Thaauum), Kaueleau, Keaau, Pahoa (Thurston), Olaa (Ly- maii and Cooke). District of South Kona : Hookena (A. Gouveia), Honomalino (Thurston), Kapua (Forbes). Dis- trict of North Kona: Holualoa, Waiaha and Hienaloli (A. Gouveia). District of Hamakua; Keehia (Thaanum), Wai- pio (Baldwin), Fossil Mana (Thaanum). "Central'' Hawaii (Forbes). Lectotype 12509, Cotypes 18695, Bishop Museum. Pupa acanthimda ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, v, 1892, p. 709. P. acanthinula appears to be widely distributed on all the islands except Kauai and Lanai. No specimens have, as yet, been reported from these two islands. Except for the shells collected by Mr. Forbes from "Central Hawaii", all of the specimens here examined came from elevations of less than 1,000 ft. The species is usually found on the trunks of trees, or the leaves of low shrubs or plants. Very few specimens have been found on the ground, or on dead leaves or stones. Ancey's type material consists of eight individuals, of which six are in good condition. One of these has been chosen to represent the species. This specimen measures: length 1.7, diam. 1.55, aperture, oblique alt. 0.93 mm. The differences between these measurements and those given by Ancey are probably due to the method of taking them. In none of Ancey's type material, though carefully measured, is the diameter equal to the length. The smallest adult of Ancey's type material measures: length 1.6, diam. 1.32, aper- ture 0.98 mm. In none of the specimens is there any indica- tion of parietal or angular lamella. Acanthinula is most easily recognized by its rather widely spaced riblets, 20-25 PRONESOPUPA. ( on the last whorl. They are thin, membranous, of a uniform height, the upper part not being produced into a spine. The interstices between the riblets of the last whorl are covered with very minute, close, discontinuous wrinkles. In an em- bryonic specimen from Hawaii, the mother of which is iden- tical with Ancey's types, the surface is minutely, though dis- tinctly, closely punctate, the points being arranged in axial rows; with the growth of the shell these points gradually unite, forming low close riblets. 4. PRONESOPUPA HYSTRICELLA n. sp. PL 1, fig. 12. The shell is perforate (umbilicus small, circular, open, deep, largely covered by the dilated columellar lip), helicoid, clay color, thin, sub translucent, conspicuously costate ; the riblets delicate, thin, transparent, membranous, forming on the last and penult whorls, just above the periphery, delicate, flat spines. Spire depressed, with slightly convex outlines and obtuse apex, the whorls very convex and separated by a deep suture. Whorls 4, the embryonic li/o Avhorls finely and closely granulose, the granules more or less arranged in transverse rows, gradually forming riblets towards the end of the second whorl, the last two whorls being strongly costate ; the last whorl very large, depressed, convex around the um- bilicus, slightly descending near the aperture, furnished with 28-30 costee, about 0.2 mm. apart, the intercostal surface being more or less evenly minutely wrinkled. Aperture large, oblique, truncate-ovate, slightly flattened on the right side, forming a blunt angle at the shoulder, toothless. The outer edge of the peristome is slightly expanded, thin; the colu- mellar margin broadly dilated above the columella. Length 1.65, diam. 1.6, aperture, greatest length 0.92 mm. Length 1.5, diam. 1.7 mm. Hawaii: Hilo, Reed's Island (type loc.) ; Holotype 11032 Bishop Museum, Paratypes 23233 Bishop Museum and A. N. 5. P. Kauai, a single specimen ; Oahu, common ; Molokai, not rare ; Lanai, a single young specimen, doubtfully reported to this species; W. Maui, not rare; E. Maui, rather common; Hawaii, common. 8 PRONESOPUPA. This is the most widespread species of Pronesopupa in the Hawaiian Islands, though it is not as frequently collected as P. boettgeri or P. boettgeri spinigera. It is found under the same conditions as these two forms, though more rarely taken on stones or dead leaves. Fossil specimens have been found in several recent deposits on Oahu, and two or three on Hawaii. They are usually quite rare in any deposit. This species is easily recognized by its helicoid form. The spine-like processes of the cost* are extremely delicate and are easily rubbed or broken off in handling the specimens. These spines are longer and narrower than those of bdettgeri or its subspecies. In the large series of this species exam- ined no specific or varietal differences Avere found in the shells from the different, islands. In the fossil specimens examined the cost* are low, of a uniform height, the processes having doubtless been broken off. In embryonic specimens of nearly two whorls from the type lot, the shells are flat; the beginning of the first whorl is immersed and the rest of this whorl hardly projecting above the second whorl. The surface is granulose or punc- tate, the minute granules being arranged in transverse rows, gradually forming cost* near the end of the second whorl. 5. PRONESOPUPA BOETTGERI n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 17. The shell is perforate (umbilicus small, circular, about y$ the diameter of the shell), globosely conic, buckthorn brown, costate; the costae delicate, thin, transparent, membranous, forming on the last and penult whorls triangular tooth-like processes, abrupt on the lower margin but above tapering more gradually. Spire with convex outlines, the whorls very convex, separated by a very deep suture. Whorls 4, the em- bryonic whorls indistinctly punctate, the costee not appearing until near the end of the second whorl. The last whorl is very large, somewhat saccate, convex about the umbilicus, ascending slightly near the aperture, with 26-30 costse, about 0.09 to 0.12 mm. apart, between the costie the surface is more or less transversely minutely wrinkled. Aperture oblique, broad, truncate-ovate, slightly flattened on the dextral side, PRONESOPUPA. 9 forming a blunt angle just above the periphery ; usually fur- nished with very small, low, tubercular, angular and parietal lamella?, the former often absent; often also with a swelling on the columella. The outer margin of the peristome is slightly expanded, the columellar margin dilated above the umbilicus. Length 1.65, diam. 1.25, aperture (diag.) 0.86 mm. Oahu : Tantalus (type loc.), near the southern rim of the crater. Exceedingly common 011 Oahu and Kauai, not com- mon on Maui and Hawaii, rather rare on Lanai and Molokai. Up to the present, no specimens have been reported from Niihau or KahoolaAve. Holotype 11030, paratypes 22021 Bishop Museum; para- types 46341 A. N. S. P. Pupa admodesta BOETTGER, von Martens' Conch. Mittheil., I, 1880, p. 58, pi. 12, f. 15. This is one of the most abundant species of Pupillldcc found on the Hawaiian Islands. Like acanthinula, it is usu- ally taken on the trunks of trees, and on the leaves of shrubs and low-growing plants. Sometimes, and more often than acanthinula, it is found on mossy stones, but is rarely taken on dead leaves. It is mostly found in rather damp localities or near streams, from about sea level to 2,000 ft. elevation. In most of the colonies the stock is pure but often it is found in company with its subspecies spinigera when the material reaches the collection. Undoubtedly if more care was taken in collecting, the specimens from each individual tree or shrub kept isolated, we would find that the colonies of this species and its variety are of pure stock. Undoubtedly this is the form described and figured by Boettger as admodesta. Boettger does not mention the spine- like processes of the cost®. These are very delicate and fragile, and usually absent, except in fresh specimens. In most of our specimens a large majority of the spines have been broken or nibbed off from being handled while collect- ing the shells, and extracting the animals. Specimens with only the angular tooth present are not com- mon and do not occur as a pure form. They are occasionally found among specimens with an angular and parietal lamellae. 10 PRONESOPUPA. A more common form and one not found in pure colonies lias only the parietal lamella developed. The most abundant form is the one selected as the type with both an angle and parietal lamella?. The angle lamella is present as a very low, indistinct knob, usually slightly separated from the termina- tion of the outer lip. The parietal lamella is about twice as long as its height. In nearly adult specimens the parietal develops before the angle lamella, the latter never appear- ing except in fully adult specimens. In most adult speci- mens there is a slight swelling on the inner margin of the columella, which does not appear to develop into a well- defined lamella. In the embryonic shell of iy2 whorls the early part of the first whorl is immersed, the surface is rather strongly punc- tate. The points are arranged in rather wavy, transverse rows. The surface of this species is more strongly punctate than that of embryonic specimens of acanthinula-. From acanthinula it is easily separated by the closer, spine-bearing cost® and the minute parietal and angular lamella?. 6. P. b. spinigcra n. subsp. PL 1, fig. 11. The shell is similar to that of P. boettgcri but smaller and without any teeth in the parietal wall. Length 1.41, diam. 1.2, aperture (diag.) 0.73 mm. Holotype 11031 Bishop Mu- seum, paratypes 15319 Bishop Museum and A. N. S. P. This is by far the most abundant form of Pronesopnpa on the Hawaiian Islands. Several large series are in the Bishop Museum collection, from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, W. Maui and Hawaii. Up to the present time no specimens have been seen from E. Maui, Laiiai, Kahoolawe or Niihau. It is probably common in the first two of these islands but does not seem to have been collected. It is very common under conditions similar to those under which boettgeri is found. It is, how- ever, much more abundant and is found more often existing as pure colomes. It is easily recognized by its smaller size and the absence of lamellae in the aperture. Embryos taken from specimens from Makiki, Oahu, have a PRONESOPUPA. 11 surface structure slightly more closely punctate than those of the typical form. Section Edentulopupa new section. Prouesopupa3 of 4-4^ whorls, with rather close costae (35- 40 on the last whorl) ; embryonic whorls, grauulose, minutely spirally striate; cost* with faint narrow membranous mar- gins. Aperture edentulous. Reproduction ovoviviparous. Type P. admodesta. Distribution : nearly all of the Hawaiian Islands. Speci- mens have been found from a few hundred feet elevation to nearly 4,000 ft. Most of the specimens were taken 011 the bark of trees, a few on a stone wall and dead leaves on the ground. 7. PRONESOPUPA ADMODESTA (Migh.). PI. ], fig. 13. "Shell minute, ovate, greenish brown; whorls 3^, convex; incremental stria? very fine ; aperture circular, unarmed ; lip simple, thin, slight^ reflected ; umbilicus small. Length 1/20 [1.25mm.], diam. 1/40 [0.62 mm.] inch. Oahu" (Mighels). Oahu : Nuuauu ; Luakaha 011 stone wall, Glen Ada (Cooke) ; Tantalus, near edge of crater, on the bark of leliua and koa trees (Cooke) ; Waianae Mts. Palehua on dead ieie leaves (Cooke); northeast ridge of Kaala (Bridwell). Kauai : Kaholuamanu (Forbes, one specimen). Molokai: Puukole- kole (Cooke & Pilsbry) (Cooke) ; Kalihi (Cooke, one speci- men). Hawaii: Hilo (Ancey collection, one specimen). Pupa admodesta MIGHELS, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, Jan. 1845, p. 19. — PPR., Monographia Hel. Viv., ii, p. 302.— ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, v, 1892, p. 708. Not Pupa admodesta BOETTGER, in von Martens' Conch. Mittheil., i. 1880, p. 58, pi. 12, f. 15 (== P. boettgeri). Of the numerous forms of Pronesopupa found on Oahu, we have selected as typical of admodesta the specimens from Luakaha, Nuuanu. The shell is narrowly umbilicate (umbilicus cleft-like), brownish with a greenish tinge, ovate, costulate, with low, sharp, close, thread-like membranous costse. Spire with con- 12 PRONESOPUPA. vex outlines, the whorls very convex and separated by a deep suture. Whorls 4, the embryonic (under the microscope) not smooth, irregularly punctate, gradually becoming costu- late, the two last whorls costulate. The last whorl ascends slightly near the aperture, is almost evenly ribbed with 35-40 costulse ; these are oblique, rather low, with slightly ragged, thin, membranous outer margins, and of an almost uniform height. The aperture is subcircular, toothless; outer margin expanded, thin, the columella slightly swollen near the middle, but not furnished with a lamella ; columellar margin broadly dilated. Length 1.45, diarn. 1, aperture, greatest length 0.67 mm. The specimens selected for the above description are slightly larger than indicated by Mighels, and also slightly broader in proportion to their length, with a half whorl more. I do not know of any form as small or narrow as Mighels' specimens and he may have made a slight error in his meas- urements. Specimens from Tantalus agree essentially with those from Nuuanu, except that the color is a clear light brown, without a greenish tinge, and the aperture is slightly larger without the slight swelling on the inner margin of the columella. One of the specimens measures: length 1.53, diam. 1.04, aperture 0.79 mm. In embryonic specimens of nearly two whorls the umbilicus is represented by a minute cleft. The first whorl is furnished with a few raised, thin spiral lines, the transverse riblets set in abruptly at the beginning of the second whorl. The raised spiral lines are also found on immature specimens with 3% whorls. Specimens from Palehua and Kaala, Waianae Mts., are almost duplicates of those from Tantalus, except that the apertures of the Kaala specimens are truncate-ovate rather than subcircular. A single specimen from Koholuamanu, Kauai, agrees very closely with the specimens from Luakaha in size, color, form and character of costulations. The columella is not, however, slightly swollen near its middle, but uniformly slightly concave. PRONESOPUPA. 13 Altogether four specimens of this species were taken on two trips to Puukolekole, Molokai. They agree very closely in form, color, structure and size of costa? with the Luakaha form. The only material difference is the aperture is larger, with the outer margin of the peristome having a darker tinge. The largest specimen with 4 whorls measures : length 1.53, diam. 1.07, aperture (diag.) 0.8 mm. A single specimen in the Aucey collection from Hilo, Hawaii, agrees almost perfectly with the Luakaha specimens, the only difference being that the apex is slightly more acute. Up to the present time no specimens of this species have been reported, as far as is known, from either Lauai or Maui. This species, as determined by us, has not been collected in large numbers in any locality except on Tantalus, Oahu. Undoubtedly it may sometime prove to be a fairly abun- dant and widely distributed species on all of the islands, when it is looked for under proper conditions. Section Sericipupa new section. Pronesopupffi of 5-5% whorls, closely and evenly costulate, the costa? without membranous margins; embryonic whorls convex, not flattened, very minutely granulose, the granules much finer than in the preceding subgenera. Aperture usu- ally edentulous, occasionally a minute swelling or fold ap- pearing deeply seated on the columella. Type: P. frondicola. Distribution: on the highlands (above 3,000 feet elevation) of Kauai, Molokai, East Maui and Hawaii. Specimens of this section are extremely rare. As far as known all living ex- amples were taken on the leaves of ferns and low-growing shrubs and under the bark and moss of trees. The sculpture suggests possible descent from Nesopupilla. 8. PRONESOPUPA FRONDICOLA n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 4. The shell is perforate (umbilicus minute, deep, circular), conic, dresden brown, closely and evenly costulate, rather glossy, thin, subtranslucent. Spire conic with obtuse, rounded summit; whorls convex, separated by a rather deep suture, apex less obtuse than in the preceding forms. Whorls nearly 14 PRONESOPUPA. 4, increasing very slowly and regularly, the embryonic whorls nearly smooth, under a very strong lens very minutely granulose, then, beginning gradually, the rest of the whorls are closely and evenly costulate, the costas without mem- branous margins, 011 the last whorl less than 0.04 mm. apart, the interstices not wrinkled, but under the microscope there are very indistinct, close, short spiral lines perpendicular to the riblets. The last whorl is not very large, tapering towards the base, convex about the umbilicus, ascending slightly near the aperture. Aperture rather small, not diagonal, hardly oblique, toothless, truncate-ovate, lip-insertions remote. • Outer margin of the peristome minutely thickened, slightly ex- panded, coluniellar margin arched over the umbilicus. Length 2.05, diam. 1.15, aperture 0.73 mm. Length 2.1, diam. 1.15, aperture 0.7 mm. E. Maui: Ainahou, at the head of the Keanae Gap, Halea- kala (type loc.) and Halemau, near the head of the Kaupo Gap (Cooke), Ukulele at 6,000 ft. (Forbes, Cooke). On the fronds of living ferns. Holotype 11033 Bishop Museum; paratypes 38486 Bishop Museum and A. N. S. P. A rather rare species in collections, probably due to the station and the difficulty of finding specimens. All the speci- mens were found on the pinnies of large ferns (Sadleria) , close to the mid-rib. Fully adult specimens, from Ukulele, have a minute colu- mellar fold, which is slightly oblique, median in position and situated deep within. These specimens are slightly smaller, and with slightly more convex outlines than those from the type locality. One measures : length 1.95, diam. 1.1 mm. There is no indication of a coluniellar fold in any of the specimens from within the crater of Haleakala. 8«. P. frondicola corticicola n. subsp. PI. 1, fig. 3. This form is somewhat similar to the typical one. In the subspecies the indistinct spiral lines are slightly more evident under a strong lens and the shell is considerably larger and stouter, with the same number of whorls. The figures are drawn to the same scale. The last whorl ascends slightly PRONESOPUPA. 15 more near the peristome than in the typical form. Length 2.32, diam. 1.35, aperture (diag.) 0.92 mm. Holotype 11034 Bishop Museum ; paratypes 38785 Bishop Museum and A. N. S. P. E. Maui: Puunianiau at 7,000 ft. (type loc.), Ainahou and Halemau (Cooke). All the specimens of this subspecies were taken living in moss on the bark of trees. It appears to be an extremely rare form, but will probably prove to be widely distributed over the mountain of Haleakala. In an immature specimen with 3y2 whorls, the surface structure of the embryonic whorls is fairly well preserved. The surface is minutely granulose, the granules being indis- tinctly arranged in transverse rows; near the beginning of the second whorl there are faint indications of the rib-striae as low blunt ridges. The initial portion of the first whorl is immersed with the upper portion of the second whorl form- ing a distinct blunt ridge bordering the suture. 9. PRONESOPUPA MOLOKAIENSIS n. sp. PL 1, fig. 5. The shell is very like that of F. frondicola but slightly smaller, darker colored and narrower in proportion to its length. The aperture is vertical, not slightly diagonal. The surface of the two lo\ver whorls is covered by somewhat coarser costulation, the riblets about 0.07 mm. apart. There is a minute, deeply situated swelling near the middle of the inner face of the columella, as in a few of the specimens of P. frondicola. Length 1.96, diam. 1.04, aperture (diag.) 0.73 mm. Molokai: Kawela, at about 3,500 ft, (type loc.), and Wai- kolu, about the same elevation ; on the leaves of low plants (Cooke). Holotype 41806 Bishop Museum. Only two examples of this species are known at present, one from ear-h of the localities mentioned above. It is with some hesitancy that we separate the above species from F. frondicola of East Maui, under which it might not improperly be placed as a variety. The coarser and more distant costae, as well as its geographical distribution, are the most impor- tant reasons for considering them specifically distinct. 16 PRONESOPUPA. 10. PRONESOPUPA INCERTA n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 6. The shell is perforate (umbilicus deep, cleft -like), elongate, subeylindrieal, buffy citrine, thin, transparent, the surface silky, shining, minutely, coarsely and evenly costulate. The spire is extended, with slightly convex outlines, the individual whorls convex, separated by a rather deep suture, apex slightly acute. Whorls 5, increasing slowly and regularly, the embryonic, under the microscope, minutely granulose, with costula? beginning at about the middle of the second whorl: the rest of the whorls evenly and regularly costulate ; riblets without membranous edges, on the last whorl about 0.07 mm. apart ; the interstices very minutely granulose ; last whorl rather large, convex, tapering towards the base, scarcely ascending near the aperture. Aperture toothless, truncate- oval, hardly oblique, nearly perpendicular, the lip -insertions remote, connected by a thin callus. Outer margin of peri- stome slightly thickened, hardly expanded; columellar mar- gin thickened along its edge, arched above the umbilicus, its inner face nearly straight. Length 1.78, diam. 1.02, aperture (diag.) 0.67 mm. Kauai: Ilalemanu (Cooke). Holotype 15467 Bishop Mu- seum. As far as known but two specimens of this species have been taken up to the present time. Both specimens were found on the ground on dead leaves, probably shaken from the fronds of ferns. Each came from a different locality near Halemann. Unfortunately, no immature specimens are at hand to make out clearly the surface structure of the embry- onic whorls, as in both specimens the apices are considerably eroded. The second specimen is lighter in color than the type, with more compact whorls, slightly smaller, with more convex outlines. It has 5 whorls and measures : length 1.71, diam. 1.02, aperture (diag.) 0.64 mm. This species is easily recognized from its other relations by its smaller size and slight difference in color. Under a strong lens no spiral striation could be made out in either specimen. At first glance it appears to be closely related to P. admoflc*t whorls P. japonicum, no. 3. VI. Surface striatulate ; alt, 1.5, diam. 1 mm., 4 whorls. P. miccyla, no. 4. Surface costulate; 3 whorls P. lo-ncfstaffi, no. 5. VI 1. Alt. 1, diam. 1.3 mm., 4 whorls; striatulate, Borneo. P. pnlviscnlum, no. 9. PUPISOMA. 23 Alt. 1.5, diain. 1.33 mm., closely ribbed ; Silchar. P. cacharicum, no. 8. Larger, up to 2 x 2mm. ; 3y2-32/3 whorls VIII VIII. Thread-striate ; Peuang P. orcella, no. 7. Irregularly, finely striate ; Japan to S. Africa and New Caledonia P. orcula and allies, nos. 9-15. 1. PUPISOMA LIGNICOLA (Stoliczka). PI. 2, figs. 7, 10. Shell shortly swollen-ovate, subconic, corneous, slightly rimate, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4y2, a little convex, covered with moderately distant, transverse, slightly arcuate riblets alternating with some finer stria?, becoming obsolete at the base. Aperture subrotund; labium [parietal wall] very thin; very rarely furnished with a small median denticle; outer lip thin, very little dilated, toothless, slightly ascending on the penult whorl. Columella slightly expanding towards the base, covering the umbilical region, twisted, somewhat toothed below. Alt. 2, diam. 1.5, min. 1.2 mm. (Stol.). Burma: Moulmein, Tenasserim, on masonry of the great Pagoda, and on the opposite bank of the river at Martaban on similar wrooden structures (Stoliczka) . Kangan caves, near Moulmein (Stoliczka, Nevill). Rangoon (Hungerford). Pupa lignicola STOL., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xl, 1871, p. 171, pi. 7, f. 3. — HANLEY and THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi. 160, f. 6. — Pupa (Pupisoma) lignicola STOL., J. A. S. B., xlii, p. 32.- -NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus. Moll., i, p. 192. --Pupi- soma lignicola GODWIN-AUSTEN, Land and Freshwater Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 300.— GLIDE, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii. p. 34. "The animal is grey with somewhat darker, very short pedicles and almost obsolete tentacles. The columella of the shell is at the base peculiarly expanded, flattened, somewhat twisted, producing at the lower part a small denticle. Out of a great number of specimens only one was met with which has a small tooth about the middle of the inner or parietal lip ; its presence, therefore, must be regarded as an excep- tional character ' ' ( Stoliczka} . The riblets mentioned by Stoliczka are partly cuticular 24 PUPISOMA. and liable to be rubbed off, leaving white lines. Their devel- opment is uneven, and on some specimens they would hardly be noticed. Under the microscope the surface appears densely pitted-granulose, exactly as in some Nesopupas. All adult shells have a low columellar tooth, and one of those before me from Moulrnein (fig. 7) lias a small, short parietal lamella (mut. unidentata Godwin-Austen). The basal lip expands somewhat, the outer lip scarcely so, but though thin it has a smooth finish. It is more Pupiform than the other species. Moulmein examples are figured. They measure ; Length 2.15, diam. 1.5 mm. ; 4% whorls. Length 2.1, diam. 1.5 mm. ; 4^ whorls. 2. PUPISOMA EVEZAKDI (Blanford). PI. 2, figs. 8, 9. "Shell imperforate, with scarcely even a trace of rimation in the umbilical region, conoidly ovate, thin horny, with raised hair-like oblique lines, rather irregularly disposed, on all the whorls. Spire nearly cylindrical below, conoidal above, the sides convex, apex blunt, suture impressed. Whorls 41/0, convex, increasing in size regularly; the last but little larger than the penultimate, rounded at the periphery and below, not descending in front. Aperture diagonal, nearly circular, but truncated above, without teeth; peristome thin, all in one plane, slightly expanded, margins converging; columellar vertical above, slightly twisted below, reflected and united to the whorl so as completely to cover the um- bilicus. Length 0.11, diameter 0.08, length of aperture 0.04 inch ' ' ( Blanford) . Length 2.63, diam. 1.8 mm.; 5 whorls. Length 2.25 mm. India: Karkalla, near Kandalla, at the head of the Bor- ghat, Bombay Presidency (Col. Evezard). Pupa (Pupisoma) evezardi W. T. BLANFORD, Joum. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xlix, 1880, p. 199. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Con- chologia Indica, 1875, p. 41, pi. 101, f. 5, 6. — Pupisoma eve- zardi GODWIN- AUSTEN, Land and Freshwater Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 301. — GUDE, Fauna of British India, ii, p. 37. There is but little difference between this species of the PUPISOMA. 25 Western Ghats and P. lignicola of Burma, though the local- ities are so remote. Both have the same microscopic, in places vermiculate granulation, with delicate striae and partly cuti- cular, low, widely-spaced riblets, and the same broad, short columella, obliquely truncate below. P. lignicola. has the pale gray tint usually called "corneous", while evezardi is much darker, nearly walnut-brown. Some specimens of the latter species are larger than any lignicola seen. Blanford discredits the locality "Singhur, Deccan" given by Hanley and Theobald, suspecting that the specimens fig- ured were from Colonel Evezard's original lot. Godwin- Austen and Gude merely quote Blanford. Nobody seems to have seen the characteristic granulation. The specimens fig- ured were collected by Maj. A. Peile, R.A., in the Western Ghats, probably near the original locality. Group of Pupisoma orcula. No less than eleven species of the orcula type have been described from points between Abyssinia, Annam and Aus- tralia; but in most cases no comparison was made with any other species. Though several forms are represented in our collection by topotypic material, the general comparisons needed cannot be made until much more typical material is available to one observer. It appears likely that P. orcula, will be found to include hueensis, philippinicum, pulvisculum, circumlitum, vimontianum, steudneri and possibly cacharicum. 3. PUPISOMA JAPONICUM Pilsbry. PI. 2, figs. 11, 12. The shell is globose-conic with obtuse summit, umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained about 7 times in diam. of shell), fragile, pale brownish or olive-buff, delicately striat- ulate but without spiral lines. The whorls are rather strongly convex. Aperture oblique, peristome thin and fragile, the columellar margin broadly expanded and reflected. Length 1.55, diam. 1.45 mm. ; S1/^ whorls. Japan: Hirado, Hizen ; Kashima, Harima (Hirase). South Africa: Maritzburg, Edendale, Karklooff and Ntimbankulu, Natal, commensal with P. orcula on indigenous trees and shrubs (Burnup). 26 PUPISOMA. Pupisoma japonicum Pils., Nautilus, xvi, June 1902, p. 21. -HiRASE, The Conchological Magazine, iii. p. 26, pi. 9, f. 32, 33. - - BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, x, 1912, p. 46.— CONNOLLY, Ann. South African Mus., xi, pt. 3, p. 159, right figure. The small size, total absence of spiral striation, and the umbilicus, relatively larger than in any known Oriental species, distinguish this shell. Like P. orcula, it is viviparous. Burnup gives the following measurements of apparently mature South African specimens : Height 1.22, diam. 1.16 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 105. Height 1.32, diam. 1.24 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 106. Height 1.35, diam. 1.32 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 102. Height 1.41, diam. 1.37 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 103. Pupisoma. japonicum depressum Pils. (pi. 2, fig. 13) is similar to japonicum except that the whole shell is a little more depressed, the diameter slightly exceeding the altitude. Length 1.3, diam. 1.35 to 1.4 mm. ; alt. 92 to 96 per cent of the diameter. Japan: Mikage, Settsu (Hirase). Pupisoma japonicum depression PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 710.— HIRASE, Conch. Mag., iii, p. 26, pi. 9, f. 34. 4. PUPISOMA MICCYLA (Benson). PI. 3, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell imperforate, globosely conoid, thin, striatulate, a little shining, brownish-corneous, translucent. Spire truncate- conic; suture impressed, the apex very obtuse. Whorls 4, convex, the last globose, slowly descending in front. Aper- ture lunate-rounded, oblique, the peristome acute, right mar- gin arcuate, columellar margin acute, vertical, forming nearly a right angle with the basal margin. Lengt.li 1.5, diam. 1 mm. (Bens.). Length 1.53, diam. 1.1 mm. (Godwin- Austen). Ceylon: Matelle, on the bark of an orange tree (F. Lay- ard). Binoya Estate, AVatawala, on the bark of mango and orange trees (Collett). Helix miccyla BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, May I860, p. 384.— HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1875, pi. 129, f. 8, PUPISOMA. 27 9. — Pupisoma miccijla GODWIN-AUSTEN, Land and Fresh- water Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 301, pi. 132, f. 1-16 (shell), Ic, Id (teeth and jaw).--GuDE, Fauna British India, Moll., ii, p. 38. "Allied to H. orcnla of northeastern India, but smaller, destitute of the peculiar sculpture of that species, and distin- guished by its very obtuse apex and by the formation of the colmnellar lip " (Benson). Godwin-Austen 's figures are copied. He writes as follows : "Nearly every animal examined contained three embryonic shells, some in an advanced stage of development, showing the apex of the shell; compared with the parent animal they are very large, and being pale-colored were very apparent. During the height of the rains they must be extremely prolific, and no doubt are crowded in colonies together, as I have seen some species, such as Georissa, etc., in the humid valleys of the Khasi Hills. Mr. Collett took them off orange trees in September, 1899, in the bungalow garden on the Binoya Estate." 5. PUPISOMA LONGSTAFFI Godwin-Austen. PL 3, fig. 11. ' ' Shell imperf orate, very globosely conoid ; sculpture a smooth epidermis, with very fine, somewhat distant costula- tion ; color pale brown ; spire depressedly conoid, apex blunt, suture impressed ; whorls 3, very tumid and well rounded on the periphery. Aperture nearly circular ; peristome thin ; columellar margin thickened and slightly reflected and ex- tending as a. callus on to the last whorl (G.-A.). Ceylon: Kandy, on palm tree (Mrs. J. Longstaff). Pupisoma longstaffi G.-A., Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India, ii, pt, xi, March 1910, p. 303, pi. 132, f. 3-36.— Pupi- soma longstaffi G.-A., GUDE, Fauna British India, Moll., ii, p. 39. ' ' This shell is more globose than P. miccyla and not so high in the spire, which tapers more rapidly. It is also costulate as in the Pupisoma figured on plate 132, fig. 2, a single speci- men of which was sent to me by Mr. Sykes, and cannot now be found. Mrs. Longstaff writes: 'Numerous 011 palm, Flor- 28 PUPISOMA. ence Hotel Garden, Kandy. Animal, body light grey, only one pair of tentacles, dark. Tail pointed.' "I was fortunate in seeing the radula in the first specimen I. examined. Nothing could be seen of the genitalia. The mantle zone was simple, with no shell-lobes. There are not many teeth in the row, only some 15 or 16 ; all are large quadrate plates. The central tricuspid, the admedians and laterals bicuspid, the inner cusp long, the outer small and basal. The jaw was crumpled up, and being so minute was not well seen, but it appeared to be smooth. I am much in- debted to Mrs. Longstaff for placing this species in my hands and I have named it after its discoverer" (G.-A.). 6. PUPISOMA CONSTRICTUM (Godwin- Austen). PI. 3, figs. 8, 9, 10. Shell turbinate, perforate; sculpture minutely costulate a.bove, from the swollen portion forwards the surface is smoother ; color, pale ochraceous ; spire conic ; sides flat ; apex pointed ; suture impressed ; whoris 5, convex, at the distance of half a turn in the spiral behind the aperture there is a sharp swelling of the whorl, marking apparently the position of the previous aperture, but this is not seen in any of the whorls above ; aperture ovate, oblique, peristome much thick- ened and reflected, united by a thin callus on the body-whorl ; sinuate below and on outer margin. Maj. diam. 2.1 ; alt. axis 2.2 mm. (G.-A.). Andaman Is.: South Andaman (de Roepstorff). Pupa (Pupisoma,) constrictus G.-A., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 450, fig. B. — Pupisoma constrictum G.-A., GUDE, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii, p. 35, f. 11. "Animal not yet seen, and it is difficult to say where this species should find generic position. I sorted out from a tube full of minute shells eight specimens of this very curious and interesting species. Its sculpture is like that of Pupisoma lignicola Stol., from Moulmein, and I think it better to place it near this than to create a new genus for it, which I at first intended. I think it is best, however, to wait until some one else can examine the animal" (G.-A.). PUPISOMA. 29 It should be noted that some other species of Pupisoma show resting stages comparable to the swelling noticed in this one. It is a character of old age, and probably not in itself of specific significance. 7. PUPISOMA ORCELLA (Stoliczka). PL 3, figs. 5, 6, 7. Shell subglobose-couoid, at apex obtuse, very narrowly per- forate, thin, corneous; whorls S1/^, strongly convex, joined by a simple suture, transversely thread-striate. Aperture sub- rotund, a little oblique, toothless; outer margin very thin, scarcely spreading; columellar margin whitish, slightly twisted, reflected above, almost wholly covering the umbilicus. Alt. 1.7, diam. 1.25, alt. aperture 0.6 mm. (Stoliczka). Penang, under bark of Cocos nucifera (StoL). Pupa (Pupisoma) orcella STOL., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xlii, 1873, p. 33, pi. 2, f. 2. ' ' The animal is gray with dusky pedicles but no perceptible trace of tentacles. The species differs from P. lignicola by a shorter and broader form, more convex whorls, and by a very slightly expanded and thin outer lip. In fresh speci- mens some of the transverse stria? of the cuticle are rather stronger than others, but they very soon wear off" (Stoliczka). Stoliczka 's figures are copied, pi. 3, figs. 5, 6. A Penang specimen believed to belong to this species is drawn in fig. 7. It measures, alt. 1.9, diam. 1.65 mm., nearly 4 whorls. The umbilical crevice is very minute. The surface has rather sharp though low and unequal strias, and under the micro- scope shows engraved spiral lines, distinct on the base but elsewhere faint. 8. PUPISOMA CACHARICUM Godwin-Austen. PL 3, fig. 4. "Shell scarcely perforate, globosely conoid, very tumid, corneous; sculpture, spiral striation, crossed by a fine, close, thread-like ribbing ; color, pale umber-brown ; spire moder- ately high, conic ; apex blunt ; suture open ; whorls 3%, rapidly increasing, very convex; aperture nearly circular, oblique ; peristome thin, columellar margin perpendicular re- flected. Major diam. 1.33; alt. 1.5 mm." (G.-A.). 30 PUPISOMA. India: Silchar (J. Wood-Mason). Pupisoma cacharica G.-A., Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India, ii, part xi, March 1910, p. 303, pi. 132, f. 4.— Pupi- soma cacharicum G.-A., Gude, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii, p. 39. "The tube containing some 50 shells was wrapped up in a piece of paper, on which was written the following notes: 'From the branches of a Pepul tree, in scars and other shal- low cavities, opposite the Deputy Commissioner's Cutchery, Silchar, 3.4. '81. ' ' ' Only one pair of short, thick, blunt, sausage-shaped ten- tacles, at the upper extremity of which the black eye-spots are placed. Animal semitransparent, greyish, milky white below, above grey ; retractor muscles of tentacles very plainly visible through integument. No tail-gland.' Sent to me for determination by Dr. N. Annandale, from the Indian Mu- seum. The type-shell figured, with the remaining specimens, will be returned to that Museum" (G.-A.). Godwin-Austen does not make any comparison with P. orcula, which is a little larger, but otherwise seems similar. 9. PUPISOMA PULVISCULUM (Issel) . Vol. Ill, pi. 42, figs. 55-57. Shell very minute, nearly covered perforate, corneous-buff, translucent, obliquely striatulate under a strong lens. Spire convexly conoid, the apex flattened; whorls 4, convex, sep- arated by a deep suture, the last whorl descending a trifle to the aperture, convex at base. Aperture strongly oblique, sub- angular at base ; peristonie acute, the right margin regularly semicircular, columellar margin nearly vertical, somewhat straight, delicately reflected at the insertion. Alt. 1, diam. mm.; length of aperture % mm. (Issel). Borneo: State of Sarawak (Beccari) ; Labuan (Everett). Lombock, 1200 ft., on fruit trees (Everett). Helix pulvisculum ISSEL, Ann. Mus. Cir. Stor. Nat. di Genova, vi, 1874, p. 406, pi. 5, f. 24-27.— TRYON, Man. Conch., iii, p. 191. — Pupisoma pulvisculum (Issel) E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 29. Possibly distinct from P. orcula by having 4 whorls in a shell of smaller size, if the measurements are correct. Noth- PUPISOMA. 31 ing is said of spiral strive, but these have been overlooked by some other describers of Pupisoma. Issel's figures having been copied in a former volume are not repeated here. 10. PUPISOMA ORCULA (Benson). PL 2, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Shell slightly perforate, conic-globose, corneous, translucent, scabrous, obliquely irregularly costulate-striate. Apex obtuse. Whorls Sy2, convex, the last rounded, suture deep. Aper- ture oblique, rounded, scarcely as long as the spire; peri- storne thin, acute, the columellar margin reflected, half cover- ing the perforation. Diam. 2, axis 2 mm. (Benson}. Length 2.05, diam. 2 mm.; 3% whorls (Kyoto, Japan). Length 1.8, diam. 1.75 mm.; 3% whorls (Maritzburg). Japan: Kyoto, Yamashiro (Hirase). India: Between Jounpore and Benares, on trunks of mango trees (Lieut. Burkinyoung) ; Dinapur, near Patua and in mango groves from Barrackpur, in Bengal, to the borders of Sikkim and thence to Chuprah in Bahar (Dr. J. F. Bacon). Java (Burnup) ; Philippines; Savu I. (near Timor) (A. N. S. P.). South Africa: Cape of Good Hope at Port Elizabeth (Crawford) and Grahamstown (Parquhar). Natal: Maritz- burg, Ntimbankulu, Dargle, Edendale, Game Pass (Burnup) ; Eichmond (Wakefield, Cooper); Karkloof (Taynton). Pre- toria, Transvaal (Connolly). Victoria Falls, Ehodesia (War- ren). Helix orcula BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), vi, Oct. 1850, p. 251. --REEVE, Couch. Icon., vii, 1853, pi. 174, f. 1176.- PFEIPFER, Conch. Cab., Helix, iii, 1854, p. 357, pi. 136, f. 18. -HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1874, pi. 87, f. 1, 4.- Pupisoma orcula (Bens.), GODWIN-AUSTEN, Land and Fresh- water Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 301. — HIRASE, Conchol. Maga- zine, iii, 1909, p. 26, pi. 9, f. 30, 31.— BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., x, 1912, p. 45. — CONNOLLY, Ann. S. African Mus., xi, 1912, p. 159, left fig. The oblique stria? are unequal and irregularly spaced. Under the microscope impressed spiral lines are seen, weak 32 PUPISOMA. above, but distinct on the base. They are rather distinct throughout in the specimen figured from Bohol. They are never so clearly cut as in some P. dioscoricola , but the least striate dioscoricola are not distinguishable from many speci- mens of orcula. Specimens (pi. 2, fig. 4) perhaps referable to P. pulvis- culum are before me from Bohol, Quadras coll. They are clean, light pinkish cinnamon-colored, finely and sharply striate, larger strise at rather close intervals, and very dis- tinctly striate spirally. Umbilicus about as in orcula. Alt. 1.6 to 1.65, diam. 1.55 mm. ; 3% whorls. Cebu specimens (pi. 2, fig. 3) are noticed below under P. philippinicum, which appears to be merely orcula. "In Natal the shells are found on the trunks, branches and leaves of Cussonia and other native shrubs and trees in woods, as well as on orange and apple trees in orchards." "Some- times a distinct varix, showing a former resting-place, is formed upon the shell" (Burnup}. Mr. Burnup has pointed out that old shells become propor- tionately higher for their diameter than younger. He gives the following measurements of South African specimens which seem mature: Alt. 1.57, diam. 1.75 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 90. Alt. 1.62, diam. 1.88 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 86. Alt. 2.00, diam. 1.74 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 115. Alt. 2.18, diam. 1.94 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 112. 'Both this species and the following [P. japonicum] are ovoviviparous, many of the specimens examined containing one young mollusk furnished with a shell, and some few con- taining two, one much larger than the other." PI. 2, fig. 2 represents a specimen from Maritzburg. This species is thought by Burnup to be an importation by commerce ; yet as a similar form, perhaps identical, occurs in Abyssinia, it may turn out to be one of the generally distrib- uted East African snails, now known only at its northern and southern limits. P. orcula appears to be so widely spread in the Oriental Region and P. dioscoricola in the Neotropical that one hesi- PUPISOMA. tates to question their endemicity in both hemispheres; yet the possibility of transportation by commerce is not to be ignored. The following forms, hueense, philippinicum, pulvisculum (no. 9), circumlitum and steudneri appear to be synonyms. Further material may perhaps reveal differences ; I have seen. typical material of philippinicum and circumlitum' only, and it is hardly safe to synonymize the others without knowledge of the microscopic sculpture, which the descriptions do not give. The original descriptions follow. 11. Pupisoma hueense (Wattebled). PI. 3, fig. 12. Shell very minute, subrimate, conic, thin, somewhat pel- lucid, slightly striate, somewhat greenish-corneous. Spire turbinate, the apex obtuse. Suture impressed. Whorls 3y2, gradually increasing, strongly convex. Aperture oblique, subrotund. Peristonie simple, dirty whitish, the columellar margin a little thickened, outer margin acute. Alt. 2, diam. Vo mm. (Wattebled). Annam: Hue, under dead leaves in thickets (Dorr). Helix hueensis WATTEBLED, Journ. de Conchy!., vol. 34, 1886, p. 57, pi. 4, f. 3. Not seen. Probably a synonym of P. orcula. 12. Pupisoma philippinicum Mlldff. PI. 2, figs. 3. Shell rimate, globose-conoid, thin, finely striatulate, cor- neous ; spire convexly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, quite convex, the last rounded, slightly descending in front. Aper- ture diagonal, subcircular ; peristome thin, very slightly ex- panded, the columellar margin dilated, triangularly reflected. Alt. 2, diam. 1.7 mm. (Mlldff.). Philippines: Montalban and Manila, Luzon (Moellendorff). Cebu, on bushes and shrubs (Koch). Moluccas: Hitulama, northern Amboyna (A. Strubell). Savu L, on orange trees (Everett). Caroline Is. : Ponape (Kubary). Pupisoma philippinicum MOELLENDORFF, Nachr.-bl. d. Malak. Ges., xx, Aug. 1888, p. 108. — Journ. of Malacology, vii, 1898, p. Ill ; Bericht Senck. Nat. Ges., 1890, p. 223, pi. 8, f. 4.— BOETTGER, same Bericht, 1891, p. 268. 34 PUPISOMA. The type was sieved out of earth from Montalban. "The Philippine species is somewhat higher [than P. orcella], the whorls are not so convex, the striation somewhat finer." The Cebu form has weaker striation, according to Moellen- dorff. His figures were copied in Vol. IX, pi. 14, f. 43, 44, and a Cebu specimen is drawn in pi. 2, fig. 3. Length 1.85, diani. 1.8 mm. ; 3% whorls. It has spiral striation like that of P. orcula, and the specimens seem to differ in no way from that species. 13. Pupisoma circumlitum Hedley. PI. 3, figs. 14, 15, 16. "Shell globose-conical, perforate, thin, translucent. Color a uniform pale tawny-olive. Whorls three and a half, well rounded ; suture impressed. Sculpture : everywhere the whorls are crossed by fine, close, raised hair lines; at irreg- ular intervals these tend to rise into lamellge, which latter can scarcely be detected in profile on the periphery; the em- bryonic shell is similarly sculptured, no trace of spiral sculp- ture can be seen ; a break at the completion of the second whorl suggests that here ends the nepionic shell. Umbilicus minute, funnel-shaped, showing only the preceding whorl. Aperture very oblique, ovate-lunate, lip simple, coluniellar margin broadly reflexed over the umbilicus, callus thin, trans- parent. Height 1.9, breadth 2 mm." (Hedley). Length 2.15, diam. 2.1 mm. Paratype. Queensland: Bundaberg, on trees (Dr. May); near Graf- ton, on orange trees (Hedley). Type C3459 Australian Mus. Pupisoma circumlitum HEDLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., iii, Aug. 5, 1897, p. 44, pi. 11, f. 1, 2, 3. ' This snail conceals itself by plastering the shell over with grains of earth, etc., entangled in mucus. The device re- minded me of the European Balea perversa, which adopts the same habit in similar situations. Occasional abrasions seem to show that the color resides in a very thin epidermis" (Hedley). In Bundaberg topotypes, received from Hedley, the micro- scope shows fine, close spiral lines on the base, weak traces of them also above the periphery. The oblique striatiou is of the same character as in P. orcula, but the umbilicus is per- PUPISOMA. 35 haps a trifle more open. It appears to be a form of orcula. Medley's liue figures are copied. 14. Pupisoma vimontiainnn (Crosse). PL 3, fig. 13. Shell having an almost wholly covered umbilical crevice, oval-conic, marked with minute, oblique, very fine strise, vis- ible only under a lens, thin, but little shining, translucent, clear corneous. Spire couvexly conic, the summit obtuse. Suture well marked. Whorls 4, convex, the last rounded, nearly as long as the spire. Aperture subvertical, rounded- semilunar, inside colored like the shell. Peristome simple, with converging margins; columellar margin short, straight, reflected, almost wholly covering the umbilical crevice, whit- ish ; basal and outer margins rounded and sharp. Height a little less than 2, greatest diam. l1/^ mm.; length and width of the aperture % mm. (Crosse). New Caledonia: neighborhood of Noumea (E. Marie). Helix vimontiana CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xxii, 1874, p. 108; xxiii, 1875, p. 217, pi. 9, f. 2. Not known to me by specimens. Compare P. orcula. 15. Pupisoma steudneri (Jickeli). PL 2, figs. 6a-d. The irnperforate conic-globose shell is of a somewhat green- ish color, under the lens covered with close, oblique, cuticular longitudinal riblets. The conic spire has an obtuse apex. The 4 inflated whorls are separated by a deep suture. The last whorl forms two-fifths of the total length, descends very slightly in front, and is inconspicuously angular at its periph- ery. The oblique aperture is long-rounded, with a straight, thin peristome, reflected and dilated at the insertion of the columellar margin ; on account of the very strong expansion of the columellar reflection an umbilical crevice may be spoken of. The terminations of the lip converge. On the base of the last whorl a very delicate spiral striation may be observed in some examples, under a very strong lens. Alt. 1.75, diam. 2 mm. (Jickeli) . Abyssinia: plateau of Rora-Beit-Andu, prov. Hamaszen, under rotting leaves on stones (Jickeli). Helix membranacea JICKELI, Mai. Blatter, 1873, p. 102 ; not of Lowe. — Helix steudneri JICKELI, Nova Acta Acad. Caes.- Leop.-Carol. Germ. Nat. Cur., vol. 37, 1875, p. 60, pi. 4, f. 21. 36 PUPISOMA. This form does not appear to differ materially from P. orcula. As I have not seen specimens, and the locality is re- mote, it may be left on probation. American Species. [. .Shell with minute spiral stri£e. P. dioscoricola, 110. 16. No spiral strige II II. Surface with growth-lines only. P. michoacanense, no. 17. Surface pitted-granulose Ill III. About 4 to 4l/2 whorls P. mediamericanum, no. 20. About 31/2 whorls '. . . IV IV. Diam. 1.35 mm., umbilicus narrow P. minus, no. 18. Diam. 1.5 mm., umbilicus wider P. macneilli, no. 19. 16. PUPISOMA DIOSCORICOLA (C. B. Ad.). PI. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4,5. Shell very small, thin, subglobose, imperforate, of 3 very convex whorls ; the last rounded, narrowly indented beneath ; lip thin. Divergence 70° ; alt. .05, greatest diam. .06, minor diam. .05 inch" [about 1.25, 1.5, 1.25 mm.]. Jamaica (C. B. Adams) . The shell is globosely conic with obtuse apex, perforate, cinnamon-colored, glossy. Sculpture of unequal growth- wrinkles crossed by fine, impressed spiral lines about equally distinct over the whole last whorl; earlier whorls with gra- nose stria? or somewhat irregular granulation, partly conflu- ent into strife. The tip of the apex is slightly depressed. The whorls are strongly convex. The aperture is truncate- rounded, oblique. Peristome thin, the columellar margin whitish, dilated triangularly and broadly over the perfora- tion. Columella concave. Length 1.55, diam. 1.55 mm.; 31/^ whorls (fig. 1). Length 1.95, diam. 1.8 mm.; 3% whorls (Brownsville). Southern Florida and southern Texas to southern Brazil ; specimens seen by the author from the following localities: Florida: Cayo Tuna, Lossman's Key and Cape Sable on the west coast. Cape Florida, Elliotts, Old Rhodes, Little Palo Alto, Angel Fish, Pumpkin, Largo, Long, Lignum Vita? PUPISOMA. 37 and Big Pine Keys, 011 the east and south. Ft. Lauderdale, Lemon City, Miami, Snake Creek Hammock, 4 miles south of Lakeview, in the Bade Co. mainland (A. N. S. P. and G. H. Clapp collections). Gainesville (Clapp coll.). Texas: Brownsville (R. D. Camp). Jamaica: Stony Hill, St. Andrews; Orange Hill. Montego Bay; near Mandeville, Manchester (A. P. Brown). Haiti: San Lorenzo, south side Samaria Bay, Santo Domingo (Dr. W. L. Abbott). Vieque (T. Bland). Costa Rica (Wm. M. Gabb). Canal Zone: Juan Vinas (Jas. Zetek). Trinidad (Guppy). Brazil: City of Sao Paulo (II. von Ihering). Additional localities on record : Merida, Yucatan ( Morelet for //. punctum} ; Cuenca, Ecuador (Mlldff. for P. ameri- canum). Helix dioscoricola C. B. AD., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, p. 16. — PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., i, 42; Conchylien Cabinet, Helix, p. 240, pi. 30, f. 29-31 (restoration from a broken shell). — Helix - — , Costa Rica, BINNET, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 113, pi. 5, f. L (teeth). — Thysanophora dios- coricola (C. B. Ad.), PILSBRY, Man. of Conch., ix, p. 57. H. [elix] punctum MORELET, Testacea Novissima Ins. Cu- bans et America? Centralis, ii, 1851, p. 9. — CROSSE & FISCHER, Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll., i, p. 228, pi. 12, f. la-b.— VON MARTENS, Biol. Ceutr. Arner., Moll., p. 131, pi. 7, f. 3-35. Helix caeca GUPPY, Proc. Sci. Asso. Trinidad (Dec., 1868), 1869, p. 241 ; Amer. Journ. Conch., vi, p. 307. - - PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., vii, p. 527 ; Conchylien Cabinet, Helix, p. 539, pi. 163, f. 26-28.— DALL, Nautilus, iii, 1889, p. 25, pi. 1, f. 9 (St. Augustine, Lake Worth, Hillsborough River). — Thy- sanophora ca:ca (Guppy) PILSBRY, Man. of Conch., ix, p. 57. -SUTER, Revista Museu Paulista, iv, 1900, p. 335, pi. 3, f. 1 (shell), 2 (jaw), 3 (teeth); (City of Sao Paulo). -- CLAPP, Nautilus, xxxi, p. 74, pi. 8, f. 3. — Thysanophora dioscoric.ola cceca (Gpy.), RHOADS, Nautilus, xiii, 45 (Miami, Fla.). The greater distinctness of the spiral lines over the whole last whorl and the coarser granulation of the early whorls will usually serve to differentiate the typical form of dios- coricola from Oriental orcula. As in orcula, the spire be- 38 PUPISOMA. comes higher relative to the diameter with age. C. B. Adams' measurement of the altitude was probably of the axis, not to the base of the lip. This minute snail certainly inhabits a vast area, entirely similar specimens occurring from about 30° north latitude to about 24° south. It may be inferred that C. B. Adams found this species on leaves of the yam (Dioscorea). S. N. Rhoads reported it as "numerous in certain localities [about Miami, Fla.] on the under surface of the leaves of magnolia and of palmetto ; on the latter sometimes a score can be taken from a single leaf." Morelet found Helix punctum, which seems to equal dios- coricola, on leaves of trees. The species is probably found all over Jamaica, as the localities given above are on the south and north shores and the high interior. Several unlocalized Jamaican lots from the older collectors are also in our collection. In one of the shells from Montego Bay there are strong wrinkles at rather wide, unequal intervals; otherwise the Jamaican specimens are much alike. Most specimens from Florida agree with those of Jamaica; in some the spiral lines are somewhat weaker. Specimens from the Canal Zone and from Vieque are rather small, the strine and spiral lines fine and delicate though distinct. Probably they are not absolutely mature. The following appear to be synonyms. Helix ccrca Guppy, described from Trinidad, is, according to a series received from that author many years ago, prac- tically typical dioscoricola. The spiral lines are weak, barely discernible on the upper part of the last whorl in some speci- mens, but in others distinctly developed throughout, though not strong. One of this lot is figured, pi. 4, fig. 5. Pfeiffer's figure, doubtless from a specimen from Guppy, was copied by Tryon in MANUAL, vol. II, pi. 53, figs. 46, 47. Guppy de- scribed it as costulate, Pfeiffer as striatulate ; the latter term is more appropriate. Two examples measure: Length 1.6, diam. 1.6 and 1.65 mm. Helix punctum Morelet is in no way differentiated from PUPISOMA. 39 dioscoricola by the characters and figures which have ap- peared. A figure was copied by Tryou from Crosse & Fischer in MANUAL, vol. Ill, pi. 9, fig. 7. Von Martens' figures are reproduced in our pi. 4, figs. 13, 14. All of these were drawn from specimens from Morelet. The original description follows. "H. punctum. Shell covered-p erf orate, small, globose, tur- binate, corneous-rufous; whorls 3y2, convex; aperture lunar; peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin a little re- flected, vaulting over the umbilicus. Diam. 1% mm. On leaves of trees in gardens of the city of Merida'' (Morelet}. Neither Crosse and Fischer nor von Martens give any account of the sculpture, though these authors figure speci- mens from Morelet. Presumably the shell appeared smooth under a hand lens, a higher power being required to bring out the spiral striation in most of this group. Pupisoma americanum Mlldff. appears from the descrip- tion, translated below, to be identical with dioscoricola. Von Moellendorff supposed that no similar form had been reported from America, and therefore did not compare dioscoricola,, punctum and ctrca. . . 'Pupisoma americanum. Shell narrowly and half-covered perforate, conoid-globose, thin, subpellucid, distinctly striat- ulate, buff-corneous. Spire convexly conoid, obtuse at apex. Whorls scarcely 4, convex. Aperture strongly oblique, sub- circular, moderately excised ; peristome unexpanded, the colu- mellar margin dilated above, reflected. Alt. 1.75, diam. 1.75 mm. Cuenca, Ecuador." Strubell collection. (Moellendorff, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., vol. 31, June 1899, p. 91.) Spiral striation is not mentioned, yet as it would not be seen with a hand lens, it is probably present. Moellendorff did not mention it in describing his P. philippinicum. He evidently did not use a microscope. P. dioscoricola insigne n. subsp. PI. 4, figs. 6, 7, 8. Sculpture rougher by the presence of coarse wrinkles or low riblets at unequal intervals among the finer growth- ripples; whorls 3% to nearly 4. Other characters as in typical dioscoricola. 40 PUPISOMA. Length 1.95, diam. 1.85 mm. ; nearly 4 whorls. Texas: Brownsville, type loc. (fig. 7). Hidalgo (fig. 6). Mexico : Valles Falls, Ganina River and Choy cave, San Luis Potosi (A. A. Hinkley) ; Izamal, Yucatan (Heilprin Exped.). Demerara (fig. 8), (R. Swift). The single example from Demerara has the ribs very strongly developed (pi. 4, fig. 8). Those from San Luis Potosi have very distinct spiral lines, 4 whorls. A few similarly sculptured specimens were found in lots from Miami and Gainesville, Florida, and, as mentioned above, one was found at Montego Bay, Jamaica ; in both cases among typical dioscoricola, and having the same number of whorls. The status of the form is therefore somewhat doubt- ful, but it would be a fault to omit notice of a form so con- spicuously differentiated. 17. PUPISOMA MICHOACANENSE u. sp. PL 4, fig. 12. The shell is narrowly perforate, globosely conic, higher than wide, grayish buff (corneous). Surface marked with some irregularly-spaced growth-wrinkles but without spiral lines. The aperture is rounded, not much excised by the penult whorl, peristome simple, the columellar margin tri- angularly dilated but less broadly than in P. dioscoricola. Length 1.6, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 3i/2 whorls. Mexico: Morelia, Michoacan, S. N. Rhoads, 1899. Type 77119 A. N. S. P. Distinguished by the high contour and absence of spiral sculpture. 18. PUPISOMA MINUS n. sp. PI. 4, figs. 9, 11. The shell is very narrowly umbilicate, globose-conic, cinna- mon-colored, but slightly glossy. Sculpture of very minute, shallow, confluent pits, or it might be described as densely vermiculate-granose ; a few strife are indistinctly developed, but no trace of spiral lines. The whorls are strongly convex. Aperture rounded-oval, excised moderately by the penult whorl. Peristome simple and thin, the columellar margin broa.dly dilated, half covering the umbilicus. PUPISOMA. 41 Length 1.35, diain. 1.23, length of aperture 0.7 mm.; 3y2 whorls. Florida: Crystal River, Citrus Co. (C. B. Moore); Tick Island, Volusia Co. (Pilsbry & Johnson, 1894) ; Bade Co. at Lemon City (S. N. Rhoads), and Snapper Creek, south of Cocoanut Grove, type loc. (Morgan Hebard). Elliott's Key, Pumpkin Key, Ft. Lauderdale, near Coot Bay, Cape Sable. Jamaica: Maudeville, Manchester (A. P. Brown); west of Port Antonio (Henderson). Guatemala: Chama (A. A. Hinkley ) . Thysanophora dioscoricola (C. B. Ad.), CLAPP, Nautilus, xxxi, Jan. 1918, p. 75, pi. 8, f. 2. All of the specimens from Florida were found in leaf and earth siftings, only one or a few from each of the localities mentioned. It is readily differentiated from P. dioscoricola by the minute size, larger umbilicus, less rapidly expanding whorls, and especially by the sculpture. Half-grown Bothrio- pupa variolosa has similar sculpture, but the first whorl is much smaller and the last less ample, besides differing in form. The single example from Crystal River ( in western Florida about 25 miles below Cedar Keys) has a low prominence on the columella, in an oblique view (pi. 4, fig. 10). Further specimens from this part of the state should be examined, as no such structure appears in any other specimens seen. The two specimens from Guatemala and four from Jamaica do not seem to differ from those of Florida. This species stands close to P. macneilli Clapp, but appears to differ constantly by the narrower umbilicus and the more oblique aperture. It has not the riblets at irregular intervals of P. medianiericanum and does not attain to the size of that species. P. minus was first recognized as a distinct species by Dr. G. H. Clapp, who figured it as dioscoricola. 19. PUPISOMA MACNEILLI (Clapp). PI. 4, fig. 15. Shell small, globose, with about four well-rounded whorls; suture deep ; color chestnut-brown, somewhat shining ; sur- 42 PUPISOMA. face with faint growth-lines and microscopically granulated ; apex obtuse, large, more densely granulated than the body of the shell ; widely umbilicate, with the umbilicus extending to the apex and contained about 5 times in the diameter of the shell. Aperture well rounded, slightly oblique; lip thin, partly reflected around the umbilicus. The type measures, alt. 1.5, diam. 1.38, umbilicus 0.29 mm. (Clapp). Length 1.3, diarn. 1.25 mm.; 3% whorls (cotype). Alabama: Magazine Point, 8 miles north of Mobile. Also found at Spring Hill and along the Fowl River, about 3 miles from the coast in the southern part of Mobile Co. (L. H. McNeill). Thysanopliora macneiUi CLAPP, Nautilus, xxxi, Jan. 1918, p. 74, pi. 8, f. 1. In the cotype figured the umbilicus is contained 5% times in the diameter. Dr. Clapp 's figure shows 3y2 whorls, and this is the number counted in the cotype figured. The um- bilicus is larger than in P. minus and the aperture is less oblique, this being particularly noticeable in a basal or a profile view. 20. PUPISOMA MEDIAMERICANUM n. sp. PL 4, figs. 16, 17. The shell is perforate, globose-conic, thin, olive-buff, some- what glossy. Sculpture of widely, unevenly spaced low rib- lets, the intervals somewhat roughened by shallow pitting, without spiral striation, the first two whorls very minutely granulose. The whorls are strongly convex. Aperture trun- cate-rounded. Peristome thin, slightly expanded below, the columellar margin rather broadly dilated over the rather large perforation. Length 1.7, diam. 1.44, length aperture 0.7 rnm. ; 4i/> whorls. Length 1.7, diam. 1.46, length aperture 0.7 mm.; 41/0 whorls. Length 1.65, diam. 1.3 mm.; 4 whorls. Chama. Length 1.6, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 4 whorls. Chama. Mexico: about 500 ft. above the town of Orizaba (Heilprin Expedition, 1890). Type and paratypes 28270 A. N. S. P. Chama, Guatemala (A. A. Hinkley). The high form, distinct riblets and greater number of CYLINDROVERTILLA. 43 whorls separate this species from P. dioscoricola ; in the last two characters it differs from P. michoacanensis, which also differs by lacking the confluent pitting of the surface. It is much like P. minus in sculpture, except for the low, wide- spaced riblets of mediamericanum; also, the shell is more conic, with a smaller umbilical perforation and more whorls. Botkriopupa breviconus Pils. has a somewhat similarly pitted surface, but it is toothed, a little smaller, with the whorls in- creasing less rapidly, the aperture therefore smaller. Genus CYLINDROVERTILLA Boettger. Cylindrovertilla BTTG., in v. Martens' Conchologische Mitt- heilungen, i, 1881, p. 62, for Pupa paitensis and P. fabreana. -PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, pp. 427, 428. The shell is sinistral, minute (length 1.6 to 2 mm.), ovate or oblong, tapering towards both ends, smoothish ; aperture with long angular and short columellar lamella?, 1 or 2 palatal folds; peristome expanded, thickened within, the termina- tions remote. Type C. fabreana (Crosse). Distribution : New Caledonia, coasts of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. The chief peculiarity of this genus is that there is no pari- etal lamella, but a strongly developed angular lamella emerg- ing to or towards the termination of the outer lip. This is a highly peculiar condition ; yet from the relation of the lamella to the lip, exactly as in Ptychalaa and Nesopupa, there can be no doubt as to its homology with the angular lamella of other genera. Another peculiarity of Cylindrovertilla is that the upper palatal fold is stronger than the lower, and persists when the latter is lost. In most Pupillidae the lower palatal fold is the stronger and more constant. The columellar axis is very small, and the columellar lamella extremely short. There is no basal fold in known species, unless it is represented by the basal thickening of the lip-callus in C. fabreana. 44 CYLINDROVERTILLA. Key to species of Cylindrovertilla. a1. Aperture having two palatal folds. &1. Weakly striate; 1.95 mm. long, of 5 whorls; Aus- tralia. C. kingi, no. 1. b2. Nearly smooth ; 1.75 mm. long, of 4y2 whorls ; New Caledonia. C. paitensis, no. 4. <(-. Aperture having one palatal fold, the upper palatal. &1. Distinctly though minutely striate; lip-callus not thicker at the base than elsewhere ; Australia. C. hedleyi, 110. 2. b". Striation very weak ; lip-callus having a basal thick- ening or low nodule ; New Caledonia, Queensland. C. fabreana, no. 3. 1. CYLINDROVERTILLA KINGI (Cox). PL 5, figs. 1, 2, 3. The shell is sinistral, rimate, ovate, between cinnamon and fawn color. Surface glossy, very closely, minutely striate, the strias oblique, very low, usually most distinct on the penult whorl, partly effaced or in part replaced by irregular granulation 011 the last. The apex is obtuse. Whorls are rather strongly convex, the last having a wide or strong, rounded, striate crest behind the outer and basal lips, of a dull orange-cinnamon color; behind the crest it is somewhat flattened laterally, convex below the suture. The aperture is somewhat oblique, shortly piriform, the peristome expanded, heavily thickened within by an orange-cinnamon or paler callous ridge. The angular lamella is strong, white, its emerging outer end low, curving to join (or nearly join) the termination of the outer lip. Columellar lamella white, rather small and short, almost tuberculiform. The upper palatal fold is short, not emerging to the callous rib. Lower palatal fold smaller and a little deeper within. Length 1.95, diam. 1.1 mm. ; 5 whorls. Australia, New South Wales: Paramatta (R. L. King, type loc.), Vancluse Point, Port Jackson (C. Hedley) ; Glebe Point, Sydney (Brazier), Wollongoug (Masters, P. mastersi Cox). Queensland: Burleigh Head Island. Pupa kingi Cox, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiv, Sept, 1864, p. CYLINDROVERTILLA. 45 183; Catalogue of the specimens of the Australian Land Shells in the collection of James C. Cox, etc., 1864, p. 28; Mon. Australian Land Shells, 1868, p. 79, pi. 14, f. 17, 17a.- Vertigo kingi Cox, var., HEDLEY, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Queensland, v, 1889, p. 102 (Burleigh Head). — Pupa mastersi Cox, Cata- logue, p. 29—Cylindrovertilla kingi (Cox), PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila,, 1900, p. 426, fig. 3. Cox described Pupa kingi as having three teeth. The types were stated to be in "Mus. Rev. R. L. King," and are now (two specimens) in the Australian Museum. They were col- lected at Paramatta, 13 miles from Sydney. Specimens col- lected by Mr. Hedley at Vancluse Point, drawn in figs. 1, 2, 3, were compared with the types and pronounced by Mr. Hedley the same. All of them have four teeth ; also no. 22921 of the collection, from Sydney (W. P. Wilstack, 1867), fig- ured in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 426. In the absence of 3-toothed specimens from the Sydney district it may be assumed that Cox overlooked the small lower palatal fold. However, he described Pupa mastersi (from Wollongong, further south) as having four teeth; subsequently (1868) he decided that it was a synonym of kingi. The specimens here described and figured agree with the description of P. mas- tersi. Specimens from Burleigh Head Island, near the southern boundary of Queensland, agree with those of the Port Jack- son district, all having four teeth, the palatals small. The original descriptions follow: Pupa kingsi. - - P. testa sinistrorsa, profunde et breviter rimata, ovato-oblonga, teiiui, laevigata, nitida, hyalina, rubido- castanea ; spira convexa, apice obtusa ; anfractibus 4, convexi- usculis, ultimo semilongitudinem testae vix aequante; aper- tura vertieali, irregulariter constricta et subbipartita ; triden- tata, dente conspicuo acutiusculo in pariete aperturali, altero miiiore latiore et obtuso in columella, tertio minimoque in margine externo ; peristoinate incrassato et breviter expanse, ore rubido, dentibus albis. Long. 0.05, diani. 0.03 unc. Hab. : Parramatta (King). Mus. Rev. R. L. King. In 1868 Cox gave the length as 0.07 inch, much nearer the true size. 46 CYLINDROVERTTLLA. Pupa mastersi. - - P. testa sinistrorsa, perforata, ovato- oblonga, nitidiuscula, riifo-comea, translucente ; spira con- vexo-turrita, obtusissima ; anfractibus 5, ultimo ceteros sub- aequante ; apertura verticali, magna, truncato-rotunda, quadri- dentata, dente prime prominente compresso plicae simili in medio parietis aperturalis, secundo valido obtuso conico in margine interiore juxta angulum, tertio angusto in labio ex- terno, quarto profimde in fauce; axi centrali; peristomate externe paulo sinuato, modice incrassato et breviter expanso. Long. 0.03, diain. 0.08 uiic. Habitat: Wollongong (Masters). There is an evident error in the measurements, the length and diameter were transposed. 2. CYLINDROVERTILLA HEDLEYI n. sp. PL 5, figs. 4, 10. The shell resembles P. kingi as above defined except in the following particulars: The surface is much more distinctly striate, and on the last whorl there is more of the minute malleation or confused granulation noted for kingi. The crest behind the lip is more oblique, the broad pit preceding it deeper. The upper palatal fold is longer, more immersed, and there is no trace of a lower palatal fold. There is a rather strong callous rib within the lip. The angular lamella is thin and but slightly sigmoid in basal view. Length 1.8, diam. 1.07 mm. ; 41/2 whorls. Australia: Calliungal, in southern Queensland (C. T. Musson ) . P. kingi Cox, in part, HEDLEY and MUSSON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2), vi, 1891, p. 558. This species is larger and more coarsely striate than C. fabreuna; the angular lamella penetrates less deeply, and it does not have the basal thickening of the lip-rib character- istic of that species. The color is lighter, more buff than C. kingi, without red- dish or orange tint around the mouth ; but the specimens are all "dead" though fresh. They are part of the lot catalogued by Hedley and Musson, received from Charles Hedley. CYLINDROVERTILLA. 47 3. CYLINDROVERTILLA FABREANA (CrOSSe). PL 5, figS. 5, 7-9, 12, 13. Shell umbilicate, sinistral, subovate-obloug, thin, trans- lucid, scarcely shining, corneous. Spire moderately elevated, the apex obtuse. Suture lightly impressed. Whorls 5, con- vex, regularly increasing, the last shorter than the spire (£ : 1£), strongly scrobiculate or pitted outside where the outer passes into the basal margin. Aperture subvertical, semioval, contracted by three folds colored like the shell: first a strong parietal, second marginal [palatal], deeply placed, third columellar. Peristome narrowly expanded, a little thickened, corneous- whitish., the basal margin thickened within at the place of the external pit, the outer margin some- what inflexed in the middle. Length 1.5, diam. % mm. (Crosse). New Caledonia: Vata, near Noumea (E. Marie). Austra- lia: Boyne Island, Queensland (Musson). Pupa fabreana CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xx, 1872, p. 359 ; xxii, 1874, p. 392, pi. 12, f. 6.— PER., Monogr., viii, 391.- BOETTGER, Conchol. Mittheil., i, p. 63. - - Vertigo fabreana CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xlii, 1894, p. 304 (1896). A species very close to Pupa paitensis, which is also sinis- tral, but to be distinguished as follows: the shell is umbili- cate, not perforate-rimate, oblong rather than ventricose, a little more glossy, the spire less conic, whorls 5 instead of 4=y2, the last smaller than the spire and externally having two pits, the aperture with three teeth instead of one (Crosse). The larger angular and upper-palatal folds and especially the thickening of the callus within the basal lip characterize this species, of which topotypes (figs. 7, 8, 9) from Marie and G. Dupuy have been examined. The original figure of Crosse is copied in fig. 5. The shell is chamois-colored, weakly, faintly striate, with traces of fine malleation on the last whorl. Behind the lip there is a rather deep, wide impression or pit over the upper palatal fold, the whorl swollen above and below it, and on the base there is another impression close behind the lip. The aperture is small, oblique. The expanded peristome has a 48 CYLINDROVERTILLA. heavy internal callus, narrow in the sinulus, an obtuse inward projection below it ; and in the base the callus rises in a low, wide boss. The angular lamella is very long and somewhat sinuous. Columellar lamella rounded. Upper palatal fold rather long, higher and bent down within, weakly emerging to the lip-callus. There is no lower palatal fold. Length 1.75, diam. 0.85 mm. ; 4i/2 whorls. Anse Vata. Length 1.63 mm. Length 1.8 mm. A series of this species was collected on Boyne Island, southeastern Queensland, by C. T. Musson. The specimens, or some of them, show a trifle more striatioii than those of New Caledonia, and the angular lamella may be slightly more sinuous; but the differences noted are trivial. An average example and one somewhat stouter and more distinctly striate are figured. They measure : Length 1.65, diam. 0.84 mm. Fig. 12. Length 1.63, diam. 0.9 mm. Fig. 13. 4. CYLINDROVERTILLA PAITENSIS (Crosse). PL 5, fig. 6. The shell has a well-marked umbilical crevice, is sinistral, of oval-oblong shape, a little ventricose, thin, corneous. Spire moderately conic, terminating in an obtuse summit. Suture lightly marked. Whorls 4i/2, convex, a little inflated, increasing regularly, the last whorl nearly as large as the spire and tapering to the base. Aperture subvertical, semi- oval, contracted by the presence of a single quite strong parietal fold. Peristome thick and of a brownish-corneous violaceous color. Outer margin slightly bent in. Length 1.5, greatest diam. 0.75 mm. (Crosse}. New Caledonia: Paita, on the west coast (E. Marie). Pupa paitensis CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xx, 1872, p. 227 : xxii, 1874, p. 391, pi. 12, f. 5.— BOETTGER, Conchol. Mittheil., i; p. 63. — Vertigo paitensis CROSSE, J. de C., xlii, 1894, p. 304 (1896). This species evidently stands very close to C. Jeingi of Aus- tralia. It appears to differ in certain details, but I have not been able to compare specimens, and have copied the original figure. STERKIA. 49 According to Boettger, who described a specimen received by Pfeiffer from Crosse, the two small, deeply placed palatal folds were overlooked by Crosse. Boettger gives the follow- ing' description: The shell is sinistral, narrowly perforate-rimate, oblong- ovate, subventricose, thin, rather glossy, corneous-yellow. Spire convexly conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 4^, a little convex, regularly increasing, parted by an impressed suture, nearly smooth, the last about f of the total length, somewhat tapering at, base, at the aperture lightly 2-pitted and encircled with a distinct annular callus [crest] colored like the shell. Aperture subvertical, somewhat heart-shaped, 4-toothed. Parietal compressed, rather deeply placed, lamelli- forni; columella straight, and narrow, truncate and quasi- iiniplicate at base; palatals 2, parallel, not very strong, re- mote, the lower very deeply placed. Peristome with a long interruption, somewhat thickened, the outer margin somewhat inflexed and slightly produced angularly. Length 1.75, diaui. 1 mm. Genus STERKIA Pilsbry. Xterkia PILS., Nautilus, XI, Feb. 1898, p. 119. The shell is minute (ll/o to 2 mm. long, of 41/£ to 5y2 whorls in known species), perforate, cylindric with very short apical cone and obtuse summit; thin, brown, slightly wrinkled or rib-striate. Aperture about as wide as long, the peristome expanded or reflected, brown, thin, terminations remote ; angular and parietal lamella? long, not connected, the angular running to the posterior termination of lip ; colu- mellar lamella and 2 palatal plicae present. Type, 8. calamitosa (Pils.). Distribution, Southern and Lower California, and from southern Florida to Guatemala and Guyana. These minute, blunt-topped Pupillids have much the ex- ternal appearance of the Old World genus Truncatellina, but they differ in apertural armature. The teeth show relation- ship with Ptychala-a and Nesopupa, genera now mainly living on the Pacific Islands and Oriental Region, but in the middle Tertiary also in Europe, associated with Gastrocopta and other Holarctic genera. Though paleontologie evidence is 50 STERKIA. lacking, it may perhaps be inferred that the modem Sterkise are diminutive descendants of an early Tertiary Ptychalaa- like stock of Holarctic distribution. The typical species of the genus are remarkably specialized in teeth. The section Metasterkia contains more primitive species. The living animal has not been observed. It will probably be found to lack inferior tentacles, if our estimate of its affinities is correct. The Eastern or Antillean herd is widely remote from that of Lower California, yet we know so little of the minute shells of tropical America that part of this separation may be due to the deficiencies of our Mexican collections. The genus will probably be found widely spread in the West Indies and shores of the Caribbean Sea. Key to species of Sterkia. a\ Shell distinctly rib-striate; lamellae and plicas large; the inner end of the columellar lamella bent vertically down- ward (Section Sterkia, proper). 61. Columellar lamella forming a large, vertical plate, visible in the aperture ; both palatal folds visible in a front view. Lower California. 8. calamitosa, no. 1. 62. Vertical part of the columellar lamella not conspic- uous ; lower palatal fold not visible in a front view ; upper palatal fold very long; base humped. South- ern and Lower California. 8. hemphilli, no. 2. a~. Shell nearly smooth ; palatal folds not very large, all vis- ible in a front view; columellar lamella turned upward within or horizontal (Section Metasterkia, type 8. antil- lensis). ft1. Columellar lamella median, short, entering horizon- tally ; five or more Avhorls. California. 8. Clementina, no. 3. ft2. Columellar lamella situated high, ascending within ; Florida to Guyana. c1. Palatal folds small and short. STERKIA. 51 dl. Diameter decidedly more than half the length. Guyana to Guatemala. S. eyriesi, no. 4. d-. Diam. about half the length. Southern Florida. 8. rhoadsi, no. 5. c2. Palatal folds well developed, the lower one rather long. West Indies. S. antillcnsis, no. 6. 1. STERKIA EYRIESII (Drouet). PI. 6, figs, 1, 2, 4, 5. Shell very minute, perforate, cylindric-obtuse, short, smooth, glossy, thin, translucent, pale corneous. Whorls 5, convex, the suture deep, last whorl grooved. Apex very ob- tuse, rather depressed. Aperture somewhat triangular, 5- toothed ; peristome subcoiitinuous, spreading, reflected. Length iy2, diam. 1 nim. (Drouet). French Guyana: Ilet-la-Mere, on the trunk of Spondias moubin, quite abundant (Lieut. Charles Eyries). Cayenne (A. N. S. P.). Nickerie, Surinam (Voltz). San Fernando, Trinidad, on ferns (Guppy). Chama, Guatemala (A. A. Hinkley). Pupa eyriesn DRONET, Essai sur les Moll. terr. et fluviatiles de la Guyane Frangaise, 1859, p. 71, pi. 2, f. 16o, 17. — BLAND, Amer. Journ. of Conch., iv, p. 186. — VERNHOUT, The Non-Marine Mollusks of Surinam, p. 20, in Notes Ley den Mus., vol. 36.— GUPPY, Journ. of Couch., vii, 1893, p. 220. Drouet adds that the whorls are very convex, separated by a deep suture, the summit very obtuse, as though depressed, generally worn and grayish. Of the five teeth two are supe- rior, one on the columella, one inferior and one on the right margin, which is sinuous. Drouet 's figures are copied, figs. 4, 5. The specimens from Cayenne (figs. 1, 2) are stouter with larger aperture than the original figures, but a certain latitude must be allowed in old figures of such minute shells; strict accuracy was rarely realized, and cannot be expected. Moreover, Drouet 's meas- urements indicate a shell practically of the size of that drawn in our fig. 1. The color is between cinnamon and cinnamon- buff, the surface somewhat glossy, and distinctly though 52 STERKIA. weakly striate, the initial whorl paler, microscopically gran- ular. Whorls convex, especially the penult. The angular lamella curves to join the outer lip weakly. The parietal lamella is long and high. Columellar lamella is situated high on the columella, is short and ascends inward diagonally. The two palatal folds are short and high, the lower more im- mersed than the upper. Length 1.7, diam. 1, alt. aperture 0.6 mm.; 4% whorls. Length 1.6, diam. 0.95, alt. aperture 0.56 mm. ; 4i^> whorls. Some doubt must be expressed regarding Dr. Vernhout's identification of a specimen from Surinam, collected by Voltz, for he states that it is 2 mm. long. A single example from Chama, Guatemala, has the pari- etal lamella somewhat longer, entering more deeply, but agrees otherwise witli those from Cayenne. The two species following are closely related to S. eyriesi. 2. STERKIA RHOADSI (Pilsbry). PL 6, figs. 3, 6, 7. The shell is rirnate, very minute, cylindric, blunt at the ends, especially above, glossy, clay color, having weak, widely and unevenly spaced wrinkles. Whorls 4%, the first l1/^ smooth, the upper ones very convex, the last a little less so, somewhat compressed over the palatal region, and having a slight impression over the upper palatal fold. The aperture is about as wide as long, broadly truncate above. The an- gular lamella is curved, the concavity towards the periphery. It reaches inward hardly to the middle of the parietal lamella, which is longer and higher. The columellar lamella is situated high and ascends obliquely inward. There is a hardly notice- able callus below its inner end. The palatal plicae are small, the lower one longer than the upper and a little more deeply placed. The peristome is brown, expanded and reflected, narrow in the upper curve of the outer lip, the margins re- mote, connected by a thin parietal callus. Length 1.85, diam. 0.95, alt. aperture 0.65 mm.; 4% whorls. Southern Florida: Miami (S. N. Ehoads) ; Dismal Key, Lee Co. (C. B. Moore) ; hammock iy2 miles northeast of Fort Lauderdale (C. T. Simpson in G-. H. Clapp coll.). STERKIA. 53 Bifidaria rlwadsi PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila,, 1899, p. 404, figs. 1, 2. The teeth are slightly larger in the specimen from Dismal Key, of which an internal view is given (fig. 3). At present it is one of the rarest American snails. Only two specimens have been found in the great amount of woodland debris which has been worked over in this laboratory. Dr. Clapp found about a dozen in a bushel of rubbish from near Fort Lauderdale, a place on the mainland above Miami. Very close to S. eyricsi. The shell is a little larger and more slender, with relatively smaller aperture. No actual iutergradation in these characters has been observed in the very small number seen ; yet it seems unlikely that they will prove of specific constancy when fuller series come to hand. It resembles B. Clementina in the relatively smooth surface and moderately developed teeth, but differs by the obliquely ascending columellar lamella and other details of structure. 3. STERKIA ANTILLENSIS n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11. The shell is shortly cyliudric, cinnamon-colored, glossy, under the microscope showing some weak, uneven striatiou and rugosity (such as the typical Nesopupee have, but only weakly developed), the first iy2 whorls microscopically gran- ular. The summit is obtuse ; whorls strongly convex, the last having a furrow behind the lip, over the upper palatal fold. The aperture has a rather distinct sinulus, the outer lip being bent in. The peristome is well developed and col- ored like the exterior. The angular lamella is high, curved, and more or less strongly connected with the termination of the lip. Parietal lamella high and long. Columellar lamella situated high, obliquely ascending inwardly. The two palatal folds are well developed, both somewhat immersed, but the lower one more deeply. Length 1.73, diam. 0.95, alt. aperture 0.7 mm. ; 4% whorls. Length 1.85, diam. 1 mm. ; 4% whorls. Cuba: El Abra, Vinales (type loc.) and Rosario (Hender- son). Jamaica: west of Port Antonio (Henderson and Simpson) ; near Mandeville (Dr. A. P. Brown). 54 STERKIA. This species is distinct from 8. eyriesi and 8. rhoadsi by the more strongly developed teeth, particularly the longer, stouter palatal folds. In a specimen from Mandeville there is a well developed interpalatal fold near the inner end of the upper palatal. The lower palatal is unusually long and the size small: length 1.53 mm. (figs. 10, 11). Whether these are individual or racial peculiarities cannot be determined without more material. This specimen was reported as Bifidaria rhoadsi in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1910, p. 521. 4. STERKIA CLEMENTINA (Sterki). PI. 7, figs. 9, 10, 13. "Shell very minute, narrowly perforate, cylindrical, pale horn-colored, transparent, with rather obtuse apex; whorls 5y2, regularly increasing, moderately rounded, with rather deep suture, smooth, with few microscopic striae, somewhat shining; last whorl occupying rather more than two-fifths of altitude, somewhat ascending to the aperture, with a slight, revolving impression on the middle of its last third, ending at the auricle; a very slight, flat, crest-elevation near the margin, only in the lower part. Aperture lateral, scarcely oblique, subovate with the palatal margin slightly flattened, upper part of same somewhat sinuous, peristome a little ex- panded with a slightly thickened lip just at the margin; lamellae 6, white: two on the apertural [parietal] wall, the apertural [parietal lamella] typical, and a rather long supra- apertural [angular] ending in a callus at the upper termina- tion of the palatal margin ; columellar one typical, horizontal ; basal very small, nodule-like, deep seated ; palatals two, typical, the inferior a little longer. "Alt. 1.9, diam. 0.8 mm.; apert. : alt. 0.6, diam. 0.5 mm. (Sterki}. "Alt, 1.8, diam. 0.9 mm.: 5 whorls. Paratype." San Clemente Island, California, type loc. ; also Santa Bar- bara Island (II. Hemphill). Pupa Clementina STERKI, Nautilus, iv, August, 1890, p. 44, pi. 1, f. 4. --Bifidaria Clementina oldroydcc VANATTA, Nau- tilus, xxx, August. 1916, p. 48. STERKIA. 55 Only three specimens were found by Mr. Hemphill on San Clemente, one of which, no. 45479 A. N. S. P., is here figured. The surface shows very Aveak traces of low, widely-spaced striag, usually hardly noticeable ; color between cinnamon and cinnamon-buff, or paler. There is a distinct but shallow im- pression over the upper palatal fold, running to the lip. The angular lamella is longer and much lower than the parietal, its summit depressed in the middle part ; it is nearly straight, but curves outward a little to join the outer lip, with a rather thick callous pad at the junction. The parietal lamella is nearly straight. The columellar lamella is short, transverse to the axis, its inner end thick. The upper palatal fold is short, the lower higher, thicker and longer. A basal fold, mentioned in Sterki 's description, is not present in the cotype here figured. It was also absent in Sterki 's figure, drawn by himself. Bifidaria Clementina oldroydcc Vanatta, from Santa Bar- bara I., stated to differ from Clementina, by the absence of a basal fold, appears to have no sufficient basis, since this fold is also wanting in some, if not all, San Clemente shells of the type lot. The type of oldroyd>• I 8 15 12 16 17 TRUNCATELLINA. 65 5. 1.6 to 2.2 mm. long, 5y2 to 6y2 whorls; Europe, etc. T. cylindrica-, no. 4. 2x1 mm., 7 whorls ; western Himalayas. T. himalayana, no. 9. 6. Three-toothed, the palatal tooth visible in a direct front view 7- Palatal tooth further in, not visible in a direct front view 8. 7. Teeth high, rather large ; length 1.7-2 mm. ; Mediterran- ean region, etc T. rivierana, no. 10. Teeth small, low ; length 1.65-1.75 mm. ; England. T. brittanica, no. 11. 8. No parietal lamella or tooth ; sharply ribbed ; Triest. T. uniarmata, no. 15. Parietal minute, pimctiforni, palatal near the suture; Norway T. odontostoma, no. 12. Parietal lamella elongate or lamelliform, though some- times low 9. 9. A massive, rounded crest behind the lip, which is heavily white-calloused within ; Sweden to North Germany ; Caucasus T. costulata, no. 13. Crest wanting or inconspicuous; lip not heavily cal- loused 10. 10. Surface merely finely striate ; Tyrol, etc 11. Surface closely ribbed ; southern France to Caucasus. T. claustralis, no. 14. 11. 2-2.25 mm. long, 6 whorls; Tyrol, etc. T. monodon, no. 15. 1.5-1.6 mm. long, Qy2 whorls ; Tyrol. T. c. salurnensis, no. 14a. (Group of T. cylindrica. Aperture toothless.) 4. TRUNCATELLINA CYLINDRICA (Fer.). PI. 8, figs. 1-4, 8. The shell is minute, cylindric with obtuse summit, cinna- mon-colored or paler, rather glossy, finely and closely rib- striate except the first whorl. First 2y2 whorls forming the summit widen rapidly, the following 3 to 4 whorls slowly, forming the cylindric portion; the latter part of the last whorl tapers towards the base. The aperture is shortly ovate, 66 TRUNCATELLINA. slightly oblique; without teeth. The whitish peristome ex- pands a little and is somewhat thickened within, the termina- tions joined by a thin callus. Length 2.13, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 6y2 whorls. France. Length 1.95, diam. 0.87 mm. ; 6 whorls. Auxonne. Length 1.63, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Auxonne. Length 1.65, diam. 0.80 mm. ; 6 whorls. Auxonne. Length 1.75, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 6 whorls. Tyrol. Length 1. 85, diam. 0.82 mm. ; 6 whorls. Dorset. Europe; North Africa in Morocco and Tunis; Crimea; Asia east to the Caucasus. Pupa muscorum, a, DRAP., Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et fluv. de la France, 1806, p. 59, pi. 3, f. 26, 27, in part. Not of Linne. — Vertigo musconmi MOQUIN-TANDON, Hist. Moll. Fr., 1855, p. 399, pi. 28, f. 22, 23. — BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii, 1864, p. 98, pi. 6, f. 28-30 (debris of the Harrach and Ras- sauta near Algiers). — Isthmia muscorum Loc., LETOURNEUX et BOURGUIGNAT, Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, 1887, p. 109 (Algeria: Harrach, Algiers, Bou-Saada, Bone). Vertigo cylindrica FERUSSAC, Tabl. Syst., 1821, p. 64.— Isthmia cylindrica, Fer., REINHARDT, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., vol. 48, 1916, p. 68. Pupa minutissima Hartm., of most authors ; PFR., Monogr., ii, 306; iii, 532; iv, 663; vi, 301; viii, 362. - - KUSTER, Syst. Conch. Cab., p. 100, pi. 14, f. 6-8. - - MORELET, J. de Conch., xxviii, p. 61 (Tanger, Morocco). — HIDALGO, J. de C., xxvi, p. 242 (Balearic Is.; apparently includes rivierana) . - - Ross- MAESSLER, Iconographie, i, pt. 1, p. 84, pi. 2, f. 38. — JEFFREYS, British Conchology, i, p. 270. — Pupa minutissima var. angus- tata Mouss., KOBELT, Catalog eur. Fauneugeb. leb. Binnen- conch., 1871, p. 32 (Epirus; nude name). --Pupa (Isthmia) minutissima Hartm., BOETTGER, Jahrb. d. m. Ges., x, 1883, p. 183; vi, 406; vii, 139 (Caucasus). -- Isthmia minutissima (Hartm.) BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat,, 42, 1889, p. 275 (distribution, Pleistocene and Recent). — STEENBERG, Dan- mark's Fauna, Landsnegle, 1911, p. 171, f. 141. This is the most widely distributed species. Its northern limit has been roughly denned by the localities Skye, Christi- TRUNCATELLINA. 67 ania and Moscow. From the Atlantic (Portugal) it extends eastward to the Caucasus region. T. himalayana appears to be an eastern representative of cylindrica. It varies widely in size, short examples occurring rather numerously in some lots. French specimens figured measure : Length 2.1, diarn. 0.9 mm. ; 6% whorls. Length 2, diarn. 0.85 mm. ; 6y2 whorls. Length 1.57, diam. 0.75 mm. ; 5y3 whorls. There is also some variation in shape. Moquin-Tandon has noted a mut. albino-, shell entirely whitish, Jura and Pyrenees (Hist. Moll. Fr., ii, 399). English specimens seen are below the maximum size, being slightly less than 2 mm. long. D. Geyer has recorded cases of gigautism, specimens having 1 to 2 additional whorls, the lip remaining unfinished, or with an inflated supernumerary seventh whorl (Nbl. d. M. Ges., 1912, p. 122). Ferussac's name Vertigo cylindrica was based upon Pupa muscorum of Draparnaud's Histoire, but with the qualifica- tion "louche sans dents". He notes a variety "«., apertura sub unidentata, major?" Drapamaud had said that there is often one or sometimes even two low folds. He distinguished two forms, a, aperture toothless, and b, aperture 1-2-toothed ; figuring one of the latter. It is evident that Draparnaud had more than one species: the cylindrica (commonly known as minutissima) , together with rivierana, or an allied dentate form from somewhere in the south of France. T. cylindrica obscura (Mousson). Shell elegantly striate, permanently covered with a dark epidermis. Whorls 6, the spire cylindric from the third. Margin scarcely reflected, dark; aperture toothless (Mousson). Greece : Janina. Pupa minutissima, Hartm. var. obscura Mss., Coq. rec. par Schlaefli, in Vierteljahrschrift der Naturf. Ges. Zurich, iv, 1859, p. 272 (46 of separate copies). The differences from the typical form consist in the per- manence of the deep brown epidermis, matt, masking the rib- 68 TRUNCATELLINA. striae ; the much more obtuse summit, not beginning to taper until the fourth whorl from the aperture ; finally by the aper- ture without trace of teeth and with thick, dark margin (Mousson). 5. TRUNCATELLINA DOUMETI (Let. et Bgt.). The shell is very minute, very narrowly perforate, short, cylindric, more swollen at summit than at base, fragile, sub- diaphanous, corneous, well striated obliquely. Spire short, very obtuse at summit, rounded dome-like. Whorls 5, convex (the embryonic minute, paler), rather slowly increasing, sep- arated by a deep suture, the last moderate, convex, margin lightly flattened outwardly, tapering at base, straight above at the insertion. Aperture very oblique, receding below, lunate, semiovate, toothless; peristome a little thickened, spreading and whitish; columellar margin strong, reflexed; margins remote. Length 1.5, diam. 0.75 mm. (L. & B.). Tunis: drift debris of the Oued Sidi-Aich (Let.). Istkmia doumeti LETOURNEUX et BOURGUIGNAT, Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, 1887, p. 110. 6. TRUNCATELLINA LAEVIUSCULA (Kuester). PI. 8, figs. 6. The almost lacking rib-striae are perceptible as fine lines only under strong magnification ; it is also usually somewhat slimmer [than " mimi-tissima."] (Kuester}. Triest, under stones on the grassy slope below the church of Servola (Kuester) • also east to Serbia and Banat. Pupa laeviuscula K., Syst. Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, pi. 14, f. 6-8 ; as a var. of P. minutissima. — REINHARDT, Nachrichtsbl. d. M. Ges., vol. 48, 1916, p. 162. — Pupa minutissima var. sub- laevigata Pfr., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 356, substitute for laeviuscula Kiister. Dr. Reinhardt found specimens agreeing well with Kiister 's species near the Hercules-bade (on the way to the Domogled and on the right bank of the Czerna). He gives the following description : "Shell cylindric, less obtuse above than cylindrica (not until the 4th whorl as wide as the next), yellowish-brown, TRUNCATELLINA. 69 with an oily luster ; nearly smooth, only under the lens show- ing fine, close, hair-like strife,* which become somewhat more distinct immediately preceding the aperture. Whorls 6, rather ventricose, separated by moderately deep suture, the 3d to 5th very gradually increasing, the last about 14 to l/3 the total length, somewhat ascending to the aperture. Aper- ture roundish, especially rounded below, as high as wide, the outer margin obtuse-angularly bent inward, somewhat pro- duced forward below the angle, and inclined to be thickened. Columellar margin somewhat expanded and a little reflected towards the round, open umbilicus. Peristome distinctly white-lipped. Length iy±, width y2 mm. "Differs from cylindrica by the smaller size, less obtuse apex, the smoothness and gloss and the somewhat stronger- lipped, more rounded aperture. The general appearance is diverse. Very small full-grown specimens are found, of scarcely 1 mm. length. On weathered specimens the striation is somewhat more distinct. "Isthmia laeviuscula appears to be a form of the eastern Alps and Balkans. East of Triest it occurs in Carinthia, in Serbia (v. Moellendorff), in Hungary (Ministal between Steierdorf and Baniaska), finally in Banat, near the Hercules- bade." Pfeiffer used the term sublaevigata as part of the descrip- tion of var. &, Pupa laeviuscula, in the Monographia, ii, 1848, p. 307, but in the Nomenclator, 1878, that term is adopted as a name for Kiister's form. 7. TRUNCATELLINA ROTHI (Reinhardt). Shell very obtuse (the 3d whorl from above as wide as the following), almost diminishing downwards. Whorls 6, con- vex, little ascending, parted by a pretty deep suture, the embryonic whorl smooth, the rest having sharp, spaced ribs, running from the left above to the right below, the intervals wider than the ribs. The three middle whorls (or at least the * Kuester wrote me : "If a distinct species, I would rather call it capillacea. " I regret that this excellent name cannot be used for reasons of priority (ReinJwrdt*). 70 TRUNCATELLINA. 4th and 5th) about equally high, the last little higher, occupy- ing about 1/4 to % the total height. Aperture roundish, but little higher than wide, the outer margin roundly bowed in- ward, and below that with weak indication of an inbendiug. Peristome little expanded. Umbilicus open, round, but little covered by the columellar lip. Length 1.5, diam. 0.5 to 0.75 mm. (Reinh.). Greece: around Athens (Roth). Lake Tiberias (Hesse). Pupa minutissima ROTH, Spicil. Moll., 1855, p. 24. — Isthmia rothi REINHARDT, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., vol. 48, 1916, p. 164. Differs from cylindrica Fer. by the compact structure, the peculiar form, wider above, the sharp, widely-spaced striation, more convex whorls and deeper suture. 8. TRUNCATELLINA MICULA (Mousson). Shell minute, perforate, tapering-cylindric, very delicately rib-striate, without gloss, brownish-gray. Spire slowly taper- ing, the summit shortly conic, obtuse; suture a little im- pressed. Whorls 8, the first convex, following somewhat flat- tened, the last somewhat inflated, a little ascending, rounded, not compressed basally. Aperture sub vertical (making an angle of 10° with the axis), less than one-fourth the total length, truncate-subcircular, at base shortly curved, without teeth. Peristome but slightly expanded, thinly white-lipped, rather obtuse, the margins remote, right margin a little ex- curved at the insertion, columellar margin slightly reflected. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. Transcaucasus : Mahmutli (Sievers). Pupa (Pupilla-) micula Mouss., Journ. de Conchy!., xxiv, 1876, p. 40. — PFR., Monogr., viii. It differs from "minutissima," according to Mousson, by the form, a slightly conic cylinder, the large number of whorls and their slight convexity. Reinhardt has provisionally identified specimens from the drift of the Maritza at Philippopolis, Bulgaria, as this species. They have 7 whorls, and measure, length 2.5 to 2.7, diam. 1.1 mm. TRUNCATELLINA. 71 9. TRUNCATELLINA HIMALAYANA (Bens.). PI- 8, figs. 5, 9. Shell rimate-perforate, ovate-oblong, subcylindric, obliquely most minutely costulate, translucent, pale corneous; spire oblong, apex obtuse, suture impressed; whorls 7, short, con- vex, the last slightly ascending in front. Aperture rounded- ovate, toothless ; peristome thin, the margin a little expanded, right margin slightly running forward above. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (Bens.). Western Himalayas: Simla and Mussoorie (Hutton) ; Paujal Range, Kashmir (Theobald) ; Jhelum Valley and Pir Paujal; also from Naini Tal, Mussoorie and Simla (Godwin- Austen). Pupa himalayan-a Hutton, BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xii, 1863, p. 428.— HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1875, pi. 101, f . 4. — THEOBALD, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng., xlvii, 1878, p. 146. — GODWIN- AUSTEN, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, 1899, p. 262. — Sphyradiitm himalayanum Bens., GUDE, Fauna of British India, ii, 1914, p. 41 (Columella himalayana on p. ix). The specimen from Simla figured (fig. 9) measures: length 2.05, diam. 0.97 mm., 6y2 whorls. Except by being more fragile and not quite so strictly cylindric, I see little to dif- ferentiate it from some European T. cylindrica, though the riblets are spaced a trifle wider than usual in that species. The original figure is copied in fig. 5. Though remote from the ascertained range of cylindrica, it is likely that the genus will be found in the intermediate territory of Persia and Afghanistan. (Group of T. rivierana. Aperture having one to three teeth.) 10. TRUNCATELLINA RIVIERANA (Benson). PL 8, figs. 10, 11, 12. Shell rimate-perforate, exactly cylindric, diaphanous, rather glossy, most minutely, obliquely rib-striate ; suture deep ; apex obtuse. Whorls 6y2, convex, the last one-fourth the total length, slightly ascending in front, a trifle compressed around the base. Aperture truncate-ovate, 3-plicate, oblique ; peri- stome simple, margins separated, acute, whitish, the margins a little expanded, the outer strongly arcuate above, the inner 72 TRUNCATELLINA. lip somewhat reflected. There is a single fold in the middle of the parietal margin, an oblique, blunted brown, one on the columellar margin, the palatal fold lengthened, whitish, form- ing a groove externally ; all of them deeply placed. Length 2, diam. % mm. (Bens.). Mediterranean region, Algeria, southern France, Switzer- land and the Tyrol, Italy and Sicily, Caucasus, Persia. Pupa rivierana BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xiii, 1854, p. 97 ("Riviera regione Pedemontana, ad basin collium prope Nizza maritimam sub lapide." Also found by Mr. John Paget at Montpellier). Pupa strobeli GREDLER, Verh. zool.-bot, Vereins in Wien, vi, 1856, p. 114, and of many subsequent authors. — Isthmia- stro- leli GREDL., Rosen, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1892, p. 126 (Ger- mab and Chorossan, 10 kilom. w. from Schamhala, Persia). — Pupa (Isthmia) strobeli Gredl., BOETTGER, Jahrb. d. Mai. Ges., vi, p. 405 (Caucasus, etc.) ; Nachrbl., xi, 1877, p. 66 (distribution). — KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p. 83, pi. 234, f. 1514. --Pupa strobeli var. scharffi BOETTGER, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1879, p. 51. — SCHARFF, Journ. of Conch., ii, 1879, p. 291. Vertigo muscorum var. triplicata BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii, 1864, p. 99, pi. 6, f. 31-32 (Bone; around Al- giers). --Pupa mystica Pils., STERKI, Nachrbl., xxi, 1889, p. 119, as synonym of strobeli. Helix zanellia Testa, BENOIT, 111. sist., crit. Test, estramar. Sicil. (1858?), p. 195, pi. 5, f. 10; cf. REINHARDT, Jahrb. d. Mai. Ges., 1877, p. 277. Generally distributed in the "olive zone," though extend- ing beyond it in Switzerland and eastward ; for a long time confused with T. cylindrica, but readily known by the teeth, of \vhich the palatal tubercle is visible from in front, not concealed behind the columella as it is in T. claustralis. French specimens measure : Length 2, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 6% whorls. Length 1.74, diam. 0.83 mm. ; 614 whorls. Length 1.7, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 6 whorls. TRUNCATELLINA. 73 Pupa strobeli Gredler is clearly the same species, and it has almost universally been known by this name. Gredler 's de- scription follows. — Shell very small, cylindric, of almost equal breadth, obtuse above; very finely and regularly rib-striate, with silky luster, rather translucent light horn-color or red- dish yellow. Whorls 5 or 6, convex, low, parted by a deeply constricting suture, the last whorl often scarcely noticeably compressed around the funnel-shaped umbilicus and on the neck towards the rounded base. Aperture rounded ovate, generally 3-toothed : 1 somewhat curved and fold-like tooth on the parietal wall, running inward, a smaller tooth on the columella, and a drop-shaped tooth (in old examples often prolonged inward) in the palate, and externally visible on the neck. Peristome outwardly arched, but little thickened, the terminations joined by a glossy callus (Gredler). Type loc., Klausen, southern Tyrol, on the garden hill of the Capuchin Fathers, under moss on sandy soil (Gredler) ; also generally distributed in that country. Ill-defined forms related to rivierana,. Various ill-defined names in the literature may have been based upon T. rivierana, T. claiistralis or nearly related forms. Some French and Italian records of muscorum Drap. and minutissima Hartm. also included rivierana, judging from the remarks as to presence of teeth. Most of these names (including- T. callicratis Scacchi) are anterior to the names rivierana, strobeli and claustralis. By thorough collecting in the type localities, no doubt most of them could be recog- nized with a certain degree of probability; yet the descrip- tions are so inadequate that in my opinion later recognizably denned names should not be displaced. Pupa minuta Studer was defined thus: [Pupa] minuta Drap., iii, f. 26, 27. P. muscorum der Franzosen. Von Venetz in Wallis und von Charpentier bey Bex gefunden (Studer, Naturwiss. Anzeiger der allg. Schweizerischen Ges. fur die gesamrnten Naturwissenschaften, No. 11, May 1, 1820, p. 89). It was placed by Studer in the division of Pupa with "ge- zahnte Munching", and was probably a form of rivierana. Pupa minutissima. --Gauz Fassformig, langlich, die Um- gange sehr anpasseud ; die ganze Lange betragt nur y2"' auch ist die Schaale diinne. Die Mimdung enhalt einen Zahn. Sie 74 TRUNCATELLINA. findet sich in cler Schweiz (Hartmanu, in Neue Alpina, i, 1821, f. 220, pi. 2, fig. 5). The figure is so small and indistinct that it is quite useless. Whether the species is identical with T. rivierana cannot be determined positively ; the assigned size is too small. Vertigo pupitla Held, Isis, von Oken, 1837, p. 308, nos. 15 and 1, was a substitute for Pupa minutissima Hartm., without other description- Bavaria. ll[P-upa-] pusUlima Zgl. (F. minutissima Hartm.?)." MENKE, Synops. meth. Moll. Mus. Menkeano, 1828, p. 18. It has not been further defined. [Vertigo muscorum Drap.] Var. dentiens Moq. (PL 8, fig. 7, copied from Moq.-Tand.). Aperture with 1, rarely 2 tooth- like folds on the middle of the penult whorl. Toulouse, Montpellier (Moquin-Tandon, p. 399, pi. 28, f. 24). Probably = T. rivierana or var. scharffi. Little-known Italian forms of the T, rivierana series. Vertigo monodonta Pollonera. Similar to the preceding [muscorum Drap.], but a little shorter; whorls 5i/2 to 6; aperture with a deeply placed, drop-shaped palatal tooth. Italy: V. Dora Riparia, collina di Rivoli, in the alpine re- gion of Piedmont. V.[ertigo] (Ist[hmia]) monodonta POLLONERA, Atti della R. Accad. delle Scienze di Torino, xx, 1885, p. 685. Vertigo dinii De Stefani. Shell minute, with a small um- bilicus, cylindric, pellucid, thin, tawny, a little convex, more inflated in the middle, slightly tapering above and below, longitudinally closely striate, the striae oblique, visible under a lens, well raised ; apex rather obtuse. Whorls GI/OJ the first l!/2 small, the rest nearly equal, the last a little tapering, somewhat larger, rather convex, slowly ascending to the aper- ture. Aperture rounded, subtetragonal below, frequently 3- toothed : one very long tooth in the upper lip, sometimes 2, of which the upper is very short ; in the columellar lip one, and one in the palate [i. e., the parietal wall] ; peristome simple, a little expanded, interrupted above. Length 1.5, width 0.5 (De Stefani, Bull. Soc. Malac. Italiana, ix, 1883, p. 143). TRUNCATELLINA. 75 Appenines : Sassorosso. De Stefani further remarks that it may be a variety of V. callicratis Scacchi, but the very small size, the somewhat barrel-like form, the last whorl being more compressed than the others, and the teeth, which appear to be more numerous in some cases, retain it sufficiently distinct. TruncatelUna callicratis (Scacchi). Shell small, cylindric, corneous, umbilicate; whorls 5, rounded, obliquely striate; aperture ovate, toothless ; lip a little reflected. Length scarcely 1, diam. % line (Scacchi). Italy: Naples (type loc.) ; Sicily. Turbo callicratis SCACCHI, Osserv. Zool., 1833, p. II.— Pupa callicra-tis Sc., Cat. Conch. Reg. Nap., p. 16.— PHILIPPI, Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 220.— PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 307.— Pupa stro- beli var. callicratis Sc., WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1877, p. 126. — Vertigo callicratis De Stefani, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., ix, 1883, p. 182, with var. nodosaria, and subvarieties maruccii and simii. Westerlund, w^ho obtained specimens from the original locality, states that callicratis is a form of strobeli [rivierana], differing from that by its still more cylindric form, rounded above, the more slowly increasing whorls which are therefore lower, more convex, the last built far forward in front ; by the deeper suture and stronger sculpture (obliquely, finely ribbed on the upper half or throughout) ; the outer lip more strongly curved and expanded; the aperture as in typical strobeli, three-toothed, two-toothed or more rarely toothless. The descriptions of the following forms are taken from Westerlund, as I have not seen De Stefani 's paper. Var. nodosaria, De Stef. Whorls more convex; suture more deeply constricted; peristome more expanded, more strongly white-lipped; length 2, diam. 0.9 mm. Subvar. maruccii De Stef. More lengthened, with less convex w-horls; somewhat larger than typical nodosaria. Sub- var. simii De Stef. Smaller, more compact and convex, aper- ture toothless ; length 1.5, diam. 0.4 mm. 76 TRUNCATELLINA. T. callicratis has not been figured. It was described before rivierana, and if Westerlund is right in thinking them forms of one species, the latter would take varietal rank. Yet until there can be a revision of the Swiss forms also, any rearrange- ment of the nomenclature would be futile. Pupa muscorum var. abanensis De Gregorio (pi. 11, fig. 9). Shell most minute, pupiform, yellowish, subcylindric ; whorls 4, convex, slowly increasing, penult scarcely wider than the last. Aperture erect, slightly margined ; outer lip compressed in the middle ; columellar lip with one fold. Length 2 mm. Italy : Abano, in mud of ponds from the thermal springs. Pupa muscorum L. var. abanensis DE GREG., Ann. de Geol. et Pal., 32 livr., 1907, p. 7, pi. 1, f. 16. "P. muscorum" is understood in the sense of Draparnaud. According to De Gregorio it differs from Vert, dinii De Stef. by the less cylindric shape and the compressed outer lip. Probably Recent or Pleistocene. Var. ortonensis De Greg. (pi. 11, fig. 8). "Among the species from Monte Ortone [mud from thermal springs] I have one example which appears identical, but it has the outer lip provided with two teeth, the anterior lip with another tooth and one columellar tooth" (Pupa muscorum var. orto- nensis De Gregorio, op. cit., pp. 7, 16, pi. 1, f. 29). Scarcely a Truncatellina, if the description of teeth is cor- rect; possibly a Vertigo; yet what can be done with such drivel as this paper? One hesitates between amusement and pity. Pupa battagliensis De Greg. (pi. 11, fig. 7). Shell very minute, subcylindric, elegant, slowly increasing, ornamented with filiform riblets of growth, a little umbilicate. Whorls slowly increasing, convex ; aperture subquadrangiilar, rounded, narrow. Length, 1 mm. A very rare species of which I have but one example. It appears to be of the type of P. uva L. (De Gregorio}. Italy: Battaglia, in mud from reservoir fed by hot springs (72° to 90° Centigrade). TRUNCATELLINA. 77 Pupa battagliens'is DE GREG., Ann. de Geologie et de Pale- ontologie, 32 li\T., 1907, p. 13, pi. 1, f. 30. 11. TEUNCATELLINA RIVIERANA BRITTANICA u. subsp. PL 8, figs. 13, 14. The minute shell is shortly, deeply rimate, imperforate, cylindric in the last three whorls, those above forming an obtuse dome ; cinnamon colored ; glossy ; evenly but not sharply rib-striate, the riblets oblique, about 2 in 0.1 mm. on the last whorl; first I1/, whorls smoothish, pale. The whorls are strongly convex, the last not flattened laterally towards the base, without any trace of a crest behind the lip. The aperture is ovate. Peristome paler than the shell, well thick- ened, but narrowly expanded. On the parietal wall there is a short tooth, so deep within that it is not seen in a direct face view. The columella has a strong but obtuse tooth, visible in an oblique view in the aperture. In the palate an im- mersed, rounded or oblong tubercle, visible in a direct front view. Length 1.74, diam. 0.85 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Type. Length 1.65, diam. 0.83 mm. ; nearly 5!/o whorls. England: Portland, Dorset, with T. cylindrica (G. C. Spence) ; type and paratypes no. 109423 A. N. S. P. It resembles T. rivierana of southern Europe, but in that species the parietal lamella and the palatal fold are longer and stronger and the striae more spaced. T. odo-ntostoma is, according to Westerlund, a larger and relatively longer shell, 2l/3 mm. long, % mm. wide, with 6-7 whorls and a thin peri- stome. If Westerlund 's account is correct, the position of the palatal fold is different. Unfortunately, Westerlund 's form has not been figured, and no other author has reviewed its characters and dimensions. While it appears unlikely that this British form is without a name, I cannot find any applicable to it. By formally de- scribing the shell, the attention of British conchologists will be called to it, and a more thorough investigation can be made than is possible from this side of the Atlantic. Various early Swiss species might be compared if anybody could tell what their characters are. 78 TRUNCATELLINA. 12. TRUNCATELLINA ODONTOSTOMA (Westerlund). Shell cylindric, closely and regularly striate, horn-yellow, obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, the last somewhat larger, ascend- ing in front, almost ivithout a crest near the aperture. Aper- ture semi-oval, with one punctiform tooth deep within on the parietal wall and one drop-shaped tooth high up in the palate, near the suture and rather far from the outer Up. Peristome thin. Columellar margin expanded and reflected. Length 21/3, diam. % mm. (West.). Norway : near Christiania, on the Aakershuus farm. Pupa minutissima Hartm., [var.] g, odontostoma WESTER- LUND, Malak. BL, xxii, 1875, p. 132; Fauna Europsea, 1876, p. 191 ; Fauna Pal. Reg. etc., iii, 1887, p. 128. - - BOETTGER, Nachrbl., 1879, p. 6Q.--Pupa (Isthmia) odontostoma WEST., Jahrb. d. Mai. Ges., x, 1883, p. 61. - - Isthmia odontostoma WEST., Syn. Moll, extramar. Reg. Pal., 1897, p. 112. The position of the palatal tubercle as described by Wes- terlund appears abnormal; yet he seems to have had more than one specimen, as the number of whorls is given as 6-7 in his latest description. He places the species among those in which the palatal tooth is not visible in a direct front view. In Malak. Blatter, xxii, p. 126, Westerlund says "Tirolia, Norvegia, ' ' but in later notices he ignores the former locality. Boettger (1878) states that it is widely distributed in France ; it has a little punctiform parietal tooth near the opening, and a palatal tooth placed as in strobeli. He con- siders it, apparently, a variety of minutissima [cylindrical ; but whether he actually had Westerlund 's shell remains doubtful. Perhaps he had the form herein described as T. brittanica. 13. TRUNCATELLINA COSTULATA (Nilsson). PI. 8, figs. 17, 18. The shell is rimate, cylindric with very short obtuse sum- mit, regularly finely costulate, chamois-colored, glossy. The whorls are strongly convex, the last rapidly tapering towards the base, having a massive, whitish crest behind the lip. Su- tiire impressed, rising to the lip. Aperture broadly ovate or squarish. Parietal lamella long, entering deeply. Columellar TRUNCATELLINA. 79 lamella immersed, low and wide. Palatal fold strong, im- mersed, dorsal, not visible in a front view. Peristorne ex- panded, thickened within with a heavy, wide white callus. Length 1.95, diam. 1 mm.; 6*4 whorls. Length 1.85, diam. 0.9 mm.; 6*4 whorls. Sweden, Denmark, northern Germany. Transcaucasus, Talysch region (Westerlund). Pupa costulata NILSSON, Hist. Molluscorum Sveciae, 1822, p. 51 (Esperod, Scaniae, in sylvis, inter folia putrida, hu- mida).--KuESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, pi. 13, f. 29, 30.- PFR., Monogr., ii, 313; Malak. Bl., xxiii, 1876, p. 211 (nomen- clature).— WESTERLUND, Fauna Moll. terr. fluv. Svecise, Nor- vegiaa et Danise, 1873, p. 246; Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 127, with var. allogyra, p. 128. — Vertigo costulata Nilss., WESTERLUND, Malak. Bl., xiv, 1867, p. 201 (Oeland, very abundant). — Pupa (Isthmia) costulata Nilss., BOETTGER, Jahrb. d. M. Ges., vi, p. 405; Bericht Senck. Ges., 1889, p. 25 (Caucasus). --Isthmia costulata Nilss., STEENBERG, Danmarks Fauna, Landsnegle, 1911, p. 170, f. 140. Pupa ascaniensis A. SCHMIDT, Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1849, p. 141 (Ascherleben and Halberstadt). — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 179, pi. 21, f. 15, 16.— PFR., Monogr., iii, 554. This species is easily recognized by the wide, rounded, light- colored crest behind the lip and the heavy white lip-callus within. Var. allogyra West. Smaller, wider above; only 5 strongly convex whorls, cylindric with very deep suture, the last scarcely ascending, but little wider than the preceding, towards the back slowly, arcuately tapering; peristome strongly expanding, with a very thick lip within. Germany : Alt-Geltow near Potsdam, Jetschin (Westerlund). 14. TRUNCATELLINA CLAUSTRALIS (Gredler). PI. 11, figs. 1, 2. The shell is subperforate, cylindric or fusiform-cylindroid, obtuse, regularly and closely costulate-striate, silky, pellucid, flesh-colored. Whorls 6 to 6y2, convex, the last tapering towards the aperture. Aperture narrow, semioval, biplicate: a distinct parietal fold, the other palatal, lamelliforrn, deeply 80 TRUNCATELLINA. H*fl*i immersed, the columella with a tooth-like callus. Peristome simple, a little expanded, margins separated. Length % to 3/4, width scarcely y± line [about 1. 1.25 to 1.56, d. 0.5 mm.] (Gredler). Var. anodus. Without tooth ; occurs with the typical form (Gredler). Southern Europe, from France to Dalmatia; originally found in the Austrian Tyrol near Salegg at the foot of the Schlern and gorge of the Sarn valley. Pupa claustralis GREDLER, Verb, zool.-bot. Vereins in Wien, vi, 1856, p. 116, pi. 2, f. 1.— PFR., Monogr., iv, 678.— WESTER- LUND, Malak. BL, xxii, p. 126; Fauna, 1887, p. 127.— BOETT- GER, Nachrbl., xi, 1879, p. 67 (distribution in France, etc.).- Pupa (Isthmia) claustralis KOBELT, Iconographie, (2), viii, p. 84, pi. 234, f . 1515. - - WEISS, Nbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1894, p. 156 (Pleistocene, Weimar-Taubach) . Distinguished by the strong teeth, the palatal fold deeply immersed, concealed behind the columella in a direct face view. Variable in size among the specimens at hand. Length 1.7, diam. 0.8 mm. Length 1.55 mm. Boettger considers P. clavella Eeinh. scarcely varietally dis- tinct from claustralis Gredl. ; the supposed difference of con- tour noted by Reinhardt is not distinctive. P. o-pisthodon Reinlu, too, Boettger held, is at most not more than varietally distinct, and cannot possibly be distinguished specifically by the stronger columellar tooth. Like strobeli and "minutis- sima," P. claustralis has a certain variability with locality, and as in most small Pupse, a very wide distribution ( Jahrb. d. Mai. Ges., x, 184). 14o. T. claustralis salurnensis (Reinh). PL 11, figs. Qa-d. Shell dextral, minute, fusiform, subperforate, glossy, cor- neous, under the lens slightly striate. Whorls 6l/2, convex, the first rapidly increasing, third and fourth subequal, the rest slowly decreasing; last whorl tapering, slightly ascending in front; suture deep. Aperture rounded, vertical, 3-plicate: an entering lamelliform parietal fold, another strong one TRUNCATELLINA. 81 deep on the columella. The third in the palate, deeply im- mersed. Peristome a little expanded, white-bordered. Length 1.5 to 1.6, width 0.5 to 0.6 mm. Salurn, in the southern Tyrol, living under bushes and stones in company with P. claustralis and P. strobeli (Rein- hardt). Pupa (Isthmia) salurnensis REINHARDT, Jahrb. d. Mai. Ges., iv, 1877, p. 84, pi. 3, f. 7. — KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p. 85, pi. 234, f. 1517. — Pupa gredleri Reinh., olim, on labels. The surface is smooth and glossy; only in favorable light under the lens oblique striae may be seen, never ribs; on the last part of the last whorl there are a few stronger wrinkles. 14&. T. claustralis opisthodon (Reinh.). PL 11, figs. 3, 4. The shell differs from claustralis by being more veutricose in the middle, the finer rib-striation, stronger dentition (the columellar tooth especially being very strongly developed), and most notably by the very deep situation of the palatal tooth, which is not visible in an oblique view in the mouth, but always remains concealed behind the columellar tooth (Reinhardt). Herculesbade, in southeastern Banat (Reinhardt). P. [upa] opisthodon REINH., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. uaturf . Freunde zu Berlin, 1879, p. 138. -- KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p. 85, pi. 234, f. 1518. 14c. C. claustralis corcyrensis (Boettger). Shell generally larger, more cylindric, the apex more dis- tinctly conic; whorls 7, costulate-striate, the striae closer. Greatest diameter is in the middle (not in the upper part of the shell) ; otherwise very similar to the type. Length 1% to 2, diam. % to % mm. (Bttg.). Corfu. Rather scarce, sieved from moss. Pupa (Isthmia) claustralis Gredl. var. corcyrensis BTTG., Jahrb. d. Mai. Ges., x, 1883, p. 318. T. claustralis clavella (Reinh.). PL 11, figs. 5a-d. Shell club-shaped, the third whorl widest; with stronger, more spaced riblets, pale corneous. Aperture higher than 82 TRUNCATELLINA. wide, the lip sharp, not at all reflected. Palatal fold very deep, a full half whorl within. Length iy2, diam. % mm. ; 6y2 convex whorls. Caucasus: Borshom on the upper Kura (Schneider) ; Psirsk monastery (Leder). Vertigo (Isthmia) davella REINHARDT, Jahrb. d. M. Ges., iii, 1876, p. 368. — P.[upa] davella, REINHARDT, Jahrb., iv, 1877, p. 82, pi. 3, f. 6. --Pupa (Isthmia) davella Reinh., BOETTGER, Jahrb., vi, 405. — KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p. 84, pi. 234, f. 1516. --Pupa (Isthmia) daustralis Gredl. var. davella Reinh., BTTG., Jahrb., x, p. 184. The figures and description are from Reiuhardt. 15. TRUNCATELLINA MONODON (Held) . PI. 8, figs. 15, 16, 19, 20. Shell cylindric, obtuse, dextral, smoothish, rather glossy, brown. Aperture semi-ovate; peristome reflected, the lateral margin somewhat depressed; parietal wall 1-plicate. Whorls 6. Length 1, width scarcely i/2 line (Held). Shell cyliudric with obtuse summit, rather regularly and finely striate, the last whorl almost ribbed, reddish-brown. Whorls 6, the upper convex, the last twice as wide as the penult, tapering downwards, strongly ascending in front, im- pressed on the neck. Aperture narrow, semi-ovate or almost rounded-triangular, with a curved, lamelliform parietal tooth, entering deeply, one tooth in the palate, oval, very strong and very deep within. Peristome expanded, reflected, thick- ened lip-like; outer margin somewhat impressed, bay-like. Length 2.25, diam. 0.8 mm. (Westerlund) . Southern Bavaria ; Tyrol ; Carinthia, Vertigo mo-nodon HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 304 (Bavaria). - Pupa manodon Held, REINHARDT, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., iiir 1871, p. 185. — KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p. 85, pi. 234, f. 1519. Pupa schrankii Roth, KUESTER, Ueber das Bestehen u. Wirken der naturf. Ges. zu Bamberg, 3ter Bericht, 1856, p. 77 (drift of the Isar, southern Bavaria). Pupa striata GREDLER, Vert, zool.-bot. Ver. Wien, vi, 1856, p. 118, pi. 2, f. 2 (southern Tyrol, numerous localities, 800 up to 5000 ft.).— WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 128. TRUNCATELLINA. 83 There is a thick columellar callus, visible on breaking the shell, or in a very oblique view in the mouth, but in the speci- mens seen, the palatal tubercle is too far in to be visible in the mouth. It is a larger, more distinctly striate shell than T. salurnensis. Two measure: length 2.22, diarn. 0.95 mm., and length 1.95 mm. Reinhardt has noted that it has no inferior tentacles. When creeping on a horizontal surface the shell is held up- right, like a tower. The merely striate, not ribbed surface is characteristic. The palatal tubercle is at least a half whorl back, not visible from in front, but showing through exter- nally as a light spot. It lives on limestone and dolornitic terrains. The name "monodon" is a misnomer; Held over- looked the deeply placed palatal tooth. PI. 8, figs. 15, 16, are copied from Gredler's illustrations of P. striata. The original account of Vertigo unidentata, which may be identical, follows. [Vertigo] unidentata Studer. Only once I found two specimens in the narrow gorge through which one enters the Gastemthal from Kandersteg, on a fragment of cliff. F. Biguet considers it identical with the mousseron (Pupa minuta, above), but it is once again as large and of darker color (Studer, Naturwiss. Anzeiger d. allgem. Schweizerischen Ges. f. gesamten Naturwiss., May 1, 1820, p. 89). This long-lost species was noticed by Hartrnann, Ferussac and Charpentier, without further characterization. Finally 0. Reinhardt (Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., 1916, p. 131) reviewed its history. He believes that unidentata is perhaps T. mono- don Held, which lives on damp rock faces, while most other species of the genus are ground snails. T. monodon has not been reported from Switzerland, but its occurrence there would be no great extension of its known range. 16. TRUNCATELLINA UNLVKMATA (Kiister). Shell subumbilicate, cylindric, densely costulate-striate, sub- opaque, corneous-yellow. Spire high, the apex broadly conic, truncate. Whorls 7, convex, slowly increasing, joined by a 84 TRUNCATELLINA OF JAPAN. deep suture, the last whorl a little compressed, rounded at base. Aperture semi-oval, the margins* approximating, joined by a very thin callus ; right margin obsoletely impressed in the middle, a little thickened; columellar margin expanded, reflected ; palate with one tooth ; columella a little convexly calloused. Length 2, diam. 0.75 mm. (Kuester). Triest (Kuester). Pupa uniarmata KUESTER, Ueber das Bestehen und Wirken Naturf. Ges. Bamberg, 3ter Bericht, 1856, p. 77 (Triest) ; Neunter Bericht naturf. Ges. Bamberg, 1870, p. 99. — WESTER- LUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 128. Differs from minutissima [cylindrica] by the size, cylindric form, one whorl more, the palatal tooth ; from ascaniensis Schmidt [costulata] by size, longer columella, etc. It is fully as high as P. striata Gredler [T. monodo-n Held], but much slimmer, sharply ribbed, quite cylindric, with strongly convex whorls (Kuester). Not seen by the author. It has not been figured. III. JAPANESE (Loocnoo) SPECIES. 17. TRUNCATELLINA INSULIVAGA (Pils. & Hir.). PL 9, figs. 26, 27. The shell is minute, shortly rimate but imperforate, cylin- dric, the summit rounded, obtuse, between chamois and pink- ish-buff, thin, somewhat translucent. Surface rather glossy, smooth except for weak growth-strias in places. The whorls are strongly convex, the last tapering downwards somewhat, its latter half being a little flattened laterally. The deep suture ascends a little to the aperture. The aperture is shortly pear-shaped, slightly oblique, the peristome very little expanded except at the columellar margin, the outer lip straightened or slightly bent in. The columella has an obtuse, oblong tooth, rather deeply placed, but partially visible in a front view in the type lot (seen only in oblique view in the mouth in specimens from Kunchan). Very deep within, past the median line of the back, there is a short palatal tubercle, not visible in the aperture. Length 1.70, diam. 0.75 mm. ; 6V-> whorls. Type. TRUNCATELLINA OF ABYSSINIA. 85 Length 1.65, diani. 0.72 mm.; 6i/2 whorls. Loochoo Islands : Yoronjima, Osumi ; a variety at Hen- tona, Kunchan (Hirase). Type 67624 A. N. S. P. Pupa insulivaga PILSBRY & HIRASE, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1904, p. 631. Like the Oligocene T. splendidula and a few Recent Euro- pean and South African forms, this species lacks the rib- striation common to most of the genus. In all other respects it is a typical Truncatellina. The palatal tubercle cannot be seen in an oblique view in the aperture, being unusually far within, and as the shell is rather opaque in the type lot, it was at first overlooked. It resembles T. uniarmata and various South African species in having columellar and palatal teeth, but no parietal lamella. Yoron Island, though politically belonging to Osumi Prov- ince, lies near the northern end of Okinawa, and thus is one of the central Loochoos. The specimens from Kunchan (northern Okinawa, the large island of the central Loochoos) are mainly a little smaller, some being quite short, the cylindric portion of only three whorls (fig. 27), though others have four subequal whorls as in the type lot. These specimens show the palatal tubercle as a light spot on the outside. Length 1.65, diam. 0.7 mm. Length 1.45, diam. 0.7 mm.; 6 whorls (fig. 27). IV. SPECIES OP NORTHEAST AFRICA (ABYSSINIA). These forms seem about equally related to the rivierana- claustraUs group of Europe and to the South African T. per- plexa. 1. Palatal, columellar and parietal teeth present 2. No palatal tooth ; columellar inconspicuous ; length 1% mm. T. blanfordi, no. 21. 2. Palatal fold partially visible in a direct front view ; rather spaced riblets ; 1.5 mm. long, 5-6 whorls. T. lardea, no. 18. Palatal fold visible only in an oblique view in the mouth ; rib-striation close ; length 1.6 to 1.75 mm 3. 86 TRUNCATELLINA OP ABYSSINIA. 3. Parietal lamella low ; base tapering downward. T. schilleri, no. 19. Parietal lamella rather high ; base less tapering. T. similis, no. 20. The following account is taken from Jickeli, who collected and described all of the Abyssinian species. 18. TRUNCATELLINA LARDEA (Jickeli). PI. 9, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9. The shell is perforate, cylindric, brown, with an oily luster, under the lens distantly, rather obliquely ribbed. Whorls 5-6, rather swollen, regularly increasing, parted by a deep suture, the last slightly ascending in front. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate, 3-plicate : a deeply entering lamelliform pari- etal fold, a strong, obtuse columellar fold, seen in its entirety only by rolling the shell to the left, and a strong, palatal tooth, not entirely visible in a front view. Peristome white, expanded, slightly reflected; margins scarcely converging, joined by a very thin callus. Length 1.5, diam. 1 mm., length and width of aperture 0.5 mm. (Jickeli). Abyssinia : Province Hamaszen on Rora-Beit-Andu about 4200 ft,, and Habab at the descent of Nakfa (Jickeli). Pupa lardea JICKELI, Fauna Moll. N.-O. Afrika's, in Nova Acta Ac. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Germ. Nat. Cur., vol. 37, 1875, p. 124, pi. 5, f. 14. "This species differs from the very closely related P. stro- beli Grdl. by the more compact form, more widely spaced longitudinal ribs, which are stouter and stronger. The Abys- sinian snail, moreover, has a wider umbilicus and more convex but lower whorls. The chief difference is in the armature of the aperture, in form and situation of the teeth. "The denticle of the parietal wall is placed deep in the mouth and bluntly pointed in strobeli, but in our species emerges more, is higher and stronger, and penetrates inward as a fold. "The columellar fold in our species is hardly visible in a straight front view of the mouth, but appears, when the shell is turned a little, as a very strong, blunted tooth, while in strobeli it is very well shown in a direct front view and pro- jects much less strongly. TRUNCATELLINA OF ABYSSINIA. 87 "The palatal fold is less deeply placed in the mouth and weaker in P. strobeli. "In the width of the perforation P. claustralis agrees with P. lardea better than strobeli, but in claustralis the coluinel- lar and palatal folds are deeper in the niouth, especially the latter. "P. salonensis [salurensis] Reinh. is at once separable by its finer longitudinal striation" (Jickeli). 19. TRUNCATELLINA SCHILLERI (Jickeli). PI. 9, figs. 14 to 18. The minute shell is narrowly perforate, cylindric, a little contracted towards the base, brown, with an oily luster, orna- mented with moderately strong, close, oblique longitudinal ribs. The 6 convex whorls increase regularly and are parted by a rather deep suture ; last whorl is somewhat compressed towards the base and rises a little in front. The aperture is hardly oblique, ovate, a little impressed on the right side, and three-folded : on the parietal wall, deep within, a denticle stands which is continued inward as a rather low fold. The slightly curved columella has a tubercular tooth, visible only by turning the shell; likewise the palatal tooth is only seen by turning the aperture. The peristome is white, thickened and slightly reflected, the terminations converging. Length 1%, diam. 1, alt. apert. %, width y2 mm. (Jickeli). Abyssinia: Eujelal, Habab Mts., 7995 ft. (Jickeli). Pupa schilleri JICKELI, Nova Acta, vol. 37, 1875, p. 125, pi. 5, f. 15. "P. schilleri differs from the preceding species by the more contracted base, narrower umbilicus, closer and finer longi- tudinal ribbing, a weaker and more deeply placed parietal lamella ; also the columellar fold stands deeper, and the pala- tal fold, which is visible in P. lardea in a direct front view, can only be seen in P. schilleri in a strongly oblique view in the mouth. "It agrees with P. strobeli in the umbilicus and longitu- dinal striation more than with the preceding species, but differs by the positions of columellar and palatal teeth. "From P. salonensis [salurensis] Reinh. it differs by the stronger ribbing" (Jickeli). 88 TRUNCATELLINA OF ABYSSINIA. Jickeli considers it doubtfully distinct from P. claustralis, but the single specimen of schilleri is wider, not so evenly cylindric, darker colored; the parietal lamella of claustralis is shorter and terminates on a part of the parietal wall visible in the aperture, while in the African snail it penetrates deeper within. 20. TRUNCATELLINA SIMILIS (Jickeli). PL 9, figs. 1 to 5. The minute shell is narrowly perforate, cylindric, brown, with an oily luster, under the lens showing oblique, moder- ately crowded longitudinal ribs. The 5% convex whorls in- crease regularly and are separated by a rather deep suture, the last whorl is contracted but little towards the base, and rises slightly to the aperture. The aperture recedes towards the base, is ovate and three-toothed. On the parietal wall stands a strong, rather high fold, beginning rather deep within, and running far inward. On the columella a blunt, strong, tubercular tooth, entirely seen only by turning the shell. On the palatal wall, at the same level with the colu- mellar tooth, there is a tubercular tooth, only seen by turn- ing the shell, as in a direct front view it is covered by the visible part of the columellar tooth. Peristome is thickened, slightly reflected, the margins but little converging. Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm., aperture alt. and width % mm. (Jickeli). Abyssinia : Habab country, at the descent of Nakfa, one example (Jickeli). Pupa simiUs JICKELI, Nova Acta, vol. 37, 1875, p. 296, pi. 5, f. 16. Jickeli at first thought this a form of P. schilleri but later distinguished it. The form of P. schilleri is more compact, relatively wider; the last whorl contracts towards the base, so that the outer margin of the peristome is not arcuate as in similis, but rather straight. P. similis is, moreover, rather less closely ribbed and the upper whorls not so smooth as in schilleri. Finally, P. similis has a strong, high parietal la- mella, P. schilleri a very low one, hardly noticeable ; the colu- mellar tooth in similis is at least partly visible in a direct front view, but not at all visible in P. schilleri. TRUNCATELLINA OP CENTRAL AFRICA. 89 21. TRUNCATELLINA BLANFORDI (Jickeli). PI. 9, figs. 10 to 13. The minute shell is perforate, cylindric, somewhat con- tracted towards the base, brown, with an oily luster, and covered with close, somewhat oblique, longitudinal riblets, which are seen only under a lens, as in the two preceding species. The 6 convex whorls increase regularly and are separated by a rather deep suture ; last whorl rises a little to the aperture in front and is lightly compressed at base. The aperture is scarcely oblique, ovate. Bather deep within there is a small, pointed denticle. The columella is lightly bowed ; in the middle a hardly noticeable swelling, which may be re- garded as the beginning of a tooth, is perceptible. The palate is entirely unarmed. The peristome is whitish, slightly thick- ened and reflected ; the margins converge. Length 1%, diam. %, aperture alt, %, width a/2 mm. (Jickeli) . Abyssinia: Habab, in the gorge of Asqaq, on Nakfa, 5664 ft., on rotten wood ; also on the descent of Nakfa at the vil- lage Sykk (Jickeli) 7 specimens. Pupa blanfordi JICKELI, Nova Acta, vol. 37, 1875, p. 127, pi. 5, f. 17. In shape and striation it agrees with P. schilleri, in the umbilicus with P. lordea; otherwise it differs from both of these as well as from P. strobeli, claustralis and salo-nensis by the absence of palatal and columellar folds (Jickeli). V. CENTRAL AFRICAN SPECIES. Certain species supposed by Mr. Preston to belong to Ennea appear to be Truncatellinae, so far as one can judge from the figures and poor descriptions. I have not seen the shells. 22. TRUNCATELLINA NAIVASHAENSIS (Preston). PL 9, fig. 21. Shell minute, cylindrical, yellowish-white; whorls 7, the first 3 rapidly increasing; the last elongately strangulate be- hind the outer lip, sculptured with oblique, moderately dis- tant riblets ; suture impressed ; columella vertically descend- ing, outwardly expanded over the umbilical area; labrum slightly reflexed especially below; aperture somewhat irreg- ularly triangular, edentulate. Alt. nearly 2, diam. 0.75 mm. (Preston). 90 TBUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA. British East Africa : Naivasha. Ennea naivashaensis PRESTON, Revue Zoologique Africaine, i, 1911, p. 219, pi. 11, f. 3. — Ennea nad/vashaensis Preston var. elgonensis PRESTON, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1913, p. 211. T. n. elgonensis (Preston). Shell even more cylindrical than the typical form, with more closely set and more pro- nounced transverse riblets, the aperture also, through not being contracted at the base, has a less triangular appearance. Alt. 1.75, diam. maj. 1 mm. (Preston}. Mt. Elgon, Uganda (C. W. Woodhouse). 23. TRUNCATELLINA MUTANDAENSIS (Preston). PL 9, figs. 19, 20. Shell differing from Ennea nawa-shaens'is Preston, from Naivasha, British East Africa, in its darker color, more cylin- drical form, less convex and rather longer whorls, and in the broader and more basally rounded aperture. Alt. 2, diam. maj. 1 mm. (Preston). S.-W. Uganda : between Lake Mutanda and Lake Kivu (Robin Kemp). Ennea mutandaensis PRESTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1913, p. 211, pi. 34, f. 13, 13cr, VI. SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES. These species are closely related to those of Abyssinia and Europe, distinguished from them merely by specific details. T. dysorata and quantula are not known to the writer by specimens, but all the others have a columellar lamella in form of an oblong, vertical tubercle, strong or low, and either visible from in front or more often dorsal in position, and hardly to be seen without breaking the shell. Whether dyso- rata and quantula are really without the columellar tooth, like the cylindrica group of Europe, is not known. Most of the South African species are like T. insulivaga of the Loochoo Is. and T. uniarmata of Europe in lacking a parietal lamella. It is present in T. pcrplexa only. Pupa haploa and P. psychion M. & P. are lost species, not included in the following key. TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA. 91 Key to South African Species. 1. Aperture having parietal, columellar and palatal teeth.. T. perplexa, no. 24. No parietal lamella or tooth 2. 2. Surface nearly smooth or quite weakly ribbed. T. sykesi, no. 29. Surface very finely striate ; no palatal tooth ; 1.87 x 0.9 mm. T. quantula, no. 27. Surface subregular rib-striate 3. 3. Aperture with an immersed palatal tooth 4. No palatal tooth 5. 4. Length 1.3 to 1.6 mm., 5y2 whorls. T. pretoriensis, no. 25. Length 1.85 to 2.4 mm., 6% to 8% whorls. T. iota livingstonensis, no. 28a. 5. Length 2 mm. or more, 71/2i whorls T. iota, no. 28. Length 1.57 mm., 5i/o whorls T. dysorata, no. 26. 24. TRUNCATELLINA PERPLEXA (Burnup). PI. 9, figs. 24, 25. Shell very small, umbilicate, cylindrical, thin, translucent, shining ; pale brown ; spire cylindrical, rounded above ; sutures impressed ; apex obtuse ; whorls 6, very convex, closely trans- versely lirate, except the first two which are smooth ; the shell at the fourth, fifth, and sixth whorls of nearly equal width, the last half-whorl acquiring its greatest expansion a little below the suture and then being flattened beneath, forming an infrasutural angle, the last whorl compressed towards the umbilicus. Aperture rounded, nearly % the height of the shell ; peristome whitish, reflexed, especially at the columellar margin, thickened, the ends converging and connected by a thin callus; labrum [outer lip] slightly incurved about the middle; columella straight. The processes of the aperture consist of a small white parietal plait running inwards and there becoming strong, a stout white post-columellar plait, also running inwards, and a profoundly post-labral [palatal] tooth or plait hidden by the columella (Burnup). Fig. 24. Type : height 1.72, width 0.82 mm. Fig. 25. (sectional) : height 1.80, width 0.77 mm. (Burnup). Cape of Good Hope: Cradock; Port Elizabeth (Farquhar). 92 TRUNCATELLINA OP SOUTH AFRICA. Transvaal: Johannesburg (McBean) ; Pretoria (Ponsonby coll.) ; Potchefstroom (Miss Livingston) ; Heidelberg (Con- nolly). Orange Free State: Bloemfontein (Connolly). Pupa perplexa BURNUP, in Melvill & Ponsonby, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), i, Jan. 1908, p. 80, pi. 1, f. 17, 18; Ann. Mag. (8), vii, 408. — Jaminia perplexa (Burnup), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 183. Cradock may be selected as type locality. The long, strong parietal lamella and strong though immersed (dorsal or sub- dorsal) columellar lamella, distinguish it from all other known South African species. "Twenty- four out of twenty-six specimens measured by me show very little variation in dimensions, the remaining two, both apparently mature, being somewhat more divergent, viz. : Largest, height 1.88, width 0.83 mm. Smallest, height 1.50, width 0.77 mm. "Judging by the descriptions and figures alone, for I have not seen Jickeli's species, this shell must be akin to his P. lardea, schilleri, and similis from Upper Nubia, whose aper- tural processes seem arranged much on the same plan, its nearest ally being the last named; simiUs is, however, about one-fourth wider than the present species and has half a whorl less, while the peristome is less expanded and the labrum less bowed inwards and there is no callus. P. lardea and schilleri are more divergent, being not so high as similis and broader in proportion (Burnup). Among European species, perplexa is most like T. claustralis. 25. TRUNCATELLINA PRETORIENSIS (Melv. & Pons.). PI. 10, figs. 1, 2, 3. "Shell very minute, thin, ashy-brown, the apex flattened, contabulate; whorls 5, very ventricose, delicately longitudi- nally striate throughout, the last three of equal width ; aper- ture round; peristome a little thickened, simple, reflexed at the columellar margin. Length 1, width .55 mm. (M. & P., pretoriensis) . ' ' Shell minute, rimate, subcyliudrical, elliptical, thin, trans- lucent, shining, very pale brown; spire elongate-turbiuate, TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA. 93 with greatest width at the fourth whorl ; sutures rather deeply impressed, apex very obtuse ; whorls 5y2, very convex, closely transversely striate, excepting the first iy2, which are smooth, the last compressed round the umbilical region. Aperture nearly erect, rounded, nearly y3 the height of the shell. Peri- stome slightly thickened and reflexed, more so at the colu- mellar margin, scarcely paler than the rest of the shell, with labrum [outer lip] slightly straightened about the middle and much receding towards the base. Columella arcuate. The only tooth conspicuous, white, rounded, and remote, is situate inside, about midway between the last suture and the base, and about half a turn from the labrum [or outer lip]. "Height 1.47, width 0.79 mm. "Height 1.33, width 0.78 mm. ' ' Largest : height 1.51, width 0.80 mm. "Smallest: height 1.32, width 0.75 mm." (Burnup, intra- dentata). Transvaal: Pretoria, type loc., and District (Farquhar, Connolly). Pupa pretoriensis MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi, Jan. 1893, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 8; (8), i, Jan. 1908, p. 81. — Jaminia pretoriensis (Melv. & Pons.), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 183. — Pupa dysorata M. & P. var. in- tradentata Burnup, MELV. & PONS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), i, 1908, p. 73, pi. 1, f. 5, 6. — Pupa intradentata BURNUP, Ann. Mag. (8), vii, 1911, p. 405. ' ' This is the smallest of the South-African group examined by me, and is of a paler color than most. As compared with P. perplexa, which seems to be its nearest ally, it is smaller, smoother, paler and less cylindrical, is only rimate instead of umbilicate, has the peristome less reflexed, and is destitute of the postcolumellar and parietal plaits. As compared with dysorata (of which intradentata appears in the Survey as a variety), it is smaller, more slender, paler, less cylindrical, more loosely coiled, with more ventricose whorls and deeper sutures, and is rimate instead of umbilicate; the aperture is smaller and rounder, receding more at the base, and is fur- nished with a tooth in the gullet, not found in dysorata" (Burnup). 94 TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA. The type of P. pretoriensis was reported to Mr. Burnup as smashed, so that no comparison of intradentata could be made with it; as nothing was said in the original description of a tooth, the two shells were naturally supposed to be different. After the publication of intradentata, Connolly found that enough remained of the type of pretoriensis to leave no doubt of its identity with intradentata. The palatal tooth is often visible in a direct face view, as in the type and fig. 2 ; in other shells it is somewhat further in, not visible from in front, but seen by turning the shell as in fig. 1. There is also a columellar tubercle, rather small, dorsal in position (fig. 3), which has heretofore been over- looked, yet it is constantly present in the specimens at hand. It may be seen imperfectly in an obliquely basal view in the mouth. Two specimens figured measure : Length 1.4, diam. 0.74 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 1.6 mm. ; 5% whorls. 26. TRUNCATELLINA DYSORATA (Melv. & Pons.). PI. 10, fig. 4. "Shell minute, umbilicate, shortly cylindrical, thin, shin- ing, horn-colored ; spire cylindrical, being almost equally wide at the third, fourth, and fifth whorls ; sutures impressed, apex rounded ; whorls about 5%, convex, deeply closely trans- versely striate, excepting the apical whorls, which are smooth, the last rounded below and compressed about the umbilicus; aperture erect, somewhat quadrate, rounded above and below, exceeding % the height of the shell. Peristome slightly thick- ened and expanded, widely so at the columellar margin (which in the type is longitudinally chipped), paler than the rest of the shell, with labrum [outer lip] slightly bent inwards about the middle and columella nearly straight. There are no aper- tural processes. Height 1.57, width 0.9 mm." (Burnup}. Cape of Good Hope: Griqualand East. Type in coll. E. R. Sykes. Pupa dysorata MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi, Jan. 1893, p. 20, pi. 3, f. 4; xii, 1893, p. 111. (8), i, 1908, p. 73, pi. 1, f. 4.— BURNUP, Ann. Mag. (8), vii, 1911, p. 403. — Pupa dysorota M. & P., STURANY, Cat, S.-A. Moll., Denk- TRUNCATELLINA OP SOUTH AFRICA. 95 schr. k. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Ixvii, p. 71. — Jaminia dyso- rata (M. & P.), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., ix, 1912, p. 180. T. dysorata is a short, relatively broad, toothless species, as yet known by the type specimen only. This has been re- described by Mr. Burnup, whose figure and description are copied. It is not worth while to reproduce the insufficient and inaccurate earlier description of the same specimen. 27. TRUNCATELLINA QUANTULA (Melv. & Pons.). PI. 10, fig. 5. "Shell very minute, rimate, diaphanous, brown, cylinder- shaped, the apex obtuse; whorls 6, microscopically delicately lirate, strongly swollen, especially the three middle ones; aperture ovate-rounded; peristonie simple, reflected. Length 2, width .85 mm." (Melv. & Pons.}. Length 1.87, width 4th, 5th and 6th whorls 0.84, 6th whorl to labrum 0.91 mm. (M. & P., cotype). Cape of Good Hope: Port Elizabeth, south of Baakens River to Schoenmakers Kop (J. Crawford). Pupa quantula MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H., (6), xi, 1893, p. 20, pi. 3, f. 5; (8), i, 1908, p. 81, pi. 2, f. 19. -BURNUP, same, vii, 1911, p. 409. — Jaminia quantula (M. & P.), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., ix, 1912, p. 183. "Exceedingly minute, with simple mouth and remarkably swollen, ventricose whorls, especially the third, fourth and fifth, and cylindriform in shape. It is longitudinally striated, but so minutely as to be almost invisible even with a fairly strong lens" (M. & P.}. "Its nearest ally seems to be P. dysorata M. & P., which it strongly resembles in its remarkably cylindrical form, but from which it may easily be distinguished by its greater length, comparative narrowness, rounder aperture and much finer sculpture" (Burnup). 28. TRUNCATELLINA IOTA (Melv. & Pons.). PI. 10, figs. 6, 7. "Shell very small, rimate, subcylindrical, elongate, thin, translucent, shining, pale brown; spire slightly narrowing upwards, the greatest width being at the fifth and sixth whorls. Sutures impressed. Apex obtuse. Whorls 7%, very 96 TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA. convex, closely lirate transversely excepting the first 2l/2, which are smooth, the last whorl compressed round the um- bilical region, and flattened near the middle of the labium [outer lip]. Aperture straight, subangularly rounded, about 1/4 the height of the shell, peristome reflexed, widely so at the columellar margin, slightly thickened, pale, untoothed, with labium [outer lip] somewhat incurved about the middle. Columella straight. "Alt. 2.17, lat. 0.92 mm. (maj.). "Alt. 2.10, lat. 0.88 mm. (min.) (Burnup). "A slender cylindrical form which seems to be quite dis- tinct from all described species, though seemingly comparable with P. quantula M. & P., which is less tapering upwards, broader in comparison to its length, and fine in sculpture, and also with P. pentheri Stur., a more conical shell, with smoother sculpture, the whorls particularly ventricose, and shallower sutures" (Burnup). The original type (from Pretoria) is slightly smaller in dimensions than those given above, and is not in very perfect condition (Melv. & Pons.). Transvaal: Pretoria, type loc. (Farquhar, McBean) ; Hei- delberg (Miss Livingston) ; Standers Kop (Connolly). Zulu- land: Dukuduku Forest (Toppin). Pupa iota MELV. & PONS., Ann. Mag. N. H., (6), xiv, 1894, p. 93, pi. 1, f. 10; BURNUP in M. & P., (8), i, 1908, p. 77, pi. 1, f. 11, with var. livingsto-ncc Burnup, p. 77, pi. 1, f. 12. — BURNUP, Ann. Mag. (8), vii, 1911, p. 406, with var. living- stoncc, p. 407. — Jaminia iota and var. livingston very regularly convex whorls, which are smooth and parted by a deeply-cut suture. The shape is conic, as it is wider at the base than above, and gradually tapers up- wards. The apex is obtuse. Length 1.7, width 6.6 mm. Dr. Penther collected this minute species abundantly in Umbilo Road (Sturany). 29o. T. sykesi inconspicua (Buniup). PI. 10, fig. 12. "Shell very small, rimate, subcylindrical, elongate-oval, TRUNCATELLINA OP SOUTH AFEICA. 99 very thin, subhyaline, shining, brown ; spire slightly convexly narrowing upward above the fifth whorl, sutures impressed, apex obtuse; whorls T1/^, convex, nearly smooth, faintly stri- ate, with very fine microscopic, irregular transverse cuticles, becoming stronger towards the base, last whorl not much im- pressed around the umbilical region ; aperture slightly ob- lique, rounded, nearly 14 of the altitude of the shell; peri- stome reflexed, especially at the columellar margin, slightly thickened, connected by a thin callus, pale, untoothed, straight- ened near the middle of the labrum [outer margin]. Colu- mella arcuate. "Alt. 2.05, lat. 0.72 mm. (maj.). "Alt. 1.94, lat. 0.77 mm. (min.)" (Burnup). Dargle, Natal (Miss Livingston) ; Grahamstowii, Cape Colony (Farquhar). Pupa sykesi var. inc&nspicua BURNUP in Melvill & Pon- sonby, Ann. Mag. (8), i, Jan. 1908, pp. 81, 82, pi. 1, f. 21- BITRNUP, Ann. Mag. (8), vii, 1911, p. 410. "Although, while differentiating inconspicua from sykesi M. & P., from the material then at my disposal, I considered it to be a distinct species, I can now only concur with Melv. & Pons. in treating them as one. In coming to this decision I am largely indebted to Dr. R. Sturany, who not only iden- tified for me specimens from Dukuduku Forest, Zululand, as being P. pentheri Stur., but also sent me co-types of his species collected by Dr. Penther at Umbilo Road, Durban. His specimens are somewhat intermediate between sykesi M. & P., and inconspicua Burnup, and leave no doubt as to all three forms belonging to one species. P. pentheri must, there- fore, be placed in the synonymy of sykesi, and inconspicua may be retained as an elongate, narrow, fusiform variety of the same species. "In adopting my description of the var. inconspicua in its entirety to represent their species, Melvill and Ponsonby are led into certain errors, in that their type is more conic and less fusiform than the var., and has only about 634 whorls instead of Ty2, while the aperture is more than, instead of nearly, 14 of the height of the shell ; besides which the dimen- 100 TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA. sions given do not refer to the type, which measures: height 1.82, width 0.83. "It may be noted that while the height of inconspicua is greater than that of the type, the width is less. As this atten- uate form has so far only been met with at Dargle, it may well be a local race" (Burnup). Dubious, lost species. Pupa haploa Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 9, fig. 22. Shell oblong-pyramidal, very thin, apex blunted; whorls 7, ventri- cose, longitudinally finely striate throughout, impressed at the suture; aperture oval; peristorne a little thickened, simple. Length 1.7, width .75 mm. Pretoria. A very small oblong species, with simple and very slightly thickened peristome (M. & P.). A small, simple-mouthed species, of which the type only occurred, unfortunately mislaid soon after description fifteen years ago. No example has since come to hand. Seemingly allied to P. pretoriensis M. & P. (M. & P., 1908). Pupa haploa M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi, 1893, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 7; (8), i, 1908, p. ll. — Jaminia. haploa (M. & P.), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 284. See note under the following species. Pupa psichion Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 9, fig. 23. Shell umbilicate, rather obese, minute, pale brown, apex obtuse ; whorls 6, tumid, somewhat flattened ; aperture rounded ; peri- stome thickened, simple. Length 2.5, width 1.5 mm. Pre- toria. A minute species, like haploa (M. & P.), but the whorls are more tumid and only 6 in number. Mouth round, peri- stome simple, toothless, and without plaits (M. & P.). Type "no longer in existence, having been accidentally broken" (M.&P.). Pupa psichion M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiv, 1894, p. 93, pi. 1, f. 8 ; (8), i, 1908, p. 81.— -Jaminia psichion (M. & P.), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 285. The diameter assigned suggests Pupilla. Neither this nor the preceding species are known to Burnup. Connolly writes-. ' ' It appears advisable to transfer both the foregoing to the list of doubtful species. P. haploa was founded on a single specimen, which can only be regarded as lost, since it has proved quite impossible to trace its whereabouts. In the case of psichion, the type, the only known specimen, is so hope- ACMOPUPA. 101 lessly broken that it is quite impossible even to determine to what group of the genus it belonged. The original descrip- tions and figures of these minute forms are hardly in them- selves sufficient, and the Pretoria District, whence they were recorded, has since been often carefully searched, and yielded only the species mentioned [above]. It is probable that, if ever the missing type of ha-ploa or cotypes of psichion turn up, they will prove to be identical with some forms already named; meanwhile no useful purpose can be served by re- taining them in the list of collectible varieties." Genus ACMOPUPA Boettger. Acmopitpa BTTG., Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., xlii, 1889, p. 271. Monotype: Bulimus subtiUssimus Al. Braun. The shell is minute, perforate-rimate, elongately fusiform, thin, glossy, nearly smooth ; apex rather obtuse. Whorls 4 to 5, a little convex, slowly increasing, the penult more flattened, the last whorl forming one-third the total length. Aperture oval, toothless, the margins converging, a little reflected, colu- mellar margin somewhat concave (Bttg.). The type A. su'btilissima (pi. 5, fig. 11, after Sandberger) is a minute shell less than 2 mm. long, with only microscopic striae. While not uncommon, it is local. According to Boett- ger, no trace of descent from older or relationship with younger or recent land shells is known. Jooss has noticed another species, still undescribed (Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., 44, 1912, p. 37). Acmopupa subtilissima, (Al. Br.). Bulimus subtilissimus Al. Braun, in Walchner's Geognosie, 2d ed., p. 1137. — Pupa s., Sandberger, Vorwelt, p. 398, pi. 23, f. 13. Upper Oligocene Landschneckenkalk von Hochheim. The figures of Wenz (Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 1914, p. 93, pi. 5, f. 14) show a more obtuse summit than Sandberger 's figures. Genus NEGULUS Boettger. Negulus BTTG., Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins fiir Natur- kunde, Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 268 ; type by original designation Pupa, reinhardti Jickeli. "Shell perforate, either cylindric-ovate or oblong, pecu- 102 NEGULUS. liarly striate or costulate ; [very small : 2 to 2.5 mm. long] ; apex obtuse. Whorls 41//> to 5V->, convex, parted by a deep suture, the last % to l/3 the length. Aperture rather large, oblong, higher than wide, toothless; peristome a little thick- ened, slightly expanded, the margins converging, columellar margin somewhat concave" (Boettger). Distribution : Africa ; Tertiary of Europe. Figured on plate 5, figs. 14 to 21. The whorls are higher, increasing more rapidly than in TruncateUina, the proportions being much as in the recent Pupoides hordacea (Gabb). Perhaps Negulus is related to Nesopupa as a toothless side line, comparable to Pronesopupa. As none of the Neguli are at hand, I have not been able to compare the groups directly. Besides the type, Dr. Boettger included in this genus the recent P. abyssinica Reinh. and several Tertiary species. NEGULUS REINHARDTI (Jickeli). PL 5, figs. 16, 17, 18. The perforate shell is cylindric-ovate, of a darker or lighter brown color, and under the lens, covered with obliquely longi- tudinal riblets. The slightly tapering spire terminates in an obtuse apex. The 5 convex whorls increase regularly, and are separated by a deep suture. The last whorl, which ascends hardly noticeably in front, forms nearly one-third of the total length of the shell ; it tapers to the base, and appears slightly and bluntly angular under the suture above. The toothless aperture is oblique, receding towards the base, is elongate- rounded, and has straight, thickened margins, scarcely ex- panded ; the columellar margin lightly curved, slightly re- flected at the insertion, showing no callous thickening. The right margin of lip is slightly impressed from outward (Jickeli). Length 2.6, diam. 1.25, alt. apert. 1% mm. Length 2.33, diam. I1/;, alt. apert. % mm. Abyssinia : Province Hamaszen at Mekerka, on moss-covered cliffs on the banks of the Toquor (Jickeli). Pupa reinhardti JICKELI, Fauna der Land- und Siisswasser- Mollusken Nord-ost-Afrika's, in Nova Acta K. Leop.-Carol. Deutsch. Akad. Naturf., xxxvii, 1874, p. 122, pi. 5, f. 12. NEGULUS. 103 It is distinguished from P. abyssinica by the less cyliudric shape, wider umbilicus, more convex and regularly increasing whorls, of which the last scarcely (but in abyssinica strongly) ascends in front. It differs further by the longitudinal rib- bing, darker color, the silky luster and unarmed aperture. From P. edentula it differs likewise by the longitudinal rib- bing and silky gloss, also by the strong taper towards the base, larger last whorl, and the impressed outer lip (JickeU). NEGULUS ABYSSINICUS (Eeinhardt). PI. 5, figs. 19, 20, 21. Shell small, perforate, cylindric-ovate, corneous, glossy, striatulate; suture moderate; whorls 5y2, the first three rapidly, the following but little increasing, last a little prom- inent. Aperture higher than wide, toothless, rather oblique ; peristome acute, slightly expanded, the columella thickened towards the parietal wall. Length 2y8, diani. 1, apert. % x i/2 nun. (Reinh.) . Southern Abyssinia (Heuglin and Steudner). Pupa edentula var. minor MARTENS, Malak. Blatter, 1866, p. 96. — Pupa abyssinica REINHARDT in von Martens, Mollus- ken, in v. d. Decken's Reisen in Ost-Afrika, iii, 1869, p. 151. -JICKELI, Moll. N.-O.-Afrika's, 1874, p. 123, pi. 5, f. 13.- Pupa abessynica Reinh., BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Vereins f. Naturk. Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 269. It differs from P. edentula by the more slender shape, nar- rower umbilicus, blunted apex and relatively higher whorls; further, the last whorl of abyssinica is higher, tapers more towards the base, and ascends somewhat in front. The aper- ture in abyssinica is higher than wide, the right margin lightly impressed and the columella distinguished by a tooth- like swelling at the insertion. In P. edentula the aperture is as wide as high, the right margin beautifully arched, and the columella shows only a hardly noticeable thickening at the insertion (JickeU). NEGULUS KENIANUS (Preston). PL 5, fig. 14. "Shell minute, cylindrically ovate with very obtuse apex, scarcely rimate, moderately thin, pale reddish-chestnut; whorls 4, convex, shouldered above, marked with fine, oblique, 104 NEGULUS. transverse strias and slightly malleated ; suture well im- pressed ; columella whitish, internally broad ; labrum erectly reflexed, the margins joined by a thin whitish callus; aper- ture very broadly inversely auriform. Alt. 2, diam. maj. 2.25 mm." (Preston}. British East Africa: Mt. Kenia at from 6000 to 9000 ft. (Robin Kemp). Alcra keniana PRESTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1912, p. 189, pi. 31, f. 6. The diameter assigned by Preston is probably an error for 1.25 mm. The sculpture described reminds one of Nesopupa corrugata. Not seen by the writer. NEGULUS OBLIQUICOSTULATUS (Smith). PI. 5, fig. 15. Shell minute, cylindric, pale brownish, rimate. Whorls 6, a little convex, separated by a deep suture, ornamented with arcuate, thin, very oblique riblets, the last slightly contracted in front, a little ascending, somewhat impressed behind the lip. Aperture rounded, subquadrate, about one-third the total length, scarcely toothed within ; peristome thin, narrowly expanded throughout, the margins approaching above. Length 2, diam. 0.75 mm. ; aperture % mm. long, y2 wide (Smith}. St. Helena: Sugarloaf Quarry, extinct (Turton). Pupa obliquicostulata E. A. SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, 1892, p. 268, pi. 22, f. 21. "This is a very minute species, with very oblique, slender and somewhat remote costulae and no teeth within the aper- ture (Smith). Systematic place doubtful; it may be a Truncatellina, but the sculpture and proportions seem more like Negulus. Not seen by the writer. European Tertiary Species. NEGULUS SUTURALIS (Sandberger). Pupa suturalis Sandb., Conch. Mainzer. Tert.-Beckens, 1863, p. 54, pi. 5, f. 13 ; pi. 6, f. I. --Negulus suturalis Fischer and Wenz, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 67 Jahrg., 1914, p. 92, pi. 5, f. 13.— Pupa cdentula NEGULUS. 105 Deshayes, An. s. Vert, Bassin Paris, ii, 1866, p. 850, pi. 56, f. 28-30.— Bidimus lineolatus Al. Braun, in Walchner's Geog- nosie, 2 edit., p. 1136.— Pupa lincolata Sandberger, Vorwelt, p. 391 —Negulus lineolata (Al. Br.), BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nas- sau. Ver. Nat,, Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 269— Jooss, NachrbL, 1912, p. 36. Upper Oligocene and Lower Miocene, Bohemia, Ger- many and France. K. Fischer and W. Weuz, in an excellent paper on the Landshell chalk of the Main Basin (1914), state that this is by far the commonest Vertiginid of Hochheim. They do not quote Al. Braun, adopting the later name of Sandberger. Negulus Uneolatus suUineolatus Boettger, op. cit., p. 270, pi. 6, f. 8. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim. Negulus suturalis gracilis Gottschick & Wenz, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., 1919, p. 9, pi. 1, f. 12, 13. Steinheim am Aal- bruch. Also N. suturalis francofurtanus, p. 10. NEGULUS RARICOSTA (Slav.). Pupa raricosta Slavik Arch. f. naturwiss. Landesdurchf. v. Bohmen, i, 2, p. 266, pi. 4, f. 9-11. — N. raricosta KLIKA, Tert. Land- und Siisswasser-Conch. des n.-w. Bohmen, Archiv naturwiss. Landesdurchf. Bohmen, vii, no. 4, 1891, p. 91, f. 86. Tuchoric, Bohemia. NEGULUS VILLAFRANCHIANUS (Sacco). Vertigo villafranch- iana Sacco, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., xi, 1885, p. 176; Mem. R. Accad. Torino (2), xxxix, 1888, p. 18, pi. 1, f. 3. Upper Pliocene, Tassarolo, near Novi, Piedmont. Pupa (Isthmia) villafranchiana Sacco, von TROLL, Jahrb. K. K. Geol. Reich- sanst., Ivii, 1907, p. 75. "Heilsamer Brunnen" near Leobers- dorf, Austria. NEGULUS BLEICHERI (Paladilhe). Vertigo Ueicheri Palad., Rev. Sci. Nat., ii, 1873, p. 51, Pliocene, Montpellier, is placed here by Gottschick and Wenz. It was included in Vol. XXV, p. 219, as a doubtful Vertigo. PUPA CROSSEI Mich., Journ. de Conchyl., x, 1862, p. 7, Ver- tigo crossei on pi. 4, f. 3. Pliocene, Hauterive (Drome), noted in Vol. XXV, p. 220, may possibly be a Negulus; its place is not clear to me. 106 PUPOIDOPSIS. Pupa anodon Desh. (see Vol. XXV, p. 218) is another edentulous species of uncertain affinities. PUPA PALANGULA Boissy, Mem. Soc. Geol. France (2), iii, 1848, p. 276 ; Deshayes, An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, 1864, p. 849, pi. 55, f. 25-27, from the lower lacustrine bed, Rilly, has also somewhat the aspect of Negulus. Subfamily PUPILLIN^:. This group is characterized by the possession of inferior tentacles. Prior to the adult stage the shell has no apertural armature. Adults have 0 to 5 teeth in the typical positions ; angular lamella when present is tuberculiform (not entering and lamelliform, as in Gastrocoptinae), and remote from the parietal lamella. Basal lamella is wanting. The peristome is usually reflected or expanded. The size of the shell is usually greater than in Vertigininae, and the small teeth, when pres- ent, obstruct the aperture very little. Distribution continental, with the exception of Pupoidopsis from Oahu, the relationships of which are uncertain. Genus PUPOIDOPSIS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. gen. The shell is umbilicate and openly rimate, conic-turrited, thin, of few (4 to 4yo) very convex whorls. Aperture ob- lique, ovate, toothless; peristome slightly expanded and a little thickened within, the columellar margin dilated; mar- gins converging, joined by a short parietal callus. Internal axis rather large. Type : P. haivaiensis. Distribution : Lower zone of the Hawaiian Islands, in Post-Pliocene deposits. These shells remind one forcibly of the continental genus Pupoides; but they differ by the decidedly larger internal axis (compare pi. 17, fig. 1, Pupoides, and fig. 2, Pupoidopsis), the distinct umbilicus, the less developed peristome and the absence of any trace of an angular lamella or tubercle. The genus is probably not directly related to Pupoides; we doubt whether it belongs to the Pupillinaa. Yet we are unable to suggest any more likely place, and the general appearance PUPOIDOPSIS. 107 would cause it to be looked for here. Young specimens are toothless like the adult stage. PUPOIDOPSIS HAWAIENSIS Pils. & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 17, fig. 2. The shell is urnbilicate and rimate, conic-turrited, thin, vinaceous-cinnamon. to pinkish-buff or white (the specimens being fossil, and more or less faded) ; very weakly striate. The whorls are conspicuously inflated and increase rather rapidly, the first and especially the second being unusually large ; the last whorl ascends slightly and slowly to the aper- ture, and is rounded around the somewhat funnel-shaped umbilicus. The aperture is somewhat oblique, ovate, without teeth, its length contained 2.4 to 2.8 times in that of the shell. The peristome is built forward nearly to the ventral convexity of the whorl; the margins converge and are connected by a very thin parietal callus; outer and basal margins are very slightly expanded, somewhat thickened within ; columella concave, the columellar margin dilated. Length 3.83, diam. 2.28, aperture 1.55 mm. ; 4y2 whorls. Length 3.57, diam. 2.15, aperture 1.4 mm. ; 4y2 whorls. Length 3.4, diam. 2.05, aperture 1.22 mm. ; 4% whorls. Oahu: Kaelepulu, Kailua, on a low rock shelf, abundant (Pilsbry; type 129782 A. N. S. P., cotype in Bishop Mus.) ; Laie, west of stream, between the road and the sea, in a dune deposit, and on the calcareous sandstone bluff l1/^ miles west of Kahuku (Cooke and Pilsbry). On the kona side of the main range on the coral plain below Ewa mill and Waimaualo (Cooke). Molokai: Mauna Loa, northern slope, where the shifting sands cross, and Kaiehu, west of and near Moomorni (Cooke) ; Moomomi (Cooke and Pilsbry). WestMaui: Waihee (Cooke). Some of the best-preserved shells are translucent enough to show the axis faintly through the last whorl. It has been found only in Holoceue and perhaps Pleistocene deposits, which also contain a multitude of other land shells, Pupillidae, Tornatellinida?, Amastridae, Helicinidae and others. Most of these deposits are from near sea level to a few hun- 108 PUPOIDES. dred feet above. It belonged to the lowland fauna, which has been almost wholly destroyed by deforestation since the dis- covery of the islands by Europeans. The Laie specimens are rather small : Length 3.7, diam. 2.1 mm. ; 4y2 whorls. Length 3.2, diam. 2 mm. ; 4 whorls. Those from Molokai and West Maui offer no noticeable variation from the Oahuan shells. Genus PUPOIDES Pfeiffer. Pupoides PFR., Malak. Blatter, i, 1854, p. 192, for Bulimus nitidulus Pfr. and B. marginatus Say. — PILSBRY and VAN- ATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 585.— KOBELT, Syst. Con- chylien-Cabinet, Buliminidae, p. 917. — IREDALE, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xi, p. 176. — GUDE, Fauna of British India, Moll., ii, 1914, p. 259, P. nitidulus Pfr. selected as type. Leucochila- v. MARTENS in Albers, Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 296, type by original designation Pupa fallax (=P. margi- natus Say). Leucochiloides PFEIFFER, Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 292. B. lardeus (Pfr.) designated as type by Connolly, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 176. The shell is small (about 3 to 6 mm. long), rimate, long- ovate, turrited or rarely cylindric, with obtuse apex and few (generally 5-6) rather long whorls. Aperture ovate, toothless except for a small, tuberculiform, angular lamella close to the insertion of the outer lip, or united with it, rarely wanting; peristome expanded, reflected and usually thickened within. Internal axis slender, perforate (pi. 17, fig. 1). Type: P. nitidulus (Pfr.). Distribution: all of the conti- nents except Europe. Pupoides differs from PupUla by the tapering spire, the longer, more loosely coiled whorls, longer aperture and the obliquity of the parietal margin of the latter. There is never a crest or a furrow behind the lip. It is closely similar to the genus Ena (Bulimmius of many authors) ; almost the only difference in the shells is that Pupoides is smaller. The geni- talia in P. marginatus show close similarity to Pupilla, the PUPOIDES. 109 appendix being simple, rather short, and the spermathecal duct without a diverticulum. In End there is a very long appendix, coiled and enlarged distally, and a long branch of the spermathecal duct, with various other differences. This is one of several points where the Bulimini and Pupae approach very closely. The separation of the former group as a dis- tinct family appears to be without sufficient foundation. A monograph has been published by Kobelt in his useful volume on " Buliminid®, " but the species were partly scat- tered among those of other genera and no revision or new information was attempted. The American and Australian species are now fairly well understood. Many of those of Africa, Arabia and Mesopo- tamia were described by authors who made no comparisons with the older species ; they may be in large part referable to P. canopictus as synonyms or local races. Though many descriptions call these shells " umbilicate, " they are properly designated rimate; sometimes with also a very minute perforation. The internal axis is quite slender, as in pi. 17, fig. 1, representing Pupoides mtidulus. Pupoides is mainly a tropical and subtropical genus of arid regions or of relatively dry stations in humid areas. The American species harbor under stones or at the roots of grass ; following rains they are sometimes found on trees a few feet from the ground. The living shells are often coated with dirt adhering by the slime of the animal. As in Pupilla, the sinistral species belong to decidedly arid regions. They are found only in Central and West Australia. The distribution of Pupoides is remarkably discontinuous. In Asia and Africa its range is about like that of Zootecus, which prefers similar climates. The absence of the genus in southeastern Asia and the East Indies leaves the Australian herd profoundly isolated, as is also the American herd. Yet the hypothesis of radiation from a northern, Asiatic or Asia- tico-American center, as in the case of Gastrocopta, appears not improbable. A species referable to Pupoides or perhaps Microstele has been described as Pupoides pilsbryi Dall (Monograph of the 110 PUPOIDES. Molluscan fauna of the Orthaulax pugnax zone of the Oligo- cene of Tampa, Florida, in Bull. 90, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1915, p. 29, pi. 1, f. 6) from Tampa Silex bed, Ballast Point, Tampa Bay, Florida. Though described as without teeth, the figure shows three. I. American species, nos. 1 to 7. II. Oriental and Ethiopian species, nos. 8 to 23. III. Australian species, nos. 24 to 28. I. AMERICAN SPECIES OF PUPOIDES. 1. Shell distinctly tapering; diam. half the length, more or less 2 Shell cylindric or subcylindric ; diam. decidedly less than half the length 5 2. An angular lamella represented by a small, callous pad joined to the outer lip 3 Angular lamella a distinct and separate tubercle. P. cccnopictus, no. 10. No angular tubercle or pad; 3.4 to 4.2 mm. long, 4*/2 to 5 whorls P. modicus, no. 3. 3. About 5 mm. long ; 51/2 to 6 whorls ; U. S., Mex., West In- dies P. marginaius, no. 1. 3.6 to 4.2 mm. long, 4% to 5 whorls 4 4. West Indies P. m. nitidulus, no. la. Venezuela P. simoni, no. 2. 5. North American species 6 South American; cylindric, with slender riblets. P. paredesii, no. 7. 6. Cylindric ; no angular tubercle or callous pad 7 Slowly tapering, slender, with a small angular tubercle; Mazatlan P. chordatus, no. 6. 7. With slender, spaced riblets; Arizona, New Mexico. P. hordaceus, no. 4. Nearly smooth ; South Dakota to New Mexico. P. inornatus, no. 5. PUPOIDES. Ill 1. PUPOIDES MARGINATUS (Say). PL 12, figs. 1 to 7. The shell is minutely perforate, rimate, slowly tapering from the last whorl to the obtuse summit, cinnamon or slightly darker, paler behind the lip, somewhat glossy. Surface lightly marked with striae of growth, wanting on the first whorl, which is weakly, microscopically grauose. The whorls are rather strongly convex, the last half- whorl somewhat com- pressed laterally, tapering to the narrowly rounded base. The aperture is oval; peristome expanded and reflected, strongly thickened within, its face flattened; the outer lip is more strongly arched near the upper insertion, its internal callus excavated and narrower there. The columellar margin is straightened, dilated and reflected. Parietal callus rather strong but transparent, bearing a short angular tubercle con- nected with the outer lip.. Length 5, diam. 2.2 mm. ; barely 6 whorls. Eastern North America from Ontario and Maine to the Gulf of Mexico, west to the Dakotas, Colorado, and western Arizona (Yurna Co.) ; in northeastern Mexico at Monterey and Tampico. Cuba: El Vedado and Morro Castle, near Havana and around Cienfuegos (Pilsbry) ; Bahia Honda and Cabanas Light (J. B. Henderson). Haiti and Santo Domingo (Salle, Gabb). Porto Rico (Riise). Bermuda. Cyclostoma marginata SAY, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ii, 1821, p. 172 (Upper Missouri). — Bidimus marginatus Say, BINNBY, Terr. Moll., iv, p. 136.— PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 76.— WEIN- LAND, Jahrb. d. m. Ges., 1880, p. 376 (Jeremie and Port-au- Prince, Haiti). — Pupa, marginata Say, MARTENS, Biologia Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 329, pi. 19, f. 1 (Mexico, "probably near the City"; also St. Croix). - - Pupoides marginatus (Say), PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 586. — WALKER, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 15, 1915, pp. 2-10 (localities in Ariz., N. Mex., Texas, Okla.). —Pupa falla-x Say, GOULD, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 357, pi. 16, f. 15.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 309.— BIN- NEY, Terr. Moll., v, 1878, p. 203, pi. 52, f. 1 (shell), pi. iv, f. T (teeth). — GIBBONS, Journ. of Conch., ii, 1879, p. 131 (Havana, Puerto Plata, Curacao, Cartagena, Puerto Cabello). — Palu- 112 PUPOIDES. dina turrita MENKE, Synops. Meth. Moll., 1830, p. 40; no locality or definition; Cyclostoma marginatum Say quoted as doubtfully the same. --Pupa albilabris (Ward MS.) C. B. ADAMS, Amer. Journ. of Sci., xl, 1841, p. 271 (substitute for marginatus Say) ; Thompson's Vermont, Moll., 1842, p. 158. — Bulimus exiguus REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, 1850, pi. 88, fig. 654 (St. Domingo, Salle). — Pupa arizonensis GABB, Amer. Journ. of Conch., ii, 1866, p. 331, pi. 21, f. 6 (Fort Grant, Arizona). The distribution is given above from specimens seen. Localities on the Spanish main are mentioned by Gibbons, but I have not confirmed them. Dr. Sterki has stated that Curacao specimens in the Mazyck collection are typical. In the United States it may be found in all the states from. Ari- zona and Colorado eastward, but, so far as I know, nowhere at high elevations, either in the West or in the Alleghenies. The size varies considerably in the same colony. Around Philadelphia (pi. 12, fig. 1) some lots run from 4.2 to 4.8 mm. long. In others the largest are 5 mm. long. It prefers places where the rock is limestone, though also common elsewhere. The living shell is usually more or less coated with earth or excrement. Figs. 2, 3 represent shalls from Washington Co., South Da- kota. The prominence of the angular tubercle varies, as in most Western lots. In a lot from near Monterey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, the size ranges from 4 mm. long, 5V2 whorls, to 5 mm., 6 whorls. In Arizona the shell is often small and delicate, length 4 mm., hardly over 5 whorls, with scarcely any callous pad in the angle of the mouth (pi. 12, fig. 4, Plumosa Range about 8 miles east of Quartzsite, western Arizona), thus resembling P. modicus; but in the same lots there are also larger shells. The most slender examples are from the Gulf States (pi. 12, fig. 5, Big Wills Valley, Alabama), measuring, length 5, diarn. 2 mm., Qy2 whorls. The West Indian shells (pi. 12, figs. 6, 7, Castillo de Jagua, entrance of Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba) are mainly typical in form, the angular callus strongly developed but in some lots there are also broader shells than any seen from the United States. Those figured measure: PUPOIDES. 113 Length 5.6, diam. 2.4 mm.; 6*4 whorls (fig. 6). Length 4.8, diam. 2.55 mm.; 5y2 whorls (fig. 7). This broad form occurs in several lots from Cuba and Haiti; also in a lot from Tampico, the shells here being smaller. The Bermudan form may be referable to P. m. nitidulus; it measures 4 to 4.5 mm. long. Specimens seen from. Church Cave near Tucker's Town, Fairyland, near Hamilton and Port Royal (S. Brown), Flatts near Frascati Hotel (A. Gu- lick). This shell has usually been known as Pupa fallax Say, but that species was based upon a stray example of Ena obscura (Mull.) of Europe. The same specimen, apparently, served for type of Pupa placida Say. la. P. MARGIN ATUS NITIDULUS (Pfr.). PI. 12, figs. 9, 16. The shell is smaller than typical marginatus with 5 to 5V-> whorls ; angular callus weak or scarcely noticeable. Peristoine reflected and calloused within. Length 3.6, diam. 2 mm. ; 5 whorls. Matanzas. Length 4.2, diam. 2 mm. ; 5!/2 whorls. Matanzas. Length 4.3, diam. 2.15 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Matanzas. Cuba: Havana, Matanzas and Trinidad (Pilsbry) ; Cabanas Light (Henderson). Jamaica: Kingston (C. W. Johnson and Win. J. Fox). Haiti: Cape Hatien, Port-au-Prince, Char- mettes, St. Mark (J. B. Henderson) ; Yuma (H. Prime) ; Santo Domingo (Gabb). Porto Rico: Ponce (Bland and others. St. Croix (Riise). St. Bartholomew (Dr. Cleve). Antigua (W. R. Forrest). Bahamas: Inagua (C. J. May- nard) ; Mangrove Cay, Andros (0. Bryant). Bulimus nitidulus PFEIFFEB, Wiegmann's Archiv f. Naturg., 1839, i, p. 352; Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 117; iii, 349; iv, 414; vi, 59 (exclusive of var. B. exiguus) ; in Kuester's Conchyl.- Cabinet, Bulimus, p. 153, pi. 39, f. 23-25. — Bulimus nitidulus Pfr., MAZE, Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 26 (Philisbourg, Guada- loupe).--CROSSE, J. de C., 1890, p. 200 (Cuban localities, etc.) ; 1891, p. 127 (Santiago, S. Domingo) ; 1892, p. 22 (Fa- jardo, Pto. Rico) . — Pupa parraiana ORBIGNY, Hist. Fis., Polit. 114 PUPOIDES. y Nat. de la Isla de Cuba, v, Moluscas, 1845, p. 96, pi. 12, f. 9, 11. Topotypes are figured from a quarry near the road on the west side of Matanzas Bay, where it is abundant. This is the common West Indian Pupoides, much more gen- erally diffused than P. marginatus. It intergrades in size with marginatus, though the latter is rarely so small ; yet the prevalence of this minor form indicates racial diversity which may properly be recognized in taxonomy. It is very much like P. modicus, but fully adult shells differ by the internally thickened lip of nitidulus. The original descriptions follow. Pupa parraiana-. -- Shell oblong-ovate, subcylindric-perf or- ate, brown, smooth ; spire lengthened, apex acuminate-obtuse ; 6 convex whorls ; aperture oval ; lip margin wide, reflected, white. Length 4, diam. 1.5 mm. Cuba (Orbigny). Bulimiis nitidulus. -- Shell rimate-perf orate, oblong, solid, striatulate, somewhat glossy, tawny ; suture deep ; whorls 5y2, convex, scalariform, the last about one-third the length. Aperture oval; peristome expanded white, somewhat lipped within, margins converging, the right margin arched, colu- mellar somewhat straight, dilated. Length 4, diam. 2 mm., aperture I1/? mm. long, 1 wide. Very rare around Matanzas, Cuba (P/r.f. 2. PUPOIDES SIMONI (Jouss.). PI. 12, fig. 8. Shell rimate-perforate, ovate, thin, transparent, the pale corneous color is a yellow quite noticeably tinged with red- dish. The spire is couvexly conic, apex obtuse. Whorls S1/^, irregularly coiled, the penult larger, giving the shell a ventri- cose aspect. Two earlier whorls smooth, the rest having fine, oblique striae, nearly effaced, quite regularly placed, visible only under a strong lens. Aperture subovate, rounded, tooth- less; the peristome widely reflected, whitish with a red band around the throat, strongly curved in at the posterior inser- tion. Columellar margin straightened, reflected above the umbilicus. Parietal callus thin. Length nearly 4, diam. nearly 2 mm. Venezuela: Caracas (Simon). PUPOIDES. 115 Leucocliila simoni JOUSSEAUME, Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, ii, 1889, p. 246, pi. 9, f. 2. About the size of P. m. n/itidula and P. modica, and to be compared with those forms, with one of which it may very likely prove identical. The description is abbreviated from Jousseaume, and his figure is copied, as no Venezuelan speci- mens of Pupoides are at hand. 3. PUPOIDES MODICUS (Gould). PI. 12, figs. 13, 14, 15. The shell is perforate, rimate, tapering from the last whorl to the obtuse summit, thin, dull brown, somewhat glossy, irregularly striate. The whorls are strongly convex, the last ascending in front. The aperture is oval. Peristome thin, broadly expanded, very little or not thickened within, white, the outer margin regularly curved, columellar margin straight- ened, margins converging and joined by a transparent callus. No callous pad or tubercle in the angle. Length 4.2, diam, 2.1 mm. ; 5 whorls. Length 3.9, diam. 2.15 mm. ; 5 whorls. Length 3.45, diam. 1.8 mm. ; 4% whorls. St. Simon's Island, Georgia, and Cedar Keys, Florida, to Key West; near the coast. Bimiui Keys, Bahamas (G. H. Clapp). Pupa modica Gld., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., iii, 1848, p. 40 (Florida) ; Terr. Moll., ii, p. 318, pi. 52, f. 2.— W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., v, p. 204, pi. 52, f. 2. --Pupoides modicus Gld., VANATTA, Nautilus, xxi, pp. 100-104 (Florida Keys). — CLAPP, Nautilus, xxvii, p. 64 (Bimini Is.). — WALKER, Nautilus, xxxi, pp. 54, 56 (between Chester shoal and Cape Canaveral, Palm Beach, Long Key). The shell is smaller and thinner than P. marginal us, some- what more striate, the lip very little or not thickened. The last character is about all that separates modicus from the Antillean P. margitiatus nitidulus, which is about the same size, and when not quite mature cannot be distinguished. The angular tubercle is sometimes practically wanting in small forms of P. marginatus. Key West examples are figured. Dr. Clapp found P. modicus on South Bimini, North Cat 116 PUPOIDES. aiid South Cat, of the Bimiiii group, on the extreme west of the Bahamas, separated from Florida by the Gulf Stream. 4. PUPOIDES HORDACEUS (Gabb). PI. 12, figs. 11, 12. The shell is imperforate, shortly rimate ; cylindric, with a convexly conic summit and obtuse apex; cinnamon to avel- laneous, without gloss, the apex and lip pale. The upper whorls are strongly convex, the last two weakly convex or somewhat compressed laterally. Sculpture of slender retrac- tive riblets, nearly straight, widely spaced, wanting on the first l1/^ whorls, which are weakly, densely, microscopically granulose. The aperture is slightly oblique, oval, angular above. The peristome is narrowly expanded, strongly thick- ened within. Parietal margin strongly oblique, covered with a very thin callus. There is no angular tubercle or callus. Length 3.35, diam. 1.5 mm.; 5l/3 whorls. Jerome. Length 3.9, diam. 1.65 mm. ; 51/. whorls. Jerome. Length 3.65, diam. 1.65 mm. ; 5^3 whorls. Adamana. Length 4.3, diam. 1.7 mm. ; 5% whorls. Adamana. Las Vegas, New Mexico, and western San Miguel Co., Colo- rado, west to Mt. Trumbull and Jerome, Arizona, south to Mesilla, N. M., and Benson, Arizona. Pupa hordacea GABB, Amer. Jour. Conch., ii, p. 331, pi. 21, fig. 7 (1866). Not Pupa hordeacea W. G. Binney; not Bifi- daria hordeacea Sterki. — Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb), PILS- BRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 588, pi. 22, f. 11. _ _ WALKER, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 15, 1915, pp. 2-4 (distribution). Pupa arizonensis Gabb, W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fresh- Water Shells of North America, 1869, part i, p. 240, fig. 416 ; and in subsequent works. Not P. arizonensis Gabb. Pupa arizonensis W. G. Binney, STERKI, Nautilus, iii, pp. 118, 119. Pupa gabbi BALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xix, 1896, p. 367, new name for P. arizonensis Binney not Gabb. Bifid-aria hebes Ancey, PILSBRY, Classified Cat., p. 19; Nau- tilus, xi, 1898, p. 117. Not of Ancey. Pupa gabbi mexicanorum CKLL., Nautilus, x, April, 1897. p. 143 (Rio Grande, Mesilla, N. M.). PUPOIDES. 117 This toothless cylindric snail resembles the following species, but is quite unlike any other of our fauna. It was one of our rarest and least known species before 1900, but since that time has often been taken in abundance. Its earlier adventures under various aliases have been discussed in my paper of 1900. Gabb did not notice the ribs, which are often partially lost by wear, but they are present though weak by wear in the only one of his specimens preserved. The original description follows. Pupa hordacea Gabb. Description. — Shell very small, cylin- drical ; apex obtuse ; whorls 6, convex ; suture well impressed, smooth, thin, horn-color; aperture small, rounded below, un- armed, lip narrowly reflected and white; base umbilicate, the umbilicus bounded by an angle. Dimensions. — Length .11, width .04 inch. Locality. — With the preceding [Fort Grant, near the junc- tion of the Arivapa and San Pedro rivers, Ariz. Collected by Dr. G. H. Horn]. This is a species of the arid plateaus and foothills, never found in the humid upper zone of the mountains. It is known by specimens taken in the debris of streams or in Pleistocene or later deposits. The Mesilla specimens may have floated from the upper river ; those from the San Pedro at Benson certainly «ame from further south, and the type lot also may have been from the San Pedro drift. Westward from Benson, in Pima County, we saw nothing of it; but it penetrates westward further north. It appears to be most abundant in the northern counties of Arizona, extending north to San Miguel Co., Colorado, near the Utah line. Specimens from this place measure from length 4.15, diam. 1.6, aperture 1.4 mm., barely 6 whorls, to length 3.3, diam. 1.6, aperture 1.3 mm., 5*4 whorls. In the deposits at Las Vegas, N. M., at its northeastern ex- treme limit, it occurs with P. inornatus, which here reaches its southern limit as now known. The localities follow. Colorado : Dolores canyon at mouth of Gypsum Creek, San Miguel Co. (Junius Henderson, 1914). 118 PUPOIDES. New Mexico: near Las Vegas (Prof. Cockerell, Mary Cooper) ; Rio Grande drift at Albuquerque (Ferriss & Pils- bry) ; Grant (A. and J. Baily) ; Rio Grande drift at Mesilla (Cockerell). Canones Creek east of Mt. Pederual, Coyote Creek near Rio Puerco and Arroyo Agua and Rio Puerco, all in Rio Arribo Co.; 14 miles north of Tucumcari (Walker). Arizona: Navajo Springs (Ashmun), Chinle Creek and near Adamana, Apache Co. (Ferriss) ; Holbrook, Navajo Co. (Ashmun) ; Antelope Valley and Finley's reservoir, near Mt. Trumbull, Coconino Co. (Ferriss and Daniels) ; Verde River near Jerome, Yavapai Co. (Ashmun) ; Ft. Grant, Final Co. (G. H. Horn, type locality) ; San Pedro drift, near Benson, Cochise Co. (Pilsbry) ; Ft. Defiance, in drift (Walker). 5. PUPOIDES INORNATUS Vanatta. PL 12, fig. 10. Shell similar to P. hordaceus except that the upper part tapers slightly more, and the surface is nearly smooth, with some irregularly developed striae only, weaker near the suture. Length 3.6, diam. 1.6 mm. ; 5i/> whorls. Type. Length 3.4, diam. 1.57 mm.; 5y2 whorls. Pike's Peak. South Dakota: drift of White River, Washington Co. (type loc.), and Indian Creek, Pennington Co. (W. H. Over). Colorado: Pike's Peak (E. Hall) ; Trinidad (Pilsbry) ; Round Mountain, Custer Co. (Cockerell) ; Bellevue, Larimer Co. (J. Henderson). New Mexico: Arroyo Pecos, near Las Vegas, in ant hills, flood debris and in the "charcoal zone" (T. D. A. Cockerell). Pupoides inornatus VAN., Nautilus, xxix, Dec. 1915, p. 95. -f Pupa hordeacea Gabb, SAMPSON, Nautilus, vi, 1893, p. 102 (William's canyon, Manitou, Colo.). - - Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb), PILSBRY and COCKERELL, Nautilus, xiv, 1900, p. 86.— J. HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies, iv, p. 170; ix, 1912, p. 57. --Pupa arizonensis var. nov. saxicola COCKERELL, Zoe, ii, April, 1891, p. 18 (under rocks on Round Mountain, Custer Co., Colorado). Not Pupa saxicola Lowe. In a considerable number seen, this form differs constantly from P. hordaceus. It appears to be a species of the Rocky Mountains, spreading eastward, while hordaceus ranges south- westward, the areas overlapping at Las Vegas. PUPOIDES. 119 No "live" specimens have been seen; those from South Dakota and Las Vegas, though sometimes retaining the cinna- mon color, may be Pleistocene or later fossils washed into the streams. Apparently it still lives in Colorado, as the Pike's Peak shells are quite fresh. By correspondence with Junius Henderson and the examination of specimens it appears that all published Colorado records for hordaceus wrere based on specimens of inornatus, with the possible exception of Samp- son's Williams canyon record (Nautilus, vi, 102), which has not been re-examined. The true P. hordacens is known to occur only in the extreme southwestern part of the state, west of the Rocky Mountains. Professor Cockerell seems to have been the first to find this shell, but unfortunately he described it quite briefly, without mention of the sculpture, and used a preoccupied name. I have not seen his P. a. var. saxicola, but it is now regarded by him as identical with inornatus. Later Mr. Vanatta, who had access to large numbers of the true P. hordaceus, noticed the difference in sculpture. 6. PUPOIDES CHORDATUS (Pfeiffer). PL 11, figs. 14, 15. Shell rimate, cyliudric-oblong, thin, sculptured with ob- lique, rather distant, cord-like riblets, pellucid, corneous. Spire long, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5y2, moderately convex, the last slightly over one-fourth the length, rounded at base. Aperture oblique, oval ; peristome white-lipped, shortly ex- panded throughout, the margins somewhat approaching, colu- mellar margin slightly arcuate. Length 4, diam. 1 mm. ; aper- ture slightly more than 1 mm. long ( Pfr. ) . Mexico: Mazatlan (E. Klocke). Bulimus chordatus PFR., Malak. Blatter, iii, 1856, p. 46; Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 420; Novit. Conch.., iii, p. 440, pi. 94, f. 3-6. — Pupa chordata Pfr., BINNEY & BLAND, Land and Freshwater Shells of N. A., i, 1869, p. 241, f. 418.— Pupoides chordatus Pfr., MARTENS, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Moll., p. 330.— KOBELT, Conchyl.-Cab., BuliminidcE, p. 921, pi. 130, f. 5, 6. — Pupa choroata SCHAUFUSS in Paetel's Cat., p. 84. More delicate and more tapering than P. hordaceus, the 120 PUPOIDES. riblets sometimes partially obsolete, and there is a small an- giilar tubercle inward from the insertion of the lip. The color is decidedly brownish corneous, the lip paler but not white. A specimen received from Schaufuss, probably from the original lot, measures: length 3.54, diam. 1.34, length of aperture 1.05 mm.; 5y2 whorls (fig. 14). Pfeiffer's dimen- sions were evidently only approximate, as the ratio of diam- eter to length does not agree with his figures, one of which is copied in fig. 15. 7. PUPOIDES PAREDESII (Orb.). PI. 11, figs. 10-12. The shell is oblong, pupoid, umbilicate, thin, marked longi- tudinally with raised ribs, widely spaced. Spire nearly cylin- dric with abruptly truncate summit, composed of 6 convex, rounded whorls separated by a deep suture. Aperture oval, without teeth, having the peristome thick, a little reflected. Color uniform dirty fawn, the aperture whitish. Length 5, diam. 2 mm. (Orb.). Bolivia: near La Paz, on the road los Obrages, elevation not less than 3600 m., on walls and under stones under bushes (type loc.). Also a smaller form [limensis Phil.] near Lima, Peru, at the foot of Mount San Cristobal, under stones in somewhat humid places, only a few hundred meters above sea level (Orbigny). Helix paredesii ORBIGNY, Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 21. — Pupa paredesii ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, Mollusques, p. 322, pi. 41, f. 3-6.— HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 65 (Lima, Peru; Guayaquil, Ecuador; Cobija, Bolivia, Paz).— Pupoides paredesii Orb., KOBELT, Conchyl.-Cab., Bidwiimckz, p. 921, pi. 130, f. 7, 8. D 'Orbigny notes the unusual distribution of this species, from the cold zone of La Paz to the hot region of Lima; he could find no difference in the shells except that those of Lima are smaller. I have not seen topotypic paredesii but only the Lima form, limensis Phil., which may perhaps prove to be a subspecies. P. limensis (Philippi). PI. 11, figs. 18, 19. Shell rimate, subcylindric, with tapering apex, thin, white, obliquely striate- PUPOIDES. 121 costulate. Whorls 6, convex, the last scarcely one-third of the length. Aperture oval, vertical, the peristome expanded, reflected, margins joined by a callus. Length 4V4, diam. 2 mm. (Phil.). Peru : Mt. St. Bartolome near Lima (Philippi) ; Lima (Paz). Pupa limetisis PHIL., Malak. Blatter, xiv, 1867, p. 75. — PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, 299. Philippi 's type was bleached. Fresh shells are avellaneous (brownish-corneous), dull, with thread-like, widely-spaced riblets. The peristome is narrow, expanded, whitish, not thickened. There is no angular tubercle or callus. Though subcylindric, it tapers more than P. hordaceus. Length 4.65, diam. 1.75 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 4.14, diam. 1.72 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 4.4, diam. 1.7 mm. ; 5^/2 whorls. This shell seems to be abundant at Lima. It requires re- newed comparison with typical paredesii of the high sierra; by reason of its very different zonal relation, it may be racially distinct. II. SPECIES OP THE ORIENTAL AND ETHIOPIAN REGIONS. These forms differ from the North American by having the tuberculiform angular lamella separated from the lip-inser- tion, though contiguous to it. Rarely it is wanting. Some 27 supposed species have been named ; possibly a third of these are really distinguishable as species or races ; but the materials for a revision are not contained in any one museum. Most of them were described without comparisons with already known species, and the characters depended upon for specific distinction — chiefly size and degree of elon- gation— are highly variable in the American P. marginatus. I doubt their racial value in the cocnopictus group. No less than seven supposed species have been described or reported from Aden, probably all from the debris along occa- sional torrents. In Arizona I have noticed great variety in the size and shape of P. marginatus found under similar con- ditions, doubtless due to the mingling of shells out of different colonies. Under the circumstances I can do little more than give the published descriptions, grouped geographically. 122 PUPOIDES. 8. PUPOIDES TUTULUS (Reeve). PI. 13, figs. 16, 17, 18. Shell conical, rather broad at the base, compressly umbili- cated, whorls 6 in number, rounded, very minutely striated; columella very broadly vertically dilated, with a small cal- losity above. Aperture nearly round, lip slightly reflected. Light chestnut, somewhat horny, callosity white (Reeve}. Length 5V2, diam. 3 mm.; aperture 2 x 1% mm. (Pfr.}. India: Humeerpore, Bundelkhund (Benson); Delhi and Nagpore (Wood-Mason) ; Kutch and Sind (Stoliczka, Blan- ford) ; Patna (Mainwaring). Bulimus tutuliis Benson, MS., REEVE, Couch. Icon., v, De- cember, 1849, pi. 84, f. 625. — Pupa tutula Benson, KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 133, pi. 17, f . 8-10. - - PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 1853, p. 535. - - HANLEY and THEOBALD, Conch. In- dica, 1876, pi. 156, f. 6.— NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i, 1878, p. 194. --Pupoides tutulus Reeve, GUDE, Fauna Brit. India Moll., ii, p. 261. More broadly conic than any other species. The figures of Reeve (fig. 18) and Kuester (figs. 16, 17) are copied. 9. PUPOIDES DORLE (Issel). PL 17, figs. 5, 6. Shell rimate, ovate-elongate, tapering, corneous, glossy, under a lens obliquely striate ; apex corneous, obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 7i/>, a little convex, the last somewhat swollen, a little ascending to the aperture, compressed at the perforation. Aperture rotund, y:>t the length ; peristome white, a little expanded, flatly reflected, the columellar margin arcuate, outer margin strongly curved, margins strongly con- verging ; parietal wall having a white tubercle at the angle of the aperture. Length 6%, diam. 2 mm. (Isscl). Persia : near the wall about the garden of Haescht Behescht, Ispahan (Doria). Bulimus doruc ISSEL, Molluschi raccolti dalla Missione Itali- ana. in Persia, 1865, p. 33, pi. 2, f. 29-32. This is the largest of the genus, with more whorls than lordeus or other related species. The original figures are re- produced. PUPOIDES. 123 10. PUPOIDES CCENOPICTUS (Hutton). PL 13, figs. 1, 2, 3. The shell is cylindric-turrited, deeply rimate, cinnamon- brown or paler, lightly striate. The whorls are strongly convex, regularly increasing to the penult, which is somewhat more swollen. The aperture is ovate; peristome rather broadly, flatly reflected, strongly thickened within, thin at the edge; outer margin regularly curved throughout, an angular tubercle below its posterior insertion and separated from it by a groove. Parietal callus thin and short. Length 5.1, diam. 2.4 mm.; 6 whorls (Bombay). Length 4.8, diam. 2.2 mm.; 5% whorls (Bombay). India: Salt Range, Kashmir, N. W. Punjab (Theobald); Beeana near Agra (Hutton, type loc.) ; Delhi, Roorkee (Wood- Mason) ; Patna (Main waring) ; Kutch (Stoliezka) ; Trichi- nopoly, Erode (Blanford) ; Travancore (Beddome) ; Dina- pur, Kurnal (Bacon) ; Bombay (Peile). Ceylon (Nevill, Bed- dome). Afghanistan (Hutton). Introduced in Jansenville, Cape Prov., South Africa (H. C. Burnup), Cuba (Arango) and Porto Rico (Swift). No. 7. --Pupa. Pupa cccnopicta? HUTTON, Journ. A. S. Beng., iii, 1834, pp. 85, 93. — Pupa cccnopicta HUTTON, J. A. S. B., xviii, 1849, p. 654. — MORELET, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geiiova, iii, 1872, p. 200.— NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i, 1878, p. 193 ; Zool. Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 882.— PEILE, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., xi, 1908, p. 131. — BLANFORD, J. A. S. B., vol. 44, 1875, p. 45 (Aden forms). -- Pupoides ca-nopictus Hutt., KOBELT, Syst. Conchyl. Cab. Buliminidas, p. 918, pi. 130, f. 22, 23.— GUDE, Fauna British India, Moll., ii, p. 259. — Buliminus fallax Say, JICKELI, Nova Acta K. Leop.- Carol. Akad. Nat. Cur., vol. 37, 1874, p. 97, pi. 2, f. 1 (jaw), pi. 5, f. 1 (shell); Abyssinian forms. --BuUminiis (Ena) cirnopictus Hutton, DAUTZENBERG, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iii, 1890, p. 129, pi. 1, f. 4o, & (Bakel, Senegal).— B itlimus civno- pictus Hutton, HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 12, pi. 23, f. 9 (Afghanistan etc., Upper Birrnah). - ~ W. BLANFORD, J. A. S. B., xxxi, 1862, p. 136 (small variety; close to Mya- noung on the banks of the Irrawaddy ; neighborhood of Ava). —PeroiKzus cccnopictus Hutton, THEOBALD, J. A. S. B., 1878, 124 PUPOIDES. pp. 144, 148 (northwestern Punjab, under stones, vari- able). I take the typical cccrwpictus to be the more slender, darker- colored Indian form. Button's insufficient description ap- pears to indicate this form, which has been figured as cceno- pictus in the Conchologia Iconica and Conchologia Indica. Pfeiffer figured a more obese, conic form in the Conchylien- Cabinet. Somebody ought to look it up at Hutton's type locality ; the exact spot should be easily found. Hutton writes : ' The shell is covered over with a coating of mud. These little shells I found at Beana ; they were adhering to the face. of a bare and very steep rock. . . . They were scattered over the bleak face of the rock in great numbers." He mentions also (p. 88) that the rock faced east. Benson (1849) wrote: "I found the species abundant under stones and rocks at Delhi, and Dr. Bacon met with it in great profusion at Kurnal on mud walls and under tiles. It has never occurred to me or to my correspondents on the left bank of the Jumna nor of the Ganges. Dr. Bacon found a specimen or two at Dinapore on the right bank of the latter river, so that it has an extensive range to the south and wrest of those streams." A. Morelet (Annali Museo Civ. de Storia Nat. di Geneva, iii, 1872, p. 200) has discussed the crenopict forms described from Arabia and Africa, reducing senegalensis, putilla, senna- ariensis, cerealis and vermiformis to synonyms of cccnopictus; even gemmula he thinks may be an insular form diminished in size by the remarkable aridity of the Cape Verde Island climate. Jickeli reduced all forms of the genus known to him to a single species which he called B. fallax Say. This view is cer- tainly untenable, as the American and Australian species at least are quite distinct from the Asiatic and African; yet it may be doubted whether the following Asiatic and African forms, as far as my No. 21, are specifically distinct from ccenopictus. P. cccnopictus appears to have been introduced in Cuba and Porto Rico more than fifty years ago. Specimens from PUPOIDES. 125 Havana (E. Araugo) are about typical in proportions (pi. 13, fig. 3). Porto Rico has both the typical and the lardeus (pi. 13, fig. 4) forms, collected by R. Swift. It is easily sep- arated from marginatus and nitidulus by the even curve of the outer lip, not more strongly arcuate above, and by the angular tubercle, distinctly separated from the outer lip. The specimens before me, from four sources, were labelled marginatus, fallax and nitidulus. I do not know that it has been found in the West Indies recently. In South Africa P. cocnopictus has been found at Janson- ville according to specimens sent by Mr. H. C. Burnup, prob- ably introduced from India. It occurs in East Africa (as L. soror Prest.) ; also in West Africa, for in my opinion P. sene- galensis is not really distinct. In deference to the views of several excellent conchologists and in view of some trivial differences it is herein allowed subspecific rank. See No. 20. Leucochiloides soror Preston (pi. 14, fig. 7; pi. 17, fig. 3). Very closely allied to L. chanlerensis and possibly only a variety of that species; it differs, however, in its larger size, more open umbilicus, though having a proportionately nar- rower base, and in having an additional whorl, the aperture is also more ovate than is the case in that species. Alt. 6, diani. maj. 2.25 mm. Aperture alt. 1.5, diam. 1.25 mm. (Preston, P. Z. S., 1912, p. 188, pi. 31, f. 17). British East Africa: Chanler Falls, Eusso Nyiro (Robin Kemp ) . Nothing differentiating this from P. cocnopictus has been pointed out, and I can find no differences in two topotypes from, the author examined, one of which is drawn in pi. 17, fig. 3 (No. 41591 B. Walker coll.). It measures: length 5.35, diam. 2.4 mm. ; almost 7 whorls. Hutton's two descriptions of cocnopictus follow. Shell about 2y2 lines in length ; w'horls 8 ; spire rather ob- tuse ; colour brown ; aperture rounded, margins reflected and interrupted by the body-whorl. Animal with four tentacles buttoned at the tips, the upper pair longest and bearing the eyes at the summit; colour blackish (Hutton, 1834). Shell cylindrico-pyramidal, with 6 whorls, minutely striate ; 126 PUPOIDES. body-whorl ventricose, the others gradually tapering to an obtuse apex; aperture ovate-lunate, lips subreflected and white Avithin ; a single tooth at the junction of the outer lip with the body-whorl; colour brown (Hutton, 1849). Bulimus astierianus Dupuy (pi. 13, figs. 5, 6). Shell conoid, apex obtuse; perforate; under the lens very delicately and irregularly striatulate; aperture ovate, a little lunate; peri- stome spreading, flat, acute, lipped and somewhat thickened with brownish-white ; whorls 6, convex, parted by a deep suture, the last whorl larger, forming half the shell. Rather solid, with a somewhat silky luster, tawny, glabrous and sub- opaque. Length 5 to 6, diam. 2 mm. He de Ste-Marguerite. ' II avait ete recueilli sur des affuts de canons par un ami de M. Astier" (Dupuy). Bulimus astierianus DUPUY, Hist. Nat. Moll. France, 1849, p. 320, pi 15, f. 7. — Ena astieri CAZIOT, Etude Moll. Monaco, 1910, p. 308. Kobelt, Caziot and others have commented on the evidently exotic origin of this species. Even the collector is unknown, and it has not been found a second time. In so difficult a group, the exact identity of the form cannot be decided unless the type is found, but it is not unlikely identical with cccno- pictus. lOo. P. cccnopictus lardeus (Pfr.). PI. 13, figs. 4, 9, 12. Shell subperforate, oblong-ovate, rather solid, striate, hav- ing the luster of lard, rufous-corneous. Spire convexly tur- rited, the apex obtuse ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last slightly more than one-third the length, somewhat compressed at base. Aperture subvertical, truncate-oval; peristome lipped within, subangularly spreading, the margins remote, joined by a thin callus which bears an obsolete fold at the right lip-insertion. Length 5l/o, diam. 2%, aperture 2 x 1% mm. (Pfr.). India. Bulimus lardeus PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1852, p. 157 ; Monogr. Hel. Viv., iii, p. 348; Conchylien-Cabinet, Bulimus, p. 151, pi. 39, f. 14-16. — Pupoides lardeus Pfr., GUDE, Fauna Br. India, Moll., ii, p. 261. PUPOIDES. 127 Slightly larger and more robust than cccnopictus, but at best it seems scarcely distinct as a species. Hanley and Theobald have stated (Conch. Indica, p. x, footnote 13) that "the types of the B. lardeus Pfeift'er belong to this species" (cccnopictus). Glide notes that it "is perhaps only a variety of P. cccnopictus, is larger, possessing one more whorl, and is more conoid in the spire." A large specimen (fig. 9) measures: length 5.8, diam. 3.5 mm., aperture 2.5 mm. long, 6 whorls. The peristome is broader than in cccnopictus in these specimens. The type figure is copied in fig. 12. 10&. P. cccnopictus samavaensis (Palad.). PI. 13, figs. 8, 10, 11. There is a rather obese form in India, associated with typical cccnopictus in one lot from Bombay, which differs by its broader shape, light pinkish cinnamon color, decidedly paler than cccnopictus, and rather wider lip. I have referred these shells to samavaensis, described from Aden, as they seem to agree well with the description and figure given by Pala- dilhe. Figs. 10, 11 are Bombay specimens. For the original description of samavaensis see below. Length 5.5, diam. 2.8, length aperture 2.68 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 4.9, diam. 2.75, length aperture 2.1 mm. ; 5% whorls. This appears to be what Pfeiffer figured (Conchylien- Cabinet) as cccnopictus, the specimens received from Benson. Bulimus samavaensis Paladilhe (pi. 13, fig. 8). --Shell ob- liquely and compressly rimate-umbilicate, rather obesely conoid, rather thin, subopaque, slightly reddish corneous, a little shining, slightly substriatulate. Spire somewhat long, apex obtuse, submamillate ; whorls 6, rather convex, regularly and rather rapidly increasing, separated by a narrow, deep suture; last whorl at the aperture nearly % the length, abruptly, strongly but shortly ascending at the aperture ; free margin somewhat excavated, a little oblique. Aperture sub- elongate-rounded, slightly oblique; peristome interrupted, strongly reflected, the right margin somewhat arcuate, an elongate fold near the insertion ; columellar margin a little concave towards the aperture, margins slightly converging above. Length 5, diam. 2.5 mm. (Paladilhe). 128 PUPOIDES. Arabia: Aden (Paladilhe). Bulimus samavaensis (Mousson MS.) PALADILHE, Ami. Mus. Civ. di Stor. Nat. Geneva, iii, 1872, p. 14, pi. 1, f. 20, 21. Specimens submitted by Paladilhe to Mousson were consid- ered by the latter the same as his then undescribed B. sama- vaensis from the Euphrates. Subsequently Mousson described this or a closely related form as Buliminus samavaensis (Jour- nal de Conchyliologie, 1874, p. 38), from riverside thickets at Samava, where it is abundant. He mentions having- a closely similar form from Aden, and three specimens from the island of Ghaes in the Persian Gulf. As Paladilhe had already de- fined the Aden form under the name samavaensis, Mousson 's description need not be quoted. Bourguignat considered this or another Samava form distinct, describing it as B. euphra- ticus. lOc. Bulimus euphraticus Bgt. — Shell rimate, obesely ovate and ventricose, subopaque, corneous, obliquely and very sharply striate. Spire acuminate-subelongate, apex very large, smooth, glossy obtuse ; whorls 5y2, convex, regularly in- creasing, parted by an impressed suture, the last % the length, rotund, ascending to the lip insertion. Aperture ob- lique, lunate, seniirotund ; peristome corneous, thick, flatly expanded and acutely reflected ; columella deep within, straight ; margins rather approaching, joined by a very thin callus bearing a tooth at the insertion of the lip. Length 4i/o, diam 21/-} mm. This Bulime, which has been confused with the B. sama- vaensis, inhabits the banks of the Euphrates in the neighbor- hood of Samava (Bourguignat, Species Novissima? etc., 1876, p. 22). 10d Bulimus maharasicus Bgt. Shell rimate, obesely tumid, oblong, buff-corneous, obliquely very sharply striatulate. Spire oblong-acuminate and slightly ventricose, apex obtuse, smooth. Whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing, separated by a moderately impressed suture, the last whorl % the length, rotund, at the aperture slowly but strongly ascending. Aperture nearly vertical, lunate, semirotund, rather thrown to the right ; peristome corneous, thick, robust, broadly and flatly expanded and acutely reflected throughout; columellar margin broadly expanded; margins rather remote, joined by a thin callus bearing a tooth at the insertion of the lip. Length 6, diam. 2% mm. (Bourguignat, Species Novissimse, Moll., 1876, p. 21). PlUPILLIDjE PLATE 9 1 19 7 8 10 16 ^r 21 25 11 17 22 ^ L 18 - ^ 27 PUPILLIDjE PLATE 10 - k I -. 11 . ' f 15 \ 10 8 13 16 17 PUPILLID^E PLATE 11 8 17 PUPILLID^E PLATE 12 1 6 • I ,t*F^ I , V u 8 I 11 10 '• i 13 ' 14 12 I 15 16 PUPILLID^E PLATE 13 . « 10 15 , 5 8 11 16 13 17 18 PUPOIDES, ADEN. 129 Arabia: Djebel-Maharas, 10 leagues north of Aden (Col. du Couret) ; Kursi, Aden (Issel). Seems to be a large form of "samavaensis". We. Bulimus marebiensis Bgt. - - Shell rimate-perforate, elongate-oblong, subopaque, corneous, glossy, nearly smooth or, under a very strong lens, obliquely strongly radiatulate. Spire acuminate-elongate, apex smooth, glossy, rather obtuse; whorls GI/O, convex, regularly increasing, separated by an im- pressed suture, the last whorl 21 the length, rotund, at the aperture rather strongly ascending. Aperture oblique, a little lunate, ovate ; peristome whitish, thick, flatly expanded and acutely reflected throughout ; columella short, immersed, .straight; margins approaching, joined by a thin callus bear- ing a tooth at the insertion of the lip. Length 5, diam. 2 mm. Environs of the town of Mareb, at the ruins of the ancient Saba, Arabia, found by Colonel L. du Couret (Bourguignat, Species Novissima?, 1876, p. 23). 10/. Bulimus vermiformis Palad. (pi. 13, fig. 15). --Shell rimate, elongate-subcylindroid, slightly fusiform, corneous, somewhat tawny, rather thin, inconspicuously striatulate in places, little shining, slightly pellucid. Spire drawn out, conic-tapering; whorls 7, convexly swollen, slowly and rather regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture ; last whorl a little larger than the penult, at aperture slightly more than 14 the length ; free margin somewhat arcuate, suboblique to the axis of the shell, regularly, slowly ascending to the insertion. Aperture rounded-elongate, peristome disjoined, simple, a little reflected, the right margin subarcuate, a fold in the parietal margin contiguous to the insertion ; columellar margin a little excavated ; basal rounded ; the margins nar- rowly but strongly reflected outward. Length 5, diam. l1/^ mm. ( Paladilhe ) . Arabia: Aden (Issel). Bulimus vermiformis PALADILHE, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, iii, 1872, p. 15, pi. 1, f. 24, 25. Paladilhe states that some specimens have up to 71/0 whorls. The Aden forms collected by A. Issel were from debris of the Kursi, a watercourse dry most of the time. The shells are washed down from the high interior of Yemen, and, as usual, forms from many colonies are mingled, hence the variety in form and size. 130 PUPOIDES, ADEN. 11. PUPOIDES KURSIENSIS (Bourguignat). — Shell perforate (the perforation puiictiform), elongate-ventricose, slightly fusiform, glossy, pale corneous, almost smooth, but under a very strong lens, very sharply and obliquely radiatulate. Spire somewhat swollen, acuminate-oblong; apex glossy, smooth, a little whitish, very obtuse as though mamillate. Whorls 6 (the upper convexly rotund, the third a little con- vex), regularly increasing, separated by a little-impressed suture, the last whorl nearly % the length, narrow, little convex, suddenly, slightly ascending at the insertion of the lip. Aperture very oblique, quite small, lunate, oblong, rather narrow transversely ; peristome flatly expanded and a little reflected. Columella straight, immersed ; margins re- mote, joined by a very thin callus, a hardly noticeable tooth- like callus at the insertion of the lip. Length 5, diam. S1/* mm. (Bgt.). Arabia : Kursi, near Aden. Bulimus kursiensis BOURGUIGNAT, Species Novissimas, 1876, p. 23. It seems to be much more ventricose than P. C. samavaensis or even P. tutulus, and must be a distinct species if Bour- guignat's measurements are correct. 12. PUPOIDES RAGIUS (Jousseaume). - - Shell rimate (the rimatiou deep, straightly elongate), minute, oblong, subtrans- lucid, a little glossy, pale corneous, finely striatulate. Spire oblong, rather regularly tapering, obtuse at the apex. Whorls 6, convex, as though swollen, separated by a deep suture, the last whorl rounded, relatively strongly ascending, and some- what bag-shaped. Aperture nearly vertical, semiovate, con- spicuously turned towards the right; peristome white-lipped and reflected throughout, the margins joined by a thin callus bearing a strong tubercle on the right. Length 4, diam. 2, alt. apert. 1.25 mm. (Jouss.). Arabia : near Aden in the drift of a small stream ; also in the environs of Massaua on the Abyssinian side (Jousseaume). Bulimus ragius Jouss., Bull. Soc. Malacol. France, vi, 1889, p. 347. This Bulime, of the series of B. cccnopictus cannot be assimilated to any of the Arabian coenopict forms, being sharply distinguished by the deviating and strongly ascend- ing last whorl, by the excentric aperture, carried far to the PUPOIDES, AFRICA. 131 right, and by the umbilical crevice, of which the depth and length are due to the deviation of the last whorl (Jous- seaume ) . Possibly a form of P. sennaaricnsis, but if the characters described are constant, it would appear to be readily distin- guishable. 13. PUPOIDES SENNAARIENSIS (Pfr.). PI. 14, figs. 1, 2. Shell perforate, oblong-turrited, thin, very lightly striatu- late, little shining, brownish-corneous. Spire subregularly tapering, apex obtuse. Whorls 7, convex, the last about one- third the length, compressed around the impervious perfora- tion. Aperture slightly oblique, truncate-oblong, with an entering parietal [angular] lamella almost at the angle of the right margin ; peristome thin, slightly spreading, somewhat lipped within. Length 4, diam. 1.5 mm., aperture iy3 mm. long (Pfr.). Eritrea : Sched Said near Massaua, and Dahlak, islands in the Red Sea; Sa'ati; Ailet; on the road from. Zebergoma to Asmara; Massaua (Raffray). Abyssinia: in Ansebaland at Beniamer, Adobha-abi near Hasta, 2133 ft., on the Obellet; near Weld Jawa, 2814 ft., on the Gaboba; in Habab, Nakfa, 2644 ft. (Jickeli). Meshek (Blanford). Plateau of Hamacen and on the col of Abouna Yousef, 4024 m. (Raffray) . Sennaar (Darnaud, type locality) . Egypt : Cairo, garden of the College of Ste. Famille ; Wadi- Hoff near Helouan (R. P. Teilhard). Pupa sennaariensis PFR., Malak. BL, 1855, p. 177 ; P. Z. S., 1856, p. 35; Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 668.— BLANFORD, Geol. and Zool. Abyss., p. 476. — Pupoides sennariensis Pfr., ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., liii, 1905, p. 263 (Aden). — Bulimus senna- aricus BOURGUIGNAT, Hist. Malac. Abyssinie, 1883, p. 59. — Leiicochiloides sennaaricus Pfr., PALLARY, Mem. 1'Inst. Egyp- tien, vi, 1909, p. 41, pi. 3, f. 12. Differs from P. cccnopictus chiefly by its smaller size; whether it is specifically distinct appears doubtful, as are also its relations to various Arabian forms. The type has not been figured, my figures being copied from Jickeli. 132 PUPOIDES, AFRICA. 13a, Bulimus cerealis Paladilhe (pi. 13, fig. 7). --Shell rimate-perf orate, rather long subovate, corneous- whitish or brownish, slightly striatulate ; spire rather long conoid, apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls 6y2, rather convex, rapidly in- creasing, parted by an impressed suture; last whorl a little larger than the penult, about % of the length at the aperture, strongly ascending at the insertion; free margin a little ex- cavated, oblique. Aperture rounded-subovate, somewhat ob- lique; parietal margin usually unarmed, sometimes provided with a fold. Peristome simple, shortly reflected; outer margin a little arcuate, columellar dilated, reflected over the umbilical crevice. Length 4, diam. 2 nun. Aden (Issel). (Bulimus cerealis PALADILHE, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geuova, iii. 1872, p. 16, pi. 1, f. 22, 23). Considered by Bourguignat to be a synonym of P. senna- ariensis (Pfr.). 136. Bulimus reboitdi Bgt. --Shell perforate, elongate-acu- minate, subconoid, subopaque, buff-corneous, obliquely stri- atulate. Spire elongate, acuminate, apex glossy, smooth, very obtuse, mamillate. Whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the last exactly one-third the length,* rotund, ascending to the insertion of the lip. Aperture vertical, slightly lunate, rotund; peristome strong, flatly expanded and acutely reflected, margins strongly ap- proaching, joined by a thin callus bearing a tooth at the in- sertion of the lip. 'Length 4, diam. 1% mm. Drift of the Oued-Roumana near Bousaada, that is, in the debris of the Oued which comes down from the Sahara of the province of Constantine [Algeria], where it was found by Dr. Eeboud (Bourguignat, Species Novissimee, 1876, p. 24). Bourguignat should have indicated how this differs from sennaariensis if there is any difference except in locality. 13c. Bulimus aefhiopicus Bourguignat. PI. 14, figs. 3, 4- "This Bulimus, remarkable for its deep umbilicus, relatively very open, is especially characterized by having the last whorl produced to the right, a little eccentric to the axis ; the aperture is more rounded and the outer lip more convex than in senaaricus; the last whorl, noticeably subangular around the umbilicus, has a marked ascending direction above. The whorls, 6 in number, are less frankly convex, and the suture not so deep. "Dr. Jickeli (Moll. N. 0. Afr., pi. 5, f. 1 d and e only) has PUPOIDES, AFRICA. 133 given a quite good representation of this form under the name of fullu.r. "The (rthiopicKS was collected by M. A. Raff ray on the high plateaux of the Hamacen and Anderta as well as upon the col of Abouna Yousef, where it lives under stones and rubbish" (Bgt.). Bulimus ccthiopicus BGT., Hist. Malacologique de 1'Abys- sinie, 1883, p. 62. Jickeli's figures are copied. I cannot judge of the value of the characters noted as distinguishing this from sennaarensis having seen neither. In shape it appears to resemble the Arabian form described as ragius Jouss. 14. PUPOIDES FABIANUS (Gredler). Shell oval-elongate with conically tapering spire, blunt at the apex, thin, strongly translucent, horn-yellow, with a fine silken luster; the 5 whorls are rather convex, superficially and irregularly striate, the last moderately large. Umbilical crevice distinct, a little oblique. Aperture large, oblique, oval, obliquely truncate by the parietal wall above. Peristome nearly right-angularly reflected, with a narrow white lip within, shortly and flatly expanding, sharp-edged ; the inner margin not dilated, the outer margin arcuate, curved in at the insertion, a contiguous, rudimentary short fold on the parietal wall. Length 2, breadth iy3 lines (Gredler). Africa : country of the Schilluck negroes ( ? Egyptian Sou- dan) (P. Fabian Pfeifer). Buliminus fabianus GREDLER, Nachrichtsblatt d. deutschen Malak. Ges., vii, Dec., 1875, p. 87. It appears to be a wider and more delicate shell than P. sennaariensis. Has not, been figured, and was not compared by its author with any other Pupoides. (East Africa.) These species, known to me only by the following descrip- tions, have not been compared with those of other regions. Preston's species were not compared with those of Taylor, or with P. cccnopictus. 134 PUPOIDES, AFRICA. 15. PUPOIDES BAWRIENSIS (Taylor). Shell ovate-conical, somewhat turrite, moderately strong, of a dark brown color and very finely striatulate transversely; epidermis moderate ; whorls 5!/o to 6, very convex, inflected towards suture, gradually increasing in size clowrnwards — the penultimate and body whorls are both large, the latter, how- ever, rather the larger; spire produced, apex rounded, small, suture distinct, mouth oval, longer than broad; peristome thickened, everted so as to form a broad flat margin present- ing the appearance of a double peristome ; umbilicus deep and distinct. Length, 0.175 ; breadth, 0.087 in. [about 4.37 x 2.17 mm.] (Taylor). East Africa: a few dead specimens on Bawri Island, Zan- zibar Channel. Appears to be peculiar to the island ; it occurs in old shells among dead leaves (Gibbons). Bulimus bawriensis TAYLOR, Journ. of Conch., iii, 1880, p. 142. "The next two species form with this a section, in which are some Australian Bulimi. B. pacificus Pfr., from Queens- land, appears almost exactly like the above species, but is probably distinct" (Taylor). This species and the following need comparison with P. sennaariensis. 16. PUPOIDES ZANGUEBARICUS (Taylor). Shell ovato-conical, inclining to turrite, moderately thick, of a light brown color, very faintly striatulate transversely; epidermis rather thin ; whorls GI/O, tumid, inflexed towards suture, gradually enlarging towards body whorl, which is the largest of all - - the penultimate and preceding whorls are nearly equal in size ; apex small and rounded ; suture deep and distinct; mouth rotundo-ovate, nearly as broad as long; peristome thin, everted ; inner lip short, reflected a little out- wards behind ; umbilicus small but deep and distinct. Length, 0.162; breadth, 0.075 [== about 4.05 x 1.78 mm.] (Taylor). East Africa : Numerous dead among grass in a sandy spot down the coast of Zanzibar (Gibbons). PUPOIDES, AFRICA. 135 Bidimus zanguebaricus TAYLOR, The Journ. of Conch., iii, 1880, p. 143. This is very closely allied to the last, but may be distin- guished by its smaller and more slender shape, by being thin- ner, and by having the peristome less everted and solid. 17. PUPOIDES CHANLERENSIS Preston (pi. 14, fig. 6). "Shell small, riniate, cylindrically fusiform, slightly shining, reddish brown ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, the last ascending in front, marked with oblique, transverse growth-lines ; suture well impressed; umbilicus veiy narrow; columella curved, labrum rather narrowly expanded, whitish, not reflexed; aperture subcircular, bearing a single, nodulous denticle just below the point of insertion of the labrum with the parietal wall. Alt. nearly 4, diam. maj. 1.75 mm..; aperture: alt. .75, cliani. nearly .75 mm. Chanler Falls, Eusso Nyiro, British East Africa, Robin. Kemp (Leucochiloides chanlerensis, Preston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1912, p. 188, pi. 31, f. 16). Compare P. sennaariensis. A topotype from Preston is drawn in pi. 17, fig. 4. It is a smaller, more delicate shell than P. ccenopictus, with the narrower lip but slightly thick- ened ; possibly not fully mature. Length 4.1, diam. 1.8 mm. ; 51/0 whorls (B. Walker coll., no. 41592). 18. PUPOIDES GAZIENSIS (Preston). PI. 14, fig. 8. Shell small, ovately fusiform, pale reddish brown; whorls 5, convex, marked with fine, oblique, transverse strige ; suture deeply impressed, umbilical area broadly depressed; labrum with converging upper margin, white, rather broadly ex- panded; aperture ovate. Alt. nearly 4.5, diam. maj. 2.25, diam. min. 2 mm. Aperture alt. 1, diam. .5 mm. (Preston}. British East Africa: Gazi (Robin Kemp). Leucochiloides gaziensis PRESTON, P. Z. S., London, 1912, p. 188, pi. 31, f. 19. Compare P. c. samavaensis. 19. PUPOIDES CONSANGUINEUS (Preston). PI. 14, fig. 9. Shell differing from L. gaziens'is Preston by its still smaller 136 PUPOIDES, WEST AFRICA. size, narrower form, much more inflated whorls and conse- quently still more deeply impressed suture. Alt. 3.5, diam. maj. 1.5 mm. ; aperture, alt. 0.75, diam. 0.25 mm. (Leucochi- loides consanguineus Preston, Revue Zoologique Africaine, iii, fasc. 1, 1913, p. 52, pi. 4, f. 5). British East Africa : Gazi (Robin Kemp). (West Africa: Senegal and Cape Verde Islands to Southwest Africa. ) 20. PUPOIDES CCENOPICTUS SENEGALENSIS (Morelet). PI. 13, figs. 13, 14. Shell rimate-perfora.te, somewhat elongate conic, the apex rather obtuse ; thin, a little glossy, brown, pellucid, under a lens very finely striate ; whorls G1/-?? a little convex, the last a little compressed at base, not one-third the length. Aperture ample, oval, provided with a punctiform tooth at the inser- tion of the right lip ; peristome expanded, thin, margins ap- proximating. Length 6, diam. 2 mm. (Morelet). Senegal: Island of Goree, abundant under stones (type loc.). Bakel (Capt. Em. Dorr). Angola: Loanda and on the banks of Lake Quicuxe (Dr. Welwitsch). Pupa senegalcnsis MORELET, Revue Zoologique, 1848, p. 354 ; Series Conchyliologiques, i, p. 28, pi. 3, f. 4 ; Voyages du Dr. Welwitsch, p. 81 (Loanda). — PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., iii, 534 ; iv, 665. - - Pupoides senegalensis Morel., KOBELT, Conch. Cab., Buliminida?, p. 922, pi. 130, f. 9, 10. — Bulimus putilliis SHUTTLEWORTH, Mittheil. Bern., 1852, p. 295. — Pupa putilla Shuttl., PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 533. --Buliminus (Ena) cccno- pictus Hutton, DAUTZENBERG, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iii, 1890, p. 129, pi. 1, f. 4a, 46 (Bakel). This West African form is about intermediate between cocnopictus and lardeus in proportions, the spire almost straightly conic, the peristome broader and flatter than in typical cccnopictus, of wThich it should probably be considered a local race or subspecies, if indeed it is at all separable. A Goree specimen measures: length 5.2, diam. 2.5, length of iiperture 2.1 mm.; 6 whorls. M. Dautzenberg (1890) considered senegalensis a synonym PUPOIDES, WEST AFRICA. 137 of cccnopietus, figuring the form from Bakel, which is more obese than the Goree Island specimens. One of the Bakel lot received from Dautzenberg measures: length 5.15, diam. 2.8, length of aperture 2.45 mm.; 5% whorls (pi. 13, fig. 14). As the cccnopietus group has been split up elsewhere, these shells would be a distinct species, or perhaps referable to lardeus Pfr. ; but I am inclined to believe that slender and more obese mutations may occur in all the local races. Bulimus putillus Shuttleworth. - - Shell rimate-perf orate, fusiform-oblong, very finely obliquely striatulate, reddish, a little glossy. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, the last scarcely one-third the length. Aperture oval, slightly oblique, having a punctiform tubercle on the penult whorl near the junction of the right margin of the peristome ; peristome broadly expanded, very much callously thickened, brownish, the right margin strongly curved. Length 5.5 to 6, diam. 2.25, aperture 1.5 mm. long. Very abundant on Goree Island, Verreaux (Shutt.). 21. PUPOIDES GEMMULA (Benson). Shell rimate-perforate, ovate-conic, striatulate, glossy, cor- neous. Spire conic, suture impressed, apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5, the last subangularly compressed at the base around the umbilicus. Aperture rounded-oval, provided with a scarcely noticeable subangular tubercle, peristome somewhat expanded throughout, thin, acute, the right margin arcuate. Length 2%, diam. \% mm. (Benson). Length 3 to 4.5 mm. (Dohrn.). Cape Verde Is.: S. Vicente (Layard) ; S. Antao, S. Vicente, S. Nicolao, S. lago (Dohrn) ; Fogo and Brava (Wollaston). Bulimus gemmula BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xviii, 1856, p. 434. — PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 415. — WOLLASTON, Testacea At- lantica, 1878, p. 508. --Buliminus gemmula Benson, DOHRN, Malak. Blatter, xvi, 1869, p. 10. — Pupoides gemmida KOBELT, Conchyl.-Cab., Buliminidas, p. 970. It differs from the nearly related B. senegalensis Morelet by the smaller size, compression of the whorls and the pro- portion of the last to the length of the shell, according to Dohrn, who found the dimensions to vary from 3 to 4y2 mm. long. 138 PUPOIDES, WEST AFRICA. Wollaston notes that it has the habit of coating itself over with a hardened envelope of dirt, and that the angular tubercle is as often absent as present. 22. PUPOIDES CALAHAEICUS (Bttg.). PL 14, figs. 10, 11; pi. 17, fig. 8. In shape more like the Mexican B. chordatiis P. than any of the species near B. cocnopictits Hutt. Shell small, widely rimate, cylindric-oblong, rather thin, corneous-brown, glossy ; spire convexly turrited ; apex rather obtuse. Whorls 51/-? to 6, convex, very slowly increasing, not differing much in height, separated by an impressed, narrowly margined suture, ob- liquely, arcuately striate, the last slightly ascending, some- what inflated, swollen around the rimation, anteriorly yellow, subconstricted, scarcely one-third of the length. Aperture truncate-oval, receding basally ; columella deep, simple ; peri- stome acute, flatly and widely expanded, whitish, margins converging, joined by a callus which bears a tubercle at the insertion of the right margin ; right margin almost angularly curved above, the basal semicircular, columellar somewhat straightened, spreading. Length 5% to 6*4, greatest diam. 214 to 2% mm. ; alt, aperture 2, width 1% to 1% mm. (Bttg.). British Bechuanaland : Ghous (Nolte, type loc.). Griqua- land West: Blaauwbosch Poort, Hay District (Day). Hartz River, Taungs (Miss Wilman). Damaraland (Geale, in Brit- ish Mus.). Rhodesia: Victoria Falls (Connolly). Cape of Good Hope: Jansenville (Parquhar, Crawford); Prieska (Gibbous) ; Karroo (Brit, Mus.). Bidiminus (LeucocJiiloides) calaharicus BOETTGER, Bericht Senck. Nat. Ges., 1886, p. 24, pi. 2, f. 3a-c. -- Lcucochiloides calaharicus Boettger, CONNOLLY, Ami. S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3, 1912, p. 177. "Of this species three specimens Avere found in the same locality as Hx. alcxandri P., f. minor, at Ghous in the south- ern Kalahari. One of them was collected alive. The species appears to harbor by preference in the old shells of the Helix. "Compared with the LcncocJiiloidcs species B. fallax Say, cccnopicius Hutton, conspectus Hutton, fabianus Gredler, senegalensis Morelet, sennaxtriensis P., acthlopicus Bgt, and PUPOIDES, WEST AFRICA. 139 mtid-uliis P., all of which I could compare in. my collection, the present species is the most cylindric of all, being longer and more cylindric than B. conspectus Hutt., and its whorls increase so slowly that the three last differ but little in height' (Bttg.)- "B. conspectus Hutton", mentioned by Boettger, is appar- ently a label error for cocnopictus, as Hutton did not describe any conspectus. Possibly the specimens reported from Jansoiiville are the same as those which I have referred to cocnopictus. Boettger 's original figures are copied by photography in pi. 14, figs. 10, 11. A series from Swakop Valley in the S. W. African Protec- torate, sent by Mr. Burnup, show a somewhat less cylindric form than Boettger 's figures, though they are more so than P. cocnopictus. They differ very little from the narrower examples of P. senegalensis. One measures: length 5.4, diam. 2.6mm. (pi. 17, fig. 8). 23. PUPOIDES MINUSCULUS (Mousson). PL 14, fig. 5. Shell minute, rimate-perforate, elongate-ovate, without gloss, brownish-corneous. Spire convexly conic, regular, the summit somewhat obtuse; suture moderately impressed. Whorls 5, quite convex, the last % the length, oval, rotund, little ascending, a little compressed about the rimation. Aperture nearly vertical, lunate-oval ; peristome acute, white, narrowly reflected, margins little approaching, joined by a thin layer which has a grain above at the insertion ; right margin less, basal more curved ; columellar spreading, the columella deep within. Length 3, diam. 1.8 mm. Ratio of whorls 2:1; ratio aperture 3 : 2 (Mousson}. South Africa. Ovampoland : Ku-Ganab, southeast of On- donga (Schinz) ; Hoeis (Hermann) ; Sodanna (Passarge). Bechuanaland : Meno a kwena, fossil (Passarge). Buliminus (Leucochiloides) minusculus Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl., 1887, p. 295, pi. 12, f. 5, 5a,— v. MARTENS, Die Kala- hari, 1904, p. 754. --Leucochiloides minusculus (Mouss.), BOETTGER, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., xxxii, 1910, p. 445. — CON- NOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 177. 140 PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA. According to Mousson this species is less cylindric than calaharicus. Aside from the size, it resembles Pupa senega- loisis Morelet, but the whorls are less convex, the form less elongate, the shell more delicate, the margins of the aperture less reflected, finally the size is notably smaller. I have not seen specimens. Dr. Boettger reports it from Hoeis, dead shells taken by Dr. P. Hermann. They are somewhat larger, alt. 3% to 4a/4, diam. 2 mm., 5y2 whorls. III. AUSTRALIAN SPECIES. In this series the angular tubercle is somewhat more united with the lip-insertion than in Asiatic or African species, but it is more distinctly developed and less united than is usual in the American. While the species show considerable variety of size and form, they appear to be closely inter-related, and presumably of common ancestry. The author is indebted to the late Professor Ralph Tate and to Charles Hedley for many specimens. 1. Shell dextral 2. Shell sinistral 4. 2. Solid, partly whitish, the later whorls somewhat flattened ; 5.5 to 6.35 mm. long; South Australia. P. adelaidcr, no. 24. Rather thin, brown or corneous-brown, whorls convex; 3.7 to 5.5 mm. long 3. 3. Central Australian desert region. P. c. beltidniis, no. 26a. West, north and east coastal regions. P. pacific us, no. 25. 4. Conic-turrite, 4.5 x 2 to 5.65 x 2.7 mm. P. co-ntrurins, no. 26. More slender, cylindric-turrited 5. 5. Head of the Great Australian Bight; 4.5 x 1.5 mm. P. myoporiiuc, no. 27. Central Australia; 4 to 4.5 x 1.7 mm. P. ischnus, no. 28. 24. PUPOIDES ADELAIDE (Ad. & Aug.). PI. 15, figs. 1, 2. Shell turrited, pupiform, dilated in the middle, umbilicate, whitish-bay; whorls 6, convex, longitudinally streaked (stri- PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA. 141 gillatis). Aperture rotund-ovate, peristome interrupted, white, widely reflected ; outer lip having a tuberculiform white callus above. Length 3, width 1 line [about 6:2 mm.] (A. & A.}. South Australia, rocky places (Augas) ; Flinders Range, Rapid Bay and Wallaroo (Masters). Point Lowly, head of Spencer Gulf (Cox, P. ramsayi} ; Port Lincoln (A. N. S. P.). Wombo, near Singleton, N. S. Wales, rather more elongated than the type (Brazier). Buliminiis (Chondrula) adelaidcc A. ADAMS & G. F. ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 522. — Bulimus ade- laidff A. & A., Cox, Moiiogr., Australian Land Shells, 1868, p. 69, pi. 13, f. 5. --BRAZIER, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 807. --PFR., Moiiogr., vi, p. 74. --Pupa ramsayi Cox, Catal. Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 28 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiv, p. 184. Much larger and more cretaceous than other Australian species. It has the appearance of a desert snail. The shell is solid, rather opaque, cream-buff with whitish streaks, a little browner towards the summit, whiter on the last whorl, or the last two or three whorls may be nearly white. The penult whorl is as wide as the last ; above that it tapers rapidly to the small, somewhat obtuse, glossy apex. The later whorls are somewhat flattened, the last slowly ascending in front, saccate basally. The striation is distinct, irregular. The ovate aperture has a narrowly reflected, in- ternally thickened peristome, the columellar margin dilated, insertions widely separated. A small angular tubercle is more or less joined to the lip-insertion. Length 6.35, diam. 2.6 mm. ; 6 whorls. Port Lincoln. Length 5.6, diam. 2.45 mm. ; Si/o whorls. Port Lincoln. Pupa ramsayi Cox was subsequently placed by him in the synonymy of adelaidcr, and came from the same district. Its length wras given as 0.2 inch, about 5 mm. 25. PUPOIDES PACIFICUS (Pfr.). PI. 15, figs. 11 to 15. Shell deeply rimate, ovate-cylindric, the apex rather ob- tuse; somewhat solid, smoothish, brown-corneous. Whorls , convex, the last about one-third the total length. Aper- 142 PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA. ture semioval, toothless ; peristome narrowly expanded, white- lipped within, the right margin shortly curved above, some- times with a contiguous callous tubercle; columellar margin wider, spreading. Length 4^, diain. 2y3, aperture l*/3 mm. long (Pfr.). Australia: Narrabri, N. S. Wales, the coastal plain and islands of Queensland and Torres Strait ; West and Northwest Australian coast and islands. Pupa pacifica PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1846, p. 31; Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, 309 ; iii, 532 ; Conchy lien- Cabinet, Pupa, p. 163, pi. 19, f. 26-28. — HEDLEY & MUSSON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vi, 1892, p. 558.— E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, 1894, p. 9Q.--Bulimus pacificus PFR., Monogr., iv? 4i4._Cox, Mon. Australian Land Shells, 1868, p. 68, pi. 13, f. 3.— BRAZIER, Journal of Couch., i, p. 272; Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., i, 1877, p. 127.— E. A. SMITH, Zool. Voy. Ere- bus and Terror, 1875, Mollusca, p. 3, pi. 4, f. 8 (Pigeon Is.). —Buliminus fallax Say, HEDLEY, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., v, 1888, p. 64—Pupoides pacificus (Pfr.) PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 426, f. 1 (Facing 1.). --Buliminus (Chon- drula) lepidula ADAMS & ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 38—Bulimus lepidula Ad. and Aug., Cox, Mon. Australian Land Shells, 1868, p. 69, pi. 19, f. 14a, ft. The color varies from chestnut-brown to a pale, almost "corneous" tint. It is usually transparent enough to see the axis or the dried animal faintly through, though some are nearly opaque. In its upper third the outer lip is more curved and decidedly narrower ; below that it is more widely reflected, with a well-developed callous rib within. The specimens from Mapoon, on the Gulf of Carpenteria, and from Forrest River, West Australia, have the lip narrower than those seen from the east coast. If this proves constant they might be separated as a race lepidula. P. beltiana Tate is more elongate than P. pacifica, but in some specimens the difference is not great. The angular lamella forms a shortly entering tubercle, and is always present in adult shells, so far as seen. In most of the lots examined the shape varies from regu- PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA. 1-43 larly tapering to more elongate contour with, the penult whorl relatively larger. Length 5.2, cliam. 2.45, aperture 1.75 mm. ; 5% whorls. Narrabri. Length 4.4, cliam. 2.35, aperture 1.7 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Narrabri. Length 4.4, diarn. 2.2, aperture 1.55 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Narrabri. Length 4.8, diam. 2.4, aperture 1.75 mm. ; 51/^ whorls. Forrest R. Length 4.25, diam. 2.25, aperture 1.65 mm. ; 5y3 whorls. Facing Is. While there are very considerable sections still without records of Pupoides, it appears likely that this species will be found throughout the coastal regions from West Australia around the northern coast and to beyond the southern border of Queensland. The records of distribution follow. New South Wales: Narrabri! (C. T. Musson; pi. 15, figs. 12,13). Queensland: Rodd's Bay, Facing Island!, Gracemere, Bogantimgan, Calliungal, Torsdale, Cania, Kroombit, Ban- ban, G-ympie and North Pine River (C. T. Musson). Moreton Bay! (W. P. Wilstach in A. N. S.). Brisbane, Ipswich, Port Curtis, etc., along the coasts and islands of Queensland to Cape York and the islands of Torres Strait ( MacGillivray, in Cox). Barrow, Fitzroy and Home Islands and Cape Gren- ville, northeast coast; Sue, Warrior, Bet, Long, Dungeness and Cocoanut Is., Torres Straits; Cape York and Albany Island, N. Australia (Brazier) ; Mabuiag, Torres Straits (Haddon, ace. to Smith). Sir Charles Hardy's Island, off Cape Grenville (Tucker, type loc.). Mapoon, entrance of the Batavia River, Gulf of Carpenteria ! (Charles Hedley; pi. 15, fig. 15). West and Northwest Australia: Pigeon Island, near Wal- laby Island, Houtman's Abrolhos, W. Australia (Dr. Richard- son, Smith) ; Roebuck Bay, Baudiu and Cassini Islands, Northwest Australia (Walker, in Smith). Forrest River, East Kimberly district! (Richard Helms; pi. 15, fig. 14). 144 PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA. Form sinistralis. — "All the specimens from Cassini Island are sinistral; otherwise they resemble the normal form" (E. A. Smith). In over 100 specimens of pacificus from seven other localities, none were found sinistral. Buliminus (Chondrula) lepidula of Adams and Angas has not been recognized by Australian conchologists of the last fifty years. It came from well within the known range of P. pacificus, and is, I cannot doubt, a synonym of that wide- spread species. The description follows: Shell turrited, pupiform, umbilicate, thin, glossy, semipel- lucid, corneous ; whorls 5, strongly convex, longitudinally striate. Aperture rotund-ovate; peristome interrupted; white, broadly reflected ; outer lip provided above with a small, white, tuberculiform callus. Length 2, width 1 line [about 4: 2 mm.] (Adams and Angus). West Australia : Sharks Bay. This little species differs from C. adelaidtz in being more semipellucid, shining and of a horn-color. The whorls, more- over, are much more strongly convex (A. & A.). 26. PUPOIDES CONTRARIUS (E. A. Smith). PI. 15, figs. 9, 10. Shell sinistral, riniate, brown-corneous, obliquely delicately striate. Whorls 5^, convex, separated by a deep suture, the last slightly wider than the penult, ascending in front. Spire long, convex, pyramidal, subglobose at apex. Aperture about % the total length; peristome white, expanded, margins joined by a thin callus bearing a tubercle at the insertion of the lip. Length 4.5, diam. 2 mm., aperture 1.5 mm. long (Smith). West Australia: East Wallaby Island, Houtman's Abrolhos (Walker). Central Australia: widely distributed in the Larapiutine area, extending to Hart Range, southerly beyond the Larapintine area to the Cretaceous hills about Sullivan Creek. Pupa contraria SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, i, 1894, p. 96. — TATE, Report Horn Sci. Exped. to Central Australia, ii, Zoology, 1896, p. 204, pi. 19, f. 17.— Pupa eremicola TATE. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, xviii, 1894, p. 191. PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA. 145 The typical form, from Houtman's Abrolhos, off the west coast, has not been figured; but the shell described by Tate as P. eremicola was considered the same by E. A. Smith. It is a somewhat larger race (pi. 15, figs. 9, 10). Three of the original lot received from Tate measure : Length 5.65, diam. 2.7, length aperture 2.1 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 5.45, diam. 2.8, length aperture 2.13 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 5.45, diam. 2.55, length aperture 2 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. 26er. P. CONTRARIUS BELTiANUS (Tate). PI. 15, figs. 5, 7, 8. "A longer and narrower shell than P. pa-cifica, with less .convex whorls; rarely sinistral. Length 4.5, width scarcely 2 mm. ; a more slender form 4.5 x 1.5" (Tate). Length 5.5, diam. 2.5, length aperture 2.15 mm.; 6 whorls. Length 4.75, diam. 2.15, length aperture 1.75 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Fig. 8. Length 3.7, diam. 1.8, length aperture 1.5 mm. ; 4% whorls. Fig. 7. Central Australia; specific localities not given (Horn Ex- ped.). Pupa beltiana TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, xviii, 1894, p. 191. — Pupa contraria, dextral form, TATE, Rep. Horn Sci. Exped. Central Australia, ii, Zoology, 1896, pp. 204, 219, pi. 18, f. 15o-, 6. Two lots of this form received from. Professor Tate show wide variation in size, but no sinistral shells were included. When fresh it has the usual cinnamon-brown color of the group, is glossy, with slight, irregular striation. The angular lamella is an elongate tubercle united with the lip insertion. The moderately wide lip is thickened within. The diameter at the penult whorl is nearly or quite equal to that of the last whorl above the aperture. From the specimens seen I would consider this specifically distinct from P. contrarius eremicola; but it is left asso- ciated with contrarius in deference to the opinions of Smith .and Tate. 146 PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA. 27. PUPOIDES MYOPORIN.E (Tate). PL 15, fig. 6. Shell sinistral, umbilicated, oblong-turreted, very thin, translucent, yellowish horn-colored, showing under the lens regular fine transverse striae. Spire elongated, gradually tapering, rather acute; whorls five, moderately convex, last whorl equaling one-third the total length of the shell. Aper- ture somewhat ovate; peristome white, expanded, especially the colurnella margin; left margin with a white tooth-like callosity in the angle. Length .18, breadth .06 inch [about 4.5x1.5 mm.] (Tate). South Australia: Under small bushes on the sandy margin of the salt swamp at Peelunibie, head of the Great Australian Bight, 50 examples observed. Bulimus sinistrorsus TATE, Trans, and Proc. and Rep. Philos. Soc. Adelaide, South Australia, 1879, p. 134, pi. 5, f. 4. Not of Deshayes. — Bulimus myoporina: TATE, Trans, and Proc. and Eep. Royal Soc. South Australia, iii, 1880, p. 104, 11. n. for B. sinistrorsus. Tate's description and figure are copied. "The name has reference to the habitat of the snail, that of living under the shelter of Myoporum parvifolium." 28. PUPOIDES ISCHNUS (Tate). PI. 15, figs. 3, 4. Shell pyramidally oval, thin, translucent, shining, yellowish- brown, apex obtuse, whorls five and a half, moderately con- vex, separated by an impressed suture, finely obliquely stri- ated. Aperture sinistral, oval, truncated behind, peristome white, broadly reflected, especially over the columella, which does not conceal a narrow umbilical fissure ; the lips are cal- lously united and there is a prominent tubercle at the inser- tion of the outer lip. Length 4.25, width 1.25 mm. (Tate). Central Australia: Alice Springs and Palm Creek (Horn Exped.). Pupa ichna TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, xviii, 1894, p. 191 ; Rep. Horn Sci. Exped., ii, ZooL, 1896, p. 204, pi. 19, f. 16. "A more slender shell and more attenuate apically than P. contraria; in its sinistral spire and apertural characters it MICROSTELE. 147 agrees with P. myoporincc Tate, which is possibly only a sinis- tral form of P. pacifica, from which it differs in its narrow elongate shape and flatter whorls. It may prove on compar- ison of actual specimens conspecific with Chondrula lepidula Ad. and Ang." (Tate}. This narrow, sinistral species seems quite distinct from, all others except P. myoporincc, which I have not seen. Speci- mens from Palm Creek, which may be taken as the type locality, measure : Length 4.45, diam. 1.7, aperture 1.57 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 4, diam. 1.7, aperture 1.3 mm. ; 5i/2 whorls. Genus MICROSTELE Boettger. Microstele BTTG., Bericht Senckenb. Nat. Ges., 1886, pp. 25, 26. Type by orig. designation Pupa noltei. Shell small (S1/^ to 4% mm.), rimate, turrited, with obtuse apex, of (51/0 to 6) strongly convex whorls. Aperture ovate, with reflected, internally thickened lip, terminations remote; a small angular tubercle, deeply placed parietal and colu- mellar lamella? and sometimes one or two immersed palatal tubercles. Distribution, India and Ceylon, East and Southwest Africa; Miocene of Europe. With the shape of shell and aperture like Pupoides, this genus has teeth like Pupilla. In many genera of Pupillidae there are species with and others without teeth ; but Micro- stele is here considered generically distinct because Pupoides, in all the continents, is remarkably uniform in characters of the aperture. It may be inferred that the Microstele species are surviving representatives of the ancestral stock which gave birth to Pupoides. Two species from the Miocene of Europe are rather closely related to M. muscerda of Ceylon. MICROSTELE WENZI (K. Fischer). Pupoides wenzi K. FISCHER, Archiv f. Molluskenkunde, lii, 1920, p. 92, fig. 1. WENZ, Senckenbergiaua, ii, June, 1920, p. 112, fig. 2. Upper 148 MICROSTELE. Miocene landshell marl, Palm Garden, Frankfurt a. M. ; also Voeslau, Vienna Basin, in marine sands. MICROSTELE MARLE (de Morgan). Pupa (Pupilla) maritz J. de Morgan, Bull. Soc. Geol. de France (4), xix, 1919, no. 9, p. 315, fig. 10 (November, 1920). Faluns de Touraine : Poiit-Levoy (sabliere du vallou de Charentoii). Near the preceding but a little smaller, the palatal fold vestigeal, an- gular lamella strongly developed. This bed is about syn- chronous with Sansan. 1. MICROSTELE MUSCERDA (Bens.). PI. 14, figs. 19, 20. Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, striatulate, corneous; spire long, apex obtuse ; whorls 5y» to 6, a little convex, the last one-third the length of the shell, slightly ascending. Aper- ture ovate, three-toothed; peristome expanded, acute, the margins converging, columellar margin dilated, whitish; one parietal fold, one columellar, rather deeply placed, one de- pressed, obtuse palatal tooth. Length 4, diam. 1.5 mm. (Bens.). Ceylon: Cape Pedro, in old posts and on palmyra trees, Borassus flabelliformis (Layard, type loc.) ; Baticalva (Pres- ton) ; Jaffna (Linter). India: Erode (Beddome). Pupa muscerda BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xii, August 1853, p. 94.— PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 680.— HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1876, pi. 160, f. 2. - - SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, Pupa, pi. 7, f. 56. — Pupilla muscerda Ben- son, GUDE, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii, 1914, p. 286. There is an angular tubercle or callus, not mentioned by Benson. The parietal lamella is high, short and deep within ; the palatal fold is tubercular, visible in a front view. A con- siderable series shows this species to be rather constant in form and teeth. Length 4.15, diam. 1.95, aperture 1.47 mm. ; 2 whorls, or a little smaller, length 3.6 mm. 2. MICROSTELE IREDALEI (Preston). PI. 14, fig. 18. Shell differing from L. chanlerensis in its blunter form, more swollen whorls, deeper suture, more open umbilicus, straighter columella, and narrower and more erect labrum; MICROSTELE. 149 moreover, it lacks the nodulous denticle which in the present species is replaced by an erect white denticle situate low down on the parietal wall well within the aperture, axid a smaller erect squarish denticle on the columella, also situate well within the opening. Alt. 3.5, diam. maj. 1.75 mm.; aperture: alt. .75, diam. nearly .75 mm. (Preston). British East Africa: Eusso Nyiro (Robin Kemp). Leucochiloides iredalei PRESTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1912, p. 188, pi. 31, f. 18. No palatal tooth is present in this species. Preston's figure is reproduced in pi. 14, fig. 18. The aperture of a topotype, 110. 41593 B. Walker coll., is drawn in pi. 17, fig. 7. Both parietal and columellar lamellae are well developed, the for- mer straight and entering rather deeply. There is also a distinct though small and rather short angular lamella. It is deeply riniate and narrowly perforate. I have not been able to compare M. oblonga Bttg., which, appears nearly related. 3. MICROSTELE OBLONGA (Boettger). PL 14, fig. 17. Differs from L, (Microstele) noltei (Bttg.), which is near, by the somewhat smaller shell, perforate, oblong-fusiform, of a bay color, the spire convexly oblong. Whorls 51/2, more convex, separated by a more impressed suture, the last equal- ling one-third the alt. of the shell. Aperture 3-toothed, the angular tubercle more distinct, parietal tooth pliciform, not so high, columellar strong, palatals wanting; margins of the peristome connected by a more distinct callus. Alt. 3*4, diam. li/2 mm.; aperture alt. and width 1 mm. (Bttg.}. Southwest Africa, Damaraland: 140 km. inward from the mouth of the Swakop, in southwestern Hereroland, one living specimen collected by Dr. Franz Rintelen, Boettger collection. Leucochiloides (Microstele) oblongus BTTG., Abhandl. Senckenb. Nat. Ges., xxxii, 1910, p. 445, pi. 28, f. lla, &. It is with a certain reserve that I make this form a species distinct from L. (M.) noltei. My decision was taken from the diverse oblong-fusiform instead of cylindric-turrited shape, which is conspicuously shorter and more compressed, 150 MICROSTELE. and the lack of the two deeply-seated palatal folds. The diffi- culty of a positive decision was enhanced by the paucity of material — only one example of each form — and I would not reproach anyone for taking the snail under consideration for a local race of L. noltei (Bttg.}. 4. MICROSTELE NOLTEI (Bttg.). PI. 14, figs. 12 to 16. Shell small, punctate-rimate, cylmdric-turrited, solid, cor- neous-buff. Spire long, turrited; apex very obtuse. Whorls 6, very slowly increasing, rather convex, separated by a deep suture, lightly obliquely striatulate, the last scarcely larger than the penult, V4 the length of the shell, angular at base, towards the aperture ascending a little, whitish, the back distinctly flattened and swollen around the rimatioii. Aper- ture small, circular-oval, the base a little receding, 4-toothed. Peristome acute, flatly and broadly expanded, white, the mar- gins converging, joined by a callus which bears a tubercle at the insertion of the right margin; right margin is angularly curved above, the basal and left regularly arcuate. Teeth 4, deeply placed, 1 pliciform parietal, 1 strong columellar, twin palatals in the throat. Length 3.75, greatest diarn. 1.5 mm. ; aperture 1 mm. high and wide (Bttg.). Southwest Africa, British Bechuanaland : Ghous, in the southern Kalahari (C. Nolte). Pupa (Microstele n. sect.) noltei BOETTGER, Bericht Senck- enb. Nat. Ges., 1886, p. 25, pi. 2, f . 4o-c. - - MELVILL & PON- SONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), i, 1908, p. 78, pi. 2, f. 14, 15 (copied from Boettger). - - Leucochiloides (Microstele) twltei BTTG., Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., xxxii, 1910, p. 445.— CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 178. Two specimens from near Klip (Connolly coll.) are figured. The larger (fig. 13) measures: length 4.5, diam. 1.5, length aperture 1.2 mm., fully 7 whorls. It has only a weak trace of the angular tubercle. The parietal lamella is deeply placed and short. The twin palatal tubercles are connected basally, and not visible in a direct front view. The smaller specimen (pi. 14, figs. 12, 16) measures: length 3.83, diam. 1.5, aperture 1.16 mm., 6V4 whorls. The spire is MICROCERION. 151 somewhat stouter, whorls shorter. The angular lamella is strongly developed. Parietal lamella much longer and higher. Connolly (in litt.) notes that "in a series of 18 shells of noltei from Klip, the largest, 3% x l1/^ mm., contains six whorls and almost exactly matches Boettger's figure and de- scription. The shells, however, vary in size and form, an- other example, S1/^ x 114 mm., being more conical, less cylin- drical, and coming very near indeed to his figure of oblongus, having, as Boettger says, more convex whorls and consequently deeper suture. All these 18 specimens appear to possess the two internal palatal teeth of noltei, but these are often ex- tremely small and it would be easy to overlook them. ' ' Genus MICROCERION Ball. Microcerion DADL, Bull. 90, U. S. Nat Mus., 1915, p. 29, type M. floridanum Dall. "Shell small, solid, few whorled, with one parietal and one pillar tooth, a nodulous parietal callus uniting the lips, a thickened duplex peritreme, both edges sharp, the posterior sharply reflected backward, the inner or anterior projecting forward, externally beveled to meet the bottom of the sinus between the two lips. "This little shell stands about midway between Cerion proper and the small Pupidas. Nothing exactly correspond- ing to it is known from other formations or from the recent fauna" (Dall). MICROCERION FLORIDANUM Dall (pi. 11, figs. 16, 17). Op. cit., p. 29, pi. 1, f. 16, 17. Oligoceue, Orthaulax pugnax zone, Ballast Point, Tampa Bay, Florida. The shell is 4.75 mm. long, of about 5 whorls. The peri- storne and solidity are features like Cerion, but the size, shape, and small number of whorls evidently indicate more affinity to Pupillidcc. It is perhaps a phylogerontic branch of the Pupillinee, near Pupoides and especially Microstele, which appears to stand in an ancestral relation to Pupoides. 152 PUPILLA. Genus PUPILLA Leach. Pnpilla Leach in TURTON, Man. Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Islands, 1831, p. 99. — GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 176 (type P. muscorum). — HERRMANNSEN, Ind. Gen. Malac., ii, p. 362 (typus: Pupa muscorum L.). — COCKERELL, Nautilus, xviii, 1905, p. 104. — Torquatella HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 919, for P. muscorum L. and P. triplicata Studer. — HERR- MANNSEN, Ind. Gen. Malac,, ii, p. 583, "typus P. muscorum L. " —Pupa of most authors. The shell is cylindric with rounded, obtuse ends, rimate and often perforate, of short, slowly increasing whorls, the sutures but slightly oblique. The small aperture has 0-5 teeth, the parietal, columellar and palatals deeply placed when present ; no basal fold and no teeth in immature stages. Peristome reflected narrowly. Shell axis small, perforate. The foot is about half as long as the shell, skin nearly smooth. Inferior tentacles short but distinct. Shell carried with the spire slanting upward a little. Some species at least are ovoviviparous. Type: P. muscorum (L.). Distribution: North America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia, almost wholly in temperate and cold regions. They are ground snails, living under wood and stones and among leaves in moderately humid situations. Pupilla is a widely distributed group, nowhere numerous in species, but generally abundant in individuals. The species are among the most variable of their family in size, color, the number and size of teeth and development of an external crest — features usually serving for specific definition. Albino shells are not uncommon ; sometimes they form a considerable part of the colony. Shortness is a more frequent variation in nearly all species which have been collected in quantity. Whether this quality is an inherited strain or due to early formation of a lip in individuals born late in the season has not been ascertained, as no breeding experiment has been car- ried out. It is clear, however, that some colonies of P. mus- corum comprise short and long shells, and those with one, two, or with no teeth, and are doubtless hybrid complexes. Similar conditions are found in some other species. PUPILLA. 153 Classification. — The Pupillas divide into four sections (the first three new), characterized thus: a. Embryonic shell rather coarsely reticulate-grauose ; the rest regularly rib-striate. Section Striopupilla, type P. sterkiana. a1. Embryonic sculpture minute; striation elsewhere faint or weak. b. Whorls increasing rather rapidly in height; spire convexly tapering from the last whorl, which is widest. Section Afripupilla, type P. tetrodus. b1. Whorls increasing slowly; shell cylindric with, short, convexly-conic summit. c. Aperture having 2 to 5 teeth, an angular tubercle often present; apical whorls pitted- reticulate. Section Primipupilla, type P. signata. c1. Aperture having 0 to 3, rarely 4 teeth, no an- gular tubercle ; apical whorls most minutely granulose. Section Pupilla proper, type P. muscorum. The geographic relations of these sectional groups may be represented thus: Europe Asia, America Pupilla Pupilla Pupilla Primipupilla Primipupilla Striopupilla Primipupilla Primipupilla Afripupilla Africa Australia The species are described under geographic groups : I. North America: species 1 to 6. II. Europe, North Africa: species 7 to 15, 21. III. Asia : species 7, 13, 16 to 20, 22 to 29. IV. Africa, Cape Verde Islands, Reunion I. : species 30 to 32. 154 PUPILLA, AMERICAN. V. Australia: species 33 to 35. VI. Tertiary fossils: species 36 to 51. Paleontology. --Pupilla appeared in the Upper Oligocene of central Europe, and in the Miocene became somewhat numerous. The species are referable to the section Primi- pupilla, and resemble the African group of P. fontana. A few Miocene forms are sinistral (P. blainvilleana, P. stein- heimensis}. Forms such as P. perlabiata, more like recent species of northern China, are from the Upper Miocene. Early species of the typical section of Pupilla, the mus- corum group, have been found in German Upper Miocene. The teeth are somewhat well developed, as in the recent P. triplicate. A list of fossil species follows the account of re- cent forms. In the absence of Eocene representatives in western Europe it appears likely that the origin and early develop- ment of the genus took place in Asia, whence in the middle Tertiary or earlier, Africa and Australia received their Primi- pupillcc. In America P. stcrkiana stands isolated and cannot be traced, but the other Pupillae appear like recent immigrants, not earlier than Pliocene, the northern P. muscorum later. Only the section Pupilla, a group adapted to humid, cool- temperate regions, reached this continent, and they retain the closest resemblance to Old World species. P. blandi and especially sonorana stand close to the Alpine P. triplicata. P. hebex resembles the European cupa and alpicola. Finally, P. muscorum in New England and Canada is indistinguish- able from those of northern Europe. The Rocky Mountain and loess muscorum may perhaps be older immigrants. I. NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. While the American species of Pupilla appear distinct enough from one another typically, they vary remarkably in teeth, crest and size, so that the identity of a particular lot is sometimes in doubt, The key to species cannot be trusted implicitly. Thus, there are intermediate forms between sonorana and blandii, and the pitkodes form of blandii has PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 155 muck in common with hebes. P. muscorum is sometimes thin-lipped, closely approaching hebes. P. hebes and P. syn- genes occur in both dextral and sinistral forms. Colonies containing albinos have been noted in muscorum, syngenes, hebes and blandii. They form an intricate complex of races, the affinities of which may be represented by a diagram. souorana — blandii — muscorum. — syngenes I I pithodes — hebes P. sterkiana stands apart from this complex of forms, being strongly characterized by the sculpture of both embry- onic and later whorls, the former resembling those of Primi- pupilla. Key to American Species. 1. Shell rib-striate, the embryonic whorls reticulate-granose ; Lower California (Section Striopupilla). P. sterkiana, no. 1. Shell minutely striate or smoothish (Section Pupilla proper) 2. 2. Spire slightly wider above than below; parietal lamella long; 8-10 whorls P. syngenes, no. 6. Spire not wider above ; whorls less numerous 3. 3. Aperture having three well-developed teeth, the palatal fold somewhat long 4. Teeth wanting or, when present, small, the palatal fold tubercular 5. 4. Length 3.2 to 3.75 mm P. Uandi, no. 3. Length 2.5 to 3.25 mm.; palatal fold long; last whorl much flattened behind the crest P. so nor ana, no. 4. 5. Lip typically thickened within, with a whitish crest ex- ternally; teeth small or wanting P. muscorum, no. 2. Lip thin ; crest colored like the shell, often low, scarcely noticeable ; typically toothless ; Arizona to Idaho. P. hebes, no. 5. 156 PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 1. PUPILLA STERKIANA (Pilsbry). PL 19, figs. 16, 17. The shell is cylindric with short, rounded summit and ob- tuse apex; rimate and minutely perforate; cinnamon-brown. The surface is dull ; the embryonic l1/^ whorls coarsely, irreg- ularly reticulate-granulose, following whorls having narrow, strongly retractive axial riblets, about one-fourth as wide as the intervals. The whorls are strongly convex, suture deep, the last whorl somewhat compressed laterally, without crest or noticeable contraction behind the lip. The aperture is somewhat oblique, squarish. Peristome expanded, thickened and whitish on the face and within, narrow and abruptly bent near the posterior insertion ; margins connected by a short, whitish, adnate callus. In oblique view in the aper- ture the columella appears weakly subtruncate below, or in some specimens there is a distinct tooth (fig. 16). Length 4.5, diam. 1.6 mm.; 1% whorls. Length 3.8, diam. 1.65 mm. ; 6% whorls. Lower California: San Ramon (C. R. Orcutt). Pupa sterkiana PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1889, p. 411, pi. 2, f. 2, 3. This species differs conspicuously from all other known Pupillas by the sculpture of both embryonic and later whorls. 2. PUPILLA MUSCORUM (L.). PI. 18, figs. 12 to 16. Description on page 173. American specimens rarely have the lip so much thickened or the white or yellowish area be- hind it so extensive as most European shells, though Euro- peans similar to the American in these characters are readily found. It differs from P. blandii by the much shorter and smaller teeth, the palatal fold small and tubercular when present. Some of the thinnest muscorum resemble P. hcbes rather closely. In limestone districts the white crest and the lip-callus are strongly developed, as in pi. 18, figs. 13, 14 (limestone quarry at Thomaston, Me.), and over much of New York State. Where the rock is granitic or deficient in lime the crest is usually lower, of a reddish brown color but lighter than the PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 157 rest of the shell, and the lip-callus is much thinner, pi. 18, figs. 15, 16 (Mt. Desert, Maine). In either form the parietal tooth may occur, but the palatal tubercle is developed only in moderately thick-lipped shells. Length 3.4 mm., diam. 1.6 mm. Thomaston, Maine. Length 3.15 mm., diam. 1.55 mm. Thomaston, Maine. Length 4 mm., diam. 1.7 mm. Mt. Desert, Maine. Length 3.25 mm., diam. 1.65 mm. Mt. Desert, Maine. Length 3.35 mm., diam. 1.73 mm. Rochester, N. Y. Length 3.5 mm., diam. 1.65 mm. Duxbury, Mass. Length 3 mm., diam. 1.7 mm. Duxbury, Mass. Eastern North America from Anticosti Island south to Atlantic City, New Jersey, westward in Canada and the northern tier of states; south in the Rocky Mountain region through Colorado to Socorro Co., New Mexico, and northern Arizona; north to Anuk, Alaska. Loess of Iowa and Kansas. Pupa muscorum BINNEY, Man. Amer. Land Sh., 1885, p. 78. — PILSBRY and COCKERELL, Nautilus, v, p. 45 (varieties).— BLANEY, Naut., xviii, pp. 45, 46 (Ironbouud I., Me.). — Pupilla muscorum L., WHITEAVES, Ottawa Naturalist, 1905, p. 171 (Anticosti; Cypress Hills, Assiniboia). - - HANNA, Nautilus. vol. 23, p. 94 (Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas, in river drift). -PILSBRY, Nautilus, vol. 19, p. 130 (Grant, Valencia Co., N. M.) ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 143 (Benson, Ariz., river drift). — J. HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies, ix, p. 57 (Tol- land, Ckll.; Eldora, Henderson) ; Nautilus, xxvii, p. 38 (Clear Creek, Johnson Co., Wyo.). -- COCKERELL, Naut., xxv, p. 59 (Tolland, Colo.). -- NORTON, Naut., xxi, p. 6 (Manticus Is., Me.; 3 mm. long; three out of four taken opaque white).— DALL, Harriman Alaska Exped., Moll., p. 28 (Laggan, Al- berta ; Anuk, Alaska) . Pupa badia C. B. ADAMS, Boston Journ. N. H., iii, 1840, p. 331, pi. 3, f. 18 (Crown Point, N. Y.).-- Pupilla India Ad., MORSE, Journ. Portland Soc. N. H., i, 1864, p. 37, f. 89-91, pi. 10, f. 92. — Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils., Nautilus, vol. 28, p. 38, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2. Henderson, Univ. of Colo. Bull., xv, p. 250 (Magnolia, Estes Park, Black Lake Creek, and near Gol- den, Colo.) ; Univ. of Colo. Studies, ix, 57 (Floyd Hill, Clear Creek Co., Hand; Eldora, Lake Co., Bethel). 158 PUPILLA, AMERICAN. P. muscorum has a far greater zonal or climatic range, as well as a wider geographic distribution in the Palsearctic Re- gion than in America. Our form was doubtless derived from the northern herd of Siberia and northern Europe by way of Alaska, probably in interglacial or Pleistocene time, and has not yet become adapted to warm climates such as the circum- Mediterranean zone which it inhabits in the Old World. Three-tooth mutations occur as in Europe: the typical form, in which there are no teeth (pi. 18, fig. 15, Mt. Desert, Maine). Mut. marginata Drap. (unidentata C. Pfr.). A small, short parietal lamella developed (pi. 18, figs. 13, 14). This includes P. badia C. B. Ad. Mut. masclaryana Palad. (bigranata auct.). A tubercular or short parietal lamella and a small, tubercular lower-palatal fold present (pi. 18, fig. 12). Mutation having a columellar tooth more or less well de- veloped, pi. 19, fig. 14. White Oaks, New Mexico. This form has been noticed in America only iu the mountain states of the West. Boettger has mentioned its occurrence in France. The typical mutation, without teeth, is the most abundant and widely-spread in America. Specimens of it usually occur in lots containing marginata and masclaryana, such colonies being evidently hybrid. A large series from High Pines, Duxbury, Mass., consists of very thin, toothless shells, with the crest low or very low, not paler, the lip scarcely calloused within. They run down to 3 mm. long, with 5% whorls, and resemble the western P. hebes. Similar shells occur as far south as Atlantic City, N. J., in copses in the salt marshes. Most of the Rocky Mountain specimens seen are of the typical toothless form, and none have a palatal tooth. They vary widely in size. Two from Holbrook, Arizona, measure : Length 3.85, diam. 1.9 mm., G1/:; whorls. Length 2.75, diam. 1.5 mm., 5% whorls. Pupitta muscorum form xerobia Pils., pi. 19, fig. 11, de- scribed from an arid sandstone butte near Duran, New Mex- ico, at 6700-6800 ft,, is a small, compact form which I took to PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 159 be a race. Similar shells occur in numerous Colorado local- ities, with intermediate sizes connecting with muscorum, so that it is apparently to be regarded as an arid station or hunger form rather than a true race; a view adopted from Prof. Junius Henderson, who has studied it in Colorado. The original description follows. "Shell small, very short, composed of 5l/3 whorls, the last three forming the cylindric portion, those above forming a very short, obtuse cone ; last whorl ascending a little, having a stout buff crest behind the thin, well-expanded lip. There is a small, short, parietal lamella but no other teeth. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm." Types no. 104005 A. N. S. P. from Duran, N. M. Also found in the following localities, all in Colorado : Trinidad, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906; Magnolia, Boulder Co., 8000 ft., D. McAndrews; Estes Park, E. H. Ashmun ; Black Lake Creek, T. D. A. Cockerell; near Golden, 7000 ft., E. E. Hand. The length varies from 2.25 to 2.75 mm. in the lot taken at Duran. 3. PUPILLA BLANDI Morse. PI. 19, figs. 1 to 5. Shell rirnate, ovate-cylindrical, delicately striated, opaque, light brown. Apex obtuse, nucleus with microscopic granu- lations. Suture well denned. Whorls 6, subconvex, the last ascending at the aperture, rapidly expanding, with an ex- ternal whitish callus, between which and the peristome there is a deep constriction. Aperture small, nearly circular, with three obtuse teeth of about equal size : one on the parietal margin, one on the columellar margin, and the third far within and at the base of aperture; peristome subreflected, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length .13 inch, breadth .06 inch [=3.25 x 1.5 mm.] (Morse). Rocky Mountain region, from Montana (and Bed Deer, Alberta) to New Mexico; west to Nevada; eastward in the semiarid region (mainly as a fossil, or in river drift) to McLean Co., North Dakota (at Ft. Berthold, type loc.), Brule Co., South Dakota, Phillips Co., Kansas, Comal Co., Texas. 160 PUPILLA, AMERICAN. Pupa blandi W. G. BINNEY, U. S. Explorations in Nebraska, Doc. 25th Congress, 2d Session, II, pt. ii, p. 725, 1859, name only. — Pupa blandi BINNEY, Land and Freshwater Shells of N. A., I, 1869, p. 235, f. 402 ; Man. Araer. Land Shells, 1885, p. 188, fig. 188. — v. MARTENS, Sitzungsber. Ges. Nat. Freunde, 1882, p. 140, as syn. of P. muscoram var. bigranata. -- REIN- HARDT, same Sitzungsber., 1883, p. 37. — COCKERELL, Nautilus, x, p. 42 (drift of Rio Grande, Mesilla, N. M.) ; xiv, pp. 14, 15 (Sandia Mts., and Arroyo Pecos, Las Vegas, N. M.). Pupilla blandi MORSE, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., viii, 1865, p. 5, fig. 8. — TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 303, pi. 15, f. 4. — BALL, Harriman Alaska Exped., Moll., p. 28 (Red Deer, Alberta) .-- PILSBRY, Nautilus, xix, p. 130 (Grant, Valencia Co., N. M.). — PILSBRY & FERRISS, Nautilus, xxii, p. 104 (Albu- querque).— HANNA, Nautilus, xxiii, 94 (Douglas Co., Kansas, in river drift) ; Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vii, p. 119 (fossil in Phillips Co., Kansas). — BERRY, Nautilus, xxix, p. 125 (Winne- cook, Meagher Co., Montana). — HENDERSON, Nautilus, xxv, p. 59 (Tolland, Gilpin Co., Colo.) ; Univ. of Colo. Studies, vi, 170, 171; ix, 57 (many Colorado localities; "the most abun- dant and the most generally distributed of the Colorado Pupillidae"). — WALKER, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 15, 1915, pp. 2-4 (New Mexico at Canones Cr., east of Mt. Pedernal, Coyote Creek near Rio Puerco and Arroyo Angua, all in Rio Arribo Co. ; mouth El Cobre canyon, 5 in. north of Albuquerque) . — HENDERSON & DANIELS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1916, p. 322 (near Tooele, Utah), 336 (near Franklin, Idaho). Pupa blandi forma nov. obtusa COCKERELL, Journ. of Conch., vii, 1892, p. 39. — Pupilla blandi var. alba, CKLL., Nau- tilus, xviii, Jan. 1905, p. 104 (no description or locality).— Pupilla. blandi pithodes PILSBRY & FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1917, p. 103; 1918, p. 328. --Pupa sublubrica ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, I, April, 1881, p. 389. --W. G. BINNEY, 2d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 39, pi. 3, f. 11 (as synonym of P. muscorum). P. blandi is a common shell in the Rocky Mountains, and southward in New Mexico west of the Rio Grande to Grant county; also in the adjacent part of Arizona. It occurs also PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 161 in the northern counties of Arizona, in Utah, and (as P. sub- lubrica) in Nevada. Variation. — 1. The typical form, about 3.2 to 3.3 ram. long, ].5 wide, of 6y2 to 6% whorls (pi. 19, figs. 4, 5, near Salt Lake City, Utah) is widely spread in Colorado, eastern Utah and New Mexico. The callus within the lip is moderate or sometimes heavy. The crest behind the lip is well developed. In some localities there are wider shells: length 3.35, diam. 1.75 mm. North Park, Colorado. The rather thick lip-rib is like typical blandi, the wide shell like form pithodes. There are also similarly wide shells (length 3.4, diam. 1.7 mm., Sapello canyon, N. M.) without an internally calloused lip, being thus similar to form pithodes, though the parietal fold is not so long. 2. The prevalent or almost exclusive form east of the moun- tains, from North Dakota to Texas, is small and compact, about 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 wide, of 5i/o whorls, the lip often quite strongly thickened. Cockerell has described it as "Form obtusa. 2y2 mm. long, broader in proportion to its length than the type. Near the Micawber mine, Custer Co., Colorado." It is probably a "hunger form" occupying arid situations. It occurs in many places in Colorado, in New Mexico, in the Rocky Mountains and along the Rio Grande, mostly knowai from Pleistocene and river-drift examples. Also in Arizona, from San Pedro river drift near Benson, and in the northeastern counties. Some examples of this race are hardly to be distinguished from P. sonorana; but the latter appears to inhabit higher, less arid places than the New Mexican blandi. In some cases longer shells, which would fall into typical blandi, are in the same lots with form obtusa. Cockerell has noted a mutation alba. 3. Form pithodes Pils. & Ferr. (pi. 19, figs. 6, 7) is common under and on dead wood in the forested zone, chiefly among aspens, in the Black Range, between Grant and Sierra coun- ties, New Mexico, 7,000-10,000 ft. ; also westward in the Mo- gollon Mts., 9,500 to 10,000 ft,, and in Apache and Graham counties, Arizona. It is wider than typical P. blandi, with a 162 PUPILLA, AMERICAN. weaker crest; the lip is but slightly thickened within. The shell is short, cyliiidric with rounded ends, walnut-brown, slightly shining. Whorls somewhat convex, the last slowly ascending a little in front, somewhat flattened and tapering to the narrow base, noticeably contracted behind the lip, hav- ing a quite low (or sometimes rather strong) crest of the same color as the rest of the shell. Parietal lamella deeply placed, about one-third of a. whorl long. Lower palatal fold rather long. Columellar lamella well developed, short. The type and paratypes, from Sta. 39, Black Range, measure : Length 3.2, diam. 1.8 mm. ; type. Length 3.7, diam. 1.7 mm. ; 7^ whorls. Length 3.25, diam. 1.75 mm. ; 6i/o whorls. Length 3.05, diam. 1.7 mm, • Qy3 whorls. In the eastern counties of Arizona this form occurs with P. hebes, which it resembles very closely except in having- teeth. P. blandi sublubrica (Ancey). Pupa sublubrica Ancey was considered by W. G. Biuney to be a synonym of P. muscorum, but Mr. Ancey in a letter to me stated that it is "a slender var. of Pupa blandi Morse." Translation of the original description follows. "Pupa sublubrica C. F. Ancey. Length 3%, width mm. Shell elongate, cyliiidric, thin, pellucid, glossy, rimate, corneous ; apex obtuse ; closely, minutely, slightly striate. Whorls 8, convex, regular, the last slightly subturgid, then a little contracted at the aperture. Aperture truncate-oval, provided with two teeth within, one parietal, the other oppo- site this, basal ; both white, quite deeply placed. Peristome thin, expanded. "This species differs from the preceding (P. hebes) by the more shining shell, the number of whorls, the striae of growth even less marked, more obsolete than in P. hebes, the more lengthened, more cyliiidric form, the external swelling and contraction preceding the aperture especially less marked, finally by the two teeth of the latter. Both are situated quite deep in the aperture, one 011 the parietal wall, the other, elongate, in the base, but a little towards the right. Like P. hebes, it is separated from P. muscorum L. by the lack of a white calcareous deposit within the aperture. State of Ne- vada, Dr. Newcomb." PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 163 P. blandi chariest o-nensis n. subsp. PI. 19, figs. 8, 9. A peculiar race, smaller and otherwise differing from the ac- count of siiblubrica, and similar to sonorana, was taken by Ferriss on Charleston mountain, Lincoln Co., in southern Nevada. There is a well-developed crest behind the lip. The pari- etal lamella and lower palatal fold are strong and long; columellar nodule distinct, Length 3, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 6^2 whorls. This might be considered a form of P. sonorana were it not so remote from the known range of that species. 4. PUPILLA SONORANA (Sterki). PI. 19, figs. 10, 12, 13, 15. Shell perforate-rimate, cylindrical, apex obtuse, rounded; color brownish-horn ; surface finely striated-rugulose, more coarsely so near the aperture; whorls 6!/4, gradually increas- ing ; suture rather deep ; the last whorl comparatively small, compressed in its inferior part, the base narrow, almost keeled; near the aperture a high, sharp bulging [crest] filled with a strong whitish callus, shining through the shell ; a narrow, deep constriction in front of it, and an impression over the palatal fold. Aperture rather small ; margins ab- ruptly but rather narrowly everted; lamellae and folds 3, white ; parietal rather deep-seated, long, spiral ; columellar perpendicular (along the columella), lamellar; palatal (the inferior) rather strong, often with a thread-like prolongation inward. Alt. 2.6, diam. 1.3 mm. (Sterki). Length 3.25, diam. above apert. 1.4 mm.; 7*4 whorls. Topotype. Length 2.75, diam. above apert. 1.3 mm. ; 61/2 whorls. Topotype. Length 3.05, diam. above apert. 1.4 mm. ; 7 whorls. Cloud- croft. Length 2.5, diam. above apert. 1.3 mm. ; 6 whorls. Cloud- croft. New Mexico: Whiteoaks (type loc.), Gilnaores, Mescale (E. H. Ashmun) ; James canyon, Cloudcroft, Sacramento Mts. (Rehn and Viereck) ; summit of Hacheta Grande, 8,500 ft., 164 PUPILLA, AMERICAN. Big Hachet Mts. (Pilsbry and Daniels) ; 14 miles northeast of Tucumcari, Cuervo River, San Miguel Co., and Turkey Creek, near Wagon Mound, Mora Co. (Dr. E. C. Case). Pupa (Pupilla) sonorana STERKI, Nautilus, xii, March, 1899, p. 128, with var. tenella, p. 129. --Pupilla sonorana Sterki, PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1915, p. 345.— WALKER, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 15, 1915, pp. 4, 5. P. sonorana differs from P. Uandi by its much longer parietal lamella (fig. 10) and the far greater impression of the last whorl preceding the crest (fig. 13). The colmnellar lamella is longer. P. syngenes dextroversa is a longer species with more whorls and less impressed base. In most lots seen there are longer, shorter and intermediate individuals. In one lot from Cloudcroft, in the Sacramento mountains, there are two examples with an upper-palatal tubercle also, making four teeth in all (pi. 19, fig. 12). This species would hardly be considered specifically distinct from P. triplicaia of Europe were it not that the two inhabit antipodal parts of the globe. P. sonorana form tenella (Sterki). Shell rather oblong or ovoid; the bulging in the palate less high, and only with a slight callus inside. Most specimens are less high than the types, 2.3 to 2.6 mm. (SterJci). New Mexico: Capitaii Mts. (Ashmun). The specimens before me, part of the original lot, differ very little from typical P. sonorana; the crest is often fully as high as in that, It seems scarcely separable as a race. One measures, length 2.7, diam. above aperture 1.45 mm. 5. PUPILLA HEBES (Ancey). PI. 18, figs. 1 to 4. ' ' Shell subcylindric, rather thin, rimate, obtuse at the apex, corneous-tawny, very minutely scarcely striatulate. Whorls 6-7, strongly convex, joined by a deep suture, regularly in- creasing, the last swollen towards the aperture, then deeply contracted. Aperture truncate-suboval, toothless, or provided with a small parietal tubercle, not thickened within. Peri- stome thin, reflected. Length 3.25, width 1.5 mm. (Ancey). PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 165 "P. hebes has so much affinity [to P. musconun] that I would have hesitated to separate them if it were not that all my specimens have the same peculiarity, the absence of a white calcareous deposit within the aperture ; a character as everyone knows, of P. muscorum." Idaho: Banks of Salmon River (Hemphill) ; near mouth of St. Charles canyon, west of St. Charles (Henderson and Daniels). Nevada : White Pine, type loc. ; near Austin, Lander Co. (Hemphill). Utah : Blue Mts. and on Monticello Creek, San Juan Co. (Ferriss). Arizona. : mountains and high country throughout the state from Coconiuo and Yavapai counties east, south to the Hua- chuca and Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co. (Ashmun, Ferriss and Pilsbry) ; usually between 5000 and 9500 ft., in humid localities or stations, often abundant. Pupa hebes C. F. D'ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, iii, April, 1881, p. 389.— PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 589, pi. 22, f. 9, 10. Not P. hebes PILSBRY, Nautilus, xi, p. 117. — Pupilla hebes (Anc.), PILSBRY & FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1911, p. 197, with Pupilla hebes kaibabensis, n. subsp. -FERRISS, Nautilus, vol. 34, p. 14, with mut. albesccns. Pupa arizonensis Gabb, W. G. BINNEY, 2d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 40, pi. 3, f. 12, specimen from Ancey. Not of Gabb. Pupilla muscorum idaho-ensis HENDERSON and DANIELS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1917, p. 57. The absence of a white or tawny callus within the lip dis- tinguishes P. hebes from typical P. muscorum. It never has teeth, such as P. blandi and many muscorum possess. There is a decided contraction behind the outer lip ; typically there is scarcely any crest, and no yellowish streak, but sometimes the crest is well developed. Length 4, diam. 1.85 mm., 7 whorls. Bill Williams Mt. Length 3.1, diam. 1.65 mm., 5% whorls. Bill Williams Mt. Length 3.5, diam. 1.6 mm., 7 whorls. Lander Co., Nev. Length 3.25, diam. 1.55 to 1.6 mm. Lander Co., Nev. 166 PUPILLA, AMERICAN. Length 2.7, diam. 1.65 mm., 6i/o whorls. Rucker Co., Chiri- cahuas. While P. hebes occurs near the eastern boundary of Ari- zona in Apache and Graham counties, it has not been found in New Mexico. The Utah localities are in the southeastern angle of the state. It has been reported from Tecumseh and Lawrence counties, Kansas, in river drift (Hanna, Nautilus, vol. 23, p. 94), but I have not seen these specimens, and their identity should be confirmed. An albino form, mut. albescens Ferriss, was taken among aspens at the Betatakin ruins in northern Arizona, small numbers being associated with many specimens of the usual chestnut-brown color. Similar albinos were taken in one place on Mt. Lemon, in the Santa Catalina range, also with brown specimens, 6 albinos to 122 brown shells. Form kaibabensis P. & F., from the Kaibab Saddle, north of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, was distinguished from hebes by its shorter form, length 2.7 to 2.8 mm., diam. 1.5 mm., 5y2 whorls. While all of the specimens from the northern en- virons of the Canyon were of this form, similar short ones also occur in other lots from south of the canyon in northern Arizona, sometimes associated with larger ones ; also in Rucker Canyon, in the Chiricahua Mts., where all are small. I now regard kaibabensis as a stunted or hunger form, the dimin- ished stature being probably traceable to locally unfavorable conditions which affect all individuals of a colony. It is probably not of racial significance. Pupilla muscorum idahoensis H. & D. (pi. 19, figs. 18, 19) resembles closely the hebes of Nevada, and does not seem to be racially distinct. It is not, in my opinion, a form of mus- corum. The crest is often strongly developed, as in muscorum, but very weak in other specimens. The lip is thin, as usual. It is from St. Charles, southern Idaho. Two measure : Length 3.3, diam. 1.47 ram. ; 614 whorls. Length 3.1, diam. 1.5 mm. ; 6 whorls. P. hebes nefas Pilsbry & Ferriss. PI. 18, figs. 5 to 8. The shell is sinistral, usually with a small parietal lamella ; PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 167 in oblique view in the aperture a columellar tubercle may be seen. It differs from P. syngenes by the absence of a crest behind the lip, though there is a wide, shallow contraction there. Length 4.2, diam. 1.75 mm., 7y3 whorls. Spud Rock. Length 3.65, diam. 1.9 mm., 7 whorls. S. Catalina Mts. Length 3.2, diam. 1.85 mm., 6y2 whorls. S. Catalina Mts. Arizona: Santa Catalina Mountains, Pima Co., abundant, generally distributed from 8000 to 9500 ft. ; Spud Kock, Bin- con Mts. ; Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co., at the head of Cove Creek, 8000 ft., and Pine Canyon, 7500 ft., type loc. (Ferriss). Pupilla hebes form nefas Pils. & Ferr., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1910, p. 135.— P. h. nefas PILS. & FERR., op. cit., 1918, p. 303. In the Chiricahuas this race was not found associated with the dextral hebes, which was taken in Rucker canyon. In the Santa Catalina and Rincou mountains it was found at 11 stations, often in large numbers, but in only one place, near Marshall Pass, were hebes and nefas found together. This sinistral race evidently appeared as a mutation some- where in southeastern Arizona, and as yet has spread over only a few ranges of that region. Nothing has been seen of it in the extensive regions north and northwest, inhabited by dextral hebes. 6. PUPILLA SYNGENES (Pilsbry). PI. 18, figs. 9, 10, 11. The shell is sinistral, cylindrical but somewhat wider above, blunt at each end ; cinnamon brown, or somewhat darker. Surface dull when fresh, delicately obliquely striate. Apex large, obtuse ; suture impressed ; whorls 8, the last one com- pressed and flattened around the lower-outer portion, its last third ascending on the next earlier whorl, and elevated into a high rounded ridge or crest a short distance behind the outer lip. Aperture slightly oblique, truncate-oval in form; the outer lip narrowly expanded, basal and columellar mar- gins broader ; about the middle of the parietal wall, or nearer the upper end, there is a small parietal lamella about one- fourth of a whorl long. Far within there may be seen a blunt columellar lamella; and most specimens exhibit far within the outer lip a tubercular lower-palatal fold. 168 PUPILLA, AMERICAN. Length 3.3, cliain. 1.75 mm. ; 8 whorls. Type, fig. 9. Length 4.15, diam. 1.7 ram. ; 9 whorls. Yavapai Co. Length 3, diam. 1.75 mm. ; 7 whorls. Grand Canyon. Pupa syngenes Pils., Nautilus, iv, p. 3, May, 1890, pp. 3r 39, pi. 1, f. 7 ; v, p. 39, pi. 2, f. 1, 2 ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1890, p. 296. - - BALL, Nautilus, viii, p. 35. - - PILSBRY & VAN- ATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 606, with form dextro- versa-. — DALL, Nautilus, vii, p. 35. — Pupilla syngenes PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1911, pp. 193-195, f. 7, with P. s. dex- trove-rsa, pp. 193-195, f. 6, 8, and P. s. avus, p. 196, f. 9.— Pupilla syngenes dextroversa P. & V., Cockerell, Nautilus, xxv, p. 59. — HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies, x, p. 57. NEW MEXICO: San Rafael, Valencia Co. (Ashmun). ARI- ZONA: Holbrook (Ashmun), Black Mesa (Ferriss), Navajo Co.; branch of Chinle Creek, Apache Co. (Ferriss) ; Jerome and Purtyman's ranch, Oak Creek, Yavapai Co. (Ashmun) ; upper levels of the Grand Canyon at Bright Angel trail and Fro. 1. — Pupilla syngenes Pils. Spectacle Cove near Bass Trail, Grand Canyon. Lengths 3.8, 3.5 and 3.2 mm. Bass trail (Pilsbry & Ferriss), and north of the river at numerous places on Powell and Kaibab Plateaus (Ferriss & Daniels). MONTANA: Beaver Creek, a trib. of Little Mis- souri R., in drift debris (Dall). This species differs from P. muscorum by the longer pari- etal lamella, the more numerous whorls, the last having a stronger crest and ascending further, the lip less expanded, and the shape, wider above. It is more nearly related to the PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 169 smaller P. sonorana, which occupies an area to the east and south of syngenes, the northern colonies of sonorana being separated from the nearest syngenes by the Rio Grande valley. The type specimen has no palatal tubercle, but in most colonies the lower-palatal is usually developed. There is great variation in length. A lot from Spectacle Cove, Bass trail, in the Grand Canyon, contains shells from 3 mm. long, of 7 whorls, to those 3.7 mm. of 8 whorls. Some of those from the Kaibab Plateau are very long, over 4 mm., of fully 9 whorls. Mut. nivea. At Marsh Pass, Black Mesa, Navajo Co., Ari- zona, Ferriss found beautiful albino specimens (pi. 18, fig. 11) together with the brown ones. This mutation also occurs in some Grand Canyon lots. "Pupilla, syngenes Pils. and P. syngenes dextroversa seek the well-drained hillsides where grass roots and spawls of stone lying upon the soil furnish shelter. So far they have not been gathered in deep forest conditions where pupas mostly congregate" (Ferriss). Both are arid country forms of the plateau of northern Arizona, apparently distributed generally, but not found far north of the Colorado river. The records from Montana and northern Colorado, far from the main herd, appear to indicate extension north in western Colorado or eastern Utah, regions as yet but little explored for shells. The record of a half specimen from Benson, Arizona (Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1915, p. 390), I now think was based on a sinistral specimen of some other species. The shape of the summit is not quite right for syngenes, and the later whorls are wanting. That locality lies several hundred miles from the nearest known locality for P. syngenes. P. syngenes dextroversa (P. & V.). Figs. 2, 3. Similar to the typical form, but dextral. The shell is sub- cyliudric, a little wider near the upper end. The last whorl is flattened laterally, with a strong, rounded crest followed by a deep constriction behind the lip, which is thin and very *. . i Ll B R A R ' j 170 PUPILLA, AMERICAN. narrowly expanded. The parietal lamella is slightly over one-fourth of a whorl long; the columellar lamella small and deeply immersed, and the lower palatal nodule well developed or weak, but invariably present in adult shells. Length 4, diam. 1.7 mm. ; 9 whorls. San Rafael. Length 3, diam. 1.6 mm. ; 7Vi> whorls. San Rafael. Length 4.5, diam. 1.8 mm. ; 10 whorls, Grand Canyon. Length 3.7, diam. 1.8 mm. ; 9 whorls. Grand Canyon. FIG. 2. — P. s. dextroversa P. & V. San Rafael, N. M. NEW MEXICO: San Rafael* (type loc., Ashmun), and Grant (Baily), Valencia Co. ARIZONA: Holbrook * (Ashmun); Grand Canyon, Bright Angel Trail,* and just below the south rim near Bass Camp (Ferriss & Pilsbry), and in Stone House Gulch, Kaibab Plateau* (Ferriss & Daniels). COLO- RADO: Tolland, Gilpin Co. (Cockerell) and Eldora, Boulder Co. (Henderson). At localities marked with a * it occurred in association with sinistral P. syngenes. This form differs from P. muscorum by the shape and num- ber of whorls of the shell, and the longer parietal lamella. P. s. dextroversa differs from P. syngenes only by the dex- tral coil. Since dextral forms are doubtless the more primi- tive in Pupilla, it is evidently dextroversa which perpetuates the original stock of the species. Perhaps it might be ranked as a mutation rather than a subspecies. In half of the local- ities given above, only dextral shells were found ; but at the PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 171 two in Colorado only single shells were taken. In a few colonies, so far as our information goes, the dextral form FIG. 3.— P. s. dextroversa P. & V. Bass Trail, Grand Canyon, about 200 ft. below the rim. Lengths 4.5 and 3.76 mm. occurs as a pure race, and many more colonies are of purely sinistral shells. The Colorado records quoted from Cockerell and Hender- son are widely detached from those in New Mexico and Ari- zona. All of the material from the latter states has been ex- amined by the wrriter. P. syn genes avus Pils. & Ferr. Fig. 4. Shell sinistral, the last whorl deviating tangentially and ascending ; teeth deeply immersed ; parietal lamella much longer than in P. syngenes or dextroversa, about a half -whorl long. Length 5.2, diam. 1.8 mm., whorls Length 4.3, diam. 1.7 mm., whorls Length 4.0, diam. 1.7 mm., whorls 9y2. Types no. 94,220 A. N. S. P., from upper slope of the Grand Canyon along the Mystic Spring or Bass Trail, about 200 feet below the rim; abundant with P. s. dextroversa. The special characters of this race, being those of senility, are unequally developed in different individuals. The figures give a fair idea of the variations. Finding these shells asso- 172 PUPILLA, EUROPE. elated with about an equal number of P. s. dextroversa of about the same size, we at first were disposed to think them all one race in which the shell was indifferently dextral or sinistral; but on closer study it appears that the dextral FIG. 4. — Papilla synyenes uvus, Cotypes. Lengths 5.2. 4, 4 and 4.2 mm. forms never have the last whorl and aperture abnormal nor are the teeth so deeply immersed, or the parietal lamella so long, while almost every sinistral shell collected in this colony is markedly distorted. It seems, therefore, that although the t\vo forms are of common origin and live together, the dif- ferent direction of the coil probably prevents interbreeding, thus segregating the sinistral stock, which in this colony is now in a late stage of senile degeneration. II. SPECIES OP EUROPE AND NORTHERN AFRICA. Like the American group, these present all stages in the degeneration of the teeth. Kecent European forms have 0 to 3 teeth, like the American, belonging to the section Pupilla. In Asia the more primitive group Primipupilla, species with 4 or 5 teeth, lingers on, associated with the modernized forms. The variations in teeth, in shape and development of the prelabial crest, have led to the naming of many "varieties", part of them true geographic races, many others being muta- PUPILLA, EUROPE. 173 tions complexly interrelated and of little significance from the standpoint of systeinatics alone. The varietal subdivi- sions of European PupillidsB are a creation of ignorance, stupidity, industry and insight, which an outsider can record but cannot systematize. P. poltavica, no. 21, a Russian Pleistocene species, is placed among the Asiatic forms in order to get it among its rela- tives in the section Primipupilla. Two undescribed species of Pupa have been referred to Pupilla. P. kuschakeivitzi v. Martens. Tkeso Narynkol, an unde- scribed Russian species, has been mentioned by Boettger as related to the Miocene P. rahti. Jalirb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 42, 1889, p. 254. [Pupa (Pupilla)] poupillieri Bourg. Algier. Paetel, Cata- log der Conch.-Sammlung von Fr. Paetel, 1873, p. 108. P. genesii Gredl. (vol. xxv, p. 204) is referred to Pupilla by Kobelt on account of the presence of inferior tentacles (Iconographie, 2 ser., viii, p. 82). Series of P. muscorum (Pupilla proper). The aperture has 0 to 3 (rarely 4) teeth, no angular lamella. Embryonic whorls minutely, weakly granose, or with a net-work of slightly impressed lines separating flat, irregularly rounded grains, mosaic-like. 7. PUPILLA MUSCORUM (L.). PI. 20, figs. 1 to 7. The shell is shortly rimate, cylindric, auburn or some similar brown shade, white or light behind the lip, moderately solid. Summit rounded, obtuse. First 1% whorls nearly smooth, the rest with fine, blunt, uneven striation, moderately convex ; last half of the last whorl tapering downward, com- pressed, rising to the aperture, having a strong whitish crest near and parallel to the outer and basal lip. The aperture is somewhat oblique, truncate-rounded, typically without teeth (but in various varieties or mutations provided with one to three teeth) . Peristome narrowly reflected outwardly, broadly on the columellar side, having a strong pale callus within. 174 PUPILLA, EUROPE. Fig. 2. Length 4.6, diam. 1.95 mm., 7 whorls. Huustan- ton, England. Fig. 1. Length 4, diam. 1.8 mm., 6% whorls. Hunstautou. Fig. 3. Length 3.15, diam. 1.75 mm., 6 whorls. Pensarm, N. Wales. Fig. 4. Length 2.7, diam. 1.7 mm., 5*4 whorls. Pensarm, N. Wales. Fig. 7. Length 3.5, diam. 1.65 mm., 7 whorls. Calvados. Fig. 6. Length 2.6, diam. 1.6 mm., 6 whorls. Calvados. Palaearctic Region, generally distributed over Europe, north Africa, northern and central Asia, south to Persia; part of North America. Turbo muscorum L., Syst. Nat,, x, p. 767.— HANLEY, Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 352, pi. 4, f. 6, Linne's type specimen. — Pupa muscorum L., EOSSMAESSLER, Iconographie, i, p. 83, f. 37 ; v, f. 323.— KUESTER, Syst. Conch. Cab., Pupa, p. 12, pi. 2, f. 1-5. -PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 311 ; iii, 536 ; iv, 665 ; vi, 304.— WESTER- LUND, Fauna, 1887, p. 121.— MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. France, ii, 1855, p. 392, pi. 28, f . 5-15, with var. edentula. - - WIEG- MANN, Jahrb. D. M. Ges., iii, p. 212 (radula of immature stages). — KENNARD and WOODWARD, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 194 (Pliocene of England and Amsterdam). — GODWIN- AUSTEN, P. Mai. Soc., iii, 260 (Pangkong Lake and Ladak, Kashmir, and Yarkand. - - HILBER, S. B. Math.-Nat, Cl. K. Akad. Wissensch., Wien, 88 Bd., 1 Abth., 1884, p. 1376, pi. 6, f. 9 (localities in Prov. Kan-su, China, etc.). — Pupilla mus- corum L., BECK, Index Molluscorum, 1837, p. 84 (with var. a, normalis, = typical form). — BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturkunde, 42, 1889, p. 263.--GUDE, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii, p. 282. — SCHLESCH, Land- og vatna-lindyr a Islandi, 1921, p. 16 (Iceland). — Pupa (Pupilla) muscorum var. eden- tula- SLAVIK, Archiv naturwiss. Landesdurchforschung von Bohmen, i, sect, iv, 1868, p. 110 (Bohemia, with the 1-toothed and the 2-toothed muscorum}.-- A. WEBER, Abh. K. Bayer. Ak. Wiss., xxvi, 5 Abh., 1913, p. 17 (localities in Thian-Shan). — Jaminia muscorum m. sinistrorsum and var. alba J. W. BALDWIN, Journ. of Conch., xi, 1904, p. 11 (Abersoch, North ^\rales). — KENNARD & WOODWARD, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 34, Zool., 1920, p. 209 (Linnean type). PUPILLA, EUROPE. 175 Pupa umdentata C. PFEIFFER, Syst. Anord. u. Beschreib. deutscher Land- und Siisswasser-Schnecken, 1821, p. 58, pi. 3, f. 19, 20. Pupa bidentata C. PFEIFFER, Syst. Anord. u. Beschreib. deutscher Land- und Siisswasser-Schn., 1821, p. 59, pi. 3, f. 21, 22 (Schlosse zu Felsburg). Pupa marginata DRAPARNAUD, Tableau Moll. Fr., 1801, p. 58; Histoire, p. 61, pi. 3, f. 36-38. — JEFFREYS, Brit, Conch., ii, 1862, p. 249, and of many European authors. Pupilla simplex LOCARD, Ann. d'Agricult. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 217; Couchyl. Fr., 1894, p. 329 (toothless form of muscorum) . Pupa masclaruana PALADILHE, Nouv. Misc. Malac., i, 1866, p. 11, pi. 1, f. 1-3. P. muscorum is characterized by the strong whitish crest, the thickening within the lip, weak striation, and absence or, when present, the small size of the parietal and lower palatal teeth. There is usually no columellar tooth or nodule, but in the Rocky Mountains a small columellar tooth is frequent, and Boettger has noted its presence in a Marseilles specimen. Varieties according to the teeth. — Shells having the typical shape of muscorum (which varies, however, from short to long in the same colonies) are classed by the number of teeth, in three (or four) varieties, spread over the whole European range of the species. 1. Without teeth (pi. 20, fig. 1). This is the typical form of muscorum; the name var. edentula Moq. used by many authors and simplex of Locard are superfluous. It sometimes occurs in pure colonies, more frequently associated with the following. 2. Having a short parietal but no other teeth (pi. 20, fig. 3). The earliest name for this form is mut. marginata Drap. It is generally called var. unidentata C. Pfr. The commonest European form by far, often occurring writh the preceding and less commonly with the following forms. , 3. Having short parietal and lower-palatal teeth (pi. 20, fig. 7). This is mut. masclaryana Palad., which was based upon an unusually short shell, pi. 20, figs. 16, 17. It has 176 PUPILLA, EUROPE. generally been called var. bigranata Rossm., but that appears to be a special Central European form considered a separate species by some authors. I do not know that masclanjana ever occurs in pure colonies; it is associated with the pre- ceding. 4. Var. tridentata, Jeffreys has three teeth, one on the colu- mella being added. Recent naturalists do not appear to have noticed it, and it is not to be found in the Jeffreys collection. However, it seems to be what has been called var. glis Wes- terlund. This is a case where three forms have been initiated by the loss of teeth by successive mutations; probably these muta- tions have time and again occurred independently. They cannot properly be ranked as subspecies, but rather as muta- tions. Other mutations have the shell white or reversed, long or short ; these are independent of tooth mutations. Other named tooth-mutations follow below, the original accounts being given in all cases. Draparnaud in the Tableau, 1801, denned Pupa marginata thus: "Coq. ouverture 1-plissee; peristome garni exterieure- inent d'un bourrelet blanc. Long. 3 mill., diam. 2 in. 6 tours." In the H'istoire, 1806, he enlarged the definition to include specimens with a lower-palatal fold ; yet this later description apparently included some shells we would not now include in muscorwm, such as those having "une dent ou lame qui se prolonge en tournant dans 1'interieur de la coquille." It is evident that marginata can be properly used only for the form usually termed unidentata, This is what Draparnaud first described, and later figured. Mut, lidentata C. Pfr. was evidently an abnormal shell, having two blunt denticles standing close together on the parietal wall. Mut. tridentata Jeffr. A remarkable variety, the arrange- ment of the teeth being the same as in P. tridentata [ ? tripli- cata]. Between Bex and St. Maurice, Switzerland (Pupa muscorum var. tridentata Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xv, 1855, p. 22). Mut. masclaryana Paladilhe. PI. 20, figs. 16, 17. Shell PUPILLA, EUROPE. 177 minute, rirnate-perforate, obese-ventricose, rather solid, quite opaque, corneous, under the lens very sharply striatulate; spire obese, obtusely tapering, at the apex paler. Whorls G1/^, a little convex, regularly and slowly increasing, separated by .a strongly impressed suture, the last whorl one-third the alti- tude, regularly ascending, at the base a little compressed, at the aperture constricted-subplanulate behind the external lip of the peristome. Aperture small, a little oblique, lunate- coarctate, biplicate ; one parietal fold, very minute and deeply placed, the other fold palatal, stronger, white and im- mersed ; peristome lightly thickened within, subacute, some- what expanded at the base and columella, externally having a whitish, roughened lip ; margins joined by a thin callus. Alt. 3, diain. 2 mm. Under stones at the entrance of the Valette near Montpellier (Paladilhe). Mut. glis Westerlund). PL 20, fig. 20. Perforate-rimate, -ovate-cylindric, densely striatulate, rufescent; whorls 6Vo, a little convex, separated by a little impressed, margined suture, slowly increasing, the last ascending, at the aperture de- scending, anteriorly with a widely diffused white callus, sep- arated from the lip by a groove. Aperture semicircular, mar- gins distant, strongly lipped within, having a high, long parietal lamella, and within the palate behind the outer margin two strong, granule-like teeth. Length 3, diam. 1% mm. England: Yorkshire (J. Ponsonby) ; Brandon, Suffolk (Chester, Mayfield). Pupa (Pupilla) muscorum Lin. var. glis WESTERLUND, Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges., Aug. 1893, p. I20.—Jaminia tripli- cata Studer CHASTER, Journ. of Conch., xi, p. 319 (Brandon, Suffolk, England) ; cf. DEAN and TOMLIN, Journ. of Conch., xv, 1917, p. 165, fig. 2. Dean and Tornlin have shown that the English form is a form of muscorum, lighter in color than typical, with more solid shell; "some are bidentate, while others have in addi- tion a deep-seated callosity on the columella, difficult to see from any point of view. ' ' It seems to be what Jeffreys called var. tridentata. 178 PUPILLA, EUROPE. Various color and shape mutations follow; perhaps some of them are geographic races. Mut. albino, (Menke, Syn. rneth. Moll., 1828, p. 18. name only), Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Fr., ii, 392. Shell entirely whit- ish. France. Also in England, Somersetshire, Oxfordshire. Worcestershire ; as var. alba- Baldwin in North "Wales. Mut. sinistrorsa Baldwin. A siiiistral individual. North. Wales. Mut. brevis Bandon. Very short. Dep. Oise (Pupa mus- corum var. brevis Bandon, Nouv. Catal. Moll. Dep. de 1'Oise, 1862, p. 27). Also reported from England (J. of Conch., iv, 376; 2x1.5 mm., toothless) and under various names from many countries. The name is preoccupied. Mut, abbreviate 'Ulicny' Clessin. PL 20, fig. 8. Short- ened; whorls more slowly increasing and narrower. Length 2.5, diam. 1.4 mm. Mahren, Polauer mountains near Briinn (Pupilla muscorum var. abbreviata Ulicny in schedis, Clessin, Molluskenfauna Oesterreich-Ungarno u. der Schweiz, 1887, p. 257, f. 157. Mut. minor West. Compact, with 6 convex whorls; mar- gins of the peristome approaching one another. 3 x 1.75 mm., no loc. (Pupa muscorum forma minor Westerluud, Fauna, 1887, p. 121). Mut. pratensis Clessiu. PI. 20, fig. 9. Larger and broader, thinner shelled, darker brown with parietal tooth weak or lacking. 3.5 x 1.9 mm. Southern Bavaria. (Clessin, Fauna von Augsburg, 1871, p. 101 ; Molluskenfauna Oesterreich- Ungarns u. Schweiz, 1887, p. 256, f. 155). "Apparently spread over the entire region, but so far certainly taken only in Moravia (Mahren). Found only on very moist meadows with peat subsoil." Figure from Clessin. Mut. elongata. Clessin. PL 20, fig. 10. Shell longer, of more cylindric form, consisting of 8 whorls. Length 3-8, diam. 1.7 mm. On cold, calcareous meadows, Germany (Pupa muscorum var. elonyata Clessin, Deutsche Excursious-Mollus- ken-Fauna, 1876, p. 202. PUPILLA, EUROPE. 179 lu the Mollusken-fauna Oesterreich-Ungarns, 1887, p. 256, Clessin gives the length as 4, diam. 1.5 nun. He says that it is distributed apparently over the entire region, but scattered individually among normal examples. Mut. milaschevitschi Lindholm. Shell elongate-cylindric, dark rufous-brown, the cervical callus paler; whorls 7-8, the last distinctly ascending in front; aperture always having a nodiform tooth in the palate below the middle (and very rarely an obsolete, punctiform tooth on the parietal wall). Alt. 3.5 to 4, width 1.6 to 1.7 mm. Russia: Gouvemement Ssimbirsk, in low, moist parts of a shady garden in Staro-Timoschkino. Also in two places in the Moskow Gouvernernent. Stands very near var. elongata Cless. but differs by the constant palatal tooth (Pupilla- muscorum var. milaschevitschi Lindholm, Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 43, March, 1911, p. 39). P. MUSCORUM ASIATICA Mlldff. Always toothless; form more elongate ; palatal callus weaker. High Asia : Ladak, many places in Turkestan ; western Himalaya. Kukunor region, Prov. Gan-su, China; Bo-hua- shan, near Peking (Pupilla muscorum L. subsp. asiatica Moel- lendorff, Annuaire Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., vi, 1901, p. 381). According to Andreae, P. m. var. elongata Cless. is widely spread in central Asia and western China, largely in the loess (Futterer's Durch Asien, iii, 1911, p. 70). What he had is evidently Moellendorff's subsp. asiatica, which does not ap- pear to differ in characters from the European mutation elon- gata. In Central Asia, however, the long form may have racial constancy. P. MUSCORUM LUNDSTROMI (West.). Shell ovate-cylindric, glossy, brown. Whorls convex, the last somewhat higher but shorter than the penult, above strongly and extended ascending with a narrow transverse callus [crest] colored like the rest of the shell, at the aperture, compressed below. Aperture ovate-rounded ; peristome very narrowly reflected ; outer margin strongly arcuate above, in- 180 PUPILLA, EUROPE. serted above the middle of the penult whorl. Coluniellar margin somewhat extended. Length 3%, diam. 1% mm. or smaller ( Westerlund ) . Siberia: Jenissei, 69° 15' N. Lat. ; Pupkowskij, 64° 42'. Norway: Lofoten Is. Sweden, Iceland, Turkestan, along the Kisilart river, in the alpine meadows. Pupa muscorum var. lundstromi WESTERLUND, Nachr. D. Malak. Ges, viii, 1876, p. 98; Siberiens Moll., in Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., xiv, no. 12, 1876, p. 41 ; Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., iii, 1898, p. 181. --Pupa lund- stromi WEST., Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 122. The extended and strongly ascending last whorl, and ab- sence of a white callus behind the lip differentiate this from innscorum, of which it is doubtless a subspecies. Von Mar- tens has erroneously placed it as a synonym of P. signata. P. MUSCORUM INOPS (Reinh.). PI. 20, figs. 12, 13. The palatal folds are entirely lacking, and the teeth of the parietal wall and columella are much more weakly developed [than in P. triplicata] , becoming thereby similar to P. muscorum, from which it is separated by the smaller size, the delicate struc- ture of the shell as well as by the tooth on the columella (Reinh.). Transcaucasus : Borschom, type loc. ; Mamudly ; on the Kasbek. [Pupa triplicata] var. inops REINHARDT, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., iv, 1877, p. 79, pi. 3, f. 3. --Pupa muscorum var. cau- casica BOETTGER, Jahrb., vi, 1879, p. 399 ; vii, p. 136. — P. tri- plicata var. cylindrata BOETTGER, Jahrb., vii, 1879, p. 26. Var. cylindrata was thus defined : It is somewhat larger than the middle European form of P. triplicata, has a length of 3 mm., breadth iy2 mm., with 6-7 whorls, and is distin- guished by the entire lack of all teeth, even usually the colu- mellar tooth. Mamudly. Boettger subsequently recognized its identity with inops and caucasica. Westerlund agrees with Reinhardt in placing this form as a variety under triplicata, while Boettger subordinates it to muscorum. I have not seen it. PUPILLA, EUROPE. 181 Descriptions of forms considered synonyms of muscorum follow. Pupilla saliniensis 'Bgt.' Locard. Subcylindric, a little elongate ; 7 quite convex whorls, suture quite deep ; umbilicus moderate ; aperture relatively small, quite round ; peristome interrupted, a. little thick, quite reflected, with a strong, white, external crest; one dentiform superior fold, exactly median, a little immersed ; shell a little thin, corneous light red, a little transparent, ornamented with fine stria?. Alt. •'!'-, diam. li/4 mm. Rare. Salins (Jura). (Locard, Ann. d'Agricult. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 217; Conchyl. Fr., 1894, 329.) Var. transsilvanica Kimakowicz. The Transylvanian form is distinguished from that of Western Europe by the quite flat whorls, separated by very shallow suture, and further by the almost invariable lack of the denticle on the parietal wall (the palatal denticle is never present), and by the relatively weakly developed peristomial callus. The size varies from, alt. 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm., 6 whorls, to 3.7 : 1.7, 7 whorls (Pupilla muscorum var. transsilvanica Kim., Verh. u. Mittheil. Sieben- biirg. Ver. naturwiss. in Hermaimstadt, xl, 1890, p. 106). Var. gabrielensis De Gregorio. PI. 20, figs. 14, 15. A little, very elegant, cylindric species, mammillate, having a strongly developed tooth on the coluniellar lip, properly speaking; it is mainly from this character that I have proposed this variety. Sargente del Gabriele near Palermo ; beech woods of Madonie and S. Giro near Palermo (Pupa muscorum L. Mull. var. gabrielensis De Gregorio, II Nat. Sicil., xiv, Sept. 1895, p. 205 ; referring to Benoit 's figures of Pupa muscorum, 111. sist. crit. icon. test, estramar. Sicilia, pi. 5, f. 41). Benoit 's figures are copied and De Gregorio 's description translated. It is prob- ably of no racial value, merely a Sicilian " unidentata" or rnut. marginata. 8. PUPILLA AUCAPITAINIANA (Bgt.). PL 20, figs. 18, 19. Shell minute, deeply and very narrowly umbilicate, globu- ose or ventricosely suboblong, thin, fragile, glossy, pellucid, smooth, pale corneous or slightly greenish corneous. Spire obese, at the apex obtuse. Whorls 5!/2 to 6, convex, regularly, slowly increasing, separated by an impressed suture ; the last whorl a little larger, rounded at base, straightened at the in- 182 PUPILLA, EUROPE. sertion of the outer margin and lightly dilated near the aper- ture. Aperture a little oblique, seiniovate ; peristonie white- thickened, fragile, a little expanded throughout, the margins approaching. Length 3, diani. 2 mm. (Bgt.). Algeria: Forest of Edough, near Bone, at the foot of trees, under moss and dead leaves (Leto-urneux} . Pupa aucapitainiana BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii, 1864, p. 93, pi. 6, f. 17-19. 9. PUPILLA BIORANATA (Rossm.). PI. 20, figs. 22, 23. Shell very small, very narrowly perforate, oval-cyliiidric, obtuse, brown, rather smooth, without luster, thin, somewhat translucent. Aperture half-ovate. Peristome with separated insertions, with a very narrowly reflected border, the neck behind it at first contracted, then encircled with a callous ring. A small tooth on the parietal wall and one in the palate. Length l1/^, width % lines; whorls 6 to 7 (Ross- maessler). Germany: Homiingeii am Ehein; old Middle-Pleistocene sand of Mosbach and young Middle-Pleistocene loess of Schier- steiii (Boettger) ; loess near Wiesbaden (Roemer), and of Selki im Kreis Poltawa, Russia (Bttg.). Pupa bigranata ROSSMAESSLER, Iconographie Land u. Sussw.-Moll., ii, 1839, p. 27, pi. 49, f. 6±5—Piipttla Ugranata (Rssm.) BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk., 42, 1889, p. 2G1. Decidedly smaller than P. margiuata [== mitscorum] and further differing by the invariable palatal tooth, otherwise very closely related (Rossmaessler) . Boettger remarks that it is separated from P. cupa, which is of the same size, by the flatter whorls and the weaker stria- tion of the shell. As P. cupa appears hitherto to have been found in alpine and subalpine, P. bigranata only in level districts, it might not be amiss to comprehend both as synon- ymous. But he gives warning that Rossmaessler 's shell is not to be confused with the var. maschiri/iiiHi Pal. of P. mus- corum, which also has parietal and palatal teeth, but is always of the size of muscorum. PUPILLA, EUROPE. is:; The status of bigranata cannot be considered settled, but for the purpose of this work Boettger's view is accepted. 10. PUPILLA ALPICOLA (Charpentier). PL 21, figs. 16 to 18. A little larger than the preceding [P. marginata Drap., muscorum auct.]. Very rare. Mont Gedroz, Vallee de Bagne (Charp.). Switzerland: Mont Gedroz, Vallee de Bagne (Charp.); Tour de Bavon, Valais, 2450-2481 meters (Piaget). Pupa alpicola CHARP., Cat. Moll. Swisse, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helvet. Sci. Nat., i, 1837, p. 16, pi. 2, f. 5.— ? KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, 1848, p. 102, pi. 14, f. 3-5. PFR., Monogr., 11, 305). — Pupilla alpicola Ch., PIAGET, Revue Suisse de Zool., xxi, June 1913, p. 473, pi. 14, f. 20. Pupa muscorum var. madida GREDLER, Tirol's Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien, Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. in Wien, vi, 1856, p. 113. --KOBELT in Iconographie (2), viii, p. 80, pi. 233, f. 1507. - - [Pupa] madiola WESTERLUND, Fauna, 1887, p. 124 (typog. err.). Closely related to P. cupa. According to Clessiu, his Pupa muscorum var. pratensis is equal to madida. Westerlund (NachrbL, 1875, p. 73; Fauna, 1887, p. 123) considers alpicola to be a variety of P. sterri. Clessin admits this for Kuester's figures, but thinks Charpentier 's shell is madida Gredler. Piaget also takes this view, giving a new figure of alpicola, our pi. 21, fig. 18. Charpentier 's original figures are reproduced, a little enlarged by photography, in pi. 21, figs. 16, 17. P. alpicola saxetana Piaget. PL 21, figs. 14, 15. Shell with a quite long umbilical crevice, dilated at its margin, finely and regularly striate, a little more than in the type, very short and wide, very ventricose, oval-eylindric, with very little gloss, brown ; summit very much rounded. Only 5 whorls, very convex, increasing more rapidly than in the type, the suture deep. Aperture quite large, normal in shape, rounded. Peristome lightly margined with white within, quite thin; columellar margin little oblique, narrow, better margined 184 PUPILLA, EUROPE. than the others; without an external crest. One very small, inconspicuous parietal tooth often wanting. Differs from the type by the very short, wide, strongly swollen shell; minutely striate. Suture and deuticulation normal. Whorls 5, strongly convex. Length 2.25 to 2.75, width 1.5 to 1.75 mm. Alps: margins of the lac des Veaus and some examples at the summit of the col between Mont- gond and Mont-gele (Valais), 2550-2735 meters (PiipUla alpi- cola var. saxetana Piaget, Malacologie Alpestre, in Revue Suisse de Zool., xxi, June 1913, p. 496, pi. 14, f. 21, 22. The description follows of [Pupa- muscorum] var. madida Gredler (pi. 21, figs. 21, 22, after Kobelt). -- Shell much broader with the usual or even smaller length, thinner shelled, more cylindric, with blunter summit and more convex whorls ; umbilical cavity wider ; cervical callus inconspicuous, colored like the rest of the shell; peristome not lipped, the aperture thereby larger; anteriorly in the palate a rudimen- tary, punctiforai tooth; the margins of the peristome some- what approaching (Gredler). Austrian Tyrol : Salten bei Botzen, 5000 ft. elevation, on moss at the border of a meadow spring, type loc. 11. PUPILLA HONESTA (Westerhuid). Shell rimate-umbilicate, cylindric, with rounded apex, densely, regularly striatulate, tawny or whitish ; whorls 7- 71/0, convex, slowly increasing, the last provided with a thin longitudinal sulcus below the middle, posteriorly abruptly de- scending, horizontal below, compressed, anteriorly dilated, surrounded with a narrow, transverse, whitish callus, above slowly but strongly ascending; suture impressed. Aperture small, suboval, 3-toothed, 1 parietal within, 1 deeply placed columellar, nodiform and sometimes obsolete, 1 pliciform palatal, elongate behind the base ; peristome thickened, mar- gins joined by a. callus, thickened nodule-like at the external insertion. Length 4, diam. 2 mm. (West.). Italy (Parreyss). Pupa (Pupilla) honesta WESTERLUND, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges.r xxiv, December, 1892, p. 194. "Related to P. sterri Voith." PUPILLA, EUROPE. 185 12. PUPILLA HALLERIANA (Charp.). Shell shortly riniate, oblong-cylindric, obtuse at apex, stri- atulate, under a lens most minutely granulate, rather shin- ing, reddish-corneous; whorls 7, a little convex, regularly in- creasing, the last with a short, obtuse basal crest, outwardly marked with a scar, compressed, encircled with a narrow callus of the color of the shell (not whitish) before the semi- oval, toothless aperture; peristome a little reflected, without an internal callus joining the margins. Alt, 3-31/., diam. 2- 2i/o (Charp.). Switzerland: in marshy meadows, Tedunum, Saxon, Oeto- durum, Roche; not far from the home of the great Haller himself (Mousson, Venetz, Charpentier) ; under stones and at the roots of grass in wet meadows at Vish, Chable and an- other place in the Vallee de Bagnes. 1250 to 2500 ft. eleva- tion (Jeffreys). Pupa halleriana CHARPENTIER in Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xv, Jan. 1855, p. 27. It differs from P. cupa by the very minutely granulose shell, not simply striatulate ; last whorl is obtusely and shortly compressed at base, aperture constantly toothless in more than 100 specimens seen, without a parietal fold, semi- oval, not rounded-trigonal, and the margins are not connected by a callus. From P. marginata var. edentula [P. muscorum] it is easily distinguished by the slightly larger size, the shell more contracted, callus behind the aperture narrower, colored like the shell, not whitish, and by the scrobiculation at the cervical callus at base. That species inhabits dry, P. halleri- ana marshy places (Charp.). Thought by Boettger, with good reason, to be a fonii of madida (alpicola-), but Westerlund dissents. Not identified since its description, though it appears from the original account to be somewhat common. No specimens are contained in the Jeffreys' collection. 13. PUPILLA CUPA (Jan). PI. 23, figs. 1 to 4. Shell small, rimate, cylindric with very obtuse summit, finely but regularly striate, having a satin luster, thin, red- 186 PUPILLA, EUROPE. dish brown, translucent. 6-7 convex, very slowly increasing whorls separated by a deep suture, the last somewhat com- pressed below, with arched neck, rapidly ascending in front, broadly contracted behind the peristome and encircled with a sharp, whitish crest. Aperture roundish, relatively small, yellowish flesh-colored, lipped within, generally 3-toothed, with one tooth on the parietal wall, a strong one on the colu- mella and one in the palate ; the latter sometimes consists of two tubercles, showing through outside, connected by a whit- ish lamella. Frequently it is wanting entirely ; also the colu- mellar tooth often is lacking, and even the parietal. The peristome is nearly uuexpanded, sharp, the outer margin rounded. Length 3, diani. 1.5 mm. (Kobelt). Near and in the Bavarian and Tyrolese Alps, Wiirttemberg ; Piedmont, Switzerland; according to Westerlund also in the Tatra, in Galizia ; a variety in Transcaspia and northwestern China. Pupa cupa JAN, Mantissa, 1820, p. 3. — PFR., Mou. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 327. - - KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 122, pi. 16, f. 6-8. -- CLESSIN, Fauna Oesterreich-Ungarns, p. 257, f. 158. — KOBELT, in Rm., Iconographie Land u. Siisswasser. Moll. (2), viii, 1889, p. 80, pi. 233, f. 1506, 1509. Pupa sterrii VON VOITH in Fuemrohr's Naturhist. u. Topo- graphic von Regensburg, 1838, p. 409 (Abach near Regens- burg). — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 313. — CLESSIN, Excursions moll. (2), p. 246, f. 141. - - BOETTGER, Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 1884, p. 48. - - WESTERLUND, Fauna, 1887, iii, p. 122. - - KOLASIUS, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., 49, 1917, p. 37 (distribution in Ger- many).— CLESSIN, Berichte Naturwiss. Vereines Regensburg, xiii, 1911-12, p. 82 (1912; reprint of orig. descr. of P. sterri). —Pupa (Pupilla) sterri v. Voith, GEYER, Jabresh. Ver. vaterl. naturkunde Wiirttemberg, Ixiii, 1907, p. 422 (habits and dist. in Germany). -- Pupa steerii KUESTER, Syst. Conch. Cab., Pupa, p. 14, pi. 2, f. 5, 6. — Pupa aridula Held, KUESTER. t. c., p. 14, pi. 2, f. 8-10 (Bavaria: auf Anhohen an trockneu Felsen bei Eichstadt, Regensburg, sparlich auch unweit Mun- ch en : Held). — PFR., Monogr., ii, 312. From its two nearest relatives, P. muscorum and P. tripli- PUPILLA, EUROPE. 187 cata, it differs by the stronger striation ; in stature it stands between them (Kobelt). D. Geyer, who has collected the species in many places in "Wiirttemberg and Bavaria, notes that it is a limestone and warmth-loving species and prefers Jura cliffs upon which the rays of the midday and afternoon sun fall unhindered. It does not crawl 011 the rocks but is restricted to the mould in ledges of disintegrating cliffs and the rhizomes of the cliff verdure, preferably grasses. If one would collect them he must pull up the plants and sieve the fine black earth. Figures of the synonymous Pupa sterrii (pi. 23, fig. 5) and P. aridula (pi. 23, fig. 10) are reproduced from Kuester. Var. carpathica Kim. The Transsylvanian form differs from that of western Europe in having the aperture con- stantly toothless, or at most and rarely the denticle on the parietal wall is scarcely indicated. Also the apertural callus is never more than moderately developed. Tordaer Felsspalte and other places (Pupilla cupa var. carpathica Kimakowicz, Verh. u. Mittheil. Siebenbiirg. Ver. nat. in Hermamistadt, xl, 1890, p. 108). Var. cmigrata West. Shell thin, brown, without vestige of a cervical callus; aperture semirotund, entirely toothless; peristome thin, simple, straight. Length 3, diam. 1% mm. Mt. Pindus, Greece (Pupilla cupa var. emigrata Westerluud, Synops. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palaearc., i, 1897, p. 107). Var. turkestanica West. Shell of the size of P. muscorum, widely perforate, cylindric, corneous, obsoletely striatulate. Whorls 6 i/o, regular, the last longer, double the alt. of the penult, ascending for a long distance, at the aperture with a white swelling in place of the callus, flattened towards the base, posteriorly straightly sloping; aperture lipped, with a high, deeply placed parietal lamella, a small conic tooth on the columella, and one palatal fold, elongate, short or tuber- culiform ; margins distant, the outer strongly, subrectangu- larly arcuate above. Length 3, diam. 1% to 2 mm. Turke- stan. There is a variety entirely toothless or with a parietal denticle (Pupilla cupa var. turkestanica Westerlund, Synops., 1897, p. 108). 188 PUP1JL,LA, EUROPE. The cylindric stature, the deep suture, the great convexity of the regularly striate whorls, the form of the umbilical per- foration and the aperture are entirely those of P. cupa Jan; only the denticulation is evidently weaker; out of 10 speci- mens from the Agh-dagh 7 are toothless and only 3 have a rather weak parietal tooth, but neither columellar (which ap- pears to be exceptional in the typical form) nor palatal teeth (Boettger}. Andreae remarks that "it is chiefly distinguished from the type by the degeneration or lack of teeth. We see in this character a repetition of the similar characteristic of the Asiatic P. mu scorn m. " He reports it from the Kiike-nur region and many places in Thibet and western China, chiefly in loess. P. cupa turcmenia Boettger. PI. 23, figs. 6 to 9. Differs from the type by the thinner shell, the last whorl little ascend- ing, the margins of the aperture less enlarged, either tooth- less or provided with only a small parietal tooth. Alt. 3-3Vs> diam in the middle 1% mm. (Bttg.). Transcaspia, on the peak of Agh-dagh in Kopet-dagh, 9,000- 10,000 ft, above the sea, abundant (Dr. A. Walter) ; debris of the Juldus on the southern spur of the Thian-shaii in N. W. China, in large numbers ; loess of Prov. Kan-su ; Thibet. Pupilla cupa var. turcmenia, BOETTGER, Zool. Jahrbiicher, Abth. f. Syst. etc., iv, 27th Dec., 1889, p. 958, pi. 26, f. 3a-c - Pupa (Pupilla) cupa Jan var. turcmenia Boettger in sched., ANDREAE, Land- uud Siisswasserschnecken aus Zentral- uud Ost-Asien, p. 71, f. ii, in Futterer's Durch Asien, iii, 1911; Mittheil Romer-Museum, Hildesheim, no. 11, April, 1900, p. 11, f. ii (Loess of Kumbun, Kan-su). The figures of Boettger, representing recent specimens (figs. 8, 9) and of Andreae showing those of the Chinese loess (figs. 6, 7) are reproduced. 14. PUPILLA ( ?) NEUMEYERI (Krister). PI. 20, fig. 24. Shell small, umbilicate, obtuse, ovate-cylindric, of few whorls, opaque, pale corneous, subdiaphanous; \vhorls rather PUPILLA, EUROPE. 189 flat, narrow, the suture rather deep. Aperture oblique, ovate; parietal wall one-toothed. Length I1/-;, diam. 1 line; 7 whorls. Dalmatia : crevices of cliffs of the island Lissa. Pupa neumeyeri KUESTER, Syst. Conch. Cab., Pupa, 1848, p. 56, pi. 7, f. 15, 16. Kiister remarks that it is related to P. muscorum in shape, but. somewhat less blunt, and easily distinguished by the pecu- liarly formed aperture. It is very finely, almost inconspic- uously striate. The 7 whorls are nearly flat, the last strongly contracting below. The rounded parietal tooth is fold-like ; peristome straight, hardly thickened; a strong callus on the neck. The figure looks like a Lauria rather than Pupilla. It is a lost species, known only by the original account. 15. PUPILLA TRIPLICATA (Studer). PI. 21, figs. 11, 12, 13. The shell is dextral, much smaller than P. muscorum, with a very minute, round perforation ; cylindric Math very blunt summit, smooth or hardly visibly striate, cinnamon-colored, thin, with some luster. 6 to 7 very slowly increasing whorls, moderately convex, with rather deeply impressed suture, the last half-whorl flattened, usually impressed over the lower- palatal fold, having a high, rounded crest behind the lip, fol- lowed by a deep, narrow constriction. The aperture is trun- cate-rounded, armed some distance within with three teeth: a deeply entering parietal lamella, its inner half low, a nod- ular columellar lamella, and a rather long lower-palatal fold, tapering inwardly. The peristome has a thin, narrow reflec- tion and is but little thickened within, the margins converging. Length 2.8, diam. 1.45 mm. ; 6% whorls. Switzerland. Length 2.8, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 6y2 whorls. Mt. Roland (Jura). Length 2.3, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 5% whorls. Mt. Roland (Jura) . Length 2.95, diam. 1.45 mm. ; 61/2 whorls. Lyons. Throughout the mountain regions of southern Europe from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus. Pupa triplicata STUDER, Kurzes Verzeichniss der bis jetzt in unserem Vaterlande entdeckten Coiichylien, in Naturwissen- schaftlicher Anzeiger der allg. Schweiz. Ges. gesammteii 190 PUPILLA, EUROPE. Naturwissenschaften, May 1820, p. 89 (Bexvieux, also around Bern).-- CHARPENTIER, Cat. Moll. Suisse, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helvet. des Sci. Nat., i, 1837, p. 16, pi. 2, f. 6.— Kuester, Syst. Conch. Cab., Pupa, p. 15, pi. 2, f. 11, 12. - - MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. France, ii, p. 395, pi. 28, f. 16-19. -- PFR., Monogr., ii, 354; iv, 678. — WESTERLUND, Faima Europaea Moll, extramar. Prodromus, ii, 1878, p. 183, with var. edentata, unidentata, bidentata, tridentata; Fauna, 1887, p. 123. - - BOURGUIGNAT, Moll. Gr. Chartreuse, 1864, pi. 8, f. 9-12. --Pupa (Pupilla) triplicata Stud., BOETTGER, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., vi, 1879, pp. 26, 400 (Caucasus localities and f orms ) . - - KOBELT, Koss- maessler's Iconographie (2), viii, p. 78, pi. 233, f. 150.4, right and left figs. Pupa tridentalis MICHAUD, Complement de 1'hist. nat. moll, terr. et fluv. France de Drap., 1831, p. 61, pi. 15, f. 28-30. P. triplicata is smaller than P. muscorum, with the parietal and palatal teeth longer, the lip-rib further within, and usu- ally having a well-developed columellar tooth. Westerlund divided it into 4 varieties: "1, edentata; 2, unidentata, on the parietal wall ; 3, bidentata, on parietal and palatal walls; 4, tridentata.'" He afterwards abandoned these varieties; the names of the first three are preoccupied, and no localities were assigned for any of them. Several forms have been described in which the columellar tooth is lacking (striatissa, esinensis, bibaca) ; and in luxuri- a-ns there is an additional tooth, the upper palatal. These are forms of the eastern Alps and Caucasus. Elsewhere there is variation in length of the shell, but less in the teeth. Mut. tardy ana 'Bgt.' Locard. Ovoid-conic, short and stout; 6 quite convex whorls, the suture quite deep ; umbilicus quite open ; aperture relatively quite large, well rounded, oblique ; 3 folds disposed as in triplicata but stronger; shell reddish- fawn, ornamented with very delicate strife. Alt. 2i/o, diam. li/2 mm. Very rare; environs of Salins (Jura). (Pupilla tardi/ana Brgt. in coll., LOCARD, Ann. d'Agricult. Lyou, (7), iii, p. 218 ; Conchyl. Fr., 1894, p. 330.) Probably mere stunted individuals. The name has also appeared as Pupilla tardiana (B.) Loc., in Westerluud, Synopsis, 1897, p. 109. Var. pijrenaica West. Shell small, oval-cylindric ; whorls PUPILLA, EUROPE. 191 /o, narrow, convex, the last convex at the sharp cervical callus, the neck not depressed or sulcate below ; base rounded ; aperture with a single very obsolete denticle outwardly in the middle of the palate below the lip. Length 2*4, diam. iy2 mm. Pyrenees Orien tales (Piipilla triplicata var. pyrenaica Westerlund, Synopsis, 1897, p. 108). Var. monodon Bielz. This form is removed from P. tripli- cata a step further than P. bigranata- Rossm., as in it only the tooth on the parietal wall remains, and therefore stands between the latter and P. dilucida Zgl. On the limestone cliffs of Kecskeko at Krakko. (Pit-pa, triplicata var. monodon Bielz, Verh. u. Mittheil Siebenb. Ver. Naturwiss. Hermann- stadt, iv, June, 1853, p. 119.) Kimakowitz (Verh. u. Mittheil. Siebeubiirg. Ver. Natur- wiss. Hermannstadt, xl, 1890, p. 108) is in doubt whether this belongs to P. triplicata or P. cu-pa, as its locality lies within the range of both. As the name was previously used by Held, the identity of Bielz 's form is of only academic interest. P. triplicata esinensis (Pini). Differs from the type by having the columellar tooth obliterated and the palatal fold long. Monte S. Defendente near Esino, Lombardy (Pupa triplicata Stud. var. esinensis Pini, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., xxvii, 1884, p. 380). P. triplicata striatissa (Gredler). With the slender shape and dentition of bigranata, and like that, without the impres- sion corresponding to the long palatal fold, darker colored and much more distinctly striate. Tschaffon Mountain, not far from Botzen, Tyrol, at 4800 ft,, in company with P. tripli- cata, on grassy limestone rocks (Gredler, Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. in Wien, vi, 1856, p. 111). Gredler adds that there are also transitions to the typical form, in which one or another of the teeth is incompletely developed ; especially the columellar tooth may be only a callus, or so deep that it can be seen only in an oblique view; the last being found in Eisacktal and Etschtal. P. triplicata bibaca Kim. More ovate, usually more solid, darker colored, with the columellar tooth constantly wanting. This is the form of the plains and hill country, which lives not only on limestone but also on mortar. In Transsylvania 192 PUPILLA, ASIA. I collected it in the Tordaer Felsspalte with P. muscorum and P. cupa. Dr. Wagner took it 011 the Friedhofsniauer Marktschelkens im Kokelthal. A larger form of the same was taken by Jetschin in the Schlosspark von Ahrenfels bei Honningen near Neuwied in the Rheinprovinz (Pupilla tripli- cata Stud. var. bibaca Kimakowicz, Verh. u. Mittheil. Sieben- biirg. Ver. Nat. in Hermannstadt, xl, 1890, p. 107). P. triplicata suboviformis Boettger. There is a three- toothed form represented by 7 examples, which I can distin- guish from my Tyrolese specimens of P. triplicata Stud, only by the diminished size, about 2 mm. long, nearly iy2 broad, and by the more ovate than cylindric shell. It conies from Mamudly in Transcaucasia. I agree entirely with 0. Rein- hardt in his identification of Mousson's P. signata var. par- vula with this or some very closely related form of P. tripli- cata (Pupa (Pupilla) triplicata Stud. var. suboviformis Boettger, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., vii, 1879, p. 26). Pupa signata var. parvula MOUSSON, Joum. de Conch., xxiv, 1876, p. 39 (not Pupa parvula Desh., 1864), is described thus: Smaller, lVo-2 mm., thinner, less labiate, palatal tooth de- pressed, sometimes accompanied by another obsolete one, colu- mella deeply and minutely subnodulose. Borschom, Trans- caucasia. P. triplicata luxurious (Reinh.). PI. 21, figs. 19, 20. With two palatal folds. Borschom, Transcaucasus (Reinhardt, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., iv, 1877, p. 79, pi. 3, f. 2.— BOETTGER, Jahrb., vi, 26 ; vii, 137. III. ASIATIC SPECIES. Besides the following species, P. muscorum, no. 7, and P. cupa, no. 13, are widely distributed in northern Asia. P. polta- vica occurs in European Russia, and various forms of P. sig- nata in the Caucasus. Series of P. signata (Section Primipupilla). In this group the lip is usually broad ; typically the angular, parietal, columellar and two palatal teeth are present, but there has been reduction in some species, the palatals and PUPILL'IDjE PLATE 14 m 3 17 ' 12 13 19 20 PUPILLID^E PLATE 15 - 12 13 15 PUPILLID^E PLATE 16 . ^ 3 ?• .fc 10 18 8 20 21 23 PUPILLID^E P,LATE 17 . 10 12 11 8 PUPILLID^ PLATE 18 r E 3 k 7 8 / 10 11 12 13 m ' 15 16 PUPILLA, ASIA. 19o sometimes the angular dropping out. The embryonic whorls are closely, shallowly pitted, producing an irregular reticula- tion of raised wrinkles, coarser than in the muscorum group. 16. PUPILLA ARMENIACA (Issel). PL 22, figs. 16, 17. Shell deeply rimate, ovate-cylindric, obtuse, very delicately obliquely striate, tawny-corneous, not glossy; whorls 7, a little convex, slowly, regularly increasing, separated by an im- pressed suture ; the last whorl more than one-fourth the total length, slightly ascending to the aperture, compressed around the perforation, carinate. Aperture small, regular, the pari- etal wall having a deeply placed denticle; peristome thick- ened, a little reflected, spreading; lateral margins subparallel. Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm. (Issel). Armenia: Erivan (Prof. Filippi). Pupa armeniaca ISSEL, Catalogo dei Molluschi raccolti dalla Missione Italiana in Persia, p. 39 (1865), in Mem. Beale Accad. Sci. Torino, (2), xxiii, p. 423, pi. 2, f. 45, 47. No palatal teeth are mentioned. It probably belongs to the P. signata group. 17. PUPILLA ANTINORII (Palad.). PL 21, fig. 4. Shell broadly and deeply umbilicate, cylindric, slightly sub- ovate, very finely striatulate, little shining, whitish-buff. Spire convex-conic, at the minute apex obtuse. Whorls 71^, little convex, rapidly increasing, especially from the third, separ- ated by a not very deep suture ; the last whorl strongly ascending at aperture, having two impressed scars behind, somewhat constricted at aperture ; umbilicus surrounded with an indistinct keel ; free margin convexly-subsinuous. Aper- ture subovate, wider above ; parietal wall having a rather long tooth-like fold in the middle. Peristome expanded, reflected, the margins separated ; outer margin a. little arcuate, having a minute fold somewhat approaching the free end of the pari- etal tooth. One palatal fold, forming a shallow pit outside. Columella slightly arcuate, having a deeply immersed fold. Outer and inner margins strongly approaching by the in- curving of the lips above. Length 4, diam. 2 mm. (Palad.}. 194 PUPILLA, ASIA. Aden. Pupa antinorii Paladilhe, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genovar iii, Dec., 1872, p. 21, pi. 1, f. 11, 12. Compare P. signata, which must be closely allied, but in a quite different faunal zone. 18. PUPILLA SIGNATA (MOUSS.). PI. 21, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell minute, rimate-perforate, inflated-cylindric, rather solid ; obliquely slightly striate, nearly smooth ; pale corneous. Spire nearly equally coiled, rapidly decreasing; summit ob- tuse ; suture a little impressed ; whorls 7-8, rather convex, the first three rapidly enlarging, the rest subequal, the last a little ascending, small, rounded, towards the aperture ob- liquely swollen, then a little contracted, towards the base an- eriorly obtusely crested and marked with an impression. Aperture rather small, vertical (6° with the axis), semicir- cular, strongly contracted; in the parietal wall one entering tooth, and another long one deep in the palate, corresponding to the external impression. Peristome white, broadly ex- panded, strongly and acutely lipped within, the margins re- mote, joined by a somewhat prominent layer; the right margin thin at the insertion, then subnodulose and thickened ; colu- rnellar margin broadly spreading, toothless. Length 4, diam. 2 mm. (Mouss.). Turkestan, widely distributed ; Transcaspia, Northern Per- sia, many localities in Armenia and Transcaucasus ; Samar- kand and Iskander-kul in the Sarafshan headwaters; foot- hills of the Thianshan. Bograhat and Sass-tekke (Pasrobat anad Sasak-Taka), west of Yarkand. Type locality "les allu- vions de 1'Araxe. " Pupa signata. MOUSSON, Journ. de Conch., xxi, 1873, p. 211, pi. 8, f . 7 ; xxiv, 1876, p. 143, var. parvula and ci/lindrica.— MARTENS, Central Asiat. Moll., Mem. Acad. St.-Petersb. (7), xxx, no. 11, 1882, p. 28. - - E. A. SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxvii, 1899, p. 393 (Koyun Daghi, Persia). Pupa. (Pupilla) signata Mouss., BOETTGER, Jahrb. D. M. Ges., vi, 1879, pp. 399, 401; vii, 1880, p. 137 (Caucasus; with f. albina, Tiflis). — Pupilla signata (Mouss.), BOETTGER, Zool. PUPILLA, ASIA. 195 Jahrb., iv, 1889, p. 959. - - KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p. 87, pi. 233, f. 1521. --Pupa cristata v. MARTENS, in Fedt- schenko's Reise in Turkestan, Mollusca, 1874, p. 23, pi. 2, f. 19 (shell), pi. 3, f. 40 (jaw and teeth ).-- NEVILL, Handlist. Moll. Ind. Mus., i, 1878, p. 191; Second Yarkand Mission, Mollusca, p. 5. Typically this large species has five teeth, an angular, pari- etal, columellar and two palatals; but as in other Pupillas, some of them are often wanting. The cylindric shape, numer- ous narrow whorls and broadly reflected white lip are more constant characters. Var. cylindrica Mouss. Cylindric ; whorls 8-9 ; peristome frequently continuous, the columella deeply subnodulose. Krasnowodsk. ( Mouss. ) . Var. cyclosioma "West. Shell similar to var. cristata Mts., but white, hyaline, densely, regularly striate; aperture cir- cular, peristome continuous in a high parietal lamina ; whorls very convex, parted by an impressed suture. Persia at Scha- rud, 0. Herz [Pupa (Pupilla) signata Mss. var. cyclostoma Westerlund, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., Aug. 1893, p. 121]. Var. debttis West. Shell corneous, nearly smooth, whorls a little convex ; suture thin ; margins of the aperture widely separated, without trace of a callus; a very minute, tuber- culiform tooth deep in the palate; peristome very narrowly reflected ; last whorl strongly whitish-calloused anteriorly, ex- ternally very obsoletely impressed, the base lightly crested. Caucasus at Krassnowordsk, 0. Retowski [Pupa (PupiUa) signata Mss. var. debilis West., op. cit., p. 121]. The original description of Pupa cristata Martens follows. Pupa cristata. PI. 21, fig. 3. --Shell rimate, cylindric- ovate, obliquely striatulate, pale brown, a little shining, ob- tuse at apex. Whorls 7, the first three forming an obtuse cone ; fourth, fifth and sixth of equal width, slowly increas- ing in height, the last a little narrowed, subcompressed at base, provided with an obtuse umbilical keel, strongly ascend- ing in front and towards the aperture, having a somewhat prominent transverse crest parallel with the outer margin, then constricted. Aperture small, semirotund, the peristome reflected throughout, somewhat thickened, pale brown, the margin insertions remote, joined by a thin callus, outer mar- 196 PUPILLA, ASIA. gin arcuate, columellar perpendicular, basal rounded ; pari- etal wall with a short denticle at the insertion of the outer margin and a deeper, stronger median fold ; columella one- folded ; two palatal folds, the lower longer and stronger. Length 3%, diam. 1% mm. ; aperture scarcely over 1 mm. long and wide (Martens}. Turkestan : in the Sarafshan valley near Maracandam, Piandjikent and Magian (Fedtschenko). 19. PUPILLA DIECKI (Gredler). Shell narrowly umbilicate, as though rimate, cyHndric, ob- tusely conic at the apex, densely and regularly striatulate, corneous, silky. Whorls 7-7 V->, but little increasing, convex. Aperture rounded, small, with two palatal folds and one strong, immersed parietal, the parietal callus obstructed with a puuctiform fold at the outer insertion. Columella armed with a tooth-like callus. Peristome broadly expanded and flattened, slightly lipped, continuous, adnate parietally, the margin acute, fragile, the neck ornamented with a rather ob- tuse crest, behind and parallel to the margin. Length 3Vi>, diam. 1% mm. Eastern Turkestan: Kulab (Dr. GeorgDieck). Pupa diecki GREDLER, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., xxi, 1889, p. 162. This appears to stand in the group of P. signata, which Gredler does not mention in his comparisons ; it is a smaller shell than that, yet requires comparison. 20. PUPILLA INTERRUPTA (Reinhardt). PI. 21, figs. 5 to 8. Shell dextral, conic-cylindric, riniate-perforate, rather glossy, slightly striate, pale corneous. Whorls 6%, slowly in- creasing, convex; the last ascending in front, somewhat com pressed at the base, provided with a sulcus parallel with the suture; at the aperture transversely crested, then constricted. Aperture vertical, rounded, the peristome reflected, broadly white-lipped, margins converging, joined by a thin callus ; right margin subangular above, thin at the insertion and alsc provided with a slightly prominent tooth and thickened ; basal margin rounded ; columellar straight and subperpendicular : one lamelliform parietal fold interrupted in the middle (pi. 21. fig. 5a), another strong, deeply placed columellar, and PUPILLA, ASIA. 197 two palatals, the lower corresponding to the external sulcus, the upper smaller. Length 3, diam. 1.5, aperture 1 mm. alt. and width (Reinh.). Transcaucasus : Borschom, on the upper Kur, 0. Schneider. P. [upa] interrupia REINH., Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., iii, p. 367; iv, 1877, p. 79, pi. 3, f. 4. --Pupa (Pupilki) interrupta BOETTGER, Jahrb., vi, 1879, p. 403; vii, 137, Tiflis, with f. albina. 21. PUPILLA POLTAVICA Bttg. PI. 21, figs. 9, 10. Shell of the size of P. triplicata (Stud.), perforate, cylin- dric-ovate, short, wide. Spire convexly conic, the apex a little acute. Whorls 5i/o, slowly increasing, convex, separated by a well-impressed suture, regularly and closely costulate- striate, the last very slightly ascending, somewhat compressed at the base, encircled by a distinct but narrow auteperistomial callus. Aperture irregularly ovate, wider than high, the base receding. A small angular fold within the right margin, scarcely separated from the punctiform parietal, otherwise toothless. Peristome narrowly expanded, slightly thickened within. Length 2%, diam. in the middle 1%, alt. aperture %, width 1 mm. (Bttg.). Russia: Middle Pleistocene marl-clay of Kamenka, Circle of Poltawa, very rare, with typical P. musconnn (Prof. Do- kutschajew). Pupilla poltavica BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk., 42, 1889, p. 262, pi. 6, f. 7. On account of the peculiar structure and position of the angular and parietal lamellse, both brought forward and situ- ated near the right angle of the aperture, this form cannot be brought into close relation with any of the known living or fossil species of the genus ; but P. interrupta Reinh. of Trans- caucasus affords an analogy, inasmuch as in it also the an- terior part of the parietal lamella can be interpreted as an angular. The palatal teeth and columellar tooth of the Trans- caucasian species are wanting in the south Russian loess form here described (Boettger). 198 PUPILLA, ASIA. 22. PUPILLA CHINENSIS (Hilber). PI. 22, fig. 14. The shell is very small, cylindric, having a very narrow, circular umbilicus, extremely finely striate, formed of 6 strongly convex whorls. The color of my specimen is glossy- brownish. The aperture is bluntly angular, continuous in a strong callus, having a white, strongly thickened peristome, reflected nearly to the upper margin. A strong parietal fold and tooth-like projections on the right wall of the aperture are present. The neck bears no trace of a fold. Alt. 3, great- est diam. 1.5 mm. (Hilber). China: Lan-tchou-fu, Prov. Kan-su, one example in or on loess (v. Loczy). Pupa (Pupilla) chinensis HILBER, SB. Math.-Nat. Cl. K. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 88 Bd., 1 Abth., 1S84, p. 1378, pi. 6, f. 11 ; repeated in Wissensch. Ergebn. Reise Szechenyi in Os- tasien, ii, 1898, p. 618, pi. 4, f. 18. Hilber 's very inadequate figures of this and the following two species are reproduced photographically. 23. PUPILLA RICHTHOFENI (Hilber). PI. 22, fig. 15. The shell is very small, cylindric, with a narrow umbilical crevice, extremely finely striate, consisting of 6 convex whorls. The color of my specimen is glossy yellowish-white. The aper- ture is truncate-oval, with a strong callus and with a strong, internally thickened, reflected margin. It has a very weak parietal fold, the indication of a tooth on the outer wall of the mouth, and a strong columellar tooth rather far within. On the neck there is a very weak callus. Alt. 3, greatest diam. 1.5 mm. (Hilber). China: Hoi-njing-shien, Prov. Kan-su, from loess (Loczy). Pupa. (Pupilla) richthofeni HILBER, SB. Math.-Nat. Cl. K. Akad. Wissensch., Wien, 88 Bd., 1 Abth., 1884, p. 1379, pi. 6, f . 12 ; repeated in Wissensch. Ergebn. Reise Szechenyi in Osta- sien, ii, 1898, p. 618, pi. 4, f. 19. This species appears to me to stand near P. triplicata Stu- der. The most conspicuous difference is in the sharp peri- stome of the latter species. In examination the last whorl of the single specimen was broken ; in restoring it the umbilical PUPILLA, ASIA. 199 region remained imperfect, hence only front view is given. The description was drawn up before the accident (Hilber). 24. PUPILLA AEOLI (Hilber). PI. 22, fig. 13. The shell is very small, cylindric, with a narrow, semi- circular umbilicus, extremely finely striate, consisting of 6 whorls. The first two whorls of my specimen are blackish, the rest white. The aperture is rather circular, with a strong, internally thickened, reflected peristonie. On the thin, hardly perceptible callus connecting the margins a strong tooth stands near the right margin ; below this there is an inner parietal tooth beginning rather far from the other. About in the middle of the right margin there is a nodule 011 the inner lip, which corresponds to a weak concavity of the peristome. A distinct neck fold is present. Alt. 3.5, greatest diam. l1/^ mm. (Hilber). China: Hoj-njing-shien, Prov. Kan-su (Gan-su), one speci- men from the loess of the mountain-side (v. Loczy). Sant- shuan, Ndami, Kloster Djoni and Tan-tshang, in the same Province (Mlldff.). Pupa (Pupilla) aeoli HILBER, SB. Math.-Nat. Cl. K. Akad. Wissensch., Wieu, 88 Bd., 1 Abth., 1884, p. 1377, pi. 6, f. 10; repeated in Wissensch. Engebn. Beise Szechenyi in Ostasien, ii, 1898, p. 617, pi. 4, f. 17. --Pupilla aeoli Hilber, Mlldff., Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb., vi, 1901, p. 382. P. aeoli terrce n. subsp. PL 22, figs. 6, 7. In the Gan-su specimen seen the lip is very broad. The angular lamella is represented by a rather low, transparent callous ridge run- ning from the termination of the lip to the parietal lamella, which is high and strong. In a very oblique view in the mouth the columella appears weakly, obliquely truncate belowr, but without a tooth. There are no palatal folds, and only the weakest trace of a crest. The very fine striation is sharp and distinct on the intermediate whorls. Length 3.2, diam. above aperture 1.6 mm. ; 6~y4 whorls. This is evidently the form commented on by von Moellen- dorff. It differs from aeoli as described by Hilber by the union of the angular and parietal lamellae and the obsolescence of the crest ; not characters of much importance in Pupilla. 200 PUPILLA, ASIA. It differs from P. heudeana by lacking palatal folds. 25. PUPILLA HEUDEANA (Mlldff.). PL 22, figs. 1 to 5. Shell dextral, conic-cylindric, rimate-perforate, brown, most minutely but distinctly and regularly striatulate. Spire with subconic, obtuse apex. Whorls 6, flattened, joined by an im- pressed suture, subequal, the last subcarinate anteriorly around the umbilicus, subcompressed basally. Aperture ver- tical, rounded, somewhat sinuate at suture, the peristome re- flected, expanded, thickened, the margins joined by a thin callus ; right margin tapering to the insertion, having a strong tooth ; columellar margin straight, a little expanded.- One lamelliform parietal lamella excavated in the middle, another columellar, deeply placed and somewhat strong, two deeply placed, punctiform palatal folds. Length 3, diam. 1 mm. (MUdff.). China: In the old bed of the Hoang-ho near its former mouth into the Yellow Sea, near the town of Huai-an-fu, Prov. Kiang-su, under stones (P. Heude, type loc. of P. cryp- todon and P. heudeana} ; Shanghai (Schmacker) ; Prov. Pe- chili at Shan-hai (Hirase). Prov. Shan-dung at Dshi-nan-fu (Moltner). Korea: Seoul (Gottsche), Fusan (Hirase). Japan: Mikage, Settsu (Hirase). Pupa cryptodon HEUDE, Notes sur les Moll. Terr, de la Vallee du Fleuve Bleu, in Mem. concernant 1'Hist. Nat. de 1'Emp. Chinois, 1880, p. 77, pi. 18, f. 20 (not Pupa cryptodus Al. Brauu, 1842). — Pupa (Pupilla) heudeana MOELLENDORFF, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., xi, 1884, p. 176. — GREDLER, Malak. Bl., n. F., ix, p. 145. — Pupilla heudeana MLLDFF., Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb., vi, 1901, p. 381, with subsp. grandis. In this widespread species of eastern China, Korea and Japan the angulo-parietal lamella is more or less interrupted or lobed, the outer lip has a projection or tooth below the sinulus, and there are two palatal folds, thereby differing from the closely related P. aeoli of northwestern China. It is quite variable in the considerable series seen. PUPILLA, ASIA. 201 The form figured by Heude under the preoccupied name P. cryptodon (represented in pi. 22, fig. 1, a topotype from Heude) has the mouth parts rather weakly developed. The internally thickened lip has a rather low but distinct projec- tion near the upper third. The angular lamella does not reach to the angle of the mouth, and is only rather weakly connected with the stout, short parietal lamella; the connec- tion being somewhat transparent, Heude described it as "dente parietali brevi, interrupto. ' ' The columellar tooth is a low, wide nodule. Palatal folds are quite small tubercles, rather near together. There is a very slight swelling a short distance behind the weakly expanded lip, but no crest or con- striction. Length 3.3, diam. above aperture 1.6 mm. ; 6l/4 whorls. Moellendorff 's type of heudeana was a specimen from the same place, evidently having the apertural parts more fully developed, as he speaks of the lip-tooth as strong, and the parietal as "nur eiiifach gebuchtet. " His measurements were doubtless roughly taken, and certainly wrong. In shells from Shan-hai, Pe-chili, pi. 22, figs. 2, 3, the lip is strongly developed. The angular lamella reaches to the lip- end, and is weakly bilobed, being weakly continuous with the parietal lamella (fig. 3). All are quite low. The palatals re- main small, the upper one sometimes wanting. Length 2.8, diam. above aperture 1.6 mm. ; hardly 6 whorls. Also up to 3.15 mm. long. Specimens from Fusan, Korea, have also the trilobed angulo-parietal lamella, but the inner or parietal por- tion is much higher than in the Shan-hai shells. Length about 3 to 3.2 mm. Japanese specimens, pi. 22, figs. 4, 5, Mikage, Settsu, have the angular and parietal lamellse separate or nearly so, both more strongly developed than in any mainland forms seen ; the parietal is much longer, the palatals and columellar well developed. Length 3.5, diam. 1.7 mm., of 7 whorls, to length 3.1 mm. P. k. grand-is Mlldff. Larger and somewhat thicker, 2 x 3.8 mm. Prov. Gan-su at Shan-tshuan, Djamba and Tshing- viian. 202 PUPILLA, ASIA. Moellendorff states that Andreae's Pupa signata, as figured by him from localities in Gaii-su (in Futterer's Durch Asien, iii, 1911, Land u. Siisswasserschnecken, p. 71, f. i, loess of Thung-fan yi and other places in northwestern China), is identical with P. h. grandis. It is distinctly swollen, while sigiiata is strictly cylindric ; on the right margin of the peri- stome there is a strong tooth-like thickening which is lacking or scarcely indicated in P. signata; there are besides differ- ences in the teeth. He does not doubt that signata is to be deleted from the Chinese fauna, and that if intermediate forms are perhaps found in central Asia we can apparently separate the signata-interrupta-heudeana series only subspe- cifically. Andreae's figures show no palatal plica?. They are repro- duced in pi. 22, figs. 8, 9. (Indian species) There is at present no satisfactory evidence that Pupilla lives anywhere in the Oriental Region. I have seen P. annan- dalei only; my knowledge of the other Indian species is secondhand. P. eurina appears to be a true Pupilla, but the river-drift specimens probably floated down from places well within the limits of the Paltearctic fauna ; the inclusion of these two species in the Indian fauna is an accident of polit- ical boundaries. Nobody in this generation seems to have seen seriola or diopsis; they are probably not Pupillas, but without seeing them, no opinion of value can be formed. 28. PUPILLA ANNANDALEI n. sp. PI. 22, figs. 10, 11, 12. The shell is rimate, cylindric, with short, convexly conic summit and obtuse apex, the last 3 whorls about equal in diameter but regularly increasing in height. First li/o whorls having a close, minute but very distinct thimble-like pitting; following whorls with fine but strong, nearly straight, very oblique striation, the strife nearly as wide as their intervals. The whorls are rather strongly convex, the back of the last flattened and tapering downwards, deeply furrowed over the lower-palatal fold, a little swollen and then abruptly con- PUPILLA, ASIA. 203 tracted behind the lip ; very little and slowly ascending in front. The aperture is small, rounded, subvertical, obstructed by four teeth : a nodular angular, continuous with a strong callous ridge running to the columella, some distance within the parietal margin; a stout, curved, entering parietal lamella, deeply placed ; a very strong, blunt, axially lengthened colu- mellar lamella, situated rather high, and a stout lower-palatal fold, deeply placed. The peristome is white, reflected, strongly thickened within except at the upper curve of the outer lip, where it becomes thin ; it is continuous in a raised ledge across the parietal wall. Length 2.85, diam. above aper- ture 1.45, length of aperture 9.5 mm. ; 6 whorls. Upper Burma: Ava? (coll. Indian Museum, Calcutta, from W. Theobald). Pupa (Vertigo] sp., G. NEVILL, Handlist of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, i, 1878, p. 197, no. 97. Nevill doubted the locality Ava. It is probably not a shell of the Oriental fauna; more likely Theobald got it in Nepal, as it belongs to the central Asian group comprising P. inter- rupta, P. heudcana, P. diccki etc., found from northern China to Persia and southern Russia. The type is decolored, whitish, perhaps a river-drift shell. Besides the striation, which is stronger than in any of its known allies, it is distinguished by the continuous peristome, by the transverse parietal callus, terminating in a rounder! angular tubercle, widely separated from the strong parietal lamella, and by the single strong palatal fold, externally sig- nalized by deep furrow. Named for Dr. N. Annandale, who is doing admirable work on the freshwater mollusks of India. 27. PUPILLA EURINA (Benson). PL 22, fig. 20. "Shell perforate, ovate-cylindric, rather solid, somewhat obliquely striatulate, rufous-chestnut, a little shining. Spire ovate-cylindric, the apex obtuse, suture impressed, submar- ginate. Whorls 7 to I1/?, convex, the last ascending in front. Aperture semiovate, suboblique, toothless; peristome a little expanded, whitish, the right margin outwardly thickened pos- teriorly. Length 2.5, diam. 1 mm." (Benson). 204 PUPILLA, ASIA. India: Tribeni Ghat, Nepal (Theobald) ; Skardo, Kashmir ( Godwin-Austen ) . Pupa eurina BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, 1864, p. 139. -PFR., Monogr., vi, 1868, p. 300. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Ind., 1875, pi. 101, f. 7. - - GODWIN-AUSTEN, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, p. 260. — Pupilla eurina Bens., GUDE, Fauna Brit. India, ii, p. 283. "Eight specimens from the Benson collection in Cambridge sent to me for inspection by Dr. L. Doncaster agree with the figure of the species in Conch. Ind., but the coluniellar margin is more obliquely ascending than is shown in the figure. They vary in length between 3 and 3.5 mm. The shell somewhat resembles a large P. seriola ' ' ( Glide ) . Godwin- Austen remarks that "the typical specimens were found in the exuviae of the River Gogra at Tribeni Ghat. This river rises in the Tibetan plateau, and these shells may have been brought down thus from far back in the mountain range. ' ' 28. PUPILLA (?) SERIOLA (Benson). PI. 22, fig. 19. "Shell slightly perforate, ovate-oblong, subeylindric, ob- liquely striatulate, silky, yellowish corneous. Spire oblong, the apex somewhat obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls 5, the upper ODCS convex, the last a little convex, slightly ascending in front. Aperture subovate, angular above, having one median and rather deeply placed parietal tooth ; margins of peristome joined by a thin callus, the right margin slightly, columellar above broadly dilated. "Length 2^, diam. 1% mm." (Benson). India: Region of Orissa, Cuttack (Theobald, type loc.) ; Darjeeling, Terai and Nawade near Muddapur (Mainwaring). Ennca seriola- BLANFORD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxx, 1861, p. 359, name only. — Pupa seriola BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xii, 1863, p. 427.— HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Ind., p. 41, pi. 101, f. 8. — Pupilla seriola Bens., GUDE, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moll, ii, p. 284 ; also as Pupisoma, seriola on p. 38. Systematic position uncertain. "Benson states that in one of the two types there is a rather distant tooth midway be- PUPILLA, AFRICA. 205 tween the two lips, and that the pillar lip is broadly expanded at its commencement. The type having been smashed, and an imperfect photograph alone preserved, we cannot vouch for the correctness of our figure" (Ha-nley & Theobald). This figure is copied, as no specimens are available. 29. PUPILLA ( ?) DIOPSIS (Benson). PI. 22, fig. 18. Shell perforate, oblong-ovate, obliquely striatulate, with a few remote, slightly elevated strias, whitish under a corneous epidermis. Spire oblong, conoid towards the rather obtuse apex, the suture a little impressed. Five slightly convex whorls, the last slightly ascending. Aperture oblong-ovate, angular above, two-toothed: a narrow, obliquely entering, median parietal lamella and an oblique, deeply-placed colu- mellar tooth above. Peristome thin, the right margin simply straight, columellar margin expanded. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (Benson). India: Nerhudda valley. Pupa diopsis BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. II. (3), xii, Dec., 1863, p. 427. — PFR., Monogr., vi, 306. — HANLEY £ THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 41, pi. 101, f. W.-- Pupilla diopsis Bens., GUDE, Fauna of British India, ii, p. 284. A single specimen in a worn state was sent by Mr. W. Theo- bald for examination (Bens.). "We have figured the unique original, which does not well display the remote columellar tooth ascribed to it ; the name, says Benson, was a misprint for diploos" (Hanley & Theo- bald ) . Gude, who followed Pfeiffer in placing this species in Pupilla, adds nothing to the original account. Whether the species is a Pupisoma, Nesopupa or some other genus can hardly be guessed from the description and figure. It does not seem to be a Pupilla. IV. AFRICAN SPECIES (CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, ABYSSINIA, SOUTH AFRICA AND REUNION). Series of P. font ana (Section Primipupilla) . These species resemble closely the Oligocene and Miocene 206 PUPILLA, AFRICA. forms of central Europe (P. quadrigranata, etc.), and are doubtless descendants of, or of common ancestry with, that stock. In apical sculpture and teeth they resemble the P. signata series of central Asia and the Australian species, all being in about the same stage of tooth-evolution. Parietal, columellar and sometimes angular lamellae are present, and two palatal folds, or the upper palatal may be lost. A stock of very similar but variable Pupillre appears to have overrun Africa, from Abyssinia and the Cape Verdes to the Cape ; but it has not been recorded from any part of the fully tropical area, and the three herds may prove to be quite isolated at present. 30. PUPILLA FONTANA GORGONICA (Dohrn). PI. 23, figs. 11, 12. Shell rimate, cylindric-oblong, somewhat shining, striatu- late, brownish or yellowish corneous. Spire tapering above, obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last compressed basally, ascending in front, transversely pitted at base behind the aperture. Aperture subvertical, ovate, narrowed by four deeply placed folds : a compressed parietal, a transverse columellar, two palatals, that nearer the base forming an ex- ternal pit, the upper one shorter. Peristome flesh-colored, ex- panded, the right margin nearly simple, sinuous. Length 3, diain. IVLs diam. aperture % mm. (Dohrn). Cape Verde Islands: S. Nicolao, type loc. ; S. Antao, S. Vicente, Brava, Fogo, S. Jago for var. minor; S. Antao and S. Vicente for var. brevior. Pupa gorgonica DOHRN, Malak. Bl., xvi, 18G9, p. 12, with varieties 2, minor and 3, brevior. — PFR., Moiiogr., viii, 1877, p. 397.- — MORELET, Jouru. de Conch., xiii, 1873, p. 242. — WOL- LASTON, Testacea. Atlantica, 1878, p. 516, with var. a, sit,~b- alutacea. Close behind the lip there is a narrow but rather strong crest followed by a narrow constriction, and preceded by an external furrow over the lower-palatal fold, as noted lay Dohrn. The peristonae is well thickened within, the callus excised at the sinulus. The parietal lamella is rather long, entering perhaps a third of a whorl. Lower-palatal fold PUPILLA, AFRICA. 207 longer than the upper, as usual. The apical whorl is shallowly pitted, or in places appears weakly, irregularly graaulose by running together of the pits. Striation of the later whorls is weak and sparse. Length 3.1, diara. ab. apert. 1.65 nun.; 6 whorls. Length 2.9, diani. ab. apert. 1.6 mm. ; 5% whorls. Dohrn evidently did not intend the terms brevior and minor as names; he merely numbered the varieties. His typical form is the larger one, about 3 mm. long, drawn in the figure. Wollaston's var. subalutacea is synonymous with this form. Dohrn 's "Var. 2 minor: long. 2%, diam. vix l1/^ mill." is a small race. His "Var. 3 brevior, anfr. 5, convexioribus : long. 2y3, diana. l1/^ mill." is as Wollaston has noted, merely the short form of the typical more elongate race; they "can- not be treated apart, but pass into each other by impercep- tible gradations." P. f. gorgonica is probably not really separable from the continental P. fontana, and except for its geographic isolation would scarcely be considered a distinct race. The figured specimens are from Dohrn. 30a, PUPILLA FONTANA (Krauss). PI. 16, figs. 1-23 (17-19 typical). "Shell small, perforate, ovate-cylindric, obtuse, brownish, pellucid, very finely striolate, silky. Whorls 7, convex. Aper- ture subangular-rounded, yellow; peristome acute, subre- flected, the margins joined by a thin callus; parietal wall having one fold; three teeth, one on the columella, two in the depth of the right margin, the upper one [error: should be lower one] forming an external scar. Length 1.4, diam. 0.7 lines [about 3 : 1.5 mm.] . ' ' The striation is extremely delicate and gives the surface a slightly silky luster. This species is extremely like the Euro- pean P. triplicata Studer, and differs only by the two teeth in the depth of the right margin, the upper of which forms a little pit outside" (Krauss}. South Africa, Transvaal: Source of Mooi Elver (Wahl- 20S PUPILLA, AFRICA. berg) ; Pretoria District (custodita, kenca, omicronaria, &c.r very plentiful) ; Johannesburg (McBean, Johnson) ; Potchef- stroom, Heidelberg (Miss Livingston); Buiskop (Connolly). Natal: Karkloof (McBean); Edendale; Tougaat (Burnup). Cape of Good Hope: Prieska (Lightfoot) ; Cradock (endo- plax) (Farquhar) ; Port Elizabeth (amphodon, charybdica, frustillum, Crawford, Penther) ; East London (Miss Bow- ker) ; Victoria East: Pirie Forest (Godfrey). Griqualand West: Blaauwboscli Poort, Hay District (Day). Damara- laud: Gobabis, sub-fossil (Hermann). Abyssinia: Asmara, Mekerka on the banks of the Toquor and on the Habab Hts., Enjelal, 7200-7995 ft., type and var. globulosa together (Jickeli). Senafe, Adigrat, Agula and Meshek, common at Tigre (Blanford). Pupa fontana KRAUSS, Die Siidafrikanischen Mollusken, 1848, p. 80, pi. 5, f. 6.— KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 122, pi. 16^ f. 9-12.— PPR., Monogr., ii, p. 355.— BLANFORD, Obs. Geol. and Zool. Abyssinia, 1870, p. 477.— JICKELI, Molluskenfauna N.-O. Afrika's, 1874, p. 120, pi. 5, f. 11, and var. globulosa, p. 121, pi. 5, f. 11'.— MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H., i, 1908, p. 74 (synonymy).— BURNUP, A. M. N. H., vii, 1911, p. 404. Jaminia fontana (Krauss), CONNOLLY, Reference List, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3, Oct., 1912, p. 180. — PupHl-a raffraiji BOURGUIGNAT, Hist. Malacologique de 1'Abyssinie, in Ann. Sci. Nat., xv, 1883, pp. 71, U5.—PupUla globulosa BGT., same vol., pp. 72, 116. --Pupa charybdica MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiv, August, 1894, p. 94, pi. 1, f. 13.- Pupa custodita M. & P., same vol., p. 93, pi. 1, f. 9. — Pupa frustillus M. & P., same vol., p. 94, pi. 1, f. 14.— Pupa kercra M. & P., same vol., p. 94. pi. 1, f. 12 (keraa Connolly).— Pupa omicronaria M. & P., same vol., p. 93, pi. 1, f. 11. — Pupa amphodon M. & P., A. M. N. H. (6), xviii, Oct., 1896. p. 317, pi. 16, f. 6, 7.— Pupa cndopktx M. & P., A. M. N. H. (7), viii, Oct., 1901, p. 319, pi. 2, f. 10. P. fontana is a small, compact, usually 4-toothed species. It sometimes has an angular lamella in form of a callous pad or low oblong tubercle (as in pi. 16, figs. 6, 20, 23), but more often this is not perceptible. The last whorl is flattened ex- PUPILLA, AFRICA. 209 ternally and usually more or less furrowed over the lower palatal fold. There is a crest behind the lip, either rather strong and rounded, followed by a moderately wide, shallow contraction, or narrower and crowded close to the lip, or some- times hardly noticeable. The crest and palatal impression vary a good deal in the same lot. In Abyssinia what has been considered the typical form of fontana was found by Jickeli and others (pi. 16, fig. 15, after Jickeli). Jickeli gives the measurements: Length 3.25, cliam. 1.75, aperture 1 mm. Length 2.4 to 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm. Length 2.25, diam. 1.37 mm. Length 2, diam. 1.5 mm. The last two measurements pertain to the mutation globu- losa Jickeli (pi. 16, fig. 16), a short, stout form of 5% whorls, found with the typical form, analogous to the short forms of South Africa, also in those occurring in most lots of Pupilla everywhere. Bourguignat, who had specimens collected by Raffray on the col of Abuna-Yusef, 4024 meters, separated the Abyssin- ian form as Pupilla raffrayi. He calls attention to the deep, more open umbilical perforation, the more pronounced projec- tion at the upper third of the lip-callus, the anteperistomial crest, etc., differences which lose their value when a large series of the South African species is at hand. The short Abyssinian form, globulosa Jick., was taken by Raffray at Mont Zebul, 1994 meters, and on the high plateaus of Hama- cen and Anderta. Bourguignat considered it a distinct species. Both raffrayi and globulosa have been reported from Monte Cherseber, Eritrea, coll. by Gen. di Boccard (Pollouera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, xiii, no. 313, p. 5). In a species which has been named so many times by the same authors, it has seemed well to discuss and illustrate the local forms somewhat more fully than would otherwise be thought necessary. It will be seen that most lots vary a good deal in length, much less in diameter. Whether the short forms are muta- tions or merelv individual differences due to food or other 210 PUPILLA, AFRICA. conditions is unknown; but this is a variation common in Pupilla and many other cylindric land shells. A more signifi- cant variation is the lengthening of the lower palatal and to a smaller degree of the other teeth in some colonies. Whether this has racial value must be left to South African students to decide. The type locality is not far from Potchefstroom, in the southern Transvaal. The types were rather long shells (pi. 16, figs. 17-19, after Krauss) with both palatal folds tuber- cular, according to the figures. Kuster's figures, from a specimen in Pfeiffer's collection, doubtless one of the original lot, represent a shorter form similar to the following. Many specimens from the southern Transvaal (Potchef- stroom, Heidelberg, Johannesburg) before me from Mr. Bur- nup 's collection are similar but slightly shorter with one whorl less, selected shells from Heidelburg, pi. 16, figs. 1, 2, meas- uring: Length 2.72, diam. 1.45, aperture 0.9 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 2.72, diam. 1.5, aperture 0.95 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 2.3, diam. 1.45, aperture 0.85 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. From Pienaar's Poort (Connolly) there are two forms: a stouter shell, strong-toothed and thick-lipped, with the lower palatal long, as in " endoplax" and the Port Elizabeth shells; length 2.6, diam. 1.5 mm.; 6 whorls (pi. 16, figs. 8, 20) ; also more delicate shells with smaller but otherwise similar teeth ; length 2.67, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 6*4 whorls. In the Orange Free State (Burnup coll.) at Kroonstad (pi. 16, fig. 3), Bloemf 011 tern (fig. 4) and Bustfontein the preva- lent form is short, but slightly more solid than those farther north, with the upper palatal fold often weak or wanting ; but there are also longer shells. The lower palatal fold is often somewhat long. Length 3.1, diam. 1.72, aperture 1 mm. ; 6 whorls. Bloem- fontein. Length 2.3, diam. 1.4, aperture 0.75 mm.; 5i/o whorls. Bloemfontein. Length 2.57, diam. 1.46, aperture 0.9 mm.; 5% whorls, Kroonstad. PUPILLA, AFRICA. 211 In Natal (Burnup coll.), at Edendale Falls and Tongaat Beach the shells resemble those from the Transvaal. In the Cape Province, Farquhar and others have collected abundantly about Cradock. The race endoplax M. & P. is a rather long shell with strong teeth, the lower palatal fold especially long, the upper shorter though often somewhat lengthened (pi. 16, fig. 23, type fig. of endoplax, and fig. 22). With these there are also shorter shells with both palatal folds tubercular (fig. 21), and a few specimens of more or less in- termediate character. The same forms are found at Grahams- town, but here the palatal folds of endoplax are less strongly developed. At Port Elizabeth there are long shells with the lower palatal fold long (pi. 16, figs. 6, 7), called charybdica M. & P., practically identical with endoplax; also shorter shells with the same armature, and others with the palatals tubercular or but slightly elongate. The mutation elizabethensis M. & P. (pi. 16, fig. 5) is an albino form, occurring in abundance, of the medium size. It has the beautiful white or greenish-white tint everywhere common to albino mutations of Pupae. In one of the lots it was sent with brown shells; whether they were associated in life I do not know. All of these varying sizes and colors of the Port Elizabeth race have strong teeth. Length 3.75, diam. 1.75 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 2.6, diam. 1.55 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 2.5, diam. 1.65 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 3.3, diam. 1.7 mm.; 6% whorls; albino. Length 2.9, diam. 1.57 mm. ; 6*/o whorls ; albino. Though the Port Elizabeth shells vary widely in shape, the extremes are well connected, and appear to me certainly all of one race, characterized by the more or less elongate lower palatal fold. The numerous forms described by Melvill and Ponsonby came from the Cape Colony around Port Elizabeth (amphi- don, frustillum, elizabethensis, charibdica), and from Cradock, about 130 miles north (endoplax), and from the Transvaal around Pretoria (custodita, kercea, omicronaria) . These auth- ors worked under the handicap of an incompetent artist; 212 PUPILLA, AFRICA. but false as the figures are, they seem better than the descrip- tions. Both are reproduced below, the figures by photog- raphy. In most cases the teeth were not all seen, or were described and figured incorrectly. All of the following forms have been considered synonyms of P, fontana by Melvill and Ponsonby in their last paper (1908) on the subject. Burnup (1911) writes: "Of the eight forms consigned to the synonymy, I have seen well-authenti- cated specimens of four only, viz., amphodon, elizabethensis, endoplax, and frustUlum; and I agree with the authors that these names cannot stand. Of the remaining four, viz., charybdica, custodita, kercea, and omicronaria, having seen no representatives, I can offer no opinion ; but I am prepared to accept their views. ' ' Pupa custodita. PI. 16, fig. 14. Shell umbilicate, obese, cask-shaped, minute, thin, brown, whorls 6, ventricose, very closely, longitudinally, delicately striate; aperture ovate; peristome white, reflected, provided with 5 internal teeth, one parietal, one columellar, three labial. Length 3, width 1.5 mm. Pretoria. Much the same in ventricose tumidity of whorl and super- ficial appearance to the P. psichion just described, but entirely differing in the internal armature of the mouth, which, appar- ently simple externally, is really guarded within by no less than five teeth, three of these being labial, one sutural, and one columellar. It is a highly interesting species, and seems, though of the fontana group, to bear no very direct resem- blance to hitherto described species (M. & P.}. Pupa omicronaria. PL 16, fig. 9. Shell minute, cylindric, straight, brown; whorls 7 (in one specimen 8), ventricose, very finely longitudinally striate, the striae oblique ; aperture ovate-rotund; peristome pale, simple. Length of largest specimen 3, width 1.5 mm. Pretoria. This shell comes next to our P. quantula, and may perhaps eventually turn out to be a variety of that species. The mouth, however, is rounder and the form a little less cylin- drical (M.&P.). Pupa kercea. PI. 16, fig. 10. Shell very minute, brownish, cylindric ; whorls 6, straight, longitudinally delicately striate ; aperture ovate; peristome pale, reflected, provided with one sutural tooth within. Length 2.15, width 1 mm. Pretoria. PUPILLA, AFRICA. 213 A small, insignificant shell, with one internal sutural or parietal tooth. Two specimens (M. & P.). Pupa charybdica. PI. 16, fig. 11. Shell compact, rather thick, cylindriform, brown, apex obtuse; whorls 7, straight, longitudinally obscurely and obliquely delicately striate; aperture rounded ; peristome thickened, pale, reflected, pro- vided within with three mamillar teeth, one parietal, another columellar, the third basal. Length 3, diam. 1.15 mm. Coer- ney, near Port Elizabeth. A cylindrical dark brown shell, not shining, stouter in sub- stance than most of its congeners; whorls seven, straight, longitudinally, obscurely and obliquely finely striate; aper- ture round; peristome incrassate, reflexed, furnished with three internal teeth — basal, columellar, and sutural. Three specimens (M. & P.). Pupa frustillmn. PI. 16, fig. 13. Shell glossy, cylindric, bright brown ; whorls 7, straight, obliquely very finely striate ; aperture ovate ; peristome pale brown, provided within with three teeth : one parietal, another basal, the third columellar. Length 3.5, width 1.25 mm. Port Elizabeth. Near P. fontana Krauss, but more cylindrical than that species, and differing besides in the tooth-processes (M. & P.}. Pupa elizabethensis. PL 16, fig. 5, topotype. Shell minute, openly rimate, glossy, shining white, shortly cylindric ; whorls 7, lightly subventricose, most minutely striatulate under a lens ; aperture rounded, provided with two entering folds, one parietal, the other columellar, deeply entering; peristome a little reflected. Length 3, width 1.2 mm. Port Elizabeth (Miss Glanville) (M. &P.}. Pupa amphodon. PI. 16, fig. 12. A small cylindrical species of the fontana group. In many ways it approaches P. frustUlum M. & P., but differs entirely in the labial tooth- processes. It is subrirnate, with seven whorls, two of them being apical, the apex itself extremely obtuse ; whorls slightly ventricose and indistinctly longitudinally striate; mouth lunar, peristome round, furnished with five processes, which well-nigh close the orifice. The parietal tooth is the most con- spicuous of these and is straight and produced, the labial is broadly triangular, the two basal are respectively doubly mamillar and broadly triangular, and the remaining colu- mellar tooth is smaller, rounded, and mamillar. The peri- stome is incrassate, reflexed, and broader towards the colu- mellar region (M. & P.). 214 PUPILLA, AFRICA. Pupa endoplax. PL 16, fig. 23. Shell obese, cylindriform, brown, thin ; whorls 6-7, a little impressed at the suture, some- what swollen, longitudinally obliquely striate, the last whorl rounded towards the base ; aperture lunate-ovate ; peristome thickened, scarcely continuous, 4-folded : an acuminate sutural fold, a mamUlate eolumellar, and two slightly curved internal folds, not reaching to the peristome. Length 3, width 1.5 mm. Cradock, at roots of bushes (Farquhar). A curious and distinct form, with the peculiar internal plaits just in front of the orifice, but not reaching the peri- stome (M. & P.}. 31. PUPILLA PUPULA (Desh.). PL 17, figs. 12, 13, 17, 18. It is perfectly cylindric, equally obtuse at the ends, of 7 whorls; the first ones are flat, the following are moderately convex and united by a simple, lightly impressed suture, in- creasing very slowly and hardly noticeable ; the last whorl is very short, and barely a third of the entire length. Very obtuse at base, it is perforated in the center by a quite large umbilicus. The aperture is small, but slightly oblique, a little bent in on the right ; it is oval, semilunar, and when examined under the lens a small white tooth which appears to run along the wTall is found. Equally deep within there are found on the left, in front, two little teeth a little less elevated than the first (and which the draughtsman did not represent, as they are very deeply placed; cf. fig. 17). The margin is reflected, and is thickened within by a little russet-white callus. The whole shell is dark brownish-corneous, thin and semitrans- parent. Its surface appears smooth, but oblique growth-strise may be noticed under a sufficient magnification, especially near the aperture. Length 3, diam. iy2 mm. (Desh.). Island of Reunion (L. Maillard) ; abundant on large boul- ders overgrown with creepers, near Salazie (Nevill). Pupa pupula DESHAYES, Cat. Moll, de 1'ile de la Reunion (Bourbon), p. 92, pi. 11 (38), f. 2-4, 1863; in L. Maillard 's Notes sur 'ile de la Reunion. — PFR., Monogr., vi, 303. — Ver- tigo? pupula Dh., G. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 39, 1870, pt. 2, p. 412. Under the microscope the surface shows extremely fine, close, somewhat anastomosing striae (in places apparently with PUPILLA, AFRICA. 215 thin cuticular edges) and a minute granulation. The em- bryonic li/o whorls have a microscopic reticulation like that of P. lieudeana, being densely, shallowly pitted. The last whorl has a low, rounded crest of the brown color of the shell, fol- lowed by a light constriction ; on its last half it is much flat- tened, tapering downwards, and having a deep furrow over the lower-palatal fold. The suture rises slowly to the aper- ture. The strong but immersed parietal lamella continues about a third of a whorl inward. On the columella there is a strong, white oblong tubercle, usually visible but sometimes so deeply immersed that it can be seen in an oblique view only. The lower-palatal fold is long and strong, the upper short, tubercular. The peristome is reflected, not much thickened within, of a pale brown tint; margins connected by a thin parietal callous film, which is rather coarsely granulose. There is no trace of an angular lamella or tubercle. There is a moderately long umbilical crevice but no true umbilicus. Length 3, diam. above aperture 1.5 mm. ; G1/^ whorls. Length 3.25, diam. above aperture 1.6 mm. ; 7 whorls. By the apical sculpture, teeth, and furrow over the lower- palatal fold, this species is related to the South African P. fontana. Indeed were it not for the somewhat longer parietal lamella and lower palatal fold, and the more coarsely grauose parietal wall, it would hardly be separable from P. fontana. It is a case where locality is diagnostic, to a large degree. A specimen collected by G. Nevill is illustrated, figs. 12, 13 ; another in the same lot is longer. In figs. 17, 18 Deshayes' imperfect figures are reproduced. Series of P. tetrodus (Section Afripiipilla). Shell tapering upwards from the last whorl, the whorls increasing rapidly in height. Type P. tetrodus. The teeth are like those of the most fully toothed Pupillas of the section Primipupilla, but the shell is more like a Gastrocopta in shape and increase of the whorls. Systematic position somewhat uncertain. 216 PUPILLA, AFRICA. 32. PUPILLA TETRODUS (Boettger). PL 17, figs. 9, 10, 14-16. Shell sinistral, obliquely rimate, ovate-conic, rather obtuse at the apex. Whorls 5y2, glabrous, a little convex, the last much more ample than the preceding, nearly equal to all the preceding in height. Aperture large, strongly oblique, in general shape semioval, 4-plicate: one deeply entering pari- etal lamella, one dentiform columellar, and two distant denti- form palatals, the lower one much more prominent. Peri- stome a little expanded, margins joined by a thin callus (Boettger}. South Africa: Betchuanaland, fossil in clay bed at the mouth of the Gowke river, flowing into the Limpopo,' 22° s. lat., 28° e. Ion. (Adolf Hiibner; type loc.). Cape of Good Hope at Cape Eecif ; Klein Setjes Bosch near Beaufort (type localities of P. swiistrorsa, Craven) ; Port Alfred (Penther) ; King Williamstown ; Lovedale: Burns Hill (Godfrey) ; Port Elizabeth (Crawford, type loc. of thaumasta) ; Prieska (Gib- bons) ; Grahamstown ; Cradock ; Jansonville ; Somerset East (Farquhar) ; Coega (Miss Hickey). British Betchuanaland: Hartz River, Taungs (Miss Wilman). Transvaal: Pretoria (Connolly); Potchefstroom (Miss Livingston). Orange Free State: Bloemfontein (Godfrey); Kroonstad (Miss Hickey). Ovampoland: Disappointment Vlei (coll. Layard). Pupa tetrodus BOETTGER, liter Bericht Offenbacher Vereins f. Naturkunde, 1870, p. 46, pi. 1, f. la-c. — BURNUP, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), vii, 1911, p. 410.— PupiUa tetrodus BTTG., Abhandl. Senck. Naturf . Ges., xxxii, 1910, p. 446. — Jaminia tetrodus (Boettg.) CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3, p. 184. — Pupa (Vertigo) sinistrorsa CRAVEN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 618, pi. 57, f. 8. — MELVTLL and PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), i, Jan., 1908, p. 83, pi. 2, f. 26.— -Vertigo sinis- trorsa, Craven, M. & P., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, 1898, p. 177. — Vertigo thaum.asta MELV. & PONS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), viii, 1891, p. 239; ix, 1892, p. 94, pi. 6, f. 7. A very distinct species by its tapering spire, absence of a crest, and high last whorl. The rather glossy surface is pale cinnamon-buff, slightly transparent. The apex has a weak, very minute granulation. The parietal lamella is high, rather PUPILLA, AFRICA. 217 short and straight. There is sometimes a minute, tubercular angular lamella a short distance below the insertion of the outer lip. The parietal callus is very thin and transparent. The lower-palatal fold is large, the upper small or very small. Short and long examples measure : Fig. 10. Length 3, diam. ab. apert. 1.45 mm.; 5*4 whorls. Cradock. Fig. 9. Length 3.55, diam. ab. apert. 1.5 mm. ; 5% whorls. Coega. The original specimens of P. tetrodus were decidedly stouter in figure than the recent form, (sinistrorsa = thaumasta) if we may judge by Boettger's figures, reproduced in pi. 17, figs. 14-16. Unfortunately he gave no measurements, but indi- cates on the plate that they are magnified 7 times ; this would make tetrodus 3 mm. long, very nearly 2 wide. The figures show also an external impression of the last whorl over the palatal region deeper than the flattening to be seen in the recent form. The shape of the aperture also is somewhat different. It is not impossible that Boettger's figures are in- correct. He drew freehand, usually with great accuracy, though often rather diagrammatically. In his later work Boettger mentions specimens from Gobabis, Damaraland, measuring 3 x li/o mm., agreeing in size, he says, with the originals. Craven's Pupa (Vertigo) sinistrorsa is the ordinary living form. The original description follows. Shell sinistral, subperforate, ovately conical, of a horny brown color, paler near the apex, rather glossy, faintly stri- ated by the lines of growth; whorls 5y2, very convex, grad- ually increasing, the last two equal in diameter; suture deep and well defined; aperture nearly circular, armed with four internal teeth, viz. : one large tooth situated on the paries near its centre, another smaller tooth on the columella far within the aperture, another at the base of the outer lip, and a very small one at its centre ; labrum outwardly reflexed ; extremi- ties of peristome connected by a thin callosity. Length 3 to 3% mm., greatest diameter 2, diameter of aperture 1 (Craven}. 218 PUPILLA, AUSTRALIA. V. AUSTRALIAN SPECIES. The Australian Pupillae belong to the section Primipupilla, being related to the signata series of Asia. They have the same reticulate-pitted sculpture of the embryonic shell, and an angular lamella, in form of a nodule, is generally present. Only two species are certainly known; P. scotti Braz. was based upon an immature shell only about 1.5 mm. long ac- cording to Brazier, and thus much smaller than any known Pupilla. It is left here for want of any better place. a. Shell 3 to over 4 mm. long, 1.5 to 1.8 mm, in diameter: lip reflected and thickened. &. Sinistral; no upper-palatal fold. Coastal, from Sydney and South Australia to West Australia. P. australis, no. 33. b1. Dextral; upper and lower palatals present, Central Australia. P. ficulnea, no. 34. ft1. Shell about 1.5 mm. long; dextral, N.-E. Australia. P. scotti, no. 35. 33. PUPILLA AUSTRALIS (Angas). PL 23, figs. 13 to 19. Shell sinistral, obtuse at the apex, rimate-umbilicate, pale brown. Whorls 7, convex, obliquely strongly striate. Aper- ture semiovate ; peritreme thickened and broadly dilated, pro- vided with a single parietal and a single columellar fold. Length 2, width % line (Angas). A cylindric, and for the genus a large species, with the aperture furnished with but two plicae (Angas). Australia: along the coast from Sydney and South Aus- tralia to the islands off western Australia. New South Wales : Nelson Bay (King, type loc. of P. nelsoni) and Sirius Cove (Hedley), both near Sydney. South Australia: Rapid Bay, in crevices of rocks (Angas, type loc. of P. australis) ; Port Lincoln (Masters, type loc. of P. lincolnensis) ; Edithburg (Hedley). Western Australia: Pigeon Island, near Wallaby I. (Dr. Richardson) ; E. Wallaby I., and Houtmans Abrolhos (J. J. Walker). Tasmania: Swansea, sand dunes (Johnston, type loc. of P. tasmanica). PUPILLA, AUSTRALIA. 219 Vertigo australis Ad. & Aug., ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 522. — Pupa australis Cox, Mou. Austr. Land Sh., p. 79. — TATE, Rep. Horn Exped. Central Australia, ii, Mollusca, p. 205. — Pupa nelsoni Cox, Catal Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 29 ; Mou. Austr. Land Shells, 1868, p. 79, pi. 14, f. 19, 19a. — Pupa lincolnensis Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 39.--SowERBY, Conch. Icon., Pupa, pi. 11, f. 104. — E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, i, p. 96 (dist. in W. Aus- tralia).— Pupa lincolniensis Cox, Mon. Austr. Land Shells, 1868, p. 80, pi. 14, f. 16. — Vertigo lincolnensis Cox, PETTERD & HEDLEY, Eec. Australian Mus., vii, p. 283. — Pupa tasmanica JOHNSTON, Proc. Koy. Soc. Tasmania for 1882, p. 144, plate, as synonym of "P. lincolnensis Angas." The cylindric shell is shortly rimate, from cinnamon-brown to cinnamon colored, the lighter specimens sometimes showing the columellar axis faintly through. Typically it is rather coarsely striate, but this is individually variable in the lots seen. The embryonic whorls are irregularly, densely but shallowly pitted, as in the P. signata series. The last whorl is somewhat compressed towards the narrow, rounded base, and generally very superficially furrowed over the lower palatal fold. It is slightly swollen before the contraction preceding the lip. The aperture shows an angular nodule connected with the termination of the lip (sometimes nearly obsolete) ; a deeply placed parietal lamella, not very long; a small, deeply immersed columellar tubercle, and a short, deeply placed lower-palatal fold, almost basal in position (and sometimes wanting). Parietal callus thin. The peristome is rather narrowly reflected and is thickened within. Length 4, diam. ab. apert. 1.8 mm. ; 6!/o whorls. Edithburg. Length 3.8, diam. ab. apert. 1.75 mm. ; 6!/2 whorls. Edith- burg. Length 3.45, diam. ab. apert. 1.72 mm.; 5% whorls. Edith- burg. Length 4.15, diarn. ab. apert. 1.75 mm. ; 6% whorls. Aus- tralia. Length 3.1, diam. ab. apert. 1.6 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Aus- tralia. 220 PUPILLA, AUSTRALIA. Figures 13, 14 are from Edithburg specimens ; this place is opposite the type locality, Rapid Bay, on St. Vincents Gulf. Larger and smaller shells, but without exact locality, are also measured above (figs. 17, 19). The Sydney form, nelsoni, is drawn in figs. 15, 16, ' ' Sirius Cove, among dead leaves raked out of a rock crevice. This has rarely been gathered, and never out of sight of salt water," according to Hedley (in litteris). It is a little smoother than the South Australian shells, and the teeth are stronger. Length 3.8, diam. above aperture 1.8 mm. ; 6l/2 whorls. The specimens figured were compared by Mr. Hedley with a cotype of nelsoni. P. australis appears to be spread along the coast from Syd- ney to Western Australia, yet there are wide gaps in the southeast and southwest between the recorded localities. Pro- fessor Tate notes that it "is essentially confined to the coast, and I have traced it from St. Vincent Gulf along the coastal sand hills into West Australia. ' ' Descriptions of the several synonyms follow. Pupa nelsoni. — Shell sinistral, perforate, elliptically cylin- drical, thin, smooth, microscopically striated, horny reddish- yellow, slightly shining; spire slowly narrowing, obtusely rounded : whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, last about % the length of the shell; aperture large, rounded, truncate above, with a conspicuous lamelliform tooth on the wall of the aper- ture, and another, or tubercular callosity, sometimes larger, but obsolete in young specimens at the columellar junction; peristome and teeth white, former expanded, especially at the columella, and not obstructing the minute umbilical opening at the bottom of a deep fissure. Length 0.15, breadth 0.07, aperture 0.05 long, of an inch. Nelson Bay, near Sydney, N. S. W., King (Cox). Pupa lincolnensis (lincolniensis).-- Shell sinistral, rimate, elliptically-oblong, very finely obliquely striated, whitish or rufous horny ; spire obtuse ; whorls 4 to 6, rather convex, last by no means equalling the rest; aperture almost vertical, Innately-circular ; peristome thickened, expanded, white, mar- gins distant, columellar margin straight, sinistral margin above obtusely angled ; body whorl centrically armed with a prominent, obtuse, white tooth. Length 0.13, diameter 0.08 of an inch. Port Lincoln, South Australia (Cox). PUPILLA, AUSTRALIA. 221 Pupa tasmanica (pi. 23, fig. 18). — Shell minute, sinistral, thin, of a uniform light fawn colour, sub-pellucid, oblong, cylindrical, obliquely finely lirate ; suture somewhat im- pressed ; spire scarcely contracted towards apex, which is sud- denly obtusely rounded ; whorls 6, slightly convex, aperture somewhat squarely ovate, subvertical, with a moderately prominent tooth ; peristome simple, margins distant, united by a callous lamina ; anterior and columellar margins slightly re- flexed. Length 3 min., diam. 1.75 min. Habitat, sand dunes, Swansea, abundant (Johnston). 34. PUPILLA FICULNEA (Tate). PL 23, figs. 20, 21. Shell dextral, shortly cylindric-elliptical ; apex obtuse, pale brown, shining. Whorls six, flatly convex, separated by a channellel suture, obliquely striated. Aperture roundly-oblong, rounded in front and somewhat obliquely truncated behind, furnished with two folds, one parietal large, blunt, situated centrally and far within, the other, nearly as large and simi- lar, is situated far within on the columella ; a small denticle is sometimes developed at the insertion of the outer lip ; peri- stome white, flatly expanded, the columellar expansion not concealing the deep, narrow umbilical fissure. Length 3.5, width 1.75 via; (Tate). Central Australia: Palm Creek, off Glen of Palms, in Krichauff Eange (Horn Exped.). Pupa ficulnea TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, xviii, 1894, p. 191; Rep. Horn Expedition, ii, 1896, Mollusca, p. 205, pi. 19, f. ISa, 186.— PILSBBY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, pp. 426, 428, fig. 2. P. ficulnea of the interior is very similar to the coastal P. australis in shape, sculpture, color, suture and peristome. It differs by the dextral coil, the larger teeth, presence of an upper-palatal fold, and greater external compression and im- pression over the lower-palatal fold. It is not so strongly sculptured as the rougher examples of australis, the striation being minute and weak. The angular nodule is strongly developed in old shells, but often hardly perceptible in others which have formed the lip. The columellar lamella is strong and blunt. There are two palatal folds, not mentioned by Tate, but present in 16 topo- 222 PUPILLA, AUSTRALIA. types received from him, the lower one strong and elongate, externally marked by a furrow, the upper one small, tuber- cular. The last whorl has behind the lip a swelling followed by a contraction, both individually variable in degree of de- velopment. Length 3.4, diam. 1.6 mm.; 6 whorls. Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm, ; 5~y2 whorls. 35. PUPILLA(?) SCOTTI (Brazier). PI. 23, fig. 22. ' ' Shell dextral, fissured, cylindrical, thin ; transparent, pale brown; whorls 5y2, roundly convex, last small, obliquely and transversely faintly striated; apex roundly obtuse; aperture small, ovate-denticulated within with 4 prominent white teeth, one placed on the body- whorl, elongated and rounded ; a second on the columella, large and acute; two placed inside the outer lip, the lower one long and prominent, the upper moderate and rounded ; peristome whitish, thickened and ex- panded ; margins continuous, with a thin coating of the callus over the perforation. Length %, breadth y2 lines" (Brazier}. Australia : Fitzroy Island, Queensland ; only one specimen obtained, at the watering place, under a bit of wood (Brazier). Pupa (Vertigo) scotti BRAZIER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, p. 669, pi. 83, fig. 24-26. It does not appear likely that a shell so small as this is a Pupilla. It may prove to be a Costigo (Vol. XXV, p. 366), if that somewhat nebulous group be retained. Hedley writes : "In the Australian Museum is one specimen labelled in Bra- zier's hand 'Pupa scotti, Braz. Fitzroy Isd. N. E. A.' As he particularly stated that but one was found (and no others have since been obtained), this is clearly his type. I am much puzzled to find that this type disagrees with the figure, P. Z. S., 1874, pi. 83, figs. 24, 25, 26. Brazier, who is now 74, has no recollection of the matter, except that the type was unique. I enclose a camera lucida sketch drawn by myself of this type of scotti. My opinion is that it is an immature specimen and that it represents a Pupilla distinct from other Australian species. Possibly Brazier, recognizing its imma- turity, instructed the artist to 'develop' the labial armature." PUPILLA OP THE TERTIARY. 223 Hedley's pencil sketch of the type is reproduced on my plate. VI. TERTIARY FOSSIL SPECIES. 36. PUPILLA QUADRIGRANATA (Al. Brn.). Pupa quadrigra- nata Al. Brauii, Verh. Naturf. Vers. zu Mainz, 1842, p. 119.— Pupilla quadrigranata (Al. Br.) Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturkunde, 42, 1889, p. 251, pi. 6, f. 3, 4. --Pupa selecta Thomae, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 2, p. 150, with mut. suprema Bttg., p. 253. — Pupilla selecta suprema Bttg., Wenz, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 69, 1916, p. 63. Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene. Germany. P. selecta is now generally considered distinct. 37. PUPILLA EUMECES (Bttg.). Pupa quadrigranata var. eumeces Boettger, Ber. Senckenb. Nat. Ges., 1884, p. 266. — Pupilla eumeces Bttg., Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 42, 1889, p. 255, pi. 6, f. 5. Lower Miocene of Schleusenkarnmer bei Nie- derrad. Considered a variety of P. iratiana, by Gottschick & Wenz, 1919. Pupilla eumeces maxima Boettger. Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges., 40, 1908, p. 150. 38. PUPILLA IMPRESSA (Sandb.). Pupa impressa SAND- BERGER, Mainzer Becken, 18.., p. 392, pi. 35, f. 16. — Pupilla impressa (Sbgr.) Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., vol. 42, 1889, p. 256 ; vol. 64, 1911, p. 61. Lower Miocene, Germany. 39. PUPILLA CUPELLA Boettger. P. retusa Bttg. (not Al. Braun), Ber. Senck. Ges., 1884, p. 265, pi. 4, f. 6. --Pupilla cupella Bttg., Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 42, 1889, p. 259. Lower Miocene, Schleusenkammer, bei Niederrad. Mut. lau- beri Bttg., t. c., p. 260, pi. 6, f. 6. Hydrobiasehichten, Mos- bach-Biebrich. 40. PUPILLA BLAINVILLEANA (Dupuy). Pupa b., Dup., Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 311, pi. 15, f. 8. — Vertigo blain- villei Dupuy, G. F. Dollfus, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. (4), xv, 1915, p. 359. Middle Miocene, Sansan (Gers). A sinistral Primi- pupilla. 224 PUPILLA OF THE TERTIARY. 41. PUPILLA STASZICII (Lomnicki). Pupa staszicn Liom., Verb. K. K. Geol. Reichsanst., 1886, p. 423. Miocene, Barysz, Galizia. 42. PUPILLA M.LOMMICKII (Friedb.). Pupa (Pupilla) m. lommickii Friedberg, Sitzungsber. Matb.-Nat. Kl. K. Akad. Wiss., Wien, vol. 114, 1905, p. 312, pi. 1, f. 15 ; text fig. 2. Miocene, Sobow, Poland. 43. PUPILLA IRATIANA (Dupuy). Pupa iratiana Dupuy, Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 310, pi. 15, f. 7. — Bourguignat, Malac. colline de Sansan, 1881, p. 65, pi. 3, f. 82-85.— Vertigo irati Dollfuss, 1915. Middle Miocene, Sansan (Gers) ; also Upper Miocene, Ger- many and Galizia. Pupilla iratiana suevica Gottschick & Wenz. Nbl. D. M. Ges., 51, 1919, p. 5, pi. 1, f. 4, 5. Steinheim am Aalbuch. 44. PUPILLA RAHTI (Al. Brn.). Pupa rahti Al. Brauu, in Walchner's Geognosie, (2), p. 1136. — Pupilla r., Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 42, 1889, p. 254. — Jooss, same Jahrb., 64, p. 63. Upper Miocene, Hydrobiaschicliten of Mosbach-Biebricb, etc. 45. PUPILLA PERLABIATA Gottschick & Wenz., Nbl. D. M. Ges., 51, 1919, p. 7, pi. 1, f . 8, 9. Upper Miocene : Steinheim am Aalbuch. Belongs to section Primipupilla. 46. PUPILLA STEINHEIMENSIS (Miller). Pupa (Pupilla) steinheimensis Miller, Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Nat. Wurttemb., 56, 1900, p. 398, pi. 7, f. 15. Pupilla steinheimensis Gott- schick & Wenz., Nbl. D. M. Ges., 51, 1919, p. 8, pi. 1, f. 10, 11. Upper Miocene : Steinheim am Aalbuch. A sinistral species of the section Primipupilla. 47. PUPILLA SUBMUSCORUM Gottschick & Wenz. Nbl. D. M. Ges., 51, 1919, p. 6, pi. 1, f. 6, 7. Upper Miocene, Steinheim am Aalbuch. Near muscorum, 3-toothed. 48. PUPILLA( ?) RETUSA (Al. Braun). Pupa retusa Al. Brn. Verhandl. d. d. Naturf. Vers. Mainz, 1842, p. 149.— ! Cori/na BOYS1A. 225 retusa Jooss, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., vol. 64, p. 911, pi. 62. I have not seen the description of this species, which may belong elsewhere. 49. PUPILLA ECTINA (Bgt.). Pupa ectina Bourguiguat, Paleont. Moll. Algerie, 1862, p. 76, pi. 4, f. 1-3. Pliocene? Oued Tademit, Algeria. 50. PUPILLA MICHAUDI Wenz, Senckenbergiana, i, July, 1919, p. 66 ; new name for Pupa inornata Michaucl, Journ. de Con- chyl., 1862, p. 75, pi. 4, f. 5. Hauterive (Droine), Pliocene. 51. PUPILLA PAL^EA (Bgt.). Pupa palcea Bourguignat, Cat. JMoll. terr. et fluv. des environs de Paris a 1'epoque Quater- naire, 1869, p. 8, pi. 3, f. 16-18 (in La Seine.— I, Le Bassin Parisien aux ages antehistoriques) . Joinville-le-Pont, sabliere Deligny. From the figure it appears to have a longer apical cone and stronger stria? than P. muscorum, but it may per- haps be equivalent to the mut. masclarycma, having parietal and lower-palatal teeth. Probably Pleistocene. Genus BOYSIA Pfeiffer. Boysia PFEIFFER, Zeitsch. Malak., vi, 1849, p. 105; Mon. Helic. Viv., iii, 1853, p. 528 ; Conchyl. Cab., Helix, ii, 1853, p. 6. — ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, 1855, p. 167. — NEVILL, J. A. S. Beng., 1881, p. 128. -- PFEIFFER & CLESSIN, Nomencl. Helic. Viv., 1881, p. 343. --GuDE, Fauna of British India, Moll., ii, 1914, p. 296. — Hypostoma ALBERS, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 130 (not Hypostoma, Budolphi, 1809, Vernies; not Hypostoma auct., Hypostomus Lacepede, 1803 ; not Hypostoma Gray, 1841, Echinodermata). — Hypotrema VON MARTENS, Die Heli- ceen, 1860, p. 304, as section of Pupa.--"Hypoma Albers" PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 343.— "Hypostrema Albers" PFR., loc. cit. The shell is small, globose-conoid, thin, smooth, rimate, of 5 compactly coiled whorls, the last half-whorl ascending ob- liquely, in close contact. Aperture toothless, directed obliquely upward, rounded, with straight parietal margin ; peristome slightly expanded, thickened within, the parietal border barely free from the preceding whorl. 226 BOYSIA. Type: Boysia boysii (Pfr.). Found only in India. The classification of Pupillidae having no teeth is an ex- ceedingly difficult problem. When the tentacles and radula of Boysia are examined it may be possible to form some defi- nite opinion of its affinities. Temporarily it may be left next to Pupisoma. The generic and specific nomenclature of the single species has been fully discussed by Glide in The Fauna of British India. Boysia reussn Stoliczka (Sitzungsber. d. k. k. Akad. Wissensch., vol. 38, 1867, p. 493, pi. 1, f. 17a-c), from the middle Cretaceous of Neualpe in the eastern Alps, has been referred by Sandberger (Vorwelt, p. 80) to the Cyclostoma- ceous genus Strophostoma. Anostomella of von Martens has some superficial resemblance, but appears referable to the Diplommatinidcc. Various Laramie and Eocene species of Wyoming have been referred to Boysia or its vicinity by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, but were subsequently removed by him. Boysia sinclairi Ckll. and B. phenacodorum Ckll. being referred to the genus Granger ella. 1. BOYSIA BOYSII (Pfeiffer). PL 24, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17. "Shell arcuately rimate, compressed-conic, thin, smooth, diaphanous, pale corneous. Spire obliquely couoidal, little obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, the last arcuately ascending to the upper edge of the antepenult whorl. Aperture subtriangular- rounded, toothless ; peristome nearly simple, a little expanded, the margins joined by a shortly free lamina. Alt. 3, diam. 3.5mm." (Pfr.). India: Chittore, Eajputana and Azmere (Boys) ; Nerbudda valley (Nevill, Stoliczka) ; Mandate, on the Nerbudda (Theo- bald coll.) ; Bengal (Cuming coll.). Tomogeres loysn (Anostoma) Benson, PFEIFFER, Symbolae ad Hist. Hel., iii, 1846, p. S2.—Anostoma loysii Benson, PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., i, 1847, p. 2.— BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), ii, 1848, p. 164. — Hypostoma boysii Benson, ALBERS, Die Hel., 1850, p. 130.— Pupa (Hypotrema) boysii Bens., VON MAR- TENS, Die Hel., 1860, p. 305.— Boysia loysii Bens., KOBELT, 111. BOYSIA. 227 Conchylien Buch, ii, 1878, p. 278, pi. 85, f. IQ.—Boysia bay si (Pfr.) GUDE, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii, 1914, p. 297.— Boy- sia bensani PFEIFFER, Zeit. Malak., vi, 1849, p. 105; Conch. Cab. Helix, 1853, p. 6, pi. 101, figs. 25-28,— ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, 1855, pi. 167, pi. 76, fig. 2.— PFEIFFER, Malak. Blatt., ii, 1856, p. 172. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Ind., 1870, pL 8, fig. 1. In the type specimen of this species (pi. 24, fig. 14, copied from Kuester) the last whorl ascended a little farther than in that drawn in pi. 24, figs. 15-17, from the Nerbudda valley (Indian Museum). The latter is also smaller, alt. 2.65, diam. 3.2 mm. The shell is perforate, very compactly coiled, regular in shape as far as the last half-whorl, where the whorl becomes straightened and ascends. The peristome is slightly thickened within and a little expanded. The nearly straight parietal margin stands free of the penult whorl, and barely detached from the last whorl. The plane of the peristome stands at an angle of about 40° with the axis of the shell. The surface is smooth, some very faint growth-lines being visible under the lens. There is also a microscopic granulation, such as most Pupge show under sufficient magnification. The apex appears to have only an extremely minute and indistinct granulation. APPENDIX Vol. XXIV. GASTROCOPTIN^E. GASTROCOPTA MORELETIANA (Grasset). PL 24, figs. 4, 5. Shell deeply rimate, ovate, short, corneous-whitish, rather glossy, smooth. Spire convex, tapering to the apex. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last somewhat compressed . basally. Aperture obrotund, narrowed by 3-4 palatal denticles and a somewhat bifid lamella on the parietal wall near the insertion of the lip. Peristome a little reflected, a little thickened, the margins joined by a callus. Length 4, diam. 2 mm. (Grasset). Canary Islands : Teneriffe. Pupa moreletiana A. GRASSET, Journ. de Conch., v, 1856, p. 348, pi. 13, f. 7. This species appears to be known by the original account only. Wollaston and Mabille do not mention it in their Canary Islands lists. It seems to be a Gastrocopta, but where it belongs in that genus is uncertain, and its locality will make further investigation highly interesting. GASTROCOPTA COLOMBIANA Pils. Figs. 1-4. The shell is thin, faintly brown tinted, subcylindric, but tapering very slowly from the last whorl, composed of 5% strongly convex whorls, the last whorl somewhat flattened dorsally, with a slight impression over the inner part of the lower palatal fold. Faintly striate. The aperture is squarish- oval; peristome thin, well expanded and reflected, continuous across the parietal wall, but very shortly adnate there. The aagulo-parietal lamella reversed y-shaped, the angular sin- uous, emerging to the lip edge, parietal arcuate, higher, emerging much less. Columellar lamella strong, lunate, the inner half descending, outer horizontal. Within the outer lip there is a small, high, suprapalatal fold and a larger, more APPENDIX, VOL. XXIV: GASTROCOPTA. 229 immersed upper palatal. Lower palate! fold is very long, somewhat immersed, oblique and indistinctly binodose ia front, its upper end continued inward as a slender ridge, then i Figs, i, 2. — Gastrocopta colombiana, enlarged aperture and front view of type. Fig. 3. — Columella and parietal wall seen from below, the peristome above, showing: c, columellar lamella; p, parietal, and a, angular lamellae. Fig. 4. — Inside of the palatal wall, the peristome on the right, s, supra- palatal fold ; u, upper palatal ; /, lower palatal, and b, basal fold. enlarging into a high, stout fold. The basal fold is transverse, weakly bilobed. Length 2, diameter 0.9 nim. Colombia: Puerto Columbia, dept. Atlantico, on limestone hills. Morgan Hebard and J. A. G. Rehn, 1920. Type and paratypes no. 46634 A. N. S. P. Gastrocopta colombiana PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1920, p. 329, figs. 1-4. While this species of the subgeuus Immersidens is somewhat similar to G. cochisensis, G. dalliana and other North Amer- ican snails of the same subgenus, it differs remarkably in the palatal folds, the upper being doubled, probably by division of a primitively single upper palatal, and the lower fold enters so deeply that its full structure can be understood only by breaking out the palatal wall, as in fig. 4. GASTROCOPTA KLUNZINGERI (Jickeli). Vol. XXIV, p. 120. The original description of Ennea in-sulsa Preston follows. ' ' Shell elongately ovate, very minute, cream-colored ; whorls 4y2, very convex, sculptured with oblique, transverse riblets, the last ascending in front ; suture deeply impressed ; 230 APPENDIX, VOL. XXIV: GASTROCOPTA. aperture subquadrate, armed with a parietal lamella bearing a small, internal, erect denticle towards the base of the outer lip and an internal lamella on the columella; labrum white, outwardly expanded, continuous. [PI. 1, figs. 14, 15, 16.] "Alt. 1.75, diani. inaj. .75 mm." (Preston}. British East Africa: Gazi (type loc., Robin Kemp). Eusso Nyiro River (Preston). Ennea insulsa PRESTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1913, p. 205, pi. 33, f. 13, 13a. Specimens from Preston, no. 41564 Bryant Walker coll., confirm, the provisional reference to Gasirocopta made in vol. xxiv, p. 359. The original figures are copied, pi. 1, figs. 14, 15. The sculpture and form agree with G. klunzingeri (Jick.) of Abyssinia. In the specimens from Eusso Nyiro River (fig. 16) the angulo-parietal lamella does not show a spur on the right side where the two lamellae join. This, however, is shown in the figures of the typical form. Whether the two specimens (one broken) from Eusso Nyiro represent another race, or merely a mutation, cannot be determined from the material at hand; but the typical form apparently does not differ from Jickeli's species. GASTROCOPTA MOOREANA (E. A. Smith). PI. 24, figs. 6, 7. Vol. XXIV, p. 160. Specimens of the original lot from Roebuck Bay, Western Australia, received through the cour- tesy of the British Museum, are now figured. The shell resembles G. larapinta in contour, but has a special character in the sculpture as seen under the micro- scope, the strias being made irregular, and in places inter- rupted by malleation or shallow, uneven pitting, producing sometimes a sort of reticulation, not unlike that of some Neso- pupae (Indopupa). The straight angular lamella joins the lip AveaMy or scarcely. It does not connect with the parietal lamella, which is high but not very long. The coluinellar lamella is high on the columella. and ascends very slightly in- ward, being nearly horizontal. There are two short palatal folds, the lower being larger and somewhat more immersed. No basal fold. Peristome reflected and thickened moderately witliin. APPENDIX, VOL. XXIV: GASTROCOPTA. 231 Length 2.2, diam. to edge of lip 1.2 mm. ; 51/^ whorls. Length 2.1, diam. to edge of lip 1.1 nun. ; 5 whorls. It is easily distinguished by the sculpture, unlike the other Australian species. Tertiary Species (Vol. XXIV, p. 114). GASTROCOPTA QUADRIPLICATA (Al. Br.). Vol. XXIV, p. 114. Fischer and Wenz (Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 1914, p. 95) discuss the synonymy of this species and its allies. They state that Al. Braun's name was a nomen nudum, and adopt that of turgida Reuss. G. didymodus and fissidens also are figured in the same excellent paper. GASTROCOPTA ACUMINATA (Klein). Pupa acuminata Klein, Jahresh. f. vaterl. Nat. in Wiirtt., ii, 1846, p. 95, pi. 1, f. 19.- Leucochila acuminata (KL), Wenz, Nbl. d. Malak. Ges., 1916, p. 62. According to Wenz this includes quadridenta-ta- Klein, Vol. XXIV, p. 115, no. 47. A var. procera is described, p. 64, pi. 1, f. 5. As this name is preoccupied for a recent species, Wenz's form may be called G. acuminata wenziana. GASTROCOPTA (?) CAPITANI (de Morgan). Pupa (Pupilla) capitani J. de Morgan, Bull. Soc. Geol. France (4), xix, No- vember, 1920, p. 316, fig. 11. Faluns de Touraine: Pont- Levoy, sabliere de Charmenton (Miocene). M. G.-F. Dollfus (Etude sur la Molasse de 1'Armagnac, in Bull. Soc. Geol. France (4), xv, 1915, has reviewed the Sansan Pupillidse, reducing most of Bourguignat's species to syno- nyms. He does not seem to have a clear conception of the distinction between Gastrocopta and Vertigo, placing all the species under "Vertigo (Leucochilus) ." GASTROCOPTA NOULETIANA (Dupuy). Vol. 24, p. 116. Under "Vertigo (Leucochilus) nouleti" Dollfus places as synonyms: Vertigo ludovici, barreri, necra and cyclophora? of Bour- guignat. The synonymy and distribution have also been discussed by Wenz, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., 1916, p. 65. GASTROCOPTA LARTETI (Dupuy). Vol. 24, p. 115. Dollfus 232 APPENDIX, VOL. XXIV: GASTROCOPTA. (p. 361) gives the following synonyms: Vertigo chydaea, V. eucrina, V. tapeina, V. campanea, V. codiolena, V. edwardsi [milne-edwardsi Bgt.], V. rhynchostoma, V. micronixia.., all of Bourguignat. The last two he separates on a subsequent page of the same paper. Tertiary Species of Abida. Vol. XXIV, p. 269. ABIDA SUBVABIABILIS mut. ULMENSIS Wenz. Torquilla s. u., Wenz, Jahresber. u. Mittheil. Oberrhein. Geol. Ver., (n. F.), vii, 1918, p. 20. ABIDA SCHLOSSEEI (Wenz). Torquilla schlosseri. Wenz, Senckenbergiana, i, 1919, p. 66, new name for Pupa (Vertigo) oviformis Schlosser, Jahrb. k. k. geol. Reichsanst., Ivii, 1907, p. 757, pi. 17, f. 5, not F. oviformis Michaud, 1838. GYLIAUCHEN (Vol. XXIV, p. 210). GYLIAUCHEN AUSTRALIS (Odhner). PI. 24, figs. 11, 12, 13. Shell pyramidal, with convex whorls and deep sutures ; last whorl dilated, with an angular periphery and a protracted aperture. Peristome continuous, expanded all around. Aper- ture rounded heart-shaped, with 5 teeth, two on the parietal wall, two on the outer wall, and one on the columella. Sculp- ture consisting only of oblique fine lines of growth. Umbilicus deep, widening below and surrounded by a basal keel. Color light brownish. Height 2, greatest diam. 2.7, height of aper- ture 1.1 mm. (Odhner). Australia: caves at Chillagoe, Queensland; subfossil (Swed- ish Sci. Exped. to Australia, 1910-1913). Hypselostoma australis ODHNER, Res. Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Sci. Exped. to Australia, 1910-1913, xvii, Mollusca, in Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handlingar, Bd. 52, no. 16, 1917, p. 98, pi. 3, f. 107-109. This species appears to be most nearly related to G. dohertyi Fulton (Vol. 24, p. 219), of Tenimber Island, which is also its nearest neighbor geographically. Dr. Odhner considers it "a further proof of the former connection of Australia and New Guinea, the only possible way of its invasion." APPENDIX, VOL. XXV: VERTIGO. 233 Vol. XXV. VERTIGININ^E. VERTIGO. Vol. XXV, p. 69. In a list of German and Austrian shells (Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., 43, March 1911, p. 24) C. E. Boettger has "Vertigo (Alaca) alpestris Aid.," followed by seven other species; under the same generic and subgeneric names. As Alaea occurs above it on the same page, it is possible that Alaca is intended as a new section, and not a typographical error for Alaea. In that case it may have V. alpestris for type ; but I am inclined to think it unintentional, as it is not designated as new. CRATICULA Lowe, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 211 (March 27, 1855), type designated as P. substriata Jeffr., becomes subordinate to Vertigo, and can be used as a sectional name for the group of V. substriata (see Manual, Vol. 25, p. 172) if that is consid- ered sufficiently distinct to need special designation. VERTIGO PUP^FORMIS Pollonera. Page 379. The reference to figure should be : Vol. XXVI, pi. 11, fig. 13. VERTIGO EUMICRA (Bgt.). PI. 20, fig. 11. Shell rimate, under the lens slightly striatulate obliquely; at the apex very obtusely rounded. Whorls 6, convex, slowly and regularly increasing, separated by a deep suture, the last whorl one-fourth the length, straight or slightly ascending at the aperture. Aperture toothless, a little oblique, rounded ; peristome acute, simple, not reflected or thickened, the mar- gins strongly approaching. Length 3, diam. 2 mm. (Bgt.). Switzerland : Under leaves in the ruins of the castle of Habsburg, not far from Meggen, half way on the road be- tween Lucerne and Kussnacht (Bgt.) ; St. Moritz in the Engadine, on granite, at about 1800 meters (Clessin). Vertigo eumicra BOURGUIGNAT, Revue et Mag. de Zool., 1862, pi. 18, f. 11, 12; 1863, p. 5.--H. SCHLESCH, Hall Mus. Publications, no. 116, 1919, p. 29, fig. b. — Pupa eumicra CLES- SIN, Malak. Bl., xxv, 1878, p. 85, pi. 3, f. 11. Clessin believes that the original description was from im- mature examples. When entirely adult the margins of the lip 234 APPENDIX, VOL. XXV: VERTIGO. are joined by a parietal callus. He states that it differs from Pupa inornata (P. edentula auct.) by the connected peri- stome; moreover the summit is more Vertigo-like, the size smaller, and the striation more distinct. It has usually been placed in Pupilla, but may more likely be a toothless Vertigo close to or specifically identical with V. genesii Gredler (Vol. XXV, p. 204), as claimed by Schlesch. Bourguignat's figure is copied in our pi. 20, fig. 11, Clessin's in pi. 20, fig. 21. VERTIGO HINKLEYI 11. sp. PL 6, figs. 12-16. The shell is minute, oblong-cylindric, of cinnamon-buff color, glossy, nearly smooth, very thin. The whorls are. rather convex, the last three forming the more or less cyliudric por- tion ; the last whorl tapers to the narrow base ; there is a de- pression behind the auricle of the lip, and behind that a larger, deeper dorso-lateral impressed area extending nearly to the base. The aperture is shortly piriform, with strongly defined sinulus, limited below by a deeply bent in and thick- ened angle of the outer lip. The peristome is slightly ex- panded around the sinulus, elsewhere strongly so. The pari- etal lamella is rather remote from the edge of the thin pari- etal callus, low in front, high within, and enters deeply. The columellar lamella is deeply placed, not very long, ascending a little inwardly. Below it there is a subcolumellar tooth (probably a shifted basal fold). The upper palatal fold is a high lamina, abrupt in front, where it arises some distance within the lip. Close to its inner end there is a short fold, apparently the lower palatal ; only its anterior end can be seen in the aperture. Length 1.55, diam. 0.75 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Type. Length 1.75, diam. 0.77 mm. ; 6 whorls. Type. Arizona: Cave canyon, Huachuca Mountains, at Station 295, near the reservoir (Hinkley and Ferriss, 1919). Type no, 46243, A. N. S. P. Also two specimens at Station 296. This remarkable little Vertigo is so unlike known species that comparisons need not be made. The peculiar shape of the aperture is characteristic, and the teeth differ strongly from all other species. APPENDIX, VOL. XXVI. 235 In a few examples the parietal lamella emerges nearly to the edge of the parietal film. The aperture also varies indi- vidually in width. At Station 295 it was associated with Vertigo coloradensis insert a and single specimens of Gastrocopta ashmuni and G. pilsbryana. Fossil species of Vertigo. Page 214. VERTIGO PONTILEVTENSIS de Morgan. Bull. Soc. Geol. France (4), xix, Nov. 1920, p. 317, fig. 12. Faluns de Tou- raine: Pout-Levoy, sabliere du vallon de Charenton (Mio- cene). VERTIGO TURONICA de Morgan. Op. tit., p. 318, fig. 13. Same locality. VERTIGO DOUVILLEI de Morgan. Op. tit., p. 319, fig. 14. Same locality. VERTIGO ROBERTI de Morgan. Op. tit., p. 320, fig. 15. Same locality. Vol. XXVI. Page 24. PUPISOMA EVEZABDI (Blanf.) was taken by Lieut.- Col. A. J. Peile at Panchganni, about 12 miles inland from Mahablishwar, on bark of trees near road, and at Lanauli, a couple of miles on the Poona side of Khandala, at the top of Bor Ghat, on trees and bark (128417-8 A. N. S. P.). Page 24. The reference for Pupisoma lignicola var. uni- dentata G.-A. is Land and Freshwater Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 300. Page 36. Add to references under PUPISOMA DIOSCORICOLA : Microphysa dioscoricola C. B. Ad., W. G. BINNEY, Bull. M. C. Z., xix, 1890, p. 196, pi. 3, f. 6 (shell, jaw and teeth). The localities given are: St. Augustine, Blue Spring, St. Johns River, Lake Worth to Hawk's Park, Hilo River emptying into Mosquito Inlet, Florida ; Hidalgo, Texas. Page 45. 12th line from bottom: for Pupa king si read Pupa kingi. Page 51. 20th line : for DRONET read DROUET. Page 106. 13th line : for ba-sal lamella read basal fold. 236 APPENDIX, VOL. XXVI. STERKIA BAKERI n. sp. PI. 24, figs. 1, 2, 3. The shell is thin, straightly rimate, imperforate, cylindric, ochraceous-tawny ; surface very weakly but regularly striate, with traces of weak granulation in places. The whorls are strongly convex. The aperture is obstructed by five teeth. The angular lamella is strong and high, curved, much shorter than the parietal lamella, which is high and long, entering very deeply. The columellar lamella is situated high, and slants rapidly upwards within. Upper-palatal fold is strong, rather long, marked externally by a slight depression. The lower-palatal is much more deeply placed, about equal to the upper. The peristome is tawny, reflected, the outer margin bent in a little in the middle. Length 1.9, diam. 0.9 mm. ; fully 5 whorls. Mexico: southern part of the State of Vera Cruz, Canton of Acayucan, at the Hacienda de Cuatotolapan, between the Rio San Juan and its tributary the Arroyo Hueyapan (H. Burringtoii Baker). In its proportions, the diameter about half of the length, this species resembles S. rhoadsi. It differs by the more ob- tuse summit, the more distinctly striate surface and the stronger and longer teeth, of which the lower palatal is more deeply immersed. The inner end of the parietal lamella is not visible in an obliquely basal view in the aperture, but it also passes out of sight inward in 8. rhoadsi, though weaker within than the present species. 8. antillensis is a shorter, broader shell, with less immersed lower-palatal fold. The parietal lamella is long, as in rhoadsi and bakeri. In S. eyriesi the parietal is distinctly shorter. The tropical American Sterkiae evidently form a complex of intimately related races. It is not possible to judge their specific distinctions by the very small number of specimens now known, from a few widely separated localities. TRUNCATELLINA CYLINDRICA (Fer.). Page 65. Reference to figures should be : PI. 8, figs. 3, 4, 8. Locard has distinguished the varieties major, minor, curia and ventricosa, "defined by their names," and probably from APPENDIX, VOL. XXVI. 237 France. He states that the Portuguese specimens are larger than those of France (Isthmia muscorum Drap., Locard, Ar- chives Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Lyoii, vii, 1899, p. 153). It has been reported from Portugal by Morelet and Castro. According to Clessiii the following is a synonym: Pupa pusillima Forster, in Fiirnrohr's Naturhist. u. Topographic Regensburg, 1838-40, no. 59 (not seen by H. P.). Add the following to the list of fossil species, p. 60 : TRUNCATELLINA PODOLICA (Lomnicki). Pupapodolicaluom., Verh. K. K. Geol. Reichsanst., 1886, p. 423. Miocene, Fol- warki, Galizia. Page 78. The following species should be inserted : 12cr. TRUNCATELLINA SCHARFFI (Boettger). It is easily to be distinguished from. P. minutissima Hartm. (T. cylindrica Fer.) and its varieties dentiens Moq.-Tand. and odontostoma West, by having a strong basal tooth, a long, rather forwardly advanced palatal tooth, weak columellar tooth, and the nearly smooth surface of the shell. Also from P. strobeli Gredl. (which appears to be distributed through- out Italy, as I have positively identified examples from Naples and Messina), the French form appears so much more amply distinct by the weaker sculpture of the shell, the greater size, and by having an additional whorl, that I view it as new, and would preliminarily name it P. (Isthmia) scharffi,, after its discoverer (Bttg.). France: debris of the Garonne near Bordeaux (Robert Scharff). P[upa] (Isthmia-) scharffi BOETTGER, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., xi, May, 1879, p. 51. — P. strobeli var. scharffi Bttg., WESTER- LUND, Fauna, p. 126. This form was referred to on p. 72, but by oversight the description was omitted. The reference to Boettger was in- correctly given. PUPOIDENS LARDEUS (Pfr.). Page 126. Lieut.-Col. A. J. Peile, who collected lardeus in Bombay 238 APPENDIX, VOL. XXVI. Island, writes that he is " disposed to believe it distinct from coenopictus, as the Bombay specimens are all alike. In pick- ing over some shell sand from Karachi beach, however, I found an apparently mixed race, varying much in size." These may have been washed together from several colonies. Page 158, line 8: In place of "Three-tooth mutations" read "Four tooth-mutations." PUPILLA BLANDI mut. alba (CklL). Page 160. Shell white. Ouster Co., Colorado (T. D. A. Cockerell, Science Gossip, xxiv, Nov. 1888, p. 257). PUPILLA CUPA TURCMENIA Bttg. Page 188. The first two paragraphs on p. 188 should follow the ac- count of P. c. turcmenw, having been transposed above it accidentally. OP UNCERTAIN POSITION. PUPA LAMARCKII Audouin. PL 24, figs. 8, 9, 10. Known only by Savigny's figures, here reproduced photo- graphically, which represent a short shell with expanded lip and a carina on the last whorl. The latter looks like the re- mains of a whorl which has been broken away, the animal afterward forming a lip at the limit of the breach. I have seen such specimens; and I suspect that it is a pathologic Pupilla. The length as indicated on the plate is 2.8 mm. Pre- sumably from Egypt. Pupa lama-rcldi AUDOUIN, in Descript. de 1'Egypte, xxii, 1826, p. 161; referring to Savigny's figures in the same work, Hist. Nat., Zoologie, ii, Coquilles, pi. 2, f. 1. — Bnlimus lamarckii Aud., ISSEL, Malac. Mar Russo, 1869, p. 321. EXPLANATION OF PLATES Except where stated otherwise, the specimens figured are in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences and were drawn by Miss Helen Win- chester. With few exceptions, the borrowed figures have been reproduced photographically. FIGURE PLATE 1. PAGE 1. Pronesopupa sericata C. & P. Puhonua, Hawaii. 11035BM 17 2. Pronesopupa lymaniaua C. & P. Olaa, Hawaii. 12576 BM. ..": is 3. Pronesopupa f. corticicola C. & P. Puunianiau, Maui. 11034BM 14 4. Pronesopupa frondicola C. & P. Aiuahou, Maui. 11033BM 13 5. Pronesopupa molokaiensis C. & P. Kawela, Molokai. 41806BM 15 6. Pronesopupa incerta C. & P. Halemauu, Kauai. 15407BM 16 7. Pronesopupa acanthinula Anc., lectotype. Makiki, Oahu. 12509 8. 9. Pronesopupa senex Iredale. After Iredale 1 10. Pronesopupa orycta C. & P. Palihoukapapa. 11036 BM 18 11. Pronesopupa b. spinigera C. & P. Luakaha, Nuuanu. 11031BM 10 12. Pronesopupa hystricella C. & P. Hilo, Hawaii. 11032BM 7 13. Pronesopupa admodesta Migh. Luakaha, Nuuanu. 11029BM 11 14. 15. " Ennea " insulsa Preston. After Preston . . . 229 16. Ennea iusulsa (== Gastrocopta klunzingeri Jick.). B. Walker coll 229 17. Pronesopupa boettgeri C. & P. Tantalus, Oahu. 11030BM 8 (239) 240 EXPLANATION OP PLATES. FIGURE PAGE PLATE 2. 1. 5. Pupisoma orciila Bs. Kyoto. 87625 2. Pupisoma orcula Bs. Maritzburg. 104191 31 3. Pupisoma philippinensis Mlldff. Cebu 4. Pupisoma philippinensis Mlldff. Bohol. 96538 6. Pupisoma steudneri Jick. After Jickeli 35 7. 10. Pupisoma lignicola Stol. Moulmein. 62168 23 8, 9. Pupisoma evezardi Blanf. W. Ghats. 100456 24 11, 12. Pupisoma japonicum Pils. Type. 82974 25 13. Pupisoma japonicum depressum Pils. Type. 89993. 26 PLATE 3. 1-3. Pupisoma miceyla Bs. After Godwin-Austen 26 4. Pupisoma cacharicum G.-A. After Godwin-Austen . . 29 5, 6. Pupisoma orcella Stol. After Stoliczka 29 7. Pupisoma orcella Stol. Penang. 62167 29 8-10. Pupisoma constrictum G.-A. After Godwin-Austen. 28 11. Pupisoma longstaffi G.-A. After Godwin-Austen ... 27 12. Pupisoma hueense Watt. J. de Conch 13. Pupisoma vimontiana Crosse. J. de Couch 35 14-16. Pupisoma circumlitum Hedl. After Hedley 34 PLATE 4. 1, 2. Pupisoma dioscoricola C. B. Ad. Moiitego Bay. 104395 36 3, 4. Pnpisoma dioscoricola C. B. Ad. San Carlos Bay, Fla. 106310 36 5. Pupisoma dioscoricola C. B. Ad. (cteca Guppy, ex auct.) . 12160 36 6. Pupisoma d. insigne Pils. Hidalgo, Teras. 10953 . . . 7. Pupisoma d. insigne Pils. Brownsville, Texas. 109013. 39 8. Pupisoma d. insigne Pils. Demerara. 28268 39 9. 11. Pupisoma minus Pils. Snapper Creek. 113399... 40 10. Pupisoma minus, var. Crystal River. 91242 40 12. Pupisoma uiichoacanense Pils. 77119 40 13, 14. Pupisoma punctum (= dioscoricola) . Biol. Centr. Am 39 15. Pupisoma macneilli Clapp. Cotype. Magazine Pt., Ala 41 16, 17. Pupisoma mediamericanum Pils. Cotypes. 45727. 42 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 241 FIGURE PAGE PLATE 5. 1-3. Cyliudrovertilla kingi Cox. Vancluse Pt. 115529.. 44 4, 10. Cyliudrovertilla hedleyi Pils. Type. 115531 46 5. Cylindrovertilla fabreaiia Cr. J. de Conch 47 6. Cylindrovertilla paitensis Cr. J. de Conch 48 7-9. Cylindrovertilla fabreaiia Cr. Anse Vata. 22919-20. 47 10. Cylindrovertilla hedleyi Pils. Type. 115531 46 11. Acmopupa subtilissima Al. Br. After Sandberger . . 101 12, 13. Cylindrovertilla fabreana Cr. Boyne I., Queens- land. 115530 47 14. Negulus kenianus Prest. After Preston 103 15. Negulus obliquecostulatus Sm. After Smith 104 16-18. Negulus reinhardti Jick. After Jickeli 102 19-21. Negulus abyssinicus Jick. After Jickeli 103 PLATE 6. 1, 2. Sterkia eyriesi Drt. Cayenne. 114988 51 3, 6, 7. Sterkia rhoadsi Pils. Lee Co., Fla. 77034 52 4,5. Sterkia eyriesi Drt. After Drouet 51 8, 9. Sterkia antillensis Pils. Type. Vinales 53 10, 11. Sterkia antillensis, var. Mandeville. 101472 53 12-16. Vertigo hinkleyi Pils. Type and paratype 234 PLATE 7. 1, 3, 4. Sterkia calamitosa Pils. E. de Todos Santos. 82439. 57 2, Sterkia calamitosa Pils. S. Tomas E. 11602 57 5-7. Sterkia hemphilli St. Nr. Grantville. 82443 55 8, 11, 12. Sterkia hemphilli St. San Tomas R. 62364 ... 55 9. Sterkia Clementina St. Cotype. S. Clemente I. 45479. 54 10, 13. Sterkia Clementina (oldroydcc Van.). S. Barbara I. 113844 54 PLATE 8. 1,11 1 r uncatellina linearis Lwe. Madeira. 5376 62 ?. i runcatellina linearis Lwe. Canical. 97303 62 3, 4, 8. Truncatellina cylindrica Fer. France. 22872, 3908 65 5. Truncatellina himalayana Bens. Conch. Indica 71 6. Truncatellina laeviuscula Kiist. Conch. Cabinet 68 7. Pupa muscorum var. dentiens Moq. Moll. France .... 74 8. Truncatellina cylindrica Fer. France. 3908 65 9. Tnmcatellina himalayana Bens. Simla. 117137 71 242 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE PAGE 10. Tmncatellina rivierana Bens. France. 22871 71 11, 12. TruncateUina rivierana S. Tirol. 115002 71 13. 14. Tmncatellina r. brittanica Pils. Type. 109423.. 77 15.16. Tmncatellina striata Gredl. (=monodon). After Gredler 82 17, 18. TruncateUina costulata Nils. Sweden. 5048 ... 78 19, 20. Tmncatellina niouodon Held. Tyrol. 115006 ... 82 PLATE 9. 1-5. Tmncatellina similis Jickeli. After Jickeli 88 6-9. Tmncatellina lardea Jickeli. After Jickeli 86 10-13. Tmncatellina blaufordi Jickeli. After Jickeli 89 14-18. Tmncatellina schilleri Jickeli. After Jickeli .... 87 19, 20. TruncateUina mutandaensis Prest. After Preston. 90 21. Tmiicatellina naivashaensis Prest. After Preston . . 89 22. Pupa haploa M. & P. After Melvill and Ponsonby . . 100 23. Pupa psychion M. & P. After Melvill and Ponsonby. 100 24. 25. Tmncatellina perplexa Bnp. After Burnup .... 91 26, 27. Tmncatellina insulivaga Pils. 87624, 89898 84 PLATE 10. 1-3. Trancatellina pretoriensis M. & P. Pretoria. 106498. 92 4. Truncatellina dysorata M. & P. After Burnup 94 5. Tmncatellina quantula M. & P. After Burnup 95 6. TruncateUina iota M. & P. After Burnup 95 7. TruncateUina iota M. & P. Pretoria. 106500 95 8. 9, 10. Tmncatellina iota livingstonas Bnp. 117272-3 . . 97 11. Truncatellina sykesi M. & P. After Burnup 97 12. Truncatellina s. inconspicua Bnp. After Burnup. . . 98 13. Truncatellina pentheri (== sykesi). After Sturany. . 98 14.15. Truncatellina sykesi M. & P. Game Pass. 117271. 97 16. 17. Truncatellina sykesi var. Cradock. 117274 98 PLATE 11. 1, 2. Tmncatellina claustralis Gredl. After Gredler ... 79 3, 4. Truncatellina c. opisthodon Reinh. 78388 5. Truncatellina c. clavella Reinh. After Reinhardt .... 81 6. Truncatellina c. salurnensis Reinh. After Reinhardt. . 80 7. "Pupa" battagliensis De Greg. After De Gregorio. . 76 8. P. m. var. ortonensis De Greg. After De Gregorio. . . 76 9. P. m. var. abaneusis De Greg. After De Gregorio. ... 76 10-12. Pupoides paradesii Orb. After d'Orbigny 120 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 243 FIGURE PAGE 13. Vertigo pupaeformis Poll. After Pollonera. Vol. XXV, p. 37& 14. Pupoides chordatus Pfr. 22958 119 15. Pupoides chordatus Pfr. After Pfeiffer 119 16, 17. Microcerion floridanum Dall. After Ball 151 18, 19. Pupoides paradesii (limensis). Lima. 22957 120 PLATE 12. 1. Pupoides marginatus Say. Philadelphia. 79047 .... 131 2. 3. Pupoides marginatus. Washington Co., S. D. 110974 ^ 111 4. Pupoides marginatus. Nr. Quartzsite, Ariz. 95035 . . Ill 5. Pupoides marginatus. Nr. Valley Head, Ala. 90971.. Ill 6. 7. Pupoides marginatus. Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba Ill 8. Pupoides simoni Jouss. After Jousseaume 1 14 9, 16. Pupoides m. nitidulus Pfr. W. side Matanzas Bay. 46017 113 10. Pupoides inornatus Van. White River, S. D. 110977. 118 11. Pupoides hordaceus Gabb. Near Las Vegas, N. M. 78890 116 12. Pupoides hordaceus Gabb. Near Adamana, Ariz. 45822 116 13, 14, 15. Pupoides modicus Gld. Key West. 100092 . . 115 16. Pupoides m. nitidulus Pfr. W. side Matanzas Bay. . 113 PLATE 13. 1, 2. Pupoides cosnopictus (Hutt.). Bombay 123 3. Pupoides coenop ictus (Hutt.). Havana. 22953 123 4. Pupoides c. lardeus (Pfr.). Porto Rico. 22954 126 5. 6. Pupoides astierianus (Dup.). After Dupuy 126 7. Pupoides cerealis (Palad.). After Paladilhe ". 132 8. Pupoides samavaensis Pal. After Paladilhe 127 9. Pupoides lardeus (Pfr.). India, 22907 126 10, 11. Pupoides samavaensis Pal. Bombay. 22905 .... 127 12. Pupoides lardeus (Pfr.). After Kuester 126 13. Pupoides c. senegalensis (Mor.). Goree. 78392 136 14. Pupoides c. senegalensis (Mor.). Bakel 136 15. Pupoides vermiformis (Palad.). After Paladilhe. .. 129 16. 17. Pupoides tutulus (Bens.). After Kuester 122 18. Pupoides tutulus (Bens.). After Reeve ... 122 244 EXPLANATION OP PLATES. FIGURE PAGE PLATE 14. 1,2. Pupoides senaariensis (Pfr.). After Jickeli 131 3, 4. Pupoides aethiopicus (Bgt.). After Jickeli 5. Pupoides mimisculus (Mor.). After Morelet 6. Pupoides chanlerensis (Prest.). After Preston 135 7. Leucochiloides soror Prest, (= ccenopictus) . After Preston 125 8. Pupoides gaziensis (Prest.). After Preston 9. Pupoides consanguineus (Prest.). After Preston 35 10,11. Pupoides ealaharicus (Bttg.). After Boettger. . . 138 12, 13, 16. Microstele noltei (Bttg.). Klip. Connolly coll. 150 14, 15. Microstele noltei (Bttg.). After Boettger L50 17. Microstele oblonga (Bttg.). After Boettger ... 149 18. Microstele iredalei (Prest.). After Preston 19,20. Microstele uiuscerda (Bs.). Ceylon. 22906 148 PLATE 15. 1,2. Pupoides adelaidae (A. & A.). Pt. Lincoln. 62964.140 3, 4. Pupoides ischnus (Tate). Palm Creek. 72484 146 5, 7, 8. Pupoides beltianus (Tate) . 72477 145 6. Pupoides myopo rinse (Tate). After Tate 146 9, 10. Pupoides eremieola (= contrarius). 72486 11. Pupoides pacificus (Pfr.). After Kuester 141 12, 13. Pupoides pacificus. Narrabri. 62282, 63247. ... 141 14. Pupoides pacificus. Forrest River. 115534 141 15. Pupoides pa.cificus. Mapoon. 115535 141 PLATE 16. I, 2. Pupilla fontaua (Krauss). Heidelberg 207 3. Pupilla fontana, Kroomstadt 207 4. Pupilla fontana. Bloemlontein 207 5. 6, 7. Pupilla fontana. Port Elizabeth. Fig. 5 is the albini&tic mutation eUzabethensis. 65782 . . .211, 213 8. Pupilla fontana. Pienaar's Poort. 406483 207 9. P. omicronaria M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. & Pons 212 10. P. kerea M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. & Pons. 212 II. P. charybdica M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. & Pons 213 12 P. amphodou M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. & Pons 213 13 P. frustillum M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. & Pons. 213 EXPLANATION OP PLATES. 245 FIGURE PAGK 14. P. custoclita M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. & Pons 212 15. P. fontana Kr. After Jickeli 207 16. P. fontana, v. globulosa Bgt. After Jickeli 209 17. 18, 19. P. fontana Krauss. After Krausa 207 20. Pupilla fontana. Pieuaar's Poort. 106483 207 21, 22. Pupilla fontana. Cradock. 117279 207 23. P. endoplax M. & P. After Melv. & Pons 214 PLATE 17. 1. Pupoides m. nitidulus (Pfr.). 46017 113 2. Pupoidopsis hawaiensis P. & C. Kaelepulu 107 3. Pupoides soror (Prest.). 41591 B. Walker coll 125 4. Pupoides chaulerensis (Prest.). 41592 B. Walker coll. 135 5. 6. Pupoides dorise (Issel). After Issel 122 7. Microstele iredalei (Prest.). 41593 B. Walker coll... 148 8. Pupoides calaharicus (Bttg.). 47256 138 9. Pupilla tetroclus (Bttg.). Coega. 114969 216 10, 11. Pupilla tetrodus (Bttg.). Cradock. 117280 216 12. 13. Pupilla pupula (Dh.). 64103 214 14, 15, 16. Pupilla tetrodus (Bttg.). After Boettger ... 216 17, 18. Pupilla pupula (Dh.). After Deshayes 214 PLATE 18. 1. Pupilla hebes (Anc.). Lander Co., Nev. 119515 .... 1.64 2, 3. Pupilla hebes (Anc.). Bill Williams Mt., Ariz. 103281 184 4. Pupilla hebes (Anc.). Rucker canyon, Chiricahuas. 97501 164 5, 6, 7. Pupilla hebes nefas P. & F. Bear Wallow, Sac- ramento Mts. 109692 166 8. Pupilla hebes nefas. Spud Rock, Rineons. 119101... 166 9. Pupilla syngenes (Pils.). Type. Arizona, 59185 ... 137 10. Pupilla syngenes. Kaibab Saddle, Arizona. 103286. 167 11. Pupilla syngenes, mut. nivea P. Black Mesa. 45853. 169 12. Pupilla muscorum L. Rochester, N. Y. 128062 156 13. 14. Pupilla muscorum. Thomaston, Me. 91537 156 15, 16. Pupilla muscorum. Mt. Desert, Me. 85673 .... 156 PLATE 19. 1, 2, 3. Pupilla blandi Mse. Ft. Berthold. 4487 . 159 4, 5. Pupilla blandi. Near Salt Lake City. 11593 159 246 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE PAGE 6, 7. Pupilla b. pithodes P. & F. Type. Black Mia., N. M. 115361 161 8, 9. Pupilla b. charlestonensis P. Type. 115215 163 10, 12, 13. Pupilla sonorana (St.). Cloudcroft, N. M. 83351 163 11. Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils. Duran, N. M. Type. 104005 158 14. Pupilla muscorum var. White Oaks, N. M. 78721. . 158 15. Pupilla sonorana (St.). White Oaks, N. M. 78720.. 163 16. 17. Pupilla sterkiana (Pils.) . 60466 156 18,19. Pupilla hebes (P. m. idahoensis H. & D.). St. Charles, Idaho 166 PLATE 20. 1,2. Pupilla muscorum (L.). Hunstanton, England. 66915. 173 3, 4. Pupilla muscorum. Pensarm, N. Wales. 109431 . . . 173 5, 6, 7. Pupilla muscoram. Calvados. 22704 173 8. Pupilla muscorum mut. abbreviata Cl. After Clessin. 178 9. Pupilla muscorum mut. pratensis Cl. After Clessin . . . 178 10. Pupilla muscorum mut. elongata Cl. After Clessiu. . 178 11. Vertigo eumicra Bgt. After Bourguiguat 233 12. 13. Pupilla muscorum inops Reinh. After Reinhardt. 180 14, 15. Pupilla m. gabrielensis de Greg. After Benoit. . . 181 16, 17. Pupilla m. masclaryana Pal. After Paladilhe. . . . 176 18,19. Pupilla aucapitainiana Bgt. After Bourguignat. . 181 20. Pupilla m. glis West. After Dean & Tomlin 177 21. Vertigo eumicra Bgt. After Clessin 234 22,23. Pupilla bigranata (Urn.). After Rossnmessler .. 182 24. Pupilla neumeyeri (Kuester). After Kuester 188 PLATE 21. I, 2. Pupilla signata (Mas.). Turkestan. 78397 194 3. Pupilla cristata Mts. (= signata). After v. Martens. . 195 4. Pupilla antinorii (Palad.). After Paladilhe 193 5. 6, 7, 8. Pupilla interrupta Reinh. After Reinhardt . . 198 5a. Pupilla interrupta. Profile of parietal lamella 196 9, 10. Pupilla poltavica Bttg. After Boettger 197 I 1. Pupilla triplicata (Stud.). Switzerland. 22721 ... 189 12, 13. Pupilla triplicata. Mt. Roland (Jura). 22719 . . 189 14, 15. Pupilla saxetana Piaget. After Piaget 183 16, 17. Pupilla alpicola Ch. After Charpentier 183l 18. Pupilla alpicola Charp. After Piaget 183 EXPLANATION OP PLATES. 247 FIGURE PAGE 19, 20. Pupilla triplicata luxurians Reinh. After Bein- hardt 192 21, 22. Pupilla madida. After Kobelt 184 PLATE 22. 1, Pupilla heudeana Mlldff. Huai-ngou-fu. 64104 200 2, 3. Pupilla heudeana. Shan-hai. 94749 200 4, 5. Pupilla heudeana. Mikage, Settsu. 89900 200 6, 7. Pupilla aeoli terra P. Gansu. 117141 199 8, 9. Pupilla signata Andreae (=>heudeana grandis Mlldff.) . After Andreae 202 10, 11, 12. Pupilla annandalei Pils. Type. Indian Mu- seum 202 13. Pupilla aeoli Hilber. After Hilber 199 14. Pupilla ehinensis Hilber. After Hilber 198 15. Pupilla richthofeni Hilber. After Hilber 198 16, 17. Pupilla armeniaca Issel. After Issel 193 18. Pupilla ( ?) diopsis Bens. After Hanley & Theobald. 205 19. Pupilla ( T) seriola Bens. After Hanley & Theobald. 204 20. Pupilla eurina Bens. After Hanley & Theobald 203 PLATE 23. 1, 2. Pupilla cupa (Jan). After Kuester 185 3, 4. Pupilla cupa (Jan). After Kobelt 185 5, Pupilla sterri (=cupa). After Kuester 187 6, 7. Pupilla c. turcmenia Bttg. After Andreae 188 8, 9. Pupilla e. turcmenia Bttg. After Boettger 188 10. Pupilla aridula (= cupa) . After Kuester 187 11, 12. Pupilla gorgonica Dohrn. 64092 206 13, 14. Pupilla australis Angas. 115532 218 15, 16. Pupilla australis. Sinus Cove. 115533 218, 220 17, 19. Pupilla australis. 78400 218 18. Pupilla tasmanica Johnst. (== P. australis). After Johnston 221 19. Pupilla australis. 78400 218 20. 21. Pupilla ficulnea Tate. 72482 221 22. Pupa scottii Braz. Type, drawn by Hedley 222 PLATE 24. 1, 2, 3. Sterkia bakeri Pils. Type 236 4,5. Gastrocopta moreletiana (Gras.). After Grasset .. 228 6,7. Gastrocopta mooreana (Sm.). Paratype. 128359.. 230 8, 9, 10. "Pupa" lamarckii Aud. After Savigny 238 248 EXPLANATION OP PLATES. FIGURE PAGE 11, 12, 13. Gyliauchen australis (Ohdner). After Ohdner. 232 14. Boysia boysii (Pfr.). After Kuester 226 15, 16, 17. Boysia boysii. Spec, in Indian Museum 226 DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF VOLUME XXVI. Part 101, pages 1-64, plates 1-8. December 23, 1920. Part 102, pages 65-128, plates 9-13. May 13, 1921. Part 103, pages 129-192, plates 14-18. August 4, 1921. Part 104, pages 193-254, plates 19-24. November, 1921. LU LIE INDEX abanensis De Greg abbreviata Ulic abessymca Bttg ABIDA abyssinicus Eeinh acanthinula Anc ACMOPUPA Bttg acnminata Kl adelaidse A. & A admodesta Migh aeoli Hilb aethiopicus Bgt AFRIPUPILLA Pils. . . . 153, ALACA C. R. Bttg alba Baldw albaCkll albescens Ferr albilabris Ad albinaBttg 194, albina Mke allogyra West alpicola Ch americanum Mlldff amphidon M. & P angustata Mss annandalei Pils anodon Dh ANOSTOMELLA Mts antillensis Pils antinorii Pal aridula Held armeniaca Issel arizonensis Binn arizonensis Gabb ascaniensis Schm asiatica Mlldff. ns 103 232 103 5 101 231 140 11 199 132 215 233 174 238 166 112 197 178 79 183 39 213 66 202 106 226 53 193 186 193 116 112 79 179 astierianus Dup 126 atomus Sh 63 aucapitainiana Bgt 181 australis Ang 218 australis Odh 232 avus P. & F 171 B badia Ad 157 bakeri Pils 236 battagliensis de Greg. ... 76 bawriensis Tayl 134 beltianus Tate 145 bensoni Pfr 227 bibaca Kim 191 bidentata C. Pfr 176 bidentata West bigranata Rm 182 blainvilleana Dup 223 blandi Mse 159 blanfordi Jick 89 bleicheri Pal 105 boettgeri C. & P 8 BOYSIA Pfr 225 boysii Pfr 226 brevis Baud 178 brittanica Pils 77 BULIMUS 238 C cacharicum G.-A 29 cseca Guppy 37, 38 calaharieus Bttg 138 calamitosa Pils 57 callicratis Scac 75 capillacea Kstr 69 (249) 250 INDEX. capitani Morg 231 carpathica Kim 187 caucasica Bttg 180 cerealis Pal 132 charilerensis Prest 135 charlestonensis Pils. . . . 163 charybdica M. & P 213 chinensis Hilb 198 chordatus Pfr 119 choroata Schauf 119 circumlitum Hedl 34 claustralis Gredl 79 clavella Reinh 81 Clementina St 54 coenopietus Hutt 123 colombiana Pils 228 consanguineus Prest. . . . 135 conspectus Hutt 138 constrictum G.-A 28 contrarius Sm 144 corcyrensis Bttg 81 corticicola C. & P 14 costulata Nils 78 CRATICULA Lowe 233 cristata Marts 195 crossei Mich 105 cryptodon Hde 200 cryptodus Brn 60 cupa Jan 185 cupella Bttg 223 curta Loc 236 custodita M. & P 212 cyclostoma West 195 cylindrata Bttg 180 cylindrica Fer 65, 236 cylindrica Mss 195 Cylindrovertilla Pils. . . 43 D debilis West 195 dentiens Moq 74 depressum Pils 26 dextroversa P. & V 169 diecki Gredl 196 dinii De Stef. 74 diopsis Bens 205 dioscoricola C. B. Ad. 36, 235 diploos Bens 205 doriae Issel 122 doumeti Let. & Bgt 68 douvillei Morg 235 dysorata M. & P 94 dysorota Stur 94 E ectina Bgt 225 edentata West 190 edentula Dh 104 edentula Moq 175 EDENTULOPUPA C. & P.. . 11 edwardsi Dollf 232 elgonensis Prest. ...... 90 elizabethensis M. & P. 211, 213 elongata Cl 178 emigrata West 187 endoplax M. & P 214 ENNEA 90 ereniicola Tate 144 esinensis Pini 191 eumeces Bttg 223 eumicra Bgt 233 euphraticus Bgt 128 eurina Bens 203 evezardi Blanf 24, 235 exiguus Rve 112 eyriesii Drt 51 F fabianus Gredl 133 fabreana Cr 47 fallax Say Ill ficulnea Tate 221 floridanum Ball 151 fontana Krs 207 francofurtanus G. & W. . 105 frondicola C. & P 13 frustillum M. & P 213 G gabbiDall 116 INDEX. 251 gabrielensis De Greg. . . 181 GASTROCOPTA 228 gaziensis Prest 135 gemmula Bs 137 genesii Gredl 173 glis West 176, 177 globulosa Bgt. 209 gorgonica Dhn 208 gracilis G. & W 105 grandis Mlldff 201 gredleri Reinh 81 GYLIAUCHEN Pils 232 H halleriana Ch 185 haploa M. & P 100 hawaiensis P. & C 107 hebes Anc 164 hedleyi Pils 46 hemphilli St 55 heudeana Mlldff 200 himalayana Bs 71 hinkleyi Pils 234 honesta West 184 hordaceus Gabb 116 hordeacea Binn 116 hueense Watt 33 Hypoma Pfr 225 Hypostoma Alb 225 Hypostrema Pfr 225 Hypotrema Mts 225 Hypselostoma 232 hystricella C. & P 7 idahoensis H. & D 166 impressa Sandb 223 incerta C. & P 16 iiiconspicua Bnp 98 inops Beinh 180 inornata Mich 225 inornatus Van 118 insigne Pils 39 insulivaga P. & H 84 insulsa Prest. 230 interrupta Reinh 196 intradentata Bnp 93 iota M. & P 95 iratiaua Dup 224 irati Dollf 224 iredalei Prest 148 ischnus Tate 146 Isthmia Reinh 58 Istmia Paetel . 58 japouicum Pils 25 Jothmia auct 58 K kaibabensis P. & F 168 keuianus Prest 103 keraea M. & P 212 kingiCox 44,238 kingsi Cox 238 klunziugeri Jick 229 kursiensis Bgt 130 kuschakewitzi Mts. 173 laeviuscula Kstr 68 laevis Al. Brn 60 lamarckii And 238 lardea Jick 86 lardeus Pfr 126 lardeus Pfr 126, 237 larteti Bgt 231 lauberi Bttg 223 Laurinetta Hesse 58 lentilii Mill 60 lepidula A. & A 142, 144 Leiicochila v. Mts 108 Leucochiloides Pfr 108 lignicola Stol 23 limensis Phil 120 lincolnensis Cox 219 lincolniensis Cox 219 linearis Lowe 62 lineolatus Al. Brn 105 tiyingstonae Bnp 97 252 INDEX. lormiickii Fried 224 longstaffi G.-A 27 lundstromi West 179 luxurians Reinh 192 lymaniana C. & P 18 M macneilli Clapp 41 madida Gredl 183, 184 madiola West 183 maharasicus Bgt 128 major Loc 236 marebiensis Bgt 129 marginata Drap 158, 175 marginatus Say Ill marias Morg 148 masclaryana Pal. . . .158, 175 masters! Cox 45, 46 maxima Bttg 223 mediamericanum Pils. . . 42 METASTERKIA Pils 50 mexicanomm Ckll 116 iniccyla Bs 26 michaudi Wenz 225 michoacanense Pils 40 MICROCERION Dall 151 MICROSTELE Bttg 147 micula Mss 70 milaschevitschi Liiid. . . . 179 minor Loc 236 minor West 178 minusculus Mss 139 minus Pils 40 minuta Stud 73 minutissima Hartm. ... 66, 73 minutula Cl 60 rniocffina Cl 60 in. lomnickii Fried 224 modicus Gld 115 molecula Dhn. 63 molokaiensis C. & P. ... 15 monodon Biz 191 monodon Held 82 monodonta Poll 74 mooreana Sm. 230 moreletiana Grass 228 muscerda Bs 148 muscorum Drap 66 muscorum L 156, 173 mutandaensis Prest. ... 90 mystica Pils 72 myoporinre Tate 146 N naivashaensis Prest. ... 89 nefas P. & F 166 NEGULUS Bttg 101 nelsoni Cox 219, 220 neumeyeri Kstr . 188 nitidulus Pfr 113 nivea Pils 169 nodosaria Stef 75 noltei Bttg 150 normalis Beck 174 nouletiana Dup 231 nouleti Dollf 231 O obliquicostulatus Sm. . . . 104 oblonga Bttg 149 obscura Mss 67 obtusa Ckll 160, 161 odontostoma West 78 oldroydee Van 55 omicronaria M. & P 212 opisthodon Reinh 81 orcella Stol 29 orcula Bs 31 ortonensis De Greg 76 oryeta C. & P 18 oviformis Schlosser 232 pacificus Pfr 141 paitensis Cr 48 palasa Bgt 225 palangula Boissy 106 paredesii Orb 120 parraiana Orb 113 INDEX. 253 parvula Mss 192 pentheri Stur 98 perlabiata G. & W 224 perplexa Bnp 91 philippinicuin Mlldff. . . 33 pilsbryi Ball 109 pithodes P. & F 161 poltavica Bttg 197 poutileviensis Morg. . . . 235 poupillieri Bgt 173 pratensis Cl 178, 183 pretoriensis M. & P 92 PRIMIPUPILLA Pils. . . 153, 192 procera Wenz 231 PRONESOPUPA Ire 1 psichion M. & P 100 PTYCHOPATULA Pils. . . 19, 22 pulvisculum Iss 30 punctum Morel 37, 39 pupffiformis Poll 233 PUPILLA Leach 152 PUPILLIN/E 106 PUPISOMA Stol 19, 235 PUPOIDES Pfr 108 PUPOIDOPSIS P. & C 106 pupiila Desh 214 pupula Held 74 pusillima Forst 237 pusillima Zgl 74 putillus Sh 136, 137 pyrenaica West 190 Q <|uadrigranata Brn 223 quadriplicata Brn 231 quantula M. & P 95 R raffrayi Bgt 209 ragius Jouss 130 rahti Brn 224 ramsayi Cox 141 raricosta Slav 105 reboudi Bgt 132 reinhardti Jick. 102 i retusa Brn 224 retusa Bttg 223 reussii Stol 228 rhoadsi Pils 52 richthofeni Hilb 198 rivierana Bs 71 roberti Morg 235 rothi Beinh 69 S saliniensis Loc 181 salon eusis Jick 87 salurneiisis Reinh 80 samavaensis Pal 127 saxetana Piag 183 saxicola Ckll 118 scharffi Bttg 237 schilleri Jick 87 schlosseri Wenz 232 schrankii Roth 82 scotti Braz 222 selecta Thorn 223 senegalensis Mor 136 senex Ired 1 sennaariensis Pfr 131 sennaricus Bgt 131 sericata C. & P 17 SERICIPUPA C. & P 13 seriola Bens 204 signata Mouss 194 simii Stef 75 si mills Jick 88 simoni Jouss 114 simplaria Pse 2 simplex Loc 175 sinistrorsa Crav 216 sinistrorsum Baldw. 174, 178 sinistrorsus Tate 146 sitella Keust 62 souorana St 163 soror Prest 125 splendidula Saudb 60 spinigera C. & P 10 staszicii Lorn 224 steerii Kstr. 186 254 INDEX. steinheimensis Mill 224 sterkiana Pils 156 STERKIA Pils 49, 238 sterri Voith 186 steudneri Jick 35 striata Gredl 82 striatissa Gredl 191 STRIOPUPILLA Pils 153 strobeli Gredl 72, 73 STROPHOSTOMA 226 subalutacea Woll 206 sublaevigata Pfr 68 sublineolatus Bttg 105 sublubrica Anc 162 submuscorum G. & W. . . 224 suboviformis Bttg 192 subtilissima Al. Brn. . . . 101 suevica G. & W 224 suprema Bttg 223 suturalis Sandb 104 sykesi M. & P 97 syngenes Pils 167 T tardiana West 190 tardyana Bgt 190 tasmanica Johnst. . . . 219, 221 tenella St 164 terrae Pils 199 tetrodus Bttg 216 thaumasta M. & P 216 Torquatella Held 152 transsilvanica Kim 181 tridentalis Mich 190 tridentata Jeffr 176 tridentata West. 190 triplicata Bgt 72 triplicata Stud 189 TRUNCATELLINA Lowe 58, 236 turcmenia Bttg 188, 238 turkestanica West 187 turonica Morg 235 turrita Mke 112 tutulus Rve 122 U ulmensis Wenz 232 uniarmata Kstr 83 unidentata C. Pfr 175 unidentata G.-A 235 unidentata Stud 83 unidentata West 190 V ventricosa Loc 236 vermiforniis Pal 129 VERTIGININ^E 233 VERTIGO Mull 233 villafranchianus Sacco . . 105 vimontianum Cr 35 W wenziana Pils 231 wenzi Fisch. 147 xerobia Pils 157, 158 Z zanellia Testa 72 zanguebaricus Tayl. . . . 134 PUPILLID^E PLATE 19 i» 12 I 16 . 7 10 13 , 17 •b 5 " 8 11 14 •( 18 ,.- .,: 9 15 19 PUPILLID^ PLATE 2O 23 24 PUPILLIDjE PLATE 21 4 { ~~^ 9 1 19 rl- 12 11 • 16 f • 17 20 ' 3 I v 13 22 PUPILLIDjE PLATE 22 4 15 14 18 19 PUPILLID-ffi PLATE 23 11 12 16 8 i 9 13 15 '17 19 *- 21 22 PUPILLID/E PLATE 24 ^^MP^ 14 £ 8 10 15 16 17 SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., SPECIAL, CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLTJSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Part PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 112 P