7 sai! ooh ek Se + ny Ae Ey. “ h Sb29TO0 TOEO O WMA IOHM/18IN we ¥ 1 iy om a Chat, Goee aan 5 iy a , € . Oy eee i.” ee ee d pov His, Ge rf ie Sa ad ee 7 > BPN a hey arth Pe ai ie id . } Me ree. Ly ee, or) Site Pee INL A 1 OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHTA. WOME VLE. NATICID, CALYPTREIDA, TURRITELLID®, VERMETID, CACIDA, EULIMID.A, TURBONILLIDA, PYRAMIDELLID. PRVEADE LP HA: Published by the sts sata ae ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, CGR. ISTH & RACE STS. fi “ 1886. hea MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Famity NATICIDZ. Shell subglobular, spiral, or paucispiral, with or without epidermis, the margin of the aperture entire. Operculum absent, or present and paucispiral or concentric, corneous or calcareous. Animal with voluminous foot, often incapable of entirely withdrawing into its shell; eyes at the base of the tentacles, often subcutaneous; shell often partially or entirely covered by the mantle. Dentition 3°1°3. The Naticidze have been monographed by Reeve, Conch. Iconica: Natica, 143 sp., 1855. Sigaretus, 26 sp., 1864. Vanikoro, 24 sp., 1875. Philippi, in Kiister’s Conchylien Cabinet, 1852: Natica, 190 species. Weinkauff, in Kuster: Sigaretus, 37 species, 1883. Sowerby, in Thesaurus Conchyliorum : Sigaretus, 28 sp., 1882. Vanikoro, 24 sp., 1884. Natica, 144 sp., 1883. Recluz, in Chenu’s Illustrations Conchyliologiques, ete. The present work admits about 225 recent species belonging to the family; many of those recognized by previous mono- graphers being considered synonyms: besides these there are many unfigured and undetermined forms. Subfamily I. Naticine. Shell turbinate, subglobose or auriform, the spire usually short; aperture entire, without canal or sinus, the outer lip sharp, not reflected or margined, the columellar lip callous, more or less reflected over the umbilicus. Operculum calcareous or corneous, paucispiral (PI. 1, figs. 12-14). 4 NATICIDA. Animal with small tentacles, which are lanceolate, wide apart, connected by a veil; eyes absent, or placed under the skin, behind the tentacles ; foot much produced in front, where it is furnished with a fold (propodium) covering the head and anterior margin of the shell; operculigerous lobe very ample, partially enveloping the shell; mantle enclosed. Jaws corneous, waved or tessellated, subtrigonal (PI. 1, fig. 3). Central tooth of the radula trapezoidal, generally tricuspidate, lateral teeth with a central large and smaller cusps, inner marginals simple or bifid, outer marginals simple (Pl. 1, figs. 4-6). The animals of Naticidz, characterized by the cephalic disk forming the propodium, are completely retractile within the Shell in the typical Natica, but not retractile in Sigaretus and Mamilla. In some species of Neverita, the posterior margin of the propodium forms on the left side a sort of fleshy siphon; the operculigerous lobe, which encircles the shell sometimes has a sinus on the right side, probably for the introduction of water into the branchial cavity. The Natica (PI. 7, fig. 43) is an active animal, carnivorous and very predaceous, living in sandy places, where it hides under the surface and burrows for bivalves. These it pierces with its tongue, boring a round hole, generally near the beaks, where the shell of the victim is thinnest. ‘The eyes, hidden by the propodium, and subcutaneous, are generally not perceptible, but can be distinguished in the group Amaura. The Nidus (Pl. 7, figs. 44, 45) is unlike that of any other mollusk in form and composition, being built up largely of the sand of the sea-bottom, agglutinated into a strap, forming part of a circle, and provided on one side with a constriction or rim; the walls contain the eggs, arranged in quincunx order. Subfamily Il. Lamellartine. Shell thin, sigaretiform, more or less internal, generally pauci- spiral, sometimes reduced to a non-spiral auriform lamina; spire short, few-whorled, lateral; aperture oval, entire, large. No operculum. The animal (PI. 1, figs. 18,19) has not the cephalic disk of Natica. The mantle gradually grows over the shell until the latter becomes, in some of the genera, completely internal ; eyes NATICIDA, 5 on prominences at the base of the tentacles. Dentition, Pl. 1, fie: The Lamellariine are carnivorous, living upon Hydrozoa, Aleyonaria and compound Ascidiz. The eggs are deposited in the midst of colonies of the latter. The first embryonic shell is nautiloid, with spiral ridges; the second is more simple, resembling a Carinaria; these shells are united at their margins by a thin membrane. ‘The pelagic larval forms have received the names of Brownia, Echinospira, Calearella and Jasonilla. See Manual, ii, t. 8, f. 103-105; Structural and Syst. Conch., i, 130, t. 20, f. 51. Subfamily Ill. Vanikoride. Shell external, white, with sometimes a velvety epidermis, usually striated, costate or decussated ; umbilicated, without a trace of callus. Operculum thin, corneous, non-spiral. Animal with a long snout, tentacles flattened, much dilated in the middle, narrow above; eyes sessile at their external base ; mantle margin simple; foot profoundly bipartite, a narrow, truncated, elongated propodium and a larger, rounded or sub- quadrangular, operculigerous metapodium; a large epipodial veil on each side of the foot ; branchia a single row of triangular leaflets, partly free. Jaws flattened; radula short and wide, having, according to Gray, two series of teeth (?). Synopsis of Genera. I. Naticine. Genus NATICA, Adanson, 1757. Shell oval globular, porcellanous, solid, generally smooth, covered by a fine epidermis, which is transparent, and generally not very persistent; umbilicated, or umbilicus more or less filled with callus; aperture semilunar, vertical, the outer lip simple. Operculum large, semilunar, paucispiral, corneous or calcareous. Animal with large cephalic lobe, truncated in front, subquad- rangular. Subgenus Natica (sensu stricto). Shell smooth, solid, brightly colored in bands, spots, stripes, ete. Operculum calcareous (Pl. 1, figs. 12, 13). N. canrena, Linn. 6 NATICIDA. The species are numerous; mostly inhabitants of warm seas, in all quarters of the globe. The genus first appeared in the jurassic formation. The fossil forms are remarkable for the persistence of their colors. Nacca, Risso, is a synonym. Section StigmMauLaAx, Morch, 1852. Whorls cancellated or grooved. N. cancellata, Lam. Subgenus Neverira, Risso, 1826. Shell large, depressed orbicular, spire conical or flattened ; umbilicus open, or partly filled by a tongue-shaped callous process (funiculum) of the columella. Operculum corneous. Dentition, Pl. 1, fig. 6. WN. duplicata, Say. The shell of Neverita is usually larger sized, sombre colored, and not so solid as that of Natica. The group inhabits mostly temperate waters. Section NEVERITA (typical). Umbilicus partly filled by a tongue-shaped callous process of the columella. Section LunatraA, Gray, 1847. Shell subglobose, large, umbilicus open, without funiculum. Almost insensibly connects with Neverita. Operculum, PI. 1, fig. 14. WN. heros, Say. Section PayreaupAutiaA, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus, 1885. Umbilicus furnished with two funicular plications; shell small, variegated. N. intricata, Donovan. Appears to connect with the typical group which it resembles in coloration, but distinguished by its umbilicus and operculum. Section Mamma, Klein, 1753. Shell oval or suboval, solid, smooth, usually unicolored, white or yellowish ; aperture semilunar, inner lip oblique, callous, the callus extending into and more or less completely filling the umbilicus. NV. uber, Val. Polinices, Montf., 1810, Mamillaria, Swains., 1840, Naticina, Guilding, 1834, and Naticella, Guilding, 1840, are synonyms. Section Cepatra, Gray, 1840. Shell rotelliform ; umbilicus closed by a large callosity, a pliciform lamella on the upper part of the columellar lip. Fossil only. NN. cepacea, Lam. Kocene. NATICIDA. (: Velainia, Munier-Chalmas, 1884, is a synonym. Section MAmILLaA, Schum., 1817. Shell oval conic, rather thin, the whorls oblique, rapidly enlarging ; white or fasciated with brown; mouth oblong, inner lip narrow, reflected, usually brown or blackish; umbilicus not funiculated. N. maura, Lam. The synonyms are Naticaria, Swainson, 1840, and Ruma (Chemn.), H. and A. Adams, 1853. Subgenus AmpuLiina, Lam. fide Defrance, 1821. Umbilicus without funiculum, sometimes open, sometimes closed by a callosity ; columellar margin usually convex, the umbilical region limited by a spiral ridge. Globularia, Swainson, is a synonym. Only one living species belongs in this group; the rest are tertiary fossils. Section AMPULLINA (sensu stricto). Spire short, aperture large. N. sigaretina, Lam. Eocene, Paris (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 66). Ampullinopsis, Conrad, may perhaps be placed here. Globu- laria, Swains., is also a synonym. Section AMAURELLINA, Bayle, 1885. Spire scalariform, elongated, sharp; umbilicus with a narrow false funiculum. WJ. spirata, Lam. Section Mrcatytortus, Fischer, 1885. Callosity of the umbilical region very large. limited by a semicircular groove, distant from the columella. JV. crassatina, Lam. Lower Miocene. Section Cernina, Gray, 1840. Subglobose, polished, bright colored; aperture large; umbili- cal region entirely covered by a convex callosity, not limited by a groove; columellar margin convex. JN. fluctuata, Sowb., the sole living species of this subgenus. Anomphala, Jonas, is a synonym. Subgenus Eusprra, Agassiz, 1837. Spire more or less elevated, suture canaliculated ; whorls few, angulated or carinated ; umbilical fissure little marked or hidden. N. canaliculata, Morris and Lye., Oolite, England. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. lxiv, f. 84). 8 NATICIDA. Subgenus AmAuRA, Moller, 1842. Shell oval, smooth, thin, imperforate, covered by an epidermis ; aperture oblong, columella short, simple. Animal with small, compact foot, the right lobe profoundly sinuated ; eyes subcutaneous, but visible. A boreal group, commencing with jurassic fossils, and con- taining a few living species. N. candida, Moller. Section AcrysBtA, H. and A. Adams, 1853. Shell globular, spire very short; columellar margin incurved, columella twisted ; lip fragile. NV. flava, Gould. Bulbus, Brown, 1839, is a synonym. Section AMAuRopsis, Morch, 1857. Suture canaliculated. N. canaliculata, Gould. Section PsreuDAMAURA, Fischer, 1885. Shell more solid, longitudinally ribbed. NV. bulbiformis, Sowb., -fossil. Section Prycuosroma, Laube, 1866. Shell imperforate, oval; spire large, elevated, sharp; aperture oval, angular posteriorly ; columella straight; the margin arcu- ated; lip sinuated near the suture; growth lines sinuous. J. Pleurotomoides, Wissman. Triassic. ? Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Adams, 1867. Shell small, imperforate, white, shining, apex submamillary, aperture acuminately ovate ; lip arcuate, simple, a little thickened. It is very doubtful where in the system these little shells should be placed. The type species was originally described as a Macrocheilus, but it was subsequently said to have greater affinities with Amaura. Subgenus Naricopsis, M’Coy. Shell imperforate ; inner lip very thick, spreading. Operculum shelly. N. Phillipsii, M’Coy. Carboniferous, Gi. Brit. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 67). Neritomopsis, Waagen, 1880, is a synonym. Section Isonema, Meek. J. humilis, Meek. Devonian, Ohio (S. and S. Conch., t. lxiv, f. 71). Section TrAacuypomrA, Meek and Worthen, 1866. Surface covered by small regularly disposed tubercles. N. nodosa, M. and W. Carboniferous, Illinois. NATICIDA. 9 Subgenus Gyropes, Conrad, 1860. Shell depressed globose; aperture generally angular or nar- rowly rounded below; inner lip thin; umbilicus wide, deep, without callosity, bounded by a revolving carina which is some- times crenate, with occasionally a second small revolving ridge within; whorls shouldered above, the angle generally wrinkled or crenate. Cretaceous, United States, India. N. alveata, Conv. (S. and §. Voneh., tf. 1xiv, f.-70). Subgenus Tycuontra, de Koninck, 1881. Shell somewhat depressed, globose, smooth; spire short, obtuse, suture linear; last whorl very large, depressed at the base; aperture semilunar; lip thin; columella thickened by : callosity which is limited by a shallow oblique groove; no umbilicus. N. Omaliana, de Koninck. Carboniferous, Belgium. ? Subgenus PLaryostoma, Conrad. Shell subglobose ; spire short ; aperture very large, suborbicu- lar, dilated ; labrum joining the body-whorl at right-angles to the axis of the shell. P. Niagarensis, Hall. Niagara group, New York (8. and 8. Conch., t. lxiv, f. 74). Section SrropHostytus, Hall. Shell subglobose, spire small, body-whorl large, ventricose ; outer lip thin, sometimes slightly expanded ; columella twisted or spirally grooved within, not reflected; umbilicus none. LP. subobtusa, Hall. Lower Helderberg, N. Yori: (S.and 8. Conch., ; Ixiv, f. 75). Differs in its twisted or grooved columella. Section Ortostoma, Munier-Chalmas, 1876. Umbilicus moderate, circumscribed by a carina; whorls some- times partially free. P. Barrandei, Mun.-Chalm. Devonian. The relations of this group with Natica are somewhat obscure, as are also those of the typical form with those designated here as sections. As in many other cases with the older fossil forms we can only be guided by rather remote general resemblances. Tylostoma, Sharpe, is considered a member of the group by 10 NATICID A. some conchologists ; I have placed it in Tornatellide (See Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii, 357). Genus RUMELLA, Bourguignat, 1885. Shell small, obliquely oval, polished, spire short, of few whorls ; last whorl with a large umbilical depression, limited by a basal angle, and covered by a strong rounded callus; lip simple. Oper- culum unknown. Lake Tanganika, Central Africa. The species are said to resemble the group Mamilla in minia- ture; their position cannot be positively ascertained until we become acquainted with the animal and operculum. Genus SIGARETUS, Lamarck, 1799. Shell depressed ear-shaped, with minute spire and very large aperture, externally with revolving striz; color usually white, sometimes invested with a thin corneous epidermis. Operculum minute, horny, paucispiral (Pl. 1, fig. 15). Animal with large mantle partly or entirely covering the shell —into which it is not able to withdraw entirely. Dentition. Central tooth of the radula shorter than the lateral cusps (PI. 1, fig. 7). Sigaretus inhabits warm seas, on muddy sand-flats ; it is slug- gish and very timid, moving slowly; when crawling they con- stantly explore the surrounding surface with the produced fore- lobe of the foot, which is also used in burrowing. Living species are rather numerous; fossil, it commences in the Cretaceous. Catinus (Klein, 1753), H. and A. Adams; Lupia, Conrad ; Stomatia, Hill; Cryptostoma, Blainv., 1818, and Raynevallia, Ponzi, are synonyms. Section SIGARETUS (sensu stricto). Shell depressed orbicular, convex above, mouth rounded ; umbilicus none or covered by a reflection of the inner lip; spire short, oblique. Section Eunaticrna, Fischer, 1885. Shell umbilicated, oval oblong, thin, ventricose; spire sharp ; inner lip straight, thin anteriorly, with a median callus. S. papilla, Gmel. It is Naticina, Gray, 1840 (not Guilding, 1834). Lacunaria, NATICIDA. 1 Conrad, was referred here by me in Structural and Syst. Conch. ; its species having been described as Naticz ; it is now placed in Lacunide. Section AMPLOSTOMA, Stoliczka, 1868. Subovate, thin, spire short; whorls few, the last large, ventri- cose, produced in front, widely excavated at base; aperture elongately ovate, subangulated, pillar lip smooth, outer lip dilated and expanded at the margin; surface nearly smooth. S. auriformis, Stol., Cretaceous, So. India (S. & 8. Conch., t. lxiv, f. 85). The characters are exceedingly close to those of the last section. Lysis, Gabb., 1864, which I consider a member of the subfamily Purpurine, of Muricide, has been referred to this neighborhood by Dr. Fischer. Subfamily Il. Lamellariine. Genus LAMELLARIA, Montagu, 1815. Shell internal, ear-shaped, thin, pellucid; spire lateral, very small; aperture large, patulous, both lips regularly arcuated ; axis imperforate. No operculum. Animal much larger than the shell, which is entirely concealed beneath the dorsal shield; shield thick, verrucose, notched in front; foot elongated, truncated in front, acuminated behind ; eyes at the outer bases of the tentacles. Dentition 1:11, the central tooth subtrigonal, with the free margin denticulated and base incurved ; laterals large, the summit lanceolate, the margins denticulate, no marginals (PI. 1, fig. 9). There are a few living species, and two species in the Miocene. Interesting particulars of the habits of Lamellaria will be found in Structural and Systematic Conchology, ii, 209. The synonymy includes Marsenia, Leach, 1847; Cordocella, Blainv., 1824; Chelinotus, Swains., 1840; Cryptocella, H. & A. Adams, 1853; Hrmxa, Gray, 1857; Cryptothyra, Menke, 1830. Coriocella and Cryptocella have been considered subgenera, but have no important characters; the former was founded upon an individual accidentally deprived of its shell. The fry, also, have received several generic names (p. 5). 1 NATICID AB. Subgenus Marsenina, Gray, 1850. Shell auriform, similar to Lamellaria. Animal (PI. 1, fig. 20) with shield only partially covering the shell, open in the middle, the anterior margin deeply incised a little to the left of the middle, and again incised at the middle of the right margin. Dentition, Pl. 1, fig. 10. Boreal Seas. IL. prodita, Loven. Colobocephalus, Sars, is a synonym. Genus ONCIDIOPSIS (Beck), Bergh, 1853. Shell internal, membranous, flexible, slipper-shaped, not spiral, oblong, obtuse at the extremities. Animal (PI. 1, fig. 21) completely enveloping the shell; dorsal shield verrucose, thick, margin entire; foot elongated, lanceo- late, exceeding the shield at either extremity; tentacles cylin- drical, with eyes at their exterior bases. Dentition as in Velutina (Pl. 1, fig. 11). Boreal Seas. O. glacialis, Sars. ? Genus CALEDONIELLA, Souverbie, 1869. Shell heliciform, imperforate, oval, orbicular, thin, invested by a thin epidermis which extends beyond the lip; spire much depressed, sublateral; whorls few, rapidly increasing ; aperture oblique, rather large, the extremities of the simple lip united by a callus extending widely upon the whorl. Animal unknown. C. Montrouziert, Souverb. New Caledonia. Genus VELUTINA, Fleming, 1 822. Shell thin, mostly external, calcareous, auriform, paucispiral, invested by a velvety epidermis; spire lateral, suture well im- pressed ; aperture large, rounded, the lip thin, the columellar lip a little reflected. No operculum. Animal with large oblong foot; margin of mantle developed, and more or less reflected over the edge of the shell; head broad ; tentacles subulate, blunt, far apart, with eyes on prom- inences at their outer bases. Dentition, 2°1°1:1-2, the central tooth subquadrangular, multi- cuspid, the central cusps very long and sharp; lateral teeth multicuspid, marginals narrow, with a few obsolete denticles on the margin (PI. 1, fig. 8). NATICIDA. 13 The Velutinas resemble the pulmoniferous genus Otina, but are strictly marine. Sometimes they are met with far out at sea, but usually live among stones near low-tide. Boreal. V. levigata, Pennant. ? Catinella, Stache, is a synonym. Section Limneria, H. and A. Adams, 1853. Spire more elevated, peristome not continuous, columella subeanaliculate. V. undata, Brown. Morvillia, Gray, 1857, is a synonym. Section VELUTELLA, Gray, 1847. Shell in most part covered by the mantle, very thin, flexible, with short spire; peristome continuous, thickened. V. flexilis, Montg. Section Lepronotis, Conrad, 1866. Margin of the aperture remarkably expanded, surpassing the spire. V.exrpansa, Whitfield. Eocene. Alabama. The shell is minute, and may be embryonic. ScazvocyrRa, Whitfield, 1877. Struc. and Syst. Conch., iii, 350. Lyosoma, White, 1883. Struc. and Syst. Conch., iii, 350. These two fossil groups, of doubtful relationships, may possibly be members of the Naticide. Subfamily III... Vanikoride. Genus VANIKORO, Quoy and Gaimard, 1832. Shell subglobose, external, white, with a velvety epidermis, surface striate, costate or decussate, umbilicated, without a trace of callus in the umbilicus ; spire not produced; aperture semi- lunar, outer lip simple. Animal described in the subfamily. Operculum thin, corneous, with apical nucleus, not spiral (PI. 1, figs. 16, 17). A few species are found about corals in warm seas; fossil, commences with secondary strata. About equally well-known under the later and perhaps more acceptable name of Narica, Recluz, 1841. Leucotis, Swainson, 1840, and Merria, Gray, 1842, are also synonyms. Section Vanrkoropsts, Meek, 1876. Shell subglobose, thick, body-whorl large, spire low; imper- 14 NATICA. forate; outer lip simple, beveled, inner lip closely folded upon and adhering to the columella and body-whorl, very little thickened, smooth; surface with distinct revolving lines and furrows, developing on the body-whorl strong oblique grooves parallel to the growth lines. V. Tuomeyana, Meek and Worthen. Creta- ceous; Upper Missouri River (S. and 8. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 87). Section Naticopon, Ryckholt. Shell like Vanikoro, but inner lip usually thickened, and always provided with some kind of a tooth, columella either slightly hollowed out or solid; surface smooth, or ornamented with various spiral or transverse striw. -V. spirata, Sowb. Carboniferous, Hurope (8S. and 8. Conch., t. lxiv, f. 76). This group forms a connecting-link between Vanikoro and Neri- topsis; the former having the columellar lip smooth, the latter insinuated in the middle, or provided with two strong teeth, while Naticodon has only one tooth; as regards the thickness of the shell, this transition seems equally to hold good. Section Navirta, de Koninck, 1881. Shell globose, spire short, suture profound, axis perforated ; surface longitudinally plicate, with intermediate parallel striae, and slight spiral striz; columellar margin slightly thickened ; aperture nearly circular, peristome continuous. Carboniferous- Trias. V. lirata, Phillips. Subfamily Naticine. Genus NATICA, Adanson, 1757. Subgenus Narica (sensu stricto). N. MILLEPUNCTATA, Lam. PI. 2, figs. 22, 23, 24, 25. Yellowish white, closely painted with small light chestnut spots, umbilical region and interior of aperture light brown ; umbilicus with a central entering ridge. Length, 1°5—2 inches. Mediterranean Sea. Linnzeus classed this among the varieties of his N. canrena. It is a variable species in its color markings, thus acquiring several synonyms. Among those of the typical color-variety are N. punctata, Karsten, and N. stercus-muscarum, Gmel. (juvenile). Monterosato has named a var. minor. NATICA. 15 Var. MACULATA, Desh. PI. 2, fig. 24. The spots larger, less sharply defined, often interruptedly con- fluent, with three interrupted bands of larger spots or macula- tions. Appears to connect closely with the type form, but has been separated as a distinct species of late years by several concholo- gists on account of differences in the lingual dentition. I retain the name by which the species is well known instead of the prior one of N. hebreea, Martyn—which has scarcely obtained currency. Other synonyms are N. trifasciata (Recluz), Adams ; N. aspersa, Menke ; NV. cruentata, Payr. Monterosato has named as color-varieties, fusca, immaculata, and rarimaculata. The latter appears to me to connect with the next species. Var. SANGUINOLENTA, Brusina. PI. 2, fig. 25. The punctations coalescing into undulating longitudinal flam- mules. N.FULMINEA, Gmelin. PI. 2, figs 26, 27. Shell solid, somewhat tumid and plicately striated next the suture; umbilicated, but the umbilicus partly covered by an overgrowing callous deposit on the upper part of the columellar lip, which finally becomes very thick; whitish, with longitudinal undulating or zigzag chestnut markings, sometimes partly broken up into spots; often peppered with minute spots between the larger markings; occasionally the zigzag lines break up into three revolving series. Length, 1—-1°75 inches. West Coast of Africa. The synonymy includes N. cruentata and WN. arachnoidea, Gmel.; ? N. pardalis, Phil.; N. bifasciata (Recluz), Reeve; N. punctata, Swainson; N. Senegalensis, Recluz (fig. 28) has been placed here by Reeve and Sowerby ; the figure has the markings of fulminea, but appears to possess a more conical spire; it is probably distinct. N. Apansont, Phil. PI. 2, fig. 30. Small, solid, yellowish maculated and spotted with chestnut, upper and lower portions of body-whorl free from spots, or 16 NATICA. nearly so; umbilicus completely filled by the callus of the inner lip. Length, 15 mill. W. Africa. The shell figured by Reeve under this name (fig. 29) is a distinet species — N. fanel, Adanson. N. ruteurans, Recluz. PI. 7, fig.29; Pl. 2, fig. 28; Pl. 7, fig. 29. Yellowish white, with purplish brown angulately flexuous streaks, often running together; aperture white; umbilicus partly filled by a rather large, convex, rounded central callus. Length, 25 mill. “Senegal. Differs from N. Adansoni in the partly excavated umbilicus, from NV. fulminea in its more conical spire, and less tumid shoulder of the body-whorl. NV. Senegalensis, Recluz (fig. 28) appears to be a synonym. N. Boureurenati, Recluz. PI. 2, fig. 31. Somewhat thick, with well-impressed suture ; umbilicus small, contracted above by the lip callus and with an entering line; white-flamed longitudinally or punctate with dark chestnut. Length, 14-15 mill. Madagascar. Reeve unites this with the preceding species; if so, it is a strongly marked minor variety. N. zepra, Lam. Pl. 2, fig. 32. Whitish, densely longitudinally painted with narrow, sharply zigzag chestnut streaks. Length, 1 inch. Philippines. N. PELLIS-TIGRINA, Chemn. PI. 2, fig. 33. Whitish, densely spotted with purplish chestnut, a little plicate at the suture. Diam. 22 mill. Australia. N. variolaria, Recluz, is a synonym. N. macutosa, Lam. PI. 3, fig. 35. Spire more elevated than in the last species, umbilicus nar- rower, maculations obsolete towards the base of the body-whorl and sometimes near the suture also. Diam. 18 mill. China, Japan, Philippines, Java, ete. NATICA. 17 It is very doubtful whether this is really distinct from the preceding species. N. Javanica, Lam., is a synonym. N.FANEL, Adanson. PI. 2, fig. 29. Widely umbilicated, with a re-entering callous central ridge, the umbilicus bounded by a sharp angle; whorls flattened next the suture; punctate with chestnut, some of the punctations con- fluent into maculations, which are either irregular or form two or three interrupted revolving series, Senegal. Reeve changed the above barbarous specific name to Adan- soni already used by Philippi. I cannot consent to re-baptize the species; better a bad than an unstable name, Notynx, Phil. Pl: 2; fio. 34. Rather thick, smooth, whitish, with light chestnut spots, umbilicus very narrow, nearly filled by the funiculate callus. Height 6°66, diam. 5°33 mill. Mangalore, India. Closely resembles the preceding species in form and coloring; distinguished by its much smaller size and narrow umbilicus. N. imperrorata, Gray. PI. 3, fig. 36; Pl. 17, figs. 27, 28. Solid, with a heavy white callus quite closing the umbilicus, whorls a little constricted below the suture, where they are shortly chestnut-flamed, everywhere else densely minutely punc- tate with chestnut, with obsolete light revolving bands. Diam. 1 inch. Cape of Good Hope, West Africa (Marrat). N. genuanus, Reeve (figs. 27, 28), is a younger and more per- fect state of this species, with the narrow pale bands more distinet and bearing dark spots or sagittate markings. N. FLORIDA, Reeve. PI. 3, fig. 37. Umbilicated, umbilicus brown stained, with a central entering ridge ; whitish, with close chestnut punctations and two faint light purplish bands, sometimes obsolete. Length, 22 mill. Hab. unknown. N. puuicaRis, Phil. PI. 3, figs. 38, 39. Shell umbilicated, smooth, polished, a little flattened beneath the suture; columella callous above; whitish, closely sprinkled 2 18 NATICA. with fine orange dots, with large oblique blotches on the upper part of the body-whorl (appearing also on the spire), and narrow revolving bands of the same color on the middle and lower part. Length, 20 mill. Hab. unknown. The above is the description of WN. tincturata, Reeve, which, in the Index to the “ Iconica,” is said to be a synonym of the smaller, obscurely figured N. pulicaris. N. cincta, Recluz. Pl. 3, fig. 40. Shell white covered by numerous chestnut punctations, with four narrow white bands spotted with brown. Length, 17 mill. Malabar. I am not acquainted with this species—which appears to me to be nearly related to the preceding. It is omitted from the monographs of Philippi, Reeve and Sowerby. N. vIoLAcEA, Sowb. PI. 3, fig. 41. Thick, smooth, polished; white, tessellated with obliquely square orange-brown spots, arranged in revolving series, some- times promiscuously interrupted or broken up into hieroglyphic markings; columella with a heavy violet-colored callous deposit, covering the upper portion of the umbilicus. Height, 1 inch. ; Philippines, Viti Islands. This is N. rhodostoma, Phil. N. FABELLA, Jousseaume. PI. 3, fig. 42. Ovately conoidal, solid; yellowish with minute chestnut dots and a sutural series of maculations; aperture white within, bifasciate with chestnut maculations, the margin minutely chest- nut dotted; umbilicus narrow, largely covered by the thick brownish columellar callus. Length, 13 mill. Hab. unknown. Appears to be very closely related to N. lynx, Phil. N. recta, Adanson, PI. 3, fig. 43. Ovately conoidal, solid, smooth, shining; yellowish, with short longitudinal chestnut lines at the suture, the rest of the surface minutely punctate with chestnut ; umbilicus covered by the white colamellar callus. Height, 18 mill. Guinea. NATICA. 19 N. Sacratana, d’Orb. Pl. 3, figs. 44-46. Whitish, with light chestnut, narrow zigzag lines, interrupted by a white band on the periphery ; columellar callus chestnut or violaceous, nearly covering the umbilicus. Length, 5-7-5 inches. West Indies, Madeira, W. Africa, Mediterranean Sea. N. fulminea, Risso, name preoccupied by Gmelin for another species; ? N. flammulata, Requien; N. pulchella, Pfeiffer (fig. 46); N. nivea, Anton; N. Jamaicensis, C. B. Adams; N. filosa, Phil. (fig. 45), deseribed as lineolata, preoccupied by Deshayes for a fossil species, are synonyms. N. venustuna, Phil. Pl. 3, figs. 47-49. Shell shining, white with sparse chestnut lineations, somewhat zigzag, interrupted by a white band at the suture and a broader one on the periphery ; columellar callus white, filling the umbili- cus except a narrow chink. Length, 8 mill. Habitat unknown. The lines are not so close as in the last species, the sutural area is without them, the callus is uncolored and more nearly fills the umbilicus; still, 1 doubt its distinctness. WN. Bayani, Jouss. (fig. 49), is apparently a synonym. N. Traiuuit, Reeve. PI. 3, fig. 50. Rather solid, somewhat depressed globose, umbilicus large, partly filled by the brownish columellar callus; whitish, painted throughout with waved oblique dark chestnut lines. Length, 12 mill. Malacca. More depressed than N. Sagraiana, the lineations wider apart, not interrupted by any peripheral band, etc. N. Mozatca, Sowb. PI. 3, figs. 51, 52. Ovate, whitish with four series of ovate, obliquely quadrate chestnut markings; columellar callus wide, white, covering the umbilicus. Length, 15 mill. Hab. unknown. The form and eallus remind one of the smaller species of Neritina. 20 NATICA. N. Curnensis, Lam. PI. 3, figs. 53, 54. Umbilicus wide, nearly filled by a wide central entering white callus, leaving a semicircular groove terminating in a narrow deep perforation above; white, with obliquely subquadrate chocolate-colored spots, arranged in four or usually five revolving series, the second and fourth series often conspicuously larger. Length, 1 inch. China, Singapore, Philippines, Viti Islands. This is N. onca, Bolten, of Adams’ Genera, and N. Aimei, Jousseaume (fig. 54). N. Forskatu, Chemn. PI. 3, fig. 55. Openly perspectively umbilicated, plicately striate next the suture ; white, longitudinally strigate with chestnut, the striga- tions interrupted, forming two narrow white bands, base un- colored. Length, 1-1°5 inches. Mauritius. Has been considered by some conchologists a var. of N. rufa, Born, but the latter is unicolored, interrupted by bands and at the base, and the umbilicus has a distinct entering ridge. N. Maneensis, Dufo. PI. 3, fig. 56. Strongly plicately wrinkled next the suture; umbilicus half filled with a strong white central entering callus; whitish, with two broad bands of oblique chestnut blotches. Length, 28 mill. Seychelles Is. N. Raynowprana, Recluz. PI. 3, fig. 57. Rather thick, smooth, umbilicus partly covered on the upper part by the white columellar callus ; orange-fulvous, sometimes unicolored, more frequently more or less covered by chocolate reticulations, often with an irregular band-like interruption on the periphery. Length, 1 inch. Ceylon, Singapore, Viti Is. Sowerby’s figure is of a shape not characteristic of this species, the spire being too elevated. N. canrena, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 58-61. Umbilicus largely filled with a white entering callus, leaving a semicircular rimation ; chestnut-brown, with yellowish brown revolving zones, and longitudinal zigzag brown streaks, becom- NATICA. 21 ing darker and much more prominent upon the pale bands, base white. West Indies, Central America, Florida. The young of this species has been described under the name of N. proxima, C. B. Ad. (fig. 59). WN. lemniscata, Phil. (fig. 60), and WN. affinis, Busch (fig. 61), appear to me to be merely young, faded-out examples of this species, although the first has been identified somewhat doubtfully with a West African shell (Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., iii, 244). Another synonym is N. pennata, Schroter. N. ALA-PAPILIONIS (Chemn. in part), Auct. Pl. 4, figs. 62-67. Slightly flattened at the suture, umbilicus large, with a central entering callous ridge; fleshy fawn-colored, with three or four subequidistant narrow white zones filleted with chocolate, the interspaces of the first and second and of the third and fourth zones usually darker colored. Length, 25-35 mill. China, Philippines, Australia, Seychelles, Zanzibar, Guaymas and Cape St. Lucas, W. Coast of Mexico. The above remarkable distribution is fully confirmed by speci- mens before me. The West Coast shells are known under the name of JN. zonaria, Lam., but Carpenter acknowledges their identity. N. crenata, Recluz (fig. 63), N. articulata, Phil. (fig. 64), and N. taniata, Menke, are synonyms. Var. BroperRIPIANA, Recluz. Figs. 65-67. Whorls longitudinally plicately grooved; orange-fawn color, with three white bands articulated with chestnut. West Columbia, Mazatlan. N. Taslei, Recl. (fig. 66), and N. costoma, Menke (fig. 67), are synonyms of this variety. The-latter has been differently identified, with N. marochiensis, Gmel., but Philippi’s figure of the original type sets this question at rest. N. prota, Recluz. PI. 4, figs. 68, 69. Umbilicated, the umbilicus mostly filled by a white entering callus, smooth; orange fawn-colored, white at the suture and base, covered with longitudinal short zigzag chestnut lines, and two or three subequidistant narrow or broader white bands sagittately marked with chestnut; the spaces between these 22 NATICA. bands sometimes plain orange-fawn, or indistinctly or less dis- tinctly marked with the zigzag lines. Length, 1 inch. Philippines, So. Australia, N. Caledonia. N. elegans and N. euzona, Recluz, and N. decora, Phil., are synonyms. N. ZELANpDICcA, Quoy. PI. 4, fig. 70. Smooth, umbilicus with a central white entering callus; yel- lowish fawn-colored, with five white bands painted with chestnut- colored arrow-headed markings, and a similarly colored wider sutural band. Length, 22 mill. New Zealand. N. caATENATA, Philippi. Pl. 4, figs. 71-73. Wrinkled-plicate around the suture, umbilicus large, with a central entering callus, below which it is wide but shallow, whorls more obliquely flattened than in the preceding species, brown fawn-color, white around the base, with three prominent narrow white bands painted with sagittate chestnut markings; an indis- tinct additional band often appearing between the second and third ; interior violaceous white. Length, 18 mill. Panama to Cape St. Lucas, L. Cal. Allied to '. Zelandica on the one side and to N. marochiensis on the other. Reeve and Sowerby have confounded it with the latter and made it a Mediterranean species; Reeve’s figure 92a, however, represents the species correctly. NV. depressa, Gray, = N. Grayi, Phil. (fig. 73), isa synonym. Gray’s name was preoccupied by Sowerby for a fossil species. N. MAROCHIENSIS, Gmelin. PI. 5, figs. 74-96; Pl. 7, fig. 36; PI. 8, fig. 49. Slightly plicate at the suture, umbilicus largely filled ‘by an entering white callus; color variable, grayish, yellowish gray, yellowish brown, or reddish brown, with about four bands of arrow-head markings, often running together or more or less obscured. Length, -75-1°5 inches. W. Africa, W. Indies, Panama to Mazatlan, Society and Philippine Islands, Australia, etc. An exceedingly variable species, with very extended distribu- tion. It is not the N. marochiensis, of Lamarck, which is Mediterranean, where the present species does not occur. It is NATICA. 23 equally well known as N. maroccana, Chemn. The typical condition of the species is represented by figs. 74, 75. This form inhabits W. Africa, West Indies, Panama, Polynesia, etc. N. Cayennensis (fig. 80), N. sagittifera (fig. 36), and N. Sou- leyettiana (fig. 81), of Recluz, N. undulata, Pease MS., and probably N. Manceli, Jouss. (fig. 82),and N. undata, Phil. (fig. 88), are synonyms. Very probably N. Gualteriana, Petit (PI. 8, fig. 49), belongs here; it resembles N. tessellata, Phil., quoted below. Var. turiDA, Phil. Figs. 76, 17, 79, 83, 84. Yellowish green or whitish, the bands obscure, with faint chestnut lines crossing them instead of the sagittate markings, suture plicate. N. tessellata (fig. 79) and N. hebrexa, Phil., include specimens with the color lines more distinctly marked. Occurs mainly in Central Polynesia, Sandwich Islands, etc., but also in West Indies and W. Africa. N. plicatula, Nuttall MS., is a synonym, but the figure given by Reeve does not represent it, but more probably N. sordida, Phil. WN. Maheensis, Dufo, which I have described on p. 20, may possibly be a large aberrant form of this variety. N. limacina (fig. 83) and N. Marche (fig. 84), Jouss., belong here. Var. LivipA, Pfeiffer. Figs. 85-87, 89-92. Plicate at the suture; whitish or yellowish white, often with a broad band of ash-color or brown, almost covering the body- whorl, sometimes indistinctly doubly banded ; interior of aper- ture more or less tinted with chestnut or chocolate, the columellar callus chocolate-colored. E West Indies to Brazil. Closely allied to the preceding variety, but distinguished by its colored callus; it is also usually smaller. N. rujfilabris, Reeve (fig. 86), N. lacernula, Orb. (fig. 87), NV. Jamaicensis, (fig. 89), NV. gracilis, Sowb. (fig. 90), and N. nigrescens, C. B. Ad., are synonyms. N. Menkeana, Phil. (figs. 91, 92), is referred here by Mérch; it can scarcely be determined with confidence. Var, UNIFASCIATA, Lam. Fig. 93. Yellowish brown, chocolate or olivaceous, whitish towards the 94 NATICA. base, with a more or less distinct narrow yellowish white band on the upper part of the whorls; interior chocolate tinged callus white. > Panama, etc. Large sized like the Var. Chemnitzii, into which it passes. WN. mustelina, Swains., may be a water-worn specimen of this variety ; it has not been recognized as a species. Var. Cuemnitzu, Pfr. Figs. 94-96. Grayish blue or grayish yellow, with four or five rather indis- tinct bands of sagittate markings either light chocolate or whitish, often connected by lightning-like whitish longitudinal streaks ; interior dark chocolate, banded. Large sized. Panama to Mazatlan and W. Africa. N.. Pritchardi, Forbes (fig. 94), is a synonym of this variety, as is also possibly N. Cernica, Jouss. (fig. 96), from Mauritius. N. INsEcTA, Jousseaume. PI. 6, figs. 98, 99. Shell thick, solid; whitish, with a central yellow band, and a few longitudinal flexuous chestnut stripes above and below it; umbilicus with a slight central entering callus. Length, 8 mill. Hab. unknown. Possibly a variety of the preceding species. N. LINEOZONA, Jousseaume. PI. 5, fig. 97; Pl. 6, figs. 100, 1. Umbilicus open, with a small entering callus ; white, with four equidistant spiral chestnut lines, and longitudinal chestnut flammules extending from the suture to the second revolving line, interrupted between the second and third, and. again extending from third to fourth. Length, 9 mill. New Caledonia. N. Gaidei, Souverbie (fig. 100), and N. notata, Sowb. (fig. 1), are synonyms. N. LocELLus, Reeve. PI. 6, fig. 2, enlarged. Livid flesh-tinged, fulvous brown, obscurely filleted and stained ; columella thinly callous ; umbilicus partly filled. Habitat unknown. Is possibly a variety of N. marochiensis, Gmel. N. AsELLUS, Reeve. PI. 6, figs. 3, 4, considerably enlarged. Whorls faintly plicately striated at the suture, columella NATICA. 25 covered by a broad ecallosity ; whitish, with two broad chocolate bands and a row of spots between them. Australia. N. Dinuwyni, Payr. 1.6, figs..5, 8; Pl. 5, fig. 78. Yellowish or fawn-white, with white bands bearing obscure arrow-head markings of light chestnut ; umbilical region whitish, partly filled by a callus. Mediterranean Sea. The original figure (fig. 8) represents an obscurely colored state of this species. N. avellana, Phil. (fig. 78) is a nut-brown variety, the bands obsolete. The late Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys considered N. proxima, C. B. Ad., a synonym. N. argouata, Recluz. PI. 6, fig. 23. Shell rather thin, polished; yellowish brown, with lighter zigzag markings; umbilicus with a large white entering callus. Length, 15 mill. Australia, Philippines, Moluccas, Viti Is. N. ABBREVIATA, Sowb. PI. 6, figs. 6, 7. Livid, bifasciately maculated, white-banded and slightly wrinkled at the suture ; umbilicus closed by the callus; aperture chestnut within. Length, 12 mill. ? Mediterranean Sea. Possibly a form of one of the well-known European species ; only known to me by Sowerby’s figures. N. MARMOoRATA, H. Adams. PI. 6, fig. 9. Whitish, marbled with chestnut and somewhat flammulate at the suture, a lighter marbled band on the periphery ; umbilicus partly reduced by the superior callus; columellar callus and interior tinged with chestnut. Length, i6 mill. Canary Islands, Mediterranean. It is N. Pretot, Hidalgo. N. virtata, Gmelin. PI. 6, figs. 10-12. Yellowish brown, vittate with chestnut, or laciniated ; umbili- cus with a central entering ridge. Length, 20 mill. Morocco, Algiers, So. Coast of Spain. N. textilis, Reeve (fig. 12), and N. intricatoides, Hidalgo, are synonyms. 26 NATICA. N. rorata, Reeve. Pl. 6, fig. 22. Shell depressed globose, resembling a Turbo ; umbilicus large, with flattened walls forming an angle with the base of the shell, and with a central thread-like entering-ridge ; aperture semicir- cular, the inner lip straight and mostly detached, bounding the umbilicus ; yellowish white, reticulated and spotted in revolving series with orange-brown. Length, 15 mill. Cape of Good Hope. N. urmpipa, E. A. Smith. Pl. 6, fig. 24. Rather thin, semitransparent, whitish, glossy, opaque white at the suture ; umbilicus rather narrow, without any internal ridge. Length, 8 mill. Torres Straits, Australia. No operculum obtained. Is probably a young shell, and cer- tainly possesses no characters to entitle it to description as a new species. N. Anront, Phil. Pl. 6, fig. 25. Smooth, plicatulate at the suture ; olivaceous brown, with two spiral series of brown dots, whitish towards the base ; umbilicus entirely filled with callus. Length, 14 mill. Loo Choo Islands (Phil.); Mouth of Macusi Riv., E. Africa (Smith). Mr. Smith remarks that a young specimen had a pale band between the two series of dots—which become obsolete in the adult. N. Conner, Recluz. P1. 7, figs. 34, 30-33. Obsoletely plicate at the suture; yellowish, with oblique, squarish chestnut markings in four spiral series, the two middle series sometimes confluent; umbilicus with a central rounded entering callus. Length, 19 mill. Australia, Japan. N. concinna, Dunker (figs. 30, 31) and JN. bicineta, Schrenck (figs. 32, 33) are only color-varieties of this species. N. RUBROMACULATA, Smith. PI. 7, fig. 35. With a band of chestnut-colored maculations above, and another near the base, the spots connected by longitudinal flexuous lines; margin of aperture maculate within ; umbilicus narrow, with entering callus, Length, 17 mill. Whydah, W. Africa, NATICA. 27 N. VARIABILIS, Recluz. PI. 7, fig. 57. Smooth, shining, rather solid ; yellowish white, covered with a fine network of chestnut color, with a row of maculations near the base, and an opaque white band overlaid with the reticula- tions at the suture ; columellar callus tinged with deep chestnut, and nearly filling the umbilicus. Length, 22 mill. Hab. unknown (Reeve); W. Africa (Marrat). Seems to be nearly related to N. imper/forata, Gray. N. PAVIMENTUM, Recluz. PI. 7, figs. 38, 39. Yellowish white, with orange-brown flexuous markings or spots, interrupted on the periphery by a broad light-bluish band, on the middle of which is a spiral series of orange-brown squarish spots ; columella filled with callus. Length, 10 mill. Philippines, Amboina. N. Cailliaudi, Recluz (fig. 39) is a mere variety of this species. N. pyem@a, Phil. PI. 7, fig. 40. Whitish, covered by small chestnut-colored punctations, with three obscure bands ; umbilicus narrow, open. Length, 10 mill. Cape of Good Hope. N. pitecta, Gould. PI. 7, fig. 41. Covered with a russet-colored epidermis, under which the shell is ivory-white, reticnlated with a very minute network of rusty brown or fawn-color, leaving occasional white patches, and with a series of chestnut-colored blotches, revolving on all the whorls, near the suture; callus tinged with chestnut-brown, nearly filling the umbilicus. Length, 16 mill. ? Mouth of the Rio Negro, Patagonia. N. Apamsiana, Dunker. PI. 8, fig. 46. Olivaceous brown, with two lighter bands covered with longi- tudinal flexuous chestnut markings; umbilicus with central entering callus; suture slightly plicate; interior of aperture chéstnut colored with two pale bands. Length, 23 mill. Japan. N. Moquinrana, Recluz. PI. 8, figs. 47, 48. Rather thin; yellowish brown, with three series of chestnut maculations, running together in adult specimens, with connect- 28 NATICA. ing longitudinal stripes ; callus slight, partly covering the umbil- icus from above. Length, 16 mill. Hab. unknown. M. Recluz is of opinion that the operculum will prove to be corneous. N. LIMBATA, @’Orb. PI. 8, fig. 50. Thin, smooth, reddish or light purplish, white around the base, and white lined at the suture; umbilicus narrow. Length, 16 mill. Bay of San Blas and Mouth of Rio Negro, Patagonia. I am not acquainted with either this or the following species. N. IsaABELLEANA, d’Orb. [P1. 8, fig. 51. Reddish brown, smooth, thin ; umbilicus narrow. Length, 13 mill. Maldonado, Uruguay. Philippi remarks that the specimen figured and described by dOrbigny is probably worn and has lost some of its markings, as he had seen a Brazilian shell, with four bands, and longitu- dinal flames which might well be referred to this species. N. conLaRiA, Lam. PI. 8, figs. 54, 52, 53, 49. Whitish, with irregular, interrupted chestnut streaks, not extending to the base, slightly flattened at the suture, and milk- white, bearing fewer, larger sagittate chestnut markings ; umbili- cus with somewhat inferior entering callus ; interior tinged with chestnut. Length, 1-125 inches. W. Africa. N. labrella, Lam.; N. Gambix, Recluz (fig. 53), an old thick- ened example; and JN. obstructa, Menke (fig. 49 bis) a faded specimen, are synonyms. One of the figures of labrella given by Philippi in Kuster (fig. 52) also represents an individual denuded of color markings. N. Evena#, Recluz. PI. 8, figs. 55, 56. Depressed, inflated, spire small, suture well impressed, closely plicately ridged above and below between the growth grooves, the middle of the body-whorl with incised growth lines only ; umbilicus very large, with an inferior entering callus; whitish, NATICA. 29 densely lineated with chestnut, the markings dislocated in three spiral series. Length, 1—-1°5 inches. Panama. Closely allied to the next species in general pattern of coloring only. N. Haneti, Recluz (fig. 56), and N. excavata, Carp., are synonyms. N.winrata, Lam. Pl. 8, fig. 57. Shell smooth, rather largely umbilicated, with inferior entering callus ; white, flexuously lineated with chestnut, except at the base. Length, 1—2 inches. Singapore, Philippines. N. BurtAsensis, Recluz. PI. 8, fig. 58. Whorls somewhat slanting above, convex below, smooth, polished; bluish white; witb longitudinal flexuous chestnut lineations ; deeply umbilicated; columella with a broadly re- flected deep red columellar callosity. Length, 15 mill. Isle of Burias, Philippines. N. GRACILIS, Recluz. Pl. 8, fig. 59. Whorls more convex and spire more produced than in pre- ceding species ; whitish, with crowded oblique longitudinal linea- tions ; umbilicus reniform, with a median entering callus. Length, 10 mill. Philippines. N. viretius, Linn. PI. 8, fig. 60. Whorls slightly plicate at the suture ; orange-brown, obscurely lighter banded, with an upper and a lower series of large white or yellowish spots; umbilicus deep, partly circumscribed by a superior callus. Length, 1-25-1-75 inches. } Ss TUG "é. N. zonatts, Recluz. PI. 8, fig. 61. page i ae Shell covered by a very thin brownish epidermis, beneath which it is whitish, with two bands of longitudinal, sometimes confluent chestnut lines ; umbilicus with inferior entering callus. Length, 17 mill. Viti Islands. N.rura, Born. Pl. 9, figs. 62, 63. Excavately umbilicated, with central entering callus, and Overhanging superior callus; upper and middle portion of 30 NATICA. whorls chestnut-color, with a narrow white sutural band,a white peripheral band, and the lower part of the body-whorl also white. Length, 1:5 inches, Hong Kong, Singapore, Mauritius. It is NV. fasciata, Martyn, N. lewcozonias, Gmel. ° Var. SPADICEA, Gmelin. Fig. 63. The coloring lighter and more diffused, often varying in intensity in obsolete bands and spiral lines, the sutural white band wider. Var. Forskaui, Chemn. On p. 20 I have treated this as a distinct species; it has been regarded by some conchologists as a variety of N. rufa in which the coloring is interrupted by the growth-lines causing it to form longitudinal oblique stripes instead of being diffused over the entire surface. It is very possible that it has been correctly placed here. N. wELVAcEA, Lam. PI. 9, fig. 64. Whorls somewhat slanting above, then more convex ; umbili- cus deep, contracted above by the callus; a diffused white band at the suture, then a broad diluted chestnut band extending to below the periphery, base white; on the chestnut space, at the periphery is a narrow white band, above it generally another, obsolete. Length, 1°5 inches. Singapore. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species, which it decidedly resembles in coloration, differing mainly in the sloping conical form, and narrower umbilicus with the entering callus barely indicated. It is usually called N. globosa, Chemn., but this is only a portion of the descriptive phrase used by that author to designate the species. It is N. spadicea, var. f, of Dillw., and N. pallens, Phil. N. cuausa, Brod. and Sowb. PI. 9, figs. 65, 67-69, 73. Shell globose, whitish or yellowish white, spire often tinged livid, umbilicus entirely covered and closed by a callus. Length, 1:25-2 inches. Arctic Seas—circumboreal, N. Japan, Alaska, Melville Isl., Greenland to Massachusetts, Arctic Europe, Off Coast of Portugal (nearly 1000 fms.). NATICA. 31 The late Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys identified this with N. affinis, Gmel. Mr. Verrill in reviewing Dr. Jeffrey’s paper (Am. Jour. Sci., 3 ser., v, 472), dissents from this consolidation, because Nerita affinis, Gmel., is described as having a nacreous interior, as inhabiting New Zealand, and is placed in the umbilicated section of the genus. An inspection of the Syst. Nat. of Gmelin shows that in the last particular only is Verrill correct, no silvery interior is mentioned, the habitat is said to be northern seas and a reference is made to the Zool. Danica, prodr. of Miller. Still, the uncertainty of an unfigured species, insuf- ficiently described, and the fact that it is, whether correctly or not, placed among umbilicated species, forbid the use of the name affinis for the species. The synonyms are N. consolidata, Couth. (fig. 67), a southern and smaller form, occurring as far southward as Massachusetts ; N. septentrionalis, Beck (fig. 69), Greenland; probably N. russa, Gould, Arctic Ocean; N. operculata, Jeftreys (fig. 73), Japan. N. occlusa, 8. Wood, a Crag fossil of England, has been referred to this species; I think it distinct, as the spire is much more elevated and the whorls more convex. Var. virrata, Jeffreys. Spire more elevated, body-whorl with two purplish bands, one of them showing on the penultimate whorl. Greenland. This will perhaps prove distinet ; I should think it, from the description, more nearly allied to the fossil N. occlusa. Var. IANTHOSTOMA, Desh. Fig. 68; Pl. 19, fig. 89. Yellowish brown, irregularly white zoned, apex blackish; interior purplish. Length, 2 inches. Kamtschatka, Northern Japan. N. imperviA, Phil. Pl. 9, fig. 66. Oval, with spire very short, rather solid, white, umbilicus completely filled with callus. Length, 10 mill. Straits of Magellan. N. pusitta, Say. PI. 21, fig. 6. Cinereous, or yellowish white, with sometimes one or two obsolete bands; columella callous nearly closing the umbilicus, 32 NATICA. and only leaving an arcuated linear opening; operculum cal- eareous. Length, 6 mill. Southern Coast of the United States ; Buzzard’s Bay, 3 to 8 fms. (Stimpson). This is not N. pusilla of Reeve’s ‘‘ Iconica.” Section StiagmauLax, Morch, 1852. N: stLeara, Born, Pi.) fie.i75; Largely umbilicated, partly filled by an inferior entering callus; cancellated by revolving and longitudinal close grooves, often pitted at their crossings; white, sometimes banded and mottled with fulvous orange. Length, 20 mill. West Indies. The revolving grooves are sometimes very faint, in other specimens as strong as the longitudinal ones. Other names for the species are N. cancellata, Gmelin, N. rugosa, Chemn., N. costata, Menke. N. sEMisuLtcaTa, Gray. Pl. 9, fig. 74. Deeply and rather widely umbilicated, umbilicus bounded by an angle, suture excavated, whorls slantingly flattened above ; polished white, encircled superiorly by five or six linear erooves. Length, 14 mill. West Indies. Is possibly a Mamma. I do not know the operculum. Subgenus Neverita, Risso, 1826. Section NEVERITA (typical). N. ampta, Phil. Pl. 10, figs. 81-88, 85, 86; Pl. 11, figs. 91-93; P12, fie. 36. Depressed globose, indistinctly spirally engraved, a little depressed below the suture ; umbilicus very wide, spirally striate, and usually two- or three-ridged, umbilical callus transversely deeply grooved in the middle, reflected over the upper portion of the umbilicus, rather small; color light flesh or yellowish brown, earlier whorls often livid, interior and callus light choco- late. Length, 2—2°5 inches. Indian Ocean, China, Japan, Australia, Mauritius. The numerous species here united have received from Sowerby aol NATICA. 33 and others the name of N. didyma, Bolten (fig. 81), an author scarcely quotable; NV. vesicalis, Phil. (fig. 92), has also been used in this connection; but N. ampla has priority of position, although published at the same time as J. vesicalis. Other synonyms are: WN. robusta, Dkr., N. Lamarckiana (fig. 86), N. Chemnitzii (fig. 82), N. Petiveriana (fig. 91), and N. intermedia of Recluz; N. problematica, Reeve (fig. 93); N. papyracea, Busch (fig. 85); N. bicolor, Schrenck, not Phil.; N. incisa, Dkr., and perhaps WN. glaucina, Lam., not Linn. N. sicotor, Phil. Pl. 11, fig. 94. Depressed orbicular, smooth, yellowish brown above, whitish beneath ; umbilicus spirally striate, and few ridged, callus small, bipartite, chocolate-color; aperture dark chocolate above, whitish inferiorly. Length, 28 mill. Chinese Sea, Japan. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. ®.incer, Phil? Pl. 10> fies. S790; Pl. 11, fic. 95. Yellowish-, brownish-, or livid-white, chocolate, etc.; depressed orbicular; umbilicus entirely filled with a button-like callus, the rounded margin of which is sometimes deeply grooved ; aperture white, or tinged with chocolate. Length, 1-1-25 inches. Southern Coast of Australia. The synonyms are N. Baconi (fig. 95), and N. fibula (fig. 89) of Reeve, and N. clavata, Sowb. (fig. 90). N. JosepHin&, Risso. Pl. 10, fig. 84; Pl. 11, fig. 96. Depressed globose, widely umbilicated, but the umbilicus mostly filled by the flattened callus; glaucous or yellowish brown above, usually lighter or whitish beneath, aperture chocolate- colored, white inferiorly. Length, 1 inch. Southern Europe. It is N. glaucina of Reeve and other authors (fig. 96), not of Linnzeus or Lamarck; N. olla, Desh.; N. Philippiana, Recluz (fig. 84); N. albumen, Scacchi, etc. N. pupiicata, Say. PI. 12, figs. 3-5; Pl. 18, fig. 10. More or less conically globose, obsoletely spirally engraved, and obliquely longitudinally striated, often with a slightly 3 34 NATICA. depressed area beneath the suture; umbilicus wide, spirally striate, nearly filled by a wide, somewhat overhanging callus, which is often rugose or obsoletely pitted; gray, yellowish brown, livid, etc., callus and interior of aperture chocolate. Length, 3 inches. New England to Florida, Gulf Shores of the United States, ete. The species figured by Reeve under this name is Lunatia heros, Say ; Sowerby has also confounded the two species. N. Delessertiana, Recluz, combines the typical form with that described by Gould as N. fossata (fig. 4). The latter is scarcely entitled to even varietal rank; it is distinguished by the umbili- cus being more decidedly striate and bounded by an acute ridge, but these features common, perhaps predominant in Florida specimens, seem to shade away with the more northern distribu- tion. N. Campeachiensis, Recluz (fig. 10), and N. Texasiana, Phil. (fig. 5),are synonyms. The bowl-shaped sandy nidimental ribbon is a common and very curious sea-shore object; it is very different in form and structure from the capsules of other gastro- pod genera. N. Reciuzrana, Desh. PI. 12, fig. 1. Shell solid, conically globose, columella strongly callous from the superior function of the outer lip, nearly filling the umbilicus ; fawn-color, or yellowish brown, lighter or whitish below, interior chocolate, callus usually white. Length, 5 inches. California, N. W. Coast of Mexico. The figure is more than usually conical, the general form being somewhat more conical than in NV. duplicata. N. euauca, Humboldt. Pl. 11, figs. 97, 98. Shell very much depressed, rugosely striate, concavely exca- vated beneath, the umbilicus partly overhung by a thin, tongue- like callus; whitish, or yellowish, broadly chestnut banded above, callus and interior chestnut-color. L. 1-25, diam. 2°25 inches. Acapulco to Panama. It is N. Bonplandi, Val. and N. patula, Sowb. The latter name should perhaps have priority were it not preoccupied for a fossil species. — Natica ampla,, Phil: L : : . 33 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE, Diegoensis (Lamellaria), Dall. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 538, t. 24, f. 1-3, 1885, : Dilecta (Natica), Gould. Proce. Bost. Soe. N. H. SALE Tics, ‘1848, Dillwyni (Natica), Payr. Moll. Corse, pl._v, f. "98° ‘ Disparilis (Vanikoro), Desh. Moll. Reunion, LG t. 9, f. 15, 17, 1863. = V.clathrata,Recluz. . Distans (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proce., 140, 1843; “Rev. Zool., T, 1844; Guerin’s Mag., 45, 1845, . é Draparnaudi (Natica), Recluz. Petit Jour. Con., ii Dp. 198, pl. 5, f.11, 1851. = N. Powisiana, Recluz. Dubia (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 209, 4, Dunkeri (Natica), Phil. Zeitschr. f. Malakz., 1851, Le ie Duplicata Varese, ae Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. NP hg oy 247, . 6 Eburnea (Natica), Desh. Lam., An. sans Vert., viii, 646. —N.orientalis,Gmel. . 5 ‘ 2 3 Echinospira, Krohn. Archiv Naturg., xix, 1853. = Brownia, d’Orb. Effusa (Natica), Swains. Zool. Ill., pl. 104. = ?N. Powisiana, Recluz. j ! ; ; Elata (Vanikoro), Sow: Reeve, Goneh: eae SP. 23, 1875, Elegans CNavien}; Recluz. Jour. de Conch., i, e 381 aS 14, f. 4. . picta, Recluz. Elenz (Natica), Recluz. Proce. Zool. Soc., 1843, 15 205, : Elongata (Natica), Troschel. Arch. f. Nat. 2., 1852, p- 158, pity = N. corasd Orb. .. : : ; : Ermea, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1857. Lamellaria, Monte., Eunaticina, Fischer. Manuel de Conch., 768, 1885, . 10, Euspira (Agassiz, 1837), Morris and Lycett. Moll. Gt. Colt. NS50),),+ : : : : ; ; : : Euzona (Natica’, Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 204; Jour. de Conch., ii, p. 381, pl. xiv, f. 3, 1850. = N. picta, Recluz, : : ‘ : : é Excavata (Natica), Carpt. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 165. — N. Elene, Recl. Eximius (Sigaretus), Reeve. " Coneh. Icon. pl. v, £.2 22, “13864, Expansa (Moro. zonata, var.), Sars. Moll. Norv. , 147, 1878, Fava (Natica), Marrat. Quart. Jour. Conch., i, 205, . : Fabella (Natica), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., 183, t. 4, f. 11, 1884, : : : : u 3 5 : Fanel (Natica), Adanson. Coq. de Senegal, pl. 13, f. 3, 16, Fartilis (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 264, Fasciata (Natica), Martyn. Univ. Conch., pl. 110. = N. rufa, Born, : : : : ; 45 80 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 1826. = Natica Dillwynii, Payr. Fibrosa (Ruma), Soul. Voy. Bonite, p. oa pl. 35, fs. 8-10. — Natica mélanostoma, Gmel., Var. Fibula (Natica), Reeve. onck. Ie. sp. 130, 1855. — N. Incei, Phil., juv. Fibula (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon, pl. Vv, f. 26, 1864, Filicatus (Sigaretus), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 22, 1845, Filosa (Natica), Phil. Neueo Conch., ii, t. ii, fe 4, p. 8. — N. Sagraiana, d’Orb. Filosa (Natica), Sowb. MSS. Reev., Couch. Te. 12, 1855, . Flammulata (Natica), Requien. Cat. Moll. Corse. ? — N. Sagraiana, d’Orb. . F ‘ Flava (Lamellaria), Chiaje. Mem., v, t. 77, af 10. — L. perspicua, Linn. Flava (Natica), Gould. Silliman’s Jour., XXXVili i 196, 8, Flemingiana (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soe., 1843, D. 2095422 : : Flexilis (Bulla), Mont. “Test. Brit. Suppl. = Velutina plicatilis, Muller, . 13, Florida (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Tess 64, 1855, : Fluctuata (Natica), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., Dp. Rik t's Sia, Forata cMngdny, Baere Conch. Icon., sp. 129, 1855, : Forskalii (Natica), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, pl. 197, f. 1901, 1902, Fortunei (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Te. Sp. 123, 1855 ; Jour. de Conch., 1863, p. 262, pl. ix, f. 5, Fossata (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soe., li, p: 263, 1847, — N. duplicata, Say, . Foveolata (Narica), sf "Jour. de Conch., 3d ser., vi, 138, 1866, Fragilis (Natica), a oN helicoides, ‘Jobnst. ‘ Franciscana (Natica), Recluz MSS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., sp. 127, 1855. == N. Guillemini, Payr. Fringilla (Natica), Dall. Bull. Mus. ‘Comp. Zool., ix, P 93, Fulgurans (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, P. 206, Fulminea (Natica), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. SY, 149, 1826. =N. Sagraiana, d’Orb. Fulminea (Natica), Gmel. Syst. Nat. , 3672, Funiculata (Mamma), Recluz. Jour. de rake i, 400, 1850; ii, 201, 1851. = N. columnaris, Recluz, Fusca (Natica), Weink. Medit. Conch., ii, 251. —N. sordida, Phil, Fusea (Natica), Carpenter. Rept. Brit. Assoc., 1863. =N. otis, Brod. and Sowb. "593, 624, PAGE, Fasciata (Necca). Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 149, 51 33 59 59 19 51 19 60 52 50 67 17 a3 26 20 37 34 70 53 40 54 16 19 15 47 38 44 ee | - ty INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 81 PAGE, Fusca (Natica), de Blainville. Faune Frang., t. 14, f.1, 1a. = N. maculata, Desh. Fuscata (Natica), Humph. Cat., 21, 1797. = N. mamillaris, Lam. Gaidei (Natica), Souverbie. Jour. de Conch., 1874, 196, pl. Migs si5, 292, pl. xii;f. 8... — N. lineozona, Jouss.. 24 Gaimardi (Vanikoro), A. Ad. Conch. Icon., sp. 9, 1875. = V. Orbigniana, Recluz, . “ rae!) Galactites (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mal. AT, 1851. = N. Flemingiana, Recluz, : . 50 Gallapagosa (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, P. 213. —N. otis, Brod. and Sowb. . 44 Gam biz ‘(Natica), "Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 207, == N.collaria, Lam. . 28 Gemma (Marsenia), Bgh. Semper’ Bonen im Aner Phil., Bae 1, tli, f.T, : 63 Genuanus (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Teon., f. 121, 1855 ; Marrat, Quar. Jour. Conch., i, 243. = N. imperforata, Gray, . : : ; : : sah Bi Geraudi (Rumella), Bourg. Notice Prodr. Tanganika, 90, 1885, . : : : : : : : PNT Gilva (Natica), Phil. Menke’s Zeitsch., 48, 1851. ? —N. Fortunei, Reeve, . : ‘ : : : “aot Glabella (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Tes spied. 1855.2: oe Glaberrima (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 136, 1843. == NW. Neritina’ . 2 ; é : : eet! Glabra (Lamellaria), Couthouy. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., ii, my plo, 4. 16, 1838, ~. : : : ; ; ny Glabrata (Amaurella), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 311, 1867, Re 3) Glabrissima (Vanikoro), Brown. Wern. Mem., ii, 532, t. 24,f.12. = V. glaberrima, Recluz, 71 Glacialis (Onchidiopsis), M. Sars. Sars, Faun. Moll. Norv. 153, 64 Glauca (Natica), Humboldt. Desh. , An. s. Vert., viii, p.651, 34 Glaucina (Natica), Reeve, etc., not ‘Linn. nor Lamarck. = N. Josephine, Risso, . : : : ; poo Glaucina (Natica), Lam. (non Ean)2°— Nampla, Phil: ) 33 Glaucina (Natica), Linn. Faun. Suecce. | edit., 533. ?—N. Alderi, Forbes. . : F : ‘ ; 5 Globosa (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 33,1885, . ob Globosa (Lunatia), King. Zool. Jour., v, p. 344. == N. Patagonica, Phil... - : : : : 5 hanes Tf Globosa (Natica), Chemn. Conch. Cat., v, p. 267, pl. 188, f. 1896, 1897. —N.helvacea, Lam. . 30 Globosa (Ruma), T. Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1815, 149. — R. umbilicata, ae Petterd, Jour. of Conch., ii, 353, i : : 52, 54 6 82 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Globulus (Amauropsis), Angas. Proc. Zook aad oe P. ALG. plinxl, f.75,-% , Globularia, Swainson, Malacol., 345, 1840. — Ampullina, Lam. . ‘ Gouldii (Natica), Phil. Menke, Zeit., 1845, ccs = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. ; : : Gouldii (Lamellaria pellucida, var. af Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. viele. : Gracilis ‘(Natica), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., i 381, pl. Xiv, f. 11, 1850, ; Gracilis (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch. , Sp. 102, f. 156. = N. marochiensis, var. livida, : Granifera (Narica), Pease. Am. Jour. ‘Conch., Vv; 18, 1869. = V. clathrata, Reeluz, ; Granulosa (Vanikoro), Reeluz. Zool. Proc., 140, 1843; ’ Rey. Zool., 6, 1844; Guerin’s Mag., 32, 1845. Eat Vi clathrata, Recluz, Grayi (Sigaretus), Desh. Lam. Anim. sans ‘Vert., iP P. 12. = S. concavus, Lam. : Grayi (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., TA. — N. catenata, Phil. . : Grisea (Natica), Martens. Sitzber. Gesellschaft, Nat. i'r: Berlin, 1878, 24, . : Grisea (Natica), Requien. Coq. de Corse, 61. — N. intricata, Donov. Greenlandica (Lamellaria), Moller. Index, “Moll. Greenl. P. 10; 1842, ° i. Greenlandica (Natica), Beck. Mill. Ind. Mol. Greenl., (ip: 1. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. Groénlandica (Onchidiopsis), Bergh. Mem. “Acad. Copenh.., 346, 1853, . : 3 Gualteriana (N Vatica), Petit. Jour. “Conch.. i, p. 396, 1850. ? — N. marochiensis, Gmel. . j Gualterianus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Mart. Conch., i, pl. ‘16, ft. 152. =S. planulatus, Recluz, Gueriniana (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 139, 1843; Rev. Zool., T, 1844; Guerin’s Mag., 43, 1845, . Guillemini (Natica), P ayr. Cat. Moll. Corse, pl. v, fs. 25 26, Gyrodes, Conrad. Jour. Phila. Acad., iv, 289, 1860, : Haliotoidea (Helix), Muller. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 240. — Lamellaria perspicua, Linn. : : : : : Haliotoidea (Velutina), O. F. Fabr. Fauna Greenl., 390, 1780.. = V. levigata, Pennant, Haliotideus (Sigaretus), Phil. En. Moll. Sic., ie p. 165, aie p. 142. =S. Philippii, Weink; Kuster, p. 23, Haliotoideus (Sigaretus), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., x, 175, PAGE, INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Haliotoideus (Sigaretus), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon. — §. coneavus, Lam., , : : Haliotoideus (Sigaretus), Gould. Invert. Mass., Ist Edit., 244. = Lamellaria glabra, Couth. . Haneti ( Natica), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., a1, 1850, 389, pl. 13; fi. 6, 7. =N. Elene, Recluz, . Hebrea (Natica), Philippi. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 73, ‘6. i f.10. = N. marochiensis, var. lurida, ; Hebreea (Natica), Martyn. Univ. Conch. te LOS: 1769- 1784. = N. maculata, Desh. : Helicina (Nerita), Brocchi. Conch. foss. subap., ii, 297, t. 1: f.10. = Natica catena, Da Costa, é Helicina ‘(Natica), Seouenza. Notizie, succincte intorno, p- 17, 22 part. == N, Montagui, Forbes, Helicoides (Natica), Johnston. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soe. Ber- wick on Tweed, 1835, ; : Helicoides (Vanikoro), Guillou. Rev. “Zool., 105, 1842. = N. ligata, Recluz, . Helicoideus (Sigaretus), Guillow. Rev. Zool. Cuv. ‘Soe. 11842, p- 105, : , Helvacea (Natica), ‘Lam. Anim. sans Vert., No. nee , Herculea (Natica), Middend. Malac. Rossica, i il »P. 96, 1849. = N. Lewisii, Gould, - Heros (Natica), Say. Jour. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila., i, ps 248, 6, 34, Imbricata (Vanikoro), Pease. Zool. Proc., 435, 1860. ? = Acuta, Recluz, : : : : : : Immaculata (Natiea), | Totten. Silliman JOUr.,° KEVIL,. p- sais t. 6, : : ; "38. Imperforata (N atica), J: Jay. Cat. Od Ed. Bae Oy “81, pl. iv, f. 10. — N. fluctuata, Sowb. Jay., 3d Edit., 117, ; Imperforata (Natica), Gray. Zool. Beechey’s Voy., 135, pl. weed Big: Impervia (Natica), Phil. Arch. f. Nat., 1845, p- 65, Incei (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc., ‘1851, p. 233, : Incisa (Natica), Dkr. Kuster, Conch. Cab. D. 81 Pl. 12 af. 8. = N. ampla, Phil. Incisus (Sigaretus), Reeve. ‘Conch. Icon., pl. ili, f. Ll, vol. =v, 1864, . Indica (Lamellaria), Leach. " Angas, Zool. Proc., “199, 1867, Indica (Sigaretus), Gray. Spicilegia, Zool., No. 5 = 8. planulatus, Recluz, : : : : Inseulptus (Sigaretus), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, pl. xiii, f. 10. —S. neritoideus, Linn. . Insecta (Natica), . Jousseaume. ‘Rev. de Zool., 1874, t. ii, f. 1,2, : : : ‘ 84 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Intemerata (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 933, Intermedia (Neverita), Recluz. Chenu, Ill. Conch., iii, Natica, t! 2, 3. =="Nv mamilla, Linn’ ©. ieee : Intermedia (Natica), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 163, t. 9, f. 11,1886." == NoAldermstorbes,~ : : . : : Intermedia (Natica), Recluz (non Phil.). Reeve, Icon., sp. 21:3 (= NS amplas eal : . : : : : Intricata (Natica), Donovan. British Shells, v, pl. 167, 6, Intricatoides (Natica), Hidalgo. Moll Esp., t. 20 b, i 12, 13 t. 20:¢, £10; 41. = N. vittata, Gmelin, ; Iostoma (Natica), Mke. Zeitschr., 1847, p. 178. = N. ala-papilionis, var. Broderipiana, . Isabellina EISELE Bgh. Semper’s Voy. Phil. Ba. ii, pl. Roe Fe Isabelleana (Natica), d’Orb. Voy. ‘Am. Mer. pl. 16, fs. 19- 13, Islandica (Natica), Gmelin. — N. Helicoides, Johnston, Isonema, Meek and Worthen. Phila. Proc., 251, 1865, Jamaicensis (Natica), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. 111. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. var. livida, : : Jamaicensis (Natica), CB. Ad: Contrib. Conch., ili, 1850. — N. Sagraiana, Orb. ; : Janthostoma (Natica), Desh. Guer. Mag. ‘de Zool., ‘1841, pl. 45 —N. clausa,' Br. et Sowb. var. Japonica (Amaurella),A.Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 407, 1860, Japonicus (Sigaretus), Lischke. Malakl. Blatter, xix, 104, Jasonilla, Macdonald. Ann. Nat. Hist., xvi, 206, 1855. = Brownia, d’Orb. Javanica (Natica), Lam. An.s. Vert., v, 8, p. 644. = N. maculosa, Lam. : : s : : : i Javanicus (Sigaretus), Gray. Griffith’s Cuv. Anim. Kingd., pleat fale 4s: neritoides, Linn. . i ; Josephine (Natica), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. “Merid. pal aes £<43,~.. : : : Jukesii (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Te. sp. 84, 1855. = N. candidissima, Le Guillou, Kleciachi Gaamelanay, Brusina. Contr. Fauna. Moll. Dalm., p. 35, Kindelanina (Lamellaria), Mich. Bul. Soe. Nat. Hist. Bord., t. 2, p. 119, 1828. = L. perspicua, Linn. : Labrella (Natica), Lam. An. sans Vert., v, 8, p. 644. — N. collaria, Lam. . : : : Lacernula (Natica), d’Orb. Cuba, 1842, 2, p- 35, t. ‘14, f. 23-25. = N. marochiensis, Gmel., var. livida, ; Lactea (Natica), Guild. Linn. Trans., t. vi, p- 29, INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Lactea (Natica), Marshall. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1875, xvi, he aga.) = var.,.N. Alderi, Forbes, : Lactea (Natica), Lovén. Phil., Abb and Besehr. Nat. p. Payot. et. 13. == N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. Lactea (Sigaretus), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., 1851 Dp. 186, pl. 6, f. 1-2. —S. planulatus, Recluz. Lacuna (Natica), } Montg. = Lacuna puteolus, Turton. Lacunaria, Conrad. Smn. Eocene Check List, p. 12, 1866. = — Lacunide, : : : Levida (Natica), Laskey. She sordida, Phil. : Levigata (Velutina), Pennant. But. Zool., iv, 140, 1877, Levigatus (Sigaretus), Lam. An. s. vert, vi, 2d part, p- 208, Lamarckiana (Natica), Recluz. MSS. Reeve, Conch. Ie. ae heooe) —— N. ampla, Phil. : Lamarkianus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, aie Conch., 7, tf 14.5 (not t. 3, f. 2:-— Delesserti). ay Linneanus, Recluz, : s : ‘ : Lamarckianus (Sig yaretus), Reeluz. Chenu, Ill. Conch., pl. ta. =o. Cuvierianus, Recluz. Chenu, p. 18. 33 59 Lamellaria, Montagu (pars). Trans. Linn. Soc., xi, 1815, 11, 60 Lamellosa (Vanikoro), d’Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, t. Bisel meaty 2 Vi. stridta,.d’Orb.. ‘ : ; 2 GOTO Lanigera (Velutina), Moller. Moll. Groenlandiz, p. 10, 1842, : : p : ; < 2 Largillierti (Natica), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., 1852, p. 408, pl. xii, f. 1, : : : - 5 : Larina, A. Adams. — Paludinide. Larvata (Neverita), Tapp. Can. Voy. Magenta, 34,t.1,f. v, Latens (Lamellaria), Mull. Prodr. Zool. Dan., 242 Latifasciatus (Sigaretus), Reeve (non Ad. and R.). Conch. Icon.,sp.9. ?% —S. concavus, Lam. : : ; : Latifasciatus (Sigaretus), Ad. and Reeve. Moll. Voy. pamar., p. 55, pl. 13, f. 11. = S.neritoides, Linn. Leachii (Sigaretus), Phil. Abb. Conch., pl. 1, f. 3. = §. neritoideus, Linn. : . : : : Leachii (Sigaretus), De Blainv ile. Man. de Mal., t. 42, f. 3, Lebruni (Natica), Mabille et Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 102, 1884-5, . WM ibs ere eee thes se: aed (Natica), Marshall. Ann. Mag. N. H., xvi, 393, 1875, = var. N. catena, Da Costa, ; ; Lemniscata (Natica), Phil. Kuster, Natica, 122, Lich lee ee = N. canrena, Linn., juv., : : Leptalea (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 261, Leptonotis, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, 76, 1866, Leucophvea (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 51, 1855, Leucotis, Swainson. Malacol., 346, 1840. = Narica, Recl. 66 35 60 55 55 55 57 ia 41 21 53 13 45 13 86 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Leucozonias (Nerita), Gen. Syst. Nat., 3672. PAGE, = Natica rufa, Born. 3 : ‘ 2 ; é . 30 Levicula (Lunatia), Verrill. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, p. OM Leia, se : : ‘ ; i : . wou Lewisii (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hm, 239, 1847, ‘ ; ; : : Seni Ligata (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 138, 1843; Rev: Zool., 5, 1844; Guerin’s Mag., 22, 1845, 68 Limacina (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. Zool., 1874, i it p- 14, pl. 2, f. 7-8. = N. marochiensis, var. lurida, : 23 Limbata (Natica), d’Orb. Voy. Am. Mer. spl: BT, f.71- 9; 28 Limneria, H. and A. Adams, i, 200, 1853, _ . ; = 2) GhS66 Limpida (Natica), HE. A. Smith. Zool. Alert, 57, t. 5, f. L, 1884, . 26 Lineata (Natica), Lam. “An. s. Vert. (Desh. Ea. ), viii, D. 640, 29 Linneanus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, Ill. Conch., iii, pl. etre, ; : : ‘ : : 2) Og Lineolata (Natica), Phil. Menke, Zeit. f. Mal., 1844, p. 107. = N. filosa, Phil. Lineozona (Natica), Jouss. Mag. de Zool., 22, t. 11, f. 3, 4, 1874, . 24 Listeri (Sigaretus), Recluz. "Chenu, Conch. UUs pl 2 2, 1 £9 oe = §. Martinianus, var.? Reeve, E =) 16 Litterata (Ruma), Souleyet. Adams, Genera, i, 210. = N. melanostoma, Gm., var. melanostomoides. Livida (Natica), Pfr. Archiv fur Naturg., vi, 1840, p.254,. 23 Livida (Lunatia), Lask. — N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. 37 Locellus (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 134, 1855, . 24 Lucidus (Sigaretus), Gould. Proc. Boston Soe. N. H., viii, p. 14, : 5 59 Lunatia, ‘Gray. Zool. Proc., 149, 1847, : 6, 35 Lupia, Conrad. Smn. Eocene Check List, 15, 1866. == Sigaretus, Lam. . 10 Lupinus (Natica), Desh. An. sans s Vert., Vv, 8, p- “648. = N. solida, Blainv. : ; 46 Lurida (Natica), Phil. Kiist., Conch. Cab., 19. = N. marochiensis, Gm., var. . : 5 23 Lynx (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 46, 1851, 17 Lysis, Gabb. Paleont. Calif., i, 138, ut Macilenta (Natica), Phil.. Abb. und Besch. Conch., ii, pl. 2A. f TS ee ‘ : ‘ . 40 Macilenta (Natica), Reeve (non Phil. se “Conch. Icon., f. 133, 1855. = N. Alderi, Forbes, _. 4] Macrotrema (Ruma), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang ree p. 54, pl ccs £299; °. 52 Macrostoma ’(Natica), Phil. Kiister, Natica, 5B, 1852, 51 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 87 Maculata (Natica), Desh. Anim. s. Vert., My p. 645. = N. millepunctata, Lam., Var. Bn Us: Maculatus (Sigaretus), Reeluz. Monoer., s Dy £ Te 2. = S§. Martinianus, Phil. . 2 Ob Maculatus (Sigaretus), Say. Am. Conch., pl. 25, p 176, aL Maculosa (Natica), Lam. An.s. Vert. (Desh. Bd. ), Viil, p. 641, . : : : : f : Pee Magellanica (Natica), Phil. Voy. Astral. et Zelée, v. 64. PN, Patagonica, Phil. . : : b ; 3 aie Maheensis (Natica), Dufo. Am. Sc. Nat., 1840, p. 193, ZO Malabarica (Natica), Recluz. Jour. de’ Coneh., i i, P. 393, 1850, . 54 Mamilla (Natica), Linn, Syst. Nat., Ea. Xi, 1959 ; “AD Mamilla, Schumacher. Essai nouv. gen. 190, 1817, Pe OU Mawillaria, Swains. Malacol., 345, 1840. = Mamma, Klein, 6 Mamillaris (Sigaretus), Linn. Syst. Nat.,12th ed., p. 1246, 59 Mamillaris (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert. Desh., ed. viii, p. 628; Morch. Mal. Blatt., 24, p. 59. = N. fuscata, Humph. ; : d : : : . 43 Mamma, Klein (Ostrac, 1753). H.and A, Adams, Genera i, 210, 1853. = Polinices, Montf. Manceli (Natica), peerage Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1874, 15, t. ii, f. 11,12. ?—N. marochiensis, Gmel. 23 Marchei (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1874, p17, 6. 11,1. 9,10. = N. marochiensis, var. lurida, «ao ee aces (Natica), Duclos. Potiez et Mich., Gal. des Moll., ke ae : : ; : , ee Ont Renbrats (Natica), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. ni 147, 1826. == N. Guillemini,'Payr.. 40 Marmorata (Natica), H. Ad. Proce. Zool. Soe., 1869, P 274, Poxix, {..8, , 25 Maroccana (Nerita), Salis. Reisen Neap. es 379, 1793. =N.Guillemini, Payr. . ; . 40 Maroceana (Nerita), Chemn. Conch. Cab., y, 270, d ie Marochiensis (Natica), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, 256. = N. Alderi, Forbes, : : : ‘ : : a> 4 Marochiensis (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3673, No.15, 22 Marsenia, Leach. Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., xx, 1847. —— Lamellaria, Montg. ; : : : : off lel Marsenina, Gray. Figs. Moll. Anim., AV: 10,08 800) 1135 dD G4 Martinianus (Sigaretus), Phil. Abbild. und Besch. Coo i, p. 144; Morch., Mal. Blatter, xxiv, pl. 25. . 11.06 Maura (Natica), Brug. Enc. Mesh. pl. 453, f. 4a,b, . ARN Mauritize (V anikoro), Recluz. Guerin’s Mag., 19; 1845, etl Mauritiana (Lamellaria), Bergh. Marseniaderne, p- 103, Pia. b, £. 9, : ‘ : : : 4 . . - 62 88 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Maximus (Sigaretus), Phil. Neuer Conch., t. 1, f. 1. = 8. concavus, Lam. . i : : : Megatilotus, Fischer. Manuel de Conch., 766, 1885, Melanostoma (Nerita), var., Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3674. = Natica solida, Blainv. ; : : : : : Melanostoma (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., xiii ed., p.3674, Melanostoma (Natica), var. b, Lam. An. sans Vert. = N. maura, Brug. Melanostomoides (Natica), Quoy and coun. Voy. Astr. ii, p. 229, pl. 66, f. 4-8. = N. melanostoma, Gmel., var. Melastoma ’(Natica), Swains. Zool. Illust., ii, '. rec dpe Menkeana (Natica), Phil. Kuster, Conch. ‘Cab. sts Lens 8. ? — N. marochiensis, Gmel., var. livida, . Menkeanus (Sigaretus), Dkr. Moll. Guineensia, P 33. = §. bifasciatus, Recluz, . : Merria, Gray. Zool. Beechey’ s Voy., 137, 1842. — Narica, Recluz, . Micromphala (Marsenia), Beh. Vid. Meddel. Nat. For. \p. 120 1857. | == Meelabra, Couth. : Microstoma (Natica), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astr., il, 282, t. 66, f. 9. = N. plumbea, Lam. ; d Millepunctata (Natica), Lam. An.s. Vert., vi, 199, ; Milne-Edwardsia (Rumella). Bourg. Notice Prodr. Tanga- mika, O15 sLSS55 6% Mittrei (Natica), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. and Zel., v. 65. =N.aurantia, Lam. . Moerchi (Amauropsis), “ad: and Ang. Proc. Zool. " Soe., 1863, p..423, . 1: Monilifera (Natica), Lam. ‘An. s. Vert. (Desh. Kd. )s vil 638. = N. catena, Da Costa, Montagui (Natica), Forbes. Malac. Monensis, p. 32, Montrouzieri (Caledoniella), Souverb. Jour. de Conch. 1869, 421; 1870, 71, . . : 19, Montrouzieri (Vanikoro), Souverb. Jour. de Conch., 136, SiO E A Moquiniana (Natica), Recluz Jour. de Conch., 1853, p 154: 6.4 Oe 10; t : : 5 Morelli (Lamellaria), Chiaje. Mem., v, t. 62 ne at = L. perspicua, Linn. Morvillia, Gray. Guide Moll. Brit. Mas., 45, 1857. = Limneria, Ads. Mozaica (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch. , Sp- 107, f. 133, 134, Mulleri (Velutina), Desh. Mag. de Zool., Moll., pl. 28, = V.levigata, Pennant, . ; Mustelina (Natica), Swains. Zool. Il. pl. 19. ? — N. marochiensis, Gmel., var. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 89 Nacca, Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 148, 1826. = Natica, Adanson, . : : : 5 . : 156 Nana (Natica), T.-Woods. Pro. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1875, 149; So RaSh iy me : ‘ : : 5 : ; . 54 Nana (Lunatia), Moll. Greenl. Moll., p. 7. aculata, Totten, ; ; : ; : at i: Narica, Recluz, in @Orbieny. Moll Cuba, 139,184.) 2 is Natica, Adanson. Hist. Nat. Seneg., 172, 1757, . ar COR ie Naticaria, Swainson. Man. Malacol., 346, 1840. = — Mamilla, Schum. . T Naticaria, H. ‘and A. Adams (not Swainson), Genera i, 208, 1853. Naticella (pars), Minster. Beitr. z. Petref., iv, 1841. — Natiria, de Koninck. Naticella, Guilding. Swainson, Maiacol., 345, 1840. — Mamma, Klein, . : ; ; ; ‘ : LEG Naticina, Guilding. Trans. Linn. Soc., xvii, 31, 1834. = Mamma, Klein. Naticina, Gray (not Guilding, 1834). Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840. = — Eunaticina, Piseher.:: 1%: : : eal Naticodon, Ry ckholt. Mel. Paleont., 1852 ; . 14 Naticopsis, M’Coy. Carb. Foss. Ireland, 33, 1844, ; Vac8 Natiria, de Koninck, 1881, . f ara Neritoidea (Lamellaria), Ghiaje. Mem., ill, 215, 226, 1828. = L. perspicua, Linn. ‘ “ 60 Neritoideus tear etue): Recluz. Monogr. Chenu ll. Conch., Tita {> f, 2.1.2, 3.) ==. concavus, Lami. * :: 5D Neritoideus (Sigaretus), Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th Ed. ‘ps 1250, 55 Neritomopsis, Waagen, 1880. —= Naticopsis, M’ Coy : seat. Neverita, Risso. Hist. Nat. Hur. Merid., iv, 149, 1826, 6, 32 Nicolii (Natica), Forbes. = N. catena, ; ; eae Nigra (Lamellaria), Blainville. Manuel de Malac., p. 466, pl..42,f.1. ?=—L. Mauritiana, Bergh. Nigrescens (Natica), Ad. Coutr. Conch., p. 112. = N. marochiensis, var. livida, : sae Nitida (Natica), Donov an. Brit. Shells FLW pl. 144, = N. lactea, Guild. . : 2) 49 Nitida (Natica), Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll., lii, 330, = N. Alderi, Forbes, P : 3 ‘ : . 40 Nitidus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., pl. iv, f. 20, 1864. = 8S. papilla, Gmel., var. . . 58 Nivea (Natica), Anton. Verzeichniss, D. 30, No. LITA, ——9p Sagraiana, Orb. : : eel Notabilis (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proe. oN 1885, . 40 Notata (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch , sp. 44, f. 168. . = N. lineozona, Jouss. : , ; ee 90 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Nucahivensis (Natica), Jardin. Mem. de Me Re. xe he p- 193, BA Nucula (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Teon. tO 140, 1855, ayes, Obliquata (Natica), Marrat. Quart. Jour. Conch., 1, 243,° .. 5A Oblongus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch, Ic., pl. iv, f. 21,1864, 58 Obstructa (Natica), Menke. Zeitschr. f. Malakoz, 1849, p. 36, —N.collaria, Lam. . 28 Obturata (Natica), Phil. Mal. Blitter, iii, p. 165, 1857, «| 4 Obtusa (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool Proc. Bee: 1885, : 39 Occlusa (Natica), 8. V. Wood. Mong. Crag Moll., p. 146, t. xii, f. 4a,b, 1848; Suppl. 76, t. 4, f. iW Ie 1872. eee *e clausa, Brod. and Sowb. : me Med Ochrostoma (Mamma), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., in 391, pl. xiii, f..10,.1850: > — N? lactea, Guild, var... 1.49 Olla (Natica), Desh. Expd. a Moreé, p- 157, No. 218. — N. Josephine, Risso. Omoia (Natica), Mabille et Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Philom., LOS; ABBE er) nee SEE ely Wee ie thf ee Oncea (Natica), Bolt. H.and A. Adams, Genera i, 206. — N. Chinensis, Lam. . 20 Oncidiopsis (Beck), Bergh. “Act. Soe. Dan., iil; 1853, 42 Opaca (Natica), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., ii, jr Re 1851. — N.melanostoma, Gmelin, . , : : : - 50 Bia teed (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 34, t. 4, f. 7, 1885. = N. clausa, Brod. and Sowb. 31 a ante (Lamellaria), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. , 1844, p. 169. = L. Indica, Leach, Hutton; Jour. de Conch., 23, 1878. Orbiculata (Lamellaria), Dall. "Am Jour. Conch., vii, 122, 1871; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 539. —L.Stearnsii, Dall. 63 Orbignyana (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc. 140, 1843; Rev. Zool., 6, 1844. Guerin’s Mag. 30,1845, . = 10 Orientalis (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. Lp. 3673, : . 43 Oriostoma, Munier-Chalmas. Jour, de Conch., 103, LST65 9 Otis (Natica), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Jour., v, 4, p. 372, . 43 Ovoidea (Narica), Gould. Bost. Proce., vii, 44, : Tl Ovum (Natica), Menke. Zeitschr. f. Malakz., 1850, p- 165. — N. uber, Val. , 48 Oxychone (Vanikoro), Morch. Mal. Blitt., xxiv, 94, “1877. ? — V. striata, d’Orb. : : 69 Pallens (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 157, 1848. — N. helvacea, Lam. . 30 Pallida (Natica), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Jour. i 7,4 D- 372, 37 Pallidula (Natica), Brown. Conch. Great Britain. — Lacuna pallidula, Da Costa. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Pallium (Natica), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., i, p. 397, 1850. : == N. Powisiana, Recluz. . Panamaensis (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 208, Papilla (Sigaretus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3675, No. 20, 10, Papyracea (Natica), Sowb. (not Busch). Thes. Conch., Sp. 18, f. 149, 1883, : , , : : : : Papy racea (Nev evita), Busch. Philippi, Abbild., ii, 45, t. 2, Ed. = N.ampla, Phil. . , ; ; ; ; Pardalis (Natica), Phil. Zeitschr. f. Malakz , 1851, 46. ?—N.fulminea,Gmel. . ; : F : 4 : Parvula (Natica), Guillou. Rev. Zool. Cuy. Soc., 1842, p. 105, Parvula (Neverita), Tapp. Can. Ann. Museo Civico. Genoa, viii, 324, : ; : : , Patagonica (Lunatia), Phil. Arch. f. Nat., 1845, p. 65, : Patagonica (Lamellaria), Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, p- 32, pl. AN phe Oe : : 5 : Patula (N atica), Sowb. Zool. Jour. Bu leg 0) ay 6) = N. glauca, Humboldt, . : ; : : ; Pavimentum (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, 208. Payeni (Natica), Mab. et Rochebr. S10 Soc. Philom: pe 104, 1884-5, 71, 5 Payraudeautia, Bucq., Dautz. et Dollf. Moll. Rouss., 149, 1883, : ! 6 Pellis-Tigrina (Natica), Chemn. Coneh. Cab.., v, p- 265, pl. LS, 1 1892- 93, 2 . : : ‘ : Pellucida (Lamellaria), Verrill. Am. Jour. Se. 30 iSer.; xx, 395, 1880, : : ‘ E ‘ : Pellucidus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch: Icon., pl. v, £ 23, 1864, . : : : é ; 5 : Pennata (Natica), Schrater. "Register, 1788, p. 72. S—ecanrena, Linn... ; ; : : : ; Perscalpta (Natica), Martens. Sitz -ber. Berlin, 1878, p. 25, Perspectivus (Sigaretus), Say. Am. Conch., pl. 25, p. 175, Perspicua (Natica), Recluz. Petit. Jour. de Conch., i, p. 379, pl. 14, f. 1-2, 1850. — N. otis, Brod. and Sowb. Perspicua (Lamellaria), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1250, 1767, Pes-Elephantis (Natica), Pfr. Wiegm. Arch., 1840, i, p. 254,289,non Ch. —N. lactea, Guild, : ‘ 4 Pes-Elephantis (Natica), Chem. Conch. v, 5, pl. 186, f. 1922-3. —N. columnaris, Recluz, . Petitii (Sigaretus), Recl. Shenu., Ill. Conch., pl. 2, Tf. a ee Martinianus, var., Reeve, . : ; Petitiana (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zak Proc., 138, 1843; Guerin’s Mag., 24, 1845. : Petiveriana (Natica), Recluz MSS. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 17, 1855. — N. ampla, Phil. 92 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Pfeifferi (Natica), Phil. Mke. Zeitsch., 1851, p. 45. — N. lactea, Guild, : Philippii | Sigaretus), ‘Weinkauff. Conch. Cabinet von Mart. and Chemn., 23, t. 5, f. 1=3, 1883, ~. Philippiana (Natica), Ny st. Bull. Ac. Roy. Bruxelles, xii, pt. ii, p. 153.. == N- lactea, Guild, Philippiana (Natica), Recluz MSS. Reeve, Con. Ie., 5, 1885. —N. Josephine, Risso, 4 Philippinensis (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc. Xv, 259, Phytelephas (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 42, 1855, Picta (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, Dp. 204, Pictus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. v, f. 24, 1864, Pisiformis (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 18438, p. 213, Planus (Sigaretus), Phil. Neuer oder wenig gekannter Coneh., 1,-4.4), 121.4 "8, planulatus, Reeluz, 2 Planulatus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Ill. Conch. Sig., p. 21, pl. 3 a4, : : : eee : : : ‘ Platyostoma, Conrad. Jour. Phila. Acad., viii, 275, 1842,. Platyostomella, Etheridge. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soe. ow 163, 1879-80. atyostoma, Plicata (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc.1,;305 1843 ; “Rev. Zool., T, 1844; Guerin’s Mag., 40, 1845. = V. ligata, Recluz, . 2 : : 3 : : Plicatilis (Velutina), Muller. Zool. Dau. prodr., 1776, Plicatula (Natica), Reeve (not Nuttall). Conch. eee is 107, 1855. = N.sordida, eae ¢ ; Plicatula (Natica), Nuttall. Jay’s Cat. Shells, p. 68. — N. marochiensis, var. lurida, : Plumbea (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh, Ed. dv viii, P. 632, Poliana (Natica), Chiaje. Scacchi, Catal. ; p. Wie = N. Alderi, Forbes, : Polinices, Montfort. Conch. Sy st., ii, 210, 1810. == — Mamma, Klein, ; ; Polita (Natien), Tenison Woods Proc Roy. ye Tasm., 1875; 32, 1877, : 3 : , A Pomum (Natica ?), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soe. , 1851, p. 234. ?—N. heros, Say, . Porcellanea (Natica), d’Orb. Moll. Iles Canaries, p 84, pl. 6, f. 27,28. = N. lactea, Guild, Powisiana (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p.2 210, Pretenuis (Sigaretus), Couthouy MS. Gould, Wilkes. Exp., p. 217, f. 260. == Lamellaria, . Prasina (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soe. xv, 263, - Priamus (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 213,. Prietoi (Natica), Hidalgo. Moll. Esp. Lam., 20D, aos = N. marmorata, Ad. : : - - : - 4 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 93 Pritchardi (Natica), Forbes. Ann. and Mag. N. H. , 1852, oe x, p. 307. = N. marochiensis, var. Chemnitzii, Pfr. Problematica (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Icon. , Sp: 21, 1855. = N. ampla, Phil. Prodita (Marsenia), Lovén. Ofvers., 1847; Index,1846, 12, Producta (Lamellaria), Leach. Syn. Brit. Moll. Ann. Mag., fat. —- lu. perspicua,; Linn.’ . é : ‘ ‘ : Prolongata (Velutina), Cpr. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1865, xv, Deo, i : : : : 3 Proxima (Natica), ©. B. Ad. Conch. Contr., p. ILI. = N. canrena, Linn., juv. . : meee Pseudomaura, Fischer. Manuel de Conch. 167, 1885, Pseustes (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., XV, 200; Ptychostoma, Laube. Sitzb. Wien. Akad., liii, St.Cassian., ta, LoGG,: : Puella (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Natica, Taf. - eh 1. == N. lactea, Guild, . Puerilis (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. saviLls ». 44. =N. lactea, Guild, . Puerilis (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soe. N. He vii, at Pulchella (Natica), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 148, fet. 42. -— N. macilenta, Phil. Pulchella (Natica), Pfr. Arch. f. Nat. G., 1840, p. 254. —N. Sagraiana,d’Orb. . : : ; é P Pulicaris (Natica), Phil. Kuster, Conch. Cab., p. 90, t. 13, dene 2 ; : ; é ; ; : ‘ ge Eff Punctata (Natica), Swainson. Zool. Ill., t. 104. = N. fulminea, Gmel. . ; : : : ‘ : Punctata (Nerita), Karsten. Recluz, Jour. de Conch., 14, 1864. — Natica millepunctata, Lam. Punctata (Coriocella), Stimpson. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Paula. vil, 378, : : : : . Puncticulata (Lunatia), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., ipo 9 ls 1850, , : : ; i ‘ Purpurea (Amauropsis), ‘Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 124, Beis £16. Rant thot eerie cami Pusilla (Colpodaspis), M. Sars. Nyt Mag. for Naturvk., 17, p. 182, pl. 11, f. 1-6. = Cyprea Europea, juv. Pusilla (Natica), Say. Jour. Ac. N. Se. Phila., ii, p. 257, Pusilla (Natica), Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. . Pusio (Velutina), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 411, Putamen (Ruma), Meusch. ‘Adams’ Genera, i, 210, ; Pygmaea (Natica), Phil. Abbild. neuer Conch., i, ‘LI, t. 1, Peay. . : : Pyramis (Natica), Reeve. Conch. he? sp. 93, 1855, 94 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Pyriformis (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 211, — N. mammilla, L. Quadrifasciata (Natica), Gray. Zool. Beechey’s Voy., p. 187, Quoyi (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 137, 1843. = V. cancellata, Lam. Quoyiana (Vanikoro), A. Adams. ” Zool. Proe., 175, 1853. = V. Gaimardi, A. Ad. Radiata (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 258, Rangii (Lamellaria), Bergh. Mer., p. 94, No. 8, 1853, Rapulum (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 47, 1855. — N. dubia, Recluz, . 5 4g Ravida (Natica), Souleyet. “Voy. de la Bonite, p. 582, pl. 35; fs. 12-15, 707 Raynoldiana (Natica), Recluz. Sea Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 212, Raynevallia, Ponzi. —Sigaretus, Lam. . Recluziana (Vanikoro), Ad. vand Ang. Zool. Proc. 424, 1863, Recluziana (Natica), Desh. M ag. de Zool., 1841; Moll. pl. 37, ? = O.carnea, Kroyer, juv. : : : : : Reiniana (Natica), Dunker. Mal. Blatt., xxiv, 71, 1877. — N. Lewisii, Gould, Rhodocheila (Ruma), Adams and ‘Angas. Zool. Proce., 493, 1863, Rhodostoma ( (Natica), Phil. Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., 1843, p. 117. —N. violacea, Sowb. ee Soran Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 122, 1871; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 539, 1885, Rizzee (N atica), Phil. ae fur Mal. ae p. 108. — N. macilenta, Phil., var. : ; 3 Robinsonia, Newly v= — Larina, A. Ad., Paludinidee. Robusta (Natica), Dkr. Mal. Bhitter, vi, p. 232. = N.ampla, Phil. . Rosea (Vanikoro), Recluz. “Zool. Proe., 140, 1843; Rev. Zool., 6, 1844; Guerin’s Mag., 36, 1845, . Rubro-maculata (Natica), Smith. Proc. Zool. Soe, ‘1871, p. 733, Rufa (Natica), Born. Mus., 398, t. 1%, re a 4, : Rufa (Nerita), Montagu (non Born). Suppl., p- 150, ‘te 30, f. 3. = Natica Montagui, Forbes. . Rufilabris (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ie., 103, 1855. — N. marochiensis, var. livida, . 3 Rugata (Vanikoro), A. Adams. Zool. Proc. Td 1853, Rugosa (Stigmaulax), Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, 270. — Natica suleata, Bour. : : Recondita (Onchidiopsis), Kroy er. Ampt. Ber., 115, 1847. PAGE. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Ruma, Chemn. H. and A. Adams’ Genera, i, 209, 1853. = Mamilla, Schum. : : ; : : : : Rumella, Bourguignat. Notice Prodr. Tanganika, 89, 1885, . : se hOr Rupicola (Velutina), Conrad. Jour, Acad. Phila., vi, 266, Poh i718. > —- V. levigata, Pennant, : , Russa (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. HE, Vii. 43. — N. clausa, Brod. and Sowb. . Russa (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. He vii, 43, Rutila (Natica), Macgillivray. Moll. Aberdeen, D. 126. = N. Montagui, Forbes, Sagittata (Natica), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl., 10, 1843, Sagittifera (Natica), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., iii, D. 168, pl. viii, f. 4, 5, 1852. N. marochiensis, Gmel. . Sagraiana (Natica), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 34, pl. 18, f. 20 and 22, : Salangoensis (Mamma), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., ‘1843, 2115 —_N. otis, Brod. and Sowb. +. ; Samarensis (Ruma), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc. , 1843, 214. = N. Simia, Desh. : Sandalina (Natica), Guillou. Rev. Zook Cuv. Soc., 1849, p- 105, Sanguinolenta (Natica), Desh. Guer. Mag. ‘de Zool., 1841, p. 46. —N. melastoma, Swains. . : Sanguinolenta (Natica), Brusina. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. oxv; 19. —N. millepunctata, Lam., var. : Scevogyra, Whitfield. Ann. Rep. Wisconsin, 1877, ; Sculpta (Natica), Martens. Sitz.-ber. Berlin, ‘1873, p. 24, Sebz (Natica), Souleyet. Voy. de la Bonite, p. 519, pl. 35, f.6,7. —N. melanostoma, Gmel., var. . Secunda (Natica), Mab. et Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Philom. 5 P 104, 1884-5, : Semipellucida (Naticina), Marr. ~ Quart. Jour. “Conch., i _ al : , , ‘ Semiplicata (Vanikoro), Pease. Zool. Proc., 435, 1860. = V. clathrata, Recluz, , Semisoluta (Vanikoro), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. “‘Tcon., sp. Semistriata (Amaurella), BY ‘Ad. ‘Zool. Proc., 311, 1867. : Semisulcata (Natica), Gray. Zool. Beechey’s Voy., p. 187, Semperii (Chelyonotus), Bgh. Semper’s Voyage to hee pines, Bd. ii, pl. xli, f. 9, Senegalensis (Natica), Recluz. Jour. ‘de Conch., i ip. 382, pl. xiv, f.5. = N. fulgurans, Recl. : Septentrionalis (Natica), “Beck. Cat. Moll. Greenl., T. = N. clausa, Brod. et Sowb. : , : 96 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Sertata (Natica), Menke. Moll. Nove Hollandiz, p. 10, 1843, . - Severa '(Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soe. N. Hy vii, 43, Sigaretus, Lam. Prodr., 77, 1799, : : 10, Sigaretiformis (Velutina), Beck. Potiez and Mich., Gall. Moll., i, p. 508, pl. xxxv, f. 21, 22, Sigaretiformis (Vanikoro), Potiez and Mich. | Gal. des Moll., $. 39,,f..21, 22.° ? — V. clathrata: Recluz, Simiz (Natica), Desh. An.s. Vert., viii, p. 552, : Simioides (Natica), Recluz. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 76. —N.simiz, Desh. . 5 : “ : Sinensis (Natica), Lam. Moebius, Mauritius, 275. = N. Chinensis, Lam. : : - : : , : Sinuatus Pierre) Recluz. Jour. de Conch., ae 189, pl. 6, fs. 12 : Sitkensis CV clutins), Aad Proc. Zool. Soe. 1851 .D 283, Smithii (Natica), Brown. — N. flava, Gould, ‘ Solida (Vanikoro), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon. , sp. 20, 1875, Solida (Velutina), Martens. Arch. f. Naturgeschichte, 1858, i, 150. = V. levigata, Penn., var. . Solida (Natica), Blainville. Malacologie, pl. 36, f. 8, Soluta (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, 73, “1848, Sordida (Natica), Phil. Enum, Moll. Sicil., ii, 139, 1844, Sordida (Natica),Swains.,var. globosa. Gray Zool. Beechey’s Voy., plat, 10... == ZN, plumbea, Tuam.,” . Sordida (Natica), Swainson. Zool. Dit, ta 9: — N. plumhbea, Lam. : p : Souleyetiana (Natica), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., 1, 380; pL. xiv, f. 8. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. é Souleyetiana ‘(Vanikoro), Recluz. Guerin’s Mag., 67, 1845. = V. ligata, Recluz, Souverbiei (Sigaretus), Folin. Les Meleagrinicoles, »- 68, PLovicd BO. : : Spadicea (Natica), var B, Dill. Dese. Cat. — N. helvacea, Lam. : : Spadicea (Natica), Gmelin. ‘Syst. Nat., 13th Ed. = N. rufa, Born., var. 5 Spirolineata (Lamellaria), Monterosato. Test. Nuovi Sicilia, Squalida (Natica), Macgillivray. Moll. Aberd., 126. — N. Montagui, Forbes, . : : : : : Stercus-muscarum (Natic ay Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3673, juv. — N. millepunctata, Lam. : ‘ 3 : : Stearnsii (Lamellaria), Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., a ms 122, 1871, : ‘ Stiomaulax, Mirch. Yoldi Cat., 133, 1852 Stomatia, Hill. Hist. Anim., 119, 1752. — Sigaretus, ‘Lam. PAGE. 53 55 67 69 51 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Stomatella (Lamellaria), Risso. Hist. Nat., iv, 252, 1826. = L. latens, Muller, Straminea (Mamma), Recluz, Jour. de Conch. ai} 201, “1851. = N. aurantia, Lam., var. : Strangei (Natica), Reeve. Conch. le: sp. 81, 1855. ray. leucophza, Reeve, Striata (Natica), Anton. Verzeichniss, p- 31, No. 1203, Striata (Vanikoro), d’Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, f. 29, 31, Striata (Velutina), Macgillivray, Moll. Bee, 160, 1844. — V. levigata, Pennant, Stromii (Sivaretus), Sars. | Beskr. fhe ere 67, 1835. = Lamellaria latens, Mull. : Strophostylus, Hall Pal No Yeu, 303, 1859, Stylifera (Velutina), Flem. = — Stilifer Turtoni, Brad., Subcostata (Natica), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. Soe. N. Sawn, 203, : Subfulva (Natica), Chemn. Conch. Cab., 268. = N. orientalis, Gmelin, : Subplicata (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 39, 1885, ‘ Succineoides (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 73, 1855. = N. melanostoma, Gmel., var. f Suffusa (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ie. | 8p. 139, 1855, Suleata (Natica), Born. Test. Mus. Ces. Vindobonensis, Pe iy. f 5, 6, Stileata (Vanikoro), d’Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, 39, t. 11, f. 26-28, 1842 Suturalis (Natica), Gray. Zool. Beechey’s Voy., pl 317, ae =N. pallida. Brod. and Sowb. : Suturalis (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., XV, 257, Teniata (Natica), Menke. Cat. 46, 1830. =N.alapapilionis,Chemn. . Taslei (Natica), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., 1853, p. 43, pl. 2, f.12,14. —N. Broderipiana, Recluz, Tasmanica (Natica), T.-Woods. Proce. oie Soe. Tasm., 1875, 148; 32,1877, . : Tecta (Natica), Anton. Verzeichnis, p. 31, No, 1183, Tentaculata (Lamellaria), Montagu. Linn. "Trans. xi, 18; 1811. =L. perspicua, Linn. Tenuis (Natica), Phil. Kiister’s Conch. Cab., 97, 1852. = N. Fortunei, Reeve, Tenuis (Lunatia), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., i,’p. 388, pl. Se ay 3 : : : Tenuis (Lamellaria), Jeffreys. Proc. Zool Soe., 45, 1885, Tessellata (Natica), Phil. Menke, Zeitschr., 1848, p- 158. = N. marochiensis, var, lurida, 7 98 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Texasiana, Phil. Zeitschr., 1848, p. 158. PAGE, as — Natica duplicata, Say, : 34 Textilis (Natica), Reeve. Conch. ‘Te. sp. 115, 1855. — N. vittata, Gmelin, 25 Tincturata (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 63, 1855. = N. pulicaris, Phil. 18 Tongana (Limellaria), Quoy and Gainm. Voy. ‘Astrol., p- “217, t t. 66 bis, f. 4-8, : 62 Tonganus, var. (Sigaretus), Quoy ‘and Gaim. Voy. Astrol., ii, “219, pl. 66, bis, f. 9. == Lamellaria Mauritiana, Bergh. Tournefortii (Natica), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., I 396, 1850, : . : . o4 Trachy ‘domia, Meek and Wiaeehen! 1866, 8 Traillii (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Icon. , Sp. 137, 1855, 19 Translucida (Lamellaria), Blainv. Dict. Se. Nat., xlix, 111,. 63 Tricarinata (Vanikoro), Recluz. Sowb., Thes. Conch., pl. 482, f. 24,1884. = V. Orbignyana, Watt He 71 Trifasciata (2 (Natica), Recluz. Adams’ Genera, i, 206. = N. maculata, Desh. J eld Tuberosa (Coriocella), Stimpson. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., vii, 378. Tuberosissima (Vanikoro), Montagu. Test. Brit., 150, t. Dates lie fal Tumescens (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon. XY, pl. iv, f. 18,1864, . . ; : eae Tychonia, de Koninck, 1881, ; 9 Tylostoma, Sharpe. Quar. Jour. Geol. ‘Soe., Vi; 376, 1849, 9 Uber (Natica), Val. in Obs. Geol. Humboldt, 1838, ii, p. 266, . . 6, 46, 48 Uberina (Natica), WOrb. Cuba, ii, p- 31, t. ag, f. eo = N. lactea, Guild, 49 Uberina (Mamma), Valenc. Mem. ‘Geol. Humboldt; Recluz, Zool. Proc., 210, 1843. =N. uber, Val. 48 Umbilicata (Natica), Se: Voy. Ast., i, p- 234, pl. 66, fs. 22-23, “ 52 Undata (Natica), Phil. Archiv fiir Naturg., ; 160, 1852. — N. marochiensis, Gmel. : 23 Undata (Natica), Meusch. Adams’ Genera, i Le 206, ‘ 54 Undata (Morvillia), Brown. = Velutina zonata, Gould, 13 Undulata (Natica), Pse. MSS. Zool. Proc., 516, 1865; Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 232. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. Undulatus (Sigaretus) Lischke. Malakl. Blatter, xix, 103. = §. incisus, Reeve. Unifasciata (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert. Sacer Ed. de is 640. = N. marochiensis, Gm. . “ 23 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 99 PAGE, Unifasciatus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chemn., Ill. ee 3,f.1. =—S. Martinianus, Phil. 2 56 Unimaculata (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic. , Sp. 85, 1855, |) iD Ustulata,(Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f 112 , 1883. = N.conica, Lam. . : : . 44 Valenciennesii (Natica), Payr. Cat. Moll. Corse, pl. 5, f..23, 24. —N. intricata, Don. t ee ho . Vanikoro, Quoy and Gaimard. Zool. Voy. ‘Astrol., ii, 239, 1832. = Narica, Recluz. 3 = SGT Vanikoropsis, Meek. Invert. Foss. Upper Mo., 1876, stile Variabilis (Natica), Recluz MSS. Reeve, Conch. "Ieon., sp. 104, 1855; Marrat, Quar. Jour. Conch., 1 2435.0, Bi | Varigera, d’Orbigny. Pal. Frang. Jur., ii, 29, 1850. = Tylostoma, Sharpe. Variolaria (Natica), Recluz. Reeve, Natica, No. 55. = N. pellis tigrina, Chem. ; 16 Vavaosi (Natica), Le Guillou, MSS. Reeve, Conch. Icon.., Bp od. 1855. — N. Flemingiana, Recluz, - . . 50 Velainia, Munier-Chalmas, isse == —- Cepatia, Sat : See Velutella, Gray. Zool. Proc., IDSG}A84T,. = : 20 *6T Velutina (Bulla), Muller. Zool. Dan., t. 101. a = Velutina levigata, Pennant, : 65 Velutina, Fleming. Hist. Brit. Anim., 296, 1828, at. 125.65 Venustula (Natica), Phil. Zeit. f. Mal., 1851, p. 48, : me kG Vesicalis (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mal. 159, 1848. e—Ncampla, Phil. . : . : : - - . 30 Vestalis (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 234. =N.mamillaria, Linn. . : ‘ : ‘ : . 49 Virginea (Natica), Phil. Kuster, Conch. Cab., 81, 1852. ‘= N. mamilla, Linn. 49 Virginea (Mamma), Recluz. Jour. de “Conch. a P. 388, pl xil, f. 6, 1850. — N. uber, Val. : 48 Violacea (Natica), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., i 54 Pte Lg | Vitellus (Natica), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1952, re, Vitrea (Natica), Hutton. Cat. Marine Moll. N. Zeal. »p- 21, 54 Vitrineformis (Vanikoro), Mirch. Mal. Blatt., xxiv, 93, fit. ¢— V.striata,d’Orb. . ~ 69 Vittata (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. , Sp. 3674, : Sa Vittata (Natica), Jeff. Ann. Mag. N. ere 1877, xix, 318. = N. clausa, Br. and Sowb., var. . Aig i Xantha (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 262, . 53 Zanzibarica (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. " 213. =N. melanostoma, Gmel., var. F 50 Zebra (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, p. 643, 16 100 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Zelandica (Natica), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astr., ii, p. 237, pl. 66, fs. ll and 12, . 3 Zoologica (Mamma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., i, 272, pl. v, f. 6, 1872, Zonalis (Natica), Recluz. Jour. de Coneh.. i 386, pl. xiy, £9, 1051850). ce Zonalis (Sigaretus), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astrol., vol, ii, p- 221, pl. 66 bis, f. 1-8. =S. levigatus, Lam. Zonaria (Natica), Lam. An.sans Vert. (Edit. Desh. ‘ Vill, 643. = N: ala-papilionis, Chem. Zonata (Velutina), Gould. Invert. Mass., “Ae 249, f. 160; E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xx, 131, 1877. Zonatus (Sigaretus), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 38. Zonifera (Lamellaria), Bergh. Mem. Acad. Copenhagen, 335, 1853. = L. perspicua, Linn. PAGE, Famity CALYPTRZIDZ. Shell limpet-like, with a more or less spiral apex, interior simple or partly occupied by a shelly process, variously shaped, to which the adductor muscles are attached. Animal with a distinct head and lengthened muzzle; eyes near the external base of the tentacles; only one branchial plume is developed. The bonnet-limpets are found adhering to stones and shells ; most of them appear never to quit the spot on which they first settle, as the margins of their shells become adapted to the irregularities of the surface beneath, whilst some wear away the space beneath their foot, and others secrete a shelly base. The form and color of the shell both depend somewhat upon the situ- ation in which it grows; those found on the inside of the mouth of dead shells are generally flat or even concave above and white; those attached to the outside of shells are convex and colored. The animal is supposed to feed on sea-weed and ani- malcules; and an individual kept alive in a glass by Professor Forbes, ate a small nudibranch (Goniodoris), its fellow prisoner. Both Calyptrza and Pileopsis sometimes cover and hatch their spawn under the forepart of the foot. The inner process or shelf of the shell forms a support for the viscera. The branchia of this family is composed of narrow, rigid filaments, and Gray has created for this type the division Plocamobranchia. Subfamily Calyptreine. Muzzle slit at its extremity ; tentacles subulate, carrying eyes near their base; foot short, rounded oval; the single branchia finely and deeply pectinated ; adductor muscle horse-shoe shaped or oval; jaws rudimentary; radula with a subquadrangular middle tooth, the margin pectinated, the central cusp longer; lateral teeth with denticulate margins ; marginals narrow, curved, denticulate (plain in Capulus). Shell conic, patelliform, the summit more or less spiral; (101) 102 CALYPTRAIDA. interior polished, porcellanous, simple or chambered by a dia- phragm or variously shaped process, supporting the viscera; peristome entire. No operculum or attached base. Subfamily Hipponycine. Animal without foot, properly so-called; adductor muscle fixed to the interior of the shell above, and below either to the substratum excavated in the surface of the body on which the mollusk is attached, or to a ventral calcareous opercular-like piece which completely closes the aperture; inferior surface of the body encircled by a sort of ventral mantle with papillary margins, resembling the dorsal mantle and morphologically cor- responding to the epipodium; muzzle long, deeply incised and terminated by two lateral lobes; tentacles long, subulate, the eyes sessile towards their base; a spatuliform growth below the neck; radula as in Calyptreine, the marginal teeth denticulated. Shell conical, peristome simple, with or without an internal process attached at the apex, but an opercular piece normally forms the base to the shell and is soldered to the surface of the body on which it lives attached. The embryonic Hipponyx has a spiral shell. These gastropods have so aberrant an appearance that they have been classed as Rudistes (Sowerby), and Brachiopoda (Morris), the opercular piece being taken for a ventral valve. Synopsis of Genera. I—CALYPTRAIN A. Genus CRUCIBULUM, Schum., 1817. Differs from Calyptrea (described below), in having an in- ternal cup-shaped lamina, the margin of which is entire, and which is attached on one side to the inner wall of the shell. Temperate and tropical seas. Dentition, Pl. 30, fig. 2. The synonyms are Trelania, Catillina, and WNeleta, Gray, 1867; Dispotza, Say, 1826, and Calypeopsis, Lesson, 1830. Section BicaTiILLus, Swainson, 1840. Cup open and reduced to a curved lamina, adhering for its entire length. Indian Ocean. Fossil in the miocene of Aqui- CALYPTR AIDA. 103 taine. The development of the cup appears to be arrested in this group; but I am inclined to believe that this is not always the case. Genus CALYPTRAA, Lam., 1799. Shell conical, trochiform, with central, spiral apex, aperture basal, circular, entire ; interior furnished with a spiral diaphragm, the columellar margin of which is twisted, forming a false umbilicus, free margin convex. The animal (P1. 30, fig. 7) has a short head, the muzzle bilobed, tentacles rather short, cylindrical, with the eyes on tubercles at their exterior base ; foot short, rounded, obtuse behind, angu- lar in front. Dentition, Pl. 30, fig. 3. The recent species are tropical and subtropical in their distri- bution; fossil, the genus first appears in the lower Cretaceous. Galerus, Humphrey, 1797, and Mitella, Leach, are synonyms. Subgenus GALERopsis, Conrad. Spire more elevated. G. excentricus, Gabb. Eocene. Subgenus InrunpisuLuM, Montfort, 1810. Summit central, whorls plicate, axis imperforate. Tropical and subtropical. Found in the tertiary of the United States and West Indies. Trochita, Schum., 1817, Trochatella, Lesson, 1830, and Clypeola, Gray, 1867, are synonyms. Subgenus S1gapaTELLA, Lesson, 1830. Shell oval with lateral apex, interior plate with submarginal axis, the free margin concave. Haliotoidea, Swains., 1840, and Trochella, Gray, 1867, are synonyms. Genus CREPIDULA, Lam., 1799. Shell oval, limpet-like, with a posterior, generally lateral spiral apex ; interior with a lamina or shelf, covering the posterior half of the aperture. Animal with head depressed, laterally dilated, muzzle short, bilobed, tentacles short, subulate; foot short, subtruncate in front, rounded behind. Dentition, Pl. 30, fig. 4. 104 CALYPTRAIDA. Adhering to shells or stones, and modifying the form and surface of their shells in accordance with the inequalities of their place of attachment; thus, the same species will be convex if on the outside of a Natica, concave if on its inte- rior wall, ribbed in either direction, according to its attachment on the exterior of a Pecten, etc.; others again are attached in groups one over another on each others’ shell. The distribution is world-wide; the individual species have a wide range, which, added to their great variability, as in attached shells generally, has caused an enormous specific synonymy. Generically, the synonyms include Sandalium, Schum., 1817, Crypta, Humphrey, 1797, Tylacus and Lyro- scapha, Conrad, Crepipatella, Lesson, 1830, Proscenula, Perry, 1811. The following sections are founded on characters of little importance or stability : Section Garnomta, Gray, 1867. Apex median, posterior, detached and distant from the peritreme. Section Crypra (Gray, in part, 1867), Fischer, 1885. Surface spinose. Section Ianacus, Morch, 1852. ° Shell depressed or’ concave above, apex posterior, but slightly lateral. Section SrpHopaTELLA, Lesson, 1830. Lamina produced in front, its columellar margin subtubular. Ergea, H. and A. Adams, 1854, and Noicia, Gray, 1867, are synonyms. Section Sprrocrypra, Gabb, 1864. Summit of shell posterior, lateral, submarginal, spiral; internal plate attached to the margin on the lower or outer side, curving upwards and inwards, and uniting with the oppo- site side at a considerable distance. The plate is subspiral, thus approaching Infundibulum and Galerus. C. pileum, Gabb (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. lxiv, f. 78). Cretaceous of California. CALYPTRAIDA. 105 [Genus GALERICULUS, Seeley. This genus has two distinct septa, the larger one originating below the incurved apex, the smaller one at the base. Only the cast is as yet known; the shell has the form of a Helcion, but its upper surface has not been observed. G. altus, Seeley (S. and S. Conch., t. lxiv, f. 79). Cretaceous. | Genus CAPULUS, Montfort, 1810. Shell conical, provided with epidermis, apex posterior and directed to the right, more or less spirally curved; aperture basal, the lip continuous, no interior process, the horseshoe- shaped muscular impression on the inner wall. Animal with lengthened rostrum; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases; mantle margin fringed ; foot suborbicular, simple; gill-plume placed obliquely _ across the mantle-cavity, the elongate linear laminz partly exposed. Central tooth of the radula trapezoidal, the reflected margin triangular, having a long sharp median and very fine lateral cusps, laterals multicuspidate, marginals simple (PI. 30, 2) The few species inhabit the seas of Europe, the East and West Indies, Western America, etc. Fossil, the genus com- menced with the Silurian, and about twenty species are known. These animals are said to feed on the seaweed that grows around them, and on small marine organisms. They appear to have but limited locomotion, being usually adherent and modi- fying the margin of the aperture of the shell according to the surface on which they live. Sometimes they wear away the surface beneath their foot, forming shallow excavations, or they secrete an imperfect shelly base by means of that organ. The egg-cases are membranous and are attached in a tuft at the front of the foot under the neck. Pileopsis, Lam., 1812, and Actita, Fischer de Waldheim, are synonyms. Section CapuLacma, M. Sars. Shell thin, patelliform, with thin epidermis; apex not spiral, somewhat inclined to the right and posteriorly. Boreal Seas. Piliscus, Lovén, 1859, and Pilidium, Midd., not Forbes, are synonyms. 106 CALYPTRAIDA. Section Broccata, Bronn, 1827. Irregularly conical, apex slightly spiral, directed to the left; left margin with a profound sinus, its posterior half folded. Tertiary, 2 sp. C. sinuosa, Bronn (8S. and §S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 80). A single living species is mentioned but not described as C. reductus, Desh., Isle of Bourbon. Section Tuyca, H. and A. Adams, 1854. Shell conical, longitudinally grooved, transparent, slightly curved. Indian Ocean, a single species on Asteria. Subgenus Meroproma, Phillips, 1836. Shell depressed, conical, elliptical, truncated behind, apex not spiral, posterior, slightly inclined posteriorly. Carboniferous, Europe, United States. C. solaris, Kon. (S. and 8. Conch., t. Ixxxiv, f. 52). In the above-named work I included this among the sections of Patella, which it resembles exteriorly; the muscular im- pression is like that of Capulus. Tryblidium, Lindstrom, 1880, is a synonym. [Subgenus SprricELLA, Rang., 1828. Shell flattened, elongated, with a sinistrally situated apex, and a corresponding cavity in the interior; muscular impression very indistinct. C. ungutculus, Rang. (S. and S. Conch., t. lxv, f. 96, 97). Miocene, France. The relations of this group are obscure; it may belong near Umbrella. | Genus AMATHINA, Gray, 1842. Shell depressed, oblong; apex posterior, not spiral, with three strong ribs radiating from it to the anterior margin which is produced into three points. Animal with elongated head, the eyes sessile on the margin behind the short tentacles; mantle margin entire, a tentacular median filament at the hind part. Indian Ocean. Genus PLATYCERAS, Conrad, 1840. Shell depressed subglobose, subovoid or obliquely subconical ; spire small; volutions few, sometimes free and sometimes con- CALYPTRAIDA, 107 tiguous, without columella; aperture more or less expanded, often campanulate, and sometimes with the lip reflexed ; peris- tome entire or sinuous. Surface striated or cancellated, often spirally ridged or plicate, and sometimes strongly lamellose transversely, nodose or spiniferous. There are fifty fossil species, Silurian to Carboniferous. United States, Europe. P. ventricosum, Conr. (S. and 8. Conch., t. lxiv, f. 81, 82). As Platyceras was parasitic on crinoids and other marine organisms, the shells are very frequently deformed. The subglobose species resemble the Velutinz, but there is every degree of variation in form between these and non-spiral shells. From among these, the following groups have been rather arbitrarily separated. Acroculia, Phillips, 1841, is a synonym; in the opinion of some naturalists, Conrad’s name (being preoccupied in insecta) should yield to this. Section OrtHoNnycutA, Hall, 1843. Body of the shell straight or curving, gradually diminishing above, arched or in some degree spiral at the apex, with the last volution or more quite free. P. spirale, Hall (S. and S. Conch., t. lxiv, f. 83). Section Igocrras, Hall, 1859. Shell cancellated and often plicate. P. pileatum, Conr. Si- lurian, U. S. Section Exoayroceras, Meek and Worthen, 1868. Shell sinistrally spiral, with rudimentary columella. P. reversum, Hall. [Genus DIAPHOROSTOMA, Fischer, 1885. Under this new name, Dr. Fischer includes Platyostoma, Conrad (not Klein, etc.), and its section Strophostylus in this subfamily. I have placed it in Naticide, p. 9.] [ADDISONIA, Dall, 1882. Dr. Fischer has included this patelliform genus here on account of its lingual dentition, and the existence of a male copulatory organ ; for both conchological and anatomical reasons I prefer to retain it near Fissurella. ] 108 CALYPTRAIDA, Il.—_ HI PPONYCIN &. Genus HIPPONYX, Defrance, 1819. Shell thick, obliquely conical, non-spiral, apex somewhat pos- terior and directed backwards, surface rugose or longitudinally grooved or cancellated ; muscular impression horse-shoe shaped ; base of attachment (opercular piece) when present, thick. Animal oval or suborbicular, conical or depressed ; foot very thin, a little thickened towards the margins ; head globose, sepa- rated from the body by a neck-like constriction; eyes upon swellings of the tentacles. Dentition, Pl. 30, fig. 6. Distribution: Warmseas. Fossil: Cretaceous, Hocene. U.S., Europe. The synonyms are Cochlolepas, Klein, 1753; Krebsia, Morch., and Amalthea, Schum., 1817. The same species will either excavate a cavity to which it adheres, or secrete a testaceous support. The section Amalthea was formed for certain species which were supposed to differ from Hipponyx in not secreting a shelly base, but forming instead a cavity in the surface of shells. Genus MITRULARIA, Schum., 1817. Shell conical, more or less irregular with a subcentral, sub- posterior, subspiral apex ; interior with a central, half cup-shaped lamina, open in front, free on the sides, attached at the apex; basal plate thickened. Animal with broad muzzle, tentacles lanceolate, with eyes externally near their base, the neck lobed on either side. Inhabits temperate and tropical seas, distribution world-wide. The synonymy includes Cemoria, Risso; Mitrella, Trochilina, Trelania and Foculina, Gray, 1867; Lithedaphus, Owen, and Calyptrea, Lam., 1801, not 1799. Lamarck at the later date adopted for his type a species belonging to the present group to which it has since been generally applied, whilst the name of Galerus, Humphrey, has been the received designation for the Calyptrea, Lam., of 1799. I follow Dr. Fischer in correcting this matter, and like him displace the earlier but ill-founded name of Humphrey for the latter. OALYPTREIDA. 109 [Genus HARTTIA, Walcott, 1884. A cast indicating a patelliform shell within which extends a low broad ridge, originating at one end and supports a broad, subcordate shield-like expansion covering most of the other end. H. Matthewi, Walcott (P1. 30, fig. 1), Cambrian, St. John, N. B. A group of doubtful affinities. | The following extracts from a lecture by P. P. Carpenter, delivered under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, and printed in its Annual Report for 1859, scarcely require apology for their introduction here, in view of their intrinsic interest. Carpenter and Dr. Gray agree in making large reductions from the number of published species, although, as a matter of course, they differ somewhat in detail. “The Calyptreids (‘slipper’ and ‘cup-and-saucer’ limpets) found on the Spondylus valves are the most beautiful and varied that are known in any part of the world. The shells are large and thin, delicately furrowed and as it were engine-turned, with a profusion of tubercles, which sometimes rise up into long hollow spines. The colors vary from white to a rich black-brown, or are variously mottled with sienna, while the shape may be either an elevated cone ora widely spreading disk. Sometimes the same individual will begin with one form and sculpture-pattern, and suddenly change to another; others again seem to develop per- manent and widely differing varieties. Occasionally a starved or diseased Mazatlanian will present the aspect which is normal on the colder shores of South America; exchanging its thin texture and delicate sculpture for a coarse, solid, and nearly smooth Shell. So far the views lately propounded with such ability by the celebrated author of the ‘ Voyage of the Beagle’ meet with sufficient confirmation; and yet amid all its changes, there is a habit of growth, hard to describe and yet easily recognized by the practiced eye, which not only unites the most aberrant forms, but at once separates them from neighboring species found on the same coast and appearing very similar to the common ob- server. The ordinary plan of only preserving in collections a few picked specimens displaying marked peculiarities, is by no means favorable to the elimination of truth in reference to spe- 110 CALYPTRAID A. cific variation. These extreme forms are very naturally described as distinct species, the intermediate connecting links not passing before the view of the naturalist. On showing to a distinguished author a carefully eliminated suite of Mazatlan specimens con- necting the smooth, thin, flat Crepidula squama, Brod., with the coarse, arched, laminated C. Lessonii, passing through the forms C. nivea, C. B. Ad., and C. striolata, Mke., he complained that I had ‘ kept all the puzzling shells.’ In the very useful work of Messrs. H. and A. Adams, on the ‘Genera of Recent Mol- lusca,’ these forms appear under different subgenera. It is not fair to blame authors for these mistakes, which naturally result from the imperfection of the material on which they work. But the prevalence of such errors should lead us to embrace every opportunity of studying large numbers of specimens, both from the same and different localities. Patience, accuracy, and honesty may thus render as valuable service to science as bril- liant genius, and may supply the materials from which some master-mind may hereafter develop the most important generali- zations. ‘‘ Those who describe species from minute differences founded on individual specimens, might do well to study the plates ap- pended to the ‘B. A. Report on the West Coast Mollusca.’ Take e. g. the Crucibulum spinosum, pl. 9. The shell is at first spiral, like a snail. It then surrounds its entire margin with a rim, which is the first beginning of what in the adult becomes the ‘saucer’ or outside shell; that is the hardened skins of the animal’s body (for the shells are not to be regarded as a house, constructed for the animal to live in, but as an integral part of the animal itself, like the feathers of birds or our own nails and hair). At the same time it raises a slight lamina from the labi- um or ‘ pillar-lip’ which ultimately becomes the ‘cup.’ At first, however, it is like the ‘deck’ in the Slipper limpets, from some species of which it can scarcely be then distinguished. The Crepidulz, however, continue their deck in a horizontal direc- tion, while the Crucibulum turns the edges upwards at a more or less obtuse angle. Gradually during the progress of adoles- cence, this angle becomes right and then acute, the outer shell meanwhile taking various forms, round, oblong, or irregular, according to the nature of the surface to which it has chosen to CALYPTRAID A. Halal adhere. Often this immature state is continued to a late period ; if permanent it would belong to the subgenus Dispoteea (Say), of Messrs. Adams. But normally the sides of the cup close in, while its body becomes greatly swollen in front. This cup now assumes the form which is always characteristic of the species under every modification of external growth; being well rounded in C. imbricatum, angular at the side in C. spinosum, and with the sides flattened against each other in C. radiatum. In C. rude, the adolescent stage is very soon completed and the cup is permanently detached from the side of the shell, forming a veritable ‘cup and saucer,’ one too after the fashion so prevalent in America, where the cup-handle has never been formed. It is a remarkable fact in geographical distribution, that the forms intricatum and rude, which are typical in the west tropical fauna of Central America, reappear but very sparingly on the Caribbean shores; while C. spinosum, which is far more common, more variable and more widely distributed being found (under various names) from California to Chili has not yet been dis- covered on the eatern side. “ Again, the C. radiatum, which is the most delicately formed of the whole group, confines itself to the equatorial western seas, not having been found further north than the Panama dis- trict. An extremely remarkable specimen of C. spinosum was dredged by Mr. Cuming in comparatively deep water. The net brought up a large stone with a small hole in it, on looking down which Mr. Cuming perceived a number of spines, as though a sea-urchin was lodging there. A blow of the hammer discovered the existence of a large cavity within, communica- ting with the external world only through this narrow opening. In the hollow of this cavity lay the limpet, turned as it were nearly inside out. The creature had gone to live there when young, and being of sedentary habits, it had not occurred to him that he might be imprisoned for life by his own corpulence, else he would probably have made his escape before he had grown too large. As it was, he grew larger and larger, and as the walls of his prison rose up round him on every side, he was obliged to flatten out his shell till it became a plate, instead of a cone. At the same time, his body protruding into the hollow, the cup protruded along with it till it stood considerably 112 OALYPTRAIDA, beyond the shell, of which it was normally an inside partition. Thus our Calyptreid was fixed as immovably as any Pholas, but with this difference in their condition: that the Pholas, being designed for that kind of life, is not troubled with useless heads and eyes, and, moreover, is furnished with two long pipes to convey the water to and from the mouth and gills; while the Crucibulum had eyes simply to stare at the wall in the dark, feelers to push the stone, and a long ribbon tongue, armed with hundreds of teeth, to rasp the water. And while encumbered with these unnecessary appendages he had not the benefit of water-pipes, to bring what alone this lock-jawed subject had to feed upon. For this want, however, the economy of the animal provided a remedy. The C. spinosum in its normal growth is either spinose or not; the flatter forms being almost always smooth. The spires are developed from prolongations of the mantle (or thin shell-bearing skin of the animal), which appear at irregular intervals, though in regular pattern. Sometimes the whole shell is covered with crowded prickles C. hispidum, Brod.), sometimes a few long spines appear at the edge on one side of the otherwise smooth shell. Sometimes the spines are few, large and hollow (C. tubiferum, Less.), each of the outer row communicating through a hole within the inner margin, which is afterwards filled up. Our prisoner worked for his living by constructing very large, long and open spine-pipes, which, instead of standing up at right angles to the shell, were directed back towards the narrow opening in the stone. It would appear that by this means the animal was simply supplied with nourishment, for the shell was above the ordinary size. “The most common Calyptreid on the backs of our Spon- dylus valves, however, was Crepidula aculeata, Gmel. It was first described from West Indian specimens, which are generally dead and worn in collections, and afterwards re-described from fine West Coast shells, as C. hystriz and C. echinus, Brod. The stunted northern form was named C. Californica by Nuttall. ‘‘ Perfect specimens brought by Mr. Dyson from Honduras correspond so exactly with those from Mazatlan that it is hardly possible to resist the impression that they are identical. Speci- mens from South Africa, from Sydney (Australia) and from the CALYPTRAIDA. 113 Pacific Islands, also present no marks of specific distinction. It appears to be one of the ubiquitous species, of which several are found in various genera, and some are known to have existed far back in time. “The Crepidula not only undergoes the changes of form from nearly flat to deeply arched, but from obese to elongated, which every observer of the common slipper-limpet of the Atlantic (C. fornicata, abundant from the icy shores of the St. Lawrence to the tropical waters of the Gulf of Mexico) knows to prevail in that species ; but in sculpture it may either be crowded with short spines (C. echinus, Brod.), or have a few radiating lines of longer spines with nodulous interstices (C. hystrix, Brod.), or be covered with an irregular mass of spiny knobs (normal state), or lose the spines altogether in roughened striz (smooth- water form), or even become almost destitute of sculpture, like some northern specimens of the stunted variety (C. Californica, Nuttall). Through all these changes it is recognized by its spiral stomattelloid growth exemplifying a section of the genus, the extreme forms of which approach Trochita; and by its beautifully waved deck-margin, which resembles a ~+»~~. The pointed centre, as the shell increases in size, generally leaves a characteristic line on the surface of the deck, passing up to the vertex. But often the point is rounded off, and even degener- ates into a broad wave. In one specimen co-ordinate with this degeneracy, a sharp angle was abnormally formed on one of the sides, so as to give the margin the aspect of a brace turned the wrong way, thus -.~ ; a very good specific distinction, if no intermediate specimens had been found. A series of deck- margins belonging to this and the following species, will be found represented on plate 8 of the British Association Report, Fig. 1, f.3,g. The best means of distinguishing the species of slipper-limpets from each other was found to be the shape of the nuclear portion and the mode of growth of the very young shell. Whatever be the abnormal character of the adult, it did not appear that the offspring had a tendency to the same degeneracy, but rather to the resumption of the normal type. In the case of local varieties, the peculiarities are reproduced, because they depend on circumstances which affect all alike. But in such cases as those under consideration, where the extremes and all the 114 CALYPTRAIDA. intermediate forms of variation are found in the same locality, the changes depending on the accidents of individuals, it is not yet proved that the idiosyncrasies are transmitted. In fact, the frequent instances in which the individual itself changes its form and sculpture at different periods of its life, is against such a hypothesis. “Tt is a fact worth noticing that while some species of shells are extremely variable, others, inhabiting the same localities, are very constant in their characters. These are seldom widely diffused, and are often rare in individuals. A few young speci- mens of such species were found among the slipper-limpets on the spondyli; but the bulk of the specimens belonged either to C. aculeata, which, as we have seen, is a somewhat ubiquitous species, or to C. nivea, which, under many shapes and many names, spreads over the principal parts of the Pacific coast of America, representing there the very distinct C. fornicata of the Atlantic. Two extreme forms were described by Broderip, from Mr. Cuming’s collection; the one, C. squama, thin, flat, and smooth; the other, C. Lessonii, solid, often arched, and covered with concentric lamine. These sometimes appear at regular intervals, and seem to be the normal and unique sculpture of the shell. It appears, however, that C. sgquama (which is the calm- water form), if exposed to rougher influences, arches its back, adds layer after layer of porcellanous matter, hiding the color é rays, and leaving the margin like the edge of a quire of paper. Now, if co-ordinate with this laying on of extra coats, the crea- ture advances forward, turning up the previous portion, the form Lessonii is produced; in general very roughly and irregularly, which is the C. striolata of Menke, but sometimes very delicately, with fine sculpture between the lamin as described by Brod. It is common to find shells living for some time as squama, and suddenly plunging into the Lessonii types, with one or two strong lamin. Every stage of intermediate form was found among the Mazatlan shells. The degraded specimens of the Chilian seas form a part of the C. protea of d’Orbigny—a convenient receptacle, as the type specimens in the British Museum show, for the dead and puzzling shells which the author did not know where else to place. The ordinary condi- tion, intermediate between the extremes first described, is C. CALYPTRAIDA. 115 nivea of C.B. Adams. As it is the normal state, the usual rules of priority have been set aside, and C. nivea taken for the name of the species, leaving squama and Lessonii for the principal varieties. The White Slipper is known under all forms (when in good condition), by its shaggy, light-green skin, and by the very peculiar character of the nuclear whirls. These are remarkably small, though the shell is large, standing out from the surface, of a reddish tinge, and crowded with regular trans- verse ribs. The characters have been observed in specimens of all the forms, although the influences which produce Lessonii drawing the shell away from the vertex, generally lead to its abrasion. Sometimes the White Slipper goes to live, when young, into the empty burrow of a boring mussel. In these cases, as soon as it has grown to the width of its cave, it is obliged to develop itself longitudinally, at the same time turning up its sides in the vain attempt to get more room. The corres- ponding slipper limpet of the California coast appears to have a special fancy for this mode of life, as most of the specimens sent have assumed the form now described. It was first found by Mr. Nuttall, and distributed by him a C. exuviata. It was so published in Dr. Jay’s catalogue. Dr. Gould, however, figured and described it as C. explanata. It had been previously figured by Valenciennes, in the Voyage de la Venus, as C. perforans, that author supposing that it had made the burrow in which it was found. The designation representing an untruth, it must yield to the latest name, which alone is accompanied by a de- scription. A very singular groove, not found in the Mazatlan Specimens, appears in all the specimens of C. explanata, and gives name to the shell. It is, however, a mere accident of growth, differing in every individual, and often not appearing till the animal approaches maturity. A specimen in situ, in the Smithsonian Institution, fortunately reveals the cause of this unique appearance. ‘The creature goes to live in at the outer or pipe-end of the burrow of a bivalve, which remains at the other end after the animal has perished. The growth of the shell is normal till it has attained the breadth of the pipe, be that greater or less. It then increases down the pipe, the vertex of the shell being always turned towards the outerend. There is no groove at this period of its growth, and when the vertex is rubbed off 116 CALYPTR MID. (as it generally is in elongated specimens), it can hardly be dis- tinguished from similar specimens of the White Slipper. But as soon as it has reached the bottom of the pipe, where the dead bivalve (generally a Petricola, a creature with rather short siphons), still remains undecomposed, it suddenly encounters an unexpected obstacle. It wedges itself under this (to it) mighty globe, and turns its delicate mantle, exuding the shelly skin up the sides of the cavity, but in vain. There is nothing for it but to retrace its steps, and back out. As it does so, every new portion formed under the arched bivalve repeats the previous concave impression, and the grooved slipper is the result. The sharp instrument of the explanation of one author, and the “ yerforation”’ of the other, is nothing but the little rounded “clam” tightly wedged at the bottom of its burrow; and the same slipper-limpet freely developed under unconstrained influ- ences, is probably the C. navicelloides of Nuttall, to ascertain the characters of which we are still in want of perfect specimens. “To return to the White Slipper on the back of our Thorn Oyster. Among the young shells which appear to the naked eye to be the young C. nivea, were some which under the micro- scope displayed a much larger but smooth and imbedded nuclear portion. On comparing these with similarly situated specimens from the west coast of Africa and from other places, I found them exactly identical. They probably belong to the C. ungut- formis of Lamarck. Now, it so happens that Prof. C. B. Adams, who in general described every shell of Atlantic types as a new species, if found on the Pacific coast, in this one instance felt constrained to adopt the Lamarckian name for the unguiform Slippers of Panama. It is not certain that in this one instance he was correct. Some of the specimens he distributed under the name are undoubtedly compressed and inverted forms of his own QC. nivea; for every species may take the form of ungut- formis when grown inside of a dead spiral shell, especially with a dead hermit crab pressing against it. But there seems suffi- cient evidence to believe that while each coast has its special species of slipper-limpets, each one of which assumes protean changes, there is in this one species which has been scattered, it may be in dead shells, and on ballast, round the world, and to be distinguished from all neighboring species by the peculiar ead ’ sae nae IO aa retinas CRUCIBULUM. 117 character of the nuclear whorls. It is too much the custom among collectors, and even among naturalists, to examine and preserve only well-conditioned adult specimens. More may often be learned from deformed and ‘ugly’ shells; and espe- cially from series in all ages of development.”—Puinire C. CARPENTER. In preparing the following pages I have made use princi- pally of: W. J. Broderip. Descriptions of some new Species of Calyp- treide. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, I, 3 colored plates. 1835. This is almost a monograph of the family. Lovell A. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica. Monographs | of Calyptreea, Crepidula, Crucibulum, Trochita. 1858. G. B. Sowerby. Thesaurus Conchyliorum. ~Monograph of the family Calyptreidz. 1883. J. E. Gray. Notes on the specimens of Calyptreeidz in Mr. Cuming’s Collection. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1867. Genus CRUCIBULUM, Schum., 1817. C. SCUTELLATUM, Gray. Pl. 3], figs. 13-24; PI. 32, figs. 25-38; Pl. 33, figs. 39-43. Shell solid, chestnut-brown or pale, with brown rays, polished and often darker colored within, rudely radiately ribbed, _ coarsely latticed by concentric ribs, or smoother and closely radiately striated. Length, 2—2°5 inches. West Coast of America from Chili to Mazatlan. Varies greatly in sculpture, height, etc., giving rise to many Synonyms. The type form has been described as C. imbricatum, Brod. (fig. 17), and the synonymy embraces C. corrugatum, Carp. (figs. 18, 19), C. rugosum, Lesson, C. dentatum, Menke, C. costata, Menke, C. Cumingii, Carp., C. extinctorium, Sowb., C. rude, Brod., C. gemmacea, Val., C. pectinatum, Carp. (fig. 24), C. umbrella, Desh. (fig. 20) = depressed specimens, and C. planata, Mirch. GC. concameratum, Reeve (figs. 21, 22), and C. serratum, Brod. (fig. 23), are young shells. 118 CRUCIBULUM. Var. quigiquina, Lesson. PI. 32, figs. 30, 31. Finely radiately costulate, or smooth. Mutations of this form have been called C. trigonale, Ads. and Reeve (fig. 25), C. Serrugineum, Reeve (fig. 26), C. lignaria, Brod. (figs. 27, 28), C. tenue, Brod. (fig. 29) and C. spectrum, Reeve (figs. 30, 31). Var. AURICULATUM (Chemn.), Auct. Pl. 32, figs. 34, 35. Whitish or light brown, brown-speckled or unicolored, de- pressed, rugosely irregularly radiately ribbed. West Indies. It can scarcely, except by locality, be distinguished from flat specimens from the West Coast, yet the flatter rude form is predominant in the West Indies, whilst in the former localities it is exceptional. The synonymy includes ©. Cuvieri, Desh., C. planatum, Schumn., C. Caribbeense, Carp. Var. VIOLACEUM, Carpenter. PI. 32, figs. 36, 37. Ribbed and colored like the preceding species, interior light violaceous or violaceous brown. Ceylon Var. TUBIFERUM, Lesson. PI. 32, figs. 32, 33,38; Pl. 33, figs. 39-43. Closely radiately striated, distantly radiately costulate, the riblets prickly with short or long tubular hollow processes. West Coast of America, Chili to California. Typical specimens of this form might readily be distinguished as a species, but the intermediates connect it with var. guiriqut- num. It is better known under the later name of C. spinosum, Sowb. (fig. 38). Other synonyms are C. cinereum, Reeve (fig. 39), C. hispida, Brod. (fig. 42), C. Peziza, Gray, var. compresso- conicum, Carp., C. maculatum, Brod. (fig. 43), and C. striatum, Brod., not Say (= C. auritum, Reeve, figs. 32, 33), the last two waeumere connecting with the Seah or finely striate variety. C. striatum, Say. Pl. 33, figs. 44, 45. Aperture orbicular, apex usually rather high, beaked, surface radiately striate, cup broadly open, attached fully one- third of its cireumference; brownish white, brownish within. New England to New Jersey. The type of the section Dispotaea, Say, which has no claim to be separated from the main group. PRE CLO OO ELD Sy ME cesta ap, OE Tn EA CS REO BINS eileen i a ne ne ee | fae CALYPTRAA. 119 ©. RADIATUM, Brod. PI. 33, figs. 52, 53. Conically orbicular, whitish rayed with dark chestnut without and within, radiately striated and very closely finely ridged; internal appendage cup-shaped, produced, concavely compressed on one side. Bay of Caraccas. Broderip describes the cup as “ pressed in on one side, adher- ing to the shell not only by its apex, but also by a lateral seam, which scarcely reaches to the rim of the cup.” A doubtful species. Section BricaTiLius, Swainson, 1840. C. EXTINCTORIUM, Lam. PI. 33, figs 46-51. Thin, shining, smoothish, apex elevated and twisted; brownish white, more or less rayed or spotted with chestnut; interior appendage small, cornucopia-shaped. Malacca, Singapore, Mauritius. It is C. levigatum of Chenu, C. morbidum, Reeve (figs. 48, 49), and C. lividum, Reeve (figs. 50, 51), a brown variety. C. veRRUcOSUM. Reeve. PI. 33, figs. 54, 55. Shell orbicular, conical in the middle, top central, somewhat mamillary, yellowish cream-color, rather opaque, more or less rayed and spotted with chestnut, surface interruptedly laterally wrinkled ; cup small, cornucopia-shaped. Yucatan (Norman). Described without locality, which is supplied from specimens in Mus. Philad. Acad. C. MAMMULA, Rochebrune. (Unfigured.) Senegambia. Genus CALYPTRA#A, Lamarck, 1799. C. Sinensis, Linn. PI. 34, figs. 56,57; Pl. 30, fig. 7. Orbicular, thin, smooth or finely scaled, shining within; white or yellowish white. Europe. Dr. Jeffreys writes: “‘It would seem that this mollusk seldom, if ever, leaves its place of abode. I found some at Sark, living attached to small pebbles, each pebble having scarcely a broader surface than the circumference of the shell, which closely fitted the sinuosities of the stone. Both shell and pebble were en- 120 CALYPTRAZA. crusted by mullipore, and had the same appearance. The mark of adhesion is glossy, but does not show any excavation. Ac- cording to Andouin and Milne-Edwards the female hatches her eggs, and keeps the fry between her foot and the foreign body to which she adheres; her patelloid shell thus serves not only to cover and protect herself, but is also a shield for her offspring. The eggs are yellow, and inclosed in membranous capsules, which are flattened, transparent, and filled with an albuminous matter. These little sacs are from six to ten in number, connected one with another by a pedicle,and arranged like the petals of a rose; each capsule contains ten to twelve eggs. The fry resembles that of Velutina levigata in shape and sculpture; and the ani- mal at this stage of growth has large ciliated neck-lobes, as in other Gastropoda.”—Brit. Conch., iii, 275. It is C. vulgaris, Phil.; C.squama, Desh.; C. mamma, Sie- maschko; C. levigata, Lam.; C. muricata, Costa; C.spinulosa, Chemn.; C. albida, Donov.; C. succinea, Risso; C. Politi, Scacchi; C. spirata, Nardo; C.carinaria, Bon., besides a number of fossil synonyms. C. SUBREFLEXA, Carpenter. Pl. 34, figs. 58, 59. Reddish brown, aculeately radiately striated ; internal appen- dage lateral, appressly effused. Gulf of California. C. PELLUCIDA, Reeve. PI. 34, figs. 60, 61. Depressed orbieular, pellucid, finely concentrically striated ; livid white; internal appendage rather depressly septum-shaped. Philippine Islands..- C. conica, Brod. PI. 34, figs. 62, 63. Rather thin, concentrically striated; yellowish white, radi- ately subtessellately marked with chestnut, interior bluish white with the markings chestnut-violaceous; internal appendage diaphanous, thin, effused. West Columbia to Acapulco. C. MAMILLARIS, Brod. PI. 34, figs. 64-75, 78-81. Rather thin, smooth, with growth-lines; whitish, becoming purplish or brownish purple on the spire, the mamillary apex brownish ; interior light brownish or violaceous. Valparaiso, Panama, Mazatlan, Sta. Barbara, Cal. Payta to Guayaquil (d’Orbigny). a | 1 Lee ee CALYPTRAA. 121 The synonymy includes C. regularis and C. aspersa (figs. 80, 81), C. B. Ad., C. Lamarckii, Menke, C. lorica, Brod. (Gray), C. fastigiata, Gould (figs. 66, 67), from Puget Sound, C. solida, Reeve (tigs. 68, 69), C. lichen, Brod. figs. 70, 71), C. unguis, Brod. (figs. 72, 73), a distorted young specimen, and C. poculum, Reeve (figs. 74, 75) — C. fusca, Carp., both young specimens. C. clypeolum, Reeve (figs. 78,79) = C. Magellanica, Gray, said to come from Straits of Magellan may be added. C. CanpEANA, d’Orb. PI. 34, figs. 76, 77, 82, 83. Small, rounded, thin, spire elevated, growth-lines rugose, sometimes obsoletely finely radiately striated, white. West Indies. It is C. occidentalis, Gray, and C. Chinensis, Guilding. C. lamellosa, A. Ad. (figs. 82, 83), does not appear to have any distinctive character. Unfigured Species. C. PARVULA, Dunker. West Indies. C. conrorta, Carp. California. C. DEcIPIENS, Phil. Sts. Magellan. C. sELLA, Menke. Hab. unknown. C. vestiTa, Phil. ' Hab. unknown. C. SPINIFERA, Gray. Kurrachee. C. RADIATA and C, RADIOLA, Desh. Hab. unknown. C. ARIETINA, Rochebrune. Senegambia. Subgenus InrunpiBuLuM, Montfort, 1810. C. RapiaNs, Lam. PI. 35, figs. 84-88. Orbicular, depressed, or elevated radiately subnodulously ribbed; whitish or yellowish white, under a yellowish brown fibrous epidermis, interior white, more or less stained with chocolate, the septum white. Diam. 2-3 inches. Peru, Chili. The synonyms are C. Peruviana, Desh., C. concamerata, Mart., C. costellata, Phil., C. Trochiformis, Gmel., C. Trochoides, Dillw., C. Araucana, Lesson, C. sordida, Brod. (fig. 86), a young shell, C. spirata, Forbes (fig. 87), a darker colored specimen, said to come from the Gulf of California, but the habitat has not been confirmed, although probable, and C. corru- 122 CALYPTRAA, gata, Reeve (fig. 88). A specimen of this species was collected (dead) at the island of Inagua, Bahamas, by Dr. J. J. Brown, and is in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy. C. INTERMEDIA, d’Orb. PI. 35, figs. 89, 90. Orbicular, thin, whitish, longitudinally costate, inner margin of the lamina reflected over the blade. Peru. I know nothing of this shell, said to be rare. Is it an aberrant young C. radians? Unfigured Species. C. scurum, Lesson (C. TENUIS, Gray said to be a syn.). N. Zealand. C. veNTRICOSsA, Carp. (= C. RADIANS?) Mazatlan. C. PHLYCTIPHERA, Rochebrune. Senegambia. Subgenus SIGAPATELLA, Lesson, 1830. ©. prtxotus, d’Orb. PI. 35, figs. 91, 100. Thin, smooth, with revolving distant riblets, thin, diaphanous, white. Patagonia, Falkland Is. C. HELICOIDEA, Sowb. PI. 35, figs. 92,93. - Whorls oblique, divaricately costate, orange-brown. Hab. unknown. C. LATERALIS, Sowb. PI. 35, figs. 94, 95. Divaricately rugosely ribbed, whitish stained and radiated with chestnut. Hab. unknown. C. CALYPTR&ZIFORMIS, Lam. PI. 35, figs. 96-99. White or yellowish white, marked by growth-lines, spire often light violaceous, covered by a thin fibrous yellowish epidermis, interior white, more or less stained or blotched with violet. Australia, New Zealand, ? Viti Is., ete. Lamarck described this species as a Trochus, and Deshayes in removing it to the genus Calyptreea, changed the specific name to Lamarckii. I have thought it best to restore the original name, although rather objectionable. Inno case could Deshayes’ name be used, for the next in priority is Sowerby’s equally objectionable C. comma-notata; then follow C. Nove-Zelandiz, CREPIDULA. 193 Lesson, C. tomentosa (figs. 96-98), and C. maculata (fig. 99) of Quoy. It is also C. Chinensis of Chenu, not Linn. Genus CREPIDULA, Lam., 1799. The slipper-limpets are quite as variable as either of the pre- ceding groups, and the definitive arrangement of the species will require continued observation of the growth of shells from the same brood under diverse conditions. I take the species as conventionally recognized, although fully aware of some facts which, at least, militate strongly against the retention of some of them. As in most attached genera the form and sculpture are influenced by the surface of attachment; thus a species flat and suborbicular when attached to a similar surface will become high and compressed if growing on the spire of a narrow- whorled shell. C. unguiformis, Lam., is generally found on the inside of large univalve shells, such as Naticas, Fulgurs, ete., and has the upper surface concave, and the color white; and Gray thought that the same species became C. fornicata, Gmel., convex, with radiating chestnut spots, when attached externally ; but wngut- formis whilst appearing to prefer the interior station, yet is sometimes found on the outside of shells, still preserving its white color and long shape, but becoming somewhat convex. The admitted cosmopolitan distribution of C. unguiformis points to a large geographical range in the other species; yet the protected station usually chosen by that species is probably conducive to its spread and acclimation. . Gray writes (Zool. Proc., 737, 1867): ‘ Messrs. H. and A. Adams formed the genus Janacus for the white flat specimens of this genus. All the specimens of the different species that take up their residence in the inside of the shell assume this form and color. It has been suggested that, instead of being depend- ent on the accident of locality, their living in such places is a habit peculiar to the species, and a proof that they are of a dis- tinct kind. This theory is set at rest by the fact that some specimens of the shell show the two states; that is to say, an animal growing on the outside of a shell has moved to the inside, aud an animal that commenced life on the inside of a shell has ~* 124 CREPIDULA. moved to the outside. In the first case the apex of the shell is . convex and brown, and the circumference white and flat; in the other the apex is flat and white, and the circumference brown and convex. I have seen one specimen in which the animal has moved twice, and the shell has a brown tip and margin and a white flat intermediate space.” I have seen many thousands of specimens of the American C. fornicata and C. unguiformis, but never noticed any showing the change above recorded. The spinous ribbing of C. aculeata is very probably not a spe- cific character, yet it occurs in connection with a general facies which is easily recognizable as specific, although not readily definable. , C. rornicaTA, Linn. PI. 36, figs. 1-8. Smooth, whitish or pink white, with radiating irregular chest- nut lines often broken up into spots, interior more or less stained with brown or violaceous. Length, 2 inches. East Coast of United States from Maine to Florida ; West Indies, Brazil, ete. I figure a ribbed specimen (fig. 2). The synonymy includes C. gibbosa, Defrance; C. nautarum (Humph.), Moérch; C. Riise, Dunker; C. maculosa, Conrad; C. depressa, Say, has been referred to C. unguiformis, Lam., but specimens presented to the Philada. Academy by Mrs. Say are young fornicata. C. protea, d’Orb., includes this species and C. ungutformts, and is said to extend from West Indies to Patagonia. I am somewhat in doubt as to the West Coast distribution of this species as assumed by Dr. Gray. Most of the Pacific forms which that naturalist has associated with C.fornicata appear to me dis- | tinguishable by perhaps slight, but sufficiently recognizable | characteristics; C. arenata, Brod. (figs. 4,5), however, said to occur at St. Elena, West Columbia, where it was obtained by Cuming, appears to be absolutely identical, and C. Patagonica, d’Orb. (figs. 6, 7), differs only in being more rounded in outline (in the figure) than the usual form of fornicata. C. Aplysioides, Reeve (fig. 8), from Rio Janeiro, may be added. The shell which Reeve has figured under the name of C. nautiloidea, Les- son, also appears to be referable here. ee ——. CREPIDULA. 125 C.auauca, Say. Pl. 36, fig. 9. Rather flat, with a sharp pointed apex, yellowish brown with radiating rows of chestnut spots, interior dark chestnut brown, more or less mottled or spotted, septum white, diaphanous. Length, °75 inch. Long Island Sound to North Carolina. The darker color and smaller size distinguish this from the preceding species, but I am not at all sure that it is more than a varietal state of the young shell. Reeve’s figure probably represents a colorless C. fornicata. C. convExa, Say. PI. 36, fig. 10. Convex, with somewhat trigonal outline, high back and ob- liquely beaked apex; whitish or glaucous radiately lined with chestnut spots, with sometimes larger nebulous chestnut-purple markings. Length, 75 inch. Nova Scotia to Florida. The form of this species is due to its attachment on the crus- tacean Hupagurus longicarpus and the gastropod Ilianassa obsoleta. The preceding species has been supposed identical _ with this, and simply modified by attachment to broad flat sur- faces ; this may be so, yet the present is a smoother, lighter-colored heavier shell. Its identity with C. fornicata is not improbable. C. navicula (Dunker), Morch;a West Indian form, insufficiently described, and unfigured, is probably a synonym. C. apspersA, Dunker. PI. 36, figs. 11, 12. Ovate, more or less convex, rugulose, white with chestnut spots, epidermis olivaceous. Length, 1 inch. Benguela. Possibly a form of the last species. C. pentTicinosa, Sowb. Pl. 36, figs. 13, 14. Yellowish chestnut-colored, with purple chestnut radiating series of spots. Length, 1 inch. Cape of Good Hope. Perhaps identical with C. convexa, Say, and the last species. C. Capensis, Quoy. PI. 36, figs. 15, 16. Suborbicular, flattened, radiately, obsoletely striated, chestnut- brown, brighter colored within. Length, 1-25 inches. Cape of Good Hope. 126 CREPIDULA. This species differs in form from the last as (. glauca does from C. convexa. C. PORCELLANA, Linn. PI. 37, fig. 22. Apex slightly beaked, whitish, maculated and divaricately stained with purplish chestnut spots. Length, 1:25 inches. Senegal; Indian Ocean ? It is very doubtful whether this is distinct from C. fornicata ; a sharper apex and divaricating color-lines appear to be its chief points of difference. C. Moutinst, Michaud. PI. 36, fig. 17. Oval, depressed, smooth or slightly rugose, chestnut-brown. Length, 1-1-25 inches. Mediterranean Sea. Is C. fornicata, Phil., and C. gibbosa, Desh. Dr. Jeffreys and other good authorities consider this to = C. fornicata. C. Lessontr, Brod. Pl. 36, figs. 18-21; Pl. 37, figs. 22-25. Rather flat, concentrically laminarly frilled, frequently ra- diately costulate, white, sometimes radiately lineated with chest- nut. Length, 1 inch. West Coast of Central America to Monterey, Cal. C. fimbriata, Reeve (figs. 20,21), said to come from “ Van- couver’s Straits,” C. squama, Brod. (fig. 23), C. nivea, C. B. Ad., C. striolata, Menke, and probably C. navicelloides and C. exuviata, Nutt., C. explanata, Gould (figs. 24, 25), and C. per- forans, Val., are synonyms. (C. explanata has the form of C. ungutformis, but Carpenter places it here. Carpenter (Mazat. Cat., 281), describing this species under Prof. C. B. Adams’ name of C. nivea, writes as follows con- cerning it: ‘This creature, when flat and finely grown, is the C. squama of Broderip. The same shell, when coarsely grown, more convex and without brown stripes, is C. nivea, C. B. Ad. When the layers of which it is composed, instead of lying regularly one over the other, are slightly prominent, it becomes C. striolata, Menke. When they are drawn forwards and project it becomes C. Lessonii, Brod. The name of Prof. Adams is retained, in preference to the prior ones of Broderip and Menke, as repre- senting the normal condition of the shell. CREPIDULA. 127 “Tn the sqguama stage it appears as a very thin, flat shell; with the vertex generally lustrous brown, sometimes white ; from this radiate a greater or less number of brown lines, sometimes more or less broken into dots, gradually losing themselves in the white texture of the shell, sometimes reappearing at the margin, sometimes altogether absent. Very rarely a rich lustrous brown is developed inside, shading into a sea-weed green. The shell is covered with a copious yellowish green epidermis, which lies in a fringe round the sharp margin. In its ordinary state, the texture has a tendency to run into layers. The epidermis does the same, the layers being in shreds and very copious.” C. porsata, Brod. Pl. 37, figs. 26-30; Pl. 38, fig. 41. Thin, wide, irregularly longitudinally corrugated or rudely ribbed, or smoothish, whitish or yellowish, sometimes violaceous within; septum bilobed. Length, -75 inch. Mazatlan to California. So distorted is this species in some instances that the apex is somewhat distant from the margin, and the attachment of the septum is lateral, so that it was described as a Calyptreea. C. bilobata, Gray (figs. 26, 27), is a smooth, chestnut-rayed form of this species; C. lingulata, Gould, is described from a worn specimen of it. C. foliacea (fig. 28),and C. strigata (figs. 29, 30), Brod., referred by Carpenter to the next species, appear to me more likely to belong here, if they are not C. aculeata, Gmel. C. pipatata, Lam. PI. 37, figs. 31-34; Pl. 38, fig. 42. Oval, broad, rather thick, smooth, but with distinct growth- lines; whitish, under a yellowish brown, thin epidermis, interior white, but the margin usually stained or radiately lineated with chestnut ; apex much curved to the side of the shell. Length, 1°5-2°5 inches. Western Coast of America from Patagonia to Alaska ; Kamtschatka. Distinguished by its rugose growth, inflated form, interior marginal coloring. The synonymy is very large: C. depressa, Desh., C. Peruviana, Lam., C. patula, Desh., C. Adolphei, Lesson, C. nautiloides, Lesson, C. pallida, Brod. (fig. 32), C. arcuata (Brod.), Orb., C. princeps, Conr., C. prerupta, Conrad, 128 CREPIDULA. C. grandis, Midd. (fig. 33), C. minuta, Midd. (fig. 42), and C. nummaria, Gould (fig. 34), the latter from the interior of shells, hence flattened. It appears to me that nummaria might as well be referred to C. Lessoni as here, and that C. explanata, which is placed in the synonymy of C. Lessoni, could also be equally well placed here; further, these flat, interior-growing specimens of Crepidula from the West Coast have about as much right to a distinetive place as has C. unguiformis. C. MonoxyLa, Lesson. PI. 37, figs. 35, 36. Whitish, elongated, contorted, high-convex. Length, 1:25-1°5 inches. New Zealand. This species does not appear to have any special character- istics; a C. unguiformis growing on the outside of a narrow shell would be apt to take on the same form. C. contorta, Quoy (figured), and C. profunda, Hutton, are synonyms. C. onyx, Sowb. Pl. 37, figs. 37, 38; Pl. 38, figs. 43-50; PI. 39, fig. 59. Rather thick, rugose, smooth or rarely radiately costellate, chestnut or chocolate-colored within and without, sometimes obscurely chestnut-rayed, the septum usually white. Length, 15-2 inches. Panama to California. Carpenter, in his Mazatlan Catalogue, endeavors to distin- guish C. rugosa, Nuttall (fig. 37), from this species; the latter having a shaggy epidermis, whilst that of rugosa, though some- what lamellar, is glossy, never shaggy. The numerous speci- mens before me, from many localities, do not seem to establish this distinction, and probably the shaggy epidermis is the result of rough water. I suspect that C. adunca, Sowb., with its sharp elevated beak, although placed from this character in a distinct section, will prove to be an onyx growing upon more restricted surfaces. ; The synonymy will include C. hepatica (fig. 88), perhaps of Deshayes, at any rate, of C. B. Adams; but whether the C. hepatica so identified by Krauss, or his var. complanata (fig. 45), from the Cape of Good Hope, are identical, remains doubtful : I can see no difference, judging from the figures. C. immersa, Angas (figs. 46, 47), from Australia, also appears the same. To / \/ ©. apunca, Sowb. Pl. 38, figs. 51-55; Pl. 37, figs. 39, 40; CREPIDULA. 129 these are to be added C. amyydalus, Val., C. Cerithicola, C. B. Ad. (juvenile), C. marginalis, Brod. (figs. 48, 49), C. lirata, Reeve (fig. 50), and perhaps C. Sitchana, Midd. (fig. 59). Section Garnorra, Gray, 1867. PL. 39, fig. 60. Usually rather high, compressed on the sides, or subtriangular with a sharp hooked beak distant from the margin, smoothish, chestnut-brown, under a light yellowish brown epidermis, with sometimes indistinct rays, more or less broken up into spots, interior also chestnut color. Length, 1 inch. Panama—Sts. of Fuca. A very common West Coast form, the distinctive character of which may result mainly from its attachment; tbe coloring does not differ from C. onyx. The synonyms are C. solida, Hinds (fig. 52), C. rostriformis, Gould (figs. 53, 53a), C. uncata, Menke, C. jfissurata, Sowb. (fig. 60), and C. rostrata, C. B. Ad. C. excavata, Brod. (figs. 54, 55), is a large form, a variety of which has been named fusco-punctata by Morch. C. incurva, Brod. (figs. 39, 40), is normally radiately ribbed, but intermediates occur between it and the smooth typical form. Section Crypra (Gray), Fischer, 1885. C. acuneatTa, Gmel. PI. 39, figs. 61-65. Oval, moderately convex, apex lateral, spiral, surface covered with radiating prickly or spinose ridges; whitish, yellowish or brownish, often chestnut-rayed, interior often splotched or rayed with chocolate, septum white. Length, 1-1-5 inches. Florida to Patagonia, and West Coast of America northwards to Southern California, Sandwich Islands, Japan, Australia, Mauritius, India, ete. A cosmopolitan species, varying in the development of the spines, and with a considerable synonymy: C. echinus (fig. 68) and C. hystrix (fig. 64), of Broderip, C. Californica, Nuttall, MS., C. costata, Menke (fig. 65). C. strigata and C. foliacea, Brod., which I have referred to the synonymy of C. dorsata, may possibly belong here. 9 < 130 CREPIDULA. Section Ianacus, Morch, 1852. C. uNGUIFORMS, Lam. PI. 39, figs. 66-68. Narrow, upper surface, usually flat or concave, with apex direct and marginal, somewhat lamellar, milk white, interior highly polished, the septum convex. Length, 1 inch. Nova Scotia to Texas, West Indies, Mediterranean Sea, Peru, Panama to California, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, etc. It is Patella crepidula, Linn., C. Italica, Defrance, C. calceo- lina, Defrance, C. Deshayesit, Folin (figs. 67,68), C. plana, Say, C. sinuosa, Turton, C. candida, Risso. Some authors have contended that the European C. unguiformis is a different species from our C. plana; the comparison of large suites of both will demonstrate their identity to any one. Section SrpHopaTELuLaA, Lesson, 1830. C. Watsait, Hermannson. PI. 38, figs. 56-58. Transverse, concave, white, beak lateral, internal appendage oblique, inflected at the outer side. Width, 1:25 inches. Ceylon, Singapore, China Sea, Japan. It is C. plana, Ads. and Reeve, not Say, C. scabies, Reeve (fig. 58). C. Cuinensis, Gray. Pl. 39, figs. 69-71. Spiral, with one and a half or two whorls, pale brown or whitish, internal plate thin with a lateral fold. China. Possibly identical with the preceding species and presenting a more free growth of it. It is the type of Gray’s group Noicia. ; Unfigured and Undetermined Species. C. CALYPTR#ZIFORMIS, Desh. Peru. C. NERITOIDES, Recluz. = Genus Latia. C. suBSPIRATA, Blainy. Hab. unknown. C. rucuLosA, Dunker. Cape Good Hope. C. NAVICELLA, Lesson. Hab. unknown. C. Curtiensis, Lesson. Chili. AGO QF Orer"G@riG CAPULUS. 131 . LAMELLOSA, A. Ad. Japan. . COSTULATA, Dunker. Hab. unknown. . LINEOLATA, Desh. Southern Seas. . STRIGILLATA, Dunker. Hab. unknown. . ExcrisA, Phil. Ins. Mergut. »ATRA, Phil. Hab. unknown. . GoREENSIS, Desh. Senegal. . Hoturrart, Perry. . TEGULICIA, Rochebrune. Senegambia- Genus CAPULUS, Montfort, 1810. C. Hunaaricus, Linn. PI. 39, figs. 72-74. ‘Shell cornucopia-shaped with recurved apex, rather thin, finely irregularly ribbed, disappearing towards the margin, growth-lines conspicuous, irregular, undulating the surface of the shell; yellowish white to dull reddish brown, under a thin yellowish brown epidermis, which is easily detached and seldom remains on the upper part, interior white or pinkish. Diam. 1°5—-2 inches. Europe; off Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., 69 and 458 fms. In British waters it is found in from 7 to 85 fathoms, attached to rocks and large shells, especially frequenting oyster and scallop beds. It isa common tertiary fossil. The synonymns are C. Ungaricus, Lam., Pileopsis militaris, Linn. (juv.), C. unguis, Sowb., C. dispar, Michelotti, Protomedea ornata, Costa. C. Unearicores, d’Orb. PI. 40, figs. 82, 83. Rather depressed, very thin, fragile, summit lateral and spiral ; surface of the shell entirely smooth, but the epidermis has some radiating raised lines ; rosy white with a few reddish rays. Diam. 15-22 mill. Payta, Peru. C. 1ntortus, Lam. PI. 39, figs. 75, 76. Thin, very obliquely spiral, finely longitudinally rugosely costulate, somewhat obsoletely decussated by the growth- sculpture; aperture rounded; white, the epidermis yellowish brown, hairy. Length, 17 mill. Florida, West Indies, Paumotus, Philippines, Mauritius. 132 CAPULUS. A species having a wide distribution in warm seas. It is 2C. militaris, Wood, C. incurvus, Gmel., C. liberatus, Pease (fig. 76). C. BapDius, Dunker. PI. 39, figs. 77, 78. Laterally compressed, obsoletely radiately costulate, orange- brown. Length, 15 mill. Japan. Has somewhat the aspect of a Hipponyx. C. SAGITTIFER, Gould. Pl. 39, figs. 79, 80. Smooth, thin, translucent white, with minute arrowhead- shaped markings of more opaque white, arranged in quincunx order. Diam. 6 mill. Hab. unknown. C. viotaceus, Angas. PI. 39, fig. 81. Laterally compressed, radiately striated, apex free, inclined to the right; internally with a very narrow rib, rounded at the edge, situated in the cavity of the shell and extending on either side nearly to the interior of the aperture ; interior violaceous. Length, 16 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. Described from a single specimen. Section CaputacmZa, M. Sars. C. rapratus, Sars. PI. 40, figs. 84-87. Thin, transparent, radiately striate or smooth except growth- lines, whitish or yellowish, faintly strigate with darker color, under a thin yellowish epidermis, base rounded, apex small, inclined. Length, 22 mill. Circumboreal: Sea of Ochotsk, Alaska, Davis’s Strait, Norway, Spitzbergen, Japan. The synonymns are Pilidium commodum, Midd. (figs. 86, 87), Piliscus probus, Lovén, Capulus dilatatus (figs. 84, 85), and C. depressus, A. Adams. ALLERYA Kressit, Moérch, and PropiLipIuM TENUE, Jeffreys, both referred to this group, are members of the family SIPHONARIIDA. AMATHINA. 133 Section Tuyca, H. and A. Adams, 1854. C. aAsTERICOLA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 40, fig. 88. High-conical, sculptured with fine close-set radiating riblets ; white; margin crenulated. Alt. 6 mill. Sooloo Sea, on the tubercle of a star-fish. Unfigured and doubtful species of Capulus. C. (Tuyca) ELEGANS, Tapp. Canefri (unfigured). Papuan Islands. C. CyTHER&%A, Lesson (unfigured). Tahitt. C. PALEACEA, Menke (unfigured). Hab. unknown. C. Japonicus, A. Adams (unfigured). Japan. C. Garnotil, Payr. = Gadinia. C. SureEvE!, Conrad. = Hinge process of Pholas costata, Linn. Genus AMATHINA, Gray, 1842. A. TRIcosTATA, Gmel. PI. 40, figs. 89, 90. White, apex posterior but not marginal, recurved, with distant radiating low striew posteriorly and three strong anterior ridges, diverging and causing a projection of the margin. Length, 1 inch. East Indies, Japan. Patella tricarinata, Linn., to which this is referred by H. and A. Adams, is an entirely different shell. A. Nopitis, A. Ad. PI. 40, fig. 91. Shell shaped like Capulus, solid, white; apex median, acute, involute, turned to the right; strongly bicarinated, posterior margin dilated. Length, 25 mill. Saghalien Island, Japan. A. ANGUSTATA, Souverbie. Pl. 40, fig. 92. Elongated, narrow, a little twisted, apex recurved, spiral ; with three or four anteriorly directed strong carinations, the rest of the surface with slighter radiating carine. Length, 12 mill. N. Caledonia. A. TRIGONA, Sowb. (unfigured). Friendly Islands. A. BICARINATA, Pease (unfigured). Sandwich Islands. Judging from the descriptions, these two species are closely allied, perbaps identical. 134 HIPPONYX. Subfamily Hipponycine. Genus HIPPONYX, Defrance, 1819. Sowerby, in the first volume of his Thesaurus, has monographed this genus, consisting then of five species, as a bivalve mollusk in connection with Crania and Thecidium, mistaking the occa- sionally formed calcareous base for an attached valve. H. antiquatus, Linn. Pl. 40, figs. 93-99. White, apex posterior, concentrically rudely, closely laminated, more or less distinctly radiately striated ; epidermis pilose. Length, °75 inch. Florida, West Indies, Senegal, Polynesia, California, Panama, Peru, Australia. The synonyms are H. mitrula, Gmel.; H. Panamensis, C. B. Ad.; H. foliaceus, Quoy (fig. 98), and H. Chameformis, Rochbr. (fig. 99). AAO OE Re AD ee AEE NAOT SED EE H. sERRATUS, Carpenter. Pl. 40, fig. 100. Differs from H. antiquatus in the character of the base of the shell (margin of aperture), which is broad and flat, made up of very numerous close-set lamellae, deeply serrated into large, scarcely rounded lobes; the interstices are filled with epidermis, in irregular ribband-like shreds. Length, 1 inch. Mazatlan. Living attached to each other or to other shells. . folt- aceus, Menke (not Quoy and Gaimard), is probably a synonym. H. susprurus, Lam. PI. 40, fig. 1. Shell orange or orange-red, decussated by radiating and con- centric close striz. Length, °d inch. West Indies, Peru, Panama. H. cernuus, Gmel., is probably identical. H. tuberculatus, Carp., is similarly colored, with subcentral apex, close radiating ribs and concentrically tuberculate, base thick, lamellate. Length, *5 inch. Morch refers it here doubtfully. 4. trigonus,Gmel., is said to ~ be flatter than subrufus, with stronger radiating sulci, and to this Moérch doubtfully refers H. barbatus, var. costellatus of Car- penter ; it is perhaps only a variety of subrufus. Sgt I Re ih Dm RG III IP ALY ALOE ALA DGD __— MITRULARIA. T3% The oblique undulating ribs of the original figures, reproduced by me, are not of specific importance, resulting from a similarly sculptured surface of attachment; they do not exist on other specimens. The species is mainly characterized by its attenu- ated apex, thinness and color. H. Trcaontcus, Sowb. Pl. 41, figs. 23, 24. Suborbicular, with the apex posterior and recurved, closely radiately striate, whitish, under a pale fulvous hairy epidermis. Length, 15 mill. Philippines. I doubt its distinctness from H. subrufus, Sowb. H. ruauLosus, Dunker (unfigured). Samoan Is. H. puanatus, Carpenter (unfigured). Mazatlan. H. EFFODIENS, Carpenter (unfigured). West Indies. H. minor, Garrett (unfigured). Sandwich Islands. Genus MITRULARIA, Schum., 1817. M. Equestris, Linn. PI. 41, figs. 25-32; Pl. 42, figs. 33-56; PI. 43, figs. 57-67, 70. Nearly orbicular or irregular, rather solid, varying to papy- raceous, rudely convex ; whitish, or more or less stained with light yellowish; radiately closely minutely ridged, or striated, outer edge of base often closely crenulated. Basal plate con- cave, platter-shaped, with puckered edge. Diam. 1:25 inches. China Sea, Philippines, Indian Ocean, Prince’s Isl.,-W. Africa, W. Indies, W. Coast of Central America, Galapagos Is. I have interpreted this species in accordance with general usage, the Linnean species being indeterminable. The synonomy includes: ? M. Dillwynii, Gray, M. umbo, Reeve (fig. 27), I Neptunii, Dillw., var. costata, Mirch, M. scutulum, Reeve (figs. 28,29), MW. stella, Reeve (fig. 31), M. cepacea, Brod. (fig. 30), M. varia, Brod. (fig. 35), M. Layardii, Reeve (fig. 33), I. Adamsi, Reeve (fig. 36) — M. depressa, Ad. and Reeve, not Lamarck (fossil sp.), M. alveolata, A. Ad. (fig. 34), IL Vani- korensis, Quoy (fig. 38), M. cancellata, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 37), 128% MITRULARIA. I. Roissyi, Dufo, Lithedaphus longirostris, Owen, WM. dormitoria, Reeve (fig. 60), W. ossea, Reeve (fig. 39), I Hipponiciformis, Reeve (figs. 40, 41), MW. cyathella, Reeve (fig. 42), JL bulla, — Reeve (fig. 43), WZ. stultorum, Reeve (fig. 44), I. Tongana, Quoy (figs. 45, 46), DM. pileopsis, Quoy (figs. 47, 48), I. chlorina, Gould (figs. 49-51), WZ. radiosa, Gould (tig. 52). These forms represent a great variety in shape and sculpture, and it is not wonderful that, with the ideas prevalent among conchologists a quarter of a century ago, they were described as distinct species. I have, for convenience, separated a series of irregu- larly corrugated forms as a variety, but they really connect — insensibly with the type. Var. TORTILIS, Reeve. Figs. 53-59, 61-67. Surface irregularly corrugated and folded, the folds longi- tudinal, oblique or concentric, sometimes taking every direction, and so thick as to obscure the radiating striz. West Indies, Philippines. This form is very usual, especially in West Indian specimens. M. diaphana (fig: 54), Reeve, M. Martiniana, Reeve (fig. 55), M. uncinata, Reeve (fig. 57), IW. papyracea, A. Ad. (figs. 58, 59), M. cornea, Reeve (figs. 61, 62), MW. cicatricosa, Reeve (fig. 56), MW. saccharimeta, Reeve ‘fig. 63), MW. Balanoides, Reeve (fig. 64), — M. porosa, Reeve (figs. 65, 66), and M. fibulata, Reeve (fig. 67), are all synonyms. Var. ACULEATA, Reeve. Fig. 70. Radiately striate and scaled, or short spinose. Honduras. M. tubifera, Gray (unfigured), from the same locality, is doubt- less a synonym. M. corruGcata, Brod. PI. 43, figs. 68, 69. Suborbicular, apex subcentral, rugosely radiately ribbed sail striated, ribs scaly towards the margin; whitish, or light yellow- ish brown. Diam. 40 mill. Guacomayo, Central America. Found by Cuming, under stones at 14 fms. A beautiful form, but perhaps not specifically distinct from JL. equestris. MITRULARIA. 139 M. recrum-SinensE, Lam. PI. 43, figs. 71-74. — Whitish, radiately striated or nearly smooth, with concentric lamelle, free at the edges. Diam. 1 inch. Philippines. The well-known “ Chinaman’s hat.’ I. scabies, Reeve (fig. 74), is a synonym, and connects with varieties of MM. equestris. _M. rueutosa, Dunker (unfigured). Swain’s Isl. M. Lactucacea, Rochebrune (unfigured). Senegambia. INDEX AND: SYNONYMY. CALYPTRAZID Zz. PAGE. Aberrans (Calyptriea), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 330. = Anomia. Acroculia, Phillips. Palzoz. Foss., 1841. == Platyceras, Conrad, . : : : : : » 107 Actita, Fischer de Waldheim. Advers. Zool., iii, 1825. = — Capulus, Montf. . : : , ' : 105 Aculeata (Calyptrzea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, fig. 31 a, b, 1858. — Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. ; : . 138 Aculeata (Patella), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3693, - 112, 127, 129 Acuta (Crepidula), H. C. Lea. Am Jour. Sci., 1 ser. xlii, 108, t.1,f.4. = C. convexa, Say. Acutus (Hippony x), Quoy. Voy. de l’Astr., iii, pl. 72, 35, 36. = H. australis, Quoy, : . : : : . 136 Adamsii (Calyptrza), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 7, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . : 3 ‘ : . 137 Addisonia, Dall., 1882, . : ‘ ; ; E : - 107 Adolphzi (Crepidula), Lesson. Voy. de la Coq., ii, 391. = C. dilatata (Crepidula), Lam. : . 127 Adspersa (Crepidula), Dunker. Mollusca ‘Guineensis, 34, 853, . mB Aduneca (Caly ptreea), Sowb. Tank. Cat., app. 1, No. 828 1825, . 128, 129 Albida’ (Patella), Donovan. Brit. ‘Shells, iv, t. 129. = Calypt. Sinensis, Linn. : : : F - . 120 140 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Allerya, Méreh. Mal. Blatt., xxiv, 100, 1877. = Williamia (Siphonariide), Alveolata (Calyptrea), A. Ad., MS. Reeve, Icon., vol. xi, sp. 8, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. Amalthea, Schum. Essai nouv. Syst., 181, 1817. == — Hipponyx, Defrance, Amathina, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus. 5 6a, 90, 1842, ; 106, Amyegdalus (Crepidula), V alenciennes. Voy. Venus, pl. 15. = C. onyx, Sowb. Angustata (Amathina), Souverbie. J. de Conch., p. 43, IST5 : : F , F : . 134 Chiliensis (Crepidula), Lesson. Voy. Coq,., ii, 394, . . 130 142 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.. Chinensis (Galerus), Chenu. Man., f. 2350-2351. = C. Calyptreiformis, Lam. . ; : Chinensis (Calyptrzea), Guild. Swains. Treatise, 233, Fe 12, 1840. —C. Candeana, d’Orb. : Chinensis (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1957, = C. sinensis, Linn. Chinensis (Noicia), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, 740, Chlorina (Calyptraa). Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. , ti, Gis 1846. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. Cicatricosa. (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon:, x ‘sp. 3, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. Cinerea (Calyptraea), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. . 118 Clypeola, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 735, 1867. — Infundibulum, Montf. ; F ; ‘ : 103- Clypeolum (Trochita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 14, 1859. == Magellanica (Clypeolum), 121 Cochlolepas, Klein. Ostrac., 119, 1753. = Hipponyx, Defrance, . : . 108 Comma-notata (Caly ptreen), Sowb. Tank. Cat. , app. 4, No. 821, 1825. —C. Calyptreiformis, Lam. . . 122 Commodum (Pilidium), Midd. Siberischke Reise., ii, 214, 1851. = Capulus radiatus, Sars, . . 132 Complanata, var. (Crepidula), Krauss Sudafr. Moll., 69. — — hepatica (Crepidula), Desh. 128 Compresso-conicum (Crucibulum spinosum, var.), Carp. Zool. Proc., 167, 1856. == C. scutellatum, Gray, var. 118 Concamerata (Lepas), Martini, Conch., i, 152. = (. radians, Lam. . : : : < 121 Concameratum (Crucibulum), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 23,1859. =C. scutellatum, Gray, var. . é : . ae Conica (Calyptrza), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soe., 1, t. 28; f. 6, 129 Conica (Amalthea), Schum. Essai nouv. gen., 181, t. 21, f. OUST is ; 3 : ' : . 136 Contorta (Crepidula), Quoy. Voy. de l’Astr., iii, pl. 72, f. 15,16. = monoxyla (Crepidula), Lesson, . : . 128 Contorta (Crepidula), Menke. Zeit. Mal., 35, 1851. = C. onyx, Sowb. Contortus (Galerus), Cpr. Proc. Cal. Soe., iii, 215, . 121 Convexa (Crepidula), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., il, 227, 125 Cornea (Calyptreea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pl. 27, 5. — M. equestris, Linn., var. : : : . 188 Cornucopize (Hipponyx), Hutton. Cat. Moll. N. Zeal. ; Jour. de Conch., xxvi, 30. — H. australis, Quoy and Gaim. 136 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 143 PAGE, Corrugata (Calyptrea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc, i, BS 27, fig. 2, 1835, 3 . 138 Corrugata (Trochita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ‘xi, sp. 9, 1859. — Calyptreea radians, Lam. . : . 122 Corrugatum (Crucibulum), Carpenter. Proe. Zool. Soc., 1856, 204. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, : ee | Costata (Crucibulum), Morch. Mal. Blatt., vii, 76. = C. scutellatum, Gray, . : : eG: Pa io rf Costata (Calyptreea, var.), Mirch. Mal. Blatt., xxiv, 100. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . ; : ; : ~ iy Custata (Crepidula), Desh., Lam. Anim. sans vt., vii, 644. = (©. aculeata, Gmel. . 129 Costellata (Calyptreea), Phil. - Archiv. fiir Naturg. 1845, 62. = C. radians, Lam. . E » 121 Costellatus (Hipponyx), var. , Carp. "Proc. Zool. Soe., 4, Pso6.- — H. subrufus, Lam. : . 13% Costulata (Crepidula), Dkr. Menke, Zeitsch., 190, 1851, ae 3 Cranioides (Hipponyx), oa Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 3 Ser., xiv, 1864, . . 135 Crepidula, Lamarck. Prodr. ,1799, : 03, 123 Crepidula (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1957. = unguiformis (Crepidula), Lam. . : , . 130 Crepipatella, Lesson. Illust. Zool., t. 42, 1830. = Crepidula, Lam. . . : , : 5 : . 104 Crucibulum, Schum. Essai nouv. syst., 182, 1817, . 102, 117 Crypta, Humphrey. Mus. Callon, 1797. = Crepidula, Lam. . , . 104,129 Crystallinus (Hipponyx), Gould. Proe. Boston Soc. Nat. fieh., ar, 161, 1846, . : . 136 Cumingii (Crucibulum imbricatum), var. _ Carp. Zool. Proc., 167, 1856. = OC. scutellatum, Gray. ae 117 Cuvieri ‘(Calyptraea), Desh. Regné Animal, pl. 48, £ i = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, VATS 5 : als Cyathella (Calyptrea), Reeve. Conch. leony x1; sp. 2g 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. : : : . 138 Cythera (Pileopsis), Lesson. Voy. Cogq., ii, pt. i, 387, ne : : , 3 : ‘ F , 133 Danieli (Hipponyx), Crosse. Rev. Zool., 81, 161, 1858; Jour. de Conch., 2 ser., iii, 205; 3 ser., ii, 22, . P e La6 Decipiens (Caly ptria), Ph. Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1845, 61, 121 Dentatum (Crucibulum), Menke. Zeitsch., 1847. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, : ‘ : bs War Depressa (Crepidula), Desh. Ene. Méth., ii, 26. = C. dilatata, Lam. . : : : : 144 INDEX AND SYNONYMY, Depressa (Calyptrzea), Ad. and Reeve (not of Lamarck). Moll. Voy. Samarang, 70, pl. xi, f. 2a, b. Mitrularia Adamsii, Rve. . Depressa (Crepidula), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., 225, = C. fornicata, sae : Depressus (Capulus), A Ad. Ann. and Mag., 1861, 138, — C. radiatus, Sars. . E : - : : : Deshayesii (Crepidula), Folin. Meleagrinicoles, 29, 1867. = C. unguiformis, Lam. . Diaphana (Calyptreea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ea sp. 23, ‘1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. . Diaphorostoma, Fischer. Man. ‘de Conch, 156, 1835. = Platyostoma, Conr. : Dilatata (Crepidula), Lam. Anim. sans 1s Vert., Edit. Desh. vii, 644, . : : : : : : Dilatatus (Capulus), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Dec., 1860, 422. = C. radiatus, Sars. - ‘ : ‘ 4 : : Dillwynii (Caly ptreea), Gray. 1825, Brit. Mus., Cat. xxvii, 48. — M. equestris, Linn. : : ; . : ; Dispar (Pileopsis), Michelotti. Foss. Mioc. It. Sept., 136, i. 5, f) 1,2: = Capulis Muncaricus, inn: 2 : : Dispotea, Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., iv, 131, 1824. = Crucibulum, Schum. Dormitoria (Calyptrea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 5, 1858. == Mitrularia equestris, Linn. : Dorsata (Calyptrza), Brod. Trans. Zool. Boe. i ab 28, f. HO ,1835;. 2. : 5 : . 127, Echinus (Calyptriea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc. V1; 203, t. 29, f.1. = Crep. aculeata, Gmel. = A, Effodiens s (Hipponyx), Carp. ' ‘Proc, Ziol. Soc., 1856, p. 5, Elegans (Capulus), Tapp.-Can. Museo Civico Genoa, ix, 286, Equestris (Mitrularia), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit , xii, 1257, Ergea, H. and A. Adams. Genera i, 370, 1854. = Siphopatella, Lesson, . : , : : : Excavata (Crypta), Brod. Pro. Zool. Soc., 46, 1834. = (. adunea, Sowb. . ‘ , : ‘ ‘ : Excisa (Crepidula), Phil. Menke, Zeitsch., 24, 1849, Exogyroceras, Meek and Worthen, 1868.05": Explanata (Crepidula), Gould. Cal. and Mex. Shells, 4, t. 14,4.%. 2? = C, Lessonii, Brod. : : : sos Extinctorium (Calyptrea), Lam. Anim. sans Vt., vil, 622, Extinctorium (Crucibulum), Sowb. (non Lam.). Gen., f. 3 = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, Exuviata (Crypta), Nutt. MS. per tes a Proc. 738, "1867. = C. Lessonii, Brod. : é Lia, PAGE, INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Fastigiata (Calyptrea), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 161. = C. mamillaris, Brod. Ferrugineum (Crucibulum), Reeve. Conch. Icon. wel, ‘sp. 5. 1858. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, Fibulata (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 11, 1858. — Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . F Fimbriata (Crepidula), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi 8p. 1, 1859. — Lessoni (Crepidula), Brod. . ; Fissurata (Crepidula), Sowb. Thes. Conch. JED: 10, 1883. = C. adunca, Sowb. . ‘ Foliacea (Caliptrea), Brod. “Trans. Zool. Soe, i, t. 28, fea, 1835. ? — Crep. dorsata, Brod. é : 197, Foliaceus (Hipponyx), Menke. Zeit., 1851, 36 (non Quoy. and G.). = H. serratus, Carp. Foliaceus (Hipponyx), Quoy. V oy Astrol., t. 72, his 11-45. —H. antiquatus, Linn. . ; : : Fornicata (Crepidula), Phillippi. “Moll. Sicil., io tle lesG. = C. Moulinsii, Mich. : ; : : : = Ls; Fornicata (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. 1257, 3 : Fusca (Trochita), Carp. Thes. Conch. Index. = Calyptreea mamillaris, Brod. ; : Fusco- -punctata (Crepidula excavata, var. a: Moreh. Mal. Blatt., vii, 74. = C. aduneca, Sowb. Galericulus, Seeley. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., Ser. iii, vil, ee 1861, : : . : 5 ; Galeropsis, Conrad (not Hupé), : é -Galerus, Humphrey, 1797. — Oalyptreea, Lam. Garnotia, Gray. Zool. BLOG. fad 180, a0. : . 104, Garnotii (Pileopsis), oe Cat. 94, pL, figs. 3, 4. = Gadinia, Gemmacea (Calyptriea), var. "Valenciennes. Voy. Venus., xv. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, Gibbosa (Crepidula), Def. Dict. Nat. Sci., xi, 397, No. 2. = C. fornicata, Linn. : Gibbosa (Crepidula), Desh. "Ann. sans Vert., Edit. ii, vii, eai. =. Moulinsii, Mich. . Glauca (Crepidula), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Goreensis (Crepidula), Desh. Lam. Anim. sans Vt., vii, oe Grandis (Crepidula), Midd. Malaco. Rossica, 101. = (. dilatata, Lam. . : 2 Granulatus (Capulus), A. Adams. Zool. Proc:; ‘176, 1853, t. 20, f. 3, : Grayanus (Hippony x), Menke. Zeit. Mal., 115, 1853, 10 145 PAGE, 146 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Haliotidea, Swains. Malac., 354, 1840. — — Sigapatella, Lesson, PAGE, - 103 Harttia, Walcott. Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 10, 18, 1884, 109 Helicoidea (Trochita), Sowb. Thes. Conch., XXXiX, Sp. 19, 1k83, : : 122 Hepatica (Crepidula), Desh. Ene. Méth, it; 26, Nowy. ? = C. onyx, Sowb. ‘ : . 128 Hipponiciformis (Caly ptreea), Reeve. ‘Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 26, 1858. = C. equestris, Linn. : 5 : . 138 Hipponyx, Defrance. Bull. des Se. 9, 1819, : . 108, 134 Hispida (Calyptrea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc,, iy sexvil, 1. 10, 1835. = Crue. scutellatum, Gray, var. . .* 112, tas Holurthii (Crepidula), Parry. hes. Conch. Index, 131 Hungaricus (Capulus), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1259, . 131 Hystrix (Calyptraea), Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc. 39, 1834. = Crep. aculeata, Gmel. . aS . LQ, 113,018 Tanacus, Mirch. Yoldi Cat.,i, 146,1852, . : . 104, 130 Igoceras, Hall, 1859, 3 ; . ; : - he Imbricata (Hipponyx), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Fist, Hy 261. : : . 136 Imbricatum (Crucibulum), Brod. Zool. Jour. golly: tie Bulle thee te = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, Lil, Tg Immersa (Crepidula), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soe. bt, 1865. = C. rugosa, Nutt. . : . 128 Immersa (Crepidula), Ad. and Reeve. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. = C. porcellana, Linn. Incurva (Patella), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3715. = C. intortus, Lam. Incurva (Crypta), Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 40. = C. adunea, Sowb. . . 129 Incurvata (Crepidula), Brod. and Bam! Zool. Journ., iv, 370. = Incurva (Crypta), Brod. Infundibulum, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 166, 1810,. 103 Intermedia (Calyptrea), d’Orb. oe Amer. mer., 463, t. 59, f. 4-6, 22 Intortus (Capulus), Lamarck. Anim, sans Vert. eer ‘pt. 2, 18, 1822, . 131 Intusconcamerata (Lepas), Martini. Conch. Cab. = Calypt. radians, Lam. Italica (Crepidula), Detr. Dict. Sc. Nat. | My Oot = unguiformis (Crepidula), Lam. . . 130 pee os ee ee Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 138, 1861, : 5 . 133 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Krebsia, Mirch. Mal. Blatt., xxiv, 97, 1877. — Hipponyx, Defrance, Krebsii (Piliscus), Mérch. Mal. Blatt., Xxiv, 100, 1877. = Williamia, Monts. (Siphonariide), Lactuecacea (Calyptrea), Rochebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., ' 179, 1882-3, : ; Leevigata (Calyptreea), Chenu. Man. ip 9331. = C. extinctorium, Lam. 2 ‘ Leevigata (Calyptreea), L am, Anim. sans vt., vii, 623. — 0. Sinensis (Calyptrza), Linn. . Lamarekii (Calyptrea), Menke. Zeit. Mal., 186, 1841. ==€. mamillaris, Brod... : Lamarckii (Calyptrea), Desh. Lamarck, Anim. sans vt., vii, 627, 1836. =—C. Calyptreiformis (Trochita), Lam. Lamellosa (Crepidula)~(Crypta), A. Ad. Ann. Mag., ae 1862, . Lamellosa (Trochita), A. Ad. Sowerby, Thes. Coneh., sp. 16,1883. = Cal. Candianum, Orb. . : Lateralis (Trochita), Sowb. Thes. Conch., XXXiX, sp. 9, 1883, : ‘ 3 : A : , Lay ardii (Caly ptriea), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 28, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . Lentiginosa (Crepidula), Sowb. Thes. ‘Conch. , Sp. 18, 1883, Lessonii (Crepidula), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soe. 11,204, t. 29, f. 5, 1835, . : : : 126, Liberatus (Capulus), Pease. "Am. Jour. Conch., iil, 284, pl 24, f. 2, 1867. =—C. intortus, Lam. . Lichen (C alyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soe., i pl XXViii, f. 4, 1835. —C. mamillaris, Brod. . Lignaria (Calyptreea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pl. xxvii, f. 8,1835. “— Scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, Lineolata (Crepidula), Desh. Ene. Méth., ii, No. 4. Lingulata (Crepidula), Gould. Otia. Conch. = UC.dorsata, Brod. . : : : : : el Tic Litata (Crepidula), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 30, 1859. = C.onyx,Sowb. . - : ; : : : Lithedaphus, Owen. Zool. Proc., 147, 1842. = Mitrularia, Schum. ; : : : : : Lividum (Crucibulum), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 25, 1859. = C. extinctorium, Lam. ‘ . ; : : Longirostris (Lithedaphus), Owen. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . : F : ‘ Lorica (Calyptrea), Brod. Brit. Mus. Cat., xxvii; Gray (Orb., So. Am.), p.47. = mamillaris (Calyptreea), Brod. Lyroseapha, Conrad. = Crepidula, Lam. . . : ; 148 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE, Maculata (Calyptrea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pl. xxvii, 4, =Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. . Lise Maculata (Trochita), Quoy. Voy. de l’Astr., iii, 422, pl. 12, f. 6,9, 1834. = C. Calyptreitormis, Ramone . 123 Maculosa (Crypta), Conr. Proc. Philad. Acad., 26, 1846. = Crep. fornicata, Linn. . : : : ; : . 124 Magellanica (Clypeolum), Gray. Zool. Proc., 785, 1867. = C.mamillaris, Brod. . , : ; : é ~ ion Mamillaris (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. “Sac., 1, pl. XXvili, 5, 1835, . é d : : . 120 Mamma ’(Caly prea), Siemaschko. Bulletin des Natur. de Moscou, 1847, 122. = C. Sinensis, Linn. : : . 120 Mammula’ (Dispotea), Rochebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., 179, 1882-3, - : : : ‘ : . 119 Marginalis (Cry pta), Brod. ‘Zool. Trans., i 205; t.29 it. 9) 1835. = C. onyx, Sowb. . 129 Martiniana (Calyptreea), Rve. Conch. Icon. Beas sp. 13; “1858. ; = Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. . : . 138 Metoptoma, Phillips. Geol. Yorksh., a 293, 1836, : - 106 Militaris (Pileopsis), Linn. Mantissa, 552. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn.,juv. . : j « Lae Militaris (Patella), Wood. Ind. Test., 1895. ?— Capulus intortus, Lam. : : . 132 Minor (Hipponyx), Garrett. Cal. Proc., vol. L103 5) « 13st Minuta (Crepidula), Midd. Malaco. Rossica, 101. == (C.dilatata, lam. . ; 4 3 . - ~ 128 Mitella, Leach. = Calyptrea, Lam. Mitrella, Gray. Zool. Proc., 740, 1867. = Mitrularia, Schum. 108 Mitrula ( Patella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3708. = Hipponyx antiquatus, Linn. : «134 Mitrularia, Schum. Essai nouy. Syst., 183, lei, . 108, Ter Monoxyla (Calyptrea), Lesson. Voy. Cone, i rapt. do dle 1830, @ 138 Morbidum (Crucibulum), Rve. thet eon: a! sp. 24, 1859. == C. extinctorium, Lam. . = lg Moulinsii (Crepidula), Mich. Bull. Soc. Linn. Brod. sul 265. = Jefireys, Zool. Proc., 680, 1882, . ; - 126 Muricata (Patella), Costa, Cat., 124. = C. Sinensis (Calyptriea), Linn. : : : . 120 Nautarum (Crypta), Humph. Cat., 9, Moreh, Mal. Blatt. xxiv, 103, 1877. = C. fornicata, Linn. . . 124 Nautiloides (Crepidula), Lesson MSS. IIL. de Zoil. es pl. 42. = C. dilatata (Crepidula), Lam. = C. fornicata, Linn. 124, 127 Navicella (Crepidula), Less. Voy. Cogq., ii, pt. i, 388, . 130 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 149 P. Navicelloides (Crepidula), Nutt. Jay’s Cat. of Shells, No. on 3035. ? — C. Lessonii, Brod. . . 116, Navicula (Crypta), Dkr. ‘MSS. Mirch, Mal. Blitt., XXiv, Maeisit. ?—C. convexa, Say. . : Neleta, Gray. Zool. Proc., 743, 1867. = Crucibulum, Schum. ; é - : : Neptunii (Calyptreea), Dill. Descrip. Cat., 1017, 1885. = C. equestris, Linn. : é : j : : : Neritoides (Crepidula), Recluz. Jour. de. Conch., 205, My feo 86.-19, 1851. = Latia, [bid., iti, 260, 1852, —s«z Nivea (Crepidula), C. B. Ad. ‘Panama Shells, 234, 1859, 115, Nobilis (Amathina), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 312, 1867. Nove-Zelandiz (Calyptraea), Lesson. Voy. Coq., Ml, Soo. 1830. = €. Calyptreiformis, Lam. . : : : : Noicia, Gray. Zool. Proc, 740, 1867. — Siphopatella, Lesson. . 3 104, Nummaria (Crepidula), Gould. Bost. Proc. Otia. Conch. 15. = C. dilatata, Lam. ; : : : : : Occidentalis (Trochita), Gray. Fig. Moll. An.,1850,iv rP- 84. = Calyptrea Candiana. d’Orb. . Onyx (Crepidula), Sowb. Gen. of Shells, No. 23, te 2s Orientalis (Hipponyx), Dufo. Ann. Sci. Nat., 1840, 20%. — H. australis, Quoy, : Ornata (Protomedea), Costa, p. 74, te Xi, f. 6 a, Ox; “Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xii, 251. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. . : : Orthonychia, Hall. Geol. N. Y., iv, 171, 1843, ; Osculans (Crepidula), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., 1852. = Scutellina. Ossea (Calyptrea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 19, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. ; : : : Paleacea (Pileopsis), Menke. Synopsis, p. 89, . Pallida (Crepidula), Brod. Trans, Zool. Soc.,i, 204, pl. 29, f 3, 1835. = C. dilatata, Lam. Panamensis (Hipponyx), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 218, = Antiquatus (Hipponyx), Linn. . Papy racea (Calyptraa), A. Ad. MS. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 6, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. : - Parvulus (Galerus), Dkr. Jahrb. Mal. Ges., 1875, p. 244, Patagonica (Crepidula), d’Orb. Voy. Amer. mer., 464, pl. 58, iaeeo. £ = GC. fornicata, Linn. ; i : : : Patula (Crepidula), Desh. Encye. Meth., ii, 27. = C. dilatata, Lam, ; . : d : 126 150 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Pectinatum (Crucibulum), Carpenter. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, 168. = C. scutellatum, Gray, . . 1 Pellucida a (Galy ptrea), Rve. Trochita, f 2, 1859, : . 120 Perforans (Calyptrea), Val. Voy. Venus, t. 24, 'f 9, 1846. wR a 16 GOO RE ROL NS IEA AA LLL ESCAPED = Crepidula Lessonii, Brod. . . 115, 126 Peruviana (Calyptraea), Desh. Eneye. Meth., il, 170, 1830. = Radians (Trochita), Lam. _ . . Lae Peruviana (Crepidula), Lam. Anim. sans Vert. edit. Desh., vii, 644. — C. dilatata, Lam. . LOR ied ctiphera (Trochita), Rochebrune. _ Bull. Soc. Philom., 179, 1882-3, ; : ; ; : : . 122 Pileolus (Calyptreea), a Orb. Voy. Amer. mer., 468, t. 78, £5, 6; : : ‘ : : ; . 122 Pileopsis (C aly ptreea), ‘Quoy. Voy. de 1l’Astr., iii, pl. 72, figs. 19,20. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. 3 - . 138 Pileopsis, Lam. Extr. d’un Cours., 1812. = Capulus, Monffort, - : . 105 Pileus (Trochita), Lam. Deless. Icon., st: 34, f. 2. : = Calyptrea radians, Lam. i Pilidium, Midd. (not Forbes). Beitr. Mal. Ross. vl 1849. . | — — Capulacmea, Sars, 5 : - 105 at Piliscus, Lovén. Ofv. K. vet. Ak., 1859. | = Capulacmea, M. Sars. . - 105 Pilosus (Pileopsis), Desh. Guerin’s Mag. ‘de Zool. i: ph 9, : 1831.. — H. barbatus, Sowb. . : . 135 an Plana (Calyptreea), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang gpl. xi, } f..3.° = C. Walshii, Hermannson, “- . 130 : Plana (Crepidula), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., Fs 226. = C.unguiformis, Lam. . : ” 130 . | Planata (Crucibulum imbricatum, var.),. Mirch. Mal. | Blatt., vii, 76. -— C. scutellatum, Gray, . : : = 2 | Planatum (Crucibulum), Schum. Essai nov. syst. + = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. . : 5 - 118° Planatus (Hipponyx), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 298, LSdil%, » len §g Platyceras, Conrad. Rep. Geol. N. Y., 1840, . : . 106 } Poculina, Gray. Zool. Proc., 742, 1867. | = Mitrularia, Schum. . 108 t Poculum (Trochita), Rve. Conch. Icon., ail sp. se 1859. : = Calypt. mamillaris, Brod. . « 12t Polii (Calyptrea), Scacchi. Cat. =C. Sinensis, Linn. . 120 Re Porcellana (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Hdit,, xii, 1257. °. ..196 t Porosa (Calyptreea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 20, 1858. 4 = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . 138 3 Prerupta (Crepidula), Conrad. U.S. Expl. Exped., x 191, 3 19,9,9¢. =—C. dilatata, Lam. : OF 4 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Peziza (Calyptriea), Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 10. = Crue. scutellatum, Gray, var. : Princeps (Crypta), Conrad. Gabb. Pal. Calif, il, "82. = C. dilatata, Lam. . : Probus (Piliscus), Lovén, 1851. = Capulus radiatus, Sars. 5 3 5 - ; . 132 Profunda (Crepidula), Hutton. Cat. Tert. Moll. N. Zeal., 14,1873. = C. monoxyla, Lesson, 2 . 128 Proscenula, Perry. Conch., ea eat —- Crepidula, Lam. 104 Protea (Crepidula), d’Orb. (in part). Voy. de l’Amer. Mer., 465; Voy. Cuba, ii, 192. —C. fornicata, Linn. . 114, 124 Protea (Crepidula), d’Orb. (in part). Woy. Cuba, 11, 192, t. 24, f. 30,31; Voy. Amer. Merid., 465. = C. unguiformis, Lam. Quiriquina (Calyptreea), Lesson. Voy. de la Coq., 397, No. 157, 1830, : : 3 : : : : : By he) Radians (Trochita), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, ee Ce Radiata (Calyptrea), Desh. Enc. Méth., ii, 17, No. 3, 1830, 121 Radiatum (Crucibulum), Brod. Trans. "Zool. Soc., ae pl. xxvii, f. 6, 1835, : : : : 5 : obit is Radiatum (Pilidium), Sars. Reise Lofoten, 64, 1850. Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., xix, 321, 1877, 132 Radiatus (Hipponyx), Quoy et Gaimard. Voy. Uranie, 454, t. 69, f. 1-5 : . 135 Radiatus (Hippony x<)s Gray. Proc. Zool. Soe. ; p. 5, 1835. = H. Grayanus, Menke. . 135 Radiola (Calyptriea), Desh. Enc. Méth., ity 178, 1830, ee eal Radiosa (Calyptraea), Gould. Proce. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., ii, 160. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . : : . 138 Reducta (Pileopsis), (Brocchia), Desh. Cat. Moll. Ile Reunion, page 51, 1863, : : 5 : ; . 106 Regularis (Trochita), C. B. Ad. Panam. Shells, 224. = Mamillaris (Trochita), Brod. , : : : 121 Riisei (Crepidula), Dkr. Menke, Zcitsch., 189, 1852. = C. fornicata, Linn. ; : : 2 : ; . 124 Roissyi (Calyptrea), Dufo. Ann. Sci. Nat., Oct. 1841, f. 206. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. lst Rostrata (Crepidula), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 935, = C.adunca, Sowb. . . 129 Rostriformis (Crepidula), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 160. == C. adunca, Sowb. j = 129 Rudis (Calyptrza), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc. lie 196. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, mea ae Rugulosa (Crepidula), Dunker. Menke, Zeitsch., 5 LOS, ‘1846, 130 Le INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE, Rugulosa (Amalthea), Dunker. Mal. Blatt., xviii, 151,1871, 137 Rugulosa (Calyptrea), Dkr. Mal. Blatt., xviii, 150, 1871, 139 Rugosa (Crepidula), Nutt. Jay’s Cat. of Shells, 41; Zool. Proc., 1856. = C. onyx, Sowb. ; : : : . §2e Rugosum (Crucibulum), var., Lesson. Guer. Mag., pl. ii. = Scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, : : - . LE Sacchari-meta (Calyptrea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, Sp. 15, 1858. = C. equestris, Linn., var. . . 1338 3 Sagittifer (Capulus), Gould. Wilkes’ Exp., "383, 1859, . 132 Sandalium, Schum. Essai nouy. syst., 183, 1817. = Crepidula, Lam. . , ; : : : : . 104 Scabies (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 16, 1858. — Mitrularia tectum-sinense, Lam. . é 5 ; . ae Seabies (Crepidula), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, P. 18, 1859. = C. Walshii, Herm. . 130 Scutellata (Patella), Gray it in Wood. Ind. Test. ‘Supp, pl. viii, 4, . 14 Seutum (Calyptreea), Lesson. Voy. Coq. vii, pt. 1395, 1830, 122 Scutulum (Calyptrza), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi oe 30, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . : 13m Sella (Calyptreea), Mke. Synopsis, 89, ~ 1s Serrata (Caly ptreea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soe., i ; “pl. XXViii, f. 1. == Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, . : - . Serratus (Hipponyx), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 296, °. . 134 Shreevei (Capulus), Conrad. A.J. C., v, 105, pl. 13, f. 3, - aa Sigapatella, Lesson. Zool. Voy. Coquille, 1830, . 103, 122 Sinensis (Calyptrzea), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit. xii, 1257, . ies Sinuosa (Crepidula), Turton. Zool. Jour., ii, 364, t. 13,f. 5, = C.unguiformis, Lam. . é . 130 Siphopatella, Lesson. Zool. V oy. ” Coquille, 1830, . 104, 130 Sitchana (Crepidula), Midd. Mal. Rossica, pt. ii, 100, t. 11, f. 8-5. 2? = 'C.onyx, Sowb. : . 129 Solida (Crepidula), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur. 53, pl 16, f. G 8, = C. adunca, Sowb. . « 128 Solida (Trochita), Rve. Conch. Icon. Pe | Sp. 10, 1859. = C. mamillaris, Brod. Sordida (Calyptrza), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soe. i, pl. eer 2. = C. radians, Lam. . - : : ; . tak Spectrum (Crucibulum), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 13, 1859. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var., aS Spinifera (Mitrella), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, 741, - 128 Spinosa (Calyptrzea), Sowb. Gen. of Shells, "f. 4, 7. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var... ~ 10; 1b ee Spinulosa (Trochita), Chemn. = C. sinensis (Trochita), Linn. ane e ; ; . 120 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 153 Spirata (Calyptrea), Nardo, == C.Sinensis, Linn. . . 120 , Spirata (Calyptrzea), Forbes. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1850, 271. i = C. radians, Lam. . . 121 | Spiricella, Rang. Bull. Soc. Linn. , Brod., ii 296, 1883, = 106 | Spirocrypta, Gabb. Pal. Catif. i, 137, 1864, - . 104 Squama (Crypta), Brod. Trans. "Zool. Soc., i, 205, 1839. = Crepidula Lessonii, Brod. . : .110, 126 | Squama (Calyptrea), Desh. Enc. Méth. jul ‘116, No. 1%. = C. Sinensis, Linn. : : : . 120 | Stella (Calyptrea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi sp. 24, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . sailon | Striata (Calyptreea), Brod. (not of Say). Trans. Geol. Soc., | i, pl. xxviii, 6. — Crue. scutellatum, Gray. var. Striata (Calyptreea), Brod. (not Say). Zool. Proc., 38, 1834. | = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. . : : : :

13 Ticaonicus (Hipponyx), Sowb. Thes., 370, : : Be ey 154 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. — Tongana (Calyptrea), Quoy. Voy. de l’Astr., ili, pl. 72, figs. 17,18. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . ; . 138 Tomentosa ‘(Trochita), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 71. = Calyptreformis (Trochita), Lam. . 193 Tortilis (Calyptrea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, SP 2, 1858. = C. equestris, Linn. var. . 138 Trelania, Gray. Zool. Proc., 744, 1867. ‘ — Mitrularia, Schum. ‘ f : ‘ - 102 Trelania, Gray. Zool. Proe. cece 1867. ‘ = Crucibulum, Schum. . : : . - 108 Tricarinata (Amathina), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit. xii, 1259, = A. tricostata, Gmelin, . : ‘ . 133 Tricostata (A mathina), Gmelin. Syst. N at., Edit. xiii, 3698, 133. Trigona (Amathina), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, 251, . 133 Trigonalis (Calyptraa), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang., 70, pl. ix, Ta,b. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. . 118 Trigonus (Hipponyx), Gm. Syst. Nat., 3714, ? =H subrufus, Lam. ; : . 134 Trochatella, Lesson. Voy. Coquille, 1830. . = — Infundibulam, Montf. . : : : . 103 Trochella, Gray. Zool. Proc., 735, 1867. = — Sigapatella, Lesson, . : : : . 103 Trochiformis (Patella), Gmel. Syst. Nat. = Cal. radians, Lam. : : : . ae Trochilina, Gray. Zool. Proe., 741, 1867. — Mitrularia, Schum. y ; : : . 108 Trochoides (Patella), Dillwyn. Cat., ii, 1018. 4 = Calypt. radians, Lam. . : : . 121 Trochita, Schum. Essai nowy. syste 184, 1817. = — Infundibulum, Montf. . : : . 103 Tuberculatus (Hipponyx), oe Proc. Zool. SOC., (prey 1856, - ; : : 4 . 134 Tubifera (Calyptreea), Gray. Prog. Zool. Soc., 1857, p. 748. — Mitrularia equestris, var. aculeata, « ss Tubifera (Calyptrzea), Lesson. Voy. Coquille, il , pt. i 391, 1830. = (Crucibulum), scutellatum, Gray, var. : "312 , Lis Tubiferum (Crucibulum), Say. Gray, in Zool. Proc:; 746, 1867. == C. scutellatum, Gray, var. ) Tumens (Hipponyx), Carpenter. Ann. and Mag., 3d des xv, S05 dS6b. 3 . 135 Tylacus, Conrad. = — Crepidula, Lam. : . 104 Tryblidium, Lindstrém. 1880. — — Metoptoma, Phillips, . 106 Uneata (Crepidula), Menke. Zeitschrift ftir Malac , 1847, 184. = C. adunca, Sowb. : : : : 2 » 129 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Ungarica (Pileopsis), Lam. Anim. s. Vt., vil, 609. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. Ungaricoides (Pileopsis), d’Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., 457, pl. 78, fig. 4, aris (Caly ptriea), Brod. Trans. Zool. oes it, “pl. xxviii, f.3. = C. mamillaris, Brod. Unguis (Patella), Sowb. Min. Conch., 88, t. 139, f. 7, 8. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. Unguiformis (Crepidula), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 642, . Pde hpy WAG ROR: Umbrella (Calyptriea), Desh. Ene. Méth., ii, 173, No. 8. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var... Umbo (Calyptreea), Rve. Conch. Icon. sly Sp. 33, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn, Uncinata (Calyptriea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. if, ‘1858. = M. equestris, Linn., vai Vanikorensis (Calyptrea), Quoy. Voy. de 1’Astr. ee 12, figs. 21-23.. — Mitrularia equestris, Linn. Varia Pps), Brod. Trans. Ziol. Soe., i, pl. 27, fig. 3 1835. ‘ia equestris, Linn. Ventricosa (Trochita), a Mazat. Cat, 264. ? — C. radians, Lam. Verrucosum (Crucibulum), re ign eon pels sp. 19, 1859, Vestita (Caly ptreea), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 65, 1851, Violaceum (Crucibulum), Carpenter. Proc. Zool. Soe ty, 1856, 167. —C. scutellatum, Gray, Violaceus (Capulus), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, 114. felp. t. 23, ‘ Vulgaris (Caly ptrea), Phil. "Enum. Moll. Sic., ii, 93. = C. Sinensis, Linn. . ‘ . ; : ; Walshii (Crepidula), Hermanson. Reeve, Icon., xi, sp. 17, 1859. = Walshii (Crepidula), Hermann, ? Famity XZ NOPHORIDZ. Shell depressed or conical, trochiform, with carinated periph-_ ery, not nacreous, soldering shells, stones, etc., to its upper sur- face. Operculum large, horny, subannular, with lateral dextral — nucleus, muscular impression sinistral, semilunar, extending the whole length. Animal with long, annulated muzzle, elongated, subulate ten-_ | tacles, with sessile eyes at their external base; foot small, used for jumping, not walking, with the anterior ae expanded, posteriorly tapering ; gill long, composed of narrow lamine and filaments. Dentition, 2°1:1:1:2; the central tooth subtrigonal, multicuspid, laterals large, subtriangular, the margin reflected and multicuspid, the marginals very narrow and long, arcuated (Pl. 30, fig. 8). These mollusks scramble along like the Strombs; they extend and fix the front dilated part of the foot, and draw the posterior portion up to it, jerking the shell forwards at every movement ; this mode of progression is adapted to the nature of the surface on which they move, which is usually composed of the debris of dead shells. The shell resembles a Trochus, but the texture is not nacreous. The peculiarity of this tribe is the habit of agelutinating foreign bodies to the upper surface of the shell, which is carried to such an extent in some instances as to con- ceal the volutions and give the structure the appearance of a small pile of fragments of stones and shells. That this imitation of its surroundings is protective in its nature, there can be no doubt; but in some of the species the protection is not apparent, the agglutinating process being restricted within narrow bounds, or sometimes not developed, and when exhibited is confined to a single row of small bivalves or stones on the suture or periph- ery, arranged with a degree of regularity as to size, and occur- rence indicating the existence of choice or artistic taste on the part of the mollusk. Of the shells attached, single valves of lamellibranchs are preferred, probably because they give more (156) XENOPUORID®. 157 surface for their weight than univalves, and as the back affords the best surface for attachment, the interior of these is turned up and free, thus making the whole mass particularly uninviting to any creature disposed to essay the destruction of the structure with a view to molluscous food. The near relatives of the Xenophoride, the Vermetids, are as well protected by soldering their shells to the surface of large bodies, but other groups not very distant appear to have no dependence but on their shell. Genus XENOPHORA, Fischer de Waldheim, 1807. Shell conical, trochiform, upper surface carrying shells, stones and madrepores, irregularly arranged, so as sometimes to almost completely disguise tlie surface; imperforate or narrowly rimate ; lower face of peripheral carina striate and granular. . Tropical Seas. Phorus, Montfort, 1810,and Pseudophorus, Meek,are synonyms. Section Tucurium, Fischer, 1880. Shell umbilicated, only agglutinating in the neighborhood of the suture, margin of the last whorl prolonged, thin, blade like, smooth below ; operculum trigonal or trapezoidal. Section Onustus, H. and A. Adams, 1854. Shell conical, depressed, widely and profoundly umbilicated, periphery spinose at intervals, suture, towards the apex only, more or less ornamented with small stones or shells agglutinated to the surface. Tropical Seas. Humphrey first used the faulty generic name (being an adjec- tive), in 1797, but the justifiable exclusion of this author’s genera does not prevent its use in connection with the recognizable definition of H. and A. Adams; hence I see no absolute neces- sity for adopting instead Haliphebus, Fischer, 1880. Subgenus EnpopryGMa, Gabb, 1877. Shell umbilicated, agglutinating, the basal margin having one * or two internal spiral plications, which have left their imprint on the cast from which the group is described. E. UMBILIcATUM, Tuomey. Cretaceous of Alabama. 158 XENOPHORIDA. Genus EUTROCHUS, Whitfield, 1682. Conical above, flat or concave beneath, broadly deeply umbili- cated; aperture very oblique, periphery strongly carinated or expanded ; surface ornamentation unlike above and below. Dif- fers from the umbilicated forms of Trochidz in not forming a columella, and from Risella in being umbilicated. K. concava, Hall. Carboniferous, Jllinois, Indiana. Genus AUTODETUS, Lindstriém, 1884. Shell small, widely conical, sinistral, attached by its truncated apex to foreign bodies, axis imperforate, suture not perceptible externally. A. calyptratus, Schrenck, Silurian of Gotland. An aberrant form placed in this family by Lindstrém. The apical fixation resembles that of certain Vermetide, but the shell may be a tubiculate Annelid. Anticalyptrea, Quenstedt, 1884, is a synonym. Genus CLISOSPIRA, Billings, 1865. This curious form from the Silurian of Canada, which I have placed, with some doubt, in Trochidz, is with equal doubt referred here by Fischer. It is trochiform, with reticulated surface; there is some evidence that towards the apex it is spirally coiled, but the cavity occupied by the body of the animal appears to be straight and central, with an aperture expanding trumpet-like all around. The Xenophoride have been monographed by Reeve, in Con- chologia Iconica; by Philippi, in Kuster’s Conchylien Cabinet, and more recently by Dr. Fischer, in Kiener’s Coquilles vivantes. They first appeared possibly in the Silurian, more probably in the Devonian, and have not been numerous at any period of the geological history. a x : t 5 - ¢ rn lu XENOPHORA. 159 Genus XENOPHORA, Fischer, 1807. X. CALCULIFERA, Reeve. PI. 44, figs. 75, 76. Light yellowish brown, whorls convex, obliquely subgranu- larly undulately striate, suture and periphery agglutinating, the periphery undulated ; base widely umbilicated, closely radiately striated, the striz continued obliquely across the peripheral blade and there becoming corrugated or granose, middle of base with revolving grooves, Diam. 2°5 inches. China. X. Sinensis, Phil., is believed to be identical, and should per- haps be preferred, its date being earlier. X. SonarioipEs, Reeve. PI. 44, fig. 77. Widely umbilicated, yellowish white, obliquely rugosely striated, copiously agglutinating; base radiately arcuateiy cos- tulate, spirally granularly lirate, somewhat obliquely costulate at the periphery, umbilical area infundibuliform, subangular. Diam. 20 mill. Philippines. Very like X. calculifera, but much smaller, and distinguished by its more profuse crop of foreign bodies. X. coprnuGaTaA, Reeve. PI. 45, figs. 81, 82. Stoutly conical, diagonally wrinkled and corrugated, suture and periphery closely agglutinating fragments of shells; base with curved radiating granose striz, and a few revolving grooves, imperforate. Diam. 2°5 mill. Indian Ocean, Japan. X. CAPERATA, Phil. PI. 44, figs. 78, 80; Pl. 45, fig. 83. Obliquely perforate, light yellowish brown, suture and per- iphery agglutinating, surface obliquely striate; base lamellarly striate and concentrically lirate, some of the lirz strong, ele- vated, becoming smaller and denser on the peripheral margin. Diam., 1°5 inches. LH. Africa; Pondicherry. Smaller, thinner, with less dilated periphery than the last species; distinguished also by its basal sculpture and half-open umbilicus. 4 160 XENOPHORA. ¢ X. AusTRALIS, Souverbie. Pl. 47, figs. 94, 95. Perforate, elevated conical, light yellowish brown, obliquely subflexuously corrugated above, profusely agglutinating; base subconvex around the umbilicus and spirally suleate, subeoncave and intricately rugate towards the margin, decussated by radia- ting striae, becoming subnodulous near the umbilicus. Diam., 1 inch. New Caledonia. X. CEREA, Reeve. PI. 45, fig. 84. Perforate, yellowish white, nearly smooth, profusely aggluti- nating; base slightly concave, very minutely spirally and con- centrically striate. Diam. 25 mill. Philippines. X. PALLIDULA Reeve. PI. 44, fig. 79. Imperforate, yellowish white, obliquely striate, profusely agglutinating; base subplane, thinly arcuately radiately striate, very minutely crispate. Diam. 2°5 inches. Japan. X. orispaA, Konig. Pl. 45, fig. 85; Pl. 46, fig. 88. Umbilicated, rather thin, whitish or light yellowish brown, obliquely rugate, and profusely agglutinating at the suture and periphery ; base concentrically closely lirate, lirze about eight in number, granular, the vicinity of the periphery obliquely sub- radiate and granular; columellar callosity hiding a small part of the umbilicus, which is profound, lamellarly plicate. Diam. 34 mill. Mediterranean Sea. The operculum is thin, with unilateral lines; the earlier whorls of the shell are smooth. First described under the above name as an Italian tertiary fossil; as a living species, Tiberi called it X. Mediterranea. X. SENEGALENSIS, Fischer. PI. 45, figs. 86, 87. Umbilicated, conical, rather solid, whitish, earlier whorls smooth, subsequent ones with irregular, crispate, oblique striz and impressed lines, agglutinating at suture and periphery ; base a little concave, concentrically granosely lirate, the lire 5 or 6 in number, the lire of the peripheral carina oblique, fF > ee FF kd Canal Ay nail acai At VO ME 7 wr XENOPHORA. 161 crowded, more minutely granular; umbilicus slightly impinged on by the columellar callus, striate within. Diam. 16 mill. West Coast of Africa. Differs from the preceding species in having fewer basal costulations, with stronger granules upon them; differs also in its subrhomboidal, thin, corneous operculum having the striz a little angular in the middle. It is X. caperata, Petit (non Phil.), and X. crispa, Martens (non Konig). X. concHYLiopHoRus, Born. Pl. 46, fig. 89. Light brown, rugosely obliquely striated, profusely agelu- tinating large shells, stones, etc.,so as almost to conceal the upper surface, face concave, imperforate in the adult, with strong, crowded, curved growth-lines, and nearly obsolete con- centric low narrow ridges. Diam. 2 inches. West Indies. It is X. trochiformis, Born, X. agglutinans, Lam., X. onustus, Reeve, X. meandrina, X. vulcania, X. tricostata, and X. levt- gata, Fischer de Waldh., etc. X. ropusta, Verrill (unfigured). tha Paz, L. Calif. X. DieitaTa, Martens (unfigured). West Africa. X. Caveviert, Rochebrune (unfigured). Senegambia. Section Tucurium, Fischer, 1880. X. ExuTA, Reeve. PI. 46, figs. 90, 91. Suture and periphery undulated, upper surface occasionally agglutinating at the suture near the apex, but usually free from foreign bodies, obliquely undulately striated and grooved ; under surface shining, smooth, surrounded by a border of several close, rugose revolving strize, umbilical funnel closely striated; yel- lowish or orange-brown, lighter colored beneath. Diam. 2°75 inches. China. X. Inpica, Gmelin. Pl. 46, figs. 92, 93. Finely obliquely striated, yellowish brown, under surface smooth, lighter colored, in fresh specimens surrounded by a brown band, but without the marginal spiral stris of the last Species, umbilical funnel striated, periphery blade-like, only 11 : A” 2 aye yw * 162 XENOPHORA. irregularly slightly undulated on its edge; agglutinating only © at or near the apex. Diam. 2 inches. ; Indian Ocean. X. Wagneri, Phil., is a synonym. 4 X. HELVACEA, Phil. Pl. 47, fig. 96. Differs from the preceding species in the umbilicus, which has convex sides and is not defined by an angle. 4 Diam. 3 inches. Madagascar. — Its distinctness from X. Indica is problematical. X. Carisma, Petit. Pl. 47, figs. 97, 98. Thin, pale yellowish brown, white beneath, occasionally agglutinating on its irregularly undulating periphery; upper surface obliquely, slightly undulatingly striate; lower surface radiately finely striate, shining, with concentric obsolete grooves, — bordered by a strong revolving rounded rib, beyond which is the smooth shining peripheral blade. Diam. 2°5 inches. Isle of Marie Galante, West Indies. X. LAMBERTI, Souverbie. PI. 47, figs. 99, 100. Umbilicus partly covered, its walls convex, not defined by an angle; base subconvex, strongly spirally sulcate, the peripheral blade smooth; upper surface obliquely undulately striate, agolutinating at the suture, but not at the periphery ; light yel- lowish brown. Diam. 2 inches. New Caledonia. Section Onustus, H. and A. Ad., 1854. X. souaris, Linn. PI. 49, figs. 1, 2. Upper whorls with a few small agglutinating pebbles and shells at the suture, then fringed with regular distant hollow spines on the periphery, surface obliquely granularly striate, radiately, granularly ridged below; light yellowish brown. Diam. 78 mill. Malacca, Singapore. Famity VERMETIDEZ. Shell tubular, septate within, attached or free; sometimes regularly spiral when young, always becoming irregular in the adult growth; aperture rounded, usually entire, sometimes fis- sured. Operculum corneous, annular, sometimes spiral, rarely absent. Animal vermiform, elongated, with short snout and distant short tentacles, bearing eyes at their outer bases; foot small; a single elongated branchia, no copulatory organ ; two corneous jaws; dentition (PI. 30, fig. 9). These aberrant mollusks were separated by Cuvier in 1830, as an order under the name of Tubulibranchiata, corresponding with Tubispira, Desh., 1830, and Protopoda, Gray,1837. A more extensive acquaintance with the modifications of the breathing organs in mollusks has tended to diminish the importance which Cuvier attached to them. These animals, generally attached upon shells, or coral, or living in sponges, often gregarious in large colonies, although without copulatory organs are unisexual, oviparous or viviparous. The eggs are often attached to the tube itself. The embryos (Pl. 48, fig. 6) are furnished with a spiral shell and the young are often perforating. Like most attached shells the Vermetids are exceedingly irreg- ular in growth, sculpture and coloring, often reproducing the surface upon which they are fixed. The species are therefore very difficult to identify satisfactorily, particularly as in many Specinens the parts wherein reside the characteristic marks, the mouth, the operculum, etc.,are wanting. The difficulty is enhanced by the great resemblance of some of the forms to annelids of the genus Serpula—from which they may be distinguished by the spiral nuclear shell, and interior septa of the tube. The tube of Serpula is composed of two calcareous layers, that of Ver- metidee of three. As to the lamelle occurring within the tube, on the columellar or parietal wall, they are often wanting, perhaps (163) 164 VERMETID. absorbed away by the animal, like the teeth of Pupa, and although they are made subgeneric and sectional characters, they may be present or missing in the same species, and are consequently of inferior taxonomic importance. Prof.O. A. L. Mirch made a special study of the Vermetida, and to his papers in the Journal de Conchyliologie, and particu- larly in the Zool. Proceedings, London, 1860-1862, we are in- debted for the only scientific arrangement of them. Unfortunately this author has endeavored to name and describe every slight variation, and has thus amassed a large collection of forms, varieties and species, subgenera and genera, the study of which is even more perplexing than that of the specimens themselves. His genera are here reduced to subgenera, his subgenera to sec- tions. Illustrations may be found in the folio volume of Chenu, in Reeve’s “ Iconica’”’ and Sowerby’s ‘ Thesaurus,” but these respective monographs are only partial in their scope, the two latter being confined to Siliquaria, and leave much to be desired on the score of completeness. Dr. Leon Vaillant (Researches on Lamarck’s species of the Tubispirata in Nouv. Arch. du Museum, vii, 1871), thus classifies the Vermetidze :— A. Operculum wanting or rudimentary. 1. Genus SERPULORBIS, Sassi. Operculum fees S. G. THyacopEs. rudimentary. S. G. Bivonia. B. Operculum present and perfect. a. Shell smooth within. 2. Genus SIPHONIUM, Gray. Concave, with aes S. G. SipHoNiuM. margins spinose. 8S. G. STEPHOPOMA. Operculum { Formed of non eroding. 8S. G. VERMICULUS. [stacks up Jerod the body to which lamellze. Shell is attached. S. G. SprroGLyPHus. PERLE Net wore f eww | Mite ene Gg J Nea Ca Ae ty: ihe Senet § ae le oa Sad VERMETID®. 165 b. Shell with interior plications or lamellz. 3. Genus VERMETUS, Adanson. With a single columellar plication. S. G. VERMETUS. With parietal lameliz. S. G. PETALOCONCHUS. ‘Synopsis of Genera. Genus VERMETUS, Adanson, 1757. Animal having two pedal filaments, much longer than and situated in front and below the cephalic tentacles. Shell tubular, free or fixed, sometimes. regularly spiral when young, but becoming irregularly protracted or contorted when adult, with interior septa; aperture circular; operculum usually present, corneous, annular, circular, exteriotly concave. Inhabits temperate and tropical seas. Fossil, secondary and tertiary. Subgenus VERMETUS (sensu stricto). Shell spirally twisted, attached, surface often decussated, columella bearing one to three longitudinal lamelle. Operculum very small, concave, scarcely spiral. Section VeRMETus (typical). Lamine on the parietal wall. Section Petanoconcuus, Lea, 1843. Shell with two internal ridges running spirally along the colu- mella, becoming obsolete towards the apex and aperture. Mostly fossil. VY. scutprvuratus, Lea. Tertiary. U.S. (S. and S. Conch., t. 67, t 76). Section Macropuracma, Carp., 1857. Internal lamin towards the middle of the columella; superior lamina sharp, angulately deflexed, externally bicarinate. Operculum small, very thin, corneous, smooth, subplanate, searcely spiral. Section AtErEs, Carpenter, 1857. Whorls larger than in preceding section, columella with a very 166 VERMETIDA. faint median thread-like line ; color usually yellowish brown, the early whorls chestnut. Operculum concave externally, with 5-6 spiral lamine, the last abrupt; interiorly convex, shining, with irregular spiral liree; muscular area irregular, opaque. Subgenus Brvonta, Gray, 1842. Shell affixed, mostly spiral, with spiral, interruptedly nodu- lose lire and a median elevated line; aperture contracted, circular, columella without ridges. Operculum small, rudimen- tary. When these shells are not perfect, without the aperture margin, they are difficult to distinguish from Spiroglyphus. Dofania, Morch, 1860 (in part), is a synonym. Subgenus Srrrociypeaus, Daudin, 1800. Animal excavating a groove on the surface of shells or stones, _ covering it over with shelly material, and thus forming a: tubular planorbiform case. Considered by some naturalists an annulose animal allied to Serpula, but of this there is no proof. When first hatched, the shell is spiral and regular, consisting of one and a half whorls; it soon attaches itself, the channel it excavates being at first shallow, afterwards deeper; color bright purple to nearly black. The operculum is large, thick, convex exteriorly, with strong concentric lamine, plane interiorly, con- centrically lirate, with central mamilla, and narrowly elevated margin. Stoa, Serres, 1855, is in part a synonym. Subgenus Tuynacopes, Guettard, 1774. Shell adherent, frequently solitary, tubular, irregularly twisted, with 3-5 longitudinal nodulous lire, aperture rounded, colu- ° mella not plicate, but frequently partitioned internally perpen- dicularly to the axis. No operculum, or minute when present. Dofania, Morch, 1860 (in part), is a synonym; others are Serpulorbis, Sassi, 1827 (a name frequently used for the genus), Serpulus, Montf., 1810, and Serpuloides, Gray, 1850. The sub- genera. Cladopoda, Gray, 1840, Tetranemia, Morch, 1859, VERMETID. 167 Hatina, Gray, 1847, and Lementina, Risso, 1826, are founded on differences of form in the mollusk, mostly as represented by published figures, and allowing that these are correct, their value is probably no more than specific. These characters will be referred to in the descriptions of the species. Subgenus Srppontum (Brown, 1756), Morch, 1859. Shell adherent, irregularly twisted, carinated, without internal armature. Operculum large, smooth, circular, concave exter- nally, convex interiorly, the scar of attachment central, with rugose concentric striz, and plain margin. M. Rougemont has observed at Naples that S. maximum emits from its mouth a thin veil-like plaited substance, which entangles small natatory animals and is subsequently with- drawn (Bull. Soc. Neuch., xii, 94). Stoa, Serres, 1855 (in part), is a synonym, according to the text. Subgenus SrerHoroma, Morch, 1860. Adult shell adherent, spiral, solitary or clustered; aperture slightly inflexed above, very obsoletely effused below, without internal lamellze. Operculum slightly concave, arctispiral, fur- nished with long divergent multifid setze. Recent and fossil. The shells are generally very small, and usually so tender as to be very rarely found fossil in a good state of preservation. Difficult to distinguish from Vermiculus. Subgenus Burtinetia, Morch, 1861. Young shell adherent, the adult free, thick, widely conically elevated, trochiform or planorboid, usually sinistral, rarely dex- tral, last whorl protracted, more or less prolonged, tubular within, angular exteriorly, aperture circular, not contracted. Fossil only, 15 species. Oolitic, Cretaceous, Tertiary ; Hurope, India. B. concava, Stol. (Struc. and Syst. Conch., t. 67, f. 69, 70). Subgenus TusuLostium, Stoliczka, 1868. Shell planorboid to broadly conical, aperture contracted, pro- longedinatube. 4 sp. Jurassic, Hurope; Cretaceous, India ; Tertiary, United States. 168 VERMETIDA. Subgenus VeRMICULARIA, Lam., 1799. Shell free, in its early stage regularly coiled like a Turritella ; subsequently uncoiled, the tube variously twisted or more or less straight and prolonged. Operculum size of the aperture. Carboniferous—living. Tropical and subtropical. There is apparently no other distinction between the shells of Vermicularia and Burtinella, except that the latter are coiled in a broad, largely umbilicated cone; Tubulosttum has a con- tracted aperture. Often called Vermiculus, Lister. Genus SILIQUARIA, Brug., 1789. Animal with rudimentary pedal tentacles; mantle slit along the branchial cavity. Shell tubular, at first spiral, afterwards protracted and irregu- lar; tube with a longitudinal fissure, which is sometimes simple, sometimes formed by a series of perforations; often both varieties exist in the same specimen; aperture circular, without internal septa or lamelle. Operculum corneous, subcylindrical or conoidal, formed of a spirally rolled band, with ciliated margin ; axis of the cone filled up internally by a series of spiral radiat- ing cells (Pl. 48, figs. 9,10). Mediterranean Sea, W. Africa, Tropical Pacific Ocean. Fossil, 20 sp. Tertiary, one species from the upper creta- q ceous. The typical species, as well as several others, occur imbedded in sponges. Tenagodus, Gueltard, 1774, is the same, but the genus is much better known under its later name. Fischer proposes the following divisions, based on distinctions in the branchial slit. Section Sin1QquaRIA (sensu stricto). Slit continuous, open. Section Pyxipoma, Morch, 1860. Slit closed by a lamella, but not filled up outside, open near the mouth. Section AGAtuirses, Montfort, 1810. Slit composed of numerous isolated holes. VERMETUS. 169 As all three kinds of slit may exist in different parts of a single specimen, the above classification has but little to recom- mend it; and yet in a rough way the distinctions of the slit hold good. About a dozen species have been recognized by Morch, Sowerby and Reeve. The monographs of the Thesaurus Con- chyl. and Conchologia Icon. are essentially the same ; an earlier one is contained in Chenu’s Illust. Conchyliologiques. The recent species are tropical and subtropical in distribution. They live on rocks and corals; the restricted group S7liquaria inhabits sponges. Genus CRYPTOBIA, Desh., 1863. Proposed for a perforation in polyps, sometimes lined by a shelly plate, sometimes without it; spire regular, of 5 or 6 whorls, in the middle of the polyp; the following whorls are unrolled ; on one of the walls is found a series of fissures, which traverse the polyp. C. Michilini, Desh., Isle of Bourbon. These perforations are filled by parasitic sipunculi, which may have destroyed in some cases the shell of the mollusk. Genus VERMETUS, Adanson, 1757. Subgenus VERMETUS (sensu stricto). Typical. VY. Apansonil, Daudin. PI. 49, figs. 20, 21; Pl. 48, fig. 12. Shell graceful of 5-12 whorls, loosely or more or less closely coiled, and terminating in a rather straight tube about an inch in length when adult, strongly striated by 6 to 12 raised longi- tudinal ridges or lines, sometimes chagreened ; dark brown, be- coming ash color in dead shells. Operculum very thin, with two small concentric grooves, about half the diameter of the aper- ture. Senegal. It is Vermetus lumbricalis, Roissy, not Linn. Var. Lamarcki, Mérch (fig. 21). Does not appear to possess any immutable distinctive charac- ter; the tube is said to be thin towards the mouth, the attach- 170 VERMETUS. ment is by the apex, the surface is sometimes transversely and not longitudinally sculptured. Var. CARPENTERI, Morch. Is founded upon the presence and form of the interior lamelle as shown in section by the figure. Carpenter described it as Petaloconchus renisectus (fig. 12). VY. vanians, d’Orb. P1..49, figs. 22,23; PL 48, fig. 11; Irregularly convoluted, longitudinally rugosely costate or smooth, violaceous brown. Brazil to West Indies, W. coast of Fiorida. The varieties described by Mirch need only to be named and figured here; they are scarcely of sufficient importance to justify separate headings and descriptions. They are: Var. CARPENTER! (fig. 11), West Indies; var. occLusA, Morch, West Indies; var. MONILE, Morch, Honduras; var. IRREGU- LARIS, d’Orb.; var. ELECTRINA, Morch; var. BADIA, Morch; var. CANDIDISSIMA, Mérech; var. PERLATA, Morch; and var. costaTA, Mérch; all from the West Indies. As to var. IRREGULARIS, Morch quotes the text of d’Orbigny’s Cuba, but writes, ‘I am nearly sure that the group figured is a Spiroglyphus, perhaps mixed with a Vermetus.” VY. conicus, Dillw. Pl. 49, fig. 24. Flexuose, spiral at base, tube rather thick, brownish white, the spiral portion irregularly wound, about 8 whorls. West Indies. The sculpture varies as in the preceding species, it usually consists of longitudinal striz; the tube is much larger than in V. varians, and also differs in its light color. It is V. lumbri- calis, 3. of Gmelin. Mérch has vars. PERSONATA, GORDIALIS (decus- satus, Lam. non Gmel.), PROBOSCIS, RETIFERA. V. RENISECTUS (Carp.), Mérch. PI. 49, figs. 25, 26. Brownish ash-color, attached, spirally contorted, lightly longi- tudinally lirate, the interstices rather smooth, especially towards the aperture, incremental striz rugose, regular, somewhat gran- ulated in intersecting the longitudinal lire. Interior with two | . | 4 # ; } i | | | | | | 2 | & VERMETUS. 171 flattened lamin ; one on either side of the columella, and a dis- tinct line on the middle of the columella. Philippines. This is V. renisectus, Carp.,in part. Mérch describes vars. GORDIALIS, ASPERULA, ASPERELLA, WooDWARDII, Carp., EBENEA, PICEA, INDENTATA, MONILIFERA. V. contortus, Carpenter. Pl. 49, fig. 27. Laterally attached, chestnut-color, rather thin, irregularly con- torted, first whorls spiral, usually in contact, the last protracted, closely longitudinally lirate, decussated by incremental lines, the intersections very obsoletely nodulose; interior without lamella, but with 3-5 spiral liree on the columella. Mazatlan and Gulf of California. Morch adds vars. REPENS, FAVOSA, CONTORTULA, INDENTATA and CORRODENS. vs NerInoipes, Carp. Pl 49; figs: 28,29; Pl, 48, fic 13. Closely agglomerated, irregularly spirally twisted, orange- colored, almost everywhere superficially ashy ; whorls separate, yet approximating, lire somewhat compressed, very obsoletely nodosely contracted, interstices rather wide, with close incre- mental striz ; internal lamella (fig. 15) large, modifying the inte- rior as in a section of Nerinxa. Australia. VY. ocrosectus, Carp. PI. 48, fig. i4. Solitary, laterally affixed, whitish, irregularly spirally twisted, longitudinal lire rather remote, reticulated by closer, rugose incremental lines, with distant transverse orange lines; interior laminz prominent, lateral, the exterior part of the chamber small in the first and large in the last whorl, columellar line acute. So. Africa? Red Sea, “T have seen specimens with and without internal lamine attached on the same shell. One specimen shows on the outer wall a sharp keel pointing to the slit between the laminz, which I have never elsewhere seen so well developed. According to Carpenter, it differs from the following species in the absence of the ‘remarkable’ structure at the base, and in the comparatively small size of the outer chamber; the former character is prob- ably quite accidental, and the latter is not constant in one and 172 ; VERMETUS. the same species. The variety (below) is still more like the V. cereus, which perhaps will itself prove to be merely a variety when more specimens have been compared.”—M6rca. Var. DILATATA, Mirch. Whorls a little flattened, suture depressed, dilated, the strong tranverse rug approximating. This variety is from the Red Sea, to which locality the type also probably belongs. | V. ceREus, Carp. PI. 48, fig. 15. Solitary, attached, orange-color, with depressed whitish sutures, the attached side with a series of nodules which, writes Morch, are the impressions of a coral. There is no sculpture, the specimen appearing as though it had been attacked by acid. It is a large species, the penultimate whorl having a diameter of 6-7 mill., the aperture of 4°75 mill. Lateral interior lamelle about central. Philippines. Morch has Vars. GYMNOGASTRA and TENUIS. V. CARINATUS, Quoy. PI. 49, fig. 30. Widely irregularly coiled, carinated, somewhat triangular, transversely striated, yellowish ash-color, aperture rounded within. Isl. Guam. “T have seen forms which I regard as intermediate between V. octosectus, Carp., and V. cereus, Carp., approaching to this.” —Morcu. V..uiLacinus, Morch. PI. 49, fig. 31. Ageregated, subcylindrical, spirally twisted, purplish, whorls contiguous with dilated white suture, longitudinal lire obsolete, remote, incremental ruge generally remote, stronger towards the aperture, last whorl slightly protracted; parietal laminz very short (broken?), approximating to the columella, median columellar lira somewhat acute. Zanzibar. Section Peratoconcuts, Lea, 1843. V. SUBCANCELLATUS, Bivona. PI. 49, fig. 32. Solitary, or more rarely gregarious, reclining, almost entirely affixed, irregularly spiral, with the whorls in contact, brownish, surface subeancellated by longitudinal and transverse striz, the 4 : | | : VERMETUS. ARS anterior extremity free. Operculum plain, thin. Animal dark purple. Southern Europe. It is Serpula glomerata, of Linn., 12th Edit., but not of 10th Edit., and V. infortus, Weink. “I have examined five or six groups without finding any internal lamin, as Sowerby and Moore appear to have done. Ina comparatively few specimens I have found a distinct medial lira on the columella.”—Morcu. This author describes vars. OCCLUSA, SUTURALIS and_ SscoLo- PENDRINA. VY. VERMICELLA, Lam. PI. 49, fig. 33. Yellowish, filiform, narrow, transversely rugose, flexuous, without longitudinal sculpture, conglomerated into a dense mass. W. Africa. It is V. glomeratus, Daudin, V. Lispe (Adanson), Deshayes. Morch describes a var. FILARIS. VY. ANELLUM, Morch. Pl. 49, fig. 34. Shell sinistral, spirorbiform, white, spire aflixed, umbilicus open, whorls few, with transverse close ribs, Diameter of shell about 2 to 3°5 mill. Todas Santos Bay, L. California (on Haliotis). Very like a Spirorbis in shape, and ‘ perhaps will prove to be the type of a new genus.”—Mo6rcu, Section MacropuraGMa, Carpenter, 1857. V. MACROPHRAGMA, Carp. PI. 48, fig. 16. Shell small, chestnut-colored, laterally attached, often eroding, spirally twisted, first whorls flattened, contiguous, the last loosely contorted, with close longitudinal liree and incrémental Strie ; interior armature (see figure). San Diego, Cal., L. Cal., Mazatlan, Realejo. “ VY. contortus, Carp., is perhaps the adult stage of this species, which again possibly may be a form of Aletes centiquadrus.”— Morcu. V. cOCcHLIDIUM, Carpenter. PI. 48, fig. 17. Distinguished from the preceding species by its internal laminz ; the shell is of a lighter color and larger growth. Australia ; var. from Tahiti. 174 VERMETUS. VY. FLAVESCENS, Carp. Pl. 48, fig. 18. “Shell externally closely allied to V. subcancellatus, from which it is principally known by the smaller size and stronger sculpture. Internally it most resembles V. cochlidium, from — which it may be distinguished by the absence of keels on the_ upper lamina through a large part of the length; and by the general absence of the third plait, which, when it appears, is like another fold of the lower lamina in the same direction.” —Morcu. Sicily. Section ALerEs, Carpenter, 1857. “The operculum seems to me only different from that of Vermetus in size, in consequence of the larger calibre of the shell. The variety of Vermetus conicus, Dillw., would be referable to this group, if I had not seen one and the same specimen successively in the different whorls change from Vermetus (Petaloconchus) to Thylacodes, and ultimately to Aletes.’—Morca. Yet Mirch himself admits these subdivisions and the distinction of species by small differences in the internal shell. V. centTiquaprus, Valence. Pl. 49, fig. 35; Pl. 50, figs. 36-40. Laterally attached, spirally twisted, earlier whorls rather narrow, rapidly increasing, the last wide, spread out and com- pressed at the margin; light yellowish brown, with obscure narrow lines, earlier whorls dark brown, the interstices of the lire impressed punctate. . Panama to Gulf of California. “The. first whorls are of a dark brown color and strongly sculptured with longitudinal lirae and transverse ruge exceed- ingly like V. contortus, Carp., which I suppose to be only a form of this shell, judging from analogy with V. conicus, Dillw. The columella shows one exceedingly feeble median lira, scarcely to be seen except in a very favorable light, and two very conspicu- ous lateral lire which seem to answer to the lamine in JV. macrophragma, but they must perhaps be more properly re- garded as the margins of a thin layer covering all the interior of the whorls, except the larger median part of the columella, which shows a slight difference in color.” Animal violaceous, VERMETUS. 1%5 deepest on the back, more bluish and lighter towards the mar- gins of the foot.—Morcu. It is V. effusus, Val. (fig. 36), V. angulatus, Rouss. (fig. 37). Var. PANAMENSIS, Rouss. (fig. 35). = Var. maxima, Morch. Differs in its smoo‘h surface and deep transverse furrows. Var. Peron, Val. (fig. 38). Without impressed punctations. Var. sipHonata, Morch (fig. 39). = V. Peronit, Rouss., non Val. Subcylindrical, spirally twisted, vertically attached, suture dilated, with close, very obsolete nodulous lire, the interstices impressed punctate. Diam. apert. 5°5 mill. Puntarenas. Var. TULIPA, Rouss. (fig. 40). Laterally attached, irregularly spirally twisted; whorls oblique, smooth or very obsoletely sculptured on the later whorls, variegated violaceous and white. Var. Brivcesit, Mirch (unfigured). Very like the last, but the color is mostly obliterated and the last whorl is partly free and erect. Wekoussai, Vaillant. Pl. 51, fig. 43. Earlier whorls spirally twisted, afterwards lengthened, undu- lated, longitudinally lirate, liree fading towards the aperture, cancellate towards the base, which is flattened. Timor. The figures of Chenu’s Illust. Conch. represent two species. One of these is selected by Morch as best answering the original description of V. sipho, Lam., and I have copied it; the other appears to bea V. polyphragma, Sassi. Vaillant, from an exam- ination of specimens in the Paris Museum, thinks that neither of these figures represents the type, and he therefore describes the sipho of Rousseau and Mirch, as V. Rousset, Vaillant. I may add that none of the figures cited by Lamarck himself agree with his description. Unfigured Species of Vermetus. V. BALANI-TINTINNABULI, Mirch, and Var. crysTaLLina, Mirch. Philippines. VY. pacuyLasMA, Mérch. (Possibly a fossil.) 2? Guinea. 176 VERMETUS. Subgenus Brvonta, Gray, 1842. V. triqueTra, Bivona. PI. 50, figs. 41, 42. Solitary or gregarious, subtriangular, a little depressed, orbicu- larly or turbinately twisted, transversely flexuosely rugose, anterior portion of the shell when free, becoming cylindrical, but if remaining attached, continuing subtriangular; whitish or brownish. Mediterranean Sea. ~ V. contortuplicatus, Var., A. Scacchi, is a synonym. Var. PINNICOLA, Mérch. Irregularly spiral, with three crenulated longitudinal lines. It is V. granulatus, Graven., not Fabr., and perhaps V. rupestris, Risso. Var. sprroRBIS, Mérch. Solitary, white, cretaceous, spirorbiform, with a crenulated dorsal carina, and one or two arcuate varices in the penultimate whorl. Var. ALETES, Mirch. Laterally affixed, whorls flattened, ob- liquely declined; dorsal carina compressed, crenulated, - approximating the umbilicus; incremental striae membran- aceous, obsoletely undulated in the umbilical region. Vars. SERPULINA, EXPANSA and AMPLIATA, Morch. Var. FAScIcULARIS, Mérch (fig. 42). Shells aggregating, base spiral, anteriorly upright, rounded. Forms a transition to the next species, from which perhaps it does not differ. VY. sEMIsURRECTUS, Bivona. PI. 51, fig. 44. Solitary, cylindrical, white, apex contorted, rugose, adnate, anteriorly the tube is free, flexuose, longitudinally striate or almost smooth. Mediterranean Sea. V. Sequensranus, Avadas and Benoit. Pl. 51, fig. 45. Irregularly spirally twisted and attached below, finally becom- ing erect; whorls at first angulated, rugosely longitudinally striate, and with stong incremental striz, the free portion be- coming cylindrical and smooth, rather fragile, gregarious. Sicily. V. Quorr, H. and A. Adams. PI. 51, fig. 46. - Solitary, loosely contorted, rather thin, livid white, brown clouded, attached at the end, last whorl long, flexuous, with VERMETUS. Vet obsolete longitudinal lire, and still more obsolete intermediate strie, incremental strizx membranaceous ; aperture circular, diam. about 4 mill. Philippines. Shell very like the preceding. Morch adds vars. LILACINA, PLANORBOIDES, LAQUEARIS, RUGOSO- SQUAMOSA, STRIGATA, PAPILLOSA, CORALLIOPHILA, TRIQUETRA, GRAN- IFERA, FULGURATA, PUNCTATA, VARIEGATA, FLOS-LACTIS. According to Vaillant Lamarck’s V. eruca, from examination of the speci- men, is the same and should have priority. VY. GorEEnsis, Gmelin. PI. 51, fig. 47. Conglomerated, rounded, cancellated, yellowish, corneous within, with close longitudinal elevated striz. L. of tube 8—9 inches, diam. 6-8 mill. Operculum so small as to be hardly perceptible, not over a quarter of a millimetre in diameter. W. Africa. Unfigured Species. VY. EXxsERTA, Dall. West Indies. VY. constricror, Mérch. Australia. VY. sUTILIS, and vars. MAJOR and TRIQUETRA, Morch. Panama to Mazatlan. V. Ionica, Danillo and Sandri. Dalmatia. V. GREGARIA, Monts. Sicily. V. PANoRMITANUS, Gregorio. Sicily. VY. compacta, Carp. Vancouver’s Island. Subgenus SprroGiyPaus, Daudin, 1800. “V. Spirunirormis, De Serres. Pl. 51, figs. 48, 49. Spiruliform, brownish or ash colored, or white, sometimes fas- ciated, the last whorl detached but continuing spiral, smooth or with growth-strize. Diam. 1 inch. Zanzibar, Philippines, Red Sea. Morch describes vars. SCAPHITOIDES, VORTEX, LEMNISCATA, SPI- RALIS, SOLIDISSIMA, IMMERSA (fig. 49), ERYTHRAENSIS, DISCULUS, V. AmMoniTirorMis, De Serres. PI. 52, fig. 54. Planorbiform, last whorl closely wound like the others, with strong incremental striz. Diam. 20 mill. Indian Ocean, on Perna isognomon. 12 178 VERMETUS. VY. sprrorBis, Sowb. PI. 51, fig. 50. Planorbiform, white, smoothish, whorls not in contact. 2 Cape of Good Hope. V. ANNULATUS, Daudin. PI. 51, figs. 51, 52. 4 3 Irregularly spiral, transversely lamellate. West Indies, on Shells. Var. CORRODENS, d’Orb. (fig. 51). Having a peripheral carination, » forming a tooth-like projection at the mouth. This is var. | dentifera of Morch. Var. IRREGULARIS, d’Orb. (fig. 52). Brownish black, irregularly — contorted, transversely rugosely plicate. This is var. glome-_ rata, Morch. | Var. TROCHICOLA, Morch (unfigured). V. GLOMERATUS, Bivona. PI. 51, fig. 53; Pl. 52, figs. 55-58. a Conglomerated, tubes cylindrical or subangulated, contorted, — transversely undulately rugose. Mediterranean Sea. — Miérch has vars. CRUSTANS and TUBULOSA — ANNULATA, Lam. — (fig. 58). V. cristatus, Biondi, is the young of this species. Vaillant — remarks that Daudin’s species is smaller than V. annulatus, Lam., i and corrodes the surface upon which it is attached ; as Daudinhas _ priority he proposes for the Lamarekian species V. annularium. Monterosato has substituted the name petra, because of Ser- — pula glomerata, Linn.; he adds a var. minor. Embryonal whorls smooth, projecting in the centre of the shell, and not unlike a very small Amnicola. Has more regular whorls — and wants the tooth-like process of the carina in the aperture of ; V. annulatus. —_—_—. qa Doubtful and Unfigured Species. 5 SERPULA CosTALIs and S. InruNDIBULUM, of Chenu’s Ilust. Conch. — V. atBibus, Carp. Mazatlan. — V. staamoniT™. Mirch. ? Guinea. — V. ANGULIFERA, Monts. Tripoli. — V. puANorsis, Dkr. PI. 52, fig. 59. : Planorbiform, somewhat solid, white, carinated, transversely sublamellate, whorls in contact. : ' Japan, slightly immersed in the surface of . Vermetus imbricatus, Dkr. VERMETUS. 179 Subgenus TuHyLacopEs, Guettard, 1774. V. POLYPHRAGMA, Sassi. Pl. 52, figs. 60-62. Solitary, irregularly twisted, commencing irregularly spiral, with dilated suture, afterwards rounded, longitudinally finely striate, the strie often alternately smaller, frequently granose, sometimes with three or four strong lirz, remote nodules and intervening brownish punctations; color usually whitish or yellowish white. Aperture, 14 mill. wide. Mediterranean Sea. The synonyms are V. arenaria, Lam., in part., Serpula intes- tina, Salis, Dentaliwm intestiniforme, Linn., teste Hanley, V. gigas, Gray, in part. Var. ALETES, Morch (fig. 62). Laterally attached, almost regu- larly spiral; last whorl somewhat protracted. It is V. lineolata, Gravenh. Var. AmpLA, Morch. Loosely contorted, rather thin, whorls scarcely contiguous, the last rather short,solute, with approxi- mating small longitudinal lirze decussated by incremented strie, interstices lightly punctate; last whorl with two or three interrupted lire above, elongately nodulose; whitish, or yellowish white, first whorls light violaceous, Malta. V. DENTIFERUS, Lam. PI. 52, fig. 63. Large, subsolitary or often conglomerated, irregularly twisted at first, with rugose growth-striz, fine longitudinal lines, and frequently two or three longitudinal riblets bearing distant tubercles. Indian Ocean, Australia. Mérch describes a var. REPENS. The following species is probably only a variety, and both might be referred to V. poly- phragma. The Lamarckian examples appear to include several species, according to M. Vaillant; I give the form as restricted by Morch. V. Nov#—Ho.ianpi4, Rouss. PI. 53, fig. 64. Shells agglomerated, inferiorly contorted, then protracted, 180 VERMETUS. with numerous subdentate longitudinal costelle, and intervening strie; brownish. Probably identical with the foregoing species. Australia. Described by Morch under the name of V. sulcatus, Lam., but one of the three types of that species is a fossil and different, the other two appear to be V. sipho, Lam. V. MAsIER, Deshayes. PI. 53, fig. 65. Large and thick, irregularly spiral, not elevated, with about twenty longitudinal grooves; grayish, yellowish brown or flesh- color, corneous within. Length, 1 foot, diam. 16-18 mill. Cape Verde Is. Le Masier, of Adanson. It is also V. sipho (Lam. in part), Blainy., and V. arenarius, Daudin. V. Braziniensis, Rousseau. PI. 53, fig. 66. Large, solitary, at first spiral, last whorl protected, lightly curved, erect, with slight distant spiral lire. Diam. apert. 30 mill. Brazil. V. aTRA, Rousseau. PI. 53, fig. 67. Usually solitary, thick, spirally twisted, laterally attached, last whorl protracted, rounded, the affixed ones with expanded sides; surface with close growth-lines, and distant longitudinal — lirule ; black or very dark brown. Diam. of aperture, about 20 mill. Philippines, New Caledonia, East Indies. This is Serpula colubrina, Bolten, V. fuscata, Humphr., ? V. ochrea, Gmel. Moreh adds vars. ALBINA, brown and blackish, mixed with white towards the aperture, VIOLACEO-FUSCA, LAVI- © USCULA, and AGGLOMERATA. V.impBricatus, Dunker. Pl. 53, fig. 68. Rather solid, laterally attached, anteriorly sometimes free and erect, light brownish, with longitudinal, subimbricated costule. Japan. V. noposo-RuGosts, Lischke. PI. 53, figs. 69, 70. Whitish, yellowish or violaceous brown, somewhat solid, irreg- ularly twisted, anteriorly shortly erect, flat and attached below, obsoletely carinate and nodosely transversely wrinkled above, becoming smoother towards the aperture. Japan. : VERMETUS. 181 V. pecussatus, Gmelin. PI. 53, figs. 71, 72. Rather solid, variously twisted, solitary, laterally attached ; whorls rounded, sometimes contiguous at the commencement, with longitudinal lire and intermediate striz, decussated by incremental striz ; yellowish white, variegated and clouded by light brown. West Indies. Morch describes vars. TENUIS, INTERMEDIA, LZVIGATA, with smooth whorls, represented in part by V. Porites, Rouss. (fig. 72), all from West Indies; and vars. PHILIPPINENSIS and BADIA, from the Philippine Islands. V. SQUAMIGERUS, Carp. PI. 54, figs. 73, 74. Yellowish white, usually conglomerated, loosely twisted, becoming erect, closely longitudinally costate, with intermediate raised lines, scaly decussated, the erect anterior portion marked by rugose incremental striz only. Southern California, Lower California. Var. PENNATA, Morch (fig. 74). Solitary, laterally attached, longitudinal lirze rather distant, compressed, nodosely serrated, alternately smaller, the inter- stices striate; whitish, or yellowish, with angulated (pennate) incremental strize, which are occasionally chestnut-colored. California. This is V. margaritarum, of Val. (Voy. Venus), in part. V. Micuaupir, Rouss. PI. 54, fig. 75. Yellowish white, laterally attached, longitudinally closely striate, with distant annular ribs. Hab. unknown. V. poritEs Rousseau. PI. 54, fig. 76. Thin, laterally attached, very lightly longitudinally striated; incremental strie very close, obsolete, with regular, remote incremental sulci, the interstices slightly convex; yellowish white, darker within. Hab. unknown, on a coral. V. toneiritis, Mérch. PI. 54, fig. 77. Reclining, laterally attached, loosely twisted, variegated with yellow and light brown, longitudinally lirulate, with three or 182 VERMETUS. four stronger, remote lire, aperture transversely oval, bluish within. Australia. This is the type and only species of the subgenus Tetranemia, Morch, which is described as having very long pedal filaments, subulate, and not retractile, with an intermediate mamilla; the mesopodium small, elongated, with two posterior short filaments. V. dentiferus, Quoy, not Lamarck, is a synonym. V.INOPERTUS, Ruppell. PI. 54, fig. 78. Olivaceous, rather thick, twisted. Animal with conical rostrum ; tentacles short, thick, proceeding from a heart-shaped dorsal process; no pedal filaments, metapodium large, cylin- drical, truncate, penis subulate. Red Sea. It is V. operculatus, Gray, and (according to Issel) V. eruca, Lam. V. GRANDIS, Gray. PI. 54, fig. 79. Clouded, yellowish brown, contorted, laterally affixed, longi- tudinally striate, flattened on the base, convex above, where there are two or three more prominent rugose ridge-like striz, aper- ture round, violaceous. Australia. This is the type of the subgenus Cladopoda, Gray, and the following species are included therein by Mirch. The diagnosis is: Operculum none; foot elongate, front end simple, hinder extremity oblong, clavate or subtruncate. It is V. arenarius, Lam., of Quoy and Gaimard. Morch adds a Var. OXYGONA, V. ELEGANS, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 54, fig. 80. Animal cinereous, the tentacles, head and foot maculated and spotted with red. Shell and habitat unknown. V. ZELANDIcUS, Gray. PI. 54, fig. 81. Animal with yellowish head, brown and red-spotted in front, foot yellowish, spotted with red, mantle widely margined with orange-red. Shell contorted, having no characters of importance. New Zealand. Possibly identical with the preceding species. It is V. Nove- Zelandiz of Gray. i tee a VERMETUS. 183 Doubtful and Unfigured Species of Thylacodes. VY. Cuviert, Risso (PI. 48, fig. 19). Southern Europe. This unrecognized species is the type of the subgenus Lemen- tina, Risso, distinguished by the remarkably radiated metapo- dium. Dr. Gray regarded it as “ probably only a badly described and figured Serpuloides arenarius.” VY. oRYZATA, and var. ANNULATUS, Morch. Panama. VY. Rumen, Blainv. (V. protensa, Dillw., V. vermium, Petiv.). Hab. unknown. VY. PROTENSUsS, Gmel. Hab. unknown. V. scABER, Gravenhorst. Hab. unknown. VY. NaTAatensis, Morch. So. Africa, VY. ERUCIFORMIS, and vars. ERYTHROSCLERA and LUMBRICELLA, Morch. California. VY. Ruser, and vars. MUHLENPFORDET, and LIMACELLA, Morch. West Indies. VY. Turontus, Rouss. Definitely ascertained to be a fossil. See Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. du Mus., 193, 1871. VY. ANNULUS, Rouss. Hab. unknown. Y. setectus, Monts. and vars. ARBOREA and RAMOSA. Mediterranean Sea. V. MELANOSTOMUS, Morch. Zanzibar. VY. sipHo, Lam. Timor. V. Lamarcrit, Vaillant. Australia. Subgenus SipHonium (Browne, 1756), Morch, 1859. V.LITUELLA, Morch. PI. 54, fig. 82. Variously twisted, often openly spiral, laterally attached and deeply immersed, with a median carina or rib above, which is more or less nodulous, and close, rugose incremental lines ; color whitish or ash, often obsoletely brown clouded, early whorls chestnut colored. California, on Haliotis, ete. It is V. ammoniformis, Serres. VY. arruM,Gmel. PI. 54, fig. 83. Very solid, white, corroding and attached laterally, spiral, becoming thinner towards the aperture, with a superior rib and obsolete longitudinal striz, distant incremental sulci, and close arcuate incremental striz. Gaboon, W. Africa, on Chama, It is “ Le Datin” of Adanson, 184 VERMETUS. VY. potitus, Daudin. PI. 54, figs. 84-86. Paucispiral, openly wound, like a hunting-horn; whorls two, rapidly enlarging to the rounded aperture, laterally attached and corroding, white, smooth, with somewhat distant annular constrictions. Indian Ocean, etc. On Tridacna and Serpula. V. perforans, Serres, is a Synonym. V. neBuLosus, Dillw. Pl. 54, figs. 87, 88. Young shell planorbiform, corroding, chestnut-color to white, slightly spirally lirulate ; afterwards contorted, variegated with light brown and white, lire rugose, with three squamiferous liree above ; finally becoming free, with rugose annulations and suleations, and longitudinal sculpture obsolete. West Indies. Morch describes Vars. SERRATA, ACULEATA, TURBOIDES — Ser- pula bicarinata, Sowb. (fig. 88), ImBricata — Serpula dentifera, Sowb., PLANORBOIDES, RUGOSA, ANAULAX, FISSURATA. V. MARGARITARUM, Val. (in part). Pl. 55, fig. 92. Large, spirally lirulate, with more distant nodose ribs, chestnut-brown to yellowish. Panama— Mazatlan. V. MAXIMUS, Sowb. Pl. 55, figs. 89, 90. Large, irregularly twisted, rather smooth, annularly rugose, dorsal carina becoming spinose anteriorly; often deeply im- bedded in coral; diam. of aperture 1 inch. The young shell is subtriangular, with dorsal carina. Java— Polynesia. Morch describes several varieties; among them he names SCANDENS, MEGACENTRO, PRAELONGA, BIANGULARIS. Undetermined and Unfigured Species. V. CARINIFERUS, Gray. New Zealand. V. LAMELLOsUuS, Hutton. New Zealand. V.suspGRANosUS, Morch, with Vars. CARINATA, COSTALE, and TRIQUETRA. East Indies. V. turtipus, Morch. Society Islands. VERMETUS. 185 VY. gaparopl, Morch (V. turboides, Chieregh.). 2 Spain on Spondylus. V. pictus, Mirch, and Var. TURBOIDES. East Indies. VY. trextum, Morch, and Vars. scAPTOIDES and UNGUICULATA. Philippines. V. suBCRENATUS, Lam. East Indies, Philippines. Vars. SQUAMULOSA, BIFUNICULARIS, CRISTATA, SUBDECUSSATA, and sPINOSA, Morch. V. DaCosta, Morch (PI. 55, fig. 91). Hab. unknown. V. puatypus, Morch. Sandwich Is. V. TEREDULA, Morch. ? Morocco. VY. LEucozoniAs, Morch. W. Africa. VY. MEGAMAStTUM, Morch (PI. 55, fig. 93), and Var. IMBRICATUS, Carp. California. ?V. Apamsi, Morch. ? Borneo, Japan. V. pricariA, Lam. Australia. Subgenus SrepHopoma, Mérch, 1860. VY. ROSEUS, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 55, fig. 94. Shell small, spirally twisted, cylindrical, rugose, rose-colored. » SI , Cy , rug : Operculum round, brownish, multispira bearing a large number of divergent multifid corneous hairs. ; New Zealand. VY. pennatus, Morch. PI. 55, figs. 95, 96. Solitary, spirally angulately twisted, with open umbilicus; whorls obsoletely quadrangular or pentagonal, closely longitu- dinally lirulate, incremental striz irregular; white, brownish or variegated. W. Coast of Central America. Morch describes a var. bispinosa, distinguished by a different form in the bristles of the operculum, when viewed under a lens. Unfigured Species. V. senticosus, Mérch. Hab. unknown. V. rricuspis, Mérch. Australis. Y. Lyneasyanus, Morch. Denmark. ad 186 VERMETUS. Subgenus VerMicuLAriA, Lam., 1799. The animal is thus described by Stimpson: “Mantle fringed at its margin with short filaments ; foot very short and broad, dilated into rounded auricles anteriorly ; muz- zle broad, not cleft; tentacula short, conical, with eyes at their exterior base; an elevated ridge runs along the back, becomes flattened into a membrane at the head, and passes round under the right tentacle, forming a kind of canal, near which is the anus; its color is light brown, with patches and spots of black. Viviparous. The-young shell is helicoid and reversed. Oper- culum corneous, black and hard on the inner, and lamellated on the outer surface; it is surrounded by a thin, membranous, flexible portion, about one-fourth its diameter; thus it is enabled to close its shell perfectly at the aperture, and yet to retreat far into the narrower whorls.” V. tortuosus, Solander. Pl. 55, fig. 97; Pl. 56, fig. 1. Loosely twisted, whorls flattened or slightly concave on the exterior, smooth, rectangular above and below, margined by a rib, spire short, conical. Philippines. V. costalis, Rouss.,is a synonym. It is doubtful whether this species is distinct from V. lumbricalis ; yet Mirch has described vars. unicostalis (fig. 91) and nidificans. V. LUMBRICALIS, Linn. PI. 55, fig. 98. Yellowish chestnut color; whorls rounded with or without one or two exterior carinz, sometimes with two slight inferior carine, smooth or longitudinally striz. Philippines, East Indies. This is the well-known type of the family Vermetide. It is very doubtful whether it should be restricted to oriental speci- mens, as no permanent differential characters appear to charac- terize the forms from other localities which have received distinct names, as for instance, that of the Atlantic coast of the United States and West Indies. Mérch has described vars. DIAPHANA, CORNEA, AMPLIATA, RUGULOSA and TERES (= Jndicus, Rouss. in part). in ihe aon hii Waa : Nowe ea le Na PANG a - Ne IDE FEES sepatedy ra Fax mas is neha Pen ets! aera Rancid atl 7s + Ohi, z FP ae a ¥ > : AY eee Flammulata (Turritella), Kien. Teon. Coq. Viv., Pilit. Oot. 1. 2OY Flavescens ee a Carp. Proc. Zool. Soe., p. at. £155 L850, 1 : - - é ta Flexuosa (Czcum elegans, var.), de Folin. Les Méléagrin., p. 45, 1867, : - ‘ : = 2g Floridanum (Cexecum), Stimp. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1851, 2 - : ° : , : : - Bee | 236 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Flos-lactis (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Moreh. Zool. Proe., p. : ‘ : : ; Bae Fi Folini (Parastrophia), B. 1: a Moll. Mar. Roussillon, p. 62, 1862, 283, t. f. 5, 1884, Formulosum (Czecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 124, 5 : : Fragilis (Turritella), Kiener. Iconog., 84, 6.18, fis: == T. cingulifera, Sowb. Freytagi (Mesalia), von Maltzan. Nachrichts. der Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., May, 1884, p. 68, Fulgurata (Bivonia Quoyi, var. i Mirch. Zool. Proe., p. 61, 1862, Fulminata (Turritella), | Hutton. Cat. Marine Moll. N. Zeal., p. 29, 1873, Funiculata (Mathilda), Tiberi. Aradas and Benoit. Moll. Sicil., 313.. = M. elegantissima, Costa, ‘ Fuscata (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., ix, 255. — DP uneulina; Lan: Fuseata (Serpula), Humphr. Wood., Suppl, t. 8, f. 3, 1828. = Vermetus atra, Rouss, Fusco-cincta (Turritella), Petit. Jour. de Conch., p. 368, t. 11; f. 3, 1853. = T. cineulifera, Sowb. per ea ear Moreh. Proce. Zool. ou P- 163, 1861... Gegania, Jeffreys. 1884, : ; ‘ ; 5 : Gemmata (Turritella), Ry e. Conch. Icon., sp. 28, 1849, ice (Siphonium), A. and G. Chenu, Ill. Conch., t. 5, f. ~ Na Pelee (Ser puloides), Gre ay. Figs. ‘of Moll vty t. 58, f..6,,1850- ee polyphragma, Sassi, Gigas (Siliquaria), Lesson. "Voy. de la Coq., ii pt. 1, p- 409, Glabra (Tenagodus), Risso. Hist.,iv,p.115, . Glabriformis (Brochina), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 437, 1858, . Glabrum (Dentalium), Montagu. Test. Brit., li, p. 497, 1803,.. Glabrum (Cxcum), Brusina (not Mont. ). = Brochina incompta; Monts. Glabrum (Odontidium), Cantraine, . ; Glabrum (Cecum), McAndr. Geogr. Distr’ Test., 1854. = C. vitreum, Carp. , : : d Glauconia, Giebel, 1852 Glomerata (Spiroely phus annulatus, var), Mirch. Zool. Proec.,.p- dol. 186)... : Glomerata ( Serpula), Linn. Syst. Nat., xii, Pp. 1266. = Vermetus subecancellatus, Bivon. : PAGE. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 937 PAGE. Glomerata (Vermicularia), Gravenh. Tergest., p. 60,in part. = Thylacodes decussatus, Gm., var. tenuis, Morch. Glomeratus (Vermetus) Bivona. Nuovi Genera, 12, . se llig(ts) Glomeratus (Vermetus), Daudin. Ree. 35. —— V.vermicella, Lam. . é : ; - : lites Glomeratus (Vermetus), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 2, f.2. = V. renisectus (Carp.), Morch. Goniostoma (Turritella), Val. ve Humboldt et Bon- pland, ii, p. 275, : : : 198 Gordialis (Vermetus renisectus, var.), Mirch. Zool. Eroc,, p. 346, 1861, : sunlid dk Gordialis (Vermetus conicus, var. \: Moreh. "Zool. Proc. Ds a42,, 166), - 2 See nt Goreensis (Vermetus), Gmel. Sy st. Nat., p. 3745, : a GT Gracile (Cecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 129, LS5Ss © 4. . 219 Gracile (Czecum), Gld. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist, Vii, 407, 219 Gracillima (Turritella), Gould. Proce. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 386, 1861; A. Adams, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 107, 1875. ae fascialis, Menke, : LO Grandis (Cladopoda), Gray. Fig. of Moll. Pa icay 6s "83, pl 56, finas)s 182 Granifera (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Moreh. Zool. Proc., p. 61, 1862, ax Len Granosa (aorritela), Quoy. Voy. del Astr. sll, t: 5D, E 29, 30, 209 Granolirata (Mathilda), Brugnone. Mise. Malac. Ps OF f. 1873. = M. elegantissima, O7 Gs Costa,:: : ” 210 Granulata (Vermicularia), Gravenh. Tergestina, p. 65, No. 5, 1831. = Bivonia triquetra, Bivon., var. pinnicola, Seals Granulifera (Turritella), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soe. Tasmania, p. 143, 1875. = T. Australis, Lam. . 207 Gregaria (Dofania), Monts. En. Sin., p. 28; Il. Nat. Sicil., iv, 62 aged Gunnii (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 45, 1849, . 203 Gurgulio (Cecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p 426, 1858, . Se Be lossate: (Vermetus cereus, var.), Mdrch. Zool. Proc., p. 351, 1861, ‘ ‘ : 3 5 F ; F 2 Haliphebus, Fischer. Kiener, Trochidze, 450, 1880, . Pea) Si Hanleyana (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 36, 1849. == I. rosea, Quoy- .. ; : 5 ; : : IE) Hastula (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 31, 1849, e203 Hatina, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 62, 90, 1842; 62, 1844, a Wig) Haustator, Mtf. Conch. Syst., ii, 182, 1810, ; 193,198 Helvacea (Xenophora), Ph. Zeit. fiir Malak., Hoi Ae Same sez Heptagonum (Cecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells iP. 319; Zool. Proc., 422, 1858, ; ° 3 : . 222 238 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE, Heteropsammarium (Cryptobia), Desh. Moll. Reunion, p. 68, 1863,,..< : 19h Hexagonum (Cxecum heptagonum, var. ir), de Folin. Les Méléagrin., p. 46,1867, . 222 Hookeri (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 61, 1848, . 206 Imbricata (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Mdrch. Zool. Proc , p. 163, 1831, :- . 184 RR bRicnta (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Bdit., Shs No. 640. = T. variegata, var. elongata, Linn. - . 199 Tmbricatun (Cxcum), Carp. Zool. Proc.. p. 492. 1858, 185, ph Imbricatus (Thylacodes), Dkr. Mal. Blavi. jas 240, No. 59, 1860, . 5 . 180 Imbricosoluta (Turritella communis, var.), De Greg. “Bull. Soc. Mal. ital. x, p-L18, . . Loi Imiklis (Meiocer: oA de Folin, Fonds de la Mer, 189, e 26, f.°5,/6, ; . 228 Immersa openly ‘phus Spirulifor mis, ‘var.), Mireh. Zool. Prog. pros, 10k. pe. ~ ie Impartitum (Czecum), de Folin. Les Méleagrin., p. 41, 1867, 219 Imperfectum (Czcum),de Folin. Les Méléagrin., p. 40,1867, 216 Imperforatum (Dentalium), Montagu. Brit. Shells, 496. = C. trachea, Mont...” . : ‘ : ; ; . 2g Impressa (Turritella), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. datas ii, p. 244. — Odostomia, . . 209 Incisa (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Téons ., Sp. 65, 1849, . 2038 Incisa (Turritella), Tenison-Woods (non KRve. ). Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., ii, p. 262, 1877. = T. Sophie, Braz. Incisus (Tenagodus), Moérch. Zool. Proc., 408, 1860. — T. Senegalensis, Recluz, - ‘ . : : . 188 Reet (C: eae de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 142, ¢.-227 £. 122, 1869, : ; : e : A . 222 Incompta BE ochie Monts. II Nat. Sicil., iv, p. 23, 1884, 216 Incurvatum (Vermiculum), Mont. Test. Br., p. 518, — (C. glabrum, Mont. : . : ; . 215 Indentata (Vermetus contortus, var. ), c arp. Morch. Mal. Blatt., 77, 1860, : : : « AT Indentata (Vermetus renisectus var. ar.), Mirch. Zool. Proc., p. 349, 1861, : : : elit Indica (Xenophora), Gmel. ‘Syst. Nat., 355, : : - h6L Indicus (Vermetus), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 5, f.2a. — Vermiculus lumbricalis, Linn. var. teres, Morch, . 1 Infimum (Czcum),de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, t. 8,f. 2, . 222 Inflatum (Czecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 121, t. 15, f. 5, 6, 1869, - : 4 : : : E . 222 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Infraconstricta (Turritella), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., p. BLT Ste, « 3 : : ‘ : : Infundibulum (Ser pula), Chenu. Illus: Conch.,.t..10,f, 12, . Incrassata (Turritella), Sowb. Min. Conch. Great Brit., i, pe Like teal fb elo. = T. triplicata, Studer, Inopertus (Serpulus), elas Atlas A friea, t..11, £3, Insculptum (Czcum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan shells, p. 315, Zool. Proc., 420, 1858, : 2 : : ; i Insigne (Caecum), de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 52, 1867, Instructum (Czecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, Intaminata (Czecum fasciatum, var.), Monts. Nat. Sicil., iv, 24, 3 Intermedia (Thylacodes decussatus, v var.), “Moreh. ‘Zool. Proes p. 10,1362," is - : Intestina (Serpula), Salis-Marschlius. ’ Reise, p. 308, 1793, = Thylacodes polyphragma, Sassi, . Intestiniforme (Dentalium), Linn, 1759. Hanley, Ms. of Mus. Ulric. 49. = Thylacodes poly phragma, Sassi, Intortus (Vermetus), Weinkautf (non Lamarck). Conch. Medit., 328. = V.subcancellatus, Bivona, Tonica (Bivonia), Danillo and Sandri. Elengo, Ld, 65, Irregulare (Czecum), de Folin, Journ. de Conch. op At; ‘186 1, Trregularis (Vermetus), d’Orb. Cuba, p. 235. = Vermetus varians, d’Orb, var. irregularis, Morch, : Irregularis (Vermetus), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, f. 16, but scarcely desc. = Spiroglyphus annulatus, Daud, var. Japonica (var. of Tenagodus Cumingii), Mirch. Zool. Proe., 405, 1860, Juvenilis (V ermetus renisectus, var.), Mirch. Zool. Proe., p. 348, 1561, 4 Knockeri (Protoma), Baird. Zool. Proc., p. 60, 1870, Knorri (Vermetus), Desh. P- 6, te 3, — M. elegantissima, Costa, 5 ‘ - 2h0 Reversum (Ceecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 329, . 216 Riisei (Thylacodes), Morch. ‘ Zool. Proc., 69, 1862, . . 183 Robusta (Xenophora), Verrill. Am. Journ. Sci., xlix, 226, 1870, . 3 ; , : ; : : : : . 16 Rosea (var. of Tenagodus incisus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 409, 1860, . ‘ ; : ; : : : ; . 188 Rosea (var. of Siliquaria anguina), Linn. Monterosato, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., v, 224, . 189 Rosea (Turritella), Quoy. Voy. del’ Astr., ili, t. 5D, 1 24 26, 199 Rosea Sos ease (not Quoy). Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc., vi, t. 28, f..16. = T. tricincta, Hutton, ; . 209 Roseus (Stephopoms), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de VAstr. og De 300, t. 67, f. 20-2 . 185 Roussei eee Vaillant. Nouv. ‘Archiv. du Museum, Lei loap. 1 Oil. ae ks . 175 Rubella KGeousn elegans, var.), de Folin. Les Méléagrin., p. 45, 1867, : : . - : : : : . 219 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Ruber (Tenagodus), Schum. Essai, p. 262, 1817. = T. anguina, Linn. . : ; : : : Rubescens “(Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 63, 1849, Rudis (var. of Tenagodus eee Morch. Zool. Proc., 404, 1860, . : - Rugoso (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Mirch. Zool. Proc., p. 168, 1861, Rugoso- -squiamosa (Bivonia Quoyi, var. ‘: Moreh. Zool. Proe., p. 60, 1862, Rugulosa (Creseis), Cantraine, p- “39. = Cecum trachea, Mont. Rugulosa (Vermiculus lumbricalis, var.), Moreh. Zool. Proc., pe bis. Lsel, Rugulosum (Odontidium), P Phil. "Moll. Sic., 1; D. 102, t. 6 f. 20. =Cecum trachea, Mont. Rumphii (Thylacodes), Blainv., 1828, Runcinata (Turritella), Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 217, Rupestris (Serpula), Risso. Hur. Mér., p. 204, No. 25. = Bivonia triquetra, Bivon, var. pinnicola, . Ryssotitum (Czecum), de Folin. Jour. de Conch. ,p. 46, 1867, Sanguinea (Turritella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 27, 1849. =. goniostoma, Val. . 5 : : . 5 : Sardinianum (Cecum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, P. 231, Pelee tie bh. 1S60.. == Orvitrenm, Carp. Scaber (Thylacodes), Gravenh. Tergest. Hy Oma No. 2 2, ‘1831. Hab. unknown, Sealariformis (var. of Tenagodus “Austr alis, Quoy), Moreh. Zool. Proe., 406, 1860, Scealaris (Vermiculus ala var. ); Mirch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, 1861, Scandens (Siphonium maximum, var.), Moreh. Zool. Proce., mis7 86h, Cures ee Scaphitella (Siphonium), Moreh. " Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 160, 1861. Scaphitoides (Siphonium textum, var.), Mérch. Zool. Proc , p.159,1861, aay ae Scaphitoides (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 327, 1861, A . ; : Scolopendrina (Vermetus subcancellatus, var. .), March. Zool. Proc., 356, 1861, : : : Searles. Woodii (Czee um), Cpr -McAndr. Rep. Moll. N. E. Atl. ?=C. elegantissimum, Carp., var. . : : j Selecta (Lemintina), Monts. Enum. e Sin., p. 281, 1878.; Il Nat. Sicil., iv, 63, . Semicinctum (Cxcum), de Folin. Les Méléagrin., p. 42 1867, 183 219 250 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE, Semi-surrectus (Vermetus), Bivon. Nouv. Gen., p. 10, t. 2, f/35 1832, . « 6 Semitrachea (Cecum), Brus. “MS. “Monts Nat. Sicil. iv, 24, 220 Senegalensis (Siliquaria), Recluz. Mdérch., Zool. Proc., - 408, 1860, : : : . : . 188 Senegalensis (Xenophora), Fischer. Journ. de Conch., xxi, 123, LSS; : . . 5 . 160 Senegambianum (Cxcum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, W. Africa, ‘ : : : - . 223 Senticosum (Stephopoma),} Mirch. Proc. Zool. Soe., p. 150, 1861, 5 5 . : 5 . 185 Sepimentum (Cxecum), de Folin. Les Fonds de la Mer,a, PASL loeb te lcs - . 229 Sequenzianus ( ‘Vermetus), Aradas and Benoit. Conch. Sicil., PHlol ISTO. 2. : - ee Serpulina (Bivonia triquetra, var. . Mirch. “Zool. Proc. i p. HO USG2.5 5 : 146 Serpuloides, Gray. Fig. of Moll., iv, p. 83, 1850. = Thylacodes, Guett. : : - 166 Serpulorbis, Sassi. Journ. Ligur., Genes, v, “482, 1897. = Thylacodes, Guett, : . 164, 166 Serpulus, Montf. Conch. Syst. 1? 22, 1810. = Thylacodes, Guett, - . 166 Serrata (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Moreh. Zool. Proc., po 162800 we: : . 184 Siliquaria, Bruguiere. Encye. Meth., : p- XV, 1789, . 168, 188 Siliquarius, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 38, 1810. — §. G. of Siliquaria, Brug. Sinensis (Mathilda), Fischer. Journ. de Conch., P. 304, t. 9, £/3, 1867) 4 . od Sinensis (Xenophora), Ph. " Fiinfter Jahresber. des Ver. Natur. Kassel, 8, 1841. = Onustus calculifera, Rve. . 159 Sinuata (Turritella), Rve. “Conch. Iecon., sp. 62, 1849, . 200 Sipho (Vermetus), Rousseau. Chenu, Ill. Conch., t. 4, f. 3, upper; Morch, Zool. Proc., 364, 1861. = V. Roussei, Vaillant. Sipho (Vermetus), Lam. Anim. s. vert., v, 367, 175, 180, 183 Sipho (Vermetus), ‘“‘ Lam.” Blainv., Dict. Sci., 1828. == Thylacodes Masier, Desh. . : . 180 Siphonata (Vermetus centiquadrus, var.), “Mirch. Zool. Proce., pi363,; P61, .-. . 5 - iis Siphonium, Gray. Figs. Moll. Anim., iv, 82, : . 164, 183 Siphonium, “ Browne.” Moérch, Jour. de Conch., vii, 353. — Siphoniun, Gray. . : : » Let Smithii (Caecum), Cooper. Proc. A. N.S. 1154, 1872. = Cecum Cooperi, Smith, : ; ; . 221 At el INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 951 PAGE. Smithia, von Maltzan. Nachrichts. der Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., p. 97, July, 1883, . i : : 192 Solarinus (Vermiculus), Mirch. Proc. Zool. Soe., 171, HSo1;. . : 5 A 4 : - 184 Se ee i a a ee we E> tle. vt INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 255 PAGE Triquetra (Bivonia), Bivona. Nuov. Gen., 11, 1832, . - 176 Triquetra “sin eg Quoyi, er Mirch. Zool. Proe. Tk 61, 1862, . . - 176 Triquetra (Bivonia " sutilis, var.), “March. Zool. 'Proc., 58, 1862, . - - : Bae YY Trisulcata (Turritella), Lam. Anim. S. Vert., ix, p. 256, , 201 Trochicola (Spiroglyphus ee var.), Mireh. Zool. Proc., p. 332, 1861, . : : é : : . 178 Trochiformis (Xenophora). Born. Index Mus. Cees., 355. = X. conchyliophorus, Born. . . 161 Trochlea (Mathilda), Mérch. Mal. Bhitt., Xxii. 165, 1875, . 211 Trochlearis (Tenagodus), Mirch. Proce. Zool. Soc., 1860, \p. 408, . . 189 Tubulosa (Spiroglyphus elomeratus, var. is Mirch. ‘Zool. Proc., p. 334, 1861, . - : . 178 Tubulostium. Btolseska: Pal. Ind., 937, 1 868, : é . 167 Tugurium, Fischer. Kiener’s Trochids. 450, 1880, . 157, 161 - Tulipa (Vermetus centiquadrus, var.), Mirch. Zool. Proc., p. 363, 1861, : : 3 : - 175 Tumidissimum (Meioceras), de Folin. "Annales Soe. Linn., Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, . : . 223 Turboides (Siphonium nebulosum, var 4: Mirch. Zool. Proc., p- 162,186], ; : . 184 Turboides (Serpula), Chieregh. Venez. 1847. = Siphonium geederopi, Morch. Turboides (Siphonium separ var.), Mirch. Zool. Proc., p.161,1861, . cee” aera mie yee Turbona (Turritella), Monts. Ann. del Mus. de Genova, ix, p. 420. 1877, : : : - : : ~ it Turonius (Thy lacodes), “Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 4, £44, . : : - : : . 183 ° Turritella, Lamiarck. Prodr. 314, 1799. : 192, 193, 195 Turritella (Vermetus), R ouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 14, io, . : : . ‘ 3 : F : . 188 Turritellopsis, Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct. Nouv., 186, 1878, . 193 Tulaxodes, Guett. Mem. iii, pp. 143-152, 1774. = Thylacodes, Guett. Uncinatum (Czcum),de Folin. Les Méléagrin., p. 47,1867, 222 Undatum (Czcum), Carp. is t. 9, f. 1.; Zool. Proc., 430, 1858, . : : . . . 213 Undulosum (Meioceras), de Folin. Annales Soc. Linn., Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, . - < : : : . 223 Unguiculata (Siphonium textum,var.),Miérch. Zool. Proc., p- 160, 1861, : : : - : : : : - 185 256 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE, Ungulina (Vermiculus slahtnke var.), Moreh. Zool. Proc., p. Lia, a861,° ; : : ; ; . 187 Ungulina (Turritella), owe én. Ind. Moll. Skand, 153. = T. communis, Risso, . : : cS , : « Lom Uneulina (Turritel'a), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th Edit., p. 1240, 196 Unicostalis (Vermiculus tortuosus, var.), Moreh. Zool. Proc. po 110, 136hy - : : : - : : . 186 Validum (Czcum), de Folin. Les ae . p- 40, 1867, . 216 Varia (Turritella), Kien. Spec. Nr., 34, t. ae ie - 209 Varians (Vermetus),d’Orb. Voy. Amer. ty pl. 54, f; ine 10, 170 beseech (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Moérch. Zool. Proc., p- s1SG22 —. : : : : : a (7 kee (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12 ed., p. 1240, . 198 a ariegatum (Czecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 120, 1869, t. 15, £. 3, 4, : ; 5 : : ; . 222 Venustum (Czcum), de Folin. Les Méléagrin., p. 43,1867, 219 Veracruzanum (Crecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . 216 Vermetus, Gray. Gould, Adams, Stimpson, Carpenter (non Adanson). = Vermicularia, Lam. . : . ° - 165 Vermetus, Adanson. Hist. Sen., 161, 1757, é » 1653 hea Vermicella (Vermetus), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., v, 3€5, 1818, 173 Vermicularia, Lam. Prodr., 1799; Syst., 1801, . . 168, 186 Vermiculus, Lister. Hist. Conch., t. 548, 1688, . : . 164 = Vermiculus, Lam. : : : : - : - 164 Vermium (Tubulus), Petiv. Gazophyl. Amb., t. ae fs: = Thylacodes Rumphii, Blainv. 3 - . 183 Vestitum (Cecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, : . 222 Vicinum (Cecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . : . 222 Violaceo-fusca (Thylacodes colubrina, var.), Mérch. Zool. Proc., p. 72, 1862 : - 180 Virginiana (Turritell a), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., iii De 259, . 220 Vitreum (Cxcum), Folin. Fonds de a Mer, 142, : . 222 Vitreum (Ceecum), Carp. McAndr., Rep. Moll. N. E. Atl, Br. Assoc., 1856, : - 215 Vittata (Turritella), Hutton. Cat. Marine Moll N. Zeal., p- 29.1803; - : : : . 208 Vittulata (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 48,1848, . . : : . 204 Volubilis (Vermiculus pellucidus, var.), Moreh. Zool. Proc: ip: bis, :le6k.. : : : . 188 Volvox ‘(Serpula), Dillw., Dp: 1079, “No. 26. = Tenagodus anguinus, Linn. . ; . 196 Vortex (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var " Mirch. Zool. Proc. *p:ie21, Vso, : 3 : : : : « 2a omdy Pathoee al Plas {cae beter ie INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Vulcanica (Xenophora), Fischer. Mus. Demidoff, Pe 213- 214, 1807. =X. conchyliophorus, Born. Wageneri (Xenophora), Ph. Ktister, Conch. Cab., 345. 24 Indicus, Gmelin. ; 5 Watsonia, Rolin Zool. Proe., 807, 1879. 257 PAGE. = GT eG. of Cecum, Flem. ‘ : . 214, 223 Weldii (Tenagodus), Tenison-Woods. Proe. Soe. Tasmania, 1875, p. 144, 19 Woodwardi (Vermetus renisectus, var. ib Car p- Proe. “Zool. poe. p. 316, 1856, :< : : elgg Xenophora, Fischer. Museum Demidoff, iii, p. 213, 1807, 157, 159 Yucatecanum (Tarritells), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 93, - : : . 208 Zaria, Gray. Zool. Proc., ne ES4 eos ; : 193, 207 Zelandica (Cladopoda, Vermetus), . and G. _ Voy. de VAstr., p.293, t. 67, f. 16-17, . 182 17 Famity HOLIMIDZ. Animal with slender, subulate tentacles and eyes sessile at their outer bases, proboscis retractile, invaginate, when extended very long, mouth without jaw or radula; foot elongated, pro- duced in front, mantle with anterior rudimentary siphonal fold. Shell small, generally elongated, subulate or turriculated, shining, polished, with spire usually curved or distorted ; aper- ture oval, pyriform, entire, with simple lip, the columellar margin more or less thickened. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, some- times absent. This family, together with the Turbinellidz and Pyramidellide which follow it inthe present volume of monographs, constitutes the division Gymnoglossa of Gray, including proboscidiferous mollusks having no radula; the Solariidz and Cancellariidz, also originally included therein, have radulz and are otherwise related more closely to different groups. But little is known of the animals of these little shells; it is not certain, but probable that the sexes are separated. They creep with the foot much in advance of the head, which is usu- ally concealed within the aperture of the shell, the tentacles only protruding. They are more or less parasitic on sea-urchins, holothurians, etc. The small size of the shells, absence of color in most of the groups, and of sculpture, make the discrimination of species somewhat difficult. The Eulimidze have been monographed by Arthur Adams, Thes. Conchyliorum, ii, 793-805. G. B. Sowerby, Reeve’s Con- chologia Iconica, xv, 78 species, 1866. Synopsis of Genera. Genus EULIMA, Risso, 1826. Shell imperforate, subulate, many-whorled, polished, porcel- lanous, spire usually curved or twisted to one side, bearing on one side only, a series of varices forming ribs internally and marking the position of successive mouths, apex acute; aperture oval, entire, pointed above, rounded below, the lip simple, a little (258) EULIMIDA. 259 thickened, columellar margin reflected. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, the nucleus near the inner lip. Animal with subulate tentacles, approaching at the base, eyes large, nearly sessile, foot truncated in front, mentum bilobed, opercular lobe winged on each side, branchial plume single. Over fifty species have been described, from tropical and temperate seas. The genus appeared early in the secondary and became abundant in forms during the Tertiary period. The foot of Eulima secretes a mucous filament which assists to sustain it inthe water. The parasitism of several species has been observed. J. distorta lives in the interior of Holothuria intestinalis upon the coast of Norway; several species have been captured in the intestines of Holothurians at the Philippine Islands, and one of them insinuates itself so deeply in the integu- ments of the Holothuria that only the summit of its spire remains exposed; at New Caledonia they have been observed attached to Asterie. The synonyms are Pasithea, Lea (in part), 1833, and Balcis, Leach,1847. Monterosato has proposed two sections Vitreolina and Acicularia, for some of the Mediterranean species. The first contains the small vitreous species without internal varices, with curved spire and slightly obtuse apex; the second has the apex acute, the shell white, the internal varices occasional. Subgenus SuputarrA, Monterosato, 1884. Shell subulately turriculated ; whorls a little flattened on the side, smooth, polished, often ornamented with spiral colored bands, a succession of slight varices on each side of the spire, not always apparent ; aperture oblong, narrow, entire; inner lip thickened, a little sinuous in the middle, outer lip sharp, flexuous. I reluctantly use the above name in preference to the better known one of Leiostraca, H. and A. Adams, 1853, on account of Liostracus, Albers, 1850. Section Hatietia, Monterosato, 1878. Animal blind. Subgenus Bacuna, H. and A. Adams, 1863. Differs from HLulima in having spiral strie, and the columella twisted back so as to form an acute angle at the base of the aperture. Arcuella, Nevill, 1874, is a synonym. 260 EULIMIDA. Subgenus Apicatta, A. Adams, 1862. Shell solid, spire twisted with decidedly mucronated apex, aperture oblong. Subgenus MucronariA, A. Adams, 1862. Shell subulate, straight, often colored, pupoidal, with mu- cronate apex ; aperture oval-oblong. The distinction between this group and Apicalia is a very slight one. Subgenus Serma, A. Adams, 1864. Shell oblong-ovate, subdiaphanous ; spire short; last whorl large; aperture elongately ovate; columella arcuate, obliquely subplicate. Subgenus Srynirerina, A. Adams, 1860. Shell oval-conic, diaphanous, thin, smooth ; whorls numerous ; apex mucronate, nucleus sinistral; aperture subquadrangular. Parasitic on Asteria and Ophiura. Subgenus LamMBertIA, Souverbie, 1869. Shell pupiform, white, very smooth, polished; spire mucro- nate, cylindrical, the summit mamillated; whorls few; aperture semilunar, peristome continuous ; the outer lip sharp, the inner lip a little reflected at the base, columella slightly twisted. Operculum unknown. Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Adams, 1867. 7, summit mamil- Shell small, oval, imperforate, white, shining, lated ; lip and columella thick. Resembles Macrocheilus in miniature, and is, perhaps, more nearly related to Stylifer. Subgenus EuLtmopsis, Brugnone, 1880. A fossil group; the base concentrically striate, whorls scarcely convex, suture distinct, aperture subrhomboidal, lip sinuous, columella twisted, base subchanneled. E. CarMeL®, Brugn. Pliocene, Sicily. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii, t. 68, f. 84.) Subgenus Iopsis, Gabb., 1873. Shell very small, smooth, polished, spire elevated, suture nearly obsolete, columella slightly twisted, forming an imperfect EULIMID. 261 basal channel. E. FusiroRMIs, Gabb. Tertiary, West Indies. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii, t. 68, f. 86.) Genus SCALENOSTOMA, Desh., 1863. Imperforate, turriculated, surface not enameled, suture mar- gined; whorls numerous, the last with carinated periphery ; aperture subtrigonal, entire, a little arcuated, columella simple, rectilinear, forming an angle at its. junction with the lip, lip obliquely, deeply notched near the suture. Isle of Bourbon. Subgenus SuBevLmMA, Souverbie, 1875. Shell much twisted, ‘not enameled, whorls margined at the suture and with a series of varices on the right side, as in Lulima, last whorl with carinated periphery, but the lip without superior sinus. New Caledonia. Genus NISO, Risso, 1826. Shell deeply umbilicated, turriculated, many whorled, polished, apex acute; whorls slightly convex, the last with angulated periphery, aperture angulated above and below. Operculum as in Lulima. China, Philippines, W. America. Bonellia, Desh., 1838, and Janella, Grat., 1838, are synonyms. Section Votusra, A. Adams, 1861. Shell longitudinally ribbed. Section PALZontso, Gemmellaro, 1878. Shell thicker, more dilated at the base, more pupoidal in form, lip with a slight posterior sinus. Secondary. N. pupoides, Gemm. Lias. Genus HOPLOPTERON, Fischer, 1876. Shell very small, imperforate, elongate-turreted, shining, with obtuse summit; suture linear; whorls continuous, the earlier ones smooth, rather flattened, the others bearing on each side a long, triangular, wing-like varix ; aperture rounded oval, entire, lip simple, sharp. China. The minuteness of this shell and its bizarre appearance suggest that it is embryonic. It is only 1:15 mill. long. 262 EULIMIDA. Genus STYLIFER, Broderip, 1832. Imperforate, hyaline, thin, ovoid or elongated, smooth, pol- ished; whorls numerous, apex very sharp, sometimes bent, nucleus sinistral, last whorl globular; aperture suboval, inner lip smooth, arcuated, outer lip slightly sinuous, thin, simple. ‘No operculum. Body ciliated ; tentacles slender, subulate, with eyes sessile at their outer bases; mantle reflected upon and more or less sur- rounding the shell, forming a siphonal lobe on the right side; foot linguiform, narrow, tubular in front, where it extends much beyond the head, attenuated behind, with a median groove below; verge sharp, elongated, resembling a tentacle. About twenty species are known from warm seas. Stylina, Fleming, 1828 (Gray), is a synonym. Stylifer is commensal or parasitic in its habits, occurring on Echinoderms; some are found in the teguments of Asteria, others on the upper face of the shells of Echini, between the spines, and generally near the anal opening; S. Orbignyanus lodges itself in a spine of Cidaris, which becomes deformed in erowth, forming an interior cell containing a pair of Stylifers and some young ones, the cell having a small mouth on either side; other species are obtained from Holothurians, Comatule, etc. The species mentioned above, inhabiting the spines of Cidaris, appears to be viviparous, but S. Zurtoni, on the contrary, is oviparous. Those which live upon the external surface of their host are probably commensal rather than truly parasitic. How does the S. Orbignyanus obtain nourishment ? Subgenus Cyrunis, Carpenter, 1864. Imbedded in star fishes like Stylifer, from which it is distin- guished by its normal nuclear whorls, and thin concentric oper- culum. W. Coast of N. America. Subgenus Puicirer, H. Adams, 1868. Imperforate, ovately subulate, not shining; spire styliform, nucleus sinistral, columella plicate ; lip flexuous, sinuate behind, aperture entire in front. Found on coral, at Ceylon; the shell resembles Leptoconchus in texture. EULIMIDA. z 263 [Genus ENTOCONCHA, J. Miiller, 1852. Shell obovate, smooth; spire short, very obtuse, apex not elevated, whorls rapidly increasing; aperture transverse, semi- lunar, angulated above, rounded below, width almost equaling the height, margins disunited, the columellar margin straight. Operculum non-spiral.—E. mirasiits, Muller. Found parasitic in Stnapta digitata, one of the Holothuriide, at Trieste. A larval mollusk, sometimes referred to the present group, but now placed, doubtfully, with the Nudibranchiata ]. Genus EUCHRYSALIS, Laube, 1866. Small, thin, pupoid, attenuated at its extremities; whorls numerous, short, smooth, suture shallow ; aperture long, narrow, the lip sharp and thin, columella terminated by an indication of a siphon. Silurian—Cretaceous ; Hurope, India. Subgenus MitcHe.ttA, de Koninck, 1877. Shell elongated, cylindrical-conic, many whorled; aperture long, extremely narrow, sinuous, attenuated at its extremities, rostrated and prolonged but not canaliculated in front; peris- tome continuous, the lips subparallel, outer lip reflected ; surface spirally striated. Devonian, Australia. The type is sinistral. Genus MACROCHEILUS, Phillips, 1841. Shell thick, imperforate, ventricose, aperture effuse below, outer lip thin, columella callous, slightly tortuous and plicate in front. Devonian—Carboniferous. M. ScutotrHemu, d’Arch. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 91). The synonymy includes Polyphemopsis, Portlock ; Plectostylus, Conrad ; Macrochilina and Duncania, Bayle, 1879. Subgenus PasitHEA, Lea (Restricted), 1833. Spire short, last whorl ventricose. Rather more slender and cylindrical than the typical Wacrocheilus. M. CLAIBORNENSIS, Lea. Eocene; Alabama. Genus BOURGUETIA, Desh., 1871. Shell large, turreted ; spire long, pointed ; whorls convex, spi- rally striated or grooved, last whorl large; mouth oval, angular behind, widened and rounded below. B. srriata, Sowb., Jurassic, 264 EULIMID. Genus LOXONEMA, Phillips, 1841. Shell elongated, many-whorled ; aperture simple, attenuated above, effused below, with a sigmoidal edge to the outer lip; spire interiorly septate. Like many other paleozoic genera, the bad condition of many of the species and the variation in form and sculpture render it difficult to place it properly in a systematic work; some of the species might go into Turbonillide, others appear closely allied to Chemnitzia, and might even be synonymous withit. Michelia, Rémer, and Holopella, Sandberger (in part), are synonyms. L. cosraTuM, Sandb. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 97). Genus STROBEUS, de Koninck, 1881. Shell small, smooth, spire sharp, of 5-7 convex whorls; mouth long-oval, outer lip sharp, inner lip callous, with an anterior fold. Dist. 3 sp. Carboniferous, Belgium. Genus ORTHONEMA, Meek and Worthen, 1861. Shell elongate, many-whorled, with revolving carinz, crossed by nearly straight growth-lines ; aperture angular above, slightly effuse below, lip simple, nearly straight; axis imperforate. Devonian and Carboniferous, United States. Allied to Loxonema, but has distinct revolving carinez, and wants the sigmoid outer lip of that genus. Genus RIGAUXIA, Cossmann, 1885. Shell narrowly elongated, nearly cylindrical, spirally striate; aperture rounded in front, lip a little sinuous above, inner lip thickened behind and separated from the columella in front by a groove. Fossil, Bathonian. Genus CLIMACINA, Gemmellaro, 1878. Shell imperforate, many-whorled, elongated, very finely longi- tudinally striated; aperture oval, rounded in front, lip simple. C. CATHERINZ,Gemm. Lias. Genus SUBULITES, Conrad, 1842. Shell fusiform, spire produced; volutions convex, the last large; columella bent and truncated at the base, where it is separated from the outer lip by a notch as in Achatina ; outer ee ee EULIMID. 265 lip very slightly notched near the upper end; surface of shell smooth. Paleozoic, United States. Bulimella, of Hall (not Pfeiffer); Bulimorpha, Whitfield, 1882, and Polyphemopsis, Portlock (in part), are synonyms. Genus FUSISPIRA, Hall, 1872. This ‘Silurian group, which I have placed in Buccinide, may possibly belong here. F. ventrRicosa, Hall (Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii, 141, t. 51, f. 50). Genus CHEMNITZIA, d’Orb., 1850. Shell comparatively large, elongate conical; spire many- whorled, the last rather large, somewhat produced below; aper- ture ovate, somewhat effuse at base, peristome not continuous, outer lip sharp, sinuous at or above the middle, columeUa smooth, imperforate ; surface longitudinally striate or costate, sometimes decussated, rarely nodular. Secondary and Tertiary. C. con- DENSATA, Desh. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii, t. 68, f. 96). The recent shells known as Chemnitzia, and which were origi- nally included by d’Orbigny in his diagnosis of 1839, are referred to Turbonilla, Risso; they are smaller, ribbed, and do not possess the broad posterior lip-sinus of the fossil group. Section CuEMNITzIA (restricted). Shell lengthened, with cross ribs; mouth oval, rounded or angular in front; spire straight or slightly curved, somewhat callous; outer lip sharp. Section Ruagppoconc#aA, Gemellaro, 1878. Whorls striate or ribbed longitudinally, sometimes punctate or tuberculate. Section PsrupoMELANIA, Pictet et Campiche, 1862. Shell elongated, thick; whorls smooth, with fine curved growth- lines; mouth rounded or angular in front; spire straight or slightly curved. Section Oonta, Gemellaro, 1878. Shell penned: smooth, with growth-lines ; last whorl large ; mouth oval, rounded in oor spire slightly Sra Section Microscuiza, Gemellaro, 1878. Shell usually with cross ribs; narrowly perforate; whorls 266 EULIMA. sharp, mostly scalariform ; mouth oval, rounded in front; inner lip and spire callously thickened. Section Bayanta, Munies-Chalmas, 1877. Shell elongated, spire sharp, earlier whorls reticulated, the last generally smooth, or feebly sculptured, basal lip subsinuous. About twenty Eocene and Miocene species. Genus EULIMA, Risso, 1826. Section EuLima (sensu stricto). EK. eranpis, A. Ad. Pl. 68, fig. 89. Solid, opaque; whorls 15, rather flat, with lateral continuous varices, last whorl angulated on the periphery. Length, 40 mill. Island of Burias, Philippines. K. Martini, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 90. Whorls numerous, flattened, with varices obliquely impressed, obliquely continuous to the apex, last whorl rather angular on the periphery. Length, 35 mill. China Sea; Singapore. Reeve gives S¢. Helena as locality, which requires confirmation. _ K. canpipA, Marrat. Pl. 68, figs. 91, 92. Whorls numerous, short, somewhat rounded, the varices im- pressed forming a continuous oblique line not reaching the apex. Length, 44 mill. Formosa. A stouter species than the preceding, with shorter whorls, not angulated on the periphery; the varix-line does not extend to the apex. E. mAJorn, Sowb. PI. 68, figs. 93, 94. Spire more or less curved to the right, often with a sutural band, very highly polished, white, sometimes blotched or clouded with chestnut or bluish chocolate, varix-line impressed, contin- uous. Length, 37 mill. Tahiti, Sandwich Is., Mauritius. E. arcuata, Sowb. (fig. 94), is a much curved specimen ; inter- mediate degrees of curvature are before me. Phasianella inflexa, Blainv., is possibly this species. EULIMA. 267 E. Friuexvosa, A. Ad. Pl. 68, fig. 95. Whorls 15, flattened, with a semitransparent sutural line, the last whorl rounded, aperture broadly oval, outer lip flexuously | produced in the middle. Length, 31 mill. Hab. ? Very close to the preceding species, but the aperture is more rounded, and the spire is slightly curved to the left above. E. picta, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 98. Solid, pyramidal; whorls 11, slightly convex, those near the apex white, the last very obtusely angular, painted above the angle with an obscure interrupted rose-colored band. Length, 1 inch. Habitat unknown EH. Cumineir, A. Ad. Pl. 68, fig. 96. Whorls 13, a little rounded, spire nearly straight, varices irregular, impressed, here and there not apparent. Length, 35 mill. Sandwich, Lord Hood’s and Viti Islands. EH. TEINOsToMA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 97. Spire straight; whorls 12, rather flat, with an impressed line beneath the suture, somewhat pellucid, last whorl rounded, aperture narrow. Length, 1 inch. Viti Is. on coral reefs. Too close to the preceding species ; appears to be narrower. E. uactea, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 99. Opaque, solid, nearly straight; whorls rather flat, the last subangulate on the periphery, varices impressed, continuous. Length, 28 mill. Philippines. E. BREVIS, Sowb. PI. 68, figs. 1, 2. Short; whorls convex, spire acuminated, the apex a little turned to the left, hyaline, whitish or pale fawn color. Length, 9-19 mill. Pacific Ocean, on shells of the Pearl Oyster; Isle Annaa. © [ am unable to separate EZ. labiosa, Sowb. (fig. 2), from this species, 268 EULIMA. K. PORCELLANA, A. Ad. PI. 68, figs. 100, 15. White, opaque, solid, long, narrowly subcylindrical, apex slightly curved; whorls flat, the periphery subangulated, varices irregular, conspicuous. Length, 1 inch. Hab. unknown. EH. acuta, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 3. Subulate, white, opaque, nearly straight; whorls flat, body- whorl long, not angulated, aperture oblong, rather turned back- wards in front, outer lip thin, not much curved. Length, 1 inch. Isl. of Luzon, Philippines. Figured in Conch. Icon. as acuta, Sowb., but that is a much smaller species, from W. Coast of Central America, and referred to Leiostraca, by Carpenter. KE. souipa, Sowb. PI. 68, figs. 5, 4. Solid, subulate, curved, distorted, white, suture margined, last whorl swollen, somewhat produced obliquely, spire at- tenuated. Length, 10 mill. Paumotus, Viti Is., Sandwich Ts. EL. inflexa, Pease (fig. 4) is a synonym. KE. PusILLA, Sowb. Pl. 68, figs. 6, 7. Solid, subeylindrical, acuminated, narrow, white; whorls rather flat, the last oblong, aperture narrow. Length, 10 mill. Vite Is., St. Helena? I have from two respectable sources Stylifer acicula, Gould, under this name, and as that species has the same outline, it is difficult to decide which is the proper identification of puszlla. In making my selection, as above, I am compelled to make £. extlis, Pease (fig. 7), a synonym. E. venusta, Pease. PI. 68, fig. 8. Rather solid, vitreous, ashy white, elongate, subulate, very narrow, spire very slightly twisted; whorls 9-10, flatly convex, distinctly margined at the suture. Length, 6 mill. Tahitt. Occurs associated with Stylifer acicula, Gld., but is smaller, more solid and slender, the spire more curved. EULIMA. 269 E. reTRoRSA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 9. Solid, white, tinged with pale fawn color above, narrow, the apex recurved; whorls flat, rather straight, aperture small, oval- oblong, outer lip thickened, nearly straight. Length, 11 mill. : Tahiti. Differs from Z. pusilla only in the slightly recurved apex. K. aucur, Angas. PI. 68, fig. 10. Rather narrow, white, opaque, solid, apex very slightly curved to the left ; whorls 10, rather flattened, suture margined, periphery rounded. Length, 12 mill. St. Vincent’s Gulf, So. Australia. E. proxiMa, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 11. Solid, white, opaque, arched backwards; whorls 11, flat, the last obscurely angular, suture faintly margined. Length, 15 mill. Port Jackson, Austra‘ia. E. ARTICULATA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 12. Acuminately pyramidal, white, articulated and marbled with chestnut; whorls rather rounded, varices somewhat prominent ; outer lip thickened. Length, 23 mill. Australia. Searcely looks like an Hulima, but the varices indicate its position here. KE. Tentson, Tryon. Pl. 68, fig. 16. Obtusely turreted, slightly curved, translucid, whitish ; whorls T, flattened above, penultimate rounded, last subinflated, aperture pyriform, the outer lip thin, produced, inner lip reflected. Length, 3 mill. Tasmania. The name is substituted for #. micans, Tenison-Woods, pre- occupied by Carpenter. KE. conompatis, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 17. Shell pyramidal, rather broad below, solid, white, opaque; whorls flat, periphery angulated, varices irregular. Length, 16 mill. Sandwich Is. (Sowerby); Singapore (S. Archer !) 270 _ BULIMA. KE. potyeyra, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 18. Pyramidal, straight, narrow, angular at the base, white, opaque ; whorls numerous, short, flat, aperture obliquely diamond shaped, small, produced at base. Length, 10 mill. Isl. Mindanao, Philippines. E. conica, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 19. Small, white, solid, pyramidal, rather straight; whorls short, flat, the last angulated, apex sharp, suture distinct, aperture obliquely subquadrangular, outer lip thick, columella rather tor- tuous. Length, 5 mill. Hab. unknown. Differs from the preceding species in the lower part of the aperture being acuminated ; it is also more solid, and the whorls _ are not quite so short. K. mopicetua, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 20. White, semipellucid ; whorls 11, flattened, varices continuous, last whorl slightly angulated in the middle; aperture oval, outer lip anteriorly produced. Length, 6 mill. Isl. Zebu, Philippines. Appears to be too closely allied to ZL. retrorsa, Sowb. K. opaca, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 13. Rather straight, subulate, white, opaque, solid; whorls a little convex, the last oval; aperture ovate, outer lip thick, nearly straight. Length, 12 mill. Sandwich Islands (Sowerby). Somewhat stouter than 7. pusilla, Sowb. KE. PYRAMIDALIS, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 14. Shell rather short and stout, nearly straight, white, subpellu- cid; whorls 10, scarcely convex, the last rounded; aperture small, rather rounded, laterally produced, outer lip thin, pro- duced below the middle. Length, 9 mill. I. Capul, Philippines (Cuming !); Singapore (S. Archer !) ~ E. cusPipaTA, Reeve. PI. 68, fig. 22. Subulate, subventricose, spire straight, apex acuminated ; whorls a little convex, the last oval, varices inconspicuous. Length, 12 mill. . Isl. Zebu, Philippines. EULIMA. 271 KE. rortuosa, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 68, fig. 23. Shell solid, white, narrow, tortuous in the middle and at the apex ; whorls rather flat, obliquely varicose, aperture small, oval. Length, 20 mill. China Sea. E. sottpuLta, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 68, fig. 21. Abbreviately turreted (apex lost), somewhat solid, tortuous, varicose ; whorls 9-10, convex ; aperture small ; white. Length, 9 mill. China Sea. K. nitipuna, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 24. Shell white, opaque, rather ventricose, straight; whorls 10-11, somewhat convex, the last not angulate; aperture oval, outer lip slightly curved inwards above. Length, 9 mill. Singapore. Mistaking this name for nitida, which is preoccupied, Sowerby changed it to H. Adamsi. EK. SUBANGULATA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 27. Pyramidal, thin, banded here and there with pale yellowish brown blotches; whorls flat, the last slightly angulated. Length, 20 mill. Indian Ocean. Closely allied to HZ. hastata, Sowb., from west coast of Central America, but narrower. E. acurormis, Nevill. Pl, 68, fig. 28. Very narrowly elongated, sharp pointed, flexuous, solid, white ; whorls 17, cylindrical, varices obliquely continuous, last whorl rounded. Length, 10 mill. Andaman Islands. E. ropusta, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 25. Pyramidally subulate, flexuous, apex recurved ; whorls a little convex, thie last large, oblique, rounded at the base, suture mar- gined; aperture ovate, produced, inner lip thickened above, outer lip arcuate ; white, semiopaque. Length, 4-5 mill, Japan. Figured from an author’s specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy. 272 EULIMA. E. munputa, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 26. Subulate, twisted, spire laterally curved; whorls 9, a little convex, the last large, oblique at base ; aperture ovate, produced ; inner lip thickened, outer lip arcuate, scarcely inflexed ; white, subopaque. Length, 3 mill. Japem Figured from an author’s type. E. micans, Carp. Pl. 69, figs. 29, 30. Straight, white, semipellucid, shining; whorls flattened, the last oblong oval; aperture narrowly oval, outer lip somewhat straight and scarcely thickened. Length, 9 mill. San Diego, Cal. I think that EZ. Elodia, Folin (fig. 30), from pearl oysters, West Coast of Central America, is synonymous. The figure is — greatly magnified. E. ceaci~iima, Sowb. PI. 69, fig. 31. Very narrow, tortuous, solid, opaque, shining; whorls numer- ous, the last oblong, aperture narrow, laterally produced, outer lip rather thick, straight. Length, 12 mill. . Guatemala. E. pagva, Sowb. PI. 69, figs. 32, 33. Very minute, white, rather pellucid, arched in the middle; apex distorted, last whorl ovate, aperture oval. Length, 3 mill. Mazatlan. E. adamantina, Folin (fig. 33), from Meleagrine, West Coast of Central America, isa species only. 2°5 mill. long oa of similar form; it is very probably identical. E. supRosTRaTA, Sowb. PI. 69, fig. 34. Small, white, narrow, tapering, near the apex arched and attenuated ; whorls few, the last oblong and slightly angular; aperture oblong, acuminated beneath, columella rather straight, — outer lip thin. Length, 5-5 mill. ; q Hab. unknown. E. ipsa, Folin. Pl. 69, fig. 35. Ventricose, spire acuminating and much curved, the apex : - somewhat obtuse, crystalline, very shining; whorls 9, somewhat convex, the last large, tumidly inflated. Length, 3 mill. W. Coast of Centr. America, on Meleagrina. EULIMA. 273 E. opatina, Folin. Pl. 69, fig. 37. Rather pyramidal, straight, opaque, opaline, streaked with chestnut, spire subacute ; whorls 10, slowly increasing, a little convex, the last obtusely angulated in the middle, base contracted, aperture subquadrangularly oblique. Length, 3°5 mill. W. Coast Central America, on Meleagrina. E. proca, Folin. Pl. 69, fig. 38. Elongate acuminate, whitish, blotched and triangularly clouded with flesh-color, especially below the sutural band ; whgrls 10-11, _ somewhat rounded, body-whorl rather long. Length, 33 mill. W. Coast Central America, on Meleagrina. _ E. gastata, Sowb. PI. 69, fig. 39. Rather straight, pyramidal; whorls somewhat flattened, the last with angulated periphery ; rosy, brownish above the middle. Length, 22 mill. St. Elena, W. Coast of Central America. E. oLeacea, Kurtz and Stimpson. PI. 69, fig. 36. = Subulate, solid, straight or but slightly curved; whorls 12, flattened, closely coiled, suture inconspicuous; white, the spire- whorls marked in a banded manner with pale brown. Length, 6-25 mill. New England—North Carolina. Animal white, hyaline, its eyes visible through the shell. E. conomea, Kurtz and Stimpson. PI. 69, fig. 40. Conic lanceolate, white, with 13 flat whorls, the last subangu- late, aperture rhomboidal. Length, 9 mill. North Carolina to Florida. Figured from a specimen which is believed to be correctly identified. _ E..Jamaicensis, C. B. Ad. Pl. 69, fig. 41. Whorls about 10, a little convex, spire nearly straight, suture well marked, body-whorl long, rounded, aperture rather narrow. Length, 6 mill. West Indies. E. suscartnata, d’Orb. PI. 69, fig. 44. Pyramidal; whorls 8, flat, last one obtusely carinated, suture narrowly margined. Length, 3-5 mill. West Indies. 18 O74 EULIMA. BH. rora, C. B. Ad. Pl. 69; figs: 42: Very small, conical, white; whorls few, flat, the last wide and angulated on the periphery; apex acuminated and a little curved ; aperture subrhomboidal ; outer lip sharp; columella perpendicu- lar. Length, 2 mill. Jamaica. Evidently a young shell. E. INTERMEDIA, Cantraine. Pl. 69, fig. 43. Rather solid, very smooth, semipellucid, white tinged with light chestnut, narrow; whorls 13, flattened; spire subulate ; apex acute; body-whorl long, a little tumid, about one-third the length of the shell; aperture narrow. Length, 7:5 mill. Norway to Mediterranean, Canary Is., N. England to Florida. Is E. nitida, Phil. (not Lamarck.) E. pouita, Linn. Pl. 69, figs. 45, 46. Pyramidal, acuminated, straight, or a little curved, solid, opaque, very shining, white, more or less tinged with fawn or flesh color; whorls about 10, a little convex, nearly flat, narrow, last whorl obsoletely angulated ; aperture small, rather narrow. Length, 17 mill. Europe. Itis Melania Bosci, Payr.; LE. anglica, Sowb.; LE. elegantissima and E. glaberrima, Risso; Melania Gervillet, Collard; Turbo albus, Donovan. Var. INFLEXA, Monts. Spire slightly curved. Var BREVIS, Requien. Fig. 46. Shorter, more conical, periphery obtusely angulated. ? EL. Petitiana, Brusina and EL. minor, Monts., are synonyms. E. rncurva, Renieri. Pl. 69, figs. 48, 47, 51. Thin, diaphanous; spire aciculate, composed of 10 nearly flat whorls; flexuous, body-whorl long, attenuated below. Length, 2°8 mill. Hurope. The following are synonyms: JL. distorta, Phil., et auct., non Defrance (which is a fossil of the Paris basin, and a different EULIMA. 25 species), L. Philippii, Weink. (not Rayn. and Ponzi), #. curvata, Chiereg., H. sinuosa, Scacchi. Var. GRACILIS, Forbes and Hanby. Fig. 47. Larger and scarcely curved. England. Monterosato has added vars., ore-rotundato, ore-angusto, devi- ans and exilis, the latter subsequently made a species under the name of antiflexa (fig. 51). The figure, which is cited with doubt by Monterosato, is from Sars, and purports to represent £. distorta. E. curva, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, figs. 49, 50. Spire elevated, composed of 8 or 9 strongly curved, slightly convex whorls, suture superficial; hyaline white, translucent. Length, 3°4 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Var. ELoNGATA, B. D. and D. Fig. 50. More elongated, the last whorls narrower. E. compactitis, Monts. PI. 69, fig. 52. Slender, rather thick, semitransparent, whitish ; whorls 7, the last one half the total length, suture inconspicuous, aperture narrow. Length, 3°75 mill. Bay of Biscay to Azores, Mediterranean. It is L. obtusa, Jeffreys (figured). E. Srauior, Brusina. Pl. 69, fig. 53. Slightly curved; whorls 9, flattened, compact, apex rather obtuse, body-whorl rounded, aperture small, oblique. Length, 4 mill. Dalmatia to Madeira. EL. Petitiana, Brusina, which I have made a synonym of £. polita, var. brevis, is referred to this species by Jeffreys. E. ABBREVIATA, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, fig. 56. Conical, thin, semitransparent, glossy, minutely striate, ivory white, three apical whorls light brown, apex rather blunt ; whorls T, a little convex, the last long, rounded; outer lip straight. Length, 3°75 mill. Atlantic Ocean (Porcupine Exped.). 276 EULIMA. EK. PYRIFORMIS, Brugnone. PI. 69, fig. 54. Pyriform ; whorls 9, slightly convex, apex rather acute, body- whorl obtusely subangulated, large, outer lip nearly straight, white, apical whorls sometimes brown-tinted. Length, 6 mill. Bay of Biscay to West Coast of Africa, Mediterranean. Some specimens are more or less curved. Described as a fossil. According to Dr. Jeffreys #. chaunagxz and perhaps E. hians of Watson are synonyms. The characters are the swollen shape of the last whorl, the remarkably flexuous character of the outer lip, and acuminated apex. Var. BIZONATA, with two narrow chestnut bands, one below the suture the other at the periphery, both showing on the spire- whorls. ; K. Fusco-APicaTA, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, fig. 55. Slender, thin, transparent, very glossy, microscopically striate, periphery sometimes slightly keeled, vitreous, the apical whorls chestnut brown; whorls 9-11, narrow, rather convex, outer lip remarkably flexuous. Length, 5 mill. Bay of Biscay to Cape Verd Is. K. Jerrreysit, Tryon. Pl. 69, fig. 59. Very slender, thick, transparent, very glossy, periphery more or less distinctly keeled, apex obtuse, glassy white; whorls 8, compact and flattened, the last about two-fifths the total length ; mouth rather small. Length, 5 mill. Bay of Biscay to W. Coast of Africa, Azores. Described by Jeffreys as H. solida, a name preoccupied by Sowerby. KH. SUBUMBILICATA, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, fig. 57. Short conical, solid, apex obtyse, nearly opaque, white, periphery obtusely angular; whorls 5, compressed and somewhat rounded, the last two-thirds the total length; umbilicus shallow, with a small perforation behind the pillar. Length, 1°25 mill. Atlantic Ocean. Probably a young shell. E. MINuTA, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, fig. 60. Club-shaped, thin, semitransparent and glossy, whitish, per- iphery rounded, apex blunt; whorls 5—6, the last about half the EULIMA. OT ‘total length; mouth oval, pointed above, outer lip somewhat thickened. Length, 2 mill. Strait of Messina; Morocco. E. GLABRA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, fig. 61. Awl-shaped, solid, semitransparent, polished, whitish, tinged with brownish yellow, apex blunt, periphery rounded; whorls 8, flatly convex, the last half the total length. Length, 3°75 mill. W. Coast of Africa. E. Acuratis, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, fig. 62. Thin, semitransparent, periphery keeled, white, apex sharp; whorls slightly convex ; aperture a little pointed below. Length, 1-25 mill. Mediterranean. E. PERMINIMA, Jeffreys. PI]. 69, fig. 63. Slender, rather solid, semitransparent, white, slightly tinged with yellowish brown on the body-whorl, apex bluntly pointed ; whorls 6-7, compressed and compact. Length, 1:25 mill. Zetland, Mediterranean. E. Gentinomiana, Issel. PI. 69, fig. 64. Subulate, very slightly curved, white; whorls 11, flattened, suture margined, periphery rounded, apex acute. Length, 4 mill. Red Sea. E. Patvensis, Watson. PI. 69, fig. 58. Solid, whorls 7-8; a little rounded, suture slightly margined ; transparent white, obsoletely stained with rust color, forming indistinct bands. Length, 4 mill. Madeira. E. DENTIENS, Dunker. PI. 70, fig. 1. Thick, white, very shining ; whorls 6—7, a little convex, the last half the total length; lip thickened, dilated, obsoletely minutely tridentate within, at the base. Length, 8 mill. Viti Islands. Unfigured and Undetermined Species. KE. arrinis, E. contca, E. Gracitis, E. arcuata, C. B. Adams. ; Jamaica. E. nutans, E. eBuRNEA, Muhlfeldt. West Indies. E. Breviuscuna, Dunker. Brazil, 278 EULIMA. E. compacta, E. Tuersires, Carpenter. California. KE. FUSCOSTRIGATA, Carpenter. Cape St. Lucas, L. California. EK. BERYLLINA, EK. NANA, E.CIONELLA, Monterosato. Mediterranean. E. microstoMa, Brusina. Mediterranean. FE. cARNEOLA, Gould. Japan. EK. AcICULATA, Pease. Sandwich Islands. E. coyp@A, E. cyLINDRATA, E. GoMpHus, E. HYALINA. K. pstua, EH. rascrata, E. cHAscanon, Watson. West Indies. KE. EPHAMILLA, KE. oxynLata (Philippines), EH. ACANTHYLLIS (Sand- esimes| Sakae & K. wich Islands), EH. ACERRIMA (Cape York, Australia), E. Sa- Rissa (Pernambuco), E.LATIPES ( Torres Straits), E. FAMELICA (Azores), E. cuyta (Ascension Island), E. cAMPYLA (Cape York, Australia), EH. FALLAX (Viti Is.), E. AMBLIA (between Marion and Prince Edward Is.), KE. HEBES (Pernambuco), E. pissrmiuis (Port Jackson, Australia), HE. EURYCHADA (Cape York, Australia), all of Watson (Challenger Exped. Shells). . ANGULATA, E. AcIcULARIS, E. CHRYSALLIDA, E. cLAVOLA, H. cURVATA, E. DENTALIOPSIS, E. DEBILIS, EH. EBURNEA, HE. FLEXA, E. GIBBOSULA, E, INDEFLEXA, E. ODONTOIDEA, E. PINGUICULA, KE. PANDATA, E. RECLINATA, E. suBULA, E. scituLA, E. sEMI- TORTA, E. STENOSTOMA, E. sTYLATA, E. vauipa, all of A. Adams. Japan. . Perrerpi, E. LeGRANDI, Beddome. Tasmania. . MARGINATA, EH, APHELES, KE, TasMANICA, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania. . CHATHAMENSIS, Hutton. — Rissoa variegata, Angas. . NITENS, EH. AMABILIS, Brazier. Torres Sts., N. Australia. . AURANTIA, E. viITREA, Petterd. Tasmania. . INCERTA, E. DubrA, Anton. Hab. unknown . BIPARTITA, Morch. Sonsonate, Central Ama. . Guitpiner, A. Ad. West Indies. .Actis, A. Ad. Singapore. . INCERTA, d’Orb. Cuba. Subgenus Suspurarra, Monts., 1884. VARIANS, Sowb. PI. 70, figs. 65-67. Narrow, thin, pale fawn color, broadly brown banded, or with two narrow bands, or entirely brown. Length, 10-12 mill. Xipixapt, Central America. _— EULIMA. 279 E. rutitA, Carpenter. PI. 70, fig. 68. Thin, glassy, narrow, apex attenuated ; whorls 10, irregularly banded and blotched with pale red. Length, 7 mill. California. E. ELEGANTISSIMA, Folin. PI. 70, fig. 69. Pellucid, very shining; whitish, with two pale chestnut, nar- row, distant bands and oblique chestnut strigations ; whorls 10, rather convex; lip brown tinted. Length, 5 mill. W. Coast of Central Ama. E. prvittaTaA, H.and A. Ad. Pl. 70, fig. 70. Attenuated, pale with two linear approximate chestnut. bands in the middle, showing on the spire whorls. Length, 10 mill. Sooloo Sea. Described by Adams and Reeve as £. bilineata, preoccupied by Alder. KE. supuLtatTa, Donovan. Pl. 70, fig. 71. Narrow, rather thin, semitransparent, yellowish white, with three pairs of narrow chestnut bands on the body-whorl, and two pairs on the spire whorls, sometimes each pair coalescing into a single wider band. Length, 12-16 mill. England to Mediterranean. It is Strombiformis glaber, Dacosta; H. fasciata, Renieri; E. trifasciata, Adams; E. flavocincta, Megerle; EL. Cambesse- desii, Payr.; EH. Donovani, Forbes; EL. lineata, Sowb. Var. PALLIDULA, Jeffreys. Bands of a paler color, and more or less interrupted. E. BILINEATA, Alder. Pl. 70, figs. 72-74. Like the preceding species, but usually smaller ; with a single pair of bands in the middle, and sometimes an obscure band just below the suture; upper whorls with a pair or occasionally a single band; some specimens have a tawny streak or blotch at the base. Length, 8 mill. Norway to Mediterranean Sea. Scarcely more than a variety of Z. subulata. E. BIFASCIATA, d’Orb. PI. 70, fig. 75. Acicular, spire sharp pointed; whorls about 12, white, with two distant narrow chestnut bands, visible on the spire. Length, 6 mill. Cuba. 980 EULIMA. KE. ruLvocincra, C. B. Adams. PI. 170, fig. 76. Whorls few, subventricose; whitish, with two interrupted chestnut bands. Length, 4 mill. Jamaica. BE. vincra, AL Ad. (Pl j0; ae Tie Subfusiform, thin, pale, with two narrow chestnut lines on the middle; whorls a little convex, apex sharp pointed. Length, 4 mill. Japan. The species figured as £. vincta in the Conch. Icon. has no authority appended, but as the description corresponds, I sup- pose it to be this species. EK. Samosnsis, Crosse. PI. 70, fig. 78. Highly polished, pellucid white, with obscure, interrupted chestnut lineate maculations, and occasional chestnut-tinted varices; whorls 10-11, somewhat flattened, margin of aperture chestnut. Length, 9 mill. Samoan Is. This may be a highly colored state of Z. acicula, Gould. EK. UNILINEATA, Adams and Reeve. Pl. 70, fig..79. Thin, white, with a single narrow peripheral chestnut line, appearing on the spire. Length, 12 mill. Sooloo Sea. HK. Metcatrel, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 83. Whorls very few, the last large, oval, subpellucid, white, orna- mented with an interrupted chestnut band, and undulating oblique lines. Length, 11 mill. Sandwich Is. (W. H. Pease). KH. nucra, C. 5B; Ad. “Flo 70 hes Sk. Semipellucid, white, with a very pale rosy tinge; whorls few, straight, the last oval, ventricose. Length, 10 mill. Panama. KH. acuta, Sowb. | Pl. 70, fig. 82. Elongate, subcylindrical, dull white; whorls 12, rather flat- tened ; aperture narrow. Length, 8 mill. Bay of Montija, W. Coast of Central Am. The apex is rather obtuse than acute. EULIMA. 281 E. nivea, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 84. White, semipellucid ; whorls a little convex, suture margined, columella subtortuous and thin. Length, 7 mill. Japan. E. pura, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 85. White, pellucid ; whorls numerous, short, straight, suture mar- gined; aperture narrow, columella rather tortuous. Length, 7°5 mill. Japan. Narrower than the preceding species. KE. pauxinitus, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 86. White, pellucida ; whorls short, rather flattened, suture margined, aperture short, columella tortuous. Length, 6 mill. Japan. Judging by the figures, this species ought to be united to the preceding. L. clara, A. Ad. (unfigured) is made asynonym by Sowerby. E. Maria, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 87. Whitish, opaque, subeylindrical ; whorls short, rather straight, suture distinct, apex obtuse, columella long, rather straight. Length, 10 mill. : Japan. E. Manzonrana, Issel. PI. 70, fig. 88. Subulate, smooth, very shining, white, apex acute; whorls 8, planulate, the last attenuated at the base; aperture small, narrow. Length, 2°5 mill. Gulf of Suez, Red Sea. E acutisstma, Sowerby. PI. 70, figs. 89, 90. Pellucid, white, very thin, acuminated; whorls 8, slightly convex, the last large; aperture narrow, columella long, rather straight. Length, 9 mill. Sydney, Australia. I consider £. Lesbia, Angas (fig. 90), a synonym. E. Peaser,Tryon. Pl. 70, fig. 91. Small, white, pellucid, short, somewhat arched and depressed in the middle ; whorls few, suture margined; aperture expanded below. Length, 4°5 mill. Sandwich Islands. Appears from the figure to be more like a true Hulima. 2829 EULIMA. Described by Pease as LE. distorta, a name preoccupied by Defrance. K. actcuna, Gould. Pl. 70, figs. 92—95. Transparent white, blotched and obsoletely margined at the suture with pale fawn color, highly polished; whorls short, rather straight, numerous. Length, 8-9 mill. Fiji and Sandwich Is. Described as a Stylifer, and may possibly belong to that genus. The synonyms are JL. aciculata, Sowb. (fig. 93), £. pyramidalis, Sowb. (fig. 94), and H#. vitrea, A. Ad. (fig. 95). K. ATTENUATA, Sowb. PI. 70, fig. 97. Elongated, subcylindrical, narrow, semipellucid, white, faintly banded at the suture; whorls 13, flat, the last oblong, apex mucronate ; aperture narrow, outer lip produced in the middle, subemarginated beneath, columella oblique. Length, 13 mill. 7 Viti Is. Probably only a large form of the preceding species. KE. HEMPHILLIT, Dall. PI. 70, fig. 96. Slender, subulate, brilliantly polished ; whorls 9-10, flattened, suture inconspicuous ; dark chocolate brown to blackish, with a lighter stripe at the suture. Length, 3 mill. Cedar Keys, Fla. A beautiful little species, remarkably colored. Section Harretia, Monts., 1878. KE. sTENOSTOMA, Jeffreys. Pl. 70 fig. 80. Thin, white, semipellucid; whorls very slightly convex, the last subangulated in the middle, aperture narrow, columella long, vertical. Length, 6°5 mill. Norway— Mediterranean. —— Unfigured Species of Leiostraca. E. cLAVELLA, E. n1xa, KE. niTIpA, E. LANcEATA, KE. Leacuu, E. LABIATA, EK. TURGIDULA, E. TANTILLA, H. LEPIDA, E. SPICULUM, KB. ARIEL, BK. Titanta, E. OBERon, E. Constant, EH. CAsTA, KE. LENTIGINOSA, E. HASTATA, E. suBuLINA, E. Miranpa, E. me — rs EULIMA. 983 METULINA, E. PISTILLUM, E:. cRYSTALLINA, E. pusinua, E, pyGM@A, E. pusio, HE. exiaua, HE. Nana, HE. pumina, E. PICTURATA, E. CONSPURCATA, E. BIZONA, EH. CIRCUMCINCTA, KE. BIFASCIALIS, H. THNIATA, E. BALTEATA, HE. GRACILENTA, E. CINCTELLA, E. CINGENDA, HE. INTERRUPTA, HK. TANTILLA, E. CRASSULA, HE. INQUINATA, HE. sciTuLA, EH. spreTA, HK. HUMILIS, all of A. Adams. Japan. E. Monrrouziert, Souverbie. N. Caledonia. E. JEFFREYSIANA, Brusina. Adriatic Sea. E. onycuina, Folin. (Desc. and Fig. not accessible to me.) West Indies. Subgenus Bacuna, H. and A. Adams, 1863. E. miririca, Nevill. Pl. 70. fig. 98. White, shining; whorls 15, very narrow, tortuous, closely, minutely, spirally striated; columella bent backwards below ; aperture striate within. Length, 8 mill. Ceylon. E. strrata, H. and A. Adams (unfigured). China Sea. Subgenus ArrcatrA, A. Adams, 1862. The distinctions between Apicalia and Mucronalia are slight. The type species of the present group is unfortunately unfigured, and the two additional species appear to me rather to belong to Mucronalia, the spire being straight. EK. Houipsworrtu!, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 99. Thin, polished, ashy white, light brownish towards the apex, suture distinct, with a subpellucid, narrow margin; whorls 10, convex, apex styliform. Length, 6 mill. Ceylon. E. Guntuert, Angas. Pl. 70, fig. 100. Thin, subpellucid, shining, horn colored; whorls 7, narrowly shouldered below the suture, the last large, inflated, scarcely angulated at the periphery, apical whorls wanting. Length, 14 mill. New South Wales. KE. aippa, A. Ad. (unfigured),. Japan. 984 EULIMA. Subgenus Mucronaria, A. Ad., 1862. E. GRACILIS, Pease. PI. 70, fig. 4. Solid, polished, shining, white; whorls 7, convex, with deep suture. Length, 4 mill. Tahiti. Resembles somewhat in form Apicalia Giintheri, Angas. KE. NITIDULA, Pease. PI. 70, fig. 2. Solid, shining ; whorls well rounded, stained with brown, apex oe? white, mucronate, aperture small, columella short, rather twisted. Length, 4 mill. Sandwich Is. EK. SUBPELLUCIDA, Pease. Pl. 70, fig. 3. Short, ventricose, thin, lower part of body-whorl semitrans- parent; whorls few, spire straight, suture narrowly margined, last whorl obscurely angulated on the periphery, varices few, indistinct. Length, 20 mill. Tahiti. In this species the columella is somewhat drawn back below, making the aperture a little oblique; the tenuity of the body- whorl below the angle is the most distinguishing feature. K. MucRonaATA, Sowb. PI. 70, fig. 5. Cylindrical, pellucid, narrow, with seven flat whorls and three additional apical ones which are suddenly contracted, mucronate, suture margined, aperture narrow, columella oblique, slightly tortuous. Length, 10 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. E. SANDWICHENSIS, Sowb. PI, 70, fig. 21. Ventricose, thin, white, opaque; whorls few, convex, the last rounded, opaque below. Length, 16 mill. Sandwich Islands. HE. oBesuLA, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 6.° Ventricose, rather transparent, tinged with pale rose-color; whorls few, convex, rapidly increasing. Length, 9 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. K. rosea, Pease. PI. 70, fig. 7. Conical, solid, rosy-brown ; whorls 7, rounded ; aperture rather round. Length, 5 mill. Sandwich Is. More conical in shape than £Z. nitidula. aw ee eee EULIMA. 985 E. rutvescens, A. Ad. Pl. 70, fig. 11. Small, hyaline, light brown, ventricose; whorls few, rounded ; apex mucronate ; aperture a little laterally produced. Length, 4°5 mill. ! Ins. Labuan. E. Cateponica, Morelet. Pl. 70, fig. 10. Shining, smooth, polished, rather solid, whitish, more or less stained with light fawn-color; whorls 7-8, slightly convex, a little curved, suture submargined, apex sharply mucronate. Length, 6 mill. New Caledonia, Viti Is. £. obesula is larger, with more rounded whorls; H. rosea and E£. fulvescens have more convex whorls and the spire is straight. E. SuRVENTRICOSA, Sowb. PI. 70, fig. 13. White, short, rather solid, oval; whorls few, inflated ; aperture oval, short, outer lip thin. Length, 6°5 mill. Hab. unknown. E. Minporoensis, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 70, fig. 8. Whitish, thin, short, ventricose ; whorls few, inflated, the last ‘large, oval, aperture rather oval, columella slightly tortuous. Length, 9 mill. : Philippines. It has been extensively distributed from the Viti Islands under the name of #. brevicula, Dunker. I do not know whether this name has been published. E. Bicincra, EH. exiiis, E. pacrea, E. susuwa, all of A. Adams. Japan. Subgenus Serma, A. Ad., 1864. E. succinroua, A. Ad. Elongately oval, thin, rimate, subdiaphanous, corneous, tinged with chestnut-color, spire short ; whorls 34, scarcely convex, the last large; aperture oblong; inner lip chestnut-stained, with a spiral, chestnut-colored plica, outer lip simple. Japan. This, the only species, is unfigured. No dimensions are given. 286 EULIMA. Subgenus Styiirerina, A. Adams, 1860. Adams writes concerning this group :— The genus Hntoconcha of J. Muller, which is parasitic on Sinapta, also lias “the columellar margin straight;’”’ but the form is described as being very different from Styliferina, there being almost no spire, and the aperture being transverse and semilunar. I have never seen a specimen of Hntoconcha, which is also said to be operculate. My shells were, unfortunately, in the case of both the species, dredged dead, though perfect. I examined dozens of the blue Asterinz that came up with them, but found no parasite, nor was I more fortunate with Spatangi or Clypeasteres. In describing ZH. callosa, Mr. Adams places the group in Litio- pide ; Dr. Fischer and myself have continued to regard it as a member of the present family. E. ortHocHIna, E. Gconocuina, A. Adams (unfigured). Japan. E. cattosa, A. Adams (unfigured). Gulf of Suez. E. rurrita, Carpenter (unfigured),. California. Subgenus LAMBERTIA, Souverbie, 1869. FE. MontrouzieEri, Souverbie. P:. 70, fig. 15. Pupiform, thin, very smooth, polished, translucent, white, with very numerous milk-white lineolations ; whorls 5, convex, rapidly enlarging, apex short, styliform, mamillary. Length, 10 mill. New Caledonia. Described from a single specimen. Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Adams, 1867. E. Japonica, A. Adams. PI. 70, fig. 16. Rather solid, globose, short, spire produced, attenuated, acuminated, last whorl globose, aperture rather short, acuminated below, columella tortuous, rather solid. Length, 6°5 mill. Japan. E. GhABRATA A Ad P10 nel, Small, white, polished, spire with few whorls, the last one elongated, columella rather straight. Length, 11 mill. Japan. NISO. 287 E. sEmistRiATA, A. Ad. Pl. 70, fig. 17. White, partially very finely spirally striated; whorls 4, the last ovate, oblong. Length, 12 mill. Japan. Subgenus ScaLEenostoma, Desh., 1863. KE. cARINATA, Desh. PI. 70, fig. 14. White ; whorls 11, the earlier ones a little convex, subsequently planulate, the periphery carinate, base convex. Length, 13 mill. Isle of Bourbon. KE. APIcuLATA, Souverbie. PI. 70, fig. 18. White, translucent; whorls 13, rather convex, the last only showing a strong peripheral carina. Length, 7:5 mill. New Caledonia. E. Rana, Folin. Pl. 70, fig. 20. Yellowish; whorls 12, smooth, periphery carinate. Length, 2°7 mill. ——— Panama. E. Desuayesit, A. Ad. (unfigured). Gulf of Suez. Subgenus SusBeuLmmA, Souverb., 1875. E. LAMBERTI, Souverb. PI. 70, fig. 19. Shell much curved, consisting of twelve whorls, with carinated periphery, the upper whorls with fine spiral strie, soiled white. Length, 19 mill. New Caledonia. On the right side are varices as in the curved: species of Lulima ; in fact this appears to be simply a Scalenostoma with curved spire. Genus NISO, Risso, 1826. N. SPLENDIDULA, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 24. Solid, smooth, whitish purple, interruptedly brown-banded on the periphery, above and below the suture,-and surrounding the umbilicus; whorls numerous, suture and varices impressed and edged with brown. Length, 1:5 inches. S. Elena, W. Co. of Central America. 288 NISO. N. MARMORATA, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 21. Solid, whitish tessellately marbled with chestnut; whorls rather convex, the last rounded. Length, 23 mill. Philippine Islands. Whitish, shining, with linear chestnut truncated spots at the varices, sometimes obsolete; whorls numerous, the last with angular periphery. Length, 19 mill. West Coast of Central America (Cuming). Dunker includes it in his Japanese list (Moll. Mar. Jap., 89). N. BRUNNEA, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 25. Solid, chocolate brown; whorls convex, the last slightly angu- lar on the periphery, and paler on the angle, umbilicus small. Length, 17 mill. Isl. of Hanan, China Sea. N.agonrostoma, A. Ad _ PI. 71, fig. 26. Solid, pale fawn-color, with a wide light chestnut-colored band; whorls numerous, short. Length, 20 mill. Isl. of Burias, Philippines. N. TEREBELLUM, Chemn. PI. 71, fig. 27. Solid, fawn-color, paler at the suture and around the umbilicus ; whorls numerous, short, a little convex, umbilicus. surrounded by a keel. Length, 23 mill. Nicobar. N. canpiputa, A. Ad. PI. ‘1, fig. 28. Solid, white ; whorls short, rather convex, umbilicus moderate, columella arched. Length, 23 mill. Philippines. N. SANDWICHENSIS, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 29. White, solid, last whorl broad, angular ; umbilicus small, round, aperture acute below. Length, 8 mill. Sandwich Islands. N. aGLeEEs, Bush. PI. 71, fig. 39. Thin, semitransparent, smooth, shining; whorls 12, suture indistinctly defined by a dark chestnut line; above and below this there is an indefinite band of yellowish white, becoming gradually yellowish, light brownish or purple-brown towards the middle of the whorls, periphery angulated, umbilicus margined HOPLOPTERON, STYLIFER. 289 ‘by a chestnut line, margin of aperture also chestnut-colored, at irregular intervals the whorls are somewhat obliquely crossed by chestnut lines. Length, 7-5 mill. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. N. rriimeata, Morch (unfigured). Guinea. N. optusa, Anton (unfigured). Hab. unknown. Section Vouusi4, A. Ad., 1861. N. musricata Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 31. Whitish, longitudinally striated and lineated with red ; whorls voneave above the periphery—which is subangular. Length, 19 mill. St. Hlena, W. Coast of Central America, Genus HOPLOPTERON, Fischer, 1876. H. Terquemi, Fischer. PI. 71, figs. 33-35. Minute, thin, white, translucent, shining; whorls 7, the first four smooth, minutely flexuously striated, the others developing a long wing on either side. Length, 1:15 mill. China Sea. A section of this singular shell shows it to be similar to Lulima as to its interior. The fighres represent different stages of growth. Genus STYLIFER, Brod., 1832. S. Stimpsonit, Verrill. Pl. 71, fig. 37. White, swollen, spire short, rapidly enlarging ; whorls 4-5, the last very large, smooth, a slightly impressed revolving line just below the suture. Length, 3°75 mill. George’s Bank, Block Island, off Coast of New Jersey, on Echini. S. Turtoni, Brod. PI. 71, figs. 32, 36. Subglobose, spire small, acuminated, produced ; whorls angular above, the last very large; outer lip very sinuous. Length, 4°5 mill. Northern Europe to Canary Is., on Echini. This species is found near the anal opening of its host, and Dr. Jeffreys was therefore of opinion that it derived its nourish- 19 290 STYLIFER. ment from the excrement of the urchin, and that its suctorial proboscis, and the absence of a radula or jaw supports this view. It is Phasianella stylifera, Turton, S. astericola, Brown, and S. globosus, Johnston. S. astericoia, Brod. PI. 71, fig. 38. Ovate globose, spire short, acuminated ; whorls few, the apical ones minute, lip sinuously produced above. Length, 10°5 mill. Galapagos Isl., on Asterias helianthus. _S. Broderipii, Adams, is a synonym. S. ovorpEvs, H. and A. Adams. PI. 71, fig. 39. Subglobose, spire moderately produced; whorls convex, the apical ones very minute; aperture pyriform, outer lip slightly compressed above, sinuously produced. Length, 11 mill. Borneo, on an Asterias. This is S. astericola, Ad. and Reeve, not Brod., but I really can see no valid differences between this and the two preceding species. S. OrpiaNyANus, Hupé. PI. 71, fig. 40. Short, ovate, inflated, pellucid, very shining, yellowish white ; whorls 7, well-rounded, with deep suture. Length, 6 mill. Australia. Found imbedded in the deformed spire of Cidaris imperialis. S. puprA, Baird. Pl. 71, fig. 41. Shell globose, spire produced, pyramidal, acuminated, apical ; whorls attenuated. Length, 6°5 mill. New Caledonia. S. Mirrret, Petit. Pl. 71, fig. 42. Very smooth, pellucid, yellowish white; whorls 7-8, rounded, suture profound. Length, 11-5 mill. os Seas (Mittre.), Polynesia (Pease I have received from Mr. Pease, under his MS. name of Muero- nalia tumida, a shell which I refer to this species. S. EBURNEUS, Desh. PI. 71, fig. 43. Ivory-white, very shining, polished; whorls 9, the first two cylindrical, the others very convex, with deep linear sutures. Length, 10 mill. Isle of Bourbon, STYLIFER. 291 S. ApicuLAtus, Souverbie. Pl. 71, fig. 44. Thin, very shining, translucent, subhyaline white, apex milky ; whorls 10, very convex, with deep sutures, the five superior ones slowly increasing, the others rapidly, thinly subobliquely striu- late. Length, 11°5 mill. New Caledonia. S. Braziert, Angas. PI. 71, fig. 47. Smooth, pellucid, white, polished; whorls 6, flattened just below the suture, which is finely, callously margined, apex styliform. Length, 4 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. S. Cumineranus, Adams. PI. 71, figs. 48, 46. Spire acuminated, apex styliform; whorls numerous, the last inflated ; aperture short, the columella rather straight. Length, 12 mill. Hab. unknown. S. pYRAMIDALIS, Reeve (fig. 46), figured but not described, and no locality given, appears to be very similar. Deshayes ascribes to it a shell from the Isle of Bourbon. 8. supuLaTus, Brod. & Sowb. Pl. 71, figs. 49, 50. Whorls 9-10, the superior ones styliform, afterwards rounded, suture linear, lightly impressed. Length, 15°5 mill. West Indies. S. bulbiformis, Sowb. (fig. 50), is probably a synonym. S. speciosus, H. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 57. Hyaline, spire attenuated and styliform above and somewhat twisted, lower whorls inflated, somewhat straight-sided ; aperture short, columella rather straight. Length, 16 mill. Mauritius. S. Barront, A. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 51. White, shining, semipellucid, apex mucronate; whorls 7, con- stricted, angulated above, longitudinally obliquely striated. Length, 6°5 mill. Hab. unknown. Found on a tropical asterias; evidently deformed. S. eExaratus, A. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 52. White, shining, semipellucid ; whorls a little convex, trans- versely sulcate, longitudinally lightly striate, suture impressed, 292 STYLIFER. apex mucronate; aperture subeffuse at base, the lip sinuous, the margin thickened and expanded. Length, 19 mill. Philippines. S. CORALLINUS, Chemn. PI. 71, fig. 45. White, subulate, very smooth, thin, pellucid ; whorls about 12. Length, 16 mill. — West Indies. S. supaneutatus, A. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 53. White, shining, semipellucid, apex mucronate, twisted ; whorls numerous, a little convex, with transverse elevated lines, the last with subangulate periphery. Length, 18 mill. West Indies. Morch describes a var. abbreviata. S. THomast4, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 58. Attenuated and suddenly contracted towards the apex, last whorl obtusely angular; aperture obliquely subquadrate, colum- ella rather straight, acuminated below. Length, 21 mill. St. Thomas, W. I. S. ATTENUATUS, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 55. Very narrow; whorls numerous, the last one subangular on the periphery, apex a little twisted. Length, 16 mill. St. Thomas, W. I. S. Pautucoi#, Fischer. Pl. 71, fig. 54. White, smooth, shining, semipellucid ; whorls 11-12, the em- bryonal ones laterally deflexed, the others subrotund, suture lightly impressed. Length, 10 mill. Red Sea. S. DEFORMIS, Pease. PI. 71, fig. 56. Thin, smooth, shining, pellucid, white, indistinctly longitudi- nally striated; whorls 6-10, convex, suture narrowly margined, last whorl swollen. Length, 12 mill. Paumotus. Pease writes: “scarcely two specimens agree in shape,” a lesson to the species makers. S: rastiaratus, A. Ad. Pl. 71, fig. 59. Slightly perforated, spire acuminated, apex attenuated and obliquely bent; whorls numerous, rather convex, the last large, round, aperture narrow. Length, 19 mill. Hab. unknown. $ STYLIFER. 293 S. sonipus, A. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 60. Subulate, rather solid, opaque; whorls numerous, the apical small, tortuous; aperture rather short, acuminated below. Length, 12°5 mill. Hab. unknown. S. Tasmanicus, Tenison-Woods. PI. 71, fig. 61. Milky-white, pellucid, smooth, shining; whorls 7, convex, suture impressed. Length, 4 mill. Tasmania. Figured from a specimen. Is it not rather an Eulima? Unfigured Species. S. curta, Verrill. Off Martha’s Vineyard, 410 fms. S. BrycHina, Watson. So. Atlantic. S. coMATULICOLA, Graff. Mediterranean. S. LoppER# and S. rogustus, Petterd. Tasmania. S. Rosustus, Pease. Sandwich Is. Subgenus CyruniA, Carp., 1864. S. ASTERTAPHILA, Carp. (unfigured). Cape St. Lucas, L. Cal. S. ruMEns, Carp. (unfigured). Mazatlan. S. aLBiDA, Carp. Southern California. Subgenus Puicirer, H. Adams, 1868. S Nevinu, H. Adams. PI. 71, fig. 62. Thin, semiopaque, whitish, suture distinct; whorls 63, styli- form at the apex, the rest irregularly flexuosely striate and spirally lirate ; columella callous, spirally plicate ; lip profoundly sinuated behind. Length, 3°5 mill. Ceylon. Famity PYRAMIDELLIDE. Shell turriculated, composed of numerous whorls, with long spire, the apex heterostrophe; aperture entire, the outer lip generally sharp, the columella with one or several plications. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, with excentric nucleus, the columellar margin sinuated. Animal with flattened, ear-shaped tentacles channeled outside towards their extremity, connate at the base; eyes sessile, immersed at the inner sides of the base ; proboscis long, retrac- tile, coming from an orifice situated immediately below the base of the tentacles; veil distinct, elongated, entire or divided in front reaching to the anterior margin of the foot; foot truncated or sinused in front, extending far beyond the head, attenuated behind. Probably carnivorous, but the lingual teeth are want- ing, or rudimentary. No zoological characters of importance separate this family from the Turbonillidz ; the distinction is mainly one of conve- nience, the present group containing those shells, usually larger, having two or more columellar plications (only one in Syrnola), the Turbonillidz being composed of minute shells having a single small plication, or without any. The heterostrophe and turned-over summit of the spire is one of the most remarkable features of the shell, a character found in few other families of mollusks. In the animal the presence of a mentum or veil is also a curious feature. It is developed below the mouth, and may be derived from the conjunction of buccal tentacles, or perhaps represents the propodium, as in Natica. The genus Pyramidella and its subgroups contain all the living species of the family, and a few fossils, cretaceous and tertiary ; the other genera are exclusively fossil. ‘The Pyramidellide present subjects of much interest to the students of extinct mollusca ; numerous forms, bearing all the aspect of being mem- bers of this family occur. . . . Many of them are gigantic compared with existing species, and the group, as a whole, may (294) & * ¥ + ha kee erptiats tee PYRAMIDELLIDA, 295 be regarded rather as appertaining to past ages than the present epoch.” —FoBBEs. Pyramidella and Obeliscus have been monographed by : Kiener, Coquilles vivantes, 6 species. Arthur Adams in Sowerby’s Thesaurus Conchyliorum, ii, 53 species. Reeve, Conch. Icon., xv, 45 species, 1862. y Synopsis of Genera. Genus PYRAMIDELLA, Lam., 1799. Shell turriculated, of many whorls, longitudinally ribbed or smooth ; aperture semioval, entire, rounded in front, the columella straight, with anterior strong plications, outer lip sharp, often plicate within. Inhabits tropical seas. Fossil, cretaceous and tertiary. Subgenus PyRAMIDELLA (sensu stricto). Shell smooth—typically with perforated axis. P. DOLABRATA, Linneus. Obeliscus (Humphrey, 1797), Moérch, 1852, is a synonym. Section Loncuaus, Morch, 1874. Shell imperforate, last whorl with a median sulcus. P. PUNCTATA, Chemn. Section Trirptycuus, Mirch, 1874. Shell subulate, spirally paucilirate, aperture lirate within, sub- sinuated in front, columella triplicate. P. Nivea, Morch. Section Amoura, de Folin, 1873. Shell subeylindrical, elongated, with feeble longitudinal ribs and two spiral cords; last whorl concentrically striated at the base ; columella biplicate. P. ANGuLIFERA, Folin. Section TipertA, Jeffreys, 1875. Shell very small, umbilicated, columella biplicate. P. nrrrpuna, A. Ad. Subgenus OropiEurA, Fischer, 1885. Shell oval, turriculated, pupiform, with longitudinal ribs; aperture oval, subchanneled at the base of the columella; colu- 996 PYRAMIDELLIDA. mella with several plications, lip thickened, often expanded. P. AURIS-CATI, Chemn. This is the restricted Pyramidella of H. and A. Adams and most of their successors; the smooth shells which Lamarck designated by that name, being generally known as Obeliscus. The erroneous application of these names has become so well- established that I confess I follow Dr. Fisher with some relue- tance in his correction of the errors. \ Subgenus Syrnona, A. Adams, 1860. Shell small, subulate, polished; whorls flattened, suture well marked ; columelia with a single plication, outer lip simple. The Syrnole are small, slender Pyramidellids, with a single columellar plait. P. @Racitiina, A. Ad. Section Acataa, A. Ad., 1860. Shell oval acuminated; spiral plication very strong. P. Aus- TRALIS, Angas. Section Amatuis, A. Adams, 1861. Aperture dilated, rounded in front, acute behind. Possibly synonymous with Agatha. P. virco, A. Ad. Section Oscttta, A. Adams, 1867. Shell solid, ovate or pyramidally turreted, imperforate; whorls strongly spirally lirate; aperture oval or subquadrate, with a strong, transverse, median parietal plication. P. ANNULATA, A. Ad. Section Orina, A. Adams, 1870. é Shell conoidal, profoundly umbilicated; whorls flattened, smooth; aperture subquadrangular, with a single columellar fold. O. pinauicuLa, A. Ad. Section Enusa, A. Adams, 1861. Shell subulate, turreted ; whorls longitudinally plicate; aper- ture ovate, columella with a single plait, outer lip lirate within. P. SUBULATA, P. TERES, A. Ad. The above groups are all founded on Japanese species, mostly unfigured ; the characters appear to be unimportant. en eg ee ee ee te etadng a PYRAMIDELLID. 297 Subgenus Curysatnipa, Carpenter, 1857. Shell small, pupiform, generally cancellated ; peristome con- tinuous, edge of lip simple, columella profoundly but distinctly plaited ; operculum (in the typical species) radiately corrugated. West Coast of America, Japan, West Indies. P. communis, C. B. Ad. This group might be equally well placed in Odostomia. Section Mormuta, A. Ad., 1863. Subulately turreted, rissoid, solid, thick, longitudinally plicate ; aperture large, columella spirally tortuous, lip thickened within, margin acute. P. Rissormna, P. acuis, A. Ad. Lancea, Pease, 1867, is a synonym. Section Strynopryema, A. Ad., 1860. Shell pupiform, subpellucid; whorls a little convex, with transverse grooves; aperture subquadrangular, lip dilated, colu- mella obliquely plicate above. P. srytina, A. Adams. Subgenus AcTHoPyRAMIs, Fischer, 1885. Shell elongate, imperforate, subconical ; whorls numerous, with spiral strive, sometimes cancellated; aperture oval-elongated, rounded in front ; columella with a strong spiral fold. P.srriata, Gray. The name is substituted for Monoptygma, Gray, 1840, preoc- cupied by Lea, 1833. These shells recall the genus Actexon by their form and sculpture, and may possibly include some of the small groups Myonia, Kleinella and Leucotina of A. Adams, now arranged with that genus. Section Mumtota, A. Adams, 1863. Shell thin, elongate or ovate; whorls convex, cancellate or granulose; aperture ovate, the lip-margin regularly arcuate. P. SPIRATA, A. Adams. Philippines. Section Careropsis. Moérch, 1874. Shell turriculated, having the form of Carelia Cumingii. P. STYLIFORMIS, Morch. West Indies. 258 PYRAMIDELLID®. Genus SYRNOLOPSIS, E. A. Smith, 1880. Shell subulate, smooth, imperforate ; aperture broadly sinuated at the base, outer lip sinuous, slightly thickened, furnished far within with one or two prominent liree, columella with a distinct plait. Operculum unknown. §&. Lacustris, Smith. Lake .Tanga- nyika, BE. Africa (fresh water). The systematic position of this group is very uncertain : being lacustrine, Dr. Fischer has included it with doubt in the Hydro- biinee, but the characters of the shell (the apex is eroded) ap- pear to me to be closer to the present family. x * x Genus NERIN AA, Defrance, 1825. Shell elongated, many-whorled, nearly cylindrical; aperture channeled and produced in front, with plications within the outer lip and on the columella. About 150 species, Jurassic and Creta- ceous. N. Trinoposa, d’Orb., Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 0; N. rracaes, Desh., Ibid. t. 68, f. 13. Section NeRIn@A (sensu stricto). Folds simple, two or three on the columella, one or two within the outer lip; axis solid or perforated. Section NERINELLA, Sharpe, 1850. Columella solid, folds simple, one on the outer lip, and one or none on the columella. Section TrocuatiA, Sharpe, 1850. Columella perforated, with one fold, outer wall simple, or thickened, or with one simple fold. Section Pryamatis, Sharpe, 1850. Columella solid or perforated, usually with three folds; outer wall with one to three folds, some of them complicated in form. Subgenus Hatoysta, Briart and Cornet, 1878. Shell elongated, turriculated ; whorls numerous, axis widely umbilicated; aperture rounded or subquadrangular, columella biplicate. N. Bipuicata, Br. et Corn. Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 14. L. Eocene of Mons, Belgium. << PYRAMIDELLA. 299 Subgenus Cryproptocus, Pictet and Campiche, 1854. Shell like Nerinzxa, but without columellar or labral plaits ; there is one plication on the posterior face of the aperture (as in some Cerithiums) ; aperture rounded in front, without channel ; axis umbilicated or imperforate; 7 species, Jurassic and Cre- taceous. Hurope. N. MONILIFERA, d’Orb. Subgenus Aptyxis, Zittel, 1873. Shell turreted, nearly cylindrical, imperforate ; whorls numer- ous, not embracing; aperture lengthened subquadrangular, without plications, the columella with a fold-like thickening. The synonyms are Pachystylus, Gemmellaro, 1878, and Apty.rt- ella, Fischer, 1885. The latter name was given because of Aptyxis, Troschel, 1868—which, however, is a synonym. A. sexcosTaTa, d’Orb. Jurassic. ?Genus SOLENISCUS, Meek and Worthen, 1860. Shell fusiform, smooth, body-whorl contracted below into a distinct canal, columella with a single oblique plait. 8. rypicus, Meck. ‘ Carboniferous, Jllinois, Genus PY RAMIDELLA, Lam., 1799. Typical Group. P. venTRIcosA, Guerin. Pl. 72, figs. 63-65. Slightly striated longitudinally, the last whorl ventricose ; yellowish white with irregular light chestnut undulating longi- tudinal stripes, more or less intensified into revolving bands; columella triplicate. Length, 1-25 inches. Viti Islands, Vanikoro, Singapore. Besides the type, I figure a white variety. P. scitula, A. Ad. (fig. 65), is only a younger state of this species. P. cincta, Reeve. PI. 72, fig. 66. Smooth, white, with a broad central chestnut zone, appearing on the spire whorls; columella triplicate, perforation narrow. Length, 20 mill. Philippines. 300 PYRAMIDELLA. P. rasticium, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 67. White, polished, narrowly umbilicated, last whorl large, obso- letely angulated on the periphery ; columella triplicate, outer lip strongly plicate within. Length, 18 mill. Isl. of Bohol, Philippines. P. peRFORATA, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 68. Widely and deeply umbilicated, white, polished, with a spiral pale chestnut band ; whorls flattened, the last large, subangulate on the periphery. Length, 16 mill. St. John’s, W. I. P. BALTEATA, A. Ad. "Pl. 72) fe. Go: Umbilicated, white, shining, with a chestnut band, the whorls flattened, the last one subangulated on the periphery, columella biplicate. Length, 6°5 mill. Isl. Mindanao, Philippines. P. pusitna, A. Ad. Pl. 72, fia: 70: White, perforate, apex obtuse; whorls rather flattened, suture deep, last whorl subangulate ; columella biplicate. Length, 4°5 mill. Luzon, Philippines. P. DOLABRATA, Linn. PI. 72, figs. 71-74. Umbilicated, smooth, white, with three or four narrow chest- nut spiral lines on the body, and two on the spire-whorls; outer lip often lirate within. Length, 1-14 inches. West Indies. Strombus columella, Meusch., is a synonym. Var. SUBDOLABRATUS, Morch. Shell thin, shortly conical, last whorl inflated, lip without ridges. Runs into the type form. West Indies. Var. TEREBELLUM, Mull. Fig. 73. Whorls somewhat less convex, bands a little wider and choco- late colored. Sandwich Islands, Viti Is., Mauritius, Red Sea. Usually known under the name of the next variety, with which it is probably synonymous. Var. TEREBELLOIDES, A. Ad. Fig. 74. More slender than the last variety, columella with two instead of three plicz ; whorls with two or three slim chestnut lines. Length, 1 inch. Polynesia. — PYRAMIDELLA. 301 P.puLcHELiA, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 75. Shell polished, yellowish white, with a sutural chocolate band, appearing on the periphery of the last whorl; columella with two plications. Red Sea, Japan. Described as having a single plication on the columella, which would place it in Syrnola, but a second plica is more or less developed. Section Loncnaus, Morch, 1874. P. acus, Gmel. PI. 72, figs. 76-78. Polished, white, with dark chestnut or chocolate spots, usually arranged in three revolving series on the spire whorls and five series on the body; columella three-plaited, the upper plait largest, lip sometimes lirate within. Length, 1:25-2 in. Polynesia, Mauritius, Red Sea. It is P. punctata (Chemn.), Moreh; P. guttata, Link, and P. maculosa, Lam. The peripheral groove becomes in this, as in most of the other species of the section, either obsolete or indicated by a slight angle. PesuneaTaA, A. Ad. Pl. 72, figs. 79-83. White, nebulously longitudinally strigate with pale orange- chestnut, frequently breaking up into revolving series of dots; aperture channeled at the aperture, columella three-plicate. Length, 1-1°5 in. Sandwich Is., Philippines, Australia, Mauritius, Red Sea. Adams has used for this species a MS. name given it by Nuttall; P. tessellata, A. Ad. (fig. 80), is founded on a younger slimmer individual; P. monilis, A. Ad. (fig. 81), represents a faded specimen of the same form and age, and P. teres, A. Ad. (fig. 82), is from a still younger, faded specimen. All these forms, and the intermediates, are represented in the series before me. I am inclined to place here also, P. Pratii, Bernardi (fig. 83), a specimen from unknown locality, having the characters of coloration and basal sinus of P. sulcata, but with a deeper per- ipheral groove and angle than usual. P. rurrita, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 84, 85. Fulvous, obsoletely maculated with a deeper tint; whorls 302 PYRAMIDELLA. flattened, suture deep, crenulated, frequently whitish, last whorl with a distinct median sulcus, aperture produced in front. Length, 22 mill. North Australia, New Caledonia. The shell which is figured in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum as P. gracilis, Brocchi (fig. 85), appears to be very similar to this species; the true P. gracilis is a Turbonilla and = 7. lactea, Linn. Issel identifies a Red Sea species with the figure of gracilis in Kiener, but recognizes the distinction of that figure from Brocchi’s species, and calls it P. Kienere. P. CuEemnitziana, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 86. Narrowly elongated, white ; whorls numerous, rather flattened, with angle at the suture, and on periphery of last whorl, aperture small, columella two-plaited. Length, 9 mill. Viti Is. P. Garrett, Tryon. PI. 72, fig. 87. Whorls flattened, yellowish, with chestnut colored nebulous longitudinal strigations, suture channeled, last whorl with a per- ipheral sulcus; columella three-plicate, the upper fold very strong, lower ones approximate and more oblique. Length, 15 mill. Vili Islands (Garrett). P. contca, C. B. Adams. PI. 72, figs. 88, 89. Whorls flattened, with deep Beenie suture, which is some- times slightly crated periphery also ahaimeted® fulvous, faintly banded with darker color; aperture produced below, columella triplicate. Length, 13-15 mill. Florida, Panama, Mazatlan, Cape St. Lucas, San Diego, Cal. Described from Panama; P. variegata, Carp., from Cape St. Lucas, etc., also answers to the description perfectly. I have received the same species from Sarasota Bay, Fla., under the erroneous name of P. tessellata, Ads. It was dredged there in two fms. water by Mr. Henry Hemphill. P. hastata, A. Ad. (fig 89), from St. Elena, W. Columbia, is another synonym; it is included by Mérch in his West Indian catalogue as a synonym of P. candida, Meuschen. P. CANALICULATA, Sowb. PI. 78, fig. 90. Whorls flattened, yellowish, banded and spotted with chestnut, with fine longitudinal white raised strigations, appearing like low ph PYRAMIDELLA. 303 rounded riblets, with occasional darker maculations, especially on the base, suture and periphery channeled ; aperture channeled at the base, columella straight, three plaited. Length, 15 mill. Sandwich Islands. P. AcHATEs, Gould. PI. 73, fig. 91. Shell pupiform, with obtuse apex and elongated aperture ; light fulvous, with pale chestnut maculations in revolving series ; suture and periphery channeled ; columella triplicate. Length, 12 mill. W. Coast of Mexico. P. clavulus, A. Ad., is a synonym. P. JucunpA, Angas. PI. 73, fig. 92. Smooth, shining, white, with two chestnut bands on each whorl, three on the body-whorl, suture impressed, ‘“ columella with a prominent twisted fold encircling the pillar.” Length, 6 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. According to the description this would be a Syrnola, but the figure shows two columellar folds. P. Paumorensis, Tryon. PI. 73, fig. 93. Shell thin, smooth, hyaline, white, upper whorls suddenly taper- ing to an acute apex, base slighty produced; whorls 9, convex, suture margined; columella slightly callous, with two oblique plaits, the lower one most conspicuous, the upper smaller and deep-seated. Length, 10 mill. Paumotus and Society Islands. The form of the spire and position of the plice indicate for this species a distinct section of the genus. It much resembles Agatha Australis, Angas, in the lower plication. Described as P, hyalina, Garrett; I have changed the name on account of P. hyalina, Dunker. Unfigured Species of Pyramidella and Loncheus. P. virrea, A. Ad. (Described as a Syrnola, but afterwards made an Obeliscus = Pyramidelia). Japan. P. TRIFASCIATA and P. EBURNEA, A, Ad. Japan. P. so.ipa, Sowerby. Tranquebar. P, Tasmanica, Petterd. Tasmania, 304 PYRAMIDELLA. P. roseA, Hutton. New Zealand. P. minuta, Phil. Red Sea. P. sururALIs, Maltzan. Ins. Gorée, W. Africa. P. Froripanus, Morch. West Indies, | P. picotor, Menke. California. Section Triptycuus, Morch, 1874. P. nivEA, Morch. PI. 73, fig. 1. White, slender; whorls flattened, each with three spiral ribs, the two upper ones nodulous, body-whorl with two plain ribs below the nodulous ones, and three revolving ridges below the periphery, - forming columellar folds; aperture produced below. Length, 8°5 mill. Key West, Fla.; West Indies. P. vincta, Dall,isa synonym. The shell is scarcely a Pyra- midella—the sculpture and plications are different. Section Amoura, de Folin, 1873. P. ANGULIFERA, de Folin. (Description inaccessible to me.) Section Tigeria, Jeffreys, 1875. P. n1iripuLaA, A. Adams. PI. 73, fig. 96. Deeply umbilicated, small, white, often banded, smooth; whorls few, rather flat, suture impressed, columella two-plaited. Length, 4 mill. Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Cape Verd Is., West Indies. These localities are all abundantly confirmed. Dr. Jeffreys — writes: “I have carefully compared my ‘ Porcupine’ and Medi- terranean specimens with those from Japan and Corea, which I ~ received from the late Mr. Arthur Adams and my friend Capt. St. John, and I cannot detect the slightest difference between any of them in shape, colored band, umbilicus or dentition of © the pillar” (Zool. Proc., 364, 1884). Dr. Jeffreys considers the — following synonymous: P. minuscuLA, Monts.; P. MEpITERRANEA, Monts.; P. SUBFAR- cINATA and P. TrIncta, Watson; P. LzviuscuLa, Jeffreys (not S. Wood); P. extuis (var.), Jeffreys. a PYRAMIDELLA. 805 Subgenus Oropieura, Fischer, 1885. P. auris-cati, Chemn. Pl. 73, fig. 95. Smooth, white, longitudinally ribbed, ribs ending in nodules at the sutures, with spiral rows of chestnut spots, interstices of the ribs spirally striated. Length, 75-1 inch. Philippines, Mauritius. The synonyms are P. spiralis, Wood, P. plicata, Lam. P. nopicincta, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 100. White, with spiral rows of chestnut spots; whorls angulated above, with longitudinal ribs produced into nodules at the angles; lower part of body-whorl pitted, forming a sort of network be- tween the pits. Length, ‘75-1 inch. Philippines. I think this will prove to bea variety of the foregoing species. P. mitratis, A. Ad. Pl. 73, figs. 94, 97, 2, 3. Whitish, clouded and indistinctly banded with pale brown ; whorls rather convex, longitudinally ribbed, slightly angulated at the suture, interstices spirally striated. Length, 15-18 mill. Philippines, Taheiti ; Mauritius, Red Sea. P. propingua, A. Ad. (fig. 97), P. vARIEGATA, A. Ad. (fig. 3), and P. MaGnirica, Ads. and Reeve (fig. 2), appear to be syno- nyms. P. aians, Reeve. PI. 73, fig. 98. White, with a narrow chocolate band above and below the suture, the lower half of the body-whorl chocolate colored, longi- tudinally closely ribbed, the interstices spirally striated. ' Length, 12 mill. Philippines. Possibly only a variety of the foregoing species. SermimipA, A. Ad. Pl. 73; fig. 99. Oral, shining, white, sometimes marbled with pale chestnut ; longitudinally flatly ribbed, interstices pitted. Length, 7:5 mill. Philippines, Viti Is. P. conruGatTa, Lam. PI. 73, fig. 4. White, with small sparse yellow spots near the suture, longi- tudinally plicate, the interstices spirally striated; columella three-plaited. Length, 23 mill. Isle of France (Coll. Lamarck). A doubtful species ; looks like a fossil. 20 306 PYRAMIDELLA. Subgenus Syrnona, A. Adams, 1860. P. ELEGANS, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. T. Subperforate, longitudinally and spirally striate, apex very acute ; fulvous, with a chestnut line on the periphery and suture; suture channeled ; whorls flat, periphery obtusely angulated. Length, 9 mill. Singapore. P. BRuNNEA, A. Ad. PI. 73, figs. 9, 8. Solid, narrow, yellowish brown; whorls 15, flatly convex, aperture ribbed within. Length, 15 mill. Japan. This species is figured twice in the Conch. Iconica, first under the above name, and again as P. fulva, Sowb. (fig. 8), with brunnea, A: Ad.,as a synonym; Mr. Sowerby being under the impression that his figures represent different species, and that Mr. Adams had described them both as brunnea, whereas the latter only described brunnea once. P, ATTENUATA, A. Ad. PI..73; fig. 5. Slender, whitish, shining, finely spirally striated ; whorls flat- tened, suture profound. Length, 11°5 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. P. Apams!, Tryon. PI. 73, fig. 6. Subulate, polished, smooth, orange-brown; whorls numerous, flatly convex, suture deep; lip lirate within. Length, 10°5 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. For Obeliscus aclis, A. Ad. Preoccupied by himself in section Mormula. P. actcunaTA, A. Ad. PI. 73, figs. 10, 11. Slender, fulvous white; whorls numerous, convex, flattened in the middle, longitudinally substriate, suture deep. Length, 12°5 mill. Ins. Cagayan, Philippines (Cuming); Viti Is. (Garrett). Described as an Obeliscus, and afterwards placed in Syrnola. Sowerby, who includes both in his Pyramidella, apparently supposes them to be distinct species, and changes the name of the one to P. denticulata (fig. 11). If his much enlarged figure is accurate, this is probably a distinct species, ee PYRAMIDELLA. 307 P: crocaTa, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig, 12. Solid, smooth, yellowish brown; whorls rather flat, suture impressed, periphery rounded. Length, 4 mill. Japan. P. agractziima, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 13. Slender, yellowish white ; whorls flat, the last obtusely angular at the periphery. Length, 4 mill. Japan. P. cinctenna, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 14. Smocth, white, with a chestnut line at the periphery and above the suture; whorls 9, slopingly, flatly convex. Length, 10 mill. Japan. Ryerniaroca, A. Ad. Pl. 78, fig. 15. Whitish, subpellucid; whorls 8, slopingly convex, spirally striated ; aperture lirate within. Length, 6 mill. Viti Is, P. ornata, Gould. PI. 73, fig. 16. Narrowly cylindrical, smooth; yellowish white, with a chest- nut line on the periphery and above the suture; whorls numerous, convex. Length, 6 mill. Coral Sea. According to Sowerby S. columnella, A. Ad. (unfigured), is a synonym. P. CYLINDRELLA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 17. Narrowly subcylindrical, whitish, with a chestnut line on the periphery, appearing above the suture on the spire; whorls numerous, rather flat, a little swollen near the impressed suture. Length, 4 mill. Japan. eeeorinA, A: Ad. Pi. 73, fig. 19. Smooth, white, with a spiral chestnut peripheral line, showing above the suture; whorls 9, flatly convex, suture impressed ; aperture a little expanded in front. Length, 5 mill. Japan. A little wider than P. cylindrella. P. mopica, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 20. Narrowly cylindrical, obtuse, white with pale bands and a chestnut line above the suture; whorls 9, flattened, suture impressed, Length, 4 mill. Japan. Appears to be more narrow than P. cylindrella. 308 PYRAMIDELLA. P. seROTINA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 21. Narrowly subcylindrical, white, with a chestnut line above the suture and on the periphery ; whorls 7, the last long, suture well-impressed ; plication far back. Length 3°5 mill. Japan. P. minuta, H. Adams. PI. 73, fig. 22. Subulate, tumid in the middle, rather solid, polished ; whitish, with a chestnut line above the suture and at the periphery; suture impressed; whorls 10, flattened; columellar plication conspicuous, transverse. Length, 4 mill. Orotava, Teneriffe. Appears precisely like P. serotina, except that the plica is stronger. P. susuLiIna, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 23. Tapering, pointed, smooth. whitish with a chestnut line above the suture and at the periphery; whorls numerous, slopingly, flatly convex. Length, 4 mill. Japan. PP; Smirai, Tryon:: “P13; fie. 18; Narrowly elongated, polished, white; whorls 11, plano-convex, with a diaphanous band below the suture; columella with a small plait. Length, 6°5 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. Described by Mr. E. A. Smith as S. gracillima, preoccupied by A. Adams. P. tIncTAa, Angas. PI. 73, fig. 24. Rather solid, smooth, shining, whitish, irregularly banded and marked with brown; whorls 103, flatly convex, suture deep; columellar plait rather prominent. Length, 6 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. P. sonipuLa, Dkr. PI, 73, fig. 26. Rather solid, yellowish white; whorls 7, somewhat flattened ; lip lirate within, columella short with a strong plica. Length, 5 mill. Japan. Var. FASCIATA, Jickeli. Upper whorls with a single chestnut line, two lines on the penultimate and three on the body whorl. Red Sea. PYRAMIDELLA. 309 f,HYADINA, Dkr. PI. 73, fig. 25. Whitish, hyaline, smooth, polished ; whorls somewhat convex, suture deep; lip quadrilirate within, columella uniplicate and sinuate above. Length, 5:5 mill. Japan. Unfigured and Undetermined Syrnole. P. BUXEA, Gould. Japan. P. BiraAscIATA, Woods. Tasmania. P. BIZONALIS, P. DHDALA, P. LAcTEA, P. MERA, P. PISTILLUM, P. TERETIUSCULA, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. suBuLA, Gould. China Sea. P. tucipa, A. Ad. Red Sea. P. renurscuLpra, Lischke (figure inaccessible to me). Japan. Section AcarHa, A. Ad., 1860. P. AustRALIS, Angas. PI. 74, fig. 27. Acuminately ovate, rather thin, opaque, whitish; whorls 8, slightly convex, suture a little channeled ; columella with a strong spiral plait. Length, 8 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. Section Amatuis, A. Ad., 1861. P. virco, A. Adams (unfigured). Korea Strait; 46 fms. The following species are added by Mr. Adams, all of them unfigured and from Japan: P. propucta (Odostomia) and P. peLLucipA, P. EBURNEA and P. coNcINNA, described as Menestho. Section Oscrina, A. Ad., 1867. P. anNULATA, A. Adams. PI. 74, fig. 28. Whitish; whorls numerous, flattened, spirally ribbed, the interstices longitudinally striated; columella with a single posterior plication, lip subcrenulated, interior lirate. Length, 5 mill. Philippines; Singapore; Japan, 310 PYRAMIDELLA. P. rigaTA, Angas. PI. 74, fig. 29. Rather thin, rosy-white, spiral ribs prominent; whorls 6; outer lip simple, columella with a small transverse plait. Length, 2 mill. Botany Bay, Australia. Unfigured Species. P. wiraTA, P. suncata, P. cincuLata, P. circinaTa, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. ZIZIPHINA, P. EXARATA, Carp. Mazatlan. Section Orina, A. Ad., 1870. P. pincurcuLa, A. Ad. (unfigured). Gulf of Suez. P. PYRAMIDALIS (Syrnola), A. Ad. (unfigured). Japan. Section Exusa, A. Ad., 1861. P. supuLtATA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 30. Umbilicated, apex mucronate, smooth, pellucid, whitish, some- what shining; whorls plano-convex, strongly longitudinally costate, interstices punctate ; columella uniplicate in the middle, aperture produced and subchanneled below. Length, 9°5 mill. Philippines; Japan; Red Sea. P. gracitis, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 31. Whitish, shining, with a chestnut line above the suture, and on the periphery of the last whorl; whorls flattened, distantly longitudinally costate, interstices smooth. Length, 9 mill. Philippines; Japan; Red Sea. P. Ruppettt, Jickeli. Pl. 74, fig. 32. Subrimate, rather solid, white, a little shining, longitudinally elegantly plicate, lightly impressly spirally striate; whorls 11, planulate, scarcely submargined above; lip slightly sinuate above, columella callously thickened. Length, 12 mill. Red Sea. P. meTULA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 33. Whitish, apex a little obtuse; whorls 10, planulate, closely regularly longitudinally ribbed, the interstices spirally striate ; lip and columella thickened, the latter with a median plica. Length, 13 mill. Philippines. PYRAMIDELLA. $11 P. Kress, Morch. PI. 75, fig. 13. Yellowish or brownish, shining, closely costate, and spirally punctate in the interspaces, the costz becoming broader at the suture, and evanescent on the last whorl, suture with a wide ash- colored band; aperture Clausiliform, constricted above, inner lip thick, the columellar plication oblique, wide. St. Thomas, W. I. Var. prnauis, Morch. Shell more solid, with more strongly marked cost. P. ELEGANS, d’Orb. PI. 76, fig. 14. Thin, white, longitudinally costate ; whorls 9, subscalariform, angularly convex and spirally striate below, suture crenate, columella uniplicate. Length, 3°5 mill. Cuba. Unfigured Species of Section Elusa. P. CASTANEA, P. BADIA, P. STRIGULATA, P. CINNAMOMEA, P. TERES, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. ERYTHRKOSCLERA, Morch. St. Thomas, W. I. Subgenus CuRyYSALLiDA, Carp., 1857. All the typical species, with one exception, occur on the west coast of Mexico, Panama, and in the seas of Japan; they have been described by Carpenter, C. B. Adams and Arthur Adams, and none of them are figured. C. TELEsScopiuM, C. Reicent, C. anausta, C. CREBRISTRIATA, C. EFFUSA, C. FASCIATA, C. INDENTATA, C. OVULUM, all of Carpenter. Mazatlan, ete. C. pumina, Carpenter. California. C. MARGINATA, C. comMuNTS, C. PAUPERCULA, C. B. Adams. Panama. C. curTINA, Gould. So. Carolina. C. FiLocincra, C. ERUCELLA, C. RUFOLINEATA, C. GALBULA, C. METULA, C. puicata, C. GEMMA, C. COSTELLATA, OC. MUN- DULA, C. TENUICULA, C. INCONSPICUA, C. TEREBRA, ©. NANA, C. Mumia, C. munpA, C. ALVEATA, C. CONSOBRINA, C. CON- SIMILIS, C, PUPULA, all of A. Adams. Japan. 312 PYRAMIDELLA. Section Mormuna, A. Adams, 1863. P. acuis, A. Ad: Pl. 74, fig. 34. White, shining; whorls 8, somewhat flattened, longitudinally 5) plicate, the interstices smooth; lip dilated, columella somewhat thickened. Length, 7 mill. Philippines. P. ELONGATA, Pease. PI. 74, fig. 35. Longitudinally closely ribbed, spirally striate; whorls 14, convex, with a simple varix on each whorl, suture well impressed ; columella twisted below, lip widely varicose on its outer edge, strongly lirate within. Length, 19 mill. Paumotus (Pease); Viti Is. (Garrett). P. aRaAnpis, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 74, fig. 36. Longitudinally costate, the last whorl smooth below, white. Length, 15 mill. Eastern Seas. P: varicosa, A. Ad. Pl i4}fig. 35.0: Light-brownish, with pale chestnut bands; whorls flattened, varicose, closely longitudinally costate, crossed by spiral lire, the interstices with spiral raised lines. Length, 1 inch. Eastern Seas. P. Cornectiana, Newcomb. PI. 74, fig. 37. Solid, white, shining, lightly longitudinally costate, and spirally striate ; whorls 8, rounded, the 4th and 7th with an obscure varix; lip thickened, indistinctly bilabiate. Length, 10 mill. Honolulu, Sandwich Is. Unfigured and Undetermined Species. P. AmBIGuA, Gould. = Rissoina. P. EGREGIA, A. Adams. Philippines. P. Macanprma, A. Adams. Gulf of Suez. P. Rissoina, A. Adams. Japan. Section Srytopryema, A. Ad., 1860. P.-wypica,-Eryon, “Pl. 74, fie33: White, shining, subpellucid, spirally striate ; whorls flattened, the last with a central sulcus, apex suddenly acuminated ; colu- mella posteriorly uniplicate. Length, 8 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. The name is substituted for P. stylina, A. Ad., preoccupied. PYRAMIDELLA. 813 P. aurRANTIACA, Angas. PI. 74, fig. 40. Rather thin, shining, fulvous orange, with a pale band at the suture, darker on the lower whorls, fading into white towards the apex; whorls 8, finely transversely striated; lip-fold very small, rudimentary. Length; 6 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. Unfigured Species. P. CLAUSILIFORMIS, Carpenter. Mazatlan. P. PUPIFORME, P. SUBULIFORME, P. CEREUM, TP. GIBBUM, P. LAR- vuLa, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. penpix, A. Adams. Japan, Gulf of Suez. P. nIvEA, A. Adams. Gulf of Suez. Subgenus Acr#opyRaAmIs, Fischer, 1885. P. striata, Gray. PI. 74, fig. 39. Solid, olivaceous, deeply, distantly, spirally sulcate; aperture white. Length, 1 inch. Fhilippines. P. FutvA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 42. Slender, solid, fulvous, spirally sulcate; whorls flattened, suture deep; aperture brown. Length, 1 inch. Philippines. P. cRANULATA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 43. White, solid; whorls rather flat, gradate, longitudinally cor- rugately plicate, spirally, deeply, distantly grooved; columellar fold prominent. Length, 6 mill. Philippines. P. tauTa, A. Ad. Pl. 74, fig. 44. Thin, somewhat pellucid, whitish; whorls flattened, longitudi- nally striated, spirally, distantly grooved. Length, 7 mill. Philippines. P. ama@na, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 41. Thin, rather pellucid, white, substriated longitudinally, spirally distantly sulcated, interstices elegantly punctate. Length, 9 mill. Philippines. 314 PYRAMIDELLA. P.casta, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 45. White, thin, semipellucid; whorls rather convex, spirally -rather closely grooved, interstices beautifully striated ; columella oblique, somewhat tortuous. Length, 11 mill. , China Sea. P. speciosa, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 46. White, thin, semipellucid; whorls 8, rather convex, with elevated spiral ridges, the interstices longitudinally striated ; columella nearly straight, with an oblique faint plication. Length, 9 mill. Philippines. P. styLinA; A. Ad. Pl. 74, fig. 47. White, subpellucid, middle whorls somewhat enlarged, a little flattened, thinly spirally striated, substriated longitudinally. Length, 8°5 mill. ; Philippines. P. suturAuls, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 48. Subumbilicated, white, shining, subdiaphanous; whorls 7, flattened, suture channeled, spirally sulcate, last whorl subsolute, with white articulated bands; columellar plication evanescent. Length, 8 mill. Philippines. P. concinna, A. Ad. Pl. 74, fig. 50. Grayish white; whorls 6, rather flattened, spirally grooved, interstices microscopically crenulated ; columellar plait oblique, somewhat obsolete, lip lirate within. Length, 9 mill. Moreton Bay, Australia. P. pura, A. Ad. PIl.74, fig: 49. Rather solid, white; whorls somewhat convex, spirally grooved, intermediate liree smooth, grooves longitudinally striated. Length, 9 mill. New Zealand. P. puncruraTa, EH. A. Smith. Pl. 78, fig. 52 a. Subpellucid, brownish white; whorls 4, spirally punctate- suleate; columella obliquely twisted. Length, 5 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. Unfigured Species. P. eximruM, Lischke (figure inaccessible to me). Japan. P. cLATHRATULA, Morch. St. Thomas, W. I. SYRNOLOPSIS. 315 P. canata, P. suLcIFERA, P. puNcTIGERA, P. METULA, P. viTTATA, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. TENELLA, A. Adams. Philippines. P. PUNCTICULATA, P. sinUATA, Gould. China Seas. P. acuminata, Gould. Japan. Section Mumrora, A. Ad., 1863. P. SPIRATA, A. Ad. PI. 74, figs. 52-54. White, under a yellowish or brownish epidermis, longitudi- nally plicate, transversely grooved, suture channeled; whorls 8, eradate; columella with an oblique fold. Length, 7 mill. Philippines. P. cincra, Carpenter. Pl. 74, fig. 51. White; whorls somewhat rounded, with deep sature, spirally costate, decussated by longitudinal riblets, most apparent near the suture. Length, 3 mill. Southern California. Figured from a specimen. Infigured Species. P. TESSELLATA, P. RETICOSA, A. Adams. Japan. P. ovaTa, P. RoTUNDATA, P. OBLONGA, P. NoposA, all of Carpenter. Mazatlan. Section CarEsiopsis, Morch, 1874. P. styLirorMis, Morch. (Unfigured.) West Indies. Genus SYRNOLOPSIS, E. A. Smith, 1880. S. nacustris, Smith. Pl. 74, figs. 55, 56. Smooth, glossy, imperforate, yellowish horn-color, handed with white beneath the suture; whorls 12, flattened, finely striated by flexuous growth-lines, sometimes showing traces of spiral striz; columella strongly plaited above; outer lip with one or two lamelle, far within. Lake Tanganyika, E. Africa. Bourguignat, who describes (but without figures) several new species, divides them into two groups, the first having two 316 SYRNOLOPSIS. lamellz, the second a single one. In consequence of this divi- sion, the above species is placed among those having two lamelle, and the figure of it given by Mr. Crosse (fig. 56) is made a new species under the name of S. Grandidieri, because of having only one lamella. I do not believe the distinction will hold good, as these plice are either developed or entirely absent in the same species in Pyramidellide. Unfigured Species. S. Hamyana, S. Anceyana, 8. Giraupr, S. minura, all of Bourguignat. Lake Tanganyika. aie Famitry TURBONILLIDZA. Shell minute, white, slender, elongated, many-whorled, usually longitudinally or spirally sculptured ; columella without. plica- tions or with a single small fold ; apex sinistral. Animal us in Pyramidellids. Operculum corneous, pauci- spiral. The species are very small, and mostly more slender than in Pyramidellid ; they are numerous, and have been separated into a number of inferior groups, which are, for the most part, poorly defined —so that their classification is difficult and uncer- tain. As most of these groups are founded on European species, I have not, as a rule, included any extra-limital forms, preferring for my purposes a geographical division of the species. Hitherto the species have neither been monographed nor catalogued. Synopsis of Genera. Genus TURBONILLA, Risso, 1826, Shell slender, elongated, many whorled, generally costulate, apex sinistral, columella vertical, not plicate. Operculum horny, subspiral, the columellar margin entire, face with a spiral groove. Animal with wide tentacles, mentum elongated, flattened, usually bilobed in front; foot large, anteriorly auriculated. Comprises a great number of small, graceful, usually white shells; distribution universal. Fossil, tertiary. The synonyms are Chemnitzia, d’Orb., 1839, not 1850; Pyrgiscus, Philippi, 1841; Orthostelis, Aradas. x Section Tracuta, Monts., 1884. Sculpture fenestrate; spire elevated, acute, apex twisted; whorls scalariform; columella without fold or tooth. T. FENESTRATA, Forbes. Section TraBecuLa, Monts., 1884. Whorls rounded, longitudinally lamellose ; aperture semicir- cular, with an exterior rib; no apparent spiral sculpture; apex (317) 318 TURBONILLIDA. retrorse; columella without fold or tooth. T. JEFFREYSIANA, Seguenza. Section Pyraiscutus, Monts., 1884. Whorls scalariform, lamellarly ribbed, peculiarly spirally sculptured; aperture tetragonal, no columellar tooth. TT. sca- LARIS, Phil. Section Pyreotipium, Monts., 1884. . Rather stout, with one or more intercostal nodes in the centre of each whorl; no columellar fold; apex inclined, to the right. T. roseA, Monts. Section Pyraostetts, Monts., 1884. With longitudinal ribs, crossed by spiral striz, forming pit- tings; color fulvous or banded; columella with a re-entering fold. T. Rura, Phil. Section Pyraosryius, Monts., 1884. Shell varicose, the columella dentate. T. srrgraruna, Linn. Subgenus DunkertA, Carpenter, 1857. Whorls rounded, cancellated. T. paucinrrara, Carp. Section Crnauxina, A. Adams, 1860. Shell turriculated, subulate; whorls numerous, spirally ribbed, the interstices striate, aperture oblong, entire in front, columella straight, simple, lip sharp, arcuate. C. circinaTa, A. Ad.; Salassia, de Folin, 1870, is a synonym. Genus LIA, de Folin, 1872. Shell oval conic, spire whorls decussated, lip undulated by the spiral sculpture—which appears on the colamella, simulating two plications. L. DecoraTa, Folin. A doubtful group, possibly described from a young specimen. Genus MURCHISONIELLA, Morch, 1875. Shell small, elongate, thin, pellucid, many-whorled, the apex heterostrophe; lip profoundly sinuous; whorls subangular on the periphery, and having two spiral lines which define a sort El TURBONILLIDA. 319 of sinus-band. M. spectrum, Morch. West Indies. A fossil form from the Parisian eocene is referred to the genus. Genus VANESIA, A. Adams, 1861. Shell melaniform, decussated by longitudinal and_ spiral ridges, subperforate, thin; whorls very little rounded ; aperture oval, rounded in front, entire, lip sharp. V. TRirascrata, A.“ Ad. China. Resembles a Melania, but is a true marine shell; the character of the apex and the animal are unknown, and the classification is provisional. Genus EULIMELLA, Forbes, 1846. Shell elongated, turriculate, solid, smooth, polished; whorls numerous, apex sinistral; aperture subquadrangular, lip not continuous, columella straight, without plications. Animal with short tentacles; mentum lobed in front; anterior extremity of foot truncated. Section BaupontA, Bayan, 1873. Shell aciculate, very long; whorls numerous, convex; aper- ture small, subquadrangular, columella a little sinuous. Recent and fossil. E. Graciuis, Desh. Eocene of Paris basin. The synonyms are Aciculina, Desh., 1862; Raphium, Bayan, 1873; Anisocycla, Monts., 1880. This section may well be merged in the typical group. Section OcEAnipA, Folin, 1870. Shell conical, elongated. E. Grapuata, Folin. West Indies. I know nothing of this section. Section Lrosromta, O. Sars, 1878. Shell relatively shorter, resembling Odostomia, subperforate ; aperture oval. L..chavuna, Lovén. Section Micropetiscts, Sandberger, 1874. Shell cylindrically subulate; whorls but slightly convex; aperture rounded oval, columella arcuate. E. 1NaspEcta, Fuchs. L. Pliocene, Hungary. Section Stytopsis, A. Adams, 1860. Shell subulate, opaque, smooth, not polished ; whorls flattened, 320 TURBONILLID&. suture well-impressed; aperture subquadrangular, columella straight, simple, lip subangular in front. E. typica, A. Adams. Corea. Subgenus Menestuo, Moller, 1842. Shell turriculated, with spiral striz, or decussated ; aperture oval. M. anBuLa, Fabr. Boreal Seas. Pyrumis, of Couthouy, 1839 (non Schumacker, 1817), is a synonym. Genus ODOSTOMIA, Fleming, 1828. Shell small, perforate, oval, conoidal or turriculated ; colu- mella with a feeble, oblique, more or less marked tooth; aper- ture oval or subrhomboidal, peristome not continuous. Oper- culum horny, lamellar, subimbricated, with a median spiral groove, inner margin indented. Animal elongated, the head large and robust, bearing two conical tentacles, with eyes at their bases, foot depressed, trun- cated in front; mentum anteriorly bilobed. Very minute, usually smooth shells, having the habit of Risso, and, like them, sometimes found in brackish water. The species are numerous, of universal distribution, from low- water to 40 fathoms. F®#sil, eocene. O. pricaTa, Montagu. Hurope. The synonyms are Odontostoma, Turton, 1829; Odontostomia, Jeffreys, 1837. The sections will only be used for the division of the Euro- pean species on which they were founded; those of other localities will be described simply as Odostomie. Section Opostomta, sensu stricto. Whorls smocth; lip not grooved within, columellar tooth well marked. O. pLricaTa, Mont. Brachystomia, Monts., 1884, is a synonym. \ Section MrcastomiA, Monts., 1884. Shell smooth; aperture large, lip finely grooved within. O. conspicua, Alder. Section Onpina, Folin, 1870. Shell oval, thin; whorls smooth or spirally striated, colu- mellar tooth obsolete. O. opLiqua, Alder. TURBONILLIDA. BPA Generally known as Auriculina, Gray, 1847, a name pre- occupied by Grateloup, 1838. Section Dorretia, Monts., 1880. Shell Doliiform, smooth, apex immersed; peristome con- tinuous; columellar tooth feeble. O. NiTENs, Jeffreys. Section AurtstomrA, Monts., 1884. Shell smooth, aperture large, auriculate. O. ERJAVECIANA, Brusina. Section Evatna, A. Adams, 1860. Shell ventricose, spirally ornamented; columella plicate. O. ELEGANS, A. Adams. Odetta, Folin, 1870, is a synonym. Section PotyspIreLiaA, Carpenter, 1861. = Whorls with spiral ribs, the interstices thinly clathrate, colu- mella scarcely folded. O. TRACHEALIS, Gould. Section Pyraurina, A. Adams, 1863. Conoidal, longitudinally ribbed, crossed by spiral striz, colu- mella feebly plicate. O. DecussaTa, Montagu. The synonyms are Parthenia, Lowe (in part); Nema, Folin, 1870; Parthenina, Bue., Dautz. et Dollf., 1883. Section OposromiELLA, Buc., Dautz., Dollf., 1883. Shell pupoidal, longitudinally ribbed; columella plicate. O. poLtiotuM, Phil. Section Exopra, Folin, 1870. Shell conical, longitudinally ribbed ; columella plicate. O. Hor- TENSIZ, Nansouty. Section Sprroctimax, Mirch, 1874. Shell subeylindrical; whorls scalariform; aperture somewhat ear-shaped, lip sigmoid ; columella scarcely plicate. O.SCALARIS, Morch. Section Miratpa, A. Ad., 1863. Solid, ovate or elongated; whorls flat, plicate posteriorly, spirally lirate anteriorly; lip subangulate behind, margin crenate. O. piADEMA, A. Ad. Several Japanese species. 21 322 TURBONILLA. Genus TURBONILLA, Risso, 1826. I. European and West African Species. Typical. T. nAcTBA, Linn. P14, fig. 07s PI io.ne. 70. White, rather solid, opaque, glossy, strongly longitudinally ribbed, ribs terminating below the periphery of the last whorl ; whorls 12, moderately enlarging, slightly convex; columella usually without fold. Length, 8°5 mill. Europe. It is 7. elegantissima, Macg.; T. acuta, Donovan; T. alba, Penn.; J. plicatula, Risso; T. turritella, Scacchi, and T. gra- “cilis, Desh. Var. CAMPANELLA, Phil. Fig. 77. Whorls more flattened, costz more oblique. Sicily. T’. elegantissima, var. similis, Monts., is a synonym. T. stnuosa, Jeffreys. Pl. 75, fig. 84. Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy, closely longitudinally flexuously ribbed, ribs fading out at the periphery of last whorl, white; whorls 8, flattened; columellar tooth slight but distinct. Length, 4°3 mill. Mediterranean, W. Coast of Africa. T. acuTIcosTATA, Jeffreys. Pl. 75, fig. 85. Rather thick, opaque, glossy, with longitudinal ribs and wider interspaces, ribs terminated at the periphery of the last whorl by a spiral, thread-like line; whorls 9, rather convex; columella without tooth. Length, 3 mill. Mediterranean Sea. T. MAGNIFICA, Seguenza. PI. 75, fig. 96. White or pinkish white, often beautifully iridescent ; whorls 11-12, somewhat flattened, rounded at the impressed suture, longitudinally ribbed, ribs curved, low and rounded; columella not dentate. Length, 12 mill. New England, Azores, Bay of Biscay. First described as a Sicilian tertiary fossil, but found living by the “ Travaillieur” and “ Talisman” expeditions. Mr. Ver- a TURBONILLA. 323 rill described it as T. formosa, which being preoccupied by Dr. Jeffreys, he subsequently changed to 7. Bushiana. T. pusILLA, Philippi. Pl. 75, fig. 79. Whorls 9, flattened, with about 16 oblique ribs, spirally striate. Length, 3 mill. Sicily, Vigo Bay. T. GRADATA, Monts. PI. 75, fig. 82. Rather solid, cylindrical; whorls 9, longitudinally ribbed, with wider interspaces ; aperture subquadrangular. Length, 4°6 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Described as a variety of 7. lactea, Linn. Jeffreys considers it a variety of 7. pusilla, Phil. 7. Jimitum, Folin, is said to be a synonym. T. innovaTa, Monts. Pl. 75, fig. 76. Differs from 7. pusilla, Phil., in its larger size, straighter ribs and absence of spiral sculpture. Jeffreys described it in his British Conchology under the name of 7. pusilla, but subse- quently doubted its identity with that species, and Monterosato separated it as above. Length, 6°8 mill. England to Mediterranean Sea. T. peLicaTA, Monts. PI. 75, fig. 81. More slender than 7’. lactea, white, shining; whorls 10, flat- tened, closely longitudinally plicate, interstices smooth. Length, 3 mill. Ireland to Mediterranean. The name is substituted for 7. gracilis, Phil., non Brocchi. T. micans, Monts. Pl. 75, fig 83. Thin, semitransparent, very glossy; whorls 7, flattened, with from 18-20 long, sharp, curved longitudinal ribs and equal, smooth interstices. Length, 3 mill. Gulf of Marseilles; off West Coast of Africa. This is 7’. attenuata, Jeffreys, not Odostomia (EHulimelia) at- tenuata, Monts. T. FULGIDULA, Jeffreys. Pl. 75, figs. 86, 87. Rather solid, subcylindrical, nearly ‘transparent, lustrous; whorls 7, flattened, ribs 15 or 16, narrower than the interspaces, 324 TURBONILLA. both crossed by numerous microscopic spiral striz, ribs fading out at the periphery of the last whorl. Length, 2 mill. Atlantic Ocean. T. compressa, Jeffreys. Pl. 75, fig. 88. Cylindrical, a little compressed in the middle of each whorl, thick, semitransparent, glossy ; whorls 11, with about 25 longi- tudinal ribs and subequal interspaces; color white, a young specimen having a broad, obscure chestnut-colored band. Length, 6°25 mill. Mediterranean, Azores, Cape Verd Is. T. PAUCISTRIATA, Jeffreys. Pl. 75, fig. 90. Rather thick, semitransparent, lustrous; whorls 9, flatly con- vex, with about 20 straight, slight, irregular longitudinal ribs, fading out on the body-whoxl. Length, 6°8 mill. Mediterranean; W. Coast of Africa ; Culebra, Danish West Indies. Dr. Jeffreys was somewhat doubtful of the distinctness of this shell from 7. compressa. T. sEMIcosTATA, Jeffreys. Pl. 75, fig. 89. Rather thick, semitransparent, glossy; whorls 9, flattened in the middle, with a few slight longitudinal ribs, sometimes cover- ing the upper whorls only, but in most disposed irregularly over the shell; in one specimen the whole surface is microscopically spirally striated. Length, 3°75 mill. Cape Breton, Gulf of Gascony. T. MacanpRez, H. Adams. PI. 74, fig. 59. Solid, whitish or light fulvous; whorls 16, slopingly flattened, with numerous rounded ribs, fading at the periphery, and equal smooth interspaces. Length, 18-24 mill. Vigo. Described by Mr. Adams as 7’. speciosa, preoccupied. T. oBLIQUATA, Phil. Pl. 75, fig. 80. Hyaline; whorls 9, convex, with about 14 oblique small ribs and much wider, smooth interspaces. Length, 3 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Unfigured Species. T. acuTIssIMA, Monts. Mediterranean. T. rosEA, T. Mutueri, T. SENEGALENSIS, Maltzan. Ins. Gorée, W. Africa. OFicetio ates pabcbbiie amor 8S ee ee ee ee RP A hae TURBONILLA. 325 Section Tracura, Monts., 1884. T. FENESTRATA, Forbes. PI. 74, figs. 58, 60, 61. Rather solid, almost opaque, glossy; whorls 8-9, shelving, with about twenty longitudinal ribs, crossed by fine spiral lines, ribs terminating at the periphery where there are two strong spiral ridges, appearing on the spire-whorls, white or yellowish white. Length, 3°75 mill. Europe. It is 7. Weinkauffi, Dunker (fig. 61). T. JEFFREYSIANA, Seguenza (unfigured). Mediterranean. It is 7. clathrata, var. Jeffreysiana, Monts. Section Pyrarscutus, Monts., 1884. escauARris, Phil. Pl. 15, fig. 18; Pl: 74, fis: 66. Shell moderately solid, opaque, rather glossy ; whorls 9, nar- rowly shouldered, pale yellowish or cream-color, with frequently two or three faint tawny bands on the last whorl; longitudinally ribbed, with wider interspaces, not reaching the base of the body- whorl, interspaces spirally striate, the striz often arranged in pairs. Length, 6°25 mill. Europe. T. RUFESCENS, Forbes. PI. 74, figs. 62-64. Whorls convex, flexuously ribbed, with subequal, spirally striate interspaces ; yellowish brown, with two or three chestnut bands. Length, 6°25 mill. Hurope. Dr. Jeffreys considered this a variety of T. scalaris, Phil. He also places here 7’. indistincta, Fleming. T. FormosA, Jeffreys. Pl. 74, fig. 66. Narrowly elongated ; whorls 13, narrowly shouldered, making a channeled suture, with straight longitudinal ribs and somewhat wider interspaces, which are spirally costulate, a peripheral ridge terminates the longitudinal ribs on the body-whorl. Length, 8 mill. ? Shellness, Kent, England. Dr. Jeffreys suspects that this shell is exotic. 326 TURBONILLA. T. inpIsTINcTA, Montagu. PI. 74, figs. 73, 74. Whorls 8, rounded, with deep suture, white, flexuously costate, with fine spiral striz in the interstices. Length, 4 mill. Europe, Canary Is. The synonyms are 7’. areolata, Rayneval; T. Julizx, de Folin ; T. nanodea, Monts.; T. curvicostata, 8S. Wood; Rissoa Balliz, Thompson; 7’. speciosa, Bean. . Section Pyrconiprum, Monts., 1884. T. RosEA, Monts. Shell rosy ; whorls flattened with straight narrow ribs, becoming evanescent at the periphery of the last whorl, interspaces much wider, with two spiral series of nodules. Length, 6 mill. Mediterranean Sea. It is 7. internodulosa of Monterosato, not Searles Wood. T. CALAMELT, Jousseaume (unfigured). Algiers. Closely allied to, and perhaps = 7’. rosea. Section Pyraostetis, Monts., 1884. T. RuFA, Phil. Pl. 74, figs. 68-70; Pl. 75, fig. 91. Moderately solid, opaque, glossy, with 20-30 longitudinal, narrow and shallow ribs, evanescent at the periphery, the inter- stices crossed and base encircled by rather broad impressed lines; pale fawn-colored or tawny, frequently with a narrow chestnut band above the periphery. Length, 8°75 mill. Europe. T. crenata, Lowe; T. scalarioides, Risso; T. simillimus, Mont. Dr. Jeffreys (Zool. Proc., 356, 1884) thought 7’. inter- rupta, Totten, identical and that it ought to be adopted, being ~ a prior name; he also thought 7. Rathbun, Verrill and Smith, the same. Var. FULVocINcTA, Thompson. Figs. 69-70. Shell thinner, more slender, base narrower, whorls not so much compressed, band always present and more conspicuous. Var. DENSECOSTATA, Phil. Fig. 91. Whorls 9, very slightly convex, with numerous smooth, straight longitudinal ribs, wider than the interstices. Mediterranean Sea. Var. exigua, Monts., is a synonym. TURBONILLA. 327 T. cosTIFERA, H. A. Smith. Pl. 75, fig. 92. Light fulvous; whorls 8, rather flattened, longitudinally cos- tate, the interstices finely spirally striate, with a diaphanous band below the suture; columella uniplicate. Length, 5°5 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. T. specTABILIS, Monts. (unfigured). Mediterranean. T. CLATHRATA, Jeffreys. Pl. 74, figs. 71, 72. Shell solid, opaque, shining; whorls 7, convex, with about 20 strong flexuous longitudinal ribs, extending to the base of the body-whorl, with equal interstices, which are crossed by two strong spiral interrupted riblets (three on the last whorl); color whitish or pale reddish brown; columella without tooth. Length, 4 mill. Great Britain. T. siamorpEA, Monts. PI. 75, figs. 93, 94. Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy; whorls 8, flattened, with about 25 very flexuous oblique ribs, the wider interstices spirally striate. Length, 3°75 mill. Algiers, Palermo. T. FLEXUOSA, Jeffreys. Pl. 75, fig. 95. Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy; whorls 5, flattened, with 15-20 sharp, flexuous longitudinal ribs, abrupt or sub- nodose at the suture, almost disappearing at the periphery where they are crossed by a few spiral striz. Length, 2°5 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Section Pyreosrytus, Monts., 1884. T. STRIATULA, Linn. PI. 74, fig. 75. Shell thin, pale brown, with three darker bands, closely longi- tudinally ribbed, with much narrower interspaces, both crossed by distant spiral strie, of which there are four on the spire- whorls; whorls (normal) 9, rounded, with well impressed suture. Length, 9 mill. Mediterranean. The synonyms include J. striolata, Weink.; TY. varicosa, Forbes; 7. potamoides, Cantraine; ZT. pallida, Phil. T. caAnpipA, T. RuGosA, Folin. West Africa. The work in which these are described and figured is not accessible, 328 TURBONILLA. II. Species of East Coast of the United States and West Indies. T. Emertont, Verrill. Pl. 75, fig. 6. White, lustrous; whorls 11, not very oblique, broadly rounded, a little flattened on the sides, suture strongly im- pressed ; surface with slight, rather indistinct and irregular longitudinal furrows, which are often absent. Length, 4°8 mill. Martha’s Vineyard. Smaller than 7. nivea, Stimp., with a larger nucleus and less distinctly ribbed. T. NIVEA, Stimpson. Pl. 75, fig. 11. White, shining; whorls 11, flattened, longitudinally straightly Do) ribbed; the interstices smooth, nucleus small, prominently upturned. Length, 7 mill. Maine, northwards. T. Ratueunt, Verrill and Smith. PI. 75, fig. 5. White; whorls 12, rather convex, suture impressed ; whorls rather flattened, crossed by about 30, smooth, even, longitudinal ribs, intervals as wide, showing eight or ten spiral strive. Length, 13 mill. New England, deep water. Dr. Jeffreys considered this to = 7. rufa, Phil., of Europe. T. ELEGANS, Verrill. Pl. 75, fig. 8. Light yellowish; whorls 10 or more, well-rounded, not dis- tinctly flattened, with rather deep suture; surface lustrous, with numerous rounded longitudinal ribs, narrower than the concave interspaces, fading out below the middle of the last whorl, and with numerous revolving grooves, interrupted by the coste, but continuous on the lower part of the body-whorl; sometimes there is a darker band on the middle of the last whorls and the revolving striz are darker. Narragansett Bay, Vineyard Sound, Long Island Sound. T. AREOLATA, Verrill. Pl. 75, fig. 9. Whorls 8 or 10, moderately convex, somewhat flattened in the middle, crossed by about 25 longitudinal ribs, the interstices with rather conspicuous impressed spiral lines, dividing them TURBONILLA. 329 into pretty regular, small, squarish pits; body-whorl subangu- lated below the middle, the base only marked by fine spiral striz. Length, 4 mill. Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound. T. costuLATA, Verrill. Pl. 75, fig. 10. Translucent, glossy white, faintly banded with pale brown; whorls 6 or more (besides a large apical whorl), flattened, but slightly convex, with about 20 longitudinal ribs and narrower, deep interspaces, the latter crossed by close microscopic revolving strie, which are continued below the subangulated periphery, the costz vanishing; bands two on the body, one on the spire- whorls. Length, 4 mill. Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound. T. INTERRUPTA, Totten. Pl. 75, fig. 7. Whorls 10, almost flat, crossed by 20 to 30 obtuse ribs, the interstices with about 14 subequal revolving lines arranged in pairs, often confounded in one; ribs obsolete below, where the revolving lines are uninterrupted; the whorls are slightly shouldered, making the suture distinct ; whitish brown or amber- colored, Length, 6°25 mill. Mass. to N. Carolina. Very probably identical with 7. rufa, Phil., of Europe, over which it has priority of publication. PeTexXTHAS, Kurtz. Pl. 75, fig. 12. Whorls 6 or 7, shouldered, with close, prominent, smooth, longitudinal ribs, the interspaces crossed by impressed revolving lines; white, waxy or chalky. Length, 3 mill. So. Carolina. Unfigured Species. T. spirata, Kurtz and Stimpson. No. Carolina. T. EQUALIS, Say. Vineyard Sound ; Southern Coast. T. stricta, T. GRANDS, Verrill. Long Island Sound. T. PERLEPIDA, Verrill. Chesapeake Bay. T. VIRIDARIA, and vars. VIRGA and puNIcEA, Dall. Cedar Keys, Fla. 330 TURBONILLA. T. onNATA, Q’Orb. Pl. 76, fig. 15. Thin, white, closely longitudinally ribbed and spirally striate; whorls 10, slightly convex, suture deep, crenulated. Length, 6 mill. Cuba. According to Mérch, Chemnitzia latior, C. B. Ad., is a synonym. T. MopestTa, d’Orb. Pl. 76, fig. 17. Thin, white, longitudinally ribbed, ribs terminating at a spiral ridge below the periphery of the body-whorl, base smooth, suture deep; whorls 6, moderately convex. Length, 2 mill. Cuba. T. PULCHELLA, d’Orb. PI1..76, fig. 18. Thin, white, longitudinally costate, the costa terminating on the body-whorl at a spiral ridge, below which the surface is ‘smooth; whorls 12, moderately convex. Length, 7-8 mill. West Indies. Mirch considers T. levis, C. B. Ad. (unfigured), a probable variety. T. pustItua, C. B. Ad. PI. 76, fig. 19. White, with about 12 strong longitudinal ribs terminating about the periphery of the last whorl; whorls 10-11, besides the nucleus, moderately convex, with well impressed suture. Length, 3°3 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. T. TuRRIS, d’Orb. Pl. 76, fig. 20. Thin, white, longitudinally costate, terminating in a peripheral line, below which the base is spirally striate; whorls 14, suture impressed. Length, 7 mill. St. Thomas, W. I.; Rio, Brazil. T. supstriaTa, C. B. Adams. PI. 76, fig. 21. White, wax-colored next the suture; whorls 8, fiattened, with 22 to 24 longitudinal ribs, and very numerous, scarcely per- ceptible spiral striz in the interspaces and on the lower part of the body-whorl; on the middle of the whorls is a spiral series of shallow, intercostal pits, suture distinct. Length, 2°75 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. Mirch remarks: “If d’Orbigny possibly has overlooked the OO a ee TURBONILLA. 331 minute spiral strie, this species is perhaps the same as the preceding.” T. AmeRIcANA, d’Orb. PI. 76, fig. 16. Thin, white, coarsely longitudinally costate, with intercostal spiral strie ; whorls 9, convex, with a small deep-seated colu- mellar plication. Length, 3 mill. Rio Janeiro, Brazil to San Blas, Patagonia. The figure does not show the plication, which must be small and obscure. T. puncta, C. B. Adams. PI. 76, fig. 22. White; whorls 10-11, besides the nucleus, scarcely convex, with distinct suture; white, with about 26-30 rather prominent longitudinal ribs, not produced below the periphery of the last whorl, and numerous crowded intercostal strive, one of which strie a little above the middle of the whorls and another along the suture are wide and deep, resembling spiral series of punctures. Length, 5:5 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. T. suBULATA, C. B. Adams. PI. 76, fig. 23. White, or pale brownish white, with two spiral bands of pale wax-color, and a third on the lower part of the body-whorl ; whorls 10, rather convex, with well impressed suture, with 28--30 siender prominent longitudinal ribs, not quite obsolete below the periphery, and very fine spiral strie between the coste and anteriorly, the one next the suture larger. Length, 4°25 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. T. FLAvocincra, C. B. Adams.’ PI. 76, fig. 24. White, with a broad yellowish brown sutural band; whorls 8-9, besides the nucleus, slightly convex below the middle, a little shouldered, with distinct suture; with about 28 rounded, slender ribs, becoming obsolete anteriorly, and very minute spiral striz intercostal and anterior. Length, 3°5 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas, Guadeloupe. T. FascraTa, d’Orb. PI. 76, fig. 25. Thin, white, with a broad chestnut subcentral band; whorls 9, gradate, with deep suture; longitudinally costate, the ribs 332 TURBONILLA. terminating at the periphery, with intercostal spiral striz con- tinued = becoming stronger on the base. Length, 3 mill. Rio Janerio, Brazil; San Blas, Patagonia. T. PUPOIDES, d’Orb. Pl. 76, fig. 26. Shell strong, white or yellowish brown; whorls 8, flat, with strong, subcontinuous coste, suture margined, base spirally striate. Length, 3 mill. Cuba, St. Thomas. Differs from the preceding species by its margined suture, stronger and more distant ribs and spiral striz only anteriorly. T. Riser, Mérch. Pl. 76, fig. 27. Thick, orange colored, with two darker bands, one Sidae the suture, étie other median; with about 40 cost, aoa very finely spirally striate; columella with an indistinct plication. Length, 3°5 mill, St. Thomas. Figured from the type. T. puBiA, d’Orb. PI. 76, fig. 28. Thin, whitish or fulvous with a white band, whorls 10, longitudinally undulately plicate, the wider interstices spirally striate, base without costze but the spiral sculpture stronger. Length, 4 mill. West Indies, Rio Janeiro. Unfiyured Species. T. RETICULATA, T. MULTICOSTATA, T. OBELISCUS, T. EXILIS, of C. B. Adams. Jamaica. T. TURRITELLA, Pfr. Cuba. III. Species of the Pacific Coast of America. T.. Conay @Orb. -- PE V6, ie. 29, Strong, whitish; whorls 8, flattened, with well impressed suture, strongly, longitudinally costate to the base, interstices wider spirally impressed striate, three of the striz (four on the body-whorl) more conspicuous. Length, 5 mill. Near Payta, Peru. TURBONILLA. 333 T. resTIVA, Folin. Pl. 76, fig. 30. Whitish, subdiaphanous, with a few, very distant longitudinal cost, extending to the base, the very much wider interspaces spirally striate; whorls 7, suture profound. Length, 2°5 mill. Panama. T. TENUIcULA, Gould. PI. 76, fig. 31. Rather solid, shining, wax-yellow, a little dusky below the suture; whorls 10, flat, slightly shouldered above, with about 20 straight, longitudinal ribs, the summits of which are cut by numerous fine revolving striz, deeper in the interstices, which extend over the base of the shell, the ribs terminating about the periphery ; revolving strize showing through the aperture. Length, 7:5 mill. Southern California. T. SUBCUSPIDATA, Carp. PI. 76, fig. 33. Differs from the preceding in being more distantly ribbed, with broader interspaces, closer and deeper spiral sculpture, the tops of the ribs elegantly muricated with projecting, curved lines between; the suture more deeply impressed. Length, 6 mill. S. Diego, Cal. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. T. TorqUATA, Gould. PI. 76, fig. 34, 32. Solid, white; whorls 8, a little convex, with about 16 oblique, flexuous longitudinal ribs, not extending to the base, periphery subangulate, no spiral sculpture, base smooth. Length, 5 mill. Sta. Barbara, Cal. T. Vancouverensis, Baird, is a synonym. Var. sTYLina, Carp. (fig. 32), is a narrower furm than the type; T. gracillima, Gabb, is a synonym of it; TZ. Gabbiana, Cooper, another. Unfigured Species. T. Lorpr, E. A. Smith. ; Vancouver’s Island. T. Vireo, T. CREBRIFILATA, T. CHLATA, T. AURANTIA, T. CHOCO- LATA, T. TRIDENTATA, all of Carpenter. California. T. TENUILIRATA, T. MURICATA, T. GIBBOSA, T. PROLONGATA, T. C.B.ApDAMsI, T. GRACILLIMA, T. FLAVESCENS, T. TEREBRALIS, T. UNIFASCIATA, Carpenter. Mazatlan, 334 TURBONILLA. T. GRAcILIon, T. PANAMENSIS, T. SIMILIS, T. srRiosa, T. TURRITA, T. AcuMINATA, C. B. Adams. Panama. T. acuteus, T. AFFINIS (T. undata, Carp.,a syn.), C. B. Adams. Panama and Mazatlan. T. CINCTELLA, T. CRATICULATA, T. SUBULA, Morch. W. Co. Centr. Am. IV. Polynesian and Australian Species. T. Hormani, Angas. PI. 76, figs. 41, 42. Rather thin, white, shining; whorls 13, slightly convex, lon- gitudinally broadly ribbed, interstices narrow, smooth, ribs -abruptly ceasing at the periphery of the last whorl. Length, 10 mill. Port Jackson, Australia; Tasmania. Described as JZ. nitida, Angas, a name preoccupied by A. Adams. Z. Mariz, Tenison-Woods (fig. 42), from Tasmania, appears to be identical. T. Festiva, Angas. PI. 76, fig. 45. Semipellucid, white} with a narrow chestnut band on the middle of the whorls, two bands on the body-whorl; whorls 8, rather convex, finely longitudinally plicate, the interstices microscopically spirally striate, suture deep, last whorl smooth at the base. Length, 4 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. T. rusca, A. Ads. PI. 76, figs. 46, 47. Whorls 8, very narrow, rounded, with deeply impressed suture ; yellowish or brownish, with a central darker band, two bands on the body-whorl, closely longitudinally plicate, the ribs becoming obsolete towards the base. Length, 6 mill. Australia, Tasmania, Japan. In the darker-colored specimens the bands are obscure; in- the lighter-colored, they are distinct (= 7. bifasciata, A. Adams (fig. 47). The form is narrower, more cylindrical, longer than T. festiva, but may be only a variety of it. T. MAcLEAYANA, Tenison-Woods. Pl. 76, fig. 44. Narrowly cylindrical, thin, translucent, white; whorls 12, flatly convex, with deep suture, longitudinally ribbed, ribs ter- minating at the periphery, interstices and base smooth. Length, 9 mill. Tasmania, TURBONILLA. 335 T. TasMAnica, Tenison-Woods. PI. 76, fig. 40. Solid, white; whorls 8, convex, suture impressed, with strong, somewhat oblique rounded ribs, terminating at the periphery, the narrower intercostal spaces and base smooth. Length, 7 mill. Kiny’s Isl. Bass Straits, Tasmania. Unfigured Species. T. NeozeLAnpica, Hutton. New Zealand. T. Beppomet!, Petterd. Tasmania. T. crrcumDATA, Gould. Sydney Harbor, Australia. T. 1ora, Gould. Hab. unknown. T. acicuLARis, T. concinNA, T. Bonotensis, A. Ad. Philippines. T. conngEA, A. Ad. Eastern Seas. T. BICARINATA, T. POLYZONATA, T. Birrirormtis, Carpenter. Philippines. T. DECUSSATA, Pease. _ Sandwich Islands. V. Japanese and Chinese Species. T. Paripprana, Dunker. Pl. 76, fig. 37. Rather thick, whitish ; whorls plano-convex, slightly angulated above, strongly longitudinally plicate, plice straight, fading out at the periphery, interstices and base thinly striate, the base stronger. Length, 9 mill. Japan. T. varicosa, Dunker. PI. 76, fig. 38. Whorls 13-14, closely longitudinally costate, here and there varicose, terminated on the body-whorl by a peripheral spiral line, decussated by spiral strix, base thinly spirally lirate. Length, 11 mill. Japan. T. MULTIGYRATA, Dunker. Pl. 76, fig. 43. Pellucid, white; whorls 17-18, convex, with deep suture, covered throughout with wide oblique, curved cost. Length, 16-17 mill. Japan. Unfigured Species. T. compTa, T. ALBELLA, T. sciruLA, T. TEREBRA, T. CERINA, T. CANDIDA, T. DEBILIS, TT. METULINA, T, speciosa, T, SCALIOLA, 336 TURBONILLA. T. BIcINcTA, T. MUNDA, T.ctINcTA, T. FRAGILIS, T. SCULPTILIS, T. commopa, T. niT1IDA, T. MoNocycLA, T. MoDICA, T. VENUS- TULA, T. EXIMIA, T. PERFECTA, T. MACILENTA, all of A. Adams. Japan. T. RuBRoruscA, T. Cuminei, Carpenter. China Sea. T. cHiaTa, T. onNATA, Gould. Hong Kong. VI. Indian Ocean Species. T. VEvaing, Tryon. Plo va sie.-99- White ; whorls 8, shouldered, longitudinally straightly plicate, the wider interspaces with slight spiral impressed striz. ‘Length, 3:25 mill. Isl. of St. Paul, Indian Ocean. - Described by Velain as 7. scalaris, preoccupied by Philippi: T. piscuLus, Velain: Pl. 15, fig. 97. White ; whorls 9, rather flattened, with fine, close longitudinal ribs, terminating at the periphery of the body-whorl. Length, 3 mill. Isl. of St. Paul, Indian Ocean. T. PERONI, Velain. Pl. 75, fig. 98. Grayish white, thin, with 7 convex whorls, with irregular longitudinal riblets, becoming more or less evanescent about the middle of the whorls. Length, 2°75 mill. : Isl. of St. Paul, Indian Ocean. T. rENvIcosTA, Issel. Pl. 75, fig. 4. White, a little shining; whorls 63, a little convex, suture margined, thinly, obliquely, longitudinally plicate, plice fading out on the last whorl, interstices much wider. Length, 2°25 mill. Red Sea. T. sOLIDULA, Issel. Pl. 75, fig. 3. Yellowish white, a little shining, obliquely longitudinally plicate, interstices much wider, suture not margined; whorls 8-9, somewhat convex, plications extending over the last whorl Length, 3 mill. , fied Sea. T. CRYSTALLINULA, Issel. Pl. 75, fig. 1. White, pellucid, shining, fragile, with thread-like longitudinal oblique plications extending over all the whorls, and much wider smooth interspaces ; whorls 9-10, convex. Length, 2 mill. - Red Sea. TURBONILLA. 337 T. NITIDISSIMA, Issel. Pl. 75, fig. 2. White, translucid, very shining, rather strongly distantly longitudinally plicate, and no spiral lines; whorls 9-10, a little convex, with well-impressed suture, the ribs evanescent on lower part of body-whorl; aperture a little obliquely channeled below. Length, 3 mill. ; Red Sea. T. venustA, Issel. Pl. 15, fig. 100. White, a little shining, with numerous, vertical cost ; whorls 8—9, somewhat convex, with impressed suture, last whorl suban- gulated, and without costz below. Length, 3°25 mill. fed Sea. T. cHRySsOZzONA, Martens. PI. 76, fig. 48. Densely cancellated, white, with a single narrow orange band on the upper whorls, two on the middle ones, three on the last ; whorls 12-13, convex, occasionally varicose, last whorl subangu- late; columella slightly plicate at the base, where the aperture is a little channeled. Length, 15 mill. Mauritius. T. LACTEA, Krauss.. PI. 76, fig. 49. Solid, white, closely, obliquely, obtusely plicate, with equal smooth interstices; whorls 10-12, slightly convex, lower half of body-whorl smooth. Length, 3°5 mill. Cape of Good Hope. Unfigured Species. T. TRACHEALIS, T. OBELIScUS, Gould. Simon’s Bay, So. Africa. T. LIRATA, T. DECUSSATA, T. TRILINEATA, A. Ad. Ceylon. T. Woop-Masont, T. virrara, T. THntaTA, T. SUBEMARGINATA, T. MICROCHEILOS, T. INTUSLIRATA, T. CORPULENTA and var. MINIMA, all of Folin. (Desc. and figures inaccessible to me.) Andaman Is. Subgenus DunkertA, Carp., 1857. T. CANCELLATA, 4’Qrb.- Pl. 76, fig. 50. Thin, corneous, spirally ribbed, with equal interspaces, ribs decussated into granules by longitudinal sulcations; whorls 5, suture channeled. Length, 2 mill. Cuba. 22 338 TURBONILLA. T. LAMINATA, Carp. Pl. 176, fig. 51. Whorls 8 (besides 2 nuclear ones), convex, with deep suture ; longitudinally and spirally ribbed, the interstices of the decus- sations appearing pitted, on the last whorl the longitudinal sculp- ture becomes evanescent below the periphery ; yellowish or fulvous, more or less distinctly narrowly fasciate with lighter color on the spire, bifasciate on the body-whorl. Length, 6°25 mill. San Diego, Sta. Barbara, Cal. Unfigured Species. T. INTERMEDIA, T. SUBANGULATA, T. CANCELLATA, T. PAUCILIRATA, of Carpenter. Mazatlan. T. magor, C. B. Adams. Panama. T. cemMuLosé, C. B. Adams. West Indies. T. SUTURALIS, Gould. So. Carolina. T. LATELIRATA, Folin. Andaman Is. T. FascraTa, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania. Section Cincutina, A. Adams, 1860. T. spina, Crosse and Fischer. Pl. 76, figs. 52, 53. Whorls numerous, flattened, with scarcely distinct suture, encircled by three spiral ribs, four on the body-whorl, the lower part of which is smooth, white. Length, 9 mill. Gulf of St. Vincent, Australia. I think 7. Brazieri, Angas (fig. 53), will prove synonymous: it is from Port Jackson, Australia. T. cincuLata, Dunker. Pl. 76, fig. 35. Whorls numerous, scarcely convex, suture distinct, with three revolving ribs on the spire-whorl, seven on the body, intersticess striate, white. Length, 10 mill. Japan. T. TEREBRA, Dunker. PI. 76, fig. 36. White, shining; whorls 12, scarcely convex, those of the spire with three revolving ribs, body-whorl with eight ribs, the lower ones smaller. Length, 8 mill. Japan. LIA, MURCHISONIELLA, VANESIA. 339 K. Isset1, Tryon. Pl. 76, fig. 64. A little shining, translucent, white, spirally cingulated, inter- stices longitudinally striated; whorls 9, the last with 4 cingula- tions, base smooth. Length, 3:5 mill. Red Sea. Described by Issel as Hulimella cingulata, the specific name preoccupied in Cingulina by Dunker. Unfigured Species. T. crrcinaTA, A. Adams. Japan. T. AUSTRALIS, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania. T. cARINATA, Folin. (Paper inaccessible to me.) Genus LIA, de Folin, 1872. L. pecorata, Folin. Iam not able to consult the description of this species. Genus MURCHISONIELLA, Mirch, 1875. M. spectrum, Morch (unfigured). St. Thomas, W. I. Genus VANESIA, A. Adams, 1861. YV.TRIFASCIATA, V. SULCATINA, A. Adams (unfigured). Manchuria. Genus EULIMELLA, Forbes, 1846. I. Huropean Species. E. Scirn, Seacchi. Pl. 76, figs. 63, 56. White, rather solid, polished ; whorls 11-12, flatly convex, the last subangulated on the periphery. Length, 9 mill. Europe. E. crassula, Jeffreys, and £. Macandrei, Forbes (fig. 56), are synonyms. E. compactiLis, Jeffreys. Pl. 76, fig. 58. Shell thinner, much smaller, not so strongly keeled. Length, 2°5 mill. Boreal and Arctic Europe. E. super flua, Monts. (Mediterranean), is possibly a synonym, according to Jeffreys; it has not been figured. 340 EULIMELLA. BK. acicuta, Phil. Pl. 76, figs. 59-61, 54, 62. Rather thin, semitransparent, polished, glassy white in live, milk-white in dead specimens; whorls 8—9, narrow, flattened, periphery scarcely angulated. Length, 4°33 mill. Europe. Monterosato has changed the name to Z. commutata on account of Auricula acicula, Lam., a fossil species which is a very doubtful Eulimella. Var. TURRIS, Forbes. Shell of nearly equal breadth throughout, with rather convex whorls. Var. VENTRICOSA, Forbes. Shell thinner, with tumid whorls and deeper suture. EL. gracilis, Jeffreys; H. turritellata, Requien, and £. affinis, Phil. (fig. 62), are synonyms. Monterosato, who considers ven- tricosa a distinct species, has described a var. minima (unfigured). Var. oBELIscus, Jeffreys. Pl. 76, fig. 54. Shell smaller and narrower, with more compact whorls. BE. sTRIATULA, Jeffreys. Pl. 76, fig. 55. Very slender; whorls 8—9, flattened, suture distinct; white with distinct spiral striz. Length, 2°5 mill. Spezia, Italy. KE. niripissima, Mtg. PI. 77, fig. 79. Very thin, transparent, lustrous; whorls 7 (besides the nucleus), convex, finely spirally striate, white. Length, 2°5 mill. Europe. E. crassa, Jeffreys. Pl. 77, fig. 81. Thick, opaque, glossy, smooth, white; whorls 8-10 (?), flat- tened, suture slight; lip thick, with 8-10 spiral striz within, columella with a strong spiral tooth. Length (a fragment only), 6 mill. Mediterranean Sea. This species has the mouth of an Odostomia, but the form of the shell and want of sculpture together constitute an Eulimella as to external appearance. EULIMELLA. 341 E. pr&LonGA, Jeffreys. Pl. 77, fig. 72. Thin, semitransparent, very glossy, white; whorls 10, flattened, suture slight ; columella with a small, tooth-like thickening. Length, 6°75 mill. Mediterranean Sea, West Coast of Africa. Another problematical species as to its generic position; the tooth, however, is not nearly so distinct as inthe last. It might almost rank as a colorless variety of H. unifasciata, Forbes (see American species). Unfigured Species. KE. ANGUSTA, and Var. PERANGUSTA, Monts. Mediterranean Sea. KE. cinGuLata, Requien. Corsica. E. Pointe, Folin (dese. and figure inaccessible). Port Said, Egypt. E. nitidissima, var. pura, Monterosato, is a synonym. It was found at St. Vito. KE. MACILENTA, Monterosato. Mediterranean. Name substituted for Odostomia debilis, Monts., not Pease. E. Fouint, Fischer. (Probably exotic.) France. II. Oriental Species. E. Arasica, Issel. Pl. 76, fig. 57. Shining, very minutely decussated, translucent, whitish, with narrow yellowish bands; whorls 12-13, flattened, the suture impressed, margined. Length, 5 mill. Red Sea. KE. Parurpprana, Dunker. PI. 77, fig. 75. White, subpellucid, very smooth and shining; whorls 9, flattened. Length, 11 mill. Japan. Unfigured Species. E opaca, E. viTreA, EK. wyaLina, A. Adams. Japan. E. cYLINDROPSIS, E. INFUNDIBULATA, Folin. Andaman Is, 349 EULIMELLA. III. American Species. BK. uNIFASCIATA, Forbes. PI. 77, fig. 73; Pl. 76, fig. 65. Smooth, polished, white, with a median, narrow, light chestnut band; whorls 11, flattened. Length, 6 mill. New England, Azores, Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean. This is Lulimella Smithit, Verrill (fig. 65). The columellar tooth is inconspicuous, and the form, of the shell places it in Eulimella rather than Odostomia. BH. pourra, Verrill. Pl 17, fe-67: Whorls 12, well rounded, smooth and glossy. Length, 8 mill. Eastport, Mazne. Appears to be closely allied to HZ. ventricosa, Forbes. KH. wocma, Verrill., oP. 17, fig. 68. Whorls 11, flattened, smooth, polished, with very indistinct growth-lines, suture distinct, but scarcely at all impressed, trans- lucent pinkish white. Length, 8 mill. New England (2033 fathoms). E. cwarissa, Verrill. Pl. 77, fig. 69. Small and delicate ; whorls 11, very slender, translucent white. Length, 5°6 mill. New England (2033 fathoms). Smaller, with much more slender spire and smaller apical whorl than the last; there are also more whorls in the same length, they are somewhat more convex and the suture more impressed. BE. nimmpa, Verrnil: Pl: 77, fig. 70. Smooth, polished, rather large for the genus, moderately elongated, with a tall, regularly tapering spire of more than eight moderately convex whorls (apex broken), separated by a well-defined, somewhat impressed, rather oblique suture. Length (broken), 6°5 mill. New England (2033 fathoms). Most like #. lucida, but the whorls are more convex, the suture more oblique and more impressed, the body-whorl longer, more produced anteriorly, the aperture narrower, more elongated, and effuse in front. EULIMELLA. 343 Be rissa, Verrill, PE 7; fie: T4. Small, white, polished; whorls 8, flattened, smooth, suture distinct. Length, 6 mill. Off Cape Hatteras, N. C. (142 fms.) Remarkable for the small size of the apical whorl and for its pupiform outline. KE. EnGonrA, Bush. White, lustrous; whorls 74, flattened, distinctly chamfered above the channeled suture, body-whorl distinctly angulated at the periphery, where there is a prominent rounded thread— there are also numerous indistinct, unequal striz only visible under a microscope; columella with a small distinct fold, not seen ina front view. Length, 6°5 mill. Cape Hatteras, and Beaufort, N. C. Described as an Odostomia, and placed here with some doubt on account of the long slender shell. Var. TERES, Bush. PI. 77, fig. 82. More slender, with flatter whorls, with a distinct impressed spiral line just below the angle. E. asa, Calkins. Pl. 76, fig. 66. Small, white, shining, pellucid; whorls 12-13, smooth, flat, suture lightly impressed. Length, 75 mill. Cedar Keys, Florida. E. SIMPLEX, d’Orb. PI. 77, fig. 74. Shell thin, white, finely spirally striate; whorls 7, slightly convex, with a shallow channel next above the suture. Length, 2°3 mill. Jamaica. Unfigured Species. E. oBsoLeta, Carpenter. Mazatlan. EK. PELLUCENS, E. opatina, A. Adams. Japan. Section OcEanrpDA, Folin, 1870. E. arapuatA, Folin. (Desc. not accessible). West Indies. 344 EULIMELLA. Section Liosromra, Sars, 1878. BH. chavuta, Lovén. PI. 77, fig. 76. Thin, transparent, polished, microscopically longitudinally striated, white; whorls 4-5, rather convex, suture slightly margined ; umbilicus very small and narrow, but distinct; colu- mella with a barely discernable tooth or fold. Length, 2 mill. Europe. E. pistillus and E. pistilliformis, Brugnone, and £. Brugnoni, Monts., are synonyms. E. EBURNEA, Stimpson. PI. 177, fig. 78. White, shining, smooth; whorls 4, rather convex, subangu- lated at the suture; aperture ovate-elliptic, peristome thin, sim- ple, acute, effuse anteriorly ; umbilicus narrow. Length, 4°5 mill. New England. EK. ELEcTA, Jeffreys. Pl. 77, fig. 17. Thin, nearly transparent, glossy, with microscopical growth- lines; whorls 4, rather swollen, with deep suture; umbilicus small and narrow; columella with a superior, small, sunken tooth. Length, 2 mill. Between the Hebrides and Faroé Is. (516 fms.). Section Srynopsis, A. Ad., 1860. K. typica and EK. sutcata, A. Ad. (Unfigured). Japan. KE. rurorasciata, E. A. Smith (Unfigured) - Japan. Subgenus Menesruo, Moller, 1842. EH. ALBULA, Moller. Pl. 77, fig. 80. Corpulent, white; whorls slightly convex, with numerous spiral lines. Length, 5 mill. Labrador to Greenland. This is not the #. albula of most American authors which = the next species, EULIMELLA. 345 _E. stataruna, Couthouy. PI. 77, fig. 87. Narrow, thick, whitish ; whorls 7-9, flatly convex, with distinct suture, with growth-lines, sometimes varicose, and 12-15 fine, regular revolving strie. Length, 15 mill. Massachusetts, northwards. Is EL. albuia, Gould, Tryon, ete., not of Lovén. Heeunesta Verrill, Pl. 77, fig. 86. Whorls 4, convex, with deep suture, white, spirally, numer- ously striate, umbilicus very narrow. Length, 3 mlll. New England (115,365 fms). E. Bruner, Verrill (Unfigured). Off Newport, R. I. (487 fms). EK. Humepoupr!, Risso. Pl. 77, figs. 83-85. Whorls 5, and nucleus, rather solid, stout, a little convex, with deep suture, with numerous spiral riblets decussated by longitu- dinal striz; columella with a strong superior plication; white. Length, 6 mill. Mediterranean Sea. The synonyms are £. lactea, Michaud; £. clathrata, Phil.; Z. turriculata, Caleara; EH. Kuzmict, Brusina; EH. subventricosa, Phil., and LZ. brevis, Requien, the two last given as varieties. Var. TUBERCULATA, Bucq. Dautz. et Dollf. Fig. 85. Sculpture stronger, forming a granulated surface. Var. sutcaTA, Bucq. Dautz. et Dollf. Fig. 84. Spirally sulcate, the longitudinal sculpture deficient. Unjfigured and Doubtful Species. EK. BULINEA, Lowe. Mediterranean Sea, Canary and Madeiran Islands. The synonyms are £. dissimilis, Tiberi; EF. striata, Brocchi; FE. elongata, Phil.; L. Humboldti, var. elongata, Requien. K. cRATICULATA, Renier. Mediterranean. E. EXARATA, A. Ad. Japan. 346 ODOSTOMIA. Genus ODOSTOMIA, Fleming, 1828. I. European. The sections are only used for the European species. Section Opostomia, sensu stricto. O. puicaTa, Mont. PI. 77, fig. 88. Thin, transparent, polished, with microscopic spiral striae, very pale yellowish white or white, darker at the suture; whorls 5-6, suture moderate; umbilicus none, or a narrow chink in full- grown specimens; columellar tooth small, but distinct. Length, 2°5 mill. Europe. It is O. elongata, Phil., O. bulimotdes, Scacchi. O. pALLIDA, Mont. PI. 77, fig. 89. Rather solid, nearly opaque, somewhat glossy, with microscopic spiral striae, milk-white or yellowish white; whorls 6-7, some- what convex, rapidly enlarging, suture moderate, distinct ; um- bilical chink very narrow or none; tooth strong. Length, 5 mill. Europe. O. Novegradensis, Brusina, O. Eulimoides, Hanley (figured), are synonyms. Jeffreys cites :— Var. crAssA, Thompson. Smaller and thicker; some of the spiral striz confluent, form- ing elevated ridges. Var. NoTATA, Jeffreys. Whorls more convex, spiral striz more conspicuous. Var. ancustTA, Jeffreys. Thinner and more slender. O. suBLonGA, Jeffreys. Pl. 77, fig. 90. Rather thick, semitransparent, glossy, ivory-white; whorls 4-5, the last obsoletely angulated on the periphery ; tooth minute, but distinct. Length, 2°5 mill. Bay of Biscay, Cape Verd Is., Mediterranean Sea. i ODOSTOMIA, 347 O. inscutpTa, Mont. PI. 77, fig. 91. Thin, semitransparent, glossy, with distinct spiral incised lines, with inconspicuous longitudinal strie near the suture, white; whorls 6, each narrowly, thickly rimmed just below the suture, which is slightly channeléd; umbilicus narrow; tooth incon- spicuous but always present. Length, 3°75 mill. Northern Europe. It is O. obliqua, Loveén. O. umBiLicaRiIs, Malm. PI. 77, fig. 92. Shell thin, transparent, very glossy, white; whorls 5-6, with deep suture; umbilicus very distinct, but small; tooth small, but prominent. Length, 2°5 mill. Northern Europe. Owing to the transparency of the whorls, the periphery of each appears like a narrow band round the top of the sue- ceeding one. O. MicHaEtis, Brugnone. PI. 77, fig. 93. Oblong ovate, smooth, shining; whorls 6, slightly convex, columella strongly uniplicate. Length, 5°5 mill. Mediterranean Sea. O. RissorpEs, Hanley. Pl. 77, figs. 94-96. Thin, transparent, glossy, with microscopical growth-lines and spiral striz, pale yellowish white, or whitish; whorls 5, convex, rapidly enlarging, suture rather deep, in fresh speci- mens with a darker band; umbilicus usually none, or a mere chink or indentation; tooth small and partly concealed. Length, 3 mill. Europe. Var. ALBA, Jeffreys. Thinner, spire produced, suture deeper and more oblique, umbilical chink very distinct. Var. niTIDA, Alder. Fig. 95. Whorls more ventricose and umbilicus distinct. Var. GLABRATA, Forbes and Hanley. Fig. 96. Nearly oblong, nucleus of spire exposed and mamillary, suture deep. 348 ODOSTOMTA. Var. DuBIA, Jeffreys. Oval, more solid, body-whorl longer, umbilical chink distinct, tooth stronger. Var. EXILIS, Jeffreys. Smaller and more slender; spire elongated, suture slight. O. Luxtst, Jeffreys. Pl. 77, fig. 97. Solid, opaque, glossy, sculpture only very slight, almost microscopical scratch-like longitudinal striz, ivory-white ; whorls 5-6, convex, the penultimate a little projecting ; umbilicus small, but distinct ; tooth small and prominent. Length, 2°5 mill. Great Britain. O. unrpENTATA, Mont. PI. 77, figs, 98, 100. Solid, almost opaque, glossy, with a more or less distinct peripheral angle, visible also at the base of the upper whorls, sculp- ture slight, microscopical, close-set spiral striz, white ; whorls 6 (besides the nucleus), flattened, suture narrow, distinct; um- bilicus none, although there is sometimes a small chink; tooth long and prominent. Length, 5 mill. Iceland, Europe, West Africa, Canaries, Madeira, Pernambuco. O. Monterosati, Bucg. Dautz. et Dollf. (fig. 100), is a young shell of this species according to Dr. Jeffreys; who mentions a var. elata, with more elongated spire and narrower base. O. rurRITA, Hanley. PI. 77, fig. 99. Solid, semitransparent, glossy, microscopically spirally striate, periphery obtusely keeled; yellowish white or whitish, with a dark border below the suture; whorls 5—6 (besides the nucleus), suture narrow but distinct; umbilicus none; tooth small, not prominent. Length, 3 mill. Europe, Teneriffe, Madeira, Pernambuco. O. turriculata, Monts. and var. nana, Jeffreys, are enumerated as varieties by Dr. Jeffreys. O. acuta, Jeffreys. Pl. 77, fig. 1. Shell rather solid, but semitransparent and lustrous, with microscopic close spiral striz, and still more minute, flexuous, crowded growth-lines, whitish with a tinge of flesh-color ; whorls + Lamarckii, Mirch). hbid:,.6:d5)4. le, a atiGg Ba 28. Vv ermetus varians, d’ Orb. Voy. Amer. “ Méria., t. Cy aS ° o h10 24. Vermetus conicus, Dillw. Gualtieri, t. ‘10, f. Jbas Oe py 25,26. Vermetus olomeratus (=renisectus, Morch). Chenu, Minat.Canch. 1; 2 2ad; . : - é > Ero 27. Vermetus contortus, Carp. Specimen, 7 ‘ Fig ly (a 438 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE, 28,29. Vermetus Nerinoides, oe Ads. Genera, t. 137, i; 10, 2 171 30. V ermetus carinatus, Quoy. “Voy. Astrolabe, t. 61, f. 24, 26, : : - Lp2 31. Vermetus lilacinus, Mirch. Humphrey and Da Costa, tl, £147, ; - Wiz 32. Vermetus subcancellatus, Bivona. Chiaje, Test. Sicil., toi, £8, - pelts 33. Vermetus Lispe, Adans. (=vermicella, Linn.). Adan- son, Hist. Nat. Senegal, t.11,f.2, . : 173 34. Vermetus anellum, Moreh. Specimen, gs GY) 35. Vermetus Panamensis, Rouss. (=centiquadrus). Chenu, Illust. Conch., t. 5, 'f. 1 ae ° : ° ; 174 PLATE 50. 36. Vermetus effusus, Val. Chenu, Illust. Conch., t.5, f. 4, 174 37. Vermetus angulatus, Rouss. Ibid. fits Dykes lle 38. Vermetus Peronii, Val. (— centiquadrus). Voy. Vv enus, ta cs * via 39. Vermetus siphonata, Mirch (& centiquadrus). Chenu, Illust. Conch., t. 4, f. 6, 174 40. Vermetus tulipa, Rouss. = centiquadr us). ‘Tbid., t. 1, : : Bei 41. Vermetus triquetra, Bivona. Moll. Sicil., i, ./9;.f Ol 206 42. y coaetus fascicularis, Mch. (= triquetra). Ibid.,i, t. 9, ‘tera . ; ° : : : P ‘ . 176 PLATE 51. 43. Vermetus sipho, Lam. (= Rousseau, Vaill.). Chenu, Illust. Conch., t. 4, f. 3, upper, . ; = : Bed bf) 44, Vermetus semisurrectus, Bivona. Phil., Moll. Sicil., i, tO, talons - ; : : Satie 45. Vermetus Seguenzianus, Aradas. Aradas and Benoit., Moll. Sicil., t. 3, f. 6, = 116 46. Vermetus Quoyi, H.and A. Ad. Adams’ Genera, t. 39, f. 3a, ; 176 47. Vermetus Dofan, ‘Adans. (ss Goreensis). " Adanson, Moll. Senegal, te 1 fs, “ 1717 48. Vermetus Spiruliformis, De Serres, Ann. Se. Nat., t. 8, f. 1, 1855, . ; Blais 49. Vermetus immersa, Morch. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. tee td 16, 1.999; : Be tk 50. Vermetus spirorbis, Sowb. Sower by, Manual, t. it i 8, 178 51. Vermetus corrodens, Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 18, f. 2, . 178 52. Vermetus irregularis, Orb. VTbids ta vi aeons . 178 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 53. 54. 55- 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. Vermetus glomeratus, Bivona. Philippi, Moll. Sicil., i, ee ette 2c, : . . “ “ : . - PLaTE 52. Vermetus Ammonitiformis, Serres. Ann. Sci. Nat:, iv, taS, to 2, 18oo,”. . : - : : 5T. Vermetus olomeratus, Bivona. Adams’ Genera, icued ls : . - é : 2 iad annulatus, Lam. Chenu, Illust. Conch., oe Aaa : : : : : ng Le planorbis, Dunker, Moll. Japon., t. 2, f. ae 439 PAGE, 178 Dead | or - 178 ~ Lis 178 Vermetus polyphragma, Sassi. Chiaje, Test. Sicil., t.57,f.1,. - 179 Vermetus gigas, Gray. “Chenu, Tllust. Conch., t. 4, fh 5, iis) Vermetus aletes, Mch. Moll. Sicil., i, t. 9, f. 18, seid Vermetus dentiferus, Lam. Chenu, Illust. Conch., ite 4, if L; e. e es e e e e PLATE 53. . Vermetus Novee-Hollandiz, Rouss. Chenu, I[llust. Conch., t. 1, f 4, Pasar Gs, aeie 65. Vermetus. masier, Desh. Adanson, Hist. Nat. Seneg.. teeth ot 5; A 180 66. Vermetus Brasiliensis, Rousseau. Chenu, Ilust. Conch., Teas Oy 0 te : - B . 180 67. Vermetus atra, Rousseau. Ibid., t. Bele ote 2 180 68. Vermetus imbricatus, Dunker. Moll. Japon.,t.2,f.18, 180 69, 70. Vermetus nodoso-rugosus, Lischke. Jap. Meeres Conch, 1, t. 51 1; 4. : : 5 : . 180 Tl. Vermetus decussatus, Gmelin. Humphrey and Da Costa, t..10, £15, /- : ‘ - : : Sorel 72. Vermetus poritis, Rouss. (= decussatus). Chenu, Illust. Conch., t.2,f.3, . : . - ° atol PLATE 54. 73. Vermetus squamigerus, Carp. Specimen, . pelle 74. Vermetus margaritarum, Val. Chenu, Illust. Conch., tere shes Din. 3) - - F aesit 75. Vermetus Michaudi, Rouss, Ibid., t. 2, ut 5, : + 18h 76. Vermetus poritis, Rouss. Pbid., t: 22a. 3c, : Be likey 77. Vermetus dentiferus, Quoy (=longifilis). Voy. Astrol., bet6, £27; : = Ll 78. Vermetus inopertus, Ruppell. Ruppell’s Voy., t. a fo8, : : ° A : . 182 79. Vermetus arenarius, Quoy. ‘Voy. Astros tiGT, 448." 182 440 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 80. Vermetus elegans, Quoy. Ibid., t. 67, f. 11, : 81. Vermetus Zelandicus, Gray. Ibid., t. 67, f. 17, 82. Vermetus lituella, Morch. Specimen, : 83. Vermetus Datin, Adans. (= afrum, Gmel.). Adanson; ‘Hist. Nat. Seneg., t..11, 1446, : 84-86. Vermetus perforans, Serres wa politus). Ann. Sci. Nat., iv, t. 8, f. 3, 4, 6, 1855," . 5 : : 87. Vermetus nebulosus, Dillw. Specimen, : : 88. Vermetus bicarinatus, Sowb. Sowb. Man., f. 4, PLATE 55. 89, 90. Vermetus gigas (= maximus, Sowb.). Chenu, Tllust. Conch., oot C06, 91. Vermetus Dacoste, Mirch. Humphreys, Conch. th ie 1, 45, 92. Vermetus margaritarum, Val. Chenu, Tlust. Conch.. t; 4; 12) 95. Vermetus megamastum, Mirch. "Zool. Proc., t. 95, f. 12, 1861, 94. Vermetus roseus, Quoy. Voy. Astrol., tae 61, iz 20, : 95, 96. Vermetus pennatus, Mirch. Zool. Proc. ks 25, 1a LTB TN 9) OAT aa 97. Vermetus costalis, Rouss. (= Sa angle Chenu, Illust. Conch., t. 3, cage Is pees : 98. Vermetus Indicus, Rouss. (ee lumbricalis). "Ibid. st. 3, f. 2b, 99. Vermetus spiratus, Phil. Archiv Nature., ‘t. if £4 b, 1836, 100. Vermetus radicula, Stimpson = spiratus). “Specimen, PLATE 56. 1. Vermetus unicostalis, Mérch (— tortuosus). Chenu, Hiust:, Conch, ts3, 1045)" % ' ; : : ; 2. Vermetus dimorphus, Mérch. Humphrey, Conch., t. RG ae age 3-5. Vermetus pelincidus, Br. et Sowb. Zool. Proc. ‘te 25, ff, 17, 18,20, 1 S61. ar . Vermetus eburneus, Reeve. Conch. Syst., ii, “ 152, f.9, . Vermetus effusus, Val. Chenu, Illust. Conch. ,t.5,f.4a, 8. Vermetus turritella, Rouss. Ibid., t. 5, f. 3, 9, Vermetus regularis, Chenu (= me Ibid. , Ser- pula, t. 10,f. 4, : 10. Vermetus Panamensis, Chenu ee pellucidus). Tbid., Serpula, t.10,f.5, . . F : Sh ae eis dice =o ; _ REFERENCE TO PLATES. 441 PuaTE 57. FIGURE, PAGE, 11. Siliquaria ponderosa, Mirch. Conch. Icon., f. 3, . 188 12. Siliquaria Senegalensis, Recluz. Ibid., f. 8, . 188 13. Siliquaria encaustica, Morch. Ibid., f. 10, et lichs) 14. Siliquaria trochlearis, Mérch. Thes. Conch., t. 481, f. 1 nae : : : : : 7 189 tps. 1G: Siliquaria obeusa: Schum, Rbid. 5 t, A480, t 4.350°\.. L389 17. Siliquaria teniata, Mérch. (= Australis) Adams, Genera, t. 39, f. 5a, : = 89 18. Siliquaria tostus, Mirch. Conch. ‘Jeon., fi ‘Bie 290 19. Siliquaria Cumingii, Moreh. Ibid., f. 2 b, . 190 PuaTE 58. 20. Siliquaria Australis, Quoy. Conch. Icon., f. 6, - 89 21. Siliquaria Cumingii, Moreh. Ihbid., f. 2, . 190 22. Siliquaria Bernardii, Moreh. Ibid., f. 9, : 190 ¥3, 24. Siliquaria anguina, Linn. Ibid.,f.7, . : = aU 25. Siliquaria squamata, Blainv. (= anguina). Chenu, iituet- Conch, t. 2. 12, . é : 3 90 26. Siliquaria lactea, Lam. Conch. Icon., f. 5 a, aelenl 27. Siliquaria Taheitensis, Morch. Ibid., f. 13,. OL 28. Siliquaria Weldii, Woods. Specimen, . lol TURRITELLID&. PLATE 59. 29. Turritella triplicata, Studer. Dentition. Troschel, Gebiss, i, t. 12, f. 12, ‘ ; : : : 192 30. Turritella acicula, Stimpson. Dentition. Sars, Moll. a eNotw.. t. 1, f. 2d F : j : ‘ salle2 31. Turritella communis, Risso. Operculum. Fischer, Manuel, 694, f. 466, . : : - ; . 192 32. Turritella terebra, Linn. Kiener, Cog. viv., t. 3, f. 1, 195 33. Turritella spectrum, Rve. ee terebra). Conch. Icon., f. 40, - > : 195 34. Turritella bacillum, Kiener. Coq. Miv.. ted. de 196 30. Turritella cerea, Reeve (= bacillum). Conch. Icon., i225, 4 : i : : : 196 36. Turriteila fascialis, Menke. Phi: teaice : Se o1 ialis). Ibid., f 6, F 3 3 5 197 38. Turritella cingulifera, Soni “bide: f. 64, : =295 39. Turritella fragilis, Kr. (= cingulifera). Kiener, Coq. mites ts 8: 1.3, 198 . Turritella fuscocincta, Petit ae cingulifera). Joun de Conch*, Lvs (Gels f 8, F P ‘ F REFERENCE TO PLATES. PAGE, 41. Turritella parva, Angas (= cingulifera). £26, £. LT TSR - 198 Turritella crocea, Kiener (= bacillum). ~ 196 = SG + 96 ; Turritella ungulina, Linn. . Turritella nivea, Gray. - A Turritella cornea, Lam. (=e communis, Risso). . 196 : Turritella cornea, Lam. = communis Risso). . 196 - 197 : Turritella (eee Krauss. 48,49. Turritella triplicata, Studer. 50. Turritella turbona, Monts. (= triplicata). Genoa, ix, 420, 51, 52. Turritella goniostoma, Val. Sudaf. Moll. t. 6, f. 8, Conch. Icon., f. 43 a, b, Canc. leat 3 10a, b, 53. Turritella Broderipiana, Orb. Conch. Icon., f. 6 6, 197 EOT 198 . £98 . Turritella marmorata, Kr. = goniostoma). Cog. Vivi, 2 8; £4. : 198 - 198 - 198 tes - 198 . Turritella lentiginosa, Reeve. . Turritella punctata, Kiener. . Turritella Banksii, Reeve. . Turritella variegata, Linn. . Turritella Hanleyana, Reeve a rr , 199 . 200 - 200 . 201 . Turritella sinuata, Reeve. . Turritella Cooperi, Carp. 32. Turritella rnbescens, Reeve. Conch. ake z 63, . Turritella meta, Reeve (= variegata). Conch. Icon., : Parcteles variegata, Tain , var. elongata, Rve. : Waerieciie tigrina, gence. aenee Monog.. }. Turritella Cumingii, Reeve wegen 3 Ganele Icon.., 198 , Se ; £9e ota - £39 - Turritella rosea, Quoy. : eee lineolata ener (rose). Kiener, Iconog. - "199 : Toes ae Bee Conch. Icon., ae 21, . Turritella declivis, Beeve 199 200 a ey ere —_ | | : i] 2 z q a . : | REFERENCE TO PLATES, FIGURE. 71. 72. 73. 74. OT hm Co bo Turritella cingulata, Sowb. Ibid., f. 23, Turritella leucostoma, Val. Ibid., f. 5 Turritella flammulata, Kiener. Ibid., f. 24, Turritella torulosa, Kiener. Ibid., f. 21, PLATE 63. . Turritella trisuleata, Lam. Conch. Icon., f. 17, . Turritella columnaris, Kiener. Ibid., f. 14,. . Turritella radula, Kiener. Ibid., f. 30, 79. Turritella nodulosa, King. Ibid., f. if a, Bes . Turritella papillosa, Kr. (= nodulosa). Kiener, Coq. Viv., t. 14, f. 3, . Turritella aquila, Ad. and Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 46, . Turritella bicingulata, Lam. Ibid.,f. 20, . - . Turritella maculata, Reeve. Ibid., we 3 lie . Turritella Knysnaenis, Krauss. Sudaf. Moll., t. 6, f. 9, . Turritella annulata, Kiener. Coq. Viv., t. 13. £ if . Turritella Gunnii, Reeve. Conch. ico 2 45, : . Turritella Tasmanica, Reeve (= Gunnii, var.). Ibid., f. 42 _ Turritella i incisa, Reeve. Ibid., Js 65, 3 . Turritella infraconstricta, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 50, f. 20, 1878, . Turritella vittulata, Ad. and Reeve. Conch. Icor.., f. 58, _ Turritella canaliculata, J Ad. and Reeve. " Ibid., 12 51, . Turritella fastigiata, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 48, PLATE 64. . Turritella hastula, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 31, . . Turritella congelata, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid. , f. 59, . Turritella pagoda, Reeve. Ihbid., f. 60, ° . Turritella candida, Reeve. Ibid., f. 38, : : . Turritella multilirata, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 54, 99. Turritella exoleta, Linn. Kiener, Coq. Viv., t. me f. 2, . Turritella cochlea, Reeve = - exoleta). Conch. Icon., £295 : Turritella excav ata, Sowb. — exoleta). Zool. om bool, t. 3; 1810, - . Turritella clathrata, Kiener. " Conch. Icon., f. 37, . Turritella decipiens, Monts. Specimen, . Turritella alba, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 3, es 1872, . Turritella-monilifera, Ad. and Reeve. Conch. Teon.. fe 50, . e e o . . . * . . 444 FIGURE. 6. Turritella concava, Martens. 7. Turritella carinifera, Lam. 8. Turritella eemmata, Reeve. 9. Turritella Hookeri, Reeve. 10. Turritella acuta, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, REFERENCE TO te20,t bos 11. Turritella ferruginea, Reeve. 12. Turritella acicula, Pres f. 133, 13. Turritella erosa, Couth. Ibid. 14. Turritella Eschrichti, Midd. (= erosa). Mal. Ross , AG phe ae ree PLATES. iy Marribelle reticulata, Mighels oad aes ae Mar Conch., t. 11, f. 131, 16. Turritella constricta, Reeve = ‘clathrata). Conch. Leon., ti, 16; 17. Mathilda granolira, Costa & eleg antissim: a). Misc. Mal acol., 18. Mathilda ee Costa. Ibid., : 19. Turritella declivis, Aurivillius. Vega | Exped. t. 12, £9; 19. Mathilda Sinensis, Fischer. 20. Turritella duplicata, Linn. PLATE 65. 1867, . 21. Turritella acutangula, Linn. (= duplicata). Ibid., 2, f. 28, 22. Turritella ‘attenuata, Rve. = duplicata, var.) Conch. Oe Maeribells australis, Eau Icon., f. 4, 24. Turritella costulata, Mighels. f732, 25. Turritella lactea, Muller. Re : 26. sas costata (erosa, var. ) Aurivillius, V eva Exp., 27, 28. Be ire - Gree brevialis, Lam. 29. Turritella brevialis, Lam. Reeve, Turritella, f, 16 a 30. ‘Turritella varia, Kiener. 81. Turritella Caribzea, Orb. (= varia). Hist. Nat. Cuba, t. 10, f. 21 32. Turritella Melanoides, Reeve: Beek 33. Turritella opalina, “Ads. and 34, 35. fo, Provo Knockeri, Baird! Zool. Proc., 59, 1870, . PAGE, Moebius’ Mauritius Mere « 206 Conch, Icon. il 19.4, . 206 fore, f. "28°" . 206 Conch. Icon. 5 h.O, . 206 . 206 Conch. Icon., f. 32, . 207 Am. Mar. Coneh. th ay, - 207 cli 130, . 208 ’ 908 208 206 10 fe 13, 10 208 Jour. de Conch., t. 9, f. 3, . ‘ : - 5 211 Kiener, Iconog.,, t. 1, 207 207 = UNG Kiener, Iconog., ‘t. 4, f. 3, 3° 208 Am. Mar. Conch., t. 11, “ 208 eve, Mesalia, f. Is . 208 , : 208 Reeve, Mesalia, i 2 a, b, 209 209 Kiener, Iconog., t. 2, f. 3, 209 A ; , : . 209 Conch. Icon. Mesalia, : ' : : . 208 “Rye. Reeve, Turritella, 210 210 REFERENCE TO PLATES. ; 445 FIGURE. , PAGE. 36. Mathilda cochleformis, Costa. Brugnone, Misc. Mal., to,. : : : : - 210 37. Mathilda elegantula, Angas. Zool Proc. lve, leak, 200 38. Mathilda quadricincta, Brocchi. Conch. Foss. subap., RR a en Oat C ACID A. PLATE 66. 39. Shell of Ceecum, much enlarged. Fischer, Man. de Conch., p. 698. , Spiral nucleus; 0, first septum; c, second septum ; ee aperture, : . 212 40. Animal of Cxcum. Forbes and Hanley 4 Brit. Moll. a (ae . 212 41, 42. Nucleus of Cxeum., Jour: de Conch., a Di, f. la, WOO VET To | : 5 Bee: 43. Nucleus of Meioceras. ‘Ibid. 5 bt ie i. 2, 1877, A . 214 44,45. Nucleus of Strebloceras. ’ Ibid. 5 ba Dots heii Cetis SE. 46. Nucleus of Parastrophia. Ibid., t. Be if re 1877, < ~ 24 47-51. Different forms of the septum. Ibid., t. 4, figs. 13, iif se ; ; ; ‘ ; foie 52. Cecum leve, C. B. Ad. ” Specimen, : : : pols 53. Caecum farcimen, Cpr. Specimen, - : - . 215 54. Ceecum vitreum, Cpr. Specimen, : : : . 215 55. Cecum Clarkii, Cpr. (= vitreum, var.). Speeneny « 25 56. Czecum dextroversum, Cpr. Specimen, - 215 57. Caecum glabrum, Mont. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll.£. 69, £. 5, : . 215 58. Ceecum auriculatum, Folin. B. D. and ne Moll. Rous- silon, 232 : : ; : : . 216 59. Ceecum Achironia, Folin. Jour, de Conch. t. 3..f.- 1, 1867, : : : : : : . 216 60. Czecum Someri, Bolin: “Thid.. feioeis 2. h86 1. P se ailiG 61. Caecum subimpressum, Cpr. Specimen, . Q . 217 62. Czecum Floridanum, Stimpson. Specimen, : Bp eAl Wy 63. Cxcum pulchellum, Stimpson. Tryon, Am. Mar. Wonch. tll, f. 135, : - : ; : aL 64. Cecum rhysotitum, Folin. Jour. de Conch., t. 2, f. 6, 1867, : : . 218 65. Ceecum Cooperi, Carp. = Californicum, Dall). Speci- men, . : “ : : “ . : - 219 PLATE 67. 66. Ceecum firmatum, C.B. Ad. Specimen, . ; pera 67. Cecum quadratum, Cpr. Specimen, . : ‘ - 217 446 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE, 68. Cxcum compactum, Cpr. (= quadratum, var.). Speci- men, . ; : : : : : 3 ey 69. Cecum elegantissimum, Carp. Specimen, er) 70. Caecum undatum, Carp. Specimen, . 218 Tl. Cecum ecrebricinctum,Carp. Specimen, . er Ke} 72. Cecum subannulatum, Folin. B.D. D., Moll. Rous- silon, p. 231, 5 218 73. Caecum nitidum, Stimpson. “Specimen, : . 222 74. Cecum cornubovis, Carp. Specimen, . 3 - . 223 75. Cecum cornucopie, Carp. Specimen, . 223 76. Caecum annulatum, Brown. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. S859. 1; ‘ . 220 TT. Coeecum trachea, Mont. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., Fag Os ONL 219 78. Cxecum par: adoxum, Folin. Jour. de Conch., t. 2, f. t, 1867, ; : : : 5 : . 218 79. Cecum phronium, ‘Folin. Jour. de Conch., t.°3, 1.4, 1867, : : : : : 221 80. Ceecum coronatum, Folin. Lbid., to) fa. 1ser, 221 81. Cecum Folini, Buea. ., Dautz., Dollf. Moll. Roussilon, p. 233, : 4 4 A - . 223 82. Ceecum irregulare, Folin. Jour. de Conch., t. 3, f. 6, 1867, : : : ; : : 221 83. Cecum magnum, Stearns. Specimen, ; ; 219 84. Caecum Cooperi, Smith. Ann. N. Y. Lyc., ix, 394, 221 85. Caecum costatum, Verrill (= SESE: Am. Jour. Science, 3: ser:, Ui; t.6,.f. 65°. 4 2.221 86. Ceecum clava, Folin. Jour. de Coneh ahs 3, iS, 1867, 220 87. Caecum insigne, Folin. Ibid., t. 2, f. ri, 1867, . 220 88. Ceecum breve, Folin. Ibid., t. 3, ry 5, 1867, 220 EULIMID&. PLATE 68. 89. Eulima grandis. A. Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon. he 4, . 266 90. Eulima Martini, A. Ad. Ibid. Bi 6, . 266 91, 92. Eulima candida, Marratt. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soe. Liverpool, KXLY, "339, : 4 . 266 93. Eulima major, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 5, 266 94. Eulima arcuata, Sowb. (= major). Ibid., f. 1 ee 266 95. Kulima flexuosa, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. ae: 169, "f. 2 29, . 20% 96. Eulima Cumingii, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon. Eulima, sp. 8, 267 97. Eulima teinostoma, A. Ad. Ibid., feds : 267 98. Eulima picta, Sowb. Ibid., f. 45, - ‘ : . 267 99. Eulima lactea, A. Ad. Ibid., ft 2, , “ . 26m 100, 15. Eulima porcellana, A. Ad. Tbid., f; lik . 268 REFERENCE TO PLATES, FIGURE. 1. Eulima brevis, Sowb. Ibid., f. 27, : : 2. Eulima labiosa, Sowb. (= brevis). Ibid., f. 10, 3. Eulima acuta, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 15, 2 3 : 2 4. Eulima inflexa, Pse. (= solida). Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t. 24, f. 26, - 5. Eulima solida, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon. of 18, 6. Kulima pusilla, Sowb. Ibid. ae 2. ore , 7. Eulima exilis, Pse. (= pusilla). ‘Am. Journ, Conch. Wr, ts 245 1.25," 2 : : : : - 8. Eulima venusta, Pease. Ibid., iii, t. 24, f. 24, 9. Eulima retrorsa, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 31, 10. Eulima augur, Angas. Ibid. va 47, 11. Eulima proxima, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., i “48, 12. Eulima articulata, Sowb. Ibid., f. 1, 13. Eulima opaca, Sowb. Ibid., f. 30, : 14. Eulima pyramidalis, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 23, . Eulima opalina, Folin. Méléagrin., t: 6, f. 1, . Eulima micans, Woods (= Tenisoni, Tryon). Speci- men, : Eulima conoidalis, "Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 22, 2 . Eulima polyeyra, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 24, . Eulima conica, Sowb. Ibid., f. 44, ; : : ‘ . Eulima modicella, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., t. 169, f. 27, . Kulima solidula, Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang t. 5) | apy (ae : ; P : Eulima cuspidata, Reeve. Reeve, Conch. ihe f. 17, 2 2 3. Eulima tortuosa, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 12 : . Eulima Adamsi, Sowb. (= nitidula, ia Ad.) Ibid., sp. 38, . Eulima robusta, i Ad. Specimen, . Eulima mundula, A. Ad. Specimen, ‘ . Eulima subangulata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Tone bf 1 . Eulima acuformis, Nevill. Jour. Bengal, xliv, t. 8, fied: PLATE 69. . Eulima micans, Carp. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 33, . . Eulima elodia, Folin (= micans). Méleagrinicoles, t. G.t. G, . Eulima oracillima, ‘Sowh. Conch. Icon., f. 32, . Eulima parva, Sowb. Ibid., f. 41, ; : ‘ E . Eulima adamantina, Folin (= parva). Méléagrini- coles, t..6, f 25 ; . Eulima subrostrata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. ae rea : . Eulima gibba, Folin. Méléagrinicoles, t. a f. 4, . Eulima oleacea, Kurtz and Stimp. Tryon, Am. Mar. Conch., t. 10, f. 124, . 448 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE, PAGE. 38. Eulima proca, Folin. Ibid.,t.6,f.3, . : 273 39. Eulima hastata, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 9, 273 40. Eulima conoidea, Kurtz and Stimpson. Specimen, 273 41. EKulima Jamaicensis, Adams. Specimen, . . 218 42. Eulima iota, C. B. Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 34, 274 43, Eulima intermedia, Cantraine. Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., £227 Nig be Bs tes : 44, Eulima subearinata, d’ Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 16, fi. 5, 45. Eulima polita, Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 16, : 46. Eulima brevis, Requien (= polita, var.). ‘Moll. Rouss., Pe Ae ap ae - : : : - 47. Eulima gracilis (— incurva, Ren. var.), Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll., t. 92, f. 6, 48. Eulima distorta, Phil. (= ineurva). Ibid., t. 92, f 4 2 49. Eulima curva, Jeffreys. B.D. D. Moll. Rouss.,t. 21, f.13, 50. Eulima elongata, B. D. D. ca curva, var.). Ibid., t. 21, Lisl, xe “ : - “ 51. Eulima distorta, Phil. ee incurva, > var). Sars., Moll. Nov., t. V1. 24, 52. Kulima obtusa, Jeffreys cS compactilis, Monts.). “Zool. Proc,., 18es. 4.285760 105. 1 53. Eulima stalioli, Brusina, ’ Jeffreys, Te fi. ‘98, f BF 54. Eulima pyriformis, Brugnone. Jeffreys, Ibid.,t. 28, f. 6, 55. Eulima fuscoapicata, Jeffreys. Ibid., t. 28, f. 5, . 56. Eulima abbreviata, Jeffreys. Ihbid., t. 28, f. 7, 57. Eulima subumbilicata, Jeffreys. Ibid., t. 28, f. 8, 58. Eulima Paivensis, Watson. Zool. Proc., t. 36, f. 29, 1873,. 2 ; : 59. Eulima ’solida, Jeffreys ee Jeffrey sii, Tryon). Zool. Proc., t. 28, f.4, 1884. : ; 60. Eulima minuta, Jeffreys. Ibid., t. 28, f. ae 1884, 61. Hulima glabra, Jetfreys. Ibid., t. 28, f. 2, 1884, 62. Eulima acutalis, Jeffreys. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., t. 16, f. 5, 1883, 63. Eulima honecnivaa? Jeffreys. ‘Thid., 6. .1'6, f. 6, 1883, . 2 64. Eulima Gentilomiana, Issel. Coq. Egypte, t. 3, f. 32, PuaTE 70. 65-67. Eulima varians, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Leiostr: ft. 15°). “ 68. Eulima rutila, Carp. Reeve, Ibid., f 31, 69. Eulima elegantissima, Folin. Méléagrin., i356, 010, 70. Eulima bivittata, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. Leiostr., (6 oa Tl. Eulima subulata, Donov. Forbes and Hanley, Brit., Conch, t..02901Gane ; ; : - 4 22g 72-74. Eulima bilineata, Alder. Ibid., t. 92, f.10, . . 279 — DO PPO ALOUD MaMa REFERENCE TO PLATES. 449 FIGURE. PAGE. 75. Eulima bifasciata, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 16, f. 2, 29 76. Eulima fulvocincta, CG. Be Ad: Geach. Icon., Leiostr., tate y ee 3 3 . 280 Us Balin vincta, A. rer ‘Thid., f. 20, ; . 280 78. Eulima Samoensis, Crosse. Jour de Conch., t. 1 is 3, 1867, P . 280 79. Eulima ‘unilineata, aes and ae i Gonch: eo licen! , traca, f. 4 : : . 280 80. Eulima stenostoma, Jeffreys. Ibid., fi: wee - : - 282 81. Eulima recta, C. B. Adams. Ibid. of 3, - : - 280 82. EKulima acuta, Sowb. Ibid.,f. 7, . : ‘ . 280 83. Eulima Metealfei, A. Ad. Tbid. ie Bis ‘ ‘ ; . 280 84. Eulima nivea, A. ‘Ad. iLbid:., f. 16, : : - = 26 85. Eulima pura, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 17, ‘ oe ate . 281 86. Eulima pauxillus, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 19, - : 2 20 87. Eulima Marie, A. Ad. Ibid., f. "oI, ; « 281 88. Eulima Manzoniana, Issel. Conch. Mar Rosso, t. 2, f. es 281 89. Eulima acutissima, Sowb. Conch. Icon. Leiostraca, £110; , : . . 281 90. Eulima Lesbia, Angas (= acutissima). Zool. Proc., folds VST 1, 2 : . 281 ok: Eulima distorta, ’Pease Ce Peasei, Try on). Conch. Icon. Leiostraca, Ge : : . 281 92. Eulima acicula, Gould. Ibid., fi: in. : . . 282 93. Eulima aciculata, Sowb. (= acicula, Gld.). Iconica, Kulima, f. 36, . : . 282 94. Eulima pyramidalis, Sowb. = acicula), Conch. Icon. Merestr., f. 13,4. . - . 282 95. Eulima vitrea, "A. Ad. (= acicula). Iconica, Eulima, fe9. ° : : . 282 96. Eulima Hemphilli, Dall. Specimen, ; . 282 97. Eulima attenuata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. Eulima, f 46,. 282 98. Eulima mirifica, Nevill. Jour. Bengal, a t. a if 10, 283 99. Eulima Holdsworthi, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., oo "f la, 1874, ‘ : . 283 100. Eulima ’Giintheri, Angas, Thid., t. a f. 6, 1877, : . 283 1. Eulima dentiens, ‘Dunker. Specimen, ; eye 2. Eulima nitidula, ’ Pease. Conch. Icon. Bulima, sig 35, . 284 3. Eulima subpellucida, Pease. Ibid., f. 20, . . 284 4. Kulima gracilis, Pease. Am. Jour. Gonch.. = iid, b, 24, f.27, 284 | 5. Eulima mucronata, Sowb. Conch. Icon., Pa . 284 | 6. Eulima obesula, ne Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 98, < . 284 | 7. Eulima rosea, Pease. Conch. Icon. Eulima, f. 39, . 284 8. Eulima Mindoroensis, Ad. and Reeve. Conch. Icon. | Rietoss., 1. 12... : é . 285 9. Eulima Sandvichensis, Sowb. Ibid., fi ‘91, . 284 29 450 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE, 10. Eulima Caledonica, Morelet. Jour. de Conch., t. 12, f.1, 1881, : - 285 11. Eulima ‘Pulvesc ens, A. Aa. Conch. Icon. Eulima, is 11, 285 12. Eulima glabrata, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. Leiostr., f. 19. 286 13. Eulima subventricosa, Sowb. Conch. Icon. Leiostr., feat - 228d 14. Eulima carinata, Desh. "Moll. Reunion, t. 1, i. 26, - 287 15. Hulima Montrouzieri, Souverbie. Jour. de Conch. Gat 9 tS 8 TO : . 286 16. Eulima Japonica, A. Ad. Conch. ‘Teon., fi 9, 5 . 286 17. Eulima semistriata, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 20, < . 287 18. Eulima apiculata, Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., eS 5, 1877, : ; : : . 287 19, Eulima Lamberti, Souverbie. Ibid., t. 13, f. 2, 1876, . 287 20. Eulima Rangii, Folin. Méléagrin, t. 6., f. 1, ° - 287 PLATE 71. 21. Niso marmorata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. Niso, f. 5, . 288 22, 23. Niso interrupta, Sowb. Ibid., f. 8, : . 288 24. Niso splendidula, Sowb. Ibid.,f.7, . . 5 . 287 25. Niso brunnea, Sowb. Ibid., f. 9, . ; . . 288 26. Niso goniostoma, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 2, . 288 27. Niso terebellum, Chemn. Ibid.,f. 4, . . 288 28. Niso candidula, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 6, . 288 29. Niso Sandvichensis, Sowb. Ihid., f. 1& . 288 30. Niso Hgleés, Bush. Trans. Conn. Acad. svi, th 45, f. 10, 288 31. Niso imbricata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. Niso, f 3, . 289 32. Stylifer Turtoni, Brod. .Conch. Icon. Stylifer, f. 1... 289 33-39. Hoplopteron Terquemi, Fischer. Jour. de Conch., t..954. P61 PSG, . 289 36. Stylifer Turtoni, Brod. Forbes and Hanley, “Beit. Conch., t-00;7.55:289,, >. . 289 3T. Stylifer Spey Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., ee 989 38. Stylifer eeoricalas Brod: Ganch. eon Stylifer, ff cy 290 39. Stylifer ovoideus, H. and A. Ad. Thid: £3.) . 290 40. Stylifer Orbignyana, Hupé. Guerin’s Magazine, t. 10, Ee la, 1860, : . 290 41. Stylifer ‘dubia, Baird. Conch. Icon, Stylifer, 1 8, . 290 42. Stylifer Mittrei, Petit. Jour. de Conch., ii, t. of 8, . 290 43. Stylifer eburneus, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 1, 10.20,' .°290 44, Stylifer apiculatus, Souverbie. Jour. de Conch., 3d Ser, li, t. 9, 1.90, » 29% 45. Stylifer corallinus, Chemn. Conch. Icon. Stylifer, f 19, 292 46. Stylifer py ramidalis, Reeve (= Cumingianus). Ele- ments Conch,, i, t. 2.4.56, 7% - : . . 291 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 451 FIGURE. PAGE, 47. Stylifer Brazieri, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 26, f. 12,1877, 291 48. Stylifer Cumingianus, Adams. Conch. Icon.,f.5, . 291 49. Stylifer subulatus, Brod. and Sowb. Conch. Icon., Stylifer, f.17, -. ; . : : . 201 50. Stylifer bulbiformis, Sowb. ‘Thid., PES). : aaa 51. Stylifer Barroni, A. "Ad. Word), fi. Tent te : ‘ woo 52. Stylifer exaratus, A. Ad. Ibid.,f. 14,. d ; . 291 53. Stylifer subangulatus, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 13, . . . 292 54. Stylifer Pauluccie, Fischer. Journ, de Conch., 3 ser., wath Uy fad, p . 292 50. Stylifer attenuatus, Sowb. Conch. Icon. sp. 11, » 292 56. Stylifer deformis, Pease. Am. Jour. Coneh., ili, t. 24, f. 23, . - 292 57. Stylifer speciosus, H. Aa. Conch. Icon., fi 10, : = 291 58. Stylifer Thomasiz, Sowb. Ibid., f. 15, : 4 . 292 59. Stylifer fastigiatus, A. Ad. Ibid., i ig, : : . 292 60. Stylifer solidus, A. Ad. Ibid.,f.6, . - - ~ 293 61. Stylifer Tasmanicus, Woods. Specimen, . ‘ . 293 62. Stylifer Nevilli, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 28, f. 16, 1868, . ° ° ° ° : : ‘ . 293 PYRAMIDELLID. PLATE 72. 63, 64. Pyramidella ventricosa, Guerin. Thes. Conch., t NG Oo ae , ; . 299 65. Pyramidella scitula, A. Ad. ee ventricosa). Ibid., t. Lil, ft 28,, : : + 299 66. Pyramidella cincta, Reeve. Ibid., t. 171, f. ae : 2 299 67. Pyramidella fastigium, A. Ad. Ubid., 6 161, £8, . 300 68. Pyramidella perforata, A Ads Tbid:, t; L711, £9: - 300 69. Pyramidella balteata, A. Ad. Ibid.,t. 171,725, . 300 10;. Pyramidella pusilla, A. Ad. Ibid.,t.171,f7, . . 300 71, 72. Pyramidella dolabrata, Linn. Ibid., t.171, f. 2,3,. 300 73. Pyramidella terebellum, Mull. (— dolabrata, Kass Ne ek a ee oe . 300 14. Pyramidella terebelloides, A. Ad. = dolabrata, var. ). tbid., 1715.4. 18, ; . 300 75. Pyramidella ‘pulchella, A. Ad. Ibid., t. Bil, igh 20, . 301 76. Pyramidella punctata, Chemn. (— acus). Voy. Astrol., (cA an a De . 301 TT, 18. Pyramidella punctata, Chemn. e& acus, Gmel.). Thes:,Coneh., t: Lil, f. 14, 27, ; . 301 79. Pyramidella sulcata, A. Ad. Ibid., to f. 34, . 301 80. Pyramidella tessellata, A. Ad. gs suleata). Ibid. th Pickty £8;.' : ‘ ; : . 301 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE, 81. Pyramidella monilis, A. Ad. (= sulcata). Ibid., t. i hy yt oe Hae : : ; . 801 82. Pyramidella teres, A. Ad. (e2 suleata). oe AM orp | ape : . 301 83. Py ramidella Prattii, Bernardi = suleata). Jour. de Conch., 2d ser:, tii, t. 13, £ Bi. . 801 84. Pyramidella turrita, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., t. 171, f. 11, 301 85. Pyramidella gracilis, Brocchi (= turrita). Ibid., t. 171, t4; : : : . 301 86. Pyramidella Chemnitziana, tae Ad. Reeve, Conch. Tcon., f. 34, : : é 302 Si. by ramidella Garrettii, Try on. Specimen, 302 88. Pyramidella conica,C. B. Ad. Specimen, : . 302 89. Pyramidella hastata, A. Ad. (= conica). Conch. Icon., f. 26, : Z : . : 302 PLATE 73. 90. Pyramidella canaliculata, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 59, f. (Pe ky: eee . 302 91. Py ramidella clav ulus, A. Ad. ge Achates ,Gld.). Thes. Coneh., t. 111,15 Se, + ; - 303 92. Py ramidella jucunda, Angas. Zool. Proc. ng 26, f 10, 1877,. - 303 93. Pyramidella hyalina, Garrett i Paumotensis Try on). Proc. Phila. Acad., t. 3, f. 56, 1873, : - 303 94. Pyramidella mitralis, A. Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 20, : . 305 95. Py ramidella auris- cati, Chemn. Reeve. Tbid., f. 21, 305 96. Pyramidella nitidula, nd Ad. Reeve, Ibid., f. 35, 304 97. Pyramidella a A. Aa. (= mitralis), Ibid., f. 22, . . . 305 98. Pyramidella g clans, “Reeve. Ibid. = 18, : : 305 99. Pyramidella nitida, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 17, : . 305 100. Pyramidella nodicincta, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 19; 305 1. Pyramidella vincta, Dall. (= nivea, ‘Morch). Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, t. 10, f. 7, : ; . 304 2. Pyramidella magnifica, ‘Ads. and Reeve. Voy. Sama- rang, t. 10, f. it : . 305 3. Pyramidella variegata, "A. Ad. (= mitralis). Conch. Icon., f. 23, : . 805 4. Py ramidella corrugata, Lam. Thes. Conch., ‘t. 172 ,£.4, 305 5. Pyramidella attenuata, A. Ad. Ibid., t. 171, f. 22, 306 6. Pyramidella aclis, A. Ad. Sea Adamsi, Tryon). Ibid., t. 171, f. 30, : : : : : - 306 if Pyramidella elegans, A. wa’: Thid., 274, £49, . 306 8 306 . Pyramidella fulva, Sowb, Conch. Icon.,f. 42, . . REFERENCE TO PLATES. 453 FIGURE. PAGE, 9. Pyramidella brunnea, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., t. 171, f.35, 306 10. Pyramidella aciculata, A. Ad. Ibid.,t.171,f.21, . 306 11. Pyramidella denticulata, Sowb. (= aciculata). Conch. Icon., f. 39, : : : . 306 i. Py ramidella crocata, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 36, - 307 13. Pyramidella gracillima, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 44, . 307 14. Pyramidella cinctella, A. Ads Thidit. 45; = . 307 15. Pyramidella striatula, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., t. 171, £129; . 307 iG: Py ramidella ornata, Gould. Reeve, Conch. Icon. mS 30, 307 17. Pyramidella cy lindrella, A. Ad. Reeve, Ibid., f. 37, . 307 18. Pyramidella vracillima, Smith (= Smithii, ‘Tryon). Boole Proce £7)40;-f...17,,1871,° . - . 308 19. Pyramidella pupina, A. Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 40, . 307 20. Pyramidella modica, A. Ad. Ibid.,f.41, . : 307 21. Pyramidella serotina, A. Ad. Ibid., ae bee : . 308 22. Pyramidella minuta, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 19, f. 10, 1869, . 308 23. Pyramidella subulina, me Ad. Conch. Teon., is 38, - 308 24. Pyramidella tincta, Angas. Zool Proc.,t. 1, f. 11,1871, 308 25. Pyramidella hyalina, Dunker. Moll. Jap., t. Le 8, ! 308 26. Pyramidella solidula, Dunker. Ibid., t. i: i. 5, . 308 PLATE 74. 27. Pyramidella australis, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 1, f. 9, 1871, c : : : . 309 28. Py ramidella annulata, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., t. 171, f. 26, . 309 29. Pyramidella ligata, “Angas Zool. Proc. vt. 26, f. it; 1877, 310 30. Pyramidella subulata, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., t. 172,f, 13, 310 31. Pyramidella gracilis, A. Ade) Pid. tk 172, Fr, 24; 310 32. Pyramidella Ruppelli, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., 252, . ” 310 33. Pyramidella eens A: Ad. “Thes. Gencke t. 172, f. 12, 310 34. Pyramidella aclis, AS Ad. Shad: 112. £ ‘11, Pe be 35. Pyramidella elongata, Pease. Am, Jour. Conch., ii t. 24, f. 22, : : - ; : . 312 39 a. Pyramidella varicosa, nie Ad. Zool. Proc., 181, t. 20, 11,1853; 312 36. Py ramidella grandis, Ads. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang.. reg DP ey : . 312 Oe ramidella Cornelliana, Newcomb. Am. Jour. Conch., oes by OR a a . 312 38. Py ramidella stylina, A. Ad. Ga. typica, Tryon). Thes., t. 171, f. 28, : . 312 39. Pyramidella striata, Gray. Thes. Conch., te 172, f. 18, 313 454 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE, 40. Pyramidella aurantiaca, Angas. Zool. Proe., t. 13, f. 14,1867, . . 313 AL Py ramidella amoena, A. ‘Ad. Thes. Conch. Hs 172 f.21, 313 42. Pyramidella fulva, A. Ad. Ibid., t. 172, £2 Bay ork . 313 43. Pyramidella oranulata, A. Ad. Ibid. St DTAEEES Oi ole 44, Pyramidella lauta, A. Ad. Ibid., t. 172, 208 0% . 313 45. Pyramidella casta, A. Ad. Ibid. A a ae ee . 314 46. Pyramidella speciosa, A. Ad. Ibid, 7 sp f. 25, . 314 47. Pyramidella stylina, A. Ad. Ibid, t. 172, f. 30, . 314 48. Pyramidella suturalis, A. Ad. Ibid. 5) ts 172, f. 32, . 314 49. Pyramidella pura, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., t. 172, "f 33, 314 50. Pyramidella concinna, A. Ad. Ibid., t. 172, f. 34, . 314 51. Pyramidella cincta, Carp. Specimen, . . 815 52-54. Pyramidella spirata, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., t. 172, i. 26, 287" \s . 315 55. Sy rnolopsis lacustris, Smith, Zool. Proc. ie 33, f 21, 1881, : . 315 56. Sy molopsis lacustris, Smith. Crosse, Jour. de Conch., » 6, LSE, E ° - - : . . 315 TURBONILLIDA. 57. Turbonilla elegantissima, Macg. (= lactea, Linn.) Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 93, f. 1, : . 822 58, 60. Turbonilla fenestrata, Forbes. Ibid., t. 93, f.6, . 325 59. Turbonilla speciosa, Adams (= Macandreex). Zool. Proc: t..19, Li Soon. . 324 61. Turbonilla Weinkaufii, Dunker. Jour. de Conch. 3 ser, Mitte Toy fe ae 325 62-64. Turbonilla rufescens, Forbes. “Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. 94, f. 1; t. rr, f. 6, - : . 325 65. Turbonilla scalaris, Phil. Ibid., t. 94°85 Bes : . 325 66. Turbonilla formosa, Jeffreys. Ibid. pO Syd. Opes.) eater 67. Turbonilla internodulosa, Monts. "Jour. de Conch., £..35-8. Ly OT: 68. Turbonilla rufa, Phil. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll, £98; £3, . 326 69, 70. Turbonilla rufa, var. ee falvocineta), Ibid., s 93, ee age . 326 (er ee Turbonilla clathrata, Jeffreys. Ibid., t. 94, f. i . 827 73, 74. Turbonilla indistincta, Monts. Ibid., 1: $4,182, . 326 75. Turbonilla Potamoides, Cantraine (=striatala), Conch. Medit., t.6,f.25, . : - : : . 327 PEATE M IO: 76. Turbonilla ae (eee ee Brit. Conch., v, 76, f. 4 4 . 323 FIGURE. PAGE, "7. Turbonilla Campanelle, Phil. Moll. Sicil., i, t. 9, f. 5, 322 78. Turbonilla scalaris, Phil. B.D. D. Moll. Hones it. 21, a ee : speed 3 - 325 79. Turbonilla pusilla, Phil. Moll. ails ii, t. 98, f. 21, ae 80. Turbonilla obliquata, Phil. Ibid., t. 24, £10; 324 81. Turbonilla gracilis (= delicata). Tbid., t. 24, ieee 323 82. Turbonilla gradata, Monts. B. D. D. Moll. Rouss., bei i 12 : - 323 83. Turbonilla attenuata, Tetreys. Zool. Proc., sib: 27, f. ri 1884, : . 323 84. Turbonilla sinuosa, | Jeffreys. Tbid., t. 27, f, et 1884, 322 85. Turbonilla acuticostata, Jeffreys. Ibid.,t. 27, f 2 1884, 322 86, 87. Turbonilia fulgidula, Jeffreys, Ibid.,t. 27, £.3, 1884, 323 &8. Turbonilla compressa, Jeffreys. Ibid., t. 27, f.5, 1884, 324 89. Turbonilla semicostata, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., t. 27, f. 7, 1884, : ; ; - . 324 90. Turbonilla paucistriata, “Jeffreys. ‘Thid.,t. 27, f.6, 1884, 324 91. Turbonilla densecostata, Phil. B.D.D., Moll. Rouss., ee as oe ; é : : : . 326 92. Turbonilla costifera, Smith. " Zool. Proes t.- 1o 4,0 28; 1871, ; 3 : - . 327 93, 94. Turbonilla sigmoidea, Monts. ‘Thid., t. 26,f.9,1884, 327 95. Turbonilla flexuosa, Jeffreys. Ibid., t. 26, f. 10, 1884, 327 96. Turbonilla Bushiana,Verrill (= magnifica, Seg.). Trans. Coun, Acad, v, t..98, 1.16, -.. ; ; ; 322 97. Turbonilla disculus, Velain. Archiv Zool. Exp., vi, t Bs i585 : 5 : : : : 336 98. Turbonilla Peronii, Weta $id: vi,.t2 5, 95 <: 336 99. Turbonilla scalaris, Velain (= Velaini, Tryon). Ibid., Os eas eae : . 336 100. Turbonilla venusta, Issel. Savigny, Coq. Egy pte, t. 3, f. 34, 7, . 337 1 Tnurbonilla crystallina, Tssel. Mar. Rosso. t. 1, a 18, . 336 2. Turbonilla nitidissima, Issel. Ibid., t. 1, f. 1; 337 3. Turbonilla solidula, Issel. Lbid., tlt. 1, 336 4. Turbonilla tenuicostata, Issel. Ibid., t. 1, f. 16, . 336 5. Turbonilla Rathbuni, Verrilland Smith. Trans. Conn. MCA. , MW, 6.08, 1; ‘ye 2 : : d - o28 6. Turbonilla Emertoni, vert, Thid:, vy, 6.258, 0.14. 328 7. Turbonilla interrupta, Totten. Am. Jour. Sci., 1 ser., Sex VUE t 1, : : : : Ba) 8. Turbonilla elegans, Verrill. Rept. Fish Com., i, t. ot, Bs 1, : : : : : . 328 9. Turbonilla areolata, 4 errill. “Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, Lom, f. 13. ; , : . . 328 10. Turbonilla costulata, Ver rill. Thid., vi, t. 32, f. 12, 329 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 455 456 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. - PAGE, 11. Turbonilla nivea, me aa Gould, Invert., Braet 602, . : . 328 12. Turbonilla textilis, Kurtz. Specimen, . 329 13. Pyramidella Krebsii, Morch. Specimen, . 31] PLATE 76. » 14. Pyramidella elegans, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 16, f. 26,. 311 15. Turbonilla ornata, WOrb. Thid:3t. VG65o- ‘19, : . 330 16. Turbonilla Americana, d’Orb. Voy. ‘Amer. Merid. ig 83, 4-49, . 331 yi Turbonilla ‘modesta, a’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 16, f. 23, 330 18. Turbonilla pulchella, d’Orb. Ibid., t. 16, i 15, 330 19. Turbonilla pusilla, C. B. Ad. Specimen, é 330 20. Turbonilla turris, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 16, f. 11, 330 21. Turbonilla substriata, C. B. Adams. ‘Specimen, . 330 22. Turbonilla puncta, C. B. Ad. Specimen, 331 23. Turbonilla subulata, C. B. Ad. Specimen, 331 24. Turbonilla flavocincta, C. B. Ad. Specimen, . 331 25. Turbonilla fasciata, d’Orb. Voy. Amer. Mérid., (Osa ire Bai 26. Turbonilla pupoides. a’Orb. “Moll. Cuba, t. ‘16, f. Sa, ooo 27. Turbonilla Riisei, Mérech. Specimen, . . 332 28. Turbonilla dubia, "@’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, f. 4, . 332 29. Turbonilla cora, d’Orb. Voy. Amer. Mérid. sh 16, iif 8, 332 30. Turbonilla festiva, Folin. Méléagrin,, t. 5, f, ae . 333 31. Turbdonilla tenuicula, Gould. Specimen, 333 32. Turbonilla stylina, Carp. Specimen, : 333 33. Turbonilla subeuspidata, Carp. Specimen, . 333 34. Turbonilla torquata, var. stylina. Specimen, . ooo 35. Turbonilla cingulata, Dkr. Moll. Jap., t. 1, f. 10, Seats 36. Turbonilla terebra, Dkr. Moll. Jap.,t.1,f.6, . BE Bs 37. Turbonilla Philippiana, Dkr. Moll. Jap.,t.1,f. 12, . 335 38. Turbonilla varicosa, Dkr. Moll. Jap., t. 2, f. 5, 335 40. Turbonilla Tasmanica, Wood. Specimen, . . 335 41. Turbonilla nitida, Angas (— Hofmani). Zool. Proc., Glo, bee Or, fe . 334 42. Turbonilla Marie, W oods ee Hofmani). Specimen, . 334 43. Turbonilla multigyrata, Dunker. Moll. Mar. Jap., t Is} figs; se : 335 44. Turbonilla "Macleay ana, Woods. Specimen, . 334 45. Turbonilla festiva, Angas. “Zool. Proc.,t. 5, f. 4, ‘181T, 334 46. Turbonilla fusca, ‘A. Ad. Specimen, : . 334 47. Turbonilla bifasciata, A. Ad. (= fusca). Specimen, . 334 48. Turbonilla chrysozona, Martens. Mobius’ Mauritius, t: 20,4. 21; : : . : . . . 337 49, Turbonilla lactea, Krauss. Sudafr. Moll., t. 5, f. 23, . 337 yy ne ae oe REFERENCE TO PLATES, 457 FIGURE. PAGE. 50. Turbonilia cancellata, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, f. 1, . 337 51. Turbonilla laminata, Carp. Specimen, ‘ : . 338 52. Turbonilla spina, Crosseand Fischer, Jour.de Conch., t:.5, 1. 13, 1865}. : : ; ‘ : F . 338 53. Turbonilla Brazieri, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 5, f. 5, PST, : : : : : . 098 54. Eulimella obeliscus, Jeftreys. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d BED 1) be 2f.D; : : : : . 340 55. Bulimella striatula, Jeffreys. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xvii, t. 2, f. 15, 1856, . 340 56. Eulimella Macandrei (= Scillze). "Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. rr, f. 7, : . 339 57. Eulimella Arabica, Issel. Mar Rosso, t. 2, f. ee oad 5%. Eulimella compactilis, Jeffreys. Moll. Norv., t. 22, fo 155, - ° : - : . 339 59, 61. Eulimella acicula, Phil. Forbes and Hanley, t. 98, fekO;.9,.- a F : ; : : . 340 60. Eulimella acicula, Phil. ~ Phil. Moll. Sicils 17: 95:1. 6, 1836, . : : : ; : : . 340 2. Kulimella affinis, Phil. Forbes and Hanley, t. 98, f. 7, 340 63. Eulimella Scilla, Scacchi. Ibid., t. 98, f. 6, ae) 64. Kulimella cingulata, Issel. Savieny, Dese. Egypte, t. eenenae, (>). . 339 65. Eulimella Smithii, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., Ws t. See ee les es : : : ; : . 342 66. Eulimella alba, Calkins. Shells of Florida, t. 8, f. 3, . 343 Brave, “Oi: 67. Eulimella polita, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., v, 538, 342 68. Eulimella lucida, Verrill. Ibid., vi, t. 32, f.3, . . 342 69. Eulimella charissa, Verrill. Ibid., vi, t. 32, f. 4,. ; O42 10. Eulimella nitida, Verrill. Ibid., vi, t.32,f.5, . . 342 11. Eulimella lissa, Verrill. Ibid., vi, t. 32, f. 6, ; . 343 72. Eulimella prelonga, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., t. 26, f. 6, 1884, : = . oAl 73. Eulimella unifasciata, Forbes. Ibid. t. 26, f. 8, 1884, 342 74. Eulimella simplex, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 16, |i aa 75. Eulimella Philippii, Dunker. Moll. Japan, t. 2, des <2 SH 76. Eulimella clavula, Lovén. Moll. Norv.,t. 11, f. 138, . 344 TT. Eulimella electa, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. t. 44, f. 3, 1883, 344 78. Eulimella eburnea, eae Am. Mar. Conch., IY, 164,. . . - 344 79. Eulimella nitidissima, Mtg. Forbes and Hanley, t S21 gd « aa . 340 80. Eulimella albula, Moller. Proc. Nat. Mus., vi, t. 9, f.4, 344 81. Eulimella crassa, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., t. 26, f. 7, 1884, 340 458 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 82. 83. CO-T OD Eulimella teres, Bush Trans. Conn. Acad., vi ES Be Be F é 5 F é i Bulistetia Humbolati, Risso: Moll. Roussillon, t. 21, fr ON. ‘ Eulimella sulcata (- (— Humbolati, var.). Thid. it 21, f. 21, . Eulimella tuberculata (= Humboldti, var.). Ibid., t. AL to: . Eulimella sulcata, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., Vv; t. 58, Lol, . Eulimella albula, Auct. (2 striatula). Gould’s Invert. Mass., p. 333, . Odostomia plicata, Mont. Forbes and Hanley, ‘Brit. Moll. ;t: 98). f-4, . Odostomia Eulimoides, Hanley pl pallida). Ibid. vt. ee a ; @destouna sublonga, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., an 26, ¢ g. 1884, . Odostomia insculpta, Mont. Forbes and Hanley, t, Joya G. . Odostomia umbilicaris, Malm. Tetfreys, Brit. Conch., be Toy dette : Odostomia Michaelis, Brugnone. Misc., ii, ae zs 33, . Odostomia Rissoides, Hanley. Forbes and. ‘Hanley, t. 96, fi 4, . . . Odostomia nitida, Alder. Ibid., t. 94, f 6, . Odostomia glabrata, Forbes and Hanley. Bait. Moll., t/ 93,5. Bs, : Odostomia Lukisi, ‘Jeffreys. "Brit. Conch., 7 (1a f. he 2 . Odostomia unidentata, Mont. Forbes and Hanley, t. OS) Nea. . Odostomia turrita, Hanley. Forbes and Hanley, £.°95.-1218, ‘ Odostorin ’Monterosati, EB: D. D. Moll. Roussillon, #,,19, 46, . Odostomia acuta, Jeffreys. Brit. ‘Conch., t. "13, f. 8, . Odostomia tenuis, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., t. 26, f. a 1884, . Odostomia albella, Loven. " Forbes and Hanley, t 96.1.5; . Odostomia sulcifera, Smith Fool. Proc., t. io; £ 19, 1871, . Odostomia conspicua, Alder. Forbes and Hanley, t. 95, f..G. : Odostomin conoidea, Broce Tha. t. ga; f. 4, . Odostomia decussata, Mont. Ibid. t. ats f. 6, . Odostomia eximia, Jeffreys. Ibid., t. 90, f. e REFERENCE TO PLATES. 459 FIGURE. PAGE, 9. Odostomia diaphana, Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., t. 74, f.5, 350 10. Odostomia obliqua, Alder. Forbes and Hanley,t. 96, f.1, 350 11. Odostomia Warreni, Thompson. Ibid., t. 96, f. 2, >» B50 12. Odostomia Warreni, Thompson. Ibid., t. 96, f. 3, . 350 13. Odostomia neglecta, Tiberi. Jour. de Conch., t. 5, f. 2, 1868, “ ° ; é - . 390 14. Odostomia bulimoides, Brugnone. Mise. is fln; . 852 15. Odostomia nitens, Jetireys. Zool. Proc 6) 26. £5) 1384. shi 16. Odostomia interstincta, Mont. Forbes and Hanley, t. rice ey ; : : . 363 We satan Migilensinda: Bicenes Jour. de Conch., t. Gato 1S65,0° «; ; - : ; : : . 353 PLATE 78. 18. Odostomia monozona, Brusina. B. D. D., Moll. Rous- sillon, t: 20, 1.13, ~ . 5 : ; : . 354 19. Odostomia Jeffreysii, B. D. D. Ibid., t::20,f. 9, < . 354 20. Odostomia flexicosta, Bp? clbid.. t; 20,2, 10: . 354 21. Odostomia striata, Phil. Moll. Sicil., i, t. 10, f. 8, yaDe 22. Odostomia emaciata, Brusina. Moll. Roussillon, t. 20, a ae ‘ : : : ; : . 893 23. Odostomia brevicula, Jeffreys. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., t. 16, f. 4, 1883, - : : . 304 24, Odostomia turbonilloides, Brusina. BD. “Moll. Roussillon, t. 20, f. 4, . 355 25. Odostomia Penchynati, 633 1D: D Ibid. arte 20, ff. 1 . 304 26. Odostomia doliiformis, Jeffreys. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. 97, f. 5, F , sol 27. Odostomia doliolum, Phil. B.D. D. 5 Moll. Roussillon, ce Un es : . 305 28. Odostomia doliolum, var. eylindriea, B. BD. D. Tbid., o. 19) £21, 355 29. Odostomia canaliculata, Phil. Moll. Sicil., ii, t. 98 f. 19, 336 30. coe tricincta, Jetlrey s. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xvii, 2,113, L856, : : : : : 5.800 31. ieee eXcav ata, Phil. B.D. D., Moll. Roussillon, t, 19, £17, tet) ee ee pena GG 32. Odostomia epuralie Mont. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Molle.t.97, £52, : . 854 33. Odostomia impressa, Say. Try on’s Am. Mar. Conch., £510, f. 121, : . 396 34. Odostomia granatina, Dall. Specimen, : . 356 35. Odostomia seminuda, Ads. Tryon’s Am. Mar. Conch., ts 10; f. 120; : : . 857 36. Odostomia trifida, Totten. Ibid., t. 10, f. 119, : . 356 37. Odostomia marginata, Cailliaud. Cat. Moll., t. 3, f. 3, 356 460 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 38. Odostomia bisuturalis, Say. Tryon’s Am. Mar. Conch., PlO of. Ayhes : : , : : : 39. Odostomia modesta, Stimpson. Tbid:, t::10, f. 17; 40. Odostomia dealbata, Stimpson. Ibid., t. 10, f. 116, 41. Odostomia fusea, Ads. Ibid., t. 10, f. 115, ‘ ; 42. Odostomia cedrosa, Dall. Proc. Nat. Mus., vi, t. 10, tally : ‘ i 43. Odostomia producta, Ads. Tryon’s Am. Mar. pee, t:710,4f. 4s - 44. Odostomia levigata. Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, £7 i 45. Odostomia inflata, Carp. Specimen, 46. Odostomia mucitormis, Carp. Specimen, 47. Odostomia straminea, Carp. Specimen, 48. Odostomia satura, Carp. Specimen, 49. Odostomia tenuisculpta, Carp., var. incisa. Specimen, : 50. Odostoma densecostata, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad., t..8, f. 42, 1873, ‘ : ‘ : 51. Odostomia interstriata, Souv erb. "Jour, de Conch., t. 9, f. 6, 1866, : ig Os 52. Odostomia amanda, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad., 5 fn ie Re Kol (s 52 a. Odostomia puncturata, Smith. “Zool. Proc., t. “45, f. 10, 1871, : ‘ PLATE 79. 53. Odostomia pulchra, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad.,t. 3, f. 48, 1873, : 54. Odostomia sulcata, Garrett. ‘Thid., t. 3, 115 55. Odostomia obeliscus, Garrett. Ibid. sis 56. Odostomia vitrea, Garrett. Ibid ie 3, f.\b2; 57. Odostomia exilis, Garrett. Ibid., t. 3, va 43, 58. Odostomia densestriata, Garrett. Thi. eiiowle 44, 59. Odostomia oryza, Garrett. Idid., t. 3, f. 45, 60. Odostomia crystallina, Garrett. Ibid., t. 3, "f, 49, 61. Odostomia lutea, Garrett. Ibid., t. 3, f. 50, 62. Odostomia unilineata, Garrett. Ibid., t. 3, f. 53, 63. Odostomia cuspidata, Garrett. Ibid., t. 3,54, . ; 64. Odostomia aciculina, Souverb. Journ. de Conch., t. 5, f. 2, 1865, ‘ : : : 65. Odostomia pupeformis, ‘Sonyerh. iad t: bef 4 S65- 66. Odostomia Kreffti, Angas. Zool. Proc., t, 13, f. 13,1867, 67. Odostomia levis, "Angas. Lbid., ...13, 1. 105 b867, 68. Odostomia lactea, Angas (= Angasi, Tryon). Ibid., ba 13 te Tse. 69. Odostomia bulimoides, Souverb. Journ. de Conch., 5, f. 3, 1865, : : ; : : : 4 46, f. 51, PAGE, REFERENCE TO PLATES. 461 FIGURE. PAGE, 70. Odostomia Pascoei, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 13, f. 12, 1867, . . : A - - . 362 vk. Odostomia simplex, Angas. ‘Ibid., traletelOs Sieh 9 5°363 72. Odostomia gracilis, Angas (= Vincentina, Tryon), Ehid., t..54, 1.9, 1878, . . 362 73. Odostomia striata, Pease. Am. Journ. Conch , i, t. Pat. LG. 2 . 363 74. Odostomia polita, Pease. Ibid., iii, t. 24, ig 11, F . 363 75. Odostomia rubra, Pease. Ibid., iii, t. 24, f.18, . sob 76. Odostomia rosacea, Pease. Ibid., ili, t. 24, £.19,. . 363 77. Odostomia gracilis, Pease. Ibid., iii, t. 24, f. 20, . 863 78. Odostomia Tasmanica, Woods. Specimen. 79. Odostomia debilis, Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., iii, t. Beigel. “. : : $ A : sod 80. Odostomia lactea, Dunker. Moll. dapat; tr Qofe4ds es, 364 81. Odostomia fasciata, Dunker. Ibid., t. ee 2, : ous 82. Odostomia carinata, AG AG uel. ee t: 23; f, 4, 1873, . é eae 83. Odostomia costulata, Dunker, Moll. Japon., t. 2, fe 15, 364 84. Odostomia clysmatica, Issel. Savigny Desc. Egypte, feed pls O65. “ : : ; : : . 364 85. Odostomia decorata, Phil. Ibid., t. 3, f. 38, - . 364 86. Odostomia craticulata, Fesek. Sbid)., t: 35,1. 395.2 . 364 87. Odostomia Sueziensis, Issel. Conch. Mar. Rosso., t. 2, Sa eee : : : : : . 365 88. Odostomia solidula, Phil. UDI .2,50.. 25. - . 365 & Ww > an! LO SS ee we oT Ye. Wh we Ce lial olan PLATE 2 é NATICID. PLATE 4. NATICIDA:. + PLATE 5. * NATICIDA. ’ } ’ NATICID&. PLATE 6. PLATE ‘7. NATICID. °° NATICIDA. * t - PLATE 9. NATICID AS. prays » aa Se i Serra a a om 5 eos t ” PM > Pt Fa Te ee ee ny ae ee PLATE 10. “GED ea MNIOMTII ES cy, "te, Ri : 9 < A NATICID4. PLATE. 447 ie a “J PLATE 12. NATICIDA. % ,, iil a ashPAOIGIATS Sere easel é eR, BESO I, Fg, oa i. Ee sega ty TUN eA PLATE 13. a adel wiper eareaiie cnn ¢ ne einai +4 ——em ram metanenscsli i : ; : PLATE 14. NATICIDA. parncatitta ee hi NATICIDZ., _ PLATE 16. NATICIDA:. PLATE 17. NATICID~2, > a, ep PLATE 1i8. NATICIDA:. arene wal ww} MAN beak \s\ P itiin | | My, iim YI i | 1} Bs (at a E t ‘i Au NATICIDA. PLATE 22 PLATE 23 NATICID#. . id a ee es PLATE 24 whi Nib lie BH z 5 qe 7 PLATE 25. NATICID2. PLATE 27. PLATE 28. -NATICIDZ. = CALYPTRZIDZ. TURRITELLIDZ. PLATE 30 H = PPA, i od Aa, a, NN ~ ~ aS i CALYPTRAIDz. PLATE 31 PLATE 32 7 _ — a i =e eS Fs SS eee ots a 2 Adi Se = PLATE 33 CALYPTRAIDZ. 7 ——————< pen}, aon re PLATE $35 CALYPTRAIDZ. ae | PLATE 36 rsliviv'n HP taeshegeya weal oat CALYPTRAIDZ. \\ =" —C + PLATE 38 CALYPTRAID~. v J ~ a i= . ba oy on J ‘+ af ¥ 7 ~ - a 7 5 i i] ; a - ¥ < & ‘o * , A i ball : — i PLATE 39 CALYPTRASIDZ. fmenevrsse ay, PTE yaya cornet ee et PLATE 40 CALYPTRAIDZ. ore enON inh Ripe, My re; ee 41 PLATE CALYPTRAIDA. ® PLATE 42 CALYPTRZEID&. CALYPTRAZID~z. J Wy La VAG yah PLATE 45 XENOPHORIDA — PLATE 46 XENOPHORID PLATE 47 XENOPHORIDZA y PLATE 48 VERMETID. PLATE 49 VERMETID. i SoU ae (Rte a * —_ a ar eae e a) ee ee Ae) ee ee 6 Release Re Ge a - oa aes te = = PLATE 50 VERMETID:. PLATE 5il VERMETID~z. PLATE 52 VERMETID. hp u°® a : Q a a a —Jere a — Sy ee a ae. OS ew weer ere) Tae es ares A a ee ee el 7 i VERMETID2. PLATE 53 we ty inl i we A Neg Ht jy ihe Win ior PEATE 55 VERMETID&. vd a | Coes _— ae PLATE 56 VERMETID~. + Ma VERMETID2. =e PLATE 58 VERMETIDZ2. a TURRITELLIDZ. PLATE 59 PLATE 60 TURRITELLID&€. N NY Wy - 62 PLATE TURRITELLIDZ. PLATE 63 TURRITELLIDZ. PLATE 64 TURRITELLID. PLATE 65 TURRITELLID. ~ PLATE 66 CACIDZA. uly ‘a Sa, tus hy, Wess SAN i ae oe may Ny PLATE 67 Rat See xe ; et : : nas ‘ ; eden eee cm eriene mre a rR ea eH SE Tate EDI Lig HAS SMe CAECID. PLATE 68 EULIMIDZ. 4 PLATE 69 EULIMID&. PLATE 70 . EULIMID&. * ; PLATE 71 EULIMID~. PYRAMIDELLID~. PLATE 73 PYRAMIDELLID€. ey) ae i fod s - cag ct . , - Ben a) ak 89 ‘ PYRAMIDELLID&. TURBONILLID-#. PLATE 74 y PLATE, 75 TURBONILLIDA., PLATE 76 TURBONILLID&. ore ay "Ne SNE rer pyar me ss \ re ‘ft. PLATE 77 TURBONILLIDZ., | 2 c Sia, seid Nea! TURBONILLID. PLATE 78 a ih * = unt ~ - cc « - ae ~ 2 : ~~ 5 aes - b hs he ° - aa _ : . 4 - 4 7 ib . . PLATE 79 TURBONILLID. ys: a i, or ae La ‘4 4 Say whe A] typ .