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MANUAL

OF

POU LOGY:

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC,

WITIL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

By GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CONSERVATOR OF TITE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
OF PHILADELPHIA,

VOT EX.

SOLARIID, IANTHINID®, TRICHOTROPID.®, SCALARIID 4,
CERITHIID.®, RISSOID®, LITTORINID 2A.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Author,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Con, ISTH & RACE STS.

1887,

Wa. P. KILpare, PRINTER, 734 AND 736 SANSOM STREET, PHILADELPHIA.

a)
\

, 7)
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

MONOGRAPH OF THE FAMILY SOLARIIDZA,

BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL, B.S.,
Assistant, Conchological Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.

Famity SOLARIID A.

Shell depressed conic, turbinate, or planorbiform; aperture
entire, angular or subcircular; lip and columella simple, interior
without nacre; umbilicus wide and deep and usually with crenu-
lated margins; main sculpture usually spiral. Operculum corne-
ous, spiral.

Animal with very large, oval foot, notched in front; tentacles
cylindrical, thick, with eyes sessile on swellings near their outer
bases. Dentition variable. In Solarium (PI. 1, figs. 5,6) and
Philippia (PI. 1, fig. 8) the teeth are long, spiniform, pronged and
without a central tooth. In Torinia (PI. 1, figs. 11, 12) there is
a small central tooth, a lateral tooth with pectinated and incised
edge united to the central tooth, and two marginal teeth which
are straight and digitated at their extremities, The jaw of So-
larium and that of Philippia are figured on PI. 1, figs. 4 and 7.

The proper systematic position of the family Solariide was
long a matter of doubt. By most authors it was assigned to the
neighborhood of Trochide. Gray in 1847 (Zool. Proc., p. 151),
substituted for Solarium the name Architectoma, which was
evidently a typographical error for Architectonica, Bolt., and
placed the genus in the Littorinide. In 1850 (Figs. of Moll.
Anim.), he raised the genus to the rank of a family, and naming
it Architectomide, he placed it between the Littorinidz and
Melanide. In 1853 (Zool. Proc., p. 394), believing the animal
to be without teeth, he placed the family in his group Gymno-

(3)

4 SOLARIID A.

glossa, and H. and A. Ad., naming the family Architectonicide,
made the same disposition of it. Méorch, likewise, failed to find
teeth, and formed for the family a new group to which he gave
the name Aglossa (Mal. Blatt., p. 129, 1859).

Dr. Troschel found both teeth and jaws to be present, and
remarked the aflinities existing between the dentition of the
Solariidze and others of the Ptenoglossa (Archiv. fur Naturg., i,
p. 91, 1861). This arrangement has been generally accepted,
most authors placing Solarium near to Scalaria and Ianthina.

The Solariidz have been monographed by :—

Hanley (Solarium, Torinia), in Sowerby’s Thesaurus Conchy-
liorum, iii, p. 227, 1866.

Reeve, Conchologica Iconica, xv, Solarium, 1864.

Kiener, Coquilles Vivantes, Solarium.

Philippi, in Kuster, Conch. Cab., 1853.

A large proportion of the Solariidz were first described by
Hinds in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1844, and
afterwards figured in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Sulphur,
Plate 14.

Marquis Monterosato published in 1873 a pamphlet entitled
“‘ Notizie Intorno ai Solarii del Mediterraneo,” having sixteen
pages and one plate.

The genus Adeorbis, Searles-Wood, has been placed in the
family Solariidee by Jeffreys, and a few authors have followed
this classification. I have deemed it best to exclude the genus :
for a discussion of the proper position of Adcorbis, see Journal
de Conchyliologie, p. 166, 1885.

Synopsis of Genera.
Famity SOLARIID.
SuspraMiLty SOLARIINZ.

Shell depressed conic, angular at the periphery, umbilicus
usually with strongly crenulated margin. Operculum corneous,
paucispiral.

SupraMity TORINIIN A.

Shell turbinately elevated or planorbiform, whorls usually
rounded, margin of umbilicus slightly crenulated. Operculum
corneous, conically elevated or plain, externally spiral of num-

SOLARIIDA. 5

erous volutions, internal face smooth, with a spirally twisted
median projection,
Supramity HUOMPHALINA.

Shell depressed, planorbiform; whorls rounded, in contact
except in Eecyliomphalus, in which they are widely dissolute ;
spire flattened or involute.

(Solartine. )
Genus SOLARIUM, Lamarck, 1799.

Shell depressed conic, angular at the periphery; aperture
subquadrangular, lip simple ; umbilicus with crenulated margins,
spiral, wide and perspective.

Animal with large foot, notched in front, and having a very
pronounced marginal fold; head large, furnished with two
tentacles which are short, thick, cylindrical and folded, with the
suture below; eyes on swellings near the outer bases of the
tentacles; gill-cavity divided by a longitudinal fold. (PI. 1,
figs. 1, 2).

Architectonica (Bolt. 1798), Gray, is a synonym.

Inhabits warm seas, world-wide. Fossil, more numerous.
Hocene.

Subgenus Sonarium, Lamarck (restricted).

Surface of the shell strongly and closely sculptured longi-
tudinally, spirally suleate and ribbed. Operculum corneous,
paucispiral, with the nucleus subexcentric.

Solariorbis, Conrad, is a svnonym.

Subgenus Purniprra, Gray, 1840.

Shell without longitudinal sculpture, spiral sculpture nearly
obsolete. Operculum flattened; whorls numerous, with the
nucleus subcentral, internal face bearing a subspiral calcareous
process... “(Ply ly fig. 9).

Disculus, Deshayes, 1863, is a synonym.

Genus PLATYSCHISMA, M’Coy, 1844.

Shell depressed, trochiform; whorls somewhat rounded,
ornamented with small transverse striz; spire short; whorls

6- SOLARIIDA.

few; aperture oblique; umbilicus small, rounded, its margins
without crenulations.
Fossil, Silurian. Uniled States ; Europe.

Genus FLUXINA, Dall, 1882.

“Shell porcellanous, depressed conical, umbilicate, strongly
carinate, with a stout umbilical rib, above which the pillar is
thin and emarginate; from the umbilical rib to the carina the
basal margin of the aperture is deeply flexuously emarginate ;
above the carina it is again but less deeply emarginate, then
sweeps forward roundly and then slightly recedes before joining
the preceding whorl.

This curious form belongs in all probability.to the Solariide ;
representing among them Basilissa among the Trochide and
recalling Platychisma, but with a different aperture. When
perfect the margin at the carina must project forward like a
claw, or nail, as in Schizostoma. When adult, the nuclear
whorls are filled up with a solid deposit of shelly matter, and it
is probable that there is a slight notch at the end of the umbili-
eal rib.” West Indies.

( Toriniine.)
Genus TORINIA, Gray, 1840.

Shell turbinately elevated or in some instances planorbiform ;
umbilicus typically moderate to wide, perspective, its margins
slightly crenulated ; lip and columella simple. Operculum cor-
neous, typically conically elevated, externally spiral, of numer-
ous volutions margined by projecting edges; internal face
smooth, bearing a spirally twisted, median projection (PL. 1,
fig. 13).

Tropical seas, world-wide. Fossil, Paris Basin.

Subgenus Torinia, Gray (restricted).

Shell turbinately elevated ; whorls rounded, granulated, spir-
ally ribbed; aperture subcircular, lip simple, columella perpen-
dicular and thickened. _Operculum typical.

Animal (PI. 1, fig. 10) with thick, long ‘obtuse tentacles, the
eyes situated upon sweliings near their outer bases; foot very
large in proportion to body and shell, oval, emarginate and
auriculate in front.

SOLARIID ©. 7

Heliacus, d’Orb., 1841, and Teretropoma, Rochebrune, 1881,
are synonyms. Antilles; Pacific O.; Indian O.

Subgenus PsEUDOMALAXIS, Fischer, 1883.
Shell discoidal, planorbiform; whorls and aperture quadran-
cular. Operculum as in Torinia restricted.
Mediterranean ; Madeira.
Subgenus Gyrisous, Tiberi, 1868.

Shell turbinated, conically turriculated, umbilicated ; whorls
rounded, granulated, spirally sulcate and ribbed; aperture sub-
circular, the simple margins united by a callous deposit. Oper-
culum externally flat and multispiral, furnished internally with

a central styliform process (PI. 1, fig. 17). Mediterranean.

Subgenus Eprtsoynta, Morch, 1875.

Shell glassy; periphery with a double series of cilia; apex
simple, direct. Cuba.
Subgenus Crimacopoma, Fisch., 1883.

This subgeneric name was proposed by Dr. Fischer (Manuel
of Conchyliologie, Fasc., viii, p. 714) upon grounds purely hypo-
thetical. When Deshayes found in the Paris Basin a fossil
operculum having all the characters of the operculum of the
recent Torinia, he suggested that perhaps it belonged to Sola-
rium patulum, Lam., but never succeeded in finding it in posi-
tion. Dr. Fischer, anticipating the discovery of such a species,
with the shell of Solarium and the operculum of Torinia, has
proposed for the discovery, yet to be made, the above sub-
generic name.

Genus OMALAXIS, Desh., 1830.

Shell subdiscoidal, flat or slightly concave above; whorls
carinated at the periphery ; peristome not continuous ; umbilicus
wide and deep. Opereculum multispiral. Bifrontia, Desh.,
1832, is a synonym. Coast of New England—Brazil. Fossil,
Eocene.

(Luomphaline.)
Genus OPHILETA, Vanuxem, 1842.

Shell discoidal, planorbiform; whorls numerous,:in contact,
very convex. Fossil, Paleozoic. O. levata, Hall. New York.
(Struct. and Syst. Conch., Pl. 65, fig. 19.)

<s

8 SOLARIUM.

Genus EUOMPHALUS, Sowb., 1814.

Shell depressed, planorbiform; spire plane or concave; infe-
rior face widely umbilicated; whorls in contact, convex at the
periphery, superior face carinated. Fossil, Paleozoic.

Genus SCHIZOSTOMA, Bronn, 1835.

Shell discoidal, planorbiform ; whorls more or less angulated
at the periphery, with a carina above and below; aperture
clasping, subtrigonal, lip sinuous, prolonged into a claw. Fos-
sil, Paleozoic. United States; Hurope. 8S. Puzosii, Vern.
(Struct. and Syst. Conch., Pl. 65, f. 11.)

Genus HCCYLIOMPHALUS, Portlock, 1843.

Shell subdiscoidal, planorbiform ; whorls few, rounded above,
flattened below, widely dissolute ; lip simple. Fossil, Paleozoic,
a few species. Z. serpula, Kon. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., Pl.
65, fig. 20).

| Genus SOLARIUM, Lam., 1799.
Subgenus SoLarium (restricted).

S. perspectivum, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 18-21.

Umbilical crenulations brown; whorls spirally sulcate below
the suture, ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate and ribbed
above and below the periphery and near the umbilicus; color
purplish ash or light yellowish brown with interrupted or con-
tinuous brown bands next the suture and below the upper sulcus
and interrupted brown bands on the ribs about the periphery
and another near the umbilicus. Diam, 2°5 inches.

Indian O.; Pacific O.; China to Australia.

S. trochleare and S. formosum, Hinds; S. zonatum and 8, in-
cisum, Phil., are synonyms.

Var. AustrALis, Phil. Pl. 2, figs. 20, 21.

A smaller shell than the typical S. perspectivum; color olive-
brown with a very light chestnut band at the suture, a white
band above and a very dark brown band below the upper sulcus,
rib above the periphery with an interrupted reddish brown band,
periphery and rib below it spotted with yellow or yellowish
brown; umbilical crenulations yellowish or purplish brown.

SOLARIUM. 9

S. MopEstuM, Phil. PI. 2, figs. 22, 23.

Umbilical crenulations white ; whorls spirally suleate near the
suture, ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate and ribbed above
and below the periphery and near the umbilicus ; color ash-white
or brownish with an interrupted brown band near the suture,
continuous brown bands below the upper sulcus and on the rib
above the periphery, periphery and inferior rib with distant
brown spots; base with an interrupted brown band near the um-
bilicus. Diam. 1'3 inches.

China; Society Is.

Very much resembles S. perspectivum and may perhaps be a
variety of that species; it differs in the coloring only.

S. PeRDIX, Hinds. Pl. 2, figs. 24, 25.

Umbilical crenulations small, white; whorls spirally suleate
near the suture, ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate and
ribbed above and below the periphery and near the umbilicus,
ribs crenulated ; color pale brownish ash with bands of distant
red-brown spots near the suture, on the ribs about the periphery
and near the umbilicus. Diam. 1-3 inches.

Malacca; Ceylon; N. W. Australia.

In general appearance this species very much resembles the
young state of S. perspectivum but is easily distinguishable by
the finely crenulated ribs about the periphery and the small
pearllike crenulations of the rib around the umbilicus. .

S. Dunxertr, Hanley. PI. 2, figs. 26, 27.

‘Umbilical crenulations white; whorls spirally suleate near
the suture, ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate and ribbed
above and below the periphery and near the umbilicus, ribs
crenulated; color fulvous-drab with interrupted brown bands
near the suture, on the ribs about the periphery and near the
umbilicus, and with obscure, radiating, interrupted brown
blotches. Diam. 1—-1°5 inches.

Indian Archipelago.

This species resembles S. perdizx, but is more plentifully spotted
and has obscure, radiating blotches.

S. MAXIMUM, Phil. PI. 3, figs. 31-34.
Umbilical crenulations white ; whorls spirally striated, spirally
bisuleate below the suture, ribbed at the periphery, spirally

10 SOLARIUM.

suleate and ribbed above and below the periphery and near the
umbilicus ; color as in. S. perspectivum, except that the brown
band below the upper sulcus is usually wanting.

Diam. 2°5 inches.

Java; Ceylon.

S. Taylort, Hanley (PI. 3, figs. 33, 34), has somewhat coarser
sculpture and a double band of color below the suture, but I
agree with Reeve in thinking it to be the same shell as S.
maximum.

S. quaDRICEPS, Hinds. PI. 4, figs. 39, 40.

Umbilical crenulations tinged with reddish-brown ; sculpture
and color as,in S. Taylori. Diam. 2°5 inches.
Zanzibar ; Bay of Panama.
This species is certainly very closely related to S. maximum,
and is probably identical.

S. PictuM, Phil. Pl. 3, figs..35, 36.

Umbilical crenulations white; sculpture as in S, maximum;
color purple-fawn, with two interrupted bands of reddish-chestnut
below the suture, the ribs at the periphery spotted with reddish-
chestnut ; base with a band of distant, round reddish-brown spots

near the umbilicus. Diam. 1:5 inches.
New Guinea.

S. fragile, Hinds, is a synonym. This species is probably
identical with S. maximum.

S. Tryonr, Marshall. PI. 2, figs. 28, 29.

Umbilical crenulations white; whorls spirally bisulcate below
the suture, ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate and ribbed
above the periphery and near the umbilicus, ribs crenulated ; sur-
face of the shell covered with radiating, almost direct, impressed
growth-lines ; color light purplish chocolate, with an interrupted
chestnut band on the space between the suture and the upper
sulcus, another very narrow band just below the upper sulcus,
none of the spots reaching to the second sulcus, a band reaching
from the periphery beyond the rib above it and changing from
orange-yellow on the periphery to chestnut above; base with the
rib of the periphery elevated and an interrupted band of orange-

brown near the umbilicus. Diam. 1 inch.
2 Moluccas.

SOLARIUM. Nal

This shell, which is just approaching maturity, has the color
and sculpture of the upper surface very much like to that of
S.maximum. The distinguishing characteristics are the basally
projecting rib of the periphery and the absence of the usual rib
and suleus below the periphery.

S. ReGIuM, Hanley. Pl. 2, fig. 30.

Umbilical crenulations white; whorls spirally bisulcate near
the suture, ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate and ribbed
above and below the periphery and near the umbilicus; color
purplish flesh, with an interrupted chestnut band spreading from
the suture beyond the second sulcus, one on the rib above the
periphery and a very fine interrupted band just above the rib.

Diam. 1-2 inches.

Habitat unknown,

In sculpture this species resembles S. quadriceps; the color
bands are its chief characteristics.

S. puRPURATUM, Hinds. PI. 4, figs. 41, 42.

Umbilical crenulations pale fuscous ; sculpture as in S, maai-
mum; color dark purplish ash with a double band of chestnut
near the suture, periphery and the superior rib plentifully
blotched with duplicated brown spots; base slightly convex,
plentifully marked with radiating reddish brown streaks.

Diam. 1°5 inches.
Moluccas.
S. stellatum, Phil., is a synonym.

This species differs from S. niaximum in the darker color, the
duplicated spots, the more convex base and the fuscous crenula-
tions of the umbilicus.

S. GRANULATUM, Lam. PI. 5, figs. 53, 54.

Umbilicus contracted, crenulations very strong; whorls spir-
ally suleate with four principal sulci and traces of others, the
impressed growth-lines of the spire breaking the surface into
coarse granules; color purplish ash or livid flesh, with a band
of distant yellowish brown spots next the suture and a few light
spots sprinkled over the surface; base many ribbed and crenated,
ribs specked with yellowish brown. Diam. 2 inches.

North Carolina to West Indies ;
Panama to L. California.

12 SOLARIUM.

Solarium perspectivum, Chemn. (in part), is a synonym.
Hinds, in the “ Voy. of the Sulphur,” erroneously gives Asia as
the habitat of this species.

S. verrRucosum, Phil. Pl. 3, figs. 37, 38.

Umbilicus contracted, crenulations white, very strong; whorls
spirally suleate and, in the spire, granose; color yellowish cream
with interrupted bands of chestnut-red below the suture, at the
periphery and above and below the middle of the whorl; base
many-ribbed and crenated, ribs specked with yellowish brown.

Diam. 1-2 inches.
West Indies.
S. nobile, Hanley, is a synonym.

This species is probably synonymous with S. granulatum.

S. L@vicatum, Lam. PI. 4, figs. 43, 44.

Umbilicus narrow, crenulations white or cream color; whorls
smooth, spirally quadri-sulcate, ribbed above, on and below the
periphery and near the umbilicus; color pinkish-purple plenti-
fully sprinkled with yellowish-brown; base with fine, revolving
interrupted orange-brown lines and plentifully blotched near the
periphery with the same color. Diam. 1—1°5 inches.

India.

Easily distinguished by the pinkish-purple color, the smooth-
ness of the shell, the four spiral sulci and the fine revolving
orange-brown lines on the base.

S. Reever, Hanley. PI. 4, figs. 45, 46.

Shell very conoidal; umbilicus rather narrow, with white
crenulations; whorls spirally unisuleate or bisuleate near the
suture, ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate and ribbed
above and below the periphery and near the umbilicus, ribs
finely crenulated, entire surface of the shell covered with close,
obliquely radiating growth-lines; color pinkish-flesh with inter-
rupted orange-brown bands below the suture, on the ribs about
the periphery, and finer bands near the middle of the whorls.

Diam. 1 inch.

Australia.

Easily distinguished by the fine crenulations of the narrow
umbilicus, the very conoid shape and the fine sculpture. Reeve
has suggested that this species may be an Australian dwarf

SOLARIUM. 13

variety of S. levigatum: The two species agree in general
shape, in the narrow umbilicus and in the general color, but in
S. levigatum the main sculpture is spiral while in S. Reeve it is
longitudinal.

S. rutiarnosum, Hinds. Pl. 4, figs. 47, 48.

Umbilical crenulations reddish-brown ; whorls spirally sulcate
near the suture, ribbed at the periphery, spirally suleate and
ribbed above and below the periphery and near the umbilicus ;
color livid-white with obliquely radiating dusky-brown blotches
and interrupted brown bands near the suture, on the ribs about
the periphery and near the umbilicus. Diam. 2 inches,

Habitat unknown.

S. maculatum, Reeve, and S. Hanleyi, Sowb. (Pl. 5, figs.
55, 56), are synonyms; the type of the latter is a deformed
specimen in which the base is very convex. This species is
easily distinguishable by the radiating brown blotches.

S. Cumrner, Hanley. PI. 5, figs. 57, 58.

Umbilical crenulations tinged with reddish-brown; whorls
spirally sulcate near the suture, ribbed at the periphery, spirally
suleate and ribbed below the periphery and near the umbilicus ;
color livid-yellowish with obliquely radiating, interrupted
reddish-chestnut blotches and light chestnut bands at the
suture, on the ribs about the periphery and near the umbilicus.

Diam. 1°5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

This species differs from S. fuliginosum in having the blotches
of a lighter color and interrupted and in the absence of a distinct
rib above the periphery. It is perhaps only a variety.

S. Barrpit1, Hanley. PI. 4, fig. 49, 50.

Whorls with radiating growth-lines broken into five series by
spiral sulci, periphery ribbed, spirally sulcate and ribbed below
the periphery and near the umbilicus, ribs crenulated; color pale-
fulyous with remote obscure spots. Diam. 20 mill.

Habitat unknown.
S. PLACENTULA, Hinds. PI. 4, fig. 51, 52.

Shell discoid, very depressed; whorls smooth, regularly spi-

rally striated, broadly ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate

14 SOLARIUM.

and ribbed near the umbilicus, ribs crenulated; color pale-
fulvous with distant reddish brown spots on the periphery ; base
slightly concave near the periphery, somewhat swollen near the
middle. Diam. 12—25 mill. ;
Bay of Magdalena, L. California.

This species is remarkable for the absence of a sulcus below
the suture, and ribs above and below the periphery.
S. rmpressuM, Nevill. Pl. 4, figs. 52, a b.

Umbilical crenulations white; whorls 5, granosely shouldered,
obsoletely spirally ribbed, ribs four or five, minutely granose,
periphery roundly angular; color glassy white, with obliquely
radiating patches of chestnut, or of a uniform reddish; base
very convex, with two impressed spiral lines and an interrupted
brown band near the umbilicus, umbilical wall obsoletely spirally
ribbed ; aperture subquadrangular. Diam. 6 mill.

Ceylon.

Unfigured and Doubtful Species.
S. catcaRr, Costa. Mediterranean.
S. Wrosiewskyt!, Morch. Rio Janeiro.
S. Kressir, Morch. Porto Plata; Curagao.
S. TRICARINATUM, Stearns. West Indies.
S. VALENCIENNESII, Morch. Realjo.

Subgenus Puriepra, Gray, 1840.
S. HyBripuM, Linn. PI. 5, figs. 59-62.

Umbilicus contracted, crenulations white, very strong ; whorls
smooth, ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate, and ribbed
above and below the periphery and near the umbilicus; color
varying shades of reddish brown with patches of white; base
very convex, usually of lighter color than the upper surface.

Diam. 20 mill.

Philippines; Java; Australia; Ceylon.

S. Layardi, A. Ad., and T'rochus perspectivunculus, Meusch.,
are synonymous.

Var. UNDATUM, Hanley. PI. 5, fig. 61, 62.
Color white, with narrow, radiating, undulating, reddish

blotches; base with alternating bands of yellowish brown and
white.

qn

SOLARIUM. ]

Var. AusTRALIS, Hanley (unfigured).

Tawny brown or reddish brown color, either with spiral lines
of a darker color or banded above with small, close, white spots
and below with angulated white spots; base and apical whorl
with spiral light and dark lines of color.

S. cincuLuM, Kiener. PI. 5, figs. 63, 64.

_Umbilicus contracted, crenulations white, very strong ; whorls
regularly, spirally striated, ribbed at the periphery, spirally
sulcate and ribbed above and below the periphery and near the
umbilicus ; color white, upper part of the whorl yellowish-brown
with rays of the same color descending to the periphery; base
slightly convex and of a pale-smoky color. Diam. 1 inch.

Sandwich Is.; Fiji Is.; Philippines.

This species is easily distinguished by the scalloped white band
above the periphery. The shell differs from S. hybridum in the
coloring and in the less convex base, but is probably only a
variety of that species.

S. oxyTropis, A. Ad. PI. 5, figs. 65, 66.

Shell depressed, umbilicus wide; whorls smooth, plane, ribbed
at the periphery, spirally sulcate and ribbed above the periphery
and near the umbilicus; color white, glassy, ornamented with
yellowish brown; base convex. Diam. 13 mill.

New Caledonia.

The type of this species which has been considered by Hanley
to be a young specimen of S. hybridum, differs from that form
in being quite depressed, in the widely open umbilicus, and in
the absence of a rib below the periphery.

S. PSEUDOPERSPECTIVUM, Brocchi. PI. 5, figs. 67, 68.

Shell very depressed ; umbilicus rather narrow ; whorls planu-
late above, having three nearly obsolete moniliform raised bands,
ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate and ribbed near the
umbilicus ; base slightly concave near the periphery, convex in

the middle. Diam. 14 inches.
Mediterranean, Naples.

S. perspectiviforme, Tiberi; and S. discus, Phil., are synonyms.
S. MEpITERRANEUM, Monts. PI. 5, figs. 69, 70.

Whorls 4-5, smooth, rapidly increasing, ribbed at the periph-
ery, spirally sulcate and ribbed above the periphery and near the

.

16 FLUXINA—TORINIA.

umbilicus; color fulvous; base with numerous concentric im-
pressed lines; aperture subpyriform. Diam. 1 inch.
Mediterranean.
S. pseudoperspectivum of authors (not Brocchi), is a synonym,
to which may be added S. sulecatum, O. G. Costa, 1841 (not of
Lamarck, 1822), and S. pulchellum, Tiberi, 1868 (not of Miche-
lotti, 1841).

S. Lureom, Lam. Pl. 6, fie, 71, 72.

Umbilical crenulations white; whorls few, somewhat rounded,
ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate and ribbed below the
periphery ; color yellowish with bands of very fine brown dots
below the suture, and on the ribs about the periphery; base
slightly convex, spirally striated ; aperture subrotund.

Diam. 7:5 mill.

Australia.
S. conutus, Weinkauff. PI. 5, fig. 73, 74.

Shell conical; umbilical crenulations white; whorls few,
rounded, ribbed at the periphery, spirally sulcate and ribbed below
the periphery; color brownish-yellow, the ribs at the periphery
obscurely spotted with white; aperture subrotund. Diam. 13 mill.

Mediterranean.

S. hybridum, Monts. and Petit (not Linn.), is a synonym.

This species, which many authors include in the synonymy of
the preceding, differs from it in being more elevated, in the
darker color, in the absence of the band below the suture and
in the obscure banding of the ribs about the periphery.

Genus FLUXINA, Dall, 1882.

F, BrunneEA, Dall (unfigured). West Indies.

SuBraMity TORINIIN A.
Genus TORINIA, Gray, 1840.
Subgenus Torinta (restricted).

T. VARIEGATA, Gmelin. PI. 5, figs. 75-79; Pl. 1, figs. 14-16.

Shell depressed or conically elevated ; whorls longitudinally
striated, spirally suleate and ten-ribbed, that on the periphery
and the one below it being the strongest; color radiating, alter-

TORINIAe 7

nate, stripes of white and brown; margin of umbilicus crenu-
lated, umbilical wall with a crenulated, medial rib.

Diam. 10-17 mill.
Red Sea; Indian O0.; Pacific O.

T. gyra, Meusch.; T. areola, Gmel.; T. perspectiviuncula,
Dillwyn, and 7’, tesselata, Desh., are synonyms.

Var. pepressa, Phil. Pl. 5, figs. 78, 79.

Shell very depressed; color white with radiating brown
streaks, interrupted white’ bands on the strong ribs about the
periphery, umbilical crenulations and surrounding portion of
the base white.

Var. PLANULATA, Hanley. PI. 5, fig. 77.

Shell very depressed ; color brownish, with interrupted white
bands above the suture and on the two strong ribs about the
periphery.

In the American Journal of Conchology (vol. v, p. 81, 1869),
W. H. Pease states that the operculum of 7. variegata from the
West Coast of America, differs widely from that of the same
species from Hawaii and the Hast Indies. He thus describes it :
“Tt is composed of plates disposed in the shape of a screw, of
three whorls. The plates are wide apart, and furnished on their
edges with short, stout bristles and the sides reticulated with
raised striz ” (Pl. 1, fig. 14-16). I have examined specimens of
the West Coast species, kindly loaned by Dr. Robert E. C.
Stearns, of the United States National Museum, and am unable
to verify Mr. Pease’s statement, the opercula being normal.

T. porsuosa, Hinds. PI. 5, figs. 80, 81.

Shell depressed; whorls longitudinally striated, spirally sul-
cate and ten-ribbed, the rib on the periphery and that below it
being strongest; color reddish brown, confusedly blotched with
white, the two stout ribs about the periphery with interrupted
white bands; umbilicus moderate, crenulated, umbilical wall
with a spiral medial rib. Diam. 13 mill.

Pacific Islands.
T. cyninprica, Gmelin. PI. 5, fig. 82.

Shell conic, elevated; whorls longitudinally striated, spirally
suleate and ten-ribbed, the three ribs about the periphery being
strongest; color chestnut-brown, sparingly mottled with white

2

18 TORINIA.

at the periphery and above the suture; margin of umbilicus
slightly crenulated, umbilical wall with three spiral ribs,

ANG. 3273: moth
West Indies.

T. Heberti, Desh.; TJ. cyclostoma, Hanley; 7. cylindracea,
Dillwyn, are synonyms.

T. cyctostomaA, Menke. PI. 5, fig. 83, 84.

Sculpture as in J. cylindrica; color greenish black, with
interrupted white bands above the suture and on the periphery ;
umbilical wall with two or three spiral ribs. Alt. 13 mill.

West Indies.

T. Aithiops, Hanley, is a synonym.

This species differs from the preceding in coloring, but is
perhaps only entitled to varietal rank,

T. Aratops, Menke. PI. 5, figs. 85, 86.

Shell globose, conic; whorls longitudinally sulcate, spirally
sulcate and ribbed, the three superior ribs the smallest ; color
greenish black with interrupted white bands above the suture,
on the periphery and on the rib below it, and a brownish white
band in the aperture; umbilical wall with two spiral ribs.

Alt. 10 mill.

West Indies.
Easily known by the globose shape, the banding, the two

ribs on the umbilical wall and the whitish band in the aperture.

T. nuBILA; Menke. PI. 5, fig 86a.

Shell globose-conic; whorls eleven-ribbed, sulci punctate,
color whitish, the middle of the whorls with smoky brown spots ;
umbilicus moderate, umbilical wall with three or four spiral ribs.

Alt. 10 mill.
West Indies.
T. TrocHo1pEA, Desh. PI. 5, figs. 87, 88.

Shell conic; whorls longitudinally striated, spirally sulcate
and ten-ribbed, rib at the periphery elevated, very strong, gran-
ular; color grayish white; margin of umbilicus crenulated,
umbilical wall with two spiral ribs. Alt. 20 mill.

Manilla ; Society Islands.
T. dealbata, Hinds, is a synonym.

TORINIA. . 19

T. Mieuetsr, Phil. Pl. 6, figs. 89, 90.

Shell convex; whorls 4-5, longitudinally striated, obsoletely
spirally sulcate and ribbed, periphery strongly suleate, suture
profound ; color grayish ash throughout ; umbilicus rather open,
its margin slightly crenulated, umbilical wall with or without
spiral ribs. Diam. 8-12 mill.

Sandwich Islands.

It is 7. cyclostoma, Migh. (not Menke).

T. pinecTA, Desh. PI. 6, figs. 91, 92.

Shell discoidal, slightly convex; whorls 6, longitudinally
striated, spirally sulcate and ribbed, granular, periphery strongly
ribbed, suture distinctly channeled; color tawny; umbilicus
very wide, with a crenulated rib at the border.

Diam. 12°5 mill.

Isle of Bourbon.
T. STRAMINEA, Gmel. PI. 6, figs. 93-96.

Shell convex; whorls longitudinally striated, spirally sulcate
and ribbed, ribs broad and flat, suture profound ; color uniform
yellowish brown; umbilicus wide, ribbed at the border, rib
crenulated, umbilical wall with or without spiral ribs.

Diam. 1 inch.
Tranquebar; Philippines ; New Guinea.
T. fulva, Hinds, is a synonym.

Var. sicuLA, Cantr. PI. 6, figs. 95, 96.

The older authors gave the East Coast of Africa as the habitat
of S. stramineum, but afterwards a smaller shell agreeing with
this species in sculpture and color, and differing only in size,
was found in the Mediterranean and identified by Philippi
(Enum. Moll. Sicil.,i, p. 173) as the same shell. Cantraine con-
sidering the difference in size and the widely separated habitats
has made the Mediterranean shell a distinct species, and named
it T. sicula. At the best Cantraine’s species is but a variety, of
which 7’. fallaciosa, Tiberi, is a synonym.

7. INFUNDIBULIFORME, Gmelin. Pl. 6, figs. 97-99.

Shell depressed, convex; whorls rounded, descending slowly,
channeled at the suture, longitudinally sulcate, spirally suleate
and ribbed, ribs granular; color uniform brownish; umbilicus

90 TORINIA.

very wide, deeply channeled, umbilical wall spirally ribbed ;
aperture round, nearly continuous, interior with alternating
bands of light and dark brown. Diam. 20 mill.
Philippines; Lord Hood Isl.; Sandwich Is.
T. cylindracea, Hanley (in part); 7. Chemnitz, Kien., are
synonyms. 7. crenella, Linn., is possibly the same, but the
description is too vague.

Var. sTRIGATA, Hanley. PI. 6, fig. 99.

Periphery and the rib below it ornamented with white and
smoky-brown spots.

T. FENESTRATA, Hinds. PI. 6, figs. 100, 1.

Shell depressed, slightly convex; whorls granular, longitudi-
nally striated, spirally suleate and ribbed, the three ribs about
the periphery being strongest, suture channeled ; base rounded,
granular; umbilicus wide, margin many crenulated, umbilical
wall with fine spiral ribs; aperture round, nearly continuous.

Diam. 10 mill.
New Guinea.

Hinds states that the type of this species was a dead shell,
without color and, evidently, had been lying in the mud for
sometime. He thinks that perhaps the cancellation is somewhat
more distinct than may be looked for in living specimens.

™. virGavTa, Hinds. Pl. 6. figs. 2, 3.

Shell discoidal; whorls granose, flat on top, rounded below,
narrowly channeled at the suture, longitudinally striated, spirally
suleate and ribbed, the rib on the periphery and that below it
being strongest; color pale-fulvous, with chocolate-red bands
above and below the suture, on and below the periphery and
near the umbilicus ; umbilicus moderate, with white crenulations,
umbilical wall of a chocolate-red color, not ribbed; aperture
slightly angular. Diam. 6 mill.

New Guinea.
T. cm@iaTA, Hinds. PI. 6, figs. 4, 5.

Shell discoidal; whorls spirally -suleate and tubercular near
the suture, radiately striated in the middle, periphery broad,
with two tubercular ribs; color fuscous, shining ; base rounded

TORINIA. oT

radiately striated, spirally suleate; umbilicus wide, margin
numerously crenulated, umbilical wall with a spiral rib.

Diam, 9 mill.
Straits of Macassar.

Easily known by the flatness of the shell and the two very
prominent ribs about the periphery. Hanley’s figure of this
species in Thes. Conch, is a very poor representation.

T.. DISCOIDEA, Pease. PI. 6, fig. 6.

Shell very depressed ; whorls finely granulated, slightly chan-
neled at the suture, spirally sulcate and ribbed, the two ribs of
the periphery being very strong; color white, clouded with very
faint chocolate; base rounded, umbilicus lightly crenulated,
channeled, umbilical wall with two spiral ribs. Diam. 63 mill.

Paumotus.
T. ASPERA, Hinds. PI. 6, figs. 7, 8.

Shell discoidal, slightly conical; whorls rough, tubercular,
radiately striated, spirally sulcate, strongly ribbed on the per-
iphery; base rounded, umbilicus very wide, its margin numer-
ously crenulated. Diam. 9:4 mill.

7 Straits of Macassar.

The type of this species was a dead shell and consequently

without color.

T. Ancuirz#, Costa. PI. 6, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell discoidal; whorls flat above, rounded below, channeled
at the suture, longitudinally and spirally sulcate, crenulated ;
color yellowish white; umbilicus very wide, margin finely crenu-

lated. Diam. 7°5 mill.
Mediterranean.

T. SowErsy1, Hanley. PI. 6, figs. 12; 13.

Shell nearly discoidal; whorls channeled at the suture, with
four granose cingule, the upper three of which are equal and the
fourth greater, last whorl with 13-14 cingule, periphery sloping
off, not biangulate ; color yellowish white, clouded or varicgated ;
umbilicus moderate, its margins crenulated. Diam. 6 mill.

Mediterranean, Tunis.

This species is distinguished from the preceding by the much

more narrow umbilicus.

99 TORINIA.

T. BIsuLCATA, d’Orb. PI. 6, figs. 14-16.

Shell depressed, conic; whorls 5, longitudinally striated, spir-
ally suleate and five-ribbed above, periphery two-ribbed, base
six-ribbed ; color dirty white; umbilicus moderate, margin cren-
ulated, umbilical wall without ribs. Diam. 10 mill.

West Indies.

Hanley’s figure of this species in Thes. Conch. is very poor.

T. DELPHINULOIDES, d’Orb. PI. 6, figs. 17-19.

Shell depressed, conic; whorls 4-ribbed, body-whorl 12-ribbed ;
color uniform whitish; umbilicus broad, margin slightly cren-
ulated, not channeled, costate ; aperture round. Diam. 7:5 mill.

West Indies.

This and the preceding may be different stages of growth of

the same species.

T. NANA, Koch. PI. 6, figs. 20, 21.

Shell depressed, globular; whorls rounded, angular above,
upper part of the whorl with four elevated ribs; color white with
radiating red blotches; base smooth; umbilicus moderate, cup-
shaped, margin strongly crenulated, umbilical wall radiately
striated, and having spiral, granular ribs; aperture roundly
quadrangular. Diam. 6 mill.

Chili.
T. ecenA, Gould. PI. 6, figs. 22, 23.

Shell globose ; whorls rounded, channeled at the suture, spir-
ally suleate near the umbilicus, last whorl 5-ribbed, the two
nearest the suture being granular; color nearly white; base
convex; umbilicus wide, margin strongly crenulated ; aperture
subcircular. Diam. 7:5 mill.

New Zealand.

This and the preceding species present such an intermixture
of the characters of Torinia and Solarium that I am in doubt as
to which genus they should be referred.

T. BOREALIS, Verrill and Smith. Pl. 6, figs. 24, 25.

Shell depressed ; whorls 4, crossed by numerous, flexuous, low
ribs, with shorter ribs interpolated near the periphery, periphery
strongly ribbed, body-whorl flattened just above the periphery
and having about 6 small spiral ribs which are separated by

TORINIA. a3

impressed spiral lines ; color yellowish brown; base slightly con-
vex, having numerous fine spiral lines near the periphery, also
covered with low ribs radiating from the umbilicus, near which
they are nodulous. Diam. 12 mill.

Coast of New England.
T. ROSULENTA, Watson. PI. 6, fig. 34.

Umbilicus very wide; whorls 5, shouldered with three or four
elevated spiral threads, last whorl with numerous spiral threads,
the upper four of which are very strong; color ruddy-yellow
with bright crimson spots; umbilical wall with numerous spiral

threads; aperture round. Diam. 6 mill.
Port Jackson.

Un figured and Doubtful Species.

T. Riser, Morch. West Indies.

T. SULCIFERA, Pease. Polynesia.

T. BIcARINATA, Phil. China Sea.
Probably not a member of this family.

T. TRicincTa, Phil. Guinea.

T. impLExa, Migh. Oahu.

Subgenus PseupoMALAXIS, Fisch., 1883.

T. ZanciEA, Phil. PI. 6, figs. 26--28.

Shell minute, planorbiform; whorls quadrangular, periphery
broad, with a rib above and another below; color fulvous,
clouded with alternate light and dark; umbilicus very wide;
aperture nearly square. Operculum as in typical Torinia.

Diam. 3°5 mill.

Mediterranean.

Subgenus Gyriscus, Tiberi, 1867.

T. JEFFREYSIANA, Tiberi. Pl. 6, figs. 29, 30; Pl. 1, fig. 17.

Shell turbinate; whorls 7, rounded, granular in spiral series,
suture profound, last whorl slightly depressed at the base; color
yellowish, passing into a pale reddish brown; umbilicus moder-
ate, deep; aperture subrotund, the margins united by a callous
deposit, columellar lip sinuous, reflected, closing a part of the
umbilicus. Diam. 8-9, alt. 10-11 mill.

Mediterranean.

94 TORINIA—OMALAXIS.

Subgenus Episcynra, Morch, 1875.
T. INORNATA, d’Orb. PI. 6, figs. 32, 33.

Shell convex ; whorls 5, smooth, glassy white, shining, roundly
carinate at the periphery ; base convex; umbilicus moderate,

smooth; aperture oval. Diam. 3 mill.
St. Thomas, West Indies.

The smoothness of the shell, its glassy appearance, its minute-
ness and the simple umbilicus are perphaps enough to rule this
subgenus out of the family.

Genus OMALAXIS, Desh., 1830.

O. PERNAMBUCENSIS, Watson. PI. 6, figs. 35, 36. .

Shell discoidal; whorls about four, contiguous, except the last
which is slightly dissolute, convex, obsoletely spirally threaded,
longitudinally ribbed; color white, glassy or porcellanous ;
umbilicus very wide, exposing ali the whorls ; aperture oval, lip
not in contact with the whorl above. Diam. 2°5 mill.

Pernambuco.
O. nosiLis, Verrill. PI. 6, fig. 31.

Shell planorbiform, upper surface nearly flat, base very con-
cave ; whorls 5, nearly quadrangular, the two peripheral angles
strongly granosely carinate, peripheral area spirally ribbed, sur-
face of the shell with radiating, elevated growth-lines; color
pale chestnut, irregularly and indistinctly banded with whitish
chestnut; base spirally striated ; aperture trapezoidal with the
outer corners angular and the inner corners rounded. Opercu-
lum thin, horny, multispiral, slightly concave. Diam. 11 mill.

‘Chesapeake Bay.

Unfigured Species.
O. trata, Verrill. Newport, R. I.

iN DEX SeeN DD SYNONYMY.

SOLARIIDAS.

AEthiops (Torinia), Menke. Synopsis, p. 142, 1830, -
AMthiops (Torinia), Hanley. Thes. Conch., iii, f. 68-70,
1866. = T. cyclostoma, Menke, , i
Architee (‘Torinia), Costa. Atti dell’ Acad. " Seienze., iii, p.
40, No. 15, 1830, : :
Architectoma, Gray. Zool. Proc., p. 151, 1847.
== Architectonica, Bolt., . : é - :
Architectonica, Bolt. Mus. 1798. — Solarium, Lam.
Areola (Torinia), Gmel. Syst. Nat. Ed., xiii, p. 3575.
== "I. variegata, Gmel., . ‘ ; : :
Aspera (Torinia), Hinds. Zool. Proc , p. 23, 1844,
Australis (Solarium ade aaa var.), Ph. Zeitsch. fur
Malak, p. 168, 1848, :
Australis (Solarium hybridum, var. ds Hanley. Thes. Conch.,
lili, p. 236, 1866, °

Bairdii (Solarium), Hanley... Sowb. Thes. Game pill, Ds Zo,
f. 48, 49, 1866,

Bicarinatum (Solarium), Phil. in Kuster, ed. Chemn. ?. 93,
t. 3, f. 14,1853, .

Bisulcata (Torinia), a’Orb. “Moll. de Cuba, i; p. 66, t. 19,
f. 17-20, 1853, . ; : : - - : :

Bifrontia, Desh. Coq. Foss. de Paris, ii, p. 221, 1824-37.
= — Omalaxis, Desh., 1832, : ; : :

Boreale (Solarium), Verrill and Smith. Conn. Trans., v, D.
529, t 57, f. 29, 30. 1882, .

Brunnea (Fluxina), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. “Zool. ax: P. 52,
1882, . .

Celata (Torinia), Hinds. Zool. Proc., p. 25,1844, .

Calear (Solarium), Costa. Microd. Medit, p. 58, t. ay ae
1861,

Chemnitzii (Solarium), Kien. Coa. Viv., p. 12, t. 4, f. 8.
= Torinia infundibuliforme, Gmel.

Cineulum (Solarium), Kiener. Coq. Viv., p. 6, te Oy.4. 6, 6a,

Climacopoma, Fisch. Manuel de Conch., p. 768, 1883,

Conica (Torinia), Pse. Zool. Proc., p. 514, 1865.
= T. Trochoides, Desh.

Conulus (Solarium), Weink. Conch. des Mittelmeer., ii, p.
261, 1868, . ; 3 = - -

(25)

PAGE,

18

16

26 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE,
Crenella (Torinia), Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed., xii, p. 628, 520
Cumingii (Solarium), Hanley. Zool. Proc., p. 204, 1862, . 13
Cyclostoma (Torinia), Hanley. Thes. Conch., iii, f. 66, 67,

1866; — T. cylindrica, Ginel. : yd
Cyclostoma (Torinia), Migh. Bost. Proc. iM p. $ 22, 1845.
== eMichelsi, Phil... : ‘ ee)
Cyclostoma (Torinia), Menke. Synopsis, p. 149, 1830, ieee:
Cylindracea (Torinia), Hanley (in part). Thes. Conch.,
ili, f. 99, 1866. = T. infundibuliforme, Qmel. “i 2
Cylindraceum (Solarium), Dillw. Cat., ii, p. 767, 1815. a
== lorinia cylindrica, Gmel. . - ey) es

Cylindrica (Torinia), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3572, é ai akan
Dealbata (Torinia), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p. 24, 1844.

= T. trochoides, Desh. .- : oLe
Delphinuloides (Torinia), d’Orb. “Moll. de Cuba. Pa a Oa si(e

t. 19, f. 21-24, 1853, . 22
Depressa (Torinia variegata, var. ), Phil. Conch. Cab., t. ‘i

10. 1853, : 17
Dilecta (Torinia), Desh, Conch. de 1’ Isle de Reunion, P. 68,

6.951. 3-6, 1863, 5 19
Discoidea (Torinia), Pease. Amer. Journ. Coneh.. i LY, \p. 102,

t. 12, f. 18, 1868, ; : : “WEL
Disculus, Desh., aga ate = Philippia. Gray ; 5
Discus (Solarium), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii Dp. 995, t. 28,

f. 12,1844. —S. pseudoperspectivum, Brocchi, ‘ 15

Dorsuosa (Torinia), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p. 23, Is44, : ma bi
Dunkeri (Solarium), Hanley. Zool. Proe., p. 204, S62 Ais a
Eecyliomphalus, Portlock. Geol. Rept., p. 411, 1843, atues
Egenum (Solarium), Gld. Bost. Proc., iii, p. 84, 1849, . 22
Episcynia, Morch. Mal. Blatt., xxii, p. 155, 1875, Sat
Kuomphalus, Sowb. Min. Conch., 1814, : ; 8
Fallaciosa (Torinia straminea, var.), Tiberi. Bull. Mal. Ital.,

Vi Dood, 0Si2. —— sieula, Santry. : : : ny
Fenestrata (Torinia), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p. 25, 1844, eet)
Fluxina, Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. ot 1882, 6
Formosum (Solarium), Hinds. Zool. Proc. , p- 22, 1844.

= 8. perspectivum, Linn. . : : co se
Fragile (Solarium), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p- 24, 1844.

= sepletum, Phil! < : , r E . d <7 tity

Fuliginosum (Solarium), Hinds. Zool. Proc., p. 158, 1844, 13
Fulva (Torinia), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p. 24, 1844.

= T. straminea, Gmel. : . : : : : 2 a
Granulatum (Solarium), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., Edit.
Desh., ix, p. 98, 1845, : ; nae

Gyriscus, Tiberi. Journ. de Conch. \p. 303, 1867, : Peps:

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Gyrus (Trochus), Meusch. Gronov., p. 323, No. 1487.

== Torinia variegata, Gmel.
Hanleyi (Solarium), Sowb. Hanley, Thes. couche 1866.

= 8. fuliginosum, Hinds, . ‘
Heberti (Torinia), Desh. Enc. Méth., Ths: 159, 1830.

— 1. cylindiica, Gmein- |. 3 :

Heliacus, d’Orb. Moll. de Cuba, ii, p. 68, 1853.

— Torinia, Gray, 15403 %
Hybridum (Solarium), Linn. Sy st. Nat., p. "1998, 1767,
Hybridum (Solarium), Petit (not main: ). Journ. de Conch.,

ii, p. 1716: = S. canulus, Wernk., ;
Hy bridum (Solarium), Monts. Notiz. Solar. Medit., 1 wir

19, 1, 1873... = 5. conulus, Weink., 2
Implexa (Torinia), Migh. Bost. Proc., ii, p. 22, 1845,

Impressum ueran) G. and H. Nevill. Journ. Asiatic
Soc. Bengal, p. 162, t. 17, f. 11, 1869,

Incisum (Solarium), Phil. Zeitscb. fiir Malak., p. 169, ‘1848.
= 8. perspectivum, Linn.,

Infundibuliforme (Torinia), Gmel. Syst. Nat. Ed., xiii, p.
3975, 1793,

Tnornatum (Solarium), @ Orb. Moll. de Cuba, ii, ue 61, t.
19, f. 25-27, 1853, :

Jeffreysianus eS) ‘Biber Fain ar Bevel Re Dp.
303, 1867, |

Krebsii (Solarium), Moreh. tar Blatt., eit p- “15s, 1875,

Levigatum (Solarium), Lam. Anim.sans Vert., Edit. Desh.,
ix, p. 98, 1845, : : . : :

Lay ardi (Philippia), Ad, Zool. Proc., Pp. ss 1854.
= Solarium hybridum, Linn.,

Lirata (Omalaxis), Verrill. Conn. Trans:,¥,:p- 529, é

Luteum (Solarium), Ph. (not Lam.). Enum, Moll. Sicil. wat
p- 174, t. 10, £27, 1836. =—S. econulus, Weink.

Luteum (Solarium), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., Edit. Desh.,
ix, p. 100, 1845, 5 : ; : ‘ :

Maculatum (Soluciun: ae Element. Conch., pl. 13, f. 62,
1860. =—S. fuliginosum, Hinds, : < 5 i

Maximum (Solarium), Phil. Zeitsch. fir Malak., p. 170,
1848, . : : : ;

Mediterranea (Torinia str: aminea, var. . Phil. Conch. coe
Index| 1853. = T.sicula, Cantr. .

Mediterraneum (Solarium), Monts. Notizie Foss. M. Pelle.
erino e Ficarrazi, p. 31, 1872,

Mighelsi (Torinia), Phil. Kuster, Conch. Cab. p 36, 1853,

Modestum (Solarium), Phil. Zeit. fur Malak. as 171, 1848,

Nana (Torinia), Koch. Zeitsch. fir Malak., 1851, s :

PAGE,

98 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Nobile (Solarium), (Bolt.), Hanley. Thes. Conch., iii, p,
230, f. 35, 1866. =—S. verrucosum, Phil. ;

Nobilis (Omalaxis), Verrill. Conn. Trans., vi, p. 423, 't. 44,
f. 12, 185,

Nubila (orinia), Mike, “Dkr., Zeitsch. fur Malae,, P 170,
1848, ;

Omalaxis, Desh. Ene Meth. os 659, 1939, : 5

Ophileta, Vanuxem. Pal. New York, at oealies 1842,

Oxytropis (Philippia), A. Adams. Zool. Proc. > D: 317, 1854,

Perdix (Solarium), Hinds. Zool. Proc., p. 22, 1844,

Pernambucensis (Omalaxis), Watson. Challenger Exped.,
RV, Dp. 157, tas pi. onl Seb. :

Perspectiviforme (Solarium), Tiberi. Malac. Tals) v5 P. 32,

1872. =S. pseudoperspectivum, Brocchi,
Perspectiviunculus (Trochus), Dillwyn. Cat., ii, p. 783,
No. 59. = Torinia variegata, Gmel. ‘ : :
Perspectiviunculus (Trochus), Meusch. Gronoy., p. 323,
N. 1486. = Solarium hybridum, Linn.

Perspectivum (Solarium), Linn. Sy st. Nat., Ed. xii, p. 1927 Ty
1767,
Perspectiv us (Trochus), ‘Chemn. (in part). Conch. Vv, p. 121,
t. 172, f. 1695, 1696, 1781. = Solarium granulatum, Lam.
Philippia, Gray, 1840? Zool. I Proc., p. 146, 1847, : :
Pictum (Solarium), Phil. Zeit. fur Malak., p. ep 1848,
Placentula (Solarium), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p. 22, 1844, é
Planulata (Torinia variegata, var.), Hanley. Thes. Conch.,
ili, p. 238, f. 63, 1866, : ; ; é :
Platyschisma, McCoy. Carb. Foss. Ireland, 1844,
Pseudomalaxis, Fisch. Man. de Conch, p. 767, 1883,
Pseudoperspectivum (Solarium), Weink. and authors (not
Brocchi). = S. Mediterraneum, Monts. , :
Pseudoperspectivum (Solarium), Brocchi. Conch. Foss.
Subapp., ti, p- 359, t. 5, f. 8, 1814. : : 3
Pulchellum (Solarium), Tiberi. Journ. de Conch., xvi, P-
179, 1868. —S. Mediterraneum, Monts.
Purpuratum (Solarium), Hinds. Zool. Proc. Pi ges 1844,

Quadriceps (Solarium), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p. 23, 1844,

Reevei (Solarium), Hanley. Zool. Proc., p. 204, 1862,

Regium (Solarium), Hanley. Zool. Proc., p. 205, 1862,

Riisei (Torinia), Morch. Mal. Blatt., xxii, p. 156, 1875,

Rosulentum (Solarium), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., xvi,
p. 610, 1883,

Schizostoma, Bronn. Leth. Gave al 1835,

Sicula (Torinia straminea, var.), Cantr. Bull. Acad. Brux.,
ix, p. 343, 1842, . ° ° . . :

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Siculum (Solarium), Petit (not Cantr.). Cat. Test. Mar.,
p. 120, 1869. =—S. conulus, Weink.
Solariorbis, Conrad. Amer. Jour. Conch., i, p. 30, 1865.
= Solarium, Lam. . : :
Solarium, Lam. Journ. Soe. “Nat. “Paris, 1799, ‘ ;
Sowerbyi (Torinia), Hanley. Zool. Proc., p. 206, 1862,
Stellatum (Solarium), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., Ee 172,
1848. =S. purpuratum, Hinds, .
Straminea ( (Torinia), @mel. Syst. Nat., p. 3575,
Strigata (Torinia infundibuliforme, var.), Hanley. Thes.
Cone., iii, f. 94, 1866, : : : :
Sulcatum (Solarium), O. Costa (not Lamar ck). Mem. Acad.
Napoli, 1844. — 8. Mediterraneum, Monts.
Sulcatum (Solarium), ‘O° 6. Costa, 1841,
= 8. Mediterraneum, Monts.
Salcifera Cae Pease. Amer. Journ. Conch., ny 79,
STO, . : 5
Taylori (Solarium), Herilere Fibal: Biatta. 205, 1962.
— §. maximum, Phil. :
Teretropoma, Rochbrune. Bull. Soc. Philomat. Paris, 1881.
= Torinia, Gray, : . , : : : : >
Tessellata (Torinia), Desh. Ene. Meth., p. 160, 1830.
= T. variegata, Gmel. : : : c :
Torinia, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840; Zool. Proc., p: lol,
1847, . : : : : :
Tricarinatum (Sol: arium), Stearns. Bost. Proe:,;<v. p» 23,
1873, : : - :
Tricincta (Torinia), Phil. Zeitsch. fur Malak., 1851,
Trochleare (Solarium), Hinds. Zool Proc., p. 25, 1844,
= 8. perspectivum, Linn. . . ; é : ; :
Trochoidea (Torinia), Desh. Ene. Meth., ii, p. 160, 1830, .
Tryoni (Solarium), Marshall, , : 5 : :
Undata (Philippia hybrida, var.), ae Thes. an
iii, p. 236, f. 42, 43, 1866, . ; :
Eicennesit CAvunivestenien), Mareh. Mal. ‘Bhitt, vi,
p. 122,
Variegata (Torinia), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 2575, .
Verrucosum (Solarium), Ph. Zeitsch. fur Mala, p. 179,
1848, .
Virgata (Torinia), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p- 24, 1844,

Wroblewskyi Nols ae ie Mal. Blatt., xxii, P. 154,
1875,

pesclons aranieeia}: Phil. Moll. Sicil., iL, t 28, f. 11. 1844,
Zonatum (Solarium), Ph. Zeitsch. fur Malak., p, 173, 1848.
= 8. perspectivum, Linn. . : : , :

29

PAGE,

REVERENCE: TO lias

SOLARITIDA.
PLATE 1,
FIGURE, : PAGE,
1. Solarium perspectivum, Linn. Animal. Kien. Coq.
WiiN. 2, che alcatel ae tre : ; : : ‘ aie

. Solarium perspectivum, Linn. Animal. Archiv. fur

Naturg.,t.0, 1.01, 1861; B A i : sotto
3. Solarium perspectivum, Linn. Tentacles. Ibid.,t.5, £25) 35
4, Solarium perspectivum, Linn. Jaw. Ibid., t.5, f.3, 1
5, 6, Solarium perspectivum, Linn. Dentition. Troschel.

Gebiss der Schnecken., ii, t. 15, f. 4, : ]
7. Philippia lutea, Lam. Jaw. Archiv. fiir Naturg. it. 5, f.

LOS ARS OM, one 1
8. Philippia lutea, Lam. ” Teeth. Trosch. Gebiss der

Schneckens 11, 0.15. 5, ; é 3 Ber |
9. Philippia lutea, ‘Lam. Operculum, Phil., Kuster’s,

Conch Cabs; tee We Ahk : : ‘ me)
10. Torinia variegata, Gmel. Animal, Quoy, Voy. Astr.,

t. 62, f. 24, i aia The ay el aT eer
11, 12. Torinia cylindrica, Gmel. Dentition. Trosch.

Gebiss der Schneck., ii, t. 15,f.°7, . 1
13. Torinia dilecta, Desh. Operculum. Conch. lle Reunion,

[FE ee : 6
14-16. Torinia variegata, Gmel. " Operculum of West Co.

America specimens, according to Pease, Amer. Journ.

Coneh., v.t.'8; £16... AOI
17. Gyriscus Jetfreysianus, Tiberi. Operculum. | Journ. de

(Conch., t: 5, Ea, AS68..) %. : : : : at |

PLATE 2.

18,19. Solarium perspectivum, Linn. Hanley,Thes. Conch.,

Ute lo eae : ‘ : ; : 3 Lieto
90,21. Solarium Var. Australis, Phil. Ktister’s Conch.

Calin tt, Asta 8,0). = 5 Bayo ; ee
22, 23. Solarium modestum, Phil. Hanley, Thes. Conch.,

spe) MA ‘ : : : ; Beaty) )
24, 25. Solarium perdix, Hinds, “Voy. Sulph. to L434; “78
26,27. Solarium Dunkeri, Hanley. Thes. Conch., iii, f. 29,

7 a ee Fe nd
28, 29. Solarium Tryoni, Marshall. From Type, ; 10

30, Solarium regium, Hanley. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 16, 11
(80)

REFERENCE TO,PLATES.

PLATE 3.
FIGURE,
31, 32. Solarium maximum, Phil. ae thes. Conch,
1 Pea: WARS eek BaP 3
33, 34. Solarium Taylori, Hanley oe mi simu). Ibid. -f.
31, 32, : :

35, 36. Solarium pietum, Phil. Ibid., eo 33, 34, ;
37, 38. Solarium verrucosum, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab it.
2, 1.5, 6 - -

? ’ ]

PLATE 4.

39, 40. Solarium quadriceps, Hinds. Peas ars Conch.,
; ili, f. 25, 26, ; - : ° :
41, 42. Solarium purpuratum, Hinds, "Ibid. fe Tits $a we ‘
43,44. Solariumlevigatum, Lam. Kiener,Coq.Viv.,t.2,f.3,
45, 46. Solarium Reevei, Hanley. Thes. Conch., iii, f. 9, 10,
47, 48. Solarium fuliginosum, Hinds. Ibid., f. 13, 14,
49,50. Solarium Bairdii, Hanley. Ibid., f. 48, 49,
51,52. Solarium placentula, Hinds. Ibid., f. 93, 24,
52 a,b. Solarium impressum, Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soe.
Bengal, t. 17, f. 11, 11, a,

PLATE 5.
53,54. Solarium granulatum, Lam. Hanley, Thes. Conch.,
1a
55, 56. Solarium Hanleyi, Sowb. (= fuliginosum), Tid,
Pele kG,

57, 58. Solarium Cumingii, Hagley: Teh oP an 45, z
69, 60. Solarium hy bridaum, Linn. Hanley, Thes. Conch.,

ili, f. 40, 41, - 4 : :

61, 62. Solarium, var. undatum, Hanley. Ibid., f. 42, 43, .

63. Solarium cingulum, Kien., base. Ibid., f. 56, .

64. Solarium cingulum, Kien. spire. Rve., Conch. Icon.,f.19,

65, 66. Solarium: oxytropis, A. Ad. Hanley, Thes. Conch.,
f. 46, 47,

67, 68. Solarium pseudoperspectivum, Broce. Ibid., f 83, 84,

69, 70. Solarium Mediterraneum, Monts. Solar. Medit.,
meh Boos - : : : 5 :

Dit . Solarium luteum, Lam. Hanley, Thes. Conch., iii,
an 53,54, : : - 5

13, 74. Solarium conulus, Weink. From specimen, '

75, 76. Torinia variegata, Gmel. ie Thes. Conch.,
CiGkiGei ts °

Tale Torinia, var. planulata, Hanley. Tbid., f, 63,

des CO: Torinia, var. depressa, Phil. Kiister’s Conch. Cab.,
£. 4, f. 10, 5

80, 81. Torinia dorsuosa, Hinds. Hanley, Thes. Conch.,
i, £.. 73,04, : ° ° ‘ ‘ : ‘

32 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE, PAGE,
82. Torinia cylindrica, Gmel. Phil., Kuster’s Conch. Cab.,

i. 4, To 45, : . : : ; poi
83, 84. Torinia cyclostoma, “Menke. Ibid., t. 4, f. 3, ae |i)
85, 86. Torinia Athiops, Menke. Ibid., t. 4, e Ler. «tks
86a. Torinia nubilum, Menke. Ibid., t ra f. 2 : 18
87, 88. Torinia trochoidea, Desh. ifaey, Tes Conch.,

fii, 1.709.100, ; ; swe

PLATE 6.

89, 90. Torinia Mighelsi, Phil. Hanley, Thes. Conch., iii,

EST 88s" 12 - : : 5 eee

Ol, 292. Torinia dilecta, Desh. Moll. Ile Reunion, t.9,f.3, 19
93, 94. Torinia straminea, Gmel. Hanley, Thes. Conch.,

ey ee 19

95, 96. Torinia straminea, var. Sicula, Cantr. Phil. Kiister’s
Conch. Cab., t. 4, f. Lee are 19

o7, 98. Lorinia infundibuliformis, Gmel. “Hanley, Thes.
Conch., f. 92, 93, 5 Peer?)

99. Torinia infundibuliformis, var. str ioata, Hanley. Ibid,
f. 94, od
Wes 1. Torinia fenestrata, Hinds. "Ibid. fi 19, 80, : Peas!)
, 3.. Torinia virgata, Hinds. Ibid. if 85, 86, . ; 20

: 5. Torinia celata, Hinds. Voy. Sulph., t. 14, £11, 19, 20
6. Torinia discoidea, Pse. Amer. Journ. Conch. SV tp lee

ea bo : : . ; : : sh ae
cee Torinia aspera, Hinds. Voy. Sulph.; t..14, £ 9,10, > 2
9,10, 11. Torinia Archite, Costa. Monts. Notiz. Sol.

’ Medit., f, 21-23, s : d : aioe
12, 13. Torinia Sowerbii , Hanley. Thes. Conch., iii, f. 81,82, 21
Wie 16. Torinia bisuleata. d’Orb., “Moll Gubaste ios 1 Ui oe
17-19. Torinia delphinuloides, d’Orb. Ibid., t. 19, f. 21-23, 22
20,21. Torinia nana, Koch. Phil., Kuster’s Conch. Cab.,

tilted, OL. ; : : : : 3 . 22
22, 23. Torinia egena, Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ U. 8. Exp.

Exped., f. 926, . : : : : ; ene
24, 25. Torinia boreale, V errill. Trans. Conn. Acad., \

Op alec 5 : ; : : . ae
26-28. Torinia place Phil. Hanley, Thes. Conch., iii, f.

101-103, . ante : . 23
29, 30. Gyriscus Jeffrey sianus, Tiberi. Journ. de Conch.,

TGS 5.6. ets, : : : . 20
31. Omalaxis nobilis, Verrill. Trans, Conn. Acad., vi, t.

7 ke : : 5 : . 24

32, 33. Episcy nia inorn: ata, vOrb. Moll. Cuba, t.19,f.25,26, 24

34, Torinia rosulentum, Watson. Challenger Exp., xv, t.
Bet. alas : ; . 98

30, 36. Omalaxis Pernambucensis, Watson. Ibid., xv, t. 8,
f,13:b, ¢, : . - . : . ° - 24

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Famity IANTHINIDZ.

Shell thin, fragile, turbinated ; whitish or purplish; aperture
oval or subtetragonal, the columella a little twisted, lip simple,
curved. No operculum.

Animal pelagic, sustained by a vesicular body called the float,
and to which the eggs are attached. The float is composed of
a mass of vesicles filled with air, the walls resisting, subeartila-
ginous, supported by a narrow peduncle, formed by and adhering
to the foot. Sexes separate, no copulatory organ. Rostrum
proboscidiform ; no jaws; radula composed of a great number
of elongated teeth, no central tooth. Carnivorous. Secretes a
purple fluid, which is ejected from the branchial cavity, when
irritated.

Genus IANTHINA, Lam., 1799.

Head large, muzzle-shaped, eyes not visible or sessile, tentacles
forked so that each appears like a pair, foot rather short, the
-epipodial lobe somewhat elongated and ciliated, branchial
plumes two, unequal.

The float is found in both sexes, and whilst in the female the
egos are usually attached to the lower surface thereof, the
animal in some species is viviparous; embryos taken from
the uterus are operculated, the head has a ciliated velum, the
eyes are large and well pigmented.

Shell imperforate, without epidermis, fragile, trochiform or
turbiniform, nucleus small, styliform, oblique, spire light pur-
plish white, base deeper purple; whorls few, convex, with stric
of growth, angular or gathered at the periphery; outer lip with
a sinus in the middle, columella thin, twisted.

About 30 nominal species have been described, from the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; I reduce them to three species,
with a few varieties. :

A species is found in the Pliocene of Italy.

Reeve monographed Janthina in 1858, including 25 species, a
portion of which he first described, and Morch, in the Journal

3 (38)

84 IANTHINIDA.

de Conchyliologie, 261, 1860, gave a more scientific synopsis of
the species, increasing their number to 31; finally, Sowerby
(Thesaurus Conchyliorum, v, 1882) reduced them to 11.

The following sections of Mérch have very slight value. I
include the first and second in a single species, whilst the other
three may divide two species between them.

Section IopEs (Leach), Gray, 1847.

Solid, depressed conical, last whorl obtusely carinate. Vivi-
parous. I. Brirannica, Leach.
Section AcHATES (Gistel), Mérch, 1860.

Shell thin, acutely carinated. Oviparous, marsupial. Proboscis
inflated. I. FRAGILIs, Lam. :
Section IANTHINA (Bolten, 1798), Morch, 1860.

Globose, with deep suture, columella produced, aperture
sinuated below. Oviparous, marsupial, proboscis cylindrical,
branchia protruding. I. nrrens, Menke.

Section AMETHISTINA (Schinz, 1825), Mirch, 1860.

Like the last, but aperture rounded below. I. PALLIDA,
Harvey.
Section Iopina, Morch, 1860.

Costulate, lip incised. Oviparous, marsupial. I. Exiaua, Lam.

The Ianthine, or Purple Snails, are gregarious and very
abundant on the surface of the ocean where the water is deep
and similar in color to themselves. They live on Velellz, Por-
pite, Physaliz and other soft animals, usually of similar violet
coloring; finally a bluish crustacean dwells on their float. <Ac-
cording to Dr. Coates they sometimes eat their own species.
The float is readily, even spontaneously detached, and is often
encountered in numbers, apart from the animal. If its vesicles
are punctured the air escapes and the animal falls to the bottom,
from which it appears unable to ascend, and is supposed to
perish. The stem of the float is attached to the posterior part
of the foot; the anterior part of the foot becomes tubular by the
turning over of its margins, and when protruded from the water,
encloses a bubble of air, which, being enveloped in a mucous
secretion, is added to the anterior portion of the float. There
has been much written upon the homologies of this raft; the
accepted opinion compares it with the byssus of lamellibranchs.

IANTHINIDA. 85

M. Lucaze-Duthiers made interesting observations upon the
secretion of the float by Ianthine in captivity (Ann. Sci. Nat.,
iv, 329, 1865; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xvii, 278, 1866); Mr. Arthur
Adams has also given notes on the habits of these animals (Ann.
Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., x, 417). Dr. Ruschenberger, in his Voyage
around the World, p. 21, remarks that when captured, the
Ianthina emits about a teaspoonful of violet liquid, and he
supposes that this copious discharge, like the ink of the cuttle-
fish, serves to facilitate the escape of the mollusk from its
enemies.
Genus RECLUZIA, Petit, 1853.

Shell paludiniform, thin, white under a brown epidermis; whorls
ventricose ; aperture obliquely ovate, slightly effused at the base,
peristome not continuous, the outer lip acute, entire, columella
oblique, somewhat sinuous. No operculum.

Animal like Ianthina, provided with a vesicular float.

The species inhabit the Arabian Gulf and Pacific Ocean.

Genus SCALITES, Conrad, 1842.

Shell turriculated, whorls flattened above, carinated at the
shoulder, and convex below; outer lip sinuous; umbilicus none
or very small. S. anacunarus, Conr. Silurian. United States.
(Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 67, f. 51.)

The systematic position given this fossil as well as its sub-
genera, is mere guess-work.

Subgenus Rapatstoma, Hall, 1847.

Shell turbinated, more depressed, with carinated shoulder, and
convex below, as in the typical group. S. sTaminea, Hall
(Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 67, f. 52).

Subgenus Hoopes, Hall, 1847.

This paleeozoic group is composed of incongruous elements ;
its first species has been referred to Littorinidz, another evi-
dently belongs to Naticide, a third resembles Ianthina. The
species are mostly casts, and there appears to be no good reason
for retaining the group. Cyclora, Hall, 1845, has been con-
sidered synonymous.

36 IANTHINA.

Genus IANTHINA, Lam., 1799.
I. FraGiLis, Lam. PI. 9, figs. 94-5; Pl. 10, figs. 6-10.

Whorls slopingly convex, with obtusely angulated periphery,
outer lip of aperture very slightly sinuous, violaceous white
above, uniform purplish or violaceous below. Diam. 1:5 inches.

Mediterranean, Atlantic O., Indian O., Pacific O.

This is probably Linneeus’ Helix Lanthina.

Reeve and others distinguish two species which they suppose
Lamarck at first confounded under the name of J. fragilis; they
restrict this name to the more acutely angulated forms (figs. 94,
3, etc.), whilst J. communis, Lam. (fig. 99)—the name by which
he intended to replace his I. fragilis—is reserved for those with
obtuse periphery. I confess that I cannot divide them satisfac-
torily ; consequently I include here as synonyms a series of
intermediates, which have received the names of:

I. Costzx, Morch, proposed for I. bicolor, Costa (not Menke) ;
I. vulgaris, Gray ; Helix Ianthina, Forskal; I. violacea, Adams ;
I. nenicephala, Peron; I. violacea, Mirch; LI. grandis, Brown;
I. striulata, Carp. = I. Carpenteri, Morch (fig. 3), and var. con-
torta, Carp., from Mazatlan; J. Orbignyi, Mirch; I. bicolor,
Menke.

Var. PLANOSPIRATA, Ads. and Reeve. Figs. 94-98.

Depressed, with slopingly convex whorls, obliquely plicately
striated ; columella arched, somewhat dilately reflected ; aper-
ture transverse, a little sinuous on the middle of the outer lip.

Diam. 1:4 inch.

Atlantic Ocean, St. Helena, ete.

May be nominally distinguished from J. fragilis by its more
rounded periphery and more depressed spire, as well as by the
light color of the base immediately around the columella; but
apparently connects with it by intermediate stages. Among
these, having the form of planospirata, but with usually uniform
purple base, may be placed here as synonyms J. depressa,
Reeve (fig. 97); I. cxrulata, Reeve (fig. 96); I. casta, Reeve
(fig. 95); I. balteata, Reeve (fig. 98); forms with more elevated
spire, approaching J. fragilis are I. bicolor and I. fragilis, of
Lesson. |

IANTHINA. 37

Var. Britannica, Leach. Figs. 100-2, 5-9.

Shell a little more elevated than in the type, whorls more ex-
serted and more convex, darker colored.

I. rotundata, Leach; I. grandis, Reeve (fig. 2); perhaps I.
Smithiz, Reeve (fig. 1); J. affinis, Reeve (fig. 6); J. fibula,
Reeve (fig. 5); J. roseola, Reeve (fig. 7); J. involuta, Reeve
(fig. 8), peculiar growth the result of an injury; L. Africana,
Reeve (fig. 9), are synonyms.

Var. TROCHOIDEA, Reeve. Fig. 10.

Spire much more elevated, the whorls flatter.

Zanzibar, Mauritius.
I. GLoBosA, Swainson. PI. 10, figs. 11-16.

Thin, inflated, subglobose, spire short, somewhat immersed ;
whorls rounded, outer lip a little sinuous in the middle, aperture
produced into a short open channel at the base. Light viola-
ceous, becoming a little darker towards the base.

Diam. 1°5 inches.

Mediterranean, Atlantic O., Mazatlan, Mauritius, etc.

The synonyms are J. prolongata and I. violacea, Blainv.; I.
nitens, Menke (fig. 11); J. communis, Costa, Chenu, Scacchi ;
I. elongata, Maravigna; J. splendens, Monts., and var. minor,
Monts.; var. Allantica, Moérch; J. decollata, Carp. (fig. 13) ;
I. nana, Gray; I. tricolor, Reeve (fig. 14).

Var. PALLIDA, Harvey. Figs. 15, 16.
Lower part of aperture broadly rounded, instead of being

produced and subchanneled.
Europe.

Although usually considered a distinct species, this is rather
an occasional from of J. globosa than a variety. In a series
from the West Indies before me the intermediate apertures
make a connecting series. The synonyms are J. rosea, Anton;
I. patula, Phil.; var. minor, Monts. (= J. leta, Monts.); I.
striolata, Ads. and Reeve (fig. 16).

J. exiaua, Lam. PI. 10, figs. 17-22.

Conically turbinated, whorls a little flattened above, forming
an obtuse peripheral angle, spire not sunken at the sutures, sur-
face closely flexuously striate, corresponding with a deep per-

88 TANTHINA—RECLUZIA.

ipheral incision on the outer lip, aperture broadly produced
below ; light violaceous, darker in the smaller specimens, light
banded at the suture. Diam, *25—75 inches.
California, Sandwich Islands, Australia, Chili,
Cuba, Madeira, Atlantic O., Isl. of Bourbon.
The synonyms are J. bifida, Nuttall (fig. 19); I. capreolata,
Montrouzier (fig. 18); Z. Vinsoni, Desh. (fig. 20); and ? I. umbils-
cata, Orb. (figs. 21, 22), the latter a malformation.

Unfigured Species of Ianthina.

I. ALBA, Anton. Hab. unknown.
I. mecastoma, A. Ad. Indian Ocean.
I. nivipa, A. Ad.

I. rncisa, Phil. Senegal.

The three latter are probably synonyms of J. exigua, Lam.

Genus RECLUZIA, Petit, 1853.
R. Jonni, Chemn. Pl. 10, fig. 24.
Rather thin,-shining, transparent, with fine, slightly undulated
spiral striz, periphery obtusely angulated and grooved; whitish,
with very light bluish violaceous maculations. Length, 23 mill.

Indian Ocean.
We have no satisfactory account of this species.

R. HarGRAvEsi, Cox. Pl. 10, fig. 23.

Thin, olivaceous horn-color, very indistinctly banded, spirally

obsoletely striated. Length, 38 mill.
Port Stephens, N. S. Wales.
Very probably identical with the preceding species.

R. RotuanprAna, Recluz. Pl. 10, figs. 25-27.

Rather thin, olivaceous brown, with irregular, subundulating

spiral striz. Length, 23 mill.
. Mazatlan? New Caledonia.

R. Montrouzieri, Souverb. (fig. 27), appears to be a synonym.
Var. ANNAMITICA, Wattebled. Fig. 26.

Shell more depressed and more inflated, rarely with darker
bands; peristome sinuous, columella twisted a little.

Length, 25 mill. Annam.

RECLUZIA. 39

R. JEHENNE!, Petit. Pl. 10, fig. 28.

Subperforate, whorls rapidly enlarging and very convex, with
deep suture, obsoletely spirally striated, light olivaceous brown.

Length, 19 mill.

Arabian Gulf.

Differs from the last species in being shorter and more convex,
and from its variety mainly in the more regularly rounded
aperture; it is possibly the same species, however.

R. atoposa, E. A. Smith. Pl. 10, fig. 29.

Thin, imperforate, whitish, strigate with light brown, with
incremental striz, more distinct and scale-like at the suture,
and slight, smooth, spiral sculpture. Length, 11°5 mill.

Solomon Islands.

Its pertinence to the genus-is somewhat doubtful; it was

described from a specimen denuded of epidermis.

Unfigured Species.

R. turrira, Busch. Hab. unknown.
“R. Erytur#a, Jickeli. Red Sea. -
R. Bensonr, A. Ad. China Sea, off Formosa.

R. APERTA, Jeffreys. = Torellia vestita, Jeffreys.

Famiry TRICHOTROPIDE.

Shell thin, turbinated, carinated, the ridges bearing epidermal
fringes in fresh or living specimens, umbilicated ; aperture angu-
lated or subchanneled below, lip sharp, columella obliquely
truncated, operculum generally lamellar, with apical nucleus.
(Pl. 10, dig. 33).

Animal with a short, broad head; tentacles somewhat distant,
with eyes about their middle; foot elongated; siphon very
short, but evident.

Central tooth of the radula subquadrangular, multicuspid,
lateral large, transverse with ‘finely crenulated margin, two
marginal teeth on either side, curved, sharp, simple (2'1:1:1-2).

Bi iho. 31.

Genus TRICHOTROPIS, Brod. and Sowb., 1829.

Characters those of the family. There are about 15 species, .

inhabiting Arctic seas. Fossil, in the English Crag.

Trichophora, Desh , 1830, is asynonym, The name signifies
Shainy keel.2*

The following sections of Trichotropis have been proposed :
they have little value :—
Section Tricnorropis (sensu stricto). T. BICARINATA, Sowb.
Section Arrapna, Fischer, 1864.

Shell without epidermal fringes. T. BoREALIS, Brod. and Sowb.

Has the epidermal fringes in fresh specimens.

Verena, Gray, 1857 (not H. and A. Adams, 18514), isasynonym.
Section Ipu1nok, H. and A. Adams, 1854.

Shell widely umbilicated, aperture subtriangular. 'T. UNICARI-
NATA, Sowb.

The width of the umbilicus varies in the species, so that the
group is unimportant in its characters.

.

Subgenus Atora, H. Adams, 1861.

Shell ovate-fusiform, slightly umbilicated, thin ; spire elevated ;
whorls convex, cancellated with elevated spiral ribs and longi-
(40)

—— ee

TRICHOTROPID®. 41

tudinal lamelle ; aperture oval, slightly produced in front, inner
lip smooth, rounded, slightly reflexed in front, outer lip simple,
acute. T. Goutpi, A. Ad., W. Coast Central Am.

Subgenus Gyrorropsis, Gabb, 1876.

Shell thin, spire elevated, umbilicus wide, funnel-shaped, last
whorl angulated above and below the periphery, and covered
with very thin foliated longitudinal varices. T. sqguAMosA, Gabb.
Cretaceous, NV. Carolina (Pl. 7, fig. 39).

?Genus SEPARATISTA, Gray, 1847.

Shell subdiscoidal, with very short spire, the last whorl sepa-
rated from its predecessors, forming a very large umbilicus;
aperture slightly channeled at the base. This group, which I
formerly included in Muricidze (see Manual, ii, p. 213), is doubt-

fully referred to Trichotropidz by Dr. Fischer and others.

Genus TORELLIA, Loven, in Jeffreys, 1867.

Shell narrowly perforated, globular, covered by a pilose epi-
dermis; spire short, depressed; mouth rounded, with a hardly
perceptible basal sinus; lip thin, curved; columella concave,
subtruncated at the base.

Differs from Trichotropis in being holostomate and subglobose.

Trachyoma, Seguenza,isasynonym. ‘TT. vestira, Jettreys.
Arctic Seas.

Genus SEGUENZIA, Jeffreys, 1876.

Shell thin, turbinate or subtrochoid, translucent, the outer
layer very slight, somewhat nacreous in fresh specimens, with
spiral carinations ; aperture irregular, sinuous behind, columella
twisted, base with a sinus. Operculum thin, oval, with sub-
central nucleus, and with obsolete, numerous concentric lines
(Pl. 7, fig. 41). Radula (PI. 7, fig. 40).

The position of this group of deep-sea minute shells is not well
ascertained. The soft parts have not been described. Verrill,
who obtained the dentition, formed for the species a family, which
he located near Chenopus; Dr. Jeffreys places them near Solar-
iide and Dr. Watson in Trochide (on account of the operculum
and slight pearly layer of the shell). I place the group here, for
the present.

49, TRICHOTROPIS.

Leocochlis, Dunker and Metzger, has been referred to Tri-
chotropide by Dr. von Martens. I shall include it in my
monograph of the family Cerithiidee.

Trichotropis has been monographed by :

Sowerby, Thes. Conchyl., iii, 321. 12 species.
Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xix, 13 sp., 1874.

Genus TRICHOTROPIS, Brod. et Sowb., 1829.

T. BICARINATA, Brod. and Sowb. PI. 7, figs. 42, 43.

Rather thin, whorls few, the last very large, encircled by two
distant ciliated keels; umbilicus rather large, with ciliated
margin; epidermis yellowish brown. . Length, 1°5 inches.

Japan, Alaska, Grinnell Land.

T. Sowerbyanus, Lesson, is a synonym, and 7’. tenuis, E. A.

Smith (fig. 43), is a monstrosity.

Var. atta, Dall.

Whorls 4, with more elevated spire, aperture narrower and
smaller, aie excavation much narrower and smaller; solid
and strong.

Plover Bay, E. Siberia.
Var. SPECTABILIS, Dall.

Whorls 5, with elevated spire; columella narrow, waved, not
truncate, straight, not arched as in the two preceding forms, its
outer edge strongly elevated ; umbilicus a mere groove; whorls
much flatter above and below, the last wide out of proportion to
the spire, the second carina apparent on all the whorls; aperture
sharply pointed below, painted with sea-green within and on the
columella,

Near Plover Bay, EH. Siberia.
T. BOREALIS, Brod. and Sowb. PI. 7, figs. 44-48, 52, 59.

Umbilicated ; whorls few, shouldered, and spirally keeled, the
last with two to five strong keels, varying in development;
covered with a yellowish brown epidermis, hairy on the ridges,
aperture often pink within. Length, 1 inch.

Northern EHurope, Greenland to Massachusetts,
Arctic America, Japan.

There are a number of synonyms, partly in consequence of

the great. variation in the development of the keels, much

TRICHOTROPTS. 43

affecting the contour and general appearance. I include here:
T. Atlantica, Beck; 7. acuminata, Jeffreys; T.costellata, Couth.
(fig. 48); 7. inermis, Hinds (fig. 52); Fusus Laskeyi, Macgill.;
Fusus umbilicatus, Brown; T. conica, MOll. (fig. 45); 7. quadri-
carinata, A. Ad. (fig. 44), from Japan; 7. insignis, Midd., var.
of Aurivillius (fig. 59). .

7; OLATHRATA, A.Ad. PI. 1, fig. 51.

Umbilicus narrow, whorls angular, carinated above, cancel-
lated with slightly beaded spiral ribs and interstitial regular,
small, longitudinal riblets ; epidermis thin, yellowish brown.

New Zealand.

_T. inornata, Hutton, is a synonym. I have not seen this
species, which so greatly resembles 7. borealis, but is from an
entirely different locality. The figure shows no trace of hairs
on the epidermis.

T. CANCELLATA, Hinds. PI. 7, figs. 49, 50.

Umbilicus small, whorls about 7, well rounded, with elevated
Spire, with a number of spiral ribs, obsoletely cancellated here
and there by distant longitudinal and less prominent ribs; epi-
dermis light brownish or grayish; aperture often pink.

Length, 1-14 inches.

Alaska to Vancouver’s Island.

Appears to be peculiar to the west coast of North America,
where it replaces 7’. borealis. Jeffreys considers it identical
with that species, and as Arctic mollusca are exceedingly varia-
ble, this-may be so; yet I find no conclusive evidence of it. 7.
flavida, Hinds (fig. 50), belongs here,

T. cornonaTA, Gould. PI. 7, figs. 53, 54.

Umbilicus rather wide and deep, acutely margined; whorls
about 6, tabulate and carinate at the angle; epidermis ash-
colored, fibrously produced at the angle. Length, 25 mill.

Sts. of Semiavine, Arctic Ocean; Behring’s Sea.

The first figure given above is supposed by Krause, who
publishes it, to represent the species, but it does not appear to
me to agree with the description. Gould never figured it. I
have added a figure given by Aurivillius, which is probably a
better representation of it, and approaches 7’. unicarinata,

44 TRICHOTROPIS.

T. UNICARINATA, Brod. and Brod. PI. 7, fig. 56.

Whorls tabulately shouldered, with a single beaded keel at
the angle; umbilicus wide, surrounded by a keel, rest of surface
smooth; pinkish, covered by a brown epidermis.

Length, 20 mill.

Japan.
T. ceDo-NULLI, A. Ad. PI. 7, fig, 55. ;

- Spire elevated, whorls rounded, umbilicus minute or imper-
forate, cancellated by spiral beaded ribs and longitudinal riblets,
columella truncate and a little turned back at the base, epidermis

reddish brown. Length, 12 mill.
Japan.

T. FIMBRIATA, Jeffreys. Pl. 7, fig. 57.

Thin, semitransparent, imperforate; whorls 4-5, with spiral
ciliated riblets, of which there are 8-10 on the body-whorl ;
columella straight. Length, 2°5 mill.

_ Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.).

Evidently a very young shell.

JT. DENSISTRIATA, Jeffreys. PI. 7, fig. 58.

Thin, semitransparent, imperforate ; whorls 3-4, rather tumid,
with numerous spiral striz, which are covered by minute, close-
set prickles, body-whorl with a shallow peripheral sulcus;
columella straight, truncate below. Length, 2 mill.

Cape Verd I.; 1192 fms.

This, like the last, is a very young shell.

T. Kroyert, Phil. Pl. 8, figs. 61, 60, 62-64.

Shell thick, widely umbilicated ; whorls 5, with distant spiral
ribs; umbilicus encircled by a rib; epidermis yellowish brown.
Length, 15 inches.
Spitzbergen, Behring’s Strait.
The synonyms are 7. Kuzeri, Phil., and 7. Ruzert, Phil., of
Reeve and Brazier respectively, both misprints; TZ. ciliata,
Kroyer; TZ. dolium, Petit; TJ. arctica, Midd. (figs. 62, 63).
Aurivillius has figured an immense specimen of this species
(fig. 60), and another, with a tubercle near the base of the
columella (fig. 64), which he has distinguished as 7’ solida,

TRICHOTROPIS—SEPARATISTA. 45

T. 1nsiGn1s, Middendorff. PI. 8, fig.&8;? Pl. 17, fig. 59.

Umbilicus small, shell thick, somewhat globose, with undu-
lating crenulated spiral ribs, two of them usually more prominent,
angulating the body-whorl, aperture margin often crenulated,
epidermis light yellowish brown. Length, 18 mill.

Behring’s Straits.

The second figure is referred to this species as a lengthened
variety by Aurivillius; it appears to me more like a variety
of 7. borealis.

Unfigured Species.
T. MIGRANS, Dall. Near Havana, Cuba.
Remarkable as the first species of the genus found in tropical
waters.

T. PUSILLA, Gould. (= Fossarus).
T. PERAMABILIS, Dall. Sitka.
T. INFLATA, Friele. North Sea.
T. ELLIPSOIDEA, Gould. Hong Kong Bay.
T. @’ORBIGNYANUM, Petit. (== Coralliophila, Manual, ii, 206).
T. TRICARINATA, and T. GRACILENTA, Brazier. N. Australia.
T. (Axtora) Goutpi, A. Ad. Panama.

Genus SEPARATISTA, Gray, 1847.

S. BLAINVILLEANA, Petit. Pl. 8, fig. 69.

Widely umbilicated, membranaceous, pellucid, under a roseate
corneous epidermis ; whorls 6, rapidly increasing, broadly tabu-
late, periphery with two spiral distant ribs on the spire, and
three on the body-whorl; aperture transverse, a little channeled
below. Diam. 10 mill.

? Marianne Is.
S. Cuemnitzu, A. Ad. PI. 8, fig. 70.

Spire more depressed than the preceding species, with fewer
whorls, which are convex, the three peripheral keels closer and
not so prominent as in the last species. Diam. 18 mill.

Philippines.
S. Grayi, A. Ad.

Spire depressed; whorls with five keels; aperture transversely

oblong ; inner lip reflexed, anteriorly rounded. Unfigured.
Cape of Good Hope.

46 TORELLIA—SEGUENZIA. ©

Genus TORELLIA, Lovén, 1867.
T. vesTITA, Jeffreys. Pl. 8, fig. 66.

Narrowly umbilicated, subglobose, rather thin, semitrans-
parent, chalky white, under a pale yellowish brown, velvety
epidermis; whorls 5-6, tumid, rapidly enlarging, with numerous
fine spiral and less conspicuous longitudinal striz; aperture
nearly entire, round. Diam. 15 mill.

Norway, Shetland, Martha’s Vineyard, etc.

First described by Jeffreys as Recluzia aperta.

DopEenrcars, Phil: “Pls. feGT.

Narrowly umbilicated, very thin; whorls 6, well-rounded, with
deep suture, very finely reticulated by longitudinal and spiral
striz.

Messina, Sicily.
T. FIMBRIATA, Verrill and Smith. PI. 8, fig. 68.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, fragile, suture deep; whorls 5,
very convex, rapidly enlarging, with spiral, hairy carinz, about
ten of them on the last whorl, the interspaces finely, nodulously
reticulated by growth and spiral lines; columella callously
thickened below. Diam. 17 mill.

Off Martha’s Vineyard, Mass.
Var. TIARELLA, Verrill.

Subsutural carina well developed and hairy, the other caring
nearly obsolete.

Genus SEGUENZIA, Jeffreys, 1876.

S. MONOCINGULATA, Seguenza. PI. 8, figs. 71-73.

Imperforate; whorls with revolving ribs, of which the last has
about four distant prominent ones, besides minor striz on the
base; white. Length, 6 mill.

N. Atlantic, New England, Bay of Biscay,
S. W. of Bermudas, Gulf of Mexico.

S. formosa, Jeffreys, is a synonym.

Var. LINEATA, Watson. Figs. 72, 73.
Same localities as the type.

SEGUENZIA. 47

Var. NITIDA, Verrill.

Thinner, more translucent, with less acute spire, and more
delicate sculpture, the spiral lines on the base more numerous
and closer.

S: ERIGIMA, Verrill. Pl. 8, fic. 74.

Sculpture more delicate, carinz less acute, riblets finer and
closer, basal lines finer and more numerous than in the pre-
ceding species; it is also narrowly umbilicated. Length, 4°5 mill.

Off New England, 1290, 1467 and 2033 fms.

S. ELEGANS, Jeffreys. Pl. 8, fig. 75.

Umbilicated, shorter, more globose than S. eritima, lip fissure
close to the suture, columella produced below, aperture broadly
truncately sinuous on the base. Length, 3 mill.

: Bay of Biscay.
S. TRICARINATA, Jeffreys. Pl. 8, fig. 76.

Umbilicus narrow, slightly keel-margined; depressed-globose,
convexly shouldered above, then three-keeled ; lip fissure wide
and shallow, aperture narrowly produced at the base; white.

Length, 2 mill.

Off Cape Verd Is.; 1192 fms.
Not adult.

S. Iontca, Watson. PI. 8, figs. 77, 78.

Umbilicated, depressed trochiform, with two strong spiral
ridges and a number of basal strise—most distinct around the
outer margin, and surrounding the umbilicus. Diam. 6 mill.

W. of Azores; West Indies.
S. Trispinosa, Watson. PI. 8, figs. 79, 80.

Umbilicated, elevated trochiform, suture deep, with three
rather close tubercular spiral ridges, base with numerous spiral
strix, the outer one much more distinct. Diam. 3°75 mill.

Pernambuco.
S. cARINATA, Jeffreys. Pl. 8, figs. 81-83.

Umbilicated, rather smooth, with a single peripheral carina,
showing at the base of the spire-whorls, base nearly smooth.

Diam. 4 mill.

N. Atlantic, Bay of Biscay, Canaries, Azores, Pernambuco.

48 SEGUENZIA.

S. RETICULATA, Phil. PI. 8, figs. 84, 85.

Umbilicated, trochiform, periphery acutely angulated, ele-
gantly granularly reticulated, base smooth, obsoletely cingulated
at the periphery. Diam. 2°5 mill.

Portugal; off Ascension I.; West Indies.

Fossil, pliocene of Calabria.

It is Trochus (Solariella) Lusitanica, Fischer.

S. raAx4, Jeffreys. Pl. 8, figs. 86, 87.

Shell consisting of scarcely two whorls, which are cylindrical
and scalariform, regularly spirally striated; mouth nearly de-
tached, quadrangular, a little produced at the base; umbilicus

narrow and deep. Length, 6 mill.
Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.).

Only a fragment obtained. Its generic position is very doubt-
ful.

S. DELICATULA, Dall. (unfigured). Gulf of Mexico.

Faminy SCALARIID ZA.

Animal having a retractile proboscis ; tentacles close together,
long and pointed, the eyes on slight elevations near their outer
bases ; mantle-margin simple, with a rudimentary siphonal fold ;
foot truncated in front, extending far in advance of the head.
Jaws oval or semicircular, spiny, or denticulated only on the
margin; radula composed of elongated unciform or aciculated
teeth, many in a series (Pl. 11, fig. 30). Sexes distinct.

Shell usually white and polished, turriculated, perforate, but
the umbilicus frequently covered by an expansion of the inner
lip-margin; whorls numerous, convex, usually loosely coiled,
often barely or not at all in contact; aperture entire, circular
or oval. Operculum corneous, few-whorled, nucleus nearly
central.

These mollusks are somewhat closely allied to the Ianthine,
of which they may be regarded as creeping representatives. The
form of the shell remotely suggests Turritella.

Synopsis of Genera.
Th) Genus) SUATA BIW: Wamt- 1801:

Shell mostly pure white and lustrous, umbilicated or imper-
forate ; spire elongated, the apex more or less inflected ; whorls
numerous, rounded, in contact or separated, ornamented with
longitudinal ribs or thin lamellz, often continuous across the
suture; peristome entire, thickened, reflected. Animal as in the
family description. They are predaceous. Dr. Gould fed them
on raw beef, which they eat voraciously. They exude a purple
fluid when irritated.

The genus commenced in the Trias, and has continued its de-
velopment to the present time; about 200 fossil species have
been described, and not far from the same number recent. They
are found from low water to 80 or 100 fathoms and occur
throughout the world, the Arctic seas furnishing representations
of peculiar type; but the largest, finest and most typical species

4 (49)

50 SCALARIID A,

are tropical. The West Indian province appears to be the me-
tropolis of the genus; at least more species have been described
from that than from any other region. The name indicates a
fancied resemblance to a ladder; in the vernacular the shell is
usually known as “ Wentle-trap.” The synonyms include Scala,
Klein, 1758; Cyclostoma, Lam., 1799, and Sthenorytis, 1868;
Compsopleura and Scalina, 1865, by Conrad, the three last pro-
posed (but not described) for American tertiary fossils.

A number of genera and subgenera have been described,
based upon characters of secondary importance, and which can
be mostly advantageously reduced to the rank of sections. ©

Section ScaLARIA (sensu stricto).

Whorls a little separated, crossed by regular lamelliform
varices, umbilicated. Aciona, Leach, 1815, is a synonym.

Section CiatuRus, Oken, 1815.

Shell moderately thick, often colored, whorls united, longi-
tudinal ribs usually numerous, aperture suboval, umbilicus
covered by the left lip, no basal rib. Janthoscala and Turbona
(Brown), Mirch, 1876, published without diagnosis, appear to
include species of this section.

Section Opatta, H. and A. Adams, 1853.

Shell turriculated, imperforate, whorls united, the last with
a basal spiral rib. To this group may be referred Psychrosoma,
Canefri, 1876,and perhaps Compsopleura (Am. tertiary), Conrad,
1865. :
Section Am#aA, H. and A. Adams, 1853.

Shell turriculated, thin, whorls united, cancellated, with some
thin, irregular varices; aperture semilunar, inner lip gibbous in
the middle, outer lip thin, simple.

Section CrrsotreMA, Morch, 1852.

Shell turriculated, solid, whorls cancellated, with a few irregu-
lar, thick, crispate varices ; aperture bordered by a thick crenu-
lated varix.

Section Acirsa, Morch, 1857.

Shell turreted, thin, whorls united, varices obsolete; lip thin,
simple. Arctic Seas.

SCALARTID A. 51

Section Acritia, H. Adams, 1860.

Shell moderately thick, turritelliform; whorls united, with
very numerous filiform ribs, last whorl with subcarinated
periphery ; lip of aperture thin.

Subgenus Constantia, A. Adams, 1860.

Shell small, perforate or imperforate, oval, with elate spire;
whorls rounded, decussated by thin longitudinal plications and
revolving elevated lire; aperture oval, margin free, continuous,
acute.

Subgenus Crossgera, A. Adams, 1865,

Shell turbinate, umbilicated, white ; whorls convex, in contact,
cancellated, simple or with distant varices; aperture somewhat
produced and channeled in front; umbilicus surrounded and
restricted by a callus, Japan.

Genus SCALIOLA, A. Adams, 1860.

Shell turriculated, whorls in contact, without varices, agglu-
tinating to the surface minute particles of sand, ete. Animal
with elongated, cylindrical, annulated rostrum, eyes prominent,
black, foot short, oval, acuminated behind, Operculum corneous,
oval, subspiral, with subterminal nucleus. Japan.

Genus FUNIS, Seeley, 1861.

Shell turreted, thin; whorls with lamelliform ribs, and usually
also with spiral striz, so as to produce a cancellated surface;
aperture ovate, margin thin, produced below. Characters inter-
mediate between Scalaria and Turritella.

F. Evone@ata, Seely. Fossil in the Cambridge Greensand,

England (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 67, f. 46). -

Genus EGLISIA, Gray, 1840.

Shell imperforate, elongated, solid ; whorls numerous, rounded,
spirally grooved, with indications of longitudinal varices; aper-
ture small, orbicular, columellar lip curved, thick, flattened and

52, SCALARIIDA,

angulated in front, umbilical region filled by a twisted funicu-
lum. Operculum corneous, few-whorled, with subcentral nucleus.
Europe, West Coast of Africa, West Indies,
Indian Ocean, Japan.
Smithia, Maltzan, 1883, is a synonym.
This genus has usually been arranged with the family Turri-
tellidee.

Genus ACLIS, Lovén, 1846.

Animal with long, retractile proboscis, tentacles close together
at the base, slender, cylindrical, eyes sessile at their external
bases; foot truncate; mentum narrower than the sole, and
extending far beyond the head; operculigerous lobe ample,
unsymmetrical. Radula of numerous, simple, aculeiform teeth.
Shell narrowly umbilicated or rimate, small, turreted, subulate,
smooth, or usually with spiral riblets; aperture oval, entire, the
peristome not continuous, lip thin, simple. Operculum corneous,
thin, ear-shaped, paucispiral, with marginal nucleus.

Aclis resembles Turritella in form, but is much smaller and
umbilicated. A few living forms are found in European seas,
and a dozen fossil species, commencing with the Devonian, are
also referred to the genus. .

Ebala (Leach), Gray, is a synonym.

Section Acuis (sensu stricto).
Shell spirally sulcate.

Section Hremractis, Sars., 1878.

Shell smooth, spire elongated, a little conical, apex regular,
obtuse; base a little dilated, aperture rather large.

Section Grapuis, Jeffreys, 1867.

Cylindrical, longitudinally striated or reticulated ; spire elon-
gated, apex obtuse and twisted; aperture oval, contracted.
Cioniscus, Jeffreys, 1869, is a synonym; the earlier name was
unnecessarily changed on account of being preoccupied in
lichens.

Section PueErusa, Jeffreys, 1869.

Shell subeylindrical, smooth, subperforute; apex obtuse,
twisted, but not sinistral; aperture angulated at the base, lip

SCALARIIDA. 53

sharp, sinuous. Menippe, Jeffreys, 1867, is a synonym, preoc-
cupied in Crustacea.
Section Ionma, A. Adams, 1860.

Shell umbilicated, turriculated or subulate; whorls slightly
convex, spirally sulcate, with fine longitudinal striz in the inter-
stices; aperture oblong, acuminated behind, rounded in front,
lip free, simple.

Section AcrHoneMA, Conrad, 1865.

Shell slightly umbilicated, conical; whorls numerous; aper-
ture suboval, rounded and reflected at the base, lip not continu-
ous, sharp. Celatura, Conrad, 1865, is a synonym.

A. stRIATUM, Lea. Eocene of Alabama.

Genus STILBE, Jeffreys, 1884.

Shell conical, elongated, smooth, shining, apex regular and
sharp; whorls numerous, but slightly convex; aperture sub-
oval, angulated in front and behind, lip sharp, Atlantic Ocean;
abyssal.

Jeffreys has placed this group in Turritellide ; it appears to
be more nearly related to Aclis.

Genus HOLOPELLA, M’Coy, 1852.

Shell elongated, slender, of numerous gradually increasing
convex whorls, with deep suture, usually arcuately striate, or
smooth, sometimes reticulated; aperture circular, with contin-
uous peristome; base rounded, with or without a minute umbili-
cus

Silurian-Triassic. H. GREGARIA, Sowb.

About a dozen species are known. Aclisina, de Koninck,
1881, is a synonym.

? Genus ELASMONEMA, Fischer, 1885.

Shell sometimes elongated, sometimes short or globular, with
rather distant, sublamellar longitudinal striz ; whorls convex;
mouth circular, lip continuous, thin.

Silurian. E. ScanarirorMe, Lindstrom.

The name is proposed instead of Callonema, Hall, 1879, not
Conrad, 1873; but if the latter is really, as suspected, a syno-
nym of Spironema, Meek, 1864, Hall’s name might be retained,

54 SCALARIA,

Scalaria has been monographed by:

Kiener, Iconog. Coq. vivantes. 20 species. (No date.)

Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, i. 93 species. 1847.

Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon., xix. 125 species. 1874.

Besides these, Morch has published in the Journal of the Phila-
delphia Academy,viii, 1876,an impoitant paper on the West Indian
species, based principally on the study of the specimens belonging
to the Robert Swift collection, in the museum of that institution.

An alphabetical catalogue of the recent and fossil species of
Scalaria, published by H. P. Nyst in the Annales de la Soe.
Malacol. de Belg., vi, 1873, includes 162 living, 161 tertiary, 51
cretaceous and 4 jurassic species.

Genus SCALARIA, Lam., 1801.

Section ScaLaria (sensu stricto).

S. PRETIOSA, Lam. PI. 11, fig. 31.

Widely umbilicated, smooth, polished, usually fleshy white,
the ribs ivory-white ; whorls 8, rounded. Length, 2°5 inches.
China, Australia, Moluccas.
This is the well-known “precious wentletrap,” the Turbo
scalaris, of Linneus.

S. CRENULATA, Pease. PI. 11, fig. 32.

Umbilicated, smooth, white; whorls 4, separated by a deep,

wide suture; lamelle 6, crenulated on the edge. Length, 5 mill.

Tahiti.

At first sight appears like a diminutive S. pretiosa, but is
wider, with less numerous, crenulated varices.

S. Patuast, Kiener. Pl. 11, fig. 33.

Shell narrower than S. pretiosa, with narrower umbilicus, fleshy
white between the ribs; whorls 8, somewhat disunited, lamellee
more numerous than in S, pretiosa, usually slightly hooked at
the top of the whorls. Length, 1:5 inches.

China, Philippines, Mauritius.

The synonyms are S. neglecta, Reeve (not Adams and Reeve);
S. subpretiosa, Blainv.; S. notha, Menke, and S, Nicobarica,
Beck, MS.

SCALARIA. 55

S. necnecta, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 11, figs. 34, 35.

Umbilicated, pale fawn-color, the ribs white; whorls 7-8,
rounded, rather numerously lamellate, the lamellz uncinated at

the top of the ribs. Length, 1:25 inches.
China Sea.

S. inclyta, Melvill (fig. 35), appears to me to be an old, well-
grown specimen of this form; the author distinguished it from
S. neglecta, but apparently has taken Reeve’s incorrect identifi-
cation of that species (see preceding description).

S. IMPERIALIS, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 36.

Narrowly umbilicated, fawn-color between the white lamelle,
which are numerous and rather close; whorls about 8, well
rounded, rapidly increasing. Length, 1:25 inches.

Mozambique; Swan River, Australia.

S. BULLATA, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 37.

Narrowly umbilicated, short and broad, very ventricose ;
whorls 6, very rapidly increasing, with oblique lamelle, some-
what uncinate at the suture. Length, 20 mill. .

Ins. Capul, Philippines.
S. opesa, Sowb. PI. 11, figs. 38, 39.

Whorls 6, ventricose, rather solid, contiguous, with numerous,
thick, rounded lamelle ; margin of aperture usually fulvous.
Length, 16 mill.
Australia.
S. auata, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 40.

Narrowly umbilicated, white, often broadly diffusely banded
with fawn-color; whorls 7, not in contact, with distant, thin
lamellz, angulated above, with somewhat pointed angle.

Length, °5—75 inch.

Singapore, Philippines, Viti Is.

S. rascrata, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 41.

Umbilicus nearly covered, white, single-banded with brown
between the varices; whorls 7, rounded, hardly touching, lamel-
lz acuminately angled above. Length, 23 mill.

Ins. Luzon, Philippines.

56 SCALARIA,

S. MaRMoRATA, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 42.

Searcely umbilicated, marbled with brownish between the
lamellze ; whorls 8-9, obtusely angulated above, the varices also

angulated, narrow and thin. Length, 1 inch.
India.
Differs from the preceding species by its more numerous,

angulated whorls, thinner and more irregular varices, and
coloring.

S. REPLICATA, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 43.

Scarcely perforate, stout, white; whorls 6, a little disunited,
lamelle rather distant, recurved, uncinate near the suture.
Length, 19 mill.
Lord Hood’s Isl. ; Kingsmill Is.
S. TENUIcOsTATA, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 44.

Almost imperforate, thin, subventricose ; whorls 8, with thin
lamelle, uncinate above. Length, 20 mill.
Ins. Luzon, Philippines.
S. CLeMEenTINA, Grateloup. PI. 11, figs. 48, 47.

Narrowly umbilicated, short, ventricose, fawn color, with three
narrow chestnut bands, lamelle white; whorls 6, rounded,
lamelle numerous, unequal. Length, 19 mill.

Singapore ; Philippines.

S. trifasciata, De Haan (fig. 47), is a synonym. The bands
are sometimes faint or obsolete.

S. LATIFASCIATA, Sowb. PI. 11, figs. 45, 46.

Spire longer than in the preceding species, with broad chest-
nut bands. Length, 23 mill.

Mauritius.
S. BULBULUS, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 49.

Subimperforate, short, ventricose, fawn color; whorls 5,
rounded, contiguous, with rather distant, slightly arched,
rounded, white lamelle. Length, 13 mill.

Hab. unknown.
S. opraBinis, A. Ad. PI. 11, fig. 50.

Subimperforate, short, ventricose, whitish, interruptedly two-
banded, appearing like two rows of spots; whorls 6, the lamelle
rounded, equal, rather distant. Length, 12 mill.

Hab. unknown.

SCALARIA, 5Y

S. TENUILIRATA, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 51.

Perforate, purple brown between the varices; whorls 6)
rounded, rapidly increasing, with deep suture, lamellze very
close, unequal, thin, rounded, reflected. Length, 12 mill.

Japan.
S. paAxatTa, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 52.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, smooth, white; whorls 6, much
disunited, with numerous, thin, scarcely regular lamelle.

Length, 20 mill.

Ins. Luzon, Philippines.
S. HYALINA, Sowb. PI. 11, figs. 53, 54.

Widely umbilicated, solute, smooth, thin, pellucid, white;

whorls 6, with distant, crenulated varices. Length, 18 mill.
Ins. Luzon, Philippines ; Singapore.

S. sotuta, Dunker. PI. 11, fig. 55.

Umbilicated, white ; whorls 5, well rounded, disunited, with
about ten crenulated white lamelle, usually four-lobed in the
last whorl. Length, 5 mill.

St. Thomas, West Indies.

S. sEmipissunoTA, Jeffreys. Pl. 11, fig. 56.

Subimperforate, corkscrew-shaped, white; whorls 7-8, flat-
shouldered, with close-set, flexuous, sharp lamellse, the inter-
stices very finely spirally striated. Length, 125 mill.

Azores, 2199 fms.
S. VERMETIFORMIS, Watson. PI. 18, fig. 74.

Solute, thin, white; whorls 6, rounded, with numerous low,
fine, sinuous lamellz, and fine spiral lines. Length, 6 mill.

Off Pernambuco (350 fms.).
S. PRINCIPALIS, Pallas. Pl. 12, fig, 58.

Narrowly umbilicated, thick, white, irregularly spirally stri-
ated ; whorls 8-10, well rounded, scarcely in contact, with rather
numerous, low lamelle. Length, 1°75 inches.

Tortola, W. Indies.
S. costrunaTa, Kiener. PI. 12, fig. 59.

Narrower, with more numerous, lower lamellz than the prece-
ding species, but possibly only a variety. Length, 34 mill.

W. Columbia (Cuming).

58 SCALARIA.

S. STATUMINATA, Sowb. PI. 12, fig. 60.
Narrowly perforated, short, thick, whitish; whorls 8, round-
shouldered, with few, thick, obliquely continuous varices.
Length, 15 mill.
Payta, Peru.
S. optusa, Sowb. Pl. 12, fig. 61.

Subimperforate, rather ventricose, white; whorls 6-7, convex,
contiguous, with rather numerous, thin lamelle, obtusely angu-

lar above. Length, 18 mill.
St. Hlena, W. Co. Central America.

S. Kressi, Morch. PI. 12, figs. 62, 63.

Narrowly umbilicated, polished, irregularly spirally striated,
white, light fulvous about the middle of the whorls; whorls 5-6,
scarcely joined, convex, slightly plane above, lamelle ten, a
little uncinate at the suture. Length, 17 mill.

St. Thomas and St. Martin, W. Indies.

S. Swirru, Mérch. PI. 192, fig. 64.

Scarcely perforate, white, polished, with very obsolete spiral
strie; whorls 7-8, with rimate suture, lamellie about twelve,
subcontinuous, not produced above. Length, 14 mill.

St. Thomas, W. I.
S. INcONsPICUA, Sowb. PI. 12, fig. 65.

Narrowly umbilicated, ventricose, short, white; whorls 6,
well rounded, with numerous, close, very thin lamelle.

Length, 13 mill.

West Indies.

Moreh indicates a var. INFLATA. L. 9, lat. 5°5 mill.

S. NANA, Jeffreys. Pl. 12, fig. 66.

Narrowly umbilicated, semitransparent, not glossy, whitish,
with a few spiral striz; whorls 7-8, convex, with about thirty
close lamelle. Length, 3°75 mill.

Bay of Biscay.
S. BREVIS, d’Orbigny. PI. 13, fig. 4.

Widely umbilicated, thin, whitish; whorls 4, obtusely angu-

lated on the periphery, spirally striate, with narrow, distant, low

lamelle. Length, 1 mill. j
Falkland Is.

Evidently a very young shell.

SCALARIA, 59

S. crassa, Sowb. PI. 11, fig. 57,

Slightly umbilicated, white, smooth; whorls 6, well rounded,
slowly increasing, with rather numerous, thin, low varices.

Length, 22 mill. Fhilippines.
S. tyRA, Sowb. PI: 12, fig. 69.

Narrowly umbilicated, whitish, with close, very thin lamelle,
white, two- or three-banded with chestnut; whorls 7, rounded,
contiguous. Length, 22 mill.

Japan, Philippines, Viti Is.

Differs from S. Clementina and S. latifascrata by its thin,
numerous lamella. SS. /ineata, Kiener (in part), is a synonym.

S. LINEOLATA, Sowb. PI. 12, fig. 81.

Narrowly umbilicated, fulvous, two-banded with chestnut
between the lamelle; whorls 8, well rounded, with numerous,
thin, rounded, white lamelle. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, Japan.
S. Marnier, Crosse. Pl. 12, fig. 87.

Subimperforate, whitish, maculated with chestnut in about
three spiral series; whorls about 7, separated, with very distant,
low, small lamella. Length, 22 mill.
| New Caledonia.
S. augniTA, Sowb. Pl. 12, fig. 84.

Narrowly perforate, pale fawn-color between the ribs, spirally
two-banded with chestnut; whorls 8, well rounded, with thin,
arched, rather distant decumbent varices, joined at the suture.

Leneth, 22 mill. Coast of Coromandel; Japan.

Narrower than the preceding species.

S. GLABRATA, Hinds. Pl. 12, fig. 85.

Narrowly perforate, yellowish with three interrupted series of
chestnut maculations or bands between the lamelle; whorls
about 9, well rounded, with distant, white, continuous lamelle.

Length, 20 mill. Sts. Macassar ; Malacca.

S. macutosa, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 12, fig. 86.
Narrowly perforate, yellowish with chestnut maculations
between the varices; whorls about 9, with distant lamellae,

slightly angulated and aculeate above. Length, 10 mill.
China Sea.

60 SCALARIA,

S. RUBROLINEATA, Sowb. PI. 19, figs. 82, 83.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, yellowish white, two-banded with
light chestnut, the upper band narrower and fainter, sometimes
obsolete; whorls 5, well rounded, with rather numerous, thin,
erect lamella. Length, 15-20 mill. Australia, Philippines.

S. pupra, Sowb. PI. 12, figs. 67, 68.

Moderately umbilicated, white; whorls 9, well rounded, con-
tiguous, with numerous thin, thread-like, low lamelle and
seareely perceptible spiral striae. Length, 1°5 inches.

Port Essington, Australia.

The original description was from a young specimen; the
adult was described by Gray, three years subsequently, under
the name of S. striata (fig. 68).

S. unDuLATIssimA, Sowb. PI. 12, fig. 70.

Perforate, thin, white, very minutely spirally striated, with
close fine undulated lamell, a little aculeate at the top of the
whorls; whorls 9, well rounded, slightly shouldered at the
suture. Length, 1 inch. Habitat unknown.

S. IRREGULARIS, Sowb. PI. 12, fig. 71.

Umbilicated, white, thin, with very thin, numerous irregular
varices, a little aculeated above; whorls 6, well rounded, con-
tiguous. Length, 22 mill. Philippines.

Very closely allied to S. dubia ; the figure, however, represents
closer, coarser lamell than in that species.

S. stmitis, Sowb. PI. 12, fig. 72.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, white, very minutely spirally
striated ; whorls 6, contiguous, lamellz close and thin.

Length, 18 mill. Philippines.

S omit, Tryon. Pl 12, fie: 73:

Fulvous grayish, very finely spirally striated; whorls 8,
rounded, the last. somewhat inflated, with close, thin lamelle.

Length, 14 mill.

Whydah, W. Africa.

This species was described as S. miranda, E. A. Smith, and
the name is changed on account of the previously published
Crosseia miranda, A. Ad.

SCALARIA. 61

S. CaATANUANENSIS, Sowb. PI. 12, fig. 74.

Shell ventricose, with seven rounded whorls, yellowish brown
with very small, close, thin varices, and a conspicuous one on
the back, near the aperture, minutely decussated by spiral striz.

Length, 12 mill.

Catanuan, Philippines.

In Conchologia Iconica, the figures of this species and of S.
pulcherrima have been transposed.

S. imMACULATA, Sowb. PI. 12, fig, 80.

Subumbilicated, minutely spirally striate, whitish; whorls
about 9, rounded, contiguous, with rather numerous, very thin,
unequal lamella, disappearing about the middle of the whorls,
and crispate at the suture. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines.
S. FRIABILIS, Sowb. Pl. 12, fig. 75.

Searcely umbilicated, very thin, white; whorls 8, but slightly
convex, the suture not deeply impressed, with very thin, close
lamella. aculeate close to the suture. Length, 20 mill.

Swan River, Australia.
S. crispaTa, Pease. Pl. 12, fig. 79.

Subimperforate, thin, white, finely spirally striated; whorls
8-9, convex, contiguous, the last whorl slightly ventricose, with
numerous, close, small, thin, crenulated lamell.

Length, 20 mill.

Paumotus Is.
S. inpistincTa, Sowb. PI. 12, fig. 76.

Subimperforate, rather solid, white, minutely spirally striated ;
whorls 9, well rounded, with very fine close lamelle, a little
crispate at the suture. Length, 23 mill.

Gulf of California.
S. TENUISTRIATA, @’Orb. Pl. 14, fig. 52.

Subimperforate, thin, whitish ; whorls 8, convex, subcancellated
by very numerous close lamelle and fine spiral striz.

Length, 16 mill.

Bahia Blanca, Buenos Ayres.

S. TENERA, H. Adams. PI. 12, fig. 77.
Subimperforate, thin, very finely spirally striated, white;
whorls 9, well rounded, with numerous close, thin lamelle, a little

62 SCALARIA.

erispate at the suture and almost disappearing on the middle of

the whorls. Length, 7 mill.
Philippines.

Described by H. Adams as S. delicatula, a name preoccupied
by Crosse and subsequently changed as above by Adams, and
a year later to S. subnudata, by Sowerby.

S. JEFFREYSII, Tryon. PI. 12, fig. 78.

Slightly umbilicated, thin, semitransparent, glossy, whitish,
with a few delicate, rounded, spiral striz, more conspicuous
towards the base of each whorl; whorls 10-12, convex, with
moderate suture, with about 25-30 lew, rounded riblets, incon-
spicuous or obsolete on the body-whorl. Length, 12 mill.

Atlantic O. (Porcupine Exped.).

Described by Dr. Jeffreys as S. tenera, preoccupied (see pre-
ceding species).

S. FoRMosIssiMA, Jeffreys. PI. 17, fig. 34.

Narrowly umbilicated, very thin, nearly transparent, rather
glossy, white; whorls 12, convex, narrowly, slopingly shouldered,
with 40-50 crowded, slight riblets, closely decussated by thread-
like spiral striz. Length, 15 mill.

Azores.
S. PYRAMIDALIS, Sowb. PI. 13, fig. 89.

Narrowly umbilicated ; whorls 9, well rounded and scarcely in
contact, with rather distant lamelle, narrowly angulated and
produced at the top of each whorl. Length, 1:25 inches.

Philippines.
Section Crarurus, Oken, 1815.

S. egrapata, Hinds. PI. 13, fig. 88.
Whorls 12, slowly increasing, narrow-shouldered above,
lamellz numerous, oblique, a little produced on the angle of the

shoulder. Length, 1°5 inches.
Amboyna,

S. nodosa, Opr. MS., in Brit. Mus., is a synonym.
S. Austro-CaLeponica, Montr. Pl. 13, fig. 94.

Whorls thin, 8 or 9 in number, separate, joined by 7 strong
lamelle, which are shouldered and aculeate at the top of each
whorl; white, with a single irregular chestnut band.

Length, 23 mill. New Caledonia.

SCALARIA. 63

S. AcuLEATA, Sowb. PI. 13, figs. 90, 91.

White, narrow, with eight contiguous whorls, and rather dis-
tant erect lamella, slightly produced and aculeated above, near
the suture. Length, 15-18 mill.

Philippines, Hong Kong, Malacca.

S. eximra, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 13, fig. 92.

Pale fulvous, spirally striated; whorls 10, narrow-shouldered
above, with regular white lamelle ; aculeate at the shoulder angle.

Length, 8 mill.

China Sea.
S. porrecta, Hinds. Pl. 13, fig. 93.

Imperforate, yellowish brown, aperture yellowish; whorls 8,

turreted, with numerous, rather thick lamella. Length, 10 mill.
Straits of Malacca.
S. muricata, Risso. PI. 13, fig. 95.

Whorls 8, distinctly shouldered, the somewhat distant, rather
broad lamellz expanded and aculeate on the shoulder.

Length, 18 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
S. Mirrzrormis, Sowb. PI. 13, fig. 1.

Similar to the preceding species, but with the lamellz more
numerous, narrower, and forming smaller, sharper points at the
angle. Length, 18 mill.

Guacomayo, W. Coast of Cent. America.

S. Fottacetcosta, d’Orb. PI. 13, fig. 96.

Imperforate, somewhat solid, whitish, a little shining; whorls
11, almost distinct, with six or seven lamelle, broadened above
and aculeate. Length, 15 mill.

West Indies.
S. occrpEenTALIS, Nyst. PI. 13, fig. 97.

Thin, smooth, white; whorls 8—9, almost separate, with thir-
teen or fourteen oblique continuous lamelle, excavated on the
narrow shoulder and aculeate. Length, 13 mill.

West Indies.

The name is substituted for S. tenuis, Sowb. (non Gray).
Var. AuRITA, Morch.

Lamelle eleven, thicker. Length, 11 mill.
_ A young shell.

64 SCALARIA,

Var. Buanpi, Morch.

Perforate, the suture less open, lamelle ten, with smaller and
more numerous lobes.

S. CENTIQUADRA, Morch. PI. 13, figs. 99, 100:

Thin, white, decussated by fine growth-lines and spiral striz,
the latter usually alternating larger and smaller; whorls about
8, with ten or eleven subcontinuous lamelle. Length, 15 mill.

West Indies.
It is S. denticulata, Sowb., not Mtge. (fig. 100).

S. vitraTa, Jeffreys. Pl. 13, fig. 3.

Thin, semitransparent, not glossy, pale yellowish brown, with
three chestnut bands on the body-whorl, two on those of the
spire; whorls 12-14, moderately convex, with deep suture, with
about 15 sharp, rather low lamella, aculeate above.

Length, 12°5 mill. Mediterranean Sea, W. Co. Africa.

S. AtcerIANA, Weinkauff. Pl. 13, fig. 2.

White, turreted ; whorls about 10, with slight spiral strize, and
fourteen lamellz, narrowly shouldered and aculeate above.

Length, 6 mill. Cape Breton; Mediterranean Sea.

This is S. coronata and S. Schultzti, Weinkauff, and S. multi-
striata, Phil., not Say.

S. rurBINATA, Conrad. Pl. 13, fig. 8.
Imperforate, white, body-whorl dilated ; whorls about 4, with

strong lamell, terminating in a prominent angle above.
Length, 8 mill. Near Beaufort, N. Carolina.

S. Pourrauesn, Verrill and Smith. PI. 13, fig. 6.

Pure white, rather stout, with seven well rounded, scarcely
united whorls, crossed by about sixteen high, thin, lamellee,
aculeate and angulate below the suture, interstices microscopi-
cally spirally striate. Length, 17°5 mill.

Off Martha’s Vineyard, Mass.

S. EcHINATICOSTA, d’Orb. PI. 13, fig. 98.

Whorls 6, rapidly enlarging, almost distinct, with about a
dozen lamellz, produced into three or four lobes on each whorl.
Length, 3°5 mill. — West Indies,

SCALARIA. 65

S. PERNOBILIS, Fischer and Bernardi. PI. 13, fig. 5.

Whorls 5-6, rapidly increasing, ventricose, with deep suture,
crossed by 14-15 strong, recurved lamelle, with undulating
edges, and somewhat aculeately produced above.

Length, 40 mill.

Ins. Marie- Galante, W. Indies.

Somewhat resembles, but is very much larger than S. echina-
ticosta, d’Orb. Also related rather closely to 8S. turbinata, Con-
rad, and S. Pourtalesii, Verrill and Smith.

S. FRoNDOosA, Sowb. PI. 13, fig. 7.

Subperforate, whorls 7-8, with about 14, rather stout, erect or
slightly recurved lamelle, a little produced above, forming a
narrow shoulder. Length, 20 mill.

Mediterranean, Bay of Biscay.

The synonyms are, according to Dr. Jeffreys: S. Celesti,
Aradas; S. pumila, Libassi; S. rugosa, Costa; S. eximia, Pec
chioli; S. Pecchioliana, Issel; S. Gravitellensis, Seguenza, and
S. soluta, Tiberi, 1868, not 1863.

S. PAuMoTENSIS, Pease. Pl. 13, fig. 16.
Thick, smooth, white; whorls 6, rounded, narrowly separated,
with seven, stout, regular, continuous, recurved lamellee.
Length, 9 mill.
Paumotus, Kingsmill and Viti Islands.

S. Japonica, Dunker. PI. 138, fig. 15; Pl. 14, fig. 24.
White, smooth, with seven rounded, scarcely touching whorls,
crossed by rather solid, obliquely continuous, subdistant lamelle.
Length, 15 mill.
Japan.

This is S. Japonica of Reeve, not Nyst—the latter being a
Constantia and substituted for S. elegans, A. Ad., preoccupied.

S. DEcussATA, Pease. PI. 13, fig. 14.

Rather thick, white; whorls 6, rounded, narrowly separate,
crossed by seven stout, regular, continuous lamelle, the inter-
stices decussated by very minute raised strie. Length, 9 mill.

Kingsmill, Viti and Sandwich Islands.
5

66 SCALARIA.

S. ancustaTA, Dunker. PI. 13, fig. 13.
Narrowly turreted, white, whorls rounded, with equal, some-
what distant, continuous lamelle, a little declining.

Length, 9 mill.
Japan.

S. SYMMETRICA, Pease. PI. 13, fig 12.

Solid, white; whorls 6, contiguous, spirally striated, with 16

thick, slightly recurved, continuous varices. Length, 8 mill.
Tahiti.
S. GRACILENTA, Gould. PI. 13, fig. 10.

Shell white, with 9 contiguous whorls, with profound suture,
crossed by 16 thin, rather low lamelle, the interstices minutely, -
spirally striated. Length, 6°25 mill.

Ins. Mangsi.
S. TExTURATA, Gould. PI. 13, fig. 9.

Subperforate, yellowish white; whorls 8, rounded, nearly
separate, crossed by nine whitish, elevated reflexed ribs, slightly
aculeate above, interstices microscopically decussated.

Length, 5 mill.

Hab. unknown.

One of the species of the Wilkes’ Exploring Expedition, pos-
sibly Polynesian.

S. PHinipprnarum, Sowb. PI. 13, figs. 18, 19.

Imperforate, white, or fulvous between the lamelle; whorls
about 10, well rounded, crossed by rather distant lamelle, a
little produced above. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, Australia, Amboyna, etc.

This species is quite common in collections and seems to have
a pretty wide distribution. Very probably some of the nearly
related forms are really only slight variations and should be
united with it
iS. JUKESIANA, Forbes. PI. 14, fig. 20.

Imperforate, white; whorls 9, narrower than the preceding
species, separate at the suture, with more numerous, nearly
equal lamelle. Length, 17 mill.

Australia.

S. Wellingtonensis, Kirk, is said to be a synonym, but the
specimens received under that name at the Philadelphia Acad-
emy, from a distinguished Australian conchologist, appear to
= 8. Philippinarum.

SCALARIA. 67

S. SUBAURICULATA, Souverb. PI. 14, figs. 22, 21.

Whorls 9, narrow, rounded, scarcely in contact, with seven
rather solid, oblique, subreflexed lamellee, interstices microscopi-
cally spirally striated. Length, 6°25 mill.

New Caledonia.

I place here as a synonym, but with some slight doubt
S. attenuata, Sowb. (Fig. 21), a species described without locality,
and the name subsequently changed by Canefri to S. microsoma, on
account of the previously described S. attenuata, Pease.

S. GRAcILIs, Sowb. PI. 14, figs. 28, 29.

Whorls 9-10, narrow, well rounded, contiguous, fulvous, with
subdistant, continuous, rather thick, white lamelle, a little aculeate
near the suture. Length, 18 mill.

Philippines.

If this species equals S. subawriculata, Souverb. described above,
its name should take precedence.

S. casta, A. Ad. PI. 14, fig. 23.
White, whorls 8, moderately convex, with distinct suture, the
varices numerous, some rather thick, slightly aculeate at the suture.
Length, 18 mill.
Japan.

S. concrnna, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 25.
Whorls 6, rapidly enlarging, contiguous, whitish, with numerous,
close, rather thick, simple lamelle. Length, 15 mill
Ins. Bohol, Philippines.

S. muLticosTaTa, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 26.
Whorls 6-7, somewhat convex, fulvous, contiguous, crossed by
numerous, rather thick, unequal, white varices. Length, 14 mill.
‘Ins. Corrigidor, Philippines.
S. optiqua, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 27.
Thin, attenuated, white; whorls 7, rounded, scarcely contiguous,
crossed by numerous, close, oblique varices, slightly angular near

the suture. Length, 15 mill.
Habitat unknown.

S. Mryporoensts, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 31.
Whitish, with 5 or 6 rounded contiguous whorls, crossed by
numerous, thick, rounded simple varices. Length, 17 mill.
Ins. Mindoro, Philippines.

68 SCALARIA.

S. ALBOLINEATA, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 30.

Chestnut colored between the varices; whorls 8, crossed by some-
what distant, rather thick, white varices, which are obscurely
angular in the centre. Length, 14 mill.

Hab. unknown.

Said to resemble S. Philippinarum, but with the whorls less
separated, and the varices slightly angular in the middle.

S. PULCHERRIMA, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 32.

Brownish purple; whorls 6, rapidly enlarging, slightly convex,
contiguous, suture not deep, lamelle numerous, oblique, white,
acuminately lobed at the suture. Length, 12 mill.

Philippines.

This is S. Catanuensis of Reeve’s plate but not of the description,
the numbers of that species and of S. pulcherrima having been
transposed on the plate.

S. pumina, A. Ad. PI. 14, fig. 33.

Shell minute, rather short, ventricose, pale fulvous; whorls 6,
rounded, distinct, with rather thick, rounded, approximate white
varices. Length, 15 mill. (magnified?)

Japan.
S. CREBERRIMA, Hinds. PI. 14, fig. 34.

Pale grey, smooth; whorls 6, well rounded, with numerous close,
rather prominent lamelle. Length, 15 mill.

New Guinea.
S. pacTEA, Krauss. Pl. 14, fig. 35.

Minute, whorls 9, white, with crowded small thin lamelle, suture
profound. Length, 8 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.
S. sutcata, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 36.

Thin, white, minutely spirally striated ; whorls 7, narrow, rounded,
with moderate suture, and numerous, close, thin lamelle.

Length, 18 mill.

Ins. Luzon, Philippines.
S. suBTILISs, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 38.

Narrow, brownish, spirally minutely striated; whorls about 8,
moderately convex, contiguous, slowly increasing, the lamelle close,
minutely crenulated. Length, 11 mill.

, Philippines.

SCALARIA. 69

S. vesTAuis, Hinds. PI. 14, fig. 37.
Whitish, very minutely spirally striated; whorls 6, rounded,
crossed by numerous, close, minute, simple varices. Length, 14 mill.

New Gwinea.
S. DELICATULA, Crosse. PI. 14, fig. 39.

Thin, narrow, acuminated, very minutely spirally striated; whorls
about 11, rounded, crossed by unequal ribs, most of them lamellar,
some thickened, simple at the suture. Lengtn, 12 mill.

New Caledonia.

Reeve mentions a keel on the last whorl, but his figure does not
show it, and it is neither in the original figures nor the descriptions.

S. ovaris, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 40.

Minute, thick, bluish white; whorls 5, contiguous, somewhat
convex, lamellze oblique, white, thick, not numerous, elevated above
the suture; aperture auriform, margin expanded. Length, 5 mill.

Ins. Mindoro, Philippines.
S. coNNEXA, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 41.

Pupiform, with obtuse spire, pale purple between the white
lamelle; whorls 5, very slightly convex, lamelle oblique, white,
close, connected. Length, 8 mill.

Ins. Luzon, Philippines.
$. pucauis, Morch. PI. 14. fig. 47.

Whorls 8, rounded, contiguous, crossed by regular, subdistant
strong lamellee, a little dilated and irregularly joined at the suture.

Length, 1 in.

Xipixappi, W. Columbia.

This is not S. principalis of Pallas, for which it is erroneously
figured in the Thesaurus and Iconica, The name was changed to
S. ducalis by Morch in 1875 and to S. simillima by Tapparone-
Canefri, in 1876. S. tenuis, Gray (not Sowerby) is the juvenile.

S. actcutina, Hinds. Pl. 14, fig. 42.

Narrow, chestnut brown; whorls 9, rather convex, crossed by
somewhat distant, thin, white, lamellz, subangulated in the middle.

Length, 9 mill.

? W. Coast of America.
S. porta, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 43.

Thin, highly polished, pale grey, very narrow, whorls 10, convex,
with numerous, close, rather thin lamells, obsolete in the middle of
the whorls. Length, 22 mill.

Xipixappi, W. Columbia.

70 SCALARIA.

S. ELENEns!s, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 44.
White, whorls 7, convex, with deep suture, lamelle about 6, very
distant, continuous, slightly plaited at the suture. Length, 10 mill.
St. Elena, W. Columbia.
S. HExAGONA, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 45.
Thick, white; whorls 6, moderately convex, with six strong,
oblique, thick lamelle, Length, 15 mill.
Acapulco.
S. CURVILINEATA, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 46.
Whitish, whorls 6, oblong, not very convex, contiguous, lamellee
thin, curvilinear, simple. Length, 15 mill.
Sonsonate, Central America.

S. Inp1anorvum, Carp. PI. 14, figs. 48, 49.

Rather thin, white, whorls 10, rounded, scarcely in contact, with
8—15 (usually about 12) lamelle, narrowly aculeated at the top of
the whorls. Length, 1 in.

Vancowver’s Isl.— California.
Var. TINcTA, Carp. Fig. 49.

Costae acute, not reflected, whorls posteriorly tinged with brownish
purple.

Southern California.
S. venosa, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 50.

Smooth, white; whorls 9, separate, with about 11 lamelle, some-

what reflected and subangulate at the suture. Length, 13—18 mill.
West Indies, Venezuela.
S. moprstTA, C. B. Ad. PI. 14, fig. 60.

Ventricose, short, pale fulvous; whorls 7, rather convex, with
rather distant simple lamelle. Length, 14 mill.

West Indies.
S. Orprenyi, Nyst. Pl. 14, fig. 51.

Solid, white, whorls 9, with very deep suture, lamellee 14, thick,
low, angulated at the suture. Length, 15 mill.

West Indies, Patagonia.

It is S. elegans, V@Orb., not Risso,

S. ANGULATA, Say. PI. 14, fig. 53.

Whorls about 7, subcylindrical, white, separate, with about 9-10,
strong lamelle, slightly angular above.

Connecticut to Florida.

This is S. clathrus, Say (not Linn.), and S. Humphreysiana, Kiener.

SCALARIA. TA

S. GRADATELLA, Morch. PI. 14, fig. 54.
Narrow, white, polished; whorls 9, flatly convex, with about 11,
low lamellz, a little angulated above. Length, 12 mill.
West Indies.

Narrow, with more whorls than the preceding species.
S. uNIFASCIATA, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 55.

White with a single narrow chestnut band at the suture; whorls
about 7, with 6, straight, subcontinuous lamelle. Length, 15 mill.

West Indies.

S. unpEcIMcosTATA, Moérch. PI. 14, fig. 56.

Solid, white or yellowish white, microscopically spirally striate;
whorls 6, convex, with deep suture and 11 regular, strong, subcon-
tinuous lamelle. Length, 10 mill.

W. Indies.

S. EBURNEA, Pot. et Mich. PI. 14, figs. 57, 58.

Rather thin, smooth, white, shining, with obsolete spiral striae;
whorls about 9, very convex, with deep suture, with 12-13 sharp
lamelle. Length, 20 mill.

West Indies.

The synonyms are S. fragilis, Hanley (fig. 57) S. albida, d’Orb.
(fig. 58), and probably S. ligata, C. B. Ad. Moérch has mentioned

vars. pumilio and angusta.

S. rerEs, Bush. PI. 14, fig. 59.

Thin, semi-transparent, very shining, bluish white with a delicate
pink apex; whorls about 9, very convex, crossed by about 27 very
thin, delicate lamelle, a little oblique, with an almost imperceptible
angle at the suture. Length, 4 mill.
Cape Hatteras, N. Car.

S. Nov-Aneuie, Couth. Pl. 15. fig. 62.

Thin, white, with here and there a rusty blotch; whorls cylindrical,
barely touching, minutely decussated between the lamellze; whorls
10, crossed by eleven, somewhat oblique, delicate lamell, not

continuous, a little aculeate at the top of the whorls. L. 17°5 mill.

A single specimen from a fish, caught off
Cape Ann, Mass.
I know nothing of this species.

72 SCALARIA.

S. MULTISTRIATA, Say. PI. 15, fig. 63.

Thin, white, very minutely spirally striated; whorls 8-9, very
convex, crossed by about 15 slightly oblique delicate lamelle, very
slightly shouldered at the top of the whorls. Length, 18 mill.

Southern Coast of the United States.

S. cAnpipissimA, Monterosato. PI. 15, fig. 64.
Narrow, rather thin, white; whorls 9, very convex, crossed by
rather distant, simple lamelle. Length, 15 mill.
Algiers.

Something like S. eburnea, Pot. et Mich., but narrower.

S. communIs, Lam. PI. 15, figs. 65, 66.

Rather thick, smooth, flesh colored, with light purplish macula-
tions, and usually a basal band of the same color; whorls about 12,
scarcely in contact, with about 9 erect, broadly recurved varices,
subcontinuous and also maculated. Length, 1°25—1°75 in.

Europe.

It is S. clathrus (not of Linnzeus), authors, S. /aevigata, Calcara.

S. Turronis, Turton. PI. 15, fig. 67.

Resembling the preceding species in form and coloring, but the
lamellee flat, instead of raised, some of them much thicker than
others, appearing like varices; the ribs are less convex than in
S. communis. Length, 1—1°5 in.

Europe, Madeira.

The synonyms are S. planicostata, Bivona, 8. tenwicostata, Mich.

S. CANTRAINEI, Weinkauff. PI. 15, fig. 68.

Flesh color or corneous, trifasciate with brownish; whorls 10, a
little flattened, with 12 strong lamelle, a little coronate at the
suture. Length, 5 mill.

Algiers—Bay of Biscay.

S. Kusmici, Brusina and S. Trevelyana, Tiberi are synonyms.

S. TREVELYANA Leach. PI. 15, fig. 69.

Fleshy white, whorls 10, convex, rapidly increasing, with about
16 rather low, somewhat recurved lamellz, some of them much
thicker than the others. Length, 1 inch.

Northern Europe.
S. pseudopulchella, Seguenza is a synonym.

SCALARIA. 73

S. CLATHRATULA, Adams. PI. 15, figs. 70,61; Pl. 13, fig. 17.
Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy, white, irregularly, indis-
tinctly, spirally striated; whorls 12-13, convex, with deep suture,
crossed by about 18, subequal, thin, erect lamelle. Length, 15 mill.
Europe; Madeira; New England.

The last locality is for S. Dalliana, Verrill and Smith, (fig. 61),
dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission, and which Dr. Jeffreys makes
a synonym. S. Georgettina, Kiener has also been referred here by
Dr. Jeffreys, probably correctly.

Var spinosa, Jeffreys.
The ribs a little aculeate at the suture.
Var. pRopDUCTA, Jeffreys.

Spire longer, ribs much more numerous.

S. HELLENICA, Forbes. PI. 15, fig. 71. =
Narrow, subeylindrical, whorls 8, with low, distant costae, slightly
coronate at the suture, aperture margined. Length, 8 mill.
Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands.

The figure of Rissoa coronata, Phil. which I copy, appears to
represent that genus rather than a Scalaria but Dr. Jeffreys makes
it a doubtful synonym. He also refers here S. Scacchii, Hornes.

S. PULCHELLA, Bivona. PI 15, fig. 72.

White, whorls 10, very convex, with close, numerous, slender
lamelle. Length, 18 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
S. Barrpu, Smith, PI. 15, fig. 73.

Bluish white, finely spirally striate; whorls 9, with moderate
lamellze, obsolete in the middle of the whorls, raised into knobs at
the suture, where the interstices are somewhat pitted.

Length, 15 mill.

Whydah, W. Africa.

Reeve’s figure of this species differs so much from the original
illustration that I doubt it; it recalls S. crenata, Linn.

S. Wessun, d’Orb. PI. 17, fig. 53.
Whorls about 6, convex, spirally striated, with about 23, equal,

low, slight lamellz. Length, 4 mill.
Teneriffe.

74 SCALARIA.
Section Opaia, H. & A. Adams, 1853.

S. Dian, Hinds. PI. 15, fig. 74.
Whitish, whorls ventricose, smooth, very rapidly enlarging, lamellee
distant, broadly expanded above. Length, 9 mill.
Amboyna.
S. consors, Crosse and Fisher. Pl. 13, fig. 11.
Narrow, whitish, whorls 11, rounded, in contact, with regular
simple lamellee, base with spiral rib. Length, 13 mill.
St. Vincent's Gulf, Australia.

S. pHitTaTa, Watson. PI. 18, fig. 78.

Thin, subhyaline, white; whorls 7, flatly convex with deep suture,
with about 25, longitudinal oblique lamellz, cut across by two or
three strong spiral furrows, causing the lamelle to appear in prickly
interrupted series, base with a spiral thread. Length, 2°5 mill.

Tristan d’ Acunha, (100 to 150 fms.)

S. LAMELLOSA, Lam. PI. 15, figs. 84, 76, 77, 82, 83.

Whorls about 8, well rounded, smooth, flesh color, more or less
definitely darker banded at the suture and above the basal rib, and
intermediately marbled, lamellz thin, white, blade-like, continuous.

Length, 1-1°5 in.

Mediterranean, West Indies, Sandwich Is. Mauritius.

I include here several species which I find it impossible to
separate by characters of value. Moérch (Jour, Philad. Acad. VIII,
200) says that the Mediterranean S. pseudoscalaris, Brocchi (fig. 77)
differs in being narrower, with equal ribs, and that the Polynesian
S. perpleaa, Pease (fig. 83), has single high, alternating with pairs
of lower ribs; but both these forms differ widely in series of
specimens and are clearly traceable one into another.

I also include here S. coronata, Lam. (fig. 76) said by Kiener to
come from Cape of Good Hope, and by Mérch believed to be West
Indian: it appears to be merely a well-grown S. /amedlosa, the number
of lamellee varying.

This is S. clathrus of Linnzeus, 12 Edit. (not 10th Edit.) and of
most American authors, and S. monocycla, Lam. (fig. 82). Mon-
terosato has given the new name of commutata to the Mediterranean
specimens because, he says, that of S. /amellosa is preoccupied by
Brocchi for a large Grignon fossil, and the true S. pseudoscalaris,
Brocchi is somewhat spinose. It does not seem advisable again to

SCALARIA. 75

change the name of this species, so long known as S, clathrus, and
* now equally well-established as S. /amellosa. Monterosato has given
the name candida to a variety.

S. NautL#, Morch. PI. 15, fig. 78.

Whorls about 8, convex, with subimpressed suture, lamelle 12,

linear, angularly reflexed at the suture. Length, 12°5 mill.
Mexican Gulf.
S. AnpreEwst, Verrill. Pl. 15, fig. 79.

Whorls 7, well-rounded, white, suture deep, lamelle 13, regular,
moderately elevated, the interstices crossed by spiral cinguli, which
also render the ribs a little nodulous. Length, 5°5 mill.

Off Newport, R. I., 100 fms.

S. LonaIsstmA, Seguenza. Pl. 15, fig. 85.
Whorls 11, thick, whitish, closely, lightly, spirally striated, with
low, broad longitudinal ribs and equal interspaces. Length, 18 mill.
European Atlantic.
Described as an Italian pliocene fossil.

S. FUNICULATA, Watson. PI. 18, fig. 79.

Whorls 8-9, darkish colored, with fine close spiral striae, with
10-12 narrow, low, strong ribs and much wider interspaces.

Length, 6 mill.

Off Pernambuco, Brazil,

S. acus, Watson. PI. 16, fig. 92; Pl. 18, fig. 80.

Solid, white, faintly spirally striate; whorls 12, flatly convex,
constricted at the suture, ribs 15-17, strong, rounded, with somewhat
narrower interspaces. Length, 5°5 mill.

N. Atlantic, 49-1254 fms; W. of Azores, 1000 fms; off Culebra,
W. Ind. 390 fms.

S. rortiLis, Watson. PI. 18, fig. 76.

Whorls about 10, well rounded, slowly enlarging, with 9-10 close-
set thread-like spiral striae, extending over the 14 remote, distant,
longitudinal ribs. Length, 10 mill.

Off Culebra, W. Ind., 390 fis.

8. coarcTaTA, Jeffreys. Pl. 15, figs. 80, 86.

Whitish, or brownish white, solid; whorls 7-9, convex, with very
slight close spiral striae, and about 20 longitudinal, low, rounded
ribs, with equal interstices, Length, 13 mill.

Norway.

76 SCALARIA.

S. obtusicostata (fig. 80) and S. varicosa (fig. 86) of Sars, not
Brocchi, are synonyms.

S. Ocnorensis, Middendorff. Pl. 15, fig. 87.

Thick, white, subdiaphanous; whorls numerous, flatly convex,
with irregular spiral impressed striae, and very irregular thick
slightly oblique, low ribs. Length, 60 mill.

So. Coast of the Sea of Ochotsk.

One of the giants of the genus.

S. BOREALIS, Gould. Pl. 16 fig. 89.

Solid, whitish, smooth, with seven or eight stout ribs and much
wider interspaces, whorls about 8. Length, 1°5 in.

Vancouver's Isl. northward.

On account of S. borealis, Beck, an unacknowledged species, the
name was changed independently in the year 1876 by Canefri to
S. Gouldii, and by Morch to 8S. Wroblewskyi.

S. AusTRALIS, Lam. PI. 16, fig. 90.
Thick, whitish, whorls about 10, slightly convex, smooth, with 9
or 10 very thick, rounded ribs. Length, 1°5 in.
Australia.

Very closely allied to the’ preceding species, which has been
confounded with it. About the only differences consist in one or
two more ribs to each whorl. It remains to be seen whether this
difference is constant.

S. Macetuanica, Phil. PI. 15, fig. 88.
Shell white, solid, subventricose; whorls 8, distinct, with rather
thick, numerous ribs, bent in a roundish angle near the suture.
Length, 1 in.
Straits of Magellan.
S. Granianpica, Chemn. PI. 16, fig. 91.
Whorls 10-11, convex, thick, distantly spirally grooved, con-
tiguous, with stout, recurved or sub-decumbent ribs. Length, 1°5 in.
Greenland to Massachusetts.

S. subulata, Couthouy is asynonym; as is also S. planicosta, Kiener.

S. Lovenr, A. Adams. PI. 16, fig. 94.
Whorls 8, somewhat convex, spirally suleate, ribs flattened,
bluntly aculeate above. Length, 15 mill.
Arctic Sea.

SCALARIA. 77

Perhaps a small variety of the preceding species, from which it
differs in the produced terminations of the ribs.

S. unornatTicosta, d’Orb. PI. 16, fig. 95.
Whorls about 6, whitish or yellowish, with distinct, regular spiral
liree, with 12 strong, thick equal lamelle, aculeate above.
_ Length, 7 mill.
West Indies.
S. CANDEANA, d’Orb. PI. 16, fig. 96.

Whitish, shining, whorls 6, rapidly enlarging, convex, with close
spiral lire, and 12-16 simple ribs. Length, 6-9 mill.

West Indies.

S. acuta, Pfr, is a synonym.

S. cRENATA, Linn. PI. 16, figs, 15, 97, 98.

Thick, white, closely spirally striated, with about 12 rather close,
low spiral ribs, usually becoming obsolete on the middle of the last
whorl and produced above into sutural crenulations.

Length, 15-17 mill.

Southern Europe; Canary Is; W. Indies.

It is S. raricostata, Costa.

Var. S. CRENULATA, Kiener. Fig. 97.

The West Indian specimens are wider than those of the
Mediterranean and Mérch considered them a distinct species, they
are so close, however, in other respects, and particularly in the
peculiar appressed sutural crenulations of the ribs, that I hesitate
to give them a separate position.

Var HoresstertAna, d’Orb. fig. 98.

A very narrow form, differing considerably from the usual West
Indian type, as above, being as much narrower than S. crenata as
the former is wider. Length, 11°5 mill.

West Indies.
S. crassicosta, Gray Ms. and of ©. B. Adams are both referred
here by Mérch; the former, which is figured by Sowerby from a
specimen without locality in the British museum (fig. 15) appears
more like the typical S. crenata. On account of the fossil S.
erassicostata Desh. Nyst changed Gray’s name to S. grossicostata.
Morch adds S. conifera, Mtg.

Var. CRENATOIDES, Carp. PI. 16, fig. 1.
Stout, like Var. erenulata, but shorter. Length, 13 mill.
Cape St. Lucas, S. Diego, Cal.

78 SCALARIA.

Carpenter writes “additional specimens may connect this with the
Portuguese S. crenata,’ and again, in describing the pleistocene
fossil ? Var. insculpta, “it is quite possible that the three forms had
a common origin.”

S. prADEMA, Sowb. PI. 16, figs. 99, 100.

Solid, short, ventricose, shouldered, smooth, pale fulvous or
greyish, with thick longitudinal ribs, nodose at the shoulder-angle,
sometimes obsolete on the middle of the last whorl. Length, 18 mill.

Gallapagos Is.
S. ZELEBORI, Frauenfeld. Pl. 15, fig. 75.

Whorls 9, very convex, strongly spirally costate, with rather
broad, somewhat recurved lamellz, white, somewhat solid.

Length, 22 mill.
New Zealand, Australia.
S. vutprina, Hinds. PI. 15, fig. 81.

Orange brown, thick, spirally striated; whorls 10, well rounded,
with strong, rib-like lamelle. Length, 6 mill.
Straits of Malacca.

Section amma, H. & A. Adams. 1858.

S. macnirica, Sowb. Pl. 16, fig. 16.

Whorls 10, well-rounded, thin, with spiral riblets and somewhat
wider interstitial spaces showing growth-striz, on the last whorls
occasional longitudinal, narrow ribs, white or brownish white.

Length, 4°25 in.
2? China.

It is S. principalis, Chemn. not Pallas.
S. Martini, Wood. PI. 16, fig. 5.

Thin, white; whorls 7-8, convex, very minutely, closely, spirally
striated, with occasional or numerous, irregular, varix-like ribs.

Length, 1 in.

Philippines, Mauritius.

Reeve’s locality, West Indies, is erroneous. S. striata, Kiener, is
a synonym,

S. RARICOSTATA, Lam. PI. 16, figs. 2, 3.

White, rather thick, fimbriately cancellated (when fresh) by
close fine lamellz and spiral strize, with occasional stout variceal
ribs; whorls about 6, rapidly enlarging and very convex.

Length, 1 inch.

Ceylon, Mauritius.

It is S. reticulata, Helbling.

SCALARIA. 79

S. suruRALIS, Hinds. Pl. 16, fig. 8.

Narrow, whitish, stained with brown, minutely spirally striated ;
whorls 9-10, convex, contiguous, rather compressed, keeled and
grooved at the suture, with very infrequent rounded varices.

Length, 9 mill.

Malacea.
S. genicuLATA, Brocchi. PI. 16, fig. 17.

Reddish brown, whorls 8, well rounded, with fine, close, longitu-
dinal lamellz and occasional thick varices. Length, 1 in.

Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe.

First described as a pliocene fossil. Recent specimens are occa-
sionally dredged at considerable depths.

S. ruRRICcULA, Sowb. PI. 16, figs. 13, 4, 6.

Covered perforate, rather thin, turreted, white, often with two
faint chestnut bands, with very close fine spiral lire; whorls 8-9,
with 12-13 lamelle, some of which are varicose. Length, 18 mill.

West Indies.

S. turrita, Nyst is a synonym; S. nuda, Sowb. (figs. 4, 6),
described without locality, appears to be another.

S$. noveara, Say. Pl. 16, figs. 14, 9.

Shell thick, shining, porcellanous, with traces of fine lamellee,
with wider interspaces, and occasional varices ; whorls 6-7, moder-
ately convex, white or yellowish or brownish white with two narrow
chestnut bands, the lower one the most conspicuous.

Length, 12-15 mill.

Southern Atlantic Coast of the United States.

Reeve’s figure represents a specimen in which the lamellz are

unusually developed, whilst the normal denuded state is

described as a new species, S. wnicostata, Sowerby (fig. 9), and

changed by Canefri to S. Fischeriana on account of S. wneinaticosta,
dOrb, mistaken by him for wnicostata.

S. ERRONEA, Canefri. PI. 16, fig. 7.
Attenuated, smooth, whitish, with fulvous apex, whorls 8, convex,

with rare varices. Length, 18 mill.
? Port Jackson, Australia.

Wrongly figured by Sowerby for S. Mérchi, Angas, which is a
very different species.

80 SCALARIA.

Section Actrsa, Morch, 1857.

S. GRANULOSA, Quoy. PI. 16, fig. 11.

Rather thick, fulvous, with a white band, or whitish, very min-
utely nodose, with vestiges of ribs, gathered and crenulated at the
suture; whorls about 9, a little sloping. Length, 1-1'25 in.

Swan River, Australia.

Very closely allied to 8. costulata, Mighels and Adams, and may
be a variety ; it has about the same nearness to that species that S.
Australe has to S. borealis.

S. cosruLata, Mighels and Adams. PI. 16, figs. 10, 12, 18.
Whitish or greyish fulvous, thick ; whorls 8, slopingly, slightly

convex, with a spiral rib below, upper portion more or less distinctly

longitudinally ribbed, gradually fading until the body whorl is.

smooth or nearly so. Length, 18-22 mill.
Greenland to Cape Cod, Mass..

Mighels describes a young specimen, in which the ribs are more:
apparent. The synonymy includes S. borealis, Beck, 1839, proba-
bly (not described), S. Eschrichti (Holb.), Moller (fig. 12), Turritella.
Hibernica, Waller, and S. undulata, Sowb. (fig. 18).

S. suBDECUSSATA, Cantraine. PI. 16, fig. 19.

Whorls about 11, rather flattened, the upper ones with longitu-.
dinal ribs, which soon become obsolete, distantly, lightly, spirally
striated, a slight spiral rib on the base of the body whorl.

Length, 23 mill.
Mediterranean.

Like S. costulata, but narrower. The synonyms are S. Philippi,
Aradas, and probably S. striata, A. Ad., said to come from the:
Philippines.

S. gractuis, Verrill. Pl. 16, fig. 20.

Whorls about 6, well rounded, with deep sutures, and rather
prominent, close, rounded ribs, fading out on the middle of the body
whorl. Length, 5 mill.

: Martha’s Vineyard.

Probably not adult.

S. PYRRHIAS, Watson. PI. 18, fig. 75.

Shell thin, slopingly shouldered, white; whorls about 8, rapidly
enlarging, with several distant spiral threads just below the shoulder-
angle, and about 11, oblique, procumbent lamelle. Length, 5 mill.

Off Culebra Isl.. West Indies, 390 fms..

SCALARIA. 81
Section CrrsorreMA, Morch, 1852.

S. K1ENERI, Canefri. PI. 17, figs. 21, 22, 26.

Whorls about 15, well rounded, with a narrow shoulder above,
aculeately decussated by spiral ridges crossing thin longitudinal
lamelle. Length, 2°75 in.

Mauritius, New Caledonia.

S. cancellata, Humphreys, is a synonym. For the figure given by
Kiener for this species (fig. 26) Canefri has substituted the name S.
Kieneri, as he believes it to be different not only from Lamarck’s
species (a Grignon fossil), but also from Sowerby’s figure. To the
latter I cannot agree, for making due allowance for a worn speci-
men, and the general unnaturalness resulting from the method of
drawing Kiener’s figures, they appear like enough.

S. varicosa, Lam. PI. 17, figs. 23, 27.

White, thick, cancellated by spiral and longitudinal lamellee, the
longitudinal sculpture more prominent, fimbriated, with occasional
strong tuberculated varices and a spiral basal rib; whorls 12, with
very slight shoulder and deep suture. Length, 2 in.

Philippines, Australia, Mauritius.

S. attenuata, Helbling and S. fimbriata, Lam, are synonyms.
Var. ABBREVIATA, Sowb. Fig. 27.

Shorter and thicker, the lamelle aculeate at the top of the
whorls, the margin crenated. Length, 1 in. .

Mauritius.
S. cocHLEA, Sowb. Pl. 17, figs. 24, 25.

White, spirally striate, fimbriating the numerous rather thin,
sharp longitudinal lamelle, with occasional thick tubercular
lamelle; whorls 8, with flattened shoulder and deep suture, basal
rib fimbriated. Length, 1°5 inch.

Mediterranean Sea, Madeira, W. Coast of Africa, West Indies..

Distinguished from the preceding species by its flattened shoulder
and general corkscrew-like appearance. The name of varicosa has
been applied to this species but the figure in the Encyc. Meth. cited
by Lamarck, although very poor, could never be mistaken for
cochlea. Brocchi, in 1814, described an Italian fossil under the
name of S. pumicea (fig. 25) which has been identified by several
good naturalists with the present species; if this identification be

correct, Brocchi’s name should have precedence, bnt I am not sat-
6

32 SCALARIA.

isfied of this. Another name for the fossil species is probably 8.
serrata, Caleara.
S. MULTIPERFORATA, Sowb. PI. 17, fig. 33.

Fulvous, with broad, decumbent, undulated ribs, angularly fluted
on one side, the interstices pitted; whorls 8, compressed, channeled
at the suture, crowned with raised points, last whorl keeled below,
pitted at the keel, varices few, irregular, thick, raised and produced
at the suture. Length, 15-18 mill.

Mauritius, Singapore.
S. Morcut, Angas. PI. 16, fig. 7.

Solid, whitish; whorls 9, rounded, decussated with longitudinal
ribs and more numerous spiral ridges, the longitudinal ones evanes-
cent at the base, suture impressed. Length, 10 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.
S. CRASSILABRUM, Sowb. PI. 17, fig. 32. ;

Whitish or yellowish white; whorls 7, subbiangular, shouldered
with deep suture, rather obsoletely ribbed, aperture with thick,
expanded, minutely striated margin. Length, 6 mill.

Philippines; Central America; Mazatlan.

I know nothing about this species or its localities.

S. BICARINATA, Sowb. PI. 17, fig. 28. :
Subcylindrical, whitish, narrow, very minutely cancellated, with
two spiral ribs on the body whorl, suture pitted. Length, 18 mill.
Philippines.
Perhaps a variation of the last species.
S. ATTENUATA, Pease. PI. 17, fig. 29.

Narrower and more tapering than the preceding species, with the

keels on the last whorl nodose and much less distinct.
Length, 11 mill.
Sandwich Islands.

Very probably a mutation of the preceding form.
©. Lerana, Verrill. Pl. 17, fig. 31.

Whitish, with well rounded ribs and deep suture, the ribs and
interspaces both crossed by numerous fine, spiral strive, each whorl
with a strong varix. Length, 5°5 mill.

Off Marthas Vineyard, 146 fms.

S. DENTISCALPIUM, Watson. PI. 18, fig. 77.
White, with 10 convex whorls and moderate suture, with very
numerous, oblique, minute riblets, and finer and more numerous

SCALARIA. 83

spiral striz, mouth encircled with a strong varix. Length, 4 mill.
Torres Sts., N. Australia.

Section AcriLLuA, H. Adams, 1860.

Shire

S. ACUMINATA, Sowb. PI..17, figs. 30, 35.
Narrow, with 15 somewhat convex whorls, pale fulvous, with two
chestnut bands, and very numerous, close longitudinal, curved
strive, base keeled. Length, 1°5-1°75 in.
Malacca, Japan.
S. Fusca, Sowb. Pl. 17, fig. 37.

Narrow, with 9 somewhat convex whorls, yellowish brown with

longitudinal chestnut flames, spirally very finely striated.
Length, 22 mill.

Sierra Leone.
S. minor, Sowb. PI. 17, fig. 38.

Whorls 8, well rounded, a little angular above, yellowish brown,
with two spiral chestnut bands, obliquely, longitudinally sinuously
ridged, with a single spiral ridge at the lower part of the body
whorl, and chestnut colored below it. Length, 18 mill.

Mouth of the Indus.

Described by A. Adams under the preoccupied name of gracilis.
Its nearest ally is S. acuminata.

S. pR#LONGA, Jeffreys. Pl. 17, fig. 36.

Whorls 12-15, convex, gradually enlarging, with numerous sub-
distant, oblique, curved, riblets, and about 5 spiral striz, whorls
angulated in the middle, base with a spiral keel, and smooth below
it. Length, 17°5 mill.

N. Atlantic.

Unfigured Species.
Ug y)

S. Formosa (for 8. pulcherrima, Mts., not Sowb.), 8S. HIsPIDULA

and §. srRratTisstmA, Monts. Mediterranean.
. RUPICOLA, Kurtz. N. Carolina.
. LEPTALEA, Bush. N. Carolina.
. sUBVARICOSA (Dkr. Ms.), 8S. scave, S. FILARIS, S. ZOSPILA, S.

RDN MN

PRETIOSULA, S. TURRITELLULA, and var. RUSE, S. ocrocosTATA,
S. QUINDECEMCOSTATA, S. MICROMPHALA, S. ERECTISPINA, 8.
VOLUBILIS, 8. SPINZE-ROS.E, 8. SPURIA (S. pseudo-scalata, Chemn.),
S. NoveMcostaTa, all of Moérch. West Indies.

84 SCALARIA.

S. crispA, Lam. Kiener. Fossil.

S. Bérreert, S. TROCHIFORMIS, S. SENEGALENSIS, Maltzan.
Senegal.

S. Kopetrt, Jickeli. Red Sea.

S. SPIRALIS, S. LILIPUTANA, S. PRACLARA, 8S. FIMBRIATA, 8. ELEGAN-
TULA, S. TRABECULATA, S. soLuTA, 8. (OPALIA) ExQuIsITA, §.
(CIRSOTREMA) CRIBARIUM, (S. CrrsoTREMA) TURBONILLA, all of

A. Adams. . Japan.
S. TENELLA (S. lineolata, Htn., not Kiener, and S. lyra, Htn., not
Sowb.) Hutton. New Zealand.
S. CANCELLATA, Woods. Tasmania.
S. FUCATA, S. MILLECOSTATA, S. UMBILICATA, Pease. Sandwich Is.
S. REFLEXA, S. CREBRICOSTATA, S. BELLASTRIATA, S. SUBCORONATA,

S. Hrnps, 8S. (OPALIA) RETIPOROSA, S. (OPALIA), SPONGIOSA, S.
(ActrsA), MENESTHOIDES, all of Carpenter.
W. Coast of N. America.

. CrossEANA (S. bullata, Carp., not Sowb.) and 8. CARPENTERI
(S. raricostata, Carp., not Lam.) Tapparone Canefri.

W. Coast of N. America.

T2

Subgenus Constantia, H. Adams, 1860.

T

. JucUNDA, Canefri. Pl. 17, fig. 41.

Thin, pale brown, rimate, whorls 6, slightly convex, the three
first smooth, the others decussated by slight close longitudinal
plications and spiral striz. Length, 4 mill.

Straits of Corea.

Described by A. Adams under the name of Constantia elegans,
which being preoccupied in Scalaria, was changed by Nyst to
Japonica (also preoccupied) and subsequently by Canefri as above.

S. ranriLLa, A. Ad. (unfigured). Japan.
Subgenus Crossera, A. Adams, 1865.

S. mrranpa, A. Ad. PI. 17, fig. 48.

White, whorls 3-4, rapidly increasing, very convex, spirally
striate, and with 3-4 thin, low, longitudinal varices, aperture pro-
duced below. Length, 4 mill.

Is. Gotto, Japan, 71 fathoms.

SCALARIA, SCALIOLA. 85

S. BELLULA, A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 46.

More globose than the preceding species, regularly spirally
striated with trellised interstices, umbilicus covered by a callus,
columella projecting at the base. Length, 1°5 mill.

Is. Gotto, Japan, 64 fins.

Very probably an embryonic shell, and its pertinence to this
group is somewhat doubtful.

S. concinna, Angas. PI. 17, fig. 45.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, white, semipellucid, suture
distinct , whorls 5, rounded, first three transversely ribbed and lon-
gitudinally striated, remainder transversely punctate-striate ; um-
bilicus bordered by a rounded callus; aperture with a channeled
angular projection in front. Diam. 4 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.

This species, like the last, appears to be a young shell, and a
doubtful member of the group.

S. srrtata, Watson. PI. 18, fig. 68.

White, spirally striated, with a small, strongly bordered umbili-
cus; whorls 4, well rounded, a litle tabulated below the suture, last
whorl tumid. Length, 1°5 mill.

Near Cape York, N. Australia.

Differs in form and strize from the preceding species.

S. CANCELLATA, (Delphinula Johnstoni, Beddome), and 8. LABIATA,
Tenison Woods. Unfigured. Tasmania.

Genus SCALIOLA, A. Ad., 1860.

S. BELLA, A. Ad. PI. 17, fig. 39.
Umbilicated, thin, white; whorls 9, convex, covered with agglu-
tinated grains of sand, suture channeled. Length, 4 mill.

Japan.
S. CALEponica, Crosse. Pl. 17, fig. 42.

Umbilicus scarcely rimate, whitish, with agglutinated grains of
sand; whorls 9, convex. Length, 3°25 mill.
New Caledonia.
Differs in form from the preceding species.
S. arEnosA, A. Ad. PI. 17, fig. 47.
Searcely rimate, turriculated, with narrow shoulder, white;
whorls 7, convex, suture deep. Length, 2°75 mill.
N. Australia; Honolulu, Sandwich Is.

86 EGLISIA, ACLIS.

Unfigured Species.
S. GLAREOSA and §. Graciuis, A. Ad. Japan.
S. ELATA, Semper Ms. Red Sea.

Genus EGLISIA, Gray, 1840.
E. sprrata, Sowb. PI. 18, fig. 58.

Pyramidally turreted; whitish, obliquely stained with fulvous
brown; whorls 12, concavely shouldered at the suture, spirally
somewhat obtusely ridged. Length, 2 in.

St. Thomas, W. Indies.

It is E. suturalis, Gray. A very rare shell.

K. LANCEOLATA, Reeve. PI. 18, fig. 59.

Light fulvous bay, with 8 rather obscure spiral ridges, the inter-
stices microscopically cancellated ; whorls about 18, rounded, with
deep suture. Length, 1°5 mill. .

Ins. Luzon, Philippines.
E. TRICARINATA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 18, figs. 60, 61.

Turreted, of 18 tricarinate whorls, cancellately striate, slightly

shouldered, with deep suture, ashy brown. Length, 2°25 in.

China Sea.
Var. conspERSA, Ads. and Reeve. Fig. 61.

Longitudinally undulated with chestnut.
E. GRAcILIs, Maltzan. PI. 18, fig. 62.

Turreted, whorls 9, distinct, shouldered, closely spirally striated,
violet brown, somewhat tessellated with whitish, aperture chestnut.
Length, 15 mill.

Ins. Goree, W. Africa.

A variety is yellowish with sigmoid flames and dots of brown.
It is the type of the genus Smithia of Maltzan, but appears to differ
only from the typical Eglisia in being a little more unwound.

Unfigured Species.

E. Cuminen, A. Ad. Japan.
E. puicata, Hutton. New Zealand.
Genus ACLIS, Lovén, 1846.

Section Acris (sensu stricto).

A. Ascaris, Turton. PI. 17, fig. 50.

Whorls 8-9, convex, with deep suture, white, solid, semitrans-
parent, rather glossy, with four or five strong spiral ridges, base of

ACLIS. 87

body whorl smooth. Length, 2°5 mill.
N. Europe-

A. sUPRANITIDA, Searles Wood, PI. 17, figs.49, 56.

Whorls 12, broader, and more rapidly increasing than in the
preceding species, distinctly umbilicated, surface varying from
smooth and glossy to several spiral ridges, obsolete or distinct, round
shouldered. Length, 6°25 mill.

Europe, Madeira.

A. WALLERI, Jeffreys. Pl. 18, fig. 65.

Narrowly umbilicated, whorls 10, rather convex in the middle,
sloping above and below, with deep suture, shell very thin, trans-
parent, lustrous, with a few microscopic spiral striz.

Length, 3°5 mill.
N. Europe, Labrador, N. England.

It is A. Nisoides, Brugn.

A. CARINATA, Smith. Pl. 18, fig. 63.
Whorls 9, slightly convex, with narrow spiral sulcations, the
periphery subacutely carinated ; soiled white. Length, 10 mill.
Whydah, W. Afriea.

A. srRiATA, Verrill. Pl. 18, fig. 70.
Whorls 5, well-rounded, with deep suture, whitish, rimate, closely
spirally striated. Length, 4 mill.
Near Eastport, Me. ; off Newport, R. I.

A. TENuIs, Verrill. PI. 18, fig. 71.

Very stender, white, glossy, whorls 9, evenly rounded, nearly
smooth, with microscopic spiral lines or obscure angles on the lower
whorls, suture well impressed, umbilicus rimate. Length, 3°8 mill.

Off Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., 100 fms.

Section Hemtractis, Sars., 1878.

A. vVENTROSA, Jeffreys. Pl. 16, fig. 93.
White, whorls 8, well rounded, smooth, rapidly increasing, suture
well impressed, narrowly margined. Length, 6 mill.
Lofoten Isl.; Bergen; Mediterranean Sea.
A, inflata, Monts. is a synonym.

88 ACLIS.

A. GLABRA, Sars. Pl. 18, figs. 72, 73.
Shining, vitreous, white, smooth; whorls 9, convex, narrower
and not so rapidly increasing as the preceding species.
Length, 5°5 mill.
Norway
A. ExieuA, Sars. PI. 17, fig. 57.
Whitish, subopaque, glabrous, whorls &, slightly convex, the last
a little dilated at the aperture, umbilicus distinctly rimate.
Length, 2 mill.
Arctic Norway.
A. ATTENUANS, Jeffreys. PI. 17, fig. 40.
Thin, white, smooth, transparent, glossy; whorls, 6-7, convex,
suture well-defined, but not deep. Length 1°25 mill. ;
Mediterranean.

The aperture is a little more contracted below than in the last
species and the columella more perpendicular ; perhaps not adult.
A. SARISSA, Watson. PI. 17, fig. 54.

Smooth, white, glossy, umbilicus a mere chink; whorls 9; well
rounded; with a few slight growth lines. Length, 3°75 mill.
Off Pernambuco, 350 fms.

Broader, with fewer, rounder whorls than in A. Wadler.

A. minutTissimA, Watson. PI. 17, fig. 55.
Smooth, pale brownish hyaline; whorls 7, slightly convex,
aperture a little narrowly produced below. Length ‘25 mill.
Off Raine Isl., N. E. Australia, 155 fms.
Probably the smallest known gastropod, being the one-hundredth
of an inch in length. ‘

Section Graputis, Jeffreys, 1867.

A. unica, Montagu. PI. 18, fig. 66.

Thin, white, semitransparent, somewhat glossy, with numerous
flexuous, longitudinal ribs, reticulated by many fine spiral ridges or
strie ; whorls 9-10. moderately convex, very slowly increasing, with
deep suture. Length, 3 mill.

Europe.
A. GRACILIS, Jeffreys. Pl. 18, fig. 67.

Thick, semitransparent, glossy, yellowish. white; whorls 53,

convex, very slowly increasing, a little round shouldered, with about

ACLIS. 89

25 sharp, flexuous, longitudinal ridges, and no spiral sculpture.
Pp, ’ aw} oo}
Length, 2°5 mill.
Mediterranean, Bay of Biscay, W. Africa, Azores.

A. HYALINA, Watson. PI. 17, fig. 52.

Minutely umbilicated, thin, glossy, white; whorls 12, convex,
smooth or with faint indications of ribs, especially on the upper
whorls, under a lens the surface appears angulated or malleated
with slight decussating strie. Length, 10 mill.

Off Pernambuco, 350 fms.

A. JEFFREYsII, Tryon. PI. 18, fig. 69.

Thin, semitransparent, glossy, whitish; whorls 8, very slowly
enlarging, with close, longitudinal, thread-like riblets, and very
slight microscopic spiral strize; no umbilicus. Length, 3°75 mill.

Tunis; W. Coast of Africa, 300-1261 fms.

Described by Dr. Jeffreys as A. striata, a name preoccupied by
Prof. Verrill.

A. MIzon, Watson. PI. 17, fig. 51.
Thin, lustrous, white; whorls 15-16, convex, with about 40
feeble, unequal, rounded riblets; minutely umbilicated.
Length, 15 mill.
Teneriffe.

Section PuErvusa, Jeffreys, 1869.

A. Gutson#, Clark. PI. 17, fig. 43.

Very thin, transparent, lustrous, clear white, without sculpture,
spire with a blunt, nearly globular apex, which is decidedly intro-
verted but not sinistral; whorls 6-7, convex, with deep suture ;
outer lip remarkably flexuous, prominent, expanding, almost
notched below; umbilicus closed, but with a chink-like depression.
Length, 1°7 mill.

Europe, Madeira.

Section Ionma, A. Adams, 1860.

A.sciruLa, A. Ad. Pl. 17, fig. 44.
Rather solid, white; whorls 6, slightly convex, with subdistant
spiral grooves, the interstices longitudinally finely striated.
Length, 3 mill. .
Strait of Corea.

90 ACLIS, STILBE.

Unfigured Species of Aclis.
A. onaaA) amasiuis, A. (Loum) scuLprizis, A. Ad. Japan.
A. LABIATA, A. CINGULATA, A. SULCATA, A. LIRATA, A. FULGIDA,
A. orysTaLuina, A. Loventana, A. (EBALA) DIAPHANA, A.
CEBALA) sCINTILLANS, A. (EBALA) VESTALIS, A. (EBALA)

VIRGINEA, all of A. Adams. Japan.
A. ANGULATA, Fischer. Figure inaccessible.
A. CRENULATA, Folin. Andaman Ts.
A. MIcRA, A. TURRITA, Petterd. Tasmania.
A. HYALINA, Hutton. New Zealand.
A. TRISTRIATA, Tenison- Woods. Tasmania.
A. PoLiTa (Verrill). =EvLIMELLA, Manual, viii, 342.-

Genus STILBE, Jeffreys, 1884.

S. acuta, Jeffreys. Pl. 18, fig. 64.
Umbilicus minutely rimate, thin, semitransparent, milk white
smooth ; whorls 10, moderately convex. Length, 6°25 mill.
N. Atlantic O.; Long. 54° 33’ W., lat. 55° 36’ N.; 1622 fms.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

SCALARIIDA, IANTHINIDAL, TRICHOTROPIDA.

PAGE
Abbreviata (Scalaria), Sowb. Conch. Icon., a 124, 1874.

= §. varicosa, Lam. Var. F 81
Achates (Gistel), Morch. Jour. de Conch., 77, 1860, 3
Aciculina (Scalaria), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p. aa 1843, 69
Aciona, Leach. Zool. Misc., ii, 79,1815 —Sealaria, Lam. 40
Acirsa, Moreh. Prodr. Moll. Grenl., 1857; H. & A. Adams,

Genera, i, O20 ABo8e” 2 : 50, 80
Aclis, Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand., 16, 1846, 5 52, 86.
Aclisina, Koninck. Bull. Brux, 1881. — Holopella, Moy, 58
Acrilla, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 241, 1860, : 51, 83
Acteonema, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., 1; 147; 1865, 58
Aculeata (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 12, 1844, 63
Acuminata (Trichotropis), Jeffreys. Malae. and Conch. Mag.

No. 2, 36. = T. borealis, Brod. and Sowb. 43
Acuminata (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proe., p, 31, 1844, . 83.
Acus (Sealaria), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., xvi, p. 607,

1883, : : 5 : : : : amg nt
Acuta (Scalaria), Pfr. Archiv. fur Naturg., p. 256, 1840.

— §. Candeana, d’Orb. ; 77
Acuta (Stilbe), Jeffr. Zool. Proe., 'p. 130, t. 10, £2 2, 1884, 90
Aeospila (Scalaria), Morch, Journ, Phila. Acad., Viil, P. 202,

1875, . 83
Affinis (Ianthina, Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 2, 1858.

== J. fragilis, Lam. Var. _. 37
Africana (Ianthina), Rve. Geach: Icon., sp. 8, 1858.

==leiracilis; Iam. . oT
Alata (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc. > p: 10, 1844, . 5d
Alba (lanthina), Anthon. Verzeichniss, p- 50, 1839, 3
Albida (Sealaria), d’Orb. Moll. de Cuba, i, p. 17, t. 10, f.

24, 25,1853. —S. eburnea, Pot. and Mich. (gil
Albolineata (Sealaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 33, f. 52, 1847, 68
Algeriana (Scalaria), Weink. Journ. de Conch. , p. 247, 1866, 64
Alora, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 27,1861, . 40
Alta (Trichotropis, bicarinata, var), Dall. Amer. Journ.

Conch., vii, p. 120, 1872, . : : ‘ 42
Amea, H.and A. Adams. Genera of Ree. Moll.,i, 223, 1853, 50, 78
Amabilis (Iolza), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 310, 1867, Ans |,
Amethistina eg Eee. Morch. Jour. de Conch., 282,

1860, 34

1)

92 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Andrewsii (Scalaria), Verrill. Conn. Trans., v, p. 526, t. 57,
f. 35, 1882, : f ; : h ; ;
Angulata (Sealaria), Say. Amer. Conch., iii, t. 27, 1831,

Angulata (Aclis), Fischer. Berchon’s Fonds de la Mer., i, p.

150; +:.23,.4..1, : : : : ‘ : ;
Angusta (Sealaria eburnea, var.), Moreh. Journ. Phila.
Acad. svaii,qp: 199, 1875;4% ' ; i ; : :
Angusta (Scalaria), Dkr. Moll. ema Peto tt: alae ale
1861,

Annamitica (Recluzia Rollandiana, var. ‘ Wattebled. Journ.

de Conch., p. 67, t. 3, f. 4, 1886, . 3 : :
Aperta (Recluzia), Jeffreys. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser., il,

114. = Torellia vestita, Jeffreys... ,
Arenosa (Sealiola), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag, Dec., “1862,
Ariadna , Fischer. Jour. de Conch., xii, 247, 1864,

‘Arctica (Cancellaria), Midd. Beitrage, p.112, t. 9, £ iL 12,

15, 1849. — Trichotropis Kroyeri, “Phil.
Ascaris (Aclis), Turton. Conch. Dict., Dit
Atlantica (Tanthina nitens, var.), Mérch. Journ, de Conch.,

p50; 1860: f=. elobosa, Swains. . ;
Atlantica (Trichotropis), (Beck), Miller. Index Moll.
Greenl., p. 85, 1842. = T. borealis, Brod. and Sowb.

Attenuans ( Aclis), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xi,
p- 396, t. 16, f. 3, 1883, . : ‘

Attenuata (Sealaria), Pse. Zool. Proc. ons 400, 1860,

Attenuata (Sealaria), Sowb. (not Pse.). Gonek: Icon., sp. 116,

1874. —S. microsoma, Tap.-Canefri. : :
Attenuatus (Turbo), Helbling. Abhand. Privat-Gesell.
Bohm., iv, t. 1, £ 10; 1779. =S. varicosa, Lam.

Aurita (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proce., p. 26, 1844,

Aurita (Sealaria occidentalis, var.), Mirch. Journ, Phila.
Acad., viii, p. 196, 1875, ;

Australis (Scalaria), Lam. Anim. sans Meee Vi, 2nd Ed., p:
228, f. 6, :

Austro-Caledonica (Scalaria), Montrouzier. Journ. de Conch.,
p. 373, 1859, : : :

Bairdii (Scalaria), Smith. Zool. Proe., p. 734, t. 75, f. 14,
keyg d : ; : : ;
Balteata (Janthina), Rve. Conch. Tcon., sp. 11, 1858.
= I. planospirata, Ad. and Rve. : : :
Bella (Sealiola), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag ag., v1, p. 120, 1860,
Bellastriata (Scalaria), Cpr. Calif. Proc., lll, p. 221, 1868, .
Bellula (Crossea), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., XV, p. 323, 1865,
Bensoni (Recluzia), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., viii, p. 402,
1861, . : ; : : : ;
Bicarinata ( Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 30, 1844,
Bicarinata (Trichotropis), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Journ., iv,
p. 374, t. 11, f 4-8, ; :

PAGE.

7d
70

90
71
65

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 93

PAGE
Bicolor (Ianthina), Less. Voy. Coq., ii, pt. i, p. 365, t. 8, f.

2, 9, n. 1830. ?— I. planospirata, Ad. and Reeve. 36
Bicolor (Ianthina), O. Costa. Cat. Syst., p. evi, No. 27, 1829,

= I. Costz, Morch. . ; : woo
Bicolor (anthina), Menke. Synopsis, p. 84, 1828.

= trapilis: Lam: . : ; : : : ; ae
Bifida (anthina), Nuttall. Jay’s Cat. of Shells, p. 68.

== Ieexiguas Lam: : : ‘ Este
Blainville ana (Separatista), Petit. Jour. de Conch., ii, 22, t.

if O85; : P : . 45
Blandii (Scalaria echinati- costa, var. r.), Mérch. Journ. Phila.

Acad. vill;-pe 195;t..29, f. 8; 1870,.- . ; é ; an 464
Beettgeri (Scalaria), Maltz. Nachrichtsb. der Deutsch.

Malak., xvii, p. 26, 1885, . 2 E He EvOe
Borealis (Trichotropis), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Journ., iv,

p. 375, : : ; . A2
Borealis ‘(Scalaria), Gide. © Expl. Exped., pe20ee ste gaat
Borealis (Scalaria), Beck. Ind., 1839.

= 8. costulata, Mighels and Adams, . 76, 80
Brevis (Scalaria), VOrb. Voy. Amer. Merid. uD: 390, t. 79,

f. 22-24, . SRS
Britannica (Ianthina), Leach. MSS. Forbes and ‘Hanley,

Brit. Moll., iv, 260. =I. fragilis, Lam. var. . Se ion
Bulbulus (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, t. 34, f. 85, le
Bullata (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 97, 1844, ‘ 55.
Bullata (Scalaria), Cpr. Ann. Mag. "Nat. Hist., xv, p. 397,

1865. =S. Crosseana, Canefri. : : 84
Celatura, Conrad. Am. Journ. Conch., i, 28, 1865.

— Actzonema, Conrad... . ; ; ; we Oo
Ceeruleata (Ianthina), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 7, 1858.

— I. planospirata, Ad. and Rve. : : ; : Set
Caledonica (Scaliola), Crosse. Journ. de Conch., xviii, p.

299, 1870, . : : : OD
Callonema, Hall. Pal. N . York, v, , pt. 2 , 1879.

== — Elasmonema, Fischer. . ‘ : = Oe
Cancellata (Scalaria), Tenison-W oods. “Roy. Soc. Tasmania,

pe L22, 1877, ‘ : : : ANN SA:

Cancellata (C rosea), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soe. Tasm. 85
Cancellata (Scalaria), Humph. Mus. = S. Kieneri, Canefri. 81

Cancellata (Trichotropis), Hinds. Zool. Proc., p. 17, 1843. . 48

Candeana (Scalaria), d’Orb. Moll. de Cuba, iy ps 20, t. 11,

f. 28, 30, 1853, . s 77
Candida (Scalaria pseudoscalaris, var. ), Monts. Jour. de
Conch., 37, 1877, ; ; . 74
Candidissima (Scalaria), Monts. Journ. de ‘Conch., p- 37, t
2, f. 5, 1877, : ; Sythe

Cantrainei (Sealaria), Weink. - Journ. de Conch., Kiva 0
246, 1866. =S. muricata, Risso. . : : : tie te

94 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Capreolata (Ianthina), Montrouzier. Journ. de Conch., t. 2,

f.4, 1860. = I. exigua, Lamarck. . : : 38
Carinata (Aclis), Smith. Zool. Proc., p. 734, t. 75; £ 20,

1871, : : : : ‘ : F 7
Carinata ‘(Seguenzia), Jeffreys. Proce. Roy. Soe., p. 201,1876, 47
Carpenteri (Scalaria), Tap. Canefri. Journ. de Conch., p. 154,

1876, 84
Carpenteri (Ianthina), Mirch. Journ. de Conch., : ITT i, 1860.

== I fragilis, Gam: - a
Casta (Ianthina), Rve. Conch Icon., sp. 4, 1858,

— J. planospirata, Ad. and Rve. . ; Se
Casta (Sealaria), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. Ganch: icone sp. 86,

1873, . : : : ? ; : : 4 : oe
Catanuanensis (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 27, 1844, . 61
Catanuanensis (Scalaria), Sowb. Conch. Icon., fig. 67 (not

of text). 8S. pulcherrina, Sowb. . ; ; : » 68
Cedo-nulli (Trichotropis), A. Ad. Ann. Mag., v, p. 411,

1860, 5 : ‘ : : : : 5 44
Celesti (Scalaria), Aradas. — §. frondosa, Sowb., 1853, 2 oe
Centiquadra (Scalaria), Méreh. Journ. Phila. Acad., viii, p.

194 ct. 29) t 21875. ; ; ‘ : : . 64
Chemnitzii (Separatista), AG Ad. Zool. Proe., 45, 1850, 45
Ciliata (Trichotropis), Kuzer. Sowb. Thes. Conch. Plate.

= §. Kroyeri, Phila. . ; : é : : ‘ . 44
Cingulata (Aclis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., vi, p. 118,1860,. 90
Cioniscus, Jotieva Brit. Conch., v, 210, 1869.

— Graphis, Jeffreys. . : ; 5 Sy
Cirsotrema, Méreh. Yoldi Cat., i, 49, 1852 : , 50, 81
Clathrata (Trichotropis), A. Ad. MSS. Thes. Conch. plate. 43
Clathratula (Sealaria), Adams. Microscope, t. 14, f. 19, ot Sie
Clathrus, Oken. Lehrb. Zool., 1815, . : : : 50, 62
Clathrus (Sealaria), Say (not Linn). Am. Conch., iii, Pl. 27.

— §. angulata, Say. : ; 3 (ea
Clathrus (Turbo), Authors (not Linn).

==5C aah communis, Lama. : a ae
Clathrus (Sealaria), ‘rine Syst. Nat. Edit., Xil, 12: 37 (not of

Fdit., x). —S. lamellosa, Lam. 74
Clementina (Scalaria), Grat. Mem. sur les coq., p. 61, 1840. 56
Coarctata (Sealaria), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., p. 159, 1884, (ihn
Cochlea (Sealaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 35, f. 142, . Peas) |
Communis (Sealaria), Lam. Anim. sans Vert. Edit. mages

ix, 40; ‘ : 72
Commanis (Ianthina), Costia; wore iP 112, 1829.

— I. globosa, Swaiuson. é ; ; fan
Communis (Ianthina), L am. Anim. sans Vert. Edit. Desh.,

ix, p. 4. = LI. fragilis, Lam. : : : 4 > 986
Commutata (Scalaria), Monts. Ann. Mus. Genova, ix, 420.
= §. lamellosa, Lam. : : : ; ; : 74

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Compsopleura, Conrad. Am. Journ. Conch., i, 28, 1865.
= Opalia, H. and A. Ad. . : :
Concinna (Crossea), Angas. Zool. Proe., p. 911, t. 44, f 14,
1867, . :
Concinna (Scalaria), § Sow Zoli ‘Proc, a 28, 1844, >
Conica (Trichotropis), M6ll. Index Moll. Greenl., p. 82,
Conifera (Scalaria), Mtg. Brit. Shells, p. 314.
— §. Hotesseriana, d’Orb. ; ; ;
Connexa (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proe., p. 28, 1844,
Conspersa (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p.
47. —Kglisia tricarinata, Ad. and Rve, var.

Consors (Scalaria), Crosse and Fisch. Journ. de Conch, p-

347, 1864,

Constantia, A. Adams. "Ann. Mag. N. Hist., v, 300, 1860, 51,

Contorta (Ianthina Carpenteri, var.), Carp. Cat., p. 186.
= I. fragilis, Lam. : 3 : : : :

Coronata (Sealaria), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vi, 227.
— §. lamellosa, Le ae

eorcnein (Scalaria), § Seace. Phil. Moll. Sieil., ay 127, 1844.

S. Hellenica, Hones ‘

Sireanta (Scalaria), Weink. Journ. de Conch.! ee pe a
1862. =S. Algeriana, Weink.

Coronata (Trichotropis), Gld. Bost. Proc., i 324, 1860:

Krause, Archiv. fiir Nature, li, 268,

Costze (Ianthina), Méreh. Journ. de Conch. ato! Ser. iv. 274,

1860) == 1 fragilis, Lam.

Costellata (Drichotropis), Couthouy. Bost. Journ., ii, t. 3, f.

2, 1839. — T. borealis, Brod. and Sowb. .

Costulata (Turritella), Mighels and Adams. Bost. Journ.

Nat. Hist., iv, 50, 1842. = Scalaria.
Costulata (Sealaria), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 5, t. Zi i 4,
Crassa (Sealaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, t. oo, ind),
Crassicosta (Rissoa), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proce., p. 6, 1845.
— §$. Hotesseriana, d’Orb.

Crassicosta (Scalaria), Gray. "Brit. Mus. Sowb. Thes., P 104,
f. 119, 1847. = S. Hotesseriana, d’Orb.

Crassilabrum (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, e 135, a 35,
f 115, 116, 1847, : :
Creberrima (Scalaria), Hinds. Zool. Proc., D. 125, , 1843,
Crebricostata (Scalaria), Cpr. Calif. Proc, 3 ill, p. ee 1868,
Crenata (Scalaria), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1238 :
Crenatoides (Sealaria), Carp. Ann. Mag. N. Hist; 3d Ser.,
xiv, 47, 1864. =O. crenata, L. Var. d
Crenulata (Aclis), Folin. Moll. Andaman. I Og 3
Crenulata (Sealaria), Kien., Coq. Viv., P. 17, t.: 6; £ 20.
= §S. crenata, Linn, var. ,
‘Crenulata (Sealaria), Pse. Amer. Journ. Conch.,
t. 24, f. 18, 1867.

ae p. 290,

9
(> )

96 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Cribrarium att ae A. Ad. Ann.and Mag., viii ,p. 483,

1861, ; ; : } : ; : 2) of
Crispa ‘(Sealaria), legs Ann. du Mus., viii, t. 37, f. 5, a.b. ' 84
Crispa (Sealaria), Scacchi. = 8. frondosa, Sowb. : «GB
Crispata (Scalaria), Pse. Amer. Journ. of Conch., iii, p.

289,.t. 24, f. 12, 1867, : ; : : : een 03!
Crosseana (Scalaria), Tap. Canefri. Journ. de Conch., p. 154,

BSG. : : ‘ ? F . ee
Crosseia, A. icbets. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xv, 328, 1865, 51, 84
Crystallina ee A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. P.

AB A861. 90
Cumingii (Eglisia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc, 204, 1850, B 86.
Curvilineata (Sealaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, p. 94, t. 32,

f, HO S47 70
Cyclora, Hall. Am. Journ. Science, xIviii, 294, 1845.

— — Holopea, all i ee
C yelostoma, Lam. Prodr. (in part), 1799. - = - Scalaria, Lam. 50
Dalliana (Scalaria), Verrill and Smith. Amer. Journ. Sci.,

xx, p. 895, 1880. =8.clathratula, Turton, . 0, Aces
Decollata (Ianthina), Carp. Cat. Reigen Coll, p- ere

— I. globosa, Swains, ‘ ery 22"
Decussata (Scalaria), Pse. Amer. Journ. of Conch, “ii, p-

289, t. 24, f. 10, 1867, : . by
Decussata (Scalaria), Sowb. (not Lamarck). Thes. Conch.,

t. 80, f. 140. =='S. Kieneri, Canein... 4 81
eee (Sealaria), Kien. Cog. Witv., tal, £25.

= §. Kieneri, Canefri. : oO
Delicata (Torellia), Phil. Moll. Sicil., il, p. 299 tb." 2Gs tee

1844, : : : : : ; AG
Delicatula (Scalaria), Crosse. Journ. de Conch., p. 347, t. 5,

9,10, 1864, 2 : : 5 : ‘ aS
Delicatula (Seguenzia), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p.

AB 1862, > = : 4 ; , : . 48
Delicatula (Scalaria), H. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 274, t. 19, f. 9,

1869. =—S. tenera, H. Ad. : : : 4 . ee
Densistriata ( Trichotropis), Jeffr. Zool. Proc., p. 48, t. 5, f

8, 8a, 1885, 44
Denticulata (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p- 87, t. 32, f,

25, 26, 1847. —S. centiquadra, Moérch. 5 64
Dentiscalpium (Scalaria), Watson. Journ. Linn Soc., xvi, p.

607, 1883, : 82
Depr essa (Tanthina), Rve. Conch. Teon., sp. 14, 1858.

— |. planospirata, Ad. and Rve. 5 36
Diadema (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p- 55, 1832, 78
Diane (Scalaria), Hinds. Zool. Proc., p. 125, 1843, — . 74
Diaphana (Ebala),A.Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., vii, 44, 1861, 90
Dolium (Trichotropis), Petit. Journ. de. Conch., il, sp 21, t.

let 4 abi = Te Kroyer, bil, 44

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 97

PAGE.

ad i lagers (Trichotropis), Petit. Journ. de Conch., p.
261, t. 7, f. 2, 1851. == Coralliophila, Manual 1, 206, . 46
Dubia ee ia), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 13, 1844, ; 2 GD

Duealis (Sealaria), Mérch. Mal. Blatt., p. 148, 1875, . log

Ebala, Leach. MS. Gray, Zool. es 147, 1847.

= — Aclis, Loven. ; ; F : = 02
Eburnea (Scalaria), Pot. and Mich., Cat. Douai, p. 344, t. 31,

f. 1-2, 1838; Morch. Journ. A. N.S. SVill, Delgo: tp. 20 et 10.. | a
Echinati-costa ’ (Scalaria), @Orb. Moll. de Cuba, il, i 13) t.

it, £46; 1853, . 64
Eglisia, Gray. Sy nops. Brit. Mus., 1840, , : 51, 86
Elasmonema, Fischer. Man. de Conch., (Weer 1885, ; 4. Dp

Elata (Scaliola), Semper, in Sched. eb Mar Rosso, 198, . 86
Elegans (Seguenzia), Jeffreys. Proc. Roy. Soc., p. 200, 1876, 47
Elegans (Scalaria), dOrb. Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 389, t. 54,

f. 1-2. =S. Orbignyi, Nyst. . : : ; ; om OU
Elegans (Constantia), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., v,

300, 1860. = Scalaria jucunda, Tap. -Canefri. . = 04
Elegantula (Sealaria), A. Ad. Ann.and Mag., viii, p.481, 1861, 84
Elenensis (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proce. Pp. 29, 1844, : 70

Ellipsvidea (Trichotropis), Gould. Bost. Proc., 324, 1860, . 45
Elongata (Janthina), Maravig. Aradas and Benoit, 148.

=. globosa, Swains, : : 5 : : Bhs i
Erectispina (Scalaria), Mérch. Journ. Phila. Acad., viii, p.
196; 1875;. . : : : ; . : 4 OO

Eritima (Seguenzia), Verrill. Trans: Conn. Acad. Wi 189... | Ay
Erronea (Scalaria), Canefri. Journ. de Conch., p. 155, 1876, 79
Erythrea (Recluzia), Jickeli. Jahrb. Malak. Gesell., ix, 367

bf

1882, : A ; : : - oo
Eschrichti (Scalaria), Miller. Kroyer’s Tidsskr, iv, p. 83,

1842. =S. costulata, Migh. . g s., 180
Exigua (Ianthina), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., Vi, p. 206, a ok
Exigua (Aclis), G. O. Sars. Moll. Arct. Norv. gp. LOG; its 22;

i. B 1878, . 88
Eximia (Scalaria), “Ad. and Rve. V oy. y. Samarang, p- 51, is

ptt 1651850, : ; 4 268
Eximia ( Scalaria), Pecchioli. —§. frondosa, Sowb. . bt GD.
Exquisita (Opalia), A. Ad. Ann, and Mag., xiii, p. 310,

1864, . é : ‘ ; : mS eta : : bps On
Fasciata (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 11,1844, . ieiiOn

Fibula (Janthina), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 17, 1858.

= |. fragilis, Lam. Var. . : : ; : - si oa New
Filaris (Sealaria), Moreh. Jour. Philad. Acad., viii, 203, 1876, 83
Fimbriata (Torellia), Verrill and Smith. Conn. Trans., v, p.

020, ..07, f. 27, 27a, 1882, . f . 46
Fimbriata (Scalaria), L am. E. M., te 451, if ‘da, b.

= S. varicosa, Lam. . ; : «4, 9 OIL

98 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Fimbriata (Scalaria), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., viii, p. 480,

Fimbriata (Trichotropis), J eff, Zool. Proce; p48) t. v, tans
12, LBS, 4. : ; ; : ;

Fischeriana (Scalaria), "Tap. Canefri. Journ. de Conch., p.
152, 1876. =S. lineata, Say. . : : , : 2

Flavida (Trichotropis), Hinds. Voy. .Sulphs t) 114.1 12,
1844. = T. cancellata, Brod. and Sowb. .

Foliacei-costa (Scalaria), @Orb. Moll. de Cuba, | li, p. a t.
11, f. 26-28, 1853, —iyj. :

Formosa (Sequenzia), Jeffreys. Proc. Roy. Soe., p: 200, 1876.
(Wood cuts.) == 5S. monocingulata, Seguenza. : :

Formosa (Sealaria), Monts. Poche Note, pide

Formosissima Cle Jeffreys. Zool. Proe., p’ 140, t. 10,
f. 10, 1884,

Fragilis (Ianthina), Lesson. Voy. Coq., p- 363, ti. 8, ‘aa
? = L. planospirata, Ad. and Rve. ;

Fragilis (Janthina), Lam. Syst. Anim. sans Vert., p. 89, 1801,

Fragilis (Scalaria), Hanley. Book of 5 Ra

= §. eburnea, Pot. and Mich.

Friabilis (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 27, 1844, :

Frondosa (Sealaria), Sowb. Min. Conch., vi, p. 149, t. 87,
1d lel Ro 4

Fucata (Scalaria), Pse. Zool. Proc., p- 400, 1860, :

Fulgida (Aclis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 43,
1861, .

Funiculata (Sealaria), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., Xvi, 609,
1883,

rane, Seeley. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d Ser., vii, 285, 1861,
Fusca (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proe., p. 30, 1844, . ;

Geniculata Geaee Broechi. Conch. Foss. Subap., ii, p.
659, tGar 1k) 5 é : : : :

Georgettina (Scalaria), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 14, t. 5, f. 15,

Glabrata (Sealaria), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p. 124, 1848, .

Glabra (Hemiaclis), Sars. Moll. Nory., 198, 1878, ;

Glareosa (Scaliola), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., Dec., 1862,

Globosa (Ianthina), Swainson. Zool. Lllustr., 1st Sec., ii, t.
Sp. eloaes ; ; ; : ;

Globosa (Recluzia), EA. Smith. "Journ. Linn. Soe., xii, p.
Dol t.00, £8; 1876; - j : ; : ‘ :

Gouldi (Scalaria), Canefri. Journ. de Conch., p. 154, 1876.
— §. borealis, Gould.

Gouldii (Trichotropis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 369, 1856; ‘Tbid,
Dalya oo) Pie

Gracilenta (Trichotropis), Braz. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W,,
318, 1876, .

Gracilenta (Scalaria), Gld. Bost. Proe., ii, p. 252, 1847.

Gracilis (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proce., p. 12, 1844,

PAGE.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 99

PAGE
Gracilis (Acirsa), Verrill. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ili, p. 377,

1880, ‘ : ; , : : Ses0
Gracilis (Acrilla), H. Ad. Zéol. Proc., p. 241, 1860.

= f§. minor, Sowb. . : , f : : ed ee
Crneilin (Scaliola), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., Dec., 1862, See si
Gracilis (Smithia), von Maltzan. Nachrichts. der Deutsch.

Gesell., p. 98, July, 1883, . d : ‘ ; ; 20, 386
Gracilis (Cioniscus), Jeffr. Zool. Proc., p. 341, 1884, . eS
Gradata (Scalaria), Hinds. Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, t. 54, f.

LOSs/ : : : : ; caeoe
Gradatella (Scalaria), Moreh. Journ. Phila. Acad., viii, p.

198, .-29) £11, 1876, ‘ ; : ; : ; nein A!
Grandis (Ianthina), Browne. Jam., p. 399, t. 32, f. 2.

== i dfragilis, Lam... . ; ‘ ‘ ‘ A : 2 a6
Grandis (Ianthina), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 3, 1858; Thes.

f. 16,18. TI. Britannica, Leach, var. . ; BAT
Granulosa (Sealaria), Quoy. Zool. V oy. Astrolabe. esi)
Graphis, Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., iv, 102, 1867, —. 52, 88
Gravitellensis (Scalaria), Seeuenza. — §. frordosa, Son ica Neon
Grayi (Separatista), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 45, 1850, : 45

Groenlandica (Sealaria), Chemnitz. i, p. 155, £1875= 1879, 76

Grossicostata (Scalaria), Nyst. Tableaux, p- 36, 1873.

— S. Hotesseriana, d’Orb. .

Gulsonae (Chemnitzia), Clark. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d
Ser., vi, p. 459, . 8

Gyrotropis, Gabb. Prog Philad: Acad., 300, ti: 17, £26: 1876, 4

Hargravesii (Recluzia), Cox. Zool. Proe., p. 172, t. 16, f. 8,
1870, 38
Hellenica (Scalaria), Forbes. Rep. Re. Inv ert., 189, 1844:

Jeffreys, Zool. Proce., 140, 1884, : 73
Hemiaclis, Sars. Moll. Aret. Norv., 197, 1878, ; : a 02
Hexagona (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc. p- 29, 1844, . Perey (0)
Hibernica (Turritella), Waller. Jeffreys, Ann. Megs axe

241,1877. —=S. costulata, Mighels. . 480)
Hindsii (Sealaria), Carpenter. Zool. Proc., 165, 1856, . 84

Hispidula (Scalaria), Monts. Notiz. Conch. Medit., p. D055

Jour. de Conch., 264, 1874, F ; : ‘ : i285
Holopea, Hall. Pal. N. Y. pu, 184i; ; . 385
Holopella, M’Coy. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., vil, 47, 1852, . 2/ “de
Hotessieriana (Scalaria), d’Orb, Moll. de Cuba, il, P. 16, t., 10)

f. 22, 23, 1853. == 5S. crenata, Linn., var. 77
Humphreysiana (Sealaria), Kien. Con, Vi iv., p: 15, t. 5, f.

16. —S. angulata, Say. . : me)
Hyalina 1 (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p Tee 1844, ; eae 2
Hyalina (Aclis), Hutton. New Zeal. Journ. of Sci., ii, p. 173,

1884, : : ; ; : : ies GO

Hyalina (Aclis), Watson. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soe., xv, p.
246, 1881, : : ; : ' , . « 89

100 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Janthina, Lam. Prodr., 75, 1799, : 33, 36
Tanthina (Helix), Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed., Pd p 772, 1758.

— Janthina fragilis, Lam. . era
Tanthina (Helix), Forskal., p. 26, No. 75.

= Janthina Coste, March. ; one
Tanthoseala, Moreh. Jour. Philad. Acad., viil, 203, 1876, nie
tidineculate (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p- 26, 1844, eo
Imperialis (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 13, 1844, A . ope:
Incisa (Ianthina), Phil. Zeitsch fir Malak. , p. 149, 1848.

= ].exigua, Lam. . . 038
Inclyta (Scalaria), Melvill. Jour. of Conch., iy, 316, 1885.

— §S. neglecta, Ad. and Reeve. . 55
Inconspicua (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, p. 90, t. 33, f.

5B, SAT, ; 58
Indianorum (Scalaria), Cpr. “Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., Xiv,

De. WeOo er. 70
Indistincta (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc. Ap? ‘27, 1844, sao
Inermis (Trichotropis), Hinds. Zool. Proc. 3/88 18, 1843.

— T. borealis, Brod. and Sowb. . 43
Inflata (Trichotropis), Friele. Nordmeer. Exped. p. 275,

1879, : 45
Inflata (Scalaria inconspicua, var. ), 1 March. Journ. Phila.

Acad., viii, p. 208, 1875, . ; ‘ 4S
Inflata (Hemiaclis), Monts. Bull. Mal. Soc. Ital; vi, p. 69;

1880, . ‘ 4 : : ; ; , : ; Bees
Inornata (Trichotropis), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p.

26, 1873. = T. eclathrata, Sowb. ; 43
Insignis (Trichotropis), Midd. Malac. Ross., p- 107, t. 10, f,

7-9, . ‘ : : : ; 45, 45
Involuta (Ianthina), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 22, 1858.

== ie fracilis: (lam: Var. ; th oom
Todes (Leach), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., XX 1847, ; Sao
Ttkns Moreh. Jour. de Conch., 282, 1860, . , 34
Jolea, A. Adams. Ann. Mag., v, 300, 1860 ; Zool. Proc., 310,

1867, . : ; 53, 89
Tonica (Seguenzia), Ww atson. ‘Tool. Proc., p- 589, 1876, . AT

Iphinoé, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Ree. Moll., i, 280, 1854, . 40
Tricolor (Ianthina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 25, 1858.

— I. globosa, Swains. ‘ : : : : : Bs 7
Irregularis (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 15, 1844, . alana,
Japonica (Scalaria), Reeve (not Sram ‘onch. Icon., sp.

122.. =S. Japonica, Dunker. . 65

Japonica (Scalaria), Dkr. Moll. Japon., p. 13, Gas 'f 13, 1861, 65
Japonica (Sealaria), Nyst. Tab. Syn., 1871.

— §. jucunda, Canefri. : : : , : : aio}
Jeffreysii (Aclis), Tryon. ; , 4 : : ; ie 89
Jeftreysii (Scalaria), Tryon. . ; : 3 ; ‘ PGB

Jehennei (Recluzia), Petit. Journ. de Conch., iv, p. 118, t.
aD: if 3, 1353, . . . . . . . . 39

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Johnii (Helix), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, p. 284, t. 210, f.
2076-77 ; Jousseaume, Rey. et. Mag. Zool., xxiii, 205, 1872,
Johnstoni ( Delphinula), Beddome. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,
1881 ; Ibid., 170, 1882. — Crossea cancellata, Tenison-W ood.
J ucunda (Scalaria), Janefri. Journ. de Conch., p. 153, 1876,
Jukesiana (Sealaria), Forbes. Voy. Rattlesnake, Append. p.
woo, t. 0, 1. 1, L852, : ; ; : : ;

Kieneri (Scalaria), Canefri. Journ. de Conch., p. 155, 1876,
-Kobelti (Sealaria), Jickeli. Jahrb. Deutsch. Malak., vii, p.
292, 1880, . ; : : d : : :
Krebsii (Sealaria), March. Journ. Phila. Acad., viii, t. 29, f.
i hay ae Sy ae : j :
Kroy eri (‘Trichotropis), Phil. Zeit. fir Malak., f. 175, 1848,
Kusmici (Scalaria), Brus. Journ. de Conch., xvii, p. 346,
1869. =S. Cantrainei, Weink.
Kuzeri (Trichotropis), Phil. Reeve, Tcon., P 4,
= hk Kroyert,;. Phil. -’. ; :

Labiata (Aclis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., vi, p. 118, 1860,

Labiata (Crossea), Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, p.
1 os a ods ee ; . : : ‘ , :

Lactea (Scalaria), Krauss. Sudaf, Molls. pe 94,-1.29,5 24,
1848,
Leta (Ianthina), Monts. Nom. Gen. e Spec. p- 105, 1884.
= I. pallida, Harvey. :

Leevigata (Sealaria), Caleara. = ae communis, Lam.

Lamellosa, Lam. Anim. sans Vert.

Lanceolata (Eglisia), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp., 2 rs 1849,

Laskeyi (Fusus), Macgillivr. Moll. Aberd., 170.
= Trichotropis borealis, Brod. and Sowb.

Latifasciata (Scalaria), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon. , 8p. 117,
1874,

Laxa (Seguenzia), ‘Jeffreys. “Zool. Proc., p- AA, t. Dyk 4, da,
1885,

Laxata (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc. ?. i 1844, aay

Leeana (Scalaria), Verrill. Conn. Trans., V5 p- 526, t. OF, £.
34, 1882, . :

Leptalea (Scalaria), Bush. Conn. Trans., Vi, Dp. 465, 1885, ;

Ligata (Scalaria), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., No. 4, p. 67.
= T. eburnea, Pot. et Mich. ;

Liliputana (Scalaria), A . Ad. Ann. and Mag., \ Viii, p. 481,
1861, . : 3

Lineata (Seguenzia monocingulata, Var.), Watson. “Jour.
Linn. Soe., xiv, 587, .

Lineata (Sealaria), Kiener (in part). Teonog., Bt 2, fi! 5, not
Say. =S. lyra, Sowb.

Lineata (Scalaria), Say. Amer. Conch., No. 3

102 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Lineolata (Scalaria), Hutton (not Kiener). Cat. Mar. Moll.
N. Z., p. 22; Jour. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., ix, 943.
= S$. tenella, Hutton. ; ; d 5 Oe
Lineolata (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. ‘Conch., is ‘89, : « 2258
Lirata (Aclis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., vi, p. 119, 1860, ARO
Longissima (Scalaria), Seguenzia. Form. Terz. Reggio sop
266, ISAS ed ta
Lovenii (Scalaria), ‘A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 'p. Ay 1856, : 76
Loveniana (Aclis), A. Ad. Ann. and M ag. Nat. Hist. 5 p- 43,
1861, 90
Lusitanica (Solariella), ‘Fischer. “Jeftreys. Zool. ‘Proc., 44,
1885. = Seguenzia reticulata, Phil. ; 48

Lyra (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Zool. Proc., p. lee 1844, 59
Lyra (Scalaria), Hutton (not Sowb.) Man. Mar. Moll. N. Z.,
p.- 70. =S. tenella, Hutton. . : : : : . 84

Maculosa (Scalaria), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang, p. 51, t.

ge Ie S50, : : ; 4 A oOo
Magellanica (Scalaria), “Ph. Archiv. fiir NEE I. ps OB,

1845, . 3 ee
Magnifica (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, ps 102, t. 34, te

103, 1847, . . he
Mariei (Scalaria), Crosse. Journ. de Conch. ,p. 136, 1873, 2 oats
Marmorata (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proe., p. 11, 1844, se PO
Martinii (Scalaria), Wood. Index Test. : 78
Megamastoma (Ianthina), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag, v vill, p.

408, 1861, . : , pees:
Menesthoides Souci Cpr. "Ann. and Mag., xi; p 478,

1864, . 84
Menippe, Jeffreys. “Brit. Conch., Iv, 107, 1867.

= Pherusa, Jeffreys. . : ; <: ORO
Micra (Aclis), Petterd. Journ. of Conch., iv, p. 136, 1884, . - 90
Micromphala (Sealaria), Méreh. Journ. Philad. Acad., viii,

p: 197, 1575, 1... ‘ A 5 : v2 GaSe
Microsoma (Scalaria), Tap. Canefri. Journ. de Conch., B 251,

1876. =S. subauriculata, Souverb. . 67
Migrans ( ‘Trichotropis), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1X, P

fs A882, 45
Millecostata (Scalaria), Pse. Zool. Proc, p- 400, 1860, . 2 Oe

Mindoroensis (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc. ‘D: 40, 1844, oa te
Minor (lIanthina nitens, var.), Monts. En. e Sin., p- 35.

= I. globosa, Swains. : ‘ é ; ie
Minor (Ianthina pallida, var. i Monts. En. e Sin., p. 35.
= I. leta, Monts. . ; ; , : 3 eile

Minor (Scalaria), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Teon., sp., 70, 18738, 88
Minutissima (Aclis), Watson. Challenger Exped., xv, 504,
1886, , : : : : #86
Miranda (Sealaria), Smith. Zool. Proe., p. 734, t. 75, f. 15,
LB Ville : : : : 3 . Pei |

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 103

PAGE,
Miranda (Crosseia), A. Adams. Ann. Mag., N. Hist. » Apr,
1865, 84
Mitraeformis (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc. p. 12, 1844, ae
Mizon (Aclis), Watson. Journ., Proc. Linn. Soc., xv, p. 245,

1881, ; : ano
Modesta (Scalaria), C.B. Ad. Jamaica Shells. . : 70
Monocingulata (Seguenzia), Seguenza. Boll. Comitato Geol-

ogico, vii, 188, May, 1876, ; ; ‘ Sie tO.
Monocyela (Sealaria), Kien. Iconog., t 3, £ EE

= §. lamellosa, Lam. ; : : ¥ : : PHC
Monocycla (Scalaria), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vi, Pt. 2, p.

225. —S. lamellosa, Lam. ‘ ‘ : . : Rae
Montrouzieri (Recluzia), Souv. Journ. de Conch., xix, p. 334,

1SfL> xx, t. 1, 7.8, 1872... = R. Rollandiana, Petit: ress

Morchi (Scalaria), Angas. Zool. Proc., p. 15, t.1, f.7,1871, 82
Moérchi (Scalaria,) Sowb. (not Angas). Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 76, 1873. =—S. erronea, Canefri. . a a bs,
Multicostata (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Erocs, p- 28, 1844, 67
Multiperforata (Sealaria), Sowb. Conch. Icon., sp. 125, 1874, 82
Multistriata (Scalaria), Phil. (not Say). Zeitsch. Mal., 108,

1844. —S. Algeriana, Weink. : : . 64
Multistriata (Scalaria), Say. Amer. Journ. Sci., No. Oy behets ee
Muricata (Sealaria), Risso. Hist., iv, p. 113, f. 45, ; wee
Nana (Ianthina), Gray. Fig. Moll. Anim., t. 48, ft 3.

= I. globosa, Swains. ‘ ; P ‘ ‘ ‘ enh
Nana (Sealaria), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., p. 134, t. 10, fi 6,

1884, : ; ; : : é 2 pe
Nautle (Scalaria), March. Journ., Phila. Acad., viii, p. 202,

1875, . , ; : : : : . 40
Neglecta (Scalaria), Reeve. Conch. Teon., sp. 1, 1873 (not

Ad. and Reeve). =S. Pallasii, Kiener. . : 54
Neglecta (Scalaria), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang, p. 61, t.

ets, 1650). 5)
Nicobarica (Scalaria), Beck. MSs. Thes. Conch., 1 83.

= §. Pallasii, Kien. . : . oO4
Nisoides (Odostomia), Brugn. Mise. Mal, p. 8 of e 8, 1875.

= Aclis Walleri, Jeffr. ‘ On
Nitens (Janthina), Menke. Synopsis, p- 84, 1828,

= I. globosa, Swains. : w 37
Nitida (Seguenzia monocingulata, V ar), Verrill. Trans.

Coun. Acad., vi, 188, : ‘ aa 20

Nitida (Ianthina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., P. 620, 1868, : ARC's
Nodosa (Sealaria), Cpr. MS. Sowb. Conch. Tcon., af 2.

— §. gradata, Hinds. : ity «5. ie
Notha (Scalaria), Mke. Synopsis, Dp. 85, 1828,
= §. Pallasii, Kien. . ; : . 54

Nov-Angliae (Scalaria), Couth. Bost. Journ., Now, t.5) 8.0 6a

*

104 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Novemcostata con Morch. Journ. Phila. Acad., viii,
BOD VSia, e . :
Nuda (Scalaria), Sowb. Conch. Icon., P 110, 1874.
— S. turricula, Sowb. .

Obesa (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., 1, P. 89, t. 33, f. 70,
rile oes

Obliqua (Scalaria), Sowl: Thes. Concee V p. 89, t aos e 69,
1847, .

Obtusa (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 29, 1844, ,

Obtusicostata (Scalaria), G. O. Sars. Moll. Aret. Norv., p
194, t. 22, f. 9a, b. =S. coarctata, Jeffreys. . :

Occidentalis (Scalaria), Nyst. Tableaux, p. 48, 1875,

Ochotensis (Scalaria), Middendorff. Malac. Rossica, ll, p. 98,
1849,

Octocostata (Sealaria), Mérch. Journ. Phila. Acad., viii, p.

1985").
Opalia, Carpenter. "Ann, Mag. N. Hist., 3d Ser. xy, 1865.
= Psychrosoma, Canefri.

Opalia, H. and A. Adams. Genera of Recent Moll, i, 229,

1853,

Optabilis (Scalaria), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. Sowb. Reeve’s Conch.

Teon., sp. 85, 1873,

Orbignyi (Ianthina), "March. Journ. de Conch., p. 278, 1860,

==), fracilis, Mam, ©.
Orbignyi (Scalaria), } Nyst. Tableaux, p. 48, 1873,
Ovalis (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proe., p. 29, 1844,

Pallasii (Sealaria), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 4, t. 2, fi 3, ‘

Pallida (Ianthina), Harvey (MSS.). Thompson, ‘Ann., t. 2, f.
6, 1841. =I. globosa, Swn. Var.

Patula (Ianthina), Ph. Enum. Moll. Sicil, ii, p. 224, t. 28, f.
14, 1844. = I. pallida, Harvey. ;

Paumotensis (Scalaria), Pse. Amer. Journ. Conch., iil, P 239,

t 24rd, 11 S67,

Peaeuiliaaw (Scalaria), Issel. —-8, frondosa, Sowb.

Penicephala (Ianthina), Peron. Voy, t. 27, on
=|. fragilis, Lam. --. 5 5 : ; ; :

Peramabilis (Iphinoe), Dall. Amer. Journ. Conch., vii, p-
PD, ST)

Pernobilis (Scalaria), Fisch. and Bern. “Journ. de Conch., p.

298, t. 8, f. 23, 1854,

Perplexa (Scalaria), Pse. Zool. Proc. 1360, Amer. Tour.

Goneh., 11; 228) == 8. saan, Lam.
Pherusa, ‘Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., v, 210, 1869,

Philippii (Turritella), Aradas. ater Jour. de Conch., 151,

1878. = Scalaria subdecussata, Cantr. .
Philippinarum (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proce., p. 12, 1844,

©

PAGE.

52, 89

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Philtata (Scalaria), Watson. Challenger Ravers xy, 142,

1886,

Planicosta (Scalaria) Kien. t. (¢ f. 21.

= §. Groenlandica, Chemn. : ; :
Planicostata (Scalaria), Bivona. Nuove Genera, t. 2, f. B.

= 8. Turtonis, Turton, ; , ‘ ‘
Planospirata (Ianthina), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Saba: p-

54, t. 11, f. 10, 1850, . ,

Plicata (Eglisia), Hutton. Cat. Marine Moll. N. Zeal. P. 29,

1873,

Polita (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p- 30, 1844, . :
Polita (Aclis), Verrill. Amer. Journ. Ser, mm, p. 210, t. 6, f.

5, 1872. == Eulimella, Vol. viii, p. 342, . ;
Porrecta (Sealaria), Hinds. Zool. Proc. pa l26; 1843,
Pourtalesii (Scalaria), Verrill and Smith. Amer. Journ. of

Sci., xx, p. 395, 1880, : : : ; ; : :
Preclara (Scalaria), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., vii, p. 481,

1861, : 5 : ! : :
Praelonga (Acirsa), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag. xix, p. 241,

Bil, : :
Pretiosa (Scalaria), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., Vi, Pt. 2, 225,

16195. . : ; ; :

Pretiosula (Scalaria), Morch. Journ. Phila. Acad., Vili, p.

192, 1875, . : ; ‘
Principalis (Scalaria), Pallas. Spicil, x, 32, 1774, Naturg. x,

51, t. 3, £. 3,6. Morch. Jour. Philad. Acad., 2 ser., viii, 198,
Principalis (Turbo), Chemn. (not Pallas).

= 8. magnifica, Sowb.
Principalis (Scalaria), Sowb. ( not Pallas). Thes. Conch., 1, Ds

88, t. 34, f. 75. =S. duealis, Morch. :

Producta (Scalaria ~ clathratula, var.), Jeffreys. Zool. Proe.,

p. 136, 1884, : ; : ; : ;
Prolongata | (Ianthina), Blainy. Dict. Sci. Nat., xxiv, p. 155,

1822. = I. globosa, Swains. § ; ; r i
Pseudopulchella (Scalaria), Seguenza.

= 8. Trevelyana, Leach. . : : ; : ; 3
Pseudo-sealata (Sealaria), Chemn. Conch. Cab., iv, p. 275, f.

1438. =S. spuria, Mérch. ; P : 3 i :
Pseudoscalaris (Sealaria), Brocchi. p. 379, t. 7, f. 1, 1814.

— §. lamellosa, Lam. 3 ;

Psychrosoma, Canefri. Jour. de Conch., XXiv, 154, 1876,
Pulchella (Scalaria), Bivona. Nuove Genera, PA
Pulcherrima (Scalaria), Monts. Notiz. Conch. Medit., P 39.
= §. formosa, Mts. . :
Pulcherrima (Scalaria), Sowb. Conch. Icon. , sp. 68.

—S. Catanuanensis, Sowb. . F
Pulcherrima (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc. Pp. 28, 1844,
Pumicea (Sealaria), Brocchi. Conch. Foss. Subap., ii, p. 380,

t, 7, f. 3, 1884, c : i } ; : : ;

PAGE.

106 INDEX AMD SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Pumila (Sealaria), Libassi. = S. frondosa, Sowb. : 65
Pumila (Scalaria), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. Conch. Icon., sp. 79,

1ST 3; %: 68
Pumilio (Scalaria eburnea, var. "), Mérch. Journ. Phila. Acad.,

vill, p. 199, 1875 i
Pusilla (Trichotropis), Gld. Bost. ‘Proc, ill, p. 197, 1850, ¢ 0 4D.
Pyramidalis (Sealaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc. pew, 1844, jeez

Pyrrhias (Acirsa), Watson. Challenger Reports, x) 145, 1886, 80
Quadricarinata (Trichotropis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., viii,

p. 1385, 1861. = T. borealis, Brod. and Sowb. 43
Quindecemeostata (Sealaria), Morch. Journ. Phila. Acad.,

viii, p. 197, 1875, : ; : 83
Raphistoma, Hall. Pal. N. Y., i, 1847, 4 eee rt oD
Raricosta (Scalaria), Costa. Cat. Syst., 104.

= §.-crenata, Linn. . : ; i ; : : ae
Raricostata (Scalaria), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., Ed. 2, ix, p.

VG ae ; Paya |
Raricostata (Scalar ia), Cpr. “Mazatlan Shells, p- 447.

= S. Carpenteri, Tap. Canefri. . : Pele
Reeliia: Petit. Jour. de Conch., 116, 1853, : ; 35, 38
Reflexa (Scalaria), Cp. Zool. Proc., p. 2385, 1855, ‘ . 84
Replicata (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 11, 1844, . er ee 50,
Reticulata (Seguenzia), Phil. Enum, Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 149,

t. 25, f. 6, 1844; Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 43, 1885, 48
Reticulata (Scalaria), Helbling. Abhandl. Privat Gesell.

Bohm., iv, t. 1,f. 11, 1779. -= S. raricostata, Lam, < 2 PES

Retiporosa (Opalia), Cpr. Calif. Proe., ii, p. 222, 1868, . 184

Riisei: (Scalaria turritellula, var.), Moreh. Journ. Phila.

Acad., viii, p. 202, 1875, . ; : \ : ; Hee SB,
Rollandiana (Recluzia), Petit. Journ. de Conch., p. 119, t. 5,

f. 12, 1853, : . 4 ; : ; : «SG
Rosea (Ianthina), Anthon. Verzeichniss, p. 50, 1839.

= I. pallida, Harvey. , ; 4 : : : Nees
Roseola (lanthina), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 1, 1858.

==. fragilis, am) V arin. : : : : a) ro
Rotundata (Janthina), Leach MS. Dillwyn. Contr. Hist.

Swansea, 59, 1840. =I. Britannica, Leach. . eal
Rubrolineata (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., 1, p. 91, t, 34,

f, 83, 84, 1847, . : j 60
Rugosa (Ses alaria), Costa. —8. frondosa, Sowb. . 65
Rupicola (Sealaria), Kurtz. Shells of North Carolina, p- 7,

1860, . ; 83
Ruzeri (Trichotropis), Braz. Linn. Soc. N.§. W, i p 313.

1876 (misprint for Kroyeri, Phil.). . : . 44

Sarissa (Aclis), Watson. Journ. Linn Soc., xv, p. 247, 1881, 88
Seacchii (Scalaria), Hornes. Foss. Tert. Wein., isp: ‘479, t.
46, f. 12, 1851. =S. Hellenica, Forbes. . ; 73

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 107

PAGE
Scaeve (Scalaria), 2 Morch. Journ. Phila. Acad., viii, P. 204,
1875, : 83
Seala, Klein. @ateacoll By 1753. — Scalaria, Lam. : SO
Scalina. Conrad. Am. Tone Conch., i, 27, 1865, ; : ner 0)
Sealiola, A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. vi, 120, 1860, F 51, 85
Sealaria. Lam. Syst. An. 88, HOUT 3 Meee
Sealaris (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit. Gmelin, 3603.
— Scalaria pretiosa, Lam. . : ; Hegel il"
Sealites, Conrad. Emmons, Geol. N. ae. il, 1842, : A OO

Schultzii (Sealaria), W eink. Conch. Mittelm., ii, 239;
Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 134, 1884. —S. Algeriana, Weink. 64
Scintillans oe A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., vii, 44,

1861, : : : ; : pete)":
Scitula (Toles), A. Ad. Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1860 ;

Journ. de Conch., xvi, t. 4, f. 3, 1868, : 89
Sculptilis (Lolea), A. Ad. Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 303,

1861, : : 90

Seguenzia, Jeffreys Proe. Roy. Soc., 200, 1876; Watson,
Challenger Exped., xv, 105; Vearill, Trans. Conn. Acad.,

vi, 186; Jeffreys, Jour. ‘Linn. Soe., xiv, 605, : "41, 46
Semidisjuncta (Scalaria), Jeftreys. Zool. Proc., p- 135, t. 10,
£2, 1864,” : 57

Senegalensis (Sealaria), “Maltzan. aces Deutsch. Malak.,

xvii, p. 26, 1885, : : : . 84
Separatista, Gray. Zool. Proc. 136, 1847. 41, 45
Serrata (Scalaria), Caleara. Conch. Foss. d ‘Alta, Dp AT, t, 2,

f. 4. ? = S. pumicea, Brocchi, . 82
Similis (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 27, 1884, : 560
Simillima (Sealaria), Tap.-Canefri. Journ, de Conch., p. 152,

18762. = (Seducalis, Moreh. ~. ; : : : I=-69
Smithii (Sealaria), Tryon, . ; ‘ ol
Smithia, Maltzan. 1883. = — Eglisia, Gray. : 52, 86
Smithiz (Ianthina), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 15, 1858.

= |. Britannica, Leach. . 47
Solida (Trichotropis), Aurivill. Arktiska Hafsmoll., p. 328,

tt2, tf. 16, 1685, = "T. Kroyer, Phil..." 4
Soluta (Scala), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag,, i ix, p. 296, 1862, 84

Soluta (Scalaria), Tiberi. Journ. de Coneh., p- 84, t. 5; 'f 3,

1868. =S. frondosa, Sowb. . : i 65.
Soluta (Sealaria), Dunker MS. Morch, Journ. Philad. Acad.,

vill, 195, 1876, .. ; : ‘ : eT!
Sowerbianus (Trichotropis), Lesson. TIllust. de Zool., t. 41, f.

1-3, 1832. — T. bicarinata, Brod. and Sowb. . ‘ Praae: 9/
Spectabilis (Trichotropis bicarinata, var.), Dall. Am. Jour.

Conch., vii, 120, 1872, A 42
‘Spinae-rosae (Scalaria), Mérch. Journ. Phila. Acad., Viiii, p.

194, 1875, . 83

Spinosa (Sealaria clathratula, var.), ‘Jeffry. Zool. Proc., p. 136,
1884, ; : ‘ ‘ : : : 2 RAT

108 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Spirata (Eglisia), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 14, No. 1449, .
Spiralis (Scalaria), A. Ad. Ann.and Mag., viii, p. 481, 1861,
Splendens _Canthina), Monts. Nomen. Gen. e Spec., P 104,
1884. =I. globosa, Swains. .
Spongiosa (Opalia), Cpr. Calif. Proc., iii, p. 229, 1868, ,
Spuria (Scalaria), Moreh. Journ. Phila. Acad., vili, p. 194,
1875, . :
Statuminata (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p 30, 1844,
Sthenorytis, Conrad. 1868, .
Stilbe, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. 130, 1884,
Striata loaner Gray. Voy. of the Fly, iL) p: 358, t. 2, f.
D847 .° 5S. dubia, Sowb:... -
Striata a), Verrill. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ill, P 377,
1880, . ;
Striata (arecten Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., Xvi, p. 609,
Striata (Mesalia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. Pp. 279, 1851.
— 8. subdecussata, Cantr. .
Striata (Scalaria), Kien. Coq. Viv., p- 20, a Diet: 14,
= S$. Martini, Wood. . :
Striatissima (Scalaria), Monts. Journ. de Conch., p. 151,
1878, : ; :
Striatus (Cioniscus), Jeffr. Zool. Proc. ae 342, 1884,
= Aclis Jeffreysii, Tryon. .
Striolata (Janthina), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang, es ‘5d, t.
11, f. 9, 1850. =I. pallida, Harvey.
Striulata ‘(Ianthina), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 185.
= I. fragilis, Lam.

Subauriculata (Scalaria), Souverb. Jour. de Conch., xiv,

147, 260, 1866, . : : : : : ;
Subcoronata (Scalaria), Cpr. " Calif. Proe., iii, p..221, 1868, .
Subnudata (Scalaria), Sowb. Conch. Icon., sp. 111, 1874,

=. tenera, H. Adams. .

Subdecussata (Scalaria), Cantraine. Mal. Medit.
Subpretiosa (Scalaria), Blainv. = S. Pallasii, Kiener.
Subtilis (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 28, 1844, : ;
Subulata (Scalaria), Couth. Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11,

No.1. =S. Grenlandica, Chemn. .

Subvaricosa (Sealaria), (Dkr. MSS.), Mérch. Journ. Phila.
* -sNcad., viii, p. 204, 1875, -. :
Sulcata (Aclis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., Vi, p. 119, 1860,
Suleata (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 35, ie fit, : :
Supranitida (Aclis), Searles- Wood. Crag Moll., 99, "1842,
Suturalis (Scalaria), Hinds. Zool. Proce., p. 125, 1843, .
Suturalis (Turritella), Gray. Wood’s Ind. Test.

= E. spirata, Sowb. .

Swiftii (Sealaria), Méorch. Journ. Phila. Acad, vill, P 193,

t. 29, f. 3, 1875, .

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 109

PAGE.
Symmetrica (Scalaria), Pse. Amer. Journ. Conch., ili, p.

290, t. 24, f. 14, 1867, ‘ A ; : ; : te OO
Tantilla Ee A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., viii, p. 483,

1861, : ¢ : ‘ . 84
Tenella (Scalaria), Hutton. Jour. Linn. Soc. N. 8. WY Tx,

943, 1885, . : : 84
Tenera (Scalaria), “Jeffreys. “Zool. Proce., p. 139, ti 10, f. 9,

1884. —S. Jeffreysii, Tryon, . 62
Tenera (Scalaria), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 209, 1873, . es
Tenuicostata (Sealaria), Mich. Bull. Soe. Linn. Bond, iil, p.

260. =S. Turtonez, Turton. . : ; nee 6
Tenuicostata (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., Winoty t tO;

1847, . 4/150
Tenuilirate (Scalaria), Sani Conch: Icon., sp. 118, 1874, sat
Tenuis (Aclis), Verrill. Conch. Trans., v, p. 628, t. 58, f. 19,

1882, . : ; : : , : 5 gate ol
Tenuis (Scalaria), Gray. King’s emacs ii, App., p. 482.

= §. ducalis, Morch. . : ‘ : : ee Oo
Tenuis (Scalaria), Sowb. (not Gray). "Zool. Proc: p: 110;

1844. =S. occidentalis, Nyst. : : : =. Oe
Tenuis ( Trichotropis), E. A. Smith. Ann. and Mag., xx, p.

135, 1877; Jeffreys, Ibid., 239.

2 bicarinata, Brod. and Sowb. (monstrosity ), 42
Tenuistriata (Scalaria), d@Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 390, t.

54, f. 4-6, . 61
Teres (Scalaria), Bush. Conn, Trans., vi, p. 465, i 45, f. 8, ;

1885, . : ; 71
Texturata (Scalaria), Gld. Bost. Proc., li, p. 252, 1847, 3-406
Tiarella (Torellia fimbriata, Var.), Verrill. Trans. Conn.

Acad., v, 520, 1882, . : : : ; ; ; 46
Tincta (Scalaria), Carp. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., xiv, 28,

1865. =S. Indianorum, Carp., Var. ! ; : pat al

Torellia (Lovén), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., iv, 244, 1867, 41, 46
Tortilis (Scalaria), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., xvi, 607,

1883, 75
Trabeculata (Scalaria), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., \ Viil, P 480,
1861, :; 3 ree
Trachyoma, Seguenza. Tert. ‘Reggio, 1879.
— Torellia, Jeffreys. : f : Al
Trevelyana (Scalaria), Leach. Winch, ets PraliNe eS iy,
434, . 7

Trevelyana ( Scalaria), Tib. (not Leach). =8 muricata, Risso. 63
Tricarinata (Eglisia), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p- 49, 86
Tricarinata (Seguenzia). Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., p. 48, t. 5, f,

2, 1880) : : 2 : hi
Tricarinata (Trichotropis, Braz. Linn. Soc. N.S. WS.) D:

312, 1876, : : : ; : : ot) AD

110 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Trichophora, Deshayes. Encyel. Meth., iu, tabl., 1830.
— Trichotropis, Brod. and Sowb.
Trichotropis, Brod. andSowb. Zool. Jour., iv, “373, 1829,
Trifasciata (Scalaria), De Haen. Sowb., Thes. Conch., Late
33, f. 42-44. — 5S. Clementina, Grat. ;
Trispinosa (Seguenzia), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc, XIV, , 591,
Tristriata (Aclis), Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soe. Tasmania, Pp
150, 1876, . : ; : , i
Trochiformis (Scalaria), Maltzan. Nachr. Deutsch. Malak.,
Xvi, p. 25, 1885, : : : : ;
Trochoidea (Ianthina), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 10, 1858.
= I. fragilis; iam., Var. : : : : ; :
Turbinata (Sealaria), Conrad. Journ. Phila. Acad., vii, p.
263, t. 20, f. 26, 1884; Proc. A. N.S., 302, 1878, : ;
Turbona (Browne), Mérch. Jour. Philad. Acad., viii, 198,
1876, : ; 7 4 ;
Turbonilla (Cirsotrema), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., vill, p.
483, 1861, : : : : ; :
Turricula (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, p.. 92; t.30, 26)
34, f. 88, 1847, :
Tonite (Recluzin), ial} Busch., 1847. (Phil. Zeitsch., P
15,4843).
Turrita (Scalaria), } Nyst. Tableaux, p- 66, 1873
— §. turricula, ane : R
Turrita (Aclis), 'Petterd. Journ. of Conch., iv, p- “140, 1884,
Turritellula (Scalaria), Mérch. Journ. Phila. Acad., viii, p.
202, 1875, . eee : : ; j
Turtonis (Scalaria), Turton, Conch. Dict., 208,

Umbilicata (Scalaria), Pse. Amer. Journ. Conch., v, p. 76,

1869, .

Unmbilicata (Janthina), ad Orb. Voy. Mae Merid., No. 319,

1840. ? = I. exigua, Lam. :

Umbilicatus ( (F usus), Brown, Wernerian Memoirs, viii, “98, t.

Dd f-2) == richotropis borealis, Brod. and Sowb.
Uncinati-costa (Sealaria), @Orb, Moll. de Cuba, ii, p. 19, t.

1 £2527, T8380:

Undecemcostata (Sealaria), Mérch. Journ. Phila. Acad.,

Vili, p. 198, 5 :

Undulata (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 35, f. 136.

— S$. costulata, Mighels. : ; .
Undulatissima (Scalaria), Sowb. Conch. Téon., sp. 421, 1874,
Unicarinata (Trichotropis), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Journ.,

iv, 376, ; , : : : °
Unicostata (Scalaria), Sowb. Conch. Icon., sp. 55.

= S$. lineata, Say. :
Unicus (Cioniscus), Montagu. Test. Brit., 290, :
Unifasciata (Scalaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, t. 33, f. 68,

“40, 43

56
47

90
84
37
64
50
84
79
39

79
90

85
72

71

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Varicosa (Scalaria), G. O. Sars. Moll. Arct. Norv., p. 348,
t. 34, f. 9, ac. =S. coarctata, Jeffreys. ; 3
Varicosa (Scalaria), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vi, 297,
Venosa (Scalaria), Sowb. Zool. Proe., p. 13, 1844, ,
‘Ventrosa (Aclis), Jeffreys. Friele, Bidrag til’ Vestland.
Moll; p..6; 't: 1, £7, 7a, 7b, 1875, : : ;
Verena, Gray. Guide Brit. Mus., 44, 1857.
— Ariadna, Fischer. : ; : ; : :
Vermetiformis (Scalaria), W atson. Challenger Exped., xv,
142, 1886, . : : : : ;
Vestalis (Sealaia), ‘Hinds. Zool. Proc., p. 125, 1843, ;
Vestalis (Ebala), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., vi, p. 119, 1860, .
Vestita (Torellia), Jetty. Brit. Conch., iv, P. 244, t. 4, f. 1,
1867, .
Vinsoni (Ianthina), Desh. Moll. “Reunion, p. 94, i 1, 9
10: exigua, Lam.’ |. :
Violacea a (Ianthina), Blainy. Man. Mal., t. 27b, ite
= I. globosa, Swainson. A : : :
Violacea (Ianthina), Ad. Gen., p. 86, t. 69, f. 1.
== J. Coste, Morch.. . ; : :
Violacea (Ianthina) (Bolt.), Mérch. Yoldi Cat., 49.
ragilis, Lam. . : : : : :
Virginea (Ebala), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., vi, p. 119, 1860,
Vittata (Scalaria), Jeffr. Zool. Proc., p. 133, t. 10, f. 4, 1884,
Volubilis (Scalaria), Morch. Journ. Phila. Acad., viii, p.
195, 1875, . : é ; 4 : : : é
nv. ulgaris Gentine), Gray. Fig. Moll. Anim., t. 117a, fig. 3.
= I. Coste, Morch. ; ; : ; ' ; 5
Vulpina (Scalaria), Hinds. Zool. Proe., p. 125, 1848, .

Walleri (Aclis), Jeffreys. B. C., iv, p. 105; v, p. 210, t. 72,

fA. : : : : . : : . : ;
Webbii (Scalaria), d’Orb. Moll. des Canaries, p. 80, t. 6, f.
12 q

Wellingtonensis (Scalaria), Kirk. Trans. New Zeal. Inst.,
xii, p. 307, 1880; Trans.: Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, 943.
= §. Jukesiana. Forbes. .

Wroblewskyi (Scalaria), Mérch. “Journ. Philad. Acad., 2d
Ser., vili, 190, 1876. —S. borealis, Gould,

Zelebori (Scalaria), Frauenfeld. Reise Fregatte Novara, ii,
pto, p. (, t. 1,1. 6, 1868;

Famity CERITHIUD.

Shell spiral, elongated, many whorled, frequently varicose, the
surface usually tuberculated, spinose or costulate; aperture chan-
neled in front, the outer lip: generally expanded in the adult.
Operculum corneous, spiral with central or sublateral nucleus.

Animal with a short contractile muzzle, distant, slender tentacles.
and eyes on peduncles connate with the tentacles or sessile at their
base; mantle margin with a short, rudimentary siphonal fold.

Dentition—The usual formula is 2°1:1:1-2 (Pl. 19, figs. 1, 2),
but in Triforis the marginal teeth are multiplied 41:1:1:4 (PI. 19,
fig. 3).

The Cerithiidz occur principally about tropical and semitropical
shores, on rocks or among marine plants, littoral or in shallow
waters: Many of them are estuary mollusks, and some inhabit
fresh waters.

The shell is very variable in form, and especially in the anterior
canal of the aperture, which is always short, but sometimes disap-
pears completely.

The Cerithiidze have been monographed by:

Kiener. Coquilles vivantes. 81 species. No date.

Sowerby. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, ii. 184 species. 1855.

Sowerby. Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, xv. 232 species.
1865-6.

Dr. Jousseaume has recently published a monograph of Triforis,
—of which he has made a family, with a number of genera (Bull.
Soc. Mal. France, i, 217, 1884).

Genus CERITHIUM, Adanson, 1757.

Shell turreted, imperforate, many whorled, tuberculate usually,
with indistinct varices; aperture small, with a short posterior chan-
nel and a better marked oblique one in front, outer lip expanded,
inner lip thickened, concave. Operculum corneous, paucispiral,
with submarginal nucleus. Animal (PI. 19, figs. 14, 15) truncated
and grooved in front, attenuated behind; muzzle large and long,
sinuated at the end, tentacles thickened posteriorly and bearing eyes
externally at a short distance from their base; siphon short. Foot
secreting a mucous thread by which the animal is able to suspend
itself (Pl. 19, fig. 6). Some of the species emit a bright green fluid

when molested.
a2

CERITHIID®. 113

Central tooth of the radula multicuspidate, lateral securiform,
the margin toothed, marginals narrow, with comb-like extremities
CPT 19) fie. 1):

Marine, inhabiting temperate and tropical seas; fossil, nearly 500
species are enumerated, commencing in the Trias and attaining its
maximum development in the Cretaceous.

Subgenus CerrrHium (sensu stricto).

Columella thickened, with a tooth-like posterior tubercle, outer
lip dilated at the base, whorls varicose.

Section Contina, H. and A. Adams, 1853.

Shell elongated, whorls numerous, convex, nodulous, spirally
striated , aperture oval, prolonged in front into a short recurved
canal, columella simple, oblique, outer lip expanded and reflexed.
Middle whorls gibbous, sculpture usually obsolete on the last whorl.

The few species inhabit deep water, sandy bottom, at the Philip-
pines, China, ete.

Section Liocerrruivm, Tryon, 1887.
Shell pupoidal or subeylindrical, without ribs or nodules, usually
spirally grooved. C. rnctsum, Sowb.

Subgenus Sritus, Jeffreys, 1885.

Shell spit-shaped, reticulated; apex forming a twisted and
abruptly semi-detached peak ; basal groove short and recurved. 8.
INSIGNIS, Jeffreys.

Subgenus CERITHIODERMA, Conrad, 1860.

Acutely ovate, striate; lip grooved, umbilicated, columella
recurved inferiorly or subtruncate; aperture patulous, margin
obtusely rounded inferiorly ; beak very short, narrow, recurved.

Fossil only. C. prota, Conr. Eocene, Alabama (Struct. and
Syst. Conch., t. 69, f. 51).

? Subgenus BrAcnyTREMA, Morris and Lycett, 1850,

Shell turreted, turbinate, solid, whorls nodose, costulate or can-
cellate, the last whorl large, ventricose, angulated; columella
smooth, rounded, obliquely truncate at the base forming a short
oblique canal, aperture obsoletely channeled above, lip thickened
and usually exteriorly subvaricose. C. Wricutt, Cotteau (Pl. 19,
fig. 8), 16 sp., Jurassic, Europe.

8

114 CERITHIID®.

Has the general appearance of Tectarius, and I formerly referred
it to that group; yet its anterior canal, and varicose lip remind one
of Cerithium.

Subgenus VertTacus, Klein, 1753.

Canal long and strongly recurved, columella with an oblique
median plication.
Rhinoclavis, Swainson, 1840, is a synonym.

Subgenus CAMPANILE, Bayle, 1884.

Shell very large; columella simple, or with plications throughout
its length; aperture short; lip sinuous, oblique; canal strongly
twisted.

C. LAVE, Quoy and Gaim. is a typical living example of this
group; which appeared in the upper Cretaceous and flourished
during the Eocene period.

Subgenus BezANcontA, Bayle, 1884.

Suture strongly channeled, periphery continuous and detached.
C. sprrAtuM, Lam. Eocene of Paris basin.

Subgenus BELLARDIA, Mayer, 1870.

Last whorl with a series of tubercles, separated by a narrow, par-
tially closed transverse fissure. Fossil. C. Janus, Mayer. Num-
mulite of Vincentin.

Subgenus CERITHINELLA, Gemmellaro. 1878.
Subperforate, very long, cylindrical or turreted, plicate, and
spirally lined, growth lines recurved near the suture; aperture
quadrangular with a very short canal, columella straight. Having
the aspect of Nerinwa. C. Ivarica,Gemm. Jurassic of Sicily.

Subgenus PsEUDOCERITHIUM, Cossmann, 1884.

Shell elongated, narrow, multispiral, with axial ridges forming a
sort of pyramid twisted on its axis; aperture entire, slightly twisted
in front.

C. conrortum, Deslongchamps. Jurassic of Normandy.

Subgenus Tomocuitus, Gemmellaro, 1879.

Subumbilicated, short, pupoid-conic, whorls cancellated ; aper-
ture rounded, oblique, channeled behind, dilated anteriorly, colu-
mella thick, forming a slight depression at the base.

C. DesLtonccHaAmps!, Gemm. Jurassic of Sicily.

CERITHIID ®. Ibs

Genus FASTIGIELLA, Reeve, 1848.

Perforate, elongated, turreted ; whorls numerous. convex, with
spiral riblets; aperture terminating in a short, slightly twisted
canal,

One or two recent species occur in the West Indies, and several
fossils from the Eocene of the Paris basin are also referred here.

Genus BITTIUM (Leach), Gray, 1847.

Shell elevated, with numerous granular whorls and irregular
varices ; anterior canal short, not recurved; inner lip simple, outer
lip not reflected, usually with an exterior rib. Operculum four-
whorled with central nucleus.

Animal with lanceolate foot, subtruncate in front ; eyes placed at
the external base of the rather long tentacles; operculigerous lobe
with rudimentary expansions on the sides, siphon rudimentary.

Numerous small species inhabiting temperate waters.

Cerithiolum, Tiberi, 1869, and Platygyra, Morch, 1860, are

synonyms.

Section CerrrHipiIum, Monts., 1884.
Mouth somewhat rounded, scarcely showing any canal below.
C. SUBMAMILLATUM, Rayn.

Genus POTAMIDES, Brongniart, 1810.

Imperforate, turreted, angulated, tuberculate, spiny, ete., and
covered by a thick, olive-brown epidermis, apex often decollated ;
whorls numerous, narrow, the last short; aperture channeled in
front, outer lip simple or thickened. Operculum corneous, multi-
spiral.

Animal with subcircular foot, obtuse behind; eyes on the
side of the tentacles at a third or half of their length ; siphon usually
fringed. ,

Middle tooth of the radula small with toothed margin, lateral
tooth large, subrhomboidal, with a rostrated base and toothed mar-
gin, first marginal tooth narrow, with a slight posterior projection,
second marginal tooth sometimes elongated and simple, sometimes
with a large external wing (PI. 19, fig. 2).

The type is a fossil, P. LAMARcKI, Brongniart.

Inhabits brackish and fresh waters, in Tropical countries, parti-
cularly swamps, and the mouths of rivers, where they frequently
remain for long periods out of the water, and in the dry season

116 CERITHIID®.

suspend themselves to mangrove roots, weeds, etc., by means of
glutinous filaments proceeding from under their closed operculum
(Pl. 19, fig. 6).
Subgenus TyMpanoronos, Klein., 1753.
Shell with angular, spinose whorls; columella twisted, canal
short; outer lip broadly sinuated anteriorly, and less distinctly so
posteriorly. Animal with fringed siphon. P. Fuscarus, Linn.

Subgenus Pyrazus, Montfort, 1810.

Whorls angular ; aperture with a short anterior canal, prolonged
posteriorly ; outer lip thickened, expanded. Animal with fringed
siphon. P. EBENINUs, Brug.

Subgenus Pyrazistnus, Heilprin, 1886.

Combining the general characters of Tympanotonus and Tere-
bralia, differing from the former in the non-canaliculate character
of the aperture, and from the latter in the possession of a deep sinus
in the labrum, which is effuse, thickened, and carried completely
over to the labium, so as to enclose a round siphonal aperture, as
seen in Terebralia.

P. cAMPANULATUS, Heilprin (PI. 19, fig. 10). Tertiary, Florida.

Subgenus TEREBRALIA. Swainson, 1840.

Shell with exterior varices and corresponding interior teeth,
surface spirally channeled; aperture channeled behind, with short
anterior canal; lip curved, dilated in front and prolonged so as to
partially close the canal; columella with strong plications corre-
sponding to the teeth on the interior of the outer wall (Pl. 19, fig.
4).

P. pALustRris, Brug., occurs in great numbers in the salt marshes
of the Eastern Archipelago, and is assiduously collected by the
natives, who roast them and suck the contents of the shell through
an aperture made by breaking off the tip of the spire.

The internal teeth do not approach the aperture, and are only
discovered by making a longitudinal section of the shell. They
have not been found in any of the related groups.

The genus Brorra, H. Adams, 1866, is founded on Melania pago-
dula, Gould, a Burmese species resembling in general form Tere-
bralia Humboldti, Val. Adams says that it has a multispiral
operculum, and therefore places it under the above name in the
Cerithiide. I agree with Dr. Brot that the species has so com-

CERITHIID &. LIT

pletely the aspect of a Melanian that it is very probable Adams was
deceived as to his operculum really belonging to it.

Section Gourmya. Bayle, 1884.

No internal plications or tubercles ; outer surface smooth.
Section Dirretus, Piette, 1874.

Turreted, with longitudinal rows of tubercles; outer lip thick-
ened, prolonged below so as to close the canal—which is short,
inner lip spread out, callous. P. RosrELLARIA, Buy. Jurassic.

Subgenus TeLescorrum, Montfort, 1810.

Shell conical or trochoidal, of numerous flat whorls, the aperture
subquadrangular, short, not channeled behind; lip thin, sinuous,
prolonged at the base ; columella interiorly plicate, plication visible
near the suture.

P. telescopium is so abundant near Calcutta as to be used for
burning into lime; great heaps of it being first exposed to the sun,
to kill the animals. In Borneo it is an article of food.

Subgenus Vicarta, d’Archiac, 1854.

Turreted, spirally striated, with a row of tubercles next below
the suture; canal very short, recurved, inner lip callously thick-
ened, the callosity prolonged behind, where the aperture is chan-
neled ; outer lip strongly sinuated posteriorly.

P. VernNevrii, d Arch. Nummulite, India.

Subgenus PrRENELLA, Gray, 1847.

Shell turriculated, granose, with irregular ribs and varices;
aperture rounded, terminating in a short anterior canal; inner lip
simple, outer lip thin, sinuous. P. mamriiuatus, Phil.

Subgenus CERITHIDEA, Swainson, 1840.

Turriculated, longitudinally ribbed; whorls numerous, apex
more or less truncated ; aperture rounded, slightly transversely slit
anteriorly ; outer lip expanded, thickened, broadly rounded below
and usually produced into a beak, crossing the sinus to the left.
Eye pedicels long and thick, connate with the tentacles nearly to
their tips.

They are so commonly out of the water as to have been taken tor
land shells. P. pEcoLLATus, Linn.

Section APHANISTYLUS, Fischer, 1884.
Shell decollated, thin, last whorl carinated; lip not dilated, nor

118 CREITHIID®.

prolonged in front. Ocular peduncles long, tentacles not visible.
P. CHARBONNIERI, Petit (PI. 19, fig. 5.). Von Martens suspects
that the ends of the tentacles are bent back when the animal is at
rest so as to become invisible ; at least this is the case in Potamides
obtusus (Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, li, 48).

Subgenus Lampanta, Gray, 1846.

Turriculated, a little curved, whorls without varices; aperture
subtruncate at the base, with a scarcely distinct, straight canal ;
lip sinuous. P. zonaE, Lam. China.

Batillaria, Cantor, 1842, is the same, and has priority; but
Lampania is well established, and need not be changed.

Section LAMPANELLA, Morch, 1876.
Shell small, decussated. P. mintmus, Gmel.

Subgenus Escorrreria, Fontannes, 1880.

Turriculated, narrow, whorls numerous, subsolute ; aperture sub-
circular, with sharp lip, columella excavated, canal obsolete. P.
Fiscuerti, Fontannes. Upper Tertiary of the Rhone basin.

? Genus SANDBERGERIA, Bosquet, 1860.

Shell small, ornamented like Bittiwn, with a rudimentary broad,
shallow, short canal, lip curved, prominent at the base, columellar
extremity surrounded by a basal fasciole. Operculum said to be
coucentric and calcareous, but there is some doubt about this: if it
is so, the group is certainly out of place in Cerithiide. S$. ANTE-
CEDENS, Stol. Tertiary.

Genus DIASTOMA, Desh., 1848.

Turriculated, with numerous ribs and a few varices; inner mar-
gin of the aperture partially detached from the previous whorl, the
aperture is strongly contracted posteriorly, sinuous and subangular,
but not channeled at the base, channeled behind, columella con-
cave, simple.

D. varicuLosum, Desh. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 72, f. 50),
Eocene.

? Genus MESOSTOMA, Desh., 1861.

Subrimate, elongated, turreted; aperture nearly circular, dilated,
oblique, terminating in front by a semicanaliculated angle;
columella slightly concave, lip simple, slightly expanded.

M. cratum, Desh. Eocene, Paris basin.

CREITHIID®. 119

? Genus EXELISSA, Piette, 1860.

Shell small, elongated, subeylindrical, somewhat pupiform, many
whorled, longitudinally costate, tuberculate, or spinose, last whorl
tending to separate from the axis, contracted at the base ; aperture
orbicular, entire, the lip produced and slightly thickened, colu-
mella solid. Kilvertia, Lycett, 1863, is a synonym.

E. rormosa, Lycett (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 69, £62). Oolite,
England. A doubtful member of the family.

? Genus PTEROSTOMA, Deshayes, 1861.

Shell small, turreted, subcylindrical, whorls numerous, with lon-
gitudinal tubercular ribs, and spiral striz ; aperture circular, entire,
margin dilated, exteriorly thickened.

P. ruspa, Desh. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 72, f. 42). Eocene,
Paris basin.

Genus CERITHIOPSIS, Forbes and Hanley, 1853.

Small, imperforate, more or less cylindrical, narrow, tuberculate,
not varicose; whorls numerous, the last narrower in proportion ;
aperture small, with a short, truncate, nearly straight canal. Oper-
culum suboyal, paucispiral, with sublateral, internal nucleus.
Animal with a narrow foot, subtruncated in front and attenuated
behind, with a longitudinal sulcus on the sole; tentacles cylindrical,
the eyes sessile at their base ; opercular lobe simple, well developed.

Radula with an oval central tooth, its margin dentate, a large,
bicuspid lateral tooth, and unicuspid laterals with smooth margin.
Mostly occurring in northern and temperate seas. Fossil, Cre-
taceous.

C. TUBERCULARIS, Mont.

Section Meraxta, Monts., 1884.
Base truncate, basal area not cingulate and concave, canal open,
incipient. C. RUGULOSA, Sowb.

Section Seria, A. Ad., 1861.
Shell with simple spiral ribs. C. DExTROVERSA, Ad. and Reeve.
Cinctella, Monts., is a synonym.

Section LovENELLA, O. Sars., 1878.

Shell subulate; whorls numerous, cancellated, aperture termi-
nating in a short, distinct, reflected canal. C. mMeruna, Lovén.
Northern Seas.

Cerithiella, Verrill, 1882, is a synonym.

120 CREITHIID #.

Section Eumera, Morch, 1868.
Lateral and marginal teeth of the radula finely pectinate. C.
ArcTIcA, Moreh. Northern Seas.

Subgenus Lasococuuis, Dunker and Metzger, 1874.

Shell sinistral, elongated, granose, canal twisted. LL. GRANOsA,
Wood. ‘Boreal Seas.

The dentition of this species is as near that of Trichotropis as
Cerithiopsis, and von Martens has put it in Trichotropide ; but the
affinities of the shell appear to be Cerithid.

Genus CERITELLA, Morris and Lycett, 1850.

Shell small, smooth, with sharp spire and flattened whorls, the
last whorl large, ventricose; aperture elongated, oblique, narrow,
terminating in a very short canal, slightly turned outwards, lip
thin, columella smooth, rounded, subreflected at the base.

C. acuta, Morris and Lycett (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 60, f.
57). Jurassic. England.

Section Tusrrer, Piette, 1856.

Shell formed like Acton, the last whorl cylindrical, large ; aper-
ture long, the lip thin, simple, descending as far anteriorly as the
canal; canal long, thin, tube-like.

C. nupA, Piette. Jurassic.

Costellifer, Meek, 1863, may probably be referred here.

Section Frpuna, Piette, 1857.

Shell elongated ; columella straight with a rudimentary umbilical
groove near the base; outer lip notched at the suture; base of
aperture with a slight canal, or rounded and entire, depending upon
its age.

C. uNDULOSA, Piette (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 60, f. 56). 21
sp. Jurassic to Cretaceous; Europe, India.

Genus EUSTOMA, Piette, 1855.

Shell when young resembling Cerithium; in the adult there is a
long, narrow, nearly straight anterior canal, and an ascending
posterior channel, the lip is dilated, and there is a large spreading
columellar callosity.

E. ruBEercuLoscM, Piette (Pl. 19, fig. 7). Jurassic.

Genus TRIFORIS, Deshayes, 1824.

Shell elongated, sinistral, granular; whorls numerous; aperture

CREITHIID®. LF

small, with tubular, short, anterior canal. Operculum paucispiral,
with subcentral nucleus.

Animal with elongated foot, truncated in front, where it forms a
duplicature, the upper margin (mentum of Lovén) less developed
than the lower; tentacles long, cylindrical, united by a sinuated
veil, eyes at their exterior base; snout very short; operculigerous
lobe simple.

Dentition (P1. 10, fig. 3).—Central tooth very short, transverse,
multicuspidate ; lateral tooth also transverse and multicuspid ;
marginals four, small, transverse, simple (4°1°1°1'4).

About a hundred living species are known, all quite small, in-
habiting the West Indies, Europe, Indian Ocean, Polynesia. Fossil.
Tertiary. Tristoma, Blainv., 1825, is a synonym. The Triforis
often attains a considerable size before losing its larval characters,
particularly when distant from the shore. Dr. Fischer has captured
on the high sea, between Provence and Corsica, a T. perversa, of
which the shell had eight or nine whorls, yet the animal still
retained its larval vellum.

An anomaly of the shell is the occasional preservation of a second
canal upon the back of the body whorl, showing the termination of
a former aperture. This is present in the fossil species upon which
Deshayes established his genus, and which isnamed from this character.
Dr. Jousseaume, in his recent monograph of the group, divides the
species according to the presence or absence of this posterior open-
ing, and creates certain new groups, of his division having three
apertures, which he admits are identical in other characters with
the sections Ino and Mastonia of Hinds, which he places among
those having two apertures. Having examined several species with
three apertures I incline to the opinion that the posterior canal is
only accidentally preserved in some cases by reason of its deflection,
which causes its tube to be surrounded with shelly matter during
the growth of the shell, and that it bears no relation to the economy
of the animal. This view is fortified by the consideration that
neither in this group nor in any other group of the mollusca are we
acquainted with any organ which might occupy or occasion this
tube for the purposes of its economy. Moreover, in one of the
species before me two individuals possess the third opening, whilst
two others have it not. In consequence of this view I relegate Dr.
Jousseaume’s groups Iniforis and Mastoniceforis to the synonymy of
Ino and Mastonia respectively.

DD, CREITHIID #—CERITHIUM.

Section Trrroris (sensu stricto).

Shell longitudinally ribbed, with one or two spiral lines ; aperture
round, entire ; canal closed.

T. puicata, Desh. Eocene, Paris basin.

The genera Trituba, Stylia, Euthymia and Metalepis, Jousseaume,
1884, are synonyms.

Section Ivo; Hinds, 1844.

Shell cylindrically subulate, elongated, with flattened whorls,
tuberculated in spiral series, spire sharp-pointed ; aperture entire,
margin continuous.

T. corruGata, Hinds. Jnella, Bayle, 1879, was proposed
because Jno has been used twice in Entomology, but I see no occa-
sion for making the change for such reason at this late day. Ini-
foris, Jousseaume, 1884. is a synonym.

Section Masronra, Hinds, 1844.

Shell swollen in the middle, contracted and rounded at the base,
tuberculated usually in two spiral series. T. vuLprna, Hinds.
Mastonieforis, Jousseaume, 1884, and Monophorus, Grillo, 1877
(—Biforina, B. D. D.), are synonyms,

Section Vrrroua, Jousseaume, 1884.

Shell with strong smooth, spiral ridges and channels; last whorl
flattened and angulated at the base. T. Bayant, Jouss. Jousseaume
makes C. dextroversa, Ads. and Reeve, the type of his group, but
that species is already the type of Seila, A. Ad., a section of
Cerithiopsis. The sculpture of the two groups is the same, but one is
dextral, the other sinistral; I prefer to limit Viriola to the sinistral
shells.

Section SycHar, Hinds, 1844.
Elongated, with rounded whorls. T. virrea, Hinds.

Genus CERITHIUM, Adanson, 1757.

Subgenus CERITHIUM (sensu stricto).

C. NopuLosuM, Brug. PI, 19, figs. 13, 14; Pl. 20, fig. 16.

Ribs and tubercles crossed by spiral ridges and sulci, becoming
coarser on the base ; whitish or greyish, maculated and spotted with
chestnut and chocolate color. Length, 3-4 in.

Singapore, Moluccas, Philippines.

It is ©. tuberosum, Dillw., and C. aluco, Born (not Linn.).

CERITHIUM. 123

C. ERYTHRHONENSE, Lam. PI, 20, fig. 16.

Shell smaller than ©. nodulosum, with similar but neater sculp-
ture ; greyish with numerous small chestnut spots more or less con-
fluent into longitudinal streaks. Length 2°5-3 in.

Red Sea.

I suspect that this will prove a synonym or at least only a
variety of C. nodulosum. The synonyms are C. striatum, Schroeter,
and ©. tuberosum, of Reeve and Sowerby. The latter name being
preoccupied by Grateloup for a fossil species, Bayle has changed it
to C. omissum.

C. coLuMNA, Sowb. PI. 20, figs. 17-20.

Shell with usually alternate larger and smaller spiral ridges, the
larger ones more or less tuberculate, and both crossing somewhat
distant pinched up longitudinal ribs ; greyish, between the ribs with
chestnut or chocolate dots and lines more or less confluent, interior
sometimes white, sometimes chocolate-lined on the spiral ridges.
Length, 1-1°5 in.

Mauritius, Philippines— Central Polynesia.
It is C. echinatum, Kiener, C. Menkei, Desh. (fig. 19), from J. of
Bourbon.

Var. SCABRIDUM, Reeve (not Phil.). Fig, 20.

Smaller, strize scabrous, canal shorter and more open.

Red Sea.
C. cITRINUM, Sowb. PI. 20, figs. 21-23.

Solid, spirally striated, with distant, large, rounded longitudinal
plaits, last whorl with a single varix, rounded below, canal long and
curved ; whitish, clouded with citron color. Length, 1°5 in.

Philippines.

I think that C. siphonatum, Sowb. (fig. 23), will prove synonym-
ous; C. bicolor, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 22), also appears to be iden-
tical, or at least only a variety; finally the whole are probably
mere varieties of C. columna.

C. suTURALE, Phil. PI. 20, fig. 24.
Longitudinally nodulosely ribbed, crossed by spiral lines, outer lip
crenulated ; whitish, with a chocolate sutural band. Length, 1 in.
Philippines.
C. ECHINATUM, Lam. PI. 20, figs. 25-27.
Covered by revolving riblets, some of them bearing strong, pointed
series of nodules, others alternately larger and smaller and unarmed,

124 CERITHIUM.

usually five rows of nodules on the body whorl, outer lip fimbriated ;
white, with scattered or close chestnut dots or lines.
Length, 1°5-2°5 in.
Society and Paumotus Is.

C. mutatum, Sowb.. is a synonym, and C. Adansonii, Reeve (fig.
27), not Brug. = C. tuberculiferum, Pease, is a narrow form,
scarcely entitled fo varietal designation. C. albwm, Hombr. et Jacq.
(fig. 26), is a form with the tubercles only slightly developed ; occa-
sionally the face of the body whorl is almost devoid of them.

C. Rurretuit, Phil. - Pl. 20, figs. 28, 29.

Much narrower than the preceding species, the whorls somewhat
shouldered, the tubercles small and rounded; whitish, spotted and
marbled with chestnut. Length, 1°75 in.

Red Sea.

Reeve’s figure (fig. 28) is somewhat abnormal. C. Savignyi,
Fischer (fig. 29), and C. alucoides, Brocchi, are synonyms. This is
C. seabridum, Philippi, but not of Reeve.

C. ADENENSE, Sowerby. PI. 20, fig. 30.

Shell narrow, longitudinally distantly ribbed, with spiral riblets,
two of which bear tubercles on crossing the ribs, tumid and tuber-
culated at the suture, then excavated; white, sparingly marbled
with chestnut. Length, 22 mill.

Aden.

This may be a young specimen of the preceding species.

C. armatum, Phil. PI. 20, figs. 31, 32; Pl. 21, fig. 33.

Shell narrow, augur-shaped, the whorls with a series of large
nodules next the suture, and three series of small papillee beneath
on the body whorl, a varix on the latter, and a few others near the
apex ; pale yellowish brown, spotted with chocolate.

Length, 1°25 in.
Philippines.

C. nigropunctatum, Sowb. (fig. 33), appears to me to be the
juvenile of this species.

C. Nov#-Hoitianpi#, A. Ad. PI. 21, fig. 34.

Shell narrow, with flexuous longitudinal plaits, somewhat tumid
near the suture, merging below on the last whorl, into three spiral
series of tubercles; aperture crenulated within; whitish, variegated
with chestnut on the lower half of each whorl. Length 1°5 in.

Australia.

CERITHIUM. 125

C. FILOsuM, Sowb. PI. 21, fig. 35.

Longitudinally plicate, with three spiral rows of rather large
rounded tubercles, and an intermediate smaller row, interstices
narrow ; white, with chestnut lines between the ribs. Length, 22
mill.

Philippines.
C. CORALLINUM, Dufresne. PI. 21, fig. 36; Pl. 24, fig. 46.

Shell with strong, rounded longitudinal ribs, crossed by spiral
riblets and intermediate striz, the intersections tuberculated, aper-
ture crenulated within; chocolate brown. Length, 40 mill.

Philippines,
C. scuLPTum, Pease. PI. 21, fig. 37.

Shell spirally, nodulosely ridged, obsoletely longitudinally ribbed,
regularly and evenly engraved throughout with close-set lines;
whorls flatly convex ; canal rather long and oblique; white, apex
tinged with violet. Length, 1°25 in.

Paumotus Is.; Tahiti.

I am inclined to consider this identical with, and a synonym of
Vertagus torulosus, Linn., but retain it here on account of some lin-
gering doubts about it.

C. vuLeatTum, Brug. PI. 21, figs. 38-47.

Shell with distant, spiral, nodulose ribs, one row of nodules on
each whorl more prominent, between the ribs are fine, close, en-
grayed striz ; color variegated with grey, and chocolate or chestnut
in undulating strigations and spots, interior similarly colored, the
lips often tinged with orange brown. Length, 1-3 in.

Southern Europe, West Africa, Cape of Good Hope (Challenger

Exped.).

The synonymy, including varietal names is enormous. I do not
think the species varies more than is usual in the genus, and I am
not disposed to recognize the so-called varieties as having any real
claim to separation from the type; however, as they are admitted by
some European naturalists of the “modern school” I figure a num-
ber of them.

Locard identifies this species with Strombus tuberculatus, Linn. ;
‘to this may be added, among other names C. subnodosum, Adams
(fig. 39), from a worn and somewhat aberrant form, C. Moluccanus,
Renieri, C. alucoides, Olivi, C. Goumier, Adanson, C. nerinaceus,
Renieri, C. Milne-Edwardsti, Caleara. C. modosus, Sechroter, C.
aluco, Marschlius, and the following ‘

“varieties”:

126 CERITHIUM.

Var. nodulosa, Phil., var. provinciale (sp.). Locard, var. alucaster,
Broecchi (fig. 40), and var. plicata, Phil. (fig. 49), which is the same
form, var. subvulgatum (sp.), Locard, and its synonym, C. spinosa,
Blainv. (fig. 41), var. Bourguignati (sp.), Locard, and its synonyms,
C tuberculata, Phil., C. alucaster, Scacchi, and C. intermedia and C.
minima, Weink., var. Servaini (sp.), Locard, var. mutica, Buceq.
Dautz. et Dollf. (fig. 42), var. angustissima, Weink. = C. stenodeum,
Locard, var. protractum, Bivona, and its synonym var. gracilis,
Phil. (fig. 43), vars. hirta, seminuda (fig. 45) and longissima (fig. 44)
of Bueq. Dautz. et Dollf., var. inscriptum, Monts, (for var. repanda.
B. D. D., not Monts., fig. 46), var. repanda, Monts., vars. albina,
eitrina and melania, Monts., var. minuta, de Serres, var. pulchella,

Phil. (fig. 47).

C. RUPESTRE, Risso. PI. 21, figs. 48-50.

Shell spirally engraved, with subnodulous oblique longitudinal
low riblets, stronger at the suture and fading out below; greyish,
numerously spotted and striped wlth chestnut. Length, 1 in.

Mediterranean Sea.

Always smaller, smoother and less angulated than the preceding
species ; the painting has frequently a minutely tessellated appear-
ance. The synonyms are (. lividulum, Risso, C. fuscatum, Costa,
C. Mediterraneum, Desh., C. tuberculatum, Blainv., C. variegatum,
Menke, (©. doliolum, Weink., C. verrucoswm, Renieri. As in the
case of C. vulgatum, several species and varieties have been manu-
factured out of forms of this shell, such as var. strumaticum (sp.),
Locard = C. tuberculatum, Blainv. = var. plicata, B. D. D. (fig.
49), var. Massiliense (sp.), Locard = var. minor, B. D. D. (fig. 50),
and var. attenuata, B. D. D.

C. apustum, Kiener. PI. 21, figs. 51, 52.

Whorls angulated and tuberculated above, with sometimes two or
three inferior rows of small tubercles on the body whorl, closely
spirally striate, the striz sometimes granose ; columella with a heavy
posterior callus; whitish, obscurely clouded with grey, with more
or less interrupted chestnut or chocolate spiral lines and macula-
tions. Length, 1°5-2°25 in.

Gallapagos Is., Panama to Mazatlan.

The synonyms are C. nebulosum, Sowb. (fig. 51), C. maculosum,
Kiener. In the typical C. adustum the tubercles are obsolete, so.
that the shell is nearly smooth.

CERITHIUM. L27.

C. CcHRULEUM, Sowb. PI. 21, fig. 54.

Solid, ventricose, finely spirally striate, with several spiral rows
of tubercles on the body whorl, the upper ones larger, and forming
an angle or shoulder; ashy grey, maculated with chocolate. Length,
40 mill.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean.
C. Guintacum, Phil. Pl. 22, figs. 55, 56.

Lightly spirally striated, with large, distant, rounded, longitu-
dinal plicee, tumid near the suture, fading out on the body whorl;
whitish, under a yellowish corneous epidermis. Length, 34 mill.

Gabon country, W. Africa (Philippi).

In Reeve’s Iconica the habitat of this species is said, on the
authority of Cuming, to be “ Lord Hood’s Island, coast of Guinea”!
C. SANDWICHENSE, Sowb. PI. 22, fig. 58.

Whitish, spirally lirate, crossing strong, rounded longitudinal
ribs; whorls 9, convex, suture margined. Length, 27 mill.

Sandwich Islands.

Described from a single, not fully matured specimen. Appears
related to the preceding species.

C. AEMULUM, Sowb. PI. 21, fig. 53.

Shell turreted, with distant pinched up plications, and revolving
striz, appearing as though tessellated; yellowish white, with con-
centric reddish or violaceous lines; Length, 45 mill.

Cape Verd Is.

The specimens obtained were fossilized but retained their color ;
and the shell is probably still living in the neighboring waters.

C. TESSELLATUM, Sowb. PI. 22, fig. 59.

Shell minutely regularly tuberculated, whitish, with chestnut
colored small tessellations, outer lip thick, crenulated. Length, 22
mill,

Darnley’s Isl., N. Australia.
C. crrcinatum, A. Ad. PI. 22, fig. 57.

Dark chocolate color, with filiform spiral, white grooves, rather
nodose between the grooves, distantly longitudinally _plicate.
Length, 22 mill.

Isl. Mindanao, Philippines.
C. uNcINATUM, Gmel. PI. 22, figs. 60, 61.

Shell with a superior row of pointed tubercles forming an angle

on the whorls, and two series of small nodules below, on the body

128 CERITHIUM.

whorl; white, mottled with chestnut and ornamented by punctured
lines, the large tubercles black tipped. Length, 1 in.
West Indies (Moérch, Sowb., ete.); West Coast of N. Amer. (Car-

penter, Adams, etc.).

This species I have not seen, but from the figure it appears to be
very close to, perhaps a spinose variety of the West Indian C.
eburneum, Brug. Moérch included it in his West Indian catalogue
and refers it to the MS. name C. Anti/larum, Dunker. On the
other hand, Carpenter includes it among his Mazatlan shells and
considers C. famelicum, Ad., an unfigured species from Panama, a
.synonym; he has described a var. medioleve.

C. LITTERATUM, Born. | Pl. 22, figs. 63, 64.

Shell with close granular, spiral strize, narrowly shouldered by a
row of tubercles; white, the interstices of the granules chestnut or
chocolate spotted. Length, 1-1-5 in.

West Indies, Florida.

It is C. angustum, Anton.

C. Musicum, Sowb. PI. 22, fig. 65.
Rudely plicate, forming a concaye shoulder on each whorl; white,
with music-like chocolate lines and spots. Length, 1 in.
Habitat unknown.

C. SEMIFERRUGINEUM, Lam. PI. 22, figs. 66, 67.

Spirally, granosely striated, with a pair of stronger tuberculated
riblets in the middle of the body whorl, and a still stronger sub-
sutural row, extending to the spire whorls; yellowish white, irregu-
larly maculated and spotted with orange, chestnut or chocolate
color. Length, 1-1°5 in.

West Indies.

C. pictum, Wood (fig. 67), is a synonym.

C. ATRATUM, Born. PI. 22, figs. 68-70.

Shell with a sutural row of small nodules, succeeded by a row of
larger ones, and below it, on the body whorl, about four rows of
slight granules, between each row several close incised spiral lines,
body whorl with a varix opposite the aperture ; greyish, more or less
clouded with chocolate, often almost entirely covered by varying
shades of the latter; when the shell is dark the aperture becomes
violaceous-blue. Length, 1-1°5 in.

West Indies, Florida.

——

OERITHIUM. 129

C. caudatum, Sowb. (figs. 69, 70), is asynonym; Morch makes of it
a var. tenuis. I think that the unfigured C. Floridanum, Morch,
may also be referred here.

C. EBURNEuUM, Brug. PI. 22, figs, 61, 71-75, 77-80.

Shell granose or tuberculated, one row of tubercles stronger,
forming an angle on the middle of the spire whorls; between the
tubercles are spiral fine striz, finely spotted with chestnut or choco-
late ; sometimes the whole shell is pure white; there are generally
occasional varices ; interior of aperture marked like the exterior.

Length, 1 in.

Florida, West Indies.

The synonyms are C. semiferrugineum of Morch (Yoldi Cat.)
= var. solida, Morch, C. umbonatum, Sowb. (fig. 62), C. Nove-
Hibernie, A. Ad. (figs. 73, 74), said, notwithstanding its name, to
come from Florida, C. fenestratum, Sowb. (fig, 75), C. graciliforme,
Sowb. (fig. 77), C. pulicarium, Phil. (fig. 77a), C. striatissimum, Sowb.
(figs. 78, 79), and ?C. planispiratum, Sowb. (fig. 80).

C. ALGICOLA, C. B. Adams. PI. 22, figs. 82, 81.

Closely, longitudinally plicate, crossed by spiral striz, forming
small tubercles, whorls concavely shouldered ; white, variegated with
fulvous. Length, 20 mill.

West Indies.

I am not acquainted with this species. Morch refers to it doubt-
fully, C. punctulatum, Gmel., C. litteratum, var. parva, of Kiener,
and he adds vars. vittata and tenuis. C. lentiginosum, Sowb. (fig.
81), appears to be very like this species; it is described without
locality.

C. munttTum, Sowb. PI. 23, figs. 82-84.

Whorls flattened, varicose, with rude longitudinal plaits, crossed
by spiral costulations, two spiral rows on the middle of the body
whorl, strongly tuberculated; yellowish white, stained and lined

with light chestnut. Length, 1 in.
Philippines, Viti Islands.

Reeve’s locality “ Mediterranean ” and his reference to Philippi as
authority are erroneous. With this species I unite as a synonym C,
pyramidatum, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 84), a name preoccupied by
Deshayes for a fossil species, and changed to C. proditum by Bayle,
and which the latter author, having previously used this specific
name in the same paper to designate another species, finally changed
to C. Audouini.

9

130 CERITHIUM.

C. SPATHULIFERUM, Sowb. PI. 23, fig. 86.

With distant, longitudinal and spiral riblets the intersections
forming two revolving rows of strong tubercles on the spire whorls,
three on the body—one of which is above and two below the peri-
phery, tubercles flattened ; yellowish white or ash color.

Length. 1:25 in.

Hab. unknown.

Probably a variety of the preceding species.

C. OPPORTUNUM, Bayle. PI. 23, fig. 85.

Shell distantly costate, so as to appear many-sided, crossed by
somewhat distant spiral riblets, the body whorl with two larger ribs,
on the periphery and below it; ashy gray, Length, 2 in.

N. Australia.

The name has been recently proposed instead of C. polygonum,
Sowb., preoccupied by Leymerie for a fossil species.

C. p1aLEucuM, Phil. PI. 23, figs. 88, 87.

Nodose, crossed by riblets and intermediate fine striz; yellowish
white or whitish, with narrow chestnut or chocolate bands between
the revolving riblets. Length, 1 in. :
Philippines.

C. striatum, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 87), is a synonym.

C. propitum, Bayle. PI. 23, fig. 89.

Longitudinally plicate, tuberculated by the crossing of spir ral
riblets, whorls angular in the middle, the last with two beaded rib-
lets below; whitish, stained with chestnut between the plications.

Length, 1 in.

Philippines.

Described by Sowerby under the name of C. fusiforme, a name
preoccupied by Leymerie for a fossil species.

‘C. ROSTRATUM, Sowb. PI. 23, figs. 90, 91.

Graceful, thin, white, longitudinally plicate and finely granosely
ribbed, often minutely chestnut dotted between the granules; canal
produced, usually stained with chocolate, Length, 15-22 mill.

Philippines, Viti and Sandwich Islands,

C. gracilis, Pease, is a synonym,

C. tissum, Watson. PI. 23, fig. 92.
Longitudinally rather closely ribbed, cut and somewhat tubercu-

lated by spiral strive; brownish white, with a white varix on the

body whorl. Length, 1 in.
Fut Is.

>

CERITHIUM. od

C. cusTos, Bayle. Pl. 23, figs. 95, 96.

Turreted, whorls strongly, tubercularly shouldered, elsewhere
granular, varicose ; orange-brown, whitish on the tubercles.

Length, 23 mill.

Philippines.

Described by Sowerby as C. coronatum, a name preoccupied by
Bruguiere for a fossil species. I have a suspicion that this will prove
a denuded state of the next species.

C. PLANUM, Phil. Pl. 23, figs. 98, 99, 97.

Narrow, flat whorled, subcylindrical, distantly, rather indistinctly
longitudinally plaited, last whorl crenulately ribbed on the peri-
phery and somewhat concave below, canal produced ; white, with a_
single band of chestnut on each whorl. Length, 15 mill.

Philippines, Viti Islands.
‘ invaginatum, Gould (fig. 97), from the last named locality, is a
synonym.

C. SALEBROSUM, Sowb. PI. 23, figs. 100, 1.

Slightly, tuberculately shouldered, with a pair of granulated
revolving riblets on the lower part of the body whorl, ribbed,
crossed by spiral lines; yellowish brown. more or less tinged with
chestnut between the ribs. Length, 1 in.

Lord Hood's Island.

I am almost certain that this is simply a more flourishing state of
C. custos, and consequently identical with C. planum.

C. BALTEATUM, Phil. PI. 23, figs. 2, 3.

~ Varicose and longitudinally ribbed, tuberculated, swelled above,
narrowed near the suture, last whorl with two strong tuberculated
ribs below the periphery, and contracted below them; whitish, with
a narrow, central, orange brown band, or brownish with a central
white band. Length, 23 mill.

Philippines.
This may be another state of C. planum, Phil.; it is at least very
closely related to it. -

C. ruBus, Martyn. PI. 23, figs. 4-9, 15.

Varicose, brownish or brownish white, the whorls longitudinally
plicate and spirally striate, with three spiral rows of tubercles on
the spire whorls and about seven rows on the body. Length, 1 in.

Ceylon ; Singapore ; Philippines.

132 CERITHIUM.

C. serratum, Wood, C. mitreforme, Sowb. (figs. 5, 6), which
varies in having a white sutural band, C. eximiwm, Sowb. (figs. 7,
8), C. granosum, Kiener (fig. 9), and C. sordidulum, Gould (fig. 15),

are synonyms.

C. TENELLUM, Sowb. Pl. 23, figs. 10, 11.

Thin, nearly transparent, white or rose color, sometimes with rows
of small chestnut spots, varices white, whorls with excavated shoulder,
tuberculated more strongly at the suture and shoulder angle than
elsewhere, canal short and open, outer lip single. Length, 21 mill.

Philippines.
C. MuscaRuM, Say. PI. 23, figs. 12, 13.

Whorls convex, crossed by rounded ribs, with wider interspaces,
spirally lirate, forming granules on the ribs, fine strize between the
lire ; whitish, chestnut colored or chocolate, with series of minute
chestnut. punctations, sometimes on the ribs, sometimes between
them. Length, 20 mill.

Florida; Bahamas.

It is C. notatwm, Menke.

C. OCELLATUM, Brug. PI. 24, fig. 19.

Blackish, spirally punctate with white, under a thin, olivaceous
epidermis, whorls slopingly concayvely shouldered, with a single row
of tubercles at the angle. Length, 1°5 in.

Gallapagos Is. to Mazatlan, Muscat, Madagascar.

The Pacific and West American localities furnish this shell nu-
merously, but specimens are in the British Museum, from Madagas-
ear, and in the Phila. Academy are others from Muscat, collected
by Dr. Ruschenberger, U. 8. N.C. irroratwm, Gould, and C.

stercus-muscarum, Val., are synonyms.

C. INFLATUM, Quoy. PI. 23, figs. 16-18; Pl. 24, fig. 23.

Chocolate color, under a yellowish olivaceous epidermis, usually
shouldered, varicose, and roughly longitudinally plicate, tubercu-
lated by the intersection of spiral riblets, with intervening spiral
engraved lines. Length, 22 mill.

Philippines.

C. Billeheusti, Petit (fig. 18), is probably, and ©. breviculum,
Sowb. (fig. 18), is almost certainly a synonym; C. Metcalfei, Sowb.
(fig. 23), can be added to the list.

CERITHIUM. 133

C. CARBONARIUM, Phil. PI. 24, figs. 34, 24.

Thick, dark chocolate, sometimes yellowish banded below the
middle, whorls with two spiral rows of large blackish tubercles, with
five additional rows, of smaller size on the body whorl, interstices
finely spirally engraved. Length, 1-1°25 in.

Japan, China, Philippines, Seychelles, etc.

This is C. tuberculatum, Born. (not Linn.) = C. Bornii, Sowb.
(fig. 24), and C. Tourannense, Eyd. et Soul. Reeve’s figure of C.
carbonarium represents a CL morus.

C. PATULUM, Sowb, PI. 24, figs. 20-22.

Irregularly varicose, covered by a strong brownish epidermis ;
longitudinally strongly plicate, encircled by two strong tuberculated
ribs, with other smaller ones, and intermediate lirze on the body
whorl, body whorl distorted, narrowed into a distinct channel below,
lip lirate within. Length, 1 in.

Philippines, Viti Is.

C. gibberulum, Frauenf., and, I think, C. pellucidum, Hombr. et
Jacq. (fig. 22), are synonyms.

C. TUBERCULATUM, Linn. PI. 24, figs. 25-28.

Varicose, with irregular large tuberculated ribs, and revolving
rows of granules, with fine engraved lines between them; whitish,
greyish, or yellowish, the granules and tubercles tipped with choco-
late, so that the surface appears as though encrusted with gems.

Length, 1 in.
Polynesia.

This species, though varying considerably, may be distinguished
from all its allies by usually possessing a strong oblique varix on
the back of the body whorl. It is more usually known under the
name of C. petrosum, Wood. C. Janelli, Hombr. et Jacq., is another
synonym. .

Var. PUPA, Sowb. Fig. 28.

Whitish or light lilac, with a fulvous band at the suture, and
another below the middle of the body whorl.

Philippines.
C. Morus, Lam. PI. 24, figs. 32, 33, 29-31, 35-37, 39, 40, 41, 43,

45, 47; Pl. 25, figs. 55, 57, 58, 65, 66.

Dark chocolate color, with a varix on the body whorl opposite
the aperture, spire with three, body whorl with about seven rows of
small black tubercles, with a single stria between each.

Length, 1 in.

Red Sea, Madagascar, Philippines, Australia, Viti Is., ete.

134 CERITHIUM.

C. concisum, Hombr. et Jacq., C. obscurum, and C. gemmulatuan
(figs. 57, 58), of the same authors, C. carbonarium, Sowb., not Phil.,
C. breve, Quoy, and C. moniliferum, Dufresne (fig. 35), are synonyms.

Var. VARIEGATUM, Quoy. Figs. 41, 48, 45, 65, 66.

KE. A. Smith, in the Mollusca of the Alert Expedition, refers C.
variegatum, Quoy, to the preceding species ; judging from the origi-
nal figure, and a large series of specimens evidently identical with
it, none of them having the varix on the back, I believe that it is a
small variety of C. morus, averaging 15 mill. in length, tessellated
or irregularly variegated with dark brown on the tubercles, the
aperture often violaceous. As to the C. variegatum figured in
Reeve’s Iconica (figs. 29-31), that appears to represent variations of
C. morus depending on the slight development of tubercles and
lighter, blotched coloring, but is much closer to the type than Quoy’s
species.

C. humile, Dunker (fig. 66), C. nivosum. Sowb. (fig. 45), C.
gemma, Sowb. (fig. 41), C. Californie, Sowb. (fig. 43), and C.
acutum, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 65), are probably synonyms.

Var. PATIENS, Bayle. Figs. 36, 37, 47.

The longitudinal ribs more developed, making the tubercles
larger and more irregular in development; yellowish white or greyish
irregularly blotched and spotted with chocolate, sometimes chocolate
color with whitish markings.

Polynesia.

A much rougher shell than the typical C. morus, the tubercles
larger and the intermediate spiral strie faint or obsolete. Usually
recognized as a species, under the name of C. rugosum, Wood, which
is preoccupied by Lamarck for a fossil species. The characters
appear to merge gradually into those of the type. C. tuberculatum,
of Reeve’s Iconica, is a synonym, and C. musivum, Hombr. et Jacq.
(fig. 47), is a small form of it.

Var. BIFASCIATUM, Sowb. Figs. 39, 40, 55.

White, with a chestnut band on the spire, and two bands on the
body whorl.

Philippines.

Probably C. vittatwm, Sowb. (fig. 55), changed by Bayle to C.
Uranus, because of the fossil C. vittatum, Lam., is a depauperate
~ young shell of this form. I add C. nigrofasciatum, Sowb. (fig. 40).

CERITHIUM. Si,

C. LEMNISCATUM, Quoy. PI. 24, fig. 38.

Varicose, roughly granulated in revolving series, with usually
single intermediate lire, in the middle of each whorl a few of the
granules are larger, more like tubercles ; whitish, more or less speck-
led or clouded with chocolate, frequently with a chocolate band on
the spire, and two bands on the body whorl. Length, 1°25 in.

Philippines, Viti Islands.

C. Traituu, Sowb. PI. 25, figs. 47-54, 56, 59.

Varicose, with spiral beaded strize alternating with smaller plain
ones; yellowish white, or clouded with chestnut or chocolate, the
beads chestnut or chocolate color. Length, 1°5 in.

Singapore; Java; Philippines.

Differs from the preceding species in its finer, more regular spiral
sculpture, variegated coloring, and absence of tubercles: it is possi-
bly only a variety of it. C. nitidum, Sowb. (fig. 54) — gentile,
Bayle, and ?C. baccatum, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 59), are synonyms.

Var. LucTuosuM, Hombr. et Jacq. Fig. 56.
Stouter and smoother, the granules more distant and fewer ; nearly
uniform white, the granules milk-white.

Var. ALTERNATUM, Sowb. Figs. 48-50.

The granules larger, spiny, shell white, or chocolate color, or
white with interstitial bands of chocolate.

Philippines.

C. robustum, Sowb. (fig. 50), is a synonym.

Var. SPLENDENS, Sowb. Figs. .53, 51, 52.

Granules larger, spiny, one or more series more developed, so that
the whorls apppear subangulate and the lip margin crenulated ;
whitish to chocolate color, on the lighter colored specimens the spines
are chestnut colored.

Philippines.

C. purpurascens, Sowb. (figs. 51, 52), is a synonym.

C. Han eEyI, Sowb. PI. 24, fig. 42.

Shell with rounded longitudinal plications, varicose, slightly nod-
uled by spiral sculpture ; yellowish brown, with regular chestnut or
chocolate spiral lines. Length, 22 mill.

Hab. unknown.

C. rubrolineatum, Sowb. (figured), is precisely like Hanleyi,—
which was first described of the two on the same page of the
Thesaurus. Why Sowerby abandoned the latter name in favor of
the former, I cannot imagine.

136 CERITHIUM.

C. MILLEPUNCTATUM, Hombr. et Jacq. PI. 25, fig. 60.
Varicose, with alternate spiral rows of faint nodules and interme-
diate striz ; whitish, with chestnut spots. Length, 22 mill.
Ins. Hogoleu.
I know nothing of this species, which it appears had become lost
to the scientific world.

C. ASPERULUM, Tryon. PI. 25, fig. 62.

Brown, slightly shouldered, longitudinally plicate, with spiral
lines of chestnut colored nodules and minute intermediate stris,
nodules sharp, outer lip thickened crenulated. Length, 14 mill.

Sandwich Islands.

Mr. Pease called this species C. asperwm, a name preoccupied in

the Vertagus group.

C. ELUDENS, Bayle. PI. 25, fig. 63.

Whorls angulated, ventricose, plaited at the angle, girt beneath
the suture with a tuberculated line, body whorl biangulate, both
angles tuberculated ; fulvous, chestnut spotted between the tubercles.

Length, 15 mill.
Tasmania.

Described by Sowerby as C. dubium, preoccupied by the Sowerby
of the “ Mineral Conchology.”

C. ustum, Hombr. et Jacq. PI. 25, fig. 61.

Narrow, decussated by longitudinal and spiral sculpture, the
former more prominent, aperture striate within, ribbed without,
brownish. Length, 28 mill.

Solomon’s Archipelago.

C. NIGROBALTEATUM, E. A. Smith. PI. 25, fig. 64.

White, chocolate banded above the suture, and on the periphery
of the last whorl; whorls 12, convex, strongly longitudinally ribbed
and spirally ridged and sulcated. Length, 15 mill.

Prince of Wales’ Channel.

C. Torres, E. A. Smith. Pl. 23, fig. 14.

Whitish, with spiral series of chocolate colored spots upon the
liree between the longitudinal granose ribs; whorls 11, very
slightly convex ; aperture with external varix and interior grooves.

Length, 145 mill.

Prince of Wales’ Channel, Torres Straits, Australia.

Resembles C. muscarum, Say, of the Southern United States’ Coast.

=|

CERITHIUM. 13

C. Kospetti, Dunker. PI. 25, fig. 67.

Yellowish brown, varicose, roughly nodulous, with decussating
sculpture; whorls 8-9, convex. with deep suture; lip thickened,
grooved within. Diam. 23 mill.

Japan.

C. Issetir, Pagenstecher. PI. 25, fig. 68.
Whorls 8, convex, decussated by close, fine longitudinal and spiral
sculpture, brownish. Length, 22 mill.

Red Sea.

Unknown to me.

C. EGENUM, Gould. PI. 25, fig. 70.
Whitish, with small brownish dots at the base; whorls about 10,
nearly flat, spirally threaded, last whorl somewhat swollen, varicose.
Length, 9 mill.
; Wilson’s Isl.

Reeve’s figure does not represent this species.

C. IANTHINUM, Gould. PI. 25, figs. 71, 72.
Light, violaceous, the suture, lip and varices white, with close,
spiral, thread-like, somewhat granose strie. Length, 9 mill.
Clermont Tonnere; Ins. Bourbon.
C. aspersum, Desh. (fig. 72), from the last-named locality, is a
synonym.

C. MAILLARDI, Crosse. PI. 25, figs. 73, 74.
Greyish white, with small interrupted dark spiral lines, whorls
11, convex, quadrisulcate and granular, with frequent varices.
Length, 8 mill.
Ins. Bourbon.
I doubt whether this is distinct from the last species. It was first
described by Deshayes as C. Crossei, a name preoccupied by Tiberi.

C. mMacuLosuM, Mighels. Pl. 26, figs. 75, 76.

Club-shaped, with spiral striz, and longitudinal wrinkles on the
upper part of the whorls, which are a little concavely shouldered ;
shining white, irregularly blotched and spotted with chestnut or
chocolate, sometimes covering most of the surface, at other times
faint, and sparse. Length, 9 mill.

Sandwich and Viti Is.; Mauritius.

C. Nassoides, Sowb. (fig. 76), is a synonym.

138 CERITHIUM.

C. pIMINUTIVUM, Phil. PI. 26, fig. 77.

Turreted, with obsolete rounded longitudinal ribs, and fine spiral
strie, developing a line of tubercles on the shoulder angle; whitish,
orange brown between the sculpture. Length, 7 mill.

Friendly Is. ; Paumotus.

C. zEBRUM, Kiener. PI. 26, figs. 78-82.

Minutely, regularly granulated by fine. decussating sculpture,
white or fulvous, chocolate or chestnut banded at the suture and
periphery, occasionally varicose. Length, 8 mill.

Gallapagos Is.; Samoan Is.

C. delectum, Sowb. (figs. 80-82), is a synonym; the whorls are
sometimes rosy or dark, with minute spiral series of black specks.

C. Icarus, Bayle. Pl. 26, figs. 83, 84.

Longitudinally plaited, spirally closely ridged, white, maculated
with brown, often dark banded at the suture, and on the periphery
of the last whorl, outer lip crenulated within. Length, 6°5 mill.

Loochoo and Bonin Is.

Described by Sowerby as C. tenwe, preoccupied by Deshayes for a
fossil species.

C. INTERSTRIATUM, Sowb. PI. 26, fig. 85.
Granosely costulate, crossed by close spiral lines, whitish, with
chestnut colored spots in spiral series. Length, 13 mill.
Hab. unknown.

C. UNILINEATUM, Pease. PI. 26, fig. 86.

Slightly longitudinally ribbed, spirally striated, rather frequently
varicose, whitish or yellowish, sprinkled with pale chestnut spots,
with a sutural chestnut band. Length, 6 mill.

Sandwich Is.

C. FucatuM, Pease. PI. 26, fig. 87.

Pale fawn color, encircled by three series of nodules, between
them spotted with chestnut, suture excavated, whorls occasionally
varicose. Length, 10 mill.

Sandwich Is.

C. PAXILLUM, Pease. PI. 26, fig. 88.
Brownish, longitudinally plaited, spirally tuberculated upon the
plaits, and striated between the tubercles. Length, 6 mill.
Sandwich Is.

CERITHIUM. 139

C. pLactpuM, Gould. PI. 26, fig. 89.

White, with rough spiral ridges and deep interstices, whorls flat,
suture excavated. Length, 6 mill.

China Seas.
C. RARIMACULATUM, Sowb. PI. 26, fig. 91.

Turreted, shouldered, spirally striated, the shoulder-angle tuber-
culated ; white, with a few chestnut spots irregularly disposed.

Length, 10°5 mill.

Ins. Zebu, Philippines.
C. REPLETULUM, Bayle. PI. 27, fig. 92.

Short, ventricose, grey tending to black, banded with dark spots
and interrupted lines, whorls plaited above, aperture lirate and dark
banded within, Length, 22 mill.

Ins. Bohol, Philippines.

Described by Sowerby as C. obeswm—preoccupied by Deshayes
for a fossil species.

C. oBESULUM, Sowb. PI. 26, fig. 93.

Solid, blackish, slightly angularly elevated on the back of the
whorls, with spiral series of beaded ribs, aperture whitish, lip
erenated within. Length, 11 mill.

Hab. unknown.

C. FLAMMICULATUM, Sowb. PI. 26, fig. 98.

Greyish, with chocolate between the spiral series of small nodules
or grains. Length, 15 mill.

Hab. unknown.
C. apuNcUM, Gould. PI. 26, figs. 96, 97.

Solid, distorted, with a stout varix on the body whorl, rather
smooth, with thin, thread-like spiral striz ; whorls 9, flattened, suture
scarcely impressed ; yellowish ash-color, tinged with brownish.

Length, 1 in.

Philippines.

C. dorsuosum, A. Ad. (fig. 97), is a synonym.

C. ALBOLIRATUM, Carp. Pl. 26, fig. 90.

Obsoletely ribbed, spirally lirate, one or two of the lire more
prominent, forming an angle on the whorls, whitish.

Length, 1-3 mill.

Mazatlan.

A very young species, probably a juvenile of some other species of
our Pacific coast.

140 CERITHIUM.

C. TROCHIFORME, Sowb. Pl. 26, fig. 95.

Trochiform, longitudinally plaited, tuberculated by the crossing
of spiral sculpture, last whorl rather flat below, and less sculptured ;
chocolate color. Length, 3 mill.

California.

A juvenile, which I am unable to refer definitely to any form
known to me. The locality needs confirmation.

C. FERRUGINEUM, Say. PI. 26, figs. 99-5.

Orange-red to chocolate color, sometimes whitish on the lower halt
of the body whorl, sometimes variegated, with small, oblique,
rounded ribs, cut into numerous tubercles by spiral grooves, lower
half of body whorl less distinctly tuberculated, whorls occasionally
varicose. Length, 12-15 mill.

So. Carolina to Florida; West Indies.

Var. VERSICOLOR, C. B. Adams. Figs. 100-5.

The West Indian examples of C. ferruginewm have received this
name: they usually vary from the type in being parti-colored as
above, and a little stouter in form. These differences are not very
constant, C. Hriense, Val. (fig. 1), of which the figures in Reeve
and Sowerby (copied by me) appear to be magnified representations,
and which Morch calls var. major, may be here referred, as well as
C.. stercus-muscarum, Kiener, C. variabile, C. B. Ads. (fig. 2) = var.
grisea, Morch, C. nigrum, Phil., C. Bermude, Sowb. (fig. 4), C.
Thomasice, Sowb., C. lutosum, Menke (fig. 5).

C. Rissorpm, Sowb. PI. 26, fig. 6.

Small, whitish, spirally striated, longitudinally plaited, with small
tubercles in three rows on the spire whorls, suture deep, last whorl
alternately ridged beneath. Length, 7 mill.

Ins. St. Thomas, W. I.

A much smaller species than the foregoing, always white, or yel-
lowish white.

C. Sacra, d’Orb. Pl. 26, fig. 94.

Ovately ventricose, beaded in three spiral series on the upper
whorls, more numerously on the lower one, the row immediately
below the suture more prominent ; whitish, longitudinally irregularly

stained with chestnut. Length, 9 mill.
Cuba.

C. megasoma, C. B. Ad., is a synonym. Morch mentions a var.
pallida.

CERITHIUM. 141

C. MUTABILE, C. B. Adams. PI. 26, fig. 7.

Whorls convex, with a narrow shoulder under the suture, sculp-
ture very faint, showing under the glass minute granulations and
strie, spirally disposed; white, variegated and blotched with chest-
nut, sometimes wholly chestnut; aperture large, the outer lip well
rounded, thin. Length, 9 mill.

Salt Lakes, Bahamas.

C. CRASSILABRUM, Krauss. PI. 27, fig. 17a.

Whitish, spotted and dotted with chestnut, ribbed, angulated
above the middle of the whorls, with beaded spiral strive; outer lip
slightly expanded, crenulated, spotted. Length, 12 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.

C. serotTinum, A. Ad. Pl. 27, figs. 19, 20.

Whitish or pale brownish, longitudinally closely plicated, spirally
striated, whorls ventricose in the middle, body whorl truncate
below, canal contracted, short, columellar lip free.

Length, 12-18 mill.

Van Dieman’s Land

C. rhodostoma, A. Ad. (fig. 20), is a synonym.

C. pAuxILLUM, A. Ad. PI. 34, fig. 95.
Subeylindrical, pale fulvous, longitudinally plaited and spirally
ribbed, the intersections nodulous, suture deep. Length, 9 mill.
Philippines.

Section Cotrna, H. and A. Adams, 1853.

C. prncug, A. Ad. PI. 26, figs. 8, 9, 11.

Finely, spirally striated, whorls tuberculated above the suture,
body whorl plicate above; yellowish chestnut color, interior lined
with chestnut. Length, 18 mill.

-Cape of Good Hope.

Varies considerably in outline: C. contractum, Sowb. — C.
crumena, Bayle (fig. 9), and C. teniatuwm, Sowb. (fig. 11), being
synonyms.

C. CYLINDRACEUM, Pease. PI. 26, fig. 12.

White, with pinched-up, curved longitudinal distant ribs, and
more numerous sutural crenulations, and minute, distant, bead-like
spiral strize, closer at the suture. Length, 25 mill.

Paumotus Is.; Viti Is.

142 CERITHIUM.

C. MacrostoMA, Hinds. PI. 26, figs. 18-15, 10.

Pale fulvous, or whitish, thin, spirally striated, longitudinally
ribbed, spire whorls more or less angulated in the middle, ribs less
distinct on the body whorl, outer lip thickened. Length, 12 mill.

Borneo.

I unite with this species C. costatum, A. Ad. (fig. 13) = C. costi-
ferum, A. Ad. = C. rigens, Bayle, C. pupeforme, A. Ad. (fig. 15),
which, according to the form of the aperture, and sharp lip is not
adult, and C. pygmea, H. Ad. (fig, 10), the latter a more highly
colored specimen.

C. BraziERi, Tryon. Pl. 26, fig. 16.

Subcylindrical, fragile, white, whorls angulated and tuberculated
on the middle, finely spirally striate, longitudinally faintly costate,
aperture prolonged below into a straight, sharp canal.

Length, 1 in.
Australia.

An aberrant form, almost deserving to be made the type of a new
group. The extreme fragility and form of the mouth indicate
juvenility. Mr. Brazier sent us several specimens, which all exhibit
the above characters.

C. GRACILE, H. Adams (unfigured). Eastern Seas.
Mr. Adams says that this species was subsequently described by
Mr. Sowerby under the name of C. coarctata; I have not found this
latter description.
Section Liocerrruium, Tryon, 1887.
C. IncisuM, Sowb. PI. 27, fig. 22.

Shell with spiral incised grooves, whitish or grey, marbled with
chocolate, sometimes articulated at the suture, interior white,
grooved with chestnut. Length, 1 in.
L. California; Guaymas, Mex.

The localities Australia and Philippines, of the monographers, are
incorrect.

C. curtTUM, Sowb. PI. 27, fig. 23.

Shell similarly sculptured and colored as the preceding, but
shorter and stouter. Length, 18 mill.

Cerros Is., L. California.

This may be a variety of the preceding species, but I have not
seen intermediates. Bayle has changed the name to C. Euros, on
account of C. curtum? H. C. Lea.

CERITHIUM. 143

C. irreERRUPTUM, Menke. PI. 27, figs. 24, 25.

Form of the preceding species but more finely irregularly
grooved, with intervening ridges; whitish, marbled or closely
spirally lined with chocolate. Length, 12-15 mill.

Cape St. Lucas, L. Cal. to Panama; Gallapagos Is.

C. seulptum, Sowb. (fig. 24), is a synonym.

Var. GALLAPAGINIs, A. Ad. Fig. 25.

The spiral grooyes crossed by slight, close longitudinal riblets,
forming a somewhat beaded surface.

Guacomayo ; Gallapagos.
C. niripum, Hombr. et Jacq. PI. 27, fig. 31 (lower).

Vitreous white, channeled, with a line of tubercles next below

the suture, which are sometimes yellowish. Length, 1 in.
Mangareva Is.
C. BztTicum, Pease. PI. 27, fig. 26.

Thin, with alternate shallow grooves and ridges, the former yel-
lowish, the latter chestnut colored; these colors also appear in the
aperture ; the upper whorls are obscurely ribbed and nodulous.

Length, 6 mill.

Sandwich Is.

C. tinEAtum, Dunker. PI. 27, figs. 27, 28.

Granulated by revolving ribs and intermediate grooves, and less
prominent longitudinal sculpture ; white, with two close, interrupted
chestnut lines on the middle of each whorl. Length, 5 mill.

Vite Ts.
C. MONACHUS, Crosse and Fischer. Pl. 27, fig. 21.

Rather thin, subtranslucent, reddish yellow, covered with minute
chestnut markings; whorls 10, rounded, obtusely carinated, carina
forming an articulated band, last whorl with two obtuse carinz,
spirally striated, occasionally varicose. Length, 18 mill.

Port Adelaide, Australia.

The authors consider the species a Cerithidea.

C. LAcTEUM, Kiener. PI. 27, figs. 29, 30, 33.

Spirally grooved, crenulated near the suture, or sometimes min-
utely granular; white, or yellowish white, sometimes with a row of
subsutural chestnut spots, sometimes with obscure zigzag chestnut
strigations. Length, [5 mill.

Sandwich and Viti Islands.

144 CERITHIUM.

C. pusillum, Nuttall, is probably, and C. papillosum, Sowb. (fig.
33), is certainly a synonym.
C. pIPERITUM, Sowb. PI. 27, figs. 31, 32.

Spirally ribbed and grooved, white, the ribs chestnut spotted,
whorls angulated in the middle. Length, 18 mill.

Philippines ; Polynesia.

C. punctatum, Brug., and C. alveolus, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 32),

are synonyms.

Subgenus Sriuus, Jeffreys, 1885.
C. instents, Jeffreys. Pl. 26, fig. 17.
Rather thick, glossy, with numerous longitudinal ribs, crossed by
three spiral strize on each whorl, the intersections tubercular, peri-
phery of body whorl ridged, base smooth and somewhat concave,

white. Length, 6 mill.
Atlantic O. (Porcupine Exped.)

Unfigured and Undetermined Species of Cerithium.

The following are all described under the generic name of Ceri-
thium, and are accordingly included here, although it is probable
that some of them belong to other groups in the family.

C. srigmosum, Gould. Bonin Is.
C. minutuM, Nuttall. Sandwich Is
©. ALABASTRUM, Morch. St. Thomas, W. I.
C. Rawsont, Krebs. Mérch. Barbados, W. I.

- C. EPESCOPALE, C. ELONGATUM, C. FULVUM, C. FRAGILE, C. GRANU—
LOSUM, C. GRACILE, C. IRREGULARE, C. MUREX, C. PAGODULA,
C. PLATYNOoTUM, C. picruM, C. RUBROPUNCTATUM, C. RUDE, C.
conicum, C. conuLus, C. VENTRICOSUM, C. TURRITELLA, all of
Anton. Local. unknown.

C. scaBricosta (Loc. unknown), C. TuBpuLus (Bass Sts.), C. Fus—
cum (Navigator's Is.), C. GIBBERosuM (Nicobar Is.), all of
Dunker.

C. porsuosuM, Menke. Australia.

C. versIcoLor and C. pumitum (Hab. unknown), C. GLABRATUM
(Australia), C. FILosum (California), C. spADICEUM ( Yucatan),
C. extguum (Friendly Is.), C. Crcrtim and C. NEBULOSUM
(Loochoo Is.), C. ANTARCTICUM and C, puLLUM (Magellan’s Sts.),
all of Philippi.

CERITHIUM. 145

C. ABBREVIATUM (N. Guinea), C. BICANALIFERUM and C, MINIMUM
(N. Australia), of Brazier.

C. GRACILENTUM and C, Lactnrosum, Mighels. Sandwich Is.

C. VARIEGATUM, Folin. Panama.

C. CANCELLATUM, H. C, Lea. (Minute, perhaps not a Cerithium).

Delaware Bay.

C. PROTEXTUM, Conrad. = Terebra.
C. GIGANTEUM, Lam. (Not Australian, but) Fossil. Paris basin.
C. DISLOCATUM, Say. = Terebra.

Subgenus VerrAGuS, Klein., 1753.

C. MacuLosum, Martyn. PI. 27, fig. 35.

White, marbled and longitudinally interruptedly marked with
chestnut; earlier whorls longitudinally distantly ribbed. all the
whorls with incised lines marking off alternately wider and narrower
spiral interspaces, which, at the base, become rounded, rugose ribs.

Length, 5 in.

Gallapagos Is.

C. marmoratum, Quoy, C. marmoreum, Kiener, C. magnum, Jay,
and C. clava, Brug., are synonyms.

C. SowERBYI, Kiener. PI. 27, figs. 36, 37.

Upper whorls irregularly ribbed and spirally striate, lower ones
smooth, with a faint or obsolete shoulder of tubercles on each whorl ;
yellowish white with quadrangular chestnut spots in spiral series,
overlaid by irregular chocolate blotches. Length, 3°5 in.

Philippines ; N. Australia.

The pattern of coloring varies to yellowish white, with close
irregular longitudinal chocolate blotches, and no rows of spots, they
coalescing into the blotches; in this state,it is C. Cumingii, A. Ad.
(fig. 37). It is C. clava of Sowerby’s “Genera.”

C. atuco, Linn. PI. 27, fig. 38.

Whorls slightly angled and distantly nodose-spinose below the
suture, upper whorls spirally ridged and cancellated, lower ones
with an occasional, low spiral rib, otherwise smooth; white, thickly
speckled, blotched and strigated with chestnut or chocolate.

Length, 2°5-3 in.

Philippines ; Viti Isles.

Murex coronatus, Born, is a synonym.

10

146 CERITHIUM.

C. oBELiscus, Brug. PI. 27, figs. 39,. 40.

Whorls with tuberculated spiral ribs and intermediate granulated
spiral striz, the tubercles more prominent on a slight shoulder of
each whorl; yellowish white, more or less thickly spotted and
clouded with chestnut or chocolate; last whorl with an obtuse
lateral varix. Length, 2-2°5 in.

East Indies, Polynesia, Mauritius.

It is C. Sinensis, Gmel. A smaller form, in which the sculpture
is sharper has received the name of C. cedo-nulli, Sowb. (fig. 40).

C. CORDIGERUM, Bayle. PI. 27, fig. 41.

Shell finely, closely, spirally striated, with a line of tubercles at
the suture, and a second, less prominent series below it on the spire,
two or three inferior distant riblets on the body-whorl; whitish or
yellowish brown, the riblets of the body-whorl often articulated

with chestnut. Length, 1°5 in.
Australia.

Notwithstanding the difference in the sculpture I suspect that
this will prove to be a mere variety of C. obeliscus. It was described
by Lamarck as C. semigranosum, but as that author previously used
the same name for a different, fossil species, Bayle changed it as
above.

C. PuLcHER, A. Ad: “PI, 27, fis: 42.

Spirally striated, obsoletely longitudinally ribbed, with a row of

nodules at the suture, and a varix on the last whorl ; yellowish, with

chocolate spots between the sutural nodules. Length, 2 in.
N. Australia.

C. GemMatuM, Hinds. PI. 28, figs. 44, 45; Pl. 27, fig. 43.
Spirally grooved, the interstices more or less tuberculated, a
stronger band of tubercles next the suture, body whorl flattened in
front, with a large lateral varix; yellowish white, marbled and
spotted with chestnut or chocolate. Length, 1°5—2 in.
Mazatlan to Panama; Viti Islands; Australia; Indian Archipelago.
The West American localities are for the type, the others for C.
articulatum, Ads. and Reeve (fig. 45), which I cannot separate even
as a variety; C. tenuisculptum, Sowb. (fig. 43), is another synonym.
C. SEMINUDUM, Sowb. PI. 28, fig. 46.
White, spirally grooved, whorls angulated above the middle,
armed with three series of large, sharp tubercles, body-whorl with-

out tubercles below. Length, 1:25 in.
New Caledonia.

CERITHIUM. 147

C. ToRULOsUM, Linn. PI. 28, figs. 50, 52, 53.
Whitish, with noduliferous ribs, beaded and tumid at the suture,
spirally ribbed, outer lip digitated. Length, 1°5 in.
Society Is.
It is C. annulare, Gmel., and C. annulatum, Mart.

C. RECURVUM, Sowerby. PI. 28, fig. 47.
Spire whorls with three rows of granulations, seven rows on the
body whorl; white, with chestnut spots between the nodules.
Length, 2 in.

Red Sea.
C. Kocau, Phil. Pl. 28, figs. 48, 49.

Spire longitudinally ribbed, ribs cut into nodules by spiral incised
lines forming alternately wider and narrower interspaces; the ribs
are obsolete on the body whorl, which has a single sutural row of
nodules ; yellowish white more or less marbled or tinged with light
brown, sometimes the incised lines are chestnut colored.

Length, 1°5 in.

E. coast of Africa.

C. GRANIFERUM, Pease. PI. 28, fig. 51.

Yellowish white, suffused with pale brown, minutely brown-
spotted between the granules; whorls with tuberculated ribs below
the suture, then two distant, smaller spiral series of granules, inter-
stices striated, body whorl rounded and granulated beneath.

Length, 1 in.

Sandwich Is.

C. RAvIDUM, Phil. PI. 28, fig. 54.

Fulvous, irregularly varicose, longitudinally plicate and spirally
striated, the ribs tuberculated, a stronger spiral series just below the
suture; canal narrow, long, only slightly recurved. Length, 1 in.

Sandwich Is.

Reeve’s Iconica gives two figures of C. graniferum, of which the

first (fig. 6) represents this species.

C. TuRRITUM, Sowb. PI. 28, figs. 55, 56. :
Distantly ribbed, the ribs cut into tubercles by three spiral rib-
lets, between which are spiral strize, suture excavated.
Philippines ; Japan.
The last-named locality is for Pfeifferi, Dunker (fig. 56), a
synonym.

148 CERITHIUM.

C. ATTENUATUM, Phil. PI. 28, fig. 57.

Whitish, more or less suffused with chestnut, or entirely chestnut
color; whorls rather flat, with alternate large granulated and small
smooth spiral riblets; outer lip crenated, canal long, narrow,
oblique. Length, 2 in. .

Philippines.

It is C. longicaudatum, Ads. and Reeve.

C. MATUKENSE, Watson. PI. 28, fig. 58.

With close, rounded longitudinal ribs, granulated by distant
spiral threads, three or four on a whorl, occasionally varicose ;
whitish, with glossy brown spiral lines, and speckled with milk white.

Length, 1°5 in.

Viti Is.

Allied to the preceding species in form, but differs in sculpture.
C. pHoxuM, Watson. PI. 28, fig. 59.

With 10 or 11 longitudinal riblets, gradually becoming less regu-
lar, and four or five spiral striz, tuberculating the riblets as they
cross the latter, the wider spiral interspaces have each two or three
inferior strize; besides these, the whole surface is covered with finely
fretted microscopic spirals; waxy straw color, stained with brownish
flesh color. Length, 17 mill.

Viti Ts.
C. NOBILIS, Reeve. Pl. 28, fig. 60.

Solid, smooth, flat, tumid at the suture, upper whorls angular,
ribbed, tuberculated by spiral sculpture, lower whorls with spiral
elevated lines; yellowish white, with fulvous, waved, longitudinal
strigations. Length, 5 in.

Philippines.
C. BITUBERCULATUM, Sowb. PI. 28, fig. 61.

Whitish, whorls with a pair of largely tuberculated spiral ribs
beneath the suture, and a smaller granulated rib above it, finely
striated. Length, 45 mill.

Australia.
C..AsPER, Linn. PI. 28, figs. 62, 63.

With numerous, pinched-up, obliquely longitudinal ribs and equal
interspaces, asperated at the crossing of spiral ribs, the interspaces
of the latter often bearing several incised spiral lines; white, or yel-
lowish white, the spiral riblets sometimes chestnut colored.

Singapore, Mauritius, Madagascar, Friendly Is., ete.

It is C. vibex, Gmel., C, granulatum, Linn, C. rugatum, Mart., C.

lineatum, Lam. (fig. 63).

FASTIGIELLA. 149

C. FrascraTuM, Brug. PI. 28, fig. 64; Pl. 29, figs. 65-67.

Smooth, longitudinally plicate at the suture, more or less spirally
incised, upper part of spire nodosely ribbed ; whitish, spirally lined,
or interruptedly spotted or blotched with chestnut color.

Length, 2°25-3°5 in.

Indian Ocean, Philippines.

It is C. procerum, Kiener, C. Martinianum, Pfr. (fig. 67).

C. Puaros. Hinds. PI. 29, fig. 68.

Closely longitudinally plicate at the suture, spirally distantly
incised, upper whorls granularly ribbed ; whitish, frequently spirally
lineated with chestnut. Length, 2—2°25 in.

Paumotus, Viti Is., Indian Ocean.

Narrower and smaller than C. fasciatum, with finer and sharper
sutural sculpture, but possibly only a variety of that species. It is
C. subulatum (Lam.), of Kiener.

C. vertacus, Linn. PI. 29, figs. 69, 70.

Ventricose, smooth, longitudinally plaited at the suture, with
distant faint spiral incised strize, upper whorls asperate ; yellowish
white, sometimes more or less stained with, or entirely chestnut
eolor. Length, 2—2°5 in.

East Indies, Philippines.

V. vulgaris, Schum., is a synonym.

Var. TENIATUM, Quoy. Fig. 70.
Smoother, the sutural plaits obsolete; yellowish white, chestnut
banded.

New Guinea.
Subgenus CAMPANILE Bayle 1884.
2 ’ A fais)

C. LEVE, Quoy. PI. 29, fig. 71.

White, ventricose, spirally striated, slightly tuberculated at the
suture, last whorl roundly angulated and somewhat inflated beneath,
columella twisted. Length, 6 in.

Australia,

The largest living species of the family.

Genus FASTIGIELLA, Reeve, 1848.

F. cABINATA, Reeve. PI. 29, fig. 72.
White, with three strong spiral keels on the spire whorls and ten
on the body whorl, the interstices and suture excavated.
Length, 1°75 in.
Hab. unknown.

150 BITTIUM.

F. sguAMULOSA, Pease. = Coralliophila.
F. Poutsenu, Morch. (Unfigured.) Eleuthera, Bahamas.

Genus BITTIUM (Leach), Gray, 1847.

B. GEMMATUM, Watson. PI. 29, figs. 73, 75, 85.

Longitudinally ribbed, spirally ridged, developing two spiral
rows of rather large tubercles on the centre of each whorl, thin,
translucent white. Length, 8 mill.

Atlantic Coast of Spain, Portugal ; 27-994 fms.

Sometimes the sculpture is so faint as greatly to alter the appear-
ance of the shell.

Jeffreys changed the name to Watsoni (figs. 75, 85) on account of
C. gemmatum, Hinds; but the latter is not a Bittium.

B. racreum, Phil. Pl. 29, figs. 74, 76, :77.

Whorls flattened, with three spiral rows of tubercles on each,
_ body whorl with three inferior rows of less tuberculate ribs; white.

Length, 8 mill.

Mediterranean Sea, Canary Is.

The synonyms include B. niveum, Bivona, B. elegans, Petit, B.
Algerianum, Sowb. The following are slight variations from the
typical form: var. lutea, B. D. D. (fig. 76), uniformly yellowish;
var. tessellata, B. D. D., tessellated with chestnut between the granu-
lations; var. quadriseriata, B. D. D. (fig. 77), with four rows of
granules instead of three on the lower whorls.

B. RETICULATUM, Da Costa. PI. 29, figs. 78-83.

Whorls convex, with four spiral ribs, crossed by longitudinal
plications and occasional varices, the intersections scabrous or
nodulous, base of body whorl with spiral sculpture only; uniform
chestnut color. Length, 13-15 mill.

Europe, Canary Islands.

The synonymy includes B. scabrum, Olivi, B. lima, Brug.,
B. Latreillei, Payr., B. granulosum, Risso, B. mamillatum, Risso, B.
angustum, Desh., B. ferrugineum, Midd., B. vulgatissima, Clark,
B. afrun, Sandri, B. acuminatum, Pennant, B. Danicum, Beck, B.
elongatum, Sowb., B. spina, Tiberi, B. baccatum, Costa, B. granula-
tum, Costa.

Bucquoy, Dautz. et Dollf. (Moll. Roussillon) enumerate the fol-
lowing varieties; which are however, scarcely entitled to varietal
rank:

BITTIUM. 151

Var. SCABRA, Olivi.

Dark brown, granulations rounded, regular, theee series on a
whorl (= var. rudis, Bragnone).
Var. LATREILLEI, Payr. Fig. 80.

Sculpture finer, light brown, the granulations dark brown,
varicose.

Var. variegata, Monts., is a synonym.
Var. pALUDOSA, B. D. D. Fig. 81.

Whorls convex, longitudinal sculpture more prominent. Brackish
water. B. melanosa, Monts., probably belongs here.
Var. JADERTANUM, Brusina. Fig. 82.

Smaller, more lanceolate, whorls a little more convex.

Var. minor, Phil. — this form.
Var. Ex1cuA, Monts. Fig. 85.

Much elongated, whorls subcarinated in the middle, aperture very
small.
Var. BIFASCIATUM, B. D. D.

Spiral sculpture scarcely visible, appearing as though only longi-
tudinally costate, light yellowish, with two chestnut bands.

Probably var. Sueziensis, Issel, from the Red Sea, does not differ

materially.
Var. LACTESCENS, Jeffreys.
Uniform whitish. —= B. albina, Monts.

B. AMBLYTERUM, Watson. PI. 30, figs. 93, 95, 99.

With close, rounded longitudinal ribs terminating in a spiral
row of tubercles at the top and another at the bottom of each whorl,
base of body-whorl smooth, translucent white. Length, 6°5 mill.
Bay of Biscay to N. W. Africa, 681 to 1261 fms.; Azores, 450 fms. ;

Pernambuco, Brazil, 675 fms.

Watson thinks it probable that Cerithiella Whiteavesti, Verrill,
will turn out to be the same species; B. gracile, Jeffreys (fig. 95), is
a synonym; B. mamillanum, Watson (fig. 99), described from a
single specimen, afterwards broken; from Pernambuco, is apparently
another.

B. ABRUPTUM, Watson. PI. 30, fig. 97.

Longitudinal ribs about a dozen, low and narrow, divided by flat
broader furrows, crossed by four spiral threads, forming prominent
tubercles, base of body whorl smooth ; translucent white.

Length, 6 mill.
Fayal, Azores ; 450-500 fms.

152 BITTIUM.

B. rNopE, Watson. PI. 30, fig. 1.

Finely longitudinally ribbed, terminating in a spiral subnodulous
thread at the suture, a little below this a raised spiral line forms a
slight carina, a less distinct one forms the inferior termination of the
ribs, base of body whorl concave, smooth ; ivory white.

Length, 5 mill.

Off Pernambuco, Brazil; 675 fms.

B. varium, Pfeiffer. Pl. 29, fig. 86.
Thin, diaphanous, greyish brown, unicolored or with chocolate ©
cingule, longitudinally plicate, decussated by spiral striz, the pli-
cations obsolete on lower part of the body-whorl—which is varicosely
gibbous. Length, 5 mill.
West Indies.
It is B. reticulatum, Muhlf., and B. gibberulum, Ads.

B. PALLIDUM, Pfr. — Pl. 29, fig. 87.

Somewhat solid, whitish or light corneous; whorls 9, slightly
convex, longitudinally plicate and spirally minutely striate, the last
varicose. Length, 6 mill.

Cuba, St. Thomas, W. I.

Larger and mere robust than the preceding species, Bb. colu-
mellare, VOrb., is a synonym,

B. nicrum, Totten. PI. 29, figs. 88, 89.

Chocolate color, and conical-elongated when young, becoming
lighter colored and less conical when adult, tuberculated by decus-
sating sculpture, of which the spiral only persists on lower part of
body-whorl. Length, 5 mill.

New England to Florida.

The synonyms are B. reticulatum, Totten, and B. Sayi (Menke),
of Gould, ete.
B. iota, C. B. Ad. (fig. 89), is probably only the juvenile of this

species.

B. FrLosum, Gould. Pl. 29, fig. 90.

Whorls 8, planulate, each with four incised spiral lines, usually
becoming obsolete on lower part of body whorl, suture excavated ;
corneous, varying to chocolate color, sometimes light colored with
the incised lines chocolate, interior chestnut color. Length, 15 mill.

Sitka to Monterey, Cal.

Oo

BITTIUM. 15:

B. EsuRIEnNs, Carp. PI. 30, fig, 16.
Like the preceding, of which according to Carpenter it is possibly
a degraded variety, but much smaller. Length, 6°5 mill.
Tancouver’s Isl. to San Pedro, Cal.

B. QUADRIFILATUM, Carp. PI. 29, fig. 91.

Whorls slightly convex, with well-impressed suture, narrow, with
close longitudinal ribs, crossed by four raised spiral threads, base of
body whorl smooth, light ash color varying to chocolate, interior
chestnut color. Length, 8 mill.

S. Pedro—s. Diego, Cal.

B. AsPpERUM, Gabb. PI. 30, fig. 7.

A stouter species than B. quadrifilatum, the whorls slopingly
convex, forming an obtuse angle above the suture, sculpture simi-
lar, but stronger. Length, 10 mill.

Southern: California.

Described as a fossil of the pleistocene of the same region, but has
since been discovered recent. B. rugatum, Carp., is a synonym.

B. ATTENUATUM, Carp. PI. 30, fig. 8.

With about 10 rather narrow, rounded whorls, with scarcely
impressed suture, with longitudinal riblets, distinct only at the top
of the whorls, where they are decussated by two spiral lines, the
spiral sculpture also becoming fainter below, base of body whorl
prolonged, with about six spiral striz. Length, 10 mill.

California.

B. Pervuvianum, d’Orb. PI. 30, fig. 21.
Ventricose, whorls slightly convex, granulated by longitudinal
rounded ribs and spiral strize, chestnut color. Length, 7 mill.
Near Arica, Peru.

B. picrum, Watson. PI. 30, figs. 4, 2, 3, 11.

With about 21 flatly rounded longitudinal ribs, and subequal
interspaces, with three fine spiral threads, forming rounded tubercles
on the ribs, suture defined above by a raised thread, which termi-
nates the sculpture on the body whorl, being smoother on the base;
dead white. Length, 9°5 mill.

Tristan da Cunha Is.

I think B. luscine (fig. 2), B. philomele (fig. 3), and B. edonicum,
Watson (fig. 11), are merely young shells of the species; they are
all from the same locality.

154 BITTIUM.

B. peLicatumM, Watson. PI. 30, fig. 6.

With about seventeen longitudinal ribs, separated by equal
grooves, abruptly terminating about half-way on the rounded body
whorl, spiral sculpture minute and faint, most prominent near the
suture ; translucent, glossy white. Length, 3°3 mill.

Tristan da Cunha Ts.
B. Georcranum, Pfeiffer. Pl. 29, fig. 92.

Whorls with three strong spiral cingule completely dominating
the distant longitudinal costulations; rather thin; yellowish white
with a few minute irregular fulvous spots, under a light yellowish
epidermis. Length, 5 mill.

South Georgia Isl.
B, TRICARINATUM, Pease. PI. 30, fig. 9.

Whor]s turreted, rounded, with three strong spiral keels, longi-
tudinally plaited, suture well impressed, light yellowish brown.

Length, 7°5 mill. 3

Sandwich Is.
B. TURRITELLIFORMIS, Angas. PI. 30, fig. 13.

Rather thin, finely spirally ridged, interstices vary minutely lon-
gitudinally striated ; whorls 10, the last keeled below, with smooth,
somewhat concave base; light yellowish brown, inclining to reddish
purple on the upper whorls. Length, 8 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.

B. PERPUSILLUM, Tryon. PI. 30, fig. 17.

Brownish, whorls 9-10, with four spiral rows of granules, longi-
tudinally subplicate, base with five additional spiral riblets, suture
deep. Length, 6 mill. ;

Japan.

Described by Dunker as B. pusillum, preoccupied by Gould.

B. AtuTaceum, Gould. PI. 30, fig. 10.

Whorls strongly longitudinally ribbed, crossed by three spiral
ridges, forming three series of large tubercles, interstices deeply
pitted, suture deep; brownish, the ridges of the last whorl spotted
with chestnut. Length, 6 mill.

China Sea.
B. LAWLEYANUM, Crosse. PI. 30, figs. 5, 94, 96.

Whorls flatly convex, rounded at the suture, spirally distantly
grooved, bluish, white banded. Length, 10 mill.

So. Australia, N. Zealand.

BITTIUM. 166

Closely allied to B. filosum, Gould, of the West Coast of North
America; it is also very nearly related to the next species. B.
insculptum, Sowb. (fig. 94), is a synonym, and B. arctum, Hombr. et
Jacq. (fig. 96), described from a single poor specimen, is probably
identical ; if so its name should have precedence.

B. PLUMBEuM, Sowb. PI. 30, fig. 23.
Scarcely longitudinally costate, spirally striate, whorls 10, some-
what convex, brownish or plum color. Length, 13 mill.
Australia.

B. LACERTINUM, Gould. PI. 30, fig. 100.

Whorls crenulated at the edge, with four spiral tuberculated ribs,
two upper ribs approximate, the others more distant, with an inter-
stitial line, brownish. Length, 15 mill.

Sydney, N. S. Wales.

This has been considered a synonym of the next species, but I
think its relationship rather remote.

B. GRANARIUM, Kiener. PI. 30, fig. 98.

Longitudinally costulate, crossed and cut into numerous beads by
spiral sculpture, base of body whorl smooth or spirally striate,
reddish brown or chocolate color, sometimes the beads are chestnut
colored on a light ground. Length, 22 mill.

So. Australia, Tasmania.

B. GLAREosuM, Gould. PI. 30, fig. 19.
Longitudinally plicate, crossed by four spiral rows of beads,
suture excavated, blackish brown. Length, 5 mill.
i Loochoo and Bonin Islands.

B. parcum, Gould. PI. 30, fig. 20.

Longitudinally roundly plaited, spirally ribbed, ribs tuberculated
on the plaits; whorls few, slightly ventricose, the last rather fusi-
form; yellowish white. Length, 3 mill.

Loochoo Is.

B. pusituum, Gould. PI. 31, fig. 25.

Longitudinally about 10 ribbed, crossed by four lines on each
whorl, forming granules, spiral sculpture more numerous on the
last whorl, extending to the base; whorls 8, convex; fulvous.

Length, 5 mill.

Sandwich Is.

156 BITTIUM.

B. autum, Sowerby. PI. 31, fig. 26.

Pale fawn color, with white varices, spirally banded with chest-
nut, minutely decussated by spiral and longitudinal lines.

Length, 23 mill.

Hab. unknown.
B. OostmMEnskE, Watson. PI. 30, fig. 12.

Whorls flatly sloping, with about 13 oblique longitudinal ribs,
and narrower interstices, the ribs terminating on the spire whorls
in a spiral tuberculated angle, just above the suture, on the body
whorl becoming gradually evanescent below the angle, spirally
striate throughout; brownish grey, suffused with ruddy brown,
with white spots where the spiral sculpture crosses the ribs.

Length, 5 mill.

Oosima, Japan.
B. AMBOYNENSE, Watson. PI. 30, fig. 15.

Whorls with about 20 rounded ribs and narrower interstices,
crossed and divided into rounded tubercles by three or four spiral
furrows, a smaller spiral thread just above the suture and on the
middle of the body whorl, below this, on the latter, the sculpture is
continued, but fainter; pale yellowish brown. Length, 3:5 mill.

Amboyna.
B. pretax, Watson. Pl. 30, fig. 14.

With 10-15 small, narrow riblets, with much wider interspaces,
crossed on each whorl by two spiral riblets, forming nodules at the
iutersections, and causing each whorl to have a sloping angle above
and below, and a concave flat area between the spirals, base of body
whorl with three or four additional, non-tuberculated riblets ; white
or sandy, with a chestnut tinge towards the apex. Length, 25 mill.

Amboyna.
B. cyLinpRicum, Watson. PI. 30, fig. 18.

With about twenty-five longitudinal riblets separated by subequal
interspaces, and crossed by three threads, which expand into
depressed, rounded tubercles, below the middle of the body whorl
the surface is smooth, the pillar defined by a minute spiral thread.

Length, 6°5 mill.

Sydney, N. S. Wales.
B. PUPIFORME, Watson. PI. 30, fig. 22.

With about twenty-five proximate tuberculated ribs, and three
spiral threads on each whorl, and a strong sutural furrow; shell
solid; translucent, glossy white. Length, 2°5 mill.

Cape York, Australia.

BITTIUM. Avs 4

B. Furvum, Watson. PI. 31, fig, 27.

Clathrate by 12-15 narrow ribs, and three narrow spiral riblets,
the intersections nodulous, the wide interspaces with decussating
microscopic striz, whorls slightly shouldered, body whorl with
several spiral ridges below the middle; dark chestnut colored.

Length, 2°7 mill.

Sydney, N. S. Wales.

B. xantHum, Watson. PI. 30, fig. 24.

Less shouldered and not quite so stout as the preceding species,
with about 18 ribs, base longer and more attenuated, no microscopic
striz; shell thin, ochraceous. Length, 3:5 mill.

Torres Strait, N. E. Australia.

B. PERPARVULUM, Watson. PI. 31, fig. 29.

Shell only about half the size of B. furvum, but so close to it in
form and sculpture that I suspect that it will prove a minor form of
that species. The small differences are comparative only and can
be seen by inspecting the respective figures. Yellowish, or pale
chestnut, becoming nearly white below, sometimes chestnut or white
throughout. Length, 1°5 mill. .

N. E. Australia to Sandwich Is.

B. LEUCOCEPHALUM, Watson. PI. 31, fig. 30.

About 12, rounded ribs, with wider interspaces, crossed by three
narrow spiral ridges, the intersections nodulous, whorls a little
shouldered as in the preceding species, but not so high, base and
aperture also shorter; yellowish or whitish. Length, 2°5 mill.

Off Honolulu, Sandwich Is.

Very like the preceding, with wider, fewer ribs and shorter base.

B. PORCELLANUM, Watson. PI. 31, fig. 28.

Whorls slopingly shouldered above and below, the wide, flat-
tened middle space only bearing distant narrow longitudinal ribs,
base of body whorl with three spiral ridges, porcellanous white and
glossy, apex yellowish chestnut with a whitish tip.

Length, 3°75 mill.

Cape York, N. E. Australia.

Section CERITHIDIUM, Monts., 1884.

B. SUBMAMILLATUM, Rayneval. PI.. 29, fig. 84.
Whorls 12, convex, with deep suture, with eight longitudinal
ribs and much wider interspaces, crossed by five revolving riblets,

158 POTAMIDES.

(eight on the body whorl), forming obscure nodules; yellowish or
brownish. Length, 5 mill.
Cape Breton; Mediterranean and Black Seas.

It is ? C. Schwartzii, Hornes, a fossil form, and C. pusillum,
Jeffreys. The last-named would have priority, but Gould used the
name for another species six years earlier. Monterosato has enum-
erated vars. albina, ecostata and baliolina, but without description.

Unfigured Species of Bittium.

B. oryzA, B. CINEREOFLAVA and var. CROCEA, B. ALABASTRULUM

and B. GaALactis, Morch. St. Thomas, W. I.
B. YucatTecanuM, Dall. . Yucatan Strait.
B. ruGuLosuM, B. vicinum, B. BICOLOR, “B. GEMMULOSUM,
B. Latum, B. EXILg, all of C. B. Adams. Jamaica.
B. ARMILLATUM, B. FASTIGIATUM, Carp. California.
B. nirEns, Carp. C. St. Incas, L. California.
B. minimum, B. TURBONILLOIDES, and B. semiLavis, Tenison-

Woods. Tasmania.
B. EXILE, Hutton. New Zealand.

B. TEREBELLOIDES, Martens (B. cinctum and B. Kirki, Hutton).
New Zealand.

B. cRATICULATUM, Gould. © Hongkong.

B. scaLatum, Dunker. | Japan.

Genus POTAMIDES, Brong., 1810.
Subgenus Pyrazus, Montfort, 1810.

P. EBENINUs, Brug. PI. 31, fig. 31.

Longitudinally plicate, spirally ridged, angulated, nodose at the
angle; dark chocolate color, spire usually lighter colored towards
the apex, aperture pale fawn color. Length, 4 in.

Australia, N. Zealand.

P. Paciricus, Sowb. PI. 31, fig: 32.
Chocolate colored or brownish, spirally striated, whorls with an
acute spinose-nodose angle. Length, 1°5 in.
Panama to Valparaiso.
? OC. Humboldti, Val., is a synonym.

POTAMIDES. 159

P. Lamarck, Valenc. PI. 31, fig. 33.

Fawn or light chocolate color, whorls shouldered, plicate, sloping
to a peripheral double angle, with a double line of small tubercles.

Length, 1°55 in.

Coast of Cumana, Venezuela.
Subgenus TyMpAnoronos, Klein., 1753.
P. ruscatus, Linn. PI. 31, fig. 34.

Solid, spinosely tuberculated in the middle of the whorls, with
spiral rows of granules above and below the suture, body whorl
with two rows of granules below the peripheral angle, base closely
spirally ridged ; epidermis thick, chocolate brown, aperture yellow-
ish white. Length, 2°53 in.

Gambia, Cape Palmas, W. Africa.

P. muricatus, Rrug., and P. eingulatus, Gmel., are synonyms.

P. RADULA, Linn. PI. 31, figs. 35, 36.

Spirally ridged, and beaded by the crossing of longitudinal rib-
lets, whorls concavely channeled below a sutural row of beads, base
spirally ridged ; epidermis dark chocolate color. Length, 1°75 in.

W. Africa.

Different as this appears from the preceding species, the speci-
mens before me almost prove a transition from one into the
other. P. terebella, Gmel., P. granulatus, Brug., P. fluviatilis, and
P. aculeatus, Gmel., P. Owenii, Fer. (fig. 36), are synonyms.

P. HomoLoGuM, Bayle. PI. 31, fig. 37.

Narrower, more cylindrical than the preceding species, sculpture
similar in pattern, but more minute; variegated chocolate and
white. Length, 1°75 in.

W. Coast of Africa.

This is P. multigranosus, Sowb., preoccupied by Deshayes for a
fossil species.

P. FLUVIATILIS, Potiez et Michaud. PI. 31, figs. 38-40; Pl. 32,

figs. 49, 51, 52.

Whorls flattened, with deeply incised suture, each with three flat-
topped spiral ribs, tuberculated in longitudinal rows, tubercles
obsolete on the back of the body whorl except a sutural row, base
spirally ridged; aperture in the adult expanded, angularly pro-
duced above, oblique, outer lip produced below; yellowish white or
glaucous, narrowly banded with chocolate, sometimes white-banded
at the suture. Length, 2 in.

160 POTAMIDES.

India, Singapore, Borneo, China, Japan, Philippines, Australia.
The type was a younger shell in which the aperture had not
yet expanded; Kiener described the adult as P. micropterus (fig.
39). Other synonyms are P. alatus, Phil. (fig. 49), P. radix, Dufo,
P. incisus, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 51), and var. minor, Tapparone
Canefri, P. retifera, A. Ad. (fig. 40), P. euryptera, A. Ad. (fig. 52), a
pupoidal-shaped variation, from the Philippines.

P. PALUsTRIs, Linn. PI. 32, figs. 41, 42.

Whorls flat, with deep suture, divided by three spiral incised
lines, upper whorls longitudinally plicate, gradually becoming indis-
tinct below ; epidermis and interior dark chocolate, the latter some-
times banded. Length, 4-5 in.

India, Java, Australia.

The synonyms are P. agnatus, Gmel., and P. crassus, Lam.

P. CALEDONICUs, Jousseaume. PI. 32, figs. 48, 44.

Like P. palustris in sculpture, but the longitudinal ribs much
more distinct, form narrower, more cylindrical; yellowish white,
more or less banded and blotched with chocolate. Length, 2°5 in.

New Caledonia.

Subgenus TEREBRALIA, Swains., 1840.

P. SEMITRISULCATUS (Bolten), Mérch, PI. 32, fig. 45.

Upper whorls flat, plaited, all of them with incised revolving lines
—of which there are about five on the penultimate whorl; glaucous,
more or less broadly banded and variegated with chocolate.

Length, 2°5-3 in.

Australia, Java.
P. sutcatus, Born. PI. 32, figs. 46, 47.

Whorls longitudinally strongly ribbed, tuberculated by the cross-
ing of incised spiral suleations, chocolate brown or glaucous,
banded with chocolate, aperture often banded. Length, 1°5-2°25 in.

Singapore, China, Philippines.

The synonyms are P. Molluccanus, and P. fuscus, Gmel., and P.

Mangiorum, Schreeter.

P. GourmyI, Crosse. PI. 32, fig. 48.

Smooth, finely, closely, spirally striated; epidermis yellowish
brown, reticulately longitudinally strigate, or interruptedly blotched
with chestnut, interior white. Length, 2°5 in.

N. Caledonia; Bampton Reef, So. Pacific O.

POTAMIDES. 161
Subgenus TeLescorrum, Montf., 1810.

P. TELEscoPIuM, Linn. PI. 33, fig. 56.

Whorls with about three spiral sulci, dividing broader, flat-topped
ridges, base strongly ridged, varying to nearly smooth, channeled
around the spirally twisted columella; chocolate brown of varying
shades, sometimes obscurely banded. Length, 3-4 in.

India, Singapore, Borneo, Philippines, ete.

P. fuseum, Schum., and P. indicator, Montf., are other names for
this species.

1

Subgenus CerITHIDEA, Swainson, 1840.
C. MontaGne!, dOrbigny. PI. 33, figs. 57, 58; Pl. 32, fig. 50.
Chestnut or chocolate color, with a narrow, medium white band,
often with darker bands, interior banded with chocolate and light
yellowish brown, base of body whorl defined by a slight ridge.
Length, 1°5-1°75 in.
Panama to Lower California; Cerros Ts.

It is C. Reevianum, C. B. Ad., and C. Largillierti, Phil.

Var. puLcHRA, C. B. Ad. Fig. 50.
Whorls varicose, the sculpture stronger, often becoming subnodose.
Gulf of California to Panama; ? Chili.
The synonymy includes C. varicosa, Sowb. (preoce. = C. fortius-
culum, Bayle, fig. 58), C. Hegwischit, Phil. and C. valida, C. B Ad.
C. optusa, Lam. PI. 33, figs. 59-61, 63; Pl. 32, fig. 53.
Ventricose, sinuously longitudinally ribbed, spirally grooved,
rendering the ribs nodulous ; chestnut color, light banded below the
suture, and again below the periphery of the body whorl; apex
decollated. Length, 2 in.
Malacca, Singapore, Philippines.
Var. Kreneri, Hombr. et Jacq. Figs. 61, 53.
Narrower, ribs more distant, apex not decollated.

Var. QUADRATA, Sowb. Fig. 63.
Whorls white-banded in the middle instead of at the suture.

C. DEcoLLATA, Linn. PI. 32, fig. 54.

Chestnut or chocolate color, usually more or less banded in dif-
ferent shades, with frequently a white band at the suture, closely
longitudinally ribbed and spirally striate, the strize appearing mostly
in the interstices of the ribs, apex decollated. Length, 1°33 in.

India, Timor, Madagascar, ete.

Turbo pulcher, Dillw., is a synonym.

11

162 POTAMIDES.

C. RHIZOPORARUM, A. Ad. PI. 33, figs. 67, 62.

More robust and cylindrical than last species, with whorls not so
convex, with numerous rounded ribs cut into nodules by spiral
ridges, light yellowish brown, with chestnut lines, or a central pair
of them, or sometimes a single peripheral band; apex decollated.

Length, 1°33 in.

Borneo and Philippines, on Mangroves.

C. Quoyi, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 62), is a synonym.

C. connEA, A. Ad. PI. 82, fig. 55.

Thin, obscure brown, rather distantly, smoothly, obliquely ribbed,
finely spirally striated, base of last whorl spirally striate, defined by
a peripheral ridge; apex decollated. Length, 28 mill.

Borneo, mouths of rivers.

C. onnaATA, A. Ad. PI. 33, fig. 64.

Chestnut color, white banded below the suture, and below the
periphery of the last whorl, distantly, longitudinally, plicately
ribbed, scarcely spirally striate except on the base; apex slightly
decollated. Length. 1-15 in.

Philippines.

C. Fortune, A. Ad. PI. 33, figs. 65, 66.

Whorls well rounded, iucluding the body whorl, sinuously longi-
tudinally ribbed, spirally striate on the base ; glaucous, banded with
brown, or all brown; apex acute. Length, 1-1°5 in.

Shanghai, China.

C. sacrATA, Gould. PI. 33, figs. 69-72.

Epidermis thin, glaucous, under which the shell is chocolate
colored, often with a central narrow white band; longitudinally
ribbed, and occasionally thickly varicose, crossed by spiral ridges,
the crossings varying from nearly smooth to roughly tuberculate ;
apex usually entire. Length, 1:25 in.

Mazatlan to California.

CO. Californica, Hald., is an earlier name for this species, but it
has not obtained currency. C. Mazatlanica, Carp. (fig. 70), is a
roughly sculptured, and C. pullata, Gould (fig. 71), an almost
smooth form.

Var. ALBONODOSA, Carp. Fig. 72.
Shell smaller, with thick white varices. Length, 1 in.

We
“
. \

POTAMIDES. 163

C. RissorpEA, Sowb. PI. 33, fig. 73.

' With curved, longitudinal, oblique ribs, which are noduliferous
‘beneath ; whorls convex, base spirally ribbed; brown, the ribs

whitish; Length, 19 mill.
Port Natal, So. Africa.

C. Morcut, A. Ad. PI. 33, fig. 68.

Rather thin, glaucous, more or less spirally lined with red; lon-
gitudinally rather faintly ribbed, closely spirally ridged; apex
decollated. Length, 1 in.

Philippines.
C. TURRITELLA, Quoy. PI. 34, figs. 93, 94.

Chestnut colored or lighter, often with a white band, granulated
in three or four spiral rows by decussating sculpture, lower part of
body whorl with revolving riblets only. Length, 1 in.

Australia.

Almost exactly like C. conica, Blainv., of the Mediterranean Sea,
as to form and sculpture; the base is longer and more rounded, and
it has not the iufrasutural white band of that species.

C, BICARINATA, Gray. PI. 35, figs. 15, 16.

Obscurely, distantly, longitudinally, narrowly plicate, spirally
striate, base defined by a double ridge; chocolate color, white at
the suture, interior brownish. Length, 1 in.

New Zealand.

C. lutulentwm, Kiener, is a synonym.

Var. SUBCARINATA, Sowb. Fig. 16.

Base with three ridges.

C. Australis, Gray (not Lam.), and C. nigra, Hombr. et Jacq,,
are considered synonyms by Hutton.

C. SCALARIFORMIS, Say. PI. 33, figs. 78, 75, 76.

Whorls slopingly convex, the well impressed suture usually
defined by a narrow thread, with numerous, close longitudinal
riblets, and less distinct spiral sculpture, base of body whorl with
spiral riblets only ; whitish, glaucous; light fawn color to chocolate,
the lighter colored specimens often with chocolate, the darker ones
with whitish lines; aperture like the exterior. Length, 1 in.

Florida.

C. tenuis, Pfr. (fig. 76), is very probably a young shell of this

species.

164 POTAMIDES.

C. iostoma, Pfr. Pl. 34, fig. 79.

Shell strongly longitudinally ribbed and varicose, spirally striate,
striz stronger on the base; chocolate color, with a narrow central
white band. Length, 22 mill. .
So. Carolina— West Indies, Belize.

Narrower and much more rugose than the preceding species.
‘Reeve’s figure is not characteristic. This is probably C. Lafondi,
Mich., and C. Hanleyi, Sowb. (fig. 74), a white variety of it. Many
of the figures in d’Orbigny’s “Cuba” are so poorly drawn that their
recognition is somewhat difficult, yet I think C. Lavalleana, d’Orb.
(fig. 77), may be referred here, rather than to C. scalariformis.

C. costata, Da Costa. PI. 34, figs. 80-82.

Shell narrowly elongated, with numerous rounded longitudinal
ribs, more or less beaded by several spiral riblets, suture well-
impressed ; chestnut or chocolate color, sometimes white-banded.

Length, 15 mill.

West Indies.

C. ambigua, C.B. Ad. (fig. 81), is a vatiety in which the spiral
sculpture is more strongly developed, making the surface roughly
nodulous; other synonyms are C. salmacida, Morelet (fig. 82), and
C. Petitii, Schramm.

C. TURRITA, Stearns. PI. 34, fig. 83.

Rather thin, purplish white to chocolate, often with an inconspic-
uous central white line; whorls convex, with thin, numerous
whitish longitudinal ribs, ending below the periphery in a spiral
thread, no other spiral sculpture, suture deeply grooved.

Florida.
Section APHANISTYLUS, Fischer, 1884.
C. CHARBONIERI, Petit. Pl. 34, fig. 96.

Thin, corneous brown, smooth, with distant rude, low, longitudi-
nal plications; whorls rather flat, with a spiral thread at the suture,
forming a carina on the body whorl, base spirally striated.

Length, 1°75 in.
Borneo.

C. unicarinata, Metealfe, is believed to be identical; it was the
first published, but has not been illustrated. .
C. Stnensis, Phil. Pl. 34, figs. 97, 98.

Thin, light corneous, smooth, with low rounded ribs and subequal
interspaces, body whorl obtusely angulated at the periphery, base
smooth ; sometimes a faint chestnut line below the periphery.

Length, 1:2 in.
China; Annam.

POTAMIDES. 165

I think that C. Moreleti, Wattebl. (fig. 98), will prove to be a
minor form of this species, or perhaps with shell not fully developed;
a faint double carina encircles the base. It is from the last-named
locality.

Unfigured Species.

C€. minor, Morch (C. minuta, Dkr. MSS.). Cuba.
C. puporpEA, Morch. West Indies.
C. pticutosa, Menke. West Indies.
C. sSIMILIs, C. RARICOSTATA, C. CRASSILABRUM, C. BALTEATA, C.

ALBIVARICOSA, all of A. Adams. Philippines.
C. ALTERNATA and C. TRICARINATA, Hutton. New Zealand.

Subgenus PIRENELLA, Gray, 1847.

P. Layarpt, A. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 86, 87, 84.

Glaucous to chocolate color, usually light banded at the suture,
whorls with three series of nodules caused by decussating sculpture,
on the body-whorl the spiral sculpture becomes more prominent, the
ribs fading out. Length, 15 mill.

Ceylon; Cape York, N. Australia.

C. Bombayana, Sowb. (fig. 84), appears to be a more than usually
smooth state of this species. }

P. contca, Blainy. Pl. 34, figs. 88-92, 85.

~ Glaucous, chestnut or chocolate color, white banded at the suture,

and sometimes on the periphery, with three rows of beads on the

upper whorls and four rows on the body whorl, formed by decussat-

ing sculpture, base with a few spiral ridges. Length, 1 in.
Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea.

The principal synonyms are C. mamillata, Phil. (figs. 88-90), and
C. Sardoum, Cantraine (fig. 92). Monterosato has enumerated color-
varieties, albida, fasciata, atra and fusca. C. Cailliaudi, Pot. et
Mich., from the Red Sea, does not appear to differ, except in the
nodules being somewhat more prominent; the same may be said of
C. cinerascente, Pallas (fig. 85), Isle of Karak, Persian Gulf.

P. cuatHrata, A. Ad. PI. 27, fig. 18.

White, turreted, whorls 9, ventricose, spirally two-ribbed, crossed
by numerous longitudinal plaits forming beads at the intersections,
last whorl angular beneath, with a double rib at the angle.

Length, 13 mill.
Ins. Bohol, Philippines.

166 POTAMIDES.

Described by A. Adams as Cerithium elathratum, and changed by
Bayle to C. sinon, on account of C. clathratum, Desh., a fossil species
of the Paris basin; the original name can stand under the present
classification.

Subgenus LAMPANTA, Gray.

L. AusTRALis, Quoy. Pl. 84, figs. 99, 100.

Rather distantly longitudinally plicate, forming a nodulous slight
shoulder on the whorls, with spiral beaded riblets and intermediate
thread-like striz; chocolate and glaucous, often white banded at
the suture; interior whitish, with chocolate sulcations.

Length, 1°6 in.

Australia.

L. uNDULATUM, Sowb. PI. 34, fig. 2.

Whorls with rounded, nodulous shoulder, and beaded spiral
riblets ; light yellowish brown, black-spotted between the shoulder-
nodules. Length, 22 mill.

This name being preoccupied in Cerithium for a fossil species,
Bayle changed it to C. rivale.

L. suUBVIRIDE, Sowb. PI. 35, fig. 18.

Whorls rather flat, a little tuberculate at the suture, spirally
suleate ; yellowish brown, with an interrupted band of chocolate at
the suture. Length, 22 mill.

Hab. unknown.

This and the preceding will probably prove identical.

L. DIEMENENSE, Quoy. PI. 34, fig. 1.

Yellowish olive color, chocolate colored beneath the epidermis,
with strong longitudinal plications, and spiral strize, whorls without
shoulder. Length, 18 mill.

Tasmania.

L. Cumineu, Crosse. Pl. 34, fig. 7.
Short, rather inflated on the lower part of the whorls, spirally
suleated, varicose; yellowish, with a broad chocolate band.
Length, 1 in.
Japan.
L. Steenstrupi, Troschel, is a synonym.

Var. concoLor, Schrenck.
Entirely chocolate color, or obscurely tessellated.

POTAMIDES. 167

L. zonALE, Brug. PI. 34, figs. 3,4; Pl. 35, fig. 14.

Obscurely longitudinally plaited, forming slight tubercles on the
shoulder of the whorls, spirally sulcated ; chocolate brown, white
banded on the shoulder. Length, 1°5 in.

Hongkong (Stimpson); Japan (Lischke).

It is L. pyrenale, Quoy.

Var. ATERRIMA, Dunker. Fig. 14. ‘

Shell unicolored, dark chocolate.

Japan.

L. ATRAMENTARIA, A. Ad. PI. 34, fig. 5.

Whorls somewhat inflated below, spirally suleate ; dark chocolate
or obscurely tessellated ; white at the suture; columella arched,
white. Length, 1°5 in.

Hab. unknown.

L. MULTIFORMIs, Lischke. PI. 35, fig. 13; Pl. 34, figs. 6, 8.

Short, club-shaped, spirally striate, sometimes with longitudinal
ribs, stronger at the suture; chocolate color, or tessellated or banded
with white. Length, 1 in.

Japan.

L. Cumingii of Reeve’s Iconica (not Crosse).

L. ANGULIFERA, Sowb. . Pl. 35, fig. 17.

Whorls flat, angulated on the body-whorl, longitudinally plaited,
cut into tubercles by three spiral grooves; brownish or olivaceous-
black ; aperture grooved. Length, 1 in.

Australia.

Section LAMPANELLA, Morch, 1876.

L. minimus, Gmelin. PI. 34, figs, 9-11.

Longitudinally obscurely ribbed, ribs fading towards the middle
of the body whorl, spirally ridged, ridges beaded, more nodose
above; black (epidermis olivaceous), often with a white sutural
band, or white with a central black band, or chestnut or chocolate
colored or white or yellowish brown, sometimes white with chocolate
lines, interior chocolate brown. Length, 15 mill.

So. Carolina to West Indies; Bermuda.

I have endeayored vainly to separate into several species, as
Morch has done, this very variable form; the coloring patterns
have not sufficient constancy for even varietal distinction. The
synonyms are:

168 POTAMIDES, CERITHIOPSIS.

L. septemstriata, Say, usually applied to specimens with white
sutural band, L. nigrescens, Menke, for the uniformly dark colored
specimens, L. nigrinum, Phil., being identical, L. clathrata, Menke,
T.. heteroclytes, Lam., L. striatella, Dillw., L. albovittata, C. B. Ad.,
L. Peloritana, Cantraine, L. laevigata, Phil. (= desolata, Bayle),
probably a worn specimen. Cerithium Brongniarti, Maray. (C.
Piraini, Benoit, and C. Hymerensis, Calcara, are said to be syno-
nyms), has been referred here by some European authors ; others
have considered it a distinct species allied to C. vulgatum; its iden-
tification remains doubtful.

L. conNEvuM, Kiener. PI. 35, fig. 19.
Thin, translucent, with rounded whorls and narrow longitudinal
plications, spirally striate; reddish brown. Length, 10 mill.
Hab. unknown.
I know nothing about this species; it seems to have escaped sub-
sequent monographers. It is scarcely a member of the present
group.

Genus CERITHIOPSIS, Forbes and Hanley, 1853.

C. TUBERCULARIS, Montg. Pl. 35, figs. 20, 22-25, 27.

Apicial whorls smooth, the apex somewhat styliform; normal
whorls with three spiral rows of regular, rounded tubercles, peri-
phery of last whorl angular, marked by a thread, base flattened, a
little concave ; chocolate brown. Length, 6°5 mill.

Europe, Madeira, W. Africa, W. Coast of N. America.

The synonymy includes C. pulchella, Jeffreys (fig. 23), C. Henkel-
insti, Nyst, C. Clarkii, Hanley (fig. 25).

Var. AcIcULA, Brusina.
Form very narrow, elongated.
C. nana, C. Barleei (fig. 27), and C. acicula, Jeffreys, are

synonyms.

Var. ALBA, Jeffreys.
Shell white.

Var. OBESULA, B: D. D.
Shell smaller, form pupoidal.

Var. BILINEATA, Heernes. Fig. 24.

Shell with two rows of tubercles on each whorl.

C. Barleei, Tiberi, C. ventricosa, Brusina, C. Coppole, Aradas,
are synonyms.

CERITHIOPSIS. 169

Var. TUBERCULATA, Carp.
Appears to differ from the European examples only in being
more robust.
Vancouver's Isl. to Southern Coast of California.
I have tried in vain to find characters of sufficient importance to
distinguish this from the type specifically.

Var, TUBERCULOIDEs, Carp. Fig. 22.
Smaller than European examples with the tubercles farther .
apart. Length, 3°75 mill.
‘. Southern California to Mazatlan.
Var. ALBONODOSA, Carp.
Like the preceding, reddish brown, with whitish tubercles, the 4
nuclear whorls subcarinated.
Mazatlan.
C. MrntMus, Brusina. PI. 35, fig. 26.
Pupoidal, embryonal whorls smooth, white, the others dark brown,
with three rows of granulations, base convex, spirally striate.
Length, 3 mill.
Europe, Madeira.
Distinguished from the preceding species by its smooth, white
embryonal whorls, its smaller size, and rounded striated base. C.
neglecta, Weink., is a synonym.

C. ATALAYA, Watson. PI. 35, fig. 28.

Apical whorls 4, longitudinally finely ribbed, cut across by two
spiral threads near the bottom of each whorl; normal whorls as in
C. tubercularis, body whorl with a circumbasal thread, within which
the base is radiatingly striated. Length, 6 mill.

Madeira.

Jeffreys considers this a variety of C. tubercularis.

C. pIADEMA, Watson. PI. 35, figs. 30-32.

Apex spirally striate, other apical whorls finely obliquely longi-
tudinally ribbed, becoming keeled below, and- finally nodulous;
normal whorls as in C. tubercularis, base smooth encircled by two
ridges, of which the outer one is nodulous. Length, 6°5 mill.

Mediterranean ; Madeira.

C. fibula, Jeffreys, and C. tiara (fig. 30) and C. Fayalensis,
Watson (fig. 32), are probable synonyms. Monterosato has referred
to a C. corona, Watson, and named a variety scalaris; I find no
description of this species and think it probable that C. diadema
was intended.

170- CERITHIOPSIS.

C. HORRIDA, Jeffreys. PI. 36, fig. 44.

Apex blunt, smooth, next whorl with a few longitudinal ribs,
normal whorls as in C. tubercularis, base concave, encircled by a
slight ridge; color pale brownish yellow. Length, 9 mill.

Mediterranean; Madeira.

C. GEMMULIFERUM, E. A. Smith. PI. 35, fig. 33.

Whorls 11, the first three smooth, the others with three rows of
granules, the infrasutural series small; light brown.

Length, 4 mill.

Whydah, W. Africa.
C. GREENU, C. B. Ad. PI. 35, fig. 36.

Swollen in the middle, with subulate spire, whorls brown with
deep suture, and three rows of granules, base convex, with a few
spiral striz. Length, 4-5 mill.

Massachusetts to Florida.

Dr. Jeffreys considered this = C. tubercularis, Mtg., but I think
its relationship is closer to C. minima, Brusina. I am not prepared
to pronounce upon their identity.

C. puncratum, Linn. PI. 35, figs. 34, 35.

Whorls ftat, longitudinally ribbed, ribs cut into three rows of
granules by spiral sculpture, the upper and lower rows more promi-
nent, the middle one often reduced to a mere line, minutely or
scarcely granular, and nearer the upper than the lower row, suture
deeply excavated, body whorl with the base concave, smooth,
encircled by a pair of cord-like ridges ; light or dark brown, usually
darker brown in the suture. Length, 12 mill.

Massachusetts to Florida; West Indies.

This species is better known to American conchologists as C.
Emersonii, C. B. Ad. (fig. 35), but was previously described from
accidentally occurring European specimens as C. subulatum,
Montagu, and ©. elegans, Blainy. Philippi was the first to identify
it with C. punctatum, Linn., the description of which suits it well.

C. FLavum, C. B. Ad. PI. 38, fig. 37.

Bright yellowish brown, with three spiral carinz, and about 26
less prominent longitudinal ridges, the intersections feebly nodulous,
base bounded by an additional slightly nodulous ridge; whorls 9,
slightly convex, thin, with distinct suture, base flattened; canal
short, very wide. Length, 5 mill.

Jamaica and St. Thomas, W. I.

CERITHIOPSIS. VG

C. PULCHELLUM, C. B. Ad. PI. 35, fig. 38.
Subcylindrical-pupoidal, whorls with ‘two spiral ridges of rather
large nodules, of which the upper one is larger, and is doubled on
the lower whorls, anteriorly with two additional ridges, of which
the upper one is subnodulous; whorls about 11, the lower one a
little contracted, terminating obtusely ; white, with a brown band
on the lower spiral row of tubercles. Length, 3:5 amill.
Jamaica, Guadeloupe, West Indies.

C. GuARANIANUM, d’Orb. PI. 35, fig. 39.
Shell brown, with four spiral rows of somewhat oblique tubercles,
base defined by a thread-like ridge. Length, 3 mill.
Rio Janeiro, Brazil.

C. SrEJNEGERI, Dall. PI. 35, figs. 40, 41.

Thin, purplish, with white nucleus and columella; nucleus
smooth, partly immersed, normal whorls 6, strongly sculptured,
rather rounded, sculpture consisting of three spiral series of tuber-
cles, separated by rather deep channels, anterior channel bordered
by the raised, convex, smooth base. Length, 5°5 mill.

Alaska.

Var. TRUNCATUM, Dall. Fig. 41.

Nuclear whorls large, of a soft, almost fleshy consistency, break-
ing off in drying.

This is probably a pathological condition of the species, as sur-

mised by Dr. Dall.

C. cotumna, Carp. PI. 35, fig. 21.

Purplish brown, with 9 normal, flat whorls, and distinct suture,
having a clathrate pattern of nodules formed by the crossing of
longitudinal ribs by three spiral ribs, base rounded, spirally ridged.

Length, 8°5 mill.

Vancowver’s Isl. to Southern Coast of California.

“Easily recognized, even in portions, by the ‘strung-fig’ pattern.”

C. PURPUREA, Carp. PI. 35, fig. 43.

Upper half of whorls brown, or brownish purple, lower half
white or lighter brown, body whorl brown, with a white peripheral
band ; with three spiral series of nodules, base rounded, with spiral
lire. Length, 7-5 mill.

California.

£73 CERITHIOPSIS.

C. munira, Carp. PI. 35, fig. 42.
Like C. purpurea, but narrower, with almost straight margins,
spiral costee stronger, nodules less expressed, base eaves lirulate.
Length, 8 mill.
Vancouver's Island.

C. CONVEXA, Sowb. PI. 36, fig. 54.

Whorls 10, convex, with deep suture, elegantly cancellated, the
intersections subnodose, the interstices quadrate, revolving ribs four
on each whorl, peripheral carina not tuberculated, base concaye,
smoothish. Length, 4°5 mill.

Mazatlan.
C. GRACILLIMA, Sowb. PI. 36, fig. 45.

Dark brown, longitudinally lightly plicate; spirally tuberculate ;
whorls oblique, rather ventricose, suture slightly excavated.

Length, 9 mill.

Hab. unknown.

I know not whether it is by accident or design that Sowerby’s
figure represents a reversed shell.

C. DesrruceEst, Folin. PI. 36, fig. 46.

Yellowish, brown banded above and below the suture ; whorls
14, with four spiral series of beads on each, caused by crossing of
longitudinal and spiral riblets, the two middle series smaller, base
defined by a ridge, and beari ne several lire. Length, 6 mill.

Bay of Panama.

C. cmLatuM, Couthouy. PI. 36, fig. 47.

Light chestnut color, with thirteen scarcely convex whorls; lon-
gitudinally plicate and encircled by three rows of nodules, suture
impressed, marked by a thread, which also appears on the periphery
of the last whorl, base smooth. Length, 19 mill.

Terra del Fuego.

C. putvis, Issel. Pl. 36, fig. 48.

Cylindrically pupiform, attenuated towards the apex, which is
mucronate, fulyous chestnut ; whorls 7-8, almost flat, slowly enlarg-
ing, at first smooth, afterwards granulate in three series, the upper
row darker colored, base smooth, defined by a row of minute

granules. Length, 2°25 mill.
Gulf of Suez.

C. Aneast, Semper. PI. 36, fig. 49.
Rather thin, pale yellowish brown; whorls 12, flattened, encircled
by three somewhat distant rounded riblets, clathrate by close longi-

CERITHIOPSIS. 1738

tudinal, somewhat undulating, raised strize, suture deeply impressed,
base of last whorl radiately striated. Length, 6 mill.
Port Jackson, Australia.

Described by Angas under the preoccupied name of C. clathrata.
C. cractuis, Sowb. PI. 36, figs. 50, 51.

Very slender, white or brownish, reticulated by prominent,
minutely beaded spiral ribs, crossed by longitudinal raised lines ;
whorls oblique, ventricose. Length, 18 mill.

Hab. unknown.

Sowerby’s specific name being preoccupied in Cerithium, Bayle
_ changed it to C. amabile.

C. SUBRETICULATA, Dunker. PI. 36, fig. 57.

Shell brownish, whorls 11-12, with three spiral series of granules,
of which the middle one is depressed, suture well impressed, base
smooth, concave, defined by a thin thread. Length, 6 mill.

Japan.
C. BALTEATA, Watson. PI. 35, fig. 29.

Whorls with a row of rounded tubercles just below the suture and
short longitudinal ribs below them; yellowish white with a broad
brown band. Length, 2 mill.

Fiji Is.
Section Mrraxta, Monts., 1884.
C. Merax#, Chiaje. PI. 36, figs. 52, 53.

Whorls narrow, convex, with three spiral series of transverse
nodules on the upper and four on the lower whorls, the nodules are
arranged to show longitudinal ribs; last whorl with carinated
periphery, base smooth, flattened or concave; columella twisted, lip
deeply cut out at the base; color varying from light yellowish
brown to ferruginous red. Length, 8 mill.

Mediterranean.

The synonyms include C. Crosseana, Tiberi (fig. 53), C. subeylin-
drica, Brusina, and C. rugulosum, Sowb., with its vars. fulva, flava
and exilissima, Mts.

C. ancustissima, Forbes. PI. 36, fig. 55.

Whorls 16, strongly angulated in the middle, with deep suture,
earlier whorls smooth, rounded, subsequent ones ribbed, divided by
two nodulous spiral ribs above and two below the carina; yellow-
ish, under a corneous epidermis. Length, 9 mill.

Palermo.
C. Benoitianum, Mts., is a synonym.

174 CERITHIOPSIS.

\
Section Seria, A. Ad., 1861.

C. TEREBRALE, C. B. Ad. PI. 36, figs. 56, 58.

Whorls 10, flattened, with three sharp, elevated spiral ridges on
each, the intermediate channels showing microscopic longitudinal
striz, base short, smooth, bounded by a ridge; chocolate brown.

Length, 7°5 mill.

Massachusetts to West Indies.

The synonyms are C. terebellum, C. B. Ad., C. interruptum
(Menke) Krebs, C. trilineatum, Phil. (fig. 58).

C. assimiLaTa, C. B. Ad. PI. 36, fig. 59.

Chocolate color, three revolving sharp ribs on the spire whorls,
with additional ones on the periphery and base of the body whorl
—the last minute; whorls 16-18, flattened, suture very indistinct.

Length, 6-10 mill.
Panama to Mazatlan.

C. CARINATA, E. A. Smith. Pl. 36, fig. 60.
Whorls 15, the first three smooth, convex, with fares narrow
spiral carinz, the interstices longitudinally closely striated.

Length, 6 mill.
Whydah, W. Coast of Africa.

C. BACILLUM, Issel. Pl. 36, fig. 63.
Whorls 10-11, convex, with deep suture, whitish, with four spiral
cords, and close longitudinal striz in the interstices, base smooth.

Length, 3 mill.
Red Sea.

C. Kawnont, Folin. PI. 36, fig. 62.

Whitish, shining, maculated with longitudinal chestnut veins;
whorls 11, flat, each with three rounded spiral ribs, between them
widely longitudinally striated, base smooth, short, concave, defined

by aslight ridge. Length, 5 mill.
Bay of Panama.

C. MoretetI, Folin. + Pl. 36, fig. 61.

Chestnut brown, yellowish white towards the apex; whorls 11,
flat with three revolving narrow ridges, the somewhat wider inter-
spaces distantly longitudinally lirate, as though beaded, base smooth,

defined by a thread. Length, 8 mill.
Bay of Panama.

CERITHIOPSIS. 175

C. peExTROVERSA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 64.

Whorls about 18, spirally tricarinate, the middle carina much
smaller, between them wider interspaces or channels, distinctly lon-
gitudinally striate; whitish. Length, 12°5 mill.

China Sea.

C. CEREA, Sowb. PI. 36, fig. 65.
Whitish, with three spiral ribs, and narrower intermediate sulci.

Length, 16 mill.
Australia.
C. crocrea, Angas. PI. 36, figs. 66, 67.

Rather thin, orange colored, deeper tinted in the channels;
whorls 14, each with four rounded, close-set spiral ribs, the very
narrow interstices longitudinally striated, base flattened and smooth,
nuclear whorl sinistral. Length, 10 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia; Viti Is.
Var. PURPUREA, Angas. Fig. 67.

Purplish brown, the ribs usually lighter tinted, a little more
cylindrical, with a narrower base, and smaller than the type.
Length, 7 mill. Tenison-Woods has described, but not figured, a
variety Atkinsont.

Section LOVENELLA, O. Sars., 1878.

C. METULA, Lovén. PI. 36, fig. 68.

Solid, opaque, glossy, yellowish white; whorls 18-20 with two or
three thread-like spiral ridges (four or five on the last whorl) and
slight microscopic intermediate striz and growth lines, the ridges
are crossed by numerous curved, fine ribs, producing nodules or
small tubercles at the points of intersection, base and apical whorls
smoothish, the apex bulbous and obliquely twisted ; canal distinct,
narrow, twisted. Length, 20 mill.

Norway to Bay of Biscay, Villafranca.

C. nitidum, McAndrew and Forbes, is a synonym.

C. OBELISCOIDEs, Jeffreys. Pl. 36, fig. 69.

Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy, white; whorls 7-9, convex,
with deep suture defined by a spiral thread, with numerous fine
longitudinal strize, and several thin spiral threads on the middle of

the whorls. Length, 4 mill.
; Atlantic O. (Porcupine Exped.).

C. cYLINDRATUM. Jeffreys. Pl. 36, fig. 70.
Thick, opaque, lustreless, pale yellowish brown; whorls 10-12,
rounded, but compressed, with numerous straight longitudinal,

176 CERITHIOPSIS.

crossed by three spiral riblets, the intersections minutely beaded,
body whorl with four spiral strize, besides a line below the periphery.

Length, 5 mill.
Mediterranean, Atlantic.

C. PROCERUM, Jeffreys. Pl. 36, fig. 71.

Solid, opaque, pale yellowish white, glossy ; whorls 13-14, some-
what convex, with curved, oblique longitudinal ribs, about 30 on
the last and 20 on the penultimate whorl, three uppermost whorls
nearly smooth, base marked with flexuous strize, in continuation of
the ribs, periphery of last whorl with a spiral ridge.

Length, 10 mill.

Between Scotland and Faroé Is.

C. Danielseni, Friele, is a synonym.

C. BIZONALIS, Jeffreys. Pl. 36, fig. 72.

This is a fragment obtained by the Porcupine Expedition in the
North Atlantic O. It shows longitudinal distant riblets crossed by
two distant spiral riblets on each whorl.

C. WHITEAVESII, Verrill. Pl. 36, fig. 73.

Whorls angular, with longitudinal riblets, forming tubercles on
the angle, and an inferior row of tubercles just below the suture; the
body whorl has a spiral thread below the angle, with a smooth base.

Length, 4 mill.

Off Martha’s Vineyard, Mass. (3865-500 fms.) ; Gulf of St. Lawrence

(200 fms.).

C. costulata, Whiteaves (not Moller), is a synonym,

Section Eumera, Morch, 1868.

C. costuLaTa, Moller. PI. 36, fig. 74.

Shell solid, semitransparent, glossy, white, with sharp, prominent
longitudinal ribs, cut off at the periphery by a spiral ridge; ribs
traversed and indented by two or three thread-like impressed lines
or strize, besides slighter, finer intermediate strize in the interstices of.
the ribs and on the base. Length, 10 mill.

. Northern Europe—Arctie America—New England.

It is Bittium arcticum, Morch, and C. Naiadis, Woodward.

Unfigured Species of Cerithiopsis.
C. HANLEYANA, C. contrieuA, Monts. Mediterranean.
C. cincuLata, A. Ad. Japan.

CERITHIOPSIS, TRIFORIS. Lee

C, INTERCALARIS (Guacomayo), C. FORTIOR (Sta. Barbara, Cal.), of
Carpenter.

C. CEREA, C. SOREX, C. DECUSSATA, C. PUPIFORMIS, Carpenter.

Mazatlan.

C. NEGLECTA, C. BIMARGINATA, C. B. Adams. Panama.
C. FusIFORME, C. B. Ad. (C. neglecta, Sowb., not Adams, may be the
same). Jamaica.
C. CRYSTALLINA, C. SIGSBEANA, Dall. West Indies.
C. JoHnsTonI, Petterd. Tasmania.
C. ALBOsUTURA, Tenison-W oods. Tasmania.
C. SCABRELLA, Tapparone-Canefri. Papuan Is.

C. PAXILLUs, C. ROsEA, C. PAGODULUS, C. CERINA, C. BACULUM, C.
CLAVULA, of A. Adams. Japan.

C. AURANTIACA, C. LAQUEATA, C. RUGOSA, C. SEMIPICTA, of Gould.
China Sea.

Subgenus Lasococuuis, Dunker and Metzger, 1874.

L, eranosa, 8. Wood. Pl. 36, fig. 75.

Shell reversed, whorls well-rounded, closely spirally ridged, lower
part of body whorl smooth, occasionally longitudinal sculpture is
developed ; white. Length, 40 mill.

Arctic Europe.

First described as a pliocene fossil. It is LZ. Pommeranie, Dunker
and Metzger, Triforis MacAndree, A. Ad., and T. nivea, M. Sars,
MSS. ;

Genus TRIFORIS, Desh., 1824.

T. REGALIS, Jouss. Pl. 37, fig. 76.

Solid, white, or rarely maculated with chestnut, truncate, persist-
ent whorls about 12, longitudinally costate, cut by closer spiral
sculpture, suture scarcely impressed, thread-margined.

Length, 8-11 mill.

| New Caledonia.
Very closely allied to the next species. ;

T. NopiFERUvs, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 37, fig. 77.

Whorls 12-14, turreted, subangulated in the middle, nodose in
three spiral series, nodules strongest on the angle; white.

Length, 7 mill.

China Sea.
12

178 TRIFORIS.

T. TrBraLis, Jouss. PI. 37, fig. 78.

Solid, white, with interrupted chestnut lines, costate, omostelisien
by the crossing of four spiral liree; whorls 17, suture scarcely con-
spicuous; aperture chestnut and white, maculated. Length, 13 mill.

Tahiti.
T..cieas,, Hinds, Pl. 37,, fig. 79,

Long and narrow, whorls 25-28, planulate, granular in four
spiral series, the lower one the strongest, base granularly punctate.

Length, 1 in.

New Guinea.

T. acutus, Kiener. Pl. 37, fig. 85.
Shining, whitish, with numerous whorls, triseriately granular.
Length, 10 mill.

Hab. unknown.

A doubtful species.

T. concors, Hinds. PI. 37, fig. 80.

Whorls 22, flattened, with three spiral series of nodules, the mid-
dle one smallest, suture lined. Length, 14 mill.

6 Straits of Malacca.
T. poticHA, Watson. PI. 37, fig. 81.

Whorls 11, flat, with channeled suture, the ribs made nodulous
by three spiral series of lines, base defined by a carina, two-threaded,
canal short and broad; light brown, with dark stains.

Length, 5 mill.

N. E. Australia.
'T. scuLptus, Hinds. PI. 37, figs. 82, 83.

Light brownish, with 15-18 concave whorls, nodosely carinate
above and below, with a smaller carina in the middle.

Length, 12 mill.

Straits of Malacca.

T. pyramidalis, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 83), from China Sea, appears
to be identical.

T. REEVEI,,Desh. PI. 37, fig. 84.

Whitish, with a black tip; whorls 15, narrow, each bearing a
row of granules above and below, the lower row smaller, concave
between them. Length, 5 mill.

Isle of Bourbon.

Smaller than the preceding, without the centre carina, but very
likely the same species, notwithstanding these differences.

TRIFORIS. 179

T. BILIX, Hinds. PI. 37, fig. 86.
Outline a little convex on the sides, whorls 18, light colored, tri-
carinate, the lower carina larger, marbled, middle carina smallest.
Length, 7 mill.
Straits of Malacea.

T. MAXILLARIS, Hinds. PI. 37, fig. 87.

Roseate or light chocolate color, whorls 16-18, smooth, bisulcate,
the margins of the suleations very minutely granular, as are those
of the suleate suture. Length, 13 mill.
Straits of Malacea.

T. micans, Hinds. PI. 37, figs. 88, 89.
Brownish, with 20-22 whorls, each with three series of whitish
granules, the lower series largest, the upper one smallest.
Length, 14 mill.
ays New Guinea.
I think that 7. alveolatus, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 89), from China

Sea is synonymous.

T. veRRucosus, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 37, fig. 91. .
Whorls 18-20, with three spiral series of transversely oblong,

strong tubercles; whitish. Length, 8°5 mill.
China Sea.

T. Hinpst, Desh. PI. 37, fig. 90.
Light brownish, sides slightly convex ; whorls 12, with three sub-
equal spiral series of whitish granules. Length, 6 mill.
Isle of Bourbon.

T. Formosvus, Desh. PI. 37, fig. 92.
Light violaceous, sides a little convex ; whorls 15, flattened, with
channeled suture, each bearing a spiral row of whitish granulations

above and below. Length, 6 mill.
Isle of Bourbon.

T. Aneast, Crosse. Pl. 37, fig. 98.

Rather thin, brownish; whorls 15, with three spiral series of
quadrate, flattened tubercles, the body whorl with four series, the
lower one bearing a white band ; aperture lirate with brown within.

Length, 7 mill.

Gulf of St. Vincent, N. Australia; N. Zealand.

Cerithium minimum, Hutton, is a synonym.

180 TRIFORIS.

T. MARMORATUS, Pease. PI. 37, fig. 94.
Whorls 15, slightly convex, with three spiral series of granules,
the lower series largest ; light brownish, the granules white.
Length, 10 mill.
Sandwich Is.

T. Fusca, Dunker. PI. 37, fig. 95.

Somewhat solid, brownish, sides a little convex ; whorls 19-14,
with distinct suture, with close, subconflueut Phaiieg? in three spiral
series, the middle narrower and fainter. Length, 10-11 mill.

Japan.

T. IsLEANUS, Velain. Pl. 37, fig. 96.
Shell yellowish, whorls 14 or 15, scarcely convex, with three
spiral rows of granules, the upper one less developed.
Length, 9 mill.
Islands of St. Paul andAmsterdam, Ind. Ocean.

T. MALVACEvS, Jousseaume. PI. 37, figs. 97, 97a.

Rather solid, violet-ash color, granules white; whorls 18, biseri-
ately, spirally granulated, the granules margining the suture on
either side. Length, 5-9 mill.

New Caledonia.

T. DouviLLeE!, Jouss. PIl..37, fig. 98.
Solid, yellowish white; whorls 15, biseriately spirally granulated
Length, 6 mill.
Mauritius.

T. BLAINVILLI, Jouss. Pl. 37, fig. 99.

Rather solid, light cinnamon brown; whorls 16-17, with three
spiral series of tubercles, and well impressed suture, body whorl
with two additional carinz, not tuberculated. Length, 4°5 mill.

N. Caledonia.

iA RrER Jouss. “P7357, fie, 100.

Rather solid, narrow, yellowish white; whorls 15, flat, with three
spiral series of granules, the middle one smaller, the first whitish, the
third yellowish, body whorl with two additional series.

Length, 6°5 mill.

N. Caledonia.

T. BIGEMMA, Watson. PI. 37, fig. 1.
Solid, yellowish white, pale pean at the base of each whorl
and base of body whorl; whorls about 22, convex, with deep suture,

TRIFORIS. 181

minutely margined above and below, with two spiral rows of tuber-
cles, connected in each row by a spiral thread, and a much smaller
row of granules next below the suture. Length, 15 mill.
West Indies, 390-640 fms.
T. cylindrellus, Dall. (unfigured), is referred here by Jousseaume,
and T. abruptus, Dall. (unfigured), is said to be a variety.

T. Hreses, Watson. PI. 37, fig. 2.

Solid, translucent white, whorls 12, with three spiral rows of
strong tubercles, separated by spiral squared channels, margin of
base defined by a thread. Length, 6 mill.

Tristan da Cunha Islands, So. Atlantic O.

T. inFLATA, Watson. PI. 37, fig. 3.

Solid, opaque, glossy, white; whorls 13, the normal ones slightly
convex, with two spiral rows of tubercles, separated by a narrow
triangular furrow, below them is a wider furrow, extending to the
suture, above the suture is defined by a narrow marginal line, which
is undulated rather than tuberculated. Length, 5 mill.

West Indies, 390-640 fms.

T. ASPERA, Jeffreys. Pl. 38, fig. 5.

Rather solid, nearly opaque and glossy, pale yellowish, with a
faint tinge of brown, apical whorls dark brown; whorls 21-22,
with two spiral series of strong tubercles and a subsutural series of
minute granules, base with two spiral lines, and defined by a strong
peripheral ridge, suture slight. Length, 15 mill.

Bay of Biscay ; Sciacca, Sicily; Gulf of Mexico.

More slender, with stronger tubercles and more abrupt base than
T. perversa.

T. ASPERRIMUS, Hinds. PI. 38, fig. 6.
Whorls 24-26, angulated in the middle, with two spiral series of
tubercles, granularly carinate near the suture. Length, 13°5 mill.
New Guinea.

Distinguished by its very narrow form.

T. GEmMMULATUS, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 38, fig. 7.

Pyramidal, with abruptly plain base, pellucid white; whorls 12-
15, with three distant series of granules, the central one narrow,
almost obsolete, causing the whorls to be concave in the middle,
suture defined by a marginal line. Length, 7 mill.

China Sea.

182 TRIFORIS.

T. ancustissrmus, Desh. PI. 38, fig. 8.

Shining, whitish, marbled with chestnut; whorls 14, narrow, with
two series of rounded tubercles, last whorl with a peripheral carina
and several raised lines on the base. Length, 4 mill.

Isle of Bourbon.

T. PFEIFFERI, Crosse. Pl. 38, fig. 9.

Rather thin, subtranslucent, whitish, regularly maculated with
chestnut, whorls 18, with three spiral rows of beads, the middle one
minute, the lower largest, and bordered below by athread—which
is articulated with white and chestnut, base smooth.

Length, 8 mill.
Gulf of St. Vincent, N. Australia.

T. miriricus, Desh. PI, 38, fig. 10.

Yellowish white, whorls 15, narrow, each with two rows of pel-
lucid granules, and a wide concave interspace, on the body whorl
four rows of granules, which are smaller. Length, 7 mill.

Isle of Bourbon.
T. pEcoRATUuS, C. B. Adams. PI. 37, fig. 4.

White, maculated with somewhat quadrangular large chestnut or
chocolate spots, with three nearly equal spiral rows of beads and
intermediate, narrow, deep channels, body whorl anteriorly with
two additional smaller, more or less beaded spiral ridges; whorls

16, planulate, the suture deeply grooved. Length, 14 mill.
5) Vi 5 ’
West Indies, Florida.
Section Masronra, Hinds, 1844.
T. VIOLACEuS, Quoy. PI. 38, figs. 11, 12.

With convex sides and base, violaceus, whorls 20, suture slightly
grooved, whorls with two rows of tubercles, which are rounded, rosy
white. Length, 8-10 mill.

New Caledonia, New Ireland, Viti Is.

T. Ducosensis, Jouss. (fig. 12), was separated because it has only
one canal-opening, whilst the true violaceus has a dorsal one remain-

ing; a merely individual difference, as I have explained.

T. RUBER, Hinds. PI. 38, figs. 13-16.
Pink, with the two rows of granules on each whorl, which are
often yellowish, suture marked by a raised line. Length, 9 mill.
New Ireland, Tahiti, Isle of Bourbon.
T. roseus, Hinds (fig, 14), appears to differ only in the interposi-
tion of a minute additional series of tubercles; a condition fore-

* TRIFORIS. 183

shadowed, according to Hinds, in some of the specimens of the
typical ruber. T. distinetus (fig. 15) and T. Adamsi (fig. 16), of
Deshayes, from the Isle of Bourbon, may be considered identical
with 7. roseus.

T. vuLPiInus, Hinds. PI. 38, fig. 17.
Whorls 14, with three nodulous spiral carinz, blackish, the
lower carina white. Length, 6°5 mill.

New Ireland,

T. MONILIFER, Hinds. PI. 38, fig. 18.
Whorls 10, biseriately spirally granular, the upper series white,
the lower one articulated in the intervals with chestnut or chocolate.
Length, 6 mill.
Straits of Malacca.

T. GRANULATUs, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 38, fig. 19.
Whorls 12-14, yellowish white, with three crowded spiral series
of nodules—five series on the body-whorl. Length, 6 mill.
China Sea.

T. sutuRALIS, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 38, fig. 20.

Whorls 12-13, pellucid white, with three spiral series of granules,
suture channeled, smooth, body whorl with an additional smaller
series of granules and smooth base. Length, 6 mill.

China Sea.

T. spectosus, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 38, fig. 24.

Whorls 18-20, biseriately nodose, the upper series much the
largest ; whitish, with an orange-red line below the upper series of
nodules. Length, 8 mill.

China Sea.

T. actcuA, Issel. Pl. 38, fig. 25.
Whorls 14, with two series of small granules and a wide, shallow
interspace on each whorl, suture deeply channeled.
Length, 3°5 mill.
Red Sea.

T. CLEMENS, Hinds. PI. 38, fig. 21.
Whorls 15, triseriately granose, the middle series minute, the
lower one large ; yellowish corneous, the granules paler.
Length, 6°5 mill.
Straits of Malacca.

184 TRIFORIS.

T. CARTERETENSIS, Hinds. PI, 38. fig. 22.
Whorls 14, triseriately granular, suleate between the series, mid-
dle series small; yellowish white. Length, 64 mill.
Port Carteret, New Ireland.

T. CRENULATUS, Desh. PI. 38, fig. 29.
Whorls 14, triseriately ridged, the lower ridge granular; yellow-
ish white, with oblong, subquadrangular chestnut stripes.
Length, 9 mill.
Isle of Bourbon.
This is said to be a doubtful synonym of 7. emulans, Hinds
(unfigured).

T. TasmAnica, Tenison Woods. PI. 38, fig. 31.

Whorls about 12, yellowish, triseriately granular, the lower row
chestnut-spotted between the granules, suture deeply channeled,
body whorl with several ridges, without tubercles, on the base.

Length, 6 mill.

Tasmania.

T. concinnus, Hinds. PI. 38, fig. 23.

Whorls 11, triseriately granular, middle series small; yellowish
brown, the lower series of granules black or brown, body whorl with
five series of granules and two bands. Length, 6 mill.

Pacific Ocean (Hinds).

A specimen in the collection of the Academy at Philadelphia is
labelled “ Honduras ”’.

T. pupmFormMis, Desh. Pl. 38, fig. 26.
Whorls 12, suture scarcely distinctly channeled, biseriately _
granose, the granules lighter colored on a purplish ground, base

bisulcate. Length, 4 mill.
Isle of Bourbon.

T. atomus, Issel. Pl. 38, figs. 33, 32.
Similar to the above in form, ornamentation and color, but with
three rows of basal granules, instead of the two sulci; whorls 6.
Length, 1°5-2°5 mill.
- Red Sea, Mauritius.
Very likely this will prove synonymous with TJ. pupeformis.
The last locality is for T. crassula, Martens (fig. 32).

TRIFORIS. 185

T. OBESULA, Jouss. PI. 38, fig. 27.

Whorls 13, brownish; becoming yellowish at the tip and base,
with three series of spiral nodules, of which the middle one is minute,
the body whorl with five series of nodules. Length, 4 mill.

New Caledonia.
T. PERLATUS, Issel. PI. 38, figs. 28, 34.

Shining, whitish, whorls 12-13, with two spiral series of equal
nodules, body whorl with three additional smaller anterior series of
nodules. Length, 4—5 mill.

Red Sea.

Narrower than 7. atomus, but similarly ornamented. 7. Servaini,
Jouss. (fig. 34), has a general coloring of dark yellow, but seen
through a glass it has a yellow band and a white one on each whorl,
the latter with dark spots between the nodules; it comes from the
Red Sea also, and will, I think, prove to be a better colored speci-
men of the above.

T. CHAPERI, Jouss. Pl. 38, fig. 35.

Solid, white, yellowish brown at the base, whorls 12-14, biseriately
tuberculated, last whorl with three series, suture linear.

Length, 4 mill.

Isle of Bourbon.
T. xysrica, Jouss. Pl. 38, fig. 36.

Shell chocolate color, the tubercles whitish; whorls 14-15, flat-
tened, with channeled suture, and three spiral series of tubercles, last
whorl with five series. Length, 13 mill.

Madagascar.
T. Rosstrert, Jouss. Pl. 39, fig. 39.

Whorls 14, flattened, with channeled suture, reddish yellow, with
four spiral series of sharp whitish granules, eight series on the body
whorl. Length, 5-6 mill.

New Caledonia.

T. exp, Jouss. Pl. 39, fig. 40.

Yellowish ash color, tubercles paler ; whorls 15, biseriately tuber-
culate, last whorl with three additional, smaller, anterior series.

Length, 5 mill.

New Caledonia.

T. cNopAx, Jouss. PI. 39, fig. 47.

Rather solid, yellowish, with the tubercles red; whorls 15, sub-
distantly biseriately sharply tuberculated, the body whorl with three

series. Length, 6 mill.
N. Caledonia.

/

186 TRIFORIS.

T. FUNEBRIS, Jouss. PI. 39, fig. 48.

Solid, whorls 15, each with a band of black, followed by one of
white, biseriately tuberculate, body whorl with four series, of which
three are black, the lower one being white. Length, 4-6 mill.

New Caledonia.
T. yrmosa, Jouss. Pl. 39, fig. 38.

Rather solid, blackish-brown; whorls 16-17, biseriately tuber-
culate, the wider interspace with a median line, suture scarcely
distinct, last whorl with six series of ridges, of which the three
anterior ones are unarmed, Length, 8 mill.

N. Caledonia.
T. LEVUKENSE, Watson. PI. 39, fig. 37.

Solid, yellowish white, with an interrupted amber-colored thread
near the base of each whorl, glossy; whorls 17, suture sharply
impressed, margined above by a minute flat surface, triseriately
tuberculated, with two additional anterior smaller series on the
body whorl. Length, 5:5 mill.

Viti Is.
T. RUFULA, Watson. PI. 39, fig. 41.

With five apical and eight normal whorls, yellow, more or less
ruddy, clathrate by distant rounded longitudinal and three spiral
riblets, the intersections nodose, suture deeply channeled, body whorl
with several ridges below the tubercles. Length, 7°5 mill.

Off Wednesday Island, Cape York, N. E. Australia.

T. CINGULIFERUS, Pease. PI. 39, fig. 43.

Whorls 10, biseriately granular, with sometimes a minute series
between the two on the later whorls; yellowish, the lower series
chestnut colored, the base with additional alternate yellow and chest-
nut granular ridges. Length, 6 mill.
Sandwich Is.
T. rrIcoLor, Jouss. PI. 39, fig. 49.

Solid, whorls 14-15, pale yellowish with two sutural bands, one
white, the other black, triseriately tuberculate, last whorl with five
series, suture deeply channeled, Length, 6 mill.

N. Caledonia.
T. ALTERNATUS, C. B. Adams. . Pl. 39, fig. 50.

White, with a brown band below the suture, whorls 17, with
inconspicuous suture, triseriately tuberculated, with two additional
non-tuberculated ribs on the last whorl. Length, 7°5 mill.

Panama.
T. cucullatus, Folin, is a synonym.

TRIFORIS. 187

T. TRISTOMA, Blainv. Pl. 39, fig. 42.

Whorls 15, triseriately tuberculated, the upper row strongest,
suture whitish, channeled, with a minute row of granules; yellow-
ish-chestnut, with a row of darker spots between the granules of
the lower series. Length, 12 mill.

Australia.

The species was based upon its “three-mouths,” and can no longer
be identified with certainty.

T. exruis, Dunker. PI. 39, fig. 45.
Whorls 10-11, triseriately granose, suture narrow, not deep,
brownish, with a lighter line. Length, 5 mill.
Japan.

T. PERVERSUS, Linn. PI. 39, figs. 44, 51.

Whorls about 16-18, flat, clathrate, with three series of rovolving
and numerous longitudinal riblets, the intersections nodulose, body
whorl with four spiral series, below which are two spiral ribs; yel-
lowish brown, or chestnut color. Length, 15-30 mill.

Europe, Canary Is.

The synonyms are 7. Maroccanus, Brug., T. radula, Olivi, T.
reticulatus, Donov., T. granulosus, Scacchi, T. tubercularis, Blainv.,
T. seriatus, Muhlf., T. inversus, Costa, T. Savignyanus, Chiaje, to
which European authors often add Cerithium pusillum, Pfr.

Var. BenorriAnum, Aradas.

Established on a single individual 34:5 mill. long, with four series
of granules on the spire and five on the body whorl, lip much
dilated.

Ognina.
Var. ADVERSA, Montg. Fig. 51.

Shell smaller, 15 mill. long. This = var. minor, Monts., and T.
Belli. Wood. It is found also on the California coast—at least no
differences have been detected between these and European
examples.

There are also vars. cylindrata, obesula and attenuata, Monts.,
founded upon the form of the shell, and the following color-varieties.

Var. BicoLor, Mts. Brown, with white tubercles.
Var. crincta, Mts. Brown, with a white median zone.
Var. PALLESCENS, Jeffreys. Light fawn color.

Var. LACTEA, Mts. White.

188 TRIFORIS.

T. nicgRocinctus, C. B. Ad. Pl. 39, fig. 52.

Dark chocolate color; whorls about 13-15, with three series of
_ subequal granules, suture excavated, bearing a thread, body whorl
with four series of tubercles, and two or three basal ridges below

them. Length, 10 mill.
New England to West Indies.

Generally considered by European conchologists a variety of T.
perversus, Linn., and perhaps should be relegated to that species.
Dark specimens are anicolored, but lighter ones show the sutural
thread darker—whence the name. 7. modestum, Ads., appears to
be the same, and Morch refers here Cerithium pusillum, Pfr.

T. rurris-THomm, Chemn. PI. 39, fig. 53.
Whorls 11, each with a spiral series of large white tubercles, and
a much smaller chestnut colored series, forming a band.

Length, 5 mill.
West Indies.

T. mirabilis, Ads., is a synonym.

T. INTERMEDIvS, C. B. Adams. PI. 39, fig. 54.

Whorls about 12, at first with two, afterwards with three spiral
series of tubercles, and three additional less nodulous ridges at the
base of the body whorl; reddish brown, with a white spiral band on
the lower part of the whorls. Length, 6-8 mill.

West Indies.

This is 7. turris- Thome, d’Orb., not Chem.

T. onnatus, Desh. PI. 39, fig. 46.
Triseriately tuberculate, dark brown, with here and there a white
tubercle, and the lower series white banded. Length, 7-10 mill.
West Indies.

This and the two preceding species, though nearly related, appear
to be distinct ; the present is the most robust of the three.

Section SycHar, Hinds, 1844.

T. virrEa, Hinds. PI. 39, fig. 55.
Pellucid, yellowish white; whorls 15, smooth, rounded, with a
strong median raised line and a smaller one below it.

Length, 10 mill.
Straits of Malacca.

TRIFORIS. 189

Section VIRIoOLA, Jousseaume, 1884.
T, virrarus, Hinds. Pl. 39, fig: 57.

Smooth, corneous, with a central dark brown line; whorls 22-25,
with two subequal spiral ridges and alternate sulci.
Length, 18 mill.
Straits of Malacca.

T. Bayant, Jouss. PI. 39, fig. 56.

Solid, reddish-purple, a little shining; whorls 23, with three
spiral carins, the interstices clathrate, suture linear, thread-mar-
gined, last whorl 5-carinate , aperture white, brown-zoned.

Length, 17 mill.

New Caledonia.

Is very probably a synonym of the next species.

T. corpruGATUS, Hinds. PI. 39, fig. 59.

Corneous; whorls 17-20 tricarinate, the middle carina smaller,
corrugated between them, suture with a thread-like margin.

Length, 15 mill.

New Guinea.
T. connatum, Montr. PI. 39, fig. 60.

Whorls exceeding twenty, with three or four cingule, the wider
interstices longitudinally punctate ; chocolate color.

Length, 18-15 mill.

New Caledonia.
T. DunKERI, Jouss. PI. 39, fig. 61.

Rather solid, brownish; whorls 14-16 with two strong and one
thin revolving ribs, the interstices longitudinally costulate and
spirally striate; base planate. Length, 9 mill.

Japan.

Described by Dunker as T. cingulata, preoccupied by A. Adams.
T. ELEGANS, Hinds. PI. 39, fig. 62.

White, marbled with chestnut; whorls 16-18, quadricarinate,
carine alternating in size, close, maculated with white and chestnut.

Length, 10 mill.

Straits of Malacca.

T. CANCELLATUS, Hinds. PI. 39, fig. 64.

Whorls 15-18, yellowish brown, bicarinate, the carinze maculated
with white, cancellated between them and marked by alternate
chestnut and white longitudinal lines; suture channeled.

Length, 10 mill.

Straits of Malacea.

190 TRIFORIS.

T. HILARIS, Hinds. PI. 39, fig. 63.

Whorls 14, tricarinate, the two lower carinz subequal, whitish,
the upper one a little larger, maculated with chestnut.

Length, 10 mill.
Pacific Ocean (Hinds).

T. rnctsus, Pease. PI. 39, fig. 65.

Whorls encircled by three prominent, smooth, regular ribs,
interstices deep, very finely longitudinally striated; irregularly
spotted and marbled with various shades of yellowish white, brown
and purple.

Sandwich Is., Isle of Bourbon.

The last named locality is for 7. triliratus, Desh., which Pease
considered a synonym.

'T. pexTRoversus, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 39, fig. 58.

Shell dextral, whorls 17-18, concave in the middle, spirally tri-
carinate, the middle carina much smaller, the interstices minutely
concentrically striated, yellowish white. Length, 12 mill.

China Sea.

Differs from all the other species in being dextral, and for that
reason I have already included it in Cerithiopsis; as it has usually
been considered a Triforis, I repeat the description here.

Unfigured and Doubtful Species.
T. variecatus, A. Ad. (= ZT. Arthuri, Jouss.) St. John’s, W. I.

'T. INFREQUENS, T. BIMARGINATUS, C. B. Ad. Panama.
'T. acre, T. IANTHINA, T. MARGARITACEA, T. GRANULIFERA, T.

VENUSTULA, T. DISTINGUENDA, of Dunker. Viti Ts.
T. Harpert, Jouss. (7. alternata, Pease) Sandwich Is.
T. BICOLOR, Pease. Sandwich Is.
'T. rascratus, Tenison Woods. Tasmania.
T. nrGRO-FUSCUS, and T. LABIATUS, A. Ad. Sydney, Australia.
'T. conspersus, A. Ad. Japan.
T. Lusorius, T. LINEOLATUS, T. MINUTISSIMUS, Tapparone-Canefri.

New Guinea.
T. mnrerRFi.Atus (Hongkong), T. cALCULIFERUS (Loo Choo), T.
CLATHRATUS, and T. INTERCALARIS ( China Seas), of Gould.
T. Kavarnus, Jouss. (7. gracilis, Pease, preoce. by himself).
Sandwich Is.

TRIFORIS. 191

T. oryzA,; T. BRUNNEvS, T. MACULATUS, T. PUSTULOSUS, T. TUBER-
cCULATUS, Pease. Sandwich Is.

T. granosus (Tahiti), T. cyLinpricus (Ins. Apaiang), T. ROBUSTUS
CIns. Makaimo), T. puncratus and T. cosrarus (Ins. Annaa), of
Pease.

T. TRITICEA, T. PALLIDUS, T. SULCOSUS, T. GRACILIS, T, PERFECTUS,
T. FLAMMULATA, T. sIMILIs, T. MrNIMUS, T. CLAVATA, all of
Pease. Sandwich Is.

T. Peaset, Jouss. (7. affinis, Pse., preoce.). Sandwich Is.

T. Festivus, T. scrrutus (Port Lincoln, Australia), T. PULCHELLUS
(Hab. unknown), T. vestAuis and T. ALBrIpus (Honduras), T.
cINGULATUS (Red Sea), all of A. Adams.

T. 1BEx, T. coton, T. INTERMEDIUS, T. TRISERIALIS, T. LONGISSI-
mus, T. rorticutus, T. HrRCUS, all of Dall. West Indies.

T. nana, T. pusioLa, T. SCHMELTZIANA, T. QUADRILINEATA, T.
PENUTICULATA, T. VENTROSULA, all of Dunker. Upolu, ete.

T. exicuus, T. NANuS, T. DEALBATUS, T. MELANURA, of C. B.
Adams. Jamuaica.

T. MARMORATUS and T. Arrrintis ( West Indies), T. Grayt (Mediter-
ranean), T. COLLARIS and T. PAGoDUS (Philippines), T. a2mu-
LANs and T. caLEeBs (Pacific Ocean), 'T. castus, T. CANDIDUS,
T. rristis and T. MercaLret (Hab. unknown), all of Hinds.

T. EXILE and T. prrormsE, Eichw. These are generally referred

to C. ferrugineum, Brug., but the figures represent them sinistral,
like Triforis.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

CERITHIIDA.

at ae (Cerithium), Braz. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. I. a 316,

inweiles (Cerithium), Watson, Journ, Linn. Soc. xv. 119,
1881,

Abruptus (Triforis), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix. p. 84,
1882. — T. bigemma, Watson, Var. .

Acicula (Cerithium), Brus. Conch, Dalmat. Ined. p. 7. 1864,

= C. tubercularis, Mont. Var. . . 168
Acicula (Triforis), Issel. Mal. Mar. Rosso. 279, i. 4, £3, 1869, 183
Aculeatus (Strombus), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3523,

= Cerithium radula, Linn. . : . 159
Acuminatus (Murex), Pennant. Brit. Anim.

= Bittium reticulatum, Da Costa. “150

Acutum (Cerithium), Homb. and Jé acq. Voy. Astr. and Zelee,
V. p. 105, t. 24, f. 27, 1854. = Morus, Var. variegatum.

Acutum (Cerithium), Kien. Coq. Viv. p. 79, tin Seek Wea.

Adamsi (Triforis), Desh. Conch. Reunion, p. "100, til eee 24,

PAGE.
. 145
oe
181

. 134

Sil brs)

1863. = T. ruber, Hinds. . 183
Adansonil (Cerithium), Rve. (not Brug.), “Conch. Icon, Sp. ily

1865. =C. tuberculiferum, Pease. . . 124
Adenense (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve. Conch. f. 89, 1865, . . 124
Aduneum (Cerithium), Gould, Boston Proe. iii, f. 119, 1849, 139
Adustum (Cerithium), Kien. Cog. Viv. p. 37, t. ie f. 2, . 126
Adversum (Cerithium), Mont. Test. Brit. p. 971, 1803.

= Triforis perversus, Linn. Var. . 187
FEdonium (Cerithium), Watson, Journ. Linn. Soe. xv. P 121,

13381) 7 = Bpigram, Watson. . 1538

Egle (Mastonia), Jouss. Bull. Soe. Mal. - France, Pl. 3, P 256,
ys

t. 4, f. 12,1884, .
ZEmulans (Triforis), Hinds, Ann. and Mag. xh p. 20,
1843, . , 184,
ZEmulum (Cerithium), Sowb. Darwin, Geol. obs. on Volean. Isl.

App. p. 153 No. 2. 127
Affinis (Triforis), Hinds, Ann. ‘and Mag. xi p. 10, 1843, 191
Affinis (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p- 484, 1860,

== TJ. Peasei. Jouss. «em
Afrum (Bittium), Danillo & Sandri, Elenco nom. Zara. p. 15,

1856. =B. reticulatum, DaCosta. . . 150
Agnatus (Strombus), Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. xiii, P 3523.

. 160

—Potamides palustris, Linn.

(192)

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Alabastrulum (Bittium), Moreh. Mal. Blatt. xxiii, 101,
LS7G,, -- ’ ; : i

Alabastrum (Cerithium), March, Mal. Blatt. xxiii. p. 120,
TS76, é ; : : ; ‘

Alatus (Ty mpanotonos), Phil. Abbild. pe 17 ts 1 E1849;
—Cerithium fluviatile, P. and M. : ; : ;

Alba (Cerithiopsis tubercularis, var), acon Ann. and Mag, ii
p. 129. 1838, ; ‘ ‘ ‘

Albida (Pirenella conica, 1, var.), Monts. Nom. Gen. e Spee.
Conch. Medit. f. 122, 1884, ;

Albidus (Triforis), A. "Ad. Zool. Proc. P, 278, 1851,

Albina (Cerithium rugulosum, var.), Monts, Nom. Conch. Medit.,
p- 125, 1884,

Albina (Cerithium submammillatum, var.), Monts. Nom.
‘Conch. Medit. p. 125, 1884,

Albina (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), Mts. Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital.
We p. 220; -.

Baits rico (C ‘erithidea), A. Ad, Zool. Proc. p- 85, 1854,

Albo-liratum (Cerithium), Carp. Mazatlan . Shells, sp. 336
1G07, :

Albo-nodosa (Cerithidea), “Car p- Moll. of W. North ‘America,
= C. sacrata, Gld. var.

Albonodosa (Cerithiopsis tuber culoides, var.), Car p- Mazat. Cat.
443, 1857, ;

Albosutura (Cerithiopsis), Tenison- Woods, Roy. Soc. T asmania,
p- 140, 1876, :

Albovittatum (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch. p. 122,

5)

1850. == Lampania minimus, Gmel.
Album (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Astr. and Zelee,
Mp. 101, t. 28, £22,238, 1854., = C. nde Lam.

Algerianum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ps t87Ss ft

930, 231. 1855. = C. lacteum, Phil. : :
Algicola (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proc. ii. p. 5, 1843, °.
Alternata (Cerithidea), Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. P. 26,

1673,° . :
Alternata (Triforis), ‘Pse. Zool. Proc. p- 434, 1860,

= T. Harperi, Jouss.
Alternatum (Cerithium), § Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii. p- 872, a 70,

Rens 9.. == C. Remi Sowb. var. . :
Alternatus (Triforis), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, 158, 1852,
Altum (Cerithium), Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 126, 1865,
Alucaster (Cerithium), Scacchi, Cat. Reg. Neap. p- 131, 18 36.

= C. vulgatum, var. Hocamnehati, Locard. :
Alucaster (Murex), Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Subap. p. 45 ee t. 10,

f. 4, 1814. = Cerithium vulgatum, Brug. . : ‘
Aluco (Cerithium), Born. (not “Linn), Mus. Caes. “Vindobon.

= C. nodulosum, Brug. ‘ ‘ :
Aluco (Murex), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit. xii. p- 1225,

= Cerithium, Brug. :

13

194 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Aluco (Murex), Marshlius, (not Linn.) Reise, Koen. Neap.
p: O10, 1193. = — Cerithium vulgatum, Brug.

Alucoides (Cerithium), Brocchi. Cat. Conch. Golfo Arabico.
p- 28. = C. Ruppellii, Phil.

Alucoides (Murex), Olivi. Zool. Adr. p- 153, 1792.
= Cerithium vulgatum, Brug. .

Alutaceum (Cerithium), Gld. Bost. Proc. vii. ?. 87. 16618 2

Alveolatus (Triforis), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Finns 45, t. 11,
£39; he DA OOO! 6s

Alveolus (Cerithium), Jacq. Voy. Pol. Sud. v. p- “105, ti 24,
f. 28, 29,1854. =C. piperitum, Sowb.

Amabile (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p. ‘246, 1880.
= Cerithiopsis gracilis, Sowb. —. :

Ambigua (Cerithidea), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proe. ii. p- A, 1848,
=i) costata, DaCosta. :

Amblyterum (Cerithium). Watson. Journ’ Linn. Soe. xv. p.
108. 1881, . :

Amboynense (Cerithium), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. b.
110, 1881, ;

Angasi (Cerithiopsis). O. “Semper. Cat. v. , Mus., Godeffroy. ei
108, No. 6882, 1874, .

Angasi (Triforis), Crosse, Journ. de Conch. p. 46, it, i; f. 12,
1821665, ° -.

Angnlifera (Li smpania), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Sp. i 1866,

Angustissima (Cerithium vuleatuinieat) Weink. Conch. Mittel.
ii, p. 154, 1868,

Angustissimum (Cerithium), Rochcs Rep. m0 dg. Invert. p. 190,
1843, .

Angustissimus (Triforis). Desh. Conch. Reunion, p- 104, 't, 12,
f. 1, 12, 1863, : :

Angustum (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p- 66, 1839.
= C. litteratum, Born.

Angustum (C ‘erithium), Desh. “Exped. de Morée, p- 183, a 24,
Bil

f. 17, 19, 1832. = Bittium reticulatum, Da Costa,
Annularis (Murex), Gmel. Syst. Nat. Edit. xiii.
= Cerithium torulosum, Linn.
Annulatus (Turbo), Martyn. Univ. Conch.
= Cerithium torulosum, Linn. .
Antarcticum (Cerithium), Phil. Abhandl. Nat. Gesch. zu Halle,
1363, . :
Antillarum (Cerithium), Dunker, Mirch, Mal. Blatt. xxiii.
118. = C.uncinatum, Gmel. . :
Aphanistylus, Fischer, Mannel de Conch. 682, 1884, : 117,
Aretum (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. Voy. ‘Astr, and Zelée.
v. p. 106, t. 24, f. 37, 38, 1854,
Armatum (Cerithium), Phil. Zietsch. fur. Malak. ?. 22, 1848,
Armillatum (Bittium), Cpr. Ann. Mag. p. 276, 1866,
Arthuri (Triforis), Jouss.Bull. Soe. Mal. France, Pt. 3 3, D. 291,
1884,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Articulatus (Vertagus), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang, p. 45,

t. 10, f. 14, 1850. = C. gemmatum Hinds. Var. . 146
Arcticum (Cerithium), Morch, Prod. Faunz Moll. Groenl ;

Arctic Man. p. 127. = C. costulata, Moller. . 176
Asper (Murex), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit. xii, 1226, . . 148
Aspera (Triforis), Jeffr. Zool. Proc. p. 58, bi. 6, ie rae 1885. 181
Asperrimus (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. xi, p. 18, 1843. 181
Aspersum (Cerithium), Desh. Conch. Reun. p. 97. t. 11, f. 16-18,

1865. = C. Ianthinum, Gld.. idot
Asperulum ( (Cerithium), Tryon. : . 136
Asperum (Bittium), Gabb. Proc. Phila. "Acad. p. 368, 1861:

Carp. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 1866, . . 158
Asperum (Cerithium), Pse. Zool. Proc. p- “433, 1860.

= C.asperulum, Tryon. . 13
Assimillata (Cerithiopsis), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, 150, 309, 174
Atalaya (Cerithiopsis), Watson, Journ. Linn. Soe. xix p., 94,

t. 4, f. 9, 9a, 1885, ; . 169
Atkinsoni (Cer ithiopsis crocea, var.), Tenison- Woods, Roy. Soc.

Tasmania, p. 159, 1875, : . 175
Atomus (Triforis), Issel. Mal. Mar Rosso, 280, ie 4, f. 4, 1869, 184
Atra (Pirenella conica, var.), Monts. Nom. Gen. e Spec. Conch,

Medit. p. 122, 1884, . ; 2 , 3 : : . 165
Atratum (Cerithium), Born. Mus. Cees. p. 324, t. 11, f. 17, 18, 128
Atramentarium (Lampania), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 881, f.

249, 250, 1855, 167
Attenuata (Cerithium rupestre, var.), B. D. D. Moll. Rouss. p-

203, t. 23, f. 3, 4, 1884, F 126
Attenuata (Triforis perversus, var.), Monts. B. D. D. Moll.

Roussillon, 212, . 187
Attenuatum '(Bittium), Carp. ‘Journ. de Conch. p- 142, 1865, 153
Attenuatum (Vertagus), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., p. 21,1848, 148
Atterima (Lampania), Dkr. Mal. Blatt. xxiv, p. 70, 1877.

=. zonalis, Brug. var. . 167
Audouini (Cerithium), Bayle. Jorn. ‘de Conch. 354, 1880.

= C. munitum, Sowb. . Beet]
Aurantiaca (Cerithiopsis), Gld. Bost. Proc. Vii, p. 388, 1861, 177
' Australe (Cerithium), Quoy, Voy. Astr. iu, p. 131, t. 50, £. 7,

1834, . 166
Australis (Cerithidea), Gray, (not Lam. ‘ Dieff, New Zealand,

ii, p. 341, 1843. — C. subcarinata, Sowb. . 163
Baccatum (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Astr. and Zaled

V, p. 102, t. 24, f. 11, 12, 1854. ? = C. Traillii, Sowb. 135
Baccatum (Cerithium), Costa, Kien. Coq. Viv. t. 23, f. 4.

= C. reticulatum, DaCosta, . 150
Bacillum (Cerithiopsis), Issel. Mar Rosso. p- 151, 1869 ‘ . 174
Baculum (Cerithiopsis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. vii, P. 150,

1361; .. my
Beticum (Cerithium), Pse. Zool. Proc. p- 433 , 1860, 14;

196 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Baliolina (Cerithium submammallatum, var.), Monts. Nom.
Conch. Medit. p. 123, 1884, 3

Balteata (Cerithidea). A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 'p. 84, 1854, é ;

Balteata (Cerithiopsis), Watson. Journ. Linn. ‘Soe. xv. p. 124
I cred bee ‘

Balteatum (Cerithium). Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak. p. 22, 1848,

Barleii, (Cerithiopsis), Jefir. .B. C. iv, ps 268 stv. p. 217, 4. 31;

5 ee - C. tubercularis, var. sublata, Wood: ?
Barleii ( (Cerithiopsis), Pieri (not enn ) Bull. Mal. fal co P
267, 1869. — C. bilineata, Hoernes.

Batillaria, Cantor, Ann. Mag. N. Hist. ix, 488, 1842 :

Bayani (Viriola), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France, Pt. 3 3, P 267,
FA fe, 20). 1884anie : : -\ 22:

Bellardia, Mayer. 1870,

Belli (Triforis perversus, var. , Wood? Crag Moll. “Add. Pr f.
17. = Var. adversa, Montagu.

Benoitiana (Triforis), Aradas. Atti Soe. Ital. Se. Nat. Catania.

549, 1869. a perversus, Linn. var.

hae eee (Cerithium), Monts. Journ. de Conch. p 275, t. ie
f. 2,1869. — C. angustissimum, Forbes.

Bermudze (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. “P 86, 1865.
— C. ferrugineum, var. versicolor. :

Bezanconia, Bayle. 1884. : :

Bicanaliferum (Cerithium), Braz, Linn. Soc. N.S. W. if pe 317,
1876,

Bicarinata (Cerithidea), Gray. Diffenbach’s New Zealand, il, p.
DAA ABAS.. o- ;

Bicolor (Gerithium), C. B. Naan Bost. Prag. il, p. iy 1848,

Bicolor (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. bees Astr. t. Der terials
= C. citrinum. Sowb. . ‘ :

eealer (Triforis), Pse. Am. ifn Conch. iv, 127 1868, :

Bicolor (‘Triforis perversus, var.), Mts. B. D. D. Moll. Roussil-
lon. 219, :

Bifasciatum (Bittium reticulatum, var.), B. D. D. Moll. Rouss.
p. 215, 1884, ;

Bifaseiatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Niner 874, f 198.
1855. = C. morus, Lam. var. .

Biforina, Baed: Dautz, Dollf. Moll. Roussillon, 1884.
= — Monophorus, Grillo.

Bigemma (Cerithium), Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. xv; p. 101,
1881, :

Bilineata (Cerithiopsis), Hérnes, fe Yjzek’s Prlantes zur Geogn.
Karte von Wien, p. 21, 1848. = C. tubercularis, Mont. var.

Bilix (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. xi, p. 17, 1843, ,

Billeheusti (Cerithium), Petit. Journ. de. Conch. p. 265, t. 7, f.

Seo 0), inflatum, Quoy. . j : ; F

Hinaapares i Cerithiopsis), C. B. Adams. Panama Shells. No.
195, "1852, ri ; : ;

Bimarginata (Triforis), C. B. Ad. Pan. shells, 151,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 197

Bittium (Leach), Gray. Zool. Proc. 154, 1847, : A LOOs P15
Bituberculatum (Vertagus), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. sp. 17,
1865, . : 148
Bizonalis (Cerithiopsis), Jeftt: Taal Proc. p. 62, t., 6, f. 10, 1885, 176
Blainviliei (Inella), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France, Pt. 5 oe 244,

t. 4, f. 6, 1884, : . 180
Bombayana (Cerithidea ), Sowb. Reeve’s “Conch, Tcon. sp. 7
1866.\ 7== C, Layard; Al Ad: |. : : : ; 65
Bornii (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. 11, p. 869, f. 175, 1855, 155

Bourgnignati (Cerithium), Locard. Ann. Soc. d Agriculture

Lyon, vill, p. 186, 1885. C. vulgatum, Brug. var. . 126
Brachytrema, Morris and Lycett. Moll. Great Oolite. 24, 18: 50), 113
Brazieri (Cerithium), Tryon. . . 142
Breve (Cerithium), Quoy. Voy. Astrol. ill, 116 to 54, f 9-12.

——'C: morus; bone : meta
Breviculum (Cerithium). conte Genera of Shells. No. 49. 1 Be

?—C. inflatum, Quoy. ; : : «he?
Brongniarti (Cerithium) Maravigna. “Rev. Zool. ; 326, 1840, . 168
Brotia, EL: Ween Zool. Proc. 150, 1866, : : ; eel
ganiicus (Triforis). Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 777, 1870, : . 191
Celatum (Cerithium). (Couth. MS.) Gld. Bost. Proe. iii, p. 125,

1849, . é : F ; : ; : : 5, my
Ceruleum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. il, p 866, f. 61, 62,

PSDs % ; oe Le

Cailliaudi (Cerithium), Potiez and Mich. Cat. Moll. Douai, t.

pilteds tots. Lek C. conica, Blainv. — . 2 £65
Calculiferus (Triforis), Gld. Bost. Proc. Vil, p. "389, 1861, . 190
Caledonica (Clava), Jouss. Bull. Soe. Zool. Fr ance, p. 191, t. 4,

fel ROOASs ; ; F : , : ; : . 160
Californie (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. aD, 104,

1865. = C. morus, var. variegatum. ; lev
ae (Cerithium), Hald, F ‘resh- Water aie Moll., cover

of No. 1. = C. sacrata, Gould. : ; 162

esis Bayle. 1884, . : : _ 114, 149

Cancellata (Triforis), Hinds, Ann. and Mag. 0G i, p- 18, 1843. . 189
Cancellatum (Cerithium), H. C. Lea. emer. oni Sci. xlii, p.
aide, 1 £8, 1842. . 145
Candidus (Triforis), Hinds: lets one Mag. = p- 1, 1843 as eae |
Jarbonarium (Cerithium), Sowb. (not Phil.) Conch, Leon. f. 59.

= C. morus, Lam, var. . 134
Carbonarium (Cerithium), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak. p 142.
1848, . 133

Carinata (F astivriella), Rve. Zool. Proc. p. 15, 1848, ; . 149
Carinatum (Cerithium), E. A. Smith, Zool. Proc. p- 736, t. 75

141 Rc a 174
Carteretensis (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. > Xl, p. 20, 1843, 184
Castus (Triforis), Hinds, Ann. and Mag. xl. p. 20. 1848, . 191

Caudatum (Cerithium), Sowh: Thes. Conch. 11, P. 856, f. 1,7 ip
1855. = C. atratum, Born. , 2 "429

198 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. .

Cecillii (Cerithium), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak. p. 25, 1849. :

Cedo-nulli (Vertagus), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 852. f. 38-40,
1855. —=C. obeliscus, Brug. : ;

Cerea (Cerithiopsis), Carp. Mazat. Cat. 443, 1857, :

Cereum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. 11, a 880, 2 244, 245,
1855, .

Cerina (Cerithiopsis) , A. Ad. Amn. and Mag. Vip: 130, 1861,

Geritells, Morris and ‘Ly cett. Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. vl, 418,

150, ©.
Cerithidea, Swainson. Man. Malac. 203, 342, 1840, ; Be cyt
Cerithidium, Monts. Nom. Gen. e Spec. Conch. Medit.

p- 123. 1884, : : : 2 TDD:

Cerithiella. Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. Vv, | 522, 1882.
— Lovenella, Sars.
Cerithinella, Gemmellaro. Giorn. Sci. Nat. Palermo: Xl, Gos
LS7S; %
Gerithioderma. @onnid. Jour. Philad. Acad. iv, “995. 1860,
Cerithiolum, Tiberi. Bull. Mal. Ital. 11, 263, 1869.
— Bittium, Gray.
Cerithiopsis, Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll. il, , 367, 1853. 119,
Cerithium, Adanson. Hist. Nat. Senegal. 153, 1757, 112, 113,
Chaperi (Mastonizeforis), Jouss, Bull. Soe. Mal. France, Pt. 3,
p. 243, t. 4, f. 4-5, 1884.
(hanvonnice (Cerithidea), Petit, Shireen, de @onch: p. 264, ie 7,
En mol Golem ite 118,
Cineta (Triforis perversus, var), Monts. B. D. D. Moll. Rous-
Silom 2470 )..
Cinetum (Cerithium), Hutton. Cat. Mar. ‘Moll as p- 97.
— Bittium terebelloides, Martens.
Cinctella, Monts. Nom. Conch. Medit. p. 123, 1884.
—— Seila, A. Adams. : :
Cinerascente (Cerithium), Pallas. Sowb. T hes. Conch. ut 282.
— C. conica, Blainv. .
Cinereo- flavum (Bittium), Mérch. Mal. ‘Blatt. XXill, p. 102,
LOvGr 4 :
Cingulata (Cerithiopsis). "A. Ad. Ann, and Mag. vil, p. 130,
1861, ‘ :
Cingulata ( Triforis), “Dkr. Mal. Blatt. vl, ». 236, 1860.
— T. Dunkeri, Jouss.
Cingulatus (Murex x), Gmel. Syst. Nat. Edit. Xiil,
— Potamides fuscatus, Linn.
Cingulatus (Triforis). A. Ad. Zool. Proc p. 279, 1851, : .
Cinguliferum (Cerithium), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 454, 1860, 144,
Circinatum (Cerithium), A. Ad. MSS. Reeve, Icon. sp..61,
1865," .
Citrina (Cerithium vulgatum, var. ), Mts. Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital.
v. p. 225
Citrinam ( (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. ‘Conch. il, P 855, t. 179, f,
66, ‘

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Clarkii (Cerithiopsis), Hanley. Sowb. Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells. t, 15,
f.12. = C. tubercularis, Mont.

Clathrata (Cerithiopsis), Angas. Zool. Proc. p 16, tulle f. 12,
1871. —C. Angasi, O. Semper.

Clathratum (Cerithium), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. i, Pe 883, f. 258,
1855. = C. sinon, Bayle. 1880. ; :

Clathratum (Cerithium), ‘Mke. Synopsis. és 32, 1826.
—= C. minimum, Gmel.

Clathratus (Triforis), Gld. Bost. Proc. Vii, p. 389, 1861,

Clava, Mart. (in part), Jousseaume, Bull. Soe. "Boal, France,
190, 1884. = Terebralia, Mart. in part.

Clava (Cerithium), Brug. Enc. Meth. p. 479.
—= C. maculosum, Marty ne

C lava (Cerithium), Sowb. Genera of Shells.

= C. Sowerbyi, Kien.

Clavata (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 434.1860;

Clavula (Cerithiopsis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. vii, p. 130,
1861, .

Clemens (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. xi, p. 20, 1843,

Cnodax (Mastonia), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France, PGs 5 0
B60) 154.14, 1884, _.. ; ;

telebs (Triforis), Hinds: Amp: and Mag. xi; p: 20; 1843.

Coarctata (Cerithium), Sowb. H. Adams. Zool, Proc. 308. 1867.

— C. gracile, H. Ad.

Colina, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll. 1; 286, 1853, 118;

Collaris (Triforis), Hinds. Zool. Proc. p. 23, 1843, :

Colon (Triforis), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, p. 86, 1882,

Columellare (Cerithium), d’Orb. Moll. de Cuba. ii, p. 155, t. 23,
f. 13-15, 1853. = C. pallidum, Pfr. . : : :

Columna (Cerithiopsis), Carp. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 3 Ser. BAAS
1864, .

Columna (Cerithium), Sowb. Gen. of Shells. No. 42. f i;

Concinnus (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. xi, p. 20, 1843,

Concisum (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. Voy. ‘Astr. and Zelee.
v. p. 102, t. 24, f. 12, 1854. — C. morus, Lam.

Concolor (Lampana Cumingii, var.), Schrenck. Amur. Moll. p.

314, 1859-1867,

Concors (Triforis), Hinds. Ann and Mag. xii p. 17, 1843,

Conicum (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p. 65, 1839, :

Conicum (Cerithium), Blainv. Faune Franc. Moll. p- 158, t.
beet. 10; 1826... . ; ; , 163;

Connatum (Cerithium), Monir. our de Conch. p- 236, t. 9: &
4, 1862,

Conspersus (Triforis), A. ‘Ad. MS. E. A. Smith. Ann. and Mag.
xvi, p. 106, 1875,

Contisua (Cerithiopsis), Monts. Journ. de Conch. XXVl, p. 156,
1878, :

Contractum (Cerithium), ‘Sowb. Thes. Conch. ; il, p. 877 ot r 218,
1855. = C. crumena, Bayle. : : . :

200 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Conulus (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p, 64, 1859, 144
Convexa (Cerithiopsis), Carp. Mazat. Cat. 444, 1857. 172
Coppolee (Cerithiopsis), Aradas. 1868.

— C. bilineata, Hornes. ; 165
Corallinum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Gouck: sp. 59, ) 12S
Cordigerum (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch! p. 249, :

eh . 146
(ornes, (Gernithiden): aX. Ad. Fool Proc. p. 85, 1854. 162
Corneum (Cerithium), Kien. Coq. Viv. p. 91, t. 52, fi ¢ 168
Corona (Cerithiopsis), Watson MSS. Monts. eee e Sin. p-

39. = C. diadema, Watson. A ; h : : . 169
Coronatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. 1, p. 863, f. 118,

1855. = C. custos, Bayle. 131
Coronatus (Nintes) , Born. Test. Mus. V ind. p.

— C. aluco, ee : : : . 145
Corrugatus (Eriforis), Hinds. Aun. and Mag. Xip apes

1843, .. ‘ ; : : : ‘ . 122, 189
Costata (Cerithidea) . A. Ad. Zool. Proe. p. 86, 1854.

= C. macrostoma, Hinds. : : ‘ : : 142
Costata (Cerithidea), Da Costa. Brit. Conch. 118, t. 8, f. 14, - . 164
Costatus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proce. p. 775, 1870, 191
Costellifer, Meek. Am. Jour. Sci. xxxv, 88, 1863.

fe A) Tubifer, Piette. DO
Costiferum (Cerithium), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. aty 184, f, 222.

= C. macrostoma, Hinds. . 142
Costulata (Cerithiopsis), Moller. Ind. Moll. Greenl. p. 10, 170
Costulatum (Cerithium), Costa.

= C. reticulatum, Da Costa. 5 : : 150
Costulatus (Cerithiopsis), Whiteaves (not Moller).

= Cerithiella Whiteavesi, Verrill. : 176
(ueeinneaie (Cerithidea), A. Ad. Zool. Proce. p. oe 1854, 165
Crassilabrum (Cerithium), Krauss. Ind. Moll. t f. 10, 141
Crassula (Triforis), Martens. Mobius, Mauritius, e 982. ree

1, 1880. = T. atomus, Issel. ; “ 4 ’ 184
Crassum (Cerithium), Lam. Anim. sans Vert. 1x, p. 294.

= 'C. palustris, Linn: | ~ : ; . 160
(Oraewtatun (Bittium), Gld. Bost: Pract Vil, pe. 387, 1861, . 158
Crenulatus (Triforis), echt Conch. Reunion, pe OO) ta dd eae

22, 1863, . 184
Crocea (Bittium cinereo- flay um, var. x Mirch. Mal. Blatt. XXIll,

p-. 102, 1876, : 158
Crocea (Cerithiopsis), Angas. Zool. Proc. p. 16, beks £13 isi 175
Crosseanum (Cerithium), Tiberi. Journ. de Conch. P. 160, t. 6,

f. 2, 1863. — C. Metaxae, Delle Chiaje. . 178
Crossei (Cerithium), Desh. Conch. Reunion, p. 96, a ib f 12,

14, 1868. = C. Maillardi, Crosse. . St
Crumena (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. Be 243, 1880.

== C_pingue, A; Ad. . 141

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 201

Coystallina (Cerithiopsis), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, p.

a9, 1882; 177
Cucullatus (Triforis), Folin. Les. Mele: grinicoles, p. 72, t. 6

f. 13, 1867. .—= T. alternatus, C. B. i. . 186
Cumingii (Lampania), Crosse. Journ. de Conch. p. 54, ti: 1, ee OF

PETS GR vx : : ; . 166
Cumingii (Lampania), Reeve. Conch. [cor ‘on.

— [. multiformis, Lischke. : BGT
Giumingii (Vertagus), A. Ad. Thes. @oueh. ints p. 850, ff 19,

1855. == WV: Sowerbyi, Kiener, var. . . 145
Curta (Lampania), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 869, f. 153, 154,

1SHo.. ‘ ; ; AD,
Custos (Cerithium), B ayle. Journ. de Conch. p. 244, 1880, “aot
Cylindraceum (Cerithium), Pse. Amer. Journ. Conch. v, pe ii;

1869... 2 : ; : : , ‘ : . 141
Cylindrata (Triforis perversus var.), Mts. B. D. D. Moll.

Roussillon, 211, . : ! SALE
Cylindratum (Cerithium), Tete Zool. Proc. p- 55, t $26, ks DORs

1885, . : > Lip
C ylindrellus (Triforis), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Dy D. 83,

1882. = -T. bigemma, Watson. . 2» Sh
Cylindricum (Cerithium), Watson, Journ. ‘Linn. Soc. xv p. 118,

POOL: os j Bal tie
Cylindricus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p- 776, 1870, ; . 191
Danicum (Cerithium), Beck,

= Bittium reticulatum, Da Costa. . 150
Danielseni (Cerithium), Friele, Prelim. ‘Report on Mollusca

3. = Procerum, Friele. 176.

Pp:
Dealbatum (Cerithium), CG. B. Ad. Centr. Conch. p- 117, 1850, 194
Decollata (Cerithidea), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit. xii, p. 12 226, 117, 161
Decollatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Genera of Shells,

= GC. obtusum, Lam. . 161
Decoratus (Triforis), CoB: ‘Adams, Contrib. Conch. w07; T850, Moy.
Decussata (Cerithiopsis), Carp. Mazat. Cat. 445, 1857, . a yar
Deforme (Cerithium), Eichw. Zool. Specialis. i, p. 295, t. au

1829. =C. ferrugineum, Brug. : oe oO. LOT
Delectum (Cerithium), A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. Conch. megek (is

fae, == ©. zebrum, Kr: . 188
Delicatum (Cerithium), Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. XV, p. 120,

1881, . 154
Desolatum (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p- 247, 1880.

— Lampanella minimus, Gmel. . . 168
Destrugesi (Cerithium), Folin. Les Meleagrinicoles, p- rile fd,

Ee eG, -. 172
Dextroversus (Triforis), ‘Ads. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang. 45,

1850, . he lg oe ey 175, 190

Diadem (Cerithiopsis), (Watson, MS.), Monts. Journ. de Conch.
p. 273, 1874; Jour. Linn. Soe. xix, 93, ; ; . 169

202 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Dialeucum (Cerithium), Phil. Abbild. t. 1, f 5, 1849, —. . 130

Diastoma, Desh. Traite. Conch. 46, 1848, : 118
Diemenense (Cerithium), Quoy. Voy. Astr. ili, p. 128, t. “5D, f

11, 13, 1834, 166
Diminutivum ‘(Cerithium), Phil. rehes fur Natur. p: 67,

1845, . : ; : : . 138
Diplax (Bittium), Watson, Challenger, Exp. XV, p. 999, t. 38,

f. 4,1886, . . 156
Dislocatum (Cerithium), Say. Journ. Philada. Acad. i; p. 236,

1822. = Terebra Petiti, Kiener. . 145
Distinctus (Triforis), Desh. Conch. Reunion, p. 103, EY iat if 30,

ol; 1863. ==". ruber Jainds:," Fplito hss
Distinguenda (Triforis), ‘Dkr. 1881, Jouss, Bull. Soc. Mal. Pr...

227, "1884, ; : . 190
Ditretus, Piette, Compt. rend, Assoc, Frane. HOTOR cs ; dai
Dolicha ‘(Triforis), Watson, Challenger Exp. xv, p. 565, t. 42,

smells 178
Doliolum (Cerithium), Weink. Conch. Mittel. il, p. “157, 1868,

= C. rupestre, Risso. . 126

Dorsuosum (Cerithium), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. ; il, p. 867, f 138,

140, 1855. = C. aduncum, Gld. . 139
Dorsuosum (Cerithium), Mone Veueel a Malac: p. 60,

1844, . , . 144
Douvillei (Triforis), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 3, f 241,

t. 4, f. 3, 1884, . . 180
Dubium (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. “Gonch. il, a 864, f. 120,

1855. = C. eludens, Bayle. . 136
Ducosensis (Mastonia), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 3, p.

251, t. 4, f. 10, 1884. = T. violaceus, Quoy. : 182
Dunkeri (Triforis), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 3 3, P 222,

1884, . } ks)
Ebeneum (Corithium), Brug. Bie Meth. te 149, £ iL a,

= P. ebeninus, Brug. . ; : . 158
Ebeninns (Cerithium), Brug. Dict. No. 26, ; ; . 116, 158
Eburneum (Cerithium), Bru ug. ; : . 128, 129
Echinatum (Cerithium), Kien. Coq. ‘Viv. Toto naa

— ©. columna, Sowb. . : 5 re 5,
Echinatum (Cerithium), Lam. Anim. sans Vert. sp. 12, . 123
Keostata (Cerithium submammillatum, nee Monts. Nom.

Conch. Medit. p. 128, 1884, : . 158
Egenum (Cerithium), Gld. Bost. Proc. ili, p. 120, 1849, : . 187
Elegans (Bittium), Petit. (not Blainy.), Journ. de Conch. iv ,p-

431, 1853. = B. lacteum, Phil. . 150
Elegans (Cerithium ), Blainv. Faune Franc. Moll. p. 159, 154 62,

ar = C. punctatum, Linn... ‘ . 170
Elegans (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. xi; p 18, 1843, . 189
1D longatum (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p- 66, 1839, : . 144

Elongatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 878, t. 84, f.
233, 234, 1855. = C. reticulatum, Da Costa. . . 150

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Eludens (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p. 245, 1880,
Emmersonii (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Bost. Journ. xv, p. 284, t.

4, f.10. = C. punctatum, Linn. ,

Enode (Cerithium ), Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. xv .P. 115, 1881.
Episcopale (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p. 66, 183 39,
Eriense (Cerithium), Valenciennes. Kiener, t. 24, fA.

— C. versicolor, Ad. Var. ‘
Erythrzeonense (Cerithium), Lam. ants sans Went p. ae
Escoftieria, Fontannes. 1880, .

Ksuriens (Bittium), Carp. Jour. de Conch. p- 142, 1865,
Eumeta, Morch, 1868, Jeffreys, Zool. Proc. 61, 1885.

= Cerithiopsis, Forbes and Hanley, Section. ; * 120,
furus (Cerithium), Bayle. Jour. de Conch. p. 244, 1880.
Euryptera (Tympanotonos), A. Ad. Reeve’s Iconica. Tymp.

sp. 8, 1866. = P. fluviatilis, Pot. and Mich. : :
Eustoma, Piette. Bull. Soc. Geol. France 2d. Ser. xii, 1107,

1855, ‘ : : : : :

Duthymia, Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 3, ) 237

1884. Triforis, Desh...

Exelissa, Piette, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ; XVIll, 14, 1860, :
Exigua iden reticulatum, var.), Monts, Bb: D. Moll.

Rouss. PD. 2Oe fe 26.21, :
Exiguum (Cerithium), Phil. Archiv. fur Nature. 1, p- 67,

1845, : ‘ 144,
Exile (Bittium), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p- 27, 1873,
Exile (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch. p. 120, 1850,
Exile (Cerithium), Eichw. Zool. Specialis, i, D. 295, t..5, f. 10

1829. = C. ferrugineum, Brug. ‘ ; . 150,
Exilis (Triforis), Dkr. Mal. Blatt. vi, p. 237, }
Exilissima (Cerithium rugulosum, var. . Monts. Nom. Conch.

Medit. p. 125, 1884, .

Eximium (Cerithium), Sowb. ‘Thes. Conch. up: 87 B. £ + 192,

1855. = C. rubus, Martyn.

Famelicum (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Shells of Paieh p. 152.
?— C. uncinatum, Gimeli

Fasciata (Pirenella conica, var.), Monts. Nom. Gen. e ‘Spee.
Conch. Medit. p. 122, 1884, ‘

Fasciata (Triforis), Tenison-Woods, Roy. Soc. Tasmania, p. 34.
1878 . Sra at

Fasciatum (Cerithium), Brug. Enc. Meth. p- ATA, ‘

Fastigiatum (Bittium), Carp. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. xv, 177,
1865, ; :

Fastigiella, Reeve. Zool. Proc. 14, 1848, : ; avy

Fayalensis (Cerithiopsis), Watson. Journ. Linn, Soc. xv; p. 125,
1881. = C. diadema, Watson. é

Fenestratum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. C ‘onch. i il, p. 860, f. 100,
1855. = C.eburneum, Brug. .

Ferrugineum (Cerithium), Middendorff. (not Brug.) Malac.
Mar. Rosso. p. 49, 1849. — Bittium reticulatum, Da Costa.

>

204 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Ferrugineum (Cerithium), Say. Amer. Conch. v, t. 49, f. 2

iSo2, : ; : ! : 5 ; 140)
Ferrugineum (Cerithium), Sowb. oo Conch. f. 177.

- C. veriscolor, C. Bad. ; : 140
aes | Triforis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p- 78, 1851, 191
Fibula (Cerithiopsis), Jeftr. Zool. Proce. P- 60, 1885.

— ©. diadema, Watson. 4 169
Bala Piette. Bull. Soe. Geol. France, xiv, 1857, 120
Filosum (Cerithium), Gld. Bost. Proc. i, p. 120, 1849, 152
Filosum (Cerithium), Phil. Zeitsch. fur Malak. p. 143, 1848, sie
Filosum (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 82, 1865, 125
Flammiculatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ui, p. 875, f.

BOG 1805," —: : . 139
Flanmulata ( eae Pse. Zool. Proe. p. 434, 1860, ; 191
Flava (Cerithium rugulosum, var.), Monts. Nome Conch Medit.

p. 125, 1884, : . 173
Flavum (Cerithium), C. RB Ad. Gone @encle D 129, 1850, 170
Floridanum (Cerithium), Mérch. Mal. Blatt. xxii, p. 114, 1876.

?= C. atratum,’ Born. : 129
Fluviatile (C lecithin: Potiez pal Michaud. (Ont. Moll. de

Douai, p. 363, t. 31, f. 19, 20, ; . 159
nm luviatilis (Murex), Gmel. "Syst. Nat. 3562.

= Cerithium radula, Brug. 2159
Formosus (Triforis), Desh. Gonch. Reunion p- 102, t. ily fe 29,

1863, 5 TD
Fortior (Cerithiopsis), Cpr. Ann and Mag. KV; ?P. 397, nae 177
Fortiusculum (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. 250,

1880. — C. Montagnei, Orb. var. pulchra. 161
Fortunei (Cerithidea). “A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 85, 18: A, 162
Fragile (Cerithium), Anton, Verzeich. p. 65 , 1839, 144
Fucatum (Cerithiuny), Pse. Zool. Proce. p. 432, 1360, . 138
Fulva (Cerithium rugulosum, var.), Monts. Nom. Conch. Medit.

p- 125, 1884, bos Fits
Fulvum (Cerithium), Anton, Verzeich, p- 95, 1839. : . 144
Funebris (Mastonia), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 3). Daa

A Syiopes ee We BUNS Ico tof Se an . 186
Furvum (Bittium), Wa tson, Challenger “Exped. XV, p. 556, t.

38, f. 5, 1886, 3 ee We)
Fusca (Pirenella conica, var. ), Monts, Nom. Gen. e Spec. Conch.

Medit. p. 122, 1884, . . 165
Fusea (Triforis), Dune Mal. Blatt. V1, p- 237, 1860, ; » 180
Fuseatum (Cerithium), Costa (and authors), Cat. Sist. y has

1826. = C. rupestre, Risso. . 126
Fuscatus (Murex), Linn. Syst. Nat. “Edit. xi, p. 755 ‘ - Lae
Fuseum (Cerithium), Dkr. Mal. Blatt. xviii, p. 152, 1871, ae 8
Fuscum (Telescopium), Schumacker, Essai Nouv. Syst. 235, 161
Fuscus (Strombus), Gmel. Syst. Nat. Edit. xill, 3528,

= Cerithium sulcatum, Brug. . 160
Fusiforme (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch. p- 120, 1850, iy gf

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Fusiforme (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. Pay 1a op

107, 1855. = C. proditum, Bayle.

Galactis (Bittium), Mérch. Mal. Blatt. xxiii, p. 95, 1876,

Gallapaginis (Lampania), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 869, f. 155,
156, 1855. — C. interruptum, Menke, Var. ; : :

Gemma (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 873, f. 51, 1855,
— C. morus, Var. variegatam, Quoy.

Gemmatum (Cerithium), Watson, Journ. Linn. Soe. xv .p 113,
1881, ;

Gemmatus (V ertagus), Hinds. Voy. ‘Sulph. p- 27 a te f. 0:
1844, .

Gemmulatum (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. ‘Voy. Astr. and
Zelee. v, p. 102, t. 24, f. 54, 7-10, 39-41, 1854.
=ei3, iter us, Lam. . :

Gemmulatus (Triforis), Ad. and Rve. Vo oy. Samarang. p. 46,
Pell, f34:"a. b. 1850, ieee

eerendlitarurn (Cerithium), E vA: Smith, Topi Proc: p: 750,
toed 2, 187 Li,

Femmilosum (Cerithium), C. iE: Ad. Contr. Reanek p. 119,
1850, :

Gentile (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p. 248, 1880.
— ©. Traillii, Sowb. } ; ; ; : :

Georgianum (Cerithium), Pfeffer. Natur. Mus. Hamburg, p.
Mhou. 2, t. 1, L886; :

Gibberosum (Cerithium), Dkr. Verhandl. Zool. Botan. Vereins.
Vienna, xvi, p. 911, 1866,

Gibberosum (Cerithium), Frauen. Voy. Nov ara. il, Pt. BY pit
petty looe:. ==. yeti Sowb. .

itera (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proc. il, 'p. 5, 1848.
== C. vartum, Pfr. ;

Giganteum (Cerithium), Lam, Kien. Cog. Viv. t. i :

Gigas (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. Mag. Nat. Eist< 24, po 17, 1843,
Voy. Sulph. p. 28, t. 8, f. 1, :

Glabratum (Cerithium), Phil. Teitackt ee Malak. p: EGG.
1851, : :

Glariosum (Cerithium), Gld. Bost. Proc. Vii, Pp. 3am. 1861,

‘fyoumier (Cerithium), Adan. Voy. Senegal. p. 156, t. 10, f. 3,
1757. =C. vulgatum, Brug. ; :

Gourmya, Bayle. 1854, , : : :

Gourmy1 (Cerithium), Crosse, Journ. de Conch. p. ie fet ju
1, 2, 1861, ;

Gracile (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p- 64, 1839,

Gracile (Cerithium), Jeffr. Zool. Proc. p. 54, t. 6, f. 3, 3a. 1885.
— Bittium amblyterum, Watson. : :

Gracile (Cerithium), Pse. Zool. Proce. p. = 1860.
— C. rostratum, Sowb. ; ,

Gracile (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 879, f. 2 28, 229,
1855, : : - ; : : ; 5 :

206 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Gracilentum (Cerithium), Migh. Bost. Proce. ii, p. 22, 1861,

Graciliforme (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve. Conch. Icon. es 49,
1865. —C. eburneum, Brug. .

Gracilis (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), Phil. Moll. Sicil i i, p 193,
ted ot: D; ==) Var: protractum, Bivona.

Gracilis (Colina), H. -Ad: Zool. Proc. ip: 150, 1866 ; 308,
1867, : :

Gracilis (Triforis), Pse. Proc. p. TTA, 1870,

Gracilis (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 777, 1870.

Preoceupied by the same author on p. 774, of the same book.

— T. Kauainus, Jouss.
Gaciltanm (Cerithium), Sowb. Conch, Icon. sp. 138, 1865.
Granarium (Gerithium), Kien. Cog. Viv. p. 72, t. 19, f. 3,
Graniferus (Vertagus), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 438, 1860,
Graniferus (Vertagus), Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 6, 1865, > (not
Pease). Vi ravi Phil.
Granosum (Cerithium), aca Coq. Viv. p. 57, ss 4, £3
= C. rubus, Mart. :
Granosum (Cerithium), Ss. Wiond: Crag. Moll. 73, 1848,
Granosus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 776, 1870,
Granulatum (Cerithium), Brug. Ene. Meth. t. 442, fi 4.
= P. radula, Linn. ‘ ; :
Granulatum (Cerithium ), Costa.
= C. reticulatum, Da Costa. ; :
crane (Murex), Linn. (not Brug.) Edit. i; 12 26.
— Vertagus asper, Linn.
Granulatus (Triforis), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang. p- “46, t.
filet oa. be LSa0 o/s
Granulifera (Triforis), Dkr. Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr. 297,
1884, ; :
Granulosum (Contihinton: “Anton. Verzeich. p. 64, 1839,
Granulosum (Cerithium), Risso. Europe Merid., Ly, (p. wou.
1826. = C. reticulatum, DaCosta. .
Granulosum (Cerithium), Scacchi. Cat. Reg. Neap. p. 13,1 183 38
— Triforis perversus, Linn.
Grayi (Triforis), Hinds. Ann, and Mag. xi p. 19, 1343,
Greenii (Cerithiopsis), C. B. Ad. Bost. * Journ, li, p. 287, t. 4, ff
12.
Grisea (Cerithium versicolor, var.), Mérch. Mal. Blatt. xxiii,
Pokies S70, :
Guaranianum (Cerithium), VOrb. Voy. Amer. Merid. v, p- 443,
oe Ue eas gs Bees
Guiniacum (Cerithium), Phil. Abbild. p- 17, t. 1 ie 1849,

Hanleyana (Cerithiella), Monts. Nom. Conch. Medit. p. 123,
1884, .

Hanleyi (Cerithidea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. i il, p. 874, f. 193, 1855.
?= C. iostoma, Pfr. var. . 155,

ee (Triforis), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. “France. Pt. 3, D. 222,
1884, :

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Hebes (Cerithium), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc. xv, p. 103,

Hegwischii (Cerithidea), Phil. Zeitsch. fur Malak. p. 19, 1841,
= C. Montagnei, Orb. var.

Henkelinsii (Cerithium), Nyst.
= C., tubercularis, Mont.

Heteroclytes (Cerithium), Lam. Anim. sans. Vert. ix, pe 299,
== C. minimum, Gmelin. (monster). . ;

Hilaris (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. xi, p. 21, 1843,

Hindsii (Triforis), Desh. Conch. Reunion. p. 98, t. 11, f. 19, 20
1863,

Hircus (Triforis), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1X, p. 83,
1882, . :

Hirta (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), 'B. D. D. Moll. Rouss. p.
201, t. 22, f. 18, 1884, ‘

Homologum (Cerithium), Bayle Journ. de Conch. p. 248,
1880, . :

Horrida (Cerithiopsis), Jeftr. p. 60, t. 6, f. 9; 9a. 1885, :

Humboldti (Cerithium), Valen. Rec. @? Obs, Zool. ii, p. 280,
1833. = C. pacificum, Sowb. . :

Humile (Cerithium), Dkr. Moll. Japan. p. 9, t. 2, f. ie, 1861.
?= C. morus, var. variegatum. .

Hymerensis (Cerithium), Calcar. Monog. Claus. e Bul. ete. 49,
1840. = C. brongniarti, Marav.

Janthina (Triforis), Dkr. 1881, Jouss. Bull. a Mal. Fr. 227,

’

b

Tanthinum (Cerithium), Gld. Bost. Proc. i iil, p. 121, 1849,
Ibex (Triforis), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, p. "86, 1882,
Icarus (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p. 249, 1880,
Incisa (Lampania), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 868, f. 152, 1855,
Incisum (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Astr. and Zelée,
v, p. 97, t. 23, f. 8, 9, 1854. = P. fluviatilis, Pot. et Mich. .
Incisus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 454, 1860; Am. Jour.
Conch. vii, 25, . :
Indicator (Telescopium), Mtf. Conch. Sy st.
= Cerithium telescopium, Linn.
Tnella, Bayle. Jour. de Conch. xxvii, 35, 1878.
= eine: Hinds. . j ; 4
Inflatum ‘(Cerithium), Quoy. Voy. Astr. iil, p. 13 30, t. 55, f. 10,
1834, .
Inflatum (Cerithium), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc. XV, p. 103,
1881, ;
Infrequens (Triforis), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells. 1 159, 310, ;
Iniforis, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mat. France. Pt. 3, P. 235, 1884.
Se — Ino, Blinds: *)
Ino, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur. Zoology, 28, 1844, :
Inscriptum (Cerithium), Monts. “Nom. Gen. e spec. Medit. P
119, 1884. = C. vulgatum, Brug. var. é :

207

208 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Inseulptum (Cerithium), Sowb. Conch. Icon. sp. 128, 1865.

—= C. Lawleyanum, Crosse. . : ; : :
Insignis (Stilus), Jeffr. Zool. Proc. p. 52, t. 6, f. 1-1b. 1885,
Intercalaris (Cerithiopsis), Carp. Zool. Proc. p- 281, 1865,
Interealaris (Triforis), Gld. Bost. Proc. vii, p. 388, 1861,
Interfilatus (Triforis), Gld. Bost. Proc. vii, p. 588, 1861,
Intermedia (Cerithium), Weink. Conch. Mittelm. 1868.

——4 OS vulgatum, var. tuberculatum, Pha an : :
niece (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch. p. 119,

1850,
agermedae (Triforis), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, P. 85,

1S325-: :
Interruptum (Cerithium), “Krebs. Cat. p- 48.

= C. terebrale,C. B. Ad. .

Interruptum (Cerithium), Menke. Zeitsch. fur Malak. p. 178,

1850, : sgl
Interstriatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. il, p. 876, f.

216, 1855,

Inv aginatum (Cerithium), Gld. Boston Proc. ill, p. “120, 1849.
= we) planum, Phil. . :
Inversum (Cerithium), Costa. Cat. p. 84,1 no. 26, 1829,

— Triforis perversus, Linn.

Tostoma (Cerithidea), Pfr. Archiv fur Aetna. L; p- 357, 1839,
Tota (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proce. 11, p. 5, 1848.

?= B. nigrum, Totten.

Irregulare (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p- 65, 1839, ;
Trroratum (Cerithium), Gould. Bost. Proce. i, p. 119, 1849.

— C. ocellatum, Brug.

eee (Triforis), Velain. Comptes Rendus July 24th. ,p. 285,
876,
Ieselit (C ‘erithium), Pagenstecher Kossman’s Reise in Roth,

Meer. p. 44, 1877,

Jadertinum (Bittium), Brus. Shae Dalm. tele p. 16, 1865.
= B. reticulatum, Da Costa. var.

Jt hinalen (Cerithium), Hombr. et Jacq. Weir. oe Zel. a 24, ae 19-
21. —C. tuberculatum, Linn.

Johnstoni Sani Petterd. Journ. of Conch. iv, p 142,
1883, ,

Kanoni (Cerithium), Folin, Les Moscone pr 10, to; £
10D ok A es :

Kauainus (Triforis), hea Bull. Shia Mal. France, 224, 1884,

Kieneri (Cerithidea), Hombron and Jacq. Voy. Astr. and Zelée,
v, p. 96, t. 23, f. 4, 5, 1854. = C. obtusa, Lam. var. .

Kirki (Cerithium), Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p: 21, 1873,
— C. terebelloides, Martens. :

Kobelti (Cerithium), Dkr. Mal. Blatt. xxiv, p. 67, 1877,

Kochii (Vertagus), Phil. Zeitsch. fur Malak. p. 21, 1848,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Labiatus (Triforis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 279, 1851, :

Lacertinum (Cerithium), Gld. Bost. Proce. vii, p. 386, 1861,

Laciniosum (Cerithium), Migh. Bost. Proe. ii, p. 25, 1848, —.
Lactea (Triforis), Dkr. 1881, Jouss. Bull. Mal. France. | 227,
1884, . :

Lactea (Triforis perversus, var i Monts. B. D. D. Moll. Rouss-
illon, 212, ;

Lactescens (Bittium reticulatum, var. .) Jeffr. .

Lacteum (Cerithium), Kien. Cog. Vint ps b3> t7, f. 3 3, :

Lacteum (Cerithiolum), Ph. Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 195, 1836,

Leocochlis, Dunker and Metzger. Nachr. Mal. Gesell. re
1874, ; » £20;

Lieve (Cerithium), Quoy. Voy. Ast eo 106, t. 54, f. 1-3,
1834,

Levigatum (Cerithium), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. il, i, p- 161, t.
25, £9 32, 1844. = Lampanella minimus, Gmel. :

Lafondi (Cerithidea), Sowb. Conch. Icon. (not Kiener or Mich.)
= C. scalariformis, Say. :

Lafondi (Cerithium), Michaud. Actes Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, t.
Oo, tf, 0) 1629." == C, iostoma,. Pir:

Lamarekii (Cerithium), Valenc. Kiener Icon. Cerithium, |

At) 4 : é : ;
Lampanella, Mérch. “Mal. “Blatt. 93, 187 6, Q 7 pee as 3
Lampania, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus. 90,1801, . ; 118s

Laqueata (Cerithiopsis), Gld. Bost. Proc. Vile Pr ood, LaGl, (at
_ Largillierti (Cerithidea), Phil. Zeitsch. fur Malak. P: 20, 1848.
= C. montagnei, d’Orb. ; :
Latreillei (Cerithium), Payr. Moll. Corse. p- 143, t. gt. 9, 10,
1826. = C. reticulatum, DaCosta. var. s
Latum (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch. p. 122, 1850,
Lavalleanum (Cerithium), VOrb. Moll. de Cuba ii, p. 156, t.
23, f. 16, 1853. ?= C. iostoma, Pfr. :
Lawleyanum (Bittium), Crosse. Journ. de Conch. p. Dies Ls f,
4, 1863, :
Layardii (Cerithidea), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p- 86, 1854,
Lemniscatum (Cerithium), Quoy. V oy. Astr. ill, p. 119, t. 54,
f. 16-18, 1834, ;
Lentiginosum (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch: Icon. “p yb Bs
1865. ?=C. algicola, Ads.
Leucocephalum (Bittium), Watson. Challenger Eap. XV, Pp.
598, t. 38, f. 7, 1886, :
Levukense (Triforis) ), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soe. xv, p. 100,
1881, :
Lima (Cerithium), Brug. aint sans BiWert: 1X, ?. 304,
- =C. reticulatum, Da Costa.
Limosa (Mastonia), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France, Pt. 3, P
2638, t. 4, f. 16, 1884, ; ; ; ,
Lineatum (Cerithium), Dunker. Mss.

14

210 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Lineatum (Cerithium), Lam. Enc. Meth. t. 443, f. 3a. b.
= C. asper. Linn. var.

Lineolatus (Triforis), Tapp. Canefri. Amn. Mus. Civ. Genoa.
ix, p. 283, 1877,

Liocerithium, Tryon. 1887, : : ae

Lissum (Cerithium), Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. XV, p. 107,
1881,

Litteratum (Cerithium), Born. Mus. Cees. p- 828, t. ict; f. 14,
15,

Lividulum (Cerithium), Risso. “Europe Merid. LW,yD: “154, 1826.
= C. rupestre, Risso. ;

Long icaudatum (Cerithium), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang. p-
43, t. 10, f. 15, 1850. = Vertagus attenuatus. Phil. :

Longissima (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), B. D. D. Moll. Rouss.

20034022 10, 1884, A

Longissimus (Triforis), Dall. Bull. “Mus. Compar. Zool. ie p.
80, 1882, :

Lovenella, O. Sars. Moll. Norv. 187, 1878, ; okt)

pica (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Astr. and
Zelée, v,:p. 98, t. 23, f. 12, 18,1854. = C. Traillii, Sowb.
War. «tue

Luscinize (Cerithium), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc. XV, p. 112,
1881. ?= B. pigrum, Watson.

Lusorius (Triforis), ue Canefri.Ann. Mus..Civ. Genoa. iba p
283, LOKd,

Lutea (Bittium lacteum, var.), ‘B. D. D. Moll. Bones: p- 217, ;

26, f. 3, 4, 1884. ; . 150
Lutosum (Cerithium), Menke. Synopsis. p. 86, 1828.

= C. ferrugineum, Say. Var. versicolor. . 140
Lutulentum (Cerithium), Kien. Coq. Viv. p. 63, t. 22, ae

s E Guatiiden bicarinata, Gray. 167
Mac Andree (Triforis), A. Ad. Zool. Proe. p. 1, 1856.

— Laeochochlis granosa,$. Wood. . eal
Macrostoma (Cerithium), Hinds. Voy. Sulph. p.2 Me 16, f. 12,

1844, . . 142
Macularus (Triforis), Pic. Tel. ere p- 777, 1870, 191
Maculosa (Clava), Martyn. Univers. Conch. t. . 145
Maculosum (Cerithium), Kiener. Coq. Viv. p. 36, t. 13, f. 3.

— C. adustum, Kiener. 126
Maculosum (Cerithium), Migh. Bost. Proc. il, p.2 22, 1848 137
Magnum (Cerithium), . Jay. Cat. of Shells. Edit. 2 2, p. 83, t. 2,

f. 5, 1836. == C. maculosum, Martyn. . 145
Maillardi (Cerithium), Crosse, Journ. de Conch. p- 397, 1863, 157
Major (Cerithium versicolor, var.), Mérch. Mal. Blatt. xt,

p. 117, 1876, . 140
Malvaceus (Iniforis), TOUse. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 3, Pp.

239, t. 4, f. 1-2, 1884, _ 180
Mamillata (Cerithium), Risso. Europe Merid. iy, Ps “158, 1826.

— Bittium reticulatum, Da Costa. . 150

INDEX AND SYNONYMY

Mamillatum (Cerithium), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 194, t. 11,
f. 11, 12, 18386. = C. conicum, Blainv.

Mamiliahum (Cerithium), Watson, Journ. Linn. Soe, XV, p.
109, 1881. = B.amblyterum, Watson.

Mangiorum (Strombus), Schroeter. Phys. Conch. p. 383)
= — Cerithium suleatum, Brug.

aera (Triforis), Dunker. 1881, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal.
France, 227, 1884, ‘

Mariei (Inella), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 3, p 246,

t. 4, f. 7, 1884,

Marmorata (Triforis), Pse. Martens. Donum. Bismark. : Phe
aes

Marmoratum (C erithium), Quoy. Voy. Astr. iii, p. 109, 't. 54,
fe 4. 11834.) == C. maculosum, Martyn.

Marmoratus (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. ix, 18, 1843,
Marmoreum (Cerithium), Kien. Coq. Viv. t. 31, aoe
—= C. maculosum, Martyn. ;
Maroecanum (Cerithium), Brug. Dict. No. 34, 1789.
= Triforis perversus, Linn. :
Martinianus (Vertagus), Pfr. Register. p. Vil.
erithium fasciatum, Brug. . : : ; :
Massiliense (Cerithium), Locard. Ann. Soe. a’ Agriculture,
Lyon. viii, p. 188, 1885. = CC. rupestre, Var. . :
Mastonia, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, Moll. 30, 1844, —. : 122,
Mastonizeforis, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pty 236, 1884.
ext — Mastonia, Hinds.
Matukense (Cerithium), W atson, Journ. Linn. Soc. XV, p. 105,
Ssi
Maxillaris (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and “Mae. xy p. 18, 1843,
Mazatlanica (Cerithidea), Carp. Mazat. Cat. No. 395.
= @oacrata, Gld. ,
Mediolaeve (Cerithium), Carp. “Mazat. Cat. 334.
= C. uncinatum, Gmel. var.
Mediterraneum (Cerithium), Desh. Anim. sans Vert. i Lx: p, 313.
= C. rupestre, Risso. .
Megasoma (Cerithium), C. B. ‘Ad. Contr. Conch. p- 119, 1850.
=C. Sagre, d’Orb. ;
Melania (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), Monts. Bull. Soc. Mal.
Ital. v, p. 225,
Melanosa (Cerithium paludosum, var.), Monts. Nom. Gen. e
Spee. Conch. Medit. p. 121, 1884, :
Melanura (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch. p. bitire
1850, . : 140,
Menkei (Cerithium), Desh. Conch. Reunion. p. Oterl, f. 15,
1863. = C.columna, Sowb. . ;
Mesostoma, Desh. Paris Fossils. 2d. Edit. ii, 416, 1864, ,
Metalepsis *Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 2 Ps 236, 1884.
= Triforis, Desh. ;

212 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
Metaxze (Cerithiopsis), Delle Chiaje. Memoire. iii, p. 222, t. 49,

f. 29, 30, 1829, Ala! jae cee ac aes
Metaxia, Monts. Nom. Conch. Medit. p. 125, 1884.

= Cerithiopsis, Forbes & Hanley. - . 1195
Metealfei (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. i ,?. 869, f. 157,
158, 1855. —C. inflatum, Quoy. :

Metealfei (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. i; Dp. 11, 1843,

Metula (Cerithium), Lowen. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 23, 1846,

Micans (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. Mag. xi, p. 18, 1843,

Microptera (Cerithium), Kien. Coq. Viv. Pp: 93,t. 30} I9,

— ©. fluviatile, P. and M.

Millepunctatum (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Astr. and

Zelee. v, p. 103, t. 24, f. 18, 14, 1854, :

Milnes Edwardsii (Cer ithium), Calcara.

= ©. vulgatum, Brug. monstrosity. .

Minima (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), Weink. Conch. Mittel.
p- 154, 1868. = EN at: Bourguignati, Locard.

Minimum (Bittium), Tenison- Woods, Roy. Soe. Tasmania, p.
39, cfr. Ibid. 1877, 123, 1878, ..

Minimum (Cerithium), Braz. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.L p 317,
STO. > «

Minimum (Cerithium), Brus. Conch. Dalm. Inedit. p. ie

1864, . . 2168;

Minimum (Cerithium), Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. yA

1873; Jour. de Conch. xxvi, 26.

— Triforis Angasi, Crosse. . ; , ;

Minimus (Lampanella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 3564, : -/ ls

Minimus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 774, 1870, :

Minor (Cerithidea), Moreh Malak. Blatt. xxii, p. 92, 1876,

Minor (Cerithium lima, var.), Phil. Moll. Sicil. 1, 195,

= C. Jadertinum, Brusina.

Minor (Cerithium rupestre, var.), B. D. D. Moll. Rous. p. 208,

t. 23, f. 7, 8, 1884. == Var. Massiliense Locard.
Minor ‘(Triforis perversa, var.), Monts. Poche. Note Conch.
Medit. p. 138, 1875. = Var. adversas, ue

Minor (Tympanotonus fluviatilis, var.), Tapp-Canefri. “Voy.
Magenta. p. 38, 1874, : :

Minuta (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), de Serres, Phil. Enum.
Moll. Sicil i el BG EA io ;

Minutissimus (Triforis), Tapp. Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa.
ix, p. 283, 1877, :

Minutum ( (Cerithium), Nuttall. Jay’ s Cat. of Shells, Pea

Minutus (Potamides), Dkr. Ms.
= Cerithidea minor, Mérch.

Mirabile (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Cunen Gunes p- “118, 1850,

- T. turris-Thome, Chemn.

Mirificus undies Desh. Conch. Reunion. sg 104, t. it, f 82,
33, 1865, .

. 173

173

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Mitreeforme (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, 873 f. 190,
W650. . = C. rubus, nen ;
Modestum ( (Cerithium), ©. B. Ad. Contr. Conch. p. “117, 1850.
= T. nigrocinctus, Ads. : :
Mollucanus (Cerithium), Renieri. Tavol. alfab. 1804.
= vulgatum, Brug. . :
Mollucecanus (Murex), Gmel. Syst. Nat. p.3 93
—Cerithium sulcatum, Born. ‘ : : ;
Monachus (Cerithium), Crosse Journ. de Conch. p- 347,
1864, . : : : j ‘ ; :
Monilifer (Triforis), ‘Hinds. Ann. and Mag. xi, p. 19, 1845,
Moniliferum (Cerithium), Dufresne. Kien. Coq. Viv. p. 49, t.
16, f. 3. = C. Morus, Lam. t ;
Monophorus, Grillo. Desc. quelques esp. 15, 1877, :
Montagnei | (Cerithium), VOrb. Voy. Amer. Merid. v, P 485,
t. 63, f. 3, 4, :
Montagnei (C erithium), Sowb. var. Thes. Conch.
== — Cerithidea Fortunei, A. Ad. .
Mérchii (Cerithidea), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. ii; Sp. 888, f. 283,
1855, .
Moreleti (Aphanistylus), Wattebled. Journ. de Conch. p- 59, t.
4, f. 5, 1886. ? = C. Sinensis, Phil. ;
Moreleti (Cerithium), Folin. Les Meleagrinicoles, p. 68, itp 6,
£0; 1867, .. ;
Morus (Cerithium), Lam. Anum. Sans Vert. Edit. 2, ix, p.
ou2, ~ . :
Multiformis ( Lampania), Lischke. Mal. Blatt. p. Xvi, 106, 1869,
Multigranosus (Tympanotonos), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 891,
f. 302, 1855. = Cerithium homologum, Bayle. .
Munita (Cerithiopsis) Carp. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 3, Ser. xiv,
1864, .
Munitum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. li, <p: 858, F 93,
1855, .
Murex ‘(Cerithium), ‘Anton. Verzeich. p- 66, 1839,
Muricatum (Cerithium), Brug. Dict. No. 27.
= Tympanotonos fuscatus, Linn.
Muscarum (Cerithium), Say. Amer. Conch. v, t. 49, 1a 1832,
Musicum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 865, f 130,
1855, .
Musivum (Cerithium), Homb. Voy. Pol Sud. t. 24, if 23, 24,
1854. = C. patiens, Bayle.
Mutabile (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proe. il, , P 5, 1848,
Mutatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Gen. of Shells, No. 42.
= C. echinatum, Lam.
Mutica (Cerithium vulgatum, var. ) B. D. D. Moll: Rouss. P
200, t. 22, f. 8, 1884,

Naiadis (Cerithium), W Satya:
= Cerithiopsis costulata, Moller.

214 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Nana (Cerithiopsis tubercularis, var.), Jeffr. Brit. Conch. iv, p.

BOTgr My. ‘ . 168

Nana (Triforis), Dkr. 1881. Jouss. Soc. Mal. France. 227, 1884, 191
Nanum (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Contr: Conch. p. 117, 1850, 18
Nassoides (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 875, f: 200,

201, 1855. :— C. maculosum, Migh. . SST
Nebulosum (Cerithium), Phil. Tae fur Malak. p. 66, 1851, 144
Nebulosum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ij, p. 866, c 60,

1855, . : é ‘ ; : ; : . 126
Neglecta (Cerithiopsis), C. B. Adams. Panama Shells No. 201,

1852, wate
Neglecta (C erithiopsis), Weink. Cat. ‘Coq. ‘Mers @’ Europe Pp 13.

== ©. minima, Brus. *”. 169
Neglectum (Cerithium), not ©.B. Ad. Sowb. Thes. Conch. f.
235, 236. ?==C; fusiformis, 0.5: Ad. is. : 177
Nerinaceus (Cerithium), Remert. Tavol. alfab. 1804.

ae) ae Brug. 125
Nigra (Cerithidae), Hombr. et “Fata: Astrol. et Zel.

— C. subearinata, Sowb. 163
Nigrescens (Cerithium), Menke. Sy nopsis, p: 85, 1828,

— L. minimus, Gmel. . 168
Nigrinum (Cerithium), )y Phil, Zeitsch. fiir Malak. p- 24, 1848.

— L. minimus, Gmel. . 168
ee balteatum (Cerithium), Smith. Zool. Alert Exped. p. 65,

5D, fe Oosk,: |e . 136
apse nee (Triforis), C. B: Ad. Bost. Journ. li, p. 286, i 4,

rls 188
Nigro- fasciatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. P. 58,

1865. = C. morus, Var. bifasciatum, Sowb. 134
Nigro-fuscus (Triforis) sake Ad. Zool. Proc. p- 278, 13851, 190
Nigro- punctatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 860, f.

97; 1855. ? = C. armatom, ‘Phil. . 124
Nigrum (Cerithium), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak. ue 18, 1848.

— C. variabile, C. B. Ad. 140
Nigrum (C erithium), Totten, Silliman’ s Journ. xv ill, ?. 352, f 8, 152
Nitens (Bittium), Cpr. Ann. and Mag. xiii, p. 478, 1864, 158
Nitidum (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Astr. and Zelée.

v, p. 106, t. 24, f. 30-33, 1854, . 148 -
Nitidum (C ‘erithium), McAndrew and Forbes. Ann and Mag.

xix, poO7, t.9, f. 2, 1847. = (Ciemetnla, Movens seit
Nitidum (Costa) Sowb. Thes. Conch. i ii, p. 872, f. 180, 181,

ao: ee) CE gentile, Bayle. } : . = 135
Nivea (Triforis), M. Sars. MS.

— Leocochlis granosa, 8. Wood. 177
Niveum (Cerithium), Biv.

= Bittium lacteum, Phil. 150
Nivosum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. il, a 875, £ f. 205,

1855. = C. morus, var. variegatum. . 134

Nobilis (Vertagus), Reeve. Conch. Syst. . 148

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Nodiferus ae itoris), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang. i465 t., 11,

E31, a. De 1600; E
Nodosus (Strombus), Schroeter. Thes. Conch. 386.
= Cerithium vulgatum, Brug. .
feaaioliae (Cerithium vulgatum, var. ) Phil. B. D. D. Moll.
Rouss. 200, A
Nodulosum (Cerithium), Brug. Ene. - Meth. ti 442, £3 3,
Notatum (Cerithium), Menke, Synopsis, p. 33, 1826.
= C. muscarum, Sa

84, 85, 1855. = C. eburneum, Brug.

f. 54, 1855,

Obeliscoides (Cerithium), Jeffr. Zool. Proc. p. 55, t. 6, f. 4, 4a.
. 175

1885,

Novae-Hibernize (C sitll) ), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. ii, p- 857, f
. 129
Novie-Hollandize (Cerithium), A, Ad. Thes, Conch. i P 864,

Obeliscus (Cerithium), Brug. E neye. . Meth. t. AA3, f. 4, a. Db.

p- 205, t. 27, f. 4, 1884,
Obesula ’(Mastonia), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt:
250, t.4,f,17, 1884, . :
Obesulum '(Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. sp.
1865,

Obesulus (Triforis pe perversus, var.), Monts. B. D. D. Moll.

Rouss. p. 212, t. 26, f. 18-20, 1884,
Obesum (Cerithium), ‘Sowb. Thes. Conch. Lp 868, f. 141,
16pp. =" Ch repletulum, Bayle.

35 p:

149,

142,

Obscurum (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. Vv oy. “Astr. and Zelée.

vy, p. 102, t. 24, f. 5, 6, 1854. — C. morus, Lam.
Obtusum (Cerithium), Kent Anim. sans Wert. No. 17,
Ocellatum (Cerithium), Brug. Enc. Meth. No: 45,

Omissum (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p- 250, 1880.

— C. Erythreonense, Lam.
Oosimense (Cerithium), Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. ENS (0:
1881,

aye

Opportunum (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p-. 248,

1880,
Ornata (Cerithidea), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 887, £-2
278, 1855,
Ornatum (Cerithium), Dash Encye. Meth. ili, 1053, 1832,
Oryza (Bittium), Mérch. Mal. Blatt. xxiii, p. 121, 1876,
Oryza (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 776, 1870, :
Owenii (Cerithium), Fer. Martini Conch. t. 155, f. 1459.
= C. radula, Linn. ; ; :

Pacificum (Cerithium), Sowb. Gen. of Shells. No. 42, f. 9.
Pagodula (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p. 65, 1859,

TT

. 124

. 146
Obesula (Cerithiopsis tubercularis, var,) bb. DPD: "Moll. Rouss.

. 168

> 156

S162
. 188
2 liste!
S191

Pagodulus (Cerithiopsis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. p- 130, 1861, Li

Pagodus (Triforis), Hinds. Zool. Proce. p. 22, 1843,

. 191

216 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Pallescens (Triforis st var.) Jeffr. Brit Conch. iv, p.

262

Pallida (C erithium Sagre ee, var.), Moreh. Mal. Blatt. xxiii, p.

119, 1876, ; : : 3 : :
Pallidum (Bittium), Pfr. Archiv fur Naturg. p. 287, 1840,
Pallidus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 774, 1870.

Paludosa (Bittium reticulatum, var.), B. D. D. Moll. Rouss. p.

D5, t2d, to LAU aot he
Palustris (Potamides), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit. gi 1213,
Papillosum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 876, f. 215,
1855. =C. lacteum, Kiener. . : ‘
Parcum (Cerithium), Gld. Bost. Proc. Vil, , p- 387, 1861,

Parva (Cerithium litteratum, var.), Kien. are Viv. t. 14, fhe

= C. algicola, C. B. Ad.

Patiens (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. D. 249, 1880,
Patulum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. Tal f. 74,
1855, ;

Pauxillum (Cerithium), ‘A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 86, 1854,

Paxillum (Cerithium), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 439, 1860, ;

Paxillus (Cerithiopsis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. p- 130 1861,

Peasei (Triforis), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 3, p. 299
1884,

Pellucidum (Cerithium), “Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Astr. and
Zelee. v, p. 101, t. 23, f 24, 25, 1854. ?=— C. aga
Sowb.

Peloritanum (Cerithium), Cantraine. Mem. Acad. Brux. il, 392.
— Lampanella minimus, Gmel.

by

Penuticulata (Triforis), Dkr. 1881, Jouss. Soc. Mal. France.

227, 1884, .
Perfectus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p- 775, 1870,
Perlatus (Triforis), Issel. Mar Ross. p. 152, 1869,
Perparvulum (Bittium), Watson. Challenger ADs XV, P. 554,
t. 38, f. 3, 1886, :
Per pusillum ( Bittium), Tryon.
Peruvianum (Cerithium), d’Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. 443, Se
a); lt), :
Perversus (Trifor is), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit. xii. p: 1231, 1767,
Petitii (Cerithium), Schramm. Guadl. p. 11, 1869.
=-C. costatum, DaCosta...
Petrosum (Cer ithium), Wood. Ind. Test. Suppl. t. A, f. 9,

’

Pfeifferi (Triforis), Crosse. Journ. de Conch. P AT, ti. i i £14,

15; S69, >.

Pfeifferi (Vertagus), “Dkr. Mal. Blatt. XXxiv, p. 79, 1877.
— C. turritum, Sowb.

Pharos (V ertazus), Hinds. Voy. Sulph. p. 2s t. if, f. 3, 4,
1844,

Philomelee fC erithium), Watson, Journ, Linn. Soe. XY, p. 113,

1881. ?= B. pigrum, Watson.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Phoxum (Cerithium), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc. xv, p. 106,
1881,

Pictum. (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p- 64, 1839,

Pictum (Murex), Wood. Ind. Test. Supp. t. 5, f. 2-4,
—= C. semiferrugineum, Lam.

Pigrum (Cerithium), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soe. XV, P, fd
1881,

Pingue (Cerithium), A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. Conch. li, Hue
Piperitum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 867, f. 136,
137, 1855, :
Piraini (Cerithium), Benoit. Ricerche Malae. 12, 1843.
= C. Brongniarti, Maravigna. :

Pirenale (Cerium), Quoy. Voy. Astrolabe.
—= Lampania zonalis, Brug.

Pitenella: Gray. Zool. Proc. 154, 1847, sR 3

Placidum (Cerithiun:), Gould. Bost. Proc. vii, p 386, 1861,

Planispiratum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. iy ps S01, 4.
1855. == C.eburneum, Brug.

Planum (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeichnis. p- 66, No. 2288,
1838, ¢ :

-Platygyra, March. Mal. Blatt. 81, 1860.
= — Bittium, Gray.

Platynotum (Cerithium), ‘Anton. Verzeich. p- 66, 1839, :

Plicata (Cerithium rupestre, var.), B. D. D. Moll. Rouss. p-
208, t. 23, f. 5, 6, 1884. — Var. strumaticum, Locard. :

Plicata (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), Phil. Moll. Sicil. i, a 192,
16B6. == Var. alucastrum, Brocchi. :

Pliculosum | (Cerithium), Mke. Verz. Malsb. p. 27, 1829,

Plumbeum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 889, f. 293,
1855, :

Polygonum (Cerithium), § Sowb. Thes. Conch. il, p. 854, f. 46,
1855. = C. opportunum, Bayle.

Pommeraniz (Laeocochlis), Dkr. and Metz. Jahrb. Deutsch.
Mal. Gessell. i, p. 146, t. 7, f. 5, 1874.
= L. granosa, S. W ood.

Porcellanum (Bittium), Watson. Challenger Exped, ‘xy, P 559,
t. 38, f. 8, 1886,

Potamides, Brongniart. Ann. du Mus. xv. 367, 1810, 115,

Poulsenii (Fastigiella), Moérch. Journ. de Conch. XXV, p- 207,
1877 : :

Eieantin (Cerithium), Jeffr. Ann. and Mag. p. 32 2, 1877,

Procerum (Cerithium), Kien. Coq. Viv. p. 22, t; 18, Eich.
== Vertagus fasciatus, Brug. : . ;

Proditum (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Canch. p- P46, 1880, .

Proditum (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p. 249, 1880.
= C. Adouini, Bayle.

Protextum (Cerithium), Conr. Proc. Phila. Acad. ii, p. 26,
1848. = Terebra.

218 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Protractum (Cerithium), Bivona. MSS. Aradas and Benoit.

230. = C. vulgatum, Brug, var. ,
Proy qaciele (Cerithium), Locard. Ann. Soe. Agric. Lyon. 185,
1885. == GC. vulgatum, Brug.

Pseudocerithium, Cossmann. 1884, ’
Pterostoma, Desh. Paris Foss. 2d Edit. ii, 498. 1864, :
Pulchella ( (Cerithiopsis) , defir. Ann. and Mag. ii, p. 129, t. v-

f. 8, a-c, 1858. = C. tubercularis, Mont. var. .

Pulechella (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil.

1a ee oe es F
*Pulchellum (Cerithium), iS B. Ad. Gane Conch: p- 121,

1850, ;
Pulchellus (Triforis), iA ‘Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 278, 1851,

Pulecher (Turbo), Dillw. Cat. No. 91.

—= Cerithidea decollata, Linn. : ; ;

Pulcher (Vertagus), A. Ad. Conch. Icon. sp. 20, 1865,
Pulchra (Cerithidea), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat. p. 156.

= C. montagnei, d’orb. var. :
Pulicarium (Cerithium), Phil. Zeitsch. ae Malak. p. 20, 1848.

— C. eburneum, Brug.

_Pullatus (Potamis), Gld. P. R. R. Rept. Va 333, t. eos i 23,

24. = Cerithium sacratum, Gould. :
Pullum -(Cerithium), Phil. Archiy. fur Nature. iy p. 66 , 1845,
Pulvis (Cerithiopsis), Issel. Mar Rosso. p. 150, 1869, ‘ s
Pumilum (Cerithium), Phil. Zeitsch. fur Malak. p. 66, 1851,
Punctatum (Cerithium), Brug. Ene. Meth. No. 40.

= C. piperitum, Sowb. : :
Diese (Cerithium), Linn. Sy st. Nat. Edit, bila 123 il
Punctatus (Triforis), Pee. Zool. Proc. Pp. 19, 1870,
Punctulatum (Cerithium), Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3503.

?= C. algicola, C. B. Ad. E ;
Pupa (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. sp. 84, 1865.
= C. tuberculatum, Linn. var. ;
Pup: forme (Cerithium), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. ; i, ‘p: 877 is f 2215

1855. = C. macrostoma, Hinds.

Pupzeforme (Cerithium), W eon, Journ. ieee Se. XV, p 114,

1881,

Pupeeformis (Triforis), Desh. Gane Reunion: Dp 105, in 12, f.

3, 4, 1868, : :
Bapienis (Cerithiopsis), Carp. Mazat. Cat. 443, 1857,
Pupiformis (Colina), A. ‘Ad. Zool. Proc: p. 176, 1853.

— C. macrostoma, Hinds.

Pupoidea (Cerithidea), Mérch. Mal. “Blatt. Xxill, p. 93, 1876,
Purpurascens (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 872, f.

182-186, 1855. == C. Trailli, var. splendens, Sowb.
Purpurea (Cerithiopsis), Angas. Zool. Proce. Pp. BOs tb: yo pasehe
1877. = C. crocea, Angas. var.

Purpurea (Cerithiopsis), Cpr. Ann. and M: ag. XV. p. 39 7, 1865,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Pusillum (Bittium), Dkr. Mal. Blatt. vi, p. 224, 1860.
= B. perpusillum, Tryon.
Pusillum (Cerithium), Gould. Bost. Proc. ill, P. 120, 1849.
Pusillum (Cerithium), Jeffr. Ann. and Mag. t. 2, f. 10, 11, 1856.
— B.submamillatum, Rayn. : :
Pusillum (Cerithium), Nuttal. Jay’s » Cat: SOE Shells, p.7
?— C. lacteum, Kiener.
Pusillum (Cerithium), Pfr: reHes . Watur: p- 256, 1840.
?— Triforis perversus, Linn. NSE,
Pusiola (Triforis), Dkr. 1881. Jouss. Soc. Mal. France. 297,
Pustulosus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 775, 1870, :
Pygmiea (Colina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 308, t. 19, f 19, 1867.
— Cerithium macrostoma, Hinds. ‘
Ey eraseim (Cerithium), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. il, p. 162, t

15, f. 26, 1844. = C. tubercularis, Mont. var.

Pyr amidalis (Triforis), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang. p. “46, t.
11, f. 36, a. b. 1850. = T. sculptus, Hinds.

Pyramidatum (Cerithium), Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Astr. and
Zelée. v. p. 100, t. 23, f. 20, 21, 1854. =C. eee
Sowb.

Pyrazisinus, Heilprin,. Trans. W agner. Inst. i 115, 1886,

Py razus, Montf. Conch. Syst. i, AGO. TRIO eat : a6:

Quadrata (Cerithidea), Sowb. Conch. Icon. sp. 5, 1866.
= C. obtusa, Lam. var. ;

Quadrifilatum '(Cerithium), Carp. Bintan de iGouch. p. "143 oF
1865,

Quadrilineata (Triforis), Dkr. Soe. Mal. France, 297, 1884,

Quadriseriata (Bittium lacteum, var.), B. D. D. Moll. Rouss.
p. 216, t. 26, f. 7, 1884,

Quoyi (Certhio), Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Astr. and Zelée. V;
p- 97, t. 23, f. 6, 7, 1854. = C. rhizoporarum, A. Ad.

Radix ees Dufo. Ann. Sci. Nat. D 62, 1840.
= C. fluviatile, P. and M. : ;
Radula (Murex), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit. xii, 1226,
Radula (Murex), Olivi. Zool. Adr. p. 152, 1792.
= Triforis perversus, Linn.
Raricostata (Cerithidea), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 85, 1854,
Rarimaculatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Ie pa Gio; e
204, 1855,

Ravidum (Cerithium), Phil. Abbild. p- 15, t. if £ 8, 1849,
Rawsoni (Cerithium), Krebs. MSS. March. Mal. Blatt. xxiii,
p- 120, 1876, t : : P
Reeurvus (Vertagus), 5 Sowb. Thes. Conch. My ips 804) £20;
1855, : :

Reevinanum (Cer ithidea), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat.
= C. Montagnei, d’Orb.

“ou (Triforis), Desh, Conch. Reunion. p. 101, t. ia f. 25, 26,
1863,

. 129
y, LEG

158

. 164

. 158
Lot

5 IBY,

~ 162

. 160
. 159

saltsiyl
= GS

+139
. 147

. 144
LAY

161
. 178

220 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Regalis (Euthymia), Jouss. Bull. Soc, Mal. France. Pt. 3, p.
265, t. 4, f. 18, 1884, :
Repanda (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), B. D. D. (not Monts.)
Moll. Rouss. p. 201, t. 92, f. 14, 1884.
= Var. inscriptum, Monts.
Repanda (Cerithium vulgatum, var.) Mts. Enum. e Sin. p. a7,
Repletum (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p. 248, 1880,
Reticulatum (Cerithiolum), DaCosta. Brit. Conch. p. 117, ts 8,
1B AE, ; : ’ : : : ; : ,
Reticulatum (Cerithium ), Totten. Silliman’s Journ. xxviii, p.

352, f.8. = C. nigrum, Totten.
Reticulatus (Strombus), Muhlf, Verh. Berlin. N. F. p 207, t.
2, f. 1, 1829. = Bittium varium, Pfr. f

Reticulatus (Turbo), Donov. Brit. Shells. Wiets 159, 1803.
— Triforis perversus, Linn. E
Retifera (Tympanotonos), Sowb. Thes. Conch. j li, p. 892, f 295,
1855. = P. fluviatilis, Pot. and Mich. : :
Rhinoclavis, Swainson. Malacol. 157, 315, 1840.
= Vertagus, Klein. .
Rhizoporarum (Cerithidea), A. Ad. Zool. Proc '?p. 85, 1854, :
Rhodostoma (Cerithium), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 861, f. 103.
1855. = C. serotinum, A. Ad. : 5
Rigens (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Ganch, P 244, 1880.
— C. macrostoma, Hinds. ‘
Rissoidea (Cerithidea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ip: 889, f. me
1855, >
Rissoidae (Osa Mn) Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 107, 1865,
Rivale (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p. 250, 1880.
= C. undulatum, Sowb. :
Robustum ( Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. sp. 44, 1865.
= C. Trailil, var. alternatum, Sowb. . : :
Robustus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proe. p. 71), 1870,
Rosea (Cerithiopsis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. p: 130, 1861,
Roseus, (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. xi, p. 21.
= T. ruber, Hinds. — . ,
Rossiter (Inella), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 5, p. 249,
t, 4, f£. 9, 1884, °-: :
Rostratum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Lise: 861, f. 104,
1855, :
Ruber ‘(Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. =a p. iheh 1843,
Rubrolineatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, ‘p. 874, te
199, 1855. == C. Hanleyi, Sowb. ;
Rubropunctatum (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p- 65, 1839,
Rubus (Cerithium ), Martyn. Universal Conch. t. 28,
Rude (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich. p. 66, 1839, —. :
Rudis ( Bittium reticulatum, var. ) Brugnone. Cat. Mont. Pellegr.
‘1, £4. = Var. scabrum, Oliv. :
Rufula (Triforis), Watson. Challenger Exp. XV, p. 566, t. 42, f. 2}.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Rugata (Clava), Martyn. Universal Conch. t. 12.

= C. asper, Linn. : : ; 148
Rugatum (Bittium), Cpr. Brit. “Assoc, Rept. p.! 539, 1866 ;

Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866. —= B. asperum, Gabb. ASS:
Rugosa (Cerithiopsis), Gld. Baste Proc. vii, p. 388, 1861, she?
Rugosum (Cerithium), Wood. Ind. Test. Suppl. t. 4, f. 10.

= C. patiens, Bayle. ; : : ‘ : ; . 154
Rugulosum (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch. p. 121, 1850, 158
Rugulosum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 237.

= C. metaxz, Delle Chiaje. HAL ARS
Rupestre (Cerithium), Risso. Hist. Eur. Merid. IV, p. 154,

1826, 126
Ruppellii (¢ ‘erithium), Phil. Zeitsch. fur Malak. p. 22, 1848, 124
Sacrata (Cerithidea), Gld. Bost. Proce. iii, p. 118, . ; 162
Sagree (Cerithium), d’Orb. Moll. de Cuba. 1, p. 157, t. 1846, 140
Salebrosum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 862, f. 114,

115, 1855, vdied
Salmacida (Cerithidea), Morelet. Test. Noviss. Cuban. p.2

1849, . 164
Sandbergeri, Bosquet. Mem. Desc. Geol. Neerlande. iii, 53,

1861, » 118
Sandvichense (Cerithinm), Sowb. Conch. Icon. sp. 37, 1865, 127
Sardoum (Cerithium), Cantraine. Acad. Brux. ii, p. 392, 1836.

= C. conica, Blainv. 165
Savionyi (Cerithium), Fisch. Journ. de Conch. p- 244, 1865.

= C. Ruppellii, Phil. : . 124
Savignyus (Murex), Delle Chiaje. Mem. ill, th 49, f, 32 , o4, 1841.

= Triforis perversus, Linn. 2 LST

Sayi (Cerithium), Menke. Gould. Invert. Mass. 1st. Edit. 128.

= B. nigrum, Totten. : . 152

Scaber (Murex), Olivi. Zool. Adr. p. 153, 1792.
= Cerithium reticulatum, DaCosta. . 151, 150
Scabrella Sgt ay sgera app. Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa,

ix, p. 282, 1877 A ei
Scabricosta (ane: Dkr. Zeitsch. fur Malak. Dp; 110, 185 Do, 144
Seabridum (Cerithium), Phil. Zeitsch. fur Malak. p. 23, 1848.

= C. Riippellii, Phil. : ; . 124
Se abridum Resiohinn.), Reeve. Conch. Icon.

, Sowb. Bee:
Bralarivoctie (Cerithium), § Say. . Journ, Philada. Acad. p 128,

1825, . 163
Scalaris (Cerithiopsis corona, var.) Monts. Nuova Rev. P oe

1875. ?== CC. diadema, Watson. : 169
Scalatum (Bittium), Dkr. Mal. Blatt. xv ili, p. 153, 1871, 158
‘Schmeltziana (Triforis), Dunker. Jouss. Soc. Mal. 227, 1884, Ton
Schwartzii (Cerithium), Hornes. 1856.

?— C.submamillatum, Rayn. . ; 158
Scitulus (Triforis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 27 8, 1851, 191

222 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Sate (Cerithium), Pse. Amer. Journ. Conch. v, p. 77, t. 8,

f. 8. 1869,
Sculptum (Lampania), Sumit vines: Conch Lipp: 868, f. 144,
145, 1855. = C.interruptum, Menke. :
Sculptus (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. and Mag. xi, P 17, 1843,
Seila, A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. vii, 130, 1861, - 119)
Semiferrugineum (Cerithium), Lam. Anim. sans Vert. ‘
Semi- ferrugineum (Cerithium), Mérch. Cat. Yoldi. No. 1125.
Se), cordigerum, Bayle,
Sailers is ( Bittium), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Soc. Victoria, xiv,
p. 58, 1878, ;
Seminuda (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), B. D. D. Moll. Rouss.
20, Zot dle 1884, : ;
eects (Vertagus), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. sp. 24,
1866,
Semipicta (Cerithiopsis), Gld. Bost. Proc. Vi, p. 388, 1861,
Semitrisouleatus (Pyrazus), Bolt. Moreh. Y cil di Cat. p. 57,

Pepeemeu en (Cérithium), Say. Amer. Conch. v. t. 49, of =
1852: C. minimum, Gmel.
Septem-siriatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. No. 158.

— Bittium albovittatum, C. B. Ad... . 168
Seriatus (Trochus), von Muhlf, Verh, Berl. Ges. 1, p. 200, t. i

98 184 — Triforis perversus, Linn. : , 187
Serotinum (Cerithium), A. Ad. Thes. Conch. uy, p. 861, 3 102,

1855, : . 141
Serratus (Murex), Wood. ‘Index. Testac.

= Cerithium rubus, Martyn. . 182
Servaini (Cerithium), Locard. Ann. Soe. a Agriculture, Lyon.

viii, p. 186, 1885. = C. vulgatum, Brug. var. . 126
Servaini (Mastonia), Jouss. Bull. Soe. Mal. France. Pt. D5 D:

258, t. 4, f. 11, 1884. = T. perlatus, Issel. . 185
Sigsbeana (Cerithiopsis), ‘Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, (ps

Saiplicto ae mares pia Cre
Similis (Cerithidea), A. Ad. Zool. Proe. p. 84, 1854, 165
Similis (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proc. p. 774, 1870, 5 A
Sinensis (Cerithidea), Phil. Zeitsch. fur Malak. p. 19, 1848, 164
Sinensis (Murex.), Gmel. Syst. Nat. Edit. xiii, No. 54.

— Cerithium obeliscus, Brug. . . 146
Sinon (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. p. “948, 1880, 166
Siphonatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve. Conch. Teon. s 90,

1865. = C. citrmum, Sowb. . 123
Solida (Cerithium eburneum, var.), } Morch. Mal. Blatt. Xxiil, p.

114, 1876, . 129
Sordidulum (Cerithium), Gould. Boston Proe. ill, p. "119, 1849.

— C. rubus, Martyn. : . 132 .
Sorex (Cerithiopsis), ), Carp. Mazat. Cat. AAA, 1857, : 17%
Sowerbyi (Cerithium), Kien. Coq. Viv. p. 18, t. 7, f 2; 145
Spadiceum Cae aaa Phil. Zeitsch. fur Malak. p- 67,

1851, ; : ; ‘ 144

i le ee ee

+a

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Spathuliferum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 859, f.

94,1855. +

Speciosus (Triforis), ‘Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang p. 45, t. 11,
f. 28, a. b. 1850,

Spina (Cerithiolum), Tiberi. Bull. Mal. Ttal. p. 264, 1869,
— Bittium reticulatum, DaCosta.

Spinosa (Cerithium vuleatum, var.), Blainv. Faune Franc. t.

Wied. oe 20.9 — Var. suby ulgatum, Locard.
Splendens (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 872, f. 191,
1855. = C. Trailliu, Sowhb: var.

Squamulosa. (Fastigiella), Pse. Amer, Journ. Conch. ili, p. 290),
t. 24, f. 15, 1867. = Coralliophila.

Steenstrupi (Lampania), Troschel. Gebiss der Schneck. 15, ps

149. = L. Cumingii, Crosse.

Stejnegeri (Cerithiopsis), Dall. Proce. Nat. Mus. vii, p. 345

1884,
Stenodeum (Cerithium), Locard. Ann. Soc. d’ Agriculture,
Lyon. vii, p. 186, 1885. . vulgatum, Brug. var.
Stercus-muscarum (Cerithium), ene Coq. Viv. p. 4, t. 49, f.
9. =C. versicolor, C.B. Ad. var. .
eieeeme racer (Cerithium), Valence. Obs. Een. wad Bonpl.
ii, 278. = C. ocellatum, Brug.
Stigmosum (Cerithium), Gld. Bost. Proc. : vii, P 386, 1861,
Stilus, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. 52, 1884, J relates
Striatellus (Trochus), Dillw. Cat. p- 815.
= C. minimum, Gmel.
Striatissimum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ils, Pp: 856, f. 86,
87, 1855. —C. eburneum, Brug.

Striatum (Cerithium), Homb. and “Jacq. V oy. ‘Astr. and Zelée.

V, py 100,¢. 23, £16, 17, 1854, .
Striatus (Strombus), Schroeter. Einleit. Conch.
= Cerithium Erythraeonense, Lam.
Strumaticum (Cerithium), Locard. Ann. Soc. v Agriculture,
Lyon. viii, p. 187, 1885. = C. rupestre, Risso. var. .
Stylia, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France. Pt. 3, p. 236, 1884.
= Triforis, Desh.

’

bl

Subcarinata (Cerithidea), ‘Sowb. Thes. Conch. i i, pe 889, f. 287,

1855. = C. bicarinata, Gray.

Subcylindricum (Cerithium), Brus. Conch. Dalm. Ind. p- v7,

. 1864. = Cerithiopsis Metaxae, Delle Chiaje. .

Submamillatum (Cerithium), Ray neval. 1864. Monts. Nom.
Conch. Medit. 123, 1884,

Subnodosum (Cerithium), "Adams. Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p
864, t. 178, £ 47, 1855. — C. vulgatum, Brug.

Subreticulata (Cerithiopsis), Diver Mal. Blatt. vi, p. 224, 1860,
Subulata (Cerithium tuberculare, var.), Wood. Crag Moll. p.

10st, 8; °£..5-7) 1848,
Subulatum (Cerithium), Lam. Kien. Cog. Viv. t. 19, f1.
= C. Pharos, Hinds. : :

224 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Subulatus (Murex), Montagu. (not entre p. 115, t. 30, f.
20. == Cerithium punctatum, Linn.

Subviride (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 881, f. 247,
1855, ‘

Suby ulgatum (Cerithium), Locard. Ann. Soc. d’ Agriculture,
Lyon. viii, p. 185, 1885, : i

Sueziensis (Cerithium reticulatum, \ var.), Tesel. Mar Roe P.
149, 1869, ; :

Suleatum ( Cerithium), var. Kien. Coq. Viv. t. 27, : alts
— C. semitrisulcatum. Bolt. :

Suleatus (Murex), Born. Mus. p. OM

Suleosus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. Proce. p. 774, 1870,

Suturale (Cerithium), Phil. Abbild. t. 1, f 4, 1849,

Suturalis (Triforis), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Sumarang P. 45, t. 11,

f..29%.95 b. 1890; 04 ;
Sychar, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, Moll. 28, : : . 122,
Teniatum (Cerithium), Quoy. Voy. Astr. ii, p. 113, t. 54, f
21, 1834. = C. vertagus, Linn. var.

Teeniatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. sp. 119,
1865, =C. pingue. A. Ad.

Tasmanica (Triforis), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania. p.
26 1ST ~ v. ; 5 :

Telescopium, Montfort. Conch, ‘Syst. il, 438, 1810, tag

Telescopium (Trochus), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit. xii, 1281,

Tenellum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, p. 857, f. 88- 90,
1855,

Tenue (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch! il, i, D. 876, fai Dil 1855.
= C. Icarus, Bayle. :

Tenui- sculptus (Vertagus), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch, Icon. sp. 22,
1866. = C. gemmatum, Hinds. :

Tenuis (Cerithidea), Pfr. Archiv. fur Naturg. 1, D. 357, 1839.
?= C. sealariformis, Say. .

Tenuis (Cerithium algicola, har Mirch. Mal. Blatt. XXlil, p
115, 1876,

Tenuis (Cerithium atratum, var.), Morch. Mal. Blatt. XXill, p.
bie S876, . : 4 ;

Terebella (Murex), Gime Syst. Nat. Bait. Xiil.
— Cerithium radula, Linn.

Terebelloides (Bittium), Martens, Liste des Moll. de Nouv. Zeal.

21,

aeons (Cerithium), C. Be “Ad. Cat. Shells Janice p. 19,
1847. =C. terebrale, C. B. Ad. : : .

Terebrale (Bittium), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proce. p. 134, 1846, ,

Terebralia, eee! Man. Malacol. 157, 315, 1840, ea We bc

Tessellata (Bittium lactum, var.), B. D. D. Moll. Rouss. p. 217,
t. 26, f. 5, 6, 1884, ’

Tessellatum(Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch. il, p: 867, f. 133,
134, 1855, . : : :

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Thomasiz (Cerithium), Sowb. Reeve’s Conch. Icon., sp. 108,
1865. = C. ferrugineum, Say. Var. versicolor. ;

Tiara (Cerithiopsis), Watson. Monts. Jour. de Conch., 274,

1874; Jour. Linn. Soe., xix, 92, 1885.
= C. diadema, Watson,

Tibialis (Euthymia), Jouss, Bull. Soc. Mal. France, pt. - p.
266, t. 4, f. 19, 1884, ‘

Tomochilus, Gemmellaro. Giorn. Sci. Nat. Palermo., xill, |, 182,
ESTO; 5

Torresi (Cerithium), E _A. Smith. Zool. ‘Voy. Alert, p. 66, t.
5, f. O, 1884,

Torticulus (Triforis), ‘Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, P 82,
1882, .

Torulosus (Murex), Linn. Syst. Nat.
= Cerithium, Brug. . ‘ 125,

Tourannense (Cerithium), Bydoux & Soul. Voy. Bonite., p-

GOL, t. 39) £3, 5, 1852. == C. carbonarimm, Phil... .

Traillii (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 871, tds; 174,
1855,

Tricarinata (Cerithidea), Hutton. New Zealand Journ. Sci.,
p- 477, 1885, :

Tricarinatum (Cer ithium), Pse. Zool. Proc., p. 433, 1860,

258, t. 4, f. 18, 1884, . ;

Triforis, Desh. Basterot, Bord., 61, 1824, ; 120; 122,

Trilineatum (Cerithium), Phil. Moll. Sicil., 1G: 163, t. 11, f
13. ==C.terebrale,C. B. Ad. .

Triliratus (Triforis), Desh. Conch. Reunion., p- 102, t. sit, f.
Zi. 20; 186a:, —="P. ineisus, Pease.

Triserialis (Triforis), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, P- 84,
1882, .

? Tristis (Triphoris), ‘Hinds. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 16, 1843,

Tristoma, Blainy. Desh. ee Meth., iii, 1053, 1825,
ae — Triforis, Desh. ; : : :

Tristoma (Cerithium), Blainv. Malac., t. 20, f. 3,

Triticea (Triforis), Pse. Zool Proce., p. 433, 1860, .

Trituba, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France, Pt. 3, p. 235, 1884.
= — Triforis, Desh. :

Trochiforme (Cerithium), Sow. Reeve, ‘Conch, Icon. Sp. 132,
1865,

Truncatum (Cerithiopsis Stejnegeri, var. 2), Dall. Proc. Nat.
; hae
Tuberculare (Cerithium), Blainy. (in part), Faune Franc.,
. 186

Mus. 304, 1886,

p. 157, t. 6, A, f. b, 1826. = C. perversum, Lam.
Tubercularis (Cerithiopsis), Mont. Test. Brit., p. 270,

1803, . J : : : . 119;

15

Dt cy

147
133
. 185
165

. 154
Tricolor (Mastonia), Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France, Pt. 3, p.
: . 186

177
174
190

3 LOD
wal od

. 120
. 187
91

122
140

168

226 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Tuberculata (Cerithiopsis), Carpenter. Mazat. Cat., 442, 1857.
= C. tubercularis, Mtg. var. , : 169
Tuberculata (Cerithium vulgatum, var.), “Phil. Moll. Sic i
Redwosiylds tO isoO. = Var. Bourguignati, Locard. . 126
Tuberculatum (Cerithium), Blainyv. (not Lam.) Faune France.,

p: 254126, fd, 1820. =='C. mopestre; Fiisso: ie . 126
Tuberculatum (Cerithium), Blainv. (not Linn.). Faune F ranc.,

t. 6, A, f. 5, 1826. ==C. rupestre, var. strumaticum. . . 126
Tuberculatum (Cerithium), Born ae Linn.).

== (0; Bornin, Sowba. #: . : : : . 183

Tuberculatum (Cerithium), Linn. Hdits sai, | 12, WS; Aree
Loeard, Ann. Soc. Agric., Lyon, 184, 1885.

aD vulgatum, Brug. é Rae bids
inecalana (Cetithium), Linn. Syst. N at., N 0. 544, bets)
Tuberculatum (Cerithium), Reeve. Conch. ion: Sp: 21, 1865.

= C. patiens, Bayle. . . 134
Tuberculatus (Triforis), Pse. Zool. ‘Proc., p- 776, 1870, . Od
Tuberculiferum (Cerithium), Pse. Amer. Journ. Conch., V, p-

76, 1869. =C. echinatum, Lam. . 124
Tuberculoides (Cerithiopsis), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 442, 1857.

= C. tubercularis, Mtg. var. |. 169
Tuberosum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch., il, a 855, t. 178,

f. 49,1855. ==. Erythreonense, Lam. . ~ 12s
Tuberosus ( (Murex), Dillw. Desc. Cat.

—= Cerithium nodulosum, Brug. . ; ; ei be 42
Tubifer, Piette. Bull. Soe. Geol. ir cin 1856, : . 120

Tubulus (Cerithium), Dkr. Mal. Blatt., Xvili, p. 152, 1871, . 144
Turbonilloides (Bittium), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Soc, Tasma-

Mia pro, Lore, \, : : : : . 158
Turrita (Carithidea), Stearns. Bost. Proc., xv, p. 24, 1878, . 164
Turritella (Cerithium), Anton. Verzeich., p. 64, 1839, : . 144
Turritella (Cerithium), Quoy. Voy. Astr., ii, p. 131, t. 55, f. 8,

1834, . . 163
Turritelliformis (Bittium), Angas. " Zool. Proc. Dp. 174, t. 26,

f. 14; 1877, ; . 154
Turris-Thomae (Cerithium), @Orb. Moll. de Cuba, il, p. 155,

t. 33, f. 10, 12, 1853. = Triforis intermedius, C. ‘B. Ad. ctaee

Turris-Thomae (‘Triforis), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., xi, 310, 1795, 188
Turritum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 860, f 101,

1355; —. : . 147
Tympanotonus, Klein. Ostracol. 30, 1753, . : ‘ AG: 159
Umbonatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 859, f.

95, 1855. = C. eburneum, Brug. . 129

Uncinatum (Cerithium), Gmel. Syst. Nat. aps "3542, No. Sy Ponce |
Undulatum ae ere Sowb. Thes. Conch., il, ae 881, f
248, 1855, . . 166

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Unicarinatum (Cerithium), Metcalfe. Zool. Proce., p: 75, 1851.
= Cerithidea Charbonnieri, Petit.
Unilineatum (Cerithium), Pse. Zool. Proc., p. 432, 1860,
Uranus (Cerithium), Bayle. Journ. de Conch. ope 251, 1880.
?= C. morus, var. bifasciatum. . s
Ustum (Cerithium), Homb. & Baca Voy. Astr. & Zelei., V, p.
100; t. 23, f. 18, 19,1854, ;

WValidum (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Bee Cat, P. 157.

= Cerithidea Montagnei, Orb. var.

Variabile (Cerithium), . B. Ad. Bost. Proe., il, p. B, 1848.
= C. ferrugineum, var. versicolor. ‘
Varicosum (¢ Yerithium), Sowb. Gen. of Shells, No. 42, £5

= C. fortiusculum, Bayle...

Variegata (C erithium Latreillii, var by Monts. Conch. Medit.,

p- 121, 1884, : y
Variegatum (Cerithium), Folin. Fonds de la ‘Mer, ips 135, ;
Variegatum (Cerithium), Menke. Mal. Blatt., XViii, 126.

= rupestre, Risso.

Variegatum (Cerithium), Quoy. Voy. Astr., ili, p. 129, fs 5D,
fs 17; 1834. = C. morus, Lam. var. . é :
Variegatus (Triforis), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 2 277, 1851.

—= T. Arthuri, Jouss. 5 F
Varium (Bittium), Pfr. Make ae Naturg., p- 256, 1840,
Ventricosa (Cerithiopsis bilineata, var.), Brus. Bull. Mal. Ital.,

iv, p. 5, 1871, : ‘ q : : -
Wennticosum ( Gerithium), Anton, Verzeich., p. 66, 1839,
Ventrosula (Triforis), Dunker, 1881. Jouss. Soc. Mal., 227,

1884, . : 3 ; : ; :
Venustula (Triforis), Dkr, 1881. Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr.,

227, 1884, . : : : : : :

Verrucosum (Murex), Renieri. B.D. D. Moll. Rouss., 202.
— Cerithium rupestre, Risso. : : ; : 7
Breaetaste (Triforis), Ad. & Rve. Voy. Samarang., p. 45, t.
biinoa, sy b, PaO; .” « : : : ; :
Versicolor (Cerithium), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. 119,

1850. = C. ferrugineum, Say. var. . :
Versicolor (Cerithium), Phil. Zéitsch. fur Malak., p. 20, 1848,
Vertagus (Cerithium), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xi, 1225,
Vertagus, Klein. Ostracol., 31, 1753, . of Wale.
Vestalis (Triforis), A. Ad. Zool. Proe:;: p: 278, 1851,

Vibex (Strombus), Gmel. Syst. Nat. Edit., Xiil, 3522.
= Vertagus asper, Linn. : ; . :
Vicaria, d’Archiac, 1854, :
Vicinum (Cerithium), C.B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p- 122, 1850,
Violaceum (Cerithium), a Voy. Astr., ili, p. 134, t. 55,
f. 22, 23, 1834, ; ; ; ; : :

228 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Viriola, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. France, Pt. 3, p. 238, 1884, 122, 189
Vitreus (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. & Mag., xi, p. 19, 18438, 122, 188
Vittata (Cerithium algicola, var.), Morch. Mal. Blatt., xxiii,

p: LiLo; 376; ; ; 3 . 128
Vittatum (Cerithium), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 874, f.194, ©
1855. = C. morus, var. bifasciatum. . . la

Vittatus (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. & Mag., xi, ?. 1% 1843, . 189
Vulgaris (Vertagus), Schumacher. Nouv. Syst., 228, 1817.

— C. vertagus, Linn. . . 149
Vulgatissima (Rissoa), Clark. Brit. Mar. Test. Mi 375, 1875.

— Bittium reticulatum, Da Costa. . 150
Vulgatum (Cerithium), Brug. Ene. Meth., No. is . 125

Vulpinus (Triforis), Hinds. Ann. & Mag., xi, p. 19, 1843, . 183
Watsoni (Cerithium), Jeffr. Zool. Proc., p. 56, t. 6, f 6, 6a,

1885. == C. gemmatum, Watson. . 150
Whiteavesii (Cerithiella), Vernill: Pine Nat. Mus p. 375,
1880. = C. gracilis, Jeffreys. .. » bt, 106
Xanthum (Bittium), Watson. Challenger HOE XV, P. 5d7,
ti. BOyd. Op 183650" Stn
Xystica (Inella), Jouss. ‘Bull. Soc. “Mal. France, Pt. 3, P 247,
t. 4, f. 8, 1884, . ; i . 185
Yucatecanum See ee Dall. Bull. Mts Comp, Peele
p- 90, 1882, é ‘ : 158
Zebrum (Cerithium), Kien. an Viv, De det. 2h fo . 138

‘Zonalis (Lampania), Brug. Dict., No. 50, . : PiLeyweg

LITTORINID®. 229
Famiry LITTORINIDE.

Animal (PI. 40, fig. 74.) Proboscis wide and short; tentacles
long, cylindrical, with eyes on small swellings at their outer bases;
foot anteriorily truncate. Penis well developed, behind the right
tentacle; reproduction oviparous or ovoviviparous. Radula long
and narrow, 2°1°1'1:2 (Pl. 40, fig. 66.)

Shell spiral, turbinate or globular, not nacreous; aperture oval-
rounded, entire, lip simple, columella thickened, flattened. Oper-
culum (PI. 40, fig. 75) corneous, paucispiral. The Littorinide have
been monographed by Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, vol. x, and by
Kiister and Weinkauff, in the Conchylien Cabinet.

. Synopsis of Genera.

“av Genus LITTORINA, Fer. 1821.

Shell imperforate, turbinate, usually thick; aperture rounded,
outer lip acute, columella rather flattened.

Foot obtuse behind, longitudinally divided, so that in walking
each side advances alternately. The species inhabit the sea, brack-
ish, or sometimes even fresh water, and are mostly littoral, feeding
on algze. Some of the species are the food of man in Europe, and
they are also extensively gathered for bait. The lingual ribbon of
the periwinkle is two or three times the length of the body of the
animal; its canal passes from the back of the mouth .under the
cesophagus for a short distance, then turns up on the right side, and
terminates in a coil resting on the plaited portion of the gullet; it
contains about 600 rows of teeth.

The best-known species, L. littorea, is very abundant on the
coasts of Northern Europe, and is also rapidly extending its area
on our New England shores, where it appears to have been re-
cently introduced. 1900 tons of this mollusk are sold annually in
the London market, employing a thousand persons in gathering it.
It is extensively distributed by English fishermen over the oyster
beds, in order to keep them clear of sea-weed.

This and other large species are in a great measure amphibious,
living on rocks and grasses where they are washed by the high
tide: they will consequently withstand deprivation of water for a
period; and several specimens of a West Indian species existed for
over a year in my cabinet.

About 150 species have been generally admitted, inhabiting all
parts of the globe. ‘Fossil, they are rather numerous, commencing

230 LITTORINIDZE.

with secondary forms: there are also some older fossils of somewhat
problematical position, which may perhaps belong in the family.

Section LrrrortNa (sensu stricto.)
Turbinate, thick, with moderate spire and acute apex. L. Lrr-
TOREA, Linn.

Section MELARAPHE, Muhlfeldt, 1828.

Shell rather thin, conical; with pointed spire; surface with re-
volving sculpture, and usually variegated with brilliant colors.
Tropical and subtropical. L. scasra, Linn.

Littorinopsis (Beck), Morch. 1876, is a synonym.

Section NrerirorpEs, Brown, 1827.

Shell short, turbinate or subglobose, spire very short, with ob-
tuse apex; solid, inner lip much thickened and excavated. LL. on-
TUSATA, Linn.

Neritrema, Recluz, is a synonym.

Section LAMELLILITORINA, Tryon.
Whorls crossed by lamelle, like Scalaria.. L. ALBICANS, Met-
calfe.

Section Lasvintirorina, Pfeffer, 1886.
Chitinous, scarcely chalky, fragile, rimate; lip thin, sharp, the
extremities united by a thin callus; epidermis smooth.

L. cauiarnosa, Gld. Antarctic Sea.

Section PELLILITORINA, Pfeffer, 1886.

Thin, imperforate, brownish, with rounded hairy whorls, colum-
ellar callus weak, peristome thin, acute. LL. serosa, Smith.
Antarctic Sea.
Section AQUILONARIA, Dall., 1886.
Paludiniform, thin, membranous, imperforate, smooth, under a
rough shaggy epidermis. Operculum paucispiral, with a raised
subspiral rib on the inner side.

Animal (Pl. 40, fig. 73) much like Littorina, with entire sole,
tissues soft and gelatinous, with a profusion of tenacious mucus;
no jaw; phytophagous; mantle-edge plain, no opercular appen-
dages; oviparous. A. TuRNERI, Dall.

Labrador, and Arctic Ocean, north of Bering’s Strait.

LITTORINID®. 231
?Genus PORTLOCKIA, de Koninck, 1881.

Turbiniform, imperforate; spire somewhat elevated; whorls con-
vex, with fine spiral ribs, some becoming larger on the last whorl;
mouth oval, lip and columella thin.

10 species. Devon. to Carb.; Europe. P. PARALLELA, Phil.

?Genus RHABDOPLEURA, de Koninck, 1881.

Conical, height and diameter about equal; whorls 4-5, slightly
convex, rapidly enlarging, the last more than half the total length,
spirally ribbed ; aperture transversely rounded, the inner lip some-
what callous, curved, and thickened below. R. sonra, de Kon.

Carboniferous.
Genus CREMNOCONCHUS, Blanford, 1869.

Shell perforate, turbinately globose, spirally ribbed; aperture
subovate, margin simple, columella scarcely callous. Operculum
partly calcareous.

Animal small, with short, thick proboscis, and long tentacles,
with eyes on swellings at their base, foot short and rounded at the
extremities, mantle margin finely crenulated. Dentition similar to
Littorina. Found in Jndia, upon rocks wetted by fresh water. C.
SYHADRENsIs, Blanf.

First described as Cremnobates, Blanford; preoccupied in ich-
thyology. .

Genus TECTARIUS, Valene., 1833.

Usually imperforate, turbinated or subconical, tubercular or mu-
ricate, periphery frequently angular or biangular; aperture striate
within, columella callous, subdentate at the base. Operculum pau-
cispiral, with a broad membranous border. The animal is like
Littorina: radula seven times the length of the shell, according to
Quoy. Tropical.
T. pacopus, Linn.

It is Pagodus, Gray, 1839, Pagodella, Swains, 1840. I am also
compelled to unite with this group, as synonyms, Nina, Gray, 1850,
and Echinella, Swainson, 1840; their characters being very vari-
able, and shading into those of the type.

?Subgenus BracuyTrReMA, Morris and Lycett.

I have described this form in Cerithiide (see p. 113), but its re-
semblance to the present group is also very marked.

232 LITTORINIDZ.

Genus PURPURINA, d’Orb, 1850.

Shell narrowly perforate, turbinate, ventricose, thick, whorls
rounded, channeled at the suture, longitudinally ribbed, spirally
striate; aperture oval, subchanneled in front, columella arcuated,
lip simple. P. Brtiona, d’Orb. (PI. 40, fig. 78.) Jurassic.

Genus MODULUS, Gray, 1840.

Narrowly umbilicated, top-shaped, solid, grooved or ribbed and
tuberculate ; columella grooved, ending below in a sharp tooth,
Operculum multispiral. Animal with long, cylindrical tentacles,
bearing eyes at about half their length, mantle margin fringed,
foot truncate in front, attenuated behind. M. tTecrum, Gmel.
There are about a half dozen species, living in warm seas. Denti-

tion, Pl. 40, fig. 71.
Genus RISELLA, Gray, 1840.

Shell trochiform, with flat whorls, angular periphery and con-
cave base, imperforate; aperture rhomboidal, lip simple, usually
brown-margined within. Operculum paucispiral.

Eyes on short peduncles at the base of the tentacles. Dentition,
Pl. 40, fig. 67. R. MELANosromA, Gmel.

Australasia.

Subgenus Prasreiia, Nevill, 1884.

Shell umbilicated or perforate. Operculum concentric, multi-
spiral. R. rantrua, Gould.
Polynesian, Indian.

Subgenus PLEsrorrocuus, Fischer, 1878.

Imperforate, elongately conic, whorls numerous; aperture sub-
rhomboidal, smooth within, prolonged into a short canal below, lip
subrostrate in the middle. R.SouverRBIANA, Fischer.

New Caledonia.

Subgenus Limnorrocuts, E. A. Smith, 1880.

Umbilicated, conic, spirally ridged, aperture smooth within, the
outer lip oblique, basal margin broadly sinuated, columella some-
what reflected, united to the lip above by a callosity. 2sp.

Lake Tanganyika, E. Africa (fresh water).

Scarcely separable from the preceding except by its different
habit and locality. R.THomsont, E. A. Smith.

LITTORINID 2. 233
?Genus CYCLOCHEILA, Conrad.

Pyramidal ; aperture circular; labrum expanded, columella flat-
tened, subangular at the base; periphery angular.

A doubtful little tertiary shell from South America; probably
fluviatile.

Genus LACUNA, Turton, 1827.

Shell turbinated or globular, thin, covered by an epidermis ;
aperture semilunar, columella flattened, with a parallel groove be-
hind .it ending in the umbilicus, lip sharp, arcuated. Operculum
paucispiral (fig. 77.)

Animal (PI. 40, fig. 76.) Proboscis short, tentacles long, thread-
like, with eyes nearly sessile at their outer base, foot truncate in —
front, attenuated behind, operculigerous lobe with a long filament
on either side. Dentition (PI. 40, fig. 68.)

Spawn vermiform, thick, semicircular. Range low water to 50
fathoms. The Lacunz feed upon sea weed, and the animal takes
on the color of its food-plant.

Temana (Leach), Gray, 1847, is a synonym.

North Atlantic.

ee ISL, uA, DaCosta. Fossil, tertiary; a single Triassic
L. PALLIDULA, DaCosta. FE l, tert le T
species.

Section Lacuna (sensu stricto.)
L. purrouus, Turton.

Section Epuertia, Leach, fide Gray, 1847.

Shell thin, usually with spiral colored bands; spire rather ele-
vated ; inner lip thin, sharp, umbilical fissure linear. L. vrnera,
Turton.

Section Mreporta, Leach, fide, Gray, 1842.

Conical, solid, with elevated spire, peritreme dilated, anteriorly
reflected; inner lip thick, flattened, umbilical fissure obsolete.
L. Crassror, Mont.

Section Hrersrira, Monts, 1872.

The paper in which this group was published is inaccessible to
me; I am therefore unable to give the diagnosis.
; L. MreprrerrRanea, Monts. Mediterranean.

234 LITTORINID A.

Section LAcunARIA, Conrad, 1866.

Ovate-conoidal or subglobose, thin, with delicate, close spiral
lines; aperture entire, angulated posteriorly, margins disunited,
columella flattened, with a long groove descending from the umbili-
eus. Eocene; United States and France. LL. ALABAMENSIS, Whit-
field (Struct. & Syst. Conch., t. 69, f. 34.)

Section HaLoconcnHa, Dall, 1886.

Depressed, heliciform, few whorled, thin, with a strong epider-
mis, lip thin, with narrow reflexed margin in the adult, continuous
with the thin, sharp, unreflected arcuate columella; umbilicated.

L. REFLEXA, Dall, Alaska.

Tt is Lacunella, Dall (not Desh), and Lacunaria, Dall (not
Conrad.)

Section MEGALOMPHALUS, Brusina, 1871.

Shell naticiform, with short spire, normal apex, and rounded
whorls, thin, minute, with a wide, plicate umbilicus. Operculum
spiral.

L. Azona, Brusina. Mediterranean Sea.

The species of this group were first described under Fossarus,
from which they differ in apex, sculpture and operculum. Fischer
considers Megalomphalus a member of the family Adeorbiide.

Section Srenorts, A. Ad., 1863.

Shell compressed, elongately ovate, auriform; spire short, acute ;
whorls flattened, the last solute; aperture oblong, narrow behind,
margin continuous, acute; umbilicus patulous, its margin angulate.

L. paxata, A. Ad. Japan.
Section Crruna, A. Ad., 1863.

Shell shaped like Lacuna, but without epidermis(?); apex trun-
cated or flattened, umbilicus defined by a ridge.

Tentacles ciliated. LL. rrENELLA, Jeffreys. Hurope, Japan.

Hela, Jeffreys, 1870, is a synonym.

Subgenus Lacunenta, Desh, 1861.

Shell oval, thin, pellucid, shining, apex obtuse; aperture large,
dilated, with thin, expanded margin; columella narrow, thin, con-
cave, divided by a narrow channel, scarcely perforate at the base.
L. pEpREsSA, Desh. (Struct. & Syst. Conch., t. 69, f. 36.) | Eocene;

Paris basin.

bo
oo
o1

FOSSARID®E.
Subgenus SprroneMa, Meek, 1864.

Shell ovate; whorls rounded, and separated by a rather deep
suture ; aperture ovate, lip thin, continuous; columella not thick-
ened, perforated by a very small umbilicus ; surface with revolving
lines and furrows. LL. TeNuTLINEATA, Meek and Hayden (Struct.
& Syst. Conch., t. 69, f. 35.) Cretaceous. Nebraska.

Famity FOSSA RID.

Head proboscidiform, with a median longitudinal sulcus; tenta-
cles thread-like, sharp, grooved; eyes at their external base; two
frontal lobes between the tentacles; foot obtuse at both ends.

Central tooth of the radula (Pl. 40, fig. 72) with a triangular,
finely dentate cusp; lateral tooth transverse, with a strong cusp
and a series of fine denticulations its entire length; marginals elon-
gated, simple.

Shell turbinated, rather solid, white, grooved or ribbed spirally ;
aperture entire, lip-simple, undulated, columella nearly straight.
Operculum corneous, subconcentric or subspiral.

Genus FOSSARUS, Phil., 1841.

Shell perforate, subglobose, spirally ribbed, spire rather short,
last whorl large; aperture semicircular, columellar margin nearly
straight, outer lip rounded, undulated. Operculum concentrically
grooved.

The nucleus of the shell is sharp, subcylindrical, of several
whorls, caducous.

Animal having two frontal lobes.

About fifty living species have been enumerated ; there are four
fossil species, miocene of Europe. F. Amprauus, Linn.

Maravignia, Aradas & Maggiore, 1841, is a synonym.

Section PHAstANEMA, S. Wood, 1842.
No frontal lobes.? Shell clathrate. F. suncarus, 8S. Wood,

Mediterranean and pliocene.
Clathrella, Recluz, 1864, is a synonym.

Section Isapis, H. & A. Adams, 1854.

Shell umbilicated, spire elevated, cancellated, or with revolving
ribs; columella with a small median tooth, sometimes obsolete,
outer lip crenulated, interiorly grooved. West Indies, Mazatlan.
F. ANoMALA, Adams.

236 FOSSARID 2.

Section CournouyiA, A. Adams, 1860.

Shell ovate, profoundly, widely rimate ; spire acuminated ;
whorls convex, decussated, with impressed suture; aperture semi-
ovate; inner lip straight, dilated in front, outer lip arcuate, simple.

Japan. F. pecussatus, A. Ad.

Section ConrapiaA, A. Adams, 1860.

Turbinate, rimately umbilicated, spire somewhat elate; whorls
convex, concentrically carinated; outer lip fimbriated, inner lip
not dentate ; umbilicus margined by a semilunar rib. F. crneut-
FERUs, A. Ad.

Japan.
Section Gorromna, A. Adams, 1863.
Shell spirally ribbed, solid, imperforate. F. suncirrrus, A. Ad.
Japan.
Section Tusa, Lea, 1833.

Shell conical, umbilicated; whorls rounded, cancellated ; aper-
ture rounded, margin not continuous above, columella thickened
and reflected at the base. F. ALTERNATUS, Leéa.. Eocene.

Alabama.
Subgenus Fossartropsts, Laube, 1870.

Distinguished from Fossarus by its closed umbilicus, and the
callous expansion of the inner lip. F. RuGoso-cARINATUS, Klipst.
Triassic.

Subgenus Raunt, Mayer, 1864.

Imperforate, rather thin, oval-oblong, spirally suleate ; outer lip
simple, inner lip curved, with a central tooth. F. ALLIGATA,
Desh. Miocene. F. papra, Tenison-Woods, is a recent Australian
species.

Subgenus Ipurrus, Jeffreys, 1883.

Imperforate, conical, with spiral rows of tubercles, apex com-
posed of a styliform process of several whorls, closely striated
lengthwise ; aperture rounded, entire, with simple lip. Operculum
corneous, paucispiral. I. ruBERCULATUS, Jeffreys.

N. Atlantic O.
Genus FOSSARINA, Ad. & Ang., 1865.

Auriform, a little depressed, narrowly umbilicated, spire short ;
aperture oval, oblique, lips rounded. Operculum multispiral. F.
PATULA, Ad. & Ang.

Australia.

PLANAXIDE. 237

Genus ATRESIUS, Gabb, 1869.

Elongated, spire elevated, whorls rounded ; aperture ovate,
slightly produced in front, outer lip entire, thin, columella not cal-
lous; imperforate; surface marked by spiral ribs. A. LrRArus,
Gabb. Cretaceous.

California.

Possibly belongs in Cerithiide.

No recent illustrated monograph of Fossaridze has been pub-
lished. Dr. Fischer printed a systematic Catalogue of the Species,
with synonymy, in “ Journal de Conchyliologie,” for 1864.

Famity PLANAXIDZ.

Shell oval conic, spire elevated, without varices ; columella flat-
tened, truncate anteriorly, lip rounded, simple, notched in front.
Operculum corneous, subspiral.

Animal with rather long rostrum, subulate tentacles and eyes
on swellings at their base.

The Planaxide have been monographed by Sowerby, in Con-
chologia Iconica, xx. .

Subfamily PLANAXIN«.

Siphon very short, foot simple. Shell spirally grooved. Den-
tition (Pl. 40, fig. 69.)

Subfamily Lirroprn 2.

Animal (PI. 40, fig. 79.) No siphon, foot with three cirriform
filaments, operculigerous lobe with two posterior filaments. Denti-
tion (Pl. 40, fig. 70.) Shell minute, thin, smooth, plicate or
spirally striate.

Planaxine.
Genus PLANAXIS, Lamarck, 1822.

Shell imperforate, oval-conic, solid, with epidermis, and elevated
spire, usually spirally suleate ; columella callous, flattened, truncate
at base, with a narrow sinus; interior of aperture ridged, base
notched. Operculum paucispiral, with a nearly terminal nucleus.

Amphibious, crawling on stones near the margins of pools left by
the retiring tide, or adhering to mangrove roots. About fifty
species are known, tropical or subtropical. Fossil; pliocene of the
West Indies. P. sutcatrus, Born.

938 PLANAXIDZ.

Section Hrnea, Gray, 1847.
Shell smooth, covered by an epidermis; whorls flattened ; outer
lip thick, sillonated within. P. Brasriianus, Lam.

Subgenus QuapDRASTA, Crosse, 1886.

Shell smooth, spirally striated, imperforate ; peristome thickened,
the margins joined by a strong parietal callus, columella dilated
with a rounded obtuse tubercle at the base, base of aperture emar-
ginate. Operculum thin, corneous, paucispiral, the apex almost
terminal. Fluviatile. Q. H1rpAncotr, Crosse.

Philippines.

Perhaps more nearly related to Melanopsis.

Subgenus Quoy1a, Desh, 1830.

Conically elongated, apex decollated, whorls solid, flattened,
spirally striated, mouth notched in front, grooved within, columella
smooth, truncate in front, with a posterior spiral plication.

P. DECOLLATUS, Quoy.

Fissilabra, Brown, 1836, and Leucostoma, Swains, 1840, are syno-

nyms.

Subgenus Hoxtcosroma, H. & A., Adams, 1853.

Shell thin, covered with a bristly epidermis, aperture with a
posterior produced canal, with an anterior sinus, columella concave,
with a posterior callus. P. pruicERus, Phil.

Indian Ocean.
Litiopine.
Genus LITIOPA, Rang, 1829.

Shell minute, conoidal, columella truncate at the base, outer lip
simple, thin, notched in front. Operculum spiral.

Animal (PI. 40, fig. 79) with three cirriform filaments on each
side, operculigerous lobe with two posterior appendices, no siphon.

To ascend through the water this little pelagic animal emits an
air bubble enclosed in a glutinous secretion, which draws out a
thread as it rises, and finally attaches itself to floating sea weed.
Bombyxinus, Belanger, 1854, is a synonym. L. MELANOSTOMA,
Rang.

Subgenus ALaBa, A. Ads., 1862.

Shell ovate-conical or elongated, subdiaphanous, whorls plicate
or varicose, apex submammillate, columella often truncated, oper-

PLANAXIDE-GIRAUDIDZ. 939

culigerous lobe with four filaments, tentacles obtuse at their ex-
tremities, the right one much longer.
A. picta, A. Ad. About 25 species.
Japan, Australia, Muzatlan, West Indies.

Subgenus Drava, A. Adams, 1862.

Shell spirally striate, not varicose, sometimes a little nodulous
around the middle, columella nearly straight, not truncate, lip
simple. 5 sp.

Philippines, Australia, Japan.

D. varia, A. Ad.

(Subgenus Srytirertna, A. Ad., 1860.)

This group I have included in Eulimidz (Manual, viii, 286) ;
but Mr. Adams, in 1862, regarded it as a member of the Litiopidee,
in which opinion he has been followed by Watson and others. I
introduce the group again, in order to include some new species by
Watson, which may possibly really belong in Litiopidee.

?Famity GIRAUDIDE.
Characters those of the following genus.
Genus GIRAUDIA, Bourg., 1885.

Shell oval, spire conoid, transparent, polished, without epidermis,
last whorl extending upwards at the aperture half way upon the
penultimate ; aperture oval, superiorly angular, with a trace of a
sinus, columella short, robust, enlarging below, peristome strongly
thickened; imperforate. Operculum unknown. G. PRA&CLARA,
Bourg. Fresh water. Lake Tanganyika, Africa.

As neither animal nor operculum are known, the only characters
are those of the shell-which is unfigured. Bourguignat is unable
to assimilate the group with any previously-known family.

Genus REYMONDIA, Bourg., 1885.

Shell oval-conoidal, more or less elongated, reddish chestnut
color with a lighter sutural band, smooth, polished, without epider-
mis; last whorl slightly ascending at the aperture, then shortly de-
flected at the insertion of the strongly-thickened patulous lip,
which is without external rib, columella with a longitudinal-curved
ridge; no umbilicus. Operculum unknown. R. Horet, Smith.

Lake Tanganyika.

240 LITTORINA.
Genus LITTORINA, Fer., 1821.

Section Lrrrorina (sensu stricto.)

L. GRANpIs, Middendorff. Plate 41, fig. 80.

Solid, whorls a little concave round the upper part, smooth or ob-
soletely keeled, spirally striated towards the apex; bluish grey, the
keels more or less interruptedly banded with chocolate, edge of lip
with a few chocolate spots. Length, 40 mill.

Sea of Ochotsk.
L. squatipa, Brod. & Sowb. PI. 41, fig. 81.

Solid, slightly striate, greenish grey, with narrow chestnut bands,
outer lip with chestnut markings, columella white, last whorl ven-
tricose, a little concave above. Length, 1 in.

New Zealand.
L. tirrorka, Linn. Pl. 41, figs. 82-85.

Solid, smooth, spirally striated, sometimes impressed round the
upper part of the whorls; dark brown, olivaceous, yellowish or. red-
dish, usually spirally lineated with a darker shade, interior of aper-
ture chocolate brown. Length, 25-40 mill.

Europe; Northern Coast of United States Gntrod.).

This is the common edible periwinkle of Europe, which of late
years has been observed as an inhabitant of the rocky coasts of the
New England States, spreading southward with wonderful rapidity.
The name periwinkle is supposed to be a corruption of petty winkle
or whelk, in contradistinction to the whelk or winkle proper, which
is Buccinum undatum. The extent to which this mollusk is con-
sumed is indicated by the late Dr. Jeffreys, who states that in the
Billingsgate Market of London, about 65,000 bushels are sold an-
nually. They are also utilized in keeping oyster beds free of sea-
weed. Fig. 82 represents an abnormally-shouldered specimen.

The synonyms include L. vulgaris, Sowb., and L. ustulatus, Lam.

L. Srrcewana, Phil. PI. 41, figs. 86-91; Pl. 45, fig. 12.
Subglobose, moderately solid, strongly spirally ridged, usually
with subequal intervening furrows; dark chocolate color, often
with a broad white peripheral band, interior chocolate.
Length, 15-18 mill.
Vancouver's Isl., northward ; Japan and north coast of Asia.

This is very close to L. rudis, Donov., with which it has beea
identified by some of the Californian conchologists, and very possi-
bly it is a variety of that species; but it appears to vary constantly

LITTORINA. 241

in being much thinner, with coarser sculpture. The coloring varies
to greenish grey, orange-yellow or reddish, the lighter colors often
without a band; one variety is white, with a broad chocolate band

The synonyms include L. Kurila and L. subtenebrosa, Middend.,
L. cineta, Gould=L. Gouldiana, Weink., L. castanea, Ads. &
Reeve, L. rudis, Cooper, L. tenebrosa, Schrenck, L. Mandschurica,
Schrenck (fig. 86), a depressed variety.

Var. BREVICULA, Phil. Figs. 89, 90, 12.

Whorls somewhat slopingly flattened above, the last with from 3
to5 spiral ribs, and smaller, more numerous ones on the base, the
principal ribs subnodulous ; olivaceous or brownish, variegated and
strigated with white.

L..,balteata, Reeve, and L. Sowverbiana, Crosse (fig. 90), are
synonyms.

North China.
Var. ALEuTiIcA, Dall. Fig. 91.
Spire depressed, the nodules on the ribs more developed.
Aleutian Is.
L. rupIs, Donovan. PI. 41, figs. 92-4.

Shell very solid, with short, sharp spire, smoothish, usually
spirally linearly grooved; whitish, varying to orange-red, with
sometimes a lighter or darker peripheral band ; columella callous,
flattened. Length, 15-22 mill.

Northern Europe and North Coast of the United States.

L. zonaria, Bean, and L. simplex, Reeve (fig. 96), from Cape Verd
Is., are synonyms.

A very unstable species, as the following varieties testify :

Var. OBLIGATA, Say. Fig. 94.

Whorls more convex and thinner, spirally obsoletely ridged ;

columella broadly dilated, aperture a little produced below.
Greenland, New England.

L. castanea, Desh., L. suleata and L. Granlandica, Menke, L. in-
carnata, Lovén, L. costulata, Midd., and L. litorea, Fabr., are syno-
nyms.

Var. NIGRILINEATA, Gray. Fig. 95,

The engraved lines black.

Var. suGosA, Mont.
Smaller than usual, with strong, sharp spiral ridges, variable in
number, and sometimes alternately larger and smaller.

Perhaps not distinct from Var. obligata:
16

242 LITTORINA.

Var. PATULA, Thorpe. Figs. 98-100.

Somewhat auriformly expanded, thinner; spire not prominent,
placed somewhat obliquely ; mouth wide.

England.

L. labiata, Brown, is a synonym.

Var. SAXATILIS, Johnston. Fig. 97.

Thinner, whorls more convex, subglobose, small, tessellated with
olivaceous brown and white. Length, 9-12 mill.

In deferance to European authority, I include this as a variety
of LZ. rudis, but it appears to me to be very distinct from that form,
whilst it certainly shades gradually into the variety below.

L. neglecta, Bean, is asynonym.

Var. TENEBROSA, Montg. Figs. 1-4.

Thin, whorls rounded, with elevated spire ; brownish or yellowish;
usually tessellated with white. Length, 9-12 mill.

See remarks under foregoing variety.

L. vestita, Say., and L. marmorata, Pfr., are synonyms.

L. trrrorauis, Linn. PI. 41, figs. 5-8:

Rather solid, globosely ovate, with low pointed spire, whorls not
very convex, suture scarcely impressed, surface smooth; yellowish,
brownish, or brownish red, often with a faint, finely tessellated pat-
tern, sometimes spirally banded or lineated. Length, 9-12 mill.

Lapland, Norway, Greenland, New England.

L. littoralis has usually been considered synonymous with L.
obtusata, Linn., but I agree with Dr. Jeffreys in referring it to the
species known in America as LZ. palliata, Say. It does not appear
to occur on the British Coasts. ;

LL. arctica, Moll. (figs. 6, 7), LD. mata, Lovén, L. tenebrosa, var.
obtusata, Midd. (fig. 5), are synonyms.

L. ventRicosA, Phil. PI. 41, fig. 9.

Rounded oval, spirally engraved, sometimes granulated; whitish,
with pale red streaks; columella excavated, and with aperture, flesh
color. Length, 18 mill.

Pulo-Penang.
L. porcata, Phil. Pl. 41, fig. 10.

Umbilicated ; coarsely spirally ribbed; bluish white, the exca-
vated columella and interior of aperture chocolate color.

Length, 7 mill.

Galapagos Is.

<>

<<

LITTORINA. 243
Section MELARAPHE, Muhlf., 1828.

L. scaBRA, Linn. PI. 42, figs. 18-20.

Rather thin, slantingly convex, somewhat coarsely spirally stri-
ated, periphery angulated and carinated, suture linearly channeled;
yellowish or greyish, punctate or nebulously spotted, or interrup-
tedly or continuously obliquely strigate with chocolate, interiorly
similarly marked, with the color intensified on the inner margin of
the lip. Length, 1-1°5 in.

Mazatlan, Sandwich Is., Viti Is., Philippines, China, Indian Ocean.

Including its varieties, this species stretches nearly around the
world, extending from West Africa around to Arabia; but it has
not been detected in the Mediterranean Sea.

The synonymy of the typical form embraces L. angulifera, Lam.,
L. ahenea, Reeve (in part), the vars. rubra, suturalis, lutea, flam-
mulata, articulata, punctata (fig. 20), ventricosa, of Philippi, var.
concolor, Weink., var. tenwis, Nevill.

Var. LINEATA, Gmel. PI. 42, figs. 11-15, 15-17.

Thin, imperforate, finely, closely spirally striated, suture narrowly
channeled, body whorl with rounded or scarcely angulated peri-
phery, not carinated ; yellowish or greyish, tessellated or obliquely
irregularly strigate with chocolate, sometimes with a series of large
chocolate spots next the suture. Length, 1°25 in.

West Coast of Africa, West Indies, Florida.

The water y of the nomenclature of this variety or quasi-species

_is somewhat complicated. It was at first confounded by both Lin-

neeus and Lamarck with the Polynesian form, which differs in being
somewhat more coarsely striate with a carinate periphery. Subse-
quent authors, in distinguishing the species, have restricted La-
marck’s species to the West Indian form, notwithstanding the sig-
nificance of his name for it, and the fact that the only figure he re-
fers to, as well as his description, clearly indicate the L. seabra of
Linn. I have concluded to adopt for the present variety Gmelin’s
name, which appears to me to have been clearly intended for it.

L. scabra, of d’Orb. (figs. 12, 13), L. ahenea, Reeve, in part (fig.
11), perhaps DL. awrea, Bonnet (fig. 17), described without locality,
and the forms described by Philippi as vars. flavescens, rubra (fig.
16), strigata (fig. 15), belong here.

244 LITTORINA.

Var. INTERMEDIA, Phil. Plate 42, figs. 21-24.
Shell smaller, narrower, with engraved spiral lines, tessellated
with chestnut and white, periphery angulated or carinated.
Length, 15-20 mill.
Sandwich Is., Central Polynesia, Ceylon, China.

To this are to be added vars. articulata, punctata, strigata, of
Phil., var. minor, Weink., LD. Sinensis, Phil. (fig. 23), LZ. New-
combii, Reeve (fig. 24), D. Nove-Hibernie, Lesson.

Var. FILosa, Sowb. PI. 43, figs. 31, 31a; Pl. 42, figs. 25-30.
Whorls encircled by more or less distant thread-like ridges, and
usually showing intermediate striz; color sometimes pale, without
variegated markings, sometimes strigated or tessellated, as in the
type.
Japan, Philippines, Polynesia.

The synonyms of this variety include. LZ. pallescens, Phil. (fig.
30), L. arboricola, Reeve (fig. 25), L. Sieboldi, Phil. (fig. 26), L.
Philippiana, Reeve (fig. 27), L. cingulata, Phil. (fig. 29), D. subein-
gulata, Nevill, L. carinifera, Menke (fig. 28), Z. perdiz, King, L.
levior, Nevill.

Var. NEBULOSA, Lam. PI. 43, fig. 38; Pl. 42, fig. 14.

Shell much thicker, ashy yellow, more or less nebulous, or with
chestnut punctations, strigations or zigzag lines, densely spirally
striate, periphery slightly angulated, aperture light yellowish.

Length, 1-1-25 in.

West Indies.

L. tigrina, V Orb. (fig. 14), is possibly a synonym.

L. uNDULATA, Gray. PI. 43, figs. 39-41.

Rather solid, smooth or spirally striate, yellowish or ashy white,
with undulating chestnut strigations, sometimes tessellated or
dotted, or suffused with chestnut or chocolate, with large white
spots forming a row at the suture and another at the periphery ;
aperture yellowish, chestnut or violaceous, often with the markings
of the exterior, columella flattened, violaceous. Length, 1 in.

Viti Is., Japan, Philippines, Java, Ceylon, ete.

Distinguished at once by its solidity and violet columella.

The synonyms include ZL. conica, Phil. (fig. 41), and its vars.
delicatula and subintermedia, Nevill.

LITTORINA. 245

L. FLAMMEA, Phil. PI. 43, figs. 34-36.
Narrow, thin, whorls slightly convex, the last with obscurely or
distinctly angulated periphery, closely spirally striate ; yellowish,

tessellated or with zigzag markings of chestnut. Length, 20 mill.
China.

Thinner and narrower, and without the violet columella of the
preceding species. In the form figured by Reeve as L. Fortunet
(fig. 35), the peripheral angle is less prominent. L. /uteo/a, Quoy.
(fig. 56), also appears to be a synonym.

Our museum possesses specimens from Port Natal, South Africa,
probably referable to this species.

L. ABERRANS, Phil. PI. 48, fig. 32.

Thin, slender, with rounded whorls and deep suture, finely spi-
rally striated, plicately decussated by growth lines; flesh white, the
ridges opaque, lip and columella thinly reflected, tinged with violet ;
subperforate. Length, 18 mill.

‘

Panama.

Described from a single specimen in the Cumingian collection.
The locality has not been verified. Looks as much like a Bulimus
as a Littorina.

L. srricata, Lischke. Pl. 43, fig. 33.

Inflated, somewhat solid, spirally striate; yellowish, with inter-
rupted chestnut spiral lines, forming oblique strigatious.

Length, 9°5 mill.

Japan.

Distinguished by its short, bulbous form.

L. MELANOsTOMA, Gray. PI. 45, figs. 42, 48.

Rather thin, whorls flattened, obliquely, obscurely subrugose,
spirally distantly engraved, periphery angulated ; straw color, with
usually a longitudinal pattern of short, numerous, chestnut lines ex-
tending from sulcus to suleus, either all over the surface or dis-
continued at the periphery ; columella dark chocolate.

Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Java, Singapore.

Nevill has indicated a var. articulata, (fig. 43).

L. COLUMELLARIS, d’Orb. PI. 48, figs. 37, 51; Pl. 44, fig. 79; PI.
45, figs. 14, 15.
Stout, convex, thick, closely spirally striate, whitish, yellowish,
purplish white or rust color, aperture light yellowish, columella

excavated, flattened, violaceous. Length, 1 in.
West Indies, Brazil.

246 LITTORINA.

Frequenily named L. Mauritiana, Lam. in American collections;
that, however, is a Polynesian and Australasian species, smaller,
with chestnut or chocolate aperture having a white band near
the base.

It is LZ. Sayi, Phil. not Reeve.

Var. FLAVA, Brod. Fig. 51.
Spiral sculpture stronger, one or two of them more prominent on
the periphery, which thus becomes angulated.
Rio Janeiro.
L. Cubana, Weink. (figs. 79, 14, 15). is possibly a connecting link
between this variety and the type of the species: it is evidently
poorly figured, and I cannot identify any of our shells with it.

L. varta, Sowb. PI. 43, figs. 44-46.

Rather thick, ventricose, convex, closely slightly striate, varying
to cord like spiral ridges; yellowish white, spirally lineated with
chestnut, often broken up into tessellated markings, and these fre-
quently gathered into irregular oblique strigations, interior edge of
lip spotted with chestnut. Length, 1:25 in.

Peru, Panama, Mazatlan.

The synonymy includes L. fasciata, Gray. (fig. 45), LD. variegata,
(fig. 46), LD. costulata, Souleyet, and probably L. bicarinata, Gray.

L. puLcHRA, Sowb. PI. 48, fig. 47.

Ventricose. a little flattened round the top of the whorls, densely
spirally striate, thick, yellowish brown, with irregular oblique
chocolate strigations, interior similarly colored. Length, 1°5 in.

Panama.
L. rRRoRATA, Say. PI. 43, figs. 48, 49, 50.

Whorls flattened, the last a little constricted above, swollen below,
thick, spirally costulate; yellowish white, more or less clouded with
light purple, apex purplish, the strize bearing numerous minute
chestnut dots, columella tinged with orange color, outer lip with
chestnut marginal spots. Length, 1 inch.

Southern Coast of the United States, from Texas and Florida
northward to Atlantic City, N. Jersey; Costa Rica, West Indies,
Brazil.

It is only of recent years that this species has appeared so far
northward as Atlantic City, where it was first detected by Mr. John
Ford of Philadelphia. It is LD. Sayi of Reeve (fig. 49), not Phil.
L. exarata, Phil. (fig. 50).

~I

LITTORINA. 24

L. sutcutosa, Phil. Pl. 48, fig. 52.

Rather thin, whorls flatly convex above, spirally obtusely ribbed,
with intervening broad grooves, periphery angulated; fawn color,
_ ribs sometimes stained with livid purple. Length, 20 mill.

North Australia.
L. opesa, Sowb. PI. 438, fig. 53.

Solid, smooth, shining, very finely spirally grooved, periphery
obtusely angulated, suture sometimes margined; flesh color or
nearly white, aperture and columella orange-brown, the latter
sometimes purplish. Length, 18-22 mill.

Sandwich and Viti Is., Philippines, Australia.

It is L. coccinea, Martyn, L. limax. (Mart.) Gray.

L. MavuritrAna, Lam. PI. 44, figs. 71, 70-75.

Ash colored, often with a suffused or narrow darker band round
the middle, smooth, or minutely spirally striated, periphery obtusely
angulated, columella and aperture chestnut colored, the latter with
a white band near the base. Length, 20-23 mill,

Mauritius, N. Zealand, Australia, Lord Howe’s Isl.

LL. laevis, Reeve, (fig. 72), “not Phil.” —=Z. pseudolaevis, Nevill,
L. laevis, Phil. (for I think Reeve’s figure represents Phillippi’s
species), DL. unifasciata, Gray, L. Diemenensis, Quoy, (fig. 73), L.
antipodum, Phil. L. Africana, Reeve, not Phil. (fig. 75), L. aeuta,
Menke, L. penitaria, Wood, L. luctuosa, Reeve, (fig.70), and L. cincta,
Quoy, (fig. 74), are synonyms.

L. ruFA, Recluz. Pl. 45, fig. 54 (enlarged).

Rather solid, minute, slightly umbilicated, smooth, polished,
orange brown, indistinctly banded with chestnut; aperture small,
lip thick.

Hab. unknown.

Described by Reeve from a specimen named by Recluz, in the
Cumingian collection; dimensions not given.

L. striata, King. PI. 44, figs. 58, 59.

Subglobose, whorls convex, rapidly enlarging, spirally sharply
striate; ashy grey or brownish, aperture chocolate color with an
inferior light band; columella widely excavated, chocolate above
and below, flesh color in the middle. Length, 15-18 mill.

Azores, Cape Verd and Canary Is. Guinea.
It is L. globosa, Dkr. (fig. 59), L. Canariensis, d’Orb., L.
arenicola, (Nutt.) Dunker, L. affinis, V’Orb.

248 LITTORINA.

L. PLANAXIS, Nuttall. Pl. 48, figs. 55, 56; Pl. 44, fig. 57.

Whorls convex, rapidly increasing, smooth or very minutely
spirally striate, light chocolate color, shining, under a thin olivaceous
epidermis, speckled and spotted irregularly with white, interior
chocolate color, with a white band near the base; columella broadly
excavated, yellowish brown.

California, Lower California.

The young shells are often beautifully variegated with bands and
-tessellations of chocolate and white, but these colorings rarely per-
sist in the adults. Fig. 57 represents (enlarged) one of these young
shells, described by Philippi under the name of Z. picta, with a
variety marmorata.

LL. ambigua, Reeve (fig. 56) and L. patula, Gould are also syn-
onyms.

L. puncrata, Gmel. PI. 44, figs. 60-64.
Ventricose, rather thin, smooth, polished, very minutely spirally
striate, periphery obtusely angulated, last whorl a little concave be-
low it; olive brown, tessellated with white, aperture chocolate col-

ored, with an inferior white band. Length 12-15 mill.
West Africa, Mediterranean Sea.

The synonyms are L. guttata, Reeve (fig. 61), LD. Syriaca, Phil.

Var. FRASERI, Reeve. Figs. 62, 63.
Livid purple, very minutely, numerously dotted.
West Africa.
Var. PULCHELLA, Dunker. Fig. 64.
Spirally engraved, flesh color, with purplish dots, interior choco-
late. |
West Africa, Teneriffe.
L. mMeLraaris, Beck. PI. 45, fig. 10.
Smooth, thin, flesh color or ashy, closely, usually regularly retic-
ulated with chocolate, forming oblique series.

Length 8 mill.
West Indies.

LL. guttata Phil. and L. punctata, Pfr. are synonyms.

L. Arricana, Krauss. PI. 44, figs. 66, 65, 67-69.
Ash colored, smooth, spirally engraved, periphery angulated,
aperture chocolate, with an inferior white band.
Length 10 Mill.
Cape of Good Hope, Natal.

LITTORINA. 249

L. decollata, Krauss (fig. 67) is a synonym; and perhaps L. leu-
costicta, Phil. (fig. 69), described without locality, is another.
Var. KnysnaEnsis, Krauss. Figs. 65, 68.

Shell very minutely, elosely dotted with rust color.

L. picea, Reeve (fig. 68) is a synonym.

L. Novm-ZevAnvi#, Reeve. PI. 44, figs. 76, 77.

Globosely turbinated, whorls rounded, with deep suture, irreg-
ularly spirally grooved, white or yellowish white, longitudinally
marked with faint chestnut; interior of aperture chestnut color,
with a white band near the base, columella violet tinted.

Length 19 mill.’

New Zealand, Solomon Is.

LL. melanaeme, Smith (fig. 77), from the Solomon Is., is probably
jdentical. Nevill changed the name to L. erronea, because he was
convinced that the species does not come from New Zealand.

L. Peruviana, Lam. PI. 44, fig. 78.
Whorls smooth, dark chocolate color, with zigzag longitudinal
white markings, aperture chocolate color. Length 22 mill.
Central America to Chili.

Nevill has indicated, without description, a var. nana.

L. aAsperRA, Phil. Pl. 44, figs. 80-85; Pl. 45, fig. 87.
Coarsely, sharply, spirally ribbed, whitish, longitudinally lineate
with chestnut, columella and aperture chocolate or chestnut color.

Length 16 mill.
Panama to Mazatlan.

LL. puncticulata, Phil. (fig. 83), and var. fortisulcata, Nevill are
synonyms. L. irrorata, Reeve (fig. 87), said to come from Sitka,
can probably be added.

Var. consPERSA, Phil. Figs. 82, 80-83.

Thinner, the spiral sculpture closer and flatter, whitish, some-
times with spiral series of chestnut dots, interior light chestnut.
_ Typical specimens of this variety and of L. aspera appear very
different in texture, sculpture and coloring, but in large series inter-
mediates are not uncommon.

L. albida, Phil. (fig. 81) and L. modesta, Menke (fig. 80), are
synonyms.

Var. Puriipru, Carpenter. Fig. 84.
Obliquely strigate with greyish chocolate.

250 LITTORINA.

Var. PENICILLATA, Carpenter. Fig. 85.
Small, flatly, closely spirally striate; ash color, with irregular
longitudinal chestnut lines and two distant bluish spiral lines.
Length 6 mill.

Cape St. Iueas, L. Cal.

L. prntapo Wood. PI. 44, fig. 86; Pl. 45, fig. 88.

Yellowish white or greyish, smooth or slightly, closely, spirally
striate, whole surface covered by very minute, close chestnut dots,
aperture yellowish chestnut with darker spiral lines.

Length, 16-24 mill.

Sandwich Is.

The synonyms are J. serialis, Souleyet, L. ambiqgua and L. tene-
brata, Nuttall, (fig. 88).

L. Payrensis, Phil. Pl. 45, figs. 90, 91, 95, 96.

With distant engraved lines, and angulated periphery, whitish,
punctate with chestnut and with an obsolete chestnut band, aperture
chestnut color, with two pale bands. Length, 12 mill.

Payta, Peru.

I am not acquainted with this species, Z. Araucana, d’Orb. (figs.
95, 96), is probably identical.

L. cINGULIFERA, Dunker. PI. 45, fig. 97.
Obsoletely spirally, engraved, white or ash color with spiral chest-
nut lines, aperture bluish, with chestnut lines. Length, 12 mill.
Guinea, W. Africa.

L. scuruLaTa, Gould. PI. 45, figs. 98-8.

Faintly striate with spiral impressed lines, olivaceous chestnut or
chocolate color, including aperture, sometimes not variegated, but
usually with longitudinal zigzag white markings, sometimes broken
up into spots, and frequently with an articulated white and chestnut
band on the periphery. Length 9-12 mill.

Washington Territory to Southern California.

The variations of this beautiful species are too numerous for des-

cription: several of them have received names; such as L. plena,

Gould, (fig. 1), L. lepida, Gld. (fig. 2), L. pullata, Carp. (fig. 3).

L. TESSELLATA, Phil. Pl. 45, fig. 89.
Shell rather thin, whorls convex, the last very obtusely angulated
on the periphery, closely lineately grooved and finely tessellated

LITTORINA. 251

with square light chestnut and white spots, aperture and columella
light purplish, the former showing the exterior markings.

Length 18 mill.

West Indies.

Rather a rare form, more inflated than those which follow. It is
possible that LZ. tigrina, d’Orb. doubtfully referred to ZL. scabra,
var. nebulosa (p. 243), should be placed here. JL. tigrina, C. B. Ad.
(Morch), and L. undulata, d’Orb. are synonyms.

L. ziczac, Chemn. PI. 45, figs. 5-7, 92.

Sculpture varying from smooth to spirally striate, periphery from
obtusely angulated with slightly convex whorls to strongly carin-
ated with nearly flat whorls, stout or slim; white, with a bluish
cast and zigzag longitudinal chestnut lines, the latter sometimes faint
(generally so in large specimens), but often stronger and closer, the
blue clouding intensified on the middle of the body whorl, and the
whole appearance thus becoming much darker, as though forming
the ground color, with the strigations white; aperture light or dark
chocolate or bluish, often with a light band near the base, some-
times with a second superior light band. Length 10-25 mill.

West Indies, Florida, Brazil.

The light colored, larger variety, with very obtuse angle, is usu-
ally known in American collections as LZ. lineata, Lam. L. debilis,
Phil. (fig. 7) is a half-grown one, and L. glabrata, Phil. (fig. 92),
said to be from Payta, Peru, is full-grown. JL. d’ Orbigniana, Phil.
may be added.

Of the darker colored and more angulated forms, the wide, stumpy
specimens have been distinguished as L. floccosa, Beck, and L, glau-
cocincta, Beck, L. cingulata, Pfr. L. Riisei, Mérch are synonyms;
whilst the narrower forms (typical ziczac) include L. angustior,
Morch, and its var. fasciata, L. carinta, d’Orb and L. Jamaicensis,
Ads.

L. pustuua, Phil. PI. 45, fig. 8.

Decollated, slightly spirally striate, bluish white, with dark chest-
nut longitudinal, oblique lines; last whorl obsoletely carinated;
aperture chocolate color, with a basal white band, and variegated
outer lip. Length, 5 mill.

Sandwich Is.
L. cotumna, Jonas. PI. 45, fig. 9.

Solid, closely spirally striated, whorls rounded, the last with deep

suture and without carina; whitish, with longitudinal chestnut

252 LITTORINA.

strigations, interior violaceous, with a wide yellowish band, lip
maculated within. Length, 16°5 mill.
Hab. unknown.
Described from a single specimen.

L. MINIMA, Gray. PI. 45, fig. 11.
Slightly umbilicated, smooth, white, with scattered small chocolate
spots. Length, 5-8 mill.
West Indies.

L. NeRrrores, Linn. PI. 45, fig. 18; Pl. 46, fig. 18.

Whorls smooth, slightly impressed round the upper part, olivaceous
grey, with a central chocolate band, aperture chocolate color, with
a white band at the base. Length, 5-7 mill.

Southern Europe, Madeira.

The synonymy includes L. cwrulescens, Lam. LZ. Basterotii, Payr.
L. elegans, Risso, L. glabrata, Pfr. L. melanostoma, Kryn. L.
Petreus, Mtg. L. saxatilis, Olivi, L. tricolor, Risso, and Var. pau-
percula, Monts.

LL. thersites, Reeve (fig. 18), said to come from the coast of Chili
and Peru does not appear to possess any distinctive characters; the
locality needs confirmation, and may be regarded as very doubtful.
L. mesprtum, Muhlf. PI. 45, figs. 16, 17.

Smooth, solid, subglobose, with more convex whorls than in the
preceding species ; chestnut colored, often with a darker band, aper-
ture chestnut, without band; umbilicus frequently subrimate.

Length, 5-7 mill.

West Indies.

L. fusca, Pfr., L. Gundlachi, Phil., and L. naticoides, Orb. (fig.
17), are identical.

L. acuminata, Gould. PI. 46, fig. 19.

Solid, shining, livid with darker flames or interrupted striga-
tions, often maculated with white on the periphery and at the su-
ture; whorls 6, planulate, the last subangulate, with spiral strize;
columella tinted with mulberry color. Length, 7:5 mill.

: Mangsi Isl., Sooloo Sea.

Section NreRrrorpEs, Brown, 1827.

L. optusaTA, Linn. PI. 46, figs. 20-22, 23.
Subglobose, with scarcely elevated spire, whorls flattened, suture
not deep, last whorl a little tumid above, compressed on the ‘side,

LITTORINA. 253

thick, imperforate, smooth, or obscurely engraved-striate; light
yellowish to dark chocolate color, sometimes with two bands.
Length, 12 mill.
Northern Europe.
It is L. littoralis, Forbes & Hanley, Z. retusa, Lam., L. ustulatus,
Blainy., L. neritiformis, Brown.

Var. L. FABALIS, Turton. Fig. 22.

Light yellowish red, closely reticulated or zigzagged with darker
lines. Scarcely deserves to be distinguished as a variety, as many
of the darker colored specimens of the full-grown L. obtusata very
indistinctly preserve these markings.

L. Beanii, Macgill., and L. vittata, Phil., are the same.

Var. HSTUARH, Jeffreys. Fig. 23.

Smaller, with more elevated spire, uniform greenish brown, the
aperture chestnut color. Length, 10 mill.

Near Sutton, and at Manningtree, Suffolk, England.

Inhabits between tide marks in brackish water. In deference io
Dr. Jeffreys’ opinion, I quote the species here, but specimens re-
ceived from him, appear to me to be rather allied to L. littoralis
than to this species.

L. uMBILIcATA, d’Orb. PI. 46, fig 24.

Smooth, or with a few spiral strize anteriorly ; blackish or bluish
black. Length, 1°5 mill.

Peru and Bolivia.

Evidently a very young shell; its mature characters it would be
unsafe to surmise,

Section LAMELLILITORINA, Tryon, 1887.
L. atBicans, Metcalfe. Pl. 46, figs. 25, 26.

Whorls rounded, spirally linearly grooved, obtusely keeled at the
suture, last whorl lamellarly varicose, thin, semitransparent ; white,
purple tinted towards the apex, filleted with chestnut at the keel,
lip thinly reflected. Length, 22 mill.

Sarawak, Borneo.
L. ARDOUINIANA, Heude. PI. 46, fig. 28.

Spirally striate, thin, epidermis marbled with white, body whorl
with several longitudinal lamelle. Length, 20 mill.

Along, Tonquin.

Described as a doubtful Leptopoma, and by Mr. Crosse, referred
to Littorina; very possibly a variety of L. albicans.

254 LITTORINA.

L. TENuIs, Phil. Pl. 46, fig. 27.

Very thin, thinly spirally striate, whorls often tumid above, then
flattened, with obtusely. angulated periphery ; whitish with faint
angular longitudinal chestnut lines, epidermis yellowish, obliquely,
faintly lamellar. Length, 14 mill.

Ins. Ticao, Philippines.

Section LasviLirorina, Pfeffer, 1886.

L. caxicinosa, Gould. PI. 46, fig. 29.

Smooth, or with slight incremental striz, thin, epidermis chestnut
color or olivaceous brown, sometimes maculated with yellow ; whorls
4-5, ventricose, with deep suture; interior livid or chestnut colored-

Length, 5 mill.

Terra del Fuego ; South Georgia.

L. venusra, Pfeffer. Pl. 46, fig. 30.

Inconspicuously rimate, thin, olivaceous corneous, three banded
with chestnut, with a very thin epidermis; whorls 43, with deep
suture; aperture bluish-ash color, with bright purplish bands.

Length, 5°6 mill.

South Georgia.
L. GranuM, Pfeffer. Pl. 46, fig. 31.

Rimate, thin, slightly longitudinally, and distantly, obscurely,
spirally striate, light corneous, under a membranaceous yellowish
epidermis ; whorls 43, the last a little inflated ; aperture corneous.

Length, 1°6 mill.

South Georgia.
L. pyamma, Pfeffer. Pl. 46, fig. 32.

Strongly pitted-umbilicate, thin, chitinous, with thin longitudinal
plications and spiral indistinct strive, reddish brown, under a thin
epidermis of the same color, columella violaceous, outer lip black-
margined. Length, 2 mill.

South Georgia.
L. umpBinicaTa, Pfeffer. Pl. 46, fig. 33.

Very distinctly umbilicated, thin, with a peripheral carina and a
distant one above it, longitudinal sculpture obsolete, epidermis very
thin, smooth, ochry olivaceous; whorls 5, convex, suture strongly
coarctate; interior light chestnut color. Length, 3 mill.

South Georgia.

The specific name is preoccupied by d’Orbigny for a doubtful
species.

LITTORINA. 200

L. HissEYANA, Tenison-Woods. PI. 46, fig. 35.

Narrowly rimate, spirally striate, thin, greyish, yellowish or
orange-red, apex violaceous, sometimes with a broad darker peri-
pheral band. Length, 5 mill.

Tasmania.
L. PALUDINELLA, Reeve. PI. 46, fig. 36.

Subglobose, thin, horny, with impressed suture, smooth, oliva-
ceous chestnut, aperture yellowish chestnut, columella excavated.

Length unknown ; figure magnified.

Tasmania.
Section PELLILITORINA, Pfeffer, 1886.
L. serosa, E. A. Smith. PI. 46, figs. 37, 38.

Imperforate, thin, yellowish corneous, epidermis stout, olivaceous
brown, with numerous short erect hairs disposed in longitudinal
and spiral series; whorls over 5, decussated beneath the epidermis;
interior pearl colored. Length, 14 mill.

Kerguelen Isl.
L. pevuira, Marts. Pl 46, figs. 839-41.

Thin, greyish brown, epidermis covered by spirally arranged
series of curved hairs, beneath the epidermis punctate and can-
cellate ; whorls 4, convex, a little flattened at the suture; colum-
ella yellowish or violaceous. Length, 18 mill.

South Georgia.
Section AQUILONARIA, Dall., 1886.
L. Turner, Dall. PI. 46, fig. 42.

Imperforate, very thin, white, under a tough, shaggy, brownish
epidermis, which, near the aperture, forms the entire substance of
the shell. Length, 14 mill.

North Labrador ; Arctic Ocean, north of Behring’s Strait.

Unfigured and doubtful Species of Lrttorina.

L. vrpua, Gould. Japan.
L. varia, Hutton. New Zealand.
L. tunata, H. C. Lea. Cape May, New Jersey.
L. Buanrorpt, Dunker. Rockhampton, Australia.
L. apicina, Menke. Mazatlan.
L. PARVULA and L. PHASIANELLA, Phil. Panama.
L. Beccartt, Canefri. Papuan Is.
L. PULCHELLA, Ad. (= L. Apamst, Reeve.) Jamaica.

Belongs to the Trochide.

256 CREMNOCONCHUS—-TECTARIUS.
Genus CREMNOCONCHUS, Blanford, 1869.

C. SyHaprensis, Blanford. PI. 46, fig. 47.

Subcovered-perforate, with elevated spiral ribs, with the inter-
stices decussated by smaller spiral liree and incremental striz, epi-
dermis olivaceous brown; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last
angulated round the umbilicus. Length, 7 mill.

Western Ghats, near Bombay, India.

C. conicus, Blanford. PI. 46, figs. 44-46.

Imperforate, solid, whitish, often with a chestnut band above the
periphery, epidermis olivaceous, not shining, suture deep; whorls
5, convex, the last subangulate at the periphery; aperture fulvous
or whitish, often banded. Length, 8+9°5 mill.

Torna, near Poona, India.

L. Fairbanki, Blanford (fig. 45), appears to be a synonym.

Var. CANALICULATUS, Blanford. Fig. 46.
Suture channeled, the whorls acutely carimate at the top.

Var. EDECOLLATA, Nevill.
Stoliczka considered C. conicus a variety of the next species, and
Nevill believes this probable.

C. cARINATUs, Layard. PI. 46, fig. 45.

Subperforate, solid, whitish, with a chestnut band above the
periphery, carinated at the periphery and suture, with a sutural
channel; whorls 5, rapidly increasing; aperture whitish, chestnut
banded. Length,.7°5 mill.

Mahableshwar, India.

The preceding species, perhaps, ought to be united with this.
Var. GIGANTEA, Nevill.

Bombay Presidency, India.

» 4 Genus TECTARIUS, Val., 1833.

T. pacopus, Linn. PI. 47, fig. 48.

Spirally tubereularly ribbed, the tubercles in oblique longitudi-
nal series, last whorl encircled by two spinose carine, those of the
spire by one, yellowish white, often stained with chestnut brown, or
the spiral sculpture lineated with that color; columella white,
slightly tuberculated below, aperture ridged within.

Length, 2°5 in.

Australia, Moluccas, Ceylon, Zanzibar.

T. bicolor, Lam., is a synonym.

bo
O1
~I

TECTARIUS.

T. BuLLATUS, Martyn. PI. 47, figs. 49-51, 53, 58.

Shell thicker than the preceding species, imperforate, spinose-
papillary upon spiral ribs, the interstices closely spirally lirate,
suture often channeled by the exsertion of a row of spines above
it; whorls often somewhat angulated by the greater prominence of
a pair of peripheral nodulous ribs; cream white, reddish tinged
towards the summit; columella toothed below, aperture lirate with-
in. Length, 1°5 in.

Indian Ocean, Australia, Polynesia.

T. grandinatus, Chemn., T. papillosus, Lam., T. coronatus, Val.,
and vars. vera, subinermis, rustica, quadriseriata and elegans, of
Phil., are synonyms. 7. spinulosa, Phil. (fig. 58), is a juvenile.

‘Var. CORONARIA, Lam. Fig. 53.
Shell longer, the spines shorter and smaller.
- Connects insensibly with the type, although formerly considered
a distinct species.

T. rEcruM—PeErsicum, Linn. PI. 47, fig. 52.

Spiny tubercles larger, more compressed, blunter than in 7’. bul-
latus, usually fewer spiral series; cream color, often lineated with
chestnut. Length, 30 mill.

Zanzibar, Madagascar, Mauritius.

Notwithstanding its more rugose appearance, I think it probable
that this will prove to be a mere variety of TJ. bullatus.

T. Cumineu, Phil. Pl. 48, fig. 73.

Deeply umbilicated, umbilicus defined by an angle, encircled by
spinose ribs, of which two are very prominent on the body whorl
and one on the spire, irregularly granularly lirate between them,
flesh color; interior light orange-brown, not ridged, columella not
toothed. Length, 22 mill.

: Philippines, Polynesia.
The type of Gray’s section Nina. It is 7. echinulatus, Kiener.

T. armara, Issel. PI. 47, fig. 54.

Imperforate, thick, solid, spirally granularly costate, with a peri-
pheral series of compressed spines, appearing on the whorls of the
spire, yellowish white, aperture lirate within, columella subdenti-
form below. Alt. 14 mill.

Two of the figures of 7. tectum-Persicum, in Kiister’s Monograph,
of Littorina, refer to this species.

Suez.
17

258 TECTARIUS.

T. TECTIFORMIS, Watson. PI. 47, fig. 55.

Umbilicated, with longitudinal plications, small at the suture,
then becoming evanescent, but reappearing more prominently at
the periphery, where they become tubercles on the carina, vanishing
on the flattened base, peripheral carina visible on the spire-whorls,
whole surface covered by fine, unequal spiral threads; yellowish
white.. Length, ? 22°5 mill.

Japan ; 565 fms.

The apex and base of the single specimen obtained were broken.
Watson is not certain of the generic position of this shell, which
was obtained by the Challenger Expedition.

T. muricatus, Linn. PI. 48, fig. 68.

Imperforate or rimate, solid, yellowish or greyish white ; whorls
rounded, a little flattened below the suture, encircled by close series
of granules, the series either in juxtaposition or with intermediate
spiral strive; aperture light chestnut color, usually smooth within,
or very faintly ridged. Length, 1 in. °

West Indies, Bahamas, Florida.

This species has been known to live.about a year in a cabinet,

deprived of its native element.

T. NopuLosus, Gmel. PI. 47, figs. 59-64; Pl. 48, figs. 72, 74, 75.

Bluish grey, spirally striate, whorls biangulate in the middle, the
angles tuberculated, usually yellowish white, aperture and columella
chestnut or chocolate color, the former often obsoletely banded,
base of aperture a little produced. Length, 18 mill.

North Carolina, Bahamas, West Indies, Ceylon, Philippines,
Australia, New Zealand, Marquesas.

T. dilatatus Orb. (fig. 60), T. tuberculatus, Menke, T. thiarella,
Anton. (fig. 59), 7. trochiformis, Phil., T. nodulosus, d@’Orb., not
Gmel., T. tuberculatus, Gray (fig. 74), T. Antoni, Phil., T. scabra,
Anton., are all synonyms referring to the American form, generally
known as 7. dilatatus; whilst the oriental examples have been
heretofore known as 7. nodulosus (fig. 75), with 7. trochoides, Gray
(fig. 61), T. vilis, Menke (fig. 64), T. Malaccana, Phil. (fig. 63), T.
monilifera, Soul. (fig. 62), T. pyramidalis, Quoy. (fig. 72), and T.
trochiformis, Dillw., as synonyms. My sufficient justification in
uniting species with such distant habitats, and no intermediate lo-
calities, is that it is impossible to distinguish them by any character.

Xe

TECTARIUS. 259

T. Monrrouziert, Fischer. Pl. 47, figs. 56, 57.

Thick, whitish, light flesh color near the suture, spirally cingu-
late and longitudinally costate, the intersections forming close series
of nodules; aperture sulecate within, basal margin plicate, colum-
ella white, subdentate at the base. Length, 10 mill.

New Caledonia.

T. noposus, Gray. PI. 47, figs. 66, 65, 67; PI. 48, figs. 83-86.

Spirally striate, with three spiral ribs, which are more or less
nodose, yellowish or greyish, sometimes indistinctly banded or
marbled with chestnut, the ribs, in fresh specimens, chocolate
colored, interrupted by the white tubercles, interior chestnut or
chocolate color, light-banded at the base. Length, 18-21 mill.

Indo-Australian, South Africa.

Fig. 66 represents the typical form; a more elate, worn speci-
men is represented in 7. subnedosus, Phil. (fig. 65.)

T. Natalensis, Krauss (fig. 67), and T. lemniscata Phil. (fig. 86),
are also synonyms.

T. MILIARIS, Quoy. PI. 48, figs. 78, 76, 71, 82, 77, 69.

Short ovate, closely spirally striate, the strize nodulous above the
rounded periphery, bluish grey, mottled with greyish white, colum-
ella and aperture chocolate color, the latter with a basal white
band. Length, 13 mill.

Ascension Isl., Viti Is., Australia.

T. echinatus, Anton., T. granocostatus, Reeve (fig. 82), T. Fee-
jeensis, Reeve (fig. 76), and perhaps the doubtful 7. reticulatus,

_ Anton (fig. 71), of unknown habitat, are synonyms.

Var. GRANOsUS, Phil. PI. 48, fig. 77, 69.

Subconical, whorls flattened above, with an obtuse peripheral
angle, roughly granulated by longitudinal, crossed by spiral ridges,
the granules smaller, in spiral series on the base, bluish grey, more
or less marbled, columella and interior chestnut color or bluish.

Length, 12 mill.

Fernando Po.

Frequently narrower, and more elate than the specimen figured.

T. glans, Reeve (fig. 69), is a synonym.

T. ruaosus, Menke. PI. 48, fig. 70.
Solid, imperforate, tumidly convex, spirally linearly grooved,
longitudinally strongly ribbed, the intersections forming tubercles

260 TECTARIUS—MODULUS.

on the upper part of the whoris, flesh white, interior yellowish,
columella flesh purple. Length, 22 mill.
Mouth of Swan River, Australia.

T. GRANULARIS, Gray. PI. 48, figs. 84, 85, 79-81; Pl. 45, fig. 4.

Ovately ventricose, closely spirally striate, the strize minutely
granose on the upper part of the whorls, yellowish white or ash
colored, sometimes marbled, columella and aperture chocolate
color, the latter with a white basal band. Length, 9 mill.

Loochoo and Viti Is., Red Sea, Japam.

LL. millegrana, Phil. (fig. 85), T. cinereus, Pease (fig. 81), T. Ve
tiensis, Dunker, T. plena, Godeffr. Cat., T. radiata, Souleyet (fig.
4), T. exigua, Dunker, T. ventricosa, Phil., are synonyms.

Var. SUBGRANOsUs, Dunker. Figs. 79, 80.
Whorls slightly shouldered.

Madras.

Unfigured Species of Tectarius.
T. Cecruuet, Phil. Loochoo Is.
T. LuTEA, Gould. China Sea.
T. rnupRA, Anton. Hab. unknown.

Genus MODULUS, Gray, 1840.

M. recrum, Ginel. PI. 48, figs. 87-89.

Subperforate, inflated, tumidly convex above, with distant,
rounded, oblique plications, spire depressed, suture -well impressed,
whole surface spirally striate, strize often alternately larger ; whitish,
marbled and lineated with light chestnut, aperture white, closely
ridged, sometimes chestnut margined. Diam. 28 mill.

Sandwich and Viti Is., Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Mauritius.

M. retusus, Brug., M. obtusatus, Phil. (fig. 89), M. cidaris, Reeve
(fig. 87), M. candidus, Petit (fig. 88), are synonyms.

M. Fuorripanus, Conr. PI. 48, fig. 90.

Suborbicular, whorls convex above, with subnodular radiating
ribs, terminating above a peripheral spiral rib; below the periphery
are several spiral, subnodular ribs and equal interspaces, which are
striated ; whitish, with chestnut small spots on the ribs, interior
white or violaceous. Diam. 15 mill.

West Coast of Florida.

MODULUS. 261

M. LENTICULARIS (Chemn.), Auct. Pl. 48, figs. 91, 92.

Flattened above, with distant radiating ribs, periphery acutely
carinated, defined by a rib, convex below, everywhere minutely
spirally corded, spire-whoris often exserted sufficiently to show the
carina; whitish, articulated with reddish chestnut.

Diam. 15-18 mill.

; West Indies.

Distinguished at once from the preceding species by the flatter
top, and stronger carina, It is M. modulus, Linn., and M. filosus,

Helbling.

M. piscuus, Phil. PI. 48, figs. 98, 94; Pl. 49, fig. 95.

Spire conical, more elevated than in the preceding species, the
distant radiating ribs forming by their terminations a series of tu-
bercles on the sharply carinated periphery; base flatly convex, with
close, subnodulous spiral cords; white, tessellated with chestnut at
the suture and periphery, aperture violaceous. Diam. 10 mill.

Acapuleo, Mazatlan.

M. dorsuosus, Gould. (fig. 95), and perhaps M. lividus, Phil., are

synonyms.

M. ceropes, A. Ad. PI. 49, figs. 96, 97.

Depressed, distantly radiately ribbed, the ribs projecting at the
carinate periphery, where they are cut by two or three impressed
spiral lines, base with several revolving riblets, two of which are
larger and tuberculate. Diam. 12 mill.

Mozambique (Cuming), Gulf of California (Carpenter. )

The two series of tubercles often unite into one.

M. UNIDENS (Lister), Auct. PI. 49, figs. 98-100.

Conical, whorls flattened, obsoletely, radiately, distantly ribbed
above the angulated periphery, everywhere closely spirally corded ;
white, the cords minutely punctate with reddish chestnut.

Diam. 15 mill.

West Indies, West Coast of N. America, Philippines, ete.

The synonymy includes M. angulatus, C. B. Ad., M. Sayi (Nut-
tall), A. Ad., WM. trochiformis, Eyd. et Soul. (fig. 100), MW. perlatus,
Dillw., M. Carchedonicus, Lam., M. catenulatus, Phil.

M. More ett, Fischer. Pl. 49, figs. 1, 2.
Narrowly subperforate, rather thick, spirally lirate, carinate, the
body whorl bicarinate ; lip thick, sub-bilabiate ; whitish, the upper

262 MODULUS—RISELLA.

part radiately maculated with chestnut, the base minutely punctate.
Diam. 2 mill.

New Caledonia.

Unfigured Species.
M. opiiquus, A. Ad. Red Sea-
M. pupuicatus, A. Ad. Hab. unknown.
M. xresstt, Morch. West Indies.

M. convexior, M. pisum, M. cANALICULATUS, (Beck) Morch.
West Indies.
Genus RISELLA, Gray, 1840.

R. MELANosToMA, Gmel. PI. 49, figs. 99, 3-29; PL. 50, figs. 30, 31.
Conically elevated or depressed, with rounded, somewhat tuber-
culated periphery on the elevated specimens, acutely carinated on
the depressed ones, radiately ribbed above, or nearly smooth, spi-
rally striate, most distinct on the base; yellowish or olivaceous
brown, more or less articulated with chestnut, sometimes obliquely
longitudinally strigate, aperture dark chocolate color, varying to

orange brown, lip brown spotted. Length, 15 mill.
South Australia, Tasmania.

Rk. aurata, Quoy (fig. 6), R. imbricata, Gray (figs. 8, 9), R. Kiel-
manseggi, Zelebor (fig. 7), PR. vittata, Phil. (figs. 28, 29), R. lutea,
Quoy (fig. 5), R. plicatula, Phil. (figs. 24, 25), R. cicatricosa, Jonas
(figs. 4, 5), R. nana, Lam. (figs. 99, 18, 14), R. picta, Phil. (figs. 16,
17), R. plana, Quoy (figs. 10, 11, 12), R. vida, Phil. (figs. 30, 31),
hk. Australis, Gray, R. grisea, Phil. (figs. 18, 19), R. fimbriata, Phil.
(figs. 26, 27), R. flavescens, Phil. (figs. 22, 23), R. Brum, Crosse,
(fig. 15), and probably R&. crassa, Dunker, are all synonyms.

In the range of varieties presented by this assemblage, we find
the shell high, with a roundly angular periphery, or low with a
sharp periphery, all degrees of development of the radiating ribs
sometimes entirely wanting, or replaced by color strigations, ete. I
have endeavored, in vain, to eliminate distinct or.even varietal
forms, and at last put them all together. This was practically
done ten years ago by Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods (Proce. Linn. Soe.
N.S. Wales, i, 242, 1876), and more recently Mr. E. A. Smith
(Zool. Alert Exped., p. 62), has partially concurred. The collec-
tion of specimens before me is sufficiently large and varied to give
me abundant evidence in support of the Australian conchologist’s

RISELLA. 263

views. I retain Gmelin’s name for the species, although it cannot
be satisfactorily identified, because it is the oldest name, and by
common consent for many years has been generally applied to one
or another of the above forms.

Subgenus PrasteLua, Nevill., 1884.

R. TANTILLA, Gould. PI. 50, figs. 32, 33, 34.

Perforate, whorls 4—5, flattened, with carinate periphery, ob-
liquely very finely striate, base with two spiral granular threads;
yellowish ash, sometimes showing radiating, flexuous chestnut lines,
aperture orange-brown. Diam. 4—5 mill.

Sandwich Is., Viti Is., Australia, Ins. Nossi-bé.

It is Margarita angulata, A. Ad., Trochus diminutivus, Reeve (fig.
34), R. parvula, Dunker, var. subinfracostata, Nevill.

R. CALEponICcA, Crosse. Pl. 52, fig. 9.

With wide funnel-shaped umbilicus defined by a carina, another
carina on the periphery, a third at the suture, microscopically stri-
ate longitudinally, yellowish brown; whorls 4, angulated by the
“arinee, rapidly increasing, base flatly convex. Diam. 2°25 mill.

New Caledonia.

Described as a Fossarus. It appears to differ from the other

species by its wider umbilicus.

R. Garet, Montr. PI. 50, figs. 85-37.

Umbilicated, spirally striated, periphery acutely carinated and
denticulate by the projection of longitudinal, rounded ribs ; yellow-
ish white, spirally articulated with brown above the periphery and
on the base. Diam. 2°75 mill.

Lifou, Loyalty Is.
R. cCoNoIpDALIS, Pease. PI. 50, fig. 38.

Narrowly perforate; whorls flatly sloping, spirally grooved, pli-
eately longitudinally wrinkled, undulating the carinal line, base
flatly convex, finely grooved; whitish, stained with saffron yellow.

Diam. 4 mill.

Paumotus.
R. Isseti1, Semper. PI. 50, figs. 39, 40.

Umbilicated, spirally engraved above, costate on the base, upper
part with low, broad, rounded undulations or ribs, modifying the
carinated periphery; yellowish, articulated with brown at the
suture and periphery. Diam. 2°5 mill.

Suez, Zanzibar.

264 RISELLA.

R. ryFracosrata, Issel. Pl. 50, figs. 41, 42.

Narrowly umbilicated, minutely radiately striate above, concen-
trically, distantly costulate below; whorls somewhat convex, the
last with peripheral carina; yellowish, maculated with brown at the
suture and periphery. Diam. 2 mill.

Suez.
hk. Sismondi, Issel, Mss., is a synonym.

Possibly only a variety of the preceding species.

R. RorpsrorFriana, Nevill. Pl. 50, fig. 43.

Narrowly perforate, nearly smooth above, suture not subimbri-
cated, periphery rarely undulately waved; yellowish, sometimes
with a dark basal zone. Diam. 3°75 mill.

Andaman Is., Mergui, Hong Kong.

R. Tempiiana, Nevill., and vars. NIGROFASCIATA and SUBIMBRI-
cATA, Nevill. (unfigured.) Andaman Is.

Subgenus PLestorrocuts, Fischer, 1878.

R. SouveRBIANus, Fischer. Pl. 50, figs. 44-46.

Perforate, spirally striate, rather indistinctly longitudinally rib-
bed, ribs low and wide, rounded, undulating the peripheral carina ;
aperture produced below into a short, narrow canal; yellowish
white, with thread-like spiral purplish lines interrupted by the ribs
and generally arranged in pairs, a purple articulated line at the
suture and periphery, another on the base. Length, 7 mill.

Lifou, Loyalty Is.

Subgenus Limnorrocuus, E. A. Smith, 1880.

R. THomsont, E. A. Smith. Pl. 50, figs. 47, 48.

Narrowly umbilicated, moderately solid ; whorls 7, flattened, with
a broad, deep furrow at the lower part, margined above by a keel,
which is nodulous on the lower whorls, above this there are three
granular spiral ridges, base with about eight ridges, and intervening
finer concentric strie ; basal margin of aperture broadly sinuated,
excurved and slightly effuse; livid purplish, dotted with brown,
whitish at the suture and base. Length, 18 mill. n

Lake Tanganyika, Africa (fresh water.)

R. Kirxi, E. A. Smith. PI. 50, figs. 49, 50.

Narrowly umbilicated, dirty white; whorls 6 or 7, slightly con-
cave, with arcuate, flexuous growth-lines, and 6 or 7 granular spiral

RISELLA—LACUNA. 265

lire, that on the periphery strongest and duplicate, base with a
nearly smooth band within the peripheral lirze, then with several
granular lire round the umbilicus. Diam. 18 mill.

Lake Tanganyika, Africa.

R. cycLostoma, and R. Giraupt, Bourg. (unfigured.)
Lake Tanganyika.

Genus LACUNA, Turton, 1827.

Section LAcuNA (sensu stricto.)

L. puTEous, Turton. PI. 50, figs. 51, 52.

Semiglobose, slightly expanded at the base, periphery obtusely
angulated, rather solid, opaque, glossy ; whitish, yellowish or reddish
white, sometimes trifasciate, the middle band broadest ; umbilicus
narrow, deep. Length, 4 mill.

Northern Europe, France, Portugal.

L. auricularis, Mont., L. fasciata, J. Adams, L. parva, DaCosta,
Helix lacuna, Mont., L. rufa, Dorset. Catal., L. Montagui, Turton,
L. expansa, J. Adams, L. pallidula, Meyer & Mobius, L. intermedia,
Locard, are all synonyms, besides the quasi-varietal names conica,
lactea, clausa, expansa, ete., of Jeffreys.

L. pALLIDULA, DaCosta. PI. 50, figs. 53, 53a, b, 54.

Widely umbilicated, largely, obliquely expanded, rather thin,
opaque, glossy ; under the epidermis are growth lines and a few
spiral scratches; pale yellowish or olivaceous yellow; whorls 3, 4,
rapidly increasing, the last disproportionately large, suture deeply
impressed. Diam. 8—9 mill.

Northern Europe, Iceland, Greenland, Spitzbergen, New England.

L. neritoidea, Gould (fig. 54), L. patula, Thorpe, L. Thorpeana,
Phil., and vars. subtriangularis, Kobelt, and albescens, Thorpe, are
synonyms.

L. porrecta, Carpenter. PI. 50, figs. 55, 56, 57.

Larger than ZL. puteolus, with more developed spire, body whorl
slopingly expanded, effuse below, thinly spirally striate upon the
thin olivaceous yellow or light brown epidermis, sometimes with a
pale band under the obtusely angulated periphery.

Length, 13 mill.

Vancouver's Isl. to San Diego, Cal.

266 LACUNA.

Var. EFFUSA, Carpenter. Fig. 56.
Larger, more effuse, whorls more tumid with well-impressed
suture. Length, 17 mill.

Var. EXHQUATA, Carpenter. Fig. 57.
Whorls flattened, suture scarcely impressed. Length, 12°5 mill.

Section Epnerra, Leach, 1847.

L. VARIEGATA, Carp. PI. 50, fig. 58.

Thin, expanded in front, periphery rounded or obtusely angu-
lated, smooth, polished, fulvous, irregularly strigate with chestnut,
with frequently a peripheral band of white spots, and sometimes
‘another below the suture. Length, 7-5 mill.

Vancouver's Isl. to San Diego, Cal.

L. Boureutenatt, Rochebrune. PI. 50, figs. 59, 60.
Ventricose, subdistorted, thick, yellowish brown, spirally lirate,
longitudinally striate by growth lines, umbilicated, lip rather thick.
Length, 6 mill.

Cape Verd Is.

L. pIVARICATA, Fab. PI. 50, figs. 61, 62, 64-73, 75.

Obliquely conical, periphery obtusely angulated, somewhat thin,
translucent and glossy, with slight, numerous spiral striz; white,
yellowish or yellowish brown often with four brown bands of vary-
ing width, sometimes confluent into one band, and so disposed as to
exhibit a white band just below the suture.. Length, 11 mill.

Northern Europe, Iceland, Greenland, New England, N. W. Coast
of North America.

It will be seen from the above synonymy that the species is cir-
cumpolar in distribution. The bauding is most conspicuous on
young specimens, but frequently it is entirely absent.

The synonyms include ZL. bifasciata, L. cornea and L. striata,
Brown, L. fusca, Binney (fig. 64), L. vincta, Mtg. (figs. 67, 68), L.
solidula, Lovén. (fig. 69), L. labiosa and L. albella, Lovén., L. per-
tusa, Conr., DL. borealis, Phil. (fig. 75), L. arctica, Phil. (fig. 73),
L. gracilior, Metcalfe (fig. 65), a narrow, elongated form, some-
times considered a variety, var. ecanaliculata, Jeffreys, L. canals,
Mont., L. quadrifasciata, Mont. (fig. 66), and the following forms
from the West Coast of the United States: L. compacta, Carp., L.
carinata, Gould (figs. 71, 72.)

LACUNA. 26

L. UNIFASCIATA, Carp. PI. 50, figs. 63-74.
Small, glossy, generally with a colored keel, the band sometimes
broken up into dots. Length, 4 mill.
California.
Var. AURANTIACA, Carp.
Orange-white, the band and keel obsolete.

Section Mreporta (Leach), Gray, 1841.

L. crasstor, Mtg. Pl. 50, fig. 76.

Stout, solid, opaque, epidermis light yellowish; whorls convex,
a little tumid or round-shouldered above, epidermis thin, often
gathered into obliquely longitudinal folds, under it the surface is
minutely spirally striate; pillar lip flattened, expanded; imperfor-
ate. Length, 12°5 mill.

Northern Europe, Greenland, Sitka.
LL. glacialis, Moller, and L. pallida, Donovan, are synonyms.

Section HaLoconcnHa, Dall. 1886.

L. REFLEXA, Dall. PI. 51, fig. 80.

Thin, light to dark chestnut brown, nearly smooth; whorls 23-3,
rapidly increasing, the last somewhat slantingly flattened above,
inflated, suture distinct, umbilicus narrow.

Length, 10, diam. 13°8 mill.

Aleutian and Commander Is., Alaska.

L. Anrarctica, Martens. PI. 51, figs. 81, 82; Pl. 46, fig. 34.

Thin, chitinous, rather widely, excavately umbilicated, thinly,
subirregularly longitudinally striulate, with indistinct spiral lines,
yellowish brown or chestnut color, umbilical region defined by ¢
decided angle, and depression, interior chestnut color, with a pearly
sheen. Diam. 6°8 mill.

South Georgia, Kerguelen Is.

LL. pumilio, E. A. Smith (fig. 34), is probably the young of this

species.
Section MEGALOMPHALUS, Brusina. 1871.

L. DEPREsSA, Seguenza. PI. 51, fig. 83.

Minute, whorls rapidly enlarging, the last slantingly inflated,
with microscopic, close-set longitudinal folds and intermediate
spiral striz, umbilicus wide, its wall flattened, aperture obliquely
ovate. . Length, 2 mill.

Algiers, Messina, Brindisi ; 11-108 fms.

268 LACUNA.

Supposed by Jeffreys to form a connecting link between Adeor-
bis and Fossarus.

L. aAzoneA, Brusina (unfigured.) Mediterranean Sea.
L. Crosseana Kleciak, L. Petitiana, Tiberi, DL. mutabilis, Costa,
are synonyms.

L. excavata, Monts. (unfigured.) Palermo.
LL. Monterosati, Granata, is a synonym.

Section Srenotis, A. Ad., 1863.

I LAxArA AY Ad) VPI50; fies 7.

Oval elongated, compressed, thin, whitish, spire small, pointed,
whorls 3, flattened, rapidly increasing, the last one large, inflated,
dilated in front, umbilicus large, open, defined by an angle.

Length, 2 mill.

Japan.
Section Crrona, A. Adams, 1863.

L. TENELLA, Jeffreys. Pl. 51, figs. 84, 85.

Thin, semitransparent, glossy, without epidermis ?, with a few ir-
regular, microscopic, spiral lines on the body whorl, white, yellowish-
brown at the apex, which is abruptly truncated ; whorls 5, convex,
gradually enlarging ; aperture somewhat expanded and angulated
at the base. Length, 3 mill.

N. of Hebrides Is., in 189 and 650 fms., Mediterranean, Azores,
Pernambuco, and E. of Japan; 114-2050 fms.

Var. MARGARITIFERA, Watson. Fig. 865.

More or less strongly striated lengthwise, especially on the upper
whorls.

Dr. Jeffreys thought this identical with and a synonym of his
var. costulata; granting the identity, the Jeffreysian name should
become the synonym, being latest published.

L. Apamst, Jeffreys. PI. 51, fig. 86.

Thin, semitransparent, glossy, no sculpture except the umbilical
ridge, white; whorls 43, moderately convex, rapidly increasing,
with deep suture; umbilicus narrow, enclosed by a sharp ridge.

Length, 1°5 mill.

Atlantic Ocean (Porcupine Exped.).

LACUNA. 269

L. #arinata, Jeffreys. Pl. 51, fig. Sl.

Thin, opaque, glossy, biangulate, base with a few slight strize, sur-
face appearing closely granular under the microscope, white, yel-
lowish brown towards the apex; whorls 5-6, flattened between the
suture and upper keel, as well as between the two keels of the body
whorl. Length, 2°5 mill.

Atlantic Ocean (Porcupine Exped.).

L. cineuLata, Verrill. Pl. 51, fig. 93.
Rather solid, depressed, spirally striated, biangulated, white with
a brown nucleus; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, flattened above and
between the carine ; umbilicus rather narrow and deep.
Length, 2°2, diam. 5°6 mill.
Off New England Coast ; 906-1467 fms.

Resembles the preceding species, but is more depressed. Verrill
observes that a young specimen, apparently of this species, has a
distinct epidermis, bearing small hair-like processes, most prominent
on the carin.

L. crvcta, Jeffreys. Pl. 51, figs. 88, 89.

Thin, opaque, glossy, with a few spiral strie, of which one below
the suture is more prominent, and miautely tuberculated on the
upper whorls, white; whorls 5, convex, with deep suture ; outer lip
thin, slightly expanding, folded over the pillar, inner lip attached
to the pillar; umbilicus shallow, enclosed by a semicircular ridge
and ending in a small, deep perforation. Length, 2°5 mill.

Atlantic Ocean (Porcupine Exped.)

L. NATICIFORMIS, Jeffreys. Pl. 51, figs. 90, 91.

Obtusely triangular, with excentric spire, thin, semitransparent
and glossy, with a few rather strong basal strize, besides the umbili-
eal ridge, white; whorls 3, convex, rapidly increasing; umbilicus
rather large, with a small, deep perforation.

Length, 1°75, diam. 2°75 mill.

Atlantie Ocean (Porcupine Exped.)

L. oxtvaceA, Verrill. Pl. 51, fig. 92.

Thin, translucent, with 4 convex whorls, the suture scarcely im-
pressed, smooth, glossy, covered by a greenish yellow, thin, closely
adherent epidermis; imperforate. Length, 4 mill.

Off Martha’s Vineyard, Mass.

270 LACUNA.

Probably not a member of the group, ditfering in having no ex-
cavated umbilicus, and in possessing an epidermis?.

Unfigured Species of Cithna.

L. prcra, Watson. Lat. 9°, 5’, 8.; long. 34°, 40’, W.
L. INFLATA, and L. GLABELLA, Monts. Mediterranean.
L. sprrata, and L. GLoposa, Adams. Japan.

Doubtful and Unfigured Species of Lacuna.

L. DECORATA, L. LATIFASCIATA, L. LEPIDULA, L. TURRITA, and

L. inFuaTaA, A. Ad. Japan.
L. CARINIFERA, A. Ad. Borneo.
L. unIcARINATA, E. A. Smith. Japan.
L. (Ersitta) MeprrerRRANEA, Monts. ; Mediterranean.
L. succtngea, Mérch. West Coast of Central America.
L. vestira, Dunker and Metzgar. North Sea.

L. PARVULA, Velain. PI. 51, fig. 78.

Whorls angulated by spiral carine, of which there are three on
the body whorl, fading towards the aperture; umbilicus narrowly
rimate. Length, 1 mill.

Isl. St. Paul, Indian Ocean.
L. HEBERTI, Velain. PI. 51, fig. 79.
Smooth, with three convex, rapidly increasing whorls, yellowish
or brownish grey, umbilicus scarcely rimate. Length, 1°75 mill.
Isl. St. Paul, Indian Ocean.
This and the preceding species are of doubtful pertinence to the
present group.

FOSSARUS. 271
Famity FOSSA RIDA.
Genus FOSSARUS, Phil., 1841.

F. ampiauus, Linn. PI. 52, figs. 3-5.

Spirally striated, three of the striz usually more prominent so as
to cause the body whorl to appear angulated or carinated, epidermis
light yellowish brown, aperture white. Length, 5 mill.

Mediterranean, Senegal.

The synonyms include F. Adansoni, Phil., F. Lanoei, Baudon,
F. lucullana, Seacchi., F. Sicula, Aradas, F. costatus, Seacchi, F.
Kutschigi, Brusina.

F. ELEGANS, Verrill & Smith. Pl. 51, fig. 96.

Spirally carinated, the last whorl with a carina at the shoulder,
often with a smaller one just below it, a larger one again at the
periphery, and three or four smaller ones below, besides a spiral
fold round the umbilical region; there are also sometimes two or
three strong raised varices, whorls latticed between the carine,
white, umbilicus narrow, sometimes closed. Length, 5:3 mill.

Off Martha’s Vineyard, Mass. ; 100 fms.

This may prove to be a variety of F. ambiguus.

F. Orpienyt, Fischer. PI. 52, fig. 6.

Umbilicated, white, rugose, with several distant spiral riblets, the
interstices longitudinally striate ; whorls 4, convex, with excavated
suture. Length, 8, diam. 9 mill.

Ouba. Sta. Lucia, Jamaica.

Described by d’Orbigny as F. sulcatus, and changed as above on
account of F’. sulcatus, Wood.

F. Meprocris, Folin. PI. 51, fig. 97.

Minute, imperforate, spirally ribbed, the sulci between the ribs
longitudinally crenately striate; whorls 4, convex, with simple
suture, chestnut colored. Length, 2°6 mill.

Bay of Panama.

F. LAMELLOsus, Montrouz. PI. 52, fig. 7.

Imperforate, solid, with acute spire and dilated base, with sharp,
distant spiral ribs, of which there are four on the body whorl, the
two upper ones strongest, interstices longitudinally lamellarly striate.

Length, 6-8 mill.

New Caledonia.

D2 FOSSARUS.

F. pustuuus, Gould. Pl. 52, fig. 8.
Umbilicated, whitish, with minute spiral lines and three distant
spiral ribs on the body whorl. Length, 4 mill.
Fishtown, Liberia.
Described as a Trichotropis.
F. arratus, C. B. Ad. PI. 52, fig. 10.
Minutely umbilicated, blackish, sometimes with a few white spots
on the last whorl, and several revolving keels; the species variable
in form and number of keels, conic when young, subglobular when

mature. Length, 2 mill.
Panama.

Section PHastaANeMA, 8S. Wood. 1842.
F. RETICULATUS, 8. Wood. PI. 51, fig. 98.

Rather solid, semitransparent, lustreless, with numerous, sharp,
distant longitudinal riblets crossed by more numerous, close spiral
strixe, subimperforate; whorls 4, rather convex, the last inflated, light
yellowish brown. Length, 1:5 mill.

Atlantic Ocean (Porcupine Exped.)

F. interjunctus, Jeffreys, Ms., is a synonym.

F. suucatus, 8. Wood. PI. 51, figs. 94, 95, 99, 100.

Spire elevated, whorls a little shouldered, the last large, with
about six spiral riblets, the interstices clathrate, yellowish white ;
lip denticulated ; umbilicus rather widely rimate. Length, 6 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

It is F. clathratus, Phil., F’. costatus, Brocchi., F. minutus, Mich.
Two unfigured species from the Asiatic Seas, F. tornatilis, Gould,
from Hong Kong, and F. Japonicus, A. Ad., from Japan, were con-
sidered by the latter author synonymous with F. costatus. To this
Eastern synonymy must be added F. Stoliczkanus, Nevill (fig. 95.)

Unfigured and Doubtful Species.
F. Garrett, Pease (Adeorbis costata, Garrett). Sandwich Is.
F. GRANULUM, Brugnone. _. Mediterranean Sea.

Section Isarrs, H. & A. Adams, 1854.
F. FENESTRATA, Carp. PI. 52, fig. 11.

Umbilicated, spirally lirate, the lirze acute, distant, about 9 on the
body whorl, the wider interstices with closer longitudinal sculpture ;
light yellowish brown, epidermis shaggy. Length, 5-6 mill.

Vancouver's Isl. to Lower California.

FOSSARUS. 273

F. optusa, Carp. Fig. 12.
Narrower, whorls less convex, less sharply costate than EF’. fenes-
trata; whorls flattened behind, ribs swollen, uneven.
Southern California.
I suspect that this will prove to be a mere variety of the pre-
ceding species.

Unfigured Species of Isapis.

F. anomAuus, C. B. Ad. Jamaica.
F. yrratus, and F. conorprvs, A. Ad. Japan.
F. Macuosus, Carp. Mazatlan.
F. ovorpEvs, Gould. Mazatlan.

Section Cournovuyra, A. Adams. 1860.
F. instents, Nevill. Pl. 51, fig. 1; Pl. 52, fig. 18.

Widely umbilicated, whorls convex, the last subevolute, suture»
deeply channeled, surface spirally cingulated, elegantly reticulated
by longitudinal lines. Length, 7 mill.

Singapore, Ceylon, Japan.

F. reticulatus, A. Ad. (fig. {3), isa synonym; it was first described,
but the name is preoccupied by S. Wood.

Var. DELICATULA, Nevill.
Smaller, thinner, umbilicus smaller, spiral ribs one or two fewer.
Bombay.

Var. PERSOLUTA, Nevill.

Last whorl considerably less ventricose and more solute than in
the typo.

Japan.

Unfigured Species of Couthouyia.
f’. SUBRETICULATUS, Nevill. India.
F. soLutus, and F. appressus, Nevill. Persian Gulf.
F. sryLirerinvs, Nevill. Singapore, Bombay.

F. PLicIFERuS, F. srRrATULUS, and F. pEcussatus, A. Ad. Japan.
Section Conrapra, A. Ad., 1860.

Unfigured Species.
F. potraris, A. Ad., and var. Minor, Nevill.
Japan, Hong Kong, Bombay.

F. pULCHELLUs, F. TORNATUS, F. CINGULIFERUS, A. Ad. Japan.
18

274 FOSSARUS.

F. ApamsrAnvs, Nevill. ~ Persian Gulf.
F. craruratus, A. Ad. (F. Adamsianus, Fischer.) Japan.

Section Gorrorna, A. Ad., 1863.

F. cErEus, Watson. PI. 51, fig. 2.

Rather solid, translucent, with a thin, polished, yellowish epider-
mis, imperforate ; nearly smooth, with rather obsolete spiral threads,
closer on the base ; whorls 3, convex, rapidly increasing; columella
a little truncate at the base, where the aperture is slightly produced.

Length, 5 mill.

N. E. Australia; 1400 fms.

F. suLcIrerus, F. pyrauna, A. Ad. (unfigured.) Japan.

Unfigured Species of Fossarus.

The following species, said to belong to the genus, have not been
placed in either of its groups:

F. excavatus, F. anciosroma, F. MEGASOMA, F. FrovEatus, F.
ABJECTUs, C. B. Ad. Panama.
F. ANGULATUS, F. TUBEROSUS, Carpenter. Mazatlan.

F. parcrprictrus, F. purus, Carpenter.
Cape St. Lucas, L. California.

F. Tasmanicus, F. punimorpes, Tenison Woods. Tasmania.
F. renestrAtus, A. Ad. Japan.
F. Cumrinert, A. Ad. Hab. unknown.
F. TROCHLEARIS, A. Ad. Philippines.
F. prcarratus, A. Ad. = NSeparatista.
I’. mrgaBiuis, Nevill. Arakan.
F. iweerroratus, Nevill. Penang.
F. mutricosratus, Pease. Sandwich Is.

Subgenus Ravinia, Mayer, 1864.

F. naptA, Tenison Woods (unfigured.) Tasmania.

Subgenus Ipurrus, Jeffreys, 1883.

F. TUBERATUS, Jeffreys. PI. 52, fig. 14.

Imperforate, solid, opaque, dull white, with a faint tinge of yellow,
spirally ridged, the ridges tuberculate, base spirally striate, styli-
form process broken off; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last with

FOSSARUS. DID

obtusely angulated periphery; outer lip undulated by the spiral
sculpture. Length, 2 mill.
Atlantic Ocean (Porcupine Exped.)

F. TUBERCULATUS, Watson. PI. 52, fig. 15.

Solid, glossy white; whorls 73-8, flattened, slowly increasing,
with spiral, stoutly tuberculated ribs, of which there are four on
the body whorl, periphery angulated, lip varicose, continuous, in-
terior margin double. Length, 1°75 mill.

Off Culebra Isl., West Indies ; 390 fms.

The styliform apex consists of 8 whorls, the first two smooth, the
last with a half dozen spiral threads.

Genus FOSSARINA, Ad. and Angas. 1863.

F. PETTERDI, Brazier. Pl. 52, figs. 20, 21.

Narrowly umbilicated, faintly spirally striate, with hardly visible
longitudinal striz, dark purplish black, with a few irregular white
markings; whorls 3, convex, the last large and rounded, umbilical
region white; interior greenish black, showing the external white
markings. Operculum thin, many-whorled. Diam. 4:25 mill.

Hobart Town, Tasmania.

Hutton remarks that this species has the dentition and opercu-
lum of the Trochidz but not of the Littorinide, and that it may
possibly be an Adeorbis. Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W., vii, 66.

It has not the pearly nacre of Trochus.

F. Simpsoni, Tenison Woods, is a synonym.

F. piora, A. Ad. ' Pl. 52, fig. 16.

Widely umbilicated, spirally lirate, yellowish, irregularly macu-
lated with chestnut ; whorls 4, convex, periphery rounded.

Diam. 3 mill.

Japan.
F. Brazier, Angas. PI. 52, fig. 17.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, ash grey, maculated with
purplish brown, irregularly spirally ridged, two of the ridges more
prominent, like carinze, longitudinally striated ; whorls 32, with well-
impressed suture. Diam. 3°5 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.

F, runicuLata, Tenison Woods. PI. 52, figs. 18, 19.
Subumbilicated, solid, opaque, almost ear-shaped, with rounded
alternately larger and smaller spiral ribs, more minute on the base ;

276 PLANAXIS.

whitish, with dark zigzag lines and spots; whorls 33, the last much
expanded. Diam. 5 mill.

Victoria, Australia. -
F. patuta, Adams & Angas. PI. 51, fig. 2, a.

Widely umbilicated, with alternate larger and smaller tubercu-
lated spiral ribs, ribs simple on the base, umbilicus acutely carinate-
margined ; whitish, sparsely maculated with dark brown ; whorls 8,
convex ; outer lip ascending posteriorly. Length, 6 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia,

Appears to have the ornamentation, but not the form of the pre-
ceding species.

Unjigured Species.
F. varia (Adeorbis), Hutton. New Zealand.
F. Learanpt, Petterd. Tasmania.
F. vVARIEGATA, A. Ad. Eastern Seas.

Famity PLANAXIDZE.
Subfamily PLANAXIN®.

Genus PLANAXIS, Lam., 1822.
P. sutcatTus, Born. PI. 52, figs. 22-27, 31, 32.

Thick, spirally ribbed, with equal grooves, tessellated with white
and chocolate color, sometimes becoming irregular longitudinal stri-
gations, interior chocolate, ridges and columella white.

Length, 1 in.

Sandwich Is., Australia, Philippines, Mauritius, South Africa.

It is P. buccinoides, Desh., P. Menkeanus, Dunker, P. pyramidalis,
Gmel., P. undulatus, Lam., and probably P. obseurus, A. Ad. (fig.
31.)

I think that P. brevis, Quoy. (fig. 32), is the young of this species ;
it is sparsely dotted with white.

PLANAXIS. PAT

Var. BREVICULUS, Desh. Fig. 24.
Shell shorter, more ventricose, grooves and ribs less strong.
Persian Gulf, Moluccas, New Guinea.
Nevill has described a var. tessellata.

Var. Savienyt, Desh. Figs. 25-27.

Flat-ribbed, with narrower grooves, sometimes nearly obsolete,
greyish brown, tessellated and undulated with chestnut, often with a
lighter band at the periphery and another at the suture.

Red Sea, Persian Gulf.

P. grisea, Brocchi., P. encaustica, E. A. Smith (fig. 27), and var.
subnigra, Nevill, are synonyms.

P. crassisprra, E. A. Smith. Pl. 52, fig. 28.
Distantly spirally grooved, grey, spotted and shortly strigate
with chocolate. Length, 20 mill.
Hab. unknown.
Probably a very narrow form of P. sulcatus.

P. PLANICOsTATUS, Sowb. PI. 52, fig. 30.
Dark chocolate color, with subequal alternate spiral ribs and
grooves, lighter colored within. Length, 1 in.
San Blas, Panama, Galapagos Is
It is Buce. planaxis, Wood, P. canaliculatus, Duval, P. cireinata,
Lesson.

P. sUTURALIs, Smith. PI. 52, fig. 33.

Yellowish white, spirally deeply grooved, with intermediate flat
ribs. Length, 6 mill.

Chinese Seas.
P. nucteus, Lam. PI. 52, fig. 36.

Chocolate color, epidermis shortly velvety, flat ribbed and spirally
grooved, but the sculpture obsolete except close to the aperture at
the suture and on the base, the outer lip being fimbriated by it, in-
terior chocolate. Length, 15-18 mill.

West Indies.

P. semisulcatus, Sowb., is'a synonym.

P. ABBREVIATUS, Pease. PI. 52, fig. 40.

Shorter than the next species, and without the expanded lip of
P. nucleus, blackish chocolate, with closely-engraved stri:e, obsolete
except at the base. Length, 7°5 mill.

Tahiti.

278 PLANAXIS.

P. nIGRA, Quoy. PI. 52, figs. 37, 39, 41-47.

Epidermis chocolate or olivaceous chocolate, smooth, a few close,
narrow, engraved lines at the base, and occasionally vestiges of
others on the spire and at the suture, interior polished chocolate.

Length, 13-15 mill.

New Ireland, Viti and Sandwich Is., South Africa.

P. Hanleyi, Smith (fig. 39), P. similis, Smith (fig. 44), and P.
acutus, Krauss (fig. 42), are synonyms. P. Albersi, Dunker (fig.
46), from Guinea, West Africa, may be identical, or it may be the
young of P. nucleus; and probably P. atropurpwreus, Recluz (fig.
45), from the “South Seas,” may be added.

Var. NIGRITELLA, Forbes. PI. 52, figs. 47, 43.

Dark chestnut or chocolate color, polished, under a thin epider-
mis, closely, narrowly spirally engraved, usually obsolete on the
middle of the body whorl. Length, 12-15 mill.

It is somewhat difficult to distinguish this variety from the type,
except by its distribution; it is usually lighter colored and occurs
at Mazatlan, West Coast of Mexico.

P. acutus and P. obsoletus, Menke, are synonyms, and very prob-
ably P. castaneus, Smith (fig. 48), is to be added; it is described
without locality.

P. LINEATUS, Da Costa. PI. 53, figs. 49-57, 59, 63-66 ; Pl. 52, figs.

38-48.

Small, nearly smooth, polished beneath the epidermis, light yel-
lowish varying to orange brown and chestnut color, spirally lineated
with chestnut and chocolate. Length, 6-12 mill.

West Indies, Madeira, Paumotus, Tahiti, Solomon’s Is., ete.

The lineations are usually regular throughout, but sometimes few
and distant, at others the upper or lower part of the body whorl is
devoid of them. First described in error as British.

The synonyms are Buce. zebra, Megerle, B. strigosum, Gmel.,
P. pedicularis, Lam., Buce. pygmeum, Brug., P. succinctus, A. Ad.
(fig. 65), P. eboreus, Smith (fig. 64.) There can be no doubt of the
specific identity of the Polynesian representatives which have re-
ceived the names of P. lineolatus, Gould (fig. 57), and its var. pro-
ductus, Nevill, P. fasciatus, Pease (fig. 66), P. atra, Pease (fig. 38),
named from specimens so dark in color that the banding is scarcely
visible except by transmitted light, P: cingulatus, A. Ad. (fig. 48),
P. variabilis, . A. Smith (figs. 50, 51), P. ineptus, Gould (fig. 52),

PLANAXIS. 279

and its variety persulcata, Nevill, P. virgatus, Smith (fig. 49), P.
zonatus, A. Ad. (fig. 53), P. longispira, Smith (fig. 55), P. strigatus,
Hanley (fig. 59), and P. Hermannseni, Dunker (fig. 54.)

Var. LABIosus, A. Adams. Fig. 41-56.

Shell larger and stouter, frequently covered by a_ persistent
shortly pilose epidermis, upon which the darker bands of the shell
are somewhat elevated.

Polynesia.

P. striatula,:Phil. (fig. 56), P. vestitus, Dkr., P. plumbeus, Pease
P. pediculus, Krauss, P. Bronni, Dunker are synonyms.

This catalogue of synonyms may appear to some to be a ruthless
slaughter of species. I can only say that the admirable collection
before me fully justifies me.

P. puncrostriatus, E. A. Smith. PI. 53, figs. 60, 61.

Whorls convex, with very minute punctured spiral striz, pale
fulvous, ornamented with spiral rows of small square chestnut
spots; margin of outer lip spotted. Length, 6°5 mill.

Hab. unknown.
P. TeNuIS, E. A. Smith. Pl. 53, fig. 58.

Thin, elongated, polished, semipellucid, white, with a few distant,
spiral, red lines, lightly spirally grooved, body whorl strongly
grooved and ventricose below; outer lip thin. Length, 5°5 mill.

Hab unknown.

Very probably a variation of P. lineata, DaCosta.

Section Hinea, Gray, 1847.
P. Mois, Sowb. PI. 52, figs. 34, 35, 29.

Whitish under a yellowish brown, minutely pilose epidermis,
sometimes with a darker peripheral band, smooth, with several en-
graved lines near the base, aperture yellowish white.

Length, 20-25 mill.
Easter Island, Australia, Nicobar Is.

First described by Lamarek under the name of P. Brasiliensis,
a misnomer. Other synonyms are P. pigra, Forbes, Buce. leviga-
tum, Wood, P. fulvu, A. Ad. I think that P. Nicobaricus, Zelebor
(fig. 29), will prove to be at most a slight variety.

Subgenus QuADRASIA, Crosse, 1886.

P. Hipaeor, Crosse. PI. 53, figs. 67, 68.

Imperforate, solid, dull, orange brown, minutely spirally striulate,
suture margined, outer lip simple, not dentate within.

Length, 13 mill.
(Fluviatile) Philippines.

280 PLANAXIS.

This appears to be an undoubted inhabitant of fresh water, and
as such is an interesting novelty; but are not its affinities with
Melanopsis rather than with Planaxis?

Subgenus Quoy1A, Desh., 1830.

P. DECOLLATUS, Quoy. PI. 53, figs. 71, 70.

Strongly spirally grooved, grooves stronger on the base; colum-
ellar lip excised above; epidermis olivaceous, with dull chestnut
obliquely longitudinal strigations ; apex decollated.

Length, 28 mill.

Philippines, Ascension Isl., New Guinea.

It is Monoptygma melanoides, Lea, and P. Michaui, Crosse and
Fischer (fig. 70.) The latter is founded on a younger specimen, in
which a chestnut peripheral band appears, and the interior of the
outer lip is not ridged; both these characters merge into the normal
type of the species with increasing age.

Subgenus Honicosroma, H. & A. Ad., 1853.
P. prnigERus, Phil. Pl. 53, figs. 62, 69.

Smooth, under a bristly epidermis, yellowish brown, with two

chestnut bands, outer lip dentate within. Length, 8 mill.
Mauritius.

The first figure is from an adult denuded of epidermal hairs, the
second represents H. setigerum, A. Ad. (fig. 69), which is said by
Mr. . A. Smith, of the British Museum, to be identical; if so, it
must be a much-magnified figure of a young shell which has not
yet acquired the teeth to the outer lip.

Unfigured Species of Planaxis.

P. rnctsus and P. rznratus, Phil. Hab. unknown.
P. nucLEoLA, Morch. West Indies.
P. BpuccinEA, A. Ad. West Indies.
P. Goutpt, Smith (P. cingulatus, Gld., not Ads.) Japan.
P. AREOLATUS, Lesson. Tahiti.
P. semILavis, Martens. Socotra.
P. rpeNtINus, Menke. Peru.

Subfamily Lirropr a.
Genus LITIOPA, Rang., 1829.
L. MELANosTOMA, Rang. PI. 53, figs. 72-75, 78.
Whorls about 9, slightly convex, towards the apex microscopi-
cally longitudinally costulate, other whorls very finely spirally stri-

LITIOPA. 281

ate ; light yellowish brown, outer lip often bordered internally with
black. Length, 6 mill.

Pelagic, universally distributed in warm seas, on floating seaweed.

The synonymy includes ZL. striata, Pfr., Buccinum litiopa, Mrs.
Gray, L. bombyx, Rang. (fig. 74), L. maculata, d’Orb., L. divisa,
Carp., L. nitidula, Pfr. (fig. 73), DL. decussata, Gould (fig. 78), and
L. Grateloupiana, Drouet. (fig. 75.)

L. Savienyl, Issel. Pl. 53, fig. 76.

Smooth, translucent, whitish or yellowish, with numerous small
opaque white spots; whorls 7, suture impressly margined ; colum-
ella subtruneate. Length, 3 mill.

Suez.

The figure has the aperture of a Diala, but Issel describes the
columella as above.

L. JEFFREYSIANA, Issel. Pl. 53, fig. 77.

Whitish, subpellucid, shining, smooth; whorls 9-10, the last
subangulate above and below; columella straight, subtruncate at
the base. Length, 2 mill.

Red Sea.

Possibly synonymous with L. melanostoma.

L. BELANGERI, Eyd. et Soul.’ Pl. 53, fig. 79.

Longitudinally costate towards the apex, very finely spirally

striate elsewhere, reddish brown, with darker spiral bands; colum-

ella not truncate below. Length, 6 mill. ’
China Sea.

Unfigured Species.

L. venrrosa, A. Ad., and var. minor, Nevill. Indian Ocean.
L. EFFuUSA, and L. opgEsa, C. B. Ad. Jamaica.
L. VENTROSA and L. CARINATA, Pfr. Cuba,

Subgenus AuaBa, A. Ad., 1862.
All the species of the typical group (most of them by Arthur
Adams), remain unfigured, and I have no reliably determined
specimens from which to represent the types.

Unfigured and Undetermined Species.
L. TERVARICOSA, L. MELANURA, C. B. Ad. Jamaica.
Cingula preusta, Recluz is said to be a synonym of the last-
named species.

282 LITIOPA.

L. SUPRALIRATA, L. VIOLACEA, L. TEREBRALIS, L. ALABASTRITES,
L. contca, L. scALATA, L. MuTANS, Carp. Mazatlan.
L. prora, L. peucosticra, L. coRNEA, L. ZEBRINA, L. IMBRICATA,
L. FELINA, L. LuctpA, L. INFLATA, and L. suBANGULATA, A.

Ad. Japan.
L. vIBEX, L. puLcHRA, L. PAGoDULA, A. Ad. Australia.
L. BLAnForpt, A. Ad. Siam.
L. puncrosrriata, Gould. Io Choo Is.
L. SENEGALENSIS, Maltzan. Senegal.
L. RECTANGULA, Craven. Ceylon.
L. Woop—Masontrana, Nevill. Andaman Is.
L. Doria, Issel. Suez.
L. St. Clara, Tenison Woods. Tasmania.

Subgenus Diana, A. Ad., 1862.

L. semistriaTa, Phil. PI. 53, fig. 81.

Thin, reddish brown, variegated with a lighter shade; whorls
7, flattened, the last with subangulated periphery, spirally ribbed
and suleate below it. Length, 4°5 mill.

Mauritius, Japan, Hong Kong, Bombay, Suez, ete.

It is L. macula (Reeluz), Nevill, and L. varia, A. Ad.

L. incerTA, d’Orbigny. Pl. 70, fig. 64a.

This species, which I placed among the unfigured EKulimide in
vol. viii, 278, was figured in the Moll. Cuba. I now add illustra-
tion and description.

Shell smooth, polished, whitish, with spiral white maculations ;
whorls 8, the last a little angulated, striated below.

Length, 5 mill.

Cuba.
L. Marrenst, Issel. Pl. 53, fig. 82.

Shining, closely spirally striated; whorls 73, subplanulate, with
deep suture, last whorl with obtusely angulated periphery, and spi-
rally suleate below it. Length, 2°25 mill.

Red Sea (subfossil.)
L. rauta, A. Ad. PI. 53, fig. 88.

Whitish, with spiral interrupted brown lines; whorls 7, flat-
tened, spirally suleate, periphery subangulate, sulci stronger on the
base. Length, 6-7 mill.

Port Adelaide, South Australia.

L. punctata, Tenison Woods, is a synonym.

LITIOPA. 283

L. PHASIANELLA, Angas. PI. 53, fig. 84.

Thin, semipellucid, smooth, whitish, encircled by several thread-
like, more or less interrupted chestnut lines, with a band of alter-
nate white and chestnut spots above the suture, and a few short
longitudinal flames beneath them. Length, 6 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.

The original description gives the whorls as nearly flat, but in
the figure they are moderately rounded.

L. auBuGo, Watson. PI. 53, fig: 88.

Spirally striated, fulvous, spotted with white in spiral lines, and
irregular broad longitudinal strigations, and forming irregular
white bands at the top of the whorls and angulated periphery ;

whorls 6, flattened. Length, 3°3 mill.
Wednesday Isl., N. E. Australia.

L. suTuRALIs, A. Ad. PI. 53, fig. 85.

Subumbilicated, white, shining, subdiaphanous; whorls 7, flat-
tened, with channeled suture, spirally suleate, last whorl subsolute,
with subangulated periphery, and narrow bands articulated with
white; columellar lip obsoletely plicate. Length, 9 mill.

Philippines.
L. Lerrut, E. A. Smith. Pl. 58, fig. 86.

Imperforate, thin, yellowish, with narrow chestnut bands, two in
the last whorl; whorls 9, convex, spirally striate, the last whorl ob-
tusely angulated. Length, 7-5 mill.

California.

In error the figure accompanying the original description is la-
belled Carinifex Ponsonbyi.

L. MARMOREA, Carp. PI. 53, fig. 87.

Solid, glossy, whitish, with faint chestnut longitudinal strigations ;

whorls flattened, periphery faintly angulated. Length, 5 mill.
Monterey, Cal.
L. LiMn 41FORMIS, Watson. PI. 53, fig. 89.

Scarcely rimate, thin, smooth, whitish horny ; whorls 33, rapidly

increasing, suture deep; columella subtruncate. Length, 2°25 mill.

Prince Edward’s Isl.

Unfigured and Undetermined Species of Diala.

L. Monte, A. Ad. (ZL. tessellata, Tenison Woods, a syn.)
Australia.

L. rumipa, Tenison Woods. Tasmania.

284 LITIOPA.

L. acura, and L. ELEcTrriNA, Carp. California, Lower California.
L. pAuPERCULA, C. B. Ad. (L. mammillata, Carp.)
Panama, Mazatlan.

L. succincra, A. Ad. Suez.
L. suLCIFERA, A. Ad. Japan.
L. RUFILABRIS, A. Ad. (Is a Hydrobia.) Australia.
L. renuts and L. stmpuLex, E. A. Smith. Japan.

Subgenus SryLtFeRINA, A. Ad., 1860.

See Monograph of Eulimide, Manual, vii, 286.

The following additional species are published in the Report of
the Challenger Expedition, in which work the group is referred to
Litiopidee.

L. striata, Watson. PI. 53, fig. 80.

Spirally striated and longitudinally ribbed, the intersections
nodulous, style short, cylindrical, whorls convex, suture impressed ;
whorls 5, besides 3 smooth whorls of the style; columella a little

truncate below. Length, 2°5 mill.
Tahiti.
L. rutva, Watson. PI. 53, fig. 90.

Fulvous, narrowly, distantly longitudinally ribbed, more closely
spirally striate; apical whorls 2, smooth, the others 10, convex,
periphery slightly angulate ; columella obliquely, slightly truncate.

Length, 3°3 mill.

Cape York, N. E. Australia.
L. sutcata, Watson. PI. 53, fig. 91.

White, spirally striated, the strize obsolete on the middle of the
body whorl; apex scarcely styliform, normal whorls 5, convex.
Length, 1°75 mill.
Cape York, N. E. Australia.
The appearance of a canal in the figure is caused by a portion of
the base of the aperture being broken off. Watson remarks that it
may be the young shell of some other genus.

L. contocuEILa, A. Ad. PI. 58, fig. 92.

Thin, vitreous, pellucid, with a single spiral series of milk-white
maculations on the middle; whorls 9, somewhat convex, suture
margined. Length, 5 mill.

Japan.

This was included among the unfigured species of Eulimide, in
Manual, viii, 286. I am now able to add a figure from the Chal-
lenger Report.

L. veprpa, A. Ad. (unfigured.) Japan.

GIRAUDIDA—REYMONDIA. 285

Famity GIRAUDID.
Genus GIRAUDIA, Bourg., 1885.

G. PRECLARA, G. GRANDIDIERIANA, Bourg. (unfigured.)
Lake Tanganyika.

Genus REYMONDIA, Bourg., 1885.

R. Horer, Smith. PI. 70, fig. 64b.

Smooth, chestnut colored, with a white line beneath the suture ;
whorls 62, scarcely convex, suture simple, last whorl rising some-
what upon the preceding near the aperture, then suddenly descend-
ing, furnished with a slight basal thickening ; lip a little thickened,
especially towards the suture, somewhat patulous near the base.

Length, 14 mill.

Lake Tanganyika.

Described as a doubtful Melanian. From the figure, it appears
to me to be not very distantly related to Melanopsis.

R. Grraupt, Bourg. (unfigured.) Lake Tanganyika,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.,

LITTORINIDA.
PAGE.

Abbreviata (Planaxis), Pse. Zool. Proe., 1865, p. 515, . OE
Aberrans (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proc., p. 142, 1845, . . 245
Abjectus (Fossarus), C. B. Ad. Cat. Panama, ‘ . 274
Acuminata (Littorina); Gld. Bost. Proc., iii, p. 83, 1849, . 252
Acuta (Diala), Cpr. Calif. Proc., iii, p. 218, 1868, . : . 284
Acuta (Littorina), Menke. Moll. Noy. Hollan., p- 9, 1848.

— L. Mauritiana, Lam. : ; : ; ‘ , DAT
Acutus (Planaxis), Krauss. Sudafrik Moll, p. 103, t. 6, f. 2,

1848.) =P. mera, Quoy. -. . 278
Acutus (Planaxis), Menke (not Krauss.) Zeitsch. fiir Malak.,

p- 169, 1850. —= P. nigritellus, Forbes, . 278
Adamsi (Cithna), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., p. 111, t. 20 Ve 10,

1883, : 4 . 268
Adamsi (Littorina), ‘Rye. Conch. Icon., f. 85, a, <Ds “185 Dis” Ane aoo
Adamsiana (Conradia), Nevill. Hand List, p- 169, 1885, .. 274
Adamsianus (Fossarus), Fisch. Jour. Conch., 259, 1864.

= F. clathratus, A. Ad. : : ; g 3 ; Bt
Adansoni (Fossarus), Phil. Arch. fiir Naturg., i, p. 47, 1841.

= F. ambiguus, Linn. . ‘ : : ; : : Bip!
JEstuarii (Littorina obtusata, var.), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., v

p: 205, t. 101, f. 3, : A : : ‘ ; i . 253
Affinis (Littorina), d’Orb. Moll. Canaries, p. 79, t. 6, f 11, 12.

== Wy. striata, ine. >. : ; : : : s . 247
Africana (Littorina), Krauss. Sudafrik. Moll. p. 102, . . 248
Africana (Littorina), Rve. (not Phil.). Conch. Iecon., f. 37.

=L. Mauritiana, Lam. ; : : . 247
Ahenea (Littorina), Rve. (in part.) Conch. Ieon., +e 13, ae:

1857. = L. lineata, Gmel. . f . 243
Ahenea (Littorina), Rve. (in part.) Conch. Tcon., f, 15a.

== i scabra, lan: +". . 243
Alaba, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. ING Hist., ve 293, 1862 ; _ 238, 281
Alabastrites (Alaba), Carp. Mazatlan Shells, p- 368, : 282
Albella aes Lovén. Index Moll. Scand., p. 23.

== |. divaricata, Fab. : : ; : ae he . 266
Albersi oe 8), Dkr. Nov. Conch. EHUD li, t. 2,.f. 35-37,

1855. - P. nigra, Quoy. . . 278
Albescens anaes pallidula, var. ), Thor pe. Brit. Mar. Conch.,

1844, . . 265
Albicans (Littorina), Metcalfe. Zool. Proc. oa 73, 18: 51, . 253

(286)

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 287

PAGE
Albida (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., iii, p. 57, t. 7, f. 9, 1848.

== L. conspersa, Phil. . ; . 249
Albugo (Alaba), Watson. Challenger Exped. XV, up 568, ti.

43, f. 3, 1886, : : . 283
Aleutica (Littorina), Dall. alike Pea , lv, P O71, 1872, t. i

foo. == Li Sitchana; Phil. var. ©. . 241
eon (Fossarus), Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed., Xu, p. 1 251, . 271
Ambigua (Littorina), Nutt. Mss. in Phil. ” Abbild., p. 56, t

ee 6. = L. pintado, Wood, 1846, . 250
Meni (Littorina), Rve. (not Nutt.). Conch. Tcon., f. 64,

ieor... =k. peta, Phill var: , ; . : : . 248
Angiostoma (Fossarus), C. B. Ad. Ann. Lyceum, p. 394, — . 274
Angulata (Margarita), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 190, 1851.

— Risella tantilla, Gould. . ‘ . 263
Mrritate (Monodonta), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proc., 1845.

— M. unidens, Lister. . : : ; : ‘ 3 . 261
Angulatus (Fossarus), Carp. Mazatlan Shells, p. 354, . . 274
Angulifera (Littorina), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, p. 54.

= |. scabra, Linn. . . 245
Angustior (Littorina), Morch. Mal. ‘Blatt., p. 139, 1876.

— Ii. ziczac, Chemn. Revi)
Anomalus (Fossarus), C. B. Ad. Contrib., p- 109, . - ote

Antarctica (Lacuna), Martens. Sitz—Bericht. Berlin, p. 92

ua,

1885, . : : : : : AON
Antipodum (Littorina), Phil. " Abbild., t. 4, £2, 1847.
= L. Mauritiana, Lam. : : F : : F D247

ators (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., ii, t. 2, f. 18.

= L. dilatata, d’Orb. ; L : ‘ : S . 258
Apicina (Littorina), Menke. Zeitsch. fir Malak., p. 164, 1850, 255
Appressus (Fossarus), Nevill. Hand List, p. 167, 1884, . ae
Aquilonaria, Dall. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 204, 1886,. 230, 255
Araueana (Littorina), d’Orb. Voy. Amer. Mérid., p. 393, t

53, f. 8-10. = L. Paytensis, Phil. . F 250
Arboricola (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 27, a, _b.

= L. seabra, Linn. var. 2 . 244
Arctica (Lacuna), Phil. Conch. Cab. aD: jae t. 6, f. 5, 1853.

—= L. divaricata, Fabr. : ; . 266
Arctica (Littorina), M6ll. Fauna Grénlandica, p- 9,

= L.. littoralis, Linn. . : . 242
Ardouinianum ( ‘Leptopoma), “Heude. Hist. Nat. Empire

Chin., ii, t. 25; Crosse, Jour. de Conch., 55, 1885.

== Eattoriaa. : : 3 3 : ; . 28
Arenica (Littorina), Nutt. Dkr. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., p. 166,

1845. = L. striata, King. . } 5 : ; : . 247
Areolatus (Planaxis), Lesson. Revue Zoologique, 187, 1842, . 280
Armata (Littorina), Issel. Mar Rosso., p.192,t.11,f.7, . 257

Articulata (Littorina intermedia, var.), Phil. Zool. Proe., p.
141, 1845, . x ‘ : : : . ; . 244

288 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Articulata (Littorina melanostoma, var.), Nevill. Hand List,
p- 151, 1884, ;
Articulata (Littorina scabra, ‘var.), Menke (in leter), “Phil.

Abbild., t. 5, f. 4, 1847, . 248
Aspera (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proc. mle "139, 1845, : . 249
Atra (Planaxis), Pse. Amer. Jour. Conch., vps 72, Behe A,

1869. =P. lineatus, DaCosta. . : . 28
Atratus (Fossarus), Ad. Panama Shells, 271, 1852, . 272
Atresius, Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, 268, 1869, : . Zar
Atropurpureus (Planaxis), Recluz. Rev. Zool. Cuv., p. 261,

843, . ‘ ; : : 278
Aurantiaca (Lacuna unifasciata, var. yy! Carp. Zool. Proc., 1856,

p. 205; 2d Report, 656, : ; 4 , . 267
Aurata (Risella), Quoy. Voy. Astr., lit, po 200, t. 62; BAS

16. == R. melanostoma, Gmel. . 262
Aurea (Littorina), Bonnet. Guerin’s Rey. & Mag., Xv, p:

281, t. 22, f. 4, 1864. ?— L. lineata, Gmel. , 5 . 248
Auricularis (Lacuna), Mtg. Test. Brit., 508, 1806.

— L. puteolus, Turton. 265
Australis (Littorina), Gray. Beechey’s Voy., p- 141, 1839.

— Risella nana, Lam. . . 262
Azonus (Megalomphalus), Brus. Conch. Dalm., p- 29, 1865, . 268
Badia (Raulinia), Tenison-Woods. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., ii, p.

264, 1878, . . 274
Balteata (Littorina), Rve. Conch, Icon., if i a, b, 1857.

= L. brevicula, Phil. var. . . 24)
Basterotil (Littorina), Payr.. Moll. “Corse, p- 115, t. 5, if 19,

20, 1826. = L. neritoides, Linn. : : . 252
Beanii (Littorina), Macgilliv. Aberdeen. S., 179.

— L. obtusata, Linn. var. : ; . 253
Beccarii (Littorina), Tapp. Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa,

vil, p. 1031, 1875, . 250
Bellangeri (Litiopa), Eyd. & Soul. "Voy. Bonite, p: 586, 1852, 281
Bembicium, Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., 1846.

== — Risella, Gray. . 232
Bich arinata (Littorina), Gray, Wood. Supp., t. 6, a 47.

— L. varia, Sowb. . 246
Bicarin: itus (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. +P. 187, te 20, i 1,

12, 1853. = Separatista. . 274
Bicolor (ittotinay, Lam. Anim. sans Vert., Vil, p. ou

= L. pagoda, Linn. . 256 -

Bieciata (Phasi anella), Brown. lust. Brit. Shells, t “46, f.

PYGE.

. 245

44,45. == Lacuna quadrifasciata, Mont. . . 266
Blanfordi (Alaba), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. X, p. 296, 1862, . 282
Blanfordi (Littorina), Dkr. Mal. Blitt., xviii, p- 150, 1871, . 255
Bombix (Litiopa), Gray. Syst. pee p. 70.

— L. melanostoma, Rang... . 280

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Bombix (Litiopa), Rang. Ann. Sci. Nat., p. 305, 1829, .

Bombyxinus, Belanger. Lesson, [lust.de Zool. Append., 1834.
== Litiopa, Rang.

Borealis (Lacuna), Phil. “@onch: Cab., p. 39, t. 6, f. Z, 1853.
= L. divaricata, Fabr.

eer Lacuna Rochbr. Bull. Soc. Philom., 30,1881, ‘
5 foo) , >

Brachytrema, Morris & Lycett. : : : : ; 5
Brazieri (F ossarina), Angas. Zool. Proc., p. 18, t. 1, f. 24,
1871, : é ‘ : : : :
Brazilianum (Buccinum), Pam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 272,
1822. = Planaxis mollis, Sowb.
Brevicula (Littorina), Phil. | Zeitsch. fiir Malac., p- 166, 1844.
== L. Sitchana, Phil. var. .
Breviculus (Planaxis), Desh. Mag. Zool., t. 108, 1844.
= P. sulcatus, Born. . ‘
Brevis (Planaxis), Quoy. Voy. Astr., ii, p- 488, a Dd, f, 30-
32,1832. ?— P. sulcatus, Born. Juv. :
Bronni (Planaxis), Dkr. Mal. Blatt., viii, p. Al, 1362.
= P. labiosus, A. Ad. . : :
Bruni (Rissella), Crosse. Journ. de Conch., p. 239, t. ioe yeaa
1864. — R. melanostoma, Gmel.
Buccinoides (Planaxis), Desh. Anim. sans Vert. Ed. roee. Le p.
231. == Pi sulcatus, Born.’ . f
Buccinea (Planaxis), A. Ad. Zool. ‘Proc., p- 272 , 1851,
Bulimoides (Fossarus), Tenison Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,
p. 148, 1876, ‘ . , ; ;
Bullata (Littorina), Martyn, Univ. Conch., p. 38,

Ceerulescens (Turbo), Lum. Anim. sans Vert. Desh. Edit., ix,
p- 217. = Littorina neritoides, Linn.

Caledonicus ( (Fossarus), Crosse. Journ. de Conch., p. 206,
1874, xxiii, p. 139, t. 6, f. 6, 1875,

Caliginosa (Littorina), Gld. Bost. Proc., ill, p. 83, 1849, '

Canaliculata (Planaxis), Duval. Rev. Zool. Cuv., p- 107;
1840. = P. planicostatus, Sowb.

Canaliculatus (Cremnoconchus conicus, var.), Blanford. Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix, p. 10, t. 3, f 4, 1870, .

Canaliculatus (Modulus), Beck, Mss. Moreh, Mal. Blatt.,
Xxill, p. 131, 1876,

Canalis (Lacuna), Mont. Test. Bab mie 309, i 12: ie ia.
= L. divaricata, Fabr. ; ‘

Canariensis (L ittorina), @’Orb. Moll. Canaries, p. 78, t. Gf
8-10. = L. striata, King.

Gee didus (Modulus); Petit. Journ. de Conch. p. 132, t. 6, f.

11, 1853. = M. tectum, Chemn.
Carchedonicus (Monodonta), Lam. Anim. sans Vore Sit, p.
33, 1822. = Modulus unidens, Lister.

19

290 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Carinata (Cithna), Jeffreys. Zool. rae Bell ey 20 Aree:
1883;, \- . 269
Carinata (Lacuna), Gould. Bost. Proc., ill, p. 79, 1848.
— L. divarieata, Fabr. ; . 266

Carinata (Litiopa), Pfr. Archiv. fiir Nature., i, pe 250, 1840, 281
Carinata (Littorina), ’Orb. Moll. Cuba, p. 909, t. 15, f. 1-4,

1853. . = LL. -zrezac, Chemn. ’ y ; E 2am
Carinatus (Anculotus), Layard. Zool. Proc., p. 94, 1854.

Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xxxix, t.3,f.5, . 256
Carinifera (Lacuna), A. Ad. Zool. Prece., p- 225, 18 51, : 270
Carinifera (Littorina), Menke. Synopsis, 2d Edit., p- 51.

= L. seabra, Linn. var. 5 : : : : . 244
Castanea (Littorina), Ad. & Rve. Voy. Samarang., p. 49, t.

Td, £-8; 18485. == Sitchana. Phil} var* : ae
Castanea (Littorina), Desh. ain sans Vert., 1x, P. 206.

= L. obligata, Say. - . ; peo
Castanea (Planaxis), Smith. Heat race Al, 1872.

7 = Prnigra Quoy; var: : ; : ° Rae Ke,
Catenulanies (Modulus), Phil., 1847. Kust. Conch., pL eae

TS i at - M. unidens, Lister, J : : Bays ait!

Cecillei (Littorin: 1), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak. jsp. 18, 1851 eeeae
Cereus (Fossarus), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., xv, p. 97,

ASST" ! : : : k ; Ree
Cerodes (Modulus) Ne A Aah Zool. Proce., p. 204, 1850, . . 261
Cicatricosa (Rissella), Jonas. Phil. Abbild., i, Trochus., t. 2,

f.2. = R. melanostoma, Gmel. . : f en
Cidaris ( (Modulus) ). Rve. Elements of Conch: ie 13, f 63,,1649%

= M. tectum, Gmel. . p y : y ; : BOO

Cincta (Cithna), Jeftreys. Zool. Proc., p. 111, t. 20, f. 8, 1885, 269
Cincta (Littorina), Gld. Bost. Proe., as 1847.

= 1 Sitchana, Phil. var... , . ad
Cincta (Littorina), Quoy. Voy. Wet, i, p. 481, t. 33, e yA

PA AGS 2 uot ate Maingate, Wana? x2 : , os
Cinerea (Littorma), Pse. daner: Journ. Conch., ¥; p. f8)18;

f 14- 1869.. 7) == ae millegrana, Phil. var... : ’ 1 260
Cingulata (Cithna), Verrill. Trans. Conn, Acad., vi, p. 182, t.

32, f. 7, 1884, , ; ; F : ; d d . 269
Cingulata (Littorina), Pfr. C. B. Ad. Cat., p. 19.

= L. floecosa, Beck. . f 5 P : : § 25
Cingulata (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proce., p. 142, 1845.

= L. scabra, Linn. var. ? " : : ‘ : . 244
Cingulatus (Planaxis), A. Ad. Thes. Conch., p. 175, f. 39, . 278
Cingulatus (Planaxis), Gld. (not Adams.) Bost. Proe., vil, p.

30D, L861; == P. Gouldi, E: Ac Smith: : , : . 280
Cingulifera (Littorina), Dkr. Zeitsch. ftir Malak., D- 166,

1845, ‘ ‘ 3 5 : s 1250

Cinguliferus (ossanus). . Ad. Ann. & Mag., v, P 410,
1860, : ; ; : z ; j : : . ate

~

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

291

PAGE.
Circinata (Planaxis), Lesson. Rev. Zool. Cuv., p. 187, 1842.

== P. planicostatus, Sowb. . : . meh
Cithna, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 113, 1863, : : . 234, 268
Clathratus (Fossarus), A. Ad. (not Phil.). Ann. &. Mag., v,

p. 410, 1860, 4 : } ; , ; : . 274
Clathratus (Fossar us), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 148, t.

25, f.5. = F. costatus, Broce. . : 3 5 k . 22
Clathrella, Recluz. Journ. de Conch., p. 251, 1864.

== = Phasianema, S. Wood. : i ; «6 LOO
Clausa (Lacuna puteolus, var.), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., iii,

349, ; 265
Coccineus (Limax), Marty n. Univ. Conch., t. 68.

— Littorina obesa, Sowb. . . ; ‘ AL
muhercitens (Littorina), @Orb. Moll. Cuba, ts 13, fe tae

1840, - . EAD
Columna (Littorina), Jonas (in letter), Phil. " Abbild., ip:

(te Geb OLAS - . 251
Compacta (Lacuna), Carp. Ann. & Mag., xiv, p- 428, 1864.

= L. divaricata, Fabr. , : ; : ; 266
Concolor (Littorina seabra, var.), Weink. Conch. Cab. 1p. one,

4, f. 8-11, 1882, 243
Conica (Alaba), Carp. Mazatlan Shells, p. 368, 282
Conica (Lacuna eee var.), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., i,

349,.. . : : ; : 265
Conica (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proc., p. 141, 1845.

= L. undulata, Gray. : : . : . 244
Conicus (Cremnoconchus), Bl anford. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Ben-

gal ‘xxxix, p. L0;.t.9,-f..3,/1870,.. : ; suicier: . 256
Conoidalis (Risella), Pease: Amer. Journ. Conch., ili, 287,

1867 : : , : ; . 263
Conoideus (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 111, 1863, . 293
Conradia, A.Ad. Ann. & Mag., v, p. 409, 1860, . . Bao Zils
Conspersa (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., t. 4, f. 14, 1847.

= L. aspera, Phil. var. . 249
Convexior (Modulus), gee Mss. March, Mal. Blatt., xxiii,

p. 129, 1876, : 262
Cornea (Diala), A. Ad. Ann. X Mag., vill, p- 243, 1861 ce

Boo Loon. = Alsbiay, y,! ; : - ; ; 282
Cornea (Phasianella), Brown. Conch. Gt. Brit.

= Lacuna divariecata, Turt. : : : : 266
Coronaria (Littorina), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vil, p. 33, 257
Coronatus ‘Tectarius), Valence. in Humboldt. Ree. d’Observ.

de Zool., p. 271. == Littorina bullata, Mart. 257
Costata (Adeorbis), Garr. Calif. Proc., p. 105.

= Fossar Garrettii, Pse. : s d : : 5 ein
Costatus (Fossarus), Broce. Conch. Foss. Subapp., p. 300, t. 1,

ea 1 RR ; : : : ; E ; : . 202

292 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Costatus (Fossarus), Seace. Osserv. Zool., p. 24.

— F. ambiguus, Linn. ; 3 he
Costulata (Cithna ‘tenella, var.), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., p. 110,

1883, : . 268
C ostulata (Littorina), Souleyet. Ve oy. Bonite., i; 561.

= L. varia, Sowb. ; ; . 246
Costulalw (Littorina tenebrosa var. Midd. Malac. Ross., ii,

p. 61, t. 8, f 6-8. = L. rudis, Donov. 4 241
Couthouyia, A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., ¥, p10, 1860, . 236, 278
ee Risella), Dkr. Mal. Blatt. vill, p. 42, 1862.

ah melanostoma, Gmel. . ; : . 262
Coach (Lacuna), Monte. Test. Brit. Suppl. p » 127, t. 2057 22Gn
Crassispira (Planaxis), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mae 1X. p: 39,

LS 72 s ae
Cremnobates, Blanford. Ann. & Mag., 3 RLS. pe 184, "1868.

= — Cremnoconchus, Blanford. ——. . 231
Cremnoconchus, Blanford. Ann. & Mag., iil, P 343, 1869, 231
oe (Natica), Kleciak in Weink. Conch. Mittelm., ii,

p. 257, 1868. == Megalomphalus azonea, Brus. . . 268
Saban (Littorina), Weink. Conch. Cab., p. 68, t. 9, f 2, 3,

1882. ?= L. columellaris, Orb. var. . . 246
Cumingii (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 187, 1853, 274
Cumingii (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proe., p. 158, 1845, 207
Cyclocheila, Conrad. : . 233
Cyclostoma (Limnotrochus), Bourg. Not. Moll. Lac Tangan-

yika, p. 60, 1885, : ; . 265
Debilis (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proc., p. 140, 1845.

== Ll, ziezac, Chemin: ‘ ; . 251
Decollata (Littorina), Krauss (in letter), “Phil. Abbild., t. 4,

f. 3, 1847. = L. Africana, Krauss. ; : . 249
Decollata (Planaxis), Quoy. Voy. Astr., ii, P 489, t. 33, ff.

33-34, 1832, ; : : : : , . 280
Wseatats (Lacuna), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., viii, p. 304, 1861, 270
Decussata (Litiopa), Gould. Bost. Proce., ili, p. 75, 1848.

— L. melanostoma, Rang. . . 281
Decussatus (Fossarus), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., V, p- “410, 1860, 273
Delicatula (Fossarus reticulatus, var.), Nevill. Hand List, p-

166, 1884, : ; . 278
Delicatula (Littorina conica, var.), Nevill: Hand List, p. 149,

1884. = L. undulata, Gray. . : : ; . 244
Depressa (Megalomphalus), Sequenza. Ralls Real Comit.

Geol. Ital., ii, p. 382, 1874; Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 41, 1885, 267
Diala, A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., viii, p. 242, 1861, . . 239; 282
Diemenensis (Littorina), Quoy. Voy. Astr., ii, p. 479, t. 33,

f. 8-11, 1832. = L. Mauritiana, Lam. . 247

Dilatata (Littorina), VOrb. Moll. Cuba, i, p. 207, t. 14, f, 20-
Jo, Looe; - T. nodulosus, Gmel. : ‘

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Diminutivus (Trochus), Rve. Conch. Icon., xiii, f. 57, 1861.
—= Risella tantilla, Gld.

293

PAGE,

. 263

Disculus (Modulus), Phil. Zeitsch. ftir Malak., 51, 1846, . 261
Divaricata (Lacuna), Fabr. Faun. Greenl., p. 392, 1780, 266
Divisa (Litiopa), Carp. Zool. Proce., p. 254, 1855.

: anostoma, Rang. . : : : : 281
Doliaris (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 112, 1863, 273
D’Orbignyana (Littorina), Phil. Abbild. iii, f. 12.

= L. ziczac, Chemn. . ; 251
Doris (Alaba), Issel. Nevill, Hand List, 183, } 282
Dorsuosus (Modulus), Gould. Mex. & Cal. Shells, 10, t. 14, f.

12 Mi. disculus, Phil: ‘261

Duplicatus (Modulus), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 204, 1850,

Ebeninus (Planaxis), Menke. Troschel, Archiv ftir Naturg.,
i, 162, 1852, : ; : : : :
Eboreus (Planaxis), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag., ii, p. 42,
181. i s, DaCosta.
Ecanaliculata (Lacuna divaricata, var). “Seftr oe Jour. Linn,
Soe. xii, 106, é
Echinata (Littorina), Anton. Verz. p. 53,
= L. miliaris, Quoy. . :
Behinella, Swainson, Treat. Malac. ‘ P11, 359, 1840,
Echinulatus (Tr ochus), Kien. Species. t. 45, f. 2.
— Littorina Cumingi, Phil. ; : ; :
Edecollata (C remnoconchus conicus, Var). Nevill, Hand List.
p. 171, 1885, ; ; : :
Effusa (Lacuna porrecta, var). Carp. Ann. & Mag.’ xiv, p.
428, 1864, . : : : , ; :
Effuusa (Litiopa), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch. p- 71, 1849-1852,
Electrina (Diala), Carp. Ann. & Mag. 478, 1864, ‘
Elegans (Fossarus), Verill & Smith. Conn. Trans. v, p. 522,
t. “AT, f. 38, 1882,
Blegans (Littorina bullata, var). Phil. Abbild. und Beschreib.,
t. 2, 1846,
Elegans (Littorina), Risso. Hist. doy se 46, 1826,
= L. neritoides, Linn. :
Encaustica a (Planaxis), E. A.Smith. Ann. & Mag. ix, P 38,
1872. = P. Savignyi, Desh. var. :
Epheria, (Leach), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. aR 1847,
Erronea (Littorina), Nevill, Hand List. p: ee 1884,
= L. Nove Zelandiz, Reeve. :
Ersilia, Monts. Conch. Med. p- 33, 1872 : : t ;
Exzequata (Lacuna porrecta, var). Carp. Ann. & Mag. xiv,
p. 428, 1864, : ; : :
Exarata (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., a a a Ee f. 8, 1848,
== 1 irrorata, Say. . ;
Excavatus (Fossarus), C.B. Ad. Ann. N.Y. ‘Lyce ceum, p. 392,

. 262

280

994 | INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Excavatus (Fossarus), Monts. Enum, 37, : ; . 268
Exigua (Littorina), Dkr. Mal. Blatt. vis p. 226, 1860,

= L. granularis, Gray. , . 260
Expansa (Lacuna puteolus, var). Jeffreys 8, Brit. Gauch. ili, i, 350, 265
Fabalis (Littorina), Turton. Zool. Journ. ii, p. 366, t. 13, f.

16.) ==. obtusata, Lann,; war. .; 253
Fairbanki (Cremnocconchus), Blanf. Conch. Ind. t. 146, fi: 1,

= C. conicus‘ Blanf. , : ay 23)
Fasciata (Lacuna), Ad. Linn. Trans. Vv, se i. f. 20, ae

= L. puteola, Turton. ‘ : ; ; . 265
Fasciata (Littorina angustior, var). Morch, Mal. Blatt. xxiii,

peso; UeTO. v= L. ziezac, Chemn. 251
Fasciata (Littorina), Gray. Beechey’s Voy. p- 139, 1839.

= L. varia, Sowb. 246
Fasciatus (Planaxis), Pse. Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p- 102, t

12, f. 17, 1868: = PI. lineatus, DaCosta. . : : 278
Feejeensis (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 82, a. b. 1857.

= L. miliaris, Quoy. var. . ee Lee 259
Felina (Alaba), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. 4 ,p. 297, 1862, . . 282
Fenestrata (Isapis), Carp. Ann. & Mag. xiv, p. 429, 1864, . 272
Fenestratus (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proce. p. 110, 1863, 24
Filosa (Littorina), Sowb. Gen. of Shells. No. 37, f. 5.

= LL, seabra, Linn. Var: © . : . 244
Filosus (Trochus), Helbling. Priviit. Béhmen, iv, 1779.

—= Modulus lenticularis, ‘Chemn. pass |
imbrisia (Risella), Phil. Zeitsch. ftir Malak. p: 2 1851.

— R. melanostoma, Gmel. . . 262
Fissilabra, Brown, Edinb. Jour. Nat. Hist. 18: 36,

== Quoyia, Desh. 1830. : ; ye 238
Flammea (Littorina), Phil. Abbild. ii, t, 6, # 21, . : DAD
Flammulata (Littorina ips var), Phil. : Abbild. ii, 222,

1847s: 243
Flava (Littorina), Brod. Zool. Journ. p. 345, 1832,

= L. columellaris, Orb. Var. é 246
Flavescens (Littorina angulifer ra, var), einer Abbild. li, 22.

1847. = L hneata, Gel. . 248
misecsasns (Risella), Phil. Feitseh fiir Malak. p. 39, 1851.

= R. melanostoma, Gmel. . « 202
Floccosa (Littorina), Beck. March. Mal. Blatt. p- 140, 1876.

= |. ziezac, Chemn. var. . . ; d j ‘ 251
Floridanus (Modulus), Conr. Amer, Journ. Conch. v, p. 107,

te 12-66) L870; : : f . 260
Fortisuleata (Littorina conspers sa, var), Nevill. Hand List

Moll. p. 138, 1884, F : : 249
Fortunei (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Teon. f. 42, a. b. 1857.

= 1 flammea, Phil: —. eat 5 A a eps . 245
Fossarina, A. Ad. & Angas. Zool. Proc. p. 425, 1863, 236, 275

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 295

PAGE

Fossariopsis, Laube, 1870, ; : . 236
Fossarus, Phil. Archiv fiir Nature. i AT, 1841, 235, 271
Foveatus (Fossarus), C. B. Ad. Ann. Lyceum, p- 397, : . 274
Fr aseri (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 47, 60, 1857,

=: L. punctata, Gmel. var. . ; . 248
Frigida (Lacuna), Lovén. Index, Moll. ‘Scandin. P ae

= L. divaricata, Fabr. . 266
Fulva (Alaba), Watson. Challe: wer vr Exped, XV, p. 571, t. 42,

f75; 1886->* : | 284
F ulva (Planaxis) pA. Ad. Zool. Proc. p 271, 1851.

= P. mollis, Sowb. var. ; Saghs ahs,
Paniculata (Fossarina), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Sian: Victoria,

XVil, p. a t. f. 6-8, 1881, . : : : . 215
Fusca (Lacuna, ) Binn. Invert. Mass. p- 263.

=.L. divaricata, Fab. , . 266
Fusea (Littorina), Pfr. Arch. fiir Naturg 254, 1840.

— L. mespilum, Mublf. . , : ; . 252
Gaidei (Littorina), Montr. Journ. de Conch. xxvii, p. 26, t. 3,

1 ae 3; oa. : . . S268
Garrettil (Fossar), Pease. ee our Conch. iv, p. 128,

1868, . . 272
Gigantea (C remnoconchus, carinatus, var), } Nevill Hand List.

p. 173. 1885, : 256

Giraudia, Bourg. Not. Moll. Lac Tanganyika, p- 61, 1885. 239, 285
Giraudi (Limnotrochus), Bourg. Not. . Moll. Lac Tanganyika,

p. 59, 1885, . : : 2 : 265
Giraudi (Reymondia); Bourg. Not. Moll. L. Tanganyika,
65, 1885, : 4 . 285

Glabella (Hela), Monts. Atti Acad. ‘Palermo, p- 29, 1875, mei
Glabrata (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proc. p. 140, 1845,

= lL. ziczac, Chemn. . : t ; 5 : : Se /4551|
Glabrata (Paludina), Pfr. Naturg. Deutsch. Conch. ii, p. 46,

t. 8, f. 9,10. = Littorina Neritoides, Linn. ; 4 on
Glacialis (Lacuna) Moller. Index. Noll. Greenl. p. 9, 1842, . 267

Glaucocincta (Littorina), Beck. Mss.

= L. floecosa, Beck, . ! 4 : : . : SAO
Glans (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 62, a. b. 1857.

=): eranosus,.Phil. «. ‘ : ; : ; : . 259
Globosa ‘(Littorina), Dkr. Zeitsch. ftir Malak. p. 165, 1845.

14 ‘striata, King -:. ; : : z : ; . 247

Globosus (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 113, 1863, —. . 270
ag (Styliferina), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vi, p. 339,
1860; x, p. 299, 1862, een ci ye Bad
Gottoina, A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 112, 1863, : 236, 274
Gouldi (Planaxis), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag. ix, p. 42, 1872, 280
Gouldiana (Littorina), Weink. Conch. Cab. P. 105, 1882.
=L. Sitchana, Phil. . : . 241

296 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Gracilior (Lacuna), Metcalfe. Thorpe, Brit. Mar. Conch. f. 86.

= L. divaricata, Fabr. é : 4 ; : : . 266
Grandidieriana (Giraudia), Bourg. Not. Moll. Lac Tanganyika,

p- 65, 1885, . : : : ; : ; . 285
@randetas (Trochus) Gnean Conch. Cab. f. 1639.

— Littorina bullata, Martyn. ; . j ; 2a
Gr: and: aD Middendon®. Beis Malae. Rossica. Pt.

7) OY cilia 25 ee ten : ; ; . 240

Grano- costata (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 79, 1857.

== T; miliaris;\Quoy.- : ; F : : . 259

Giioen (Littorina), Phil Abbild. ili, p. 65, t. 7, f. 14, 1848, 259
Granularis (Littorina), Gray. Beechey’s Voy. p. 140, 1839, 260
Granulum (Fossarus), Brugnone. Mise. Malac. p. 13, f. 25,

1373, 2 : 3 - 5 ¢ 212
Granum (Leevilitorina), Pfr. Natur. Mus. Hamburg, p. 87,

eget lets egal KO et ovo) comune é ; ; ; ; ; . 254
Grateloupiana (Litiopa), Drouet. Moll. Acores, p. 28, t. 1, f.

1-2, 1858. = L. melanostoma, Rang. : ; ; by toil
Grisea (Planaxis), Broechi. Cat. Conch. Raccolte G. Forni,

p. 2 22, Savigny, Egypt, t. 4, f. 29.

: Savienyi, Desh. . mci

Cree (Risella), Phil. Zietsch. ‘fiir Malak. p- 31, 1851.

=— Ke melanostoma, Gimel:*: : . 262
Greenlandica See Menke: Synopsis, p. 45, 1830.

= L. obligata, Say... 241
Gundlachi (Littorina), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak. P 150, 1848,

?= L. mespilum, Muhlf.. . 202
Guttata (Littorina), Phil. Abbild.. ye 29, t. 4, feed . . 248

Guttata (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon. e 76.
= L. punctata, Gmel. :

Haloconcha, Dall. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. p. 212, 1886, 234, 267
Hanleyi (Planaxis), Smith, Ann. & Mag. ix, p. AL, 1872.

== b. nigras Quy. 2) . 278
Heberti (Lacuna), Velain. Archiv. Zool. Exper. vi, p- 113, ti

Brie Ls, IRS Y tes . 270
Hela, Jeffreys. Ann. and M: ag. Vi, 76, 1870: Zool. Proc. 1883.

—Cithna, A. Ad., : ; . 254
Heliciella, O. E. Costa, 1861.

= megalomphalus, Brus, (in part.) —. . 254
Hermannseni (Planaxis), Dkr. Ind. Moll. Guin. p. 16, + by2ot

50, 04, 18538: ~= Prlineatus, Lann: “¢: RPL,
Hersilia, ee Conch. Med. p. 33, 1872; Conch. Medit. 54,

1884. == Ersilia; Monts, <. 233
Hidalgoi (Quadrasia), Crosse, Journ. de Conch. p- 161, t. 8, f.

7, Ta—c, 1886, d , ; ole

Hinea (Leach) Gray. Zool. Proe. 138, 1847, : . 288, 279

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Hisseyiana (Littorina), Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasm. p.
148, 1875, . .
Holcostoma, H. & A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 174, 1853, 238,

Horei (Reymondia), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. vi, 427, 1880, 285
Imbricata (Alaba), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. x, p. 297, 1862, 282
Imbricata (Risella), Gray. Zool. Beechey’s Voy. p. 141, 1859

—= R. melanostoma, Gmel. t ‘ j : é 262
Imperforatus (Fossarus), Nevill. Hand List. p. 165, 1884, 274
Incarnata (Littorina Greenlandica, Mads Lovén. (in aa

Abbild. t. 1, f. 11-15. 241
Incerta (Alaba) d’Orb. Cuba, 2, p. 218, t. 16, fie. 7-9, 282
Incisus (Planaxis), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak. p- 92, 1851, 280
Ineptus (Planaxis), Gld. Bost. Proe. Vil, E 385, 1860.

= P. lineatus, Da Costa. . ‘ ner he:
Inflata (Alaba), A p Ad.) Amn: ae fee x, p. 297, 1862, 282
Inflata (Hela), Monts. Not. Conch. Medit. p. 38, 1872, 270
Inflata (Lacuna), A. Ad. Ann & Mag. viii, p. 304, 1861, 70
Infracostata (Risella), Issel. Mal. mar Rosso, p. 195, 1869,

Savigny, Egypt. t. 5, f. 40, ; ; f 264
Insignis Cs us), G. & H. Nev ill. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.

xl, Pt. 2 y prt; Oy tt, 29, LST):

ane Ho etle Av Ade: ; ‘ : 2 F 2S
Interjunctus vie aioe s, Mss. Zool. Proce. 41, 1885.

== F. reticulatus, 8. Wood. : : ‘ : . 272
Intermedia (Lacuna) Locard. Cat. 290.

= puteolus, Turton. . 265
Intermedia (Littorina), Phil. ‘Zool. Prde: p. 141, 1845.

= L. scabra, Linn. var. : ; . 244
Iphitus, Jeffreys. Zool. Proce. p. 113, 1883, : . 236, 274
Irrorata (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 56 a-b, 1857.

= L. aspera, Phil. : ; ; : : ; 249
Irrorata (Littorina), Say. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii, p. 239, . 246
Isapis, H. & A. ft Gen. of Moll. 1, 320, 1854, : 235, 272
Isseli (Risella), 5 Semper, in Sched. Issel, Mar. Risso. 194,

Savigny, Egypt. t. 5, £55, not 35 e. ; . 263
Jamaicensis (Littorina), C. B. Ad. Contrib. P. 71, 1849-1852.

= L. carinata, d’Orb. ; ‘ 2251
Japonicus (Fossarus), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Viil, p. 139, 1861,

= F-. costatus, Broce. . : : 0 QI
Jeffreysiana (Litiopa), Issel. Mar Rosso. 290), t. 5, f. 4, 1869, 281
Jugosus (Turbo), Mont. Test. Brit. t. 20, f. 2.

= Littorina rudis, Maton. Var. : F 241
Kielmannseggi (Risella), Zelebor. Zool.-Bot. Vereins pean

xvi, p. 913, 1866. == R. melanostoma, Gmel. 262

Kirki (Limnotrochus,) E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag vi, 426,
1880, A ;

298 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Knysnaensis (Littorina), Krauss. Phil. Abbild. t. 4, f. 4, 1847.

— L. Africana, Krauss. : : . 249
Krebsii (Modulus), Morch: Mal. Blatt. XXil, p. 12 9, 1876, . 20m
Kurila (Littorina), Middendorff. Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg,

vii, No. 16. = L. Sitchana, Phil. i . 241
Kutschigi ( Stomatia), Brus. Verhand. Zool. Bot. God Wien.

p. 29, 1865. ? = Fossarus ambiguus, Linn. : . 271
Labiosa (Turbo), Brown.

— Littorina patula, Thorpe. , {243
Labiosa (Lacuna) Lovén. Index Moll. Scand. p- 28.

= hil igs igen Fab. od . 266
Labiosus (Planaxis), A. Ad. Tole Troe p- 272, 1851.

== P. lineatus, Da Costa, Var. ~. : Mee Ai
Lacuna (Helix), Mont. Test. Brit. p. 498, Le 13, fe 6.

= Lacuna puteola, Turt. . ‘ . 265
eaeiias Turton. Zool. Journ. iii, p. 190, 1827, : 233, 265
Lacunaria, Conrad. Am. Jour. Caicke ii, 77, 1866. : . 204
Lacunaria, Dall, (not Conr). Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii, P. vill,

(errata) 1884. — Haloconcha, Dall. . 234
Lacunella Dall. eae United States Nat. Muss Vii, P 344,

1884. — Haloconcha, Dall. , . 204
Lactea (Lacuna puteolus, var), Jeffreys. eres anche ili, 349, 265
Lacunella. Desh. Foss. Paris Basin, 1861, . . 234
Levigatum ( Buecinum), Wood. Ind. Test. Supp. 1828.

—— ae mollis, Sowb. . ‘ 2.279

ec uioriaa Pfir. Natur. Mus. Hamburg, p- 81, 1886, 230, 254
Leevior (Littorina carinifera, var), Nevill. Hand List. D. ipl

1884, : : . 244
Levis tionays Phil. “Zool. Proc: p- 140, 1845.

— L. Mauritiana, Lam. : 3 . 247
Levis (Littorina), Rve. (not Phil). Conch. Icon. f. 95.

— L. Mauritiana, Lam. 5 : , : : 2 | Dad
Lamellilitorina, Tryon. . a 30, 23
Lamellosa (Littorina), Montrouz. Journ. de Conch. 1x p. 273,

till te OrS6l ae: ; ; 27h
Lanoei (Fossarus), Baudon. owen de Conch. », 348, 1857.

= F. ambiguus, Linn. ; : Pei!

Latifasciata ( Taeunay A. Ad: patria: & Mag. p 350, 1868, . 270
Lauta (Diala), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. x, p. 298, 1862, . . 282
Laxata (Stenotis), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. xi, p. 351, 18638, —. 268
Legrandi (Fossarina), Petterd. Quar. Journ. Conch. ii, p.

104, 1879, : ; F : : : 2G
Leithi (Diala), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc, p- 539, 1875 Bis ty - wee
Lemniscata (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proce. p. 159, 1845.

= T. nodosus, Gray. . ‘ 2 ; . , “250

Lenticularis ( Troe hus), C Beni Conch. Cab. v, f. 1665, 1781, 261

at

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE

Lepida (Littorina), Gld. Bost. Proc. p. 85, 1849.

= L. scutulata, var. . i : j ; p ‘ 250
Lepida (Styliferina), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. x, p. 299, 1862, . 284
Lepidula (Lacuna), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. xi, p. 350, 1863. . 270
Leucostica (Diala), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. viii, p. 245, 1861;

x, 290, 1862;..— Alaba.: -‘,. : F : : . {282
Leucostica (Littorina), Phil. Abbild. t. 3, f. 11, 1847.

? = L. Africana, Krauss. : : . 249
Leucostoma, Swains, Treat. Malac. 172, 3 3: 36, 1840.

= Quoyia, Desh. 1830. ; : : : : ; . 238
Limata (Littorina), Lovén. Ind. Moll. Seand. p. 22, No. 164.

hy, lamacte imny-yar: *. . 242
Limax ( Littorina), Gray. Beechey’ s Voy. p. E Se 183!

= ‘s obesa, Sowb: : . 247
Limneeiformis (Litiopa), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc. xv, p-

13; 1 881.% : : : s . 2638
Limnotrochus, E. A. Smith. Ann. & Ma Ww. 5) ser 42 0,

ee pekiven ietignt< ai% 939" 964
Lineata (Littorina), Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3493, ; . 243
Lineata (Phasianella), Lam. An. sans Vert. Edit Desh. ix.

245. = Littorina ziczac, Chemn. , O51
Lineatus (Planaxis), Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 130, 1 rat 76. 278
Lineolatus (Planaxis), Gould. Bost. Proe. iil, p. 118, 1849.

== P. lineatus, Da Costa. . : ; : my the
Reiseas (Fossarus), A. Ad. Ann. & Mac. 1860, : 2te
Litiopa (Buccinum), Mrs. Gray. Figs. Moll. Anim. i, t. 24, f.

1,2. = Litiopa melanostoma, Rang. ; : ; ‘281
Litiopa, Rang. Ann. des Sci. Nat. xvi, p. 303, 1829, 238, 280
Litorea (Nerita), Fabricuis. Faune Gronl, p. 403.

= Littorina obligata, Say. . rae al
Littoralis (Littorina), Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll. lil, P 45,

t. 84, f. 3-7. = aes of obtusata, Linn. . Be 5
gis (Littorina) Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit. 12, gs 58, ea
Littoreus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit. xii, p. 1832, . 229, 240
Littorina, Fer. Tabl. Syst. p. xxxiv, 1821, . . 229, 230, 240
Littorinopsis, Beck, Mss. Morch. Mal. Blatt. xxiii, 135.

= Melaraphe, Muhlf. : ; WEA, : : 230
Livida (Risella), Phil. Zeitsch. ftir Malak. p. 151, 1846.

=- R. melanostoma, Gmel. . eed ay
estdus (Modulus), Phil. Zeitsch. for Malak. vi, p. 168, 1849,

? = M. disculus, Phil. 4 261
Longispira (Planaxis), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag. ibs Pp 45,

1872. s, Da Costa. : ees!
Lucida (Alaba), A. ‘Ad. Ann. & Mag. x, p. 297 , 1862, . 282
Luctuosum (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 65, 1857.

= L. Mauritiana, Lam. A : t , : 247
Lucullana (Rissoa), Seace. Catal. Conch. 14.

= Fossarus ambiguus Linn. : 271

300 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Lunata (Littorina), A. C. Lea, Bost. Proe. p. 205, 1844, 255
Lutea (Littorina seabra, var), Phil. Abbild. t. 5, f. 6, 2847, . 243
Lutea (Risella), Quoy. Voy. Astr. iii, f. 271. t. 62, f. 8-11.

—=R. melanostoma, Gmel. 262
Lutea (Tectarius) “Gld: Bost. Proc, vill, 'p. 14, 1862, 260
eee cent ), Quoy. Voy. Astr. 11, ee A477, t. 33, f. 4, 7

1882. ly flammea, Phil. : 245
Macula (Diala), Recluz. Nevill, Hand. List. 180.

L. semistriata, Phil. * ; : : ! 282
Maculata (Litiopa), d’?Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 149.

= L. melanostoma, Rang. F : . 280
Maculosus (Fossarus), Carp. Mazatlan Shells, p p- 855, 273
Malaccana (Littorina), Phil. Abbild. t. 6, f 17, 1847.

= T. nodulosus, Gmel. 258
Mamillata (Diala), Carp. Mazat. Cat. 412,

=== Dy: paupercula, C. B. Ad. : : . 284
Mandschurieca (Littorina). Schrenic Moll. Amur Land. p.

300, t. 14, f. 14-20, 1859-1867.

= L. Sitchana, Phil. ; : east : . 241
Maravignia, Aradas & Maggiore. Atti Acad. Genova., xvii,

42,1840. = Fossarus, Phil. : : : ’ . 230
Margaritifera (Lacuna), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., Xv, p.

97, 1881. = Cithna tenella, Jeftr., var. costulata. ; 268
Marmorata (Littorina), Pfr.. Arch. fiir Naturg., i, p. 81, 1839.

— L. tenebrosa, Mont. ; 5 242
Marmorata (Littorina picta, var.), “Phil. Abbild., Date 26,

1846. L. planaxis, Nutt. é : ; . 248
vemrnotean (Diala), Cpr. Calif. Proc., iit. p- 218, 1868, 283
Martensi (Alaba), Issel. Mar Rosso., 206, 1869, . 282
Mauritiana(Littorina), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., ii, p. 244, 246, 247
Mediocris (Fossarus), Folin. Les Meleagrinicoles, p. 50, t. 5, f.

8, 1867, : 5 ; : 271
Mediterranea (Lacuna), I Monts. Test. Sicil., 15, 1869.

= Ersilia. Monts. Notizie Conch. Medit., 1872, . i 270
Moons (Leach), Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 60-90, 1842, . 233, 267
Megalomphalus, Brus:, 1871. —= Fossarus, Phil., . : 234, 267
Megasoma (Fossarus), C. B: Ad. Ann. Lyceum, p. 398, 2A
Melanacme (Littorina), E. A. Smith. Journ. Linn. Soe., xii,

p. 502, t. 80, f. 21, 1876. ?=— L. Nove-Zelandizx, Rve. . 249
Melanoides @itons pty ema), Lea. Contrib. Geol., 185, 1853.

- Quoyia decollata, Quoy. . : : ‘ : : . 280
Macutoma (Litiopa), Rang. Man. Hist. Moll., p. 129, . 280
Melanostoma Sideacin), Gray. Beec shey’s Voy., p- 140, 1839, 245
Melanostoma (Littorina), Kryn. Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscow, p-

60, 1837. = L. neritoides, Linn. : ; 22
Melanostoma Cee Gmel. Syst. Nat., p- 3581, 1789, 262
Melanura (Alaba), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. 116, 1850, . 281

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

301

PAGE,
Melaraphe, Muhlf. Menke, Synopsis, 23, 1828, . . 230, 248
Meleagris (Littorina), Beck. Potiez & Mich. Gal. Douai, i,
p- 311, 1836, : ; ; : : 248
Menkeanus (Planaxis), Dkr. Mal. Blatt., p. 41, 1862.
= P. suleatus, Born. Ann. & Mag., xvi, 47, 1885, Pe 1,
Mespilum (Littorina), Muhlf. Verh. Berl. Ges. Nat., i, p.
219, -(..S,4. 8, 1824, °. ; ; : . : 25
Micha (Quoyia), Cr. & Fisch. Journ. de Conch., p. 375, t
13, f. 6, 1863. = Q. decollata, Quoy. ; ; ; 280
Miliaris (Littorina), Quoy. Voy. Astr., ii, p. 484, t. 35, f. 16-
19,1832, . Chat ioit ym See Cra
Millegrana 1 (Littorina), Phil. “Abbild., pe Oy tends, & Lo,
e418 — T. granularis, Gray. 260

Minima (Turbo), Gray MSS, Wood. ladies: Teeb: teh eos aie

Minor (Conradia doliaris, var.), Nevill. Hand List, p. 169,

1885, : ; 273
Minor (Litiopa ventrosa, ° var. ‘ Nevill. Hand List, 178, 1885, 281
Minor (Littorina scabra, var.), Weink. Conch. Cab., p. 37, t.

4, f. 16-18, 1882, . q ; , : , 244
Minutus (Foss sarus), Mich. Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord., ii, p. 122,

t. 2, f. 7, 8, 9, 1828. =-F..costatus, Broce. ; oe
Mirabilis (Fossar), Nevill. Hand List, p. 165, 1884, 274
Modesta (Littorina), Menke. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., p. 164,

1850. = L.conspersa, Phil. . : : ; . 249
Modulus, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840, . ‘ 5 . 2382, 260
Modulus (Trochus), Linn. Syst. Nat., x, 1758.

= M. lenticularis, Chemn. . . 261
Mollis (Planaxis), Sowb. Genera of Shells, di £2 2, 1824, - 279
Monile (Alaba), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., x, p. 296, 1862, 283
Monilifera Chittorina), Souleyet. Voy. Bonite, li, p. 559, t. 31,

f. 37-39, 1852. — L. nodulosa, Gmel. : . 258
Montagui (Lacuna), Turton. Zool. Journ., iii, p. 191, 1827.

250, puteola, Turt. 265
Monterosatoi (Megalomphalus), Granata. Desc. ep nouv.,

1877. == Fossarus excavatus, Monts. . : . 268
Montrouzieri (Littorina), Fisch. Journ. de C onch., , Xxvi, t. 3,

£.:6, : 259
Moreleti (Modulus), ‘Fischer. ‘Journ: de Conch., XXX, p- 109,

et ee oe . ; : : . 261
Multicostatus ( (Fossarus), ‘Pse. Zool. Proc., p. me 1860, . 274
Muricata (Littorina), Linn:, Syst. Nat., p. 12382; . . 258
Mutabilis ( Heliciella), O. G. Gosta. Microd. Med Soaps 64, t.

10, f. 4, 5, 1861. — Megalomphalus azonus, Brus. . 268
Mutans (Alaba), Carp. Mazatlan Shells, p. 369, . 282
Nana (Littorina zebra, var.), Nevill. Hand List Moll. P. 140,

1884, . 249

Nana (Risella), Lam. Anim; sans V ert., , Ist Ed., Vil, p. 30.

= R. melanostoma, Gmel. ; : ; : ‘ . 262

302 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Nanus (Trochus), Quoy. (not Lam.). Voy. Astr., ss a. ae ti

62, f. 5-7. = Risella picta, Phil. ; 262
Natalensis (Littorina), Krauss. Sudafrik. Moll. saps 102.

== Inodossa, Gray.) : , : : . 209
Naticiformis (Cithna), iil Zool. Proe., P. 112, t. 20, f.

Le SL moh tee ; 3 269
LKR (Littorina), VOrb. Moll. Cuba, p- “214, t. 15, “£ 29,

23, 1853. a Re mespilum, Muhlf.. : . 252
Nebulosa (Littorina), Lam. Anim. sans Vert. EX Ps 244.

= |. scabra, Linn. var. : E A : : : . 244
Neglecta (Littorina), Bean. == L. saxatilis, Johnston. . . 242
Neritiformis (Littorina), Brown. Ill. Conch., p. ba ge (Hoes

24,1845. = L. obtusata, Linn. var. . , -' 200
Neritoidea (Lacuna), Gld. Silliman’ s Journ., XXXvill, p. 19%:

Invert. Mass., p. 163, f. 170. = L. pallidula, DaCosta. . 265
Neritoides, Brown. Brit. Conch 1828.5 : 4 , 230e252
Neritoides (Littorina), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1252, . ; 252
Neritrema, Recluz. Actes. Soe. Linn. Bord., xxvii.

Neritoides, Brown. H. & A. Ad., Gen.i, p. 314, . . 20
Neweombi (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 28, a, b, 1857

— LL, seabra, Linn. var. ; : p : ‘ . 244
Nicoharicus (Planaxis), Zelebor. Zool. Bot. Vereins, Wien.,

xvi, p. 910, 1866, f : ; p : : 270
Nigra (Planaxis), ), Quoy. Voy. Astr., i, p. 491, t.53, f 22-24,

18eoee : : : : : : , eis
Nigr Hineata (Littorina), Gray. Zool. of ees Vioys pass

140, 1639. = nudis, Donovy Vary. E AQat
Nigritellus ey Forbes. Zool. Proc., p. 273, t. ree £6;

Teoa ; + halts | 978
Nigrofasciata (Risella Templiana, var.), Nevill. Hand List,

p- 161, 1884, : : ' . 264
Nina, Gray. Figs. Moll. Anim., iv, "87, 1850, ; «Dolmen
Nitidula (Litiopa), Pin Archiv fiir } asa one: i, D. 255,

1840. L. melanostoma, Rang. : 20
Nodosa (Littorina), Gray. Zool. of Beechey’s s Voy., p- 139:

1839, . ‘ 4 é F : ‘ 259
Nodulosa ( tntiorrny: Vv Onn Moll. Cuba, 1, R 205,t. 14, f. 11—

Awe) yen tee Al: dilatata, VOrb. . " . 258

Nodulosus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. Ed., xiii, p. 3582, . 258
Novee—Hiberniz (Littorina), Less: V oy. Goq,, p- 338, 1830.

==: stabra, Lanny? 3. ; : : : : : . 244
Reale (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 74, 1857, . 249
Nucleola (Planaxis), Mérch. Mal. Blatt., xxiii, p. 126, 1876, 280

Nucleus (Purpura), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 1822, . et
Obesa (Litiopa),-C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., p. 71, 1849-1852, 281

Obesa (Littorina), Sowb. Genera of Shells, No. 37, f. 6, Dai

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Obligata (Littorina), Say. Journ. Phila. Acad., ii, p. 241.
== L. rudis, Montg. var... : ; ! :
Obliquus (Modulus), Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 204, 1850,
Obscura (Planaxis), A. Ad. Zool. ea p. 271, 1851.
?= P. sulcatus, Born. .
Obsoletus (Planaxis), Menke: Teich: fiir Malak., P 170,
1850. == P. nigritellus, Forbes.
Obtusa (Isapis), Carp. 2d Report, 142,
Obtusata (Littorina), Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed., xii, p. 1232,
Obtusata (Littorina tenebrosa), var.), Midd. Mal. Ross.,
p. 63, t. 8, f 1-5. = L. littoralis, Linn. . 3
Obtusatus (Modulus), Phil. Conch. Cab., i, 1846.
— M. tectum, Gm. var. ‘ ; , : 4 . ,
Olivacea (Cithna), Verrill. Conn. Trans., vi, p. 185, t. 29, f.
5, 1884, ; ; ‘ : : ;
Orbienyi (Fossarus), Fischer. Jour. de Conch., 256, 1864.
= F. suleatus, Wood. é } :
Ovoideus (Fossarus), Gould. Zool. Proc., 1856,

ii,

Pagodella, Swainson, 219, 351, 1840. == Tectarius, Val.
Pagodula (Alaba), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., x, p. 297, 1862,
Pagodus, Gray. Beechey’s Voy., 141, 1839.

= Tectarius, Val. : : ; . : ;
Pagodus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed., xii, p. 1234,
Pallescens (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proc., p. 142, 1845.

— L. filosa, Sowb. P 3 ;
Palliata (Littorina), Say. Journ. Phila. ‘Acad., , p. 240.

== I. lttoralis, Linn.:var. |. ; ; : ; +
Pallidula (Lacuna), DaCosta, Test. Brit., t. 4, f. 4, 5, 1778,
Pallidula (Lacuna), Meyer & Mob. Kieler Bucht., is 25,

1372..-==.L. puteolus, Turt. ; ; : :
Pallidus (Turbo), Donov. Brit. Conch., t. ue f..4.

= Lacuna crassior, Mont. P
Paludinella (Littorina), Reeve. Conch. Teons - 84, 185° Die.
Papillosa (Littorina), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, es 32.

= L. bullata, Martyn. .

Parcipictus (Fossarus), Cpr. Ann. & Mag., xiii, p- 476, 1864,

Parva (Cochlea), DaCosta. Brit. Conch., 1798.
= Lacuna puteola, Turton. . : ; ’ ‘ ;
Parvula (Lacuna), H. Martin MSS. Monts. Conch. Medit.,
109. == Megalomphalus azonus, Brus. : :
ae (Lacuna), Velain. rehie: Zool. Exper., vi, p. 115,
Sete dl LZ 18 Ty, . é . : :
Paevile (Littorina), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., p. 149, 1848, .
Parvula (Risella), Dkr. Mal. -Blatt., viii, p. 42, 1862.
= R. tantilla, Gld. var. ; , 3 x , : ;
Patula (Fossarina), A. Ad. & Angas. Zool. Proe., p. 425,
1863, ; : : ; ; :

304 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Patula (Lacuna), Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch., f. 83.

= L. pallidula, DaCosta. ; ‘ : é S265
Patula (Littorina), Gould. Otia Conch., p. 52.

= L. planaxis, Nutt. : : . : : 5 . 248
Patula (Littorina rudis, var.), Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch., 259, 242
Paupercula (Diala), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat. . 284
Paupercula (Littorina neritoides, var.), Monts. Ann. Mus. Civ.

Genoa, ix, p. 418, 1877, : 252
Paytensis (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., te 3. fe 23, 1846, 250

Peasiella, Nevill. Hand List, p. 159, 1884, . . |. 282, §

Pedicularis (Planaxis), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, p. 275.

= P. lineatus, DaCosta. : ; : ; ate
Pellilitorina, Pffr. Natur. Mus. Hamburg. , p. 77, 1886, . 230, 255
Pellita (Littorina), Martens. Sitz- Bericht Berlin, |; p:- 92574

1885; Natur. Hist. Hamburg, 79, 1886, ; . 255
Penicillata (Littorina), Cpr. Diagn., p. 461.

== L. aspera, Phil. var. : i : : ‘ : 250
es enitaria ( (Littorina), Wood. Nevill, Hand List, p. 142.

— L. Mauritiana, Lam. 5 : : : ; 247
Perdix (Littorina), King. Zool. Journ., p. 345, 1831.

— L. carinifera, Menke. ‘ s : ‘ F . 244
Perlatus (Trochus), Dillwyn. Desc. Cat., 11, P. 788.

— Monodonta unidens, Lister. . ‘ : . 261
Persoluta (Fossarus reticulatus, ee: Nevill. Hand List, p.

166, 1884, 4 : . 273
Persuleata (Planaxis ineptus, var.), Nevill. Hand Wie p- 188,

1885. = P. lineatus, DcCosta. . . 279
Pertusa (Lacuna), Conr. Journ. Phila. “Acad, Vi. a 266, t.

11, £19. = L. divaricata, Fabr. . 266
Peruyiana (Phasianella), Lam. Anim. sans V ert., Vil, p. 53, . 249
Petitianus (Fossarus), Tiberi. Journ. de Conch., p. 179, 1868.

— Megalomphalus azonea, Brus. . . 268
Petriens (Littorina), Mtg. Test. Brit. p. 403, "1802.

= L. neritoides, Linn. : . 202
Pederde (Fossarina), Braz. MSS. ‘Crosse, Journ. de Conch.,

pols, 138707 Jd. Gals Mat Aes eae. ; ; * . 278
Pfeifferiana (Littorina), Weink. Conch. Jab., p. 46, t.5, ff 15-

16, 1882. =| De dilatata, dOrb. . : oe
Phasianella (Alaba), Angas. Zool. Proe., p. ria: t. 13, if 18,

1SOH,. 2 285
Phasianella (Littorina), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., p. 149,

1848, . : : ; : : 4 . 255
Phasianema, Se arles- Wood. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., ix, 1847, 235, 272
Philippiana (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 2: 2,.a, Di

= L. seabra, Linn. var. ; : : 244
Philippii (Littorina), Cpr. Mazatlan Shells, p. 349,

L. aspera, Phil. var. 3 : : ‘ . 249

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 305

PAGE
Picea (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 83, 1857.
= L. Africana, Krauss, var. . 249
Picta (Diala), A. Ad. Ann. & M: ag., viii, p- 243, 1861;
295, 1862. = Alaba.. ; ” 989
Picta (Fossarina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p- 312, e 19, £ 26,
1867, . : d ; 7 : : 270

Picta (Lacuna), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., xv, p. 96, 1881, . 270
Picta (Littorina), Phil. Abbild. Zool. Proe., p. 139, 1845.

= L. planaxis, Nutt. . : : ; : : ; . 248
Picta (Risella), Phil. Zeitsch. ftir Malak., p. cor 1846.

= Risella melanostoma, Gmel.. : . . 262
Pigra (Planaxis), Forbes. Zool. Proc., 1350.

= P. mollis, Sowb. : wake
Piligerum (Holcostoma), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., P 164,

1848, : : . 280

Pintado (Littorin: 1), Wood. Suppl., ti. 6, i 34, 1828, : . 250
Pisum (Modulus), Beck, Mss. March, Mal. Blatt., xxiii, p-

130, 1876, . : : ‘ : : : é . 262
Plana (Risella), Quoy. Voy. Astr., ill, p. 274, t. 62, f. 13, 14,

1852. — R. melanostoma, Gmel. . 262
Planaxis (Buccinum), Wood. Index Test. Supp., PD. 12, t. 4,

f. loa, 1828. — Planaxis planicostatus, Sowb. . eft
Planaxis, Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 50,1822, . _ 237, 276

Planaxis (Littorina), Nuttall. Phil. Abbild., t. 4, f. 16, 1847, 248
Planicostatus (Planaxis), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App. p. 13, 1825, 277
Plena (Littorina). Mus. Godef. cee v, p. 105 (not of

Gould.) = T. granularis, Gray, 260
Plena (Littorina scutulata, var.), Gld. Bost. Proc., p. 53,
1846; p. 85, 1849, . 250

Plesiotrochus, Fischer. Journ, de Cotiek., xxvi, p- 212, 1878, 232,
264.
Plicatula (Risella), Phil. Zeitsch. ftir Malak., p. 39, 1851.
— R. melanostoma, Gmel. . , : ee ‘ « 262
Pliciferus (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 111, 1863, . . 273
Plumbeus (Planaxis), Pse. Zool. Proe., p. 244, 1861.

== Plabiosus, A. Ad. . ; 2 ‘ : : : 2 oe
Poreata (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proc., p. 139, 1845, : . 242
Porrecta (Lacuna), Carp. Ann. & Mag., xiv, p. 428, 1864, . 265
Portlockia, de Koninck, 1881, ; : ; : ‘ L028
Preclara (Giraudia), Bourg. Not. Moll. Lac Tanganyika, p.

me 1885," 2 ; é ; : ; ; . 285
Preeusta (Alaba), Recluz. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., x,

295, 1862. = A. melanura, C. B. Ad. : 28h
Productus (PI: unaxis lineolatus, var.), Nevill. Hand List, p-

187, 1885, . : . 278
Pseudolevis (Littorina Diemenensis, var ES Nevill. Hand List,

p. 141, 1884. == L. Mauritiana, Lam. 7 247

Pulchella (Conradia), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., viii, p. 307, 1861, 273
2()

306 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Pulchella (Littorina), C. B. Ad. Mss. Mus. Cuming.
= L. Adamsi, Rve.. .
Pulchella (Littorima), Dkr. Zeitsch. fiir Malac., -p. 166, 1845.
= L. punctata, Gmel. var. . :
Pulebien (Atnba). A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Pp. 296, 1862,
Pulchra (Littorina), Sowb. Genera, t. 2, f. 3,
Pullata (Littorina), Carp. Ann. & Mag., xiii, p. 476, ‘
Pumilio (Littorina), E. A. Smith. Philos. rane Roy. Soe.,
elxvili, 173, 1879, ; : : : ,
Punctata (Diala), Tenison Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasm., p. 15,
1875. = DejautasAc Ades ; ‘ : ; i s
Punctata ( Littorina angulifera, var.), Phil. Abbild., t. 5, f
13, 1847. L. lineata, Grell : : ;
Punctata (incase, Gmel. Syst. Nat. pb 3597, ;
Punctata (Littorma intermedia, var.), Phil. Zool. Proc, p:
141, 1845, : : é : : 4 ,
Punctata (Littorina), Pfr. Archiv fiir Naturg., i, p. 255,
1840. — L. meleagris, Beck. { é . :
Punctata ( Litkorina aires! wo): Phils Abbild.,: 4:5)48 258
1847, . 4 ; ‘
Punetata (Phasi: nella), Ptr. Wiegmann’s Arch., 1,.255,
= Littorina guttata, Phil. . ' ‘ ;
ye ae (Littorina), Phil., t. 4, f..15, 1847.
== L. aspera, Phil. var.
Puncto-striata (Alaba), Gld. Oia: ancht art: elehat
Punctostriatus sa E. A. Smith. Ann. & paere ix, p
BDO:
Purpuri ina, d’¢ rb. 18. D0, . : 3 : :
Purus ( oceania): Cpr. Ann. © Mag., xiii, p. 477, 1864,
Pusilla (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., t. oF ft, Joe do46,
Pusillus (Fossarus), Gld. Boston ihe ill, p. 193,
Puteolus (Lacuna), Turton. Dict.,p.195, —. 5 :
Pygmzea (Lzevilitorina), Pffr. Natur. Mus. Hamburg, p. 86,
[aes Is et It reco : ; . : : : .
Pygmeeum (Buecinum ), Br ug. Ene. Meth.
— Planaxis lineatus, DaC losta. : ‘ {
Pyramidalis (Littorina), Quoy. Voy. Astr., ii, p. 482, 39,
f. 12-15, 1832. — L. nodulosa, Gmel. ' ‘
Pyramidalis (Planaxis), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3488.
P. sulcatus, Born. . ‘
Pyrgula (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. aes p- 113, 1863,

~I
—
(o.2)
pas

Quadrasia, Crosse. Journ. de Conch., p. 159, 1886,

Quadrifasciata (Lacuna), Mont. Test. Brit., ae 2G, te BOjcds ae
= L. divaricata, Fabr. var. , :

(QJuadriseriata (Littorina bullata, var.), Phil. Abbild., t
1846, . 5 ; : ? :

Quoyia, Desh. Ene. Meth., 11, 1830,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 307

PAGE,

Radiata (Littorina), Souleyet. Voy. Bonite., ii, p. eee polit

46,47. = T. granularis, Gray, 1852, 3 . 260
Raulinia, Mayer. Journ. de Conch., p. 180, 1864, . 236, 274
Rectangulata (Alaba), Craven. Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg. Bull.,

Xcvl, “1880, ; é . 282
Reflexa (Lacunella), D Dall. Proc. WU: S Nat. Mus., - vii, p 344,

t. 2, f. 1-3; 1884, ‘ . 267
Reticulata (Littorina), Anton. Ver zeich., p- 53, 1839.

?= T. miliaris, Quoy. . . 259
Reticulatus (Fossarus), A. ee Zool. Proc., p. 186, t. 20, £

13, 1853. = F. insignis, Nevill. vars
Reticulatus (Fossarus), 8. Wood. Crag Moll., i; p. 122, te 12,

iO. : : : : nee At he
Retusa (Monodonta), Brug. Eneye. Meth., t. 447, fi 4.

= Modulus tectum, Gmel. . ; ; . 260
Retusus ( (Turbo), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vil, pe: 48.

= Littorina obtusata, Linn. : : . 258
Reymondia, Bourg. Notice L. Tanganyika, 64, 1885, ; . 239
Rhabdopleura, de Koninck, 1881, . . 231
Riisei (Littorina), Méreh. Mal. Blatt., XX1il, P 140, 1876.

= DE. -ziezac,:Chenmn.*) . : . 251
Risella, Gray. Syn. Brit. Maas 1840, | OE 32. 262

Roepstorffiana (Risella), Nevill. Hand List, } p- 161, 1884, . 264

Rubra (Littorina), Anton. Verzeich., p. 53, "1839, . : 260
Rubra CLittorina angulifera, var.), Phil. Abbild., Goo 12,
| pst ye Ween We lineata, Gans 243

Rubra (Littorina se ae var.), Phil. Abbild., is i, 222, 1847, , 243
Rudis (Littorina), Cooper. N. Pacific R. R. Bue ay 374,

= L. Sitchana, var. . eae shit
Rudis (Littorina), Donov. Brit. Shells, i, p- 33, fee . 241
Rufa (Lacuna), Dorset. Catal., t. 14, f. 12.

= L.:puteolus, Turt... ‘ :; : ‘ . 265
Rufa (Littorina), Recluz. Reeve, Icon. Sp. 87, 1857, —. . 247
Rufilabris (Diala), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., p. 298, 1862, . . 284
Rugosa (Littorina), Menke. Moll. Nov. Hollandiz, p. 9,

1843, : : : , 2be
Rustica (Littorina bullata, var. ne Phil. Abbild., t. 2, 1846, . 257

Savignyi (Litiopa), Tssel. Mal. Mar Rosso., p. 197, 1869, . 281
Savignyi (Planaxis), Desh. Mag. Zool., t. 109, 1844.

= P. sulcatus, Born.var. . : S207
Baxatilis (Littorina), Johnston. Berwick Club, Lip. 268.
= L. rudis, Mtg. var. . ; . 242
~ Saxatilis (Littorina), Olivi. Zool. Adriat., 1789.
= L. Neritoides, Linn. ‘ : Die

voyele (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proc., hs 140, 1845.
- L. columeliaris, @Orb. var... F : . 246

308 INDEX AND SYNONOMY.

Sayi (Littorina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., p. 96, a, b.
== L. irrorata, Say. var.

Sayi (Monodonta), Nuttall. A. Adams, Fool Proc., 208, 1850.

PAGE.

. 246

— Modulus Carchedonicus, Lam. : Zoe
Seabra (Littorina), Anton. Verz., p. 53, 1839.

= L. dilatata, d’Orb. : . 258
Seabra (Littorina). Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1243, : : . 243
Scabra (Littorina), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, p. 212, £16, £1

— IL. lineata, Gmel. . ; f . 243
Scalata (Alaba), Carp. Mazatlan Shells, p. 368, . . 282
Scutulata (Littorina), Gld. Bost. Proc., 111, p. 83, 1846, . 250
Semilzevis (Planaxis), Martens. Conch. Mittheil., ii, p. 151,

1SSiS <. : ‘ : ; : . 280
Semistriata (Alaba), Philippi. 7eeie f. Mal., 1849, p. 34, . 282
Semisuleatus (Planaxis), Sowb. Genera of Shells, i, f. 3, 1824.

— P. nucleus, Lam. . 2a ey Pe : : : i i
Senegalensis (Alaba), Maltzan. Nachrichtsblatt, xvii, p. 28, . 282
Serialis (Littorina), Souleyet. Voy. Bonite., ii, p. 558, t. 31,

f. 34-36, 1852. = L. pintado, Wood. var. 250
Setigerum (Holcostoma), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. iD: 174, ti "20, f.

5, 1853... == H. piligerum, Phil. . 280
Setosa (Littorina), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag., : XVl, p 69,

1875, : . 255
Sicula (Maravignia), Aradas. Atti Acad. Genova, XVil, 42,

1840. = Fossarus ambiguus, Linn. . ee
Sieboldi (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proe., p. 142, 1845.

= L. seabra, Linn. var. : ; . 244
Similis (Planaxis), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag., ‘ix, p- 41,

1872. = P. nigra, Quoy. : ; : : ; . 278
Simplex (Diala), E _ A. Smith. Ann. & Mag., xvi, p. 105,

WYO, Pe , ‘ : : i Weg . 284
Simplex (Littorina), Reeve. Conch. Ieon., f. 63, a, b, 1857.

==) 1G, radis: Mies. : : 2 : : . 241
Simpsoni (Fossarina). Tenison Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,

p 149, 18%5) == F. Petterdi,, Brazier. ; ~ 275
Sinensis (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., iii, p. 52, t. 6, f, 23.

= L. intermedia, Phil. var. : ; . 244
enon (Risella), Issel,Ms. Nevill, Hand se 160.

?— R. infracostata, Issel. . . 264
Sitchana (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proc: p. 140, 1845, . 240
Solidula (Lacuna), Lovén. Index Moll. Seandin., p. 23.

= L. divaricata, Fabr. 2 F . 266
Solutus (Fossarus), Nevill. Hand List, p. 167, 1884, ae
Souverbiana (Littorina), Crosse. Journ. de Conch., p. 53, t. ik

f. 6, 7; 1862. = L. brevicula, Phil. . 241
Souverbianus (Plesiotrochus), Fischer. Journ. de Conch.,

xxvi, p. 212, 1878, . 264

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 309

Spinulosa (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., iii, p. 17, f. 24, 1847.
. == T. bullatus, Mart. var. O20T
Spiratus (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. Dp. 113, 1863, : e210
Spironema, Meek. Smithsonian Check List, Inv. foss., 35,
1864, . : ; . 235
Squalida (Littorina), Brod. & Sowb. Zool. Journ., iv, p. 370, 240
St. Clare (Alaba), Tenison Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.,
184, 1876, . : : : : , ; ; ‘ . 282
Stenotis, A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., xi, p. 351, 1863, . . 234, 268
Stolizkanus (Fossarus), Nevill. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., Pt.

ap: 4,0; 4.1, 1.10; 1871... == FF: costatus,-Broechi. seth
Striata (Alaba), Watson. Challenger Exped. xv, p. 569, t.

42, f. 6, 1886, i . 284
Striata (Litiopa), Pfr. Ar chiv fiir Naturgs i i, p. 255, 1840.

= L. melanostoma, Rang. . ‘ . 281
Striata (Littorina), King. Zool. Journ., Venn 345, ; : . 247
Striata (Phasianella), Brown. Conch. Gt. Brit.

= Lacuna divaricata, Turt. f : : : : . 266
Striatula (Planaxis), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., p. 91, 1851.

= P. labiosus, A. Ad. var. . weet,
Striatulus (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p- ta 1863, . 273

Strigata (Littorina), Lischke. Mal. Blatt., xviii, p. 148, 1871, 245
Strigata (Littorina angulifera, var.), Phil. Abbild., t.. 5; f.

14,1847. = L. lineata, Gmel. . ‘ . 243
Strigata (Littorina intermedia, var.), Phil. "Zool. Pro, p-

141, 1845, . : : . 244
Strigatus (Planaxis), Hanley. Thes. Conch., 176, f, 24.

= P. lineatus, DaCosta. : ; ; : : = SAEGS
Strigosum (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 5488.

—= Planaxis lineatus, DaCosta. . ; : ; ‘ Ble
Styliferinus (Fossarus), Nevill. Hand List, p. 167, 1884, . 273
Styliferina, A. Ad., . 239, 284

Subangulata (Alaba), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., SK p. 298, 1862, 282
Subcingulata (Littorina filosa, var.), Nevill. Hand List, p.

149, 1884, : : . 244
Subgranosa (Melar aphe), Dkr. Zool.-Bot. Vereins Vienna,

xvi, p. 913, 1866,. — T. granularis, Gray, var. . . 260
Bahambricata (Risella, Templiana, var.), Nevill. Hand eee

» 162, 1884, . 264
Baitnermis (Littorina bullata, He Phil. Abbild., et 2,

1846, . 257
Subinfracostata (Risella tantilla, var.), Nev ill. Hand List, p-

160, 1884, . F : d . 263
Subintermedia (Chittori ina “conica, var. r), Nevill. Hand List, p.

150, 1884. = L. undulata, Gray. ; 4 . 244

Subnigra (Planaxis Savignyi, var.), } Nevill. Hand List, 185,
1885, . ‘ : ‘ : ; : : : . 281

310 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Subnodosa (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., ii, p. 19, t. 3, f. 8, 9.
= LL. nodosa, Gray. .

Subreticulatus (Fossarus), Nevill. Hand List, p- 168, 1884,

Subtenebrosa (Littorina), Middendorff. Bull. St. Petersburg

Acad., vii, No. 16. = L. Sitchana, Phil. var. 241
Subtriangularis (Lacuna pallidula, var.), Kobelt. Faun.

Europ., a7 14 , 265
Succincta (Diala), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., Vl, p- 124, 1870, 284
Suecinetus (Planaxis), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., 1851.

— P. lineatus, DaCosta, var. . 278
Suecinea (Lacuna), Moreh. Mal. Blatt., vii, p. 70, 1861, 270
Sulcata (Alaba), Watson. Challenger Rept., xv, p. 070, t. 42,

f. 7, 1886, ‘ : : ; ‘ : ; ; . 284
Sulcata (Littorina), Menke. Synopsis. = L. obligata, Say. . 241
Suleatus (Fossarus), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, f. 28.

F. Orbignyi, Fischer. . ; ’ , : : O71
Sirlenane (Fossarus) ), 8. Wood. Crag Moll. i, 120, 1848, Qs
Suleatus (Planaxis), Born. Mus. Vindobon, p. 258, t. 10, f.5, 6, 276
Sulcifera (Diala), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., x, p. 298, 1862, . 284
Sulciferus ¢(Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proce., p. 112, 1863, . 274
Sulculosa (Littorina), Phil. Zool. Proe., p. 142, 1845, 247
Supralirata (Alaba), Carp. Mazatlan Shells, p. 366, 282
Suturalis (Diala), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., p. 298, 1862, . . 283
Suturalis (Littorina scabra, var.), Phil. Abbild., t. 5, f. 7,

1847, . ; : E : : seis . 248
Suturalis (Planaxis), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag., ix, p. 43,

1872, z : . SET
Syhadrensis (C ian es Blantord aS & Mag., - p.

184, t. 4, f. 1-7, 1863, . . 256
Syriaca (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., i 3, f f 21,2 22 1846.

= L. punctata, Gmel. var. 248.
Treniatus (Planaxis), Phil. Zeitsch. ftir Malak., p. 165, 1848, 280
Tantilla (Risella), Gld. Bost. Proe., 11, p. 118, 1849, 263
Tasmanicus (Fossarus), Tenison Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,

p- 148, 1876, : 274
Tectarius, Val. Zool. Voy. Humb., il, 271, 1833, 281
Tectiformis (EKchinella), Watson. "Journ. anit Soc., Xv, p.

94,1881, . ; ; i 258
Tecpur (Modulus), @ielat Syst. Nat., 3569, 1791, 260
Tectum-Persicum (Littorina), Linn. Syst. Nat. Kid’) iis

1234, . : ; . 257
Tectum- ee (Littorina), " Weinkauff. Kuster’s Conch.

Cab., t. 5, f. 3, 4. = T. armatus, Fischer. 25T
Temana ‘isechs, Gray. Ann. Mag. Ny liste exx, 1847.

— Lacuna, Turton. . ’ 233
Templiana (Risella), Nevill. Hand List, fies 1884, 264

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Tenebrata (Littorina), Nuttall, Ms. Weink. Conch. eth D.
63, 1882. L. pintado, Wood. .

Menebrosa:(littorina): Schrenk. Word Japan, : 321.
= L. Sitchana, Phil. var.

Tenebrosus (Turbo), Mont. ‘Test. Brit:, ii, p- 303: Supp. PL

20, f. 4. = Littorina rudis, Maton. var. .
Tenella (Hela), Jeffreys. B.C., v, p. 204, t. 101, f. EN
Tenuis (Diala), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag., xvi, p. 105, 1875,
Tenuis (Littorina), Phil. Abbild.; Zool. Proe., p. 141, 1845,
Tenuis (Littorina scabra, var.), Nevill. Hand List, p- 146,
1884, . ‘ é ‘
Tenuis (Pl: snaxis), E. A. Smith. “Ann. & Mag., ix, P 45,
1872,
Terebralis (Alaba), Carp. Mazatlan Shells, p. 367,
Tervaricosa (Alaba), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch.
Tessellata (Diala), Tenison Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasm., p. 15,
1875, .. : :
Tessellata (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., i 5, 1 26, 1847,

Tessellata (Planaxis breviculus, var.), ’ Nevill. Hand List, p.

186, 1885, : ; : : ; : t
Thersites (Littorina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 78, 1857.
— L. neritoides, Linn. 5 : : ;
Thiarella (Littorina), Anton. Verz., p. 53, 1839.

Po —— Ee dilatata;, d’Orbs::

Thomsoni (Limnotrochus), Smith. Ann. & M: ag, Vh p. 425,

1880; Zool. Proc., p. 285, t. 33, f. 17, 17b, 1881, :
Thorpeana (Lacuna), Phil. ius, Conch: Cab. ?p. 48, t. 6, f
14, 1853. = L. ea ca vars.”
Tigrina (Littorina), C. B. Ad. Moérch, Mal. Blatt., XXil, i, 137,
— L. tessellata, Phil. .
Tigrina (Littorina). d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, p- 211, ti: 15, ip 9-11,
igs nebulosa, Lam. _ 244,
Tornata (Conradia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p- 112, 1863,
Tornatilis (Fossarus), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, p. 44, 1861.
— F. costatus, Broce. .
Tricolor (Turbo), Risso. Eur. “Merid., fi 4, p- 116.

— Littorina neritoides, Linn.

Trochiformis (Littorina), Phil. ‘(not Dillw.). Abbild., il, te 2, aN

12-15. T. dilatatus, Orb.

Trochiformis (Modulus), Eyd. & Soul. Voy. ‘Bonite, Zool., t.

37, f. 25-31. = M. catenulatus, Phil. , P
Trochiformis (Turbo), Dillw. (not Phil.). Cat., ii, p. 826.

— Littorina nodulosa, Gmel. : . : : :
Trochlearis (Fossarus), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 187, 1853,

Trochoides (Littorina), Gray. Zool. of Beechey’s Voy., p.

140, 1839. — L. nodulosa, Gmel.
Tuba, Lea. Contrib. Geol., 127, 1833,

311

PAGE.

312 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE,
Tuberatus (Iphitus), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., p. 114, t. 20, f. 12,

1883, . . 274
Tuberculata (Littorina), Menke. Cat. Malsb., p- 10.

= L. dilatata, d’Orb. . g . 258
Tuberculatus (Iphitus), Watson. Challenger. Exped., XV, p.

583, t. 46, f. 5, 1886, . . 275
Tuberculatus (‘Lurbo), Gray. “Wood, Ind. Test: Supp., P. 19,

Di; t.6; £50. 1828-0 ee: dilatatus, Orb. : . 268
Tuberia, Carp. Mazat. Cat. 365, 18: BT.

= Alaba, H. & A. Ad. : , : : : ; . 238
Tuberosus (Fossarus), Carp. Mazatlan Shells, p. 354, . . 274
Tumida (Diala), Tenison Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, uF 15,

1875," .. . 283
ce (Aquilonaria), Dall. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. i, p. 204,

3, f. 1-3, 1886, . 255

Turrita (Lacuna), oe Ad. Ann. & Mag., vill, p. 305, 1861; - BAD
Umbilicata (Leevilitorina), Pffr. Natur. Mus. Hamburg, p.

Sota eile Le BG, aes : : : R : . 254
Umbilicata (Littorina), V Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 394, t.

76, f. 1-38, 1843,. . ; ? ; ; ‘ . 2338
Undule ita (Littorina), a’ ook (not Gray.) Moll. Cuba, P. pA Wik

t. 15, £. 12-14, 1853. = L. tessellata, Phil. L 251
Undulata ators): Ging. Zool. of Beechey’s Voy., p. 140,

1339.5: ; . 244
Undulata (Planaxis), Lam. Anim. sans ‘Vert. XK, pa2 236.

= P. sulcatus, Born. . : 206
Unicarinata (Lacuna), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag., Xvi, p.

1045-1875, .. : ; : : : 210
Unifasciata | (Lacuna), Carp. Zool. Proc., 205, 1856

= L. divaricata, Fabr. . 267
Unifasciata (Littorina), Gray, in King’s ‘Survey, p- 483.

= L. Mauritiana, Lam. F . 247
Unidens (Modulus), Lister (Chemn, Conch. Cab., x p. 290,

. 1788), Auct. ‘ : : : : , { . 261
Ustulatus (Littorina), Blainy. <= L, obtusata, Linn. .- » 253°
Ustulatus (Turbo), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., ix, 199.

-—— Littorina littorea, Linn. . ; F . ; : . 240

Varia (Adeorbis), Hutton. Cat. Moll. N. Zeal., 1873, . 255, 276
Varia (Diala), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., viii, p. 245, 1861.

— L. semistriata, Phil. ‘ ; : Sea. : . 282
Varia (Littorina), Sowb. Genera of Shells, No. 37, 1824, . 246
Variabilis (Planaxis), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Se ix, p. 44,

1872. =P. lineatus, DaCosta. . 218
Variegata (Lacuna), Carp. Ann. & Mag., Xlv, p. 428, 1364, . 266
era Cena, Rouleyes Voy. Bonite., li, p. 560, t.

f, 40-42, 1852. = L. varia, Sowb. : ‘ : . 246

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. ails:

Variegatus (Fossar), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 187, 1853, . . 276
Varius (Littorina), Hutton, Man. Moll. N. Zeal., p. 35, 1873, 255
Ventricosa (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., iii, 15, t. vi, f. 19.

= L. granularis, Gray. ; : ; : . 242
Ventricosa (Littorina sated var.), Phil. Abbild., t. 5, f. 8,
1847, . : . 248

Ventrosa (Litiopa), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., viii, p. 404, 1861, 281
Ventrosa (Litiopa), Pfr. Archiv fiir Naturg., i, p. 255, 1840, 281
Venusta (Leevilitorina), Pffr. Natur. Mus. pumas p. 85, t.

iF. 9,2, 'b,, 1886, : . 254
Vera (Littorina bullata, Var.) Phil. Abbild., ie 2, 1846, 251
Vestita (Lacuna), Dkr. ’& Metz. Nordsee Exped., p.256;, 270
Vestitus (Planaxis), Dkr. In collection. Donum. Bism., 41.

= P. labiosus, A. Ad. . : hae)

Vestitus (Turbo), Say. Journ. Phila. Ac ad., li, p. 241,
= L. tenebrosa, Montg. : Pee
Vibex (Alaba), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., x 4 296, 1862, : . 282
Vidua (Littorina), Gould. Bost. Proce., vii, p. 138, 1861, 2

Vilis (Littorina), Menke. Phil. Abbild., ify Ps Lose 2, fo, 21

. L. nodulosa, Gmel. —. . 258
Vincta (Lacuna), Mont. Test. Brit. 5p: 307, t. 20, f. 3, 1803.

= L. divaricata, Fabr. . 266
Violacea (Alaba), Carp. Mazatlan Shells, p. 367, . 282
Virgatus (Planaxis), Smith. Ann. & Mag., ix, p. 44, 1872
* = P. lineatus, DaCosta. é , z : : ; ee
Vitiensis (Littorina), Dkr. Mal. Blatt., xviii, p. 150, 1871.

= T. granularis, Gray. ; ; : j : ; . 260;
Vittata (Littorina), Phil. Abbild., iii, p. 58, t. 7, f. 11,1848.

= L. obtusata, Linn. var. . . 253
Vittata (Risella), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak. p. 131, 1846.

— R. melanostoma, Gmel. . s 262
Vulgaris (Littorina), Sowb. Genera of Shells, No. 37, ft

— Turbo littoreus, Linn. . ; : ; : : . 240

Wood—Masoniana (Alaba), Nevill. Hand List, p. 182, 1885, 282
Zebra (Buccinum), Meg. Berl. Schrift., viii, t. 1, f. 7, 1811.

= Planaxis lineatus, “DaCosta. : eae
Zebra (Littorina), Wood. Suppl., t. 6, f. 33, 1818. |

= L. Peruviana, Lam. . 249
Zebrina (Diala), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag., 5 oa 296, 1862.

== Alaba. ~~. . 282
Ziczac (Littorina), Chemn. Conch. Cab., vy, p- 69, ie 1599,

1560, . : : ; : : : ; 7 251
Zonaria (Littorina), Banco Fp Rudis, Donoy. . d . 241

Zonatus ( Planaxis), A. Ad. “Zool. Proc., p. 271, 1851.
= P. lineatus, DaCosta. . : : - 279

314 RISSOIID&.

Monograph of the Families Rissovide, Jeffreysiide, Skeneide, Cho-
ristide and Homalogyride.

>

Famity RISSOITDE.

Animal with a more or less elongated muzzle; elongated, cylin-
drical tentacles, with the eyes on swellings at their outer bases;
verge (male organ) exserted, situated at a considerable distance be-
hind the right tentacle; gills both pallial, the right one largest,
rather short and broad, composed of few laminz, which are much
broader than high ; foot oblong, punctate before, rounded or
pointed behind; operculigerous lobe well developed. Operculum
corneous, paucispiral. Dentition (PI. 54, fig. 98.)

Shell small, usually turbinate or elongate, often more or less um-
bilicated ; peristome continuous, more or less rounded, never truly
channeled in front.

The Rissoiide are small, often minute, phytophagous marine mol-
lusks, inhabiting all parts of the world, frequenting algze, zostera,
ete., from which they often suspend themselves by a mucous fila-
ment.

Formerly a large number of fresh and brackish-water forms were.
here included, which, although nearly allied both as to animal and
shell, are now perhaps more properly considered to form a family
apart—Hydrobiidee: these will be considered in the series of the
Manual devoted to Fresh Water Mollusks.

The Rissoiidze have been monographed by: Schwartz von Mohren-
stern, Denkschriften K. Akad. Wissen, 1860-64.

Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, xx, 125, sp. No date

Weinkauff, in Ktister’s Conch. Cab., 273 species, 1876.

Synopsis of Genera and Subordinate Groups.
Genus RISSOIA, Frémenville. 1814.

Shell imperforate or subperforate, more or less oblong, turbinated,
usually thick, white or corneous, smooth, ribbed or cancellated,
aperture entire, oval, peristome thick, simple or reflected. Oper-
culum corneous, paucispiral (PI. 54, fig. 95).

The animal has long, slender tentacles, sometimes ciliated, with
eyes on small prominences near their outer bases; mantle with a
tentacular appendage in front, on the right side, or on either side;
foot truncate in front, attenuated behind, with a glandular sulcus

RISSOILD ZB. 315

on its lower side; operculigerous lobe with a wing-like expansion
on either side, with one to three posterior filaments. Jaws oval,
lingual teeth 2-1-1-1-2 (Pl. 54, fig. 98).

Fully 200 recognized species have been made known to science,
' besides unfigured species and synonyms amounting to perhaps 400
more. From their minute size it is probable that many more re-
main to be described. They inhabit all seas, from high water to
100 fathoms, but being phytophagous, abound most in shallow
water, near shore, on beds of seaweed.

There are a few secondary species, but Rissoia is principally
found fossil in tertiary beds.

Rissoia is active and bold, floats like its congeners, and spins a
byssal thread instantly upon being detached from its foothold. The
incessant play of the tentacular cilix is very striking. The pallial
filaments probably are, like the tentacles, tactile in function.

Subgenus Rissora (sensu stricto).

Shell elongated conic, longitudinally costate; aperture oblong,
with a thickened peristome bearing an exterior rib.
R. venrricosa, Desmarest.
The characters of the following subordinate groups so merge one
into another that in many cases the relegation of species to a par-
ticular division is an entirely arbitrary matter. I shall indicate
the sections; but it must be understood that many of the species
have not been assigned heretofore to any section, and that others
belong to two or more sections, according to the variation of their
characters. No doubt the institution of divisions founded upon
such unsubstantial characters has tended to the undue multiplica-
tion of species; but I am unable to satisfactorily arrange the sy-
nonymy—this can only be done by one who will devote himself to
the subject, asa specialty.

Section AprcuLaARrA, Monterosato. 1884.

Shell turbinate, whorls and aperture more rounded, the inter-
stices of the rounded ribs spirally striate. R. Enrensperat, Phil.

Section Rissosromia, Sars. 1878.
Shell very thin, smooth or slightly longitudinally costate, often
with zigzag longitudinal fulvous markings.
R. MEMBRANACEA, Adams.

316 RISSOIID A.

Section PERserHona (Leach, 1852), Monts 1884.

Originally included a heterogeneous assemblage of species of
various types. Monterosato has recently restricted it to those
haying punctate spiral lines; either longitudinally ribbed or smooth.

R. RUFILABRIs, Leach.
This group shades unmistakably into the typical one.

Section ScuwartziA, Bucq. Dautz. et Dollf. 1884.

Shell elongated, conic, longitudinally ribbed or smooth, colum-
ella dentate. R. Monoponta, Bivona.

Section Zrprora, Leach. 1847.

Clausilia-like, generally elate, smoothish or longitudinally ribbed ;
margin of aperture dilated or reflected.

Aeme, H. & A. Adams, is a synonym. R. auRiscaLpium, Linn.

Section TURBELLA, Leach. 1847.

Shell ovate, minute, often flamed or maculate with chestnut, with
rounded longitudinal ribs, becoming obsolete on lower part of body
whorl, or sometimes smooth, no spiral striz. R. parva, DaCosta.

Pusillina, Monts., 1884, may be united with this section. Whorls
turriculated, ribs interrupted, lip acute, not externally varicose.

R. pusilla, Phil. A

? Section MOHRENSTERNIA, Stoliczka. 1868.

Turriculated, thin, semipellucid; whorls frequently transversely
costulate ; columella fissured at the base ; aperture subovate, angu-
lated behind, rounded in front, margin very little dilated, outer lip
simple, scarcely varicose. Fossil in brackish or fresh-water de-
posits, R. wFiava, Andrzejowski. Eastern Europe.

Section Manzonta, Brusina. 1870.
Shell more or less shouldered, longitudinally ribbed, spirally
ridged, peristome duplicate. European. R. cosrara, Ads.
Flemingia, Jeffreys, 1884, is a synonym.
Section Four, Crosse. 1868.
Turriculated, longitudinally ribbed, spirally striate, posterior end
of aperture with a small sinus. R. instants, Folin. Panama.
Subgenus SABAN@A, Leach. 1847.

Shell smooth, stout, elevated conic, peristome thick, continuous.
R. FLAMMEA, Frauenf.

RISSOILD &. 317

Section Corena, A. Adams. 1870.

Elately turbinate, with obtuse apex, rimate ; aperture circular,
peristome duplicate, continuous, outer lip externally reflected, inner
lip with thin, callous expansion and posterior tubercle.

R. TUBERCULIFERA, A. Ad. Gulf of Suez.

Section AMPHITHALAMUS, Carpenter. 1865.

Shell smooth, pupoidal, with large nucleus ; peristome duplicated,
the inner lip produced forward, with a subbasal space behind it,
outer lip joining it posteriorily, suddenly contracted in the adult.
California, Australia, Japan. R. ryciusa, Carp.

Serobs, Watson, 1886, is a synonym.

Section Nopuus, Monts. 1878.
Shell subcylindrical, with obtuse spire, whorls smooth or feebly
spirally striate ; aperture rounded, peristome thick, continuous.
R. conrorta, Jeffreys.
Peringiella and Pisinna, Monts, 1878, may be united with this
group.

Section ANABATHRON, Frauenfeld. 1867.
Shell scalariform, with a carinated shoulder, imperforate, smooth;
aperture rounded, peristome continuous. R. conrABULATA, Frauenf.

Section PeLecyprum, Fischer. 1872.

Imperforate, elongate, subarcuated, finely striate; whorls some-
what flattened, apex mamillate; last whorl small, descending, de-
viating; aperture semicircular, exserted, entire, peristome con-
tinuous, somewhat thickened. R. VENUSTULA, Fischer.

Section Hemistromra, Crosse, 1872.
Imperforate, elongated, thin, smooth, olivaceous corneous, under
a persistent thin epidermis, apex mamillate, obtuse; aperture a
little solute, peristome continuous.
New Caledonia. R. Cateponica, Crosse.

The characters of this group correspond mainly with those of the
preceding one, but the corneous texture and brackish water habitat,
have led Dr. Fischer to place it in the Hydrobiide. If it should
prove identical with Pelecydium, the latter name will become a
synonym. The operculum of Hemistomia is unknown.

318 RISSOIID A.

Subgenus CrnGuLa, Fleming. 1828.

Shell thin, smooth or spirally striated, spotted or banded near
the suture, outer lip sharp, or slightly thickened.
R. crnatiuus, Monte.
Cingilla, Monts. 1884, is a synonym. F

Section CrnGuLA (restricted. )
Shell elongated, with subacute spire, whorls flatly convex.

Section ONoRA, H. & A. Adams. 1854.

Turbiniform or somewhat elongated, whorls convex, conspicu-
ously spirally striated, sometimes with short longitudinal plice at
the suture; aperture oval, peristome continuous, thin or slightly
thickened. R.srriara, Mtg.

Section Cerarra, H. & A. Adams. 1854.

Subcylindrical, thin, whorls flatly convex, with obtuse apex;
outer lip thin and sharp.

Animal with flattened, mostly short and claviform tentacles, foot
bifurcate behind. R. proxia, Alder.

Section Hyana, H. & A. Adams. 1854.

Shell elevated conic, thin, hyaline, smooth or spirally striate ;
aperture oval, slightly emarginate anteriorily, outer lip thin, simple.
Operculum subspiral.

Tentacles with setaceous summits. R. virrea, Forbes & Han-
ley.

Section PLAGiostyLa, Fischer. 1872.

Smooth, transparent, apex papillary, last whorl descending ; aper-

ture semilunar, pillar lip oblique, rectilinear, outer lip not varicose.
R. Asturtana, Fischer.
Section Serra, H. & A. Adams. 1854.

Whorls few, smooth, ventricose, spotted, spire short, with obtuse
apex, aperture suborbicular. Animal with pilose tentacles.

R. PULCHERRIMA, Jettreys.
Subsection Mircroserra, Monts. 1884.

Imperforate or rimate, minute, brightly colored, often fasciate,
smooth.

Pseudosetia, Monts. is a synonym. R. rurarpa, Phil

Subsection Crnauiina, Monts. 1884.
Obtuse or globular, unicolored, lip thickened, covering the um-
bilicus. R. ALDERI, Jeffreys.

RISSOIID&. 319

Subsection PARvIsETIA, Monts. 1884.
Imperforate, spire rather short, apex obtuse, aperture expanded,
semilunar, lip thickened. R. Scrtuam, Seguenza.

Subgenus Rissopsts, Garrett. 1873.

Thin, elongated, cylindrical, apex truncate; aperture subovate,
angular above, entire, peristome rather thin, somewhat expanded,
eolumella oblique, arched. R. ryprca, Garrett.

Subgenus ALVANIA, Risso. 1826.

Shell oval, turbiniform, spire short, with sharp apex, whorls
rounded, nodulously cancellated, aperture subcircular, crenulated
or grooved within, outer lip margined exteriorly by a varix.

Acinus, Monts, 1884, is a synonym. R. crmex, Linn.
Section Acrnopsis, Monterosato. 1884.

Aperture subcanaliculate anteriorily, columella tuberculate below’

R.CANCELLATA, DaCosta.
Section Nevinura, A. Adams. 1868.

Imperforate, acutely ovate, whorls convex, spirally lirate, longi-
tudinally striate ; columella callous, toothed below, outer lip smooth
or toothed within, varicose exteriorly. R. prora, A. Ad.

Section ALvrnta, Monts. 1884.

Whorls shouldered, spiral sculpture stronger than the longitu-
dinal ribs. R. WEINKAUFFI, Schwartz.

Galeodina, Monts. 1884 (R. carinata, DaCosta), is a synonym.

Section THApsIELLA, Fischer. 1884.

Elongated conic, whorls flatly convex, cancellated by close,
small riblets and spiral lines, lip thin. R. Rupts, Phil.

It is Thapsia, Monts. 1884, not Albers. 1860.

Section Massorra, Bueq. Dautz. et Dollf., 1884.

Shortly oval, last whorl swollen, aperture large, surface feebly
reticulated. R. racrgea, Michaud.
~ Section Acronta, Monts. 1884.

Lip inferiorly, obliquely expanded, externally thickened ; turbi-
nately elongated, decussed by close riblets and spiral striz.

R. ABysstcoLA, Forbes.
Genus RISSOINA, d’Orbigny. 1840.

Rissoiform, ribbed or cancellated, whorls numerous, apex mamil-

lated ; aperture semilunar, lip thickened within, a little reflected,

320 RISSOIIDZ.

anteriorly effuse or faintly channeled. Operculum corneous, thick,
semilunar, paucispiral, with a claviform process on the internal face.
(Pl. 54, figs. 93, 94.)

The form of the operculum, and effuse character of the base of
the aperture are distinguishing features of this group. The species
inhabit warm and temperate seas, are world-wide in distribution,
and over 100 good species have been characterized. There are
some secondary and tertiary species.

Section Rissorna (typical).

Longitudinally costate, with or without spiral striz, aperture
produced below, without funicular rib on the base. R. Inca, Orb.
Section RissoLina, Gould. 1861.

With funicular rib below. R. ELEGANTISSIMA, Orb.

Section Microstrima, A. Ads. 1863.

Turreted, ovate, rimate, spire conic, whorls longitudinally plicate;
aperture oblong, produced anteriorly, subcanaliculate, inner lip
thickened, outer lip simple. R. papaua, A. Ad. Japan.

Section SCHWARTZIELLA, Nevill. 1884.
Aperture without basal emargination. R. BRYEREA, Mtg.

Section PHostneLLA, Morch. 1876.
Shell reticulated by subequal sculpture; aperture profoundly
sinuated below. Operculum denticulate posteriorily.
R. Saararana, d’Orb.
Section ZEBINELLA, Morch. 1876.
Shell very finely longitudinally costellate and spirally striate ;
aperture widened and emarginate below. R. RETICULATA, Sowb.

Section Morcutreua, Nevill. 1884.

Upper part of shell longitudinally ribbed, lower part smooth, or
spirally striate. R. GiGanrea, Desh.
Section Zeprna, H. & A. Adams. 1854.

Shell white, solid, opaque, polished, smooth or partly striate ;
outer lip rather thick, often with one or more anterior internal, tu-
bercles. R. BrowntAna, d’Orb.

Section PyRAMIDELLOIDES, Nevill. 1884.
Narrowly turreted, with spiral ribs, tuberculated below. the suture.
R. rysouira, Desh.
Section Srosstcuta, Brusina. 1879.

Embryonal shell sinistral; whorls cancellated ; aperture canali-

culated in front, lip varicose, dentate within, axis subperforaite.

RISSOILD : 321

R. mrraBiiis, Dunker; R. peLANAXoIDES, Desm. Miocene of Aqui-
twine. f
The group was proposed first for fossil species, but the above re-
cent shell, referred by Semper to a new group Jsselia (preoccupied,
and by Nevill to sseliel/a, 1885, may be included.

Subgenus EATONIELLA, Dall. 1876.

Smooth, aperture subcircular, peristome simple, continuous, not
effuse below, lip margin not thickened. Operculum paucispiral,
with an interior claviform process. R. KeRGUELENEUSIS, Smith.
3 sp. Kerguelen Is.

Name substituted for Eatonia, E. A. Smith, preoccupied.

Genus BARLEETA, Clark. 1855.

Conieally turbinated, whorls slightly convex, smooth; aperture
oval, entire, rounded in front, lip sharp. Operculum subconcentric,
not spiral, with lateral nucleus, and an internal rib-like processs.

Operculigerous lobe without processes, tentacles moderate, simple,
obtuse at their extremity, foot a little emarginate behind, truncate
in front. B. ruBrRA, Adams. Europe.

Many conchologists place this group in connection with Jeffrey-
siide, rather than with Rissoiide.

Genus KEITLOSTOMA, Desh. 1848.

Elongated, turriculate, usually spirally striate; aperture short,
entire, twisted at the base, angular behind, lip very thick, exteriorly
varicose, laterally produced, sinuous behind.

Cretaceous and Eocene; Europe, India. KK. Extra, Desh.
(Struct. & Syst. Conch., t. 72, f. 39.)

On account of Chilostoma, Fitz., 1833, Bayan, in 1875, changed
the above name to Paryphostoma.

Genus FAIRBANKIA, Blanford. 1868.

Shell imperforate, turreted, with a brown epidermis; aperture
suboval, rounded in front, lip slightly dilated, with acute margin
and exterior varix. Operculum corneous, subannular, with an in-
terior long transverse rib.

Animal with long filiform tentacles, and eyes sessile at their
bases ; proboscis elongated ; foot wide, sinuated in front, rounded

behind. F. Bompayana, Blanf. Estuary; Bombay Harbor.
21 :

822 RISSOIIDH—JEFFREYSIID #.

Combines the epidermis, and to a great extent the animal of Hy-
drobia, with the peristome of Rissoia and the operculum of Jeffrey-
sla.

Genus IRA VADIA, Blanford. 1867.

Rissoiform, the apex often obtuse, whorls spirally ribbed and
covered with an epidermis; aperture ovate, margins continuous,
anteriorly slightly effuse, outer lip with an external varix. Oper-
eulum and animal unknown.

Brackish water. India. I. onnata, Blanford.

Probably closely related to Fairbankia.

Genus FENELLA, A. Adams. 1871.

Shell turriculate, subulate, or pupoid, whorls cancellated; aper-
ture oval in front, peristome interrupted, lip sharp, thickened or
varicose. EF. puporpEs, A. Ad. Japan.

Some authors place Fenella in Pyramidellidee.

Genus PUTILLA, A. Ad. 1867.

Shell turbinated-conic, solid, smooth, rimate ; aperture suborbic-
ular, lip thickened, subeffuse in front, searcely expanded. Relation-
ships obscure. P. Luctpa, A. Adams. Japan.

Genus SKENELLA, Pfeffer, 1886.

Shell depressed globose, compressed around the umbilicus; peris-
tome continuous, the inner lip straight, oblique; operculum pauci-
spiral, with a projecting lamina, arising from the nucleus.

S. GEORGIANA, Pfeffer.
South Georgia.

Famiry JEFFREYSUD.

Proboseis bilobed in front, forming two sharp, narrow, ciliated
appendages as long as the tentacles, which are equally ciliated ;
eyes sessile at the base of the tentacles; foot lanceolate. Jaws
scaly (Pl. 54, fig. 2). Radula variable, short, the central tooth
small, with slightly reflected margin, lateral tooth arcuate, some-
times denticulate, sometimes unarmed, marginal teeth absent or
present (PI. 54, fig. 1).

Shell small, thin, transparent, with oval aperture. Operculum
imbricated, concentric, with marginal nucleus, the inner face with
a transverse carina (PI. 54, figs. 96, 97).

JEFFREYSILDA—-SK EN EID As. 323
Genus JEFFREYSIA, Alder. 1849.

Characters those of the family. Distr. Hurope, Japan.
J. DIAPHANA, Alder.
Jeffreysia lives on algze, from which it can suspend itself by a
-mucous thread. The eyes are visible through the shell.
Rissoella, Gray, 1847 (not described), is a synonym.

Subgenus Tarra, Tenison Woods. 1879.

Shell elongate pyramidal. Operculum calcareous, with a vertical,
#ubmarginal claw. Animal with truncate foot and long tentacles.
T. Huonensts, Woods. Tasmania.

Subgenus Darpantia, Hutton. 1882.

Shell ovate, subconical, smooth, imperforate, olivaceous ; aperture
oval, entire, rounded in front; peritreme not continuous, outer lip
thin. Operculum like Jeffreysia. D. oLrvacna, Hutton.

New Zealand.

FamiIty SKENEID.

Head large, proboscidiform, foot truncate in front, operculigerous
lobe without appendages, tentacles long, cylindrical, eyes nearly
sessile, at their external base (Pl. 54, fig. 100). Jaws tuberculate.
Radula like Hydrobia (PI. 54, fig. 99).

Shell depressed, nearly discoidal, few-whorled, widely umbili-
eated, aperture rounded, peristome continuous. Operculum corne-
ous, multispiral.

Genus SKENEA, Fleming. 1828.
Characters those of the family. Northern Seas. Low water,

under stones and on algz. S. PLANORBIS, Fabr.
Delphinoidea, Brown, is a synonym.

Famity CHORISTIDZ.

Shell heliciform, thin, perforate, covered by an epidermis; aper-
ture oval, peristome continuous, sharp. Operculum corneous,
spiral.

Head short, large, two short anterior tentacles are connected by
a frontal veil, the posterior tentacles are simple, thick, conical ; no
eyes ; proboscis retractile ; foot large, oval, with two anterior ten-

324 CHORISTID Z&—-HOMALOGYRID&.

tacular processes; a papilla on either side between the mantle and
foot, aud two posterior threads below the operculum. Jaws elliptic.
Radula with three rachial teeth, of which the middle is very small,
the others unicuspid, lateral tooth large, bicuspid, marginal small,
curved, simple, a small basal plate exterior to them (PI. 54, fig. 5).

Genus CHORISTES, Carpenter. 1872.

The characters are those of the family, the systematic position of
which is very uncertain. Verrill is inclined to place it among the
tectibranchs, near Actzeon, but the shell and appendages of the
epipodium recall Rissoid characteristics.

C. ELEGANS, Carp., described from Canadian post-pliocene fossils,
has been found living on the New England coast, within the egg
capsule of a ray.

Famity HOMALOGYRID.

Body flattened, ciliated in front, no tentacles, eyes sessile (PI.
54, fig. 3). Radula narrow, the central tooth having a quadrangu-
lar base with large cusp, imbricated, one series on the other, a
lateral, transverse plate replaces the lateral and marginal teeth.
(Pl. 54, fig. 4.)

Shell planorbiform, spire involute, mouth clasping both sides of
the periphery. Operculum corneous, few-whorled, nucleus central.

Genus HOMALOGYRA, Jeffreys. 1867.
Characters those of the family. H. Nrripisstma, Forbes &
Hanley. Europe, Greenland.
The external characters of the animal and its dentition are pe-
culiar, and its systematic position is uncertain.
Omalogyra, Jeffreys, and Ammonicerina, Costa, are synonyms.

et)
NG
oC

RISSOIA.

Famity RISSOIDE.
Genus RISSOIA, Frémenville. 1814.

R. venrricosa, Desm. PI. 61, fig. 15.

Whitish or flesh color, with about 12 longitudinal costze, fading
on the upper part of the body whorl, finely spirally striate, lip pale
violaceous or reddish, with external varix. Length, 8 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

R. subventricosa, Cantraine, is a synonym.

R. SPLENDIDA, Eichw. Pl. 61, fig. 16.

Scarcely pellucid, polished, white, with faint spiral series of mi-
nute chestnut punctations, often obsolete, apex and peristome vio-
laceous, ribs about 14, rarely spirally striate. Length, 5-4 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

The synonyms are RF. violestoma, Kryn., and R. ornata, Phil.

This species, the preceding and the next, run together in such
manner that it is very difficult to distinguish them; indeed, it is
very doubtful whether they are specifically distinct.

R. PLICATULA, Risso. PI. 63, fig. 56.

Whorls rapidly increasing, flattened, with 12-14 slightly oblique,
longitudinal ribs, vanishing on the lower part of the body whorl ;
lip strongly varicose; yellowish white, with fulvous flames between
the ribs. Length, 6:3 mill.
Mediterranean Sea.
R. VARIABILIs, Muhlf. Pl. 61, figs. 16, 17; Pl. 65, fig. 4

Whorls 7-9, convex, subangulated, with 10-12 longitudinal costee,
and punctate, spiral, impressed lines; lip externally varicose ;
whitish, or light brownish, with obscure, punctate, spiral, chestnut
lines, and sometimes an obscure basal band, peristome violaceous.

Length, 9 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

It is R. costata, Desm., R. costulata, Risso, R. Desmuaresti, Recluz,
R. splendida, Sowb., Turbo Rissoanus, Chiaje, R. nodulifera, and R.
punctata, Kister, R. protensa and fh. neglecta, Locard.

? Monstr. srRANGULATA, Brusina. PI. 65, fig. 4.

Upper portion smooth, middle longitudinally costate, body whorl
‘tumid, smooth, suture deep ; vitreous white, peristome violaceous.

Length, 4°5 mill.

Dalmatia.

Monterosato considers this a monstrosity of R. variabilis.

326 RISSOIA.

R. pecorAtvA, Phil. PI. 62, figs. 30, 31.

Rather solid, shining, scarcely pellucid, vitreous white, apex vio-
laceous, with longitudinal chestnut lines between the ribs, sometimes
tessellated with chestnut ; longitudinal ribs 12, thick, spiral strize
close, densely punctate; aperture chestnut-violaceous, with a white
exterior varix. Length, 5 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

The synonyms are FR. pulchella, Danilo and Sandri, R. Lanzai,

Dunker, and var. /ineolata, Brusina.

R. FRAUENFELDIANA, Brusina. PI. 66, fig. 37.

Solid, turreted, with very convex, subangulated whorls and deep
suture, with strong, rounded, elevated ribs, fading below the middle
of the body whorl, crossed by close striz; lip varicose, produced ;
color vitreous white, peristome violaceous, varix white.

Length, 5 mill.

Dalmatra.
_ More narrowly elongated, with more numerous whorls and more
elevated ribs than the preceding species.
R. nodosa, Brusina, is a synonym.

Rk. Guerin, Recluz. Pl. 62, figs. 36, 34, 35.

With about 10 thick, rounded, longitudinal ribs, and punctate;
spiral striz, last whorl subinflated, usually smooth; lip varicose:
externally; brownish, with close, zigzag, longitudinal chestnut
lines. Length, 5-8 mill. |

Europe..

R. speciosa, Brusina, is a synonym.

Var. cosTuLATA, Alder. Figs. 34, 35.
Narrower, yellowish, apex and aperture violaceous.
R. subcostulata, Schwartz, is a synonym.

R. AURANTIACA, Watson. PI. 65, fig. 5.

Subopaque, subgradate, with deep suture; ribs 18-20, double the
width of the interstices, fading out towards the base, with a dozen
rounded spiral lire, sometimes a little nodulous above; lip thin,’
thickened externally; orange color, whitish towards the aperture.

Length, 3 mill.

Canary Ts.

R. MELANOSTOMA, Requien, and var. AMPHORULA, Brugn. (un-
figured. )

Mediterranean...

RISSOLA. 327

R. sALEBROSA, Frauenf. PI. 66, fig. 44.

Thick, somewhat shining, brownish, depressed conical, with 10-
12 strong, close, rounded ribs, subnodose at the suture, and on the
angulated periphery of the last whorl; whorls 5}, flattened, rapidly
increasing. Length, 2°6 mill.

Sydney, Australia.
Section AprcuLARIA, Monts. 1884.

R. simruis, Scacchi. Pl. 61, fig. 29.

Thin, pellucid, vitreous, whorls rounded, with 10-14 longitudinal
ribs, vanishing about the middle of the body whorl, with punctate,
impressed spiral strize; aperture small, produced in front, lip rarely
thickened externally ; white, peristome violaceous.

Length, 5 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

RR. arata, Risso, R. ovatella, Forbes, R. rubrocincta, and R. apicu-
lata, Danilo and Sandri and vars. apicina, striata, decurtata, and
levis, Monts., are synonyms.

R. gemmula, Fischer, is probably a juvenile of this species.

R. EnRENBERGI, Phil. Pl. 61, fig. 27.

Solid, upper whorls smooth, the others with from 12-14 longitu-
dinal plications, and spirally striated, lower part of body whorl not
plicate, lip acute, rarely thickened ; whitish, pearly or light yellow-
ish, with chestnut flames at the suture, inner lip violaceous, outer
lip with a spot at the base. Length, 3:7 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

It is R. elegans, Brusina.

R. @Orpieny1, Audouin. Pl. 67, fig. 68.

Imperforate, rather solid, with 8-10 longitudinal rounded ribs,
spirally lirate; whorls 6, convex, suture distinct ; aperture a little
effuse below. Length, 3 mill.

Red Sea.
R. rnconspicua, Alder. PI. 62, fig. 52.

Rather solid, but translucent, polished, whitish or light yellowish
white, sometimes milk-white, occasionally obscurely maculated or
shortly strigate with chestnut, apex corneous; numerously, nar-
rowly costate, the interstices closely spirally striate; lip with white
varix. Length, 18 mill.

Europe.

R. maculata, Brown, R. variegata, Schwartz, and var. globosa,
Morch (FR. Kisloensis, Dunker), are synonyms.

328 RISSOIA.

R. peticrosa, Jeffreys. Pl. 63, fig. 85.

Narrowly rimate, somewhat thick, semipellucid, shining, white,
with curved, acute, distant costee and more numerous spiral liree, of
which the basal ones are more distinct; lip simple, thin, with ex-
terior varix. Length, 2 mill.

Southern Europe.

Jeffreys has indicated a var. multicostata.

R. sYNGENEs, Verrill. Pl. 68, fig. 97.

Imperforate, white, with 14-16 longitudinal, subdistant ribs, van-
ishing on lower part of body whorl, with closer spiral lire, crossing
the ribs, and more conspicuous on the base; there are also micro-
scopic, close spiral striz. Length, 3 mill.

Off Cape Hatteras, N. C.

R. Fayavensis; Watson. PI. 67, fig. 72.

Nearly imperforate, white, with about 12 narrow, nearly contin-
uous, distant, longitudinal ribs, fading below the periphery, some-
what remotely, feebly, spirally striate throughout ; whorls 5, con-
vexly conical, with linear, somewhat impressed suture; lip not vari-
cose. Length, 1°67 mill.

Azores; 450-500 fms.
R. pyrruias, Watson. PI. 67, fig. 70.

Scarcely perforate, glossy, translucent white, with 15 strong, dis-
tant ribs, fading below, with distant, faint spiral strize throughout,
stronger on the base; whorls 6, flatly conical, rapidly increasing,
suture slightly margined ; lip varicose. Length, 2°75 mill.

Off Culebra Is., W. I.; 590 fms.

R. rrasEctus, Watson. PI. 67, fig. 78.

Imperforate, strong, white, with about 18 narrow, rounded ribs,
stopping on the periphery, spirally lirate throughout, stronger on
the base ; whorls 5, slopingly, slightly convex, suture linear.

Length, 1°5 mill.

Off Cape York, Australia.

R. microstoma, Watscn. PI. 67, fig. 75.

Imperforate, translucent, glossy, white, with 10-12 distant,
rounded ribs, more or less continuous, microscopically spirally stri-
ate ; whorls 6, slightly convex, roundly angulated at the periphery ;
aperture very small ; lip varicose. Length, 3 mill.

Off Culebra Isl, W. I., 390 fms.

RISSOIA. 329

R. Novarensis, Frauenf. PI. 66, fig. 45.

Imperforate, thick, whitish, with two fulvous bands, with 12-15
narrow ribs, the interstices spirally striate; whorls 6, convex, sub-
gradate ; lip produced, varicose. Length, 3 mill.

Hab. unknown.

R. tizactna, Recluz. Pl. 62, fig. 40.

Obtuse, solid, porcellanous, shining, violaceous, with curved dis-
tant ribs, and spiral, densely punctate, impressed strize, apex dark
violet ; peristome thick, white, violet-margined, bidentate within,
varix white, with an orange streak behind it. Length, 5 mill.

Atlantic Coast of France.

Turbo violaceus, Muhlf., is a synonym.

Section Rissosromra, Sars. 1878.

R. MEMBRANACEA, Adams. PI. 61, figs. 19-26.
- Rather thin, membranaceous, subhyaline, smooth or longitudi-
nally costate, the last whorl inflated, smooth or with short costze, lip
expanded and thickened; corneous or brownish, with undulating,
longitudinal chestnut lines, sometimes absent; outer lip usually
with three chestnut spots. Length, 7-9 mill.
Europe.

Varies greatly in texture and sculpture.

The synonyms are PF. labiosa, Montg., R. fragilis, Mich., R. Sou-
leyetiana, Recluz, R. pulla, Brown, R. cornea, Lovén (Figs. 25, 26).

Var. octona, Nilsson. Figs. 25, 24.

Shell narrower, more cylindrical.

Var. angustissima, Weinkauff, is a synonym.
R. LrnEoLaTA, Michaud. © Pl. 61, fig. 28.

Thin, hyaline, vitreous, with 14-16 slightly oblique longitudinal
ribs, last whorl ventricose, the lower part smooth; aperture sub-
dilated below; color light yellowish or corneous, with narrow, lon-
-gitudinal fulvous strigations, which become flexuous below, lip with
a single spot below.

France.
R. Lr, Benoit. Pl. 62, fig. 33.

Rather solid, opaque, fulvous brown with white apex, with
rounded longitudinal ribs and thin spiral striz, the sculpture often
obsolete on the last whorl; lip simple, columella tinted with viola-

-ceous. Length, 4 mill.
Mediterranean Sea.

330 RISSOIA.

R. DesmAresti, Audouin. PI. 67, fig. 67.

Thin, elevated conical, with 10-12 low longitudinal cost, fading
out towards the base; whorls 6, slopingly flattened, suture distinct ;
peristome simple. Length, 3 mill.

Red Sea.
R. Waasirica, Issel. Pl. 68, fig. 98. ;

Rimate, somewhat solid, a little shining, opaque, white, longitu-
dinally thinly costate, sculpture fading above the middle of the
body whorl; interstices spirally striate; whorls 43, slightly convex,
with distinct suture; lip simple. Length, 1:3 mill.

Red Sea.
R. Psammnirica, Isse]. Pl. 68, fig. 99.

Rimate, fragile, subopaque, slightly shming, white, densely de-
cussated by longitudinal ribs, fading out anteriorly, and close spiral
strie ; whorls 43, suture a little impressed ; peristome thin.

Length, 1 mill. .

Red Sea.

Section PERSEPHONA (Leach. 1852), Monts. 1884.

R. vioLaAcea, Desm. PI. 62, figs. 87-39.
Solid, with subangulate periphery ; longitudinal ribs 10, short of
the last whorl, which is ornamented with spiral series of puncta-
tions; lip externally thickened; whitish, purplish on the spire, the
periphery purple-zoned, peristome violaceous, the varix white.
Length, 5°3 mill.
Europe:
It is R. punctata, Potiez, R. purpurea, McAndrew, R. amethystina,
Renier.
Var. RUFILABRUM, Alder. Fig. 38.
Corneous, yellowish or greenish yellow, not banded, lip chestnut .
color.
It is R. hyalina, Desm.
Var. PORIFERA, Lovén. Fig. 39.
Corneous or yellowish, periphery rounded; without ribs, deeply
_ spirally pitted ; peristome chestnut color.
Var. ecostata, Jeffreys, is a synonym.

Section Scuwartzta, Bueq., Dautz., Dollf 1884.

R. MonoponTa, Bivona. PI. 62, fig. 41.
Thick, hyaline, very smooth, shining, last whorl sometimes a
little angulated ; aperture expanded below, lip varicose exteriorly,

RISSOIA. 331

columella unidentate; whitish, irregularly flexuously strigate with
chestnut, darker behind the varix, columella, periphery and apex

violaceous. Length, 5°8 mill.
Mediterranean Sea.

It is R. subcarinata, Cantr., R. dentata, Dan. et Sandri.
R. venusta, Phil. Pl. 62, fig. 32.

Thick, with 14-16 strong, rounded ribs, those of the body whorl
terminating at the subangulated periphery, suture undulated ; per-
istome subexpanded, varicose, columella bluntly unidentate ; yel-
lowish brown, with numerous chestnut longitudinal, sometimes
flexuous lines, ribs white. Length, 7 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

RR. oblonga, Midd., is a synonym.

R. erossa, Mich. PI. 66, fig. 36.

Thick, strongly, irregularly plicate; columella subplicate ; yel-
lowish white, with chestnut strigations between the ribs on the last
whorl, and two maculations on the varicose lip. Length, 8 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
R. oBLoNGA, Desm. PI. 62, fig. 45.

Shining, hyaline, with twelve wide longitudinal plications, short
on the last whorl, suture subundulated; lip varicose, columella sub-
plicate ; white, fulvous between the ribs, three fulvous maculations
on the lip. Length, 5 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

It is R. elongata, Brusina.

R. evata, Phil. PI. 62, fig. 44.

Shell with acute spire, shining, upper whorls smooth, afterwards
with strong, irregular rounded costee, evanescent on the base; lip
much thickened, expanded, varicose; white, with fulvous short
flames between the ribs, and three fulvous spots on the lip.

Length, 8 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

R. cylindracea, Kryn., is probably a synonym.

Jeffreys makes this species a variety of R. membranacea.

R. PARADOXA, Monts. (unfigured.) Mediterranean.
Section Zrprora, Leach. 1847.
R. avriscauprum, Linn. PI. 62, figs. 42, 48.

Narrow, subulate, with acute apex, hyaline, translucent, smooth
or obsoletely widely costate, vanishing on the last whorl, base with

382 RISSOIA.

three or four spiral series of pits; aperture expanded below, lip di-

lated, varicose; whitish or yellowish, often strigate with chestnut,

varix sometimes three-spotted with chestnut. Length, 7°6 mill.
Mediterranean Sea.

Readily distinguished by its Clausilia-like appearance. The
synonyms are Ff. marginata, Laskey, R. acuta, Desm., R. acicula,
Desm., R. Drummondi, Leach, R. pulchella, Risso, R. latilabre, Jan,
and var. expansilabris, Bucq., Dautz., Dollf.

R. Stsmonp1ana, Issel. Pl. 67, fig. 69.

Imperforate, thin, whitish, a little shining ; longitudinally densely
costulate, the interstices minutely spirally striate ; whorls 9, slightly
convex, suture margined ; lip acute. Length, 2°5 mill.

Suez.

Section TURBELLA, Leach. 1847.

R. pARvA, DaCosta. PI. 62, figs. 46-48.

Rather solid, smooth, shining, white or yellowish, variously
clouded and irregularly banded with fulvous; with narrow, sub-
distant longitudinal rounded ribs, terminating abruptly on the
middle of the body whorl, the intervals spirally striate ; lip with a
white varix, bearing two fulvous spots. Length, 43 mill.

Europe.

The synonyms are Turbo albulus, wreus and subluteus, Adams,
R. cerasina, Brusina, R. obscura, Phil., R. semicostulata, Anton.

R. InTERRUPTA, Adams. PI. 62, figs. 49, 50.

Thin, nearly pellucid, smooth, somewhat shining, with two inter-
rupted irregular chestnut bands and intermediate chestnut flames,
lip maculate with chestnut. Length, 4:3 mill.

Europe.

By some authors considered a variety of R. parva. It is R.
Matoniana, Recluz.

R. poxtium, Nyst. Pl. 62, fig. 51.

Hyaline, shining, whorls 5, rapidly increasing, with deep suture,
with 14 plicee and intermediate sulcations, abruptedly terminating
on the periphery of the last whorl; lip scarcely varicose.

Length, 2°3 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

It is R. pusilla and R. nana, Phil., 2. pulchra, Forbes.

RISSOTA. 333

R. PULCHELLA, Phil. PI. 62, figs. 53, 54.

Subperforate, obliquely subdistantly plicate, last whorl with the
plicze short, or smooth ; yellowish, with fulvous flames between the
ribs, often unimaculate on the base of the lip. Length, 2°3 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
R. RADIATA, Phil. PI. 63, fig. 55. .

Imperforate, thin, hyaline, yellowish brown, irregularly fasciate,
and strigate between the ribs with chestnut, lip with a chestnut
spot; with or without a few obtuse ribs, vanishing at the periphery.

Length, 4:2 mill.

Mediterranean, England.

It is R. parva, Jeffreys, R. undata, Bivona.

Var. SIMPLEX, Phil.
Very smooth, white or yellowish, with undulating chestnut longi-
tudinal lines.

R. AMBLIA, Watson. PI. 67, fig. 74.
Narrowly umbilicated, thin, glossy, horny white, with about. 20
rounded, wavy ribs and narrower furrows, vanishing at the peri-
phery, below it spiral threads; whorls 52, moderately convex, with
impressed suture, periphery very obsoletely angulated; outer lip
thin. Length, 2°25 mill.
Off Palma, Canaries; 1125 fms.

R. ALGERIANA, Monts. PI. 65, fig. 20.

Imperforate, with rounded longitudinal ribs and about equal in-
terspaces, yellowish brown, with a brown subsutural band and
three more on the base; lip simple, sharp. Length, 3 mill.

Algiers.

Monterosato remarks that it belongs to the same group as R.
Montagui, and Weinkauff thinks it will prove a variety of that
species.

Var. RUFULA, Monts.
Uniform reddish brown.

R. pinn#, Krauss. PI. 68, fig. 88. :
Imperforate, somewhat solid, shining, white, lineolate with chest-
nut, with 8-9 obtuse, remote longitudinal ribs, and obsolete spiral
striz ; whorls 7, convex, with impressed suture; lip acute.
Length, 5°8-6 mill.
Cape of Good Hope, on byssus of Pinna.

334 RISSOIA.

R. rnconspicua, Alder. PI. 63, figs. 57, 58.

- Rather solid, but translucent, shining; whitish or light yellowish
white, occasionally milk-white, maculated or strigated with chest-
nut between the ribs, apex corneous; suture distinct but not deep;
closely, thinly, longitudinally costate, less numerous and stronger in
the last whorl, with close spiral striz ; lip white-varicose.

Length, 1:8 mill.
Europe.
Itis R. maculata, Brown.

Var. VARIEGATA, Schwartz. Fig. 58.
Shell smooth, yellowish brown, longitudinally flamed with chest-
nut.

R. ALBELLA, Loven. PI. 63, figs. 59-62.

Hyaline, subinflated, with convex whorls, spire costate, body
whorl smooth, or distantly longitudinally costate above, or spirally
striate ; inner lip free, forming an umbilical fissure ; whitish, flamed
with chestnut at the suture and base, apex violaceous.

Length, 3-3°6 mill. ;
Northern Europe, Mediterranean Sea ?

A very variable species; it is R. Benzi, Aradas & Benoit, R.
Oenonensis, Brusina, R. supracostata, Sowb., R. Targioni, Appelius.

Var. Sarst, Lovén. Figs. 60-62.

Thinner, lip acute, entirely smooth, with a series of sutural ma-
culations.

R. MARGINATA, Mich. PI. 63, fig. 68.

Solid, shining, narrowly, rather distantly costulate, suture sub-
undulated, white-margined; yellowish brown, ribs, base of body
whorl and varix white, bimaculate with chestnut behind the varix.

Length, 5 mill. }

Mediterranean Sea.
R. ANGULATA, Jeffreys. Pl. 65, fig. 16.

Impertorate, solid, opaque, a little shining; whorls 4, com-
pressed, with 10-12 slightly curved strong ribs, and no spiral
strize, periphery distinctly angulated ; lip acute. Length, 2 mill.

Adventure Bank, Mediterranean.

R. xAnTHTAS, Watson. PI. 67, fig. 71.
Scarcely rimate, thin, glossy, translucent white, with from 12-16
narrow, continuous ribs, vanishing towards the base—where there

RISSOTA. 335

are some faint spiral threads; whorls 7, flattened, the last with sub-
angular periphery ; aperture small, lip without varix.
Length, 2 mill.
Off Culebra Isl., W. I.; 390 fms.

R. PERNAMBUCENSIS, Watson. PI. 67, fig. 75.

-Imperforate, polished, white, with 15-20 round, flexuous ribs,
and broad interspaces, with faint microscopic spiral markings ;
whorls 5, flat, periphery not angulated ; lip varicose.

Length, 2 mill.

Off Pernambuco, Brazil; 350 fms.

R. aurira, Monts. PI. 65, fig. 17.
Close to R. semistriata, Mtg., but has more convex whorls, and
narrow sulci. Length, 2 mill.
Algiers.
The author has only given distinctive characters for his species,
and having no specimen, [ cannot describe it.

R. potioLuM, Phil. Pl. 65, fig. 19.

Pupiform, solid, whitish, or yellowish; with 14-16, flattened, ir-
regular, close ribs, and undulated suture; lip not protracted, nor
varicose. Length, 2°5 mill.

Red Sea; fossil in Sicily.
R. EucHILA, Watson. PI. 63, fig. 72.

Rather solid, vitreous, shining, subopalescent ; whorls 4—5, rap-
idly increasing, suture distinct; with 20-530 flexuous rounded ribs,
about equalling the interspaces, vanishing below, spirally lirate ;
yellowish white, with two or three spiral series of chestnut spots.

Length, 1°5 mill.

Madeira.

Described by Watson as-R. Novarensis, preoccupied by Frauen-
feld.

R: ruRRIcULA, Jeffreys. Pl. 65, fig. 18.

Minutely rimate, thin, semipellucid, a little shining, whitish ;
whorls 4, tumid, rapidly increasing, with deep suture; with 20-25
- thin, distant, curved costs, and no spiral sculpture. |

Length, 1:2 mill.

Atlantic Ocean (subtossil ?)
R. prycata, Verrill. Pl. 68, fig. 96.
Minutely rimate, thick, brownish, with about 14 rather close

rounded ribs, fading on the lower part of the body whorl, and rather
*

336 RISSOIA.

wider interspaces, no spiral sculpture; whorls 4, the apex blunt,
the others very convex, with deep suture; lip rather thin, without
a varix. Length, 2°3 mill.

Off New England ; deep sea.

R. ARPA, Verrill. - Pl. 67, fig. 82.

Umbilicated, thin, with numerous longitudinal plications, and no
spiral sculpture; whorls 5, very convex, rapidly increasing, with
deep suture; aperture small, round, lip thin. Length, 3 mill.

Off New England ; deep-sea.

R. munpa, Monts. (unfigured.) Sicily.
Section Manzonta, Brusina. 1870.

R. costatTa, Adams. PI. 63, fig. 66.

Longitudinally, distantly costate, costze acute, elevated, nodose
above, spirally densely lirate; whorls convex, round-shouldered,
suture deeply incised ; lip double, continuous, the internal smooth,
rounded, the eel widely reflexed, thinly sulcate. :

Length, 3 mill. ;
Europe.

The synonyms are Rf. exigua, Mich., R. carinata, Phil., Turbo
plicatus, Muhlf., Turbo albus, Donovan.

R. Srprrica, Leche. PI. 65, fig. 21.

Turreted, elevated, brownish ; whorls 5, round-shouldered, with
9-10 obtuse ribs, vanishing on upper part of body whorl, below are
a few raised spiral lines ; lip simple, edentulous. Length, 5 mill.*

Arctie Ocean, Siberia.
R. mrRABILis, Manzoni. PI. 65, fig. 22.

Scalariform, subangulate in the middle, narrowly rimate ; whorls
64, very convex, with deep suture, with narrow, distant longitudi-
nal ribs, the wider interstices closely spirally striate; yellowish
violet. Length, 2°5 mill. .

Canary Is.
R. GipBer, Watson. PI. 65, figs. 28, 24.

Widely umbilicated, gradate, solid, white or yellowish, sometimes
more or less distinctly four banded with chestnut; whorls 43%5,
convex, with stout, rounded ribs, forming an undulated shoulder or
suture above; umbilicus defined by a rib; lip continuous, duplicate.

Length, 2 mill.
Madeira and Pto. Soiicte:

RISSOIA. 337

R. puncrura, Mtg. PI. 63, fig 67.

Imperforate, semipellucid, light brownish, with a chestnut stripe
outside the aperture ; embryonal whorls 2, punctate, normal whorls
6, convex, with deep suture, with numerous, close ribs, and spiral
lire; outer lip varicose. Length, 3 mill.

Europe, Teneriffe.

It is R. textilis, Lovén, R. puncturata, Macgill., R. insenghe, Cal-
vara, LR. striatissima, Rayn.

R. PARVULA, Jeffreys: Pl. 65, fig. 26.

Imperforate, somewhat solid, subtranslucent, scarcely shining;
whorls 4, convex, longitudinally costate, ribs evanescent at the pe-
riphery, slightly spirally lirate, suture distinct but not deep; lip
thin, smooth within. Length, 2 mill.

Portugal.

Probably not adult.

R. MacanprewI, Manzoni. PI. 63, fig. 68.

Imperforate, solid, yellowish chestnut; whorls 6, turreted or
round-shouldered, with close, large, longitudinal ribs, rendered nod-
ulous by spiral impressed lines; lip duplicate, the outer one ex-
panded, with fimbriated edge. Length, 2°5 mill.

Canary Is.

Watson has described a variety SPRETA.

R. Wartsont, Schwartz. PI. 64, fig. 89.
Imperforate, thin, translucent, shining, white, with chestnut ma-
culations on the shoulder, between the ribs, with close strong spiral
ribs, and longitudinal ones distinct on the shoulder only; whorls
43, gradate, subscalar, with flattened shoulder to an angle, suture
rather deep; lip a little thickened externally. Length, 2 mill.
Madeira.
R. AuBERIANA, d’Orb. PI. 68, fig. 85.

Imperforate, thin, white, with brownish maculations, with nu-
merous, thin, longitudinal and spiral cost; whorls 6, convex, with
sloping shoulder defined by an angle; lip thickened.

Length, 1°5 mill.

West Indies.
R. ZeTLANnpica, Mtg. Pl. 63, fig. 86.

Imperforate, solid, opaque, whitish; cancellated and almost mu-

ricated by subequal longitudinal and spiral distant lire; w

7, angularly shouldered above, suture deep, longitudinal
22

yf Sew ‘e\
,LIBRARY's

338 RISSOIA.

evanescent on lower part of body-whorl, where the spiral sculpture
becomes more prominent; lip thickened. Length, 5 mill.
Europe.
The synonyms are R. cyclostomata, Recluz, and R. scalariformis,
Thorpe. Jeffreys adds R. carinata, Aradas, and R. canaliculata,
Phil.

R. crispa, Watson. PI. 65, fig. 8.

Rimate, rather solid, somewhat shining, subvitreous, white, a
little orange-tinted, with about 12 oblique costz, vanishing below,
crossed by spiral lire, of which there are 7 on the last whorl,
stronger below, the intersections crispate ; whorls 5-6, convex, gra-
date, suture deep; lip thickened, externally crenated.

Length, 2 mill.
Madeira, Canaries.

R. Mayent, Friele. Pl. 65, fig. 28.
More or less rimate, solid, reddish brown; whorls 5, carinate,
with sloping shoulders, costate above, nodose at the carina, spirally

lirate below. Length, 5 mill.
Arctic Ocean.

First published as R. Jan-Mayeni; subsequently simplified as
above.
Friele has described a var. ALBA.

R. stmutans, Monts. Unfigured. (R. Watsoni, Monts., not
Schwartz. ) Mediterranean.

Section FoxrntA, Crosse, 1868.

R. rnstenis, Folin. Pl. 68, fig. 70.

Turreted, distantly obliquely ribbed, the extremities of the ribs
undulating the shoulder of the whorls, spirally striate; whorls 5,
rapidly increasing; lip wide, outer margin crenulated.

Length, 2°2 mill.

Panama.

The remarkable distinctive character of this group is the small
posterior sinus of the aperture.

R. Poaraonica and R. Cieopatr#, Folin (unfigured.) Egypt.

RISSOTA. 339

Subgenus SaABAN#mA, Leach, 1847.

R. FLAMMEA, Frauenf. PI..68, fig. 64.

Thick, smooth, subpellucid, shining, vivid brick red; whorls 5,
subgradate, with incised suture; lip a little thickened.

Length, 2 mill.

Botany Bay.
R. rncrparva, Frauenf. P1. 63, fig. 65.

Conoidal, thick, smooth, brownish; whorls 5, flattened, suture
and periphery channeled ; lip thickened. Length, 1:4 mill.
Botany Bay.
Section Correna, A. Ad., 1870.

R. TUBERCULIFERA, A. Ad. (unfigured.) Gulf of Suez.

Section AMPHITHALAMUS, Carp., 1865.

R. MICROTHYRA, Martens. PI. 63, fig. 69.

Smooth, a little shining, brownish corneous, sometimes with a
white thread at the suture, smooth; whorls 5, slightly convex ; aper-
ture small, subcircular, peristome simple, thick. Length, 1:5 mill.

Mauritius.
R. BADIA, Watson. PI. 67, fig. 81.

Scarcely umbilicated, smooth, shining, translucent chestnut, with
fine growth lines, and a few microscopic spiral strize, most apparent
towards the top of the whorls and on the base; whorls 43, slightly
convex, rapidly increasing, with narrow, distinct suture; aperture
produced from the body whorl, with duplicate, continuous lip.

Length, 1°5 mill.

Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia.
R. scRoBicuLaToR, Watson. PI. 67, fig. 80.

Pupiform, strong, shining, crimson-chestnut color, obliquely stri-
ate, with faint spiral strize, more distinct below the suture and near
the base; whorls 423, flattened, suture linear; aperture somewhat
detached and projecting, oblique, with duplicate continuous lip.

Length, 1:1 mill.

Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia.
R. orrvacea, Dunker. PI. 66, fig. 45.

Imperforate, subpupiform, thick, a little shining, fulvous, ob-
liquely longitudinally plicate, the plicee 25-26 in number, upper
part of spire smooth; whorls 6, flatly convex, with slightly incised
suture; peristome duplicate, continuous. Length, 2 mill.

Sydney, Botany Bay, Australia.

340 RISSOIA.

R. FRAUENFELDI, Schwartz. Pl. 68, fig 86.

Thick, subpellucid, chestnut color, smooth towards the apex, be-
low with 18-20 somewhat oblique longitudinal plice; whorls 63,
somewhat convex, with impressed suture; peristome thick, contin-
uous, duplicate?. Length, 3:2 mill.

Sydney, Australia.

Unfigured Species.

R. LACUNATA, R. incLusa, Carp. California.
R. oBesa, R. pupotpes, H. Ad. Lord Hood's Isl.
R. PELLYz, Nevill. Adelaide, So. Australia.

Section Noputus, Monts. 1878.

R. conrorta, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, figs. 40-42.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, shortly cylindrical with
obtuse apex, yellowish or white, with two fulvous bands, smooth,
shining; whorls 4, ventricose, with deep suture; aperture subro-
tund, subeffuse, peristome continuous. Length, 1:2 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
Var. ELATA, B.D. D. Fig. 41.

Spire lengthened.

Var. InTrorTA, Monts. Fig. 42.
Spire shorter, very smooth, last whorl more solute.

R. nrripa, Brusina. PI. 69, figs. 48, 44.

Rather solid, white, vitreous, transparent, apex obtuse; whorls
6, slightly convex, smooth, suture not deep; lip continuous, slightly
varicose, a little produced below. Length, 2°25 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

It is R. glabrata, var. nitida, Brusina.

R. GLABRATA, Muhlf. Pl. 69, figs. 45, 46.

Pupiform, rather solid, opaque, smooth, fulvous brown; whorls 6,
somewhat convex, the last narrower than the preceding whorl, su-
ture not deep; peristome thick, continuous, patulous at the base.

Length, 1°5 mill. ,

Mediterranean Sea, Madeira.

R. punctulum, Phil., R. Mandralisci, Aradas, and R. sabulum,
Cantraine (fig. 46), are considered synonyms.

RISSOIA. 341

R. tincra, Watson. PI. 69, fig. 47.

Rather thick, transparent, glossy, white, sometimes with a yellow-
ish cast, smooth, barely microscopically striate, more distinctly so
at the base; whorls 4-43, convex, suture deep; peristome sub-
continuous. Length, 1°5 mill.

Madeira.
R. tzazvis, Monts. Pl. 69, fig. 48.

The only description of this species is “ Its solidity and the teeth
of the aperture readily distinguished it from its congeners.’ The
figure does not exhibit any apertural teeth.

Algiers.

It belongs to Monterosato’s group Peringiella.

R. EpIDAURICA, Brusina. PI. 69, fig. 49.

Minute, aciculately-subeylindrical, obtuse, thin, hyaline, very
smooth, suture moderate, aperture dilated, with simple peristome.

Length, 1°5 mill.

Dalmatia, Sicily.

R. SEMINULUM, Monts.
Like R. glabrata, but larger, aperture more produced, peristome
chestnut-margined.
Algiers.
Possibly a Barleeia.

R. nrrens, Monts. (unfigured.) Mediterranean.

Section ANABATHRON, Frauenf. 1867.

R. CONTABULATA, Frauenf. PI. 69, figs. 50, 51.

Thick, shining, reddish or purplish; whorls 52, scalariform, the
upper part shouldered, and the angle carinated, there is an inferior
carina on the body whorl, suture more or less channeled; lip thick,
continuous. Length, 1:4 mill.

Botany Bay, Australia.

Section PrLEcypium, Fischer. 1872.

R. vENUSTULA, Folin. PI. 69, fig. 53.

Imperforate, white, subpellucid, transversely striate ; whorls 7-8,
subplanate, with linear suture, apex obtuse, mamilliform, last whorl
deviately descending; aperture produced, exserted, semicircular,
entire, peristome subthickened. Length. ?

Sonda Strait.

342 RISSOIA.

R. virreA, Garrett. Pl. 68, fig. 18.

Minute, thin, pellucid, smooth, microscopically spirally striate,
shining, white ; whorls 5, flattened convex, apex obtuse, suture well
impressed, slightly margined ; peristome rather thick, simple.

Length, 7:5 mill.

Viti Is.
Section Hrmisromra, Crosse. 1872.

R. CALEDontcA, Crosse. PI. 68, fig. 20.

Subimperforate, subtranslucent, thin, light olivaceous corneous,
under a darker epidermis; whorls 54, somewhat convex, moderately
increasing, with impressed suture ; lip simple, continuous, subsolute.

Length, 2°5 mill.

New Caledonia, brackish water.

Subgenus Crncua, Fleming. 1828.
Section CINGULA (sensu stricto).

R. crneiuuus, Mtg. PI. 69, fig. 25.

Rather solid, scarcely pellucid, yellowish brown, with two or
three chestnut bands; whorls 6, flattened, spirally striate; lip
acute, not thickened. Length, 4:3 mill.

Atlantic Coasts of Europe.

It is R. vittatus, Donovan, R. trifasciata, Adams, Turbo graphicus,
Brown.

Var. RUPESTRIS, Forbes. Not banded.

R. BALTEATA, Manzoni. PI. 69, fig. 57.

Thin, hyaline, smooth, suture widely margined, apex obtuse ;
whorls 33, flattened ; lip simple, solid; narrowly rimate.

Length, 1°5 mill.

Canary Is.

This should possibly be referred to Ceratia.

R. Mituert, Folin. Pl. 71, fig. 94.

Rather smooth, with obscure decussating very minute lines, yel-
lowish or orange color, shining; whorls 6, slopingly flattened, the
last with scarcely angulated periphery, suture deep; lip thickened
below, base with a few spiral striz. Length, 3-7 mill.

Cape Verd Is.
R. conica, Perier. PI. 71, fig. 95.

Shell yellowish, banded with light chestnut, two bands above the

periphery of the last whorl and one below it; whorls 5, flattened,

RISSOLA. 343

the last with sharp peripheral angle; columella a little twisted, lip

acute. Length, 2°8 mill.
Panama.

R. ANGULIFERENS, Folin. PI. 70, fig. 62.

Shining, very minutely longitudinally and spirally striate, whitish,
with a broad fulvous band on the top of the whorls, and another on
the middle of the base; whorls 6, flattened with slight angle above
and below the deep suture, and sharply angulated periphery ; peris-
tome acute. Length, 2°5 mill.

Panama.

R. TENUISCULPTA, Watson. PI. 69, fig. 55.

Scarcely rimate, thin, vitreous, pellucid, yellowish white, with
incremental strize, and distant, irregular, very slight spiral lines ; lip
thin, a little produced below. Length, 2 mill.

Madeira, Algiers, ete.
R. scoputorum, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 60.

Thin, smooth, glossy, rufous brown ; whorls 9, flattened, with ob-
securely angulated periphery and short base, suture slight, defined
by the peripheral projection of the whorl above; lip thin, slightly
patulous on the base. Length, 1°75 mill.

Reefs off Honolulu, Sandwich Is.

R. rustica, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 61.

Rather thick, white, with or without slight traces of longitudinal
ribs, and traces of microscopic spiral lines, smooth, polished, apex
large, rounded ; whorls 6, periphery very obsoletely angular, suture
linear, not impressed; lip sharp, patulous, but a little inverted

above; umbilicus rimate. Length, 3 mill.

Off Pernambuco, Brazil; 350 fms.

R. ALVEARIUM, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 59.
Slightly umbilicated, with blunt apex, barely convex whorls,
suture linear; glossy white; lip simple. Length, 1°25 mill.

Off Culebra Isl., W. Indies ; 390 fms.

R. MERCURIALIs, Watson. PI. 64, fig. 92.

Impertorate, white, translucent, shining, apex obtuse; whorls 7,
slightly convex, with faint growth-lines and close-set- spiral striz,
suture narrowly margined, not deep; lip a little expanded.

Length, 3°75 mill.

Wednesday Isl.; N. E. Australia.

Possibly a Ceratia. ;

344 RISSOIA.

R. Viti, Issel. Pl. 71, fig. 87.

Rimate, pale corneous or luteous, pellucid, a little shining,
smooth, very slightly longitudinally striate; whorls 53, convex,
suture margined ; peristome a little thickened. Length, 2-2-5 mill

Gulf of Suez.
R. Lanrzi, Velain. Pl. 71, fig. 83.

Rather thick, upper whorls subangulated, the last with rounded
periphery, with spiral engraved lines; white; lip sometimes slightly
thickened externally. Length, 2 mill.

Isl. St. Paul, Indian Ocean.

R. susTRuNeATA, Velain. Pl. 71, fig. 88.
Thick, solid, imperforate; whorls 3, apex obtuse, all smooth,
white; lip thickened within. Length, 1 mill.

Ins. St. Paul, Indian Ocean,

R. Cazrnt, Velain. Pl. 71, fig 84.
White, thick, smooth, imperforate; whorls 5, slightly convex;
lip strongly thickened within. Length, 2 mill.
Ins. St. Paul, Indian Ocean.

R. AustrRaLim, Dunker. PI. 71, fig. 81.
‘Somewhat thick, subpellucid, corneous; whorls 6, subconvex,
spirally thinly lined, the last whorl with 6-7 lines.

Length, 2:4 mill.

Sydney, Australia.
R. PURPUREA, Hutton. PI. 71, fig. 89.

Elongated, with 6 rather flattened, not polished whorls; corneous
brown, becoming purple or purplish red on the spire, with a white
sutural band. Length, 2°5 mill.

New Zealand.
Var. suBFuscA, Hutton.
Whorls 5, flattened, smooth, but not polished; pale brown.
Length, 3 mill.

R. cycLostoma, Tenison Woods. PI. 71, fig. 8.

Searcely perforate, smooth, opaque, olivaceous or brownish,
lighter or whitish colored below the suture, apex obtuse; whorls 6,
flatly convex, thinly striated; aperture small, rounded, produced.

Length, 4 mill. ;

Tasmania.

The author describes a variety RosEA, which differs only in color,

RISSOLA. 345

R. sEMICARINATA, Folin. PI. 70, fig. 58.

Whitish, subdiaphanous, whorls flatly convex, spirally cingulate.

Length, 1°5 mill.

New Caledonia.
R. RosBustA, Dall. PI. 71, figs. 76, 77.

Shell smooth, scarcely rimate, with impressed suture; whorls 4—
5, slightly convex, purplish with whitish bloom, with very fine
spiral strive particularly towards the base. Length, 5 mill.

Aleutian Is.; Plover Bay, E. Siberia.

Dr. Dall calls the normal form var. Martyni, so that that name

may be substituted in the event of robusta, Lea being recognized.

Var. Scrrio, Dall. Fig. 77.

Shell more slender. Perhaps males, and the stouter ones females.
The occurrence of a certain number of intermediate specimens is
mentioned.

KR. CERINELLA, Dall. PI. 71, fig. 79.
Narrowly rimate, smooth, not polished. Length, 3 mill.
Behring Sea.
Close to C. proxima, Alder, but differs in the absence of spiral
striation and in having less truneate apex, and one less whorl.

C. AtruTica, Dall. PI. 71, fig. 78.

Slightly umbilicated, smooth, with faint growth-lines, no spiral
sculpture, suture distinct, whorls moderately convex; brownish, the
slightly expanded edge of the aperture blackish. Length, 3°5 mill.

Aleutian Is.

More slender and smaller than C. minuta, Totten, less slender

and without the sculpture of C. aculeus, Gould.

R. exiuis, Tryon. Pl. 71, fig. 80.
Whorls 6, convex, with well-marked suture, aperture small, sur-
face covered with slight revolving striz, light brown.
Length, 3°3 mill.
San Diego, Cal., on salt-water grass.

R. Strupsont, Smith. Pl. 71, fig. 73.
Whorls 7, convex, with deep suture, distinctly wrinkled by growth
lines, apex obtuse, shell thin, dark brown. Length, 5:7 mill.
Greenport, Long Island, New York.
Tam not acquainted with this species, of which two specimens
occurred to the author.

346 RISSOTA.

C. ta=vis, DeKay. PI. 71, fig. 75.

Shell moderately solid, with 5 very convex whorls, separated by
a deep suture, smooth, white in adult specimens, corneous in the
young ; aperture small, umbilicus distinct and rather large.

Length, 5 mill.

New York, Connecticut.

This poorly described and figured species has not been recog-

nized; it may be identical with the preceding one, or the following.

R. mrnuva, Totten. Pl. 71, fig. 74.
Thin, smoothish, apex obtuse, suture well-impressed, narrowly
umbilicated, yellowish-brown to ferruginous; whorls 5, convex,
very finely striate. Length, 3°75 mill.
New England, Florida.
R. Groreiana, Pfeffer. Pl. 71, fig. 2.

Imperforate, shining, smooth, or microscopically striate with
growth-lines, whitish, under a thin greyish straw-colored epidermis; —
whorls 5, flattened convex, with moderately impressed suture;
peristome continuous. Length, 2°4—2°8 mill.

South Georgia Isl.

Unfigured and Undetermined Species of Cingula.

‘R. PerininceEnsis, Gould. (Pl. 71, fig. 82.) = Paludestrina.
R. mopesta, H. C. Lea. = Assiminea.
R. SAnpeERsONI, Verrill. Cape Hatteras, N. C.
R. conica, C. concinna, R. sotipa, C. B. Ad. Jamaica.
R. VERRILLI, and R. Istanpicm, Friele. (Desc. inaccessible to

me). Arctic Ocean.
R. PUNCTATO-STRIATA, Tenison Woods. Tasmania.
R. aroMARrtIA, Gould. _ China Sea.
R. ScoiosseRr ANA, Brusina. = Leachia elongata, Phil.
R. Friosa, Brusina. Suez.
R. PAUPERCULA, C. B. Ad. = Diala.

Section OnoBA, H. and A. Adams, 1854.

R. striata, Mtg. ’ Pl. 63, figs. 71, 73.

Rather solid, opaque, scarcely shining, whitish or yellowish, with
two chestnut bands; whorls 6-7, moderately convex, spirally
closely striate, upper portion of whorls shortly longitudinally pli-
vate; lip, in the adult, slightly varicose externally.

Length, 4 mill.

' RISSOIA. 347

Atlantic Coast of Europe, ? Mediterranean Sea, Nahant, Mass.,
Halifax, N. 8.

The synonyms include R. minutissima, Mich., R. communis,
Forbes, R. semicostata, Turton, Pyramis discors and candidus,
Brown, R. gracilis, Macg., R. Marione, Macg. The American

AD)

localities are for R. multilineata, Stimpson (fig. 73), which appears
to be identical.

Var. LIRATA, Watson.
Ribs and basal spiral sculpture stronger.
Madeira.
R. saxatiuis, Moller. PI. 64, figs. 87, 88.
Imperforate, thin; whorls 4, very convex, with deep suture,
spirally cingulated ; yellowish white, translucent. Length, 3 mill.
Greenland, Behring’s Sea, New England.
R. arctica, Lovén, and, I think, R. leptalea, Verrill (fig. 88),
who has so named a single specimen occurring in New England
waters, are synonyms.

R. acuteus, Gould. PI. 70, fig. 64e.

Imperforate, but with a slight depression partly covered by the
inner lip, apex blunt; whorls 6, moderately convex, with regular,
crowded microscopic, spiral lines; aperture simple, entire; light
yellowish horn color. Length, 3°5 mill.

New England.
Some European authors consider this a synonym of R. striata,

Mte.

R. Arrinis, Jeffreys. Pl. 66, fig. 39.

Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy, whitish; whorls 4, slightly,
indistinctly spirally striate; apex blunt; outer lip thin, somewhat
expanded. Length, 2°75 mill. :
Vigo Bay.

Has fewer whorls than R. striata or R. aculeus, and they are less
convex than in R. savratilis.

R. ARENARIA, Mighels and Adams. PI. 63, figs. 74, 75.
Whorls 6, convex, longitudinally subplicate, minutely spirally
striate, suture impressed, whitish. Length, 2°5 mill.
Greenland, Canada, Maine, Spitzbergen.
Stimpson changed the name to R. Mighelsi on account of Turbo
arenarius (Mtg.?) Maton, Turton, etc., which, however, is Odostomia
decussata. R. exarata, Stimpson, is a synonym; but the figure of

348 RISSOIA.

that species in Gould’s Invertebrata of Massachusetts (fig. 75),
must represent an extreme variety.

R. BRACHIA, Watson. PI. 64, fig. 90.

Umbilicated, thin, translucent, whitish; whorls 4, rounded,
spirally carinated, carinve 5 on the upper part of the last whorl,
with several less distinct ones on the base; outer lip sharp, varicose
externally. Length, 1:25 mill.

N. of Culebra Isl., West Indies ; 390 fms.

R. Morcutt, Collin. PI. 69, fig. 56.

Narrowly perforate, semipellucid, yellowish brown, apex obtuse ;
whorls 4, convex, with channeled suture, spirally ridged, about
eight ridges on the last whorl. Length, 3 mill.

Siberian Sea.
R. cARiNATA, Mighels and Adams. PI. 63, fig. 76.

Shell very thin, ferruginous ; whorls 5, convex, the upper ones
with longitudinal ribs, the lower half of the body whorl spirally
striate ; aperture nearly orbicular, peristome thin and sharp.

Length, 2°6 mill.

Maine, northwards.

It is R. semicostata, Migh. and Ad. (not Mtg.), and R. pelagica,
Stimpson.

R. AEDONIS, Watson. PI. 64, fig. 91.

Rather strong, subtransparent, white, apex blunt; whorls 5,
convex, spirally lirate, about 15 on the Jast whorl, the interspaces
much wider; outer lip sharp, thin. Length, 2°5 mill.

Nightingale Isl., Tristan da Cunha; 100 to 150 fms.

R. TRANSENNA, Watson. PI. 64, fig. 100.

Narrowly umbilicated, apex obtuse, translucent white; whorls
5-52, moderately rounded, with a smooth space below the suture,
then spiral threads, 16-18 on the body whorl, separated by wider
interspaces; outer lip sharp, with a feeble external varix.

Length, 2°5 mill.

Between Marion and Prince Edward Is.; 140 fms.
R. pacura, Watson. PI. 64, fig. 98.

Scarcely perforate, subtransparent, suture scarcely impressed,
white; whorls 5, narrowly, concavely shouldered, then convex, with
faint spiral threads and wider interspaces ; lip sharp, with a remote
external varix. Length, 2°5 mill.

Off Pernambuco, Brazil; 350 fms.

RISSOTA. 349

R. GLAPHYRA, Watson. PI. 64, fig. 97.

Searcely perforate, thin, hyaline, white, apex blunt, suture nar-
rowly margined, slightly impressed ; whorls 5, very feebly ribbed at
the suture of the body whorl, very faintly, spirally flat-ridged and
furrowed; outer lip thin and sharp. Length, 1°5 mill.

Off Nightingale Isl., Tristan da Cunha; 100-150 fms.
R. Moniziana, Watson. PI. 63, fig. 80.

Umbilicated, rather thin, frosted (not glossy), transparent,
slightly longitudinally puckered beneath the suture; whorls 4—6,
convex, with a narrow, sloping shoulder, spirally ridged, ridges on
body whorl 7-9; lip subexpanded, thick. Length, 1°75 mill.

Madeira Is.
R. castaneA, Moller. Pl. 63, fig. 77; Pl. 64, figs. 95, 96.

Imperforate, opaque, chestnut color, apex obtuse; whorls 43,
convex, with impressed suture, and distinctly angulate, about 12
lines on the last whorl. Length, 4 mill.

Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Behring’s Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Var. ALASKANA, Dall. Fig. 96.

Thinner, with rather prominent sutural wrinkles, smaller, with
same number of whorls. Under the pale, yellowish epidermis, the
shell is pinkish. Length, 2°5 mill.

Behring’s Sea.
R. CASTANELLA, Dall. PI. 64, fig. 93.

Whorls 5, convex, spirally ridged, about 6 to 12 on the body
whorl, varying in number; narrowly umbilicated; peritreme con-
tinuous, slightly thickened; pinkish or brownish white under the
epidermis. Length, 2°7 mill.

Behring’s Sea.
R. Aurtvitui, Dall. PI. 64, fig. 94.

Narrowly umbilicated, waxen or yellowish; whorls 53-6, with
strong spiral ridges and concave, much wider interspaces, there are
about 8 ridges on the body whorl; lip continuous, slightly thick-
ened. Length, 43 mill.

Aleutian Is.
R. grisea, Martens. PI. 68, fig. 92.

Searcely umbilicated, semipellucid, reddish grey, whitish near the
aperture, under an ash colored, caducous epidermis ; whorls 4, con-
vex, with low spiral cingulz, separated by narrow impressed striz ;
lip thickened, interior orange-corneous. Length, 2°25 mill.

South Georgia.

350 RISSOIA.

R. crneutaTa, Phil. PI. 68, fig. 93.

Somewhat solid, translucent; whorls 6, convex, with linear su-
ture, spirally lirate, with wider interspaces, 10 lire on the last
whorl; lip simple, sharp; yellowish brown. Length, 4 mill.

Sicily.
R. TENERA, Phil. Pl. 68, fig. 94.

Thin, pellucid, brownish white; whorls 5, with deep suture, and
strong spiral ridges, of which there are 9-10 on the last whorl, the
wider interstices slightly longitudinally striated; lip simple, den-
tate by the ridges. Length, 2 mill.

Near Syracuse, Sicily.

R. CRISTALLINULA, Manzoni. PI. 65, fig. 7.

Vitreous, translucent, shining; whorls 5, with margined suture,
the last numerously spirally striate; lip a little thickened, sub-
produced ; subperforate. Length, 1°5 mill.

Canary Is.
R. caLuosa, Manzoni. PI. 65, fig. 6.

Imperforate, solid, opaque, whitish, with short spire and indis-
tinct, submargined suture; whorls 5, closely spirally striate, last
whorl inflated ; lip simple, rather thick. Length, 1°6 mill.

Canury Is., Madeira.

R. depicta, Manzoni (= R. punetifera, Watson Ms.) is a syn-
onym.

Rk. LAvE”, Folin. PI. 71, fig. 99.

Polished, crystalline, smooth, obscurely spirally lirate at the
periphery and base; whorls 8, slightly convex, with shallow suture ;
aperture with thickened lip, spirally lirate within. Length, 2 mill.

Panama.

Unfigured and Undetermined Species.
R. DELICATA, Phil. Red Sea.
R. tiaata, Gould. Hong Kong.

R. prRocers, R. suBpuLina, R. ELEGANTULA, R. MuNDuULA, R.
SPIRATA, R. PATULA, R. MrRiFIcA, R. tuctpA, R. EGREGIA, all of

Arthur Adams. Japan.
R. ALBOLIRATA, Carp. Cape St. Lueas, L. California.
R. TuRRICULA, H. C. Lea. So. Carolina.

This species has not been identified.

RISSOIA: 351
Section Crratta, H. and A. Adams, 1854.

R. proxima, Alder. PI. 63, fig. 82.

Somewhat solid, a little shining, semipellucid, yellowish white ;
whorls 6, convex, with impressed suture, almost smooth, very
slightly spirally striate; lip a little thickened, but not varicose.

Length, 3 mill.

Europe.

R. striatula, Jeffreys and probably R. pupoides, Requien, are
synonyms.

R. macra, Watson. PI. 64, fig. 99.

Imperforate, thick, subtransparent white, apex obtuse ; whorls 6,
rather flat, with narrowly margined suture, and slight spiral strize ;
outer lip sharp, very feebly varicose. Length, 2°5 mill.

Off Nightingale Isl., Tristan da Cunha; 100-150 fms.

R. TRUNCATA, Garrett. Pl. 63, fig. 79.

Imperforate, thin, pellucid, shining, white, apex blunt; whorls 5,
slightly convex, closely spirally striate; peristome thick, slightly
expanded. Length, 2 mill.

Viti Is.

Unfigured Species.
R. pyreuua, A. Ad. Gulf of Suez.
R. Maccoyt, Tenison Woods. Tasmania.
R. VARIEGATA, Tapparone. Papuan Is.

Section Hyaua, H. and A. Adams. 1854.

R. virreEA, Mtg. PI. 68, fig. 81.

Imperforate, thin, semipellucid, yellowish white, smooth, very
lightly spirally striate, apex obtuse; whorls 6, convex, oblique, with
deep suture; lip simple, thin, contracted. Length, 4 mill.

Europe.
It is R. glabrata, Fleming, RF. erystallina and R. virginea, Brown.

Unfigured Species.

R. concrnna and R. nrripa, A. Ad. Gulf of Suez.
R. pumina, A. Ad. Gulf of Suez, Japan.
R. GLABRATA, Phil. Japan.

352 RISSOIA.

Section PLacrosryLa, Fischer, 1872.

R. Asturiana, Fischer. Pi. 66, fig. 52.

Smooth, translucid, spire papillary, imperforate, white; whorls
43, subglobose, suture margined, last whorl obliquely ventricose ;
lip subthickened, columella callous. Length, 2°5 mill.

Asturia, Spain.

Section Serra, H. and A. Adams. 1854.

R. SEMISTRIATA, Montagu. PI. 69, fig. 21.

Subsolid, scarcely pellucid, a little shining, whitish with two or
three spiral series of faint chestnut maculations, suture deep ;
whorls 5, convex, spirally striate, base rimate. Length, 2°3 mill.

Europe.

R. marmorata, Cantr., R. maculata, Monts., R. subsuleata, Phil.,
R. tristriata, Thompson, f. pulchra, Johnson, and possibly R. granu-
lum, Phil., R. aemula, Granata, and R. Galvagni, Aradas, are syn-
onynis.

R. PULCHERRIMA, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, figs. 22, 26.

Thin, smooth, striulate, subperforate; whitish, with four spiral
series of chestnut maculations on the last whorl, sometimes more or
less confluent into strigations, apex obtuse, mamillary; whorls 4,
very convex, with deep suture, last whorl expanding towards the
aperture, base rimate. Length, 2 mill.

Europe.
R. amabilis, Monts., is probably a synonym, and I think that R.
depicta, Weinkauff (fig. 26), not Manzoni, may also be placed here.

R. prora, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, fig. 23.

Somewhat solid, semipellucid, shining, spirally striated, yellowish
white, with spiral series of chestnut spots, apex obtuse, suture
moderate, submargined ; whorls 5-6, compressed rounded, base im-
perforate. Length, 1°75 mill.

Portugal, Canary Is., Madeira.

Probably a variety of R. semistriata.

R. BENJAMINA, Monts. PI. 69, fig. 24.

Thin, transparent, yellowish, very slightly striate, with series of
chestnut maculations, apex obtuse; whorls 5, slightly convex, with
distinct suture, base imperforate ; lip acute. Length, 2 mill.

Mediterranean Sea, Portugal.

It is R. concinna, Monts., not 8. Wood, and probably a variety of

RR. semistriata.

RISSOLA. 300

R. PeRMINIMA, Manzoni. PI. 69, fig. 28.
Imperforate, smooth ; whorls 4, yellowish, with or without bands
of small chestnut spots, suture margined. Length, 1:25 mill.
Canaries, Madeira.
Too closely allied to R. pulcherrima, Jeffreys.
R. ALBUGO, Watson. PI. 69, fig. 27.

Scarcely rimate, pellucid, thin, smooth, whitish or yellowish, with
series of small quadrate chestnut spots, sometimes confluent, with a
series of opaque white spots on the periphery; whorls 53, sub-
angular, spirally suleate beneath the angle; lip thin, acute. —

Length, 1°6 mill.

Canary and Madeiran Is.

Perhaps only a variety of R. semistriata.

R. MADREPORICA, Issel. PI. 71, fig. 86.

Rimate, thin, a little shining, densely spirally striate, white ;
whorls 43, a little convex, with well-impressed, margined suture ;
columella a little twisted, outer lip thin. Length, 1°3 mill.

Gulf of Suez.
R. scuupritis, Monts. Pl. 71, fig. 93.

Shell a little shouldered, smooth, yellowish, with dark colored
punctate dots in spiral series, about six series on the body whorl;
lip a little thickened. Length, 1:5 mill.

Algiers.
Subsection Mrcrosetra, Monts. 1884.
R. turerpa, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, fig. 29.

Rimate, thin, pellucid, very smooth, white or light yellowish, a
little shining, the periphery with a spiral line, apex obtuse; whorls
5, convex, the last dilated, suture distinct. Length, 2-2 mill.

Northern Norway, New England ; (487 fms.)
fh. obtusispira, Seguenza, R. oblita, Tiberi, and R. soluta, var.
laevis, Sars, are synonyms.
R. TUMIDULA, Sars. PI. 69, fig. 30.

Rimate, thin, semipellucid, corneous, very lightly spirally striate,

apex obtuse; whorls 4, convex, with deep suture. Length, 2°5 mill.
Arctie Norway.

R. apsecra, Watson. PI. 69, fig. 31.

Subsolid, opaque, yellowish white, unicolored ; whorls 5-8, some-
what ftatly convex, suture thread-like, slightly channeled, surface
very minutely spirally striate. Length, 2 mill.

Madeira.
2

354 RISSOIA.

R. rutema, Adams. PI. 69, fig. 33.

Scarcely rimate, rather thin, semipellucid, smooth, light yellowish,
bifasciate with chestnut, penultimate whorl sometimes chestnut
color; whorls 4, tumid, with deep suture. Length, 7 mill. —

Europe.

It is R. pygmaea, Mich. Jeffreys has indicated a var. pallida.

R. Fusea,; Phil. <P. 69; fig: 34:

Scarcely rimate, smooth, brownish, apex obtuse; whorls 4—43,

convex. Length, 1 mill.
Sicily.
fh. inflata and Rk. turriculata, Monts., R. paludinoides, Caleara,
are synonyms.
R. ALLERYANA, Arad. et Benoit. Pl. 69, fig. 35.

Searcely umbilicated, thin, very smooth, pellucid, white ; whorls
4, very convex, with deep suture; lip continuous, simple.

Length, 1 mill.

Sicily.

R. ambigua, Brugn., and var. solidula, Monts., are synonyms.

R. Scrurrana, Arad. et Benoit. PI. 69, fig. 36.

Shell imperforate, smooth, vitreous, shining, yellowish chestnut,
spire obtuse; whorls 5, convex, suture moderately impressed.

Length. ?

Sicily.

R. zancleana, Arad. (in tavola) is a synonym.

R. MIcROMETRICA, Seguenza. PI. 69, fig. 39.

Thin, smooth, subtransparent, yellowish, with three or four
chestnut bands, suture deep; whorls 4, convex, the last subinflated,
base narrowly rimate. Length, 1:25 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
R. Maria, Tenison Woods. PI. 71, fig. 9.

Scarcely rimate, thin, translucent, smoky horn-colored, two-
banded with yellow, polished; whorls 4, ventricose, sloping.

Length, 2°5 mill.

Tasmania.
R. Arkrnsont, Tenison Woods. PI. 71, fig. 10.

Imperforate, but channeled, polished, translucent, pale horn color,
obscurely bifasciate with dusky brown, columella black; normal
whorls 5, well rounded; aperture produced below, lip thin, acute,
columellar lip reflected into a false umbilicus. Length, 1 mill.

Tasmania.

RISSOLIA. 355

R. potycuroma, Folin. Pl. 70, fig. 63.

Smooth, a little shining, apex obtuse, scarcely longitudinally
striate, with a very minute spiral thread on the periphery; whorls
5, the first two with very minute quadrangular impressions, reddish,
yellowish or violaceous, or corneous white, with obscure darker
bands ; aperture subcircular, peristome simple, sharp.

Length, 1:7 mill.

Bay of Panama.
R. PuLicARIA, Folin. PI. 71, fig. 96.

Very smooth, shining, white, with a series of oblong chocolate
spots on the periphery and spire, base with a dark band; whorls 5,
subglobose, suture linear, scarcely impressed ; aperture subcircular,
lip simple. Length, 1:5 mill.

Mauritius.
R. Brazrert, Tenison Woods. PI. 71, fig. 97.

Rimate, smooth, white, broadly banded with fulvous above the
periphery, narrowly banded below it, under an olive epidermis;
whorls 5, rounded, the last with sharply angulated periphery ; lip
sharp. Length, 5 mill.

Tasmania.
R. nrrens, Dunker. PI. 71, fig. 100.

Umbilicated, smooth, shining, subpellucid, white, with two in-
conspicuous pale fulyous bands; whorls 4, convex, with incised su-
ture, columella often violet tinted. Length, 1:4 mill.

Botany Bay, Australia.
R. ATROPURPUREA, Dunker. PI. 71, fig. 1.

Umbilicated, smooth, pellucid, polished, dark purple; whorls 4,
rapidly increasing, suture incised; lip subthickened.

Botany Bay and Sydney, Australia.
R. timBata, Hutton. PI. 71, fig. 98.
. Narrowly umbilicated, polished, smooth; whorls flatly convex,
the last with angulated periphery; pale olivaceous with zigzag
white strigations, most apparent as a sutural and a peripheral band.

Length, 3 mill.

New Zealand.

Unfigured Species Referred to Microsetia.

R. MAcILENTA, R. RumiILA, R. caeLata, Monts. Mediterranean.
R. ocnroteuca, and R. Frcaratrensts, Brugnone. Mediterranean.

396 RISSOIA.

R. VEXILLATA, Brusina. Mediterranean.
R. Cossure, Caleara, R. fasciata, Requien and R. Joenia, Arad.
and Benoit, are synonyms.
R. MrssaNnensis, Seguenza. Mediterranean.
Subsection Crneuiina, Monts. 1884.
R. concrnnata, Jeffreys. Pl. 69, fig. 32.
Imperforate, scarcely rimate, semipellucid, smooth, with remote,
very slight incremental strize, whitish, apex obtuse; whorls 4, con-
vex, with deep suture; aperture nearly circular, outer lip thin.

Length, 1 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
R. sotura, Phil. Pl. 69, fig. 37.

Scarcely rimate, thin, very smooth; whorls 4, very convex, the
last ventricose. Length, 1 mill.

Europe.

R. globosa, Martin, Ms. is a synonym.

Var. ALDERI, Jeffreys.

Somewhat larger and thinner, with a more produced and pointed —
spire.

Northern Europe.
R. MArtonensis, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 65.

Thin, smooth, narrowly umbilicated, ruddy horny, apex blunt;
whorls 5, slopingly flattened, slightly convex, with submargined,
slightly impressed suture; lip sharp. Length, 1°85 mill.

Between Marion and Prince Edward Is.
R. princrpis, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 66.

Imperforate, rather thick, more or less translucent, white, under
a thin, caducous, yellowish epidermis; whorls 5, moderately convex,
apex blunt, suture rather deep ; lip sharp, patulous.

Length, 2 mill.

Between Marion and Prince Edward Is.
R, AUSTRALIS, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 67.

Imperforate, thin, smooth, pale horn color, under a thin yellowish
epidermis; whorls 5, moderately convex, with slightly impressed
suture; lip sharp. Length, 1°85 mill.

Royal Sound, Kerguelen Is.
R. PHILOMEL®, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 68.

Minutely rimate, subhyaline, white, shining, apex obtuse; whorls
searcely 5, convexly conical, suture not deep, slightly margined ;
outer lip sharp, a little patulous below. ‘Length, 1:45 mill.

Off Nightingale Isl., Tristan da Cunha.

RISSOLA. 357

R. QUISQUILIARUM, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 69.

‘ Imperforate, solid, smooth, except a few distant spiral strize on the
base, apex obtuse; whorls 5, convexly conical, suture slightly im-
pressed; lip with a varix. Length, 1:5 mill.

Off Fayal, Azores; 450-500 fms.
R. Epwarprensis, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 70.

Minutely rimate, rather thick, dull, smooth, ruddy horn color,
becoming whitish towards the mouth; whorls 43, convex, the last
tumid; outer lip thin, slightly patulous. Length, 0°75 mill.

Off Prince Edward Isl.; 50-150 fms.
R. stnapPi, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 71.

Imperforate, rather strong, smooth, reddish horn-color, with blunt
apex; whorls 4, rapidly enlarging, convex, suture linear; lip thin.

Length, 1 mill.

Royal Sound, Kerguelen Isl.
R. TRIANGULARIS, Watson. PI. 70, fig. 72.

Umbilicated, smooth, white, apex blunt, suture impressed ; whorls
4}, rapidly increasing, convex, base with an angle round the um-
bilicus; lip thin, slightly patulous. Length, 1 mill.

Ascension Isl. ; 420 fms.
R. apicina, Verrill. Pl. 71, fig. 35.

Narrowly umbilicated, with acute, substyliform apex, striated by
growth-lines, smooth, dark brown; nuclear whorls 4, normal whorls
5, convex, suture deeply impressed, last whorl with an indistinct
ridge below the periphery. Length, 7-6 mill.

Off New England Coast; 1608 fms.

The animal has rather short, stout, tapering tentacles, and is ap-
parently without eyes.

R. vation, Mighels and Adams. PI. 71, fig. 92.

Narrowly umbilicated, smooth, pale horn-color, with deep suture ;
whorls 4, convex, rapidly enlarging; aperture rounded, inner mar-
gin with a lamina. Length, 2 mill.

New England.

I am inclined to include in this species R. robusta, H. C. Lea, of
which a single specimen was obtained at Cape May, N. J.

R. KERGUELENT, Smith. PI. 71, fig. 3.

Imperforate, thin, vitreous or milk white, light brownish at the
apex, polished ; whorls 6, convex, apex obtuse, suture very narrowly
margined ; lip continuous, slightly thickened and expanded.

Length, 3 mill.

Kerguelen’s Land.

358 RISSOTA.

R. nrerA, Krauss. Pl. 71, fig. 4.

Imperforate, thin, rather smooth, violaceous or greenish black,
apex obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, with deep suture ; lip acute, simple.

Length, 1°4 mill.

Algoa Bay, So. Africa.
R. LITTORINIFORMIS, Garrett. Pl. 71, fig. 5.

Smooth, pellucid, shining, white; whorls 53, very convex, rapidly
increasing, suture deeply impressed, slightly margined; peristome
rather thick. Length, 2 mill.

Viti Is.
R. HYALINA, Garrett. Pl. 71, fig. 91.

Thin, hyaline, shining, white; whorls 6-7, convex, with very fine,
crowded, spiral raised strize, crossed by more delicate growth lines ;
whorls 6-7, convex, with deep suture; peristome rather thick, sim-
ple, slightly expanded at the base: Length, 6 mill.

Samoa, Viti and Pawmotus Is.
R. MELANURA, Tenison Woods. PI. 71, fig. 7.

Seareely perforate, solid, somewhat translucent, smooth, shining,
suture impressed, dark olivaceous; whorls: 5, slightly convex, peri-
phery obtusely angulated ; aperture anteriorly produced, lip simple.

Length, 2 mill.

Tasmania.
R. ANGELI, Tenison Woods. PI. 71, fig. 11.

Umbilicated, turbinate conoidal, thin, pellucid, yellowish, with
rather sharp crowded growth lines, and thin, slight spiral striz;
whorls 5, with well-impressed suture ; aperture rounded, lip thick-
ened. Length, 1:5 mill.

Tasmania.
R. cortacrea, Manzoni. PI. 69, fig. 54.

Scarcely rimate, thin, fragile, coriaceous, longitudinally lamel-
larly striate, light yellowish brown; whorls 6, convex, with deep
slightly margined, channeled suture, and rapidly increasing; lip
thin, simple. Length, 2°6 mill.

Madetran Archipelago.

An abberant form.

Subsection Parvisetta, Monts. 1884.

R. Scrtum, Seguenza. PI. 69, fig. 38.
Translucent, opaline, very smooth, shining, yellowish, sometimes
with darker maculations or streaks; whorls 4, convex, the last

RISSOIA. 359

whorl inflated, apex obtuse; aperture nearly round, with simple,
slightly thickened lip.
Sicily.
The spire outline more convex than in the preceding species.
R. brutia, Tiberi, Ms. has been quoted as a synonym.

R. TrBertAna, Issel. Pl. 71, fig. 90.

Rimate, pellucid, whitish or yellowish, shining, very slightly
longitudinally striulate; whorls 43, convex, suture impressed, ob-
securely margined; peristome a little thickened, continuous.

Length, 1°5 mill.

Suez.
R. cLosuuus, Moller. PI. 70, fig. 64.

Whorls rapidly enlarging, convex, with deep suture, apex obtuse,

hyaline, whitish or yellowish, shining, smooth. Length, 2°5 mill.

a

Norway, Spitzbergen, Greenland, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

R. GLoputina, Monts. (unfigured.) Sicily.
Unfigured Species of Setia.
R. patens, Gould. Charleston Harbor, S. C.
R. tTrictncra, R. cAnpripA, R. Brrascrara, A. Ad. Japan:
R. FuAmra, Beddome. Tasmania.
R. pizonata, Nevill. Mauritius.
R. Srenn®, Tenison Woods. = Hydrobiide.
R. TorcuLartis, Tenison Woods. Port Jackson, Australia.
R. Grieei, Friele. (Figure inaccessible to me.) Arctic Seas.

Subgenus Rissopsis, Garrett. 1875.

R. typica, Garrett. Pl. 69, fig. 52.

Thin, hyaline, smooth, glossy, white; whorls 6, flat, suture faintly
impressed, margined ; peristome rather thin, simuous, somewhat ex-
panded, columella obliquely arched, slightly callous.

Length, 10 mill.

Viti and Samoa Is.

Subgenus ALVANTA, Risso. 1826.

R. crmex, Linn. PI. 65, figs. 11, 12.
Imperforate, strong, opaque, covered by rounded granules in
longitudinal and spiral series, white or light fulvous to chestnut

360 RISSOTA.

color, unicolored or bifasciate ; lip thick, labiate and suleate within,
_ white-varicose externally. Length, 6 mill.
Mediterranean Sea.

The synonyms are PF. calathiscus, Mtg., R. Boryanus, Chiaje, R.
eancellata, Desm., R. Europea, Risso, R. Fremenvillei and R. mamil-
lata, Risso, R. granulata, Phil., and vars. paupercula, and depau-
perata, Monts.

R. Monracut, Payr. PI. 65, fig. 15.

Imperforate, thick, spirally lirate, longitudinally strongly ribbed,
whitish, yellowish or chestnut color, plain or with one or two bands;
whorls 5, suture distinct, subchanneled ; aperture white-lipped and
suleate within, with white varix externally. Length, 5 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

The most striking difference between this and the preceding
Species is in the prominence of the longitudinal over the spiral
sculpture. The synonyms are R. Sardoa, Risso, R. Nicolosiana,
Arad. and Benoit, R. buceinoides, Desh. (in part), and R. Schwar-
giana, Brus.

R. CanaRieEnsis, d’Orb. PI. 65, fig. 32.

Imperforate, solid, white, covered with rounded nodules by the
intersection of longitudinal and spiral ribs; whorls 5, slightly con-
vex, with rather deep suture, lip thickened and margined.

Length, 1°75 mill.

Madeira, Canary Is., Algiers, Palermo.
R. cALATHUs, Forbes and Hanley. PI. 65, fig. 30.

Like the last species, but more conical, more rudely sculptured,

the longitudinal sculpture more prominent. Length, 4 mill.
Europe.
R. LINEATA, Risso. PI. 64, figs. 1,3; Pl. 65, figs. 13, 29.

With strong ribs, becoming obsolete on the base, and numerous
spiral lire, yellowish or fulvous, the liree forming lines of deeper
color; whorls 6, convex, with deep suture; lip thickened externally,
plicate within. Length, 4 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

R. rugulosa, Arad., R. coronata, Brusina, R. lignea (Thorpe?)
Reeve (fig 13), var. costulosa, Risso, and R. Peloritana, Arad. et
Benoit. (fig. 3), are synonyms.

Var. ASPERA, Phil. Fig. 29.
Decussations deeper, giving the nodules a rough appearance.
It is R. variegata, Danilo and Sandri, and R. costulosa, Schwartz.

RISSOTA. 361

R. AREOLATA, Stimpson. PI. 68, fig. 83.

Clathrate by rather distant, narrow longitudinal and spiral ribs ;

whorls 7, convex, with deep suture; lip simple. Length, 3:5 mill.
New England.
R. ACUTELIRATA, Carp. PI. 66, fig. 41.

Thin, brownish ash-color, with about 18 longitudinal, distant
ribs, vanishing on the periphery, crossed by distant spiral lire (15
on last whorl), not nodose; whorls 6, rapidly enlarging, convex,
with well-impressed suture. Length, 2°25 mill.

San Diego, Cal.
R. Lancr#, Caleara. Pl. 63, fig. 83.

Yeliowish, orange brown or yellowish white; longitudinally dis-
tantly costate, spirally lirate, forming nodules on the ribs, base
without ribs, but spirally striate; whorls 5-6, very convex, suture
deep, channeled ; lip externally thickened. Length, 4 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

R. scabra, Monts., and &. Schwartzti, Benoit, are synonyms.

KR, RETICULATA, Mtg. PI. 65, fig. 9.

Imperforate, solid, almost opaque, yellowish or yellowish brown,
sometimes indistinctly bifasciate, reticulated by numerous, curved,
narrow ribs, and very distinct spiral lire; whorls 6-7, slightly
convex, suture narrowly excavated; lip plicate within, with a
striated external varix. Length, 4 mill.

- Europe.

The synonymy includes R. teatilis, Phil., R. Brocchii, Weink., R.
Beanii, Forbes and Hanley.

R. Fiscuert, Jeffreys. Pl. 65, fig. 31.

Imperforate, opaque, not shining, reticulated by equal, narrow,
distant longitudinal and spiral riblets, light yellowish or whitish ;
* whorls 5, moderately convex, with deep suture; lip rather thin, not
varicose, smooth within. Length, 2°5 mill.

Mediterranean Sea, Portugal.

R. Jerrreyst, Waller. Pl. 66, fig. 56.

Whitish or fulvous, with prominent spiral lire, decussated by
less elevated longitudinal sculpture, which becomes obsolete on the
base; whorls 5, convex, subangulate, suture deep, channeled; lip
searcely varicose. Length, 3°5 mill.

North Sea, Mediterranean.

It is R. sororeula, Granata.

362 RISSOIA.

R. TARSODES, Watson. PI. 67, fig. 77.

Searcely rimate, white, with about 20 narrow ribs, fading below
the periphery, clathrate by distant, spiral lire, extending feebly
over the base; whorls 5, convex, slightly shouldered, with deep
suture; lip feebly varicose. Length, 1°87 mill.

Off Fayal, Azores ; 450-500 fms.

R. pipyma, Watson. PI. 67, fig. 76.

Scarcely rimate, strong, dull yellowish, with about 12 strong,
narrow, distant longitudinal ribs, fading below the periphery, nodu-
lously clathrate by equal, distant, spiral ribs, with three smaller,
closer ones on the base; whorls 53, with deep suture; lip very thick,
subduplicate. Length, 2°15 mill.

Near Culebra and St. Thomas, W. I.; 390 fms.

R. crmrcorpes, Forbes. Pl. 65, fig. 27.

Solid, opaque, yellowish or fulvous brown, sometimes bifasciate,
with rather broad longitudinal riblets, vanishing below, crossed by
spiral unduluting lire, forming intersectional nodules; whorls 7-8,
somewhat flattened in the middle, the last dilated, suture channeled;
lip varicose. Length, 5°5 mill. |

Mediterranean Sea to Norway.

It is R. sculpta, Forbes and Hanley, R. intermedia, Aradas.

R. Gerconta, Chiereg. PI. 65, fig. 10.

Solid, fulvous, strongly tuberculated by longitudinal ribs crossed
by spiral liree, the subsutural series strongest and largest; whorls 6,
slightly convex, suture not deep; lip plicate within, externally vari-
cose. Length, 3:5 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
hk. Marie, Bucq. Dautz. Doll. (not Orb.), is a synonym.

R. Luscrnim, Watson. PI. 67, fig. 79.

Imperforate, glossy, yellowish white, with about 16, low, rounded,
distant ribs, nearly obsolete on the last whorl, crossed by rather
closer, equally strong, revolving ribs, which continue to the base,
intersections slightly nodulous; whorls 5, convex, with deep suture;
lip varicose. Length, 2°25 mill.

Nightingale Isl., off Tristan da Cunha; 100 to 150 fms.

R. SUBCRENULATA, Schwartz. PI. 64, fig. 2.
Rather solid, shining, subhyaline, white, with strong longitudinal
ribs and searcely smaller spiral lire, the intersections distinctly

RISSOIA. 363

tuberculated; lip prominently, denticulately varicose externally.
Length, 3 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

It is R. Oceani, Arad. and Benoit, R. granulata, Requien, and
R. crenulata, Var. minor, Phil.

R. scasra, Phil. PI. 63, fig. 84.

Longitudinally plicate, obsolete below, spirally lirate, forming
mamillary tubercles; whorls 6, slightly convex; white, maculated
with chestnut; lip suleate within, varicose externally.

Length, 3 mill.

Sicily.

It is R. mutabilis, Schwartz. Ms.

R. wisPrpuLA, Monts. PI. 66, fig. 38.

Rather solid, brownish, regularly clathrate by longitudinal narrow
riblets and more numerous spiral lire; lip plicate within, externally
dentately varicose; whorls 6, moderately convex.

Length, 3°75 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
It is R. elathrata, Phil.

R. suBAREOLATA, Monts. PI. 65, fig. 25.

Imperforate, translucent, brownish, subclathrate by longitudinal
riblets crossed by spiral lire; whorls 5, convex, with deep suture;
columella arcuate, basal area cingulate, lip thickened externally.

Length, 3 mill.

Sicily and Algiers.

It is R. Caribea, Monts. R. costulata, 8. Wood. R. Stefanisi,
Jeffreys.

R. Leacock, Watson. PI. 65, figs. 33, 34.

Minutely rimate, solid, translucent, yellowish white, with two
chestnut bands, white between them, with 15-18 strong oblique
ribs, and equally strong spiral ribs, forming rather large, close
nodules; whorls 5-6, somewhat conically flattened, suture distinct ;
lip varicose. Length, 2°6 mill.

Madeira.
R. Carisma, d’Orb. PI. 66, fig. 57.

Shell imperforate, thick, white, with two chestnut bands, strongly,
closely nodulous, with spiral ribs at the base; whorls 5, convex, with
rather narrow suture; lip thick. Length, 2 mill.

West Indies.

364 RISSOTA.

Closely related to the preceding species. R. corilea, d’Orb. of
Reeve’s Icon. is a misprint for this species.

R. ryterFossa, Nevill. Pl. 66, fig. 50.

Somewhat solid, light fulvous, with three spiral rows of granules
on the penultimate, five on the last whorl, and two spiral ribs at
the base; whorls 6, somewhat shouldered, with deep suture; lip
thickened. Length, 2 mill.

Indian Ocean.

R. ELEGANS, Angas. PI. 66, fig. 46.

Imperforate, rather solid, whitish, closely nodose, in three (on the
last whorl four) spiral series; whorls 5, angularly convex, with deep
suture; lip varicose. Length, 2°5 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.

R. Graciiis, Angas. PI. 66, figs. 47.

Imperforate, moderately solid, ight purplish brown; whorls 5,
convex, ribbed as far as the periphery of the last whorl, strongly
spirally lirate throughout, intersections beaded; peristome thickened.

Length, 2°5 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.

R. straMatica Frauenf. PI. 66, fig. 42.

Imperforate, thick, subpellucid, white, with 16-17, longitudinal,
rather close, rounded ribs, crossed by spiral lire—which continue
to the base, whilst the former there become obsolete; whorls 52,
flattened convex, with moderate suture ; lip varicose.

Length, 2 mill.

Kamorta, Nicobar Is.

R. FENESTRATA, Krauss. PI. 66, fig. 40.

Imperforate, white, clathrate by distant longitudinal and spiral
narrow ribs; whorls 7, convex, rapidly enlarging, with deep suture;
lip with about 15 minute internal teeth. Length, 3 mill.

Cape of Good Hope; on byssus of Pinna.

R. CRYSTALLINA, Garrett. Pl. 63, fig. 78.

Shell thin, subpellucid, shining, vitreous, white, with small, flex-
uously oblique, distant longitudinal ribs, evanescent below, and
close spiral lire; whorls 5, convex, with deep suture, lip thickened.

Length, 2 mill.

Viti Isles.

Fr - Sew

RISSOTA. 365

Unfigured Species of Alvania.

R. CARPENTERI, Weink. Vaneowver’s Isl.
Is R. reticulata, Carp. (not Montagu).

R. Fiiosa, Carp. Vancouver's Isl.

R. puRPUREA, Dall. Monterey, Cal.

R. PERLATA, Morch. West Coast Central America.

R. AreMuLA, Monts. Messina, Sicily.

R. Marrona, Monts. Toulon, France.

R. BADIA, R. crrecrnnaTa, R. CLATHRATULA, R. concrinna, R.
FERRUGINEA, R. MArievua, R. scrruta, R. sEemicosTaTa, R.

TIARULA, all of A. Adams. Japan.
R. Fascrara, Tenison Woods. Tasmania.
R. Frusca, R. FENESTRATA, R. GUADRATA, Gould. China Sea. *
R. AcuMINATA, Gould. Bonin Is.
R. pura, Gould. Simoda, Japan.
hk. Baynront, Beddome. Tasmania.

Section Actnopsis, Monts. 1884.

R. cRENULATA, Mich. PI. 65, fig. 14.

Imperforate, solid, opaque, yellowish white, tinted and indistinctly
bifasciate with chestnut, spire mucronate; longitudinally broadly
ribbed, strongly spirally lirate, the intersections forming strong
rounded tubercles; whorls 6-7, convex, the suture widely channeled;
aperture expanded, brownish red and suleate within, subcanaliculate
below, lip crenulately varicose exteriorly, columella tuberculated
anteriorly. Length, 5 mill.

Europe.

It is R. cimex, Donovan, R. cancellata (Da Costa?) Jeffreys, and
R. verrucosa, Risso.

R. nreva, Monts. Unfigured. Mediterranean Sea.

Section Massor1a, Bueq. Dautz. Dollf. 1884.

R. tactgea, Mich. PI. 66, fig. 51.

Thin, subtranslucid to opaque, feebly longitudinally and spirally
closely costellate, yellowish white or white; whorls 5-6, subconvex,
with linear suture, lip scarcely thickened externally.

Length, 6 mill.

Mediterranean Sea, Portugal.

RR. cancellata, Petit is a synonym.

366 RISSOIA.

Section Neviniia, A. Ad. 1868.
R. prota, H. Adams. PI. 66, fig. 53.

Imperforate, rather solid, with unequal spiral ribs, of which the
one on the middle of each whorl is strongest, and minutely longitu-
dinally striate; whitish, maculated with chestnut; whorls 53, angu-
lated, with distinct suture; columella callous, with an anterior
tooth, lip acute, smooth within, varicose externally.

Length, 2°25 mill.

Mauritius.
R. tucrpa, H. Adams. PI. 66, fig. 54.

Rather solid, imperforate. subpellucid, white, with subdistant
spiral riblets, and very minute longitudinal strize; whorls 5, convex,
with impressed suture; columellar tooth and external varix strong.

Length, 2 mill.

Mauritius, Isle of Bourbon.

Section AtyvinrA, Monts. 1884.

R. WEINKAUFFI, Schwartz. Pl. 66, fig. 48.

Imperforate, thin, subpellucid, a little shining, whitish or yellow-
ish, clathrate by longitudinal riblets, and much stronger, distant
spiral ridges; whorls 6, convex, angulated, shouldered, with deeply
incised suture; aperture smooth within, slightly varicose externally.

Length, 3 mill.

Sicily and Algiers.

R. dictyophora, Weink. is a synonym.

R. prcryopHora, Phil. PI. 66, fig. 49.

Thin, hyaline, dark brown or fulvous, with distant thin longitu-
dinal, and stronger, more distant spiral lire, two of the latter in
the penultimate and five in the last whorl; perforate; lip thin.

Length, 2 mill.

Sicily.
R. pAGopDULA, Bucq. Dautz., Dollf. Pl. 66, fig. 55.

Imperforate, rather solid, turrited, longitudinally ribbed, spirally
strongly ridged, the upper ones forming tubercles; whorls 6, subcari-
nate, shouldered, suture deep; aperture margined. Length, 2 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

It is R. Philippiana and Var. bivittata, Jeffreys, R. scabriuscula,
Req. Rk. Lancie, Mts. and R. tessellata, Schwartz.

R. cHErLosroMa, Tenison-Woods. PI. 68, fig. 91.

Imperforate, solid, dull, yellowish, clathrate by longitudinal and
spiral ribs, the former vanishing about the periphery, the latter

RISSOTA. 367

continued, and more conspicuous on the base; whorls 7, with deep,
lirate suture, aperture conspicuously bilabiate. Length, 3 mill.

Tasmania.
R. Mauriti1Ana, Martens. PI. 66, fig. 35.

Rather thick, white, strongly, rather closely, longitudinally ribbed
throughout, crossed by spiral ridges, forming spiral series of nodules,
of which there are two on the penultimate and five or six on the
last whorls; whorls 43, convex; peristome thickened, simple.

Length, 1°5 mill.

Mauritius.
R. vENustA, Garrett. Pl. 68, fig. 90.

Shell imperforate, solid, vitreous, shining, white, with strong
compressed spiral ridges, of which there are 5 on the body whorl
and 2 on the spire, crenulated by close, less conspicuous, longitudi-
nal, rounded riblets; whorls about 7, convex, with deep, margined
suture; lip very thick, varicose. Length, 5°5 mill.

Viti Is.
Section GALEopINA, Monts. 1884.

R. striatuLa, Montagu. PI. 66, fig. 58.

Rather solid, opaque, yellowish white, thinly longitudinally
striate in the interstices between much stronger spiral ridges, which
carinate and shoulder the whorls; aperture a little dilated below,
smooth within, ridged-varicose externally. Length, 4:5 mill.

Europe.

R. Russinoniaca, Loeard, R. labiata, Phil. R. trochlea, Mich., and

R. carinata, Da Costa. are synonyms.

R. GONSOCIELLA, and R. ELEcTA, Mts. (Unfigured). Mediterranean.

Section THAPSIELLA, Fischer. 1884.
R. rupis, Phil. Pl. 66, fig. 59.

Hyaline, sometimes faintly strigate with chestnut, spirally striate,
spire and upper part of body whorl longitudinally, rather faintly
costate; whorls 63, somewhat convex; lip simple, plain within and
without. Length, 2°6 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
P. FREMENVILLEI, Audouin. PI. 67, fig. 66.

Imperforate, shining, white, with longitudinal subdistant ribs,

fading out on upper part of body whorl, closely spirally striate

368 RISSOIA.

throughout; whorls 7, convex, with deep suture; lip simple, con-
tinuous.
Suez.

Section AcrontaA, Monts. 1884.

R. Test#, Arad. and Maggiore. PI. 66, figs. 60, 61.

Somewhat solid, transparent, whitish, with distant thin plice,
vanishing towards the base, subcancellated by less elevated, distant,
spiral lire; whorls 6, somewhat convex, with deep suture; aperture
effuse below, lip acute, smooth within, externally varicose.

Length, 3-4 mill.

Norway to Mediterranean; deep sea.

R. abyssicola, Var. conijormis, and FR. asperula, Brugn. are
synonyms.

Var. ABYSSICOLA, Jeffreys. Fig. 61.
Shorter, sculpture less distinct.

R. sussotuta, Aradas. PI. 66, fig. 62.

Somewhat solid, white or brownish, opaline, thinly, rather numer-
ously longitudinally costulate, riblets vanishing on lower part of body
whorl, with less prominent, close, spiral strize, stronger at the base;
whorls 5, convex, with deep suture; aperture expanded below,
externally varicose. Length, 2 mill.

Europe, abyssal.

It is R. elegantissima, and Var. major, Seguenza, R. abyssicola,
Var. obtusa, Jeffreys. and R. abyssicola, Sars.

4
Unjigured doubtful and spurious species described as Rissow.

R. PULCHELLA, R. LInEATA, R. LAyarpi, R. APPROXIMATA, R.
DUBIA, R. DIEMENENSIs, R. BICOLOR, and R. BADIA, Petterd.

Tasmania.

R. AGNewt, Tenison Woods. Tasmania.
R. eraciuis, A. Ad. Suez.
R. (GontostoMa) procera, A. Ad. Gulf of Pechili, China.
t. (GONIOSTOMA) pupiformis, A. Ad. Japan.
The section Gomiostoma has neither been described nor figured.
R. Papuana, Tapparone-Canefri. i Papuan Is.
R. BELLA, R. ELEGANS, A. Ad. Philippines.
R. arava, R. RuFA, R. sotrpuLa, Phil. Guinea, W. Africa.

R. uMBILIcATA, Phil. China.

RISSOIA—RISSOINA. 369

R. Scuyruet, Phil. Sts. of Magellan.
R. L&VIGATA, R. MUCRONATA, R. TUBERCULATA, R. TRUNCATA,
Menke, R. scroptcuLata, MOll. Greenland.
R. GRADATULA, R. EmacraTa, Morch. . West Indies.
R. crassicosra, R. EULIMOIDES, R. ABERRANS, A. Ad. Jamaica.
R. rvcompta, Gould. Florida.
R. GENTILISSIANA, Sowb. (PI. 68, fig. 5).
= Hydrobia Gentilsiana, Crosse.
R. BICINGULATA, and R. TENUICOSTATA, Seguenza. Messina.
R. Boscu, Payr. Corsica.
R. punctum, Cantraine. Mediterranean.
R. Weyvitie-THompsonl, Jeffreys. Arctie Ocean.
R. PEDICULARIS, Menke. Heligoland.
R. pra&usta, Recluz. Toulon.
R. supstrrata, and R. exiaua, Phil. Sicily.
R. pitecra, Monts. Sicily.
R. scaLaris, Mich. = Truneatella.
R. Goucert, Mich. Senegal.
R. ELONGATA, R. ExcavaTa, Phil. —= Odostomia.
R. Exim ia, Jeffreys. = Odostomia.
R. Coorert, Tryon. = Ammnicolide.

Genus RISSOINA, d’Orb. 1840.

Section Rissorna (sensu stricto).
R. Inca, d’Orb. PI. 55, fig. 15.

Strong, stout, with about 17 elevated, suboblique, flexuous, longi-
tudinal ribs, and fine spiral strive, more prominent on the base;
whorls 7-8, nearly flat, suture crenulated; rosy white.

Length 8-2 mill.

Bolivia, Peru.
R. PYRAMIDALIS, A. Ad. PI. 55 fig. 16.

Solid, dirty white, longitudinally obliquely plicate, spirally striate,

whorls 8, flattened, suture crenulated. Length, 8°5 mill.
Philippines.
R. Asstmiuis, Jickeli. Pl. 68, fig. 15.

Shell solid, white, with 10-11, straight, narrow, longitudinal
costee, and much wider interstices, which show slight, distinct spiral
strke; whorls 8, slightly convex, with impressed suture; lip scarcely
varicose. Length, 83 mill.

Red Sea.
24

370 RISSOINA. 3

R. cONIFERA, Schwartz. PI. 55, fig. 30.

Somewhat solid, subpellucid, shining, white, with 12-14 rounded,
subdistant, straight longitudinal ribs, the interstices closely spirally
striated below; whorls 6-7, turrited, suture crenulated; lip varicose.

Length, 5:4 mill.

Mauritius.

Described by Schwartz and referred to R. conifera, Montagu, a
lost species which is more likely to have been a R. Bruguwiert.
Weinkauff erroneously quotes it as “R. coniformis and gives it the
new name f. Montagui. '

R. rascrata, A. Ad. PI. 55, figs. 17, 18.

Solid, chestnut color, with a central pale band, distantly obliquely,
subflexuously plicate, closely spirally striate; whorls 8, somewhat
convex, with impressed, crenulated suture. Length, 6°8 mill.

Sydney, Australia.

R. Smithii, Angas, (fig. 18) is a synonym.

R. Brucutert, Payr. Pl. 55, figs. 19, 22.

Solid, white or yellowish white, with about 16 flexuous, longitu-
dinal plicz, crossed by strong spiral striz; whorls 7-8, a little
convex, suture plane, somewhat undulated; varix ridged.

Length, 7°6 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

R. Poliana and R. reticulata, Risso, and R. decussata, Menke are

synonyms; and R. striolata, Risso (fig. 22) may probably be added.

R. Haney, Schwartz. Pl. 55, fig. 21.

Strong, shining, milk white, with two orange-brown bands, with
22-24, close, supsinuous, low, longitudinal plications, and close,
numerous spiral striz, the sculpture evanescent on lower part of
body whorl; whorls7, slightly convex, with impressed suture; lip thick-
ened, scarcely varicose. Length, 7-3 mill.

Philippines; Sydney, Australia.

R. variecata, Angas. PI. 56, figs. 45-46.

Varies greatly in coloring as well as in the development of its
sculpture. I think that the figures which I have copied from the
Conch. Icon. are from worn specimens, as they do not exhibit the
sculpture to the same extent as Angas’ originals, the description of
this species is not unlike that of A. Hanleyi, and it will probably
prove identical with it.

Sydney, Australia.

RISSOINA. By!

R. montis, A. Ad. PI. 55, fig. 23.

Solid, light fulvous, with a sutural row of nodules, and close,
narrow, longitudinal plications, the interstices spirally punctate-
striate; whorls 7, flattened; varix striate. Length, 49 mill.

Philippines.
R. Kress, Morch. PI. 54, fig. 7.

Semipellucid, white, with about 28 thin, subsinuous, longitudinal
riblets, cut into a row of tubercles just below the suture, decussated
by spiral, close striz; whorls 7, convex, with slightly impressed
suture; lip varicose. Length, 3°5 mill.

Cuba, Jamaica.

Schwartz has described and figured this as R. multicostata, Ads.

R. Micans, A. Ad. PI. 55, fig. 28.

Rather solid, white, shining, subdistantly, elevately plicate, inter-
stices spirally striate, last whorl suleate below; whorls 9, convex;
lip varicose. Length, 4:7 mill.

Philippines.
R. Fortis, C. B. Ad. PI. 55, fig. 25.

White, with 22 rather strong, rounded, nearly straight, longitu-
dinal ribs; whorls 10, somewhat turreted, flattened, with crenulated,
rather deep suture; lip strongly varicose. Length, 7°4 mill.

Panama to Cape St. Lucas.
R. stricta, Menke. PI. 55, fig. 26.

White, densely, smoothly longitudinally costate, the interstices

obsoletely spirally striate; whorls 7, flattened. Length, 7 mill.
Mazatlan.

Very closely allied to the preceding species, if not identical with
it.

R. ampieua, Gould. PI. 55, figs. 31, 27, 29, 35; Pl. 54, fig. 7.

Whitish, with about 20 narrow, small, longitudinal plications,
often becoming faint on the last whorl, closely spirally striate;
whorls about 10, flatly convex, with impressed suture; lip varicose.

Length, 7°3 mill.

Aden, Ceylon, Singapore, Paumotus, Sandwich Isl., Mauritius,
Viti Is., ete.

It is R. pusilla, Schwartz, not Brocchi (fig. 27), FR. cineta, Dunker,
R. myosoroides, Recluz (fig. 29), &. striolata, Dunker, R. multicos-
tata, Garrett (fig. 9) R. costulifera, Pease, R. subconcinna, Souverb.
(fig. 35) and var. perpusilla, Nevill.

abe RISSOINA.

R. WoopwarpI, Carp. PI. 56, fig. 72.

Whitish, with 12-14, narrow plice, and wider interstices, which
are longitudinally, not spirally striated; whorls 7-8, subplanate,
suture impressed. Length, 3 mill.

Mazatlan.

The unfigured R. clandestina, C. B. Ad. has been referred here;
if identical, it will take precedence.

R. cosrutata, Pease. PI. 55, fig. 32.

White, with a central chestnut band, prominently longitudinally
ribbed, spirally striate; whorls plano-convex, with channeled suture.

Length, 5 mill.

Paumotus Is.
R. incerta, Souverb. PI. 55, figs. 34, 33.

Solid, subulate, white, with or without a spiral chestnut band,
obliquely, strongly, longitudinally 12-13 ribbed, interstices with
crowded spiral strize, most couspicuous anteriorly; whorls 10, slightly
convex, with deep suture; lip strongly varicose. Length, 8:5 mill.

New Caledonia, Viti and Samoa Is.

The latter localities are for R. terebra, Garrett, (fig. 53) which

appears to be identical.

R. DEBILIS, Garrett. Pl. 56, fig. 48.

White, with small slightly oblique, rounded ribs, fading anteriorly,
interstices finely striate spirally, the strize continuous and more
distinct on lower part of body whorl; whorls 8, convex, with deep
suture ; peristome varicose externally. Length, 45 mill.

Vite Is.
R. Nevitir1ana, Weink. PI. 55, figs. 37, 38.

Whitish, indistinctly yellow banded, somewhat shining, with
strong, longitudinal, unequal cost, and very light spiral striz;
whorls more than 8, angulated, with very deep suture; lip subvari-
cose. Length, 18 mill.

Near Hong Kong, China.

R. Gerrrup#, Tenison Woods. PI. 55, fig. 39.

Rather thin, translucent, milk-white, with small, rounded, subob-
solete longitudinal plicz, slightly spirally striate towards the base;
whorls 8, somewhat convex, suture broadly margined; lip dilated in
the middle, thickened; base rimate. Length, 45 mill.

King’s Island, Tasmania.

RISSOINA. ae

R. sprrauis, Souverb. PI. 55, fig. 40.

Whitish, longitudinally costate, with equal interstices which are
slightly spirally striate, base of body-whorl decussated by spiral
sulcations; whorls 9, slightly convex, with impressed suture; lip
continuous, externally thickened. Length, 5 mill.

New Caledonia.
R. COSTATOGRANOSA, Garrett. Pl. 55, fig. 41.

Solid, shining, ashy white, longitudinally closely, somewhat
obliquely flexuously, granosely ribbed, spirally closely grooved ;
whorls 9, convex, with deep suture; lip thick, finely crenulated,
somewhat dilated. Length, 5 mill.

Viti Isles.
R. TRIANGULARIS, Watson. PI. 54, fig. 12.

White, with 12-13, low, distant, oblique, flexuous longitudinal
ribs, and much wider shallow furrows, narrowly spirally striate
throughout; whorls 8, convex; pillar lip long, oblique, outer lip
varicose, aperture expanded below. Length, 3°75 mill.

‘ape York, N. E. Australia.
R. GRACILIs, Garrett. Pl. 55, fig. 42.

Rather thick, somewhat shining, light brown, with rather large,
closely set, slightly oblique longitudinal ribs and equal interspaces,
ribs flexuous on lower part of body whorl; whorls 9, flatly convex,
with margined suture; lip thick, sinuous above and below.

Length, 3 mill.

Viti and Society Is.
R. TEREBROIDES, E. A. Smith. Pl. 54, fig. 6.

Whitish, with a median chestnut zone, with 11-12 arcuate, strong,
longitudinal cost, very minutely spirally striate, ribs fading below ;
where the striz are stronger, whorls about 10, moderately convex;
lip broadly, strongly varicose. Length, 8°5 mill.

San Christoval, Solomon Is.
R. trrata, Angas. PI. 54, fig. 10.

Rather thin, dull milky white, with regular, thin, flexuous longi-
tudinal ribs, becoming obsolete below, where numerous, very fine,
close-set spiral strive are visible; whorls 7, slightly convex; outer
lip thickened, varicose. Length, 4 mill.

So. Australia.
R. Honotuivensis, Watson. PI. 54, fig. £3.

White, with 15 subcontinuous, narrow, straight longitudinal ribs,

and much wider interspaces, finely, microscopically spirally striate,

374 RISSOINA.

striz more distinct on the base; whorls 6, besides the embryonic,
flatly convex; lip thick, externally varicose. Length, 3°5 mill.
Sandwich Islands.

R. supvituica, Weinkauff. Pl. 56, fig. 54; Pl. 68, fig. 100.
Whitish, with strong, rounded longitudinal ribs, replaced by
spiral riblets below the middle of the body whorl; whorls 11, swollen,
turreted. Length, 15 mill.
Loochoo Is:
Figured in Conch. Icon. as R. villica, Gould, (fig. 100).

R. costutata, Dunker. PI. 57, fig. 90.

Shell strong, whitish, rather yellowish below, with about 14 longi-
tudinal suboblique ribs; whorls 8, slightly convex; aperture chan-
neled below, lip thickened. Length, 5 mill.

Japan.

Unfigured and doubtful Species.
R. Woov-Masonrana, Nevill. Andaman Is.
R. Inpica, Nevill. Paumben Sts., So. India.
R. errusa, Morch. West Coast of Centr. America.
R. FIRMATA, C. B. Ad. Panama.

The shell figured by Schwartz for this species and copied by
Kiister is a very doubtful identification, as is that of R. scalariformis,
C. B. Ad. which Carpenter declares to be a young shell of FR. firmata,
from an examination of Adams’ type specimens. Sowerby, in Reeve’s
“Teonica,’ places R. firmata in the synonymy of Rk. Woodwardi,
Carp.

Section Rrssotina, Gould. 1861.

R. ELEGANTISSIMA, d’Orb. PI. 56, fig. 51.

Thick, yellowish white, with close, rounded, longitudinal ribs, cut
into a row of nodules next the suture, spirally very thinly striate;
whorls 8, rather flat, suture excavated; lip thick, varicose.

Length, 5°5 mill.

West Indies.

R. multicostata, C. B. Ad. is possibly identical.

R. pupiosa, C. B. Ad. PI. 56, fig. 52.
Solid, subpellucid, whitish or yellowish, with about 18-20, straight,
elevated longitudinal ribs, scarcely spirally striate; whorls 7-8,

RISSOINA. 375

flatly convex, subturreted, with impressed, undulated suture; lip
varicose. Length, 5 mill.
West Indies.
It is R. Dunkeri, Pfr. teste Weinkauff.

R. pistans, Anton. PI. 56, fig. 56.

Solid, white, shining, with 12 strong, rounded, longitudinal ribs,
the interstices scarcely striate; whorls 7, slightly convex, suture
undulated; lip varicose. Length, 9 mill.

Philippines.

R. canaliculata, Schwartz is a synonym.

R. puicata, A. Ad. PI. 56, fig. 58-60, 68; PI. 54, fig. 8,

Whitish, strongly, but narrowly, distantly plicate, the shallow,
concave interstices spirally striate; whorls 8, subangulated above
and below the suture, the sides flattened; lip somewhat varicose.

Length, 5°6 mill.

: Philippines, Red Sea, Mauritius.

The synonymy includes R. scalariformis, Schwartz, not C. B. Ad.
(fig. 68), R. Bertheloti, Audouin, R. denticulata, Mohrenstern (fig.
59), and R. scalarina, A. Ad. Reeve’s figure of the latter species
(fig. 8). is a very poor one, evidently. Probably R. subangulata,
Schwartz, (fig. 60) is also to be added to the synonymy of the present
species, as the chances are that it is not properly identified by
Schwartz as Adams’ species and the differential characters are of
little or no importance.

R. subangulata, C. B. Ads. is a Jamaica species, and unfigured.

R. ancuata, Jickeli. Pl. 56, fig. 50.

Rather solid, white, a little shining, longitudinally costate, costz
sinuate in the middle, thickened above and below, with two scarcely
conspicuous spiral ribs at the base; whorls 6?, suture undulated ;

lip obtuse. Length, 2 mill.
Red Sea.
R. BURDIGALENSIs, d’Orb. PI. 56, fig. 53.

With about 12 longitudinal ridges, and much wider, shallow,
concave interstices, spirally lirate, fimbriating the tops of the
ridges; whorls 7-8, subscalariform, somewhat shouldered or tur-
reted, suture undulated ; lip with striate varix. Length, 7-3 mill.

Fossil in the Vienna Basin, ete.; living at Mauritius.

The identification of d’Orbigny’s fossil with the recent species is

on the authority of Schwartz.

376 RISSOINA.

R. opetiscus, Recluz. PI. 54, fig. 9.

Solid, white, a little shining, semipellucid, with 12-15 strong,
elevated cost, cutting the basal rib into tubercles, thinly, closely
spirally striate; whorls 8-9, turreted, with deep, undulating suture;
lip strongly, nodosely varicose. Length, 45 mill.

Mauritius, Upolu.

It is R. Schwartziana, Dunker (from the latter locality.)

R. costata, A. Ad. PI. 56, fig. 57.

Opaque, solid, white, with strong, elevated, longitudinal ribs, sub-
angulated above, closely spirally striate; whorls 7, flatly convex,
suture undulated; columella subtuberculate below, lip subdilated,
flexuous, strongly varicose. Length, 4:7 mill.

Cobija, Peru; Philippines. ?
R. Baxrertana, Nevill. PI. 56, fig. 75.

Solid, shining, white, with close, large, rounded longitudinal ribs,
constricted into three spiral series of nodules, base spirally sulcate ;
lip thick, but scarcely varicose. Length, 3 mill.

Red Sea.

Weinkauff suggests that this is the juvenile of R. nodicincta, A.
Ad., but I scarcely think so.

R. suBDEBILIs, Nevill. Pl. 55, fig. 36; Pl. 56, fig. 55.

Shell solid, whitish, with about 14 compressed, suboblique ribs
and slight spiral striz, the ribs abruptly terminated by two or three
basal spiral riblets; whorls about 12, slightly convex, suture sub-
channeled. Length, 6°5 mill.

Mauritius.

It is R. canaliculata, Sowb. (fig. 55). Nevill, who has indicated
a var. perlanceolata, thinks this may = FR. debilis, Garrett.

R. WEINKAUFFIANA, Nevill. Pl. 56, fig. 61.

Rather solid, brownish white, with narrow, rather close, sub-
flexuous ribs, and numerous, less distinet spiral strie, base very in-
distinctly doubly ridged ; lip smoothly varicose. Length, 6°75 mill.

Andaman Is.

It is not unlikely that this will prove identical with the preceding
species. In the original figure the ribs are shaded and the inter-
stices left light, an error which has been carefully copied in my illus-
tration.

R. minuta, Nevill. Pl. 56, fig. 65.

Shining, white, with longitudinal, thick, slightly oblique, some-

what irregular ribs, and smooth interstices; whorls 8, angularly

RISSOINA. oUt

turreted, last whorl with a basal spiral row of prominent granules ;
lip thickened. Length, 2°5 mill.
Andaman Is.

R. scoLtopax, Souverb. PI. 56, fig. 66.

Narrowly, longitudinally costate, costee subflexuous, ending below
in a narrow, nodose, spiral, basal rib, no spiral strive, white ; whorls
about 10, subeonvex, with moderately impressed suture; aperture
a little extended anteriorly, lip subacute. Length, 12 mill.

Loyalty Group, New Caledonia.

R. FUNICULATA, Souverb. PI. 56, fig. 69.

White, with nearly straight longitudinal ribs and about equal
interspaces, terminating below in a spiral rib, and without spiral
striz; lip varicose. Length, 6 mill.

Ins. Art, New Caledonia.

R. SUBFUNICULATA, Nevill. PI. 56, fig. 64.

Shell solid, opaque, whitish, with large, rounded, close longitu-
dinal ribs, and no spiral strive, base with a spiral rib and two lire;
whorls 9, somewhat convex, with deep, crenulated suture; lip thick,
varicose, crenulated below. Length, 4 mill.

Persian Gulf to Singapore.

R. TURRICULA, Pease. PI. 56, fig. 63.

Rather solid, shining, white, with flexuous, rather close, rounded
longitudinal ribs, the interstices lightly striate, base granulosely
spirally costate and bilirate; whorls 83, suture undulated ; colum-
ella truncate below, outer lip varicose. Length, 5 mill.

Sandwich and Viti Is., Ceylon, Mauritius.

Nevill has described a var. Ceylonica, which does not appear,
from the description, to possess distinctive features.

R. pricatuua, Gould. Pl. 56, fig. 62.
Whitish, with about 15 straight, longitudinal ribs, crossed by
cut lines, anda spiral basil rib; lip thickened. Length, 6 mill.
Bonin and Loochoo Is., China, Indian Ocean.

Weinkauff suspects that this should be united with R. plicata, A.
Ad.; this may be so, but a comparison of figures of the two species
shows differences as great as are usually accepted for specific in this

group.

378 RISSOINA.

R. FIMBRIATA, Souverb. PI. 68, fig. 3.

Solid, white, rather closely longitudinally costate, base spirally
tubercularly costate ; whorls 10, planoconvex, suture undulated ; lip
fimbriately varicose. Length, 6°5 mill.

Ins. Art, New Caledonia.
R. Rissor, Audouin. PI. 57, fig. 78; Pl. 55, fig. 20; Pl. 68, fig. 6.

White, longitudinally flexuously costate, with wider intervals,
base with a spiral rib, and no other spiral sculpture; whorls 9,
somewhat convex; lip varicose. Length, 6°5 mill.

Red Sea, Australia.

The latter locality is for R. crassa, Angas (figs. 20, 6), which is a
synonym.

R. INFRAsTRICTA, Garrett. Pl. 68, fig. 89.

Thick, shining, white, with a few large, longitudinal ribs, no
spiral sculpture; whorls 5, strongly convex, restricted at the base
and slightly so at the suture; lip varicose. Length, 2 mill.

Viti Is.
R. MERCURIALIS, Watson. PI. 54, fig. 14.

White, with about 15 narrow, rounded, subflexuous ribs, contin-
uous from whorl to whorl, terminating in a large funicular spiral
rib below, the interstices finely, slightly, spirally striate, three of
the striz at the base stronger; whorls 82, slightly convex, with
moderate suture; lip varicose. Length, 4 mill.

Cape York, Australia.
R. SCALARIFORMIS, Watson. PI. 54, fig. 11.

White, with 12-13 narrow longitudinal, flexuous ribs and much
wider furrows, with scarcely visible spiral striz, base with a stout
spiral funiculum; lip varicose. Length, 2°5 mill.

Honolulu, Sandwich Is.
R. Ductwost, Montr. PI. 56, fig. 49.

White, a little shining, longitudinally, obliquely, subdistantly
costate, the costz less distinct on the lower whorls, nodosely funi-
culate and finely spirally striate below; whorls 8-8}, planoconvex,
with moderately impressed suture ; lip acute, varicose.

Length, 5 mill.

Ins. Art, New Caledonia.
R. GRADATA, d’Orb. PI. 68, fig. 84.

Shell pupoidal, strong, white, longitudinally, obliquely, undulately
costate, base with several spiral riblets; whorls 6, turreted, suture
undulated, channeled ; peristome thick. Length, 2 mill.

Jamaica.

RISSOINA. 379

Described as a Rissoa, but appears to be more nearly related to
this group.

Unfigured Species.

R. TORNATILIS, Gould. ‘ Loochoo Is.

R. LyRAvA, Gould. Japan.

R. MONILIFERA, Nevill. Japan.

R. sUBANGULATA, C. B. Ad. Jamaica.
Section Mrcrosrerma, A. Ads. 1863.

R. pa@paLa, A. Ad. Unfigured. Japan.

R. concernna, A. Ad. Unfigured. Suez.

This species is said to be a young shell, broken and worn, and to
= R. spirata, Sowb.

Section SCHWARTZIELLA, Nevill. 1884.
R. Bryerea, Mtg. PI. 56, figs. 67, 71.

Solid, subpellucid, shining, white, with about 18-22 longitudinal
slightly flexuous costee and equal smooth interstices, no spiral strize ;
whorls 7, suture a little undulated ; lip with a longitudinally striate
varix, rounded below. Length, 5-5 mill.

Cuba, Jamaica.

First described, erroneously, as British. It is R. nitens, and R.
lactea, Brown. Probably R. scalarioides, C. B. Ad., is a synonym,
but the figure of that species given by Sowerby in Conch. Icon.
(fig. 71), is certainly different, and looks more like a worn Scalaria
lineata, Say.

R. nivea, A. Ad. PI. 55, fig. 24.

Subpellucid, white, shining, subdistantly, elevately, flexuously
plicate, obsolete anteriorly where the whorl is spirally striate ;
whorls convex ; lip thickened, but scarcely varicose.

Length, 3°7 mill.

Port Lincoln, Australia.

R. PSEUDOBRYEREA, Nevill. Pl. 56, fig. 70.

Shell solid, white, with strong, wide, straight longitudinal ribs,
erossed by narrow, slight spiral striz; whorls 8, flattened, a little
round-shouldered, suture distinct ; lip varicose. Length, 5:5 mill.

Red Sea.

It is R. bryerea, Schwartz in part.

380 RISSOINA.

R. Cuesnevit, Mich. PI. 56, figs. 73, 74.

White, shining, semipellucid, with about 14, subsinuous longi-
tudinal costz, and about equal interstices which are scarcely spi-
rally striate; whorls 8, a little convex, suture well-impressed, a
little undulated ; lip with a strong, wide varix. Length, 3°6 mill.

Florida, West Indies.

The synonyms are R. Catesbyana, d’Orb. (fig. 74), R. scalarella,
C. B. Ad., R. candida, Brown, and var. Floridana, Morch.

R. TRITICEA, Pease. PI. 56, fig. 76; Pl. 57, fig. 77.

Whitish, with 11 compressed, prominent, continuous longitudinal
ribs, spiral sculpture very indistinct or wanting; whorls 6, slightly
convex, with impressed suture; lip thickened. Length, 2°75 mill.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Polynesia.

It is R. scalariformis of Schwartz, etc. (not Ads.) in part, R.
orientalis, Nevill, and R. exigua, Dunker (fig. 77).

R. BurgAseEnsis, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 10.

Solid, yellowish white, with slight, curved longitudinal ribs,
fading out on the upper part of the body whorl, smooth; columella
thick, short, rather tortuous, almost truncated, outer lip thick.

Length, 5°5 mill.

Ins. Bureas, Philippines.
R. cincra, Angas. PI. 68, fig. 8.

White, interruptedly chestnut banded, flexuously longitudinally
costate, the interstices spirally striate; whorls 7, slightly convex,
the last subreticulated. Length, 5 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.
R. Fascrata, Angas. PI. 68, fig. 7.

Fulvous, with a peripheral chestnut band, appearing ou the spire
whorls at the suture, with numerous, flexuous longitudinal ribs;
whorls 7, slopingly convex; outer lip thick, columella short, almost
truncate. Length, 6 mill.

New Zealand.
R. rosEa, Desh. PI. 68, fig. 4.

Rosy white, or roseate, longitudinally plicate, plicze occasionally
varicose; whorls 8, slightly convex, with submargined suture ;
columella subplicate, lip white, widely thickened. Length, 6 mill.

Ins. Bourbon.
R. FLEXvuosA, Gould. Pl. 68, figs. 2, 1.

Yellowish or chestnut brown, with about 15 obtuse, flexuous lon-

gitudinal ribs, and numerous spiral lines; whorls 7, angularly

RISSOINA. 381

shouldered, with impressed suture; lip slightly thickened, colum-
ella truncately twisted. Length, 15 mill.
Sydney, Australia.
Gould’s description was made from an immature specimen (fig.
1); Angas subsequently described it as R. turricula, which being
preoccupied by Pease, the latter changed to R. Angasi.

R. Marnwarinciana, Neyill. Unfigured. Persian Gulf.

Section PHostnELLA, Morch. 1876.

R. cLATHRATA, A. Adams. PI. 57, fig. 79.

Solid, white, a little shining, clathrate by longitudinal and spiral
ridges; whorls 9-10, slightly convex, the last whorl with a basal
suleus and rib below it; lip varicose, subchanneled below.

Length, 12 mill.

Red Sea, Singapore, Philippines, Australia.

R. BICOLLARIS, Schwartz. Pl. 57, fig. 80.
Solid, white, with 18-20 longitudinal, clathrate by spiral ridges,
about 8 of the latter on the last whorl. Length, 7 mill.

West Indies.

R. FENESTRATA, Schwartz. PI. 57, fig. 81.

Solid, white, mee 12-14 ieotnidinal crossed by a lire, of
which there are 5 on the last whorl, intersections nodose ; lip vari-
cose, the varix strongly transversely ridged. Length, 43 mill.

West Indies, Florida.

R. CANCELLATA, Phil. PI. 57, figs. 84, 95, 82, 83.

White, cancellated, with 16-18 longitudinal and 7-8 spiral rib-
lets on the last whorl; whorls convex, with deep suture, base with
a sulcus, below which are three spiral ribs. Length, 5°5 mill.

West Indies.

R. Philippiana, Pfr. (fig. 95) is a synonym.

Var. PULCHRA, C. B. Ad. Figs. 82, 83.

White, with two distant yellowish bands, cancellated, with 20-22
longitudinal and 7 spiral ridges in the last whorl, the intersections
nodose, basal sculpture as in the type. Length, 5:3 mill.

West Indies.

382 RISSOINA.

k. Prrvatt, Folin. Pl. 58, fig. 9.

Solid, white, clathrate by longitudinal and spiral ridges; whorls
11, slopingly convex, suture impressed, crenulated ; lip subacute.

Length, 5°5 mill.

Haiti.

Perhaps a variety of the preceding species.

R. DesHAyestt, Schwartz. PI. 57, fig. 87; Pl. 68, fig. 9.

Solid, shining, semipellucid, white, nodulously decussated by
about 22—24 erect longitudinal, crossed by equal spiral lire; whorls
9-10, suture impressed, undulated, base channeled and _ spirally
ribbed; lip crenulately varicose , excised below. Length, 9:4 mill.

Philippines.

I suppose that R. Deshayesiana, Recluz. (fig. 9), of the Concho-

logia Iconica is intended for the same species.

R. meprA, Schwartz. Pl. 57, fig. 89.

Solid, white or yellowish, semipellucid, shining, with 18-20 lon-
gitudinal, crossed by spiral ridges; whorls 8, subconvex, with dis-
tinct but narrow suture, the base with a funiculum of three spiral
riblets; lip sinuous, produced below, varix crenulated.

Ceylon, Java, Nicobar Is.
R. LABROSA, Schwartz. PI. 57, fig. 88.

Solid, white, semipellucid, shining, with 24-26 erect, elevated
longitudinal, crossed by closer, less elevated spiral lirze ; whorls 9-
10, flatly convex, suture subcarinated ; lip tumid, thick, broadly
sinuated below, crenulately varicose. Length, 9°5 mill.

West Indies.
R. TRANSENNA, Watson. PI. 58, fig. 10.

Solid, white, with 12-14 remote, narrow longitudinal ribs, crossed
by somewhat closer spiral liree; whorls about 73, convex, but with
somewhat shallow suture, basal funiculum consisting of a single
nodulous ridge; inner lip concave in the middle, outer lip with a
crenulated varix. Length, 3°3 mill.

Fiji Is.
R. ErytHr@a, Phil. Pl. 57, figs. 97-2; Pl. 58, figs. 3, 4.

Rather solid, white, with 12-14 longitudinal costs, crossed by
closer lire, the two upper lire thinner, the lower one granular;
whorls slightly convex, with inconspicuous suture; peristome dis-
tinctly labiate within, externally varicose, produced below.

Length, 9°75 mill.

Red Sea to Hong Kong, Loo Choo Is.

RISSOINA. 883

R. Jickelii, Weinkauff (fig. 4), R. Blanfordiana, Nevill (fig. 3),
R. Hungerfordiana, Nevill (fig. 2), R. Seguenziana, Issel (figs. 97,
98) and R. strigillata, Gould (figs. 100, 1), as figured by Wein-
kauff, are synonyms; whether the latter really represents Gould’s
species is extremely doubtful.

R. BELLULA, A. Ad. PI. 57, figs. 93, 85.

Semipellucid, white, with strong, distant spiral ribs, nodose at the
intersection of usually closer and smaller, longitudinal lire ; whorls
8, slightly convex; lip produced below, externally crenulately
varicose. Length, 5 mill.

Philippines.

R. nitida, A. Ad. is apparently identical, but the figure of it
given in Reeve’s Iconica (fig. 85), looks very like the next species.

R. nopicinctra, A. Ad. PI. 57, fig. 94; Pl. 58, fig. 7.

White, with long spiral riblets, generally two on the spire
whorls, three or four on the body whorl, the upper ones strongest,
nodulous at the crossing of distant longitudinal riblets; whorls 9—
10, biangular, with deep suture; lip flexuous, varicose.

Length, 10°6 mill.

Philippines, New Caledonia.

The latter locality is that of FR. hystrix, Souverb. (fig. 7).

R. GRANULOSA, Pease. PI. 58, figs. 12, 5.

Solid, white, shining, with three spiral rows of tuberculated ribs
on each whorl, and two additional, smaller rows on the lower part
of the body whorl, crossed by distant longitudinal riblets; whorls
9, slightly convex, closely striate in the interstices, suture deeply
impressed, base with a funicular rib; peristome thick, somewhat
dilated. Length, 8:5 mill.

Sandwich and Viti Is.

Pease’s single specimen was a juvenile, with four whorls. The
above description is taken from that of R. scu/ptilis, Garrett (fig. 5).
The species may prove to be a variation of R. nodicincta.

R. HorRIDA, Garrett. PI. 58, figs. 8, 11; Pl. 68, fig. 11.

Thick, white, with distant clathrate ridges, the intersections
nodulous, the interspaces deep, in spiral series there are two or
three ridges on the upper whorls, and four on the body whorl, be-
sides the basal funiculum ; lip varicose, rather widely channeled in
front. Length,? 7 mill.

Viti Is., Port Curtis, Australia.

384 RISSOINA.

R. Curtisti, EH. A. Smith (fig. 11), and R. australis, Sowb. (Pl. 68,
fig. 11), are synonyms.

R. cER1iTHiirorMis, Dunker. PI. 57, fig. 92.

Solid, semipellucid, shining, white, with sometimes a single yel-
lowish band, with 16-18 riblets, vanishing on the base, crossed by
spiral lire, of which there are 4 on the spire, and 7 on the body
whorl; whorls 7-8, flatly convex, with channeled suture, base with
funiculum ; lip externally varicose, columella subtruncate below.

Length, 3°3 mill.

Red Sea, Mauritius, Viti and Sandwich Is.

R. Erythrea, Schwartz, not Phil., is identical, and is the only
figure heretofore published; it shows a basal tooth, which is not
mentioned in the description, nor does it exist in any of my speci-
mens. It is probably an accidental effect of the produced canal in
an old specimen.

R. EXASPERATA, Souverb. Pl. 57, fig. 96.

White, with numerous subobtuse longitudinal ribs and elevated
spiral lines, forming rough intersections; whorls 8-9, convex, with
deep suture, base subcompressed ; lip crenulately varicose.

Length, 8:5-45 mill.

New Caledonia, Viti Is.
R. SaGRAIANA, d’Orb. PI. 57, fig. 86.

Solid, shining, semipellucid, white, granulated by decussating
longitudinal and spiral ribs, base with a granular funiculum ;
whorls 8-9, convex, with deep suture ; lip varicose.

Length, 43 mill.
West Indies.

R. Samoensts, Dunker. PI. 57, fig. 99.

Solid, white, with about 14 longitudinal ribs, crossed by spiral
lines, of which there are 7 in the last whorl, basal funiculum nodu-
lous; lip crenulately varicose. Length, 4 mill.

Ins. Upolu, Taheiti.
R. CREBRISULCATA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 13.

Whitish, scabrous, with strong, longitudinal, suboblique ribs,
nodosely decussated by thin spiral lire; whorls 8, slightly convex ;
aperture channeled below, with a short, thick columella, outer lip

thick, crenulately varicose. Length, 4 mill.
Hab. unknown.

R. scaBra, Garrett. Pl. 58, fig. 6.
Shell solid, vitreous, shining, white, with small, rather close,
compressed, slightly oblique longitudinal ribs, crossed by numerous

RISSOINA. 385

small, spiral ridges, the intersections granular; whorls 8, flatly
convex, subturrited, with deep suture; outer lip stoutly varicose.
Length, 4 mill.
Viti and Samoa Is.

Unfigured Species.

R. BALTEATA, Pease. Sandwich Is
R. nrrrputa, Gould. China Sea.
R. vintuica, Gould. Loo Choo Is.

The. figure named thus in Conch. Icon. represents R. subvillica,
Nevill.
R. INFREQUENS, C. B. Ad. Panama.

Section ZEBINELLA, Morch. 1876.

R. RETICULATA, Sowb. PI. 58, figs. 14, 16.

Subsolid, a little shining, whitish, densely reticulated by equal
longitudinal and spiral strie, suture subplane ; whorls 10-12, rather
flat; lip sinuous, produced at the base, subthickened externally.

Length, 12-14 mill.

West Indies, Bahamas,

R. princeps, C. B. Ad. (fig. 16), is a synonym, and I cannot see
how Dr. Weinkauff was justified in considering Sowerby’s figure to
represent a different species from that of Adams’ description. In
consequence of this opinion he named the former Ft. pseudoprinceps.
R. pecussaTa, Mtge. PI. 58, figs. 15, 17.

Solid, white, shining, with 25-28 slight longitudinal riblets, eva-
nescent below, crossed by very close spiral lines, suture constricted,
margined. Length, 5-6 mill.

Florida, West Indies.

First described as British, from a stray specimen. The synonyms
are R. cochlearia, Bast., R. subcochlearia, Orb., Turbo arenarius,
Maton and Rack., R. alata, Menke, R. pyramidella, Brown, R.
striato-costata, d’Orb. (fig. 17), R. striosa, C. B. Ad., R. costulina,
Sismondi.

R. sTRIATA, Quoy. PI. 57, fig. 91; Pl. 58, figs. 13; 23 ; Pl. 68, fig. 12.

Solid, white, with close longitudinal and spiral lines, the former

obsolete on the body whorl; whorls 9-10, slightly convex, apex
usually decollated, suture linear; aperture expanded, produced
below, lip externally thickened. Length, 17°6 mill.

Philippines, Singapore.
25

886 RISSOINA.

It is R. celata, A. Ad. (fig. 91), R. grandis, Phil., and R. Cum-
ingit, Reeve, of Sowerby in Conch. Icon. (PI. 68, fig. 12).

I think that R. elegantula, Angas (fig. 13), from So. Australia,
will prove a younger state of the species; it has 8 whorls, and is 6
mill. long. <A still younger state is probably R. Mohrensterni,
Desh. (fig. 28), from the Isle of Bourbon ; to which locality Nevill
adds Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Upolu (R. Schmeltziana, Dkr. Ms.).

R. AypamManica, Weink. PI. 58, fig. 21.

Solid, whitish, with narrow, straight, slight, close longitudinal
riblets; whorls 8, suture linear; columella nodosely thickened be-
low, lip varicose. Length, 8 mill.

Andaman Is.
R. conotnna, A. Ad. PI. 58, fig. 18.

Solid, shining, white, closely longitudinally striate, the strize ob-
secure below, and spirally striulate; whorls 7, slightly turrited, flat-
tened ; columella callous below, lip externally varicose.

Length, 5 mill.

Philippines.
R. ApAmsIANA, Weinkauff. PI. 58, fig. 20.

White, very obliquely, flexuously striate, with linear suture;
whorls 7, flattened; columella thick, lip thickened and expanded,
not varicose. Length, 4 mill.

Japan.
R. EvAnipA, Nevill.

White, rather indistinctly, obliquely, longitudinally undulated,
narrowly and scabrously spirally striate ; whorls 6, somewhat con-
vex; lip crenulated and varicose. Length, 2°5 mill.

Andaman Is.
R. TENUISTRIATA, Pease. PI. 58, fig. 24.

Solid, white, thinly longitudinally striate, the striz fading below,
where they are replaced by spiral lines; whorls 6—7, subconvex;
aperture subeffuse, with callous columella. Length, 9 mill.

Paumotus Is.

The figure is a copy of that originally given for this species, but
does not at all correspond with the specimens before me, sent by
Pease under this name.

R. prmrprata, Jickelf. Pl. 58, fig. 22.
Rather solid, whitish, longitudinally narrowly costulate, the rib-
lets fading on upper part of body-whorl, interstices and base of

RISSOINA. 387

body-whorl impressly spirally striate; whorls 8, slightly convex,
with impressed suture; lip scarcely varicose. Length, 4°3 mill.

Red Sea.
R. stRIATULA, Pease. PI. 68, fig. 16.

Strong, white, closely and thinly spirally striate; whorls convex,
suture shallow; aperture effuse below, columella callous, lip not
varicose. Length, 9 mill.

Paumotus Is.
R. FLAMMEA, Pease. PI. 68, fig. 17.

Solid, whitish, with longitudinal ashy grey stripes, subconfluent,
spirally finely grooved, the grooves interruptedly lined with light
brown; whorls plane, suture well impressed. Length, 3 mill.

Caroline Islands.

Described as a Rissoa—which perhaps it is.

R. ZELTNERI, Folin. Pl. 68, fig. 19.

Shell solid, shining, white, with numerous, thin, oblique, longi-,
tudinal striz, evanescent below, spiral strize inconspicuous or ob-
solete except on the base, where they become distinct and replace
the longitudinal sculpture; columella a little truncate, diagonal,
ending in a narrow channel, lip thickened. Length, 4°5 mill.

Panama.
R. Mrituecosrata, Garrett. Pl. 56, fig. 47.

Rather thin, white, with numerous, slightly oblique, close, minute
longitudinal riblets, and fine spiral strie, both becoming obscure
below; whorls 11, flatly convex, with deeply incised suture; peris-
tome thick, slightly sinuous above, not varicose.

Length, 9 mill.

Viti Is.

Unfigured Species.
R. stcMrrer, Morch. Bahamas.
R. Janus, C. B. Ad. Panama.
R. mopesra, Gould. Loo Choo Is.
R. ANNULATA, Hutton. New Zealand.

Section Morcureiua, Nevill. 1884

R. GIGANTEA, Desh. PI. 58, fig. 25.
Solid, somewhat shining, white; whorls 9, convex, the first ones
with longitudinal costee crossed by thin spiral strix, afterwards the

388 RISSOINA.

spiral sculpture alone persists to the last whorl, where it also be-
comes obsolete ; lip varicose. Length, 28 mill.
Philippines.

It is R. Cumingii, of H. and A. Adams, not Reeve.

R. Antoni, Schwartz. Pl. 58, fig. 26.

Solid, white; whorls 7—8, well rounded, with channeled suture,
the earlier whorls longitudinally ribbed, nodulously cancellated by
three revolving ribs, on the penultimate the spiral sculpture is most
prominent, and on the body whorl there is no sculpture except a
narrow shoulder; lip thickened and varicose. Length, 7°8 mill.

Java.
R. sprrata, Sowb. PI. 58, figs. 27-29; Pl. 59, figs. 30-32, 35-37.

Shell rather solid, smooth, microscopically spirally striate, some-
what shining, white; whorls 7-8, flattened, the earlier ones with
longitudinal costee, often subject to a torsion of the axis, suture nar-
rowly channeled; lip thick, but not varicose.

Length, 15-23 mill.

Indian Ocean, Japan, Philippines, New Caledonia, Viti Is.

The above description has necessarily been rendered so as to
cover a little variation in form and sculpture, necessitated by the
inclusion of several names as synonyms; thus some specimens are
distorted, others straight, there is a difference in the convexity of
the whorls, and some are smooth, varying to those in which faint
spiral strise are perceptible. The synonymy includes Rk. deformis,
Sowb. (fig. 27), &. Montrouzieri, Souverb. with its vars. substriolata,
monstrosa and convexior of Nevill—held by some conchologists to be
the R. deformis of the “Conch. Icon.” (fig. 35), but not that of the
“Genera of Shells,” R. supracostata, Garrett (fig. 31), R. striolata,
A. Ad. (fig. 80), R. Lamberti, Souverb. (fig. 32), R. Japonica,
Weink. (fig. 36), R. @ Orbignyi, A. Ad. (fig. 28), and its vars. sub-
marginata, subspirata and pachylabris, Nevill, and R. Artensis,
Montr. (fig. 37). R. concinna, A. Ad., made by him a species of
Microstelma, is said to be a broken, juvenile of this species.

R. auprpa, C. B. Adams. PI. 59, fig. 34.

Diaphanous, whitish, spire sharp, elegantly decussated by longi-
tudinal costa and spiral lire; whorls 10, suture submargined, body-
whorl smooth. Length, 6°2 mill.

West Indies.

R. affinis, C. B. Ad. (unfigured), is supposed to be a narrower
variety of this species.

a ee eee PE eae ge

—_ ew wee

a_i s". .

_RISSOINA. : 3289

R. percrassa, Nevill. Pl. 59, figs. 38, 51.

Solid, shining, white ; whorls about 12, the earlier normal ones
longitudinally costate, afterwards smooth, suture narrowly margined ;
lip thickened, smooth within, externally varicose.

Length, 12°5 mill.

Upolu, Tahiti, Mauritius.

R. pererassa (fig. 38), was described from a Mauritian specimen,
abnormal in possessing a strong callous thickening of the lower
part of the body whorl; subsequently, what appears to be a normal
growth of the same species was described by Nevill under the name

of R. Peasiana (fig. 51).

R. rnstanis, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 59, figs. 40, 33.

Solid, white, or tinged with yellow; whorls 5, subgradate, the
upper ones longitudinally costate, the others spirally striate; lip
thick, crenulated within. Length, 9 mill.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, China, Society Islands.

The last locality is for R. turrita, Garrett (fig. 33). The figure
and the type specimen do not exhibit the interior crenulations of
the lip, but they are mentioned in Garrett’s description, and prob-
ably the latter was drawn from a more adult specimen than the one
sent for illustration.

Section Zepina, H. and A. Adams. 1854.

R. rrmentArTA, Mich. PI. 59, figs. 41-44, 39, 54; Pl. 68, fig. 14.
Solid, smooth, polished, white, whorls 7, almost plane, the upper
ones sometimes costate, suture simple; lip subdilated, thickened,
not varicose, tridentate, bidentate, or unidentate within, sometimes
without teeth. Length, 8 mill.
Red Sea, Philippines, Mauritius, Viti and Sandwich Is.
It is R. curta, Sowb. Ms., R. crassilabrum, Garrett (fig. 14), R.
semiglabrata, A. Ad. (fig. 39), R. bidentata, Phil. (fig. 42), R. coro-
nata, Recluz. (fig. 43), R. eulimoides, A. Ad. (fig. 44), and R. semi-
plicata, Pease (fig. 54), not adult.

R. AFFrINIS, Garrett. Pl. 59, fig. 62.

Rather solid, smooth, shining, white, spire elevated, rapidly
tapering; whorls 7-8, slightly convex, the last swollen, slightly
compressed, suture linear; lip very thick, dilated, sinuous above
and below, columella and parietal region callous. Length, 5 mill.

Viti Islands.

390 . RISSOINA.

Appears to differ from the foregoing species, in being usually
narrower, with as many or more whorls, although smaller in size.

R. oRyzA, Garrett. Pl. 59, fig. 47, 53, 52, 56.

Solid, smooth, shining, white, spire rapidly tapering, with obtuse
apex; whorls 6-7, flatly convex, suture broadly margined; lip
thick, dilated, columella oblique. Length, 2 mill.

Viti Islands (Garrett), Persian Gulf, Mauritius (Weinkauff),
Japan (Adams).

hk. Stoppani, Weink., not Issel (fig. 53), and R. subulina, Weink.
(fig. 52), from Japan, are synonyms; the latter a somewhat larger
shell (5°75 mill), having 8 whorls. The Red Sea fossil species,
which Issel called R. Stoppani, has no margined suture.

Var. suUBLHVIGATA, Nevill. Fig. 56.
Appears to differ principally in the aperture being more broadly
rounded below.
Indian Ocean, Polynesia.

R. tavieata, C. B. Adams. PI. 59, figs. 48, 50.
Shining, pellucid, smooth, white; whorls 9-10, slightly convex,
suture white-margined ; lip subdilated, externally thickened.
Length, 45 mill. ,
West Indies.
The above is the description of R. vitrea, C. B. Ad. (fig. 50),
which appears to be the adult of the earlier described R. levigata.

R. Browntana, d’Orb. PI. 59, figs. 45, 46.

Solid, polished, white, usually with two or three chestnut bands
on the last whorl, bimaculate near the aperture ; whorls 8-9, slightly
convex ; suture not margined; lip thickened externally.

Length, 4°7 mill.

West Indies.

R. levissima, C. B. Ad., is a synonym, according to Morch, ete.
The figure, however, as given in Reeve’s Iconica (fig. 46), appears
more nearly related to the next species.

R. SLOANIANA, d’Orb. PI. 59, fig. 49.

Thick, white, smooth, polished; whorls 5-6, flatly convex, suture
not margined ; lip externally thickened, with usually two internal
callous teeth. Length, 3:8 mill.

West Indies.

Besides frequently being possessed of apertural teeth, this species
is stouter, with fewer whorls than the preceding one.

RISSOINA. 391

Section PyRAMIDELLOIDES, Nevill. 1884.

R. mrranpa, A. Ad. PI. 59, figs. 57-59, 55.

White, whorls 7, with revolving nodulous ribs, of which there
are two of unequal size on the spire whorls, the body whorl with
about four series; outer lip crenulately varicose. Length, 3 mill.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Japan, Mauritius.

R. insolita, Desh. (fig. 55), and R. Bellardii, Issel (fig. 59), are
synonyms.

Section Srosstcu1A, Brusina. 1878.

R. psEuDoconcrinna, Nevill. Pl. 58, fig. 19.

Whitish, thinly longitudinally costulate, and more thinly spirally
striate, the longitudinal sculpture obsolete below; whorls 6, some-
what convex ; aperture narrowly channeled in front, lip varicose.

Length, 9 mill.

Japan.

This name is substituted for R. concinna, Sowb., not Adams.

R. mrraBiuis, Dunker. PI. 59, fig. 60.

Light ochraceous; whorls 9, somewhat convex, with close longi-
tudinal ribs, crossed by spiral liree, the intersections nodulous; su-
ture impressed ; aperture widely channeled below, columella nodu-
lous below, lip varicose. - Length, 5°5 mill.

Ins. Upolu.
R. ABNoRMIS, Nevill. Pl. 59, fig. 61.

White; whorls 6, with about 15 longitudinal ribs, vanishing
towards the base, crossed by dense spiral lirze, the intersections sub-
granular; aperture broadly channeled, lip crenulately varicose.

Length, 3 mill.

Mauritius, Ceylon.

Subgenus EaTonre.ua, Dall. 1876.

R. KERGUELENENSIS, Smith. PI. 60, fig. 67.

Scarcely rimate, thin, semipellucid, blackish olivaceous, lighter
towards the lip, a little shining, striated by incremental lines;
whorls 6, convex, Suture simple; peristome simple, continuous.

Length, 3 mill.

Kerguelen’s Land.
R. sUBRUFESCENS, Smith. PI. 60, fig. 68.

Searcely rimate, thin, semidiaphanous, chestnut color, whitish

towards the lip, smooth, with thin incremental strize; whorls 43,

392 RISSOINA—BARLEEIA.

convex, with deep suture; aperture subcircular, peristome con-
tinuous. Length, 1°5 mill.

Kerguelen’s Land.
R. canieGinosa, Smith. PI. 60, fig. 69.

Scarcely rimate, rather thin, slightly shining, smooth, with ob-
solete incremental strive, blackish; whorls 4%, convex, with deep
suture; peristome continuous, smoothly thickened, reflected at the
whitish umbilical region. Length, 2 mill.

Kergquelen’s Land.

On account of Littorina caliginosa, Gould, which he supposed to

belong to the same group, Dr. Dall changed the name of the
present species to A. Smithit.

Unfigured Species Referred to Rissoina.

The subdivisions not indicated in the descriptions.

R. GRACILIS, Pease. Sandwich Is.
R. TERES, R. PULCHELLA, R. rnconspicua, R. INERMIS, R. EFFI-

CATA, R. CARDINALIS, Brazier. Australia.
R. supRAsCULPTA, R. KersHawl, R. cyLINDRACEA, R. CRETACEA,

Tenison-W oods. Australia.
R. MinutTissima, R. UNILIRATA, R. FLINDERSII, R. CONCATENATA,

Tenison- W oods. Tasmania.
R. APPROXIMA, Petterd. Tasmania.
R. EXPANSA, Carpenter. Mazatlan.
R. InteRFossa, Carp. California.
R. conrasuLata, Morch. Sonsonate, Central America.
R. vitTRINnEvLLA, Morch. West Indies.
R. puicatra, R. RucuLosA, Hutton. New Zealand.

Genus BARLEEIA, Clark. 1855.

B. rusprA, Adams. PI. 60, figs. 70-72.

Solid, smooth, shining, indistinctly spirally striate, chestnut or
yellowish brown color; whorls 52, slowly increasing, suture smooth,
margined by a darker band, lip thick, simple. Length, 2°5 mill.

Europe.

B. unifasciata, Mont. (fig. 71), B. awrantiaca, Brus., B. fulva,
Mich. (fig. 72), and vars. majuscula, Monts. (major, Monts.), albes-
cens, Requien, pallida, Jeffreys, are synonyms.

BARLEEIA—FAIRBANKIA. 393

B. suBTENUvIS, Carpenter. Pl. 60, fig. 73.
Thin, subpellucid, corneous-chestnut ; with 4 normal whorls, flatly
convex, with distinct suture; lip acute. Length, 2°8 mill.
Southern California to Mazatlan.
Var. RIMATA, Carp.
A little more tumid, whorls less flattened, umbilical slit conspicu-
ous.
B. HALIOTIPHILA, Carp. PI. 60, fig. 74.
Smooth, thin, chestnut colored; normal whorls 5, subplanate,
with distinct suture, body whorl obsoletely angulated; lip thin.
Length, 2°5 mill.
Lower California (on Haliotis).
B. mpricata, Watson. PI. 60, fig. 75.
Brownish-yellow to white, with incremental striz above, base
spirally striate ; whorls 8, flat, a little angulated above and below
the impressed suture; lip sharp, thin. Length, 2°75 mill.

Sandwich and Fiji Islands, N. E. Australia.

B. rosea, Hutton. PI. 71, fig. 6.
Whorls 4, flatly convex, smooth, polished, bright pink or white ;
aperture round. Length, 1°75 mill.
Stewart Isl., New Zealand,

R. mronira, R. nana, Hutton. (Unfigured). New Zealand.

Genus FAIRBANKIA, Blanf. 1868.
F. Bompayana, Blanf. PI. 60, fig. 63.

Imperforate, somewhat solid, whitish, under a brownish oliva-
ceous epidermis, the incremental strize crossed by spiral rather dis-
tant lines; whorls 7, slightly convex, suture impressed ; lip a little
expanded, with strong external varix. Length, 7 mill.

Bombay.

F. Feppentana, Nevill. Cunfigured). Kathiawar, India.

Genus IRAVADIA, Blanf. 1867.

I. ornata, Blanf. PI. 60, fig. 66.
Imperforate, solid, whitish under a brownish or olivaceous epi-
dermis, with spiral costs, the interstices closely vertically costulate ;

394 IRAVADIA—FENELLA.

whorls 9-10, slopingly flattened, suture inconspicuous; lip nodosely
varicose. Length, 45 mill.

Pt. Canning and Delta of the Irawady.

I. rRocHLEARIS, Gould. PI. 60, figs. 64, 65.

Imperforate, thick, ash colored, with 7 whorls, of which 4 are
normal, with elevated spiral ribs, interstices channeled and very
finely decussated ; lip subvaricose. Length, 4 mill.

Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Ceylon, Persian Gulf.

I. sulcifera and I. ligata, Gould, teste Sowb., I. imbricata, Gould,
I. annulata, Dunker, and var. minor, Nevill (fig. 65), are synonyms.

I. suncirerA, Troschel. PI. 68, fig. 95.

Turreted, thick, strongly spirally ribbed and suleate, 10 ribs on
the last, 4.on the upper whorls, those on the base smaller, suture
distinct ; lip thick, but not varicose, expanded below.

Length, 12 mill.

Peru.

An aberrant form which I am unable to locate satisfactorily. I
am not aware that it has been recognized by any conchologist since
its publication in 1852.

Genus FENELLA, A. Ad. 1871.

F. purorwes, A. Ad. PI. 60, fig. 76.

Imperforate, thin, pupoidal, pale brown, with a chestnut band on
the middle of the whorls, two on the last whorl; whorls 74, earlier
ones subangulated in the middle, the others convex, spirally striate ;
lip simple.

Japan.

Is perhaps a variation of the next species.

F. vireata, Phil. PI. 60, fig. 79.

Thin, yellowish, with light chestnut longitudinal flames, closely
spirally striate; whorls 7-8, convex, sometimes varicose ; columella
subtruncate. Length, 6 mill.

Red Sea.
F. suppupPorpDEA, Tryon. PI. 60, fig. 77.

Whorls about 6, convex, closely spirally striate, thin, light oli-
yaceous or brownish, with a series of chestnut spots under the suture;
lip simple, sharp. Length, 6 mill.

Monterey, Cal.

FENELLA. 395.

Name changed from F. pupoidea, Carp., preoccupied by A.
Adams.

F. ExcuRVATA, Carp. PI. 60, fig. 78.

Thin, turreted, purplish brown; whorls 8, the first two smooth,
afterwards bi-or tricarinate, the others superficially cancellated,
base spirally striate only; lip thin. Length, 2°75 mill.

Mazatlan.
F. certrHina, Phil. Pl. 60, figs. 80, 81.

Granularly decussated by about 15 longitudinal riblets and 4
spiral lire, base spirally costulate, chestnut colored ; whorls 8, flatly
convex, with deep suture; lip simple. Length 3°3 mill.

Ins. Rodriguez, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Japan.

F. reticulata A. Ads. (fig. 81), and F. scabra, A. Ads., are syn-
onyms.

F. ELONGATA, Watson. PI. 60, fig. 82.

White, with lattice-like sculpture of distant longitudinal ribs,
crossed by two or three spiral riblets (about four in last whorl) ;
whorls 12, convexly biangulated, with deep suture. Length, 9 mill.

Culebra I., W. I.; 390 fms.; Azores, 1000 fms.

F. inFRATINCTA, Garrett. Pl. 60, fig, 85.

Rather thin, subpellucid, shining, whitish, tinged with brown at
the base, decussated by longitudinal ribs and spiral liree; whorls ,8,
moderately convex, with impressed suture; lip thin.

Length, 2°5 mill.

Viti and Samoa Islands.
F. sEmicosraTa, Pease. PI. 60, fig. 84.

Subeylindrical, rather solid, whitish or light yellowish, with
small, close, longitudinal rounded ribs, crossed by close spiral strie,
the ribs becoming evanescent on lower part of body whorl; whorls
5-6, slightly convex, with shallow, impressed suture.

Length, 5 mill.

Caroline Islands.

Unfigured Species.

F. ruterpa, C. B. Ad. (Nevill). Natal.
F. Rissorrormis, Issel. Red Sea.
F. cRYSTALLINA, Carpenter. Cape St. Lucas, L. California.

F. vinacka, Recluz, (Nevill). Mauritius.

396 PUTILLA—SK ENELLA—J EFFREYSIA.

DUNKERIA FERRUGINEA, CANDIDA, RUFOCINCTA, FUSCA, CRATI-
CULATA, ASPERULATA, PULCHELLA, all of A. Adams.
China and Japan.
These have been included in Fenella by Nevill.

Genus PUTILLA, A. Ad. 1867.
P. Lucid; (A. Ad.. SPl'60; fiza Sb.

Rimate, solid, subpellucid, smooth, shining, white; whorls 4,
convex; lip simple, thick. Length, 3 mill.

Japan.
Genus SKENELLA, Pfeffer. 1886.
S. Groreiana, Pfeffer. Pl. 60, fig. 96, 97.

Shell with Lacuna-like umbilicus, obliquely, longitudinally,
irrregularly, thinly, plicate-striate, greyish brown; whorls 3, rounded,
with deep suture; lip simple, acute, continuous, aperture bright corne-
ous, shining. Length, 1°5 mill.

Isl. South Georgia.
Family JEFFREYSUOD.

Genus JEFFREYSIA, Alder. 1849.

J. BIFASCIATA, Carp. PI. 60, fig. 86.

Narrowly umbilicated, diaphanous, very thin, smooth, light
brownish, with two darker bands, sometimes absent; whorls 5,
subtumid, suture impressed, margined. Length, 1:25.

: Mazatlan.
J. ALDERI, Carp. PI. 50, fig. 87.

Like the preceding, but much larger and more solid; whorls 5,
more planate, bands narrow. Length, 1°75 mill.

Mazatlan; Todas Santos Is., L. Cal.

J. GLABRA, (Alder) Brown. PI. 60, fig. 88.

Shell rimate, very thin, pellucid, smooth, vitreous white, spire
obtusely truncate; whorls 43, convex, with deep suture; aperture
rounded, columella flexuous. Length, 1°5 mill.

Europe.

J. diaphana, Alder is a synonym, and is the name under which
this species is generally known.

J. OPALINA, Jeffreys. Pl. 60, fig. 89.

Rimate, very thin, semipellucid, shining,, opaline, corneous;
whorls 34, tumid, rapidly increasing; lip acute, base expanded,
columella flexuous. Length, 2 mill.

Europe.
Monterosato has indicated a var. minor.

JEFFREYSIA. 397

J. GLOBULARIS, Jeffreys. Pl. 60, fig. 90.

Narrowly rimate, very thin, pellucid, iridescent, smooth, white,
apex obtuse; whorls 34, rapidly increasing, suture deep; aperture
subsolute, lip thin, a little incurved above. Length, 1 mill.

Great Britain.
J. CYLINDRICA, Jeffreys. PI. 60, fig. 91.

Narrowly umbilicated, shining, hyaline; whorls 4, shortly convex,
apex obtuse, suture distinct; aperture subeffuse, lip continuous.

Length, 1 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.
J. EpwarpieEnsis, Watson. PI. 60, fig. 92.

Minutely rimate, thin, glossy, hyaline white, microscopically
longitudinally and spirally striate; whorls 43, tumidly convex,
suture rather shallow. Length, 1°85 mill.

Prince Edward Isl. between Cape of Good Hope and Kerguelen.
J. Sancti-Pavrt, Vélain. Pl. 60, fig. 93.

Minutely rimate , thin, slightly spirally striate; whorls 5, moder-
ately convex, suture narrowly margined; aperture rounded oval,
lip sharp. Length, 3 mill.

Ins. St. Paul, Indian Ocean.

Unfigured and undetermined species.

J. MINIMA, J. MUNDULA, J. TURGIDULA, J. HYDROPHANA, J. VIT-
RINA, J. VESICALIS, J. SPIRALIS, J. OMPHALOTROPIS, A. Ad.

Japan.
J. TRANSLUCENS, Carp. California.
J. TUMENS, Carp. = Cythnia, Vol. viii, p. 293.
J. NITIDA, Sars. = Lnostomia eburnea, Stimp. Vol. viii, p. 344.

J, vitrea, Jeffreys is a synonym.
Subgenus Tarra, Tenison Woods. 1879.
J. Huonensis Tenison Woods. PI. 60, fig. 94.
Searcely rimate, thin, smooth, corneous or light olivaceous;
whorls 7, flatly convex, periphery subangulated; aperture oval-
rounded, peristome darker colored, acute. Length, 4 mill.

Tasmania.
Subgenus DarpantA, Hutton. 1882.

J. ottvAcrea, Hutton. PI. 60, fig. 95.
Imperforate, smooth, with fine growth-lines, shining, olivaceous
or blackish, often showing a few grey spots around the suture, and

398 JEFFREYSIA-SKENEA.

another series on the periphery of the last whorl; whorls 4, convex,
with impressed suture. Length, 2 mill.
New Zealand (on seawood).

Family SKENEID..

Genus SKENEA, Fleming. 1828.

S. SUBCANATICULATA, E. A. Smith. PI. 60, figs: 98, 99.

Shell thin, subdiaphanous, whitish, widely, profoundly umbilica-
ted; whorls 32, slowly increasing, convex, with deep, almost chan-
neled suture. Diam. 1°5 mill.

Kerguelen Island.
S. PLANORBIS, Fabr. PI. 60, fig. 100.

Rather thin, widely, patulously umbilicated, opaque, brownish-
yellow, or pale olivaceous, spire slightly elevated; whorls 4, sub-
cylindrical, rapidly increasing, smooth, base subconcave, suture
deep. Diam. 1:4 mill.

Europe, Greenland to Massachusetts.

It is Helix depressa, Mont., and S. trochiformis, Locard. S, serpul-
oides of Gould and earlier American authors is also to be placed
here.

S. seERPULOIDES, Montg. PI. 60. figs. 1, 2.
Widely umbilicated, its wall with spiral striz, brownish yellow,
smooth; whorls 4, cylindrical, spire a little elevated, suture deep.
Diam. 1 mill.
Europe.
It is Delphinula levis, Phil. (fig. 1.), and S. divisa, Forbes and
Hanley.

Unfigured Species.

S. HELICINA, (Jeffreys, Ms.), Monts. Mediterranean.
S. pellucida, Monts. is a synonym.

S. Perirn, Fischer. (Not a Skenea ?) West Indies.

S. CORNUELLA, A. Ad. Japan.

Family CHORISTID.
Genus CHORISTES, Carpenter. 1872.

C. ELEGANS, Carp. PI. 61, fig. 3.
Thin, fragile, moderately umbilicated, epidermis thin, caducous,

CHORISTES-HOMALOGYRA. 399

smooth; whorls 4-5, very convex, with deep suture; lip simple,
everted partially over the umbilicus. Length, 6 mill.
Off Martha's Vineyard, Mass.; 255 fms.
Recent specimens agree well in form and structure with the above
named Canadian post-pliocene fossil; they are, however, somewhat
larger, and thinner, and Verrill has accordingly given them the
varietal name of TENERA.

Family HOMALOGYRID.
Genus HOMALOGYRA, Jeffreys. 1867.

H. aromus, Phil. PI. 61, figs. 4-6.

Discoidal, planorbiform, very widely umbilicated, spire depressed
rather thin, semipellucid, smooth, slightly arcuately striate, some-
what shining; whorls 4, convex, rapidly enlarging, with deep suture;
lip thin, simple. Diam. 1 mill.

Europe.

It is Skenea nitidissima, Forbes end Hanley, H. simplex, Costa.
vars. pallida and polyzona, Brusina, and Var. vitrea, Duprey.

H. nora, Forbes and Hanley. Pl. 61 fig. 7.

Discoidal, flat above and concave below, very smooth, subpellucid,
shining, with short radiating ribs above and below, enlarging and
curving from the sutural line, and not extending to the periphery,
whorls 3, convex, with deep suture. Diam. 5 mill.

Europe.

HT, pulchella, and H. paucicostata Costa, and Adeorbis costatus,
Weink. are synonyms.

H. Fiscoertana, Monts. PI. 61, figs. 8, 9.
Planorbiform, discoidal, fulvous, with three spiral brown lines;
whorls 4, with slight, numerous, incremental striz.

Diam. 1 mill.
Mediterranean Sea.

H. pensicosta'a, Jeffreys. Pl. 61, figs. 10, 11.

Planorbiform, semitransparent, glossy, nearly flat above, concave
below, with close-set incremental striz, finally becoming microscopic;
whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last one with a central carina on
the upper and lower surfaces, and another on the periphery; suture
narrow, but excavated. Diam. 1°87-3 mill.

Off Newfoundland, 1622 fms! Cape Hatteras, N. C. 7-17 fms.

The last locality is for Skenea trilix, Bush, which appears to me
to be a better grown condition of Jeffreys’ species.

400 HOMALOGYRA.

H. CANCELLATA, Krauss. PI. 61, figs. 12-14.

Planorbiform, flat above, concave and widely umbilicated below,
thin, white, distinctly cancellated; whorls 5, convex, the last ventri-
cose, periphery subcarinate. Diam, 2°25 mill.

Algoa Bay, So. Africa.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

-RISSOIDA, JEFFREYSIIDA, SKENEIDA, Etc.

; PAGE.
Aberrans (Rissoa), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., p. 118, 1850, . 369
Abjecta (Rissoa), Watson. Zool. Proc., p. 385, t. 36, f. 28,

S73, \. : 3 F 5 : . : 309
Abnormis (Rissoina), Nevill. Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, xliv,

p. 100, t. 8, f. 23,1875, ; ~ OO -
Abyssicola (Rissoa), Forbes. Brit. Moll, p- 86, bs 78, f. 1.

= R. Teste, Arad. and Mage. var. ~. . 368
Abyssicola (Rissoa), Sars. Moll. Arct. Norv. 176.

= R. subsoluta, Aradas. . . 068
Acicula (Rissoa), Desm. Bull. Soe. Phil. Paris, Vili, t. 1, ms 2.

1814. = R. auriscalpium, Linn. : 332

Acinopsis, Monts. Nomene. Conch. Medit., 63 1884, : 319, 365
Acinus, Monts. Nomence. Conch. Medit., 62, 1884.

== Alvania, Risso. ; i : 4 ; : : . dl9
Acme, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 330, 1854.

— Zippora, Leach.” 3:>. : . 316
Actonia, Monts. Nomencl. Conch. Medit., 61, 1884, . 319, 368
Aculens: (Rissoa), Gould. Invert. Mass., p. 266, elo ee ae
Acuminata (Alvania), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. , Vil,

p A02: 1860; 1 365
Acuta (Rissoa), Desm. Bull. Soe: Phil. Paris, ‘7 t eye 1814.

= R. auriscalpium, Linn. . : : : : : . 3a2
Acutelirata (Rissoa), paper Proc. Cal. Acad. Scei., 1865,

p. 217, ; ‘ ; . 361
Adamsiana (Rissoin: a), W reink. Conch. Cab., p- 67, t. 15a, f. 4,

"18—, . : . 386

Aédonis (Onoba), Watson. Challenger, XV, Pp. 600, pl 45, fig. 5 , 348
Aemula (Alvania), Monts. Enum., p. 26, . » 865

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Aemula (Rissoa), Granata. == R. semistriata, Mont. (?)
JEreus (Turbo), Adams. ‘Trans. Linn. iii, p. 65, t 13, f. 29,.
30, 1797. = Rissoa parva, DaCosta, .
Affinis (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., p. 124, t. 9, f. 8, 1884, .
Affinis (Rissoina), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proce. Dp: 6, 1845.
= R. abbida, C. B. Ad.

Afinis (Rissoina), Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., 1873, p. 212,

pl. 2, fig. 10, : : : 2 4
Agnew: (Rissoa), Tenison Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.,
1876, p. 152, ; ; . ;
Alaskana (Alvania castanea, Moll ‘var.), Dall. Proce. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., p. 300, pl. iv, fio. 9 oe : : ,
Alata (Rissoa), Menke. Synopsis, p- 138, 1830.
= R. decussata, Mont. 4 : ;
Alba (Rissoa Jan-Mayeni, Friele, var.), Fr iele. Nyt Mag., f.
Natur. . ;
Albella (Rissoa), Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand., p. 24, 1846,
Albescens (Barleeia rubra, var.) Requien.
Albida (Rissoina), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proc. » p. 6, 1845, :
Albolirata (Rissoa), Carp. Ann. & Mag. xii, p. 476, 1864,
Albugo (Rissoa), Watson. Zool. Proc., p. 379, t. a0; f. 17,1873,
Albulus (Turbo), Ad. Trans. Linn. iii, p. 65, t. 13, f. 17, 18,
1797. = Rissoa parva, DaCosta. 2
Albus (Turbo), Donovan. Brit. Shells.
= Rissoa costata, Adams.
Alderi (Jeffreysia), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 362, 1857, . ;
Alderi (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Ann. & Mag. i Lip. 127, toto
a—c, 1858. = R. soluta, Phil. var. .
Aleutica (Onoba), Dall. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, 1886, p. 306,
pl. 3, fig. 11,
Algeriana (Rissoa), Monts. Journ. “a Conch., p- 34, t. 3. £ 5,
1877, : : : ; ;
Alleryana (Rissoa), “Aradas & Benoit. Conch. Viv. Sicil., p.
2st Sg Eo Peme

Alvearium (Cingula), Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 605,
pl. 46, fig. 1, ;
Alvinia, Monts. Nomene. Conch. Medit., 60, 1884, - 819;

Amabilis (Setia), Monts. En. & Sin., p. 27.
?= R. pulcherrima, Jeffreys. ;

Ambigua (Rissoa), Brugn. Mise. Malacol., p- 9; fig. 14.
= Alleryana, Ar. ‘& Ben

Ambigua (Rissoina), Gld. Bost. Proc. Pp. 118, 1849,

Amblia (Rissoa), Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 590, pl.
44, fig. 8, .

Amethystina (Rissoa), Renier. — R. violacea, Desm.

26

; aos
Alvania, Riesor Hist. Nat. Eur. Meriaes Iv, 146, 1826, . 319, 35

. 045

366

eco2
oe

oul
oo

. 330

402 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

‘ PAGE.
Ammonicerina, Costa. Microd. Medit., 67, 1864.
= Homalogyra, Jeffr. . ‘ . : : : i . 324
Amphithalamus, Carp. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. xv, 181, 1865, . 317,

339.

Amphorula (Rissoa melanostoma, ae var.), yan Mss .

1) Nat, Sicil., ui,p. 139% eer
Anabathron, Frauenf, Zool. Novara Exped. ii, 13, “1867, 317, 341
Anatasia, Gist. Naturg., 169, 1848. = — Rissoa, Freminville. old
Andamanica (Rissoina), ’Weink. Conch. Cab., p. 75, t. 15, b.

£305. 386
Angasi (Rissoina), Pse. Amer. Journ, Conch. vil, p. 20, 1872.

— R. flexuosa, Gould. : ; j : ; . 381
Angeli (Rissoa), Tenison Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,

1876, p. 153, : : : : , ; . 308

Angulata (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., p. 119, t. 9,f.5, 1884, 334
Anculata (Rissoina), Jick. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell. ix, p. 369,

1882, é : : : . : .o09
Anguliferens (Rissoa), Folin. Fonds de la Mer. i, p. 134, pl.

Kee, AP. VI; ; . 343
Angustissima (Rissoa membranacea, var.), Weink. Conch.

Cab., p. 102, : . 329
Annulata (Rissoa), Dunk. Mal. Blatt. vi, p- 235, 1860.

a3 IK) one aris, Gould: . +. : 4 habs ; . 394
Annulata (Rissoina), Hutton. N. Zealand Journ. Science, ii,

p- 1738, 1884, : en f : ; 4 : esi
Antoni (Rissoins a), Schw ariz. Familie Rissoiden, p. 99, f. 68,

1860, . : 5 : ‘ , : . 388
Apicina (Cingula), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 183,

pl. 32, fig. 8, ' : : : . 307
Apicina (Risso: i similis, Scace. var. ), Monts. II Nat. Sicil. iil,

pi lady. : : ; » OLA
Apiec lata (Rissoa), “Ds nilo & Sand. Elenco Nom., p. 54,

1856... 24s silmilis, Seace. ; . 327

Apicularia, Monterosato. Nomen. Conch. Medit., 5G, 1884, .315
B27:
Atpprosxime ita (Rissoa), Petterd. Journ. of Conch., 1884, p.

USB) : : : . . . 368
Approxima (Rissoina): Petterd: Journ. of Conch., 1884, p.

141, 4 : ; : % . 892
Arata (R issoa), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., p. 167, 1848, . 368
Arata (Rissoa), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. Iv, 16, 1826.

— R. similis, Scaee. . : ae +)"
Arctica (Rissoa), Lovén. = ie saxatilis, Miller. . : . d47
Arenaria (Rissoa), Mighels & Adams. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.,

1842, p. 49, pl. iv, fie. 7 Nae . O47

Arenarius (Turbo), Mat. & Rack. Linn, Trans. viii, p. 209.
= Rissoina decussata, Mtg. . as : } . 847, 385

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Areolata (Rissoa), Stimpson. Shells of New England, p. 35,

J

Artensis (Rissoa), Montrouz. Journ. de Conch, XX, p. 364, t.

403

PAGE,

361

4, f.5,1872. =. spirata,Sowb. . 388

Aspera ( (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 126, t. 22, f.
= R. lineata, Risso, var. . 360
Pace tats (Dunkeria), Adams. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 120,

1868, . : . 396
Asperula (Rissoa), Brugn. Kae Monog., 179.

= R. Teste, Aradas & M: age. Jno. . . 368
Assimilis (Rissoa), Jick. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell. ix, p- 368, 1882, 369
Asturiana (Alvania), eee Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. Ri,

1869; Fonds de la Mer., t. 2, f. 5, ; ; O08
Atkinsoni (Rissoa, Cingula), Penteon Woods. Proc. Roy. Soe.

Tasm., 1876, p. 163,) ~. : : . 395
Atomaria (Cingula ?), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii,

p- 405, 1860, : : ; : : : . 346
Atomus (Ammonicerina), Ph. W iegm. Arch., 1841, 399
ay aia (Rissoa), Dunker. Frauenf. Novara. Exp, P. 13,

pte ol TSGGL YS. 399
pee amtis wa ’(Rissoa), Brusina. Moll. Dalm., 28,

— Barleeia rubra. : ; . 392
1 pe (Rissoa), Watson. Zool. Proc., p 367, t. 34, f. 3,

1875 : : 326
Aeperiank (Rissoa), @Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 22, t. lie f, 34

36, 1853, —. . 337
Auriscalpium (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. 5h Op 1240,

MDT, . 316, 331
Aurita ‘(Rissoa), Monts. Journ. de Conch. XXV, p. 35, t.8, f. 7,. 335
Aurivillii (Alvania), Dall. Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus, 1886, p-

309, pl. iv, fig. 8, . 349
Australize (Risso: L), Dunker. Frauenf, Novara a Exped, P 14,

. 2, f. 23, 1866, : . 344
Australis (Rissoa), Sowb. Gancke feo , 8p. 123, oy . 384
Australis (Setia), Watson. Challenger oe XV, 2 608, pl.

45, fig. 1, ; : . 356
Badia “Alvania), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vill, p. 300, 1861, 365
Badia (Rissoa), Petterd. Journ. of Conch., 1884, p. 138, . 368
Badia (Scrobs), Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 612, pl. 46,

fig. 3, . 39
Balteata (Cingula), ] Manzoni. J. @. 1868, p- 167, t. 10, fig. i, 342
Balteata(Rissoina), Pease. Amer. Journ. Conch. \, p- 72, 1870, 385
Barleeia, Clark. Brit. Mar. Moll., 391, 1855, : . 32 is 392
Baxteriana (Rissoa), Nevill. J ourn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, i, pt.

2, p. 161, 1881, : : , : . . 376
Bayntoni (Rissoa),} Beddome. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1882,

p- 168, .. : : : : : : 365

404 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Beanii (Rissoa), Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll. iii, t. 78, f. 1.
= R. reticulata, Mont. : ‘ : ? 2 ‘ . 361
Bella (Rissoa), A. Adams. Proce. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 267, . 368:
Bellardii (Rissoina), Issel. Mal. Mar Rosso, 1869.

= R. miranda, A. Ad. t : pou
Bellula (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. cap 266, 1851, , . 383
Benjamina (Rissoa), Monts. Nomenc., p. 66, . dd2
Benzi (Rissoa), Aradas & Benoit. Conch. Viv. eins 195.

= R. albella, Loven. . . 304
Bertholetti (Rissoa), Andouin. Expl. Plates. Savie. Deser.

Egypt, t.4,f2. = R. plicata, A. Ad. ; . 37d

Bicingulata (Rissoa), Seguenza. Rendic. Acad. Nap., 1871, p. 1, 569
Bicollaris (Rissoina), Schwartz. Familie Rissoiden, p. 87, f.

50, 1860, . : ‘ . 381
Bicolor (Rissoa), Petterd. Journ. of Conch., 1884, p- 1371, . 368
Bidentata (Rissoa), Phil. Archiv fiir Natur. We 0 64, 1845.

— R. tridentata, Mich. , . 389
Bifasciata (Jeffreysia), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 362, 185 57, A . 396

Bifasciata (Setia), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. viii, p. 136, 1861, . 009
Bivittata (Alv: oe Pe sak Jeffreys, var.), Brusina. Moll.
Dalmat., p. 2 : 3 : ; : : : . 966
Bizonata ( aay: Nevill. Hacd List, p. 128, 1885, : 589
Blanfordiana (Rissoina), Nevill. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. i,
parie2aps 162.870, 1, IG ASoiLy ys ; : ; : Oe
Bombayana (Fairbankia), Blanf. Ann. & Mag., p. 399, 1868. 393
Boryanus (Turbo), Delle Chiaje. Memorie, An. sans Vert.
Pos cimex, Linn. : 4 ; . 360
Bosch (Rissoa), Payr. Moll. Cones p- 112, ted Oe nay . 369
Brachia (Rissoa), Watson. Challenger Rept. KV; pu. 5995 ple

AG HE Bie be. : . : . 348
Brazieri (Rissoina [Neti] )P Tenison Woods. Proc. Roy. Soe.

Tasmania, 1875, p. 146, : i . BOD
Brocchii (Alvania), Weink. Conch. Mittelm. il, p. 450.

— Rissoa reticulata, Mont. ‘ ; : : : . 361
Browniana (Rissoina), d’Orb. "Moll. Cubayai;. ph 23,46% 123n

33, 35, 1853, : : 320, 390
Bruguieri (Rissoa), Puyr. Cat. Moll. Corse, p. 113, 620; eke

IS 1826. SC . 370
Brutia (Rissoa), Tiberi, MSS, ANY Scillee, Seguenza. : . 309
Brychia (Cingula), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 179; pl.

i (ey aes 335

Bryerea (Rissoa), Mohrenstern (in part), Rissoiden, taps f. 36a.
= R. pseudobryerea, Nevill. : ae,
Bryerea (Rissoina), Mont. Test. Brit., p. oiee t. 15, £85 1803, STD

Buccinoides (Rissoa), Desh. Exped. Moree. Moll, t. 19 sit: 41— -
43. = R. Montagui, Payr. ; . 360

Burdigalensis (Rissoina), d’Orb. Prodrom. ill, p. 30, 1852, . 37D

Bureasensis (Rissoa), Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 90, ; . 380

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Celata (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 267, 1851.
= R. striata, Quoy.

Celata (Rissoa), Monts. Nomenel. Conch. Medit., 74, 1884, les

Calathiscus (Rissoa), Mont. Test. Brit. Supp., t. 50, f. 5
— R. cimex, Linn. : : : : c
Calathus (Rissoa), Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll. iii, p. 80, te
fer Evo: :
Caledonica (Rissoa ), “Crosse. sieht de Conch. vip: 72, 1872 2, pl.
16, fig. 8, ; tou
Caliginosa (Eatoniella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
xvi, 1875, 71, :
Callosa (Rissoa), Manzoni. Journ. de Conch., p- 166, t. 10, f.
3, 1868, : : ;
Canaliculata (Rissoa), Philippi. Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 116,
1884. — R. Zetlandica, Mont. ; . : : ;
analiculate. (Rissoa), Sowb. (not Schwartz). Conch. Icon., f.
60. = R. subdebilis, Nevill. : A ‘ ; :
Canaliculata (Rissoina), Schwartz. Fam. Rissoiden, p. 55, f.
18, 1860. —R. distans, Anton. . :
Canariensis (Rissoa), d’?Orb. Moll. Canaries, p. 18, fi. 6, f. 5-7
18—, . d
Cancellata (Rissoa), ‘Desm. Bull. Soc. Phil., t. ie f. 5, 1814,
— R. cimex, Linn. ; : : , : ' i
Cancellata (Rissoa), Petit. Jour. de Conch. iii, 83.
= R. lactea, Mich. 7 ; : : ; : ‘
Cancellata (Rissoina), Phil. Zeitsch. ftir Malak., p. 127, 1847,
nner (Solarium), aU Die Sudafrik. Moll., p. 95,
Parl! il Roe: Fo ae é aflee gt :
ee ie Turbo), ( DaCosta), ie Brit. Conch. iv, p.
8, v, t. 66, £ 3. = R. crenulata, Mich. ;
Candida (Dunkeria), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. viii, 1861, p. 136,
Candida (Rissoina), Brown. I1lust. Gone p- ae tis 9, air
1842. = R. Chesneli, Mich. ;
Candida (Setia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hise Vili, 136, 1861,
Candidus (Rissoa), Brown. IIL. Conch., pray ty £9.
= R. striata, Mont. , ’
Cardinalis (Rissoina), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales,
ip: 508, © +
Caribiea (Alvania), @ Orb. Moll. Cuba, il, p. 21, t. 11, f. 31
Bon E835. 5 is : :
Caribsea (Rissoa), Monts. INaoy. Rivista, Biles
= Aly. subareolata, Monts. .
Carinata (Rissoa), Avadas. Jeffreys, Zool. “Proc. 116, 1884,
= R. Zetlandica, Mont. ;
Carinata (Rissoa), Michels and Ads. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. iv,
Carinata (Rissoa), Phil. Moll. Sicil. Bp aos te, LOST 10:
= R. costata, Adams. . § 3 : ; , j

406 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Carinatus : Turbo), DaCosta. Brit. Conch., 1778.
= Rissoa striatula, Mont. f
Carpenteri (Rissoa), Weink. Conch. Cab. pe 192, .
Castanea (Rissoa), Moller. Ind. Moll. Greenl., Tio, 1842,
Castanella (Alvania), Dall. Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, p:
306, pl. ili, fig. 5, . ; : :
Catesbyana (Rissoina), WOrb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 24, t. 12, f
1, 3, 1842. = R. Chesneli, Mich. ‘
Cazini (Rissoa), ( C. Velain. Archiv. Zool. Exper., 1877, p. 114,
pl. 3, fig. 15, ; ob ;
Cerasina (Rissoa), Brusina. Contrib. Faun. Dalmat., 19, 74,
1866))) ==sR. parva, DaCosta. 5 : :
Ceratia, H. ¢ & A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. xp , 358, 1852, 318,
Cerinella (Onoba), Dall. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, p: 306,
pl..84, tig. 12, 0. ; :
Cerithiiformis (Rissoa), Dkr. Cat. Mus. Godeff iv, ,p- 75,
Cerithina (Fenella), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malac., p. 34, 1849,
Ceylonica (Rissoina turricula, var.), Nevill. Hand List, p- 30,
ite ofS ae : ; : ; ;
Cheilostoma (Rissoa), Tenison Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas-
mania, 1876, p. 152, . : 3 ; : :
Chesnelii (Rissoa), Mich. Desc. Gen. Rissoa, p. 15, f. 25, 24,
Choristes, Carpenter. Canad. Nat. vi, 392, 1872, ; 394
Cimex (Turbo), Donovan (not Linn.). Brit. Shells, i, t. 2, f ie
= Rissoa crenulata, Mich. . E
Cimex (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. <All, 1233,
Cimicoides (Rissoa), Forbes. Brit. Moll, Brit. Assoc., 1843, .
Cincta (Rissoa), Angas. Zool. Proc., p. 114, 1867, pl. 138, fic.
99,

>

Cincta (Rissoa), Dkr. Schmeltz, Cat. Mus. Godeff. i iv, P 75.
= R. ambigua, Gld. var. . :

Cingilla, Monts. Nomenel. Conch. “Medit., 67, 1884.
= Cingula, Fleming. :

Cingillus (Turbo), Montagu. ‘Test. Brit. il, p. he 2 :

Cingula, Fleming. Brit. Anim., 297, 305, 1828, . . 018,

Cingulata (Rissoa), Ph. Enum. Moll. Sicil. 1, 152; 11, 138, t.
pe Wee Salk: ete : : : : : 5 : : ‘

Cingulina, Monts. Nomencl. Conch. Madit., 66, 1884, . 318,

Circinata (Rissoa), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. viii, 1861, p. 137,

Clandestina (Rissoa), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, » P. 177, 1852,
?== R. Woodwardi, Cpr.

Clathrata (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. il, p. 223, t. 28,
f.20. = R. hispidula, Monts. .

Clathrata (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p: 265, 1851,

Clathratula (Alvania), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Vii,
1861, p. 137,

Cleopatre (Folinia), Folin. Fonds de la Mer. ips 267,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 407

PAGE,
Cochlearella (Rissoa), Basterot. Mem. Soc. Geol. Bord., p.
37, 1825. = Rissoina decussata, Mont. ; . 385
Communis (Rissoa), Forbes. Mal. Monensis, p. Wa
= R. striata, Mont. . : ‘ . O47
Concatenata (Rissoina), Tenison Woods. Proc. “Roy. Soe.
Tasm., 1876, p. 155, . 392
Concinna (Alvania), A. ‘Ad. Ann. & Mag. ‘Nat. Hist. viil,
1861, p. 137, » 365
Concinna (Cingula °, C. B. Adams, Contr. Conch., p. 70,
1850, . ' ; : : . 346

Coneinna (Hyala), A. Adams, Ann. Mag. N. H. vi, 123, 1870, 351
Concinna (Microstelma), A. Ad: Ann. & Mag. vi, 1870, p.

121. = Rissoina spirata, Sow., juv. . ; . 079, 388
Concinna ( (Rissoa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. a 5 266, nfs (oe ee . 386
Concinna (Rissoa), Monts. Test. Nuoy. Sicil., p. 8, fi 2.

= Cingula benjamina, Monts. —. , : , . 302
Concinna | (Rissoina), Sowb. (not A. Ad. 2 Conch. Icon., sp. 9.

= R. pseudoconcinna, Nevill... ; : ; woul
Bppcncta (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Ann. & Mag., Dp. B86;ta 16st

2, 1883, 5 ; 4 : . 396

Sas (Cingula ty, pan: ‘Adams. Contr. Conch., 1850, p. 70, 346

Conica (Rissoa), Perier. Fonds de la Mer. i, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 4, 342
Conifera (Rissoina), Montagu. Test. Brit., p. 514, t. 15, f. 2

1803, . ; ; ; . 370
Coniformis (Rissoa aby ssicola, var.), Jeffr. Ann. & Mag.. p.

18, 1870. — R. Teste, Aradas & Mage. . : ; . 368
Conifomnis (Rissoina), Schwartz. Kuster.

= R. Montagui, Weink. . : : : ig Ys . 370
Consociella (Alvania), Monts. I] Nat. Sicil. 11, p. 159, . 367

Contabulata (Anabathron), Frauenf. Voy. Navara, 13, 1867, 341
Contabulata (Rissoina), Mérch. . Mal. Blatt. vii, p. 68, 1860, . 392
Contorta (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii,

1856, p. 185, ‘ ‘ ; . 340
Convexior (Rissoina Montrouzieri, var.), Nevill. Hand List,

p. 91, 1885. = R. spirata, Sowb. ; . 388
Cooperi (Rissoa), 1 Tryon. Am. Jour. Conch. i, 222, t. 22, es

= Amnicolide. . ; ‘ ; : ; : iGo

Corena, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. vi, 122, 1870, . Sli. 3389
Coriacea (Rissoa?), Manzoni. . Jour. de Conch. xvi, p. 166, t.

LOY RG; ; ; : ‘ : : : : . 858
Corilea ( Rissoa), WOrb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 24.

=— Rh. Caribea, Orb. . ; f ; : A ; . 364
Cornea (Rissoa), Loven. Ind. Moll. Scand., p. 24, 1846.

= R. membranacea, Adams. . 329
Cornuella (Skenea), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. “a 1860,

p. 412, . : F . 398

Coronata (Rissoa), Brusina. Moll. Dalmat., 2 26.
= Alvania lineata, Risso, var. . ; ; . 360

408 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Coronata (Rissoina), Recluz. Schwartz, Rissoina, P. 109.

= R. tridentata, Mich. ; . 389
Cossuree (Setia), Caleara. Mon. Spir. et Suce., 10.

= Rissoa vexillata, Brusina. . 306
Costata (Homalogy ra), Weink. Conch. Mittelm, 264,

= H. rota, Forbes & Hanley. . . 399
Costata (Rissoa), Adams. Linn. Trans. viii, t. 18, f. 13, 14,

= R. exigua, Desm. . 396
Costata (Rissoa), Desm. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, p. if t. ly f.

1. = R. variabilis, Muhl. ‘ . 825
Costata ( (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 266, 1851, : . 376
Costatogranosa ne) Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., 1873,

p- 211, pl. 2, fig. 7, . 3738
Costulata (Alvania), 8. Wood. " Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., oT) 1884.

= Aly. subareolata, Monterosato. . 363
Costulata (Rissoa), Alder. Ann. & Mag. Xili, 'p. 324, t. 8, i. 8,

9.1844. — R. Guerini, Recluz, var. 826
Costulata (Rissoa), Pease. Amer. Journ. Conch. iii, p. 295, t.

24, f. 28, 1867 . 372
Costulata (Rissoa), Risso. France Merid., p. 119, 1826.

= R. variabilis, Muhl. 3 325
Costulata (Rissoina), Dkr. Mal. Blatt. vi, p- 235, 1860, . 374
Costulifera (Rissoina), Pse. Journ. de Gonch., p- 382, 1862.

== R. ambigua, Gld. . ; Sort
Costulina (Rissoa), Sismondi. Synopsis, P. 53, 1847.

— R. decussata, Mont. ; . 885
Costulosa (Alvania lineata, Bisco) var.), ree Eur. mérid.

iv, 142, . A 360
Costulosa (Aly ania), Schwartz, teste Weinkanff

— Rissoa aspera, Phil. ] ; . 360
Ce (Rissoina), Angas. P. vA S., 1871, p- 17, pl. 1, fig. 16.

= R. Rissoi, Andouin. : : : ; ; . BTS
Crassicosta (Rissoa), C. B. Adams. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,

1845, p.6, . : . 369
Crassilabrum (Rissoa), Garrett. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Se.,

1857, p. 102. = R. tridentata, Mich. . . 389
Craticulata (Dunkeria), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vi, 1860, . 396
Crebrisuleata (Rissoa), Sowb. Conch. Icon., sp. 56, . 384

Crenulata (Rissoa), Mich. Deser. Gen. Rissoa, pero: f. 132s
1830, . 2

Cretacea (Rissoina), Dieaaan Woods Brot Teri: ‘Soni N. S.
Wales, ii, p. 265, . { . ‘ : ;

Crispa (Rissoa), Watson. Zool. Prod! p. 369, t. 34, f. 6, 1878,

Cristallinula (Rissoa), Manzoni. Journ. de Conch., p. 165, t.
10, f. 4, 1868, : : f : : : k A

Crystallina (Fenella), Carpenter. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
xiii, p. 477, 164, i ; : : : : :

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Crystallina (Rissoa), Brown. Conch. G. Brit., 13.
= R. yitrea, Mont...
Crystallina (Rissoa?), Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., 1873, p. 216,
pl. 2, fig. 25 (not 24), ;
Cumingii ‘(Rissoa), Reeve. Sowb. Conch. Icon. Sp. 4.
= striata, Quoy. .
Cumingi (Rissoina), H. & A. Ad. Genera, i, p- 397 ce D0, f.
1, 1854. = R. gigantea, Desh.
Curta (Rissoina), Sowb. Mohrenstern, Rissoina, 107.
= Rh. tridentata Mich. ¢ ; ;
Curtisil (Rissoina), E. A. Smith. Zool. “ Alert” Exped., p. 63,
pl. v, fig. M. = R. Australis, Sowb. .
Cyclostomata (Rissoa), Recluz. Rev. Zool. Cuv., p. 104, 1843.
— R. Zetlandica, Mont. :
Cyclostoma (Rissoa), Tenison Woods. Proc. Roy. Soe. ieee
1876, p. 152, é : : : ;
Cylindracea (Rissoa), Krynicki. Bull: Natur. de Moscow,
No. 1, p. 60,1837. ? = RK. elata, Phil. : : ;
Cylindracea (Rissoina), Tenison Woods. Proce. Linn. Soc. N.
S. Wales, ii, p. 266, ; : :
Cylindrica (Jeffreysia), Jeff. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. XVil,
1856, p. 184, ; é : :

Deedala (Microstelma), A. Ad. Ann. & ple x1, 1863, p. 348,
Dardania, Hutton. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xiv, 147, 1882, 323,
Debilis ee: Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., 1873,.p. 212,
Lo aties Oy . ; ; ; : :
i ee (Rissoa), Phil. " Zeitsch. fir Malak., p. 97,1846, _ .
Decurtata (Rissoa similis, Seace. var.), Monts. I] Nat. Sicil.
Mie p. La, >’. ; ; : LORDS ‘ ;
Decussata (Rissoa), Menke. Synopsis, 1830.
== Rissoina Bruguieri, Payr. ; ; : ; ‘
Decussata (Rissoina), Montagu. Test Brit., p. 399, 1803,
Deformis (Rissoa), Sowb. Genera of Shells, No. 40, p. 20,
1820-24. —R.spirata,Sowb. . ;
Delicata (Onoba), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak. ,?. 34, 1849,
Deliciosa (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., p: Anh, BOs leeds
1884, ; :
Delphinoidea, Brown. TIlust. Conch. Gt. ‘Brit., 1827.
= Skenea, Fleming. .
Densecostata (Homalogyra), Jeffr. Zool. Proc, p- 129, t. 10,
Bel 8S4, 7: : :
Dentata (Rissoa), Dan. & San. in Sched. and in Coll.
= R. monodonta, Brusina. : ?
Denticulata (Rissoa), Mohrenstern, Rissoiden, p- 126, Paoesk.
23. = R. plicata, A. Ad. ‘ ; f ; F
Depauperata (Rissoa cimex, var.), Monts. Journ. de Conch.,
p. 34, 1887, :

392

. oof

379
O97

410 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGFe
Depicta (Rissoa), Manzoni. Journ. de Conch., p. 246, t. 10, f.
4, 1868. = R. callosa, Manzoni. . 390
Depicta (Rissoa), Weinkauff Kiister, Conch. Cab., 152.
?= R. pulcherrima, Jeffreys. . . 302

Depressa (Helix), Mont. == Skenea planorbis, Fabricius. . 398
Deshayesiana (Rissoa), Recluz. Rey. Zool. Cuv., 1845, Conch.

Icon., f. 62. == R. Deshayesiana, Schwartz. : . 382
Deshayesi (Rissoina), Schwartz. Familie Rissoiden, p. 91, f. 5B,

EGOS Tex , . 382
Desmaresti (Rissoa), Andouin. Deser. Egy pt, p- AWibe t. 3, f.

PAM cy CPi e . 330
Desmarestii (Rissoa), Recluz. Rev. Zool. Cuv., p- 9, 1843.

= R. variabilis, Muhlf. : . 325
Diaphana (Rissoa), Alder. Ann. oS Mag. Xili, 1844,

Jeffreysia glabra, Brown. . 396

Dictyophora (Rissoa), Phil. Moll. Siaite ii, p. 128, Z 2a: ES 11, 366
Dictyophora (Rissoa), Weink. (not Phil.). Journ. de Conch.

XP OOe se. sae Weinkautti, Schwartz, 1 0: . 366
Didyma (Rissoa), Watson. ‘hallenger Rept. xv, p. 594, pl.

AA ie Mw, . 362
Diemenensis (Risso: a), Petterd. Journ. of Conch., 1884, p.

‘ 368
Dilecta (Rissoa), Monterosato. Nuova Riv ista, p. 27, 369
Dimidiata (Rissoina), Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell. ix, P 368,

18823): : : : . 386
Discors (Pyramis), Brown. TL. Conch., p. 14, t. ws f 31.

= Ri striata, Mont. . 4 OAT,
Distans (Rissoina), Anton. Verzeichnis, p: 62, 1839, : . 375
Divisa (Skenea), Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll. iu, 165.

= 8. serpuloides, Mtg... . : ‘ : : ; . 898
Doliolum (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. 1, p. 122, t. 25,

a EP ; : 4 : : : . 3089

Dolium (Rissoa), Nyst. Coq. Foss. de Belg., p. 417, 1848, . 332
d’Orbignyi (Rissoa), Andouin. Expl. eewieny Egypt, et

1827, ; . o2t
dV’ Orbignyi (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. ps: 265, 1851, . 388
Drummondi (Zippora), Leach. Synopsis, 169.

= Rissoa auriscalpium, Linn. . . 332
Dae (Rissoa), Petterd. Journ. of @onch. 1884, p. 137, . 368
Dubiosa (Rissoina), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., p- 114, 1850.

= Rissoina Dunkeri, Pfr. . : 4 ; ; : . 374
Duclosi (Rissoina), Montrouz. Souverbie, Journ. de Conch.

xiv, pi 2or, t.wae18,, : . 318
Dunkeri (Rissoa), Pfr. Weinkauff, i in Kiister, P. 27.

==, dubrosa, C. RB. Ad, * =. : . 370

Eatonia, KE. A. Smith. Ann. 1 Mag. Ni; a 70, 1875.
= — Fatoniella, Nevill. . : . 821

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

411

PAGE,
Eatoniella, Dall. Bull. N.S. Nat. Mus. iii, 42,1876, . 321, 391
Ecostata (Rissoa violacea, var.), i si Nevill, Hand List,

10% 4. ; : ; : . 330
Edwardiensis (Jeffreysia), ‘Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc. Xli, p.

99, 1881, aon
Edwardiensis (Setia), Watson. Challenger Rept. x XV, p. 610,

pi40, figy tly... : . 307
Efficata (Rissoina), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8 S. Wales, i i,

p- 366, . : . 392
Effusa (Rissoina), ] March. Mal. Blatt. te p- 67, 1860, ; 374
Egregia (Onoba), A. Adams. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xi,

1863, p. 349, F ; : : : ‘ ; . 350
Ehrenbergi (Rissoa), Phil. Moll. Sicil., p. 127, t. 28, £ 2

1844, . . 315, 327
Elata (Rissoa), Phil. Moll. Sicil. li, Sa 124, fi: 23, f. 3, 35
Electa (Rissoa), Monterosato. J. C., 1874, p. 261, . 867
Elegans (Alvania), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p- 174, pl.

26, fig. 15, . ; . 064
Elegans (Choristes), ‘Carp. Canad, Nat. vi, 392, ; 398
Elegans (Rissoa), A. Adams. Proce. Zool. Soc., 1851, p- 267, . 368
Elegans (Rissoa), Brusina. Moll. Dalm., No. 19,

= R. Ehbrenbergi, Phil. : 327
Elegantissima (Rissoa), Sequenza, Mss. Monts. Nuova Riv.,

p-'27. = R. subsoluta, Aradas. . . 368
Elegantissima (Rissoina), d’Orb. Moll. “Cuba, ii, p. 26, 't. 12,

f. “27-29, 1853, By4
Elegantula (Onoba), A. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. viii,

1861, p- 136, . : . 390
Elegantula (Rissoina), Angas. P. 2, Ss “1800, p- 417, pl 40,

fie. 10. ?=R. striata, Quoy. . . 386
Elongata (Fenella), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc. XV, p. 249,

sare ; ‘ i : : » 895
Elongata (Rissoa), Brusina. Moll. Dalmat., 17.

= R. oblonga, Desm. . . ddl
Elongata (Rissoa), Phil. rere Moll. Sicil., t. 10, ws 16.

= Odostomia, Manual, viii, 346, 369
Emaciata (Rissoa), Mérch. Mal. Blatt. ; 29.018 F 'p. pA, . 369
Epidaurica (Cingula), Brus. Moll. Dalm., p. 29, t. 3 p- 10, . 341
Erythriea (Rissoa), Schwartz. Rissoiden, p. 163, t..8, f. 59.

= R. Cerithiiformis, Dkr. . . 384
Erythreea (Rissoina), Philippi. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., P 93,

851, . 382
Euchila (Rissoa), Watson. Challenger Reports, XV, -, 602, . 339
Eulimoides (Rissoa), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., p. 115, 1850, 369
Eulimoides (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 279, 1851.

= R. tridentata, Mich. : 389
Europea (Rissoa), Risso. Hist. Eur. Merid., t. 9, f. 156.

= Turbo cimex, Linn. : f eke : p . 360

412 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

} PAGE.
Evanida (Rissoina), Nevill. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xliii,

Pt. 2, p. 25, t. 1, £ 14, 1874, NER OGL Fa ae
Exarata (Rissoa), Stimpson. Bost. Proc. iv, 15; Shells of N.

E.; t. 1) £3... = Hiarenuaria, Michvand Ads 2% ; . d47
Exasperata (Rissoina), Souverbie. Journ. de Conch. xiv, p.

259, t. Oya 1UsO 8 A : : : ‘ : : . 384
Excavata (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., t. 10, f. 6.

— Odostomia, Manual, viil, 355, . : . 369
Exeurvata (Alvania), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 359, 1857.

fhe ; . 395

Rata (Rissoa), Dkr. Mus. Godeff Iv, P 75.

== ih. thiticea,, Pse.i.<"\2 . 380
Exigua (Rissoa), Mich. Gen. ‘Rissoa, p- 16.

= R. ecostata, Adams. . tao0
Exigua (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. 1. Mol. Sic. ll, p. 125, n. Ws . 369
Exilis (Rissoa), Tryon. Amer. Journ. Conch. it, “ps: 12, t. 2 f.

18. 83866, 5). . 345
Eximia (Rissoa), Jeffreys. = -Odostomia, Manual, ‘viii, 352, . 369

Expansa (Rissoina), Cpr. Ann. & Mag. xv, p. 899, 1865, . 392
Expansilabris (Rissoa auriscalpium, Var.) B. D. D. Moll.
Roussillon, 276, . ; L 2 : ; ; $ . 802

Fairbankia, Blanf. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 11, 399, 1868, 321, 393
Fasciata (Alvania) Tenison- Woods, Proc: Roy. Soc. Tasm. 152,

1876, . ; . 365
Fasciata (Rissoa) Angas. ‘Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p- 264, ! . 380
Fasciata (Rissoa) Req. Coq. Corse, 1848, P. 56.

— Microsetia Cossurae, Cale. ‘ ; . 365
Fasciata (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 264, 1851, f . 370
Fayalensis (Rissoa) Watson. Challenger Rept. XV, p:.00e: pl.

44, fig. 7, . 328
Feddeniana (Fairbankia), Nevill. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.

NSSt,. : 393
Fenella, A. Ads ams, ‘Ann. “Mag. N; Hist, ? 1860, ; 322, 394
Fenestrata (Alvani a) Gould, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. Vii, p.

402, 1860, . 365
Fenestrata (Alvania), Krauss, Sudafrik, Moll. p- ‘86, t. 5, f

QO P1GAS 4". 364
Fenestrata (Rissoina), Schwartz, Familie Rissoiden, p- 88, f

Di LSD; 5 >. . 381

Ferruginea (Alvania), A. Ad. Ann, & Mag. Vili, p. 138, 1861, 365
Ferruginea (Fenella) A. Adams. Ann. “& Mag. Nat. Hist.

A421, 1860, . d t ‘ . 396
Ficar atiensis (Pseudosetia) Brugnone. Mise. Malac. 1876, p.
Dib, linge : { : : . 300

Filosa (Rissoa) Brusina, Fonds de la Mer. i, p. 260, pl. xxiv,
fed, ; hey ts ; ; ; : : : . 346

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

413

PAGE.
Filosa (Rissoa), Carp. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xii, p. 429,

1864, . . 365
Fimbriata (Risson), Souverbie. Journ. ‘de Conch. p. 2, ‘pl. i

fig. 3, 1872, 378
Firmata (Rissoina), C.B. Ad. Panama Shells, p- 401, & 537,

1852, . 374
Fischeri (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. D. 113, Be 9, gl 1884, 361
Fischeriana (Homalogyra), Monts. Journ de Conch. p- 274,

Godt. fe FakgGO* : 2 , : ; : : Ooo
Flamia (Rissoa) Beddome. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania. 1882,

p. 169, ; ‘ : ; ; . 309
Flammea (Rissoa), ‘Frauenf, Novara Exp. p. 12, t.2, f. 18,: 339
Flammea (Rissoa), Pease. Amer. Journ. Conch. iii, p. 297, t.

20, f. 33, bool, ; ; ; ; : : 387
Flemingia, Jeffreys, Ce ae Manzonia, Brusina. . 516
ide (Rissoa), Gld. Bost. Proe vii, 1861, p. 400, 380
Flindersii (Rissoina) Tenison-W oods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.

1876, p. 154, : bbs ral $e ; . 392
Floridana (Rissoa C atesbyana, ‘@’Orb. var. -.) Morch, Mal. Blatt.

Xxiil, p. 49, : : j . 380
Folinia, Crosse. Jour: de ouch: xvi, 218, 1868, . S tolinemctes
Fortis (Rissoina), C. B. Ad. Ann. Nat. Hist. N. Y. v, p. 402,

1852, . : : é i : : : : . . 371
Fragilis (Rissoa), Mich. Dese. Gen. Rissoa, p. 10, f. 9, 10,

78908. =n: membranacea, Ad. Mis ; é : nyo)
* ee eae (Rissoa) Brusina. Moll. Dalm. p. 22, pl. 3,

fig. 7, : ! : ; 226
Rtaneniolai ( (Rissoa), ner | Voy. Novara p. 10, t, 2, 18, 340
Fremenvillei (Rissoa) Andouin. Expl. Pl. Savigny. 171, . 367
Freminvillei (Rissoa), Risso. Europ. Merid. iv, p. 141, f. 128.

= R. cimex, Linn. ‘ : ‘ . 360
Fulgida (Fenella), ©. B. Ad. Nevill, Hand List, ce B90
Fulgida (Rissoa), Adams. Linn. Trans. iii, p. 254, 1800, a Rie!
Fulva (Rissoa), Mich. Desc. Gen. Rissoa, p. 12, f. 17, 18,

1830. = R. rubra, Adams. : A : ; oon
Funiculata (Rissoina), Souverbie. Journ. de Conch. xiv, p.

2064. 9)4.°7, : , Ae 1 8
Fusca (Dunkeria), A. Ad. Amn. & Mag. vi, 1860, ; . 396
Fusea (Alvania), Gould. Proce. Bost. Boe. Nat. Hist. vii, p.

403, 1860, . } ; : 00D
Fusea (Setia), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil, 1836, . 304
Galeodina, Monts. Nomencl. Conch. Medit. 65, 1884, . 319, 367
Galvagni (Rissoa) Aradas. = R. semistriata, Mont. (2) . 892
Gemmula (Rissoa), Fischer, Fonds de la Mer, t. 23, fig. 3, p.

a? — K sinailis, Seace. juv. 227
Gentilissiana (Rissoa), Sowb. in Reeve. Conch. Icon. Sp. 44.

= Hydrobia Gentilsiana, Crosse. ; 3 : . 369

414 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Georgiana (Rissoa) Pffr. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 1886, p.

92, t. 2, fig. 3, . 346
Georgiana ‘(Shenella) Pfr. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 1886,

p- 97, hier Oe, tb.2 78 . 396
Gergonia (Rissoa) Chiereg, Ip. Con. ] . 862
Gertrudis (Rissoina), Tenison- Woods. Proc. ‘Roy. Soc. Tas-

mania, 1875, p. 147, . . 472

Gibber (Rissoa), Watson, Zool. Proc. p- ‘BY. t. 34, ele ‘1876, 336
Gigantea (Rissoina), Desh. Traite Elem. Conch, p. ig ah 1a

20. TAS; ; : : . : : . 387
Glabra (Jeffreysia) Alder. Ann. Nat. Hist. xill, 325; Brown,

Ll Couch. 13s. 2 396
Glabrata (C ingula), Miihlf, Verh. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1818, 340
Glabrata (Hyala) Phil. fide A. Ads. Ms. : . dol
Glabrata (Rissoa), Fleming. Brit. Anim. 308.

— R. vitrea, Mont. . ; ; 4 : : . dol
Glabrata, Var. (Rissoa) Brusina. Monts. Nuov. Riv. 28.
a, Brusina. f } ; : ‘ . 340
Glaphyra (Ceratia) Watson. ‘Challenger Rept. xv, p. 601, pl.

45, fig. ; : : ; ; . 349
Ciobosa! Ee H M: erie Mss. Monts. Nat. Sicil. 11, 23, ;

— Cingulina obtusa, C antr, : : ; ; . 396
Globosa “(Rissoa inconspicua, ilder: var.) Morch. Viden.

Meddel. Copenh. 1871, p. 120, . 327
Globularis (Jeffreysia) Jeffreys. Forbes & Hanley : Brit. Conch.

iv, app. 268, : . 397
Globulinus (Setia) Monts. Tl Nat. Sicil., ill, p. 978, 359

Globulus (Rissoa), Moller, Ind. Moll. Groenl. p. 9: 1849, . 309
Goniostoma, A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. v, 411, 1850; viii,
Tey ech eae Py LAS So Pa EN chy Gia) ea
Gouget ( (Rissoa), Mich. Desc. Gen. Rissoa, p. 7, f. 7, 8, 1830, 369
Gracilis (Alvania) Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 174, pl.

26, hielo, >. , : ; : : : . 364
Gracilis, (Rissoa) A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vi, 1878,

p. 122, ; ‘ : : : ; . 368
Gracilis (Rissoa), Maceilliv. Moll. Aberdeen., p. 152.

— . striata, Mont. . : . O47
Gracilis (Rissoina), Garrett. P.A.N.S S. Phila., 1873 3, p. 211,

pleZ near: ; . 273

Gracilis (Rissoina) H. Pease. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 438, ‘ . 392
Gradata (Rissoa), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba. t, 11, f. 37- 39, 1853, P.

93
Gradatula (Rissoa) Mérch. Mal. Blatt. - Xxiil, p. pelts . 369
Grandis (Rissoina), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak. p. 127, 1847.

= striata, Quoy. : . 386
Granulata (Rissoa), Phil. Moll. Sicil., i? P. 153.

— KR. cimex, Linn... . : . 360

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Hyala, H. &A, Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. x, 358, 1852, 318, 35

Hy: alina (Rissoa), Desm. Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, p. 8, t. 1, f
Gan one rufilabris, Leach. , ; : : : :
Hyalina (Rissoa?) Garrett. P. A. N. S. Phila. 1873, p. 217,
pl. 2ifig, 24, (not 25)... : : : : :
Hydrophana (Rissoella), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vi, 332, 1860,
Hystrix (Rissoina), Souverbie. Journ. de Conch. xxv, p. 74,

if, 4. 2==) Re nodieineta, A. ‘Ad.

Imbricata (Barleeia) Watson. pbplenser, xv ,p. 984, pl. 43,
pe: 2,

Imbricata (Rissoina), Gld. Bost. Proe. Vil, 1861, p. 400.
= R. trochlearis, Gld. var. :

Impolita (Rissoa) Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Zealand, p-
29) 1873. +».

Inca (Rissoa), VOrb. Voy. Amer. Mer. p- 52, be 53, (ite 16,
p- 395,

Incerta (Rissoa), Souverbie. 5 ourn. 1. de Conch. p- 53, he i f. 4,

1872, 150, 1876,

415

PAGE.
‘Granulata (Rissoa), Req. Coq. Corse. p. 56.

= R. suberenulata, Schwartz. 363
Granulosa (Rissoina), Pse. Journ. de Conch. aD: 382 Pe 13,

f. 10, 1862, . 383
Granulum (Rissoa) Philip. oe, semistriata, Mont. (?) . 302
Graphicus (Turbo), Brown. Mem. Werner. Soc. li, p. 521, t.

24, f.6. == Rissoa cingilla, Montagu. . 342
Griegi (Setia) Fr. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell. 187 9, p- 974, . 359
Grisea (Rissoa) Martens. Sitzb. Berlin. 1885, p- 92, , . 349
Grossa (Rissoa), Mich. Desc. Gen. Rissoa, p. 8, f 21, 22; oor
Guerinii (Rissoa), Recluz, Rev. Zool. Cuy. p. 7, 1843, o26
Haliotiphila (Barleeia), Carp. Journ. de Conch. xii, p. 144, |. 593
Hanleyi (Rissoina), Schwartz. Familie Rissoiden, P. 64, f. 28,

1860, . 370

Harpa (Rissoa), Verrill. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. lil, p. d74, 1880, 336
Helicina (Skenea) Jeffr. Mss. Monts. Nat. Sicil. 22, 1885, . 398
Hemistomia, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. 72, 1872, 517, 342
Hirta (Rissoa) Monts. Nomencl. Conch. Medit. 64, 1884, 365
Hispidula (Rissoa) Monts. Nomenclatura p. 63, . : . 363
Homalogyra, Jeffreys. Brit. Conch. iv, 67, 1867, . 324, 399
Honoluluensis (Rissoina) Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p.

619, pl. 46, fig. 9, Sadkuk Geo anG
Horrida (Rissoina), Garrett. 'P. A. N.S. Phila. p: 210% ple 2.

fig. 5, 1873, : : : : : . 383
Hungerfordiana ( Rissoina); Neville Weink, Conch. Cab. t

15a. £9, 1881, : ; : , F . 383
Huonensis (Tatea) Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.

1879, 32, 397

416 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Incidata (Rissoa), Frauenf. Novara Exped. p. 12, t. 1 f. 19,
Incompta (Rissoa) A. Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii,

p- 280,

Inconspicua (Rissoa) Alder. ‘Ann. Mag. xiii, 323, ey 327,

Inconspicua (Rissoina) Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales,
Lys OOK SL.

Inclusa (Amphithalamus), Carp. Ann. & Mag. XV, 1865, P
181,

Indica (Rissoina), Nevill. Hand List, p. 75, 1885. :

Inermis (Rissoina) Brazier. — Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, i,
9. B67, é

Inflata (Setia) Monts. Nomencl, eee = R. fusca, "Phil. Var.

Infrastricta (Rissoa) Garrett. Pp. A. N.S. Phila. 1873, P. 215,
pl. 2, fig. 21,

Infratincta (Rissoa,) Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila. 1873, p. 216,

Pl. 2, fig. 22,

Infrequens (Rissoina), C.B. Ad. Panama Shells, p. 403, 1852,

Insenghz (Rissoa), Cale. == R. punctura, Mont. .

Insignis (Rissoa), Ad. & Rve. Voy. Samarang, p. 53, t. hae fas
20, 1850,

Insignis (Rissoa) Folin. Les Meleagrinicoles 48, 1867

Insolita (Rissoa), Desh. Conch. Reunion, p- 63, t. a eo

16, 1863. = R. miranda, A. Ad.
Interfossa (Rissoa), Nevill. Weink. in Kiister, Conch. Cab.
160,

Interfossa (Rissoin: > Car penter. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1865,

AT

Oo JLT: : : ; : 3

Intermedia (Rissoa), Arad: as. “Teste Monterosato.
— R. cimicoides, Forbes.

Interruptus (Rissoa), Adams. Trans. Linn. Soe. v, t. 5, f. 20,

2 ls, F : : ; : ‘
eee (Rissoa), Manis: Sa Conch. Medit. 26, 1872.

— R. contorta Jeff. var. intorta. Monts. :
Iravadia, Blanf. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 56, 1867, ae
Islandicax (Cingula) Friele. Nordske Nordhavn meres P.

28, pl. xi, figs. 8 & 9, .

Isselia, Semper, Mss. Schmeltz, Cat. Mus. Godefroy, v

= Isseliella, Nevill. . ;

Ieccliclla, Nevill. Hand List Ind. Moll. 98, 1885,

Ue eni (Rissoa) Friele. Nyt Mag. 5, f. 4, 1878,
Janus (Rissoa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat. p. 538, 1852,

Japonica (Rissoina), Weink. Conch. Cab. p. 65, t. 15a. f 1

18. = R. spirata, Sowb. ©.
Jeffreysia, Alder. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. 1849,

Jeffreysi (Rissoa), Waller. Ann. & Mag. xiv, 3d. Ser. p. 2

Jickelii (Rissoa), Weink., Conch. Cab. oh 78, t. 150. £4;
TSB1. ==. Blanfordiana, Nevill.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 417

PAGE
Joenia (Rissoa) Ar. et Benoit. Monts., Nat. Sicil. iii, 280.

— Microsetia, Corsure. : ; ; i F ; . 356
Keilostoma, Desh. Anim. sans Vert. Bassin Paris, 1848. epi
Kerguelenensis (HMatoniella), Smith. Ann. & Mag. xvi, p. 70,

TSO, ; ; ; : : : . 891
Kergueleni ( Rissoa), EA; Smith. . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875,

jose ees Bis ek a : ; ; : : e : Pst)"
Kers shawi (Rissoina) Tenison-Woods. Trans. Roy. Soe. Vie-

toria, xiv, p. 07, .- ’ ‘ : } f : . 5 392
Kisloensis (Rissox) Dunker. Moreh. Vid. Med. Kjoben. 128,

1871. —= R. inconspicua, Alder. var. globosa, Mérch. . oa
Krebsi apices Moreh. Malak. Blatt. p. 50, 1876.

— R. multicostata, C. B. Ad. ; : 3 : : fond
Labiata (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. p. ae tcl Vatedie

= R. striatula, Mont. . F . 367
Labiosa (Helix), Mont. Test. “Brit, p- 400, ts 14, £7 + boas

= Baas membranacea, Adams. 3 B29
Teepe ¢ Rissoina), Schwartz. Familie Rissoiden, . 94, i 58,

1860, . : ; : ; : ; 3 : : DOr
Lactea (Rissoa), Brown. Ill. Conch. p. 11, t. 8, f. 87, 1844.

aaa ‘Bryerea, Mont. . : : ; : : ; « ole
Lactea pees: Michaud. Desc. Gen. Rissoa, p. 7, t. 11, f.

1PAG ERE : : , : , . BOD
Bactnalie, ( Amphithalamus), Carpenter. Proc. Cal. Acad.

Sci. 1865, p. 217, : : : . 340
Leevigata ( (Rissoa), Menke. Synopsis, p- ‘82, 1830, . . 369

Leevigata (Rissoina), C. B. Ad. Contrib. C airs é p. 114, 1850, 390
Leevis (Delphinula) en Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, 146, 1844.

— Skenea Serpuloides, Mtg. : : ‘ ; . 398
Levis (Cingula) DeKay. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Mollusca, p. ii,

pl. 6, fig. 148, : : c ; : ; : ; . d46
Leevis ( (Rissoa), Monts. Journ. de Conch. xxv, p. 36, pl. ii,

fig. 9, 1st. == Ki similis,.Seacchi. ,, . : 324, 341
Levis (Rissoa ne var.) Sars. Bidr. Kundsk. Christian. il.

—— by, tureida; Jeffreys. P : : . 303
Levissima (Rissoina), C. B. Ad. . Contrib. Conch. p. 115,

1850. = R. Browniana, d’Orbigny. . : é =2000
Lamberti (Rissoa), | Souverbie. Journ. de Conch. p. oo) 5, t. 14,

f. 6, 1870. = R. spirata, Sowb. . 388
Lanciz, (Rissoa) Caleara. Cenno sui Moll. Viv. & foss. “della

Sicil. -p. 20, pl. iv, fie; 12... . 361
Lanciz (Rissoa), Monts. Nuoy. Rivista, p- 97.

= R. pagodula, B.D. D. . 366
Lantzi (Rissoa) C. Velain. Archiv. Zool. Exper. 1877 ‘f P 114,

tap ay 14,1. . . 344

Lanzai (Rissoa) Dunker (in coll. ee ot 5 decorata, Phil. (O20
oe

418 INDEX. AND SYNONYMY.

Latilabre (carychium) Jan. Monts., Nat. Sicil. iii, 37.
== WN: Halen : : ‘ . : ;
ion Cingula) Mighels & cane Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.
ili, p. 48, pl. 4, fig. 22, f ; f : f
Laurae (Rissoa) Folin. Fonds de ie Mer. i, p. 263, pl. xxiv,
fig. 5, ; , ; é : : : ; :
Layardi (Rissoa) Petterd. Journ. of Conch. 1884, p. 138,

Leacocki (Rissoa), Watson. Zool. Proc. p. 365, t. 34, f. 1, '

LOWS: : ‘ F ; ; f : : ; f
Leptalea (Cingula) Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 182,
pl. 32, fig. 10. = R. saxatilis, Moller.

Lia (Rissoa), Benoit, Mss. Monterosato, Conch. Medit. p. beat

Ligata (Alvania) Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist. vii, p.

402, 1860, 350
Ligata (Rissoa), Gould. Sowb. Conch. Icon. sp. 105,

=e rac iilcans: Gould. >: : 394
Lignea (Rissoa), Thorpe. Reeve, Conch: Icon. fig. 81,

? = R. lineata, Risso. 360
Lilacina (Rissoa), Recluz. Rev. Zool. Cuv. p. 6, 1848, 329
Limbata oe ingula) Hutton. New. Zealand Journ. of Science,

p- 477, 1, 1883, : : : ; 5 ee
Limpida ( Setia) Monts. Nat. Sicil. ii, p. 279, ; ‘
Lineata (Rissoa) Petterd. Journ. of Conch. 1884, p. 137, 368
Lineata (Rissoa), Risso. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 142, f. 120, 1826, 360
Lincta (Rissoa) sateen P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 387, pl. 36, fig. 26, 341
Lineolata (Rissoa decorata, Phil. var.) Brusina. Moll. Dalmat.,

19, , : f : : : : , . 020
Lineolata (Rissoa), ‘Mich. Dese. Gen. Rissoa, p. 9,.f, 13,445

1832, : ; : : ; 2 : : : oe
Lirata (Rissoa striata, Ad. var.) Watson. P. Z. 8. 1873, p.

368, pl. 34, fig. 4, Ge ; : : ; ; . 847
Lirata (Rissoina) Angas. P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 417, pl. 40, fig. ine ote
Littorinseformis (Rissoa?) Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phil. 1873, p.

215, pl. 2, fig. 20, 398
Loxostoma, Bivona, Gen. e spec 1838.

— Rissoa, Freminville.

Lucida (Nevillia) H. Adams. “Zool. Proc. 289, 1868, 2 . 360
Lucida ( Anoba) A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xi, 1863, p.
BOO. Ae s : 350, 596
Tae ‘(Putilla) Ny RE Ad. eral Proc. if 312, 1867, +396
Luscinize (Rissoa Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 597, pl. AA,

fig. € 3, < ; 362
Lyrata (Rissoina), Gould. Bost, Proc, vii, p- 401, 1861, 379
Macandrewi (Rissoia), Manzoni. Journ. de Conch. p. 164, t.

10, £ 1.1868; , ‘ : . d ; . 837
Maccoyi (Ris ssoa ) Tenison- Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1876,

p. 154, ; : ; : t : : ; . dol

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE

Macilenta (Setia) Monts. En. & Sin. p. 2 ; 355
Macra (Ceratia) Watson. Challenger Rent. XV, p. 603, pl. 45,

fig. 10, ? : : . 351
Maculata (Rissoa), Brown. Ul. Chick. p- 12, t. 9, fs », 6, “1845.

— R. inconspicua, Alder... : . 027, 384
Maculata (Rissoa), Monts. ‘Test. Nuov. Sicil. Ps ipl

— R. semistriata, Monts. (?) : ' , 7 : LPoDe)
Madreporica (Cingula), Issel. Malac. Mar Rosso. p. 200,

1869; 5 2,\fie: 8; : ] : ; . 393
Mainwaringiana (Pascoina). Nevill: Hand List, p. 83, 1885, 381
Major (Barleeia rubra, var), Monterosato. Journ. de Conch.

p- 315, 1877. = B. majuscula Monts. ; : :
Major (Rissoa elegantissima, Seguenza, var.) Monts. Nuova

Rivista, p. 27. == R. subsoluta, Arad. 368
Majuscula (Barleeia) Monts. Il Nat. Sicil. ili, p. 230,

— B. rubra, Ads. : ; 392
Mammillata (Rissoa), Risso. Eur. Merid. iv, P. 145, f, 128.

== Kecimex, Linn. : : . 360
Mandralisci, (Rissoa) Aradas. Monts. Tl Nat. Sicil. ili, "929.

a. punctulum, Philip. . 340
Manzonia, Brusina. Ipsa Chieregh. Conchyl., 201, 1870, 316, 35
Marginata (Rissoa), Mich. Dese. Gen. Rissoa, p. 11, f. 15, 16,

1830, i 334
Marginatus (Turbo), Laskey. ‘Mem. Wer. Soe. i, p- 406.

== Rissoa auriscalpium, Linn 5 F : F 339
Marize (Rissoa), B. D. D. Moll. Roussillon, t. 36, f 7-10.

= R. Gergonia, Chier. : 3 : . 362
Marie (Rissoa (Cingula)), Tenison: W nde Proc. Roy. Soe.

Tasmania, 1875, p. 147, : : : : Satie!
Mariella (Alvania), A. Adams. orn & Mag. Nat. Hist. viii,

1861, p. 138, : ; ‘ 365
Mirions: (Alvania) Mont. Buta p- 26. 365
Marionee (Oduetaria), Macegilliv. Moll. Aderdeen.

— R. striata, Mont. ‘ : : : ' ; ont
Marionensis (Setia) Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 607, pl.

44, fir. 12, . : ; : : $ . 306
Marmorata (Rissoa), Cantraine. Bull. Acad. Belg. ix, p. 347.

— R. semistriata, Mont. : ; : ° 352
aarbyni (Cingula robusta, ie var.) Dall. Proc. U. 8. Nat

Mus. 1886, p. 308, pl. iii, fig. 9, . prae
Massotia, Bueq. Dautz. Dollf. Moll. Rouss. p. 298, 1884, 319, 365
Matoniana, (Rissoa), Recluz. Rev. Zool. Cuv. p. 9, 1843.

= R. interrupta, Ad. . , , ’ : : : . dd2
Mauritiana (Rissoa), Martens. Mauritius, p. 285, t. 20, f. 17,

1890, %—: : ; : } . 367
“getter (Rissoa), Friele. Nyt Mag. Naturv. pO; f 4Acanb:

1878, : : d : : ; : . : . 338 »

420 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
aera (Rissoina), Schwartz. Familie Rissoiden, p- 92, f. 56,
1860, . : ; : ! ; ; : : . 382
Melanostoma (Rissoa), ), Requien. Coq. Corse p. 53 no 28, . 926
Melanura (Rissoa) C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch. 116, 1850.
== Alaba. : : : : : : i ; q
Melanura (Rissoa) Tenison-Woods. Proce. Roy. Sci. Tasm.
1876, p. 153, : : ; i ; ; ' 358

Membranacea (Rissoa) Adams. Linn. Trans. v, t. 1, f. 14, 15, 329
Membranacea (Rissoa), var. Jeffreys. Brit. Coneh. iv, p. 31

= R. elata, Phil. ; : ; ; . 331

Mcvedneat (Onoba) Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 600,
pl. 45, fig. 12, : : ; PF rote. . . 348

_ Mercurialis ( Rissoina ) Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 619,
pl. 46, fig. 8, : : : ; : : : . 378

_ Messanensis( Risoa), Seguenza. Mss. Aradas & Benoit, Conch,
Viv. Sicil. p. 314, 1870, ° . é . 356
“Mieans (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p. 265, 1851, : Rye |

Micrometrica (Rissoa), Seguenza, Mss. Aradas. « Benoit,
Conch. Sicil. p. 314, t..5, f 3, 4 ; ‘ : : 5,36:

Microsetia, Monts. Nomencl. Conch. Medit. 74,1884 . 3 8, 303
Microstelma, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. xi, 347, 1863, 32 20, 319
Microstoma (Rissoa) Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 591, pl.

44, fig. 10, . x ae ‘ : p ‘ . 328
Microthyra (Barleeia), Maittene: Mauritius, p. 205, t. 20, f.

18, 1880, Amphithalamus. : : 2 : ; . 309
Mighelsi (Rissoa) Stimpson. Bost. Proc. iv, 15.

= R.arenaria, Migh. Ad. . 4 ‘ ‘ . d4/
Millecostata (Rissoina) Garrett.,.P:oA. AN. S. Pia 873, p.

210), pl. 2, fig..3,. : ; : : ; : ; E . 387
Milleri (Rissoa) F olin. Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 143,-pl. xxii,

AE:,.D5, 21 ‘ J . : : i : E spA2
Minima (Jeffreysia), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vil 332, 1860, OG

Minor (Jeftrey "sia ete: Jeffr. var.) Monts. Il Nat. Sicil.
1885, p..21, Si '
Minor CHacana enn lare var.), Phil. Moll. Geil op. £26.

R suberenulata, Schwartz. P . 1903
Minor (Rissoina trochlearis, var.), } Nevill. Hand List, p- ies

1885, : : : ; ; : . 394
Minuta (Rissoa) Totten. Am. Jour. Science, XXWi, 369, ievre,

1834, . ; : , : =: ’ . 346

Minuta ¢ ‘Rissoina), ee ill. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xlin, Pt.
25 ps 20yibe al Pte 15 5, 1874, ; ee ‘ F ‘ . of0
Minutissima (Rissoa), Mich. Dese. Gen. Rissoa, p. 17, f. 27,

28,;'= R. striata, Mont: . p < ; : ¢ . O44
Minutissima (Rissoina) Tenison-Woods. Proce, Roy. Soc. Tas-
mania; p. 122,.1877,. . : F : : : 3 Boe

_Mirabilis (Rissoa), Manzoni. Journ. de Conch. xvi, p. 165, t.
10, f. 5,.1868, ‘ : ; : : , ‘ : . 390

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Mirabilis (Rissoina), Dkr. Mus. Godeff iv, p. 75, <1321,.:391
Miranda (Rissoina), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. viii, p. 135, 1861, 391
Miritica (Onoba) A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, p.

348, ; : , : : , ; ; . 390
Modesta (¢ ‘ingula) H. C. Lea. Proce. Bost. Soc. 1844, p. 205.

Assiminea. $ : ; ; ' ; . ; . 346
Modesta (Rissoina) Gould. Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. vii,

1860, p. 401, : : ;, . 387
Mohrensterni (Rissoa), Desh. Conch. Reunion, p. 62, t. 8, f. 6,

i; 1868; , ? ; F ; ¢ z 386
Mohrensternia, Stoliez. Pal. Indica, ii, 274, 1868, 316
Monilifera (Rissoina), Nevill. Hand List, p. 79, 1885, 379
Monilis (Rissoina), ie Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 264, 1851, Ney¥el
Reese Rissoa), Watson. Zool. Proc., p. 373, t. 34, f. 10,

1878, ; ; ; , . : : : ; . 349
Monodonta (Rissoa), Bivona. Nuov. Riv. —. : : . 3380
Montacuti (Rissoa), Payradeau. Moll. Corsica, p. iii, t. 5, f.

US, Ta, eS Re Boneeut Payt..: é : p60
Montagui (Rissoa), Payr. Cat. Moll. Corse, p. 111, t. 5, f. 13,

14, 1826, ‘ : Z ; ; , : d . 360
Monstrosa (Rissoina Montrouzieri, var.), Nevill. Hand: List,

p. 90, 1885. = R. spirata, Sowb. . 388
Montrouzieri (Rissoina), Souverbie. Journ. dew one ane we p. 237,

t. 9, f. 5, 1862. = R. spirata, Sowb. See
Morchiella, Nevill. Hand List Ind. Mus. ii, 88, 1884; Sec ‘tion

F. of Rissoina, Hand List, 73): ~. a OOS aE
Mo6rehii (Cingula), Collin. Brae hionopoder, Muslinger og Snegle

fra Kara-Hayet, 16, 1886, 348
Mucronata (Rissoa), Menke. Synopsis, p. 83, 1830, ; . 369
Multicostata ( Rissoa deliciosa, Jeff. er) Jeffr.. P.Z.S., 1884,

gs a ae : 328
Multicostata (Rissoima), C. iB: “Ade ( ontrib. Kopnel: - p. 114,

1850. Deine elegantissima, COED ; - 371, 347
Multicost: ata, ( Rissoina ), Garrett. Calif. Proc., p. 108, 185 ie

== he. Hea Gld. , : 371
Multicosts ata (Rissoina), Schwartz. Rissoiden, p. 86.

= R. Krebsi, Morch : ; 371
Multilineata (Rissoa), pumpeen Best. Proc: i eas », 1851.

— R. striata, Adams. : 347
Munda (Sabanea), Monts. Il Nat. Sicil.. ill, p. 139, 336
Mundula (Jeffreysia), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vi, 332, 1860, 397
Mundula (Onoba), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. viii, 1861,

p. 136; .. ; . 350
Mutabilis ( Alvania), Sahay artz, Mss. Weewle ( nae Mitt. il,

p. 311.. = Alvania scabra, Philip. , , f Robes
Myosoroides (Rissoina), Recluz. Fide Schwartz, Familie

Rissoiden, p. 66, f. 30,1860. = R. ambigua, Gld. var. BY Al

422 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE,
Nana (Rissoa), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Zealand, : 28,

TSv3.° . ; : : . 893

Nana (Rissoa), Phil. Test. Verst., p. 52, 7 1843.

== IR. dolium, Nyst...": t , . o02
Neglecta (Rissoa), Locard. Cat., p. 256.

il cif variabilis, Muhlf. : 4 : : ; 320
Nevillia, A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 289, 1868, : ‘ : 319, 366
Nevilliana (Rissoina), Weink. Conch. Cab., p. 68, t. 15a, f. 7,

(ea L570 Pas et a : . : . 3 u ; ; ee
Nicolosiana (Rissoa), Arad. Benoit. Conch. della Sicil.

== R. Montagui, Payr. ; : : J : : . 360
Nigra (Cingula), Krauss. Sud-Afrik. Moll., le as 6.5, 78. Oy

1848, ; : : : i350
Nitens (Apic ularia), Monts. Il Nat. Sicil., Ea “140: No-

mencl., p. 47, 3 : : : : snl
Nitens (Py1 ramis), Brown. Tl. Conch., t. 50, £77 , 1827.

= Rissoina Bryerea, Mont. . ; ; ote
Nitens (Rissoa) Dunker. Frauenf, Novara Exped., p: tae

Date De. 1866, : ; 3 . 309
Nitida (Hyala), A. Ad. NA. X Mag. vi 123, Oa 0 aeee bao
Nitida (Jeffreysia), Sars. Vidensk. Forh., 1858.

— Liostomia eburnea, Stimp. : oud
Nitida (Rissoa), Brus. Mas: Monts. Nuova, Bivictas Dp. 28, . 340
WNatida CRissoina), A. Ad: Zool. ABEOes pe220; 1851.

= R. bellula, A Ad. :. ; , ; ‘ : , {008
} Nitidissime (Skenea), Forbes & eee Brit. Moll. iii, 158.

— Homalogyra atomus, Ph. : f : foe
Nitidula (reais Gld. Bost. Proc. vii, 1861, p. 400, . . 385
Nivea (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 265, 1851, 3 . 879

Nodicincta (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proce., p. 266, 1851, 383, 376
Nodosa (Risson), Brusina in Sched. Moll. Dalm., 29,

— R. Frauenfeldiana, Brusina. . : 4 ; : . 326
Nodulifera (Rissoa), Kust. Conch. re 106.

= R. variabilis, Muhlf. ‘ ; : : 5 5 320
Nodulus, Monts. Enum. Sin., 26, 1878, . 317, 340
Novarensis (Alvania), Frauenf. Voy. Novara, p. t: 2, f 16,

1ST, i } ; ‘soe
Novarensis (Rissoa), Watson. Tae Proc. ts ps its 30; v3 138,

1873. = R. euchila, Watson. . ‘ . 33D
Obeliscus (Rissoina), Recluz. Schwartz, Rissoina, p. 53, . 316
Obesus (Amphithalmus), H. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 754, 1865, . 540
Oblita (Rissoa), Tiberi, Mss. = R. turgida, Jetfr. . : . B00
Oblonga (Rissoa), Desm. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, p. 7, f. 5,

1814, . : : : : : : d ; , dal

Oblonga (Rissoa), Midd. Malac. Ross., p. 26.
— R.venusta, Phi: 7. 3 2 ; ‘ : ve

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Obscura (Rissoa), Phil.. Enum,’ Moll. Sic. ii, p. 127, t: 23, f.

10, 1844. R. parva, ee

Obtusa (Rissoa abyssicola, var.), Jeffreys. Ann. & Mag., p.

13, 1870. =R. subsoluta, Aradas.

Obtusa (Rissoa), Cantraine. Bull. Acad. eriealice 1842, pt.

ll, p. 348, R. soluta, Phil.
Obtusispira ( (Rissoa ), Seg. Mss. = R. turgida, Jeff.

Oceani (Risso), Aradas & Benoit. Conch. Viv. Sicil., p. 197.

— R. suberenulata, Schwartz. 3 i
Ochroleuca (Setia), Brusina. | J. C., 1869, p. 247, .
Octona (Rissoa), Linn. Nilsson, Moll. Sued., p. 92.

= R. membranacea, Adams. V ar.

Oenonensis (Rissoa), Brusina. Moll. Dalm., p. 20, pl. 3, fig. 6.

— R. albella, Lovén.

Olivacea (Alvania), Frauenfeld. Voy. “Novara,” pl. ii, fig.

14,

Olivacea (Dardania), Hutton. Trans. N. Zealand Inst., 1881,

BI AAT. : ‘ : ; :
Omalogyra, Jeffreys. Jour. de Conch., 1860.

— Homalogy ra, Jefir. . f : f
Omphalotropis ( (Rissoella) ), A. ‘Ad. Ann. & Mag., pe a02, 1860,

Onoba, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Ree. Moll., 1, 331, 1854, . 318,
Opalina (Jeffreysia), Jeffreys. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 5d Ser.,

ii, 351,

Orientalis (Rissoa), Nevill. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., p. 161,

1881. = R. triticea, Pse.

Ornata (Iravadia), Blanford. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., p. 6,

bodes Lon 4s 1567) ~. : : ; : ;
Ornata (Rissoa), Phil. Zeitsch. ftir Malak., p. 97, 1846.

— R. splendida, Eichw. : : : : $
Oryza (Rissoina), Garrett. Proc. Phila. Acad., p. 210, pl. 2

fig. 4, 1873,

Ovatella (Rissoa), Forbes. Rep. Brit. Assoc. xiii, p. 189,
] >» |

1843. = R. similis, Seace. ;

Pachia (Rissoa), Watson. ee Hep KY, ps O02) pl:

45, fig. 7

Pachylabris (Rissoina d’ Orbignyi, var.) , Nev ill. Hand List,

p. 92,1885. == R. spirata, Sowb.

Pagodula (Rissoa), Buquoy, D. D. of Rouss., p. 296, t. 56,

f, 23-26, ‘ ; : ; ; 2 F é :
Pallida ( Barleeia rubra, var.), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch. iii.

Pallida oad ra atomus, Ph. var.), Brus. Med. & Adr. a
Pallida (Microsetia fulgida, Ad. var.), Jeffreys. Monts. Nat.

Sicil. iii, 280, “

Paludinoides ( Rissoa), Cale. Monog. Spiror bis & Succinin Pal.,
1841, p. 10. = Setia fusca, Philip.

Papuana (Rissoa), Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civico, Genoa, ix, 288,

424 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
Paradoxa (Zippora), Monts. I] Nat. Sicil. 1, p. 137, . sel
Parva (Rissoa), DaCosta. Brit. Conch., p. 104, 1779, . J1B82
Parva(Rissoa, Var.) , Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll. iii, t. 76,
f. 6, t. 80, f. 1-4. = R. interrupta, Adams. : . 332
Parva ( (Rissoa), Jethiers. Brit. Conch. iv, p. 26.
ae radiata: Phare. ; : : . 333

Be yanetin: Monts. Nomencl. Conch. Medit., 3, 1884, . 319, 358
Parvula (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., p. is, t 9, f. 2, 1884, 337

Paryphostoma, Bayan, 1873. = Keilostoma, Desh. : 2h

Patens (Setia), A. Gould: Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii, p.
2804 ae : : ‘ , . { B59

Patula (Onova: ests ‘Ad. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. xi, 1863, p.
BAQy ai j : : : , : . ‘ : . 350

Paucicostata (Ammonicerina), O. G. Costa. Mierod. Medit.,
p. 7, t. 11, £1, 1861. — Homalogyra rota, Forbes & Hanley. 399
Paupercula (Cingula), C. B. Adams. Panama Catalogue.

=== Wiel.) pet : : ; : : ‘ ; ; . 346
Paupercula (Rissoa cimex, Linn. var.), Monts. Bull. Soe.

Mal. Ital., 1879, p. 223, : ‘ ; : ; ’ . 360
Peaseana (Rissoina), Nevill. Weink. Conch. Cab., t. 15a, f. 6.

— R. pererassa, Nevill. ‘ é : : : f . 389

Pedicularis (Rissoa), Menke. Zeitsch. ftir Malak., p. 45, 1845, 369
Pelagica (Rissoa), Stimpson. Bost. Proe. iv, 15.

— R. earinata, Mighels and Ads. f : : . d48
Pelecydium, Fischer. Fonds de la Mer; u, 183, 18725... 317g a4
Pellucida (Skenea), Monterosato, Mss. Jour. Conch., 1874, p.

2630. ==: helecinas Jeffreys, Mss. ‘ 398
Pellyze (Amphithalamus), Nevill. Journ. Aeiat: Soc: Beng. it

Pt. 2,165, 1881, .. . 840
Peloritana (Rissoa) ; Aradas & Benoit. Conch, Viv., p: 205.

== R. lineata, ‘Risso: ; : ’ 4 . 360
Bare rassa (Rissoa), Nevill. Jowen: “Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xlin,

p. 26, oa fal3, 1874. 4 : } . 389
Peringiella, Monts. Enum. e Sin., 27, 54, 1878, : . dl%,.341
Perlanceolata (Rissoina Ser var.), Nevill. Hand List,

75, ; , ‘ : : 4 ; 3716

Perlata | (Rissoa), Morch. "Mal. Blatt. vii, p. 68, 1860, . 4-365
Perminima (Rissoa), Manzoni. Journ. de Conch., p. 244, t. 10,

Tod ol ato mae 5 : 7 ¢ , . 353.
Pernambucensis (Risso), Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p.

590, pl. 44, fig. 9, : . 2 : ' x ~ O50
Perpusilla (Rissoina ambigua, var.), Nevill. Hand List, p.

FA, M8808) 1 t } : : Tp

Persephona, Leach. Moll. Great Brit., 189, 1852, . - db6) 380
Peteningensis (Cingula), Gould. Wilkes’ Expl. Exped., 1852,

p- 130, fie 152; 15a) bo 2b. ee ; . 346
Petitii (Skenea), Fischer. Jour. de Conch., 178, 288, 1857, . 398

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

?AGE.,
Pharaonica (Folinia), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 259, 33
Philippiana (Rissoa), Jeffr. Ann. & Mag. xvii, p. 185.

= R. pagodula, B. D. D. : Nass: 366
Philippiana (Rissoina), Pfr. Reeve’s Icon., f. 103.

= R. eancellata, Phil. . , : a 5 . : . 381
Philomelee (Setia), Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 609, pl.

45, fig. 2, . : ‘ ! é ; E 3 : . 356
Phosinella, Morch. Mal. Blatt. xxiii, 51,1876, . . 320, 381
Picta.(Nevillia), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 289, 1868, . 366
Picta (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Ann. & Mag., p. 435, 1867, 352

Pinne (Rissoa), Krauss. Sud. Maik Moll, v - hee, 2. ale

1848, 333
Pisinna, Monts. Paine e Sin, «) 20, 1878, : Bry
Plagiostyla, Fischer. Fonds de la Mer, j 50, 1872, ol6% 302
Planorbis (Skenea), eae Faun. Grands 294, B98
Plicata (Rissoa), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Zealand: p. 2 eo
Plicata (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 264, 1851, 375
Plicatula (Rissoa), Gould. Bost. Proc. vii, p. 401, 1861, cold
Plicatula (Rissoa), Risso. Hist. Eur. Merid., p. 145, f. 154,

L826) j : : 5 : | « B25
Plicatus (Turbo) ), Muhlf, Verh. Berl. Gesell. i, p: 202; t..9, f.

2. = Rissoa costata, Adams. : F : ‘ » Bob
Poliana (Mangelia), Risso. Hist. Eur. Merid. Ny pii2Z1) if.

105, 1826. == Rissoina Bruguieri, Payr. . B10
Polychroma (Rissoa), Folin. "Fonds de la Mer, i, “p. 133, pl.

Mo AO) a 800
Polyzona ( Homalogyra teres) Ph., var.), Bras! Med. & Adr. 399
Porifera (Rissoa), Loven. Ind. Moll. Seand., p. 24, 1846.

— R. violacea, Desm. Var. . 330
Preeusta (Rissoa), Recluz. Rev. Zool. Cuv., p- 105, 1843, 369
Princeps (Rissoa), C. B. Ad. Contrib. C onch. Ape 116, 1850.

— R. reticulata, Sowb. ; ; i ‘ ; : . 885
Principis (Setia), ‘Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 608, pl.

44, fig. 13, : : : : 4 : . 306
Privati ‘(Rissoina), Tighe, Les fonds de la Mer, 1867, p. 16, t.

1, fig. 8, 4 I - : 3 } . 382
Procera (Onoba) )s A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii, 136,

1861, xi, 1865, p. 348, . 3 : : : ; : . 390
Procera (Rissoa), A. Ad.. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. viii, 1861,

p. 136, . , ‘ ; 5 ‘ ; . 368
Protensa (Rissoa), Locard, Cat.256. = R. variabilis, Muhlf. 325
Proxima (Rissoa), Alder, Mss. Thompson, Ann. & Mag. xx,

p; -174, . ‘ : : : : t j ¢ . 801
Psammitica (Cingula), Issel. Mal. Mar Rosso, 1869, p. 201,

t. 2; fiei’ 9, ’ : : j . . 330
Pseudobryerea (Rissoina), Nevill. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

1881, pt. 11, p. 164, 379

426 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Pseudoconcinna (Rissoa), Nevill. Hand List, p. 98,1885, . 391
Pseudoprinceps (Rissoina), Weink. Conch. Cab., p. 95.

— R. reticulata, Sowb. 385

Pee idlosetie Mout Nat. Sicil. 10, O81. —= Microsetia, Monts.
Pulehella (Dunkeria), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 120,

1860, . ; ‘ , : ; ; :
Pulchella (Homalogyra), Costa. Microd. Med. Napoli, 1861,

318

Paes)

p. 71, t. 12, f.1. = H. rota, Forbes & Hanley. . 398
Pulchella (Rissoa), Danilo & Sandri. Elenco Nom., p. 58.

=- R. decorata, Phil. : , : : ; . 826
Pulchella (Rissoa), Petterd. Quar. Journ. Conch., 1884, p.

hoe. ets : ; é ; : ; . 368
Pulchella (Rissoa), ‘Phil. Enum. Moll. Sie. i, p. 155, t. 10,8

12. : : : ‘ «O08
Pulehella Rissoa) Paceon Hist, Eur. Merid., p. 121, 1826.

— R. aurise alpium, Linn. : : : : : pee
Pulchella (Rissoina), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales,

1, p. 367, : : : : : ; . 392
Pulcherrima (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Ann. & Mag. ii, p. 351, 1848, 352
Pulehra (Rissoa), at OF B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., p. 114, 1850.

— Rissoa cancellata, Phil. Var. . : F : i woul
Pulchra (Rissoa), Forbes. Rep. Brit. Assoc. xii, p. 189, 1843.

= R. dolium, Nyst. . 382
Pulechra (Rissoa), Johnson. = R. couches Mont. eon
Pulicaria (Cingula), Fischer. Fonds de la Mer, Lisp» ZO pl.

ax, fie: AS , ; . 855
Pulla (Rissoa), Brown. IIL. Conch., p- 13, t. 9, £ 25, 1844.

— R. membranacea, Adams. f af a29
Pumila (Hyala), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. ‘Hist. vl, 12: 5 S(O) koe

Pumila (Rissoa), Monts. Nomencel. Conch. Medit., 1A, 1884,... 3%

Punctata (Rissoa), Potiez. Galerie, i, p. 274, t. 28, -f. 3, 4,
1838. = R. violacea, Desm. : ; , : :
Punctato-striata (Rissoa), Tenison Woods. P. R. §. Tasm.,
1878, p. 35, : j ; ; ; : ; : :
Punctifera (Rissoa), Watson, Mss. = R. depicta, Mazoni.
Punctata (Rissoa), Kust. Conch. Cab., 106.
=: R. variabilis, Muhlf. : é } f : : :
Punctulum (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, 154, t. 10, f.
11. =R. glabrata, Muhlf. : ;
Punctum (Rissoa), Cantraine. Bull. Acad. Bruxelles., 1842,
pt. i, p. 347, ; : ; :
Puncturata (Rissoa), Macgill. ” Moll. Aber d.
= R. punctura, Mont. : : , : , ;
Punctura (Turbo), Montagu: Test. Brit. ii, p. 320, t. 12, f 5,
Pupiformis (Rissoa), A. Adams. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. v,
1860, p. 411, ‘ ; . 4 ‘ :
Pupoidea (Fenella), Carpenter. Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1865,
p- 217, : : : , ; F ‘ , :

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Pupoides (Fenella), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vi, 1860, p. 336,
Pupoides (Amphithalmus), ar Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 754, 1865,
pape (Rissoa), Requien. Coq. Corse.. p. 56.

- R. proxima, Alder.

Pura (Aly ania), x Gould. Proe. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. vil, p.

427
PAGE.

394
340

402, 1860, : : 3 : : ; BOD
Purpurea (Alvania), Dall. Amer. Journ. Conch. viii, p. 116,

cy ear : ; ; , F : : ; 5 365
Purpurea (Rissoa), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Zeal., p. 29

Sto, . = i : ; : : ; fe!
4 urpurea ( Rissoa ), McAndrew. Monts. I] Nat. Sicil. i, 140.

—= R. violacea, Desm. . 330
Pusilla (Rissoa), Phil. Hain: Moll. Bie. ip: 154, t. 10, af i)

1S56. = Re. dolium, Nyst. ’ 339
Pusilla (Rissoina), Schwartz: Rissoiden, t. 4, “f, 29.

— R. ambigua, Gld. ; 371
Pusillina, Monts. Nomene. Conch. Medit.. 56, 1884, 3116
Putilla, A. Adams. Zool. Proc.,.212, 1867, . : Bee Ooo0
Pygmiea (Risso), Mich. Desc. Gen. Rissoa, p. 18, f. 25, 26.

- R. fulgida, Adams. . ; ; ; ; : 354
Py a dali (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 264, 1851, 369
Pyramidella (Rissoa), Brown. © Ill. Conch., p. 11, 1844.

— R. decussata, Mont. . A ; : : ; . 385

Pyrat delioideas Nevill. Hand List, 11, p. 95, 1884, O20, onl

Pyrgula (Ceratia), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vi, p.

1870, p. 121,

Pyrrhias ( Rissoa), WW ataor Challenger Rept vi, pe 588, pl.

44, fig. 4

Quadrata (Alvania), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii,
p- 402, 1868, ; ; ; é : ' j j

Quisquiliarium (Setia), Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 609,
pl. 45, fig. 3, : ‘ ;

Radiata (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 151, t. 16, f
to, 1836; <-; 3 , ; ‘ 3 :

Reticulata (Fenella) Vea ‘Ad. on & Mag. vi, p. 422, 1860;
Smith, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vol., 168, 478, ;

Reticulata (Mangelia), Risso. Hist. Europe Merid. lv, p. 211,
Z. 12,1526, . == Se Bruguerei, Payr.

Reticulata (Rissoa), Carp. (non Mont. ) Ann. ‘& M: ag. xiv, p.
429, 1864—=R. Carpenteri, Weink. . .

Reticulata (Rissoa), Mont. Test. Brit., p. 322, t. 21, f. i .

Reticulata (Rissoa), Sowb. Conch. Manual, e 346: Genera
‘of Shells, t. 208, f. 1, 1820-1824, . : ; ; :

Rimata (Barleeia subtenuis, var.), Carp. Jour. Conch., 1865,
p. 144, . : : ;

AVS INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGI
Rissoanus (Turbo), Delle Chiaje, iii, p. ae 829.

Rissoa variabilis, Muhlf. ». SoD
Rissoella, Gray. Zool. Proc., 159, 1847. — Jeffrey sia, widen 393
Rissoia, Frémenville. Desm. Bull. Soc. Philom., 7, 1814, 314, 315,

395,
Rissoi (Rissoina), Andouin. Expl. Savigny, Deser. Egypte,

fie Agata i af NOE ep O01 AE 378
Bicsetormen Fenella), Tecelt Mal. Mar Rosso, 1869, . 395
Rissoina, d’Orb. Voy. Amér. Merid., 1840, . : . 819, 369
Rissolina, Gould. Bost. Proc., 1861; Otia Conch., » 145, . 320, 374
Rissopsis, Garrett. Proce. Philad. Acad., 228, 1873, : 319, 359
Rissostomia, Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., 179, ion + OLD, ee

Robusta (Cingula), Dall. MS. Krause, Archiv fiir Naturg.

|S ea ees ae

Robusta (Cingula), H. C. Teas Pace. Bost. Soc., 1844, p. 204.

?— R. latior, Mighels & Adams. ; ,
Rosea (Rissoa ‘cyclostoma, var.), Tenison Woods. P. B.S
Tasmania, 1876, p- 153, :
Rosea (Rissoa), Desh. Conch Peano p- 61, i ie f. 29; 1863,
Rosea (Rissoa), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Fealath p. 29,
187:

Rota tans yi a Forbes & Hanley. “Brits Conch. ili, 160, ¢

Rubra (Barleeia), Adams. Trans. Linn. Soe. iii, t. 13, f. 15,

Rubrocincta (Rissoa). Danilo & Sandri. Elenco Nom., p. 54.

— R. similis, Seacchi. .
Rudis ( Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii \p. Ds: ‘t. 23, f 12
Rufa (Risson), Ph. Zeitsch. ftir Malak., p. 167, 1848, ‘
Rublabrum (Rissoa), Alder. Ann. Mag. xiii, 325, 1815.
- R. violacea, Desm. Var.

Rufocinet ta (Dunkeria), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. viii, 300, 1861, :
Rufula (Rissoa ee var.), Monts. Journ. de Conch., p.

39, 1877, ; : :

Rugulosa ( (Rissoa), eas Foss. Sicilians.
= Alvania lineata, Risso. . A

Rugulosa (Rissoa), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. . Zealand, p.
Dolson 2e :

Rupestris (Rissoa), Forbes. Ann. & Mag. v; 'p. 107, t. 2, f. 3.
— R. cingillus, Mont. var.

Russinoniaca (Alvania), Locard. Cats P 948,
R. striatula, Mont. i

Rustica (Cingula), Watson. Challenger Rept. XV, rs 604, pl.
44, fig. 11, .

Sabanzea (Leach), Gray, "Zool. Proc., 152, 1847, : : 316,

Paes (Rissoa), Cantraine. Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, 1842 pt.

, P- 348; Watson, Zool. Proc., 387, 187:
= Rk. elabrata, Mihlf

Sagraiana (Rissoina), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, . p- 25, ifs 12, f.
. 384

4, 5, 1852,

345
339

340

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 499

PAGE.

Salebrosa (Rissoa), Frauenf. Novara Exped., p. 11, t.2, f. 15, 327

Samoensis (Rissoina), Dkr. Mus. Godeftroy, iv, p. 75, . . 384
Sancti-Pauli (Jeffrey sia), C. Velain. Arch. Zool. Exper., 1877.

p. 116, pl. 3, fig. Pyrat. P 3 BOF

Bbitdarsci (C ingula), V errill.. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv, p. 241, 346
Sardoa é Alanis), Risso. Europ. Merid. iv, p. 145.

- Rissoa Montaguii, Payr. . : : 860
Sarai (Rissoa ), Lovén. Ind. Moll. Se and, p. 24, 1846.
—_R. albella, Lovén. . ‘ s t , 834
Saxatilis (Rissoa), Moller. Moll. Cuden p. 1842; Dall. Proe.
Nat. Mus. vi, 306, : . B47
Seabra (Rissoina), Garrett Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1873,
210; DO he: ; : , ; d ‘ ; . 304
Sez Tee Alvania), Mae. I] Nat. Sicil. iii, 160.
a “ Lancie, Cale. ? ; E ' : : ‘ . 861
Scabra (Fenella), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vi, p. 421, 1860.
=F. icerithina:-Phil. F : ; ; . 895
Scabra (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 1 126, t t. 23} re 8,
Ifo ee ; : ; 368
Seabriuseata (? Rissoa), Req. ¢ oq. Corse, p- 52, 1848.
== Ih. Philippiana, Jeftr. ; : , . 366
Sealarella (Rissoina), C. B. Ad. Boat nae 2 p- 6, 1845.
= R. Chesneli, Mich. . : : ¢ ; ‘ . 380
Se: sihiocinie' (Rissoina), Schwartz. " Risgoina, f, 24.
== Ri. plicatay A. Ad: < : ; . 875
Se: Poritemis (Rissoa), Schwartz & pubhars Ga part). Risso-
iden, p. 127, (not C. B. Ad.)= R. triticea, Pse. ; . 380
Sealariformis ( Rissoa ), Rhonae Brit. Mar. Moll., D. 42. f. 89.
= R. Zetlandica, Mont. F ; . 338
Sealariformis (Rissoina), C. B. Ad. Panama C ae p. 538, 18: 52.
R. firmata, Ad. Carp. 2d Report, 189, —. ; . B74
Seine ats (Rissoina), Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p-
617, pl. 46, fig. 6, : ; : i 38
Sealarina ( (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. p- 265, 1851.
= le. puesta, A Adis ; : . : ; : BRD

Bilis (Rissoa), Mich. Desc. Gen. Rissoa, p. 18, f. 31, 32, . 369
Sealarioides (Rissoina), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., peolts:

1850. == R. Bryerea, Mont. : ae : : . 379
Schloneriana (Cingula), Brus. Moll. Mal. Ital., 1870, p. 9.

== Leachia elongata, Philip. : : : ; ‘ . 846
Schmeltziana (Rissoina), Dkr. Nevill, Hand List, 88.

— R. Mohrensterni, Desh. . ; ‘ ; : ; =o00

Schwartzia, Bueq. Dautz. Dollf. Moll. Rouss., 278, 1884, 316, 330
Schwartziana (Rissoa), Brus. Contr., p. 25, t. 3, f. 9.

= R. Montagui, Payr. ; : ; : t : . 360
Schwartziana (Rissoina), Dkr. Cat. Mus. Godeff. iy.
= R. obeliscus, Recluz. ] ; : : : ; . 376

; Sohwartsiella: Nevill. Hand List Ind. Mus., 73, 1885, . 320, 379

430 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Schwartzii (Rissoa), Benoit. Monts. I] Nat. Sicil. iii, 160.
== A. Lancix, Cale. °. : : ; ; p
Schythei (Rissoa), Phil. Mal. Blatt. xv, p. 225, 1867,

Scillze (Rissoa), Seguenza. Mss. Arad. & Benoit. Conch. Viv.

Sicil: pdhd, tub, f.45. 5 ; : .
Scipio (Cingula robusta, Dall., var.), Dall. Proc U.S S. Nat.
Mus., p. 305, pl. iv, fic. tee:
Scitula (Alvania), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. “Nat. Hist. Vili, 1861,
p- 300, .

Tapers (Rissoa), rade & Benoit Conch. Viv. Sicil., P PARI

5,f.1. (= R. zancleana in Plate, in error.).
Selseas ,(Rissoina), Souverbie. Journ. de Conch. xxv, P 75,
t. il. fi hs

Se opulorum (Cingula), Watson. Challenger Rept. XV, p. 605,

pl. 45, fig. 4, , : 3 : 5
Serobiculata (Rissoa), Miller. Ind. Moll. Greenl., p. 9, 1842
Serobiculator (Rissoa [Serobs]), Watson. Challenger Rept.

xv, p. 611, pl. 46, fig. 4,

Scrobs, Watson. Challenger Report, 611, 613, 1886.

= Amphithalamus, Carp. : 3 ;
Sculpta (Rissoa), Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll. ut p. 88, t

80, f. 5, 6. = R. cimicoides, Forbes. :

Seulptilis (Rissoa), Monts. Journ. de Conch. xxv, p. 35, pl.
ier Gs LS Tus : :

Sculptilis (Rissoina), Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila. 1873, p. 209,
pl. 2, fig. 2. — R. granulosa, Pease.

Seouenziana (Rissoa), Issel. Malac. Mar Rosso, p- 209 ; Jahrb.

Mal. Gesell. xi, 256. == R. Erythrea, Phil. ;
Semi-carinatus (Rissoa), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 249, pl.

xx fig. 8,

Semi-costata (Alvania), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. viii,

1861, p. 157,

Semicostata (Cingula), Mighels and Ads. Bost. Journ. N.

Hist: ty;49e == 0R: carinata, M. and A.
Semicostata (Rissoa), Turton. Dict., p. 201.
= R. striata, Mont.

Semicostata (Rissoina), Pease. Amer. Journ. Conch. iii, p. 296,

t.. 24, £. 32, 1867,, . ; é :
Samicoabulata (Rissoa), Anton. Verzeich., p. 62, 1839.

— R. parva, DaCosta. . : ; ; :
Semiglabrata (Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 279, 1851.

— R. tridentata, Mich.

; , ; ; ; ;
Seminulum (Rissoa), Monts. Journ. de Conch. xxv, p. 35, t.

3; LO, LOte,

Bemiphtcaia (Rissoa), Bae Zool. Proc., p. 242, 1862; Am.
Journ. Conch. iii, t. 24, f. 29. = R. tridentata, Mich., juv.

Semistriatus (Turbo), Montagu. Test. Brit. Supp., p. 136,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 431

PAGE.

Serpuloides (Skenea), Gould. Invert. Mass. Ist Edit., 247.
=: §. planorbis, Fabr. . : : : : , P 1090
Serpuloides (Skenea), Montagu. Test. Brit., 147, . 398

Setia, H. & A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. x, 358, 1852, 318, 352
Sibirica (Rissoa), Leche. Kgl. Wet! Akad. Handle Xvi, p. 38,

te deed 0 1878; : : : : ; : ypo0.
Sienne (Rissoa), Tenison Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.,

1876, p. 153. = Paludina granum, Menke. . 359
Siemifer fricdeiua), Moreh. Mal. oe ANY M O 48, 1876, . 387
Similis (Rissoa), acne e., Cat., p. 1452) Not. 28, : BPH
Simplex (Homalogyra), O. G. Costa. Microd. aie p.7

A te Dy LOO, H. atomus, Ph. 2 - 399
Simplex (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. ,p 129, : t. 23. deen

1844. R. radiata, Phil. : ‘ . 393
Simulans (Rissoa), Monts. Kobelt, Faun. Europ. ” 205, ; . 398
Sinapi (Setia), Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, mo 610, pl 45,

HO Nich: : 2 B07
Sismondiana (Rissoa), Issel. Mar Rosso, 205, : } . 932
Skenea, Fleming. Hist. Brit. Anim. REUh alos LOOG. . ko otaetau

Skenella, Pftr. Natur Hist. Mus. Hambnee: 1886, p. 96, 399, 396
Sloaniana (Rissoina), d’?Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 28, t. 12, f. 36,

Stem Ices ae : é : ; ; ; : ; . 390
Smithii (Eatoniella), Dall. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 42, 1876, . 392
Smithi (Rissoina), Angas. P. Z. S., 1867, p. 114, pl. 13, fig.

Mi lSii, AS7..° — KR. tasctata,.A. Ad. _ Lolo
Solida (Cingula?), C. B. Adams. Contr. Conch., 18. D0, P. 70, 346
Solidula (Rissoa), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., p. 167, 1848, . 368
Solidula (Setia Alleryana, Arad. & Ben. var.), Monts. 1] Nat.

DiGuiewaie ps Gos. st: : : : : . oot

Soluta (Rissoa), Phil. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 130, t. 25. f. 18, 1836, 306
Sororcula (Rissoa), Granata. Deser. Coq. Nouv. Nap. 1870,

p. 1. =R. Jeffreysi, Waller. . . 361
Souleyetana (Rissoa), Recluz. Rev. Zool. Cu. bs dD, 1843.

— R. membranacea; Adams. . 329
Speciosa (Rissoa), Brusina. Moll. Dalmat. 2 22.

— R. Guerini, Recluz. : A F ; ey Ag
Spiralis (Rissoella), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vi, 332, 1860, wool
Spiralis (Rissoina), Souverbie. Journ. de Conch. xiv, p. 358,

Te le A! : : 4 ‘ ; ‘ Ge Stele:
Spirata (Onoba), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xi, 1863, p.

348, . 300
erirath (Rissoa), Sam: (Se of Shells, No. 4), ‘ 208, 1 ees

1820-24,.... : ; : : ; g aaee

Splendida (Rissoa), Eichw. Nat. Hist. Skizze, i, p. 219, 1830, 325
Splendida (Rissoa), Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 79.
= R. variabilis, Muhlf. d 3 325
Spreta (Rissoa Macandrewi, Manz. var. ), Watson. P. Z. S.
1873, p. 373, pl. 34, fig. 9, . : : ‘ ; . 337

432 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.
St. Clare (Rissoina), Tenison Woods. Proce. Roy. Soc. Tasm.,
S45 1876. == Alabar.: i : : ;
Stefanisii (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch. vy, 208.
— R. subareolata, Monts. . / ; . 363
Stigmatica cases Frauenf. Novara. Exp., p. 12, lip 2. 17, 364
Stimpsoni (Rissoa), 5. Smith. - Ann. N. ‘Y. Lye: vu, ». 157,

1862 ix, 395; : : : : ‘ . 345
Stoppani (Rissoa), Weil auft (not Issel). Conch. Cab.
= 'R.otyzas Garrett. ~. : ‘ - 390

Stossichia, Brusina. Ipsa Chiereg. ‘Conchyl., 201, 1870, 320, 391
Strangulata (Rissoa), Brusina. Contr, Pr 2a it.3, I

?— R. variabilis, Monst. . 295
Striata ( Rissoa), Mont. ‘Test. Brite ll, p- 326, t. Le i 26, aby . 346
Striata (Rissoa), Quoy. V ay; Astr. 11, p: 493 3, t. 33, f. 38, 3

1352.42 . ; : ‘ d ba 03)
Striata (Rissoa salle: Séace. var. ), Monts. I] Nat. Sicil. ii,

p. 159, d é ; 5 ‘ ; ‘ : § rs 9)
Striatissima (Rissoa), Rayn. == R. punctura, Mont. —. by oat
Striato-costata (Rissoina), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba. ii, p. 27, t. 12,

f, 30-32, 1853. — R. decussata, Mont. ; ; . 385
Striatula ( Rissoa), Jeffreys. Ann. & Mag., p. 16, 1848,

= Ri ada Alder. , : , ‘ ? a5!
Strintula (Rissoa), Montagu. Test. Brit. 11, p. 306, i ae f, 7 ood
Striatula (Rissoina), Pease. Amer. Journ. Conch. ili, p. 296,

Getter ole OOws s : ; ; 5 : : : , 3a

Stricta (Rissoina), Menke. Zeitsch. fur Malak., p. 177, 1550, . 3871
Strigillata (Rissoa), Gould. Bost. Proe. vin, p. 401, 1861.

? = R. Erythreea, ‘Phil: , ; : ego)
Striolata ‘( (Rissoa), Dkr. (not Risso) Se hmeltz; Cat. Mus.

Godeff. iv, p. 75. == R. ambigua, Cua , 4 A 127]
Striolata ( Rissoina), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 266, 1851.

= R. spirata, Sowb. . : ; ‘ : . ; . 388

Striolata (Rissoina), Risso. Hist. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 119, 1826, 370
Striosa (Rissoa), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., p. 116, 1850.

— R. decussata, Mont. , “Soo
Subangulata (Rissoa), Schw ae (not C. B. Ad). Ris ssoina, p-

56, )=="h. plicata, 2a. asd. 7 /3F03 BT9
Subangulata (Rissoina), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., py Eia

1850, ; : . ” 875
Subateolata (Alvania), } Monts. Test. Nuovi Sic., 1869, pio

He 3, ; : : "368

Subcanaliculata (Skene: a), E. A. Smith. Am. «& Mag. Nat.

Hist., 1875, p. 71, : : , : : : : Scots ots
Subcarinata (Rissoa), Cantr. Bull. Brux. ix, p. 347, 1842.

— R. monodonta, Bivona. . 5 ; A : : . dal
Subcochlearella (Rissoina), d’Orb. Prodr. iii, p. 29, 1852.

— R. decussata, Montagu. . : ‘ 4 : : . 385

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

433

PAGE.
Subconcinna (Rissoa), Souverbie. Journ. de Conch. xx, p.

364, 1872. = R. ambigua, Gld. . < On
Subcostulata (Rissoa), Behwaete: Rissoide, p- 44,

= R. costulata, Alder. . 326
Subcrenulata (Rissoa), Schwartz, Mss. in Appelius, Conch.

Mar Tirreno. . 362
Subdebilis (Rissoina), Nev i Kiister, Conch. Cab., te 15b, T

9; Nevill, Hand List, p. : ; ; d 016
Subfuniculata (Rissoina), Nevill. Weink. Conch. Cab., t. 15b,

818815": me yi
Subfusea ( Rissoa), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Zealand, p:

28, 1873. = Rissoa purpurea, Hutton. : . d44
Giblevigate ( (Rissoa), Nevill. Journ. Asiat. Soe. Beng. se Pt.

2, p. 164. = R. oryza, Garrett. 390
Subluteus (Turbo), Adams. Linn. Trans. iii, p. 65, te mice f.

15. = Rissoa parva, Maton. & Rack. 332
Submarginata (Rissoina d’Orbignyi, var.), Nevill. Hand

List, p. 92, 1885. = R. spirata, Sowb. . 388
Subpupoidea ( Fienella). Tryon. . 394
Subrufescens (Eatoniella), E. A. Smith. “Ann. & Mag. x 2 Ag OO)

S 71, 1875, 391
Sibsoluta (Rissoa), eae Mem. Malae. Sicil. lll, p. 21, 368
Subspirata (Rissoina d’Orbignyi, var.), Nevill. Hand List, p-

92,1885. = R. spirata, Sowb. . . 388
Substriata (Rissoa), Phil. Moll. Sic. il, p. 132, Li 23, E 20, 369
Substriolata (Rissoina Montrouzieri, var >, Nevill. Hand List,

p. 91, 1885. == R. spirata, Sowb. . 388
Subsulcata (Rissoa), Phil. Moll. Sieil. ii, p. 129, ti 23, £16.

— R. semistriata, Mont. 352
Subtenuis (Barleeia), Carp. Journ. de Conch. xii, p. 143,

1865, : . 393
Subtruncata (Rissoa), C. Velain. Arch. Zool. Exper., 1877,

. 115, pl. 3, figs. 16-17, —.. . 344
Subulina (Onoba), A. Ad. Ann. & I Mag. Nat. Hist. Viil, 1861,

. 299, . 350
Subulina (Rissoina), W eink. ouch: Cab. p- Ee t. 15a, £3

= R.oryza, Garrett. . 390
Subventricosa (Rissoa), Cantr. “Bull. Acad. Brux; p. 348, 1842.

— R. ventricosa, Desm. d : : ; ; . 020
Subvillica (Rissoina), Nevill. Weink. Conch. Cab., p. 88, t.

ode 1 04,” *, : : : : : ; . 374, 385
Sulcifera (Rissoa), Gld. Sowb. Conch. Teon., f. 105.

— R.trochlearis, Gould. . : : 394
Sulcifera (Iravadia), Troschel. Archiv. fiir N aturg., 1852, 394
Supracostata (Rissoa), Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 38.

== R. albella, Loven. . ; . 334
Supracostata (Rissoina), Garrett. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

388

1873, p. 209, pl. 2, fig. 1. — R. spirata, Sowb.
28

434 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Suprasculpta (Rissoina), Tenison Woods. Trans. Roy. Soe.
Victoria, xiv, p. 57,

pl. 32, fig. 11,

Tarsodes (Rissoa), Watson. Challenger Rept. xy, p. 595, pl.
A4, fig. 2,

Tatea, Tenison Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 72, 1879, 323,

Tenera (Choristes elegans, var.), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad.

v, D41,. :

Lenuiibosan (Rissoa), Seg. Rendic. Acad. Neap., 1876, p. ils

Tenuisculpta (Rissoa), Watson. Zool. HE P., 909, dnote 'f,
98 ISiias >

Tenuistriata (Rissoina), Pse. Amer. Journ. Conch. ill, p. 295,

f : ‘ : ; ; : . 386
Tenera (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 128, t. 23, f. 15,

t. 24, f. 30, 1867,

Terebra (Rissoina), Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., 1873, p. 212,
pl. 2, fig. 11. = R. incerta, Souverb. .

Tore saitee (Rissoina), E. A. Smith. Journ. Linn. Soc, vol.
xii, p. 594, pl. 50, fig. 19,

Teres (Rissoina), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, iL p.

HOt ee
Tervaricosa (Rissoa), C. B. Ad. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., j
1845. == Alaba. .

Tessellata (Alv ania), Schw artz, Mss. Weink. Conch. Mitt., p.

: . : . 366
Testze (Rissoa), Aradas & Maggiore. Catalogo Catan., p. 207,
. 368

311. = A. Philippiana, Jeftr. var.

joe : : p C : :
Textilis (Rissoa), Philippi. Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 112, 1884.

PAGE,

: : : ; : ’ , By
Syngenes (Cingula), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 180,
; : : é f f 5 . 328

Targionii (Rissoa), Appelius. Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 116, 1884,

304

362
397

. 399
369

343

300
372
. 373
. 392

= R. reticulata, Mont. : ; é ; : : . 361
Textilis (Rissoa), Lovén. Moll.Scand. = R. punctura, Mont. 337
Thapsia, Monts. Nomencl. Conch. Medit., 65, 1884.

f*— Thapsiella, Fischer. : ; ; : Mes il)
Thapsiella, Fischer. Manuel de Conch., 721, 1884, . 319) SGT
Tiarula (Alvania), A. Adams. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. viii,

1861, p. 137, . 365
Tiberian (Cingula), Issel, Mal. Mar Rosso, p: 199, 1869:

Descr. Egypt, t. 3, f. 16, 3 309
Torcularis (Cingulin: a), Tenison Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc.’N.

South Wales, p. 265, 1878, . 359
Tornatilis (Rissoina), Gld. Bost. Proc. Vil, Dp. “401, ‘1961. 379

Trajectus (Rissoa), Watson. Challenger Rept. XV, p. é 596, pl.
3

44, fig. 6,

Transenna (Ceratia), Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 603,

pl. 45, fig. 9,

Transenna ‘(Rissoina), Watson. Challenger Rept. xv, p. 620,
9

pl. 46, fig. 10,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

435

PAGE.
Translucens (? Jeffreysia), Carpenter. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,

1865, p. 219, 7
Triangularis (Rissoina), Watson. Challenger Rept. XV, p 618,

pl. 46, fig. 7, : . 348
Triangularis ‘(Setia), Watson. Challenger Rept. XV, p. 611,

pl. 46, fig. 2; 307, 373
Tricincta (Setia), A. Adams. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Vii,

1861, p. 136, 309
Tridentata (Rissoa), } Mich. Desc.Gen. Rissoa, p- 6, f.5, 6, 1830, 389
Trifasciata (Rissoa), Adams. Monteros. Nomencl., 67.

= R. cingillus, Montg. 342
Trilix (Skenea), Bush. “Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, i, 464,

= Homalogyra densicostata, Jeffreys. . 399
Tristriata (Rissoa), Thompson. Ann. & Mag. il, t. 2 2, f. 10.

— R. semistriata, Mont. ; 302
Triticea (Rissoa), Pse. Zool. Proc. . 438, 1860, : : . 380
Trochlearis (Rissoa), Gould. Bost. Proc. Vii, p. 400, 1861, 394
Trochlea (Rissoa), Michaud. Family Rissoid., £16; foes

= R. striatula, Mont. . : : . P : . 867
Trochiformis (Skenea), Locard. Cat. Moll. France, 299, . 398
Truncata (Rissoa), Garrett: P. A. N.S. Phila.~ 1873, P. 217,

pl. 2, fig. 26, Op
Truncata “(Rissoa), Menke. Synopsis, p- oS 183 30, 369
Tuberculata (Rissoa), Menke. Synopsis, p. ae 1830, . 369
Tuberculifera (Corena), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Vi, pe 422)
Tae aUs > : : 317, 339
Tumens (Jeffreysia), Carp. Mazat. Cat. 363, 1857.

= Cythnia 397

Tumidula (Rissoa), Sars. Moll. Ree. Arct. Nory:, p. £74).
10; £ 2a, b, ; ; : 4 ‘ : ;

Turbella, Leach, 1847, : : ; : : , ‘O16,

Turbona (Leach), Gray. Ann. Mag. xx, 1847.
= Alvania, Risso. : : : ‘ : 5

Turgida (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. v, 1870,.

Turgidula (Jeffreysia), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vi, 332, 1860,

Turricula (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., pol to: f. 6, 1884,

Turriculata (Rissoa), Monts. Nomencl. Conch. Medit., 73,
1884. = R. fusca, Phil. Var. ;

Turricula (Rissoina), Pease. Zool. Proc., p- 438, 1860, 3

Turricula (Rissoa), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soce., p- 114, 1867, pl.
tS, ar20.. == KR: flexuosa, Gld. .

Turriculus (Cingula), H.C. Lea. Proc. Bost. Soe.; 1814, p.
i

Turrita (Rissoina), Garr. Proc. Philada. Acad. aD 213, t. ie
12, 1873. = R. insignis, Ad. & Rve. . :

Typica (Rissopsis), Garrett. Proc. Philad. ‘Acad. 228, 1873, 319,

Umbilicata (Rissoa), Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., p. 93, 1851,
Undata (Loxostoma), Bivona. = R. radiata, Phil. :

302

ong

303

. 397

335
Pao

Qr7

- olf

. 380

. 390

B89
399

368
aes

436 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Unifasciata (Turbo), Montagu. Test. Brit. 320, 1803.
== Rissoa rubra, Adams. : : : : s
Unilirata (Rissoina), Tenison Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas-
mania, 1877, p. 123, : : ; : : :

Variabilis (Turbo), Muhl. Berlin Verhandl. iv, p. 212, 1824, :

Variegata (Ceratia), Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civico, Genoa, ix, p.
288, : ‘ d 4
Variegata ( Rissoa ), Schw arta, GRisssiden:
=n) inconspicua, Alder. Var. .
Variegata (Rissoa), Angas. Zool. Proc. p- 113, 1867, pl. 13,
fir. 19, . : .
Variegata (Rissoa), Danilo & ae teste Monterosato.
=e aspera, Phil. : : : : :
Variegata (Rissoa), Schwartz. Rissoiden, t. 2, f. 15.
= R. inconspicua, Alder. . : . 5 ; . d21,
Ventricosa (Rissoa), Desm. Bull. Soe. Phil., 7, 1814, :
Venusta (Rissoa), Garrett. Proc. Acad. N.S., Phila., 1873, p.
4G ee é : : : ; ; ; ,
Venusta (Rissoa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., p. 124, t. 23, f. 4,
1844, ;

Venustula (Pelycidium), Tolan Fonds de la Mer, t. 8, f. 5, . 34
Verrilli (Rissoa), rice: Moll. Nordske Mordhavn aS

27, iho x1, Dass
Verrucosa (Aly ania), Risso. Eur. Mérid., 143.

R. crenulata, Mich. ~ é :
Wieeieulis fiscaolts ates ews We emt & Mag. vi. 332, 1860,
Vexillata (Rissoa), Brusina. Moll. Dalmat. 28, .
Villee (Cingula), Issel. Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 198, 1869,

Villica (Rissoa), Gould. Bost. Proe. vii, p. 401, 1861, . 874, é

Villica (Rissoina), Sowb. (not Gld.), Conch. Icon., sp. 98.
= R. subvillica, Weink. . :

Vinacea (Rissoa), Recluz. Nevill, Hand List, 117,

Violacea (Rissoa), Desm. Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, p:o) it u
7, Weta oS :

Violaceus (Turbo), Miihlf, Berl. Verhandl. i, p- 213, 1824,
— Rissoa lilacina, Recluz. : ‘ i f : ;

Violestoma (Rissoa), Krynicki. Bull. Soc. Mose. ii, p. 60,
1830. = R. splendida, Eichw. ‘

Virgata ( (Fénallla’; Phil. Zeitsch. fiir Malak., 134, 1849,

Virginea (Rissoa), Brown. = R. vitrea, Mont. ;

Vitrea (Homalogyra atomus, var.), Duprey. Ann. & Mag., p
188, 1883

Vitrea (Rissoa), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., p- 115, 1850.
= R. levigata, Ad. . .
Vitrea (Rissoa?), Garrett. P. ALN. - Phila., 187 3, p. 215,

pl. 2, fig. 19, 5 : . : - AZ

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 437

PAGE.
Vitrea (Rissoa), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch. iii, p. 41.

— Jelfreysia nitida, Sars. . : : ; : . ooT
Vitrvea (Rissoa), Mont. Test. Brit. il, p. 391, : : . dol
Vitrina (Rissoella), A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. vi, 332, 1860, . oof
Vitrinella (Rissoina), Morch. Mal. Blatt., p. 45, 1876, . . 392
Vittatus (Turbo), Donovan. Brit. pour Vi te 178, f. 61.

—= Rissoa cingillus, Mont. . ; . 342
Waabitica (Cingula), Issel. Mal. Mar Rosso, 1869, p. 201, t.

apa sh) =p. . ; ' . 330
Watsoni (Rissoa), Monts. Nuova Revi ista, 97.

R. simulans, Mts. . : . ; . 398
Watsoni (Rissoa), Schwartz. ‘Zool. Proc., p- 315, t. 35, f. 11,

Roy fs eae . dal

Weinkauffi (Rissoa), Schwarz, Wess, Mittelm. Conch. il, p. 312, 366
Weinkauffiana (Rissoina), Nevill. Journ. Asiat. Soc. 1, Pt. 2;

p. 163, 1881, : . 376
Weyville- -Thompsoni (Rissoa), Jeff. Friele, Prelim. Report, - 369
Wood-Masoniana (Rissoina), Nevill. Hand List, p: 74, 1885, 374
Woodwardi (Rissoa), Cpr. Mazatlan Shells, p.357, —. Phe

‘Xanthias, Watson, Challenger Rept. xv, p. 589, pl. 44, fig. 5, . 334

Zancleana (Rissoa), Arad. in Tavola.

= R. sciutiana, Arad. & Ben. . . 354
aa H. & A. Adams. Genera Ree. Moll. i: 328, 1854, 320, 389
Zebinella, Morch. Mal. Blatt. xxiii, 47, 1876, ' 320, 385
Zeltneri (Rissoa), Folin. Les, Meleagrinicoles, pA; tao ie

L867, /.. 387

Zetlandica (Rissoa), Mont. Linn. Trans. XI, p. 194, t. 13, f. 3, 337
Zippora, Leach. Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. xx, 1847, . 316, 331

REFERENCE TO) PEAT ES:

(FOR PLATES 1-6 See p. 30.)

TRICHOTROPIDA.

PLATE 7.
FIGURE,
37. Trichotropis borealis. Dentition. Fischer’s Manual f.
AS Torte. te :
38. Trichotropis borealis. Operculum. “Tbid. f. 458, :
39. Gyrotropis squamosa, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad. t. 17,

f. 5, 1876,

40 Seouenzia formosa, Denton cranes Cond ond: Vi, i

41.

46,

Ea f. 14b. ;
Seeuenzia formosa. Operculum. Trans. Conn, Acad. vi.
t. 31,f£ 144.

: Trichotropis bicarinata, Brod. & Sowb. Conch. Icon. f, 2,
. Trichotropis tenuis, Smith (= bicarinata). Ann. Mag.

N. Hist. 4 Ser. xx, 136, 1877,

. Trichotropis quadricarinata, A. Ad; (== borealis). Reeve,

Conch. Icon. f. 9,

. Trichotropis conica, Moll. Cc borealis). ‘Thid. f. 12,

47. Trichotropis borealis, Brod. & Sowb. Ibid. f. 1,

47a. Trichotropis borealis, Brod. & Sowb. Forbes & Hanley,

48.

60.

Brits. Moll t-te
Trichotropis costellata, Couth. (= borealis). Conch.
Freon f.13,. 5 :
Trichotropis ‘cancellata, Hinds. Ibid. f. 3,

. Trichotropis flavida, Hinds (= cancellata). ‘Ibid. f. 6,
. Trichotropis clathrata, oN & bid. ClO. ss :
. Trichotropis inermis, Hinds (= borealis). Ibid. f is

. Trichotropis coronata, Gould. Archiv ftir Naturg. li, t.

16, f. 4, a.

: Trichotropis coronata, Gould. Aur villius, Aret, Hafgsmoll.

t. 12, £15,

. Trichotropis ’ cedonulli, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. f, 7 b.
. Trichotropis unicarnata, Brod. & Sowb. Ibid. f. 8,
. Trichotropis fimbriata, ee Proc. Zool. Soe. t. 5, f.

7, 1885,

5 Trichotropis densistriata, "Jeffreys. "‘Thid. t. 5, f. 8, 1885,
. Trichotropis insignis, Midd. = per seroges te Aurivillius,

Arct. Hafsmoll. a 12, felt,

PLATE 8.

Trichotropis prs Phil. Aurivillius, Arct. Hafsmoll.
(igs pen eet be ‘ : : : :
(438)

PAGE,

40
40)

45
43

44

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE,

61.
62,

64.
66.

100.

Trichotropis Kroyeri, Phil. Conch. Icon. f. 4,

63. Trichotropis arctica, Midd. Midd. Mal. Ross. t. 9, f,
12, 14, :

Trichotropis solida, Aur. (= Kroyeri). Aurivillius, “Aret.
Hafsmoll. t. 12, f LG.) 3g

Torellia vestita, Jeffreys. Brit. Conch. iv, ti 4, f. ii

. Torellia delicata, Phil. Moll. Sicil. ii, t. 28, f. 3, :
. Torellia fimbriata, Verrill and Smith. Trans. Conn.

Acad. v, t, 57, £ 27,

. Separatista Blainyillei, Petit. " Jour. de Conch. il, t. is f.

dD,

; Separatista Chemnitzzii, A. Ad. Genera Ree. Moll. t. M4,

ae

. Seguenzia formosa, Jeffreys. Meane: Conn Reads

51: f, 14, E . : ,
73%. Seguenzia formosa, var. lineata Watson Voy. Chall-
enger xv, t. 7, f. 1,

: Sesuenzia eritima, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, t. 31,

f 15,

4 Secuenzia elegans, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. t. 5, f. 1,.1885, .
: Secuenzia tricarinata, Jeffreys. Ibid. t. 5, f. 2, 1885,

i Seguenzia Ionica, Watson. Voy. Challenger xv, t.
fe 5, ; : :

80. Seguenzia trispinosa, Watson: fhidot7,. 4,

82. Secuenzia carinata, Jeffreys. Ibid. t. 7, f. 2,

3. Seguenzia carinata, Jeffreys. Zool. Proce. t. 5,f. 3, 1885. .

85. Seguenzia reticulata Phil. Moll. Sicil. ii, t. 25, f. 6,
87. Seguenzia laxa, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. t. 5, f. 4, 1885,

. Trichotropis insignis, Midd. Conch. Icon. f. 5a.

IANTHINIDA.

PLATE 9.

. Animal of Ianthina, with its float and eggs. | Quoy, Voy.

Astrol. t. 29, -£. 1,

. Ianthina fibula, Reeve. Dentition. Troschel, Gebiss, ii, t.

14, f. 5,

’ Tonihine violacea, Na Animal. Ads. Genera Ree. Moll.

b69. tl. : : : ‘ : ;
93. Tanthina nitens, Mke. Jaws. Troschel, Gebiss. 1, t.
135%. 1p,/16;

. Ianthina planospirata, Ad. and Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. :
. Ianthina casta, Rve. (= planospirata). Ibid. f. 4,

. Ianthina cerulata, Rve. (planospirata). Ibid. f. 7,

. Ianthina depres
. Ianthina balteata, Rve. (= planospirata). Ibid. f. 11,

anospirata). Ibid. f. 14a.

. Ianthina communis, Lam. (= fragilis, Lam.) Ibid. f. 5,
Ianthina Britannica, Leach. Ibid. f. 13,

439

PAGE,

44
44

44
46
46

46
45
45
46
46

47
47
47

47
47
47
47
48
48
45

33

33

36
36
36
36
36
36
37

440

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

Ov pe CnNr

. Ianthina Smithis, Rve. (= Britannica). Ibid. f. 15,
. Ianthina grandis, Rve. (Britannica). Ibid. f. 3,
. Janthina striulata, Carp. (— Carpenteri, Moreh). Speci-

men,

. Ianthina fragilis, Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. t. 61, f. Bitar
. Ianthina fibula, Rve. (= Bab Conch. Icon. f.

Lib:

PLATE 10.

. Ianthina affinis, Rve. (— Britannica). Conch. Icon. f

2, 0

. Ianthina roseola, Rve. (= Britannica). ‘Thid. f. sa ee oe
. Tanthina involuta, Rve. (= Britannica). Ibid. f. 12, b.
. Ianthina Africana, Rve. (= Britannica). Ibid. f. 8, b.

. lanthina trochoidea, Reeve. Ibid. f.10,b..

. Ianthina nitens, Menke. (= globosa, Swn.) — Ibid. & 16:
. Ianthina globosa, Swn. Ibid. f.18,b..

. Ianthina decollata, Carp. (= globosa). Ibid. f. 19,

. Ianthina iricolor, Rve. (= globosa). Ibid. f 23,

. Ianthina pallida, Harvey. ‘Thid. £, 20, b. : :
. Ianthina striolata, Ad. and Reeve. (= pallida). Ibid. f.

24 a.

. Janthina exigua, Tera: Ibid. & a1 : : ; ;
. Tanthina capreolata, Montr. (= exigua). Jour. de Conch.

2 Ser. iv, t. 2, f. 4,

. Ianthina bifida, Nutt. (= exigua). “Conch. Icon. f. 25, b.
20. Ianthina Vinsoni, Desh. (= Bveue) Moll. Ile Reunion,

te te,

_ Tanthina umbilicata, Orb. c& exigua). ~ Moll. Cuba. t.

20.-£, 22.

. Janthina ambilicata, Orb. = exigua). “Conch. leon.

“a4,

: Recluzia 1 Hargravesii, Cbx. Zéol. Proc. t. ie f, 8. 1870,
. Recluzia ohn Gheme: Mart. & Chemn. Conch. Cab.

een Fe Ee

. Ree luzia R ols andiana, Recluz. Jour. de Conch. iv, t. 5,

ek ene : : ; :
echuzia Ann cain W: attebled. ‘Thid: ta'3 fa eiesa:

. Recluzia Montrouzieri, Souverb. Ibid. Ral fSe renee
. Recluzia Jehennei, Petit. Ibid. iv, t. 5, f.3, .
. Recluzia globosa, E. A. Smith. eas Linn. Soee. xii, t,

30, f. 8,
SCALARIDA.

PLATE 11.

. Sealaria tenuicostata, Mich. Radula. Iischer’s Manual,

716,

PAGE,

49

eS eS a ee

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE,

31. Scalaria pretiosa, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 4,

32. Sealaria crenulata, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. tii, t. 24 f.
13, é ; ; ;

33. Sealaria neglecta, Rve. ae Pallasi). oe Icon, f. 1,

34. Sealaria neglecta, Ads. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang. t.
Rist 1, i

35. Scalaria inclyt ta, Melvill = == - neglect ta). Jour. of Conch.
abet itt, ; :

36. Scalaria imperialis, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 6,

. Sealaria bullata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 8,

39, Scalaria obesa, Sowb. Ibid. f 22 a, b.

. Sealaria alata, Sowb. Ibid. f. 15,
. Sealaria fasciata, Sowb. Ibid. f. 13 :
. Sealaria marmorata, Sowb. Thes. Conch. pth 32, f, 9,

992

. Scalaria replicata, Sowb. Ibid. f. 23,
. Sealaria tenuicostata, Sowb. Ibid. f. 76,

46. Sealaria latifasciata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f.
117a.

. Sealaria Rede ata, De Haan (— Clementina). Ibid. f.

47
47a. , :
48. Sealaria Clementina: Grat. Mom: sur les Moll. feos te 4,
49. Sealaria bulbulus, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 85,
50. Sealaria optabilis, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. f. 85,
51. Sealaria tenuilirata, Sowb. Ibid. f. 118, P
52. Sealaria laxata, Sowb. Thes. Conch. t. 32, f. &,
53, 54. Scalaria hyalina, Sowb. Ibid. f. 21, 22,

). Sealaria soluta, Dunker. Jour. Philad. Acad. viii, t, 29,

dO,

56. Scalaria semidisjuncta, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. t. 10; £7,

1884,

: Beslaria crassa, Sowhi Couch! Tian: £. 25,

PuaTE 1:2.

. Sealaria principalis, Pallas. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. iv,

t. 122, f. 1428,

56. Scalaria costulata, Kiener. Coq. Viv. t. 2, f. 4, :
. Sealaria statuminata, Sowb. Thes. Conch. t. 35, f. 127,
. Scalaria obtusa, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 48, . : :
, 63. Sealaria Krebsii, Moreh. Jour. Philad. Acad. viii,

bn2o, £12,
. Scalaria Swiftii, Moreh. ‘Specimen. : .
. Sealaria inconspicua, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 58, — .
. Scalaria nana, Jeffreys. Zool. Proce. t. 10, f. 6a. 1884,

. Sealaria dubia, Sowb. Conch. Icon. t. LO ADD:

. Sealaria striata, Gray (= dubia). Voy. Fly, Lite 2,4: 9,
. Sealaria lyra, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 23, e

. Sealaria undulatissima, Sowb. Ibid. f. 121,

442

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

. Sealaria irregularis, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 40,

72. Sealaria similis, Sowb. Ibid. f. 90, P f ;

73. Scalaria miranda, Smith (= eens Conch. Icon. f.
73, 2 :

74. Scealaria pulcherrima, Rol. (= Catanuanensis). Conch.
Icon. f. 68a. .

75. Sealaria friabilis, Sowb. ‘Conch. Icon. is 52,

76. Scalaria indistincta, Sowb. Ibid. f. 109, :

77. Scalaria subnudata, Sowb. (= tenera). Ibid. f. 111, :

78. Scalaria tenera, Jeffreys. aa Jeffreysi). Zool. Proce. t. 10,
f. 9, 1884, : : 5 ‘

no: Scalaria crispata, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. i, t°24; ft
2: : : ; ;

80. Scalaria immaculata. Sowb. hes. Conch. f. 58,

81. Scalaria lineolata, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 48,

“I oS

83. Scalaria rubrolineata, Sowb. Ibid. f. 83, 84,

. Sealaria aurita, Sowb. Ibid. f. 62, .

. Scalaria glabrata, Hinds. Ibid. f. 101,

)}. Scalaria maculosa, Ads. and Reeve. Guach: Teon. f. 103,
. Scalaria Mariei, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. t. 2, f. 7, 1874,

PLatE 13.

. Scalaria gradata, Hinds. Thes. Conch. f. 109,
. Sealaria pyramidalis, Sowb. Ibid. f. 4,

91. Sealaria aculeata, Sowb. Ibid. f. 35, 36,

. Scalaria eximia, Ad. and Reeve. Couch. Icon. f. 87, b.
. Sealaria porrecta, Hinds. Thes. Conch. f. 139,
. Scalaria Austro-Caledonica, Montr. Jour. de Conch. t.

2, f. 5, 1860,

‘ ei ilenis, muricata, Rico Couche lee f. 43, 4
. Sealaria foliaceicosta, d’Orb. Jour. Philad. Mead: viii, t.

295.6,

. Scalaria tenuis, Sowb. (= ~ occidentalis). " Thes. Conch. f.

Lie

: Scalaria echinaticosta: @Orb. “Moll. Cuba: t. ti i 5,

. Sealaria centiquadra, Mérch. Jour. Philad. ‘Acad. Vili, t.
29, f. 4.

| Sealaria denticulata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 42

. Sealaria mitreeformis, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 30, :

. Sealaria Algeriana, Weink. Zool. Proc. t. 10, f. 5, 1884,
. Scalaria vittata, Jetireys. Ibid. t. 10, f. 4, 1884, E

. Scalaria brevis, d’Orb. Voy. Amer. merid. t. 75, f. 22,
. Scalaria poe Fischer and Bernardi. Jour. de Conch.

2 Ser. 1, t. 8, f: 2

. Scalaria a Seeieh Verrill and Smith. Trans. Conn.

Acad. v, t. 57, f. 32,

. Scalaria soluta, ‘Tiberi (= frondosa). Jour. de Conch. t.

5, f. 3, 1868,

PAGE.
60
60

60

61
61
61
61

62

61
61
59
60
59
59
59
59

62
62
63
63
63

62
63
63
63
64
64
64
63
64

64
58

65
64
65

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 443
FIGURE. PAGE,
8. Sealaria turbinata, Conrad. Jour. Philad. Acad. vii, t.
20; £. 26; ; 64
9. Sealaria texturata, Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped. f 244, 66
10. Sealaria eracilerita, Gould. Ibid. f. 245, ; 66
ie Scalaria consors, Crosse and Fischer. Jour. de Conch. t.
Se fell 1865; 2 74
1a Sealarie symmetrica, Pease. Am. Jour: Conch: ili, t 24,
Lela ee, ; 66
3. Sealaria angusta, Dunker. Moll. Japon, tt. 1, f. 1 00
14. Scalaria decuss: ata, Pease. Am. Jour. Garcn ili, t. 24, f.
10, : a) GO

15. Sealaria Japonica, Dunker. Moll. Japon, ts i f 13, = MO,
16. Scalaria Paumotensis, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. iii, t. 24,

‘oot 6) Re : : : ; ‘ ~ 65
ie Scalaria Georgettine, Kiener. Thes. Conch. f. 77, . abe
18, 19. Sealaria Philippinar um, Sowhb. Ibid. £3, 2; ° . . 66

-PLATE 14.

20. Scalaria Jukesiana, Forbes. Conch. Icon. f. 80, —. . 66
21. Scalaria attenuata, Sowb. (= subauriculata). Ibid. f.

3, : : : ! ‘ ‘ : POE
22. Scalaria subauriculata, Souv. Specimen. : : Tor
23. Scalaria casta, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. f. 86, : Hebe 7
24. Scalaria Japonica, Dunker. Ibid. f. 122, ; ; POS
25. Sealaria concinna, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 63, , > 67
26. Scalaria multicostata, Sowb. Ibid. f. 96, ; f 360
27. Sealaria obliqua, Sowb. Ibid. f. 69, . : : ai
28, 29. Scalaria gracilis, Sowb. Ibid f. 33, 34, . e ae 4
30. Sealaria albolineata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 57, : . 68
31. Sealaria Mindoroensis, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 91. . fb AGT
32. Scalaria pulcherrima, Sowb. Ibid. f. 92, : : 100
33. Sealaria pumila, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. f. 79, . : . 68
34. Scalaria creberrima, Hinds. Ibid. f. 69, ‘ ; ./ 68
35. Scalaria lactea, Krauss. Ibid. f. 98, 2 ; : Ge
36. Scalaria suleata, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. ii, . : . 68
37. Scalaria vestalis, Hinds. Conch. Icon. f. 101, é » 69
38. Scalaria subtilis, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 137, ; . 68
39. Scalaria delicatula, Crosse. Conch. Icon. f. 115, . . 69
40. Sealaria ovalis, Sowb. Ibid. f. 96, . : : LGD
41. Scalaria connexa, Sowb. Thes. Conch. < 98, : : coo
42. Sealaria aciculina, Hinds. Thes. Conch. f. 100, ; » 69
43. Scalaria polita, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 77, —. ; . 69
44. Sealaria Elenensis, Sowb. Ibid. f. 102, . eh ar2 RU

45. Scalaria hexagona, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 67, : yO
46. Scalaria curvilineata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 49, : ath,
47. Scalaria principalis, Sowb. (= ducalis, Moreh). Ibid.

el ae j : : . 2 ; ; . PK)
48. Scalaria Indianorum, Carp. Ibid. f. 81, . ‘ : Ah

444

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

49.
50.

51.

: Sealarin phtusicostata, Gira.

Scalaria tincta, Carp. Specimen.
Sealaria venosa, Sowb. Morch, Jour. Philad. Acad. Viii,
£6 DOE rao
Blas elegans, Orb. C= Orbignyi). Voy. Amer. merid.
:.54) f..2

; Scalaria fenaiatriata d’ Orb. Tie ‘ 54, ie 6,
. Sealaria angulata, Say. Amer. Conch. t. 27,
4. Sealaria eradatella, Moreh. Jour. Philad. Acad vill, t.

29, f; itt.

5. Scalaria unifasciata, ‘Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 68,
. Scalaria undecimcostata, Morch. Specimen. . :
57. Sealaria fragilis, Hanley (= eburnea). Thes. Conch. f.

66,

. Scalaria albida, Orb. (— eburnea). Moll. Cuba. t. 10, f.

205,

: Se aieria fe Basch, oipame) ie Nad vi, 4 45, fi 8,
. Sealaria modesta, Ads. Conch. Icon. f. 78,

PLATE 15.

. Sealaria Dalliana, Verrill and Smith. Trans. Conn. Aead.

Vacs te ome

. Scalaria Novanglize, Couth. Bost. Jour. t, 3, f. 5,
3. Scalaria multistriata, Say. Am. Conch. t. 27, ;
. Scalaria candidissima, Monts. Jour. de Conch. t. 2, f. 5,

1877,

5. Sealaria communis, Lam. hes. Conch. f. 18, 2

. Sealaria communis, Lam. Kiener, Coq. Viv. t. 1, f. 2,

. Sealaria Turtonis, Turton. Thes. Conch. f. 107,48:

. Sealaria Cantrainei, Weink. Cantr. Moll. Medit. t. 6, f.

16,

i Scalaria Trevely ana, ‘Leach. Forbes, Brit. Moll. te 70, f q,.
. Sealaria clathratula, Ads. Ibid. t. 70, £4, .
rile Seestay coronata, Phil. (= Hellenica). Moll. Sicil. il, t.

8 Sf 7

2. Sealand pulchella, Bivona. Cox. viv. t. 6, ie 19, :

3. Scalaria Bairdii, Smith. Zool. Proce. t. 75, f. 14, 1871,

. Sealaria Dianze, Hinds. Conch. Icon. f. 89,

. Sealaria Zelebori, Frauenf. Reise Novara, t. 1, f. 6, 2
. Scalaria coronata, Lam. (= lamellosa). Eneye. Meth. t.

Ap fps

. Sealaria lamellosa (= pseudoscalar). Coq. viv, t. 3, f.

Tf

. Se alaria Nautle, March. Jour. Philad. Acad. viii, t. 29,

79. Scalaria Andrewsii, ‘Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. v, t. 57,

{: DO,

t. 22, 4. 9,

soarctata). Moll. Norv.

PAGE.

(i
71
72

72
72
72
72

72
72
73
73
73
73
74
78
74
74
75
(i)

76

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
81. Scalaria vulpina, Hinds. Conch. Icon. f. 113, 78
82. Scalaria monocycla, Lam. (= lamellosa). Coq. viv, t. 3,

i eae : : ’ ; ; 74
83. Scalaria perplexa, Pease. (eZ lamellosa). Specimen. 74
84. Scalaria clathrus, Linn. (—lamellosa). Thes. Conch. f.
131, ; ; ; ; : ; 4 aly (|
85. Scalaria longissima, Seguenza. Zool. Proce. t. 10, f. 3,
1884, : ; : 75
86. Scalaria varicosa, Bars: (= coarctata). ~ Moll. Norn
34, f. 9, : 76
87. Scalaria Ochotensis. “Midd. Reise, t. 12, f. 12, 76
88. Scalaria Magellanica, Phil. Conch. Icon. f. 82, 76
Beare 6:
89. Scalaria borealis, Gould. Conch. Icon. f. 75, 76
90. Sealaria australis, Lam. Ibid. f. 3, 76
91. Sealaria Groenlandica, Chemn. Ibid. f. 107, 76
92. Scalaria acus, Watson. Zool. Proc. t. 10, f. 8, 1884, 75
93. Aclis ventrosa, Jeffreys. Friele, Bidrag, t. 1, f. 7, b. 87
94. Sealaria Loveni, A. Ad. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell. iil, t. At: 4 76
95. Scalaria uncinaticosta, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. U1, if 26, 77
96. Scalaria Candeana, d’Orb. Ibid. t. 11, f. 29, ‘ SNH |
97. Scalaria crenulata, Kien. (= Ay: Thes. Conch. f.
128, : ; . ‘ Ue
98. Scalaria Hotessieriana, Orb. (= = crenata). Specimen. 77
99, 100. Sealaria diadema, Sow e Thes. Conch. f. 121, 122, 78
1. Sealaria crenatoides, Carp. Specimen. : 17
2, 3. Sealaria raricostata, Lam. Thes. Conch. f. 79, 80, 78
4, 6. Sealaria nuda, Sowb. i turricula). Conch. Icon. f.
110, ; ; ; : 5 79
5. Seularie Martinil, W janie Thes. Conch. f. 78, ‘ ead a’
7. Sealaria Morchii, Sowb. (= erronea). Conch. Icon. f.
7633 °: ; : : 3 ; : ay i a
8. Sealaria hikcatic Hinds. Ibid. f. 104, : Ae pe
9. Sealaria unicostata, Sowb. (= lineata). Conch. Icon. f.
Hoe : : é , ; E : Mh. F . 9
10. Sealaria costulata, Mighels and Adams. Tryon’s Marine
Conch. t. 11. f. 132, ; : : : 80
11. Scalaria granulosa, Quoy. Conch. Icon. f. 55, fail)
12. Sealaria Eschrichti, Moller. Ibid. f. 83, . 80
13. Scalaria turricula, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 88, 79
14. Scalaria lineata, Say. Ibid. f. 50, ; ; : 79
15. Scalaria crassicosta, Gray. (— crenata). Ibid. f. 119, oe
16. Scalaria magnifica, Sowb. Ibid. f. 105, 78
17. Scalaria geniculata, Brocchi. Foss. Tert. iit, 165 f 1; 79
18. Scalaria undulata, Sowb. (= costulata). Conch. Icon. f.
108," i ; : 60
19. Scalaria subdecussata, Cantraine. Mal. Medit. t. 6,'f, 24. “30

446

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

20.

57.

Sealaria gracilis, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. vy, t. 57, f.

ol,
panes 17.

22. Scalaria decussata (— Kieneri, Canefri). Conch.

Icon. f. 114 a, b.

. Sealaria varicosa, Lam. Thes. Conch. f. 126,
4, Sealaria cochlea, Sowb. Ibid. f. 142, ; : :
; wees pumicea, Brocchi. (= cochlea). Foss. tert. ii,

7, f. 3,

! Sealari decussata. (= Kieneri, Canefri). Cog. Viv, t: ie

if. Uy.

; Sonlaria abbreviate own Caner. icone if, 124,
. Scalaria bicarinata, ‘Sowb. . Thes. Conch. f. AetSs
. Sealaria attenuata, Pease. Conch. Icon. f. 71,

35. Scalaria acuminata, Sowb. Ibid. f. 74, b. f
. Sealaria Leeana, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Mad egies 57,
foo4,

Y eealaca A see aR. Sou Gonch: eon fi: NE

. Scalaria multiperforata, Sowb. Ibid. f. 125,
. Scalaria formosissima, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. t. 10, £ 10,

1884. : :
Scalaria prelonga, Jeffreys. Tbid. t. 10, f. Ad 1884,

. Sealaria fusca, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 138,

. Sealaria minor, Sowb. Conch. leon. f. 70, ;

. Sealiola bella, Ne Ad. Jour. de Conch. t. 4, f. 6, 1868,

. Aclis attenuans, Jeffreys. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 5 Ser. x,

te UO HES

. Sealaria elegans, Ads. (= jucunda). Jour. de Conch. t.

4, f. 4, 1868,
“Bealiola Galedonica, Ce. Tihid is 6, f. a 1871

. Aclis Gulsone, Clark. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll, t.

132, f..6,

. Aclis scitula, A. Ad. Journ. de Conch., t. 4, f. 3, 1868, «
5. Scalaria concinna, Angas... Zool. Proc., t. 44, ts 14, 1867,
. Sealaria bellula, ‘A. Ad. Jour. de Conch., t. 4, f. 10,

1868,

_ Sealiola arenosa, A. Ad. ‘Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 46, £11,
. Sealaria miranda, A. Ad. Jour. de Conch., t. 4, f. 9, 1868,

56. Aclis supranitida, Wood. Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Moll., t. 90, f. 2, ;

. Aclis ascaris, Turton. Tbid., £7 88, e ohne

. Aclis mizon, Watson. Voy. Challenger, t. 54, f. Te

. Aclis hyalina, Watson. Ibid., t. 34, f. 2, ;

. Sealaria Webbii, @’Orb. Moll. Canaries, 0 Oke lacy

. Aclis sarissa, Watson. Voy. Challenger, 2 34. f 3;
. Aclis minutissima (= supranitida), ul KY, b,’do, fa,

Aclis exigua, Sars. Moll. Norv., t. 22, f. 8,

PAGE,

80

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 447

FIGURE. PAGE.
PLATE 18.
58. Eglisia spirata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. v, f. 1, . . 7.00
59. Eglisia lanceolata, Reeve. Ibid.,f.2, . : : Ay
60. Eglisia tricarinata, Ads. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang., t.
12, ino ae : : : : 2 a6

61. Eglisia conspersa, Ads. and Reeve. “Thid., bade toda. «86
62. Ecglisia gracilis, Maltzan. Nachr. Mal. Gesell. xv, 98, . 86

3. Aclis carinata, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 75, f. 20,1871, . 87
64. Stilbe acuta, Jeffreys. Ibid., t. 10, f. 2, 1884, . : eo
65. Aclis Walleri, Jeffr: eys~* Brit. Conch; st. (2nd 4, |. ol
66. Aclis unica, Mtg. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 90,

f_ 5, : y : ; 5 Z : . 88
67. Aclis gracilis, Jeffreys. 76ol. Proc, t..20; 1 sea). 88

63. Scalaria striata, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 9, f. 8, 85
69. Aclis striatus, Jeffr. (= Jeffreysii.). Zool. Proc., t. 26, f.

2, 1884, : é . : ‘ : . 89
70. Aclis striata, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. v,t. 58, f.13,. 87
71. Aclis tenuis, Verrill. Ibid. v, t. 58, f. 19, ; Bh see
72, 73. Aclis glabra, Sars. Moll. Norv., be 1%. f. 15, 14, Bele)
74. Scalaria vermetiformis, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, tf.

OOTAG,. : : won
75. Scalaria pyrrhias, Watson. Ibid., ev, is 9, if 1, : 80
76. Scalaria tortilis, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 9, f. ii 75
77. Scalaria dentisealpium, Watson: ibid. tf. 9iti3.. 72 82

78. Scalaria philtata, Watson. Ibid., t. 9, 'f, 5,
79. Sealaria funiculata, Watson. Tbid., tee Gaui ‘4,
80. Sealaria acus, Watson. Ibid., t.9,f 2, . : Becbh wert A)

CERITHIIDA.
PLATE 19.

1. Cerithium vulgatum, Brug. Radula. Troschel, Gebiss der

Schnecken, . ; Lbs
2. Potamides decollatus, Linn. Badale Ibid., é . db
3. Triforis perversus, Linn. Radula. Fischer, "Mass. Conch.,

ee 2S i y ek

4. Terebralia palustris, ‘Brug. Showing the columellar pli-
cations and interior teeth of the varix. Fischer, Man.

Conch., f. 447, 3 SG
5. Aphanistylus Charbonnieri, Petit. Fischer, Man. Conch.,

f. 450, . : 118
6. Cerithidea obtusa, Lam. Suspended by glutinous fila-

ments. Ibid., f. 449, . 4 éf : ‘ : + PAZ
7. Eustoma tuberculatum, Piette. Ibid. £452. . ’ a {1}
8. Brachytrema Wrighti, Cotteau. Ihbid., f. 453, . ‘ » LAS
9. Brachytrema filosum, Buvign. Ibid., f. 454, . : . 113
10.. Pyrazisinus campanulatus, Heilprin. Expl. Florida. . 116

448

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

14,

12. Terebralia sulcatus, Brug. Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 54,
f, 22

13, 14. Cerithium nodulosum, Brug. Quoy, Ibid. ab 54, i 5, 112,

PLATE 20.

. Cerithium nodulosum, Brug. Kiener, Iconog., t. 2, fi 1, .
. Cerithium Erythrzonense, Lam. Ibid., t.5,f.2, . :

18. Cerithium, columna, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 56, 58, .

. Cerithium Menkei, Desh. (= columna). Moll. Reunion,

tk “Lo,

. Cerithium scabridum, Reeve ie columna, Var.). Conch.

Icon., sp. 52, .

aa ie Cerithium citrinum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., ie 66,

22. Cerithium bicolor, Hombr. et Jacq. (= citrinum). Voy.
Astrol. et Zel., t. 23, fh. 94. 3 ; :

23. Cerithium siphonatum, Sowb. (ce citrinum). Conch.
Icon., f. 90, b. ;

24. Cerithium suturale, Phils Thes. Conch., a 52,

25. Cerithium echinatum, Lam. Conch. Icon., f. 10, 128,

26. Cerithium album, Hombr. et Jacq. (= echinatum). Voy.
Astrol. et Zel., t. 28, f. 23, : 4 ;

27. Cerithium Adansonitl Reeve i anime Conch.
leone tie 5 ; ; 2 :

28. Conia Ruppellii, Phil. Conch. Icon..,. f. 6,

29. Cerithium Savignyi, Fischer (= Ruppellii). Savigny,
Desc. Egypt, t. 4, f 8,

30. Cerithium Adenense, Sowb. Caren Icon., if 89,

31. Cerithium armatum, Phil. Thes. Conch., f. 96,

32. Cerithium armatum, Phil. Conch. Icon., f. 14, b,

PuatTE 21.

. Cerithium nigropunctatum, Sowb. 'Thes. Conch., f. 97, .
. Cerithium Novee Hollandiz, A. Ad. Conch. Ieon., f. 30,

. Cerithium filosum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 82,

. Cerithium corallinum, Dufresne. Thes. Conch., f. 63,

. Cerithium sculptum, Pease. Specimen,

. Cerithium vulgatum, Brug. Thes. Conch., f. 43, ;
. Cerithium subnodosum, Ads. (—= vulgatum). Conch.

Icon., f. 4,

. Cerithium alucaster, Broce. (== vulgatum). Moll. Rous-

sillon, t.°22, f.'4,

. Cerithium spinosa, Blainv. (== — yulgatum), Ibid., t. 22,

Peale

_ Cerithium muticum, 5. ed: (= ‘vulg gatum). Ibid., t.

2201.8; % : : :
. Cerithium gracile, Phil. = vulgatum). Ibid., t. 22, f. 9;

. Cerithium longissima, B. D. D. (= vulgatum). Ibid., t.

22, £10,

REFERENCE TO PLATES,

FIGURE.
45. Cerithium seminuda, B. D. D. (= vulgatum). Ibid., t.
A a

46. Cerithium’ repanda, By. S vulgatum). Tbid., t.

22, f. 14,

47. Cerithium pulchella, Phil. eS vulgatum). Tbid., t. 22,

48. Cerithium Mediterraneum, Desh. ( rupestre). Thes.

Conch., f. 132,

49. Cerithium plicata, Phil. eS rupestre). Moll. Roussillon,
te2Oet Ours:

50. Cerithium minor, B. ALD. (Ee rupestre). "Ibid. ot 23, f, if

51, Cerithium nebulosum, Sowb. (= eae: Conch. Icon.,
ae Kit

52. Corian adustum, Gener. Ibid., £ 12, :

53. Cerithium sarin, Sowb. Nouv. iAvehives du Woe. iv,
f. 1a; f. 138:

54. Geathiad ceruleum, come Thes. Conch., fe clk

PLATE 22.

55, 56. Cerithium Guinaicum, Phil. Thes. Conch., f. 127, 126,

57. Cerithium circinatum, A. Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 61, .

58, Cerithium Sandwichense, Sowb. Ibid., f. 37, . ,

59. Cerithium tessellatum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 134,

60, 61. Cerithium uncinatum, Gmel. Thes. Conch., f. 78, 79,

62. Cerithium umbonatum, Sowb. (= eburneum). Ibid., f. 95,

63. Cerithium litteratum, Born. Ibid., f. 129, - . :

64. Cerithium litteratum, Born. Conch. Icon., f. 25, b,.

65. Cerithium musicum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 40, .

66. Cerithium semiferrugineum, Lam. Thes. Conch., f. 75,

67. Cerithium pictum, Wood. Ibid., f. 121,

68. Cerithium atratum, Born. Conch. Icon., f 32,

69, 70. Cerithium caudatum, Sowb. (= atratum). Thes.
Conch., f. 71, 87,

71. Cerithium eburneum, Brug. Conch. Icon., i 35, a,

72. Cerithium eburneum, Brug. Thes. Conch., fr 83,

73, 74. Cerithium Nove-Hibernie, A. Ad. = eburneum).

Ibid., f. 84, 85,

75. Cerithium fenestratum, Sowb.. (= eburneum). Conch.

Teon., f.39,.. :
77. Cerithium er aciliforme, Sowb. = eburneum). Tbid. ue 49,
77a. Cerithium pulicarium, Phil. (= eburneum). Abbild.
Wtf 1A,
78. Cerithium striatissimum, Sowb. Conch. Tcon., f 31.
79. Cerithium striatissimum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii 86,
80. Cerithium planispiratum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 91,

81. Cerithium lentiginosum, Sowb. (= algicola). Conch.

leon, £77,
82. Cerithium alzicola, C. B. Ad. ‘Ibid, a 63,
29

449

PAGE,

126

. “a
450 REFRPRENGE TO PLATES.

PLATE 23.
FIGURE. PAGE...
82, 83. Cerithium munitum, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f.'69, a, b, 12%
84. Cerithium pyramidatum, Hombr. Jacq. Voy. Astr. et

Zel.2t..28, £20; é : : . 129
85. Cerithium polygonum, Sowb. fe opportunum). Thes.
Conch., f. 46, . 150

86. Cerithium spathuliferum, Sowb. Conch. Teon., i 50, a, . 130
87. Cerithium striatum, Hombr. Jacq. (= dialeucum). Voy.

Astr.'ét Zel., t. 23, Lo; : ; . 130
88. Cerithium dialeucum, Phil. Thes. Conch., i 98, : . 130
89. Cerithium fusiforme, Sowb. (= proditum, Bayle). Thid.,

dei ne : 130
90. Cerithium rostratum, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 95, b,. - 130
91. Cerithium rostratum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., if 104, . 130:
92. Cerithium lissum, Watson. Voy. Challenger, XY, t. 40,

Ai eae . 130:
93, 94. Cinna nitidum, Hombr. et Jacq. "Voy. Astrol. et

Zel., t. 24, f. 30-83 : 143
95. Cerithium coronatum, Sowb. = custos). Conch. Teon.,

f. 48, a, : . 181

ue Cerithium coronatum, Sowb. (= custos). Thes. Conch.,
. Cerithium invaginatum, Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped., f.

160 Mae : : : : : . 188

98, 99. Cerithium planum, Phil. Thes. Conch., f- 111, 112, tae
100-1. Cerithium salebrosum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 115, 114, . adligaae
2. Cerithium balteatum, Phil. Conch. TiGoney foi; aoe mee irs |
3. Cerithium balteatum, Phil. Thes. Conch., f. 116, . joe
4, Cerithium rubus, Mart. Conch. Icon., f. 75, . : . 131

5. Cerithium mitraeforme, Sowb. (= rubus). Ibid. f. 74, . 132
6. Cerithium mitraeforme, Sowb. (= rubus). Thes. Conch.,

ter) One : : 2 : . 132
7. Cerithium eximium, ‘Sowb. = rubus). Thid. a. LO2) Sake
8. Cerithium exiniium, Sowb. (= rubus). Conch. Icon., f.

Hite Dore: ; : . 13
2. Cerithium eranosum, , Kiener. (a rubus). Tbid:, f° 73, 2 fae
10; 19, Cerithium tenellum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 89, 90,. 182

12. 13. Cerithium muscarum, Say. Ibid., f 108, 110, . aimee
14. Cerithium Torresii, Smith. Voy. Alert., t. 5, f,O, . . 1386
15. Cerithium sordidulum, Gld. (= rubus). Moll. Wilkes
Hxped., f/170; : . 132
16. Cerithium inflatum, Quoy. Thes. Conch., i 170, : - 182
17. Cerithium Billeheustii, Petit. = inflatum). Jour. de
Conch. ii, t. 7, f. 3, . 132

18. Cerithium breviculum, Sowb. = inflatum). Thes. Conch.,
f. 143, . : : : f : ; . . 132

REFERENCE TO (PLATES. 451

PLATE 24,
FIGURE. - PAGE.
19. Cerithium ocellatum, Brug. Thes. Conch., f. 59, . ae Sy
20, 21. Cerithium patulum, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 38a, ‘88b, 133
22. Cerithium pellucidum, Hombr. Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et

Zel., t. 23, f. 24, . 133
23. Cerithium Metealfei, Sowb. ce inflatum). Thes. Conch.,
tLe Se, 132

24. Cerithium Bornii, Sowb. ec carbonarium). Ibid. f. 175, 133
25, 27. Cerithium petrosum, Wood. (= tuberculatum). Ibid., -
BTL 72, |. . 183

26. Cerithium petrosum, Wood. Ge tuberculatum). Conch.
Icon., f. 48a, . 153

28. Cerithium pupa, Sowb. (= tuberculatum). Ibid., f. 84, . 133
29-31. Cerithium variegatum, Reeve. (= morus). Ibid, f

Ala-c, : : 2 , : ‘ ; : . 134
32, 33. Cerithium morus, , Lam. Thes. Conch., f. 159, 160, . 133
34. Cerithium carbonarium, Phil. Conch. Icon., f. 59, . . 133
35. Cerithium moniliferum, Dufresne. Ibid., f. 20, : tat
36. Cerithium rugosum, Wood. (= patiens). Thes. Conch.,

SE RST pei 134
37. Cerithium tuberculatum, “Reeve. = patiens). Conch.

Keonest..21b. : ; ; x34
38. Cerithium lemniscatum, Quoy. Conch. Icon., f. AT a bas
39. Cerithium bifasciatum, ‘Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 198, , 14
40. Cerithium nigrofasciatum, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f.58, . 134
41. Cerithium gemma, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 51, ' = 13
42. Cerithium rubrolineatum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 199, , sre
43. Cerithium Californize, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 104, . elie!
44, Cerithium Thomasiz, Sowb. Ibid., f. 108, ? : Loop
45. Cerithium nivosum, Sowh. hid. 05; ‘ P pe bs
46. Cerithium corallinum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 63, . Re 9
47. Cerithium musivum, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. &

Zel.; t..24, 1/238; ; : ; : ; : . 134

PLATE 25.
47. Cerithium Traillii, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 24, ; » 185
48, 49. Cerithium alternatum, Sowb. (= "Traillii). Thes.

Conch.; f. 70, 73, ~. . 135
50. Cerithium robustum, Sowb. (= Traillii). Conch. Teon.,

tae —~s 135
Bl, 52. Cerithium ‘purpurascens, Sowb. ((e= Traillii). “Thes.

Conch., f. 183, 184 , 185

53. Cerithium splendens, Sowb. (= Traillii). Tbid., f. 191, . 185
og Cerithium nitidum, Sowb. (= gentile). Ibid., f. 180, . 135
5. Cerithium vittatum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 194, 184
ei Cerithium luctuosum, Hombr. J Jac. Voy. Astrol. et Zel.,
i423, Lag; ; . 135

452 -

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE,

PAGE.
57, 58. Cerithium gemmulatum, Hombr. Jacq., Ibid., t. 24,

as ay ee ; . : 3 : : P , . 134
59. Cerithium baccatum, Hombr. Jacq. Ibid., t. 24, f11, . 135

60.

. Cerithium ustum, Hombr. et Jacq. Ibid., t. 23, f. 18,
. Cerithium asperum, Pease. (= asperulum, Tryon). Conch.
, . 136
_ Cerithium dubium, Sowb.. (— eludens). ‘Tbid, iE 78, . 136
. Cerithium nigrobalteatum, Smith. Voy. Alert, t. 5, f. N;

. Cerithium acutum, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel.,

Cerithium millepunctatum, Hombr. Jacq. Ibid., t. 24, f.13,

Icon., f. 96,

136

. 136

136

54a 20,000 L ; : : ; . 134
66. Cerithium humile, Dunker. Moll. Japan, to 2it Ui Petes
67

. Cerithium Kobelti, Dunker. Ind. Moll. Maris Japon., t.

4,f.8
ts Age le

f. 28,

_ Cerithium egenum, Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped.,f. 171,
. Cerithium ianthinum, Gould. Ibid.,f. 173, . : z
. Cerithium aspersum, Desh. (= ianthinum). Moll. Re-

tice ; 5 : : : : : ; : Lad
. Cerithium Isseli, Pagenstecher. Savigny, Desc. Egypte,
: : : ; : i ; : , . 137
. Cerithium alveolus, Quoy. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., t. 24,

union tit dt, 16s. . 137
75, 74. Cerithium Crossei, Desh. S Maillard) ‘Tbid., bs 1,

fal Or ales ton

Pid 26,

75. Cerithium maculosum, Mighels. Conch. Icon., f. 97, ) ie
76. Cerithium Nassoides, Sowb. (—=maculosum). Ibid., f. 83a, 13
77. Cerithium diminutivum, Phil. Abbild. in, t.1, f. 17, 138
78, 79. Cerithium zebrum, Kiener. Conch. Icon., f. 18, 6a, b, 188
80, 81, 82. Cerithium delectum, Sowb. (= pases Ibid., f

112a, bce + . 138
83, 84. Cerithium tenue, Sowh. ce Te arus). ‘Tbid., ie 130a, b, 138
85. Cerithium interstriatum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 93, . 138
86. Cerithium unilineatum, Pease: Tbid., £ aoe 1388
87. Cerithium fucatum, Pease. Ibid., f. 102, 18s
88. Cerithium paxillum, Pease. Ibid., f. 115, . 138
89. Cerithium placidum, Gould. Ibid., f. 141, 189
90. Cerithium alboliratum, Carp. Ibid., f. 109, 139
91. Cerithium rarimaculatum, Sowb. Tbid. eke 103, . 139
92. Cerithium obesum, Sowb. (= repletulum). Ibid., f. 62,. 139
93. Cerithium obesulum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 149, 3 ; . 139
94, Cerithium Sagre, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 23, #17, . . 140
95. Cerithium trochiforme,Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 152, . 140
96. Cerithium aduncum, Gould. Ibids; f.. 67: 139
97. Cerithium dorsuosum, A. Ad. (= aduncum), Ibid, f.

8; 'b,. . . 139
98, Cerithium Aa neue Sowb. Thes. " Conch., f. 206, 139

REFERENCE TO PLATES,

FIGURE.

99.
100.

1
2
3.
+
5)

Cerithium ferrugineum, Say. Am. Conch., t. 49, f. 3,
Cerithium ferrugineum (= versicolor). 'Thes. Conch., f.
ECG

_ Cerithium Eriense, Val. (= ferrugineum). Ihid., f. 119,
. Cerithium variable, Ads. (= versicolor). Conch. Icon.,

PeOT. 3. E ; . : : ‘ : :
Cerithium ferrugineum, Rve.( =variabile). Ibid., f. 92,

. Cerithium Bermude, Sowb. (=versicolor). Ibid., f. 86b,
5. Cerithium lutosum, Menke. (= versicolor). Ibid., f. 113,
. Cerithium Rissoide, Sowb. Ibid., f. 107, :

. Cerithium mutabile, Ads. Ibid., 'f Rig lees :

. Cerithium pingue, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., f. 217,
. Cerithium contractum, Sowb. (= pingue). Conch. Icon.,

f. 120,

453

PAGE,

. 140

140
140

140
140
140
140

. 140
. 141
LA

141

10. Cerithium pygmea, A.Ad. Zool. Proc., t. 19, fig. 19, 1867, 142
11. Cerithium teniatum, Sowb. (= pingue). Conch, "Teon.,

£ E19, 4 . 141
12. Cerithium cylindraceum, Pease. Specimen. . 141
13. Cerithium costiferum, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., f. 220, . 142
14. Cerithium macrostoma, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f 219, . 142
15. Cerithium pupeforme, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., f. 221, . 142
16. Cerithium Brazieri, Tryon. Specimen. . 142
17. Cerithium insignis, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., t. 6, f. i 1885, 144

PuLaTE 27.

17a. Cerithium crassilabrum, Krauss. Conch. Icon., f. 98, . 141
18. Cerithidea clathrata, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., f. 258, . . 165
19. Cerithium serotinum, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 102, At
20. Cerithium rhodostoma, A. Ad. Ibid., f. 103, . 141
21. Cerithium monachus, Crosse. Jour. de Conch., t. 3, f. 17,

1865, . : 143
22. Cerithium i incisum, Sowb. Thes. Conch, f, 152, . 142
23. Cerithium curtum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 153, . 142
24. Cerithium sculptum, Sowb. Conch. Icon. Lampania, f 9a, 143
25. Cerithium Gallapaginis, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., f. 156, . 143
26. Cerithium baeticum, Pease. Specimen. 43
27, 28. Cerithium lineatum, Dunker. Specimen. . : . 148
29, 30. Cerithium lacteum, Kiener. Thes. Conch. ef 213, 214, 143
31. Cerithium piperitum, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. '81b, . 144
31. Cerithium nitidum, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel.,

Aer Ae et . 148
32. Cerithium alveolus, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et

Fel te 24, E283. . 144
33. Cerithium papillosum, Sowb. ie lacteum). Thes, Conch.,

f,.2 : . 144
395. Soran maculosum, Martyn. Thes. Conch., £. 29,. . 145
36. Cerithium Sowerbyi, Kiener. Ebid.f/33;... . 145
37. Cerithium Cumingii, A. Ad. (= Sowerbyi). Ibid., ‘f. 19, 145

454 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
38. Cerithium aluco, Linn. Ibid., f. 34, : . 145
39. Cerithium obeliscus, Brag. Conch. Icon. Vert., f. 7, . 146
4). Cerithium cedonulli, Sowb. (= obeliscus). Tbid., f. la, . 146
41. Cerithium semigranosum, Lam. Kiener, Coq. Viv. t. 21,

BS Ag G8 f : : : ; ; : : . 146
42. Cerithium pulcher, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. Vert., f. 20, . 146
43. Cerithium tenuisculptum, Sowb. (= gemmatum). Ibid.,

f 226,03 ; : : i d ; ; 3 . 146

PLATE 28.

44, Cerithium gemmatum, Hinds. Conch. Icon. Vert., f. 5, . 146
45. Cerithium articulatum, Ads. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 16b, . 146

46. Cerithium seminudum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 24a, . = 146
47. Cerithium recurvum, Sowb. Ibid., f. 23, . : . 147
48. Cerithium Kochii, Phil. Thes. Conch., f. 15, TAT
49. Cerithium Kochii, Phil. Conch. Icon. Vert., f. 26b, 2 E47
50. Cerithium torulosum, Linn. Specimen. . . 147

51. Cerithium graniferum, Pease. Conch. Icon. Vert. ag ile 147
52, 53. Cerithium torulosum, Linn. Conch. Icon. Vert., f.

25a, b, : : . 147
54. Cerithium graniferum, Reeve. (= ravidum). “Thid., f. 6, 147
55. Cerithium turritum, Sowb. Conch. Icon. Cerith., f. 88, . 147
56. Cerithium Preifferi, Dunker. (= turritum). Ind. Moll.

Maris Japan, t. 4, f. 12, 7 ; : : 5 . 147
57. Cerithium attenuatum, Phil. Conch. Icon. Vert., f. 12, . 148
58. Cerithium Matukense, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t.

AQ, f. 2, ; : : s A 4 . 148
59. Cerithium phoxum, ‘Watson. Ibid. xv, t. 40, f 3c, . . 148
60. Cerithium nobilis, Reeve. Thes. Conch., f. 28, : . 148
61. Cerithium bituberculatum, Sowb. Conch. Icon. Vert., f.

iyi aes . : : ; ; : . 148
62. Cerithium asper, Linn. Thid., £21, : F , . 148

63. Cerithium lineatum, Lam. (= asper). Ibid., f. 15b, . 148
64. Cerithium fasciatum, Brug. Thes. Conch. f.6, . . 149

PLATE 29,

65, 66. Cerithium fasciatum, Brug. Thes. Conch., f. 7,8, . 149
67. Cerithium Martinianum, Pfr. (— fasciatum). Conch.
Icon. Vert., f. 14b, : : ; : : : . 149

68. Cerithium Pharos, Hinds. Ibid., f. 15, . , . 149
69. Cerithium vertagus, Linn. Thes. Conch., 3 a : . 149
70. Cerithium taeniatum, Quoy. (= vertagus). Voy. Astrol.,

t. 54,21, . . 149
71, Cerithium leve, Quoy. Thes. Conch., ie 270, : . 149

72. Fastigiella carinata, Reeve. Zool. Proc., 15, 1848, ‘ . 449
73. Bittium gemmatum, Watson. Voy. Challenger, t. 39, f.
ye ; : : : i . s : . 150

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.
74. Bittium Algerianum, Sowb. (= lacteum). Conch. Icon.

Cerith., f. "145 D5

. Bittium Watsoni, Jeftr. es vemmatum). Zool. Proc., t.

6, f. 6, 1885, .

. Bittium lutea, Bade De = lacteum). Moll. Roussil., t.

AGT: os

. Bittium quadriseriata, B. D. D. (= lacteum). Ibid., t.

26, f..6,

. Bittium reticul: atum, DaCosta. Conch. Teon., f. 134,
. Bittium reticulatum, DaCosta. Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll. t 1, -f, 2,

Bittium reticulatum, Var. Latreillei, Payr. Moll. Roussil.,

t. 25, f..10,

. Bittium reticulatum, var. ‘paludosa, B. D. D. Thid., t. 25,

Te.

. Bittium reticulatum, var. Jadertanum, Brusina. Ibid., t.

25, £ 20,

. Bittium reticulatum, var. exigua, 2, Monts. Tbid., t. 25, fi. 26,
. Bittium pusillum, Jeffr. (= submamillatum). Ann. Mag.

N. H. xvii, t. 2, f. 11, 1856,

. Bittium Watsoni, Jeftr. (= gemmatum). Zool. Proc., t.

6, f. 6a, 1885,

_ Bittium pibberalam, Ads. es varium). Conch. Icon., f.

123,

. Bittium columellare, Orb, (ees pallidum). Sagra’s Cuba,

t: 23, £..13,

_ Bittium Sayi, Menke. e& nigrum). Conch. Tcon., f 110,
. Bittium iota, Ads. (= nigrum). Ibid., f. 124, :

_ Bittium filosum, Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped, £; 145,

. Bittium quadrifilatum, Carp. Specimen.

. Bittium Georgianum, Pfr. Nat. Hist. Mus. Hamburg, t ;

De te 1886, i
PLATE 30.

. Bittium amblyterum, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t.

So 0,

. Bittium insenlptum, Sowb. = Lawley anum). Conch.

Ieon., f. 128

. Bittium seaae Jeff. = amblyteram). Zool. Proc., t.

6, f. 3, 1885, .

. Bittium arctum, Hombr. et J acq. Voy. ‘Astrol. et Zel., t.

24, f. 37,

. Bittium abruptum, ’ Watson. Voy. Challenger, XV, t. Al,

b

. Bittium eranarium, | Kiener. Coq. Viv., t. 19, f Se
. Bittium mamillanum, Watson. Voy. Challenger, XV, t.

40, f. 6,

. 151
. 155

151

456

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.
100. Bittium lacertinum, Gould. Conch. Icon., f. 129, .
1. Bittium enode, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 39, f 3,
2. Bittium luscine, Watson. (= pigrum). Ibid. xv, t. 41,
Ey AL ecras ; : : 4, ans :
3. Bittium Ce Watson. (= piety Ibid. XV, t.
41, f. 2,
4. Bittium pigrum, Watson. Ibid. XV, t. 40, ican
5. Bittium Lawleyanum, Crosse. Jour. de Conch., t. 43 f. 4,
1863; <<
6. Bittium delicatum, Watson. Voy. Challenger, XV, t. A1,
i. ;
7. Bittium rugatum, Carp. = asperum). Conch. Icon., f,
140, i : ,
8. Bittium attenuatum, Carp. Specimen. ‘
9, Bittium tricarinatum, Pease. Conch. Icon., f. cee!
10. Bittium alutaceum, Gould. Ibid., f. 142, ;
11. Bittium edonicum, - Watson. =e pigrum), pe Chal-
lenger, xv, t. 41, f. Grays
12. Bittium Oosimense, Watson. Ibid., re 39, f. ae
13. Bittium turritelliformis, cee Zool. Proc, tL: 26, f: 14,
AST te ;
14. Bittium diplax, Watson. "Voy. Challenger, xy, t. Be f.4,
15. Bittium Amboynense, Watson. Ibid. xv, t. 40, £.,
16. Bittium esuriens, Carp. Specimen.
17. Bittium pusillum, Dunker. (— perpusillum). Moll. J pan,
eg OM x
18. Bittium cylindricum, Watson. Voy. Challenger, XV, t.
Bo, aD) 5
19. Bittium elariosum, Gould. Conch. ‘Teon., if 131,
20. Bittium parcum, Gould. Ibid. f. 125, .
21. Bittium Peruvianum, Orb. Voy. Amer., ti VT, f: 9,
22. Bittium pupiforme, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xy, t. 41,
23. Bittium plumbeum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., ff: 293,
24. Bittium xanthum, Watson. Voy. Challenger, XV, t. 38, f, 6,
PLATE 31.
25. Bittium pusillum, Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., f. 172, .
26. Bittium altum, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 126, .
27. Bittium furvum, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 38, i 5,
28. Bittium porcellanum, Watson. Ibid. xv, t. 38, fi 8,
29. Bittium perparvulum, Watson. Ibid. xv, t. 38, 3 Es
30. Bittium leucocephalum, Watson. Ibid. xv, t. 38, f. 7,
31. Potamides ebeninus, Brug. Conch. Icon. Potamides, fe ‘Qb,
32. Potamides Pacificus, Sowb. Ibid., ft 1a, . :
33. Potamides Lamarckii, Val. Kiener, Iconog., tad, f, By i
34. Potamides fuscatus, Linn. Conch. Icon. Tymp. mee 3,
35. Potamides radula, Linn. Ibid., f. 4 ’

PAGE,

. 155

152
. 153

. 153
. 153.

. 154
154

. 153.
. 153:
. 154
~ 154

. 153:
156

154
156

. 156

. 153:
. 154

. 156
. 155

155

153

. 156
. 155
157

155
156
157

. LB
. Loe
. 157

158
. 158
159

. 159
. 159

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.
36. Potamides Owenii, Fer. (= radula). Ibid., f. 5,
37. Potamides multigranosus, Sowb. a homologum). or

457

PAGE,

. 159

£:.6, Be,
38. Potamides fluviatilis, Pot. et Mich. “Thid., ff 9a, ; . 159
39. Potamides micropterus, Kiener (= fluviatilis). Ibid., f. 7b, 160
40. Potamides retifera, A. Ad. (= fluviatilis). Ibid., f. iP :.7260
PLATE 32.
41. Potamides palustris, Linn. Sowb. Thes., f. 261, . . 160
42. Potamides. Operculum. Conch. Icon. Pyraz., f, 2b, . 160
43. Potamides Caledonicus, Jouss. Specimen. . 160
44, Potamides Caledonicus, Jouss. Bull. Soe. Zool. France,
ix, 6.4, £12, . 160
45. Potamides semisulcatus, Mérch. Kiener, Iconog., t. 27, i ff 160
46. 47. Potamides sulcatus, Born. Conch. Icon. ais f. 1h, 160
48. Potamides Gourmeyi, Crosse. Lbid| 4.3; . 160
49. Potamides alatus, Phil. Ibid., f. 10, : 160
50. Cerithidea pulchra, Ads. Conch. Icon. Ceci hires f. 29, 161
51. Cerithidea incisa, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel.
[207 Oe Aa . 160
52. Cerithidea euryptera, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. Tymp. f, 8, b. 160
53. Cerithidea Kieneri, Hombr. et Jacq. Ibid. Cerithidea, f.
6, ; yao
54. Cerithidea decollata, Linn, Ibid. f. 14, b. mor
55. Cerithidea cornea, A. Ad. Ibid. f 21, . 162
PLATE 33.
56. Potamides telescopium, Linn. Thes. Conch. f. 269, . 164
57. Cerithidea Monies Orb. Conch. Icon. Cerithidea, f.
26, ‘ 161
58. Cerithides varicosa, Sowb. — fortiusculum) “‘Thid. £19
161
59. Cerithides obtusa, Lam, ~ Voy. Astrol. et Zel. t. 24, f; = 161
60. Cerithidea obtusa, Lam. Conch. Icon. Cerithidea, f. 40, 161
61. Cerithidea Kieneri, Hombr. et hie Voy. Astrol. et
Zel. t. 24, f. 4, } a L6L
62. Cerithidea Quoyi, Hombr. et Jacq. “Tbid.t.23,£6, . 162
63. Cerithidea quadrata, Sowb. (= obtusa.) Conch. Icon.
Cerithidea f.5, : : 2 161
64. Cerithidea ornata, A. Ad. Ibid. £ 22, b. : . 162
65, 66 Cerithidea Fortunei, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 15, a. b. . 162
67. Cerithidea rhizoporarum, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 13, a. . 162
68. Cerithidea Moérchu, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 18, . 163
69. Cerithidea sacrata, Gould. Ibid. f. 7, . ; L . 162
70. Cerithidea Mazatlanica, Carp. (= sacrata). Ibid. f. 8, . 162
71. Cerithidea pullata, Gld. Sri Gace Pacific. R. R. Re-
port, v, t. 11; f. 23, ; . : . 162

458

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
72. Cerithidea albonodosa, Carp. (= sacrata). Conch. Icon.
Cerithidea f. 1, b. : 3 ; . 162
73. Cerithidea Rissoidea, Sow. Thad: £2.14, d 4 . 163
74. Cerithidea Hanleyi, Sowb. (—iostoma). Ibid. f. 16, . 164
75. Cerithidea Lafondii, Mich. (=scalariformis), Ibid. f. 2, 163
76. Cerithidea tenuis, Pfr. (—scalariformis). Ibid. f. 3, . 163
77. Cerithidea Lavalleana, Orb. Sagra’s Cuba. t. 23, f. 16, . 164
78. Cerithidea scalariformis, Say. Specimen. . 163
PLATE 54.
79. Cerithidea iostoma, Pfr. Specimen. . 164
80. Cerithidea costata, Da Costa. Conch. Chu. fe 10, ; . 164
81. Cerithidea ambigua, C. B. Ad. (—costata). Ibid. f. 9, ». 164
82. Cerithidea salmacida, Mor. (—costata). Ibid. f. 23, . 164
83. Cerithidea turrita, Stearns. Specimen. 164
84. Cerithidea Bombayana, Sowb. (=Layardi). Reeve, Cer-
ithidea. f. 24, : 165
85. Cerithidea cinerascens, Pallas. (—conica). Thes. Conch.
f. 254, : : . 165
86, 87. Cerithidea ‘Layardi, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. Tymp. f.
2; 165
88, 89. ’ Cerithidea mamillata, Phil. (—conica). ‘Thid. Ceri-
thidea. f. 25, 165
90. Rare mamillata, Phil. (—conica). Kiener, Iconog.
[Bes a ea : , . 165
91. Cerithidea conica, Blainv. Ibid. t. 23, if cy : . 165
92. Cerithidea sardoum, Cantr. (—conica). Ibid. t. 29, £2. 165
93, 94. Cerithidea turritella, ue). Thes. Conch. f. 255,
256, ‘ ; f ' . 163
95. Cerithium pauxillum, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. Cerith. f.
. 141
96. @berithidea Chanbounien, Petit, Tbid. @erithidea. £ 12,
a. ; 2 : : . 164
97. Cerithidea Sinensis, Phil. Ibid. £ 17, ; * 164
98. Cerithidea Moreleti, Wattebl. (= Sinensis). Jour. de
Conch. t. 4, f. 5, 1886, . 165

100. Cerithidea australis, Quoy. Conch. Icon. Lamp. if

4, 3 : : ‘ . 166
: Cerithidea Diemenensis, Quoy. Voy. Astrol. t. 55, f. 11,

1 166
2. Cerithidea undulatum, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 248, . 166
3, 4. Cerithidea zonale, Brug. Conch. Icon. Lamp. 5.) abe
5. Cerithidea atramentaria, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 6, . : . £67

6. Cerithidea Cumingii, Reeve. Ss =multiformis) Ibid. f.
: ; . 167

7. Cerithidea Cumingii, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. 3 ser. il,
hay DE SO. : ‘ ; A; . 166

8. Cerithidea multiformis, Lischke. Jap. Meeresconch. ii,
ted, 1. 20% : ‘ : . 167

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. RAGE
9, 10, 11. Cerithidea septemstriata, Say. (minimus).
Conch. Icon. Lamp. f. 6, 167
12. Cerithium Eriense, Val. (oe versicolor). Kiener, Iconog.
taal, ; ‘ .. . 140
PLATE 39.
13. Cerithidea multiformis, Lischke. Jap. Meeresconch. ii, t.
5, f. 24, : : ‘ : 4 ol G7
14. Cerithidea aterrima, Dunker. (—zonale). Ind. Moll.
Maris Jap. t. 5, f. S , 167
15. Cerithidea bicarinata, Gray. ‘Conein Toad Cerithidea, f.
27, . 1638
16. Cerithidea subcarinata, Sowb. (= bicarinata). Tbid. f. 28, 163
17. Cerithidea augulifera, Sowb. Ibid. Lampan. f. 1, Play
18. Cerithidea subviride, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 247, 166
19. Cerithidea corneum, Kiener. Kiener, Iconog. t. 32, f. 3, 168
20. Cerithiopsis tubercularis, Mtg. Thes. Conch. f. 222, 168
21 Cerithiopsis columna, Carp. Specimen. ; EEL
22. Cerithiopsis tuberculoides, Carp. Specimen. . 169
23. Cerithiopsis pulenele. Jeffreys. (= tubercularis). “Ann.
Mag. N. Hist. ii, t. 5, f. 8, 1858, : . 168
24. Cerithiopsis ipilincaes, Aijaties (= tubercularis, var.)
MoM tous! 6. 2,4.12, . , . 168
25. Cerithiopsis Clarkii, Hanley. (= tubercularis). Sowb.
Index, Brit. Shells. t. 5 if 1, . 168
26. Cerithiopsis neglecta, Weink. & minimus). Thes. Conch.
. 235, . 169
27. Cerithiopsis Barleei, “Jeffreys. (= tubercularis, var. : Jour.
Linn. Soe. xix, t. 4, f. 4, : 168
28. Cerithiopsis atalaya, Watson. ‘Thid, t. 4, f 9, ; 169
29. Cerithiopsis balteata, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t.
att 1, : : f Lis
30. Cerithiopsis tiara, Watson. (= diadema). Jour. Linn.
Soc. xix, t. 4, f. 6, moe,
31. Cerithiopsis diadema, Watson. Zool. Proe. t. 6, ig 8,
1885, . 169
32. Cerithiopsis F ‘ayalensis, Watson. _ diadema). “Jour.
Linn. Soe. xix, t. 4,. f. 5, 169
393. Cerithiopsis g eemmulifera, ‘Suit: Zool. Tene t. 75, £ 29,
1871, ‘ : ; : : Payal)
34. Cerithiopsis punctatum, Linn. Thes. Conch. f. 240, Bs IV
35. Cerithiopsis Emersonii, Ad. & See ee Am. Mar.
Conch. t. 8, f. 71, : WA,
36. Cerithiopsis Greenii, C. B. Ad. Ibid. f. 128, . 170
37. Cerithiopsis flavum, C. B. Ad. Specimen. . - b(O
38. Cerithiopsis pulchellum, C. B. Ad. Thes. Conch. f. 239, . 171
39. Cerithiopsis Guaranianum. Orb. Voy. Amer. t. 77, f. 11, 171

460 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
40. Cerithiopsis Stejnegeri, Dall. Proc. Nat. Mus. vii, t. 2, f.
4, : ; ‘ : " : f a
41. Cerithiopsis Stejnegeri, var. truncatum, Dall. Ibid. t. 4,
f. 5, 1886, <%. : ‘ ; ) ee!
42. Cerithiopsis munita, Carp. Specimen. . : : . 172
43. Cerithiopsis purpurea, Carp. Specimen. : ‘ Roe in |
PLATE 36.
44, Cerithiopsis horrida, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. t. 6, f. 9,
1885, . : : : ‘ : ays
45. Cerithiopsis eracillima, Sowb. Conch. Icon. Cerith. f
B85.) te : : : ; 142
46. Cerithiopsis Destrugesi, Folin. Les Meleagrin. t. 6, f.
12, : : ; ee Ye
47. Cerithiopsis celatum, Couth. Moll. Wilkes Exped. f.
i eee : ; : : Ts

48. Cerithiopsis pulvis, Issel. Savigny, Egypt. t. 4, £.d5. - 22072
49. Cerithiopsis clathrata, Angas. os Angasi). Zool. Proce.

pouletie 2s LST le ys 173
50, 51. Gerithiopsis eracile, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 293, 224, 173
52. Cerithiopsis metaxee, Chiaje. Jeffreys’ Brit. Conch. v, t.

81, f. 4, : : ‘ : : Adis
53. Cerithiopsis Crosseanum, Tiberi. Jour. de Conch. Xi, ti

G88 2 : ; : : ails
54. Cerithiopsis convexa, Sow. Specimen. 172
55. Cerithiopsis Benoitianum Mts. Jour. de Conch. t. 13, f.

2, 1869, . Lis
56. Cerithiopsis terebellum, Ads. Thes. Conch. f. 241, . 174
57. Cerithiopsis subreticulata, Dunker. Moll. Japon. t. ye &

10, . 170
58. Cerithiopsis trilineatum, Phil. Thes. Conch. f. 242, . 174
59. Cerithiopsis assimulatum, Ad. Thidiz. 246;% p . 174
60. Cerithiopsis carinaum, Smith. Zool. Proc. t. (0, £205

AST1S . 175
61. Cerithiopsis Moreleti, Folin. Les “Meleagrin. t. 6, f. 10, 174
62. Cerithiopsis Kanoni, Folin. Ibid. t. 6, f. fale ; . 174

63. Cerithiopsis bacillum, Issel. Savigny, Egypt, t. 4, f. 28, 174
64. Cerithiopsis dextroversum, Ads. & Rve. Voy. Samarang,

till sa Bly» fs : . ATS
65. Cerithiopsis cereum, ‘Sowb. hes. Conch. f. 244, . . 175
66. Cerithiopsis crocea, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 1, f. 13, 1878, 175
67. Cerithiopsis purpurea, Angas. Ibid. t. 5, f. z 1877, » ddd
68. Cerithiopsis metula, Lovén. selireye, Brit. Conch. WV, ts

80, f. 3, ; : . . Ltd

69. Cerithiopsis obeliscoides, Jeffr. Zool. Proc. t. 6, f. 4, 1885, 175
70. Cerithiopsis cylindratum, Jeffreys. Ibid. t. 6, f. 5, 1885, 175
71. Cerithiopsis procerum, Jeffreys. Ibid. t. 6, f. 2, 1885, AG
72. Cerithiopsis bizonalis, Jeffreys. Ibid. t. 6, f, 10, 1885, . 176

REFERENCE TO PLATES,

FIGURE.

73.
74.
75.

oo

Cerithiopsis Whiteavesii, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. y,

ae a iy

Cerithiopsis costulata, Moller. Jeffreys, "Brit. Conch. v,

1 ee oan ee
Norv. t. 13, f. 6,

Cerithiopsis eranosa, Wood. (Magnified) Sars, “Moll.

Pinte 37 :

. Triforis regalis, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. i, t. 4, f. 18,
. Triforis nodiferus, Ad. & Reeve. Voy. Samarang, t. 11,

Tat:

. Triforis tibialis, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr. i, t. 4, f. 19,
. Triforis gigas, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 8, f. 1, , ;
. Triforis concors, Hinds. Ibid. t. 8, fi 2

. Triforis dolicha, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, (ie 42, f. re
. Triforis sculptus, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 8, Pea

. Triforis pyramidalis, Ads. & Rve. Voy. Samarang, t. ae

’

. Triforis Reevei, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 11, f. 25, .

. Triforis acutus, Kiener. Kiener, Icon. t. 32, f. 2,

3. Triforis bilix, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 8, f. 5,

7. Triforis maxillaris, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 8, f. 7,

. Triforis micans, Hinds. Ibid. t. 8, f. 7,

. Triforis alveolatus, Ads. & Reeve. Voy. Sama arang, on id,

f. 30,

_ Triforis Hindsi, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. dal f 25,
. Triforis verrucosus, Ads. & Reeve. Voy. Samar ang, ti. 1l,

f. 32,

. Triforis formosus, Desh. Moll. Reunion, i ‘sil in 29,

. Triforis Angasi, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. t. L fold, 1865

. Triforis marmoratus, Pease, Donum Bism. t. 2, f. 8,

). Triforis fusca, Dunker. Moll. Jap. t. 2, f. 22, ‘
. Triforis Isleanus, Velain. Arch. Zool. Expér. vi, t. 3, f.

10, :
97a. Tae malvaceus, ried Ball: Src Mal. Fr. is i
IPs ooh a

: Triforis Douvillei, Jouss. Tbid: 1S hs wh £3 3,
. Triforis Blainvillei, Jouss. Ibid. i, t. 4, f.\6;

Triforis Mariei, Jouss. Ibid. i, t. 4, a |

_ Triforis bigemma, Watson. Voy. seialinnges. XV, t. 43,

f. 6,

; Triforis Hebes, Seanne olhid. XV, ke 43, G re
. Triforis inflata, Watson. Ibid. xv, t. 40, ey
. Triforis decoratus, C: B. :Ads. Specimen.

PLATE 38.

. Triforis aspera, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. t. 6, f. 7, 1865,
. Triforis asperrimus, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 8, f. 10,

462

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. ‘PAGE.
7. Triforis gemmulatus, Ads. & Reeve. Voy. Samarang, t.
11, £. 34, Piet
8. Triforis angustissimus, Desh. "Moll. Reunion, tt. 12, t 1. 182
9, Triforis Pfeifferi, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. t. 1, £ 14, 1865, 182
10. Triforis shirificd, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 4 ff. 39, . 182
11. Triforis violaceus, Quoy. Voy. Astrol. t. 55, £ 22, 182
12. Triforis Ducosensis, Jouss. (= violaceus). Bull. Soc. Mal.
iri 6,4. 10; . ‘ ‘ . 12
13. Triforis ruber, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, f. 15, 3 dee
14. Triforis roseus, Hinds. (= ruber). Ibid. t. 8, f. 19. . 182
15. Triforis distinctus, Desh. (= ee Moll. Reunion, t.
fied, oO, : 4 5 . 183
16. Triforis Adamsi, Desh: eZ ruber). Did. t. ala 2a eis
17. Triforis vulpinus, Hinds. Voy. Sa ee [Dep exer dies ba . tes
18. Triforis monilifer, Hinds. Ibid. t.8,f.14, . ; si best
19. Triforis granulatus, Ads. & meore: Voy. Samarang, t.
4 aa 33. : : : : : ie No
20. Tr fone suturalis, Ads. & Tee Noid. 4; 11; f.29% ales
21. Triforis clemens, Hinds. Voy. eee tho, te hos . 183
29. Triforis Carteretensis, Hinds. Ibid. a shige 17, . Tet
93. Triforis concinnus, Hinds. Ibid. t. sf 20, . 184
94, Trifoxis speciosus, Ads. & Reeve. age Samarang, te 11,
ier. eee Pikes
Da: Triforis Matar Teel, Moll. Mar Rosso. fe 4, £3 a: SS
26. Triforis pupaeformis, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 12, tS." eee
27. Triforis obesula, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr Tati, 4, ET, t35
28. Triforis perlatus, Issel. Savigny, Egypte, t. 4, f. 4, . 185
99. Triforis crenulatus, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 14. f. 20> ote
30. Triforis hilaris, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 8, f. 18, . 190
21. Triforis Tasmanicus, Tenison- Woods. Specimen, Bebo
39. Triforis crassula, Marts. (= atomus). Mcebius’ Mauri-
fins) ta eo.nt . 184
23, Triforis atomus, Iscel! Moll. Mar Rosso, tee fe 4, 184
34. Triforis Lervaini, Jouss. (= perlatus). Bull. Soc. Mal.
Proust ee : ; : P85
35. Triforis Chaperi, Jouss. Ibid. i, t. 4, f. 4, _ 185
36. Triforis xystica, Jouss. Ibid. i, t. 4, ft 8, AR
A POAT eo:
37. Triforis Levukense, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 39,
ie : ; . 18
38. riforis jammogan Ronee, Bull. Soe. Mal. Fr. iis t. 4, f. 16, ae
39, Triforis Rossiteri, Jouss. Ibid.i,t.4,f9, — . . 185
40. Triforis Agle, Jouss. Ibid. i, t. 4, f. 12, : 185
41. Triforis rufula, Watson. Voy. Challenger, XV, t. 42, i 2. 186
492. Triforis tristoma, Blainv. Malacol. t. 20, f. 3, . 187
43. Triforis cinguliferus, Pease. Don. Bism. t. 2, fi 8, . 186
44, Triforis perversus, Linn. Kiener, Icon. t. 25, f. ‘ . 187

REFERENCE TO ‘PLATES. 463

FIGURE. PAGE.
45. Triforis‘exilis, Dunker. Moll. Japon. t.2,f.9, —. . 187
46. Triforis ornatus, Desh. Kiener, Icon. t. 25, f. 2, . talkers,

47. Triforis enodax, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr. t. 4. f. 14, . 185
48. Triforis funebris, Jouss. Ibid. i, t.4,f15, . . 186
49. Triforis tricolor, Jouss. Ibid. i, t. 4, f, 13, ; 3 . 186
50. Triforis cucullatus Folin, (= alternatus). Meleagrin. t.

Birks Lou To : : ; . 186
51. Triforis: adversa, Mte. (= perversus), Forbes & Hanley,

Brit. Moll. t. 91, f. 6. 4% » ; t : - L3t
52. Triforis nigrocinetus, Ads. Specimen, : : ; . 188
53. Triforis turris-Thome, Chemn. Specimen, . ; -h88
54. Triforis turris-Thome, (= intermedius). Moll. Cuba. t.

Bow teely ; é i . 188
55. Triforis vitrens, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 8, f 12, : 188
56. Triforis Bayani, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr. i, t. 4, if 20, 189
57. Triforis vittatus, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 8, fi 4, . . 189
58. Triforis dextroversus, Ads. & Reeve. Voy. Samarang, t.

dt Se : 3 ; : 2190
59. Triforis corrugatus, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 8, f. 7, lSo
60. Triforis connatum, Montr. Jour. de Conch. 3 Ser. ii, t. 9,

f. 4, : : e159
61. Triforis cingulata, Dunker, (= Dunkeri). Moll. Japon,

tig, Dawes Th, 189
62. Triforis elegans, Hinds. Voy. ‘Sulphur, t. 8, f, id, . 189
63. Triforis hilaris Hinds. Ibid: t. Ste LS : . 190
64. Triforis cancellatus. Hinds. Ibid. t. Sitios ia Piles,
65. Triforis triliratus, Desh. Moll. Reunion, tee 27 . 190

LITTORINIDA.

PLATE 40.

66. Littorina irrorata, Say. Dentition. Troschel, Gebiss. i,

Laker oe, : : : : SN,
67. Risella imbricata, Gray. Dentition. Ibid. bitwllede8s {252
68. Lacuna vincta, Mte. Dentition.’”~ Ibis: 10.7. 13:5 2 283
69. Planaxis sulcatus, Berns Dentition. | Ubid. i: 12.46 Fes 287
70. Litiopa melanostoma, Rang. Dentition. Ibid. i, t. 11, f.

14, : : : : (237
“a. Modulus lenticularis, Choa Dentition. Ibid. i, t. 11,

f 710,' « ; : . 282
12. Fossarus ‘Adansonii, Phil. Dentition. F ischer’s “Man.

de Conch. f. 481, . ; ; , : ; {235
73. Aquilonaria Turneri, Dall. Dentition. Proc. Nat. Mus.

fiiank 2. 1eo6r WN : ; ‘ ‘ : . 230
74. Littorina obtusata, Linn. ‘Meyer & Mobius, Kieler bucht,

iG. - : : , 229

75. Littorina obtusata. Operculum. Fischer's, "Man. de Conch,
f. 477 u : ; ‘ : : : : . 229

464 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
76, 77. Lacuna pallidula, Meyer & Mobius, Kieler bucht,

f-10, 12, 5 233
78. Purpurina Bellona, @Orb. Fischer's, Man. de. Conch. f.

480, . . 232
79. Litiopa melanostoma, Rang. Ibid. f. 492, 237

PLATE 41.
80. Littorina grandis, Midd. Conch. Icon. f. 16b. ‘ . 240
81. Littorina pquabes, Brod. & Sowb. Zool. Beechey’s Voy.
t. 34, f. 12 é . 240
82-85. Littorina littorea, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 18, d . 240
86. Littorina Mandschurica, Schrenck. Reise Amurl. t. 14,
f. Aas 241
87. Littorina Sitchana, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. “10, f,
iS ; . 240
88. Littorina Sitchana, Phil. Conch. Icon. f. 49, : a. 240
89. Littorina brev icula, Phil.» Dbid: {012 ib: . 241
90. Littorina Souverbiana, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. 3d. Ser.
1 to AE Gee 241
91. Littorina Aleutica, Dall (= brevicula, var. ar.). Proc. Ca-
lif. Acad. iv, t. 1, £ 3, a. i : pat
92, 93. Littorina rudis, Donovan. Forbes and Hanley, Brit.
Moll. t. 83, f. 4, 6, 241
94, Littorina Grenlandica, Mke. iS rudis). " Conch. Icon. f
52, 241
95. Littorina ‘nigrolineata, Gr ay (= rudis, var.). Forbes &
Hanley, Brit. Moll: t263)i4, ; : : : 2A
96. Littorina simplex, Rve. (= rudis). Conch. Icon. f. 63,
b. : . 241
97. Littorina ‘saxatilis, Johnston = rudis, var.). | Forbes
and Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 86, f. 4, : . 241
98, -99;, 100: Littorina patula, Thorpe (= rudis, var.). “‘Thid.
168d, £1,004 te GG 2: ‘ . 241

1-4. eae tenebrosa, Mtg. (= rudis, var.). Thid. t. 84,
EDs ct, BO; to AO oie . 241

dD. Littorina obtusata, Linn. = littoralis). “Mal. Rossica, t.
8, £. 2, 241

6. Littorina arctica, Moll. (= littoralis). “Kiister, Conch,
Cab 2h. Pare: s , ; ie Dad

7. Littoriana arctica, Moll. (= littoralis). Conch. Icon. f.
69, : : : . 241
8. Littorina palli: ata, Say. (—littoralis). Thid. f. 31, b. 242

9, Littorina ventricosa, Phil. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 10, f.

Lahey ; 4 : . 242

10. Littorina porcata, Phil. Conch. eon f. 89, 242
PLALE 42.
11. Littorina ahenea, Reeve. (= scabra). Conch. Icon. f. 15,
: < A ; ‘ : : : : . 243

bd

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

12-14. Littorina scabra, Linn. Orb. Moll. Ce tlh 10,

15.
16.
We

15, 17, : ; : ;
Littorina augulifera, var. strigata, Phil. " Abbild. i, ts dD,
cate. : : ;
Littorina augulifera, var. - rubra, Phil. " Thid, We tioont.
iA ‘ ‘ ; ;
Sears aurea, , Bonnet = SC abra, v var.). Guerin’s Mag.
Oo te Ay 1864, A : :
19. Littorina se abra, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. Lovano, i:

. Littorina scabra, var. punctata, Phil. Abbild. ii, t. 5, f.

4,

21. Littorina ‘intermedia, Phil. eé scabra, var.). Kiister,

Conch, Cab. t. 4, f. 17,

_ Littorina intermedia, Phil. —— scabra, var). Conch. Icon.

£ 108,

. Littorina Sinensis, Phil. ‘= scabra, var.). ’ Kiister, Conch.

Unb: tbl, f'9,

. Littorina Newcombii, Rve. (—scabra, a Conch. Icon.

f. 28,.a.
_ Littorina arboricola, eae: Ibid, £ 27,

f. 26,

. Littorina Philippiana Rve. (= scabr: a, var.). Tbid. £ 22,

b.

. Littorina ‘carinifera, Menke = scabra, “var.). Thid. f.

29, b.

. Littorina cingulata, Phil. ‘(=scabra, var.) Ibid. f, 25,
. Littorina pallescens, Phil. (=scabra, var.). Ibid. f. 43, .

PLATE 48.
31a. Littorina filosa, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 24, b. c. .

2. Littorina aberrans, Phil. Ibid, f. 59, ‘
. Littorina strigata, Lischke. Japan. Meeresconch. li, t. 5,

f, 22,

_ Littorina flammea, Phil. Conch. Icon. f 46,
. Littorina Fortunei, Rve. (—flammea). Thid, f. 42,
. Littorina luteola, Quoy (=flammea). Voy. Astrol. t. =

f. 4,

. Littorina columellaris, Orb. Conch. Icon. fe 97, i
. Littorina nebulosa, Lam. (—scabra, var.) Thid, f. 55,

40. Littorina andulata, Gray. Ibid, f. 67, d. b.

. Littorina conica, Phil. (=undulata). Tbid, f.. 36, b.
. Littorina melanostoma, Gray. Ibid, f. 45, a. : ;
. Littorina melanostoma, var. articulata, Nevill. re if

45, b.

3 Littorina carte Sows: Genera, Littorina, f: 4
. Littorina fasciata, Gray (varia). Conch. Icon. f. 103,
b : : ‘ : 7

an
SF

465

PAGE,

243

. 243
. 248

. Littorina Sieboldi, Phil. (= scabra, var). Conch. Icon.’

466

FIGURE. PAGE.
46. Littorina variegata, Soul. rane Voy. Bonite, t. 31,
ed Nie . 246.
47. Littorina pulchra, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. ils Been . 246
48. Littorina irrorata, Say. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 10, f, 7,. 246
49. Littorina Sayi, Rve. (=irrorata). Conch. Icon. f. 96, b. 246
50. Littorina exarata, Phil. (=irrorata)- Kiister, Conch,
Cae tit, blo ‘ 3 ‘ : . 246
51. Littorina flava, Brot. (=columellaris). Thbid, t. 10, f. 3, 246.
52. Littorina suleulosa, Phil. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 39. . 247
53. Littorina obesa, Sowb. Ibid, f. 41, ‘ hee a
54. Littorina rufa, Recl. (Enlarged.) Ibid, f. 87, . 247
55. Littorina planaxis, Nuttall. Ibid. f. 58, : . 248:
56. Littorina ambigua, Rve. (=planaxis). Ibid, f, 64, . 248.
PLATE 44.
57. Littorina picta, Phil. (= planaxis). Conch. Icon. f. 81, 248:
58. Littorina striata, King. Ibid, f. 40, : 247
59. Littorina globosa, Dunker (= striata). Kuster, Conch.
Cab. t.. 14, £4, ay, ere
60. Littorima punctata, Gmel. Conch. Icon. f. 66, . 248
61. Littorina guttata, Reeve. Ibid, f.76, . . 248.
62, 65. Littorina Fraseri, Reeve. = punctata, Gmel.) ‘Ibid,
Aso Senden As . 248
64, Littorina pulchella, ‘Dunker. ‘Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 10,
Tet als : 4 : : : . 248.
65. Littorina Kny snaensis, Kovanc Conch. Icon. f. 75, . 249:
66. Littorina Africana, Krauss. Kister, Conch. Cab. t. 4, f.
S, : . E . 248
67. Littorina decollata, Krauss. Gare Icon. f 99, , . 249
68. Littorina picea, Reeve (= Knysnaensis). Ibid. f. 838, . 249
69. Littorina leucosticta, Phil. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 8, f. 1, 249
70. Littorina luctuosa, Reeve (= Mauritiana). Conch. Icon.
f. 65, ; : 3 : ee
71. Littorina mauritiana, Lam. Ibid, f: 100, : : . 247
72. Littorina levis, Reeve. (— Mauritiana). Ibid, f.95, . 247
3. Littorina Diemenensis, Quoy. (= Ranges t Ibid, f.
94, : : : . 24T
74, Littorina cincta, Quoy. ee Mauritiana). Ibid, £.:53,". =. 249
75. Littorina Africana, Reeve. (— Mauritiana). Thid, f. 37a: 247
76. Littorina Nova-Zelandiz, Reeve. Ibid, f. 74, . . 249
77. Littorina melanacme, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc. Xi. £.°30;
fea de ee : : . 249
78. Littorina zebra, Wood = Peruy iana). ~ Conch. Icon. f.
61a. : ‘ . 249)
79. Littorina Cubana, Weink. (es columellatis). Kiister,
Conch. Cab. t. 9, f. 3, 246
80. Littorina modesta, Mke. 1 conspesa). "Conch. Icon. f.
tT oe: : 5 : : ; 249

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

467

FIGURF. PAGE,
81. Littorina albida, Phil. (= conspersa). Kiister, Conch.
Cab, te 11,64, , : . . 249
82. Littorina conspersa, Phil. Ibid. t. 6,3. Ls ; . 249
83. Littorina puncticulata, Phil. (— comspers). "Ibid. t. 8,
Heo). 'S : . 249
84. Littorina Philippii, Carp. Specimen. . 249
85. Littorina penicillata, Carp. Ibid, . ‘ . 250
86. Littorina pintado, Wood. “Conch. Icon, f. 54, D. . 250
Puate 45.
87. Littorina irrorata, ‘Reeve (= aspera). Phil. Conch. Icon.
f. 56a. . 249
88. Littorina tenebrata, Nuttall eS pintado). Ibid, i 58, 250
89. Littorina tessellata, Phil. Ibid, f. 48b. . . 250
90, 91. Littorina Paytensis, Phil. Kiister, Conch, Cab. t. 9,
ek el ee ae . 250
92. Littorina elabrata, Phil. ee ziczac). Conch. Icon. f, 104, 251
95. Littorina Araucana, Orb. (= asa Ibid, f. 88, 250
96. Littorina ‘Araucana, Orb. or Paytensis). Voy. Amer.
Merid. t. 53, f 9, : cnet . 250
97. Littorina cingulifera, Dunker. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 8,
oe eae . 250
98. Littorina scutulata, “Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped. f. 24, 250
99, 100. Littorina scutulata, Gould. Specimens, . . 250
1. Littorina plena, Gld. ze scutulata). Moll. Wilkes Exped,
f. 2067. : 250
2. Littorina lepida, Gld. ae scutulata). Ibid. f. 238, 250
3. Littorina pullata, Carp. (= scutulata). Specimen, . 250
4. Littorina radiata, acai (= granularis). Moll. Voy.
Bonite. f. 47, : 260
5. Littorina ziczac, Chemn, Conch. Toon. f. 57, bo 251
6. Littorina carinata, d’Orb. (= ziczac). Ibid, f. 50, . 251
7. Littorina debilis, Phil. (== meme) Tide (OL. . 251
8. Littorina pusilla, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 22, 251
9. Littorina columna, Jonas. Ibid, t. 108-13; 251
10. Littorina guttata, Phil. (= meleagris). Specimen, 248
11. Littorina minima, Gray. Conch. Icon. f. 86, 252
12. Littorina brevicula, Phil. Abbild. ii, t. 3, f 20, : . 241
13. Littorina ner Nga Linn. Forbes & Hanley ; Br it. Moll.
“ 84, f. 1, - 2b?
14, 1 Littorina Cub ana, Weink. Kiister. Conch: Cab. t.-9:
ie: ue : : 246
16. Littorina mespilum, Mihlf. Ibid. t. 2, f. i Fie ; 252
17. Littorina naticoides, Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 15, f. 22, 252
PLATE 46.
18. Littorina Thersites, Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 78, : 252
19. Littorina acuminata, Gld. Moll. Wilkes Exped. f. 239, 252

468 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

20, 21. Littorina littoralis, Forbes (= obtusata, Linn).

Conch. Icon. f. 34

22. Littorina fabalis, Turton (= obtusath, Var.). Ibid. £.

90b.

23. Littornia estuari, Jeffreys & obtusata, Var.). Brit.

Conch iv, 10; ee

24. Littorina umbilicata, @’Orb. Voy. “Amer. Merid. t. 76,
fd, nave

25, 26. Littorina albicans, Metealfe. Conch. Icon., i. dda, b,

27. Littorina tenuis, Phil. Ibid, f. 35, ;

28. Littorina Ardouiniana, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.,
Pi porbe2O, tied, oh.

29. Nee, caliginosa, Gld. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., f 240,

30. Littorina venusta, Pfeffer. Nat. Hist. Mus. Hamburg, t :

LIE eS eu ols (ote : : A :
81. Littorina granum, Pffr. Ibid, t. 1, f. 10;
32. Littorina pygméa, Pffr. Ibid, t. 1, f. 11,
33. Littorina umbilicata, Pffr. Ibid, (ie aoe 5 12

34. Littorina pumilio, Smith. Trans. Roy. Soc. elxviii, t. 9,

fy ee :
35. Littorina Hisseyana, Tenison Woods. Specimen,
36. Littorina Paludinella, Reeve. Conch. Icon, f. 84,

37. Littorina setosa, Smith. Trans. Roy. Soe. elxviii, t. a
38. Littorina setosa, Smith. Nat. Hist. Mus. Hamburg, teak

Bee otsi an :
39-41. Littorina pellita, Marts. Ibid, t. i f. Oe es
42. Littorina Turneri, Dall. Proc. Nat. Mus., (poe Bests 1886,

43. Cremnoconchus carinatus, Layard. Conch. Tate t.

1465 4,-10;
44, Gaancencine conicus, Bian Tbid, i 146, f. Y:

45. Cremnoconchus Fairbanki, Blanf. = conicus). Ibid, t.

LAG. £7,

46, Cremnoconchus canaliculatus, Blanf. (e— conicus). Jour.

Bengal, xxxix, t. 3, fi 4,
AZ. (mumcerncine Sy yhadrensis, Clank Conch! Ind., t. 146,
L2G: ) ; : E : :

PLATE 47
48. Tectarius pagodus, Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 4,
49-51. Tectarius bullatus, Martyn. Ibid, f. 1,
52. Tectarius tectum-persicum, Linn., “Ibid, £ 3;

53. Tectarius coronaria, Lam. Ibid, f. 2, .
54. Tectarius armata, Issel. Issel. Mar Rosso, t. 2, £. 7,

55. Tectarius tectiformis, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t.

7 ee

56, 57. iy eee Montrouzieri, Pitcher Kiister, Conch.

Gab.it. dete a
58. Tectariusspinulosa, Phil. (c— bullatus). Conch. Icon., f: 5,

bo bo bw bo bo
Or or O1 G1 Or
AANA

bo
or
Co

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.
Tectarius thiarella, Anton (=nodulosus). Kiister, Conch.

59.
60.

61.
62.

63.

64.
65.
66.
67.

68.
69.
70.
“A.
72.
79.
74.

MDs
76.

ti.
78.
09,

81.
82.

85.
84.
85.
86.
87.

88.
89.

99.
91,

Gabi. ts 5; £79; ;
Tectarius dilatatus, Orbs. (== nodulosus). Conch. Teon.,

1

Tectarius ‘trochoides, Gre ay ce nodulosus). Tbid, f 105,

Tectarius monilifera, Soul. (= nodulosus). Voy. Bonite,
tou, ft. 38,

Tectarius Malaccana, Phil. (223 ‘nodulosus). Conch. Teon.,
Dedlica 4

Tectarius vilis, Menke ee nodulosus). Thid., i 12,

Tectarius subnodosus, Phil. (= nodosus). Ibid., f. 10,

Tectarius nodosus, Gray. Ibid., feels,

Tectarius Natalensis, Krauss (= nodosus). Ibid., f. 102,

PLATE 48.

Tectarius muricatus, Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 11, :

Tectarius glans, Reeve (= miliaris, var.). Ibid, i. 62a,

Tectarius rugosus, Menke. Ibid, f. 32b,

Tectarius reticulatus, Anton (= miliaris). Kiister, Conch.
a0. te, eels i

Tectarius py rramidalis, Quoy. “Conch. Tcon., f. 14, .

Tectarius Cumingil, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t.12, £9,
Tectarius tuberculatus, Gray (= nodulosus). Sagra’s
: : s : ; 3 . 208
Tectarius nodulosus,Gmel. Ktister, Conch. Cab.,t. 14, f. 2,

Cuba, t 14) f 21+:

259

. 258
259
. 259

. 259
. 258

Tectarius poe Reeve (= miliaris). Conch. Icon.,

f. 82

Tectarius tniliaris, Quoy. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 53, f. 16,
Novara, t. 1, f. 10,
Conch. v, t. 8, f. 14,

257

258

: iV . 259
Tectarius granosus, Phil. (2 miliaris, V Tar.). Ibid, f. 106,
. 299
80. Tectarius suboranosus, Dunker (= granularis). Voy. —

259

f . 260
Tectarius cinereus, Pease (2 granularis). Am. Jour.

Tectarius granocostatus, Pa BE Conch. Tcon.,
. 209
. 259
, . 260
Tectarius millegrana, Phil. (= granularis). Ibid., f. 99, .
. 259
Modulus cidaris, Reeve (= tectum). Reeve, Elem.

. 260

i As ae ;
Tectarius nodosus, Gray. ” Thid, f. 13, :
Tectarius gre anulari is, Gray. Ibid, f. 68b,

Tectarius lemniscata, Phil. (— nodosus). Ibid., f. 6,

Conch. 1, t. 13, f. 63,

Modulus candidus, Petit’ (== tectum). Jour. de Conch.
: . 260

iets th, : ,
Modulus obtusatus, Phil. = tectum). Specimen, .
Modulus Floridanus, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch. vy, t. 12, f. 6,
92. Modulus lenticularis, Chemn. Specimen, .

. 260

260

260
260
. 261

93, 94, Modulus disculus, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 36, £ 14, 261

470 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 49.

FIGURE. PAGE.
95. Modulus dorsuosus, Gld. Mex. & Cal. Shells, t. 14, f. 12, 261
96, 97. Modulus cerodes, A. Ad. Specimen, 261
98. Modulus catenulatus, Phil. (= unidens). Kiister, Tro-

chit, te lots ; . 261
99. Risalla nana, Lam. Kiister, Risella, t. i i 13, : . 262
100. Modulus trochiformis, Soul. or unidens). Voy. Bonite,
tis 4. 20,° 0. . 261
1 INE Modulus Moreleti, Fischer. Jour. de Conch., ith ii f 2,
18835. : . 261
3. Risella lutea, Quoy. Specimen, ‘ . 262
4, 5. Risella cicatricosa, Jonas. Abbild.i, Trochus, ie 2, f.2,, 262
6. Risella aurata, Quoy. Kiener, Trochus, 34h . 262

7. Risella Kielmanseggi, Zelebor. Voy. Novara, t. 1, f, 11d, 262
8, 9. Risella imbricata, Gray. Kister, Risella, t. 1, f. 4, 5, 262

10, 11. Risella plana, Quoy. bide. te Ash Get, +. . 262
12. Risella plana, Quoy. Jour. de Conch, 3 ser. Iv, t. fee f, 2, 262
13. Risella nana, Lam. Specimen, : ; . 262
14. Risella nana, Lam. Voy. Astrol., t. 62, f Das . 262

15. Risella Bruni, Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 3 ser. Iv, t. 11, £3, 262
16, 17. Risella picta, Phil. Kiister, Risella, (ae Re Ran 12, . 262
18, 19. Risella grisea, Phil. Ibid, t. 1, f. 19, 20, . : . 262
20, 21. Risella melanostoma, Gmel. Jour. de Gonch., 3 ser.

TV, ttt, fa; ‘ : : 2 : ; . 262
22. 2s. Risella flavescens, Phil. Kiister, Risella, t. 1, f.17,18, 262
24, 25. Risella plicatula, Phil. Dhidt:-1.f, 23524: .) op: . 262
26, 27. Risella fimbriata, Phil. Ibid, t. 1, f. 9, 10, : . 262
28, 29. Risella vittata, Phil. Ibib, t. 1, f. 25, 26, s . 262

PLATE 50.

30, 31. Risellalivida, Phil. Ktister, Conch. Cab., t. 1, f. 27, 28, 262
32, 33. Risella tantilla, Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., f. 215, 263
34. Risella diminutivus, Rve. on tantilla). Conch. Icon.

Trochus, f. 57, ; : ; ; . 263
35-37. Risella Gaidei, Montrouz. "Jour. de Conch., t. 3, f. 8,
T1879. ‘ : 3 : : . 263

38. Risella conoidalis, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. iil, t. 24, £8, 263
39, 40. Risella Isseli, Semper. Savigny’s Egypt, t.. 5, £3,263

41, 42. Risella infracostata, Issel. Tbid, t. 5, f. 40, ; . 264
43. Risella Roepstorffiana, Nevill. Sica : . 264
44-46, Plesiotrochus Souverbianus, Fischer. Jour. deConch,

1c ibs bes al OAS Fai ae 264
47, 48. ‘Limnotrochus Thomsoni, ‘Smith. Zool. Proc., Ye 33

1 Wn =F : : ; . 264

49, 50. Limnotrochus Kind Smith. Tbid, t. 33, f. 18, 1881, 264
51, 52. Lacuna puteolus, Turton. Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Moll. +.72,£9; t. 74,09, : ; : : . 265

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

9
vd,

53a. Lacuna pallidula, DaCosta. Ibid, t. 72, f. 2, 4,

53b. Lacuna Thorpeana, Phil. Ktister, Lacuna, t. 6, f. 14,
. Lacuna neritoidea, Gould. Invert. Mass., f. 574,

. Lacuna porrecta, Carp. Specimen, . ; : t

. Lacuna effusa, Carp. (= porrecta, Var.). Specimen,

. Lacuna exeequata, Carp. (== porrecta, Var.). Beg.
. Lacuna variegata, Carp. Specimen,

60. Lacuna Bourguignati, Rochebr. Nouv. Arch. "Mus.
2 ser. iv, t. 18, f. 12 ‘

62. Lacuna labiosa, ‘Lovén (= dlivarieata). Forbes &
Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. 86, f. 7,

74. Lacuna unifasciata, Carp. ee

. Lacuna fusca, Binney (= divaricata). Ktister, Lacuna,

f. 6: £, 4,

. Lacuna eracilior, Mete. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. t.

74, £7,

. Lacuna quadrifasciata, Mte. Thid, ie 86, E 6,

68. Lacuna vincta, Mtg. = divaricata), Ibid, cas ft
1, 12

; eons solidula, oven Oimusier, Lacuna, tis . t 3,
. Lacuna frigida, ‘Lovén, Ibid, t. 6, f. 6

72. Lacuna carinata, Gld. (= divaricata). Moll. Wilkes’
Exped., f. 231a,

. Lacuna arctica, Phil. (C= divaricata). Kiister, Lacuna,

t.6; £5,

. Lacuna Boren Phil. ce divaricata). Tbid, f:.6, f. 2: :
. Lacuna crassior, Mtg. Forbes & Haney Brit. Moll., c.

oe ; :
. Lacuna laxata, se Ad. Jour, de Conch.. t. 4, £7 Bele

PLATE 51.

78. Lacuna parvula, Velain. Archives Zool. Expér. vi, t. ®,

au

‘ acne Heberti, Vela alia i é fT. 13, :
. Lacuna reflexa, Dall. Proe. Nat. Mus. wit; t: 2, f. 1, 1884,

82. ate Antarctica, Martens. Nat. Hist. Mus. Ham-
burg, t. 2, f. 1, 1885,

‘ Lacuna depressa, Seguenza. Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 8, 1885, .
. Lacuna tenella, Jeffreys. Jeffreys’ Brit. Conch. v, t. 101,

rts

. Lacuna margaritifera, Watson, Moll. Voy. Challenger, t.

43, f. 3,

. Lacuna ‘Adamsi, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc:, £: 20: f. 16, 1883,
. Lacuna carinata, Jeffreys. Ibid, t. 20, f. 9, 1883,

89. Lacuna cincta, Jettreys. Ibid, t. 20, f. 8, 1883,

, 91. Lacuna naticiformis, Jeffreys. Zool. Proc. Sb 20, la

1883,

472 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
92. Lacuna olivacea, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, t. 29, f.5, 269
93. Lacuna cingulata, Verrill. Ibid, vi, t. 32, f. 7, , i200

94. Fossarus costatus, Broechi. Moll. Roussillon, t. 27, f.19, 272
95. Fossarus Stoliczkanus, Nevill. Jour. Bengal, xl,t.1,f10, 272
96. Fossarus elegans, Verrill & Smith. Trans. Conn. Acad.
Vist, OU, tau; ; . oz
97. Fossarus mediocris, Folin. Meleagrinicoles, t. Dade 8 2k
98. Fossarus reticulatus, Wood. Zool. Pree.) t: 4s £9; 1885,
99, 100. Fossarus sulcatus, 8. Wood. Crag Moll. te 8, £285 292
1. Fossarus insignis, Nevill. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xl, t. 1,

ier ae : ; ‘ : ‘ : : : . 273
2. Fossarus cereus, Watson. Moll. Voy. Challenger, t. 43,

ficAy bo : : 4 : . 274
Qa, Fossarina patula, Ad. & Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 37, £..9, 276

PLATE 982.

3-5. Fossarus ambiguus, Linn. Kister, Fossar, t. 1, f 11,

OS oes Pp ft
6. Fossarus sulcatus, Orb. ce Orbignyi, F ischer). “Moll.

Cuba, t. 17, f. 28, . - 27%
7. Fossarus lamellosus, “Montr. J our. de Conch., “8d ser. 1, t.

att: ‘ (ft!
8, Fossarus “pusillus, Gould. Specimen. oe
9. Risella Caledonica, Crosse. Jour. de Conch, Es a i 6,

1875, 7%. . 263
10. Fossarus atratus, C. B. Ad. Specimen, : , : . 272
11. Fossarus fenestratus, als Specimen, . ' : . 272
12. Fossarus obtusa, Carp. Specimen, . . 218

13. Fossarus reticulatus, A. Ad. Zool. Proc. it. 20, f ox 1853, 278,
14. Fossarus tuberatus, Jeffreys. Ibid, t. 20, f. 12, 1853, . 274
15. Fossarus tuberculatus, Watson. Voy. Challenger, XV, t.

46, f. 5 i 215
16. Fossarina picta, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., te 19, i 26, i867, 28
17. Fossarina Brazieri, Angas. Ibid, t. 1, ie 24, 1877, f . 245
18, 19. Fossarina funiculata, Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict.

KVL oa OMe : : . 206
20, 21. Fossarina Petterdi, Brazier. Jour. de Conch., te 12,

i eros haere ; 200
Do Dice Pl. anaxis snlcatae: Born. Conch: Teon., i 4, [ . 276
24. Planaxis breviculus, Desh. Thes. Conch., t. 483, | ees ee 47) |
25. Planaxis Savignyi, Desh. Pid NE": won Ve ate
26. Planaxis Savignyi, Desh. Conch. Ieon., i 30b, 5 ae
27. Planaxis encausticus, Smith. Thes. Conch., i 32, : . 217
28. Planaxis crassispira, Smith. Ibid, f. 14, : IT
29. Planaxis Nicobaricus, Zelebor (= mollis). Moll. Voy.

Novara, t. 2, f. 1, . 279
30. Planaxis ‘planicostatus, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 26, . “peed.

31. Planaxis obscurus, A. Ad. (= sulcatus). Ibid, i 5, . 276

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

473

FIGURE. PAGE,
32. Planaxis brevis, Quoy (= sulcatus). Voy. Astrol., t. 33,

Oe eg . : - . 276
33. Planaxis suturalis, Smith. Conch. Icon., f 18, Daas
34, 35. Planaxis mollis, Sowb. Ibid, ft 35, yh)
36. Planaxis nucleus, Lam. Ibid, f. ca wore
37. Planaxis nigra, Quoy. Ibid, f. Gia : f Mis:
38. Planaxis ater, Pease (= lineatus). Ibid, f. 18, . 278
39, Planaxis Hanleyi, Smith (= nigra). Ibid, f. 12, . wate
40. Planaxis abbreviatus, Pease. Ibid, f 19, 277
41. Planaxis labiosus, A. Ad. (= linee itus, Var.). Tid, f. 14a, 279
42. Planaxis acutus, Krauss. Tore to: : . 218
43. Planaxis castaneus, Smith (= nigritella). Ibid, f. 2 pee fhe.
44, Planaxis similis, Smith. Ibid, f 11; o218
45, Planaxis atropurpureus, Recluz (= nigra). Thid, “g 10, 278
46. Planaxis Albersi, Dunker (= nigra). Ind. Moll. Guin.,

|e a ee a . 278
47. Planaxis nigritella, Forbes. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. @,- Se20o
48. Planaxis cingulatus, AS Ads (== lineatus). Ibid, 4 15, . 278

PLATE 55.

49, Planaxis virgatus, Smith (— lineatus). Reeve, Conch.

Icon., f. 24, . : : ; . 279
50, 51. Planaxis ‘variabilis, Smith i lineatus). Ibid, f. 23, 278
52. Planaxis ineptus, Gld. (= lineatus). Tbid, f..28, . . 218
53. Planaxis zonatus, A. Ad. (= lineatus). Thid, £, 29; 279
54. Planaxis Hermannseni, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Guinea, t. 2, f.33, 279
55. Planaxis longispira, Smith (= lineatus). Conelf. Icon. 5

T32,, ; : : 279
56. Planaxis striatula, Phil. eo lineatus, Var.). Donum

Bismark,, t. 2, f. ab 200
57. Planaxis lineol: atus, Gla. ce line: atus). Conch. Teon., i 31, 278
58. Planaxis tenuis, Smith. Ibid, f. 27, Bee he:
59. Planaxis strigatus, Hanley (ae lineatus). Ibid, it 25, 279
60, 61. Planaxis ; punctostriatus, Smith. Ibid, f. 34, 279
62. Planaxis piligerus, Phil. Conch. Icon., f. 38, . 280
63. Planaxis lineatus, DaCosta. Conch. Icon., f. 20, . 279
64. Planaxis eboreus, Smith (—lineatus). Conch. Icon., f 33, 278
65. Planaxis succinctus, A. Ad. (= lineatus). Ibid, f. 21, . 278
66. Planaxis fasciatus, Pease (= lineatus). Am. Jour. Conch.

iv, 22: £07, : é : : : . 278
67, 68. Planes Hidalgoi, Crosse. Jour. de Conch., t. 8, f.

7, 1886, ; 29
69. Planaxis setigerus, A. Ad. Ss piligerus). Zool. Proe., t.

20, f. 5, 1853, : . 280
70. Planaxis Michaui, Crosse & Fischer —_ decollatus)

Conch. Icon. Planaxis, f. 36, : . 280
71. Planaxis decollatus, Quoy. Ibid, i eye 280

474

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE,

72. Litiopa striata, Pfr. (— melanostoma). Moll. Voy.
Bonite, t. 37, f. 1, . : : . 281

75. Litiopa nitidula, Pfr. = mel: anostoma). Ind. Moll.
Goin: 20k 29, 4 ? ; 1 2e8

74. Litiopa bombyx, Rang. (= melanostoma). Adams’
Genera, t. 3, 4, f. 5 . 281

75. Litiopa Grateloupiana, Drouet (= mel anostoma). “Moll.
Acores, f. 1, 281
76. Litiopa Savienyi, Issel. Savieny 's Egy pte, t. 3, i 19, 281
77. Litiopa Jeffreysiana, Issel. Mar Rosso, t. 5, f. 4, ok

78. Litiopa decussata, Gould ce melanostoma). Moll. Wilkes’
Exped. £252, . 281
79. Litiopa Bellangeri, Soul, Voy. Bonite., t. 37, f Wes . 281
80. Litiopa striata, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 42, f.6, 284
81. Litiopa semistriata, Phil. Savigny’s Egypte, t. 3, t 27, eee
82. Litiopa Martensi, Issel. Ibid, t. 3, f. 26, ; . 282
83. Litiopa lauta, A. ‘Ad. Specimen. : . 282
84. Litiopa phasianella, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 13, f. 18, 1867, 283
85. Litiopa suturalis, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., t. 172, £ 32, 283
86. Litiopa Leithi, Smith. Zool. Proc., p. 537, 1875, 283
87. Litiopa marmorea, Carp. Specimen. : . 283
88. Litiopa albugo, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, vt. 42, de : 283
89. Litiopa limnaeiformis, Watson. Ibid, xv, t. AL, a 283
90. Litiopa fulva, Watson. Ibid, xv, t. 42, £0; 284
91. Litiopa sulcata, Watson. Ibid, xv, t. 42, f. 7, . . 284
92. Litiopa goniocheila, A. Ad. Ibid, xv, t. 42, f. 4, . 284

RISSOIDA.
PLATE 654.

93, 94. Operculum of Rissoina Inca, d’Orb. Kiister, Conch. ~
Cab., t. 5, f. 4, . 320
95. Operculum of Rissoa violacea. Fischer’s Manuel, f 494, 314

96, 97. Operculum of Jeffreysia diaphana. Forbes & Han-
ley, Brit. Moll, t, JJ, 4.1, ». . 322
98. Rissoa parva. Dentition. ‘Troschel, Gebiss. i, i 10, f. 6, 315
99. Skenea planorbis. Dentition. Ibid, i,t. 10, f, 10, . 323

100. Skenea planorbis. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. GG.
iy , : . 323

iL. Jeffreysia ‘opalina. Dentition. Troschel, Gebiss. i, t. 10,
as . 823
2. Jeffreysia opalina. Jaw. Ibid, i, t. 10, f. they * $22
3. Homalogyra nitidissima. Fischer’s Manuel, f. 487, . 324

4, Homalogyra nitidissima. Dentition. Sars, Moll. Aret.
Nory. i : : . 324

5. Choristes elegans, Carp. Dentition. Trans. Conn. Acad.
v, 4. 58, ff 57, a. : : ‘ ; . 324

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

6.

(i

39.

Rissoina terebroides, E. A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soe. xu,
tO; £. £9;

. Rissoina multicostata, Schw. (= Krebsii). Schwartz,

Rissoina, t. 6, f. 48,

. Rissoina scalarina, A. Ad. e— plicata, Ad.) Conch. Icon.

ft 6;

; Rissoina obeliscus, Recluz. Schwartz, Rissoina, t. an

15,

: Rissoina lirata, “Angas. Zool. Prov. 40, f. 11, 1880,
. Rissoina scalariformis, Watson. Voy. Challenger, t. i

16.

. Rissoina triangularis, Wiacdont Ibid, if 46, if, 7,
. Rissoina Honolulensis, Watson. Ibid, £: 46, ie 9,
. Rissoina mercurialis, Watson. Ibid, t. 46, f. 8,

PLATE 55.

. Rissoina Inea, d’Orb, Kiister’s Conch. Cab. t. 5, f. 2,

. Rissoina pyramidalis, A. AMS Thidet i, £5, :
. Rissoina fasciata, A. Ad. Schwartz, Rissoina, t. 1, f. E oe
. Rissoina Smithii, Angas. i

rae Teon. f.

68,

. Rissoina Bruguierei, Payr. Schwartz, Rissoina, t. 1, f. 4,
. Rissoina crassa, Angas (= Rissoi). Zool. Proce. t. 1, f.

16, 1871,

. Rissoina Hanleyi, Schwartz. Rissoina, t. 4, f. 28,

. Rissoina striolata, Risso. (= Bruguierei). Ibid, ae ie 5 p
. Rissoina monilis, A. Ad. Dhid, 4) Ud.7;

. Rissoina nivea, A. Ad. Conch. Teon: f. 91,

. Rissoina fortis, C. B. Ad. Ibid, f. 30,

. Rissoina striata, Menke. Ibid, f, 7 ae

. Rissoina pusilla Schw. he ambigua). Schwartz, Rissoina,

t. 4, f. 2

. Rissoina micans, i, ‘Ad. ‘bid? tf i. f. 8, ; aikte/s
. Rissoina myosoroides, Recluz. (= ambigua). Ibid, t. 4,

f. 30,

; Rissoina conifera, Schwairte, Schwartz, Rissoina, t. 4, f. 3,
. Rissoina ambigua, Gould. Ibid, t. 3, f. 27, ,
2. Rissoina costulata, Pease. Reeve’s Conth: Teon. f. 121,

. Rissoina terebra, Garrett. (= incerta). Proce. Philad.

Acad. t. 2, f. fe 1875,

. Rissoina incerta, Soienb. Girl: Teen: Ve 46,
. Rissoina ANE CRON Souverb. Ibid, f. 85, .
. Rissoina subdebilis, Nevill. Ktister’s Conch. Cab. t. 15b.

£59;

38. Rissoina Ne svilliana, Weink. Ibid, t. 15, a. f. 7; t. 15d.
f. 2,

Rissoina Gertrude, Tenison- Woods. Specimen.

476 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
40. Rissoina spiralis, Souverb. Kiister’s Conch. Cab. t. 14,
DER NS RS Van Ph ea
41. Rissoina costatogranosa, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. t.
Qt 1, LEIS 5 ; Ae Re : ; Shes
42. Rissoina er acilis, Garena Ibid. t. 2, f. 8, 1873, , .olo
PLATE 56.
43-46. Rissoina variegata, Angas. Conch. Icon. f. 64, . 370
47. Rissoina millecostata, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. ti. 2,
ff OOP eer oes ; BRT.
48. Rissoina debilis, Garrett. Ibid, fis 2, £9: 1873, 4 )312
49, Rissoina Duclosi, Montr. Kiister, ancl Cab. t: 14, £..9, 378
50. Rissoina angulata, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell. xi st. 6,
Aue ‘ See ‘ 315
51. Rissoina elegantissima, @’Orb. Schwartz, Rissoina, bs 2,
eile F E ~ old
52. Rissoina be! CO. B. Ad. Ibid, t. 4. e Besies d Ot
53. Rissoina Burdigalensis, Orb. Ibid, bare f. ee ; 375
54. Rissoina subvillica, Weink. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i 15d.
sod 0: Saas é . at4
55. Rissoina Ganalieulitn, Sowb. Cantu. Tea: f. 60, ; ono
56. Rissoina distans, Anton. Schwartz, Rissoina, t. 2% 17, 375
57. Rissoina costata, A. Ad. Ibid, t. 2, f. 16, ‘ ao Os
58. Rissoina plicata, A. Ad. Ibid, t. 3, f. 21, : . 37d
59. Rissoina denticulata, Mohrenst. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.
ork 2a 3 «DEO
60. Rissoina ‘subangulata, Schwartz, Rissoina, 3; a: 20, . 375
61. Rissoina Weinkauana! Nevill. Kiister, ‘Conch. Cab. t.
IRS oes ey : : . 316
62. Rissoina pionttle Gould. Ibid, t. 15b. f ae : _ot7
63. Rissoina turricula, Pease. Ibid, t. 15¢c. f. 6, . é BOLE
64. Rissoina subfuniculata, Nevill. Ibid, t. 15b. f ope Oil
65. Rissoina minuta, Nevill. ones ais lie rab ole : . 376
66. Rissoina scolopax, Souverb. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 15,
fowls Old
67. Rissoina bryerea, Mte. Canuck! con! 16 8, : 379
68. Rissoina scalariformis, Schwartz. Rissoina, is 3. f. D4, . 875
69. Rissoina funiculata, Souverb. Kiister, Conch. Gab. (fol ote
FAQS 2 3tt
70. Rissoina pseudobryerea, Nevill. Thid, t. 15d. f 1; . 319
71. Rissoina sealaroides, Sowb. Conch. Teon. 1 4 obo
72. Rissoina W oodwardi, Carp. Ibid, f. 104, : ; ote
73. Rissoina Chesnelli, Mich. Ibid, f. 89, . é } . 380
74. Rissoina Catesbyana, d’Orb. Ibid, f. 94, 380
75. Rissoina Baxteriana, Nevill. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 15d.
oa A ; : ; » 016

76. Rissoina triticea, Pease. ‘Conch. Icon. ih 102, : . 380

REFERENCE TO PLATES,

PLATE 57.

FIGURE.

teks

Rissoina exigua, Dunker. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 15e.

477

PAGE,

f,.3, : Sat : c : : . 380
78. Rissoina Rissoi, Audouin.. Ibid, t. 15, f. 13, 378
79. Rissoina clathrata, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. f. 76. WHS
80. Rissoina bicollaris, Schwartz. Itister, Conch. Cab. t. 10,
ead ean , : : : : ; ool
81. Rissoina fenestrata, Schwartz. Rissoina, t. 7, f. ai 381
2. Rissoina pulchra, C. B. Ad. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 10,
1 EY te : : ‘ ; P F . ool
83. Rissoina pulchra, C. B. Ad. Schwartz, Rissoina, t. (ine
D2, ee ts : , : F ; ‘ 381
84. Rissoina cancellata, Phil. Ibid, t. 7, f. 52, ae L
85. Rissoina nitida, A. Ad. Conch. Ieon. f. 53, Seas)
86. Rissoina Sagraiana, d’Orb. Ibid, f. 80, ; . 384
87. Rissoina Deshayesii, Schwartz. Rissoina, t. 7, f. 55, . 382
88. Rissoina labrosa, Schwartz. Ibid, t. 7, f. 58, res ye
89. Rissoina media, Schwartz. - Ibid, t. Tf. 3) or , . 382
90. Rissoina costulata, Dunker. Ind. Moll. Jap. t2, bt ott
91. Rissoina ceelata, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. f. 14, : . 386
92. Rissoina Erythrea, Schwartz. MRissoina, t. 8, f. 59,. 384
93. Rissoina bellula, A. Ad. - Ibid, t. 8, f. 60, 1383
94, Rissoina nodicincta, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. f. 72, . Resi
95. Rissoina Philippiana, Pfr. (= cancellata). Ibid, f. 103, 381
96. Rissoina exasperata, Souverb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 14,
i 10, 384
SV me Rissoina Seouenziana, Issel. Ibid, ifs 15, f. 16; t 15c.
£2 2, . 383
99. Rissoina Samoensis, Dunker. Thid, ‘t. 15¢. f. 1, : . 384
100, 1. Rissoina strigillata, Gould. Ibid, t, 15,-b: f. 14, 383
2. Rissoina Hungerfordiana, Nevill. Ibid, t. 15, a. f. 9, 383
PLATE 58.
3. Rissoina Blanfordi, Nevill. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 15, d.
tO; : 383
4, Risoma Fickely. eealeawhe Thid: 7 15, Got 4, | 383
5. Rissoia sculptilis, Garrett. Proce. Philad. Acad. t. 2, f,
2, LST, 383
6. Rissoina seabra, Garrett. "Ibid, tee ce os 873, 384
7. Rissoina hystrix, Souverb. Kiister, ont Cab. t. 15, f.
3, : ; ; : 383
8. Rissoina horrida, Garrett. Proe. Philad. Acad. te £05,
1873, ; : . 383
9. Rissoina Pri ivati, Folin. Fonds de la Mer. i t. Tete Ser, 362

. Rissoina transenna, Watson. Voy. Challenger, t. 46, f.

. 382
: Besoin Curtisii, E. he Smith. Zool. Alert, i 5, if M. :

10,

384

478

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE, PAGE,
12. Rissoina granulosa, Pease. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 14, f.

es . 383
13. Rissoina elegantula, Angas. "Zool, -Proe. t. 40, f. 10,

— 1880, . 386
14. Rissoina reticulata, Sowb. Conch. eons a 75, 385
15. Rissoina decussata, Mtge. Ibid, f. 78, p ; . 885
16. Rissoina princeps, C. B. Ad: (reticulata). ‘Tbid, f. 95, 385
17. Rissoina striato-costata, d’Orb. Ibid, f. 88, . 8385
18. Rissoina concinna, A. Ad. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 10, f

oot x , : : 386
19. Rissoina concinna, Sowb. (=pseudoconcinna, Nev.) Conch.

Patoone tore" » Bot
20. .Rissoina Adamsiana, Weink: ‘Kiister, Conch, Cube t. 15,

> van df. 4 3, . 386
21. ‘Bissqina Andamanics, Weink Thid, t. 15, b. € es . 386

92. Rissoina dimidiata, Jiekol:: Jahrb. Mal. Gessell. mi, 250;

i 4, . 386
28. "Rissoina Molrensterni, Desh. “-Goneh. Icon. i ‘BT, . 386
94, Rissoina tenuistriata, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. iii, t. 24,

Dio. cee 386 \
25. Rissoina cigantea, Desh. Schwartz, Rissoina, t. 8, f

vG2t : 387
26. Rissoina Antoni: Seiemarte Ibid, t. 8. 63, 388
27. Rissoina deformis, Sowb. (—spirata). Thid, ts Sf: 65, 388
28. Rissoina d’Orbigny, A. Ad. (==spirata). Conch. Icon. f

(ig ‘ : : : ; : ‘ : . 388
29. Rissoina spirata, Sowb. Ibid, f. 17, 388
‘ PEATE 29:
30. Rissoina striolata, A. Ad. (pay Conch. Icon. f.

© GOK : : . P : . 388
31. Rissoina supré acost ata, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. t. 2,

f 1, 1873; : ; y ‘ . 388
on: Rissoina Lamberti, Souverh. ‘Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 14,

ae ; 388
33. Rissoina fait Gace Dae Philed: eas t2, 12,

Looe - 389
34. Rissoina albida: OF B. Ad. O6iich: cow ag 92, 388
35. Rissoina deformis, Reeve (=spirata). Conch. Icon. f

68, : ; : P : . 388
36. Rissoina Japonica, W ee (=spirata). Kister, Conch.

ahve Lora sieds ? 4 ee : L . 888
27. Rissoina Artensis, ‘ott (=spirata). Conch. Icon. f.

84, 388
88, Rissoina percrassa, Nev ill. Kiister, Conch. Gant ie 15, :
. 10, . 389
39. Rissoina semiglabra, “A. Ad. Conch. Icon. fi 58, . 889
40. Rissoina insignis, ‘Ad. and Reeve. Ibid, f. 61, ~ 889

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 479

FIGURE. PAGF.
41, Rissoina tridentata, Mich. Schwartz, Rissoina, t. 9, f.

74, : : : ' . . 389
42. eee bidentata, Phil. “Thid, CORRE ay tay ‘ , . 389
43. Rissoina coronata, Recluz. Ibid, t. 10, f. 77, ; . 389

44, Rissoina eulimoides, A. Ad. Conch. Icon. f. 99, . . 389
45. Rissoina Browniana, d’Orb. Ibid, f. 101, ; ; . 8390

46. Rissoina leevissima, C. B. Ad. Ibid, f. 93, p 390
47. Rissoina oryza, Garrett. Proc. Philad. "Acad., t. 2 2, f. 4,
1873, 390
48. Rissoina levigata, C. B. Ad Schwartz, Rissoina, t. 10,
£579) ok . 890
49, eke Sosniand, d'Orb. Ibid, ite iG. f 80, 390
50. Rissoina vitrea, C. B. Ad. Kiister, Gouch: Cab., ti 13, f.
i. 3 5 y j . 390

51. Rissoina Peasiana, Nevill. Tid, tt 15, a. ue ae , . 389
52. Rissoina subulina, Weink. Ibid, (2 15, ae fe oe : . 090
53. Rissoina Stoppani, Weink. Ibid, be 15, crt 5, ; . 090
54. Rissoina semiplicata, Pease. Conch. Icon. f. 100, . . 389°

55. Rissoina insolita, Desh. Ibid, f. 43, : . 391
56. Rissoina subleevigata, Nevill. Kiister, Conch. Cab., Ny 15,

oe ales 3 - 390:
57, 58. Rissoina mir: ara. A. Ad. Ibid. t. 15, a. f aE f.15;

Goda, - 7 : 391
59. Rissoina Bellardii, Issel (Ss Miranda). " Mar Rosso, t.

Ce ans ; : : el
60. Rissoina mirabilis, Dunker. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 15, a.

Aa aca : : : : ; > oul
61. Rissoina abnormis, Nevill. Tbid et bonds y. es . 391
62. Rossoina affinis, Garrett. Proc. Philad. ‘Acad., [See me

1873, : ; : . 389

Banter 60.

63. Fairbankia Bombayana, Blanf. Ktister, Conch. Cab., t

Tach, Gx" 4. : ; : : . 393
64. Iravadia trochlearis, Gould. Conch. Icon. f. 105, . 394
65. Iravadia trochlearis, var. minor. Kuster, Rissoidee, t

Dyke: : H . o94
66. Iravadia ornata, Blanf. Thid, tt. 15, Dovid id : . 393
67. Rissoina Kerguelenensis, Smith. Ibid, ts 25, ie lige ete |
68. Rissoina subrufescens, Smith. Kuster, ‘Conch. Cab., adie

i UH, sos : ; ' ‘ ; : , 391
69. Rissoina caliginosa, Smith. Ibid, t. 25, -f. 15, ‘ . 392
70. Barleeia rubra, Ads. Tbid:.t.: 29; 21, 5 : 53392
71. Barleeia rubra, Ads. Conch: Ieon., f. 54, , ; 802
72. Barleeia fulva, Mich. (=rubra). Ibid, f. 55, : . 892
73. Barleeia subtenuis, Carp. Specimen, . , ; . 893
74. Barleeia haliotiphila, Carp. Specimen, . 393

75. Barleeia imbricta, Watson. Voy. Challenger, t. 48, f. 2, 393

480 - REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
76. Fenella pupoides, A. Ad. Jour. de Conch., t. 4, f. 5, 1868, 394
77. Fenella pupoidea, Carp. (—subpupoidea). gee . 394
78. Fenella excurvata, Carp. Specimen, . . 399
79. Fenella virgata, Phil. Savigny’s Egypte, t. 3, £ 29, . 394
80. Fenella cerithina, Phil. Ibid, t. 3, f. 23, . 399
81. Fenella reticulata, A. Ad. Trans. Roy. Soe, elxviii, t.

D1, £..6; : . 395
82. Fenella elongata, Watson. . V oy. Challenger. t. 34, f. 4, 399
83. Fenella infratincta, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad., t. 2, f.

22-183, 4-3 P : : 395
84. Fenella semicostata, Pease. ne Jour. Conch., lil, te 24,

Ly: . 895

85. Putilla lucida, As Ad. Zool. Proe., t.19 f 25, 1867, . 396
86. Jeftreysia bifasci: ata, Carp. Specimen, . 396
87. Jeffreysia Alderi, Carp. Specimen, . 396
88. Jeffreysia diaphana, Alder. (=glabra). oan Index.

Brit. Shells, ¢..14; £13, 396
89. Jeffreysia opalina, Jeffreys. Thid, t. 14, f 14, . 396
90. Jeftreysia globularis, Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., Vv; t. 69, fly SoM
Ot. Be es sia cylindrica, Jeffreys. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xiii,
2, f, 18; 1356, . 397
92. Jeffrcysia Edwardiensis, Watson. Voy. Challenger, t. 43,
f. 5, . 397
93. Jeffrey sia Sancta Pauli, Vélain. Archives Zool. Exper.
Wires 20) . 397
94. Tatea Huonensis, Woods. Specimen. 397
95. Dardania olivacea. Hutton. Specimen. : . 397
96, 97. Skenella Georgiana, Pfeffer. Nat. Hist. Mus. Ham-
beret, Jaf 6a bpisso. 6. : . 896
98, 99. Skenea subeanaliculata, Smith. Trans. Roy. Soe.
clecviih te Ott 5) . 398
100. Skenea planorbis, Fabr. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll.,
bel Fepke hee . 398
1. Skenea levis, Phil. (—erpuloides). Thid, bi 88, f. 5, 398
2. Skenea divisa, Forbes and Hanly. SF serpuloides). Tbid,
t. 74, f. 4, ‘ : ; ‘ : . 398
PLATE 61.
3. Choristes elegans, Carp. Trans. Conn. Acad., v, t. 58, f.
27, : . 398
4-6. Homalogyra nitidissima, Forbes and Hanley. Brit.
Moll., t. 78, f. 7-9, : . 399
ff Homalogyra rota, Forbes and Hanley. Ibid, t. 73, if 10, 399
8, 9. Homalogyra Fischeriana, Monts. Jour. de Conch., t.
13, f. 1, 1869, : . 899
10) Homalogyra densicostata, Jefireys. Zool. Proc, 't. 10,
1, 1884, . 399

ea

ee ee eee ee ee
?

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 48]
FIGURE. PAGE.
12-14. Homalogyra cancellata, Krauss. Sudafr. Moll., t. 5, f.
29, : : ; F . 400
15. Rissoia ventricosa, Desm. ste ihe e Rissoa, t,o, £. 56, 325
16. Rissoia splendida, Kichw. Ibid, t. 3, 3, fs 37, i i ; 325
17, 18. Rissoia variabilis, Mihlf. ibid. 4 mR 50, 80. 2: ioe
19-22. Rissoia membranacea, Ads. Kiister, ie onch, Cab., t. 1,
£5, 8, 10,16, : : : : , . 829
23, 24. Rissoia membranacea, var. octona, Nilss. | Schwartz,
Rissoia, t. 1, f. 8, : ; ; ; P Be 2)
25, 26. Rissoia cornea, Lovén (=-membranacea). bid, t. 1,
f. 9,9, a. | 329
aks ee Ehrenbergi, Phil. (bid, t. 2, f. ay 20

98. Rissoia lineolata, Mich. Ibid, t. a
29. Rissoia similis, Seacchi. Ibid, t. 2 Saal. OR

PLATE 62

30, 31, Rissoia decorata, Phil. Schwartz, Rissoa, t. 3, f. 33,

33, a. : A : : 296
32. Rissoia venusta, Phil. Poids ticd.4h AR" uae
33. Rissoia lia, Benoit. Specimen, _ 399
34, 35. Rissoia subcostulata, Schwartz (= Coane: ata, Alder if

Rissoa, t. Bs itp ue oes a. 3 p / . 396
36. Rissoia Guerini, Recluz. Ibid, te Dy tet 296
37. Rissoia violacea, Desm. Ibid, t. 3'f 42, : f 220)
38. Rissoia rufilabrum, Alder viola ea, var.). Ibid, t. 3,

f 41, . ; ; Poou)
39. Rissoia porifera, Lovén (=violacea, “var.). Poids ft3,

See Bae . 330
40. Rissoia lilacina, Rechus. eid! t, 3, £ 40; 299
41. Rissoia monodonta, Bivona. Ibid, to ie 6) . 330
42, 43. Rissoia auriscalpium, Linn. bid, tls ted; l,a a. 331
44, Rissoia elata, Phil. Ibid, t. 1, fi 2. : E ' 331
45. Rissoia oblonga, Desm. kK tister, Conch. Cab., t. 16, f.
46-48. Rissoia parva, Da Costa. Schwartz, Rissoa, t. 2, f. 12,

ees : 382
49, 50. Rissoia interrupta, Adams. Ibid, te 2. £, 14, 4, at. Eat
51. Rissoia dolium, Nyst. Ibid, t. 2, f. 13, _ 329
52. Rissoia inconspicua, Alder. Ibid, t. 2, f. 22, ; 397
538, 54. Rissoia pulchella, Phil. Ibid, t. 2, f. 21, 21, a. 333

PLATE 68.

55. Rissoia radiata, Phil. Schwartz, Monog. Rissoa, t. 2,

Tonos ; ' : ! _ 333
56. Rissoia plicatula, Riss ibid, ded, f-25- 395
57. Rissoia inconspicua, idee pigs te.2,.5, 22° : 334
58. Rissoia variegata, Schwartz (= inconspicua). Ibid, t. 2,

eh Se ; ; _ 334

31

482

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE, PAGE.
59. Rissoia albella, Lovén. Ibid, t. 1, f. 10, . oo:
60-62. Rissoia albella, Var. Sarsi, Lové én. Tbid, t. eee ral . 384
63. Rissoia marginata, Mich. Ibid., t.1, f. 16, . : . 334
64. Rissoia flammea, Frauenf, Voy. Novara, t. 2, f. 18, . 339
65. Rissoia incidata, Frauenf. Ibid, t.2,f19, . ; - 009
66. Rissoia costata, Ads. Kister, Conch. Cab., t. 3, f. 26, . 336
67. Rissoia punctura, Mtg. Ibid, t. 19, f. 4, . ; : . 307
68. Rissoia Macandrewi, Manzoni. Ibid, hae Sea a Uy 337
69. Rissoia microthyra, Martens. Moebius’ Mauritius, its 20,

f. 18, : . ooo
70. Rissoia i insignis, Folin. Les Meleagrin., ey f.2 2, . 338
71. Rissoia striata, Mtg. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. 78,

te st . . 346
72. Rissoia Novarensis, Watson — - euchila). Zool. Proc., t.

30, t.'13, L873, . 3835
iifes3 Rissoia multilineata, Stimp. Tryon’s eee Conch., 4 al

i Rye NESS ha . 346
74. Rissoia arenaria, Mighels. Ibid, i 7a i, 160, . 347
75. Rissoia exarata, Stimpson. Ibid, tis 1 f Lor . d47
76. Rissoia carinata, Mighels. Ibid, t. 11, f 162, . . 348
77. Rissoia castanea, Miller. Kiister, Conch. Cab., ti 20, fi 2, 349
78. Rissoia crystallina, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad., iene

f. 25, 1873 a: : oe.
72: Riesais truncata, G: wrrett. Ibid, bate ale 26, 1873, 3 . dol
80. Rissoia Moniziana, Watson. Zool. aes t. 34, f. 10, 1873, 349
81. Rissoia vitrea, Mtg. Kuster, Conch. Cab., £20 16, . dol
82. Rissoia proxima, Alder. Tbid, ‘eg ssh ; . 351
83. Rissoia Lanciz, Calcara. B. D. Dp: Moll. Rouss., t. 36, 18 if 361
84. Rissoia scabra, Phil. Ktister, Conch. Cab., t. 2, if a . 803
85. Rissoia deliciosa, Jeffreys. Ibid, ta Dope Os fs . 328
86. Rissoia Zetlandica, ae Forbes & : Hanley, Brit. Moll., ¥

bs Oy ttle ah, : . Bal

PLATE 64.

87. Rissoia saxatilis, Méller. Proc. N. 8. Nat. Mus., t. 3, f.

8, 1886, : d : ‘ : . . 347
88. Rissoia leptaleea, Worl Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, t. 32,

ie bee. : : : : ’ : . 847
89. Rissoia Watsoni, Schwartz. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 22,

a Lee . dol
90. Rissoia brachia, Watson, "Voy. Challenger, XY, t. 45, fi 8, 348
91. Rissoia zedonis, Watson. Ibid, xv, t. 45, f. 5, . 848
92. Rissoia mercurialis, Watson. Tid, xv, t. 45, f. 125 . 348
93. Rissoia castanella, Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i: 3, f, 5;

1886, . . 349
94, Rissoia Aurivillii, Dall. ‘Ibid, t. 4, f. 8, 1886, . ; . 349
95. Rissola castanea, Moller. Trans, Conn. Acad. , V, t. 43, f.1, 349

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 483

FIGURE. PAGE.
96. Rissoia, Var. Alaskana, Dall. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., t
4, f. 9, 1886, . : : 2 : : : . d49
97. Rissoia glaphyra, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 45,
ane ie) Rl eis Lanier a ramen tae
98. Rissoia pachia, “Watson. ‘Thid, EVE be 40 de bane : . 348
99. Rissoia macra, Watson. Ibid, xv, t. 45, f. 10, ni Lemar ed,
100. Rissoia transenna, Watson. Ibid, xv, t. 45,9, . . 348

1. Rissoia lineata, Risso. B.D. D. Moll. Rouss., t. 33, £5, 360
2. Rissoia subcrenulata, Schwartz. Ktister, Conch. Cab., t.

Pb a ER te ; ; : : . B62
3. Rissoia Peloritana, Arad. (Z lineata). Ibid, t. 25,.f, 115° 360

PLATE 65.

. Rissoia strangulata, Brusina. Conch. Dalmat., f. 8, . 325
Rissoia aurantiaca, Watson. Zool. Proc., t. 34, f. 3, 1873, 326
. Rissoia callosa, Manzoni. Ktister, Conch. Cab., t. 18, f. 15, 350
Rissoia cristallinula, Manzoni. Ibid, baonct. 13, : . 350
. Rissoia crispa, Watson. Zool. Proc., t. 34, f. 6, 1873, . 338
. Rissoia reticulata, Mtg. Ktister, Conch. Cab: to2d, FAO 361
. Rissoia Marie, Bacq. oe Gergonia). Bo De BD: Moll.

Rouss., t. 36, f. 8, . : . 362

SOMA D OS

j=

aN aie Rissoia cimex, Linn. - Kiister, Conch. Calitics 12a 00
13. Rissoia lignea, Reeve (= lineata). Conch. Icon., f. 81, . 360
14. Rissoia crenulata, Mich. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 19, fe 6, 365
15. Rissoia Montagui, Payr. Ibid, t. 3, f.7, . : . 360
16. Rissoia angulata, Jeffreys. Ibid, t. 23 Srlial teste. 2 . dd4
17. Rissoia aurita, Monts. Ibid, t. 20, fe 10, . te. OOD
18. Rissoia turricula, Jeffreys. Thid, Laces f. Bly ‘ 315)
19. Rissoia doliolum, Phil. Ktister, Conch. Cab., t. 6, f. 20, . 335
20. Rissoia Algeriana, Monts. Ibid, t. 21, f.13, . : O00
21. Rissoia Sibirica , Leche. Ibid, t. 23, f. 16, : : . 336

22. Rissoia mirabilis, Manzoni. Ibid, t. 16, f. 10, . ; . 336
24. Rissoia gibber, Watson. Zool. Proc., t. 34, f. 7, 1873, 336
. Rissoia subareolata, Monts. Ktister, Conch. Cab., t. 22,
Palo. |< : d : ; : ; . 363
26. Rissoia parvula, Jeffreys. opi. Prog tiGot 2, 18841" Sar
27. Rissoia cimicoides, Forbes. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t.21,f.2, 362
28. Rissoia Mayeni, Friele. Ibid, t. 22, £ 135 : . 398
29. Rissoia aspera, Phil. (= lineata, Var). Ibid, +t. 22, £ 5, . 360
30. Rissoia calathus, Forbes & Hanley. Tbid, +22: 42, wm. 360
31. Rissoia Fischeri, Jeffreys. Zool. Proce., t. 9, f. 1, 1884, . 361
32. Rissoia Canariensis, d’Orb. Kuster, Conch. Cab., t. 3, f. 20, 360
33, 34. Rissoia Leacocki, Watson. Zool. Froe., t 34, f;-1,
OLS: ss 3 ; ; . 363

PLATE 66.

35. Rissoia Mauritiana, Martens. Moebius’ Mauritius, t. 20,
1 Sally Pia me : ; é ‘ ; ‘ : : . 367

bo bo
Or ce

484

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
36. Rissoia grossa, Mich. Ktister, Conch. Cab., t. 16, f. 8, . 381
37. Rissoia Frauenfeldiana, Brusina. Faun. Dalmat., Lh eee
38. Rissoia hispidula, Monts. Kiister, cone Cab., t. 21, f. 12, 363
39. Rissoia affinis, Jeffreys. Ibid, t. 23, f 15, ‘ aan
40. Rissoia fenestrata, Krauss. Sadat Moll., t..5, £. 20, . 364
41. Rissoia acutelirata, Carp. Specimen. . . 361
42. Rissoia stigmatica, Frauenf. Moll. Novara Exped. t 2,

fa. ; b . 364

43. Rissoia olivacea, Danker, Ibid: te 2, f 14, : oOo
44, Rissoia salebrosa, Frauenf. Ibid, t. 2, sf Ae Ton
45. Rissoia Novarensis, Frauenf. Ibid, te Bart tiga /,oo0
46. Rissoia elegans, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 26, ‘i 15, 1e7H . 364
47. Rissoia sracilis, Angas. , Ibid, t. 26, f. LO hse . 364
48. Rissoia Weinkaufh, Schwartz. Kiister, Conch. Cab. AG, 21,

Te oMO\. : . 366

49. Rissoia dictyophora, Phil. Ibid, freon tte 28, . 366
50. Rissoia interfussa, Nevill. Ibid, t. 1, i 16, . 364
51. Rissoia lactea, Mich. Ibid, t. 3, f. ; 865
52. Rissoia Asturiana, Fischer. rekds de la Mer, il, t. Dall 5, 352
53. Rissoa picta, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 28, i 2, 1868, . 366
54. Rissoa lucida, H. Adams. Ibid, t. 28, £.°3; 1668047; . 366
55. Rissoa pagodula, B. D. D. Kiister, Conk: Cab. te 22,f.4, 366
56. Rissoa Jeffreys, Waller. Ibid, t. D1, 1d baat WY, ; . 361
57. Rissoa Caribzea, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 11, bis, f. 32, . 963
58. Rissoa striatula, Mtg. Ktister, Conch. Cab.,.t. 6, 8, . 367
59. Rissoa rudis, Phil. Ibid, t. 3, f. 18, : : : 367
60: Rissoa Teste, Arad. Ibid, t.23,f9, . ‘ 5 . 368
61. Rissoa abyssicola, Jeftr. (== Test). Forbes & Hanley,

tc td 20) . 367
67. Rissoia Desmaresti, ‘Andouin: “Ibid, bi: 8, 21, . 300
68. Rissoia d’Orbignyi, Andouin. Ibid, t. 3, f. 22, . oan
69. Rissoia Sismondiana, Issel. Ibid, t. 3, f. 33, : : B02
70. Rissoia pyrrhias, Watson. Moll. Challenger Exped, t.

4A. f. 4... : : . 328
71. Rissoia xanthias, Watson. Ibid, t. 44, f 5, . dd4
72. Rissoia Fayalensis, Watson. Ibid, t. 44, f tn ‘ . 328
73. Rissoia Pernambucensis, Watson. Ibid, G. 44h fw: . 335
74. Rissoia amblia, Watson. Ibid, t. 44, f 8, : . 333
75. Rissoia microstoma, Watson. Ibid, t. 44, f. 10, . o28
76. Rissoia didyma, Watson. Ibid, t. 44, f. 1, . 362.
77. Rissoia tarsodes, Watson. Ibid, t. 44, fi 2, ~, 302
78. Rissoia trajectus, Watson. Ibid, t. 44, f 6, . 328
79. Rissoia luscinize, Watson. Ibid, t. 44, f 3, . 362

Bits Molly, 785 fez

PLATE 67.

: Rissoia Fremenvllli, Audouin. Savigny, Moll. BEE

: : ; : : : . 368
. Rissoa subsoluta, Aradas. ‘“Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 21, f. 8,

368

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

485

PAGE
994
539

336

361
378

9907

» oof

FIGURE.

80. Rissoia scrobiculator, Watson. Ibid, t. 46, f. %

81. Rissoia badia, Watson. Ibid, t. 46, f. Bey ;

82. Rissoia harpa, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. v, t. 57, £..6,

PLATE 68.

83. Rissoa areolata, Stimp. Trans. Conn. Acad. v, t. 48, f. 2,

84. Rissoina gradata, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 11, bis, f. 38,

85. Rissoa Auberiana, d’Orb. Ibid, t. 11, bis, f. 35,

86. Rissoa Frauenfeldi, Schwartz. Moll. Voy. Novara, bee,
taal hes

88. Rissoa pinnee, Krauss. Sudaf. “Moll. f. 21, : 2

89. Rissoina infrastricta, Garrett. Proc. "Philad. Acad., ti. 2B,
telesales.

90. Rissoa venusta, Garrett. ‘Thid, te 2. 23, 18 573,

91. Rissoa cheilostoma, Tenison Woods. Specimen. 2 ;
92. Rissoa grisea, Martens. Nat. Hist. Mus. Hamburg, t. 2,
tA, 1886, ; rahe ti: 2 ; : rf
93. Rissoa. cingulata, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 22, f. 8,

94. Rissoa tenera, Phil. Ibid, t. 22, f. 16,

95. Iravadia sulcifera, Troschel. Ibid, t. 13, f. 8, ,

96. Rissoa brychia, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, t. 32, f. 9,
97. Rissoa syngenes, Verrill. Ibid, vi, t. 32, f. 11, :

98. Rissoa W aabitic “a, Issel. Moll. Mar Rosso, t. 2, f. 10,
99. Rossoa Psammitica, Issel. Ibid, t. 2, f. 9,

100. Rissoina villica, Gld. Reeve. (= subvillica).

Ieon., f. 98,

-thid at OF:

Conch.

ile Rissoina Hixon Gould. : : :

2. Rissoina turricula, Angas (= flexuosa). Ibid, f. 69,

3. Rissoina fimbriata, Souverb. Ibid, f. 45,

4. Rissoina rosea, Desh. Ibid, f. 42,

5. Rissoina Ceniliesiana. Sowb. (= Hydrobia Gentilsiana,
Crosse). Ibid, f. 44, :

6. Rissoina crassa, Angas (= — Rissoi).. Ibid, f. 70

. Rissoina fasciata, reer,

Ibid, £119,

7

8. Rissoina cincta, Angas, Ibid, f. 71,

9. Rissoina Deshayesiana, Recluz. Ibid, f. 62,
10. Rissoina Bureasensis, Sowb. Ibid, f. 90,

11. Rissoina australis, Sowb.

12. Rissoina Cumingii, Reeve.

Ibid, f. 123,
Ibid, f. 4,

13. Rissoina crebrisuleata, Sowb. Ibid, f. 56,
14. Rissoina crassilabrum, Garrett. Ibid, f. 59,

15. Rissoina assimilis, Jickeli.

1-35" *:

16. Rissoina striatala, Pinse.

17. Rissoina famines, Pease.

' 18. Rissoina vitrea, Garrett.
LO Sy3 ;

19. Rissoina Zeltneri, Folin.

Ibid; in; 24, f. 33,

Jahrb: Mal. Gesell.,

53 ey

540)

‘ *") )
Bon

5

Am, Jour. Conch. iii, t. 24, fol

Proe. Philad. eee t. of 19.

Les Meleagrinicoles,

t. 5, £1,

486 REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PAGE.
20. Rissoina Caledonica, Crosse. Conch. Icon., f. 86, . 342

PLATE 69.

21. Rissoia semistriata, Mtg. Kuster, Conch. Cab., t. 6, f. 11, 352
22. Rissoia pulcherrima, Jeffreys. Thid, tel Sy £55: . 352
23. Rissoia picta, Jeffreys. . Ibid, t. 18, f. 20, : f oon
24, Rissvia concinna, Monts. (= Benjamina, Mts.). Ibid, t.
1Bents4d : , : 5 : ; . 852
25. Picola cingillus, Mte. Lbid?-t:.b, #0 , : 342
26. Rissoia depicta, Weink. (= pulcherrima). Ibid, t. 18,
peal ; ; ; ; : . 352
27. Rissoia albugo, Watson. “Thid, fer : : 858
28. Rissoia perminima, Manzoni. Ibid, t. 18, f. 8, . Bd
29. Rissoia turgida, Jeffreys. Ibid, t. 20, f. 5, 358
30. Rissoia tumidula, Sars. Ibid, t. 20, f. 4, . te Se;
31. Rissoia abjecta, Watson. Ibid, t. 20, f. 15, 300
32. Rissoia concinnata, Jeftreys. Ibid, t. 24, f a . 356
33. Rissoia ei Adams. Forbes & Hanley, Bae Moll. tp
Suite 2, . 004
34. Rissoia fusca, Phil. "Moll, Sicil. il, t. 24, f. 4, : oe
35. Rissoia Allery ana, Arad. Benoit. ieee Conch Cab., t.
Zou ie 4 . 004
36. Rissoia Scintiane Arad. Benoit. Ibid., t. 25, £8 : 304
37. Rissoia soluta, Phil. (= Alderi). Forbes & Hanley,
Brit. Moll., t. 75, f.3, 356
38. Rissoia Scillze, Seguenza. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 25, f. 9, 308
39. Rissoia micrometrica, Seguenza. ‘Tbid, t. 25, fore . 304
40. Rissoia contorta, Jeffreys. B. D. D. Moll. Rous, tad,
falls, . 340
41. Rissoia, Ceiknria Var. elata: Thid, t. 37, f. 18, 3 . d40
42. Rissoia, contorta, Var. intorta, Mts. Ibid, t. 37, {Li ae
43, 44. Rissoia nitida, Brusina. Kdister, Conch. Cab., t. 25, f.
cs : : j 5 : : . 340
AD. Rissoia elabrata, Milt. Zool. Proc., t. 36, f. 24, 1873, . 340
46. Rissoia sabulum, Cantr. (= glabrata). Ibid., t. 36, f. 25
1873, : : : ; . 340
47. Rissoia lincta, Watson: [bids €:.36..t. 26 LS is. ee . 841
48. Rissoia levis, Monts. Ktister, Conch. Cab., t. 20, f. 12, . 341
49. Rissoia epidaurica, Brusina. Conch. Dalmat., f. 10, . d41
50, 51. Rissoia contabulata, Frauenf. Moll. Voy. Novara, t.
2, f. 20b, a, , : , 2 ‘ . 341
52. Rissoia typica, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad.,.t. 3, f. 55,
1873 ¥ 4 ‘ é ; . 399
53. Rissoia venustula, F olin. "Fonds de la. Mer, ii, t,.8,.£-5,/5 844
54. Rissoia coriacea, Manzoni, Kuster, Conch. Cab., ti 16,
fb ee . . 358
55. Rissoia tenuisc ulpta, Watson. “Ibid, t. 18, Pet é . 348
56. Rissoia Moérchi, Collin. Snegle, Kara Havt., "16, - 348

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE,
57. Rissoia balteata, Manzoni. Jour. de Conch., t. 10, f. 7
1868, 342
PLATE 70.
58. Rissoia semicarinata, Folin. Fonds de la Mer. t. 31, f.
8, ; , ; ; ; : : : . 845
59. Rissoia alvearium, Watson. Moll. Voy. Challenger, t. 46,
eae : . é ; . 343
60. aes scopulorum, Ww atsor: Ibid. -t. 45; & A Fea
61. Rissoia rustica, Watson. Ibid, t. 44, f. 11, 343
62. Rissoia anguliferens, Folin. Fonds de la Mer, i, t. 20, f.
6, . 343
63, Rissoia polychroma, Folin. Ibid, if t. 20, ff . 809
64. Rissoia globulus, Moller. Trans. Conn. fea yt: 4a:
3, : . 859
64a. Lacuna incerta, WVOrb. “Moll. Cuba, t. 16, f. 8, , 282
64b. Reymondia Horei, Smith. Zool. Proc, 1881, t. 34, f. 7, 285
64¢e. Rissoia aculeus, Gould. Invert. Mass., fig. 568, HAT
65. Rissoia Marionensis, Watson. Moll. Voy. Challenger, t.
44, f. 12, ; . 356
66. Rissoia principis, Watson. Ibid, t. 44, f 13, . 356
67. Rissoia australis, Watson. Ibid, t. 45, f. 1, ; 356
68. Rissoia philomel, Watson. Ibid, t. 45, f. 2, 356
69. Rissoia quisquiliarum, Watson. Ibid, t. 45, £3 : 357
70. Rissoia Edwardiensis, Watson. Ibid, t. 45, f. ia ; _ o0T
71. Rissoia sinapi, Watson. Ibid, t. 45, f. 13, . 857
72. Rissoia triangularis, Watson. Ibid, t. 46, f. 2 mY
PLATE </ 1.
73. Rissoia Stimpsoni, Smith. Amn. N. Y. Lye, ix, 3938, . 345
74, Rissoia minuta, Totten. Am. Mar. Conch., t. 11,153, . 346
75. Rissoia levis, De Kay. Ibid, t. 11, f 163, . 346
76. Rissoia robusta, Dall. var. Martyni. Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., t..3; £9, 13S86; *- . ; ; ‘ : ; . 345
77. Rissoia robusta, Dall. var. scipio. Ibid, t. 4, f. 10, 1886, 345
78. Rissoia Aleutica, Dall. Ibid, t. 3, f. 11, 1886, . 345
79. Rissoia cerinella, Dall. Ibid, t. 4, f. 12, 1886, . 845
80. Rissoia exilis, Tryon. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, t. 2, f18, . 345
81. Rissoia Australie, Dunker. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 24, f.
13, ; . 344
82. Rissoia Petiningensis, Gould. (—Paludestrina). Moll.
Wilkes Exped., i 152, : : . 346
83. Rissoia Lantzii, Welt, Arch. Zool. Exper. Wl toe
14, : : . 344
84. Rissoia Cazini, ‘Vélain. Ibid, \ vi, t. 3, ia 15, . 344
85. Rissoia apicina, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, t. 32, f:
8, . 307

488 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
86. Rissoia madreporica, Issel. Moll. Mar Rosso, t. ee f
8, , : : . 358
87. Rissoia Villze, Issel. Savigny, Egypte, t. 3, f. Ie 344
88. Rissoia subtruncata, Vélain. “Arch. Zool. _ Exper, Vi; =
fi LG; : . 844
89. Rissoia purpurea, Hutton. Specimen, . o44
90. Rissoa Tiberiana, Issel. Savigny’s Egypte., t. = te 16, . 809
91. Rissoa hyalina, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad., awe D4,
1875 oD, 358
92. Rissoa latior, Mighels and Adams. Am. Mar. ¢ ‘onch., f.
154, : . . 357
93. Rissoa sculptilis, Monts. " Kiister, Conch. Cab., t , 22, f.
12; : : . 998
94. Rissoa Milleri, FE olin: Fonds de la Mer, i, t. 29, £! 5; 15 Ae
9%. Rissoa conica, Perier. Ibid, i, t. 1, f. 4, ; . o42
96. Rissoa pulicaria, Folin. Ibid, ii, t. 9, f. 4, : : . 305
97. Rissoa Brazieri, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, : . 309
98. Rissoa limbata, Hutton. Specimen, : . 309
99, Rissoa Laurz, Folin. _ Fonds de la Mer, i, t. D4, fe . dal
100. Rissoa nitens, Dunker. Moll. Novara. Exped. t..Z, f. 22 309
1. Rossoa atropurpurea, Dunker. ~ Ibid, t.2,f.21, . 5,
2. Rissoa Georgiana, Pfeffer. Nat. Hist. Mus. Hamburg t.
Zac ss 1835, ; : : . 346
3. Rissoa Kergueleni, Smith. Kiister. Conch. Cab, t. 24, f.
3, ‘ : . B07
4, Rissoa nigra, Krauss. Sudaf, Moll., ies f, 19, ; . 398
5. Rissoa littoriniformis, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad., t. 2,
f. 20, 1873, : . 308
6. Barleeia rosea, Hutton. Specimen, Ba eee : . 393
7. Rissoa melanura, Woods. Specimen, . 998
8. Rissoa cyclostoma, Woods. Specimen, : . 344
9. Rissoa Marize, Woods. Specimen, . : : . d04
10. Rissoa Atkinsoni, Woods. Specimen, : : . 304 '

11. Rissoa Angeli, Woods. Specimen, ‘ i : 308

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