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Issued Aug. 15, 1917?'^*'*^-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

CONTRIBUTION FROM THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, L. O. HOWARD, CHIEF,

IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FEDERAL HORTICULTURAL

BOARD, C. L. MARLATT, CHAIRMAN.

A MANUAL

OF

DANGEROUS INSECTS

LIKELY TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE

UNITED STATES THROUGH

IMPORTATIONS.

EDITED BY

■Z

^^^vS

W. DWIGHT PIERCE,

Entomologist, Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1018.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Frontispiece.

Different Stages of the Gipsy Moth (Porthetria dispar).

female chrys:ilis again at right; larva at center. (Howard and Fiske.)

t I I

Issued Aug. 15, 1917.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY.

CONTRIBUTION FKOM THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, L. O. HOWARD, CHIEF,

IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FEDERAL HORTICULTURAL

BOARD, C. L. MARLATT, CHAIRMAN.

A MANUAL

OF

DANGEROUS INSECTS

ilKELY TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE

UNITED STATES THROUGH

IMPORTATIONS.

EDITED BY

W. DWIGHT PIERCE,

Entomologist, Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations

WASHINGTON;

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

1918.

A MANUAL OF DAiNGEROUS LNSECTS LIKELY TO BE INTRO-
DUCED IN THE UNITED STATES THROUGH IMPORTATIONS.

This publication has ])een prepared in the Bureau of Entomology
at the request of and in cooperation with the Federal Horticultural
Board to supply such information as is required by its officers
and others in the enforcement of c|uarantines and 'the safe-
guarding of this country against foreign insect pests. It should
assist materially in preventing the introduction of additional pests
like the gipsy moth, boll weevil, and alfalfa weevil. Only a brief
sketch can be given of each of the more important species. The
plants making up the commerce in vegetable products are arranged
alphabetically by the American common name, with the scientific
name following. It is believed that this arrangement is most con-
venient for inspectors. A brief sketch of certain important facts
concerning each plant is also given.

The arrangement under each plant of the insects in two or more
categories, A, B, etc., is merely one of convenience. Under A are
grouped the better known insects, or those concerning which there
is available literature. This category especially contains pests
which are easily imported. Under B are listed many important
pests, possibly sometimes more' important than those listed in A and
often just as readily introduced. They are merely listed because
full descriptive matter was not available and for other similar reasons.
In later editions probably many of these pests will merit fuller
discussion.

It is not to be expected that inspectors will attempt to make final
determinations with the aid of this work. In fact, it would be very
unwise to do so. The book is merely to indicate to inspectors and
entomologists the insects likely to be found associated with impor-
tations.

The references to foreign literature under the species give the best

or most easily available source of additional information. Tables

and keys to species could not possibly be included in a work of this

kind. It is expected that the inspector, on finding important insects

not already familiar to him, will immediately transmit specimens to

the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, D. C, for reference to the

proper authorities or to other competent specialists in the groups to

which the insects belong.

3

4 A MANIAL OF DANGEROl'S INSECTS.

Tliis compilatioji Avas only possil)lo by tJio cooperation of all the
ilivisions of the Bureau of Entomology, some of which prepared the
matter in the form in which it now appears. The editor therefore
wishes to acknowledge tlie assistance; of Messrs. C. L. Marlatt, W. D.
Hunter. A. 1). Hopkins, the late F. M. Webster, F. H. Chittenden,
A. L. Quaintance, W. R. Walton, E. R. Sasscer, Jacob Kotinsky,
Dwight Isely, II. L. Sanford, and R. W. Rust for the collection of the
notes on the insect enemies of the crops investigated by them,
and of Messrs. W. R. Walton, Harry B. Bradford, and the late J. F.
Strauss in the preparation of the illustrations.

The lists of insects included in this manual are necessarily incom-
plet(\ and no doubt ijuportant species have been omitted. Fre-
(piently the lit(>ratur(> on dangerous species is so meager as to make
it impossible to conclude as to the importance^ of the species.

R(>garding the nomenclat\n-e, it should be remembered that this
Avork is strictly a compilation. Many of the names will undoubtedly
be changed as the result of future studies. The ones used, however,
are the ones curr(>nt in European literature". To have attempted to
nuik(> the nomenclature more exact would have involved practically
the revision of many hirge groups of insects. This would have been
entirely impracticable and would have delayed publication of the
manual for years. Moreover it would have resulted in a publication
"which inspectors would have had diiliculty in using on account of the
fact that the literature accessible to them wouhl liave, in many
cases, used other names. In order to make future editions of this
handbook more useful, the bureau will be greatly obliged for criticism,
additions, and reconnnendations as to treatment.

The majority of the insect pests in the Ignited States wiiicJi now
occasion the greatest damage to orchard, field, and garden crops and
to stored products and in homes, etc., are of foreign origin, and were
introduced with the host plants or accidentally in the course of com-
merce. Such introductions of new pests are going on all the time,
as illustrated by such recent arrivals as the Argentine ant in New
Orleans and the alfalfa leaf weevil in Utah. The list of over 100
introduced insect pests given below illustrates the nature of the
most important of these introductions in the past. This handbook
contains the names of hundreds of other insects which now occur in
different parts of the world and which are liable to be introduced at
any time with nursery stock or in merchandise or as accidental guests
or stowaways on ships or in baggage. It also includes a considerable
number of introduced pests which are not now generally distributed
and whicli therefore should be guarded against both as to further
entry and to furtluM- distribution within the United States.

Throughout the work species which have been introduc(Ml into the
United States an* marked witli an ast(M'isk (jtc") and the fact of the

LIST OF INTRODUCED FOREIGN INSECTS. 5

introduction is montionod. Man_y of the most important introduced
insects are omitted because they are now so generally distributed
that the importation of a few additional individuals will hare no
effect upon the existing economic conditions.

LIST OF IMPORTANT FOREIGN INSECTS WHICH HAVE BEEN
INTRODUCED INTO THE UNITED STATES.

MITES (ACARINA).

Orange rust mite or lemon mite. ErinphycK oteivorus Ashmeari. (Sec Citrus.)

Grape blister mite. Kriophycs vUin Landois. (See Grape.)

Pear leaf blister mite. Kriophycs pyri Pagenstaecker. (See Pear.)

Plum blister mites. Eriophycs- phlaeocoptfs Nalepa and E. padi Nalcpa. (See Plum.)

Potato root mite. Rlnzoglyphvs ( Cvcpophagus) echinopus Fumouze aud Kobin. (See Potato.)

TIIRIPS (TIIVSANOPTERA).

Onion thrips. Tltrips tabaci Liiid.
•j Pear thrips. Tseniothrips pyri Daniel.
Red-banded thrips. Heliothrips- rubrocinclufi (iiard. (See Fruits.)

SCALES, PUGS, APmDS (IIKMIPTERA).

v' San Jose scale. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock.
Apricot scale. Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio. (See Apricot.)
Greedy scale. Aspidiotus camdUx Signoret (rapax Comstock). (See Asparagus.)
Pox scales. Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) dictyosptrmi Morgan, Aspidiotus brilannicus Newslcad, and Pin-

na^pisbuxi Boucho. (See Bo.\.)
Catalpa scale. Diaspispentagona TuTgioni. (Sec Catalpa.)

Citrus scales. Aspidiotus orientalis Newstead and Parlatoria zizyplius Lucas. (See Citrus.)
('oconut palm scale. Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) perscas Comstock. (See Coconut palm.)
Fig scales. Conchaspis angrxci Cockerell and Lepidosaphes pcus Signoret. (See Ficus.)
Hawthorn scales. Lecanium bitubcrculatum Targioni. (See Hawthorn.)

Mango scales. Coccus mangifcrx Green am\ Leucaspk indica MaThilt. (t^ce jil. i, fig. L) (See Mango.)
Oak scales. Asterolecanium variolosum Ratzeburg. (Sec Oak.)
Orchid scales. Aspidiotus ( Targionia) bifurmis Cockerell, Parjatoria protcus Curtis, and P. pseudaspidiotus

Lindinger. (See Orchid.)
Pear scale. Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotiis) oslrcceformis Cnriif^. (Sec Pear.)
Rose scale. LeucaspisjaponicaCaekereU. (See Rose.)
Sago palm scale. Diaspis zamiae Morgan. (See Sago Palm.)
Sugar-cane mealy-bug. Pseudococcus texcnsis Tinsley. (Sec Sugarcane.)
Black scale. Saissctia olex Darnard.
Fluted scale. Icerya purchasi MwakeU. (See pi. ii. fig: 2.)
\/()yster,shell scale. Lepidosaphes ulrtii Liunieus.
Purple scale of the orange. Lepidosaphes beckii Newman.
Hop aphis. Phorodon humuli Schrank.
Spinach aphis, ifyzus persicx Sulzer.
Cabbage aphis, Aphis brassicie Liunscus.
Melon aphis. Aphis gossypii Glover.
\iPea aphis. Macrosiphum pisi Kaltenbach.
..Bean aphis. Aphis rumicis Liiui«us.
Wheat plant louse. A phis avenx Fabric ius.
Pear-tree psylla. Psyila pyricola Forster.

Tarnished plant-bug. Lygus pralensis Liniiicus. .

Cotton stainer. Dysdercus suturellits nerrich-Schaeflcr. (Sec Cotton.)

BEETLES (COLEOPTERA).

Beet carrion beetle. Blitophaga opaca Unntvxis. (See Beet.)

Red-legged ham beetle. Nccrobia rufipes De Geer.

I^eather beetles. Dermestes vulpinus Fabricius and D.frischi Kugclaun.

Pear borer. Agrilus simiatus Olivier. (See Pear.)

Confused flour beetle. Triboliuviconfusum Duv.

Saw-toothed grain beetle. Silvanus surinamensis Linns'us.

('adello or bolting-clotli b.^etlo.' Tnubri:)idrs mnuriiariirii," l.inji:iiis.

6 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Lesser grain-borer, Rhizopciilia dominica Fabricius.

Dru^-store bsetle, Sitodrcpa panicca Linnaeus.

Cigarette b3Ctl?, LaainieTmi serricnrnc Fabricius.

Rust-red flour b?etl3, TrihoUum ferrugineuvi Fabricius.

Poplar borer. Sapcrda carcharias Linnaeus. (See Poplar.)

Willow leaf-beetle. Phyllodecta vildUnae lAnnxus. (See Willow.)

Elm leaf-beetle. GaJerucellaluleolaMiiher.

Crucifcr leaf-beetles. Phyllolreta vittataFa,hTicius and P. armoracise Koch. (See Crucifer.)

California grape rootworm. Adnxus obscurus Linnaeus. (See Grape.)

Beet tortoise beetle. Cassida nebulosa hinns'us. (See Beet.)

Asparagus beetle. Crioceris asparagi Linnaeus. (See Asparagus.)

Asparagus beetle. Crioceris 12-punctata Linnaeus. (See Asparagus.)

Bean weevils. Mylabris ' rufiinanus Boheman, >/. pisorum Linmsus, M. Icntis Frolichs, Acanthoscelides

obtectus Say, Pachymerus chinensis lAnuisus, P. quadrimaculatus F&hTicius. (See Beans.)
The poplar and willow curculio. Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linnanis. (See Alder, Birch, Poplar.)
Austrian alfalfa leaf weevil. Ilypera meles Fabricius. (See Alfalfa.)
The clover leaf weevil. Hypcra punctata Fabricius. (See Alfalfa.)
The alfalfa weevil. Hypera postica Gyllcnhal. (See Alfalfa.)

Clover leaf weevils. Hypera meles Fabricius and Hypera nigriroslris Fabricius. (See Clover.)
Broad-nosed grain weevil. Caulophilus latinasus Say. (See Avocado.)
Root weevils. Polydrusus sericeus Schaller and P. viridicollis Baudi. (See Beech.)
Coffee-bean weevil. Arsscerus fasciculatus T>e Geer. (See Corn.)
Sweet-potato weevil. Cylas formicarius Fabricius.

Clover root weevils. Sitona flavescens Marsh and Silona hispidula Fabricius. (See Clover.)
Strawberry root weevil. Brachyrhimis ovatus Linnieus (Otiorhynchus). (See Conifers.)
Grain weevils. Calendra granaria ILinnieus and C. oryza hinmeus. (See Corn.)
Grape root weevil. Brachyrhinus sulcatus Fabricius. (See Grape.)
Fruit-tree bark beetle. Scolytus rugulosiis Ratzeburg.

MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA).

The gipsy moth. Porthetria dispar 'Liiin,ens. (See Forests.)

The cotton bollworm. Chloridea obsnleta Fabricius.

The beet army worm. Laphygnia eii'gua Hiibner (Caradrina).

The apple moth. Argyresthia conjugella ZeWer. (See Apple.)

Horse-chestnut borer. Zeuzera pyrina Limiteus. (See Horse-chestnut.)

Beech tortricid. Peronfa/errMffawrt Treitsc like. (See Beech, I5irch.)

Hawaiian beet webworm. Hyinenia fasciaUs Cramer. (See Beet.)

Beet worm. Plusia gamma Linmens. (See Beet.)

Diamond-back moth. Plutella macuUpennis Curtis. (Attacks turnip, cabbage, cauliflower.)

Cabbage webworm. Hellula undalis Fabricius.

Celery leaf-tyer. Phlyctseniaferrugalis Hiibner.

European pine-shoot moth. Evelria buoUana Schiflermiller. (See Conifers, C.)

Pine bud and gall moths. Evetria tarionana Hiibner; E. pinivorana Zeller; E. duplana Hiibner. (See

Conifers, C.) ' ■ '

Brown-tail moth. Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linnaeus. (See Forests.)
Pea moth. Laspeyresia nigricana i^iephens. (See Pea.)
Sugar-eane bover. Diatrxa saccharalis Fabricius. (See Sugar cane.)
Mediterranean flour moth. Ephcstia 'kuehniella Zeller.
Imported cabba:i:e butterfly. Pontia rapx Linnaeus.
Angoumois grain moth. Sitotroga ccrcalclla Olivier.
Codling moth. Laspeyresia pomonclla Linnaeus.
European grain moth, Tinea grancUa Linna?us.
Indian-meal moth, Plodia inter punctella Hiibner.
Fig moth, Epheslia caulclla Walker.
Cutworms, Pcridroma, Agrotis, Feltia, etc.

» SA^VFLIES (HYMRNOPTERA).

Coniferous sawfly. Diprion simile Hartig. (See Conifers, B.)

Currant worm. Pteronidea ribcsii Scopoli.

Rose sawfly, Cladius pcctinicornis Fouc.

Larch sawfly, Nematus erichsoni Hartig.

Rose sawfly CaZ/coa af/Aiop.s Fabricius.

Plum sawfly, Eriocampoides Umacina Retzius.

Elm sawfly, Fcnusa dohrnii Tischbein.

1 The generic name Mylabris Geoffroy 1762 has precedence over Laria Scopoli and Bruchus Linnaeus
as used for the bean -weevils :nid is the name which should be followed in future litevature.— W. D.
Pierce.

INSECTS SPECIALLY LIABLE TO IMPORTATION. 7

FLIES (DIPTEUA).

Imported cabbage maggot. Chorlnphila (Pegomya) brasskx Bouchd.

Seed-corn maggot. Chortopliila {Pegomya) fusciceps Zetterstedt.

Grain gall midge. Contarinia tritici Kirby. (See Grains.)

Hessian fly. Phytophaga destructor Say (May (tiola). (See Grains.)

Pear gall midge. Contarinia pyrivora Riley. (See Pear.)

Imported onion maggot. Chortophila (Pegomya) cepctorum Medde.

Spinach leaf miner. Chortophila (Pegomya) hyoscyami LinniEUS (vicina Lintner).

INSECTS SPECIALLY LIABLE TO IMPORTATION AT ANY

TIME.

There are certain groups of insects which are uniformly injurious
and can not therefore be given full justice in a bulletin of this type.
These insects should be especially guarded against and excluded on
general principles, whether incriminating evidence is found or not.

TERMITES (TERMITID^).

There have been several cases of introduction of termites into the United States,
notable among which was the importation of Leucotermes lucifugus Rossi in packing
boxes from Germany. The termites are uniformly injurious to wood and plant
growth and may be imported in any type of wood, whether in the form of nursery
stock, lumber, or manufactured product. A list of species is to be found in Wyts-
man's Genera Insectorum by Desneux (1903).

THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA).

The tiny fringe-winged thrips are very destructive to many crops, and should
always be guarded against.

SCALE INSECTS (COCCIDiE).

These tiny insects are inconspicuous and the greatest of care is necessary on the
part of inspectors to prevent their introduction. This family may be considered, as
a whole, a most undesirable group of insects. Many species have akeady been in-
troduced and become serious pests. Reference to Mrs. Fernald's Catalogue of Coc-
cidae as well as Technical Bulletins 12 and 16 of the Bureau of Entomology will
give full data as to literature. L. Lindinger, in his "Die Scliildlause (Coccidee),"
gives tables to the species of European scale insects attacking each plant. All names
of scale insects used in tliis bulletin have been verified by Mr. E. R. Sasscer. Several
genera of scales are illustrated on plates i-v to assist in determination. Some of the
species illustrated are not treated in the text, although congeneric species are.

WHITE FLIES (ALEYRODID^E).

The tiny white flies are very apt to slip in past even a zealous inspector. The
flattened scalelike larv;e of some species look so much like the plant tissue that they are
easily overlooked. The active little white-winged adults fly so quickly that rough
handling would tend merely to disperse them and increase the dangers of introduction.
Kirkaldy in 1907 issued a world checklist in Bulletin 2, Hawaii Board of Commis-
sioners Agriculture and Forestry. (See Technical Bull. 27, of the Bureau of Ento-
mology and Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 2156.)

RED SPIDERS; MITES (ACARINA).

These tiny eight-legged creatures are not insects, but so closely related that they
are generally treated as such. The red spiders are exceedingly minute and occur
on almost every type of vegetation. As their rate of multiplication is very rapid

S A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

they Jiave becomo serious pests to agriculture. Tliere are a number of four-legged
blister mites of great importance and yet so small that they can only be seen with a
very high power lens.

BARKBEETLES (SUPERFAMILY SCOLYTOIDEA: FAMILIES IPID^,
SCOLYTOPLATYPODID.*, SCOLYTID^, AN^D PLATYPODID^).

All of the bark beetles, ambrosia battles and other members of this family are
more or less injurious to tree growth, forest products, tree seeds, fruits, etc., and
species known to bo injurious must be carefully guarded against. These beetles
are small, cylindrical with elbowed and clubbed antenna?. The head is without
or with very short beak and the subraentum is without a gular peduncle. In Ipidae
and Scolytidae (Hopkins'.s classification) the first joint of the tarsus is shorter than the
others combined, while in Platypodidte the first joint is as long or longer than the
others. They all bore in the plant tissue to deposit their eggs and their burrows
or galleries are characteristic of groups, genera, and species. The food consists of
plant tissue except in the ambrosia beetles where it consists of so-called ambrosia
fungi. Genera Insectorum has issued a fascicle on Ipid9B=Superfamily Scolytoidea
of Hopkins,' with catalogue of species of the world.

BEAN WEEVILS (MYLABRIDiE— BRUCHIDJi:, LABIID^).

The seed weevils or bruchid;^ brood almcst entirely in the seeds of plants, especially
of tho'bean and pea family. They are uniformly injurious and .should 1)0 excluded.
These beetles are usually small and either oval or elongate, with the head carried in a
downward position and with the anteniue often iJectinate or plumose. The elytra do
not conipletoly cover the abdomen. A catalogue of the Mylabrid;i3 (Bruchidic) has
been issued by Junk.

CUTWORMS; ARMY WORMS (NOCTUID^).

Several species of cutworms and army worms have already become world wide in
their distribution through their strong flj'ing ability and by commerce. As the larvse
are very generally destructive and not at all exclusive in food habits, they need to be
carelully guarded against. Lar^■oe may bo transported anywhere on the ships. Cirphis
imipuyicla ITaworth, the army worm; Spodoptera mmintia Boisduval, the grass army
■worm, and Agrotis ypsilon Kottonburg, the greasy cutworm, are practically co.s-
mopolitan. A discussion of most of the injurious species will be found in Sorauer's
Handl)uch dor Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d od., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 348-374.

WEEVILS. RHYNCHOPHORA— COLEOPTERA.

The oxp(>rioncc of the last few ^^ears in the quarantine of horticul-
tural products has shown that one of the groups most hkely to intro-
duction is the group of weevils which comprise a large section of the
order Coleoptera.

Owing to the development of nnin}' species of weevils in the roots,
stems, and fruit of almost evt^r}^ type of plant known, it is very easy
to introduce them in immatm-e stages in such a manner that they may
take hold and attack the introduced plant. Owing to the necessity
of determining practically all of the weevils introduced by a search
through foreign literature a majority of the species so far introduced

'ToLh. Scries 17, pari 11, Hurouii of Knlomology, U. S. Dept. of Asric, lOlo

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate I.

Dangerous 'Scale Insects.

The mango scale {*Leucaspis indica), upper figures. The hackberry scale (*Lecaniodiaspis ccltidif
lower figures. (Original, Sasscer.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate II.

^^^^BP> "' ' •' '^-y'i^Bp^j

IP^H^^^H

^^^Hb^

w^i.^ **-

r'?'^llii|jii'^''^l

T'^j^^^g^^^

Dangerous Scale Insects.

Fig. 1. — The bamboo scale (Chionnispis graminis). Fig. 2.— The (luted scale {*Icerya purchasi).
Fig 3. — The citrus scale {*Pseudococcus citri). ^''g. t. — * Coccus hesperidum, a scale of citrus
tea, and palms. (Original, Sasscer.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate III.

Australian Scale Insects.

^'<J/ J^"'^''^'^ cordyline scale (Leucaspis cordylinidis). Figs. 2, 3.— A scale (Lepidosaphes pallcns),
01 Aanttiorrhoea. Fig. 4.— A scale (Chionaspis nitida) of Daviesia corymbosa. (Original

Sasscer

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate IV.

Dangerous Scale Insects.

Fig. 1.— The Atriplex scale (Pulvinaria maskelU). Fig. 2.— A scale {*Orthczia insignis) of citrus,
tea, etc. Fig. 3.— The plum and peach scale {Lecanium prunastri). (Original, Sasscer.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of| Dangerous Insects.

Plate V.

Dangerous Scale Insects.

Fig. 1.— The cosmopolitan tea and olive scale {*Fiorinia theae). Fig. 2.— The Mexican agave scale
( Clmjsomphalus agavis). Fig. 3.— The date palm scale (Parlatoria blanchardi). (Original, Sasscer.)

ACACIA INSECTS. 9

hav<3 not H^con dotcnuiiuKl or described. For this reason many im-
portant species are not included in the present edition.

The larvae of weevils are white or yellowish with a dark head
shield and are usually found in a more or less curved position. Most of
them are ratli(>r robust and with a very few exceptions have no legs
or rudiments thereof.

The pupa can alwa3's be distinguished by the presence of the beak
lying flattened between the legs.

The adult weevils are distinguished b\ the prolongation of the head
into a beak. This nuiy be ver}' short and broad or very long and
slender. They are furthermore characterized by having the tarsi
four-jointed. Inspectors are urged to take every possible precaution
against the introduction of any species of weevils and where imnui-
ture or adult stages arc found they should immediate^ place them in.
akoliol and send them to Washington for determination.

DANGEROUS FOREIGN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE INTRO-
DUCED IN THE UNITED STATES THROUGH IMPORTA-
TIONS, ARRANGED BY HOST PLANTS.

ACACIA; WATTLES.

(Acacia spp. Family Leguminosae,)

This genus contaios several hundred species distributed throughout the world in
semi tropical and temperate climates. The gum arabic of commerce is derived from
Acacia Senegal; a drug of commerce is obtained from the wood of A. catechu; a soap
or hair wash from A. concinnn; others furnish dyes, fiber, scented wood, or valuable
timber. A number of species of this genus or very nearly related to it grow in our
Southern States.

IMPORTANT ACACIA PESTS.

UF.MIPTKRA.
CocddaD.

Armored —

Aspidiotus {Targionia) acacix Morgan; Xcw South Wales, Tasmaniu; Acacia pycnavtha.

Aspidiotus tasmanix Green; Australia.

Aspidintus (Pscudaonidia) quadriareolata Malenotti; Africa; A. asak.

Fiorinia acacix Maskell; Australia, New Zealand; A. pycnantha, A. pulchella, A. longifolia.

Lepidosaphes acacisK MaskelU Australia; A.linifoUa.

Lepidosaphe.i spinifera Ma,ske\\; Australia; A.pendula.

Lepidosaphes somalensis 'Ma.lenoiti; East Africa; A. asak.

Pratodiaspis anomala Green; Australia.

Pseudotargionia glandulosa Newstead; I'^gypt; A. nrnbica.
Unarmored —

Akermes scrobiculatus Maskell; Australia.

Akermes lens Maskell; Australia; A. longifolia.

Asterolecanium ventruosum Maskell; Australia.

Ceroplastes erUhrxus Leonardi; Africa.

Ceroplantes wimosx Signoret; I'2gypt; A.arabica.

Cryptes baccatus Maskell; Australia; A . armata, A . calamifoUa, A . linearis. A . longifolia, A . melanoiylon.

Epicoccus acacix Maskell; West Australia; A. pulchella.

Kervies acacix Ma.skell; Australia.

Lecnniodiaspis acacix Ma.skell; West Australia; attacks A. calamifoUa, A. cyanophylla, A. micrO'
botrya, and A . longifolia.

Lecnniodiaspis africawi Newstead; I''.};ypt; A. arabica.

Lccaniodiaspis dilatata Froggatt; ,A.astraIia; A. discolor.

Pscudococcus acacix Maskell; Australia; A . linearis, Albizzia lophanla.

10 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Coccidae— Continued.
Unarmored— Continuod.
Pseudococcus albizzix Maskotl; Australia, Hawaii; A. deatbaln, A. discolnr. A. baileynn i
Fseudococcus farnesiinx Targioni-Tozzetli; Italy: A. farnesmwi . Tliis is the huisache of- the United

States and is here known as Vnchdlia farnesiitna.
Pseudococcus swfzeyi Ehrhonr, Hawaii; A.koa.
Pseudococcus nitidus Brain; South Africa; A. caffra.

Pseudococcus quaesitus Brain; South Africa; A. caffra, A. robusia, A. Iiorrida.
Pseudococcus solitarius Brain; South Africa.

Pseudococcus filTmentosus CovkoveM; Jamaica, Mauritius, Hawaii, .Japan; attacks A. firnbici in Egypt.
Rhizococcus lobatulatus; Au.stralia; A. pendula.
Saissetia mirifica Maskell; Australia; A. pendula.
Sphxrococcus ucacix Maskell; Australia.
Tachardia acacix Maskell: Australia; A. greggii.

COLKOPTERA.
Buprestidae.

Melohasis splendida Donovan; Australia; l)rccds in dead branches o( Acacin longifoJia.

Scarabseidse.

Diphucephula aurulenta Kirby; Australia: attacks foliage of black wattle.

Heferorhina hookeri White; India; attacks foliage of Acacia catechu.

Melolontha hippocastini Fabricius and ^f. melolontha Limifeus; Europe: larvic attack roots ol -:co -

lings.
Polypiiylln fullo Linnaeus; Europe; larva- attack roots of seedlings and adults attack foliage.

Cerainbyclda;.

Coslostcrna spinator Fabricius; India; bores in shoots of .4. arabica.
Lygesis mendica Pascoe; Australia: bores in twigs of black wattle.

Pachydissus sericus Newman; Australia; breeds in trunks and branches of ^4. longifoUa, A. decurrcns.
Piesarthrius marginellus Hope; Australia; breeds m wood of A. longifoUa.
Sternotomis feoftemonj Chevrolat; German East Africa.
Symphyletes neglectus; Australia; girdles branches of A . longifoUa.
Symphyletes nigrovirens; Australia; A.juniperina.
_ Symphyletes vestigialis; Australia.

Uracinthus triangularis Hope; Australia; attacks branches of black wattle.
Uracinthus strigosus, U. bivitt'Jta- and IT. simul'ins; Australia; attack ^. /on(;(/o/;«.

Chrysomelida;.

Elaphodes tigrinus; Australia; defoliator.

Pnropsis picea Oliver; Australia: attack foliage of black wattle.

Curciilionldae (sons. lat.).

Chrysolophus spectabilis Fabricius; Australia; black wattle.

Leptops tribulus Fabricius; Australia: black wattle.

Rhinoiia hxmoptexa Kirby; Australia; breeds in stems of .4 cucm suaveolens.

Myllocerus acacix; India.

LEPIDOPTERA. . ■

^Cossidai.

Zeuzera eucalypti Boisduval, a goat motli; Australia; bores in the thicker branches and trunk of living
trees of Acacia decurrens.

Geometridse.

Biston sitppressarius Gn., a defoliator; India; attacks Acacia catechu, and A . modesta , as well as otlier

trees.
Euchloris submissaria Walker, Lophodes sinistraria Guer. and Selidosema lyciaria Gn. attacks the foliage

of black wattle in Australia.
Selidosema excursaria and Thalaina clara Walker attack the foliage of wat ties in Australia.

Hepialidse.

Pileus hyuinitus breeds at the roots of wattles in Australia.
Ch'iragia lignivora Lewin; .\ustralia. (See Apple.)

Lyman triidse.

Teia anartoidcs Walker, the wattle moth: Australia; skeletonizes foliage. (See Fruit.)
Teara contraria Walker; Austrailia; defoliates.

INSECTS OF ACACIA AND ALDER. 11

Xyloryctidaj.

Cryptnph^iga ruhriginosn: Australia; bores in twigs.

Tortricidae.

Argyroploce illcpida YinhX.; Australia; India; Ceylon; Africa; attacks seed pods of Acacia /arncsiana

HYMENOPTERA.
Formicidae (sens. lat.).

Camponnlus Ugniperda Latreille: an ant; Europe; attacks living wood.

LITERATURE.

SOR.^UER, P. Handbuch dor Pflanzcnkrankheiten, 3d cd,, 1913, vol. 3.

Feogg.\tt. Australian Insects.

LiNDiNGER. L. Die Schildliiuse (CoccidEe), 1912.

Fern.'VLD, Mari.v E. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. SS, 1903.

ALDER.

(Alnus spp. Family Betulacese.)

Hardy ornamental trees and shrubs grown in Asia, Europe, North America, and
South America. Alnus rubra is the most important timber tree. The genus is not
attacked by many very serious pests, but any of the wood borers, especially, might
become serious when transported to another country in nursery stock. Several
pests have gained admission to the United States in some manner. These are indicated
by an asterisk.

A. AN ALDER PEST LIKELY TO HE IMPOUTED.

Coleophora luscedinella Zoll.

(Alder Bud Moth. Elachistidse; Lcpidoptera.)

Host: Alder.

Injury: Attacks buds and foliage.

Description and biology: Adult moth with wing expanse 10-13 mm., forewings dark
brownish gray, in the male with a little yellowish; hind wings dark gray. Egci over-
winters in buds. Larva chocolate brown, head and thoracic shield black; third and
fourth pairs of prolegs rudimentary. Feeds in buds and on foliage. Pupates in case.

Distribution: Germany.
NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. p. 433.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT ALDER PESTS.

AGAR IN A.
Eriopliyldae.

Eriophyes laevis Nalepa, a blister gall mite; England; on leaves of Alnus glutinosa.

ORTHOPTERA.
Acridiida!.

Podisma alpina KolL, a green grasshopper of the mountain sections of Europe, Amur, and Japan;
very destructive at times.

HEMIPTERA.
Psyllidae.

Psylla alni Linna:us, a sucking bug; Germany; breeds on the leaves.

Coccidae.

Phenacoccus aceris Signoret; Europe; attacks Alnus glutinosa, and A. incana.

Pulvinaria bctulae alni Douglas; England; attacks Alnus glutinosa.

Lecanium caprae Linnaeus; England.

XecoriittTO corni Bouch(5; Europe; ^tiduCks Alnus incana.

Lecanium coryli Liimseus; Europe; attacks A. glutinosa and A. incana.

Chionaspis salicis Linneeus; Europe, Egy^Jt; attacks Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, and A. viridis.

Hemichionaspis sp.; Japan.

Aspidiotis ( Targionia) alni Marchal; France; attacks Alnus glutinosa.

12 A MANUAL OF DANGEKOUS INSECTS.

COLEOl'TEKA.
Aiiobiidut.

^estobiam rufovillogiim Do tloor, ;i brown wood-boriiiv; Ihh'IIc: Kumpo; injures the wond for technicil

purposes.
Ptilinus peclinicorni.i I/iiuuinis, :i shiiiiiij; (l;irk-l>ro\vii woiid-lioriu}; beetle; ICurnjie: injures llie wood

for tcchnienl purposes.

Buprestlda>.

■^Agrilus viridis Liiinicus, ;i f^reenisli wood-liorinj; lieetle; Knrope: liores in tlie wood of stems and
branches. (See Oak.)
Lampra rutilans Fabricius (/^tmto»o/a), ii yellowish-red wood-borin.i; bei'tle with greenish or bluish
shimmer; Kuropo; l>oresin the liasl and sapwood of liranches.

Scaiabaoi(la>.

Anomala gmnilis llopo, a large lirighl-};rcen beetle; India: adult strijis leaves, larvie at roots of

A Inus nepatensis.
McMontha hippocaslani Fabricius, a large May beetle; Europe; gnaws roots.
Mclolunlha miUHnntha Liuuiuus, a large May beetle; Europe; giiaws roots.

Ceraiiibycldse.

Obota linearis l.huia'us, a long-horned wood-borer; Eur.ipe; attaeks nursery stock ospeeially.
Chrysouu'llda'..

Agdaslica alni Limiiciis, a blue leaf beetle; Europe; larva) and adults skeletonize foliage.

llaltica qiurcctorum Foiidr., a metallic blue or green leaf beetle; Europe; larvse and adults skeletonize

foliage. (See Oak.)
.\fttaiioma xiim Liuna'us, a leaf beetle; Europe; larvae and adults skeletonize leaves.

Attelabidiv.

Apoddu-t conjli LimiiBUs, a long-uecked weevil; Kuroi>e; adults roll leaves into nests for young.

Rhync-liitldic.

Bijciiscas bctalx Liiuueus, a metallic blue or green leaf-rolling wee^l; Europe.
Rhyncliilcs betulx Linnaeus, a brown or black leaf-rolling weevil; Europe.

Curculioiilda'.

H< Cnjplorki/nclins lapatlii Linna'Us, a weevil; Euroj)0, and introtluced into the United States: bores in
young shoots, branches, bark, and wood. It attacks also poplars and willows in the Eastern United
States and is an important pest.

Jli/lobiun abidis Ltmiaus, an elongate weevil; Europe; bores in bark of seedlings.

Orchestts alni Limia^us, a jumping weevil; Europe; mines the leaves.

Orchcxtcs Icstaccus iiculellarit! Zettorsledt, a jumping weevil; Europe; mines the leaves.

Scolytida'.

AniKandrm dispar i'aljricius, a small wood-boring beetle; Germany; breeds in galleries in wood.
Dri/ocalcs alni Ooorg, a bark beetle; Germany; breeds in galleries in bark and sapwood.
Trypophlaus alni Lindomann,a bark beetle; Europe; broods in galleries la bark and sapwood of

Alnus incana.
XylofeiuK domcsticas Ljnnams, an ambrosia beetle; Germany; Ijreods in galleries in wood and
sapwood.

LEriDOl'TEU.V.
Tortrlfidir.

tcronca ftrrugana S. V.,a greenish leaf-feeding larva; Kurope, Xorth America.

bossidae.

Cdssus cossus Liima'US, a goat moth: Europe; bores in the wood. (See Willow.)
^Zcuzcra pyrina Einnieus.a white moth; Europe, Africa, Xorth America: bores in the wood. This is
an important pest. (See Hor.se chestnut.)

Sesiida'.

Sesia cul id/or mis Liima'iis, a clear-winged moth; I^urope: bores in bark and stumps of branches.
Scsia spheciformis Gerning, a clear-winged moth; Europe; bores in wood.

Geoinetrida'.

Anisoptcryx xscularia Schiffermiller, a greenish measiuing-worm: Europe; feeds on foliage.
Larcniia dilutata Borckb., a measuring-worm; Central Europe; feeds on foliage.

Lyiuantrllda'.

Dasychira pudibunda Linnanis, the red-tail moth. (See Forest defoliators.)
^tijf'urtnetria dispar Limia'us, the gipsy moth. .\ii important pest in New England. (See Forest
defoliators.)

XotoduntUla'.

rhalrra bucephala Linnicus, (he moon-llecked moth. (See Forest defoliators.)

INSECTS OP ALDER AND ALFALFA. 13

IIYMKNOI'TKUA.

Clmbiridic.

Cimlxx variahilif Klj;., a sawlly: lOuropp; lirceds on tho foliiiKP.
Trichiosovia lucorum ]>inn:i'iis, a sawlly; ICiirojio; hrpods on tho foliat:o.

Tentliredlnlda'.

Nanatus (Crcesus) nrptcnlrionulU Linna'us, a sawfly; Kurope; breeds on Iho foliafjo.
rUylMovia vagans ¥a\\C'n, a !iii\yl\y; Kurope; l)reeds on foliage.

Xlpliydrldae.

Xiphydri/a cainclus I.innirii.s, a wood wasp; Kurope; breeds in (he wood.

I.ITERATURE.

rtoKAuKR, v.: Ilaiidlnich, der I'danzenkranklieiten 3d ed., vol. 3, l)y Liiidau and Ueli, 1913.
NtasUN, Otto.: Leitfaden der Forslinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913.
Bargagu, v.: Kassesna Hiolosiica llinoofori Kiu-oi)ei, 1S,H3-1887.
T/INPINC.EK, 1/.; Die Schildliiiiso ((k)CC'id;i'), lOli.

ALFALFA; LUCERNE.

(Mcdicdgo fiutird liiiinaju.s. l'':uiuly Lctiuiiiinusse.)

Alfalfa is a s1aj)l(' foray;o i)laiit in many jtarts of the world, being grown cxIoiiMively
in EuroiJO, Asia, and South America, as well as in this country. Excej)t in Hhij)nient8
of iiay, the only danger of introducing pe.sts is with the seed. Some very imjiortant
European pests of alfalfa have in .some manner already readied this country and are
<loing serious damage.

Most insects attacking cIo\(;r are ])otential alfalfa pests and it is therefore advisable
to consult the list of clover pests when dealing with alfalfa.

A. ItKTTER KXOWxN AI>I AMV I'KSTS IJKKLY TO UK IMl'OIlTEn.

Colaspideiiia atriiin Olivier.
(I'.lack Alfalfa Leaf Heetle. ('hr\Bomelid;e; Colooiitera.)

Host: Alfalfa.

Injury: Verj^ serious.

Description and biology: A small shining black beetle with brownish tint on sides.
Larva about 0 mm. long, blackish. Ovii)Osits on leaves and tender shoots. Tho
larvae feed on the foliage and move from field to field in armies. Pupates in the soil.

Distribution: Spain, Southern France.
■Clario-Soulan, I. v., and Comas, ,T. N.: Dos plagasque ata<'an a los Alcornocales y
Alfalfares. Servicio Agron. Xac-ional Prov. I'arcelona, 11)11, i)p. !(-ll.

Hypt-ra iiniriiia huliiicius (Phytoiiotims).

(Alfalfa Leaf Weevil. Curculionida'; ( 'ol('<)i)1era.)

Hosts: Alfalfa {McdiaHjo saliva L. and M. s. fulcntd L.)

Injury: Defoliates, very injurious.

Description: Weevil dull brown, oval, about 1 mm., covered with line gray and
brown hairs. Oviposits in stems long rows of eggs. Larva; feed on the foliage.
Pupates in silken cocoon on plant.

Distribution: Europe.
liAitOAriLi, p. Rassegna liiologica llincofori iMiropci, ISS:'. 1887, pp. !•!, \)n.

14

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

■)f Hypera meles Fabrieiiis (Phytononuis).

(Austrian Alfalfa Leaf Weevil. Curculioiiidtx?; Coleoptera).

Fig. l.— Chrotogonus trachypterus. An Indian pest of alfalfa.
(Maxwell-Lefroy.)

Ho s t a : A 1 f a 1 f a , G rami-
naceaj.

Injury: Defoliates.

Biology: The larvae feed on
the foliage and spin silken
cocoons.

Distribution: Europe, and
has been recently collected
in the United States.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT
.4I.FALFA PESTS.

COLLEMBOLA.

.Smj nthuricla'.

Smynthurus sp., a springtail, is
\cry injurious to alfalfa in New
South Wales, when abundant
skeletonizing the fields in moist
seasons.

(A. Molineux, Agric. Gaz. N. S.
Wales, Nov., 1896, pp. 807-809. )

ORTHOPTERA.

/Vcridiida'.

Fig. 2.—Brachytrypes achatinus. An Indian pest of alfalfa. Chrotogonus- trachypterus Blan-

(Maxwell-Lefroy.) chard, a destructive grasshop-

per of India. (See text fig. 1.)
GrylIidnE>.

Brachytrypes achatinus Stoll., a brown cricket of India. (See text fig. 2.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Xoctiiidae.

Prodcnia litura Fabricius, also known as the Egyptian cotton worm, attacks alfalfa in India.
Plusia nigrisigna Walker, attacks fruit in India.
H< Chloridea obsoleta Hiibner, the cotton bolhvorm; ^Agrotis ypsilon Rott., the greasy cutworm; and
■Je- Laphygma exigua Hiibner, serious pests already in the United States, attack alfalfa in India.

Tortrifidse.

Tortrix divulsana Walker, the lucerne moih of New
South Wales; spins the heads together and feeds on
them.

COLEOPTERA.

Coerliiellidae.

Subcoccinella 24-punctata Linnwus; Europe; larva^ and
adults injure the foliage.

Gerambycida'.

t-Clytus floral is Pall.; Russia, imported to United States
in roots; root borer. (See text fig. 3 )

Curculionidse.

t. Hypera punctata Fabricius, the clover-leaf weevil of
Europe, now common in the United States; also at-
tacks alfalfa.
■ Hypera postica Gyllenlial, the alfalfa weevil of Europe,
introduced into western United States, and very in-
jurious. (See text fig. 4, a-f.)
Apion meliloti Kirby, a tiny weevil; Europe; breeds in the pith of the stems.
Apion tenue Kirby, .t tiny weevil; Europe; l)rceds in stems.

ViG.Z.— Clyius floraUs. A Russian alfalfa
root borer. (Original, Walton.)

INSECTS OF ALFALFA AND APPLE.

15

Itunididse.

^^Asphondylia miki Wachtl; gall midge; Europe, Arizona; forms galls in seed pods. (See text fig. 5.)

LITERATURE.

Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Mem. Dept. Agr^ India, Entom. ser. vol. 1, N'o. 2, June, 1907, pp. 113-252.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der PflanzenJcrankheiten, 3d ed. vol. 3, 1913.
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 18S3-1SS7.
Webster, F. M. U. S. Dept. Agrie., Bur. Entomology, Bui. 112, 1912.
Webster, F. M. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bur. Entomology, Cire. 1-17, 1912.

DIPTERA.

KiG. 4.-Alfalfa weevil (Hypcra postica): a, Adults clustering on sprig of alfalfa; 6, adult weevil; c, eggs; d,
larva; c, cocoon; /, pupa, o. Natural size; 6, d, e,f, much enlarged; c, greatly enlarged. (Webster.)

APPLE.

{Malusmulus, etc. Family Rosacea.)
Friiit trees of America, Europe, and Asia, much cultivated in this country.

A. BETTER KNOWN APPLE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Termes australis Haeen.
(The Victorian White Ant. Termitidae; Isoptera.)

Hosts: Apples and other deciduous fruits, orange, Eucalyptus, A-ines, geraniums,
timbers, furniture, books, etc.

16

A MANUAL OF DANGEKOUS INSECTS.

Injury: Makes galleries in al.ove plants an.l is als., injurious In timbers in houses,
furniture, etc. m.tribution: Australia.

Imiknch, C Handbook of Dostruc-
• tive Insects of Victoria, 1S',>;'), pt.
2.pp.l:i(i-144,plate:52.

I'sylla inali Schinidlii-'.
(Tlio .\]i\)U'. I'sylla. I'syllidir: llemiplPra.)
Hosts: Apple.

Iiijtirii: Very injurious in Eng-
land'.

Description and biology: Adult
2..")-:^ niTn. long; color variable
from greenish to brownish yellow
(some show dark markings, with
e\en red or yellow r. wing veins
greenish or greenish yellow.
.\yin])hs flat, at first yellow or dirty
> cUow, with brown markings and
red eyes, later becoming green all
over; body partly covered with
v.hite or pale-blue curly waxen
threads, and there is a long thread
Avith a waxy globule. Egys
creamy yellow, but before hatch-
FiG. 5. -The ulfaUa gall midge {.Uphondylia miki): AduU ing are faintly dusty red in color,
female, with antenna of male above, at left. Greatly en- 'j^j^^ ^vinter is passed in the egg
l.irged. (Original, Walton.) stage, the eggs being placed on

the spurs, around leaf scars, in cracks, among line hairs, on the ne.v ^^ ood, and else-
where The nymphs hatch in spriTig as the buds begin to open and attack the
blossom and leaf buds, often destroying the blossoms and greatly stunting the shoots.
(See text fig. (1.)

Fig. 6.— Apple psylla (I'.syll'i mnli): n,

.Vdult; I), i

iijurod twig; c, nymph; d, eggs on shoot. (Theobald.

Distribution: Europe, Central Russia
Theobam), F. V. Insect Pests of Emit, IHOl), p. 15:i.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate VI.

The Harlequin Fruit Bug.
The harlequin fruit bug (Dindymus vemcolor): Adults, nymphs, and injury to apple. (French.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate VII

Apple Moths.

Fig. 1.— The apple pith moth {Blastodacna hellerella) and injury to twig and adult. Fig. 2.— The
"flgure-of-8 moth" (Diloba cceruleocephala.) Dorsal and lateral views of adult, and eggs (Theobald).
Fig. 3.— The apple moth {Argyresthia conjugella). Adult, and injury to apple. (Berettning.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate VIM.

The Green Hanging Moth of the Apple.

The green hanging moth of the apple (Charagia lignivora): Adults pupa, and larva in twig showing
sawdust swelling. (French.) ^

APPLE INSECTS. 17

Dindynius versicolor H.-S.

(Harlequin Fruit Bug. PyrrhocoridEe; Hemipteri.)
Hosts: Apple.

Injury: Disfigures apples by puncturing the skin in feeding.

Description and biology: Adult about 12 mm. long, orange red, black, and yellow in
color. Nymphs of both sexes, when about half grown, are more highly colored than
when mature. Eggs are deposited in late summer among rubbish, crevices of old
posts, etc., or even in stubble. The newly hatched nymphs on hot days occur in
swarms on many kinds of plants, on fences, and among rubbish. (See plate vi.)

Distribution: Australia,

French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 89.

Rhizopertha collaris Eiithson.

(Apple-tree Borer. Bostrychidae; Coleoptera.)
Hosts: Apple.

Injury: Kegarded as serious pest.

Description and biology: Adult length 4 to (> mm. Adults bore into wood. Larva
bores horizontal biurows into wood of trees: remains in tree after it is dead. Eggs
are deposited in the holes bored in trees.

Distribution: Australia, Tasmania.
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 61.
Phyllobius maculicornls tiermar.
(Green Leaf Weevil. BrachjThinidae; Coleoptera.)
Hosts: Apple, pear, cherry, plum, nuts, oak, hawthorn, sloe, maple.
Injury: Injury frequent. Attack young buds and leaves.

Description and biology: Adult length 12 mm.; brown; clothed with green or
greenish scales; slightly hairy; antenuije reddish, with black, clublike apices; legs
black and brown. Occurs throughout May and June. Pupates in spring. Larva
white, footless, curved, slightly hairy, with brown hairy head. Feeds on roots of
various plants. Winters as larva. Eggs deposited in ground.

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 119.

Laptops hopei Schonherr.
(Apple-root Borer. Ciu-culionidae; Coleoptera.)
Hosts: Apple, pear, cherry.
Injury: Very serious injury. Attacks roots.

Description and biology: Adult length 25 mm.; light grayish brown. Occurs just
before buds begin to swell. Disappears in December (Victoria). Pupates in ground.
Larva length 25 mm.; whitish; tunnels roots of trees. Eggs deposited on upper
sides of leaves, which have their edges glued together, hiding the eggs. Deposited
in masses of 40 to 50. (See text fig. 7b.)

Distribution: Victoria.
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 71.
Magdalis barbicomis Latreille.
(Apple-stem Piercer. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.)
Hosts: Apple, quince, and medlar trees.
Injury: To twigs.

Description and biology: Adult length 2-2.5 mm.; black; neck-shield without
knobs on sides; very thickly punctate, elytra strigose-punctate, the space between
punctations ridged. Occurs in June. Pupates in gallery in twig under bark.
Larva burrows in twig, by preference in bark, to the sapwood which is onlv sUghtly
attacked: the bark becomes reddish -brown and sinks away.
27812—18 2

18

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Distribution: Europe.
Henschel, G. a. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst-und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 94,

a b

Fig. 7.— Work of apple weevils: a, Apple buds injured hy A nihonomus pomorum (Henschel); ft, apple
root tunneled by Leptops hopei (French).

Anthonomus pomorum Linnaeus.
(Apple-blossom Weevil. Cureulionidse; Coleoptera.)

Host: Apple, pear.

Injury: Often very destructive to apple.
Larva injurious to buds and blossoms; adult
feeds on leaves.

Description and biology: Adult length 3 to
4 mm.; pitch black or fuscous black, with
ashy pubescence; most easily recognized by
pale V-shaped mark on elytra. Appear in
late spring and Live until next spring, when
they copulate and oviposit. Hibernate in
rubbish. Pupa yellowish brown. Pupates
in withered flower bud. Pupation lasts 7 to
10 days. Larva length 4-5 mm.; white,
footless, head brown; feeds in flower bud.
Larval stage 8 days to 3 weeks. Eggs de-
posited in blossom buds. A single female
deposits 50 or 60 during a period of 2 weeks.
(See text figs. 7a, 8.)

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 104.

Fig. 8.— Apple bud weevil {Anthonomus
pomoium). (Theobald.)

APPLE IKSECTS.

19

Cossus tristls Drury.
(Apple and Quince Borer, Cossidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Apple, quince, pear.

Injury: Bores in sapwood.

Description and biology: Adult occurs from September to November (South Africa).
Broods may overlap. Ptipa may be found in July and September. Larva length 50
mm.; wholly flesh-colored or mottled with red. Young larvae feed first beneath the
bark, older larvae burrow in middle wood. Eggs de-
posited on bark, singly or in groups; especially in the
fork of branches.

Distribution: South Africa.
LouNSBURY, C. P. Rept. Gov. Entomologist for 1898.

Cape of Good Hope, Gape Town, 1899.

Blastodacna putripennella Zeller.
(Apple Pith Moth. Elachistidae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Apple.

Injury: Not seriously destructive.

Description and biology: Adult iorewing brownish gray
with golden and whitish spots and stripes, head gray;
eyes white; antennae, gray ringed with white. Occurs
in July and August (Germany). Pupates about end of
June between dry leaves on dead twigs. Larva yellowish,
with broad reddish segmental divisions; head, neck, anal
shield, and feet dark brown; prolegs and a side stripe
above the feet yellow. Hatches in autumn and feeds on
leaves; on approach of winter bores into buds of 1-year-
old twigs; in spring bores into pith of twig. Eggs are
placed on leaves. (See text fig. 9.)
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d

ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 255, figs. 186, 187.

Blastodacna vinolentclla H.-S.

(Pith Moth. Elachistidae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Apple.

Injury: Considerable injury. Larva burrows into buds,
shoots, and spurs. Fig. 9.— Apple pith moth (£to«io<Jac-

Description and biology: Adult wing expanse a little "" Putripennella): Adult and in-
1 4.U TO -v^ ■ T. 1 + 1.1 1 juredtwig. (Sorauer.)

less than 12 mm. Forewmgs may be almost black or

may be marked with dark brown and rusty brown; inner margin white to beyond

middle, where an irregular faint white oblique bar proceeds to tip of wing; two

branches from which intersect black apical portion; hind wings gray and fringed;

head black. Occurs in July and August. Pupa ochraceous; head, front of thorax,

and tip of body, mahogany red; cylindrical in form; length 6 mm. Larva length

8 mm. Dull reddish brown with deep brown head and first thoracic segment.

Larvae hatch in late summer, feed on leaves, bore into bud, pass the winter there, and

mature in June. Eggs are unknown.

Distribution: England, Europe.

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit. 1909, p. 92.

20 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

Blastodacua Iiellerella Dup.
(Pth ^foth. Elachistidae; Lepidoptera.)

This moth is similar to B. vmolentella in habits and description, except that head of
adult is white. (See plate vii, fig. 1.)
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 92.

Chloroclystis rectangulata Linnscus.

(Green Pug Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.)

Host ^pple.

Injury. Feeds on blossoms and young leaves. Not serious.

Description and biology: Adult wing expanse 18 mm.; forewings deep green with
dark brown and gray bands; liind wings with similar greenish tinge. Flies in May,
June, and July. Pupa thorax and wing cases yellow; caudal end deep red, tinged
with olive. Larva pale yellowish green, with rusty red line down back; division
between segments reddish; a line at sides yellowish green. Larvae appear in early
spring. Pupate in earthen cocoon on ground. Eggs deposited on trees in early sum-
mer, where they remain over winter.

Distribution: Europe, England.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 68.

Charagia llgnivora Lewin.
(Green Hanging Moth of the Apple. Hepialidae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Apple, acacia, aster, eucalyptus, etc.

Injury: Injuries confined largely to native trees; sometimes destructive to apple.
Bores in wood.

Description and biology: Adult male forewings pea-green, with silvery white mark-
ings; hind winds pale green; female forewings darker green than those of male, with
purplish bands; hind wings orange pink. Larva pale pink, yellow or purplish yellow,
head dark -brown. A "swelling" sawdust covering covers burrow of larva. Eggs
deposited on bark of tree. (See plate viii.)

Distribution: Victoria.
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1909, pt. 4, p. 77.

^ .\rgyresthia conjugeila Zeller.
. (Apple Moth. H}'ponomeutid9e ; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Apple, cherry, plum, whortleberry, mountain ash, service berry^

Injury: Serious to fruit.

Description and biology: Moth with front wings violet gray, sprinkled with lighter,
with yellowish white stripe on the inner margin, and a whitish spot near apex. Larva
with biack head, body at first whitish, later fleshy red with many dark brown setiger-
ous spots; 7 mm. long. Breeds in fruits. Pupates outside of the fruit in cocoons. (See
plate VII, fig. 3.)

Distribution: Europe, British Columbia, Japan.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflan^enkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 269-270,

figs. 196-197.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909. p. 193.
Report No. 6. Hokaido Agric. Exp. Sta.. Sapporo. Japan, March, 1916. Plates 1, 3.

APPLE INSECTS.

21

^Hyponomeiita lualinellus Zeller. H. padellus Linnreus.

(Apple and Cherry Ermine Moths. Hyponomeutidse; Lepidoptera.)

These two ermine moths, which are destructive fruit-tree pests, have recently
been introduced into the United States, the one well treated in Technical Bulletin 24,
of the Geneva, N. Y., Agricultural Experiment Station (1912), to which the reader is
referred. (See text fig. 10.)

Diloba cseruleocephala Linnfetis.
(Figure-of-8 Moth. Blue-head. Noctuidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Apple, plum, cherry.

Injury: Seldom seri'ous; defoliation.

Description and biology: Adult wing expanse of male less than 25 mm. , female 30 mm . ;
forewing grayish brown and brown, with a pale spot shaped like a figure 8 on each wing ;
hind wing grayish brown with darker ray-like lines and a dark wedge-shaped patch at
the hinder angle. Occurs in September and October (England). Larva over 25 mm.
long; head blue with two small
black dots; body color varied,
yellowish green or bhiish gray,
with broken yellow line along-
side below spiracles; small black
spots on segments. Larvae appear
when leaves expand and are ready
to spin up in June; pupate in crev-
vices in bark and on limbs of trees.
Eggs usually laid singly on shoots
and spurs of fruit trees; they an;
round, flattened below, gray or
grayish brown in color. (See plate
VII, fig. 2.)

Distribution: England, Europe,
and Asia Minor.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of

Fruit, 1909, p. 35.

Sesia myopaeforniis Bosk.

(The Apple Clear wing. Sesiidie;
Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Apple, apricot.

Injury: Larvae work under bark.

Description and biology: Adult
^ving expanse 22 to 25 mm. ; head,
thorax, and abdomen black; male
abdomen has red band above and white beneath; female has only a white edge under-
neath, with tail-like fan of black scales; wings transparent with dark scaled areas.
Day-flying moths; occur in May, June, and July. (England). Pupa pale brown,
protected by silken cases covered with chips. Larva length 15 mm.; dull yellowish
white, head reddish brown; second thoracic segment with brown dorsal shield. Eggs
laid on tree trunk. (See text fig. 12.)

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 17.

Fig. 10.-

-Apple ermine moth (Hypnnomeutamalinellus) Eggs,
larva, pupa, adult, and nest. (Henschel.)

22

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

TortrLx ashworthana Newman.
(T/ii^lit Brown Apple Moth. Tortricid^o ; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Apple. (A. Busck states that this species feeds on Acacia only.)

Injuri/: Very serious; attacks fruit in manner similar to codling moth.

Description and biologij: Adult female wing expanse, 18 mm. ; forewings light brown,
slightly barred. TMrva light green in color, seldom penetrates apple as far as seeds.
Eggs deposited in calyx.

Distribution: Australia.

French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. I, p. 66.

Fig. 11. — The apple sawfly {Hoplocampa testiidinea). Adult and injured apples.

(Theobald.)

APPLE INSECTS.

23

Hoplocampa testudinea Klug. ^

(Apple Sawfly. Tenthredinidse ; Hymenoptera.)

Host: Apple.

Injury: Local. Damages fruit.

Description and biology: Adult, female, length 6-S mm.; reddish yellow, with a
black patch on the head, another on thorax and on dorsum of abdomen; head and
mesothorax punctured; antennae dusky in middle: male, slightly smaller. First
brood occurs about apple-blossom time; second brood occurs in July. Pupate in soil.
Larva, length 12 mm., creamy white; grub-like with brown head and a double,
black chitinous plate on dorsum of anal segment; eats out cavities in interior of
fruit. Many larvae migrate from one apple to another. Larval period in first brood
4 or 5 weeks. Winters as larva in second brood. Eggs are deposited in blossom.
This stage varies from 8 to 14 days. (See text fig. 11.)

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 122.

B. IMPORTANT APPLE INSECTS.

Coccidse: HEMIPTERA.

Armored—
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus Marlatt; South Africa.

Diaspis pyri Colv^e; Spain, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Croatia, Austria, Switzerland, Tyrol.

if-Epi diaspis piricola Del Guercio:

France, Russia, Italy. (See Pear.)

:Jf:Leucaspis japonica Cockerell; Japan.

Parlatoria affinis Newstead; Algeria,

Egypt.
Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and
Leonardi; Italy, Spain, Victoria,
and New South Wales.
^Parlatoria pyri Marlatt; China; scale
of female 1-1.25 mm. in length,
oval; larval exuvia, purplish green,
second exuvium dark olive, almost
black. Apparently a dangerous
pest.
Unarmored—

Coccus hoferi King; Switzerland.
■^Lecaniumhituherculatum Targioni-
Tozzetti; England, France, Swe-
den, Italy, Germany.
Lecanium caprcx Linnajus; Europe,

Nova Scotia.
Lecanium glandi Kuwana; Japan.
ifi Lecanium persicx Fabricius; Europe,
Australia, Canada.
Lecanium pyri Schrank; Europe,

Prince Edwards Island.
Lecanium rugosum Signoret; France,

Germany.
Lecanium variegatumGoethe; Europe.
Lecanium vini Bouchd; Europe.
Pseudococcus glaucus Maskell; New
Zealand.
Tingltidae.

Stephanitis pyri Fabricius; Europe. (SeeJPear.)

COLEOPTERA.
Cerambycidse.

Cerambyx scopolii Fuessly; Europe; borer.

Saperda scalaris Linnaeus; Europe; borer.

Liopus nebulosus Linnaeus; Europe; borer.

Curculionidae.

Magdalis cerasi Liimaeus and M. pruni Linnaeus; Europe; breed under bark.

Anthonomus incurvus Panzer, A. pedicularius Linnaeus, and A. pyri Boheman; bud weevils; Europe,

Fig. 12.— The apple clearwing (Sesia myopseformis).
cocoon, larva, and bormgs. (Reichelt.)

Moth,

24 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Anthribidae.

Doticus pestilans OlilT; Victoria; a pest of dried apples.

Scolytidae.

Scolytus pruni Ratzeburg: Europe. (See Plum.)
Scolytus mali Bechst.; Europe; galleries in bark.

lepidoptera!

Pyralldae.

Dichocrocis piinclifcraHs Guenee; Queensland. (See Corn.)

LyniantriidiE. •

Tcia anartoidcs Walker; Australia. (See Fruit.)

Laslocampida;.

Gastropacha quercifolia Linnajus; Europe. (See Fruit.)
Odonestis australasise Fabricius; Australia; defoliator.

Geometridir.

Hibcrnia dcfoliaria C\eTck; Europe. (See Forests.)
Anisopteryi xscularia SchifieTmiWer; Europe. (See Forests.)
Cheimatobia brumata Linnceus.

Elachistidae.

Colcophora anatipennella Hiibner; Europe. (See Plum.)

HYMENOPTERA.
Tentliredinidae.

Hoplocampa fulvicornis Klug, sawfly; Europe; mines in fruit

DIPTERA.
Trypetidfe.

Ccratitia capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)
Bactroccra tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.)
Bactrocera cucurbitse.

APRICOT.

{Primus armeniaca, etc.)

Fruit trees of the Orient, now -nddely cultivated.

A. AN APRICOT PEST LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Capua ani^ustiorana Haworth.

(Small Apricot and Vine Moth. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Apricot, vine, pear and a great variety of other trees. Attacks foliage and
fruit clusters.

Injury: Does much harm to foliage of wall fruit.

Description and Biology: Adult wing expanse 12-18 mm. ; female forewing reddish-
ochreous, with a reddish brown basal patch forming an oblique streak and a reddish
central spot; a costal spot is pale yellow; male wing grayish-ochreous with brown
and black markings. Occurs from June until August. Pupation takes place among
leaves. Larva length more than 12 mm.; color yellowish, or grayish green with pale
spots from which arise hairs; occurs in greatest numbers in April and May; rolls leaf.
E(f(is deposited on twigs, hatching in spring.

Distribution: Europe, Asia Minor, Africa.

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits, 1909, p. 181.

B. IMPORTANT APRICOT INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae:

Armored—

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus Marlatt; South Africa.
^ Epidiaspis piricola Del Ouercio; Germany, Italy, France, established in California.

Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonard!; Italy.
Unarmored—

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe.

Lccanium kunoemis Kuwana: China.
:>lf:Lecanium pTunastri Fonscolombe; Eiifope, Japan.

Lecanium mni Bouehe; Europ e.

INSECTS OF APRICOT, AEAUCAEIA, ABBORVITiE, ASH. 25

COLEOPTERA.
Cerambycidae.

Liopus nebulosus Linnaeus; Europe; borer.

Uracanthus acutus Blackburn; Australia. (See Peach.)

Scolytidae.

Scolytus amygdali ("iuerin; Europe. (See Almond.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Sesiidae.

Sesia myopaeformis Bosk.; Europe. (See Apple.)

COLEOPTERA.
Geometrldae.

Lophodes sinistraria Guerin; Australia; defoliator.

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae.

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Prunus armeniaca. (See Fruit.)
Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.)
Bactrocera cucurbitx.

ARAUCARIA.

(Family Conifera?.)

Small evergreen plants much used in horticulture.

IMPORTANT ARAUCARIA INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae:

Unarmored—
Ctenochiton araucarix Green; .\ustralia.

Eriococcus araucarix Maskell: Europe, Canary Islands, Brazil; Araucaria eicelsa, A. bidwiliii.
Eriococcus aTigulatus Froggatt; Australia; Araucaria excelsa.

Pieudococcus aurilanatus Maskell; New Zealanii, Australia, Auckland, Natal, Ilawaiinn Islanl;;
Araucaria excelsa.

ARBORVIT^.

( TAuya spp. Family Juniperacese.)

Ornamental evergreen trees of North America, East and Central Asia. The wood is
light and soft, brittle, and rather coarse grained, durable in the soil; much used for
construction, cabinet making, and in cooperage. T. occidentalis contains a volatile
oil used in medicine.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ARBORVIT^.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidse:

Armored—

>|c Chionaspis striata Newstead; Egypt, Algeria, Arizona, California; attacks Thuya a^ricana.

Diaspis visci Schrank; Europe; Thuya occidentalis.
Unarmored —
Lecanium avion Lindinger; Europe; Thuya occidentalis.

COLEOPTERA.
Scolytidae.

Phlceosinus tkuiae Perris; Europe.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Lindinger, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccidae), 1912.
EiCHHOFF, W., Europ. Borkenkiifer, 1881.

ASH.

[Fraxinus spp. Family Oleaceae.)

Hardy ornamental trees growing in Europe, Asia, and America. These trees are
important also for their timber. F. ornus exudes a manna. Certain Chinese species
yield the Chinese white wax. The various species are generally readily transplanted

26

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

and hence will be found in nursery stock shipments. They are usually propagated
from seed. As several species of insects breed in the seed, care must be taken about
introducing seed for planting.

A. AN ASH PEST JLIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Eriophyes fraxini Nalepa.

(Ash Gall Mite. Eriophyiidae; Acarina.)

Host: Fraxinus excelsior, F. viridis.

Injury: Forms galls in flowers, fruit, and leaves. (See text fig. 13.)
Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite which causes galls by its feeding.

Liable to introduction on
nursery stock.

Distribution: Europe,
Mexico.

SoRAUER, p.: Handbuch
d e r Pflanzenkrankhei-
ten, 3d ed., vol. 3, 1913,
pp. 127, 128.

B, OTHER IMPORTANT
ASH INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.

AphidldsB.

Prociphilus bumelise
Schranck, a gall-making
louse of Europe, which at-
tacks the tender leaves and
petioles of ash and on its
intermediate host, the fir,
breeds at the roots. The
form on fir roots has been
known as Holzncria posch-
ingeri Holzner.
Coccidae.
Armored—
Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus)
nigropunctatus Cockerell;
Mexico.

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus, the willow scale; Europe; attacks i^oiimis ficf/s/or and many other trees .
Parlatoria affinis Newstead; Algeria; attacks Frazinus oxyphylla and olive.
Unarmored—
Fonscolombia fraxini Kaltenbach; Europe; attacks Fraxinus excelsior.

ORTHOPTERA.
Ocdipodldae.

Pachylylus migratorius Limiaeus, the migratory locust; Europe; iajures many plants.

COLEOPTERA.
Caiitbaridae (Meloidse).

Lytta vesicatoria Linnaeus, the Spanish fly; all Europe; very injurious as adult.

Ccrambycidae.

Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, the great oak borer; Europe; bores in wood. (See Oak.)

Scarabseidse.

Melolontha hippocaslani Fabricius, a May beetle; Europe; injures the roots of seedlings of various

trees.
Melolontha melolontha Linnaeus, a May beetle; Europe; injures the roots of seedlings, and the adults

attack the foliage.

EiG. 13. — Ash gall mite {Eriophyes fraxini): Gall formations on twigs
of Fraxinus excelsior. (Gillanders.)

INSECTS OP ASH AND ASPARAGUS.

27

CurcuUonidse.

Clonus fraxini De Geer, a small oval weevil; Europe; breeds externally on the leaves of ash and olive
pupates in cocoons on the leaf.

Scolytoidea.

Hylesinus crenatus Fabricius, a bark beetle; Russia, Germany; bores the bark of ash and oak.
Hylesinus fraxini Panzer, a bark beetle; Europe; bores the branches and tops, attacking bark of

ash, olive, and acacia.
Hylesinus olciperda Fabricius, a bark beetle; Europe; attacks ash and olive.
PMceotribus caucasictis Reitter; a bark beetle; Russia; attacks young portions of the trees.
■^Scolytochelus multistriatus Marsh., a bark beetle; Europe; attacks bast and sapwood of trees.
Scolytus scolytus Fabricius, a bark beetle; Europe; attacks bark, bast, and sapwood.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossldse.

Cossus cossus Linnaeus, a goat moth; Europe; bores in the wood. (See Willow.)
^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus, a wood borer of Europe, Africa, North America. (See Horse-chestnut.)
Sesiidae.

Sesia spheciformis Gmg., a clear-winged moth; Europe; bores in the wood.
Tortricidae.

Tortrix podana Sc, a
grass-green larva,
which occasionally
attacks ash; Europe.

Hyponomeutidae.

Prays curtisellus Don.,
a small moth; Europe;
larva mines leaves,
skeletonizes, webs
leaves, or mines buds,
in its different genera-
tions.

Gracillariidse.

Gracillaria syringella

Fabricius, a yellowish

olive-brown moth:

Europe (Sweden);

larvae first mine the

leaves and then roll

them; attack also

Syringa.

HYMENOPTERA.
Tenthredinidae.

Macrophya punctum-album Linnseus, a saw-fly; England; very injurious.

LITERATURE.

SoRAUEK, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., vol. 3, 1913.
NCssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde 2d ed., 1913.

ASPARAGUS.

(Asparagus officinalis Linnseus. Family Liliacese.)

Various other species of asparagus are cultivated for decorative purposes. The
above-mentioned species is useful both for its delicious edible shoots and its graceful
foliage. Pests introduced on any type of asparagus are likely to attack the culti-
vated crop.

.4. BETTER KNOWN ASPARAGUS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Crioceris spp.
(Asparagus Leaf Beetles. Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera.)

Species: ^C. asparagi Linnseus; Europe, introduced into North America and widely
distributed; asparagus. (See text fig. 14) A very important pest. >f<C. 12-punc-
tata Linnjeus; Europe, introduced into North America and widely distributed; aspara-

FiG. 14.— Asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi): a, Adult; 6, egg:
young larva; d, full grown larva; e, pupa. (Chittenden.)

28

A MANUAL OP DANGEROUS INSECTS.

giis. (See text fig. 15.) A very important pest. C. merrfijcem Linnaeus; Europe;
onion, leek, garlic, lily of the valley, asparagus.

Injury: Feed on the stems of the asparagus and cause much injury, amounting
often to thousands of dollars.

Fig. 15.— Asparagus beetle ( Crioceris duodecim p<inctat.a): a, Adult; 6, larva; c, d, details of larval structure.

(Chittenden.)

Biology: Eggs laid on plant. Larva feeds on stems and foliage. Pupates in soil.
Two broods per annum.

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., vol. 3, 1913, p. 510.
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entomology, circ. 102, 1908, 12 pp.. 6 figs.

Fig. 16. — Asparagus miner (Agroviyza simplex): Adults. (Chittenden.)

Agroinyza inaura Meigen. * Agromyza simplex Loew.

(Asparagus Miners. Agromyzidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Asparagus.

Injury: Mine immediately under the bark of the asparagus stem. The latter
species has been introduced into the United States.

Description and biology: Adult fly very small. Larva white, legless. Pupates in
mine. (See text figs. 16, 17.)

INSECTS OF ASPARAGUS, ASSAM RUBBER, ASPEN, AVOCADO.

29

Distribution: A. viaura; Hungary. A. simplex; Europe, North America.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, p. 406, 407, fig. 252.
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., bull. 66, pt. I, 1907, pp. 1-5, 2 figs.

Platyparaea pceciloptera Schrank.

(Asparagus Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Asparagus.

Injury: Mines the stems.

Description and biology: Fly dark brown, abdominal segments banded whitish;
face, legs, and antennae reddish yellow;
wings clear with a dark zigzag longitudinal
band; length 6-8 mm. Maggot whitish,
apical stigmatal plates shining black with
two forward turned hooks; length 10 mm.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRATJER, P. Handbuch der Pflanze >-

krankheiten, 3d ed., vol. 3, 1913, p. 421 ,

422.

B. OTHER IMPORTAXT ASPARAGUS
PESTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae:

Armored—

Chionaspis berlesei Leonard!; Europe; attacks As-
paragus acutifolius and A . umbeJlaius.

Fig. 17. — Asparagus miner (Agromi/za simplex):
a, Larva; 6, e, larval details; d, e, puparium;
/, injury. (Chittenden.)

COLEOPTERA.
BrachjThinldse.

CneoThinus plagiatus Schall.; a weevil, causes serious injury in England.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Noctuidae.

Mamestra oleracea Linnaeus; Europe; larvae feed on plants. (See Cabbage.)

DIPTERA.
AnthoDiyiidae.

ChoTtophila ciUcrura Rondani; Europe; breeds in stems. (See Onion.)

ASSAM RUBBER.

(Ficus elastica. Family Urticaceae.)

Assam or India rubber is a native of Assam and the Malay region. It can be grown
from cuttings or seed. As it belongs to the same genus of plants as the fig, its insects
are treated under the discussion of that plant. (See Fig.)

ASPEN.

(Populus tremula. Family Salicaceae.)
AVOCADO; ALLIGATOR PEAR.

See Poplar.

(Persea gratissima, etc. Family Lauraceae.)

This tropical American species is much prized for its large edible fruit, and is now
cultivated extensively in Florida and southern California. Several other species of
the genus are prized bj' the American trade for their evergreen foliage.

30 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

A. AN AVOCADO PEST LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED

Heillpus lauri Boheman.
(Avocado Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.)

Host: Fruit of Per sea persea L. (Laurus drymifolia) and Persea pittieri Mez.

Injury: Lai-vse make galleries in the seed. Lia'de to be introduced in seed and fruit.
Live specimens have been received in the United States.

Description: Adult weevil of a red ground color, with red femora, or dark l^rown
with unicolorous legs and prominent patches of white scales; rostrum long, prothorax
conical. The larvae l)reed in the seed and their presence is not easily detected. In
the case of the recent introductions the seeds were planted and the injury was not
noticed until faulty germination caused an examination.

Distribution: Mexico, Costa Rica. (See plate xlix.)
Barber, H. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 14, 1912, pp. 181-183, plate 9,

B. OTHER IMPORTANT AVOCADO INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae;

Armored —

Aspidiotus (Pseiidaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Mexico (See Coffee). Scale of adult female 1 mm. in

diameter, circular, reddish brown with central portion blackish, exuvia covered.
^Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) persex Comstock; Mexico.
Aspidiotus persearum Cockerell; Hawaii; on Persea gratissima. Scaleof female 1.25 mm. long, 1 mm.

broad brownish cream color, exuvia sublateral.
Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; West Indies, Mexico; Persea americana. (See OUve.)
Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) scutiformis Cockerell; Mexico, Central America. (See Citrus.)
Lepidosaphcs longula Leonardi; Java; scale of female about 2.35 mm. long, elongate, curved, narrow,

coffee colored.
Pinnaspis rhombica Leonardi; Java; scale of adult female 1 mm. long, rhomboid, castaneous brown.
Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides Comstock; Brazil, Mexico; on Persea carolinensis. Scale of adult

female about 1.4 mm. in diameter, light yeUow, exuvia very large, extending from center of scale to

margin, having the appearance of a Parlatoria.
Unarmored —
Ceroplastes cistudiformis Townsend and Cockerell; Mexico; wax scale. Adult female covered with

dirty gray wax which is marked into plates; 6-8 mm. in length and 4.5 to 5.5 mm. in width.
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, India, Ceylon, Hawaii. Adult female 2.2-6 mm. in length,

covered with wax which is rather thick and dull red or pinkish throughout.
Icerya montserratensis Riley and Howard; Mexico. (See Citrus.)
Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; Isle of Pines.
Pulvirmria mammex Maskell; Hawaii, Natal; on Persea persea. Adult female reddish browa covered

with a thin grayish meal, ovisac large, snow white, irregular, forming a mass of loose cotton.
Pulvinaria simulans Cockerell; Mexico.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Lasiocanipidae.

Suana concolor Walker; Java, defoliator.

Cossidae.

Zcuzera coffex Nietner; India, Ceylon, Java, East Africa, Kamerun. (See Coffee. )

COLEOPTERA.
Bostrychldae.

Apatc monachus Fabricius; .Vfrica, West Indies. (See Citrus.)

Brachyrhinldae.

Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnieus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.)

Calandridae.

H< Caulophilus lalinasus Say; Florida, probably imported; bores in seed.

DIPTERA
Trypetidae.

Ceratitis capilata Wiedemann; attacks Persea persea. (See Fruit.

BAMBOO INSECTS.

31

BAMBOO.

(Bambusa spp.; Dendrocalamus strictus, etc.; Arundinaria spp.; Cephalostachyum
pergradle; Melocanna bambusioides; Phyllostachys spp. Family Bambuseae.)
Treelike grasses mucli used in cultivation.

A. BETTER KNOWN BAMBOO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Dinoderus mlnutus Fabr.
(Smaller Bamboo Shot-hole Borer. Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa).

Injury: Commonly found attacking bamboos and is also found in cut sugar cane.
Description and biology: Beetle brown, shining, 2.5 mm. long, with black head and
thorax, the bases of elytra lighter colored, occasionally almost reddish. Larva pale

XJ2

Fig. 18.— Smaller bamboo shot-hole borer {Dinoderus minuiiis): a, Larva; 6, pupa;
c, adults. (Stebbing.)

canary yellow, opaque, curved; head small orange brown with black mandil-Ies; legs
three-jointed. Length 3 mm. Bores in the bamboos. (See text figs. 18, 19.)

Distribution: India.
Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914, pp. 133-143, pi. 9.

Dinoderus pUifrons Lesue.
(Bamboo Shot-hole Borer. Bostrychidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), various kinds of wood.
Injury: Bores in bamboos.

32

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Description and biology: Adult reddish brown, 3.3 mm. long,
appendages and lateral edges of abdomen lighter colored.
Larva yellowish white, mouth parts brownish, mandi'oles black;
length 3.2 mm. Fupa with yellow abdomen, wings white, head
and prothorax dirty white.

Distribution: India.

Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914,
pp. 130-133, fig. 89, pi. 131.

Eiicosoiuii paragraiunia Meyrick.
(Bamboo Borer. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Bamboo.

Biology: Caterpillar bores in the stem of green bamboo^
pupates in tunnel.
Distribution: India.

Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Life, 1909, p. 530.
Ceratitis striata Froggatt.

Fig. 19.— Dinoder us mi-
nutus. Injury to bam-
boostfilks. (Stebbing.)

(Bamboo Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Host: Bamboo shoots.

Injury: Larvae feed in decayed shoots of bamboo.

Description: Adult length 5-6 mm., color pale yellow to
grayish with upper surface of thorax variegated with black.
(See plate xxvi, fig. a.)

Distribution: Ceylon.
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers'

Bull. 24, 1909, p. 51.

B. IMPORTANT BAMBOO INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae:

Armored—

Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) bambusarum Cockerell; Japan.

Aspidiotus {Odonaspis) canaliculata Green; Ceylon.

Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) inusitata Green; Japan, Ceylon; Arundinaria, Plir/l-
lostachys bambusoides.
:^.Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) secreta Cockerell; Hawaii, Japan; Bambusa and
Arundinaria. Has been taken in quarantine at San Francisco.

Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) secreta saccharicaulis Zelmtner; Java.

Aulacaspis javancnsis Newstead; East Java.

Chionaspis arundinarix Green; Ceylon; Arundinaria.

Chionaspis bambusx Cockerell; Japan.

Chionaspis colemani Kuwana; Japan; Phyllostachys bambusoides.

Chionaspis clongata Green; Ceylon.

Chionaspis graminis Green; Ceylon, Japan. (See Pi. II, fig. 1.)

Chionaspis hilcosani Kuwana; Japan; Phyllostachys bambusoides.

Chionaspis simplex Green; Ceylon.

Fiorinia bambusx Maskell; Hongkong, China; Bambtisa fortune!.

Fiorinia diaspiformis Newstead; Java.

Fiorinia signata Maskell; Japan; Bambusa tessellata.

Fiorinia tenuis Maskell; Japan; Bambusa.

Hemichionaspis scrobicularum Green; Ceylon.

Lepidosaphes bambusicola Cockerell; Brazil.

Leucaspis bamMisx Kuwana; Japan; Phyllostachys.
^Leucaspis japonica Cockerell; Japan.

Pinnaspis bambusx Cockerell; Jamaica.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangeious Insects.

Plate IX.

9

The Bamboo Borer.

The bamboo borer ( Cyrtotrachelus longipes): Adults, eggs, larva, cocoon, injury. (Stebbing.)

INSECTS OF BAMBOO AND BANANA. 33

Coccldse— Continued.
Unarmored —
.Aclerda distorta Green; Ceylon.

Aclerda japonica Cockerell; England (in greenhouses); Arundinaria japonica.

Aclerda tokionis Cockerell; Japan; Bambusa.

Antonina socialis Newstead; England (in greenhouses); Arundinaria japonica.
^Antonina crawii Cockerell; Japan; California; New Jersey.
^AsUrolecaniam bambusx Boisduval; Guatemala; Florida; Bambusa viridis, Bambusa viridi-striata.

Asterolecanium coronatum Green; Ceylon; Dendrocalamus giganteus.

Asterolecanium solenophoroides Green; Ceylon.

Asterolecanium exiguum Green; Ceylon, Hawaiian Islands.

Asterolecanium flavociliatum Green; Ceylon; Arundinaria.

Asterolecanium lanceolatum Green; Ceylon; Arundinaria,

Asterolecanium miliaris Boisduval; Ceylon, Cuba, Algeria, Mauritius, Brazil, Jamaica, Trinidad;
Bambusa vulgaris, B. distorta, B. oliveriana.

Asterolecanium pudibundum Green; Ceylon.

Asterolecanium rubrocomatum Green; Ceylon.

Asterolecanium tenuissimum Green; Ceylon.

Asterolecanium tumidum Green; Ceylon.

Asterolecanium udagamx Green; Ceylon.

Asterolecanium bambusicola Kuwana; Japan.

Asterolecanium hemisphaericum Kuwana; Japan,

Asterolecanium masuii Kuwana; Japan.

Ceroplastes theobromx Newstead; Cameroon.
;}; Chxtococcus bambusx Maskell; Hawaii, Ceylon, India, Mauritius, Brazil; Bambusa tulda.

Coccus arundinarix Green; Ceylon; Arundinaria.

Eriococcus graminis Maskell; China, Japan.

Eriococcus onukii Kuwana; China, Japan; Arundinaria hindsii var. graminx.

Pentatomidse.

Ocrophara montana, a sucking bug; India; feeds in all stages on the seeds of bamboo {Dendrocalamus
strictus).

COLEOPTERA.
Bostrychidse.

B ostrychopsis parallela; India; bores in wood of Dendrocalamus strictus.
:^Dinodcrus brevis E.ora, India; United States; very important borers in the stalks of Dendrocalamus
strictus.
Heterobostrychu^ unicornis Waterhouse; Sinoxylon anale Lesne; bores in bamboos of Dendrocalamus

strictus.
Dinoderus distinctus Lesne; India; bores bamboos. (See Mango.)

Lyctidse.

Lyctus spinifrons Lesne; India; bores in bamboos of Dendrocalamus strictus.

i'ucujMie.

Psammacus triinaculatus Motschulsky; India; bores in wood of Dendrocalamus strictus.
Tenebrionidse.

* Tribolium confusum Duval, and T. castaneum Herbst; India; bore in wood of Dendrocalamus strictus,.
Chrysomelidae.

Estigmena chinensis Hope; India; bores in joang stems oi Dendrocalamus strictus and Cephalostachyum .
pergracile.
Cerainbycidae.

Stromatium barbatum Fabricius; India; bores in Dendrocalamus strictus.
Curculionidse.

C'yrtotrachelu^ dux Boheman; India; bores in tops and shoots of Dendrocalamus hamiltoni,

Cyrtotrachelus longipes Fabricius; India; bores in Melocanna bambusioides. (See plate ix.)
Cossonidae.

Conarthrus affinis Wollaston: India; bores in bamboos of Dendrocalamtis strictus.

LITERATURE.
Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908.
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, 1914.

BANANA; PLANTAIN.

(Musa STpp. (especially paraJmaca). Family Musacese.)

Bananas and plantain have become a very important article of commerce, being
mainly imported from the West Indies and Central America. Since the plant can
27812— IS 3

34 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

only 1)6 propagated from suckers or sprouts there is danger of introducing pests into
the country in this manner. The banana is grown very extensively in the Southern
States as a hedge plant. The compact nature of the fruit l)unches makes it possi le for
many insects of considerable size to find entrance into the country in the bunches as
well as in the fruit itself.

A. BETTER KNOWN BANANA PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Splienophorus.)
(Banana Root Borer. Calandridse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Banana (all varieties), sugar cane.

Injury: Serioxis pest to young banana plants in Fiji.

Description and biology: Adult 14 mm. in length, 4 mm. in l-readth, color dark brown
to black, head with prominent rostrum, antennte el' owed. Pupa soft and white
when newly formed. Pupal stage lasts from 6 to 8 days in the 1 ulb. Larva 20 mm.
in length, 8 mm. in breadth, cream colored, footless, and requires a' out 20 days to
reach pupal stage. Eggs presumably deposited singly on 1 ase of stem near the crown.
The larvae, upon hatching, work their way inward and down toward the ' ul >.

Distribution: Fiji, British New Guinea. [In eastern hemisphere South Pacific
Ocean to Indian Archipelago.] Jamaica, India, Brazil.

Jepson, Frank P. Dept. Agric. Fiji, Rept. Econ. Entom., Council Paper No. 25,

1911, p. 48. fig.

Dacus ciirvipennis Froggatt.

(Banana Fruit Fly. Trypetidte; Diptera.)

Host: Banana.

Injury: Breeds in fruit.

Description: Adult about 6 mm. long; head yellow; thorax with elongate 1 ar of
silvery white; legs yellow; tarsi and hind femora darker; abdomen elongate with
l)ase and two narrow transverse black 1)ands below, sheath and ovipositor elongate.
(See plate xxviii, figs, b, d.)

Distribution: Fiji.
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 28.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT B.\NAN.A INSECTS.

ITEMIPTERA.
Aleyrodidae.

Aleurodicus cocois Curtis: West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America. (See Cocoanut.)

Coccldse.

Pseudococcus grassi Leonard!; Italy.

COLEOPTERA.
Calandridse.

Rhabdocnemis ob.tcurus Boisduval. (See Sugar cane.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyrallda.

Dichocwcis punctiferalis Gu6n^e; Queensland. (See Corn.)

Castnildse.

Castnia licus Orury; South America. (See Sugar cane.)

Tineidse.

Ereunetis flavistriata Walsingham; ITawaii. (See Sugar cane.)

PIPTERA.
Trypctidae.

Ceratitk capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)
Rioia masae Froggatt; .\ustralia. (See Fruit.)
BaclTOcera tnjoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.;

INSECTS OF BARLEY, BAY, AND BEAN. 35

BARLEY.

{Hordeum vulgare. Family Graminese.)

Barley is a grain with many varieties grown in various parts of the world, especially
Europe and Asia. There is danger of importing pests of the grain only, unless the
straw should he used for packing. Its pests are discussed under Grains and Grasses.

BAY.

(Laurus spp. Family Lauraceae.)
Evergreen plants much cultivated for their shruljbery.

INSECTS ATTACKING BAT TREES.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccldae:

Armored —

*Aspidiotus britannicus Newstead; Europe.

Aspidiotus (Aonidia) lauri Bouche; Germany, Australia, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal; Laurus
canariensis.

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) pauUstus Hempel; Brazil.

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) scutiformis Cockerell; Mexico, Central America.

Cryptaspidiotus aonidioides Lindinger; Canary Islands; Laurus canariensis.

Parlatoria calianthina Berlese & Leonardi; Italy.
Unarmored —

Coccus acuminatus Signoret; Hawaii, Ceylon, France.

Eucalymnatus brunfelsix Hempel; Brazil; Laurus camphora.

Icerya montserratensis Riley & Howard; West Indies, Mexico; Laurus camphora.

Paralecanium geometricum Green; Ceylon, China; Laurus canariensii>.

Platinglisia noacki Cockerell; Brazil.

Pseudococcus indicus Signoret; France: Laurus indicus.

Pscudococcus laurinus Boisduval; France; Laurus nobilis.

Pulvinaria plana Lindinger; Canary Islands; Laurus canariensis.

BEAN.

(Phaseolus vulgaris. Family Leguminosse.)

This species includes the kidney, common field, garden, snap, and string beans.
It is probably of tropical American origin. The beans are an article of commerce and
very likely to introduce pests.

BROAD BEAN.

(Viciafaba. Family Leguminosae.)

The broad bean is a native of Asia, but is grown extensively in Europe and North
America, especially as a food for domestic animals and for human consumption.
The beans are an article of commerce and quite likely to introduce pests.

LIMA BEAN.

{Phaseolus lunatas. Family Leguminosse.)

The lima or sugar beans are native to South America. They are articles of com-
merce and quite likely to introduce pests.

A. BETTER KNOWN BEAN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Mylabris (Bruchus) spp., etc.

(Bean and Pea Weevils. Mylabridse [Bruchidse]. Coleoptera.)

Many of the wee^dls attacking beans are cosmopolitan and have been introduced
into the United States. The fact that they breed in perfectly dry stored beans makes
their distribution very easy.

36

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Species: M. loti Paykull; seed of Lotus and Lathyrus. M. atomarius Linnaeus; very
common; Vidafaba, Lathyrus, Vicia sepimi, etc. * 3/. nf^jnawis Boheman; Europe,
North Africa, Egypt, Persia, Syria, introduced into California; beans, peas.

An important pest. M. affinis Fro-
lichs; France, imported into Ireland
and East Indies; beans. * M. piso-
rum Linnaeus; distributed from
Orient until now cosmopolitan; a
very serioUs pest; peas. Vicia,
Cytisus laburnum. (See text fig.
20.) M. lentis Frolichs; Europe,
Egypt, Syria, lentils. M. pallidi-
rornis Boheman; lentils. ^Acan-
thoscelides obtectus Say; now cosmo-
FiG. 20.— The pea weevil ( Mylabris pisorum): a, Beetle; b, politan ; peas, cowpeas, lentils,
larva; c, pupa. Enlarged. (Chittenden.) beans. (See text fig. 21.) ^Pachy-

merus chinensis Linnaeus; now almost cosmopolitan; cowpeas, Phaseolus radiatus, Caja-
nus indicus, peas, lentils, beans, Dolichos, sorghum. (See text fig, 22.) *P. quadri-
maculatus Fabricius; now almost cosmopolitan; cowpeas, peas, beans. (See text
fig. 23.)

Description: These weevils are small, somewhat flattened, rounded or oblong, with
head concealed beneath. The larvae breed in the seed of beans and peas and pupate
there.

SoRAUER, P.: Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 535-537.
Chittenden, F. H.: U. S. Dept. Agric, Yearbook 1898, pp. 233-260.

Spermophagus pectoralis Sharp.

(Mexican bean weevil. Mylabridae; Coleopjtera.)
Host: Beans.

Injury: To dried beans, which it destroys for successive generations like the common
bean weevil.

Fis. 21.— Bean weevil (^ca«//io«c€/irf«6'o6^ertMs): a, Adult; 6,laiva; c,pupa. (Chittenden.)

Description: A small black rounded lieetle with wliite marks on the elj-tra or wing-
covers.

Distribution: 3,lexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Brazil, Texas.
Chittenden, F. H.: U. S., Dept. Agric, Yearbook 1898, pp. 233-260.

BEAN INSECTS.

37

Fig. 22. — Beanweevil (PachymeruscMnemis): a, Adult;
6, egg; c-e, larva and details. (Chittenden.)

Capsidae; Heteroptera.)

Agromyza phaseoH.
(Bean Fly. Agromyzidae; Diptera.)
Hosts: Lima, Tonga, French, and Madagascar beans.
InjxLry: Larvae bore in stalks .
Distribttiion: Australia.
Froggatt, W. W. Agricultural Gazette, N. S. W. Feb., 191L

Jakvis, E. Queensland Agricultural Journal, March, 1913, pp. 192-195, Plates 30, 31.
Lycsena bsetica.

(Blue or Hairstreak Butterfly. Ly-
caenidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Beans, garden peas, cow-
peas, Jack beans, crotalarias, and
pigeon peas.

Injury: Larvae attack pods, devour-
ing gro\\ing seedp.

Distribution: Hawaii.
FuLLAWAY, D. T. Annual Report,

Hawaii Agri. Exp. Sta. 1911 n912).

p. 21.

Hyalopeplus pellucidiis.

(Hawaiian leaf-bug.
Host: Pigeon peas.

Injury: By sucking juices from plants.
Distribution: Hawaii.
FuLLAWAY, D. T. Annual Report, Hawaii Agri. Exp. Sta. 1911 (1912), p. 23.

Zizera labradus Godt.
(Victoria Bean Butterfly.
Hosts: Beans, peas.

Injury: Feeds in the pods, a serious pest in Victoria.

Descrijition: Butterfly one of the group known as "Blues." Larva flattened,

green, very hairy. Egg
circular, pitted.

Disti-ibution: Australia.
French, C: Handbook of
Destructive Insects of
Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp.
r,2-G(;, pi. 49.

Manica testulalis Geyer.

(Bean Pod Boror. Pyrali-
dty: Lepidoptera.)
Hosts: Mung (Phaseolus
mtingo), moth (Phaseolus
aconitifolius) , tur (Cajanus
indicus).

Lycaenida-: Lepidoptera.)

Fig.

23.— Bean weevil (Pachymerus quadiiviaculalus): a, Adult; b,
larva; c, pupa. (Cliittenden.)

Injury: Breeds in the pods of legumes.

Description and biology: Adult vnng expanse 20-30 mm., fuscous brown, forewing
with conspicuous black edged white spot, hind wing white, with a marginal fuscous
band. Larva ]2 mm. long, green; sometimes with a pink tinge, hairs on small black
tubercles. Bores inside of the pods and pupates in its borings.

Distribution: Australia and Asia.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. ], 1907, p. 21G, fig. GG.

38

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT BEAX INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Chrysomelidie.

Cerotoma dcnticornis Olivier, leaf beetle; Porto Rico (see text fig. 24).
Curculionidse:

Sitona lineata Linnceus,* S. flavescens Marsh.; Europe. (See Clover.)
Hypera variabilis Herbst; Europe. (See Clover.)

„ .. . DIPTERA.

Trypetidae.

Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett; India, Ceylon, Hawaii; attacks fruit. (See Cucurbits).
Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Phaseolus vulgaris. (See Fruit.)
Bactrocera cucurbitx.
Bactrocera tryoni.

Anthomyiidae.

=(c ChoTlophila (Pegomya) fusciceps Zetterstedt. (See Corn.)

Agroniyzidae.

Agromyza fabalis Jack; bean .stem maggot, Rhodesia, mines stems of cowpeas, French beans, kidney

and haricot beans.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Hespcridae.

^Eudamus proteus Linnaeus, bean leaf roller; Porto Rico; Southern States.

Fig. 21.— Bean leaf-beetle (Cerotoma denticornis): Adults, two varieties. (Chittenden.)

BEECH.
(Fagus spp. Family Fagaceae.)

This genus contains tall, hardy, deciduous trees favored for parks. The wood is
valuable and the nuts edible. The nuts also yield an oil used Jor cooking. Propa-
gated from seed. Valuable for nursery stock.

A. BEECH PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Laspeyresla grossana Haworth. (Carpocapsa.)
(Beech Tortrix. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Hazelnut, walnut, oak, beech, chestnut.

Injury: Seldom serious. Attacks fruits of its hosts.

Description and biology: Adult, forewing bluish ash-gray; translucent spot brownish
gold streaked with black, brown at base, bounded by triangular spots. Flies in
June and July (Germany). Pupates in spring in the earth. Larva attacks nuts in
late summer, winters in earth.

Distribution: Europe.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 276.

BEECH INSECTS. 39

B. OTHER IMPORTANT BEECH PESTS.

HEMIPTERA.

'^^^pfefoThlorus exsiccator AltVLm, anoamigratory plant louse; middle Europe; very injurious to the twigs
and stems of young trees.
^Phyllaphisfagi Linnaeus, nonmigratory plant louse; Europe; feeds on foliage.

Coccidae:

Unarmored— ... , „ ^

CcBiostomidia as«imji!s Maskell; New Zealand; viitQ.c^s Fagus menziesn a.nA F.fusca.
Caslostomidia pilosa Maskell; New Zealand.
Cr!/p<ococcM« /tti/i Baerensprimg; Europe; Fagus sylvatica.
Eriococcus accris Signoret; Europe; Fagus silvatica.
Eriococcus fagicorticus UaskeXl; New Zealand; Fagus fusca.
Eriococcus pallidus UaaV-elV, New Zealand; Fagus fusca.
ETiococcii,s raithbyi Maskell; New Zealand; Fagus mcnziesii.
Oossyparia cavelUi Maskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii.
Inglisiafagi Maskell; New Zealand.
Phenacoleachia zealandka Maskell; New Zealand.
Pulvinaria bctulx Linnixus; Europe; Fagus sylvatica.
Rhizncoccus intermedlus Maskell; New Zealand; Fagus mcnziesii.

Rhizococcus pulchellus Ua,ske\l; New Zealand; Fagus fusca, F. menziesii, F. cliff ortioides.
Rhizococrus totarx Maskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii.
Ripersia fagi Uaskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii.
Solenococcus fagi Maskell; New Zealand.

COLEOPTERA.
.'inobiiilas.

XestoMum plumbeum Illiger; Europe; injures wood for technical purposes.
Xestobium rufovillosum De Geer; Europe; injures wood for technical purposes.
Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood.

Athous'subfuscus Muller, a snapping beetle; Europe; larvae destroy germinating beech.

Lymexylonidae.

Hylecoetus dcrmestoides Linnaeus; Europe; breeds in bark and wood.

Amphimallon solstitialis Linnseus; Europe; develops like the June beetle at the roots of trees.
Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; also breed at the roots of

seedlings and as adults feed on the foliage.
Polyphyllafullo Linnaeus; Europe; breeds at the roots of trees and the adults feed on the foliage.

Agrilus angustulus Illiger, A. biguttatus Fabricius, A.clongatus Herbst, and *^.win(J(s Linnajus (see
Oak); wood borers; Europe; attack bast and sapwood, especially of yoimg trees.

f prjiiiibvcldjc*

Callidium xncum DeGeer; and C. vinlaccum Linnajus; long-horned wood borers; Germany; attack

wood of felled trees and lumber.
Saperda scalaris Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Poplar.)

Chrysomclldse.

Haltica quercctorum Foudr.; a leaf beetle; Germany. (See Oak. )

Brachyrhinidae.

Strophosoma capitata De Geer, and S. melanogramma Forster, weevils; Europe; adults feed on the

leaves and buds of seedlings.
Polydrusus cervinus Linnffius, P. chrysomela Olivier, P. griseomaculatus Desbrochers, P. lateralis Gyl-

lenhal, P. micans Schonherr, P. mollis Stroem, P. picus Fabricius,* P. sericeus Schall., and * P.

viridicollis Baudi, weevils; Europe; as adults feed on buds and foliage; probably breed at the roots

The two latter species have been introduced into the United States.
Phyllobius argentatus Liimaeus, P. urticx De Geer and P. viridicollis Fabricius; weevils; Europe;

adults injure buds and leaves.

Attelabldae.

Apoderus coryli Linnaeus, a leaf rolling weevil, Europe; larva breeds in the leaf rolls.

Rhynchites alni Muller and Rhynchites betulae Linnaeus, leaf rolling weevils; Europe; larvae breed in

the leaf rolls.
Byctiscus betulx Linnaeus, a leaf rolling weevil; Europe.

40 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS,

Curculionldse.

Orchestcs fagi LinnsDus, a small jumping weevil; Europe; mines the leaves.

Hylohius abietis Linnaeus, a large weevil; Europe; bores in the bark of seedlings.
Cossoiiidae.

Rhyncolus lignyarius Marsh., a small elongate weevil; Europe; bores in the trunks.

Rhyncolus truncorum Germar, a small weevil; Europe; bores in timber.
Scolytidae, Ipidae.

Scolytus intricatus Ratzeburg; Russia, Germany; makes galleries in bast.

Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Germany; makes galleries in wood, causing great damage.

Ernoporus fagi Fabricius; Europe; makes galleries in bark of Fagus sylvatka.

Taphrorychus bicolor Herbst, and T. viUi/rons Dufour; Europe; make galleries in bark.

XyleboTus dryographus Ratzeburg, and X. monographus Fabricius; Europe; makes galleries li the
wood of living trees.

Xylolerus doviesticus Linnaeus, and X. sigmtus Fabricius; Europe; makes galleries in sapwoo of
branches and in the wood of the trees.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidae.

^Zeuzcra pyrina Linnaeus; Europe, Africa, North America; breeds in the wood. (See llar-^e-chr t
nut.)

Cossus cossus Linnaeus; the goat moth; Europe; breeds in the wood. CSee Willow.)
Drepunidse.

Drcpma cultraria Fabricius; Europe; defoliator.
Notodontid».

Phalera bucephala Linnaeus; Europe. (See Forests.)

Geometridae.

Chcimalobia boreata Hiibner; Germany; feeds on young growth.

Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoUaria Linnaeus and //. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; feed on foliage.

Larenlia dilutata Rorckli.; Europe; feeds on foliage.

Lasiocampidse.

Malacosoma neustria Linnaeus; Europe; feeds on buds and leaves (see Forests).
Lyman triidae.

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, ^Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnasus, ^Lymantria monacha Unniens.
^PoTthetria dispar Liimajus, Porthcsia similis Fuessly (see Forests).

Noctuidae.

Acronycta accris Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator.

Scopelosoma satcllilia Linnaeus; Germany; injurious to young growth.
Plutellidae.

Ccrostoma parenlhesella Linnaeus; Europe; attacks leaves of seedlings.
Tortricidae.
* Peroneafcrmgam Treitschke; Europe; North America; attacks leaves.

TortTix podana Sc; Europe; attacks leaves of seedlings.

ITYMENOPTERA.
Cimbicldae.

Cimbei fagi Zadd.; sawfly; Europe; feeds on foliage.

Xiphydrida.

Xiphydrya camelus Linnaeus; wood wasp; Europe; bores in wood.

DIPTERA.
Itonldida?.

Hormomyia annulipes TTtg. and H.fagi Htg., gall midges, Europe; from galls on leaves.

LITERATURE.

SOEAUER, P. Uandbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.

LiNDiNGEK, L. T>ic Schildliiuse (Coccidae), 1912.

Bargagli, P. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887.

Fernald, Maria E. Catalogue of CoccidiB of the World, Mass. Agr. Coll., Bal. 88, 1903.

BEET INSECTS. 41

BEET; MANGELWURZEL OR MANGOLD; SUGAR BEET; CHARD.

{Beta vulgaris Linnaeas. Family Chenopodiacese.)

The beet and its varieties are grown from seed. The varieties have been developed
either for their roots or their foliage, which are edible. A race of showy foliage beets
has been developed which make excellent flower-garden borders. The species occurs
in America, Europe, and as far east as Persia, and the Caspian Sea. Insects are most
likely to be introduced in shipments of beet roots.

A. BETTER KNOWN BEET INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Atnmaria linearis Stephens.

(Pigmy Mangold Beetle. Cryptophagidai; Coleoptera.)
I
Hosts: Mangolds, beets, Bugar befets.

Injury: Very destructive by destroying sprouts at time of germination and later
attacking both roots and leaves.

Description: Beetle 1-1.5 mm. long, dark brown, with fine pubescence. The life
history has not been worked out.

Distribution: Europe (England).
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 475, fig. 290.
Theobald, Fred. V. First Rept. Econ. Zool., Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.., 1903, pp. 8, 9,

figs.
Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerriibe (translation by Julius

Reitzer), 1909, pp. 136-142, fig. 31.

^ Cassida nebulosa Linnceus.
(Beet Tortoise Beetle. Cassididse; Coleoptera.)

Host: Beets, sugar beet, orache, lambsquarter, Atriplex, etc.

Injurij: Both larva and adult feed on the foliage.

Description: Beetle dorsally flattened in the shape of a tortoise shell, about 6 mm.
long, yellowish gray or pale green.

Distribution: Eiurope, Asia (Persia to Siberia), and recorded from California in 1894.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. p. 533.
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Entom., 1903, bill. 43, p. 14, fig. 6.
Jablonowski, Jozsep. Die Tierschen Feinde der Zuckerriibe translation by Julius

Reitzer), 1909, pp. 261-263, fig. 55.

Cleonus punctiventris Germar.
(Beet Root Weevil. Curculionida,-; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Beet, Polygonvm, thistle, goosefoot, tobacco, Sahola.

Injury: Adults feed on young plants: larvae feed at the roots of beets. Very
destructiA-e in east Europe.

Desciiption and biology: An elongate subcylindrical weevil with stout beak. The
larvae feed at roots as low as CO cm. below the surface. Pupate in the larval feeding
places.

Distribution: Europe.
Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d od., 1913, vol. 3, p. 546, 547.

Gelecliia ocellatella Boyd; Gelecliia atriplirella F. R.; Gelechia instabUcila Doutrlas. (Lita.)

(Beet leaf miners. Gelechiidae; Lepidoptera.)
Hosts: Beets, sugar beets, mangolds.

Injury: Mine the leaves, and sometimes G. ocellatella bores in the crown and a short
distance into the roots.

42

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Description and biology: G. ocellatella is a small yellowish gray moth with dark ribs
and an apical spot on the front wings; hind wings as large as front and whitish gray;
pupates in leaf rolls, in the roots or outside. Larva 10 to 12 mm. long, pale greenish
with a transverse row of reddish spots on each segment and two or three longitudinal
rose colored stripes. Feeds on leaves and for a short distance into the roots.

Distribution: Europe.

SORAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 263,

f. 192.
Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerriibe (translation by

Julius Reitzer), 1909. pp. 136-142.

^ Hymenia fascialis Cramer.

(Hawaiian Beet Webworm. Pyra-
lidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar beet, Swiss chard,
mangel-wurzel, Amarantus, Euxo-
lus, purslane (Portulaca oleracea),
cucumber. Chenopodiaceae.

Injury: Capable of doing consider-
able damage to truck by feeding on
foUage. Has been widely distrib-
uted. (See text figs. 25, 26.)

Distribution: Japan, Hawaii. Trop-
ical America, Porto Eico. Europe,
South Africa, Australia, Madagascar,
Reunion, Mauritius, Florida, Ala-
bama, California, District of Colum-
bia.
Marsh, H. 0. U. S. Dept. Agr.,

Bur. Entom., Bui. 109, pt. 1, 1911,

pp. 1-15, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2.

>|<Cliortophila (Pegomya) liyoscyami
Pan/.er. (Phorbia vicina Liutii.)

(Beet fly or spinach leafminer. An-
thomyidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Spinach, beets, sugar beets,
mangolds, orache, henbane, goose-
foot.

Injury: Mines leaves. The mines
are blisterUke.

Description and biology. Fly thorax lead gray, with five faint dorsal stripes, abdo-
men yellow gray with a faint brownish stripe; entire body with black bristles; head
silver white, with reddish shimmer; front and scutellum with orange, silver gray
streaks; eyes red; palpi yellow with dark apex; femora yellowish, tibise brown;
length, 6 mm. The species varies in color and has received a number of names.

Distribution: Europe. Introduced into the United States and quite injurious to
spinach.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p, 428, 429,

fig. 261.
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent., bul. 43, 1903, pp. 50-52, fig. 50 (P.

vicina Lintner).
Ormerod, Miss E. Manual Injurious Insects, 1890, pt. 1, pp. 144-147, fig. (P. betae

Curt.).
Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerriibe (translation by Juhus
Reitzer), 1909, pp. 303-315. figs. 61-63.

Fig. 25. — Hawaiian beet webworm {Hymenia fascialis):
a, Egg on leaf; b, larva, dorsal view; c, larva, head and
first thoracic segment; d, abdominal segment, lateral
view; e, anal segment; /, pupa, lateral view; ^,cremas-
ter; ft, cocoon. All enlarged. (Marsh.)

BEET INSECTS.

43

B. OTHER IMPORTANT BEET INSECTS.

ACARINA.
Tetranychldae.

Tetranychus tclarius Lirmseus, the red spider; Europe; very injurious to sugar-beet foliage.

HEMIPTERA.
Aphididse.

Aphis Tumicis'Linii.s&ns; Europe; sugar-beet foliage.

ORTHOPTERA.
Gryllotalpidae.

:^Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaeus {vulgaris Latreille); Europe, introduced into New Jersey; injures
roots.
Gryllidae.

Gryllus rnelas Charp.; Europe; seriously injures tlie roots.

COLEOPTERA.
SUphidae.

■^Blitophaga opaca Linnaeus; Europe, North America; feeds as larva on foliage of beets, au imusual
habit for this family. It is harmless in America at present.
B litophaga undata MiWer; Silpha obscura Linnajus; and Phosphuga atrata Uimievis; Europe; larvae
feed on foliage of beets.

Fig. 26. — The Hawaiian beet webvvorm {Hymenia fascialis): Female moth. Enlarged. (Marsh.)

Tenebrionidae.

Perfmus /f77!OTOHs Liimseus, and Gonocephalum {Opatrum) sabulosuvi Linnaeus; Hungary; larvae in-
jurious to roots of sugar beet; adults injure the foliage.

Coccinellidae.

Subcoccinclla S4-punctata Linnaeus; Europe; larvae and adults injure vegetation.

Elateridae.

Lacon murinus Linnaeus and Corymbites aeneus Linnaeus, wireworms; Europe; attack the roots of

seedlings.
Athous niger Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.)
Agriolcs lineatus Linnfeus. (See Tobacco.)

Meloidae.

Epicauta rufidorsum Goeze, bUster beetle; Europe; defoUates and sometimes destroys entire plants.

Scarabseidse.

Melolontha vulgaris Linnaeus, June beetle, Europe; larvae feed at roots.

Rhizotrogus xiuinoctialis Herbst; Europe; the larvae feed at the crown and roots killing many plants.

44 A MANUAL OF DANGEBOUS INSECTS.

Chrysomelidae.

Casiidi. viUati Vill; Europe; larva and adult feed on foliage.

Chalcoiies chloTis Foudr., ChxtKneTiitihiiUsmmr, Psylliodes attenuata Koch, P. chrysocephala Lin-
naeus, Phyllotreta oittula Redt^nbacher, P. nemorum Linnaeus, P. nigripes Fabricius, P. atra Fabri-
cius, P. cruciferx Goezo, flea bsetles; Europe; injure the foliage.

BrachyrhinidaeCOtiorhynchldseJ.

Brachfirhinus raucus Fabricius (Otiorhynchus), B. ligustki Linnieus, B. orbicularis Herbst- Europe-
adults injure the foliage and young plants.

Psallidium maxillosum Fabricius; Europe; adult injures plants.
Curculionidae.

Liparus coronatus Goeze; Europe; breeds in the roots.

Bolhynoderes punetiventris Germar; and B. farimsus Fahraeus; Europe; adults injure foliage larvfe
breed in roots. '

Cleonus piger Scopoli, C. fasciatus Miiller, C. mendicus Gyllenhal, C. tigrinus Panzer, C. ucrainiensis
Gawr., C. pedestris Podg., C. clnereus Schr.; Europe; breed in roots of beets or adults attack seedlings
and foliage. ^

Lizus ascanii Linnaeus: Europe: breeds in the stems.

Clonus scrophul%rix Linnaeus: Europe; adults feed on foliage of beets and mangolds.

„„_,.. LEPIDOPTERA.

Pyralidae.

:^Phlyctsema/errugiills Hiibner; Europe, Asia, North America (see Cabbage).
Noctiiidac.

Agrotls segetum Schiffermiller, A. plecta Linnaeus, A. exdawationis Linnsus, cutworms- Europe-
injure young plants and roots.
Mamestra brassicx Linnasus, M. dlssimilis Kn., M. oleracea LinnsEus; Europe; feed on foliage
Calocampa exolela Linnfeus; Europe; attacks beets.
^Plusla gamma Linnaus; Europe; Asia, North America; in Europe injurious to beets.

T«,«*v, .• -^ HYMENOPTERA.

Tenthredinidae.

Athalla spinamm Fabricius, a saw fly; Europe; South Africa; attacks foliage of beets (see Turnip).
Tipulida.. DIPTERA.

PachyrUna maculata Meigen, a crane fly; Europe; larva attacks the roots of beets.

Tipula oleracea Linnaeus and Tipula paludosa Meigen; Europe; also occasionally attack beet root-.

LITERATURE.

"Jablonowski, J. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerriibe (translation by J. Reitzer), Budapest 1909
hoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d edit., 1913, vol. 3.
Bargagli. p. Rassegna Biologica di Rincofori Europei, 1S83-1SS7.

BteRSEEM; EGYPTIAN CLOVER.

(Trifolium alexandrimim Linnaeus. Family Leguminoste.)
This forage plant has been introduced in a small measure into the United States
from Egypt. It has a number of important enemies in Egypt which attack other
crops also grown in this country. (See (.'lover.)

BETEL NUT.

(Areca catechu, etc. Family, Palmacese.)
A tropical palm jdelding the betel nut of commerce.

IMPORTANT ARECA INSECT.S.

Coccid^: HEMIPTERA.

Armored—
Aspldlotus ( Chrysomphalus) alienus Newstead; Areca lutcscens.

^Plnnaspis buxi Bouch^; Trinidad, Brazil, New York, District of Columbia; Areca catechu, A.lutes-
cens. Female scale 1—1.5 mm. long, narrow, reddish-brown or orange-brown with extremity lighter.
Second cxuvium comparatively large, occupying a trifle over one-third the puparium, which^bears
a strong resemblance to that of Lepidosaphes. Sides nearly parallel.
Unarmored—

Coccus acutissimus Green; Ceylon; Arecc caiechu. (See Mango.)
Coccus mrnmws Newstead: England; Me>ico; Areca catechu.
Leucodiaspis cockerelti de Charmoy; Brazil; Areca lutescens.

BIRCH INSECTS. 45

BIRCH.

(Betula spp. Family Betulacese.)

Ornamental deciduous trees or shrubs grown chiefly for their bright green handsome
foliage. There are many species occurring in North America, Europe, north and
central Asia. Propagated from seed and readily transplanted. The bark and wood
are of value in the arts and crafts, and some species yield a sap used as a beverage.
The bark of B. papynfera is used in raaldng canoes and for tanning leather.

A. BETTER KNOWN BIRCH PESTS LIKELY TO
BE IMPORTED.

Eriophyes rurtls Cai.
(Birch Blister Mite. Eriophyidae; Acarina.)

Hosts: Betula alba, B. pubescens, B. odorata. ^

Injury: Causes gall-like swellings of the buds. Ulti-
mately kills a tree.

Description and biology: A four-legged blister mite
which forms gall-like swellings of the buds. Very easy
to introduce on nursery stock.

Distribution: Europe, England (especially severe
around London).

SoRAUEK, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d
edit. vol. 3, 1913, p. 117, 118. fig. 93.

Magdalls carbonaria Linnaeus.

(Birch Twig Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Corylus avellana L., Prunus domestica L.,
Betula alba L., Juglans regia L., Pinus.

Injury: Breeds in young twigs. Fig. 27.-Mole cricket, Qryllo-

Description and biology: Weevil similar to the com- talpa. (Kurdjumov.)

mon MagdaUs species of this country. The eggs are laid in small dead or injured
twigs. Larva feeds in medullary canal^of twigs. Pupates in tunnel. Adults
feed on foliage.

Distribution: Europe.
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887, p. 194.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT BIRCH PESTS.

. ^._..^ HEMIPTERA.

Aphididse.

Glyphina betulx Kaltenbach, a plant louse; Germany; attacks leaves and twigs.

Coccidse:

Armored —

Chionaspis saZicis Linnaeus; Europe.

Unarmored —

Lccanium ciliatum Douglas; Europe.

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe.

Lecanium pulchrum Marchal; Eiu-ope; Betula verrucosa.

Pulvinaria betulx Linnaeus; Europe; Betula alba.

ORTHOPTERA.
Gryllotalpidse.

'-^Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaeus; Europe, New Jersey; injures roots, young shoots, and Rerminatine
seed. (Seete.xt, fig. 27.)

46 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Buprestldse.

:^~Agrilus viridis Linnajiis; a wood borer; Europe; bores in bast and sapwood of seedlings and young
stems and branches of older trees.

Lymexylonidae.

Hylecatus dermestoidcs Linnaeus; a wood borer; Germany, Sweden.

Fassalidse.

Basilianus cantori Perch.; a large black beetle; India; breeds in rotting wood.

•Scarabseida;.

Anoviala xiica De Oeer, Europe, adults attack foliage.

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, and M. melolontha Linnaeus, June beetles; breed at the roots ot

seedlings, and adults feed on foliage.
Polyphylla/ullo Linnanxs; Europe; also attacks roots and foliage in the same manner.

Chrysoinelidae.

Agdastica alni Linnaeus; a leaf beetle; Europe; larvae and adults feed on foliage.
Lochmxa capresc Linnaeus; Europe; larvte and adults feed on foliage.

Mdasoma xnea Linnaeus; Europe; larvae and adults feed on foliage.

HalticaqucrcetorumFoudi.; Europe; defoliates. (See Oak.)

Cerambycidse.

Rhaghim mordax De Geer; Sweden; bores in stems and branches.

Attelabidse.

RhyncMtes befulsc Tanmcus. Apoderus coryli Linnaeus, and Byctiscus hetulx Linnaeus; leaf-rolling

weevils; Europe; the larvae breed in the rolls.

Brachyrhinidae (Otiorhynchidse).

Strophosoma capitata, De Geer, and S. melanogramma
Forster; weevils; Europe; adults feed on foliage, and
larvae at the roots.
Brachydcrcs incanus Linnaeus, a weevil; Europe; adults

feed on foliage.
Metallites iris Olivier; Europe; breeds at roots, adults

attack buds and leaves.
Polydrusns cervinus Lionaeus, P. intermedius Zetter-
stedt, P. planifrons Gyllenhal, and P. undatus
Fabricius; Europe; feedasadultsonfoliageof £rfMio
alba, and probably some of them breed on the plant.
This is a dangerous genus.
Phyllobius argentatus Linnaeus, P. betulx Fabricius,
Fig. 2S.-Scolytus ratzcburgi: Male much en- P- macnlicornis Germar, P. pyri Linnaeus, and P.

larked. (Niisslin.) siwMa<M« Fabricius; Europe; feed as adults on foliage

and probably some of them breed on the plant.
Curculionidaj.

Anoplus plantaris Schonherr; Europe; adults feed on buds and young leaves.
Hylobius abietis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in the bark.
>(c Cryplorhynchus lapathi Linnaeus; Europe; breeds in young shoots, branches, bark, and wood. An
important pest introduced into the United States.

Scolytidse, Ipidae.

Scolytus ratzcburgi Janson , and S. rugulosus Ratzeburg; Europe; make galleries in bark. (See text fig. 28. )

^ni«an(ifrM«(f«>par Fabricius; Germany; makes galleries in wood.

Xylnterus domestical s Linnaeus, and X. signatus Fabricius; Germany; galleries in sapwood.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidae.

Cossus cossus LinufBus; goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.)
^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe, .Vfrica, North America; bores in wood. (See Horse chestnut.)

Geoinetrirta;.

Anisopteryx xscularia Schiffermiller; a looper; Europe; feeds on foliage.

Cheimatobia boreata Hiibner; Europe; feeds on buds, leaves, and new growth.

Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoliaria Linnaeus, and H. marginaria Borckh.; Germany; feed on buds

and leaves.
Larentia dilutata BoTckh.; Europe; feeds on toUageoiBetulaodorata.
Larentia nebulata Tnhg.; Sweden; feeds on (oUage.

Laslocampidae.

Eriogaster lanestris Ijinndens; Germany; feeds on foliage.
Malacosoma neustria I-innaeus; Europe; defoliator. (See Forests.)

INSECTS OF BIRCH AND BLACKBERRY. 47

Lyman triidse.

Basychira pudibunda Linnaeus, ^Lymantria monacha LinnBeus, ^Porthetria dispar Linnseus, Porlhesia
similis Fuessly, forest defoliators; Europe. (See Forests.)

Sesiidse.

Sesia spheciformis Grng.; Europe; bores in trunk.
SesiascoUxformif! BoTckh.; Sweden; bores in trunk.

TortricidiB.

:ifi.Peroneaferrugana Treitsehke; Europe, North America; attacks foliage.

Notodontidae.

Phalera bucephala Liuneeus; Europe. (See Forests.)

HYMENOPTERA.
Cimbicidis.

Cimbex variabilis Elg., a saw fly; Europe; feeds on foliage.
Trichiosoma lucorum Linnaeus; Europe; defoliates.

Tenthredinidae.

Nematus (Croesus) septcntrionalis Lionseus; Europe; defoliates.
PriophoTUs padi Limia?us; Europe (see Plum).

Xlphydridae.

Xiphydrya proJonqata Linnaeus, wood wasp; Europe; bores in the wood.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

SORAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3rd edit., 1913, vol. 3.
NUssuN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2nd edit., 1913.
Bargagu, p. Rassegna Biologica Rineofori Europei, 18S3-1S87.
TKiOiRDH, I. Sveriges Skogsiusekter, 1914.
LrNDlNGER, L. Die SchUdliiuse (Coccida?), 1912.

BLACKBERRY; RASPBERRY; LOGANBERRY.

{Rubus spp. Family Rosacese.)

A large genus of shi'ubs bearing many different kinds of delicious email fruit?,
natives of America, Europe, and Asia.

IMPORTANT BLACKBERRY INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Byturidse.

Byturus toinciUosus Fabricius; Europe; larva feeds in fruit of raspberries and blackberries.

Bracbyrhinidse.

Brachyrhinus tevcbricosus Herbst; Europe; larvae attack roots, adults attack foliage.

Curculionidse.

Rhinaria pcrdix Pascoe; Australia.

Hypera variabilis Herbst; Europe; raspberry. (See Clover.)

Anlhnnomus rubi Herbst; Europe; larva at roots, adult attacks foliage.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Tortricidae.

N.iloceUa roboranij Treitsehke; Europe. (See Currant.)

Sesiidee.

Bembecia hylseiformis Lasp.; Europe; bores canes.

Lasiocampidae.

Macrothylacia rubi Lianaeus; Europe; defoliator.

HYMENOPTERA.
Tenthredlnldse.

Entodecta pumila Klug, a sawfly; Europe; mines in leaves.
Cephididse.

Janus fumipennis Ever.; Europe; mines in stems.

48 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

BOX.

(Buxus spp. Family Euphorbiaceas.)

Evergreen shrubs or small trees commonly used for hedges, occurring natively in
Central and Eastern Asia, North Africa, Europe, and Central America, and much
used in this country.

IMPORTANT INSECT ENEMIES OF BOX.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccldae:

Unarmored —
Eriococcus hxixi Fonscolombe; Europe.

DIPTERA.
Itonididse (Cecidomyiidae).

>(!: Monarthropalpus buxi Laboulbene; Europe, eastern United States; leaf miner.

BROOM CORN.

(See Sorghum.)

BRUSSELS SPROUTS.

(See Cabbage.)

BUCKTHORN.

{Rhamnus spp. Family Rhamnaceae.)

Ornamental deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees propagated from seed or cut-
tings. The genus occurs chiefly in the northern temperate regions, but some
species are found in Brazil and South Africa. The wood of R. frangula is made into
charcoal valued for the manufacture of gunpowder.

IMPORTANT INSECTS ATTACKING BUCKTHORN.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidse.

Lecanium ciliatum Douglas; Germany, Tyrol; attacks Rhamnus alaternus, and R. frangula.

Chionaspis salicis Linnfeus; Austria; attacks R. frangula.

A number of scales already in the United States also attack Rhamnus.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidae.

^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe, Africa, N. America, bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.)

Lymantrlidse.

DasycMra pudibunda Linnaeus, a defoliator; Europe. (See Forests.)
^ifiLymantria monacha Linnaeus, the nun moth; Europe; defoliator. (See Forests.)

Hyponomeutidae.

Hyponomeuta padi Zeller, a web worm; Europe; attacks R. frangula.
Hypanomcuta evonymella, a web worm; Europe.

LITERATURE.

SORAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.
Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2.
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidae), 1912.

CABBAGE; KALE; COLLABD; BRUSSELS SPROUTS; CAULIFLOWER;

KOHLRABI.

(Brassica oleracea Linnteus, varieties. Family Cruciferse.)

The many varieties of this species especially in Europe, have very important
pests, which it is not desirable to have imported into this country. Since the flower
head is used in some varieties, the foliage in others, and the roots in others, there is
danger of importing almost any pest of the species.

U. S Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Irisects

Plate X.

The Red-Banded Thrips

Tbe red-banded thrips (Heliolhrips rubwcinctiis): Fig. 1.— Adult Figs, 2-4.— Nymphal' stages.

(Russell.)

CABBAQE INSECTS. 49

A. BETTER KNOWN CABBAGE PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Contarinia torquens Meijere.
(Cabbage Midge. Itonididae [Cecidomyidae] ; Diptera.)

Hosts: Cabbage.

Injury: Attacks young cabbage plants, especially, breeding in the leaf axil and
hindering growth. Has several generations. Pupates in soil.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 447.

Dasyneura brassicse Winner.

(Cabbage Gall Midge. Itonididse [CecidomyidseJ; Diptera.)

Hosts: Cabbage, rape.

Injury: Breeds in fruit.

Description and biology: Fly blackish brown, thorax covered with pubescence giving
a silvery sheen, abdomen flesh red, with black bands; length 1.2-1.5 mm. long, milk
white. Forms a gall in the fruit, feeds on the seed.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 454.

Pbaonia trimaculata Bouch^.

(Cabbage Maggot. Anthomyiidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Cabbage.

Injury: Breeds in the roots.

Description and biology: Fly light gray, four black interrupted streaks and three
brown spots on thorax; eyes hairy; length 8 mm. Maggot 11 mm. long.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 432.

B. IMPORTANT CABBAGE PESTS.

ORTHOPTERA. ^

Gryllotalpidse.

^Scapteriscus didactylus Latreille; Porto Rico, Georgia; quite injurious, cuts below surface of soil.

COLEOPTERA.
Elateridse.

Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.)

Chrysomelldse.

Psylliodcs chrysocephala Linnaeus and P. napi Fabricius. (See Rape.)

B rachyrhlnldse.

^Barynotus squamosus Germar; Europe, Canada; adults strip plants to ground.

Curciilionidse.

Baris glabra Herbst, B. chlorizans Germar, B. opiparis Duval; Europe; breed in root and stem.
Bans carulescens Scopoli; Europe; breeds in stem.

Baris lepidii Germar, and B. viridisericea Goeze; Europe; breeds in root and crown.
Ceutorhynchus cyanipennis Germar, and C. sulcicollis Paykull; Europe; breeds in crown.
Ceutorhynchus quadridens Panzer; Europe; breeds in roots.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pieridse.

Picris monuste Linnaeus, Porto Rico, southern United States; cabbage worm.

Pyralidse.

Evergestis extimalis Sc. (See Rape.)

Plutellidse.

Plutella maculipennis Curtis; cosmopolitan; destructive to leaves.

27812—18 4

50

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Fia. 29. — The cabbage moth (Mamestrabrassicx): a, Moth; 6, larva;
c, pupa. About natiu:al size. (Curtis.)

Noctiildse.

Mamestra oleracea Linnaeus and M. brassicx Linnaeus; Europe; very destructive to cabbage. (See

text fig. 29.)

DIPTERA.
Anthomylidse.

* C%or{opftito/twcic«p» Zetterstedt. (See Com.) Anthomyia radicum Meigen', Emope. (See Radish.)

CACAO; CHOCOLATE.

( Theobroma spp. Family Sterculiaceae.)

Cacao is a very important article of commerce entering the United States. It is
not grown in the United States proper, but is to a small extent produced in Porto

Rico, Hawaii, and the Philip-
pines.

A. AN IMPORTANT CACAO
PEST UKELY TO BE IM-
PORTED.

Zaratha cramerella Sn

(Cacao moth. Gelechiidse;
Lepidoptera.)

Hosts : Cacao, Nephelium
lappaceum.

Injury: Very destructive to
the fruit.

Description andhiology:
Moth small . Larva 10-12 mm .
long, whitish, with greenish
shimmer. Pupa in oval flattened woolly cocoon on outside of fruit, leaves, and twigs.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 266.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT CACAO PESTS.

THYSANOPTERA.

>|c Heliothripi rvbrodnUvis Qiard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida (see pi. X)t

HEMIPTERA.
CoccidsB.

Philephedra theobromx Green; Trinidad, Theobroma cacao,

Mirldse.

Helopeltis theivora and H. arUonii; Ceylon and Java: SaUbergella singularis; Kamenuu

COLEOPTERA.
ScarabseidsB.

AdorettLsumbrosVfS Fabricius, and var. tenuimaculatus Waterhouae; Hawaii, Japan, Philippine Islands,
Java. (See Rose.)

BuprestldsB.

Chrysochroa bicolor Fabricius, and C, fulminarta Fabricius; Java; borers.

Cerambycldse.

Epepeotes luscus Fabricius; Java; caoutchouc, cacao, mango.

Monohammus fistulatoT Germar; Java, Sumatra, Borneo; coffee, cacao (bores in bark, woodland fruit).

Monohammus ruspator Fabricius; Kamerun; cacao.

Tragocephala senatoria Th.; Kamerun; cacaor,

Moecha adusta Har.; West Africa, East Africa; cacao, Kickxia,

Praonetha melanura Pascoe; Java; cacao, coffee.

Ectluza qtiadricornis OUvier; Trinidad; cacao.

Steirastoma depressum Liaaaeus; West ladies, South America; cacao, silk cotton tree ((7ei&a),okra, etc.

Olenea novemguttata Castelnau, Java; cacao^

CbrysomelldsB.

Crepidodera coaUUipennia Jacoby; Kamerun; defoliator«

INSECTS OF CACAO, CANTEL0T7PE, CARBOT, CASSAVA, CATALPA. 51

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidse.

Dichocroeia punctiferalis Qu^n^; Orient. (See Corn.)

Notodontldse.

StauTopua aUernus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java; defoliator.

CossldsB.

Zeuzera coffex Nietner; Asia, Africa. (See Coffee )

DIPTERA.
Trypetidse.

Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa; fruit fly, (See Fruit )
Ceratitis anonx Qraham; Africa. (See Fruit.)

LITERATURE.

QUPPY, P. L. West Indian Bulletin, 1912, vol. 12, pp. 31(>-320.
Aqeicultdbal News, Barbados, 1915, vol. 14, pp 58, 59.

CANTELOUPE.

See Cucurbits.

CARROT.

{Daucus carota Linnaeus. Family Umbelliferae.)

The carrot is grown throughout the world. As it is a root crop there is always danger
of introducing root pests.

important carrot insects.

coleoptera,

Elaterldse.

Agnotes lineatm Linnaaus. (See Tobacco.)
Brachyrliinldse.

Cneorhinus plagiatus Schall.; England.
Ciucullonidse.

Liparus coTonatus Qoeze; Europe; breeds at roots

Hypera pastinaex Rossi var. tigrina Boheman, H. fasdculata Herbst, and //. rogenhoferi Falrmalre ;
Europe; breed on the leaves like the clover weevil, Hypera punctata.

LEPIDOPTERA
CBcophorldfe.

Depressaria nervosa Hw.; Europe; very injurious to flower heads .

DIPTERA.
Agromyzldse.

Phytomyza afflnis Fallen. (See Tobacco.)

CASSAVA; TAPIOCA; CEARA RUBBER.

(Manihot utilissima Pohl., etc. Family Euphorbiaceee.)

Cassava {M. utilissima) is a tropical plant, grown to a limited extent in the southern
United States. As it is propagated from cuttings, there is always danger of introduc-
ing serious pests when cuttings are imported. A recent shipment of cuttings from
Brazil for propagation in this country was badly infested by a stalk-boring weevil
Leiomerus grankollis Pierce (see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, No. 2159, pp.
469-471).

Ceara rubber {M. glaziovii) is also an important plant.

CATALPA.

(Catalpa spp. Family Bignoniacese.)

Deciduous ornamental trees of North America, and East Asia; much cultivated
in this country. The wood is valued for railway ties and fence posts.

52 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

IMPORTANT CATAIiPA INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Ck>ccidee:

Armored—

:^:Diaspis perUagona Targioni-Tozzetti; Europe, Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands, Africa, South America
eastern United States; attaclcs fruits and many other plants.

LITERATDRE.
LiNDiNQEE, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912.

CAULIFLOWER.

(See Cabbage.)

CEDAR.

( Cedrus spp. Family Juniperacese.)

Large evergreen trees of North America, North Africa, Asia Minor, and the Himu
layas, highly valued for their durable and fragrant wood.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CEDAR (CEDRUS).

COLEOPTERA.
Buprestldse.

Sphenoptera aterrima Kerremans; India; bores in bast and sapwood of deodar {Cedtui deodara).

Sphenoptera lafertei Thomson; India; deodar.
Tenebrionidse.

Camarimena rugosistriatibs Blair; India; deodar
Cerambycidse.

Teledapus dorcadioides Pascoe; India; bores in trunk of deodar.

Strongylurus thoracicus Pascoe; Australia; white cedar.

Tetropium oreinum Gahan; India; deodar.

Trinophylum cribratum Bates; India; deodar.
Brachyrliinidse.

Brachyzystus subsignatus Faust; India; defoliates deodar.

Cossouidae.

Rhyncholus himalayensis Stebbing; India; bores in wood of deodar

Scolytldae.

Polygraphus major Stebbing; India; bores in deodar.

Polygraphus aterrimus Strohmeyer; India; deodar.

Cryphalus deodara Stebbing; India; deodar stems.

Cryphalus himalayensis Stebbing; India; deodar stems.

Ips stebbingi Strohmeyer; India; deodar stems.

Pityogenes coniferx Stebbing; India; deodar.

Scolytus major Stebbing, S. minor Stebbing and S. deodara Stebbing; India; deodar.

Platypodldse.

Crossotarsus coniferx Stebbing; India; deodar.

LEPIDOPTERA.
PyialidsB.

Euzophera cedrella; India; infests cones of deodar.
Phycita abietella; India; infests cones of deodar.

CELERx •
(Apium graveolens. Family Umbelliferae.)
A garden v^etable much cultivated for its edible stems.

A. A CELERY PEST LIKELY TO BE IIVIPOBTED.

Acldla heraclel Linnseus.

(Celery Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Celery, parsnip, Heracleum, Angelica, Ligvisticum, Arctium, Artemisia^
Rumex.
Injury: Mines leaves and stems, causing considerable injury.

INSECTS OF CELERY, CHEREY, AND CHESTNUT. 53

Description and biology: Fly brownisli yellow, scutellum dark, hind part of thorax
and abdomen shining black; head and antennae reddish yellow; length 5-6.5 mm.
Maggot whitish. Pupates either in the leaf or in the soil (winter).

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 420, 421.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT CELERY PESTS.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralldse.

^Pionea forfiealis Liimseus and ^P.ferTugalis Hiibner; Europe. (See Cabbage.)

DIPTERA.
Agromyzidae.

^Phytomyza afflnis Fallen. (See Tobacco.)

CHERRY.

(See Plum.)

CHESTNUT.

(Castaneaap^. Family CupuUferse.)

Deciduous trees and shrubs of America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa, producing
edible nuts. The coarse-grained wood is much used for furniture, railway ties, and
fence posts, as it is very durable in the soil.

A. BETTER KNOWN CHESTNUT INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Ctircullo elephas Gyll. (Balanlnus).

(Chestnut Weevil. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.)
Host: Chestnut.

Injury: To chestnut fruit. Not easy to introduce.

Description and biology. — Adult length 6-7.5 mm. A long egg-shaped beetle, red-
dish yellow brown and covered with whitish scales. Pupates in ground. Larva feeds
in fruit of chestnut. Eggs placed by female in nut.

Distribution: Eiu-ope.
Henschel, G. a. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 91.
Laspeyresia splendana Hiibner. (Carpocapsa.)
(Nut Fruit Tortrix. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Chestnut; walnut; acorns.

Injury: Attacks the nuts, often quite destructive.

Description and biology. — Adult wing expanse 12-18 mm.; forewings whitish gray;
basal patch gray, streaks of gray along costa; a large blackish brown area inclosing a
silver-edged ocellated patch, in which are three or four black, longitudinal lines.
Occurs in June and July. Pupation similar to that of codling moth. Larva, pinkish
white; leaves fruit late in fall. Eggs deposited on young fruit, hatching in 10 days.
(See text fig. 30.)

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 309.

B. IMPORTANT CHESTNUT INSECTS.

HEMIPTEEA.
Coccidae.

Unarmored.

Lecaniuw pulchrum King; Germany, France.

COLEOPTERA.
Anobiidse.

Xestobium Tufovillosum DeGeer; Europe; bores in wood.

Bostrychidse.

Bostrychus capucinus Linnaeus; Europe; bores in lumber and barrel staves.

54

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Scarabaeldie.

Melolontha hippocastani Fabriclus and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvse injure roots of seed-
lings.

Cerambycidse.

Callidium xneum DeGeer; Germany; bores in wood of felled trees and lumber.

Chiysomelldse.

Pseudocolaspis indica Baly; India; adults destructive to inflorescence of Castanea vesea.

Scolytidse, Ipldse.

Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Germany; galleries in wood.
Dryoccstes villosus Fabricius; Germany; galleries in bark.
Seolytus malt Bechst.; Europe; galleries in cambium.

LEPIDOPTERA.
TineldsB.

Titcheria complanella Hiibner; Europe; leaf miner on Castanea vesca.

Tortricldse.

ToTtrix viridana Linnaeus; Europe; feeds on buds and leaves of Castanea vulgaris.
Laspeyresia grossana Haworth; Europe. (See Beech.)

Fig. 30.— Nut fruit tottrix (Laspeyresia splcndana): 1. Position of egg in chestnut stem; 2, larva in
nut; 3, eggs; 4, larva; 5, larva in cocoon; 6, pupa in cocoon; 7, pupa; 8, adult. (Costa.)

LITERATURE.

LiNoraGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912.

Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1898, 1900.

SoRAtTER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.

CHICORY; SUCCORY.

(Cichorium intybus Linnaeus. Family Compositae.)

The greater part of the chicory root used in this country is imported from Europe,
although a small quantity is raised in the United States. Importations of roots might
very easily introduce pests.

CHINABERRY; UMBRELLA TREE.

( Melia azedarach. Family MeUacese )

The common chinaberry tree of the South originated in India. It has been intro-
duced into the Imperial Valley, California.

INSECTS OF CHINABERRY, CHOCOLATE, CINCHONA, CITRUS. 55

COLEOPTERA.
PlatystomJdse (Anthribidse).

if-ArsKerusfasckuMus DeGeer; a cosmopolitan insect, breeds commonly in the berries. This is a pest
of many dried vegetable products and is very injurious in the Southern States.

CHOCOLATE.

(See Cacao.)

CINCHONA; QUININE.

{Cinchona. Family Rubiaceae.)

South American trees whose bark yields the qiiinine of medicine.

A. AN IMPORTANT CINCHONA PEST.

Boarmia crepuscularia Hiibner. *

(Javan Cinchona Geometrid. Geometridae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Cinchona ledgeriana; elm.

Injury: Very injurious to cinchona in Java; attacks elm in Russia.

Description and biology: The larva attacks not only the foliage, but the bark of twigs
and young branches, absolutely defoliating a tree when serious.

Distribution: Java, Europe, Asia,
SoRATJER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 338.

B. OTHER CINCHONA INSECTS.

LEPIDOPTERA.
CossldsB.

Zeuzera coffex Nietner; Orient. (See Coffee.)

Psyehldie.

Ctania variegata Snellenhoeven, and C. crameri Westwood; Orient. (See Tea.)

Lasiocampidse.

Odonestis pUgifera Walker; Java; defoliator.

MetaiMstTia hyrtaca Cresson; Java, very important defoliator.

Lyman trildse.

Ewproctis flexuosa Snellenhoeven; Orient; defoliator.

CITRUS; ORANGE; LEMON; KUMQUAT; LIME; TANGERINE;
GRAPEFRUIT.

{Citrus spp. Family Rutaceae.)

Aromatic, glandular shrubs and trees cultivated in semitropical and tropical coun-
tries for their deUcious fruits.

A. CITRUS PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

* Eriophyes olelvorus Ashmead.
(Orange Rust Mite; Lemon Silver Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.)

Hosts: Orange, lemon.

Injury: Blisters the leaves and fruit.

Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite which attacks citrus trees and
causes rusts on the frmt.

Distribution: North America, South America, Bermudas, Australia.
Marlatt, G. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook, 1900, pp. 285-289.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 121.

56 A MANUAL OP DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Bemisia glSardi Kotinsky (Aleyrodes).
(Giffard White Fly. Family Aleyrodidse; Hemiptera.)

Host: Citrus.

Injury: Frequently abundant on citrus leaves, exuding honeydew copiously,
which forms a medium for the development of sooty fungus.

Description and biology: Adult female about 0.69 mm. long. Pupa case greenish
with pm-plish red eyes, about 1.26 mm. long and 0.63 mm, wide. Eggs uniformly
dark brown in color, with apparently no pedicel.

Distribution: Hawaii. (Supposedly an introduced species.)
Kotinsky, J. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Hawaii, Div. Entom., Bui. 2, 1907, p. 94.
QuAiNTANCE AND Baker, Joum. Agric. Rcscarch, Vol. VI, p. 459 (1916).

Aleurocantbus wogluml Ashby.

(Spiny citrus white fly. Family Aleyrodidse; Hemiptera.)

Hosts: Orange, Capparis roxburghi, Capparis pedunculosus, Citrus sp., Moras sp.,
Salacia reticulata, Kurrimia zeylanica, Guaiacum officinale, and Cestrum noctumum.

Injury: Infests the lower surface of the leaves.

Description and biology: Immature stages black, spiny. Pupa case about 1.4 by .89
mm., elliptical; dorsum attached; eggs very small yellowish, sometimes reticulated.

Distribution: India, Ceylon, Philippine Islands, Jamaica, Bahama and Cuba.

Aleurothrixus porter! Quaintance and Baker.
(Porter's white fly. Family Aleyrodidse; Hemiptera.)

Hosts: Orange, Solanaceous plants, Schinus dependens, Schinus molle. Jaboticaba,
Lippia citriodora, and Myrtus.

Injury: Infests the lower surface of foUage.

Description and biology: Pupa case .88 by ,50 mm., elliptical; dorsum somewhat
elevated, covered with cottony wax; the abdomen with a distinct keel; margin
incised. Adults yellow with dark brown eyes. Length, ,88 mm,, forewing 1,04
mm. long, without markings, but often uniformly clouded with dusky.

Distribution: Chile and Brazil,

Apate monachus Fabricius.
(Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Orange, plum, almond, coffee, avocado.

Jry wry; Very injurious. Bores in wood.

Description and biology: Larva bores in bai'k and heai'twood; sap and twigs in
neighborhood of galleries blackened.

Distribution: East and West Africa, Antilles, Europe.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 490.

Leptostylus prsemorsus.

(Bark-borer. Cerambycidae; Coleoptera.)

Host: Citrus trees.

Injury: Attacks the stems near the gi-ound or at the point of pruning, resulting in the
ultimate death of the tree. May be introduced in nursery stock.

Description and biology: Adult brownish with long slender antennae. E^s are quite
likely laid in dead or dying portions of tree after pruning.

Distribution: Lesser Antilles.
Ballou, H. a. Insect Pests of the Lesser Antilles, 1912, p. 81,

CITRUS INSECTS.

57

Prays citrl Miller.
(Philippine Orange Moth. Hyponoinoulid e; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Orange, lemon, lime, mandarin, and cabuyao.

Injury: Injures the blossoms of orange and lemon.

Biology: Eggs deposited in the calices o;' peduncle of the flower; larvae upon hatch-
ing bore through the inclosing parts, often destroying the calyx, pistil, and ovules;
pupate within the flower and also in leaves or forks of twigs or branches. C. F. Baker
states that in the Philippine Islands "the larva of this moth lives just beneath the rind
next to, but not in, the pulp. They produce the gall-like tumors which remain open
at the tips. The adult moths are of two sizes."

Distribution: Sicily, Italy, Corsica, Ceylon, Australia, Philippines.
EssiG, E. 0. California State Board of Horticulture, Monthly Bui., vol. 2, 1913,

No. 11, p. 722.
SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologia Agraria, 1911, p. 287.
QuAYLE, H. J. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bui. 134, 1914, p. 22.

Fig. 31.— Lemon butterlly (Papilio demoleus). (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

Wester, P. J. Dept. Public Instruction, Bur. Agric, Manila, P. I., 1913, Bui. 27,

p. 60.

Papilio demoleus Linnaeus.

(Lemon caterpillar. Papilionidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Orange, lime, lemon, and other citrus trees.

Injury: Defoliates citrus trees and is one of the commonest butterflies in India.

Biology: Eggs yellow and deposited on topmost shoots of the plant. On hatching
the larvae are brown with wliite markings; when fully grown the color changes to a
vivid green with lateral brown markings. Pupate on the plant. Adults large and
conspicuous. (See text fig. 31.)

Distribution: India and South Africa.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. The Agric. Journ. of India, 1908, vol. 3, p. 239.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 174.

Nephopteryx sagittUerella Moore.

(Perak Pomelo Moth. Phycitida?; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Pomelo, lime, lemon.

Injury: Reported to be very destructive to pomeloes in the residency gardens at
Kwala Kangsa. May be introduced in the soil.

68 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Biology: Eggs laid singly on underside of fruit; caterpillars, on hatching, penetrate
fruit, increasing size and number of galleries as each successive stage is passed; pupate
in ground and emerge as adults in about 12 days.

Distribution: India, Europe (?).
Cotes, E. C. Indian Museum Notes, 1891, vol. 2, No. 1, p. 21.

Phyllocnlstis citrella Stalnton.

(Citrus Leafminer. Tineidae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Citrus.

Injury: Injurious to citrus nursery stock in India, attacking the buds and young
foUage. May be introduced in nursery stock in Wardian cases.

Description and biology: Adult, head, face, palpi, and legs white, antennse whitish,
anterior wings white with two slender gray streaks, posterior wings whitish with pale
gray ciUa. Larvae mine the leaves of young nursery stock, the cocoon is usually placed
at the edge of the leaf, which is rolled up.

Distribution: India, Philippine Islands.

WoGLUM. R. S. U. S. Dept. of Agric, Bur. Entom., Bui. 120, 1913, pp. 27, 28,

and 40.

Ceratitls catoirei Gu^rin.

(Mauritius Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.)
Host: Tangerine.
Injury: Attacks fruit.

Description: Adult female fly 6-7 mm. long; male 5-6 mm.
Distribution: Seychelles Islands, Maviritius; Isles of Bourbon.
Fboggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc, New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 864,

Dacus sequalis Coquillett.

(Large Australian Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.)

Host: Orange.

Injury: Larvae feed on oranges.

Description: Adult female length 8-9 mm. (excluding ovipositor). Front margin
of wings with broad ferruginous stripe. Antennae long, and body wasp-shaped.

Distribution: New South Wales.
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 26.

Dacus ornatissimus Froggatt.

(Mandarin Finiit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.)

Host: Mandarin.

Injury: Breeds in fruit.

Description: Adult female 6 mm. in length, general color chestnut brown to ocher-
ous, dorsal surface of thorax black, abdomen ocherous with narrow dark indistinct
transverse lines. (See plate xxviii, figs, a, c.)

Distribution: New Caledonia.
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 28.

Coccidse:

Armored-

IMPORTANT CITRUS INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.

Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) subrubescem Maskell; New South Wales. Scale o( female reddish brown,

flat, subcircular, exuvia central forming a slightly elevated boss.
Aspidiotus {Chrysomphalus) albopictus Cockerell; Mexico. Scale of female 2-2.25 mm. in diameter,

dark brown and often covered with a white secretion, exuvia central and free of secretion.
Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) koehelei Townsend and Cockerell; Mexico. Scale of female 1.5-2 mm. In

diameter, circular to suboval, light brown to grayish, exuvia to one side.
Aspidiotns ( Chrysomphaius) personatus Comstock Bermuda. (See Olive.)

CITRUS INSECTS. 59

Coccldje— Continued .
Armored— Contlnned.
Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) scutiformis Cockerell; Central America, Mexico. Scale of female large,

flat, occasionally nearly white, exuvia orange colored and not nipplelike.
Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus) orientalis Newstead; Cuba, Poncirus trifoliata ( Citrus). Scale of female 1.6-2

mm. in diameter, subclrcular, light yellowish brown, exuvia central.
:^Aspidiotus {Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Barbados (Windward Islands), British Guiana, Costa

Rica, Porto Rico, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Isle of Pines, Trinidad, Cuba, Sicily,

Mexico, St. Vincent, Dominica. (See Coffee.)
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) clavigera Cockerell; Hawaii. Scale of female 2.5 mm. in diameter, blackish

and usually covered by epidermis of the twigs.
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) duplex Cockerell. Scale of female 2,66 mm. in diameter, subclrcular, dark

blackish brown, exuvia orange colored and to one side.
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) flmbriatus Maskell; New South Wales. Scale of female 1.5 mm., flat, thin

and circular.
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobitiformis Green; East Africa, Japan, Brazil. Scale ol female 3-4.5 mm.

in diameter, semicircular, reddish brown. (See text flg. 32.)
Lepidosaphes pinnxformis Bouch6; German East Africa, Canary Islands, Sicily. Scale of female 1.76-2

mm. long, yellowish brown to dusky brown, curved or mytiliform.
Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Italy, Sicily. (See Olive.)
Parlatoria cinerea Doane and Hadden; Society Islands on orange. Scale of female circular, slightly

convex, pale brownish gray.
Parlatoria sinensis Maskell; China on orange. Scale of fe-
male usually encrusting twigs. ,--t\
itf. Parlatoria zizyphus Lucas; Italy, Sicily, Philippines.

Often received on imported lemons. Scale of female ]

black.
Unarmored—
Akermes punctatus Cockerell; Grenada; Citrus medica .

acida. Female scale about 3.5 mm. long, hemispheri-
cal, pale ochreous. i
Coccus viridis Green; West Indies, Ceylon, Montserrat. - _ _ '

(See Coffee.) j,'ie 32.— Citrus scale (Aspidiotus [Pseud-

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus; cosmopolitan; citrus, tea, aonidia] trilobitiformis).

palm. (See pi. n, flg. 4.)
Icerya montserratensis Riley and Howard; Ecuador, Montserrat, Porto Rico. Female reddish yellow,

antennae and legs black, waxy secretion white, corrugated long wax tufts protrude from the body.
Icerya aeychellarum Westwood; Seychelles Islands, Mauritius, Madeira, Japan, Madagascar. Female

about 5 mm. in length, egg sac snow white, many long silvery hairs on dorsal aspect.
Orthezia prxlonga Douglas; Jamaica, Trinidad, Brazil, British Guiana. Female long, narrow, pitchy

black and covered with snow-white waxy laminations.
^Orthezia insignis Douglas; cosmopolitan; citrus, tea, etc. (See pi. iv, flg. 2.)
Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockerell; Jamaica, Japan, Mauritius, Hawaii. Female about 3 mm. long,

gray, covered with white secretions, antennae 7-jointed.
i^ Pseudococcus citri Risso; citrus, coffee, tobacco, cotton. (See pi. 11, fig. 3.)
Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell; Japan. Female usually on underside of leaf, with white ovisac about

5 mm. long, suboval.
Pulvinaria cellulosa Green; Ceylon. Female including ovisac 4.5 to 5 mm. in length, ovisac snow white;

female shrivels after gestation.
Takahashia citricola Kuwana; Japan. Female free from the plant and resting upon the ovisac. Similar

to T.japonica.

ISOPTERA.
Termltldae.

Termes australis Hagen; Australia. (See Apple.)

COLEOPTERA.
Scarabseldse.

Adoretus umbrosus Fabrlcius, and v&r'tenuimaculatws Waterhouse; Hawaii, Philippines, Japan, Java.

Bostrychldse.

Bostrychopsis jesuita Fabriclus; Australia; bores In trees.

Cerambycidae.

Uracanthvs cryptophagus Olivier; Australia; bores in trunks.

AcrociniLS accentifer OIMbt; Brazil; bores In trunks of orange, tangerine, limes, lemons. (Boletim

Agrlcultura, ser. 15, pp. 1066-1072.)
Diploschema rotiindicolle Serville; Brazil; girdles and bores in twigs (Bol. Agric, ser. 15, pp. 1073-1081).

60

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

CurcullouIdH'.

Orthorrhinus cylindriroatris Fabricius; Australia; bores in wood (French, Handbook Destr. Las. Vic-
toria, pt. 4, p. 82).

Cratosomus reidi Kirby ; Brazil; bores long tunnels in stems and trunks of orange. (Bol. Agric, sec. 15,
pp. 1081-1092.)

Diaprepes abbreviatus Liniiipus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralldse.

Dichoerocis punctiferalis Gu6n^e; Queensland. (See Corn.)

Paplllonidae.

Papilio idxus Fabricius; Brazil; feeds on foliage.

DIPTERA.
Trypetldae.

Anastrepha fraterculua Wiedemann, attacks oranges. (See Fruit.)

Anastrepha ludens Loew; Mexico; attacks orange and sweet lime. (See Fruit.)

Badrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.)

Cferoft'iJscapitoto Wiedemann, attacks Citrus aurantium, C. grandis (decumana), C.japonica, C. linwnia

and C. nobilis. (See Fruit.)
Daciis ferrugineus Fabricius; India, etc. (See Fruit.)
Dacus diversm Coquillett; India. (See Fruit.)
Dacus passiflorse Froggatt; Fiji; attacks orange, lemon, and lime. (See Fruit.)

Fig. 33.— The clover-root curculio (Sitona hispidula): Adult, larva and pupa. Greatly enlarged

(Wildermuth.)

CLOVEK.

(Trifolium spp. Family Legiiminosae.)

There are many species of clovers used as forage crops in various parts of the world.
Although clover is usually only imported as seed, several very serious foliage pests
have been introduced from Europe.

The lasiocampid moth, Lasiocavipa trifoUi Ep., of Europe and Asia Minor, is in-
jurious to clover. Many weevils of the genus Sitona not mentioned below are in-
jurious to clover in Europe. They breed at the roots, but several have been imported
into the United States. The weevils of the genus Hypera (Phytonomus) are equally
dangerous to clovers. They breed externally on the foliage. Several European
species have established strong colonies in tliis country. The weevils of the genua
Apion (e. g. ^1. apricans Herbst) often breed in the heads of clovers and many of
them are very dangerous. (For Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus see Tobacco.)

Sitona spp.
(Clover root weevils. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.)
Species: S. lineata Linnaeus; Europe (England); adults feed on peas, beans, etc.,
larvae feed at roots of these and clover and lucerne. >t<5. flavescem
Marsh.; Europe, introduced into America; clover, beans, peas, Galega
officinalis. :kS. hispidula Fabricius; Europe, introduced into America,
clover, peas. Galega officinalis. (See text fig. 33.) 5. linneellus Gyllen-

INSECTS OF CLOVER, COCONUT, COFFEE.

61

hal; Europe; lucerne. S. meliloti Walton; Europe, Melilotus officinalis
Derr. S. sulcifrons Thunberg; Europe; clover, Atriplex hastata L.
Description: Elongate grayish or brownish weevils with short blunt beak. The
larvse breed at the roots of plants and in nodules. Important pests.
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887.

:4; Miccotrogus piclrostrls Fabricius.

(Imported clover weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.)

This is a recently imported weevil which attacks clover in New England. (See

text fig. 34.)

Hypera (Phytonomus) spp.

(Clover-leaf weevils. Curculionidee; Coleoptera.)

Species: ::^H. punctata Fabricius; Europe, introduced into America; clover, and
alfalfa. ^H. meles Fabricius; Europe, introduced into America: clover,
alfalfa, grasses. J^S". nigri-
rostris Fabricius; Europe; in-
troduced into United States;
clover, alfalfa, Ononis, etc.
H. miles Paykull, Europe;
clover. H. munna Linnaeus;
Europe; alfalfa, clover. H.
variabilis Herbst; Europe;
clover, beans, cabbage, rasp-
berry, potato. H. ononidis
Chevrolat; Europe; clover,
Ononis viscosa.
Injury: These are all serious or potential

pests and easily distributed . (See Alfalfa.)
Descnptio7i and biology: The clover-leaf

beetle, H. punctata, is very famiUar to

most entomologists in tliis country. The

other species are of similar form but dif-
ferent colors of brown, gray, or green. The larvae feed externally on the leaves and

pupate in silken cocoons.

Bargaoli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887.

COCONUT PALM.

(Cocas nucif era. Family Palmacese.)

A large palm cultivated for ornament and for its edible fruit. It is grown in Florida
and California as an ornamental tree. (See Palms.)

COFFEE.

(Coffea arabica hinn9su8; Coffea liherica 'Hiem. Family Rubiaceae.)

Coffee is grown in Africa, Asia, Central America, South America, and man>- of the
islands of the Pacific and Atlantic. Although not grown in the United States proper,
it is an important product of Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines. The importa-
tions of the beans into this country are enormous. Where beans or seedlings are
imported into the Territories above mentioned, there is danger of introducing noxious
insects

Fig. 34.— Imported clover weevil (Miccotrogus pici-
rostris): Adult, enlarged. (Original, Walton.)

62 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

A. BETTER KNOWN COFFEE INSECTS.

Tetianychus bloculatus Wood-Mason.
(Coffee Red Spider. Tetranychidae; Acarina.)

Host: Coffee, tea, tomato, Firmiana colorata, Anthocephaliis cadamba.

Injury: Injures plant by sucking juices. May be easily imported on nursery stock
and might attack other crops if introduced.

Description and biology: A tiny red spider very like the common red spider of this
country and likely to be as dangerous.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913. vol. 3, p. 97.
Cotes, E. C. Indian Museum Notes, 1896, vol. 3, pp. 48-56, 2 figs.

Xyleborus coSeae Wurth.

(Coffee Beetle. Scolytidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Coffea arabica, C. robusta, and C. liberica, Erythrina lithosperma, Melia azeda^
rack, Cacao, Cinchona ledgeriana. Occasionally feeds on Hevea brasiliensis, although
the sticky excretion of the plant catches and holds the beetles, resulting in their
death.

Injury: Considered injurious to Coffea robusta, and it is recommended that this plant
be discontinued in order to drive the insects to bruised or injured Hevea brasiliensis.

Description and biology: Adult male beetle 1.1 mm. long and 0.55 mm. broad; adult
female 1.6 mm. long and 0.8 mm. broad; color shining brown. Bores in galleries in
the wood.

Distribution: Dutch East Africa, Java, Tonkin.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 574.

Zeuzera coflese Nietner.
(Red Coffee Borer. Cossidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Coffee, tea, cacao, cinchona, Acalypha marginata, Anona muricata, Durantha,
Grevillea, Persea gratissima, Photinia, Santalum album, Swietenia mahagoni, cotton.

Injury: Bores in the wood or stalks.

Description and biology: Moth wing expanse 40-46 mm., head and thorax gray, with
black spots; wings white with blue black spots, abdomen black with white hair.
Bores in the wood. Pupates in larval bore near exterior. The pupa emerges partially
before escape of moth.

Distribution: India, Ceylon, Java, Kamerun (German East Africa).
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, ed. 3, vol. 3, 1913, p. 321.
Maxwell-Leproy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. 1, 1907, p. 156, fig. 41.

Leucoptera coSeella Stalnton.

(Coffee Leaf Miner. Lyonetiidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Coffee.

Injury: la said to have caused a loss of about 20 per cent of the crop in Brazil, 20 to
30 per cent of the leaves infested in Porto Rico, and a serious enemy in Cuba. Con-
sidered the worst of all coffee pests. Likely to be introduced on plants.

Description and biology: Adult moth 2.5 mm. long, silver gray color, tipp)ed with
black on posterior end. Eggs deposited in small slits made in the leaves; the larvae
hatch within 4 to 6 days, live within the leaf about 3 weeks, and then leave the inte-
rior of the leaf through the upper epidermis and form a web, pupating on under sur-
face of the leaf. The adult hatches in from 3 to 7 days.

Distribution: Porto Rico, Brazil, Cuba.
Cook, M. T. Est. Centr. Agron. de Cuba, Bui. 3, 1905.

COFFEE INSECTS. 63

B. OTHER IMPORTANT COFFEE INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidro:

Armored—
i^iAspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Venezuela, Jamaica, British Guiana. Adult female

2-2.25 mm. in diameter, semitransparent, pale brown or yellowish.
Lepidosaphes corrugata Green; Java. Adult female, scale 3-4.5 mm. in length, 1 mm. broad, dull black,

thick, opaque, with many curved transverse corrugations.
Unarmored—
Asterolecanium coffese Newstead; German East Africa. Liable to be introduced on leaves and twigs.

Adult female, test golden yellow, margin fringed with golden yellow glassy filaments; test of old

specimen opaque grayish with bottle-green markings.
Cerococcus ornatus Green; Ceylon. Liable to be introduced on twigs. Adult female enclosed in test

of wax which is purplish brown, on each of the sloping sides are two wax ridges; length 2-2.5 mm.
Ceroplastes ceriferus Anderson; German East Africa. On Coffea arabica. (See Citrus.)
Ceroplastes vinsonioides Newstead; Uganda. Liable to be introduced on leaves and twigs. Adult fe-
male, covered with wax, test dark cinnamon to brownish, young female star shaped.
Coccus viridis Green; Brazil, Ceylon, India, Mauritius. Liable to be introduced on cuttings and

foliage. Adult female 2.5 to 3.25 mm. in length, breadth 1.5 to 2 mm.; pale green withloop of blackish

spots on dorsum.
Lecanium caudatus Green; Ceylon. Liable to be introduced on cuttings and foliage. Adult female

3-4 mm. in length, 2-3 mm. in breadth; oval, narrowed in front broadly rounded behind, bright,

castaneous.
Ortheziola fodiens Giard; Guadaloupe. Liable to be introduced on roots. Adult female 2 mm. long,

1.5 mm. broad, tawny red provided with laminations.
Pseudococcus coffex Newstead; Java; Liberian coffee. Adultfemale covered with densely felted plates

of white secretion,
Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; Jamaica, Mexico, Hawaii. Liable to be introduced on foliage,

branches, or roots. Adult female 4-5 mm. long, white mealy brown above with caudal filaments

about half the length of the body; antennae 8-jointed.
Pulvinaria camelicola Signoret; Hawaii. Adult female 2-3 mm. in length, ovisac from four to eight

times 'ength of insect.
Pulvinaria ficus Hempel; Montserrat, Antigua, St. Kitts. Adult female length 5 mm., width 2.25

mm.; ovisac white and fluffy; antennae 8-jointed.
Pulvinaria mammex Maskell. Adult female before gestation about 8 mm. long. Ovisac large, snow

white, forming a mass of loose cotton.
Rhizoecus eloti Giard; Guadaloupe. Liable to be introduced on roots. Adult female elongate, anal

tubercles prominent; antennae 5-jointed.
i^Saissetia nigra Nietner; Costa Rica, Ceylon, India. Liable to be introduced on cuttings and plants.

Adult female length 3-5 mm,, breadth 2-3 mm.; black, oval, convex with dorsum occasionally form-
ing a pronounced hump; a longitudinal carina is often present,

THYSANOPTERA.

* Heliothrips rubrodnctv,3 Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida; attacks Coffea liberica. (See
plate X.)

COLEOPTERA.
Bostrychldae.

Apate monachus Fabrlcius; Africa, West Indies. (See Citrus.)

Cerambycidse.

Monohammus fistulator Germar; Java, Sumatra, Borneo; bores in wood.
Bixadus sierricola White; Sierra Leone to Kamerun; very serious borer.
Coptops fusca Olivier, C. bidens Fabricius, Barxus sordidus Olivier, Sternotomis imperialis Fabrlcius;

S. regalis Fabricius, Moecha buttneri Kolbe, M. molator Fabricius, and Frea macuHcomls Thomson,

West Africa; bore in wood.
Anthores asperula White; East and South Africa; a very serious borer.
Frea marmorata Gerstaecker; East Africa.
Praonetha melanura Pascoe; Java.

Nitocris usambica Kolbe; East Africa; a very injurious borer.
Xylotrechus javanicus Lap. et Gory; Java; bores in bark and wood.
Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat; India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Tonkin, Philippines; bores in bark and

wood. (See text fig. 35.)

Brachyrhlnidse (Otlorhynchldse).

Hypomeces curtus Schonherr; eats the foliage of young plants In Java.

Pachnxus litus Germar; breeds at the roots, the larvae gnawing the bark. In Cuba.

Pachnxxis azurescens Gyllenhal; breeds at the roots, the larvae gnawing the bark in Cuba.

64

A MANUAL OP DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Brachyrliiaidse (OtiorhynclildsB)— Continued.

Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus; attacks the foliage and possibly the larvse attack the roots in the West

Indies. (See Sugar cane.)
Oratopus punetum Fabricius; feeds on the foliage in Mauritius and Reunion.
Geonomus quadrinodosus Chevrolat; feeds as larva on the leaves in Venezuela.
Rhadinoscopiis nociturniis Kolbe; feeds on the leaves in German East Africa.

Scolytidae.

Xyleborus marstatti Hagedorn; German East Africa; bores in Bukoba coffee and Coffea stemphylla.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidse.

TlUiptoceras octoguttata Fid.; German East Africa; attacks beans.

CocUidiidse.

Parasa lepida Cr.; Java; serious.

Psyclildse.

Clania crameri Westwood and C. variegata Snellenhoeven; Orient. (See Tea.)

Lymantriidae.

Dasychira mendosa Hiibner, D. misana Moore, D.
fhwaitesiMooTQ and Orgyia postica Walker; India,
Ceylon, Java; defoliators.

Notodontidse.

StauTopus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java;
defoliates.

DIPTERA.

Trypetidae.

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)
Ceratitis capitata W^iedemann; attacks Coffea arabica.
(See Fruit.)

COLLARD.

See Cabbage.

CONIFERS.

(Family Pinacese.)

Fig. 35. — Pine bark beetle (Xylotrechus quad-
rives): Adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

Under this beading are treated the insect
pests of Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga), fir
(Abies), hemlock spruce (Tsuga), larch (Larix), pine (Piniis), and spruce (Picea).

This grouping is due to the fact that these trees have so many pests in common
and also because of a confusion in foreign and home literature of the names pine,
spruce, and fir.

A. IMPORTANT INSECTS ATTACKING VARIOUS CONIFERS.

Diadoxus scalaris Laporte et Gory; Dladoxus erytlirurus White
(Cypress Borers. Buprestidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Murray pine (Pinus frenela), Lambert's cypress (Cupressus lambertiana).

Injury: Very destructive to the wood, boring under the bark and into the wood.

Description: D. scalaris is the larger species. Both are greenish in color, with the
elytra largely reddish brown except for green basal stripes and yellow discal spots.
The median line of the thorax is yellow between two black or brown fasciae. Larvse
yellowish white.

Distribution: Victoria, Australia.
French, 0. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp. 44-50,

pis. 106, 107.

CONIFER INSECTS. 65

Tetropium castaneum Linnaeus.
(Spruce Borer. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Larch, spruce, pine, fir.
Injury: Bores in the wood.
Distribution: Europe, Siberia.

NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 136-139,

figs. 108, 109 (T.fuscus, T. luridus).
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 495.

Brachyrbinus (Otiorhynchus spp.).

(Coniferous Root Weevils. Brachyrhinidse (Otiorhynchidt*); Coleoptera.)

Species: B. niger Fabricius; Europe; pine, larch, spruce, maple, alder, ash, service
berry; breeds at the roots and the adults attack the foHage. B. fuscipes Olivier;
Europe; spruce. B. perdix Olivier; Europe; spruce. :^B. ovatus Linnaeus; Europe,
United States; spruce. A very important pest of strawberries, conifers, and green-
house plants. B. singularis Linnaeus; Europe; spruce, fir, and many other plants
(see Grape). B. sensitivus Scopoli; Europe; spruce, Weymouth pine, Douglas
fir. B. irritans Herbst ; Europe ; pine, beech . B. armadillo Rossi, B. aurifer Boheman,
B. egregius Miller, B.fullo Schrank, B. inflatus Gyllenhal, B. jovis Miller, B. lepidop-
^ terns Fabricius, B. kratterii Boheman, B. morio Fabricius, B. mtdtipunctatus Fabri-
cius, and B. septentrionis Herbst, are reported on conifers in Europe.

Description: Black, oval weevils, with broad blunt beaks. Breed at the roots
of plants and are very destructive.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, ed. 3, vol. 3, 1913, p. 54.
Bargagu, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887.

Magdalis spp.

(Coniferous Weevils. Curculionidas; Coleoptera.)

Species: The wee\'ils of this familiar genus are very destructive to forest trees, breed-
ing under the bark but entering the wood. They are very easily distributed in logs.
M. violacea Linnaeus ; Europe ; attacks 3 to 10 year old pines, larch, and fir. M. phlegm-
atica Herbst; Europe; spruce and pines. M. duplicata Germar: Europe; spruce, Pinus
silvestris. M. memnonia Gyllenhal; Europe; pine. M. rufa Germar; Europe; pines
and other conifers.

Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887.
Dendroctonus mlcans Kugelann.
(The Large Bast Beetle. Ipidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Principally spruce (Ptcea). Occasionally pine.

Injury: Quite destructive to trees from breast height down to and includino- roots.

Description: Beetle elongate, nearly dull black, with long gray-yellowish hair not
densely set. Wing covers punctate striate, antennae and legs yellowish red; 8-9 mm
long.

Evidence of infestation: Free resin flow out of holes about 3 ram. in diameter. Mixed

with boring dust, it hardens in the air in white lumps.
Distribution: Germany, France.

NiJssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 1913, pp. 246-249, fig. 211.

JuDEicH, J. F., and Nitsche, H. Lehrbuch der Mitteleuropaischen Forstinsekten-
kunde. I, pp. 458-462, 1895.

27812— IS 5

66 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Ips typographus I^iaaaeus.
(Eight- toothed large spruce barkbeetle or "typographer." Ipidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Spruce; rarely larch and Scotch fir (Pinus silvestris.)

Injury: Bores in bark and sapwood; while usually secondary, it also attacks
healthy trees when very numerous. Recognized as the most dangerous bark -beetle
in Europe.

Description: Beetle black or brown, cylindrical, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, 8 teeth on mar-
gins of elytral declivity, of which the 3d on each side is the largest and with rounded
apex.

Evidence of infestation: Shows only when the tree begins to react by changing
color of foliage.

Distribution: Lapland to Alps, wherever spruce grows.

NtJssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 1913, pp. 269-272, fig. 238.
JuDEicH, J. F., und NiTSCHE, H. Lehrbuch der Mitteleuropaischen Forstinsekten-
kunde. I, pp. 506-516, figs. 167-169, 1895.

>tcToinlcus (Myelophllus) piniperda LinnDeus.

(The large or black pine pith borer or "forest gardener." Scolytidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Pine.

Injury: Tunnels under bark of trunk and branches. Young adults feed on pith of

1 to 2-year old shoots. Attack sickly and quite healthy trees and invariably cause

their death from above downward. Attacks thin, smooth bark of trunk and branches

and heavy barked portion of lower trunk of living felled or sickly trees.
Description: Beetle elongate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long; proboscis finely and not densely

punctate; elytra finely punctate-striate, posteriorly with a row of brush-bearing small

tubercles.
Evidence of infestation: Fading and dying tops; long vertical galleries in bark.

Twigs hollow at tip with pitch tubes at base.
Distribution: Europe.

NxJssLiN, 0. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 1913, pp. 243-246, figs. 207-210.

JuDEiCH, J. F., und NiTSCHE, H. Lehrbuch der Mitteleuropaischen Forstinsekten-
kunde. pp. 462-472, figs. 145 and 146, 1895.

Bupalus plniarius Linnseus.

(Pine Geometrid. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Pine, spruce, fir.

Injury: Feeds on foliage and young shoots.

Description and biology: Male moth bright yellow, female bright reddish brown,
both marked with dark brown. Larva green, with three white dorsal lines and two
yellow lateral lines.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 337.
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde 2d ed., 1913, pp. 385-390, figs.

315-317.

Dasychlra selenitlca Esp.

(Larch Tussock Moth. Lymantriidae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Larch, pine, sainfoin, herbs, hardwoods.
Injury: Defoliator, especially injurious to young trees.

Description and biology: Moth brown; male olive brown; female l^rownish black, with
white crescent and Avavy line on wings. Larva black, with dark -gray hairs on black

CONIFER INSECTS. 67

warts, and the fourth to eighth segments each with a yellowish gray brush of hairs
tipped with black; first segment with black hair pencil, eleventh segment with two.
Pupates on surface of ground in a cocoon.

Distribution: Germany.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 384.
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 1913, 2d ed., p. 376.

Laspeyresla duplicana Zetterstedt.

(Fir Bark Tortricid. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: White fir (Abies pectinata), juniper (Juniperus), spruce (Picea excelsa).

Injury: Breeds in the bark and possibly sometimes the twigs.

Description and biology: Moth 15-16 mm. in wing expanse; forewings dark brown,
with a white crescentiform spot at middle and finer markings beyond. The larva
breeds from fall to spring under bark. Its life history is not definitely worked out.

pistribution: Europe (Germany).
NxJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 411, 412, fig.

343.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 281.
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1898, vol. 1, pp. 485, 486, fig. 173.

^fcEnarmonia pinlcolana Zell.
(Gray Larch Moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Larix, Abies, Siberian stone pine {Finns cembra L.).

Injury: Attacks the needles.

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 18-22 mm., forewings shining light
gray with brown markings. Larva dark green with darker stripes, head and thoracic
shield black. Feeds under webs on the needles.

Distribution: Europe, Siberia, North America, but serious only in Europe.
Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, v. 3, p. 286.
NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 419-422, figs.

354-355.

B. OTEUBK GENERAL CONIFEROUS PESTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Aphididse.

^Mindarus abietinus Koch, a plant louse; Europe; attacks young shoots of Abies pectinata and bark
of Picea.

Phylloxeridse.

Pineus sibiricus Cholodkovsky; a gall louse; Russia; attacks Pinus cembra and Picea in alternating

generations.
Pineus orientalis Drej'fus and P. pini Koch; Europe; attack Picea orientalis, P. excelsa, Pinus mon-

tana, P. silvestris, and P. strobus, its generations alternating on pine and fir.
Pineus strobi Hartig, gall louse; Europe; attacks Pinus strobus.

ApTirastasia pectinatx Cholodkovsky; gall louse; northeast Europe; attacks Abies and Picea.
Dreyfusia nuessUni C. B.; gall louse; Europe; attacks Abies nordmanniana and Picea.
■Jf-Breyfusia picex Ratzeburg; gall louse; Europe; attacks stems of Abies pectinata.

Chermcs viridis Ratzeburg, a gall louse; Europe; attacks Larix and Picea.
:<« Chermes abietis Kaltenbach, a gall louse; Europe; attacks Larix, Abies pectinata, Pinus cembra, P. sil.
vestris.
Cnaphalodes strobilobius Kaltenbach; gall louse; Europe; attacks Larix and Abies.
Cnaphalodes lapponicus Cholodkovsky; Europe; attacks Picea and Larix.

COLEOPTERA.
Melandryidse.

^Serropalpus barbatus Schall.; Europe; bores in the bark and wood of Abies pectinata and Picea.

Bostrycliidae.

A pate molle Linnaeus; Europe; bores in bark-stripped wood of conifers.

68

A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

Buprestidae.

Anthazia quadripunctata Linnisus; Germany; bores in stems of young trees and branches of older trees
of spruce (Picca).

Elateridae.

Agriotes aterrimus Linnaeus, A. lineatus Linnaeus, and A. obscurus Linnseus; Eui'ope; attack the seed-
lings and roots of pine,
fir, and spruce, while
some species attack
larch.
Dolopius marginatus Lin-
nseus; Europe: attacks
the roots of seedling and
yearling fir, pine, and
spruce.
Selatosomus xneus Lin-
naeus; Europe; attacks
roots of pine, fir, and
spruce.

Tenebrionidfe. *

Setenis semiopaca Blair;
India; breeds in the
tmnks of Picea morinda
and Pinus excelsa.

Cerainbycidae.

5tc Hylotrupes baj ulus L i n -
naeus; Europe; bores in
the finished lumber, es-
pecially building tim-
bers and furniture of
coniferae.

Monohammus sartor Fab-
riciusandsM^or Linnaeus;
Europe; attack bark and
wood of fir and spruce.

Pogonochserus fasciculatus
De Geer; Eui'ope (Ger-
many); bores in the
wood of spruce, pine,
and fir.

Tctropium castaneum Lin-
naeus; Europe; bores in
the wood of larch, spruce,
pine, and fir.

BrachyrhinidaB (Otiorhyn-
chidse).

Me tallites atomarius
Olivier, M. laricis Cliev-
rolat, M. mollis Germar;
weevils; Europe; as
adults injure the buds of
conifers; the larvae breed
at the roots of trees.

Brachyxystus subsignatus
Faust; a weevil; India;
adult causes very serious
defoliation of Abies iveb-
biaiia and Picca morinda.

Fig. 3G.— Coniferous bark weevil {Pissodc.s notatus): Adult, larva, pupa,
injury. (Henschel.)

Curculionidse.

Hylobius abietis Linnaeus, H. fatuus Rossi, and H. piceus De Geer; Europe; breed in the bark and

wood of conifers. These are very important weevils.
Pissodes harcynix Herbst, P. notatus Fabricius, P. picex Illiger, P. pint Linnaeus, and P. piniphilus

Herbst; weevils; Europe; breed under bark of pines, spruce, and fir. (See text fig. 36.)

Cossonidse. y

Rhyncolus ater Linnajus, R. elongatus, R. porcatus Germar, R. Ugnyarius Marsh., R. strangulatus Fer-
ris, R. truncorum Germar, and R. cylindricus Boheman; Europe; bore in the trunks and rotten
wood of pines, spruce, and fir.

Rhyncolus himalaycnsis Stebbing; India; bores in the wood of Pinus excelsa and Picca morinda.

CONIFER INSECTS.

69

Ipidae.

Cryphahis abietis Ratzebiirg; Europe: attaeks fir (Abies pectinata), spruce (Picea excelsn), and pine.

Cryphalus saltuarius Weiss; Europe; attacks young fir, spruce, and pine.

Cryphahis boswclUx Stabbing; India; attacks spruce and Pinus longifolia.

Cryphalus piccx Ratzeburg; Europe; attacks Abies pectinata and larch.

Crypturgus piisillus Gyllenhal; Germany; attacks sprace, fii", pine (Pinus strobus and P. pinaster).

and larch. In the Himalayas this species attacks Pinus excelsa and Picea morinda.
Dryocoetes autographus Ratzeburg; Germany; attacks spruce. Or, and pine (Pinus strnbus).
Hylastes attenuatus Erichson; Germany; attacks pine and spruce.
Hylastes decumanus Erichson; Europe; attacks spruce and Pinus cembra.
Hylastes himalayensis Stebbing; India; attacks Picea excelsa.
Hylurgops palliatus Gjdlenhal; Europe; attacks Pinus silvestris, P. strobus, P. pinea, P. austriaca

P. mariiinia, larch, and spruce.
Ips amitinus EichofI; Euiope: attacks spruce, pine, fir, and larch.
Ips cembrx Heer; Europe; attacks larch and Pinus cembra.
Ips duplicatus Sahlberg; Finland and Ural; spruce and pine.

Ips sexdentatus Boerner; Europe; spruce and pine (Pinus austriaca and P. pinaster).
Ips ribbentropi Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa and Picea morinda.
;|<7ps typographus Linnseus; Europe; attacks spruce, larch, Scotch fii' (Pinus silvestris).
Tomicus ( Myelophilus) minor Hartig; Europe; attacks pine and spruce.

Fig. 37. — Barkboetle (Pifyogenes chalcographus). (Eckstein.)

^ Tomicus (Myelophilus) piniperda Linnaeus; Europe to Japan; pines, larch, sprucf .
Orthotomicus suturalis Gyllenhal; Europe; spruce, fir (Picea excelsa), pine (Pinus austriaca and P.

silvestris).
Orthotomicus laricis Fabrii ius; Europe; attacks fir (Abies pectinata), larch, spruce, pine (Pinus sil-
vestris).
Orthotomicus proximus Eichoff; Europe: thin bark of upper stems of pine and spruce.
Pilyogenes bidentatus Herbst; Europe; larch, spruce, and pine (Pinus austriaca, P. strobus, P. pinaster,

P. silvestris).
Pityogenes bistridentatus Eichoff; Germany, France; pine, fir.
Pityogenes chalcographus Linnaeus; fir (Abies pectinata), spruce (Picea excelsa), pine (Pinus strobus),

larch. (See text fig. 37.)
Pityogenes coniferx Stebbing; India; blue pine (Pinus excelsa), Cliilgoza pine (P. gerardiana), fir

(Picea morinda). (See plate XI, fig. Za-c.)
Pityogenes pilidens Reitter; Europe and Asia Minor; Pinus austriaca and fir.
Pityogenes quadridens Hartig; Europe; Pinus silvestris and Siberian spruce.
Pityokteines curvidens ( Jermar; Europe; spruce (Picea excelsa), larch, balsam fir (A bies balsamea), pine

(Pinus silvestris).
Pityophthorus micrographus Linnaeus; Europe; attacks Abies pectinata, Pseudotsuga mucronata, Picea

excelsa, Pinus strobus.
Polygraphus major Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa, Picea morinda
Polygraphus pini Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa, Picea morinda
Polygraphus polygraphus Linnaeus; Europe; spruce, fir, pine (Pinus silvestris, P. strobus).

70 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Ipidae— Continued.

Polt/graphus subopacus Thomaon; Europe; spruce, pine.
X ylechinus pilosus Knoch; Europe; pine, spruce, larch
Xyloteruslineatus Olivier; Europe; fir, spruce, pine, larch.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Lymantrildse.

■:^Lymantria monacha Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator on pine, spruce, larch. (See Forests.)
Orgyia antiqua hinnxns; Europe; spruce, pine; defoliator.

Noctuldae.

Agrotis segetum Schiffermiller; Europe; injures roots of seedlings and nursery stock*of spruce, larch,

pine.
Agrotis vestigialis Bott.; Europe; injures roots of seedlings and nursery stock of pine and larch.

Pyralidae.

Euzophera cedrella and Phycita abietella; India; infest cones of blue pine {Pinus excelsa), fir (Picea
morinda), and silver fir {Abies webbidna).
Tortricldae.
, Asthenia pygmxana Hiibner; Europe; spruce, fir; attacks needles on young shoots.
Tortrix piceana LinniBus; Europe; attacks foliage of pine and other conifers.
Enarmonia pinicolana Zell; Europe; attacks foliage of larch, pLae, and spruce.
Tortrix vibnrniana Fabricius; Norway; attacks Picea excelsa, Pinus silvestris, P. montana, Larix decidua.

Hyponomeutidse.

Argyresthia fundclla F. R.; Europe; attacks needles of fir, spruce, and pine.

HYMENOPTERA.
Callinionidae.

Megastigmus strobilobius Ratzeburg; a chalcid; Europe; breeds in seed of hemlock and fir (Abies
pectinata).
Diprlonidse.

Diprion pini Linnaeus; D. rufus Klug, and D. palUdus Klug; Europe; attack bark and needles
■^Diprion simile; Europe, Connecticut. An important sawfly, recently imported.

Megalodontidae.

Acantholyda erythrocephala Linnaeus; sawfly; Germany; attacks foliage of pine, larch, spruce, fir.
Cephaleia hypolrophica Hartig, and C. signata Fabricius: Europe; attack foliage of pLue, spruce, fir.
Itycorsia stellala Christ.; sawfly; Europe; pine and fir.

Siricidae.

Sirex juvencus Linnaeus, S. spectrum Linnaeus, and S. gigas Linnaeus; wood wasps; Europe; bore in

wood of spruce, fir, pine, and larch.
Xeris spectrum Linnaeus; wood wasp; Europe; bores in spruce and fir wood.

DIPTERA.
Tipulidse.

Pachyrhina crocata Linnaeus; crane fly; Germany; breeds in bark of young seedling balsam fir {Abies
balsamea) and larch.

C. BETTER KNOWJV IMPORTANT PESTS OF PINE (PINUS).

Eriophyes pini Nalepa.
(Pine Gall Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.)

Hosts: Pinus silvestris, P. montana, P. mughus.

Injury: Causes galls iu the twigs resulting in deformed growth.

Description and biology: A tiny elongate four-legged mite which breeds in the young
twigs of pines.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 116, 117,

figs. 90-92.

Gelechia dodecella Linnseus.

(Pine Bud Moth. Gelechiidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Pines (Pinus spp.).

Injury: Breeds in buds, needles, and young shoots, and is as injurious as Evetria
buoliana, the pine-shoot moth.

INSECTS OF CONIFERS (pINe). 71

Description mid biology: Adult moth with wing spread 10-12 mm., forewings dark
gray or gray brown, with two obscure light gray transverse fasciae, and six pairs of
black flecks. Larva reddish brown with black head and thoracic shield. The larva
bores in buds, needles, and young shoots.

Distribution: Germany.
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 430, fig. 365.

Cnethocampa pintvora Treitschke; Cnethocampa pityocampa Schiflermiller.

(Pine Procession Moths. Cnethocampidse; liepidoptera.)

Hosts: Pines.

Injury: Defoliate; sometimes serious.

Description and biology: Moth of pinivora with forewings yellowish gray, liind
wings with a sharply toothed crossline. Moth of pityocampa with forewings whitish
gray; hind wings with a scarcely toothed crossline. Larva ol pinivora greenish gray,
with velvety black dorsal stripe and black head, and with reddish yellow warts on
the fourth to eleventh segments. Larva of pityocampa similar but slate blue to black.
The larvse feed on the foliage and live gregariously, wandering in the daytime in pro-
cessions of a single or double row. Pupate in cocoons in the ground. The larvse of
pityocampa hibernate in nests in the crowns.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiteu, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 386.
Hess, Kichard. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2, pp. 452-455.
NxJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913.

Dendrolimus plni Linnaeus.

(Pine Spinner. Lasiocampidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Pine.

Injury: Very serious defoliator.

Description and biology: Moth variable in color, from brown red to slate gray, uni-
colorous or mottled; middle of forewings with white crescent. Larva 8 cm. long,
■with steel-blue stripes on meso- and metathorax, general color varying from reddish
to slaty gray; pubescence very long and clustered. The larva feeds on the foliage
and spins a neat oval silken cocoon.

Distribution: Euro pe .

Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiteu, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 376.

NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 331-342, figs.

284, 285.

Panolis griseovarlegata Goeze.

(Pine Noctuid. Noctuidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Pine.

Injury: Attacks foliage, buds, and tender shoots.

Description and biology: Moth with forewings variegated cinnamon red and yellowish
gray with white marks; hind wings brownish black. Larva green, with three broad
white dorsal stripes, a yellowish orange lateral stripe, head sMning yellowish, 35 mm.
long. Eggs greenish, laid in a row on the underside of needles.

Distribution: Europe.
Sorauer, P, Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 357.
NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 378-380,

figs. 308, 309.

72 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS,

^ Evetria buollana Schiflermiller.
(European Pine-Shoot Motli. Tortricidije; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Pinus silvestris, P. laricio, P. montana, P. strobus. P. resinosa.

Injury: Causes deformation of tree. Has been introduced into the United States
in nursery shipments.

Description and biology: Adult moth 12 mm. long, small, gayly colored; the head
and its appendages and thorax light orange yellow, abdomen dark gray; forewings
bright ferruginous orange, suffused with dark red, especially toward the tips, and
with several irregular forked anastomizing, .silvery crosslines and costal strigulse;
liind wings dark blackish brown: legs whitish, the anterior ones reddish in front.
Pupa stout, robust, chestnut brown; abdominal segments with rings of short dark
spines. Larva 16 mm. long, brown with black head and thoracic shield; feeds in the
young buds and sheets. Egg small, flat, white, laid at base of bud. (See plates

XII, XIII.)

Distribution: Europe, introduced into United States in 32 nurseries.
BuscK, A. U. S. Dept. Agric, BuL 170, Feb., 1915.

-X- Evetria spp.

(Pine Bud and Gall Moths. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.)

Species: In addition to -x- E. buoliana Schiffermiller which is separately treated, the
following species injure pines. E. resinella Linnaeus; Europe; makes large galls in
twigs of pines. * E. turionana Hiibner; Europe, North America; attacks buds of
pines, especially the terminal bud. * E. pinivorana Zeller; Europe, North America;
attacks the axillary buds. * E. duplana Hiibner, Europe, Japan, North America:
attacks young shoots. * E. frustrana Comstock, the Nantucket pine moth, * E.
rigidana Fernald, and * E. comstockiana Fernald are among our most serious pests in
this country.

Distribution: The distribution cited above shows clearly that these species are
readily distributed in nursery stock.

SoRAUER, B. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 290-292.
NiissLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 415— il9,

figs. 347-351.

Thecodiplosis brachyntera Schwilger.

(Pine Needle Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyidse]; Diptera.)

Hosts: Pinus silvestris, P. laricio, P. montana.

Injury: Breeds in the needles, forming a small gall-like swelling.

Description and injury : i^Z// very small. Larva yellowish. Egg laid between the
bases of two needles.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 444.

D. OTHER INSECTS ATTACKING PINE (PINUS).

HEMIPTERA.
Aphididse:

Lachnus pini Linnaeus L. tomentosus DeGeer, L. tseniatus Koch, L, nudus DeGeer, and L. agilis
Kaltenbach, plant lice; Europe; attack needles, tender gro%vth and twigs.

Coccidse:

Armored—
Aspidiotus (^Aonidia) lauri Bouehe; Italy; Pinus.

Aspidiotus (,Aonidia) pinicola Leonardi; Cyprus, Spain; Pinus halepensis, P. silvestris.
Chionaspis austriaca Ltndinger; Australia; Pinus laricio nigricans.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insect

Plate XI.

Coniferous Bark Beetles.

Fig. l.—Polygraphus tnnchi: Larva; la. pupa: 16, adult female, dorsal view (above) and lateral
view (])elQW): If, head of female: \(i, antenna: If, adtilt male, dorsal view (above) and lateral view
(below). Fig. •I.—Phlmoshuix zlwbi: 1':kk; -'"■ ;tdult female, dorsal view (above) and lateral view
(below); 26, antenna: 2c, let;: 2d, adnlt male, dorsal view (aliove) and lateral view (below). Fig.
S.—Pityogenes coniferac: Adult female, dorsal view (left) and lateral view (right, above figure); 3a,
antenna; 36, leg; :^f, adult male, lateral view (left) and dorsal view (right). (Stebbing.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XII.

European Pine Shoot Moth, Evetria buoliana, Moth, Larva. iBusck.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XIII.

Work of Evetria buoliana on Pine Shoots. ( Busck.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XIV.

Pine Borers.

Fig. 1. — Capnodis indlca: Larva; la, adults. Fig. 2. — Anthaxia osinastuui: Larva; 2a, adults.
16. — Stem of Pinus longifoUa showing work of Iioth lieetles. (Stebbing.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XV,

The Pine Bark Beetle.

The pine bark beetle [Platypus biformis): Males and females and injury to Pniu; longifoUa. (Stebbing.)

INSECTS OF CONIFERS (pINe). 73

Coccidaae— Contiuued.
Armored— Cbntiuued.

Diaspis visci. Schrank; Germany, Italy; Pinus fili/olia, P. silvestris.
:^ Lepidosaphes newsteadi Sulc; Europe; Pinus austriaca, P. pumilio, P. silvestris.

Leucaspis laewi Colvee; Kurope; Pinus spp.

Leucaspis pint Hartig; Europe; Pinus austriaca.

Leucaspis pusilla Loow; Europe; Pinus cembra, P. silvestris.

Leucaspis signoreti Targioni-Tozzetti; Italy, Corsica, Cyprus; Pinus halepensis, P. laricio; P. silvestris.

Poliaspis pini Maskell; Japan; Pinus densiflora, P. austriaca, P. thunhergii.
Unarmored —

Gueriniclla serratulx Fabricius; Algeria; southern France; Pinus.

Palxococcus fuscipennis Burmeister; Germany, France; Pinus silvestris.

Pseudococcus pini Kuwana; Japan; Pinus.

Puto antennata Siguoret; France, Switzerland; Pinus cembra, P. silvestris.

Aradidae;

Aradus cinnamomeus Panzer; Europe; occurs under bark scales; causes needles to become yellow and
remain small.

COLEOPTERA.
Anobiidse;

Ernobius abietinus Gyllenhal; Europe; attacks cones.

Ernobius nigrinxis Sturm, and E. pini Sturm; Europe; attacks pith of young shoots.

Xestohium plumbeum Illiger; Europe; breeds in the dead wood.

Meloidae;

Cantharisfusca Linnaeus; a blister beetle; Europe; attacks shoots.

Buprestidse.

Agrilusbetuleti Ratzeburg; and df^A. viridishianyzus; Germany; bore stems of young trees and branches

of older trees.
Chrysobothris solieri Laporte et Gory; Europe; bores in bast and sapwood of seedlings of P. silvestris

and P. pinaster.
Capnodis indica Thomson; India; bores in bast and sapwood of Pinus longifolia. (See. pi. XIV, figs.

lo,16.
Buprestis geometrica Laporte et Gory; India; bores in Pinus longifolia.
Anthaxia osmastoni Stebbing; India; bores in the bark and bast of Pinus longifolia. (See pi. XIV,

flg. 2.)
Phxnops cyanea Fabricius; Europe; bores in bark.

TenebrionUlse.

Melanimon tibiale Fabricius, Gonocephalum {Opatrum) sabulosum Linnaeus, and Phylan gibbus Fabri-
cius attack tender roots, bark, and tops of seedlings and nursery stock.
Setenis indosinica Fairmaire; India; bores in wood of Pinus excelsa.
Blaps armata Blair; India; bores in the trunks of Pinus gerardiana.

Scarabwidae.

Amphimallon solstitialis Linnaeus; England; injures the roots of Pinus silvestris.

Melolontha hippacastani Fabricius; ^f. melolontha Linnseus; Europe; injure roots of seedling and

needles.
Potyphyllafullo Linnseus; Europe; attacks the roots of seedlings, and the adults feed on the needles.

Cerambycidap.

Acanthocinus xdiiis Linnseus; Gerraanjs bores in the sapwood of felled or prepared lumber.
Monohammus galloprovincialis Olivier; Germany; attacks Pinus silvestris and P. pinaster.
Nothorhina muricata Dalman, India; bores in trunks of Pinus longifolia.
Criocephalus fibetanus (?) Sharp; India: bores in bast and sapwood of Pinus gerardiana.

Chrysomelldse.

CryptocephaltbS pini LinnEeus; Germany; attacks the foliage and bark of young shoots.
Luperus pinicola Duftschmidt; Germany; attack the foliage and bark of young shoots.

Brentidae.

Eubactrus sp.; India; bores in trunks of Pinus longifolia.

Rhinomaceridae.

Rhinomacer attelaboides Fabricius; a weevil; Germany; breeds in the catkins.

Brachyrhlnld£e.

Polydrusus ch-erodrysius Gredler, P. intermedius Zetterstedt, P. undatus Fabricius, P. villosulus
Chevrolat; Europe; attack the buds and needles of conifers; the larva? breed at the roots of trees.

74

A MANUAL OF DANGEKOUS INSECTS.

Curculionidse.

Brachonyx pineti Paykull; weevil; Europe; mines the needles of Ptnus silvestns.

^ Cryptorhynchu

Fig. 38— Pine weevil (Cryptorhynchus hrandisi): Injury to Pin«s ions?/-
/ciZia. fStebbing.)

Pityogenes lipperti Henschel: Dalmatia; Aleppo pine.
Pityoplithorus sampsoni Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa.

brandisi
Stebbing, the chir pine
weevil; India; breeds in
wood of Pinus longifolia
and P. khasya. (See
text fig. 38.)
Cryptorhynchus raja Steb-
bing; India; breeds in
bark and sapwood of
Pinus excelsa.

Cossonidae.

Me sites aquitanus Fair-
maire; Europe; bores in
pine wood standing in
sea water.

Ipidse.

Carphoborus minimus
Fabricius; Germany;
makes galleries in
branches and tops of
pinusaustTiaca,P. mon-
tana, and P. silvestris.
Cryphalus longifolia Steb-
bing; India; Pinus longi-
folia.
Cryphalus major Steb-
bing ; India; Pinus longi-
folia.
Crypturgus cinereus

Herbst; Germany.
Hylastes angustatus
Herbst, H. ater, and H.
opacus Erichson, attack
taproots.
Hylastes longifolia Steb-
bing; India; Pwim ion^i-
folia.
Hylurgus ligniperda Fabri-
cius: Germany; attacks
taproots.
Ips blandfordi Stebbing;
India; pinus gerardiana.
Ipsacuminatus Gyllenhal;
I-apland to Sicily; bark
and sapwood.
Ips longifolia Stebbing;
India, Pinus longifolia
and P. gerardiana.
Ips mannsfeldi Wachtl. ;
Europe; Pinus austri-
aca.
Orthotomicus erosm AVol-
laston and O. longicoUis
Gyllenhal; Europe.
phlososinus zhobi Steb-
bing ; India ; P inus gerar-
diana. (See pi. XI,
figs. 2a-2d.)
Pityogenes trepanatus
Nordl.; Europe; Pinus
austriaca-

INSECTS OP OONIPERS (pINe).

75

Ipidse— Continued.

PityophthoTv,s glabratus Eichhoff; Europe; Pinus silvestris.

Pityophthorus lichtenstcini Ratzeburg; Europe; Pinm silvestris, P. strobus, P. pinaster.
' PolygrapUus grandiclava Thomson; Europe; Pinus strobus.
Polygraphus trenchi Stebbing; India; Pinus gerardiana. (See text fig. 39, and pi. XI, figs, \a-le.)
Polygraphus nigra Stebbing; India; Pinus eicelsa.
Polygraphus liimalayensis Stebbing; India; Pinus longifolia.
Polygraphus longifolia Stebbing; India; Pinus longifolia.
Xyleborus eurygraphus Ratzeburg; Europe.

Fig. 39. — Pine bark beetle (Polygraphus trenchi): Galleries in Pinus grrardiana. (Stebbing.)

Platypodidae.

Crossotarsus fairmairei Chapuis; India; bores in wood of Pinus eicelsa.
Platypus biformis Chapuis; India; infests Pinus longifolia. (See pi. XV.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Geometridae.

Semiothisa liturata Clm.; Europe; attacks the needles.
Lasiocampidse.

Lasiocampa quercus Linnteus; Germany; attacks needles.
Noctuidae.

Agrotis tritici Linnaeus: Europe; injures roots of seedlings.

76 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Pyralid%.

Dioryclria splcndidella H. Sch.; Germany; attacks cones, shoots, and sapwood.
Epheslia elutelta Hiibner; Germany; attacks seeds and cones .

Psycliidae. ■ ' ,

Clania cramcri Westwood; India; attacks needles of Pinw longifolia.

Fig. 10. — Pine web-worm {Cmthocampa pityocampa^: Nests. (Barbey.)
H >T)onom eu tid ae .

Ocnerostoma piniaridla Zell.; Germany; attacks needles.
Cnethocampidse.

Cnethocampa pinivora Treitschke; Europe; attacks foliage.

Cnethocampa pityocampa Schiflermiller; Europe; attacks foliage of Pinus ptnea, P. pinaster, P. laricio,
P. hakpensis. (See text fig. 40.)

INSECTS OF CONIFERS (fir),

77

HYMENOPTERA.
Mogalodontidae.

ItycoTsia campcstris Linnaeus, a sawfly; Europe; attacks needles. (See text fig. 41.)

E. BETTER KNOWN IMPORTANT PESTS OF FIR (ABIES).

Eucosoma nigrlcana H. Sch. (Epiblenia).

(Fir Bud Worm. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Silver fir (Abies pectinata D. C.)

Injury: Feeds in the buds. Very likely to be introduced in buds on nursery stock
during winter.

Description and biology: Moth wing expanse 11-1.3 mm., fore wings dark brown with
violet red shimmer and lead
gray lines. Larva yellow-
ish to reddish brown, with
black head and thoracic
shield . Feeds in the buds ,
hibernating as a larva. In
the spring it goes from bud
to bud, often under a
silken web. Pupates in
the ground.

Distribution: Europe
(Germany).

NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden

der Forstinsektenkunde,

2d ed., pp. 408-409, fig.

340.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch

der Pflanzenkrankheiten

3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p.

285.

Enarmonia ruflmitrana H-
Schf. (Steganoptycha).

(Redheaded Fir Worm.
Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Silver fir (Abies
pectinata D. C).

Injury: Feeds on the
needles and young shoots.

Description and biology:
Moth, wing expanse 12-16
mm., head and thorax rust
yellow, forewings yellowish
gray with many lead-col-
ored lines. Larva dirty
yellow green, with rust-red
head. (See text fig. 42.)

Distribution: Europe.
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1898, vol. 1, p. 490, 491.
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 408, figs. 338,

Fig. 41. — Pine sawfly {Itycorsia campestris): Injury. (Barbey.)

78 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Plemeliella abletina Seitner.

(Spruce Seed Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.)

Host: Fir {Abies).

Injury: Breeds in the seed, whicli become slinmken and ■worthless.
Description: Larvas red.
Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 444.

Fig. 42. — Red-headed firworm {Enarmonia rufimilrana): Injury. (IJarbey.)

F. OTHER INSECTS ATTACKING FIB (ABIES).

HEMIPTER.\.
Aphidldse.

Lachnus grossits Kaltenbach and L. picex Walker, plant lice; Europe (Germany); live on the bark.
Lachnuis pichtx Mordwilko; Europe; lives on the under side of the needles.

Prociphilus bumelix Sclirank, a root louse; Europe: attacks roots of Abies pectinata, A. balsamea,
and A. fraseri. (See Ash.)

INSECTS OF CONIFERS (fIK, SPEUCe). 79

Coccldae:

Armored —

Lepidosaphes abietis Signoret; Europe; Abies.

Poliaspis pint MaskeU; Japan; Abies firma.
Unarmored —

Lecaniuni sericeum Lindinger; Bavaria; Abies pectinata.

COLEOPTERA.
Aiiobiidae.

Dryophilus pusiUus Gyllenhal; Europe; attacks buds.

Ernobius abietis Fabricius, E. angusticoUis Ratzeburg, and E. longicornis Sturm; Europe; attacks the
cones.

Lymexylonidae.

Hyleccetus dermestoides Linnneus; Germany; bores in white fir wood.

Elateridee.

Athous hirtus Herhst; Europe; attacks seedlings of fir.

Cerambycldae.

Molorchus minor Linnjeus; Germany; attacks the sapwood of felled trees and lumber.
Tetropium fuscum 'FabxiciMs; Germany; bores in trunks of old and dead trees.

Ipidse.

Cryphalus strohmeyeTiSitQ'b'bing; India; Abies webbiana.
Pityokteines spinidens Reitter, and P. vorontzowi Jacobson; Europe.
Xyloterus intermedius Sampson; India; Abies webbiana.

Scolytoplatypodidae.

Scolyloplatypus himalayensis Stehhing; India; Abies webbiana.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Tortricidae.

Tortrix murinana Hiibner: Europe; attacks needles and young shoots oi Abies pectinata.
Laspeyresia proiimana H. Sch.; Europe; mines the needles.
Laspeyresia coniferana Ratzeburg; Germany; bores in the bark of Abies pectinata.
Olethteutes hercyniana Treitschke; Europe; attacks needles of Abies pectinata.

HYMENOPTERA.
Callimonidse.

Megastigmus borriesi Crosby; a chalcid; Japan; breeds in seed of Abies manesii.

G. BETTER KNOWN IMPORTANT PESTS OF SPRUCE (PICEA).

Laspeyresia pactolana Zetterstedt (Graptaolitha)
(Spruce Bark Tortricid. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Spruce (Picea excelsa).

Injury: Breeds in twigs, causing a swelling and deformation, or the death of the
outer parts.

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 12-16 mm., forewing fringed, olive
brown with double white angled fascia at the middle and several wliite marks beyond
this; hind wings gray-brown, fringed. Larva, 10-12 mm, long, five pairs of abdominal
legs, whitish to reddish in color, head and thoracic shield yellowish brown. (See
text fig. 43.)

Distribution : Germany.
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1898, vol. 1, pp. 483, 485, fig. 172.
NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 409-411,

figs. 341, 342.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 281.

80

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Laspeyrcsia strobilella Linnjeus (Grapholitha).

(.Spruce Cone Moth. Tortricidse, Lepidoptera.)

Host. — Spruce {Picea excelsa).

Injury. — Breeds in the coues. '

Description and biology. — Moth, wing expanse 10-14 mm., forewings dark gray
brown, fringed, with fine wlaitish lines, hind wings gray brown, with white fringe.
Pupates in the cones. Larva 11 mm. long, yellowish white with light brown head
and thoracic shield. The larva breeds in the cones. Eggs laid on the young green
cones.

Distribution: Germany.

Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1898, vol. 1, pp. 486, 487.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed.. 1913, vol. 3, p. 281.

■wir y?

Fig. 43. — Spruce bark tortricid (ia.spej/r€«ia pacfotona): Injury. (Niisslin.)

Laspeyresia tedelia Clerck (Epiblema)

(Spruce Nest-Worm. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Spruce (Picea excelsa, Picea sitchensis).

Injury: Injures the needles.

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse, 12 mm.; forewings golden brown, with
brown silvery transverse fascia and finer markings. Larva light yellowish brown or
greenish with two dorsal lines. Head and thoracic shield brownish black, flecked;

INSECTS OF CONIFERS ( SPRUCE ). 81

9 mm. long. The larvae spin nests among the needles. Pupate in the ground, where
the larvae hibernate.
Distribution: Europe (Germany).

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 285.
NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., pp. 412, 413, figs. 344,
345.

Dasyneura abietiperda Henschel; Dasynevira piceae Hartig.

(Spruce Gall Midses. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.)

Host: Spruce.

Injury: Attack twigs at the base of needle clusters, injuring dormant buds and
sometimes killing entire twig.

Description: Europe (Germany).
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 454, 455.

Reseliella piceae Seitner.
(Spruce Seed Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyidse] ; Diptera.)

Host: Spruce.

Injury: Breeds in the seed.

Description and injury: Fly, yellowish red with dark bands, 2-4 mm. long. Larva,
4 mm. long, rose-red. Eggs laid in young green cones.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten ed. 3, vol. 3, 1913, pp. 448, 449.

H. OTHER INSECTS ATTACKING SPRUCE (PICEA).

HEMIPTERA.
Aphididae.

Lachnus grossus Kaltenbach, L. fasciatus Kaltenbach, L. picex Walker, and L. pinicola Kaltenbach
plant lice; Europe; attack stems, twigs, and tender growth.

Coccidse:

Unarmored—

Phenacoccuspicex IjOw; Europe; Picea excelsa.

Physokermes picex Schrank; Europe; Picea alba, P. excelsa, P. pungens, P. sitchensis.
Armored —

Syngenaspis parlatorex Sulc; Bohemia, Bosnia; Picea excelsa, P. omorica.

COLEOPTERA.
Carabidse.

Calathus fuscipes Goeze, Ophonus pubescens Miiller, Harpalus xncus Fabric ius, and Pterostich us Icpidus
Leske, ground beetles, are destructive to the seed in Europe.

Elateridae.

Lacon sp. near davldi Fairmairc; India; breeds in trunks of Picea morinda.

Ceranibycldae.

Teledapus dorcadioides Pasooe; a wingless longicorn; India; breeds in trunks oi Picea morinda.
Leptura rubriola Bates; India; breeds in the trunks of Picea 77!orm(ia.

Ipidae.

Cryphalus morinda Stebbing; India; attacks Picea morinda.
Hylastes cunicularius Erichson: Germany; attacks bark and roots.
Hylurgops glabratus Zetterstedt; Germany, Siberia.
Phloiophthorus rhododactylus Maimerheim; Europe; Picea cicclsa.
Phlsophthorus spinulosus Rey; Europe; attacks branches.
Pityophthorus exculptus Ratzeburg; Europe.
Dryocates indicus Stebbing; India; attacks Picea morinda.

Platypodidae.

Crossotarsusconi/erx Stebhmc.: India; bores in wood of Picfa Tnorinda.

27812—18 G

82

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.
LEPIDOPTERA.

Tortricidse.

Tortrix histrionana Froelichs; Germany: attacks shoots.
Hyponoineutidse.

Argyresthia illuminatella Zell.; Germany; attacks buds and young shoots.

HYMENOPTERA.
Tenthredinidae.

Lygxonematus pini Ratzeburg; the small spruce sawfly: Europe; defoliates and injures Duds and

young shoots.
Lygxoncmalusambiguus'Failena.nd L. saiesenillaUig; Europe; defoliators.

Sirlcidae.

Sirex imperialis Kirby, the spruce wood wasp; India; bores in wood of Picea morinda Lind.
Sirex spectrum Linnaeus; Europe. (See text fig. 44.)

I. BETTER KNOWN IMPORTANT PESTS OF LARCH (LARIX).

Erlophyes laricis von Tubeuf.

(Larch Blister Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.)

Host: Larch [Larix decidua (europaea)].

Injury: Forms gall-like deformations of the termiual l)ud.

Fig. 44. — Spruce wood wasp (Sirex spectrum): Adult attacking Picca. (Barbey).

Description and biology: A four-legged blister mite which forms gall-like swellings of
the terminal or axilary buds. Very easy to introduce on nursery stock.

Distribution: Europe.
VON Tubeuf. Forst. naturw. Zeitschr., 1897, Bd. 6, pp. 120-124, 3 figs.

Coleophora laricella Hiibner.
(Larch Needle Miner. Elacliistidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Larch [Larix decidua (europxa)].

Injury: Attacks early buds and mines the needles. The injury is great. Easily
introduced in nursery stock.

Description and biology: Adult moth 3 mm. long, with wing expanse 9 mm., fore-
wing brownish gray, faintly sliining, wings fringed with long hairs. Larva dark
reddish brown, the little head, thoracic shield, and anal portion dark, 5 mm. long.
The larva mines needles and 1 uds. Pupates in a sack or case.

Distribution: Europe.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 253.
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., pp. 431-433, figs.
366, 367.

INSECTS OF CONIFERS ( LARCH ).

83

Argyresthialaevigatella H. S.

(Larch Shoot Moth. Hyponomeutid* ; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Larch (Larix europsea).

Injury: Very injurious to young shoots.

Description and biology: Larva 6-7 mm. long, bright yellow, with black head, feeds
under the ' ark of young larch shoots. After hibernating the larva is somewhat
reddish with dark
lines. Eggs laid singly
at leases of needles.

Distribution: Europe.

SoRAUER, P. Hand-
buch der Pflanzen-
krankheiten, 3d ed..
1913, vol. 3, p. 269.

Dendrolinius sibiriciis

Tschetwerikoflf.

(Larch Spinner. Lasi-
ocampidse; Lepidop-
tera.)

Host: Larch.

Injury: Considera-
ble.

Description: Similar
to D. pini L.

Distribution: Ural.

TSCHETWERIKOPF.

Rev. Russ. Ent., vol.
8, 1908, pp. 1-7. 3

Laspeyresia zebeana liat-
zeburg (Grapholitha).

(Larch Gall Moth. Tor-
tricidse ; Lepidop-
tera.)

Host: Larch [Lari:c
europsea) .

Injury: Forms galls
on twigs, giving ad-
mission to disease or
causing deformity.
Lia' le to introduction
in nursery stock during
the winter.

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 17 mm., forewinga grayish black
with whitish transverse lines on the costal margin. Larva dirty yellow green with
brown thoracic shield, 10 mm. long. The larva attacks the twigs at the axils of
branches forming a' gall-like swelling. (See text fig. 45.)

Distribution: Germany,

Fig. 45.— Larch gall moth (Laspeyresia zebeana): Injury. (Barbey.)

84 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

SoRAUER, p. Ilandbuch der Pflanzenkrauklieiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 282.

NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., pp. 422-424, figs.

356, 357.

Dasyneura laricls F. Lw.

(Larch P>ud Gall Midge. Itomdid3e.[Oecidomyid8e]; Diptera.)

Host: Larch.

Injury: Attacks i«uds, forming galls.

Description and biology: Eggs laid at l)ase of needle clusters. The larvae enter
the dormant nuds forming a gall-like swelling, and overwinter as very small larvse.
They ^evelop in the ])uds through the year. Pupate in cocoon in autumn. The
attacked ! uds die.

Distribution: Europe.

SoRAUER. P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 454, 455.

J. OTHER INSECTS ATTACKING LARCH (LARIX).

HEMIPTERA.
Apbididee.

Lichnus liTich Koch, a plant louse; Europe; attacks needles and young shoots.

COLEOPTERA.
Anobiidse. "

Dn/ophilus pusillus Gyllonlial; Europe; attacks buds.

Ipidse.

Cry phalus inter medius Ferrari; Germany.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Hyponomeutidse.

ATgyTesthialxvigatella'3..&ch..; Germany; attacks young shoots.

L. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED.

Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europe!, 1883-1887.

Fernald, M. E. Catalogue Coccidaj of the World, Mass. Exp. Sta., bull. 88, 1903.

GiLLANDERS, A. T. Forest Entomology, 1908.

Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, vols. 1, 2, 1898.

LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidae), 1912.

NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913.

SORAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., vol. 3, 1913.

Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Elementary Forest Zoology for India, 1908.

Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera., 1914.

Tragardh, IVAR. Sverigosskogsinsekter, 1914.

CORN; MAIZE.

{Zca mays Linnseus. Family Graminese.)

Although the greater part of our commerce in corn is in the nature of exports, there
are always likely to be imports of seed corn from various parts of the world. Corn
is probably American in origin, and consequently there are few foreign pests not
already widely distributed in the country.

A. CORN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

^ Araecerus fasciciilatus De Geer.
(Coffee-bean Weevil. Family Anthribidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: This weevil is polyphagous, feeding in dry food products and drugs, china-
berries (Melia azedarach), dead cotton bolls, cornstalks, etc.
Injury: Very injurious to food products and also to live corn.

CORN INSECTS. 85

Description: A mottled grayish weevil with short, blunt snout. Larva hairy.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
Tucker, E. S. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entomology, Bui. 64, pt. 7, 1909, pp. 60-64,

pi. 3, fig. 18.
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entomology, Bui. 8, n. s., 1897.

Dichocrocls punctiferalis Gucn^e.

(Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Maize, peach, pawpaw, apple, orange, loquat, guava, cassia, custard apple,
granadilla, banana, millet, Canavalia indica, senna bean, Dahlia, castor bean, cacao,
sunflower.

Injury: Although primarily a maize pest, it is becoming quite a serious enemy of
fruit trees in Cleveland District, Queensland. Breeds in pods of castor bean and
cacao, and heads of sunflower in India.

Description and biology: Adult measures about 24 mm. in wing expanse; color pale
orange yellow, marked with numerous black dots on wings and body. Egg presum-
ably deposited on leaf stalk near or at point of junction with main stem or young fruit;
larva on hatching penetrates into the hollow stalk or fruit, and after feeding for a time
bores into the crown, in which it remains until ready to pupate. On leaving the
crown of the fruit it crawls to some convenient crevice and constructs a loose silken
web under which it transforms to a reddish brown pupa.

Distribution: Australia, Japan, China, India, Burma, Ceylon.
Jarvis, E. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 1913, p. 33, July.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. ], 1907, p. 211.

Siphonella pumilionis Bjerk.

(Corn Fly. Oscinidae; Diptera.)
Host: Corn.

Injury: Mines stem and young ears.

Description and biology: Fly yellow, thorax with three broad black stripes, abdomen
with brown median line and four broad brown cross bands; beak very long and thin;
appendages yellow; length 3-4 mm. Larva 6-7 mm. long, shining yellowish white.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 411.
B. IMPORTANT CORN PESTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Cercopidae.

Tomaspis vaiin FabriciuE. T. postica Walker, T. lepidior Font.; South America. (Se»Sugar cane.)

COLEOPTERA.
Elateridae.

Agriotes lineatus Linnfpus. (See Tobaeco.)

Chrysomelidae.

Diabrotica graminea Ballnu; Porto Kico; adults very injurious to flowers.

Brachyrhinidae.

Biaprepes abbret'iatus Linna&m: West Indies. (See Sugar cane.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Noctuidse.

Sesamia cretica Led.; Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt, Sudan; bores in ears. (See Sugar cane. )

Calamistis/usca Hampson; Soutli Africa; a serious pest.

Cirphis kucostichaHaxapson; East Africa; cobworm.

Pyralidae.

Pt/rausta nubilalis Huhtier; Europe; bores in stalks. (See Grains.)
Chilo simplex Butler; India, Formosa. (See Sugar cane.)
Chilo auricilia Dudgeon; India. (See Rice.)

Hepialidae.

HepialushuinuliUnniGus; Europe. (See Hops.) .

86

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

COTTON.

{Gossypium spp. Malvaceae. ^

Many species of fiber yielding cotton are cultivated in various parts of the world,
and the fiber is a very important article of world commerce. The great impetus given
to seed selection in recent years has also caused considerable commerce in the various
varieties of seed for planting. Practically the only serious possibility of importing
cotton insects is connected with the seed and with lint when not thoroughly cleaned
of seed. There is also some danger of injurious insects finding refuge behind the
bagging of the bales. Owing to these dangers the Federal Horticultural Board has
forbidden the importation of cotton seed except through the Department of Agricul-
ture, and has placed restrictions on the importation of foreign baled cotton.

The cotton plant is one of the most severely attacked cultivated plants, having a
very long list of injurious insects. Although the majority
of these insects are not liable to introduction, there is
always a possibility that they may find entrance into the
country in the folds of the bagging of bales or on some
food plant.

A. BETTER KNOWX COTTON INSECTS LIKELY TO BE
IMPORTED.

Eriophyes gossypii Banks.
(Cotton Blister Mite. Erioph^-id^e; Acarina.,

Host: Cotton.

Injury: Injures the foliage, causing death to plants
when very numerous. May be distributed on lint or
seed.

Description and biology: A tiny four-legged mite which forms blisters on the leaves
of cotton when very young, developing therein. This is a very serious pest.

Distribution: West Indies.
Smith, Longfield. Rept. Agric. Exp. Sta. St. Croix for 1912-13, Copenhagen, 1914,
pp. 56-58.

Dysde^cus spp.

(Cotton stainers. Pyrrhocoridfe ; Hemiptera.;

Important species: This genus contains the following species, which are ^'ery injuri-
ous to cotton 1 ecause of their ha its of sucking the juices and staining the fi" er:
D. andrex Linnaeus, West Indies. D. annuliger Uhler, West Indies. D. cardinalis
Gerstilcker, of East Africa. D. cingulatus Fabricius, India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay
Peninsula, Australia, and Egypt (see text, fig. 46). D. delauneyi Lethierry, Egypt,
India, and the West Indies. D.fasdatus Signoret, Africa. D.fernaldi Ballou, West
Indies. D. howardi Ballou, West Indies. D. insularis, Fiji. D. nigrofasdatus Stal,
West Africa. D. pacificus, Fiji. D. ruficollis Linnaeus, Brazil, Peru, and Mexico.
D. sanguinarius, Cuba. D. sidx Montrousier, New South Wales. D. supcrstitiosus
Fabricius, Africa. >j<Z). suturellus H. S., North America, West Indies.

Hosts: Cotton, okra, eggplant, and various other plants.

Injury: Serious.

Description and biology: Adult active sucking i ugs, usually reddish or yellowish in
color. The developmental stages are gradual, each nymphal molt showing a Uttle
more of the wings. The eggs are small, oval, yellowish, laid in clusters on the ground.
The insect in all stages lives by sucking the juices of the cotton plant, especially the

Fig. 46.— Cotton stainer (Dys-
dercus cingulatus): Adult.
(Maxwell-Lefroy.)

COTTON INSECTS.

87

Ballou, H. a. Cotton Stainers. West India Bui., 1906, vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 64-85.
Basu, S. K., and Hutt, H. L. Dysdercus dngulatus Fabr.: Crop Pest Handbook for
Behar and Orissa, 1913, Dept. Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta, Leaflet 45, pi. 32.

Apion xanthostylum Wagner.

(East African Cotton Weevil. Apionidse; Coleoptera.)

Host: Cotton.

Injury: Bores in the stem and holls.

Description mid biology: A very small black weevil. The larva is yellowish white,
2 mm. long, curved and legless. It bores in the stem and roots as well as in the bolls
of cotton and is a very serious
pest.

Distribution: German East
Africa.
Zacher, Friedrich. Arbeit.

Kaiserlich. Biol. Anst. f. Land-

und Forstwirtschaft, band 9,

heft 1, 1913, pp. 157-163, figs.

21-27.

Apion armipes Wagner.

This species is similar to the
a1 ove mentioned and attacks cot-
ton in a similar manner in Nyas-
saland. (Zacher., 1. c, p. 156,
fig. 21.)

Authonomus vestitus Boheman.

(Peruvian Cotton-Square Weevil.
Curculionidee; Coleoptera.)

Host: Cotton.

Injury: Verv injurious pest to Fig. 47. — Peruvian cotton square weevil, ^niAonomMSfesii^itS,
squares in Peru. °i^'«- (^^'^'«^^-^

Description and biology: Adult weevil resembles the Mexican cotton boll weevU
{A. grandis); length 2.5-4 mm.; oMong-ovate, convex, blackish piceous, rather closely
clothed with elongate whitish scales, with indistinct oblique lighter land on each
elytron, the two forming a l)asal triangle. Pupa white, formed in fallen squares.
Larva -white, curved, legless; feeds in the interior of cotton squares which fall to the
ground soon after the larva commences to feed. Egg oval, white, laid in square (see
text fig. 47).

Distribution: Peru.
TowNSEND, C. H. T. Journ. Econ. Ent. 1911, vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 241-248.
Pierce, W. Dwight. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1912, vol. 42, No. 1889, pp. 155-156.
Pierce, W. Dwight. U. S. Dept. Agric, 1915, Report 102, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 3.

Earias insulana Boisduval.

(Egyptian Cotton Bollworm. Cymbidae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Cotton.

Injury: Very injurious; the larv£e feed in the 1 oils and squares. Adults have been
captured in quarantine in a few bolls of cotton from the island of Cyprus shipped for
propagation and botanical purposes

88

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Description and biology: Adult moth green, front wings with two indistinct lines,
hind wings whitish. Larva Itrownish to greenish with yellow flecks 15 mm. long
(see plate xvi, figs, a, b, c, e, g, h).

Distribution: India, Siam, Burma, Australia, Africa, Cyprus. »

Zacher, Friedrich. Arbeit. Kaiserlich. Biolog. Anst. f. Land- u. Forstwirtschaft.

band 9, heft 1, 1913, pp. 175-179, figs. 35-39.

Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Gelechia) .
(The Pink Bollworm. Gelechiidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Cotton.

Injury: Breeds in the bolls, especially in the seed. Liable to be imported in cotton
seed. live specimens have been taken in quarantine in the United States. Some

of these were in stray seeds in
baled cotton.

Description and biology:
Moth — small, gray colored, less
than half an inch long, with
long brown fringes on the
wings. Pupa brown, less than
half an inch in length. Larva
white when very young, but
becoming pink; feeds in green
or ripe bolls, first attacking
the leaves or outside of bolls;
later it bores inside of the boll,
feeding on the seed. The lar-
val period is sometimes very
greatly retarded. Eggs de-
posited singly on leaves,
stalks, and bolls hatch in a
few days. (See text fig. 48.)
Has become established in

Fig. 48. — Cotton pink boUwoTin {Pcctiimphora gossi/pieUa): a,
Adult; 6, c, larv:r: d, pupa; e, cocoon. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

Distribution: India, Africa, Hawaii, New Caledonia
the Laguna District, State of Coahuila, Mexico.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Insect Pests, pp. 93-96.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. The Insect Pests of Cotton in India, Agricultural Journal

of India, vol. 1, pp. 49-62.
Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913,

Dept. Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta, Leaflet 44, pi. 31.

Pyroderces simplex Walsingham.
(The Little Bollworm. Gelechiidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Cotton.

Injury: Breeds in the bolls, especially in the seed.

Description and biology: Adult moth light brown, with black and white niarldngs,
length 6 mm. Larva pink, 8 mm, long. Pupa light brown, 5 mm. long. The species
greatly resemhles Pectinophora gossypiella hut is smaller and differently marked. It
breeds in the same manner.

Distribution: East Africa.
Morstatt, H. Der Pflanzer, Jahrg. 10, beiheft 1, 1914, pp. 29-31.

U. S, Dept of Agricu ture. Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XVI.

Cotton Bollworms.

Cotton bollworms: Earlas insulana. Fir.s. a, h. Larva; b, injured cotton boll; c, injurod twij;; e, g,
adult moths. Farias chrnmalaria Fig./, Adult. Earias fabia StoU. Fu;. (/, Adult. ( Maxwell-
Lefroy.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XVII.

The Cotton Spittle-Tube Insect.

The cotton spittle-tube insect ( Machxrota planitise) : Fig. o.— Eggs on cotton stem; 6, egg imbedded in
tissue of stem; c, egg; d, nymph, 19 days old; e, calcareous case of nymph, 20 days old;/, case with,
molted skin attached; ^ ,male ft, female; i, side view of adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

U. 5. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects

Plate XVIII.

The Cotton Stem-Borer.

The cotton stem-borer {Sphenoptera gossypii): a, Larva in stalk; b, larva; c, pupa in stalk; d, pupa;
e, adult; , adult on plant; g, parasite. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

90

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.
HEMIPTERA.

Cercopldse. .

MachxTota planitix Distant; India; makes tubes on stems, sucks juices. (See pi. XVII.)

Lygseldae.

Oxijcarcnus yossipinus Distant; of West Africa; 0. dudgeoni Distant of West Africa; O. hyaHnlpinnis

Costa of Egypt; O. Ixtus Kirby of Ceylon, India, Burma; attack cotton seed.
Oncopeltus quadriguttalus Fabricius; Australia; oviposits in stems.

Fig. 51.— Mole cricket (Schizodactylus monstrosus). (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

COLEOPTERA.
Scarafoaeidae.

Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius, and var. tenuimaculatus Waterhouse; Hawaii, Philippines, Japan, Java.
(See Rose.)

Fig. 52.— Cotton stem-borer (_S phenoptera neglecta): a, Egg; 6, pupa, c, adult; d, f, g, injury; c, larva.

(Zacher.)
Buprestidae.

Sphenoptera neglecta Klug (see text flg. 52), Egypt, and S. gossijpii Kerr, India; bore in stalks. (See
plate XVIII.)

INSECTS OF COTTON_, COWPEA, CEUCIFERS. 91

CurcuHonidse.

Phylaitis sp.; India; and Gasterocercodcs gossypii Pierce, Peru; bores in stalks. (See \)]. XIX, figs. 2, 3,
4.) (Pierce. W. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., OS. Secy., Report 102, 1915, plate I.)

. Antbribidse.

■^iiAraeccrus fasciculatus DeGeer; India; breeds in seed (see pi. XIX, fig. 1.) (See Oorn.)

LEPIDOPTER.l.
Phycitidae.

Ph'jcita infusella Meyrick; India; attacks buds.

Pyralidae.

Cryptoblabes gnidieUa Miller; Kgyj)t, Europe; breeds in bolls.
Sylepta derogata Fabricius; India; rolls leaves.

Co.ssldse.

Zeuzera coffese Nietner: Orient: bores in stalks. (See Coffee.)

Cymbidse.

Eariasfabia StoU. (see pi. XVI, fig. d) of India, Ceylon, and Australia; E. chromataria Walker (see pi.
XVI, ftg. /) of India and Togo; E. plaga Feld. of East Africa; E. chlorana Iliibner of Egypt and Java;
E. gossypii of Egypt; boll worms.

Noctuldae.

Euxoa segetis Schiffermiller; Europe, Asia, East Africa, Canary islands, Madeira, South Africa; cut-
worm.
Prodenia litura Fabricius; Egypt, Uganda, India, Philippines; defoliator.
Diparopsis castanea Harapson; Africa; boll worm. *
l^acadodes pyralis Pyar; South America, Trinidad; boll worm.
Tarachc catena Sow.; India; defoliator.

Arctiidae.

Diacrisia obliqua Walker; India, Japan, China; defoliator.

Lymantrlidae.

Porthesia virguncula Walker; India, Uganda; defoliator.

COWPEA.

(Vigna ungiiiciilata'WaA]). Family Leguminosse.)

The cowpea is extensively raised in the country as well as many other parts of the
Avorld. Shipments of the peas might easily introduce pests. (See Beans, Peas.)

CRUCIFERS.

(Family Cruciferse.)

Various insects attack several species of crucifers and for convenience are grpuped
under a general heading.

Phyllotreta spp.

(Orucifer Leaf Beetles. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.)

Species: Ph. undulata Kutsch; Europe; cultivated crucifers. Ph. nemorum Lin-
naeus; Russia; rhubarb, hops, cabbage. Ph. atra Fabricius; Europe; crucifers. Ph.
crucijerx Goeze; Europe; crucifers. Ph. nigripes Fabricius; Europe; cabbage, rad-
ish, horseradiBh, rape, Reseda. :^Ph. armoracix Koch; Europe, introduced into
North America; crucifers, horseradish.

Injury: The adults of all of these species feed on the foliage of cruciferous plants.
The larvae are not all known but they usually attack the stem or roots. The fact that
two of the species have been introduced into this country indicates the possibility of
the others also gaining admission .

Description: The first two species are yellow striped, the others unicolorous.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 525.
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Entomology, bul. 9, n. s., 1897, pp. 21-28.

92 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Ceutorhynchus contractus Marsh.

(The Charlock Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.)

Injury: This minute weevil sometimes does great 'harm early in the season to young
sprouting mustard plants by devouring the germinating seed or the young plant just
below the surface of the ground.

Host: Charlock, {Br assica arvensis h'xnn.)
Ormerod, E. a. 17th Report, Injurious Insects, p. 74.

CUCURBITS; MELONS; CUCUMBER.

(Family Cucurbitaceae.)

There are many species of melons grown in various parts of the world, but tlie only
danger of importation comes from pests of the seed and fruit.

A. BETTER KNOWN CUCURBIT INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Epilaclina spp.
(Cucurbit Ladybird Beetles. Coccinellidse; Coleoptera.)

Species: Epilachna chrysomelina Fabricius; Mediterranean region, Sudan, German
East Africa; cucurbits, Sesamia. E. 28-punctata Fabricius; Asia, Malaysia, Australia;
Solanacese, Cucurbitacese. E. dodecastigma ilulsant; Asia, Malaysia, Australia;
Solanacese, Cucurbitacese. E. argus Fourcroy; Southern Europe; Bryonia dioica and
other cuciu-bits.

Injury: Defoliate.

Description: Beetle of E. chrysomelina round, very convex, yellowish red with six
round black spots on each elytron; length 7-9 mm. The larvae as well as the adults
feed on the foliage.
SoRAUER, P. Ilandbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 477.

Aulacophora olivierei Guerin.
(Banded Pumpkin Beetle. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Cucurbitacese, pumpkin, marrow, cucumber, gourd, peach, nectarine.

Injury: Very serious. The adults skeletonize the leaves, and eat the flowers; the
larvse feed in the roots and lower parts of the stem.

Description: Beetle about 8 mm. long; orange yellow with large black spots at
humeri and beyond middle on each elytron. The adults are rather gregarious in
habits.

Distribution: Australia.

French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 123-127,

pi. 81.

Baris trsegardhi Aurivillius.

(Melon "Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Sweet melons.

Injury: Breeds in the fruit among the seed.

Description and biology: Adult weevil 4 to 6 mm. long, black, with a long slender
curved beak, antennae elbowed and clubbed. Pupa white, with appendages folded
beneath. Larva white, legless, with light brownish head.

Distribution: Sudan.

King, H. H. Fourth Rept. Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, 1911, vol. B,
Genl. Science, p. 137, pi. 8, figs. 1, 3, 4, (5.

INSECTS OF CUCURBITS, CURRANT, CUSTARD APPLE. 93

Carpomyla pardallna Bigot.

(Melon Fruit Fly. Trj-petidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Melons.

Injury: Serious.

Description and biology: Adult fly, wing expanse 11 mm., wings with three yellowish
bands, color light brown, thorax with black and white spots. Larva feeds in fleshy
fruits, pupates in the soil. Egg laid in skin of fruit.

Distribution: India.
Maxwell-Leproy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric, India, 1907, vol. 1, No. 2, p. 229,

fig. 72.

Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett.

(Cucurbit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Cucurbitaceae (melons, gherkins, etc.), tomatoes, beans.
Injury: Breeds in fruits and stems.

Description and biology: Fly marked with red, brown, yellow, black, and white;
wing \\dth brown band and apical spot. Eggs laid on skin of fruit.
Distribution: India, Ceylon, Hawaii.

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 415, 416.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT CUCURBIT INSECTS.

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae.

Ceratitis capitala Wiedemann, attacks squash. (See Fruit.)
Dacus femiginens Fabricius; India, etc. (See Fruit.)
Bactroccra trt/oniVToggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.)
Bhagoletis pardalina Bigot; India; attacks fruit.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidae.

■^Pionea ferriiffalis Hiibner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.)

CURRANT.

See Gooseberry.

CUSTARD APPLE; SOUR SOP.

(Annona spp. Family Anonacese.)

Tropical trees cultivated for their large fruits. Some of the species have been
introduced into Florida.

A. A BETTER KNOWN SPECIES LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Anonaspestis bengalella Ragonot. ,

(Custard-apple Caterpillar. Phycitidoe; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Custard apple (Annona squamosa).

Injury: Injures fruit by tunneling.

Description: Adult female length 22 mm. ; fore wings dark green, hind wings brownish-
gray vnth purplish tint, head and thorax brownish-ochreoiis, abdomen ochreous.

Distribution: India.
Moore, F. Indian Museum Notes, 1896, vol. 3, No. 3, p. 106.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT ANNONA INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccldae:

Armored—
Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; Porto Rico; Annona reticulata, A. miiricata.
Aulacaspis miranda Cockerel]; Mexico; Annona cherimola.

94 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Coccidae— Continued.
Unarmored —

Ceroplastes denudatus Coc'kereW; Grenada, Antigua, Demerara; Annona muricaia.

Ceroplastes quadulineatus Nowstead; British East Africa, Uganda; Annona muricata.
^ Ceroputo yuccx CoquUlett; Mexico, California; Annona cherimola.

Coccus marsupialis Green; Ceylon.

Icerya albolutca Cockerell; West Africa; Annona squamosa.

Lagosinia strachani Cockerell; W. Africa; Annona squamosa.
^ Pseudococcus bromelix Bonch6; Hawaii; Annona muricata.
:^Saissetia nigra Nietner; West Indies; Ceylon.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidse.

Dichocrocis punctiferalis Gu6ji6e; Queensland. (See Corn.)

DIFTERA.
Trypetidse.

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, attacks Annona humboldliana. (See Fruit.)
Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Annona muricata. (See Fruit.)
Ceratit is anonx Giaham.; Ahica,; atta-cks Annona muricata. (See Fruit.)

CYPRESS.

(Cupressus spp. Family Jiiniperacese.)

Trees or shrubs with aromatic evergreen foliage in Central America., California,
Arizona, Southern Europe to Southeast Asia, valuable for timber and ornament.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CYPRESS (CUPRESSUS).

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae:

Armored —

^ Chionaspis striata Newstead; Algeria, Egypt, California, Arizona.

Diaspis visci Schrank; Europe; Cupressus funebris, C. glauca, C. macrocarpa, C. pyramidalis, C,
sempervirens.
Unarmored —

Gueriniella serratulx Fabricius; Algeria, Southern France.

COLEOPTERA.
Buprestidse.

Diadoxus scalarislj. &C:.,a.nA.D.erytlirurus "Whii^; Australia; bore in Cupressus lambertiana.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
LiNDiNGER, L., Die Schildlause (Coccidae), 1912.
Feoggatt, W. W., Australian Insects, 1907.

CYPRESS; CEDAR.

{Chamseq/paris spp. Family Juniperaceae.)

Evergreen trees of North America and Japan, highly valued for timber and useful
ornamental trees.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CHAM^CTPARIS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae:

Armored —

Diaspis cwci Schrank; Europe; Cliamxcyparis nutkaensis , C.obtusa, C.pisifera.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidae), 1912.

DATE PALM.

. {Phoenix dactylifera. Family Palmacese.)
A palm cultivated for its fruit, the date of commerce. (See Palms.)

INSECTS OF DOGWOOD, DURKA, EGGPLANT, ELM. 95

DOGWOOD.

(Comus spp. Family Comacese.)

Hardy oriiameutal shrubs or trees of the northern hemisphere and Peru. The bark

of some species is used in obtaining a substitute for quinine, for tooth powder, black

ink, etc.; the bark of the roots yields a scarlet dye, the wood is hard and good for tool

handles.

IMPORTANT DOGWOOD INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidse:

Armored —

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe; Comus sanguinea.
Unarmored —

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Comus sanguinea, C. sericea.

DURRA.

See Sorghum.

EGGPLANT.

{Solanum melongena. Family Solanacese.)

A tropical vegetable now extensively cultivated in this country for its fruit.

A. EGGPLANT INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Leucinodes orbonalis Gufe^e.

(Eggplant Fruit Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Eggplant.

Injury: Bores in the fruit.

Description and biology: Adult wing expanse 24 mm., white, forewing with fulvous,
black and ferruginous markings; hind wing white, with black lines and specks.
Larva about 15 mm. long, flesh color, with brown head and shield; a few short hairs
on round dark spots.

Distribution: India, Java, Burma, Ceylon, South Africa.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. 1, 1907, p. 214, fig. 65.

B. IMPORTANT EGGPLANT INSECTS.

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae.

Lonchxa splendida; New Zealand, Australia, Oceanica; attacks fruit. (See Tomato.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Noctuidse.

MicTomima olivia; Cuba; leaf roller on tomato, tobacco and eggplant.

ELM.

(Ulmus STpj). Family Urticacese.)

Ornamental deciduous trees distributed throughout the colder and temperate
regions of the northern hemisphere, some of them much valued as avenue trees.
The wood is very hard and valuable in the manufacture of implements.

IMPORTANT ELM INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Aphididae.

Colopha compressa Koch, Eriosoma laniiginosa Hartig, Tctraneura pallida Haliday, Eriosoma iilmi
Linnaeus, Tetraneura ulmi DeGeer; Europe; attack foliage of elms.

Coccldae.

Armored —

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe; Uimus campestris.

96

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Coccidse — Continued.
Unarmorcd—

>\iiGossr/pariu spuria Modeer; Europe.
Gueriniella serratulx Fabrieius; Italy.
Lccanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Ulmus campcatris, U. montana.

COLEOPTERA.
Bostrychldae.

Sinoiylon perforans Schr.; Europe; bores in branches.
Xylonites relusiis Olivier; Europe; bores in branches and trunks.

Buprestidse.

Lampra decipiens Mannerhcim and L. rutilans Fabricius; Europe; bore in the bark, bast and sap-
wood.

Scarabaeidae.

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M. mclolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvae injure roots of seedlings.

Cerambycldae.

Acolesthcs sarta SoKsky; India; bores in tnmks.
Oberca linearis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in pith of nursery
stock of cork elm.

Curciilionidse.

Magdalis aterrima Linnaeus; Europe; makes galleries imder
the bark and in injured branches.

Orchestcs alni Linnaeus; Europe; mines the leaves of Ulmus
campestris.

Orchestcs ferrugineus Marsham and O. rufus Olivier; Europe;
mine the leaves.

Scolytidae.

Pteleohius kraatzi EichhofE; Russia; galleries in bark.
Ptcleobius viltatus Fabricius; Germany, Russia; galleries in

bark.
Scolytochelus ensifer Eichhoff; Russia; galleries in bark of

branches.
Scolytoclielus kirschi Skal.; Russia; galleries in bark of smooth

bark elms.
Scolytus Ixvis Chapuis and S. pygmxus Fabricius; Europe ;
galleries in bark of tops and branches.
Scolytus mali Bechst.; Europe.

Scolytus multistriatus Marsham; Europe (see text fig. 53).
Scolytus scolytus Fabricius; Europe; attacks all parts of trunk and branches.
Xyleborus dryographus Ratzeburg and X. monographus Fabricius; Europe; galleries in wood.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidae.

Cossus cossus Linufeus; goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (Sec "Willow.)
*Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Horse chestnut.)

Notodontidse.

Phalcra bucephala Linnaeus; Europe. (See Forests.)
Noctuidae.

Xylina soda Rott.; Europe. (See Plum.)

Geometridse.

BoarmiacrepusculariaTlnbTieT; Europe, Asia. (See Cinchona.)
Hiberniad foliar id \Ann;ens: Europe; defoliator.
LureatiadihUata'Qovc'Sh.; Europe; defoliator.

LITERATURE.

SORAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.

NOSSLIN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed. , 1913.

Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1898, 1900.

Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914.

Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-87.

LiNDiNGER, L. Die ychildlause (Coccidae), 1912.

Fig. 53— Elm barkbeetle {Scolytus
muUistriatus): Adult. (Niisslin.)

INSECTS OF EUCALYPTUS. 97

EUCALYPTUS; GUM.

(Eucalyptus spp.)
Valuable Australian trees recently introduced into (California.

A. BETTER KNOWN EUCALYPTUS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Mlctls protana Fabricius.

(Gum-tree Bug. Coreidae; Hemiptera.")

Hosts: Eucalyptus viminalis, Acacia decurrens, A. mollissivia, orange, other citrus
fruits.

Injury: Sucks the juices from tender twigs, causing death of the new parts.

Description: A large brown bug about an inch long, with long sucking proboscifl,
with acute teeth at posterior corners of thorax. Greatly resembles Leptoglossus.
The immature stages are soft and marked with yellow.

Distribution: Australia.

Fkenoh. C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. G8-71,

pi. 70.

Stigmodera beros Gebin.

V (She-Oak Root Borer. Buprestidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: She-oak and Bull-oak (Casuarina); also Eucalyptus. Adults fre luent
flowers of Melaleura, etc.

Injury: Tunnels in the lower portions of the trunk of trees.

Description and biology: Beetles large yellowish brown with dark blackish legs.
Larvae large yellowi?h white with powerful jaws. The eggs are laid in areas cleared
by the female in the butts of the trees. The larvae bore in and down through the
wood for several feet.

Distribution: Australia.
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, 1911. pp. 114-116,

pi. 121.

Phoracantha trlcuspis Newman; Pboracantha recupva Newman.

(Yellow-box Borers. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Eucalyptus viminalis.

Injury : Very destructive borers.

Description: Beetles light brown with darker markings on the elytra. The head
and thorax are very dark brown. Pupae yellowish white. Larvse bore in the wood.
Eggs are deposited in crevices in the bark.

Distribution: Victoria.
French, ('. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp. 70-73,

pi. 112.

Dlstichocera macleayi Newman.

(Feathery-horned Yellow-box Borer. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Eucalyptus stuartiana, E. viminalis.

Injury: Bores in the wood.

Description: Female beetle reddish brown in color, larger than the male, which is
black with beautiful featherlike antennae. Pupa yellowish white. Larva dull,
yellowish white, unusually tapering at apex. The adults frequent the flowers of the
Leptospermum bashes.

Distribution: Australia.
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp. 9fi-98,

pi. 107.

27812—18 7

98 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Tryphocharla masters! Fascoe.
(Masters' Gum Borer. Cerambycidse. Coleoptera.)

Hust^: Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. globulus.

Injury: Bores in the wood, the larvae taking several years for development.

Dfsrription: Adult over an inch long, with long antennae, brown, with broad yellow
elytral band; thorax laterally dentate. Pupa elongate white. Larva cyliadrical
yellowish, with small head and broader prothorax, chitinous.

Distribution: Australia.
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 98-101,

pi. 76.

Simla (emoralis Saunders.

(Apple-gum Borer. Cerambycidee; Coleoptera.)

Host: Eucalyptus stuartiana.

Injury: Bores in the trunk, causing much damage. A severe scar appears on the
surface of the bark where the burrow commences.

Description: The sexes are different in appearance, the male having antennae much
larger than the body; the female antennae considerably shorter than the body. Elytra
with yellow band at base, remainder of elytra brown. Head, thorax and tip of ab-
domen yellow in female; head and center of prothorax brown in male. Larva of
female much broader, less attenuate, and with larger prothorax than in adult female.

Distribution: Australia.

French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 110-113,

pi. 78.

Strongylorhlnus ochraceus Schaum.

(Red Gum-tree Weevil. Ciirculionidae; Coleoptera.)

Host: Eucalyptus melliodora.

Injury: Larvae bore in twigs causing gall-like deformation. Very injurious.
Description: A reddish-brown weevil about 12 mm. long with short, stout beak.
Larva curved, legless, white, makes a cone shaped burrow in the wood.
Distribution: Australia.

French, C. Handbook of Injurious Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 128-130,
pi. 82.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT EUCALYPTUS INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
CoGcldse:

Armored —

Aspidiotus {Aonidiella) miniatse Green; Australia; Eucalpptus miniata.

Aspidiotus alatus Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus rostrata.

Aspidiotus confusus Froggatt; Australia.

Aspidiotus tasmanix Green; Australia.

Chionaspis frenchi Green; Australia.

Lecaniodiaspis convexus Froggatt; Australia.

Lecaniodiaspis frenchi Froggatt; Australia.

Lecaniodiaspis newmanni Froggatt; Australia.
Unarraored —

Apiomorpha attenuata Froggatt; Australia.

Apiomorpha bduerleni Froggatt; Australia

Apiomorpha cahjcina Tepper; South Australia; Eucalyptus dunosa, E. oleosa.

Apiomorpha conica Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus viminalis, E. uncinata.

Apiomorpha duplex Schrader; Australia.

Apiomorpha ellipsoidalis Tepper; Australia.

Apiomorpha floralis Froggatt; Australia.

Apiomorpha helmsii Fuller; Australia.

Apiomorpha karschi Riibsaamen; Australia.

Apiomorpha maliformis Fuller; Australia; Eucalyptus patens.

Apiomorpha minor Froggatt; New South Wales; Eucalyptus hxmastoma.

INSECTS OF EUCALYPTUS. 99

C occldae— Continued.
Unarmorod— Continued.
Apiomorpha munita Schrader; Australia; Eucalyptus robusta, E. siderophloia.

Apiomorphci ovicola Schrader; Australia; Eucalyptus hxmastoma, E. gracilis, E. leucoxylon, E. rostrata,
Apiomorpha ovicoloides Teppor; Australia; Eucalyptus incrassata.
Apiomorpha pcdunculata Fuller; Australia.

Apiomorpha pharetrata Schrader; New South Wales; Eucalyptus sieber tana, E. corymbosa, E. capitellata.
Apiomorpha pileata Schrader; New South Wales.
Apiomorpha pomiformis Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus rostrata.
Apiomorpha rugosa Froggatt; Australia.
Apiomorpha sessilis Froggatt; Australia.
Apiomorpha sloanei Froggatt; Australia.

Apiomorpha strombylosa Tepper; Australia; Eucalyptus incrassata.
Apiomorpha thorntoni Froggatt; Australia.
Apiomorpha umbellata Froggatt; Australia.
Apiomorpha urnalis Tepper; New South Wales; Eucalyptus uncinata, E. gracilis, E. melliodora, E. poly-

anthemos.
Apiomorpha variabilis Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus piperita.
Ascelis attenuata Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus piperita.
Asce.is echiniformis Fuller; West Australia; Eucalyptus tessellaris.
Ascelis prsemollis Schrader; Australia; Eucalyptus corymbosa.
Ascelis schraderi Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus corymbosa.
Ceronema caudata Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus robusta.
Ctenochiton eucalypti Maskell; Australia; Eucalyptus siderophloia.
Eriococcus confusus Maskell; Australia; Eucalyptus viminalis.
Eriococcus coriaceus Maskell; Australia.

Eriococcus eucalypti Maskell; Australia, Tasmania; Eucalyptus diversicolor.
Eriococcus simplex Maskell; Australia.
Eriococcus crofti Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus piperita.
Eriococcus gregarius Froggatt; Australia, New Zealand.
Eriococcus irregularis Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus piperita.
Eriococcus serratilobis Green; Australia; Eucalyptus gracilis.
Eriococcus picta Froggatt; Australia.
Eriococcus tesselatus Froggatt; Australia.
Eriococcus spiniger Maskell; Australia.

Eriococcus tepperi Maskell; Australia, Tasmania; Eucalyptus globulus.
Opisthoscelis conica Fuller; Australia.
Opisthoscelis fibularis Froggatt; Australia.

Opisthoscelis globosa Riibsaamen; New South Wales; Eucalyptus capitellata.
Opisthoscelis maculata Froggatt; New South Wales; Eucalyptus gracilis, E. leucoxylon,
Opisthoscelis mammularis Froggatt; Australia.
Opisthoscelis maskelli Froggatt; Australia.
Opisthoscelis nigra Froggatt; Australia.
Opisthoscelis piriformis Froggatt; New South Wales, Australia; Eucalyptus melliodora, E, robusta, E.

resinifera, E. piperita.
Opisthoscelis serrata Froggatt; Australia.

Opisthoscelis spinosa Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus siderophloia.
Opisthoscelis subrotunda Schrader; Australia; Eucalyptus capitellata.
Opisthoscelis verrucula Froggatt; Australia.
Pseudococcus lobulatus Maskell; Australia; Eucalyptus globulus.

ISOPTERA.
Teriuitldae.

I'ernes australis Hagen; Australia. (See Apple.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Arctiidse.

Nola metallopa and Spilosomafuscinula; Australia; attacks the foliage.
Termissa nivosa; Australia; larvae found under the bark in August.

Bombycidse.

Ocinara Icwinii Lewin; Australia; attacks foliage.

Geometridae.

Orypsiphona occultaria and Oastrophora henricaria; Australia; defoliate.
Mnesampela privata Gn.; Australia; defoliator.

100 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Laslocampldse.

Odonestis australaaix Fabricius; Australia; defoliator.

LymantrUdse.

Teara contraria Walker; aad Trichetra marginalis, Australia; (iefoliators.

HeploUdse.

(Jharagia lignivora Lewin; Australia. (See Apple.)

DIPTERA.
Itonldldffi (CeddomylldsB).

Diplosis eucalypti Skuse, D. paralis Skuse, and Lasioptera miscella Skuse; Australia; breed in twigs-

LITERATURE.

SoEAUEE, p. Handbuch der Pflaazenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.
Fbogoatt, W. W. Australian Insects.

EUGENIA spp.

(Family Myrtaceae.)

Fruit-bearing trees of South America, etc., cultivated in the Southern States and
California.

DIPTERA.
TrypetldsB.

Anastrepha fratereulus Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Eugenia braziliensis, E. jambos, E. -malaccenais, E. uniflora.

(See Fruit.)
Dacus ferruginms Fabricius; India, etc., attacks (ruit of Eugenia malaccensis. (See Fruit.)

FIG; ASSAM RUBBER; BANYAN.

(Ficus spp. Family Urticaceae.)

This is a very large genus of valuable plants, including the fig {Ficus carica), the
India or Assam rubber plant {F. elastica), and the banyan (J**, benghalensis). Many
varieties of the fig are prized for their fruit. The India rubber of commerce is derived
from F. elastica. Other varieties are popular in conservatories.

A. BETTER KNOWN FIG INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Slnoxylon sudanlcum Lesne.

(Fig stem-boring beetle. Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.)

Host: Fig.

Injury: Bores in the twigs of young trees.

Description and biology: Adult beetle, brown with basal half of elytra tinged with
yellow, about one-quarter inch long. The apex of the elytra is concave bitubercu-
late. The adult bores in twigs near the buds and girdles the twig under the bark,
laying its eggs in the outer portion which soon falls to the ground. The species is
especially dangerous to niiraery stock just planted, aa it does not usually attack strong
healthy trees.

Distribution: Sudan.
King, Harold H. Fourth report. Wellcome Tropical Research Lab. Khartoum,

vol. B, Gen'l Science, p. 140, pi. 9, fig. 1.

Colobogaster quadrldentata Fabricius.

(Family Buprestidse; Coleoptera.)

Host: Cultivated fig (Ficus carica).

Injury: Injury occasioned by galleries made by larvse in trunk and twigs. Liable
to be introduced in cuttings or plants.

PIG INSECTS. 101

Description and biology: Adult beetle 25-30 mm. long, 11-12 mm. broad; blue black,
with small points of metallic green. Practically entire life spent in plant.

Distribution: Brazil.
BoNDAR, Gregorio: Os insectoa damninhos no Agricultura, 1913, p. 4.

Batocera bolsduvali Hope.

(Fig-tree borer. Family Cerambycidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Ficus macrophylla, F. australis.

Injury: Bores in stems and branches of damaged and freshly fallen trees.

Adult: A beautiful grayish-green beetle, about 2 inches long, with a row of white
marks on the elytra; very strong, heavy antennae; prothorax laterally armed with
very strong spine on each side. Pupa light brown. Larva about 3 inches long, very
robust, head black.

Distribution: Queensland.
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1911, pt. 5, pp. 134-137

pi. 126.

Tsenlotes scalaris Fabricius.

(Family Cerambycidae; Coleoptera.)

Host: Cultivated fig {Ficus carica).

Injury: Injury due to galleries made by larvae.

Description and biology: Adult beetle 15-30 mm. in length; general color obscuret
nearly black, with spots and streaks of yellow; triangular spot between the eyes,
and behind the eyes is situated a half-moon-like spot. Practically entire life is spen,
in the plant.

Distribution: Brazil.

BoNDAR, Gregorio: Os insectos damninhos no Agricultiira, 1913, p. 9, figure.

Heilipus bonelli Boheman.
(Brazil Fig Borer. CiircuUonidae; Coleoptera.)

Host: Cultivated fig {Ficus carica).

Injury: Larvae make galleries in trunks and branches of fig. Liable to be intro-
duced on plants or cuttings.

Description and biology: Adult weevil 12 mm. long, with characteristic designs on
thorax and elytra, color light coffee brown, with symmetrical yellow spots. Larvse
and pupae white. Practically the whole Life cycle is spent in the tree.

Distribution: Brazil.

BoNDAR, Gregorio. Os insectos damninhos no Agricultura, 1913, p. 11. Figures
injury, larvae, pupa, and adult.

Hylesinus porcatus Chapuis.

(The Fig-Branch Borer. Scolytidae; Coleoptera.)
Host: Fig.

Injury: Occasioned by tunneling of insect. Liable to be imported in cuttings or
plants.

Description and biology: Adult beetle short, thickset, rounded, general color black,
varying to reddish brown in immature specimens; head and thorax slightly rugose
and Ughtly covered with fine hairs. Breeds in galleries in twigs, entering just above
a bud. (See plate xx.)

Distribution: New South Wales.
Froggatt, W. W. Agric. Gaz. New South Wales, 1899, vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 268.

102 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT FICUS INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Cocclds:

Armored —

Aspidiotus (Aonidia) planchonioides Green; Ceyloa (Botanic Gardens).
•if^Aspidiotus {Aonidiella) cocotiphagus Marlatt; Cuba.
Aspidiotus {Aonidiella) subcuticular is Green; Australia; Ficus orbicularis.
Aspidiotus {Chrysomphalus) personatus Gomstock; West Indies; Mexico; British Guiana; England

(in greenhouses).
Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus) africanus Marlatt; South Africa.
Aspidiotus ( Morganella) maskelli Cockerell; Bermuda.
^Aspidiotus {Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Jamaica.
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) clavigera Cockerell; Honolulu.

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) silvatica Lindinger; German East Africa ,Kamerun; Ficus indica.
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobiti/oTmis Green; East India, Ceylon, Mauritius, Japan, Brazil; Fieu$

scandcns (see text fig. 32.)
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) o&si^o Cockerell and Robinson; Philippines; Ficus caudatif alia.
Schizaspis lobata Cockerell and Robinson; Ficus nota.
Chionaspis manni Green; India.
:4c Conchaspis angrseci Cockerell; established in Florida, and has doubtless been imported from Mexico

and Jamaica on numerous occasions. Scale of female approximately circular, conical, apex bluntly

pointed, radiating from apex are six to eight strong ridges or carinse.
Diaspis bromelix (Kern); Mexico.

HemichioTiaspis fici Green; Bengal; Ficus glomerata, F. carica.
HemicMonaspis minima Green; India.
LepidosapJies ficifolii Tievlese; Algeria, Italy; Ficus carica.
Lepidosaphes mexicana Cockerell; Mexico.
Lepidosaphes minima Newstead; Algeria; Ficus carica.
Unarmored —
Anomalococcus cremastogastri Green; Ceylon; Ficus religiosa.
Asterolecanium pustulans Cockerell; Jamaica, Porto Rico, Antigua, Brazil, British Guiana, Grenada,

Montserrat; fig.
Ceroplastes ceriferus Anderson; Ceylon; Ficus walkeriana.
Ceroplastes ficus Newstead; German East Africa; test of adult female hemispherical, thin, semitrans

parent shaded with gray and brown.
Ceroplastes gowdeyi Newstead; Uganda Protectorate.
Ceroplastes myricx Linnaeus; Greece; fig.
Ceroplastes qv/tdrilineatus Newstead; British East Africa; test of adult provided with a pair of large

divergent pyriform bodies, four white lines across dorsum.
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, Hawaii, Japan; Ficus macrophylla.
Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus; Europe, British Guiana, Algeria, Australia, Japan; adult female covered

with wax in the form of plates; attacks Ficus elastica and F. carica.
Ceroplastes townsendi percrassus Cockerell; Mexico; adult female covered with wax of a faint yel-
lowish tint without division into plates.
Ceroputo yuccx. Coquillett; Mexico.
Drosicha maskelli Cockerell; Japan, China, Java.
Eriococcus crispus Fonscolombe; France.
Eriococcus lagerstramise Kuwana; Japan.
Icerya xgyptiaca Douglas; Egypt; adult female forms a white waxy secretion; along the margin ol

the body are fragile white processes.
Icerya palmeri Riley & Howard; Guatemala.
Icerya maxima Newstead; Africa.

Icerya seychellarum Westwood; Natal, Africa. (See Citrus.)
Lecaniodiaspis africana Newstead; Egypt.
LicMensia lutea Cockerell; Mexico; fig.
Monopldebus stebbingi octocaudata Green; India; Ficus carica, F. benghalensis, F. infectoria, F. religiosa,

F. glomerata; adult male provided with four fleshy tassels on each side of the abdomen.
Neolecanium plebeium Cockerell; Mexico.
Paralecanium expansum Green; India, Australia; Ficus retusa.
Pseudococcus ficus Signoret; France, Calabria.
Pseudococcus setosus Hempel; Brazil.
Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; Africa.
PulviTiaria ficus Hempel; Brazil.
Pulvinariajacksoni Newstead;' W. Africa.
Pulvinaria mammex Maskell; Natal; fig-
■^Sais-ntia nigra t<iictner; Hawaii, Ceylon, West Indies, India; Ficus glomerata.

INSECTS OP FIG, FIE, FLAX. 103

CoccidsB— Continued.
Unarmored — Continued.

Tachardia fid Green; India; Ficus religiosa.

Tachardia lacca Kerr; British Guiana, India, Ceylon; Ficus elastica, F. carica, F. glomerata, F. indica,
F. infectoria, F. laccifera, F. nervosa, F. obtusifolia, F. religiosa, F. rumphii, F. tjakela, F. comosa,
F. cordifolia, F. cunia, F. palmata.
Vimonia stellif era WailkeT; British Guiana; Ficus altissima. (See Coffee.)

Pentatomidse*

Peltophora pedicillaia Kirby; Australia. (See Plum.)

COLEOPTERA.
Buprestidae*

Lampra assamensis Stebbing; India; on Ficus elastica.

Chrysomelidse.

Crioceris impressa Fabrlcius; India; feeds on foliage of Ficus elastica.
Podontia H-punctata Linnaeus; India; a defoliating leaf beetle on Ficus elastica.

Cerambycidse.

Xoanodera regularis Gahan; India; bores between the bast and sapwood of Ficus elastica.

Xylotrechus gahani Stebbing; India; bores in the branches of Ficus elastica.

Batocera rubra Linnseus; India; bores in the trunk of fig trees (Ficus carica), causing much injury.

(See pi. XXI.)
Batocera albofasciata DeGeer; India, Java, Kamerun; an important borer in Ficus elastica.
Batocera frenchi; Australia; bores in native fig trees.

Olenecamptus bilobus Fabricius; India; bores in Ficus rumphii, F. glomerata, and F. roxburghii.
Phryneta spinator Fabricius; East Africa; bores in Ficus elastica.
Phryneta conradti Kolbe, East Africa; bores in Ficus elastica.
Petrognatha gigas Fabricius var. spinosa; West and East Africa; attacks Ficus spp.
Rosenbergia megacephala; Australia; bores in fig trees.

Curculionidse.

CuTcuUo amcenus Fabricius {Balaninus); Australia; breeds in the fruit of Ficus rubiginosa.
Alcides scenicus Faust; India; in Ficus elastica.

Scolytidae.

jDiamerMs^cJ Blandford; India; attacks nm-sery stock of i^'icws etes^jco.
Hypoborus ficus Erichson; Europe; galleries in bark of figs.

DIPTERA.
Trypetldae.

Cerafitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks fruit of Ficus carica. (See Fruit.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Bombycidse.

Ounda sikkima; India; attacks foliage of Ficus elastica.

Ocinara dileetula Walker and 0. signifcra Walker; Java; attack foliage of Ficus bergmanniana and
F. elastica.

LITERATURE.

Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914.
Stebbing, E. P. A Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908.
SoBAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.

FIR.

{Picea spp., Abies spp. Family Pinacese.)

Tall, pyramidal, evergreen trees growing in the northern and mountainous regions
of the northern hemisphere. The wood is soft and perishable, but valuable products,
such as balsam, are obtained from the exudations. For convenience the insect
pests are arranged under Conifers.

FLAX.

(Linum tisitatissimum. Family Linacese.)

A plant of Europe and America cultivated for its oil-bearing seed and fibrous
stem.

104

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Phalonia epllinana Zell. (Conchylls.)

(Flax Capsule Worm. Family Tortricidje: Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Flax (Linum), Solidago, etc.

Injury: Eats out the green capsules of flax.

Description and biology: Moth with forewings clay yellow with darker band and
margin. Larva whitidi yellow, sparsely pubescent, head and thoracic shield black-
ish; 6.5 mm. long. Pupates in the larval burrow.

Distjibuiion: South Russia.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 292.

FORESTS.

BETTER KNOWN GENERAL DEFOLIATORS.

Under this heading are grouped a number of important insects known as forest
defoliators. Several of these have been imported into the United States.

Fig. 54.— Cockchafer ( Mdolontha vulgaris); Adul j* pupa, larva and its attack on root crop. (Lorenz.)

Melolontha vulgaris Linn.
(Cockchafer. Family Scarabseidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Adults feed on leaves of various trees; grubs on roots.

Injury: Often serious.

Description and biology: Adult, length often 25 mm.; head and thorax black;
elytra brown, each with four raised, longitudinal lines; hairy; sides of body with
alternate black and white patches; occurs in May and June. Pupa pale brown.
This stage is passed deep in ground. Larva, length 37 mm., white, fleshy; caudal
end swollen; head and legs brown. This stage lasts three years. Eggs, large, shape
of hemp seed, creamy white (see text fig. 54).

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 431.

U. S.'Deot. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XX.

A Fig Borer.

Fig-borer {Hylesinus porcatus): Adult and injury (Froggatt.)

106

A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

Hibemla defollaria Clerck.
(Mottled Umber Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.)
Hosts: Apple and other fruits; forest trees.

Injury: Great damage done occasionally by defoliation; sometimes attacks fruit
Description and biology: Adult male, wing expanse 44 mm.; forewings normally

pale dull yellowish, mottled with
yellowish brown and dusted with
brown; hind wings more uniform
yellowish gray, with minute darker
specks and a dark spot on each
(color variable; many melanistic
forms) ; female, wingless, plump, of
various shades of yellowish gray
and speckled with dark brown or
black. Appears from October to
February (England). Pupates in
soil. Larva length 37 mm.; chest-
nut brown above; sides pale
creamy yellow to bright yellow;
venter pale yellow; spiracles
pale with dark rims. Eggs de-
posited on buds and twigs, in dark
crevices and on pruned surfaces,
hatching in April. (See text
fig. 57.)

Bistrihution: Europe.

FIG. 57.-Mottled umber moth (Hibermria defoliaria): THEOBALD, F. V. Insect Pests of
Adult, larva, egg masses. (Sorauer.) Fruit, 1909, p. 58.

Malacosoma neustria Linnaeus.
(Lackey Moth. Lasiocampidfe; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Fruit trees, oak, elm, hawthorn, rose, poplar, hornbeam.

Injury: Strips trees of foliage.

Description and biology: Adult male, wing expanse 25 mm. , female 30-35 mm. Front
wings reddish brown, ochreous
or brick red with two trans-
verse lines, pale or dusky;
hind wings paler than front
wings. Moth flies in July and
August. (England.) Cocoon
pale white or yellow, loose, of
silk mixed with hairs. Pupa
dark brown, stage lasting 2 or 3
weeks. Larva about 37 mm.
long, bluish-gray in color with
a piu-e white dorsal stripe;
three orange red stripes along
each side and between the
two lowest of these a broad
blue stripe with little black
specks on it. These lines are
separated by black, and black
spotted with blue; a narrow dark line is on each side of the dorsal white stripe and
two black spots on head and on first thoracic segment. The whole larva bears rusty
hairs. Larvaj feed under tents in early stages; later they retire to tents only at
nights and during dull weather. Eggs are deposited in rings containing from 40 to
200 each, around twigs, and hatch about end of April. (See text fig. 58.)

Fig. 58. — Lackey moth

{ Mdilacosoma, neustria):
eggs. (Lorenz.)

Adults, larva,

U, S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXII.

Different Stages of the Brown-Tail Moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea).

Winter nest at upper left: male and female adults, lower right; cocoon in leaves, upper right; male
and female chrysalides above, male at left; full grown larva in center, somewhat reduced; young
larvffi at its left; egg mass removed from leaf, showing single eggs at lower left; female ovipositing
on leaf; egg mass also on same leaf. (Iloward and Fiske.)

FOREST DEFOLIATORS. 107

Distribrdion: Europe, except polar region; present also in western Asia, Siberia,
China, and Japan.

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 30.
MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 22.
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 342.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 378.

Dasychlra pudlbunda Linnseus.
(Redtail Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.)

Sosts: Beech, hornbeam, oak, alder, buckthorn, hawthorn, blackthorn, hazel, rose,
birch, elm, linden, maple.

Injury: General defoliator.

Description and biology: Moth wing expanse 38-60 mm.; female larger than male;
forewings whitish-gray, with two dark cross lines and dark flecked fringe; hind wings
dirty gray with washed-out bar; body reddish white or grayish in front, whiter behind.
Larva 40-45 mm. long, greenish yellow with black cross bars; yellow brushes on fourth
to seventh segments; eleventh segment with a red hair pencil. Larvge feed on foliage
June to October. Pupate on grovind or in brush. Pupa brownish black, abdomen
reddish brown, clothed with yellow hairs, in silken cocoon. Hibernates as pupa.
Eggs in clusters of 50 or more on twigs.

Distribution: Europe, China, Japan.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 384.
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, vol. 2, 1900, p. 91-97, fig. 57.
Gtjenaux, G. Entomologie et Parasitologic Agricoles, 1904, p. 392.
Hbnschel, G. A. O. Die schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 329.

H< Euproctls chrysorrhoea Linnseus.
(Brown-tail Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Beech, elm, hornbeam, maple, oak, poplar, blackthorn, hawthorn, rose,
willow.

Injury: General defoliator; very serious.

Description and injury: Moth, white, posterior part of body reddish brown; wing ex-
panse 30-35 mm. Larvae 30-38 mm. long, brownish gray, with light brown hairs.
The larvae feed on foliage under heavy white webs. (See plate xxii.)

Distribution: Palsearctic regions (Europe, Asia). Has been introduced into the
northeastern United States.

Annual Reports State Forester of Massachusetts.

>tc Portlietria dispar Linnseus (Lymantrla).
(Gipsy Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Beech, elm, hornbeam, linden, maple, oak, poplar, willow, alder, birch.

Injury: General defoliator. Easily transported in egg stage on bark of nursery
stock. A very serious pest.

Description and biology: Male, moth 35-50 mm.; forewings gray brown with dark
brown, strongly notched transverse stripes and dark flecks on fringe; hind wings
brown, with dark border and light fringe. Female, moth 37-62 mm., wings white
with dark fringe spots; the dark transverse stripes in outer part of forewings often
disappearing. Larva with large head; brown, hairy; three fine yellow longitudinal
lines; the first five segments with two blue warts each and on the remaining segments
two red warts each; length 7 cm. (See Frontispiece.)

Distribution: Europe, Asia, New England States.
Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 380-382.
FoRBUSH, E. H., and Fernald, C. H. The Gypsy Moth, Mass., St. Bd. Agric, 1896,

495 pp.

108 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

^ Lymantrla monaclia Linneeus.
(Nun Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Beech, birch, elm, poplar, oak, maple, linden, hazel, willow, pine, spruce,
mountain ash, buckthorn, bvmch cherry, spindle tree, hornbeam, larch, white spruce.

Injury: Attacks the foliage of many trees and is sometimes very serious. As the
eggs are said to be laid under the bark, it is very likely to be shipped in nursery stock.

Description and biology: Moth, with forewings white, with strong notched black
lines; hind wings grayish white; fringe flecked with black; abdomen reddish with
black bands. Larvse brown with six blue and red warts on dorsum; on second seg-.
ment a black, blue, and white spot; three last segments' flecked with black; 4-5 cm.
long. The species is quite variable in color. The larva is polyphagous, attacking
foliage; the larvae are gregarious and feed within a web.

Distribution: Europe. Specimens were collected at Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1902.

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 379-380.

NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. .346-368, figs.

291-298.

Porthesia slmilis Fuessly.

(The Swan Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Beech, birch, elm, hornbeam, linden, mountain ash, maple, oak, willow, rose.

Injury: General defoliator. Liable to importation in the larval stage on the bark
of nursery stock.

Description and biology: Moth, white with a few black spots on inner mai^n of fore-
wing; abdomen clad with golden yellow hairs. Larva black, clothed with grayish-
black hairs. The larvse feed singly on foliage and hibernate singly under bark, etc.
The eggs are laid in a mass on undersides of leaves and covered with yellow hairs
from the moth. Pupation occurs in a thin white silken cocoon.
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, vol. 2, 1900, pp. 102, 103.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 382.

Pbalera bucephala Linnaeus.

(Buff Tip Moth; Moon Spot Moth. Notodontidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Deciduous fruits; cobs, filberts, nuts, birch, beech, elm, rose, poplar, willow,
Unden, oak, alder.

Injury: Defohates plants when abundant.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 62-70 mm.; forewings ash gray with
a transverse streak of reddish brown near base and another of dark brown near apex.
of wing, marked at tip with a large pale buff or ochraceous lunular spot. Larva about
50 mm. long when grown; the ground color dark yellow, with a broad dark stripe
down the back; along each side are three black lines interrupted with yellow or
orange rings. Eggs very convex, flat beneath, pearly white, with a basal green band
and dark spot on apex. The insect spends the winter as a pupa in the soil, moths
appearing in spring, ovipositing on undersurface of twigs or on foliage.

Distribution: Europe, except Polar region, Siberia, etc.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 292.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 387, fig. 245.
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 1913, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 323, 324,

fig. 276.

FKUITS.

BETTER KNOWN GENERAL FRUIT-TBEE INSECTS.

Under this heading are grouped a number of very important insects which attack
many different kinds of fruits, especially the fruit flies.

i

FRUIT INSECTS. 109

Aleurodlcus cocols Curtis.
(Coconut White Fly. Aleyrodidae; Hemiptera.)

Host: Coconut, banana, guava, "jicaco," Coccoloba uvifera.

Injury: Serious pest in many parts of tropical America.

DescripHon and biology: Adult varying in size and wing markings, wings marked
with two dusky patches; pupal case varies in size and is surrounded by a double row
of bristlelike hairs usually 13 to a side, also has one pair of long caudal hairs. Egg
about 0.29 mm. long and 0.11 mm. wide, with pedicel arising from side.

Distribution: Barbados, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico, Isthmian Canal
Zone, Yucatan.
Ballou, H. a. Insect Pests of the Lesser Antilles, 1912, p. 105.

Nyslus vinltor Bergroth.

(The Rutherglen Bug, Lygaeidse; Hemiptera.)

Hosts: Grapes, cherries, phims, peach, grasses, etc.

Injury: Stated to be one of the most destructive plant bugs in Australia.

Description and biology: Adult 4-5 mm. long; dull brown to gray in color, with
silvery-gray wings; antennae barely two-thirds length of body and covered with hairs.
Breeds in grass lands and swarms over field crops and fruit trees in countless millions.

Distribution: Australia. (See plate xxiii.)
Feench, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1S91, pt. 1, p. 105.
Froqgatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 334.

sj; Heliotbrips rubroclnctus Giard.

(The Red-Banded Thrips. Thysanoptera.)

Hosts: Avocado (Persea gratissima) , mango (Mangifera indica), cashew, guava
(Psidium guajava), cacao (Theobroma cacao), Liberian coffee {Coffea liberica), wild
guava (Anacardium occidentale), roses, Mexican almond or umbrella tree (Terminalia
catappa), kola (Sterculia acuminata).

Injury: Larvae and adults feed on both surfaces of foliage. May be introduced on
living plants.

Description and biology: Egg stage varies from 6 to 17 days, larval stage from 6 to 20
days. Adult iemsiie about 1.11 mm. long and quite stout, color dark brown or black.
A red band is evident in the first and second larval stages, pupa and prepupa. (See
pi. X.)

Distribution: Guadeloupe, French West Indies; Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia,
British West Indies; Trinidad, Tobago, Virgin Islands, Mauritius, Ceylon, Uganda.
In addition to the above it is reported from Florida and was doubtless introduced.
Russell, H. M. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom. Bull. 99, pt. 2, 1912.
Phyllopertha hortlcola Linnaeus.
(Scarabseidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Fruit trees and herbaceous plants.

Injury: Destroys foliage and roots.

Description and biology: Adult length 8-11 mm.; body depressed, hairj'; head and
pro thorax shining green; elytra golden brown or chestnut; ventral parts black. Ap-
pears in May and June (Italy). Feeds on leaves. The larva is a root feeder. Sil-
vestri states that the adults and larva? of this insect feed on leaves and roots of fruit
trees and herbaceous plants.

Distribution : Europe .
SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entoraologie Agraria, 1911, p. 311.

no

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Capnodls tenebrionls Linnseus.

(Buprestidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Various fruit trees.
Injury: To leaves and roots.

Description and biology: Adult length 15-22 mm.; color opaque black, with pro-
thorax sparsely dusted with cinereous; feeds on leaves. Larva elongate, whitish.

covered with a fine pubesence; feeds iu
roots and trunk beneath cortex. Eggs de-
posited during August and September on
crown of trees. (See text fig. 59.)
Distribution: Southern Europe.
SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologie
Agraria, 1911, p. 335.

Phylloblus oblongus Liunseus.

Fto. 59.-

(Oblong Leaf Wee^^l. Brachyrhinida? ;
Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Fruit trees, bushes.

Injury: Frequent. Adults attack young
buds and leaves. Larvae feed on roots of
various plants.

Description and biology: Adult length 4-5
mm.; black; elytra covered with brown
scales with reddish tinge or pale gray, bor-
ders dark; head, thorax, and elytra covered
with gray pubescence; legs brown or yel-
Occurs throughout May and June. Pupates in spring in earth. Larva a

Winters as larva. Eggs are depos-

-Fruit tree borer ( Capnodis tenebrionis):
Adult, larva. (Silvestrl.)

lowish

white footless grub, slightly hairy; head brown

ited in ground.

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits, 1909, p. 119.

Blston hlrtarius Clerck.
(Cherry Spinner. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Stone fruits, orchard trees.

Injury: Defoliation.

Description and biology: Adult in both sexes winged; whitish, dusted with black-
ish gray and obliquely marked with blackish brown. Occurs in March and April
(Germany). Pupates in the earth. Larva., length 35 mm.; ash gray or brown in
color, with longitudinal dark lines; prothorax, tubercles and two spots on each seg-
ment yellow; occurs from May until September. (See text fig. 60.)

Distribution: Germany, northern Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 339.

Blston pomonarius Hiibner.

(Geometridae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Fruit trees and oaks.
Injury: Defoliation.

Description and biology: Adult, male wings grayish white, on border blackish, dusted
with gold, with dark oblique lines; female, with wing stumps black, sprinkled with

FEUIT INSECTS.

Ill

red and with gray and white hairs. Occurs in April and May ((iermany). Pupates
in the earth. Larva, length 40 mm.; gray, with golden, longitudinal lines; occurs
May to July.
Distribution: Northern Europe.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 339.
Hlbemia rupicapraria Hiibner.
(Early Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Plum, thorns, fruit trees.

Injury: "No record of serious damage." (Theobald.)

Description and biology: Adult male wing expanse 30 mm.; fore wings gray brown,
with broad dark area across middle, edges dark and notched; hind wings whitish
gray, with a dark central spot above middle and crossed by an indistinct gray streak;
female, almost wingless, stumps of wings grayish; occurs in January and February

Fig. 60.— Cherry spinner (Biston hirtarius): a, Adult female; 6, adult male; c, larva; d, pupa.

(Sorauer.)

(England) . Larva bluish green with pale green back, front of each segment darkened,
and a white line on each side; pupates in soil.

Distribution; England, Europe (except Russia), Asia ^Minor.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits, 1909, p. 362.

Gastropacha quercUoIla Linnaeus.

(Lappet Moth. Lasiocampidae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Apple, plum, pear, hawthorn, blackthorn, willow, sallow.

Injury: Can not be looked upon as a pest. Sometimes strips branches and shoots.

Description and biology: Adult male wing expanse 56 mm.; female, 80 mm.; color
rich brown, with dark irregular, transverse, scalloped lines on both pairs of wings,
edges of wings scalloped. Moths appear in June and July (England). Pupa large
brown motile; cocoon spun among twigs of trees, crevices, in bark and rubbish on
ground; oval, pointed at one end and mouse-colored. Larva 100 mm. long; gray and
gray brown, with faint V-shaped dark marks dorsally; two deep blue or purple bands

112

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

across first thoracic segment; above legs on each side is a row of fleshy pad-like append-
ages with long gray hairs like "lappets " ; body finely hairy. Larvae appear in autumn
and hibernate, extended on twigs.

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits, 1909, p. 19.

Odonestis prunl Linnseus.
(Lasiocampidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Various fruit trees.

Injury: Defoliation.

Description and biology: Adult length of wing 20-30 mm.; forewing orange, strongly
dusted with red. with sharp points and a notched margin; a single white spot in tlie

middle; front diagonal
rS^S lio^s arched, hind di-
agonal line straight,
body and hindwing
brick red. Occurs
June and July (Ger-
many); pupates in
May (Germany) in
grayish-white cocoon .
Larva length 65-70
mm.; l)lue gray, with
golden longitudinal
lines, and dull golden -
gray spots; head
brownish gray;
hatches in August;
overwinters and feeds
in spring until May
(Germany). Eggs de-
posited singly.

Distribution:
Europe,
Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schadlichen Forst und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 315.

Virachola insocrates Fabrieius.

(The Araar Caterpillar. Lycfenidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Pomegranate, guaA'a, loquat, and wild fruit.
Injury: Lume occasion considerable injury by feeding in the fruit.
Biology: Eggs deposited singly on flowers; caterpillar on hatching bores into the
fruit, feeding on the hard seed; pupates over the base of fruit. (See text fig. 61.)
Distribution: India.

Maxwell-Lefroy. H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 179.

Orgyia gonostigma Fabrieius.

(Brush Spinner; Corner spot. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Orchard and other trees.

Injury: Defoliation.

Description and biology: Adult male, forewing 13-15 mm.; olive brown with white
spots, on the front and inner margins toward the base long orange wavy lines, basal
portion, and a spot on the oblique vein, piu-ple brown, fringe between veins black
spotted; hind wing brownish black. First generation June and July, second. Septem-
ber (Germany). Pupates between leaves and in crevices. Lari'a of male. 52 mm.

Fig. 61.

-The Amar caterpillar (Virachola insocrates): Adult and larva.
(Maxwell-Lefroy. )

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXIII.

A Cherry Pest.
The Rutherglen bug (^Xysivs vinitor): Adults and injuries to eberries. (French.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXIV.

The Painted Apple Moth.
The painted apple moth (,Teia anartoides): Adults, larvae, pupaj, eggs. (French.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangeious Insects.

Plate XXV.

The Queensland Fruit Fly.

The Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni): Adults, larva, puparium. (Froggatt.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects

Plate XXVI.

/j^k2^

>'^W'

fi

'^Sp^^

I..

,/d^r^

.<•

_i— '-'"^^

''A''

"S^"""'^

^

'%

■%'"■

''Jr

%<"'

^

--.,_^x

Wings of Fruit Flies.

Fig. a.—Ceratitis striata. Fig. b.—Ccratitis capitata. Fig. c.—Ci ratitis rubitora. (Froggatt.)

FRUIT INSECTS. ^ 113

lon«», of female 30 mm.; black striped with reddish gold; four pair of dorsal brushes,
golden brown; pencils black, adorned with long variable hairs; warts white covered
with golden hair; head grayish black with red collar; spring and summer broods.
Eggs deposited in mass near pupal exuvium; overmnter.

Distribution: Europe.
Henschel, G. a. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 326.

Tela anartoides Walker.
(Painted Apple Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Fruits, particularly apple, cherry, rose, acacia. Almost omnivorous.

Injury: One of most injurious caterpillars of New South Wales. Eats upper surface
of leaves. ''Strips trees." (French.)

Description and biology: AdultiemoXe. short, rounded, wingless; male, wing expanse
25 mm. ; fore wings dark brown marbled with slender lines and black spots; hind wings
yellow surrounded with black outer margin; antennae featherlike. Two broods.
Pupa in loose brown silken cocoon of flimsy character. Winters as pupa. Larva,
44 mm. long, brown, hairy, with tufts of hairs standing out at front and sides of head
and stiff brushes of gray hairs along center of back. Egg, dull white, hemispherical.
Females average 700 eggs, deposited in the cocoon. (See plate xxiv.)

Distribution: New South Wales, \'ictoria.
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1900, pt. 3, p. 94.

Olethreutes cynobatella Linnseus.

(Gray Fruit Tree Bud Moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Various fruit trees.

Injury: Attacks leaf and blossom buds.

Description and biology: Adult, fore wing 7.5-10.5 mm. ; from the middle of the front
margin to the inner angle dark bluish-gray mixed with brown; behind the middle, two
variable, distinct dark spots on an entirely white background; the large apical third
white, clouded with gray. On wing, June until August (Germany). Pupates in
grass or in crumpled leaves, drawn together, during May and June. Larva, brownish
green; bores in the opening leaf and flower buds, the points of which it spins together;
occurs in spring from time of swelling of buds until May (Germany). Eggs are depos-
ited singly on buds; overwinter.

Distribution: Germany, Europe.
Henschel, G. A. O. Die Schadlichen Forst und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 417.

.4nastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann (acidusa Walker).

(Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Guava, (Psidium guajava), coffee berries, pear, peach, mango, orange, Eugenia
spp., Phylocalyx. Japanese plum, Japanese persimmon, Para plum (Sporidias spp.?),
Annona humboldtiana, jobo amarillo, jobo de la India.

Injury: A very destructive species and likely to be introduced.

Description and biology: Adult fly, about 12 mm. in length (the female exclusive of
the ovipositor), with a wing expanse slightly over 25 mm. Color of body rust-yellow
or brownish yellow, with three sulphur-yellow longitudinal stripes on the thorax in
well preserved mature specimens. Wings clear tinted in part with a characteristic
pattern of yellow brown, the brown predominating on the basal half and extending
obliquely forward, being continued along the anterior margin in a broad streak to the
extreme tip of the wing; a clear sinuate basal zone involves the second basal cell,
the base of the discal and part of the first basal cell, and is followed by a detached spot
27812—18 S

114 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

at the costa just beyond the tip of the first vein; on the discal half of the wing there
is a brown band in the shape of an inverted V, resting on the posterior margin and
extending through the first and second posterior cells; this V-shaped mark may be
independent, or its apex may be joined to the other brown zone. There is considerable
variation in the wing pattern, both as to intensity of coloring and detail of the pattern.
Immature specimens have the brown wing pattern much weaker; newly emerged ones
show hardly a trace of it. Female ovipositor stout, shorter than abdomen, tapered
jsegularly toward tip and covered with coarse black hairs; in mature specimens it is
subcylindrical, but in specimens not fully hardened it is flattened.

Dislrihulion: Mexico, Central and South America, West Indies.
Von Ihering, H. Revista Agric. (Sao Paulo), 1901, vol. 6, No. 70, p. 180.
Howard, L. 0. U. S. Dept. Agric, Yearbook 1897, p. 546.
Hooker, C. W. Ann. Kept. Porto Rico Agric. Exp. Sta., 1912, p. 36.

Anastrepha ludens Loew.
(Mexican Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Host: Orange, sweet lime, mango, Sideroxylon (Achras) sapota, peach, guaA'a, plum.

Injun/: Considered a serious pest in Mexico. Quarantine issued .lanuary 15, 1913.

Description and biology: Adult female, length 9 mm.; of dull ochreous yellow color;
wings hyaline, mottled and striped with brownish yellow bands; anal segment of
abdomen longer than remainder of abdominal segments combined. Eggs deposited
under skin of ripening fruit, larvae on hatching out tunnel into the fruit; pupate in
soil. Average life cycle about 3 months, making about four generations a year in
Mexico.

Distribution: Mexico.
Froggatt, W. W. Department of Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bull. 24, 1909,

p. 53.

Anastrepha peruviana Townsend.

Peruvian Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Peach, guava, cherimoya, many other deciduous and citrous fruits.

Injury: Very serious in Peru.

Description: Female fly, to tip of ovipositor, 7-8 mm. long; male 6.5-7 mm. long;
wing expanse 6-6.5 mm. Color of head, pleurae, anterior half of venter, and legs
watery lemon yellow; antennae and proboscis buff yellow; tibiae and tarsi slightly
dusky.- mesopleural and sternopleural plates largely rufous-yellow tinged ; eyes bright
green to lilac purple; other parts obscure tawny or yellow.

Distribution: Peru .
TowNSEND, C. H. T. Journ. Econ. Entom., 1913, vol. 6, No. 4, p. 345.

Bactrocera tryoni Froggat.
(Queensland Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.)

Host: Banana, mango, peach, apricot, nectarine, orange, apple, quince, black
apple {Sideroxylon [Achras] australe), cheesewqod (Acronychia laevis), white ash
{Schizomeria ovata), cucumbers, loquats.

Description and biology: Adult female, 0 mm. long with wing expanse 10-12 mm.,
wings transparent, abdomen constricted at the base and broadly rounded at the tip,
thorax with a broad creamy often pale dorsal band running down the scutellum
with short, well-defined narrow pale yellow stripe on each side. (See plate xxv.)

Distribution: India, Ceylon, Java, Amboina, Australia (Queensland, New South
Wales).
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Miscl. Pub. No. 303, 1899, p. 2,

figures.
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. of Agric. New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 11.

FRUIT FLIES. 115

Ceratitis anonse Oraham.
(Annona Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Sour sop (Annona muricata), guava (Psidium cattleianum), and cacao pods.

Injury: Attacks fruit.

Description: Adult female, head alutaceous, wings with black spots at the base,
abdomen nut brown in color on dorsum, antennae almost twice as long as wide;
length of body 6 mm.

Distribution: West Africa (Nigeria, Kongo, Ashanti, Armani, German East Africa).

SiLVESTRi, F. Boll. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agric, Portici, 1913, vol. 8, p. 61.
SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Ent., Bui. 3, 1914, p. 66.

Ceratitis capltata Wiedemann.

(The Mediterranean Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Aberia caffra (kei &-^^\q) , Sideroxylon sapota (sapodilla), Annona muricata (sour
sop), Atropa belladonna, Averrhoa carambola, Calophyllum inophyllum (round
kamani). Capsicum sp., Carica papaya, C. quercifolia, Carissa arduina (Natal plum),
Oestrum sp. (Chinese inkberry), Chrysobalanus ellipticus, C. icaco (cocoa plum),
Chrysophyllum cainito (star apple). Citrus aurantium (orange a.nd varieties), C.
grandis (grapefruit), C. japonica (kumquat and Chinese orange), C. limonia (lemon),
C. nobilis (mandarin orange), Coffea arabica (coffee), Diospyros kaki (Japanese per-
simmon), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Eugenia braziliensis (Brazil cherry), Eugenia
jambos (rose apple), E. malaccensis (mountain or Malay apple), E. unijlora (Cayenne
or Surinam cherry), Ficus carica (fig), Herpephyllum caffrum (Kaffir plum), Lycopersi-
cum esculentum (tomato), Mammea americana (mammee apple), Mangifera indica
(mango;, Mimusops elengi (elengi tree), Murraya exotica (mock orange), Ifusa spp.
(banana), iVoronMaemarj^inato (Chinese plum), Opuntia tuna (prickly pear), 0. vulgaris
(Barbary fig), Passifiora quadrangularis (granadilla), Persea gratissima (avocado), Pha-
seolus vulgaris (string beans), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), P. cerasus (sour cherry),
Amygdaluspersica(jpeach), Psidium cattleianum {etrawherry guav&) P. guajava (guava),
Pyrus communis (pear), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Mespilus germanica (medlar)
Malus malus (apple), Solanum capsicastrum (Jerusalem cherry), Terminalia catappa
(winged kamani), T. chebula, Thevetia neriifolia, Vitis vini/era (grapes).

Injury: Very injurious wherever it becomes established.

Description and biology: Egg deposited inside of fruit by female, and requires from
2 to 3 days to hatch; the larva upon hatching feeds on the pulp or inside of the fruit
until full grown, requiring from 9 to 12 days, whereupon it leaves the fruit and enters
the ground to pupate, which stage ranges from 12 to 20 days. The period required
for the various stages is influenced by the season, as indicated by Silvestri, requiring
from 21 to 23 days to complete the life cycle in August and from 32 to 35 in October.
At Honolulu adults have been kept alive for 10 months and certain individuals have
required 90 days for development. (See pi. xxvi, fig. b.)

Distribution: Southern Europe (southern Italy, Sicily, Malta, France, Greece,
Spain), Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Madeira, Africa (Egypt, Algeria, northern
Uganda, Delagoa, Transvaal, Cape Colony, Kongo, Nigeria, Dahomey), Brazil, Ar-
gentina, Bermuda, Australia (West Australia, New South Wales, northern Victoria,
and Queensland), northern New Zealand, Hawaiian Islands.

QuAiNTANCE, A. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom. Circ. 160, 1912.
Silvestri, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom. Bull. 3.

116 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Ceiatitis nigerrlma Bezzi.
(Nigeria Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Coffee berries, fruit of wild plant (?), Eugenia uniflora.

Injury: Breeds in fruit.

Description: Adult female with black polished body, head umber, winga colored
with brown, tibiae and tarsi dirty yellowish white, ovipositor slightly recurved.

Distribution: Southern Nigeria, Kamerun.
SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom., Bui. 3, 1914,

p. 72.

Ceratttis glffardl Bezzi.

(Giffard Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Chrysobalanus ellipticus, Sarcocephalu^ esculentus.

Injury: Larvae feed in fruit of Sarcocephalus and less so in Chrysobalanus.

Description and biology: Adult female, body ochraceous, thorax marked 'with
black, wings with black lines and markings at base, bearing also yellowish and
brown bands. Transformation to the pupa takes place in the soil, requiring from 10
to 12 days before emerging as adult.

Distribution: Senegal, Dahomey, southern Nigeria.

Bezzi, M. Boll. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agr., Portici, vol. 7, 1912, p. 2, fig. 1.

SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom., Bui. 3, 1914,

p. 61.

Ceratltls punctata Wiedemann.

(The Cacao Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Cacao-jwds, mango, guava, passion fruit.
Injury: Breeds in fruit.

Biology: Eggs deposited under peel of ripening pods. Pupates in soil. Life
cycle requires from 77 to 92 days for completion.

Distribution: Ashanti, West Africa and Uganda, East Africa.
Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales. 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 863.

Ceratitis rublvora Coquillett.
(Natal Fruit Fly. Tryijetidae; Diptera.)

Host: Various cultivated and wild fruits.

Injury: Considered one of the most important pests in Natal, infesting both native
and cultivated fruits.

Description: Adult female 4-5 mm. long, head yellowish, thorax yellowish brown,
abdomen yellowish, ovipositor flattened. Biology similar to that of C. capitata. (See
plate XXVI, fig. c.)

Distribution: Natal, Cape Town, South Africa.

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 48

Ceratitis sllvestril Bezzi.

(Fruit Fly. Trypetida;; Diptera.)

Hosts: Chrysobalanus, Butyrospermum parkii.
Injury: Breeds in fruit.

Description and biology: Adult, body clay or leather color, face and occiput whitened,
thorax with a few black markings. Biology similar to C. capitata.
Distribution: Senegal, French Sudan.

Bez/i, M. Boll. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agr., Portici, vol. 7, 1912.

SiT.VESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom, Bui. 3, p. 63.

FRUIT FLIES. 117

Dacus dlversus Coquillett.

(Three -striped Fruit Fly. Trypetidce; Diptera.)

Host: Mango, orange, guava, peach.
Injury: Breeds in fruit.

Description: Adult, 4-5 mm. long: center of thorax marked with a pale yellow line,
with darker regular coloration of the abdomen.
Distribution: Ceylon, India.

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 16.

Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius.

(Mango Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Host: Fruit of mango (Mangifcra indica), cucurbitaceous fruits?, ak (Calotropis
ep.), citrus fruit, Eugenia malaccensu ("cabuyao").

Injury: Injurious to over-ripe fruit and commonest species in India and Ceylon.

Description and biology: Adult, medium size, measiu-ing about 5 mm.; color rusty
red, with dorsal siurface of thorax varying from black to a rusty red; sometimes the
abdomen is marked with almost black bands. Larvae when in fruit small, yellowish,
with pointed head and truncate abdomen; pupate in the soil and emerge as adults in
about nine days.

Distribution: India, Java, Ceylon, Amboina, Philippine Islands.

OoTES, E. C. Indian Museum Notes, 1896, p. 17.

Maxwell-Lefkoy, H. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Ser., vol. 1, 1907, p. 227.

Maxwell-Leproy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 170.

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 13.

Dacus f renchll Froggatt.

(Fruit Fly. Trypetidse: Diptera.)

Host: Fruit of Artocarpus intcgrifolia .

Injury: Bred from oranges entering Victoria from New Caledonia.

Description: Adult, female about 10 mm. long, with long, rounded body: large hya-
line wings with broad costal stripe of light reddish brown; head with large black spot
on each side of face and below the base of the antennae; thorax dull yellowish brown;
legs yellow, with tarsi darkest.

Distribution: New Caledonia, Java.

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Farmers' Bull. 24, 1909, p. 27.
Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4. p. 866.

Dacus passlflorae Froggatt.

(The Fiji Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Host: Granadilla, mango, shaddock; the orange, lemon, and lime are slightly
infested.
Injury: One of the most abundant fruit flies in Fiji.
Distribution: Fiji.

Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 870.

Dacus perslcsB Big.

(Peach Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Mango and peach.
Injury: Larvae injure ripe fruit.

Description and biology: Adult, red brown with black and yellow markings on the
body. Eggs usually deposited in wound on skin of fruit; egg stage about 2 or 3 daya;

118 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

larval stage 10 to 15 days inside fruit, after which it leaves the fruit and enters the
ground to pupate; pupal stage about a week.
Distribution: Bhagalpur and Lower Bengal, India.

Basu and Dutt. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, including also Western

Bengal, 1913, p. 74.

Dacus psidil Froggatt.

(South Sea Guava Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.)

Host: Guava, granadilla.

Injury: Larvae feed in fruits.

Description: Adult female, 6 mm. long, wing expanse 10 mm.; head light brown
with rich metallic purple eyes, antennae brownish black, with last joint black; thorax
black; abdomen black, elongate, and narrow at base. (See plate xxvii, figs, la, 2a,
a, 4a.)

Distribution: Fiji, New Caledonia.

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Misc. Pub. 303, 1899.
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 19.
Dacus (Tephrltes) xanthodes Broun.
(Broun's Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.)

Host: Pineapple, granadilla, guava, mammee apple, shaddock.

Injury: Breeds in fruits.

Description: Adult female, 9 mm. long, wing expanse 15 mm., general color pale
ochreous yellow; thorax with faint yellow dorsal stripe, and pale yellowish white
stripe margining each side and marking the sides of the scutellum; abdomen elongate
and truncate at apex.

Distribution: Fiji. (Bred in New Zealand from fruit imported from Fiji.)

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 25.

Bloxa musse Froggatt.
(The Island Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.)

Host: Banana, Sideroxylon (Achras) australe (black apple).

Irijury: Larvae feed in bruised or blemished fruit.

Description: Adult female, 6 mm. long, wing expanse 12 mm., head small, ochreous,
antennae yellow with long bristle at apex of second joint, thorax brownish yellow,
abdomen small, light brown at base, black on apical half, and covered with coarse
hairs. (See plate xxvni, figs. 1, 2.)

Distribution: New Hebrides, Queensland, New South Wales.

Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Misc. Pub. 303, 1899.
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 54.

GOOSEBERRY; CURRANT.

(Ribes spp. Family Saxifragaceae.)

Shrubs bearing small edible fruits; native to Europe, Asia, North America, and
South America.

A. BETTER KNOWN GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT INSECTS LIKELY TO BE

IMPORTED.

Eriophyes ribis Nalepa.

(Currant Gall Mite. Erioph jddae ; Acarina.)

Host: Infests especially the black currant (JRibes nigrum), but also R. rubruvi, and
R. alpinum. Certain varieties of black currant are preferred, as Baldwin, Black
Naples, Black Dutch, and Lee's Prolific.

GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT INSECTS.

119

Injury: Seriously injurious; can be introduced in nursery stock.

Description and biology: Microscopic. Adult about 230 microns long by 40 microns
wide. Male smaller; color whitish or pale green, semitransparent and shiny. Sub-
cylindrical in shape; 60-70 transverse rings furnished with regular series of short pro-
jections, best seen on sides. Infests the buds which may contain thousands of mites,
causing them to swell, producing so-called "big buds." Such buds, if they open,
usually fail to produce fruit of value. (See text fig. 62.)

Distribution: Middle Europe; England.

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 230.

SoKAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d. ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 121-123,

figs. 96, 97.

Bryobia ribis Thomas.

(Red Gooseberry Mite. Tetranychidae ; Acarina.)

Hosts: Gooseberries and currants.

Injury: Very serious injury caused by sucking the juices of the plant,
introduce on nursery stock.

Very easy to

Fig. 62. — Currant gall mite {Eriophyes ribis): Mite and galls. (Sorauer.)

Description and biology: This is one of the minute red spiders, having eight legs,
which breed on the foliage of plants, causing a rusty appearance. The eggs are spherical
and microscopic in size.

Distribution: Germany, England.

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 89-91,

figs. 67, 68.

Abraxas grossulariata Linueeus.

(Magpie or Currant Moth. Geometridae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Ciurrant, gooseberry, and fruit trees.

Injury: Defoliation; seldom seriously injurious.

Description and biology: ^c?wZi wing expanse 37 mm. (variable); color creamy white,
spotted with black, with orange yellow between black spots at base of fore"ivings;
hind wings like front, but with no yellow; thorax and abdomen yellow and black.
On wing in July and August (England). Pupa black, with three golden yellow
rings to the body. Cocoon delicate, attached to leaf or twig. Larva length 37 mm.;

120

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

color creamy white, spotted, and marked with black and orange yellow at sides.
Appear in fall; winter as very small larvae, ready to pupate in June. Eggs, cream-
colored, laid singly or in groups; hatch in from 6 to 15 days. (See text fig. 63.)

Distribution: England, Europe, Siberia, China.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 206.

Tbamnonoma wauaria Linnaeus.
(Currant Web worm. Geometridae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Ribes spp.

Injury: Attacks leaves, buds, flowers, and often fruit.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 25 mm.; front wing piu*e gray with
brown and black crosslines; hind wing ashen gray dusted with black. Occurs June
and July. Pupates in or on ground. Larva, length 25 mm.; blue green with darker,

^•^N

Fig. 63. — Currant moth {Abraxas grossulariata): Adult, larva, pupa. (Entom. Parasit. Agric. 1904.)

white bordered median line, and a yellow side stripe; on each segment a black tubercle
bearing bristles. Shortly before pupation mostly violet or reddish brown.

Distribution: Northern Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 336.

* Zophodia convohitella Hiibner.
(Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Gooseberry and currant.

Injury: To fruit and leaves.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 30 mm.; forewing brownish gray
with whitish and dark brown lines; occurs during end of April and beginning of May.
(Germany.) Pupa overwinters in shallow earth. Larva, length 10 mm.; color grass
green; head and thoracic shield black; occtirs from May until July; draws berries and
adjoining leaves together by a web; feeds on fruit. Egg deposited singly on twigs (see
text fig. 64).

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d., 1913, vol. 3, p. 336.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXVII.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXVIII.

Fruit Flies.

Figs, o, c— The Mandarin fruit fly {Dacus ornatissimus) and wing. Figs. 6, </.— The banana
fruit fly {Dacus curvipennis) and wing. (Froggatt.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXIX

CL

Injurious Grain Insects.

Figs, a, b. — Haplothrips aculcata; c, Limothrips denticornis; d, Haploihrips tritici; e, g, Oria musculosa; f , h,
Trachea basilinea; i, n, Hylemyia coarctata:k, Isosoma noxiale; I, m, Trachelus tabidus. (Kurdjumov.)

GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT INSECTS.

121

Incurvarla capitella Clerck.
(Currant Shoot Borer. Tineidae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Currants; especially red currants.

Injury: Seldom serious: tunnels the shoots.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse J inch. Forewings dark brown with
purplish iridescence; near base a transverse yellow band and two yellow spots near
tip; head deep yellow. Occurs from mid May into June. Pupa, brown, in loose
cocoons in tunneled shoots. Larva, dull greenish, with red patch on ninth segment;
head and first thoracic segment black. Hatch in summer, feed on seeds in fruit,
then spin hibernaculum on bark; attack buds and shoots in spring causing the tips to
wilt; mature in April and May. Eggs are colorless, lemon-shaped, 0.67 mm. long.

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 213.

Notocella roborana Treitschke.

(Currant Fruit Moth. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Cvu-rant, rose, Rubus sp., whitethorn, oak.

Injury: Hollows out ripening currants.

Description and biology: Adult, forewing white, mixed with dull gray before the
border; rusty red at
point; base gray brown;
speculum dotted black;
palpi reddish brown.
On wing June and July
(Germany) . Pupa tes in
currant leaves and the
stage lasts 3 weeks.
Larva, length 17 mm.;
plump, brown, head
yellowish brown, neck
and anal shield black;
on each segment a brown
wart, each with a light
bristle; webs up leaves and fruit; occurs in early spring.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 286.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 212.
CoLLiGNE, W. A Manual of Injm-ious Fruit Insects, 1912, p. 163.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY INSECTS.

Fig. 64.— Gooseberry moth {Zophodia convolutclla): Adult, larva, injury.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidse:

Armored—

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe; Ribes sanguineum.
^ Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Italy, France, Portugal, Germany, England.

Fiori7iia grossularise Maskell; New Zealand.
Unarmored —

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Great Britain.

Lecanium rehi King; Europe.

Lecanium rubi Schrank; Europe.

Phenacoccus socius Newstead ; British. Isles.

Pseudococcus arecx Maskell; New Zealand.

122 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

GRAINS AND GRASSES.

(Family Gramineee.)

Under this heading are treated the insects attacking the grains and grasses, except
corn, sorghum, and sugar cane, which are treated separately. This section relates
especially to barley (Hordeum vulgare Linnaeus), millet (Panicum spp.), oats (Avena
sativa Linnaeus), rye (Secale cereale Linnaeus), timothy {Phlewn pratense Linnaeus),
and wheat, emmer, and spelt {Triticum sativum Lam.). Descriptions of these various
crops are given in their proper alphabetic order.

A. BETTER KNOWN GRAIN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Lema cyanella Linnaeus; Lema melanopus Linnaeus.
(Grain Leaf Beetles. Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Grasses, grains, especially oats.

Injury: Feed on the leaves, stem and seed. Causes millions of dollars damage in
some years.

Biology: Eggs shining yellow laid in rows of 10-20 near the mid vein, and 40-50
on a leaf. The larvae feed on the leaves. L. cyanella pupates in a cocoon on the
plant; L. melanopus pupates in the ground. The adults also feed on the foliage.

Distribution: Europe, Southwest Asia. Serious only in South Europe.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 509.

^Fharaxonotha kirschi Keitt.

(Mexican Grain Beetle. Cryptophagidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Corn, yams.

Injury: Larvae and beetles destructive to stored corn and other products.

Description: Small, shining, deep brown beetles, about three-sixteenth inch long.
Larva elongate gray, each segment darker at middle with darker spaces each side
bearing rather well-developed tubercles.

Distribution: Brazil, Guatemala, Mexico, Texas, and South Carolina.
Chittenden., F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 96, pp. 8-13, fig. 1, 1911.

>kLophocateres (Ostoma) pusUIus Klug.

(Siamese Grain Beetle. Trogositidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Com, rice, seeds of eggplant and gourd, rye, flour.

Injury: Larvae and beetles destructive to stored corn and other seeds.

Description: Flat, brown, with thorax prolonged into acute angles at sides, anten-
nae clubbed at ends, minute. Larva white with blackish head and last segment
elongate.

Distribution: Liberia, Siam, Ceylon, Java, India, Cochin China, Peru, Guatemala,
France, South Carolina, Texas.
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom.. Bui. 96, pp. 14-18, fig. 2. 1911.

it^Latheticus oryzae Waterh.

(Long-Headed Flour Beetle. Tenebrionidae ; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Wlieat, corn, barley, rice.

Injury: Larva and beetle injure stored grain and flour.

Description: Pale yellow, somewhat flattened beetle; the slenderest of the flour
beetles, measuring one-eighth inch.

Distribution: India, Arabia, Persia, Norway, England, Russia, Texas.
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 96, pp. 25-28, fig. 5. 1911.

GEAIN INSECTS. 123

Nonagria unUormis Dudgeon.

(Wheat Stem Borer. Noctuidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Rice, wheat, sugar cane, millet.
Injury: Larva bores in stems and pupates in its borings.

Description and biology: Larva flesh colored with black head. Bores in grass stems.
Distribution: India, Ceylon, Burma, Celebes.
Maxwell-Leproy, H. F. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 17().

Pyrausta nubilalis Hiibner.

(Millet Stalk Worm. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Millet, com, hops, hemp, Panicum sanguinale, Artemisia vulgaris, Conyza
squamosa, and Arundo.

Injury: Bores in the stems.

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 28-30 mm., yellow ochre in color with
rust colored marks on forewings. Larva dirty gray brown with dark dorsal line, and
two black spots on each segment, underside whitish, head dark brown, thoracic shield
yellowish, 30 mm. long. Bores in the stems and sometimes attacks the ears of com.
In grasses the larva overwinters in the roots.

Distribution: Europe (Hungary).
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 304, 305,

fig. 206.

Ochsenheimerla taurella Schiflermiller.

(Rye Stem Borer. Tineidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Rye, grasses.

Injury: Quite injurious to winter rye.

Description and biology: Moth, 7 mm. long, with 13 mm. wing expanse, forewings
yellowish brown with darker bands, hindwings white in basal part and brown be-
yond. Pupates in the stalk. Larva when young greenish or yellow, later yellow
with dark head; bores in stems. Eggs laid singly.

Distribution: Eiirope.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 242, fig. 175.

:+; Tinea granella Linnaeus.
(The Wheat Moth. Tineidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Wheat, barley.

Injury: Very serious injury to the seed heads.

Description and biology: Adult, a tiny moth colored a rich brownish yellow with the
hindwings larger than the front and greenish yellow. Pupa a small brown chrysalid.
Larva not over one-half inch long, yellowish; bores in the seed head, eating all but the
husks.

Distribution: Victoria, Australia, Europe, North America.
French, C. Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 3, pp. 128-132,

pi. 55.

Cllnodiplosis mosellana G(5hin; Clinodiplosis equeStris Wagner; *Contarlnla tritici Kirby.

(Grain Gall Midges. Itonididse [Cecidomjdidse]; Diptera.)

Species: CI. mosellana; France; wheat, rye. CI. equestris; Europe; wheat. ^C.
tritici: Europe, introduced into United States; wheat, rye, barley.
Injury: Very serious injury to grain, especially in United States.

124 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Description: Fly of equestris red, of the other two orange yellow. Maggot of eques-
tris blood red, of the other two orange or yellow. Breed in the stems and cause gall
formation.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 442,

447, 448.

Lasioptera cerealis Lindeman.

(Rye Midge. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidae]; Diptera.)

Hosts: Rye, Triticum repens, Calamagrostis lanceolata.

Injury: Attacks the stems.

Description and biology: Fly black, abdomen white banded; 3 mm. long. Larva
brick red, 5mm. long.

Distribution: Russia.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 457.

Mayetiola avense Marchal.
(Oats Gall Midge. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidae]; Diptera.)

Host: Oats.

Injury: Forms galls in the stems.

Description and biology: Fly black, marked with red, with a band of silver-gray
hairs on each side; length 3.2 mm. Has two generations.

Distribution: France.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 449, fig.

272.

>|=Pliytophaga (Mayetiola) destructor Say.

(Hessian Fly. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidae]; Diptera.)

The well-known Hessian fly is a conspicuous example among our imported pests.
It is now distributed over Asia, Europe, and North America.

Porricondyla cerealis Sauter.

(Grain Maggot. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidae]; Diptera.)

Hosts: Barley, oats, rye, spelt.

Injury: Occasionally injurious. Breeds behind the leaf sheath.

Description and biology: Fly, antennae 13-jointed, thorax black, abdomen red,
length 2.2 mm. Maggot, 3 mm. long, chrome red.

Distribution: Germany.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 441

Hylemyia coarctata Fallen.

(Wheat Bulb Fly. Anthomyidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Rye, wheat, barley.

Injury: Feeds in the stems; very destructive.

Description and biology: Fly yellowish gray, strongly bristled; thorax without
stripes; abdomen with dark median stripe; antennae black; length 7 mm. Maggot
yellowish, 6 mm. long. (See plate xxix figs, i, n.)

Distribution: Middle and north Europe. One specimen is recorded from Colorado.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 431, 432,

fig. 263.

GBAIN INSECTS. 125

Hydrellia griseola Fallen.
(Grain Leaf Miner. Ephydridae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Barley, oats, grasses.

Injury: Mines the leaves.

Description and biology: Adult fly metallic brown, thickly dusted with gray; under-
sides and palpi yellow; antennae black, face and beak brown; 2.75 mm, long. Larva
2 mm. long.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 408, 409,

fig. 254.

Camarota flavitarsis Meigen.

(Grain Fly. Oscinidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Wheat, grasses.

Injury: Bores in stems.

Description and biology: Fly, blue black, undersides white, length 2.5 mm. Larva
and pupa with two large stigmal hooks at apex.

Distribution: France.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 412, 413.

Chlorops .taeniopus Meigen.
(Straw Fly. Oscinidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Wheat, rye, barley, grasses.

Injury: Bores in the stems of grains.

Description and biology: Fly, yellow, with three black lines on thorax, four black
cross bands on abdomen and black antennae; length, 3-^ mm. Maggot, yellowish
white, 5-7 mm. long. Winters in stem near roots.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 412, 413.

>KOscinis frit Linnaeus (Oscinls pusilla Meigen).

(Frit FUes. Oscinidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Oats, barley, wheat, rye.

Injury: Mines the stems of grains. Serious pests.

Description and Biology: Adult fly, shining black, metallic. Larva, white, legless.
Mines the stems and roots.

Distribution: Etirope, America.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 410, 411,

B. OTHER IMPORTANT GRAIN INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Lygaeidse.

Nysius I'initor Bergroth; Australia. (See Fruit.)

Jassidse.

Jassus seznotatus Fallen of Germany is a very injurious insect to wheat, barley, oats, and grasses.
The eggs might be imported with straw during the winter. This is a bright-yellow leaf hopper with
black markings, measuring about 3.75 mm. in length.

THYSANOPTERA.

Haplothrips tritici Kurdjmnov, the Europe grain thrips; Europe; often winters in wheat stubbles.

(See pi. XXIX, fig. d.)
Haplothrips aculeata Fabricius (see pi. XXIX, figs. a,b) and Limothrips denticornis Haliday; Europe;

attack grain. (See pi. XXIX, fig. c.)

126 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Carabidse.

ZabriLs gibbus Fabricius of Europe attacks wheat, oats, rye, and barley, in both its adult and larval
stages. It is a shining black beetle with piceous antennae and legs, measuring 15 mm. in length
and 6 ram. in breadth. The adults hide during the day and feed at night on the grain. They might
easily be imported.

Elateridse.

Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.)

Cerambycldse.

Calamobius marginellus Fabricius; Europe; bores in stems of wheat.

Chrysomelidae.

Phyllotreta viltula Redtenbacher. (See Rape.)

Brachyrhlnldse.

Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.)

LEPIDOPTERA.

Noctuldse.

Oria musculosa Hiibner; Russia; very destructive, winters in egg stage in stubble. (See pi. XXIX,

figs, e, g.)
Hadena secalis Bjerk; Europe; bores in stalks.
Trachea basilinea W. V.; Europe; injures wheat, rye, and other grains. (See pi. XXIX, figs./, ft.)

Pyralidae.

Chilo simplex Butler; India, Formosa; attacks millet. (See Sugar Cane.)
Bichocrocis punctiferalis Gu6n^e; Queensland; attacks millet. (See Corn.)

Phycitidae.

Aneraslia botella Zuk.; Europe; injurious to rye, wheat, and other cereals

DIPTERA.
Oscinidse.

Chlorops lineata Fabricius; a tiny reddish frit fly of Europe which breeds in stems of wheat.
Opomysa florum Fabricius, a small fly of Europe which breeds during the winter in the lower parts of
the stems of wheat. It is 4.5 mm. long, pale yellow or reddish yellow in color.

Itonididse (CecidomyidEe).

Clinodi plosis mnsellana G6hin; Europe; breeds in stems of wheat and rye.

ITYMENOPTERA.
Cephididae.

^ Cephas pygmaeus Linnaeus of Europe bores in the stems of wheat, rye, timothy, and other cereals and
grasses hibernating as a larva in the lower part of the stem or root. It could easily bo imported^in
straw. The larva is legless. The adult is a black wasplikc insect with yellow markings, measuring
7 mm. in length.

Trachelus tabidus Linnaeus; Europe; bores in stems. (See pi. XXIX, figs. I, m.)

Chalcidldae.

Isosoma noiiale Portschinski is a very injurious chalcid pest of grain in Russia. The larviB pass the
winter in the stems. (See pi. XXIX, flg. fe.)

GRANADILLA.

{Passiflora quadrangularis. Passifloracese.)
A tropical American vine valuable as a climber and also for its fruit.

DIPTERA.
Trypetldse.

Dacus passiflorx Froggatt; Fiji. (See Fniit.)
Bacus psidii Froggatt; Fiji. (See Fruit.)
Dacus xanthodes Broun; Fiji. (See Fruit.)
Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)
Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa. (See Fruit.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidae.

Bichocrocis punctiferalis Guen^e; Queensland. (See Com.)

GKAPE INSECTS. 127

GRAPE,

( Vitis spp. Family Vitacege.)

Fruit-bearing vines valued both for the fruit itself and for the wines derived there-
from.

A. BETTER KNOWN GRAPE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

:^ Eriophyes vltls Landois.
(Grape Blister Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.)

Hosts: Vitis vinifera, V. vesuviana, V. carinthiaca, V. arizonica, V. aestivalis.

Injury: Causes much damage to the vine.

Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite which attacks the leaves, buds,
flowers, and berries of the grape.

Distribution: Europe, Armenia, North America.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 119,

120, figs. 94, 95.

Anomala vitis Fabricius.

(Grape Anomala. Scarabseidee ; Coleoptera.)
Host: Grape.
Injury: May be serious.

Description and biology: Adult, length. 12-17 ram..; green, violet or azure; body oval;
head, prothorax, and scutellum punctate; elytra convex with distinct longitudinal
striae. Occurs in June and July; crepuscular; feeds on foliage of the vine. Pupates
in soil in May; stage requires about a month. Larva feeds on roots of grass and the
vine. Feeds about a year and a half. Egg oblong, hatches in about 15 to 20 days.

Distribution: Middle and eastern Europe.
SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologia Agraria, 1911, p. 310.

Sinoxylon perforans Schrk.; Sinoxylon sexdentatum Olivier.
(Grape-vine Flat-headed Borers. Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.)

Species: S. perforans; Tirol, Italy, grape; Europe, oak, elm, horse chestnut. iS.
sexdentatum; Spain, grape; South France, Quercus sessiliflora.

Injury: Bore in the stems, branches, and trunk; sometimes causing very serious
injiu-y.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 489.

Vesperus spp.

(Grape Borers. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.)

Species: V. xatarti Dufour; France; grape. V. luridus Rossi; Italy; grape. V.
strepens Fabricius; France; grape, rose, forest trees. V. mauretanicus Dry; Algeria,
Spain; grape, olive.

Injury: Bore in stems.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 498.

^ Bromius obscunis Linnaeus.
(Grape Root Worm. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Grape, Epilobium, etc.

Injury: Sometimes serious. Attacks both the roots and the growing parts of the
vine.

Description and biology: The species has two varieties, obscurus, which is black, and
vitis Fabricius, which is brown. The eggs are laid in crevices beneath the inner

128

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

layers of bark on old wood, and also on leaves, in clusters of 4 to 30. Eggs yellowish
white, elongate cylindrical. Larva white, with yellowish-brown head, short legs.
Pupa white, formed in earthen cell. Ths larva feeds on the roots several feet under
ground, doing much damage. The adults feed on the foliage and fruit.

Distribution: Europe, Asia, North Africa, and introduced into California.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 512, 513.
QuAYLE, H. J. California Agr. Exp., Sta. Bui. 195, 25 pp., 18 figs.

Haltlca ampelophaga Leesb.

(Vine Flea-beetle. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Grape, willow.

Injury: Serious. Defoliation.

Description and biology: Adult, length 4 mm. ; brilliant green, sometimes deep blue-
green. Two generations, first appears in April (France), feeds on leaves. Pass winter
as adults at bases of vines, in bark, etc. Pupate in soil. Larva, length 6 mm., black;

Fig. 65. — Vine flea-beetle {Haltica ampelophaga): Adult, larva, and injury, (v. Rendu.)

feeds on leaves, flowers, and shoots. Larval period of first generation about a month .
Eggs clear yellow, oblong; placed on under surface of leaves in clusters of about 30.
(See text fig. 65.)
Distribution: France, Italy, Spain, Algiers.

MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 116.

GuENAUX, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 340.

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 8d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 523, 524.

Scelodnota strigicoUis Motschulsky.

(Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.)
Host: Grape.
Injury: Serious pest.

Description and biology: Probably similar to grape root worm.
Distribution: India.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Insect Life, 1909, p. 359.

Brachyrlilnus (Otlorhynchus) spp.

(Grape Root Weevils. Brachyrhinidse (Otiorhynchidse); Coleoptera.)

The weevils of this genus breed at the roots of plants and are very destructive as
adults, often defoliating vineyards.

GEAPE INSECTS. 129

Species: B. raiccus Fabricius; Germany, France; adults attack foliage of apple, pear
cherry, grape. B. singularis Linngeus; Europe (England); adults attack grape,
grafted fruit trees, oak, rose, hops, Rhododendron, pines, gherkins, spruce, and straw-
berries. B. turca Boheman; Russia; breeds at the roots of grape. :^B. sulcatus
Fabricius; Em'ope, introduced into America and Australia; breeds at the roots of
grape, strawberry, and many other plants and is a very destructive pest. B. populeti
Boheman; Hungary; adults injiu-ious to grape. B. ligustici Linnaeus; Europe; attacks
grape, peach, hops, beans, beets, asparagus, lucerne. Breeds at the roots and is very
destructive. B. armatus Boheman, B. asphaltinus Germar, B. corruptor Host., B.
globus Boheman, B. teretirostris Stierlin and B. tristis Scopoli are also recorded from
grape.

Description: These weevils are practically all black, oval, fairly large, with broad
blunt beaks.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 541-543.
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologia Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887.

Boarmia gemmaria Brahm.
(Geometridse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Grape, wild honeysuckle, rose.

Injury: Very injurious. Defoliation.

Description and biology: Adult, wings 19-20 mm.; brownish gray with white mark-
ings. Larva, grayish brown in color, with dark yellow and black spots and dark
wavy side lines; occurs in July; winters in sheltered places. Pupates during spring
in ground.

Distribution: Europe.
Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 338.

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Mill.

(Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Grape.

Injury: To fruit.

Description: Adult, wings lead gray, two diagonal whitish stripes between which
are blackish spots. Larva, length 14 mm., dirty brown with broad, dark side stripes.
Feeds on unripe grape berries.

Distribution: Southern Europe, Egypt.
Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 311.

Sciopteron regale But.

(Grape Gun Worm. Sesiidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Grape.

Injury: Bore in canes of the grape; very destructive in Japan.

Description and biology: Adult moth, about 18 mm. long and with wing expanse of
37 mm.; general color orange and black. Larva, 18 to 25 mm. long, yellow, feet and
head darkish brown. Pupa, about 18 mm. long, rich amber brown in color.

Distribution: Japan.
Maskew, F. Cal. State Hort. Com. Monthly Bulletin, vol. 2, No. 10, 1913, p. 677.

Clysia ambigiiella Hiibner.

(The Cochylis. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.)
Host: Grape.

Injury: Very serious to blossom clusters and fruit. One of the worst grape pests of
Europe.

27812—18 9

130

A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 14-15 mm.; forewing yellow, with a
large dark brown transverse band; hindwing gray. Two generations. First occurs at
time of flowering of grape; second generation in early August (France). Pupates in
early winter under bark scales, in crevices of grape stakes, etc. Larva, length 12 mm. ,
at first whitish, later taking on a rose color. Egg placed singly on blossom clusters
and on grapes. (See text fig. 66.)

Distribution: Europe, Asia Minor, Japan, India.
MoNTiLLOT, L. Entomologie et Parisitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 335.
Polychrosls botrana Schiflermiller.
(The Pyralid of the Vine. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)
Host: Grape.

Injury: Very injurious. Attacks grape blossoms and fruit.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 12 mm.; forewings pale yellow with
three transverse brown lines; hind wings grayish brown. Three annual generations.

Pupa brown. Larva, length
1 cm.; green in color. Eggs
deposited on berries and on
blossom clusters. (See text
fig. 67.)

Distribution: Germany,
Austria - Hungary, Switzer
land, France, Italy, Asia
Minor.

MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes
Nuisibles, 1891, p. 120.

GuENAUx, G. Entomologie
et Parasitologie Agricoles,
1904, p. 340.

IMPORTANT GRAPE
INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.

Coccidae:

Armored —
Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) labia-
tarum Marchal; Corsica, Italy.
Aspidiotus {Pseudaonidia) arti-
culatus Morgan; West Indies.
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) tes-
serata De Charmoy; Mauri-
tius, Mexico, Antigua.

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) pedroniformis Cockerell and Robinson; Philippines; Vitis vinifera.
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) fossor Newstead; Barbados.

Aspidiotus ( Targionia) vitis Signoret; France, Algiers, Germany, Italy, Sicily.
Ohionaspis vitis Green; Ceylon, Japan.
Unarmored—
Cryptinglisia lounsburyi Cockerell; on roots; Cape Colony.
Gueriniella serratulx Fabricius; Algeria; Europe.
Icerya palmeri Riley & Howard; Mexico.
^Lecanium persicx Fabricius; Australia, France, Italy, Caucasus, California.
Lecanium vini Bouch4; France.
Neolecanium silveirai ITempel; on roots; Brazil.
i^Palseococcus rosx Riley & Howard; Jamaica.
Pseudococcus fiJamcntosus Cockerell; Japan, Hawaii.
Pseudococcus subterrancus Hempel; on roots; Argentina.
Pseudococcus vitis Nicdielski; North Africa, France, Europe, Palestine.
Pulvinaria vinifera King.
RMzrecus falcifcr Kiinckel; France, Algeria.
Solenococcus muratss Kuwana; Japan.
Lygaeidae.

I^ysius vinitor Bergroth; Australia. (See Fruit.)

Fig.

-Grape worm (Clysia ambiguella): Adult, pupse, larvse,
egg, and injured grapes. (Silvestri, Sorauer.)

INSECTS OF GEAPE AND GUAVA.

131

COLEOPTERA.
Buprestldae.

::^Agrilus viridis Linnaeus; Europe. (See Oak.)

Scarabseldae.

Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius; Pacific Islands. (See Rose.)
Cerambycidae.

Cerambyx miles Bon.; Austria; bores stems of Vitis vinifera.
Heterachthes xncolus Bates; Mexico; bores steins of Vitis vinifera.

Curculionidae.

Orthorrhinus kluggi Schonherr; Victoria; bores in canes.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Tortricidse.

Capua angustiorana Haworth; Europe, Asia, Africa.
(See Apricot.)

Zygsenidse.

Ina ampelophaga Boyle; Europe, Caucasus, Pales-
tine; attacks buds and leaves.

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae.

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Vitis vinifera.
(See Fruit.)

Itonididae.

Contarinia viticola Riibsaamen; Europe; breeds in
buds and flowers.

GUAVA.

(Psidium guajava, etc. Family Myrtaceae.)

Evergreen trees and shrubs of tropical
and subtropical America, yielding delicious
fruits. Several species are grown in Florida
and California.

liWPORTANT GUAVA INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae.

Armored—

■Jfi Aspidiotus {Pseudaonidia) articulatus Green; Ja-
maica.

Aspidiotus{Pseudaonidia)trilobitifoTmis Green; Cey-
lon. (See citrous.)

•:)(:? arlatoria ziziphus Lucas; Philippine Islands.

Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) megaloba Green; Ceylon.
Unarmored —

Cardiococcus urribonatus Cockerell; Mexico.

Ceroplastes campinensis Hempel; Brazil.

Ceroplastes grandis Hempel; Brazil.

Ceroplastes psidii Chavannes; Brazil, Europe.
Ceroplastes singularis Newstead; British East Africa, Uganda.
Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret; Mauritius.
Coccus acuminatus Signoret; Hawaii, Ceylon.
Coccus viridis Green; Uganda, India, Mauritius, Ceylon, Brazil.
Eriococcus coriaceus Maskell; Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland.
Icerya montsnratensis Riley & Howard; New South Wales; Psidium pomiferum.
Icerya scychellarum Westwood; Mauritius.
Inglisia conchiformis Newstead; Uganda.
Pseudococcus grandis Hempel; Brazil.
Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; China, Japan, Jamaica.
Pseudokermes nitens Hempel; Brazil.
Pulvinaria cupanix Cockerell; Jamaica.

Pulvinaria ficus Hempel; Brazil, Barbados, Montserrat, Antigua, St. Kitts
Saissetia discoides Hempel; Brazil.
Saissetia psidii Green; Ceylon.

Fig. 67.— Grape pyralid {Polychrosis botrana):
Adult, larvae, pupa, egg, and injured grape.
(Silvestri.)

132 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

•

Aleyrodldae.

Aleurodicus cocois Curtis; West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America, attacks Psidium guajata,
(See Coconut.)

THYSANOPTERA.

^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida, attacks Psidium guajava. (See
Fruits.)

COLEOPTERA.
Brachyrhinidee.

Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus; AVest Indies. (See Sugar cane.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Lycaenldae.

Virachola insocrates Fabricius; India; bores in fruit. (See Fruit.)

Pyralidae.

Dichocrocis punctiferalis Gnenee; Queensland. (See Corn.)

Lasiocampidse.

Siionaconcotor Walker; Java.

DIPTERA.
Trypetldae.

Anastrcpha fraterculus Wiedemann, attacks Psidium guajava. (See Fruit.)

Anastrepha serpentina Wiedemaim, fruit fly; Lesser Antilles; attacks Psidium guajava.

Anastrepha ludens Loew; Mexico. (See Fruit.)

Ceratitis capilata Wiedemann; attacks Psidium cattleianum and P. guajava. (See Fruit.)

Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa. (See Fruit.)

Ceratitis anonae Graham; Africa. (See Fruit.)

Dacus psidii Froggatt; Fiji. (See Fruit.)

Dacus xanthodes Broun; Fiji. (See Fruit.)

Dacus diversus Coquillett; India. (See Fruit.)

HAWTHORN; MEDLAR.

{Mespilus sipTp. [Crataegus]. Family Rosacese.)

Small fruit-bearing trees and shrubs of the northern hemisphere, grown mainly as
ornamental shrubbery.

IMPORTANT HAWTHORN INSECTS.

ACARINA.
Eriophyidae.

Eriophyes goniothorax Nalepa, blister mite; England; attacks leaves of Mespilus oxyacantha.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae:

Armored —

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) pyri Liehteiastein: Europe; Mespilus heterophylla, ''. oxyacantha.

Diaspis Jephrii Signoret; Europe; Mespilus monogyna.
Unarmored —

Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus; Europe.
■^Lecaniumbituberculatum Targioni-Tozzetti; Europe; Oregon; Mespilus monogyna, M. oxyacantha.

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Mespilus coccinea, M. germanica, M. monogyna, M. oxyacantha,
M. pyracantha.

Pulvinaria betulae; Europe; Mespilus germanica, M. monogyna, M. oxyacantha.

COLEOPTERA.
Curculionldse.

Magdalis cerasi Linnaeus and M. pruni Linnaeus; Europe; breed under bark. ^

Magdalis barbicornis Latreille; Europe. (See Apple.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Geometrldae.

Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoliaria Linnaeus and H. marginaria Borckh; Germany; defoliators.

Lymantriidae.

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus and ^ Euproctis chrysorrhcea Liimaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest
defoliators.)

Lasiocampidae.

Gastropacha quercifolia Linnaeus; Europe. (See Fruit.)

Hyponoineutidae.

Argyrcsthia nitidella Fabricius; England. (See Plum )

INSECTS OF HAWTHORN AND HAZEL. 133

DIPTERA.
Trypetldae.

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)

HYMENOPTERA.
Ten thredln idae •

Macrophya punctum-album Ltnnceus; Russia; sawfly.
Priophorus padi Linnaeus; Europe (See Plum.)

LITERATURE.

SoR.vuER. P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 191.3, vol. 3.
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912

HAZEL; FILBERT; COBNUT.

{Corylus spp. Family Corylaceae.)

Valuable nut-bearing shrubs or rarely trees of America, Europe, and Asia, some-
times used for shrubbery.

A. HAZEL INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Erlophyes avellanse Nalepa; Eriophyes vermiformls Nalepa.
(Hazelnut Blister Mites. Family Eriophyidse; Acarina.)

Hosts: Corylus avellana, C. tubulosa.

Injury: Cause galls on buds. Serious in England.

Description and biology: Four-legged blister mites which form galls in the spring
and summer buds. Very easy to introduce on nursery stock.

Distribution: England, Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 118,

fig. 93.

Oberea linearis Lmnseus.

(Cerambycidee; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Hazelnut, walnut.

Description and biology: Adult, beetle occurs from May on. A generation in two
years. The larva eats pith and wood and pupates in earth. JEggs are placed singly
under young bark. After oviposition the female rings the twig.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 507.

Curcullo nucum Linnaeus (Balaninus).

(Nut Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Hazelnut, filbert, cob, oak.

Injury:^ Causes nuts to fall prematurely.

Description and biology: Adult, length 8 mm.; color tawny brown to chocolate
brown, densely clothed with golden-brown pubescence; has unusually long snout;
^occurs in June and July (England). Flies in bright weather. Pupa creamy white,
pupates in soil. Larva length rather more than 8 mm.; creamy white; passes winter
in cell in ground. Eggs are deposited singly, deep in nut. Incubation requires 8 or
10 days. (See text fig. 68.)

Distribution: Europe.
Theobalc, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 299.

134 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Laspeyrcsla amplana Hiibner (Carpocapsa.)

(NiitTortrix. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)

Bosts: Hazelnut, walnut.

Injury: To fruit.

Descnption and biology: Forewing cinnamon colored, with large light spots on both
Bides darkened by brown spots on the inner margin. FHes in July (Germany) Larva
dirty white; head and back darker; bores into the nuts; overwinters in soiV pupating
m spring. Eggs deposited on unripe nuts. ' ^ ^

Distribution : Europe .

SoR.^UER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 276

Henschel, G. a. G. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Inlekten,' ISOo' p. 432.

B. IMPORTANT HAZEL IN-
SECTS.

HEMIPTEEA.
Coccidse.

Unarmored—
Lecanium coryli Linnfeus;

Europe; Corylus avellana, C.

colurna.
Lecanium pulchrum Marchal;

Europe; Corylus avellana.
Phenacoccus aceris Signoret;

Europe; Corylus avellana.
Pulvinaria betulx Liniiiieus;

Europe; Corylus avellana.

COLEOPTERA.
Buprestidse.

Agrilus angmtulus Uliger; A.
subauratus Gebler; Europe;
bore in bast and sap wood,
especially of saplings.
Elateridse.

Athous subfuscus Miiller, wire-
worm; Europe; injiores nuts
and seedlings.

Fig.

-The nut weevil {Curculio nucum): Adult puncturing
nut. (Guenaux.)

Cerambycidae.

Oberea linearis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in pith of niu-sery stock.
Chrysomelldae.

Haltica quercetorum Foudr.; Europe; leaf beetle. (See Oak.)
Curciilionldae.

Magdalis carbonaria Linnaeus; Europe; bores in trunks. (See Birch.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Geometridae.

Anisopteryx ssscularia Schiffermiller; Europe; feeds on foliage.

Lyman triidse.

Dasychira pudibunda Linnajus, and ^Lymantria monacha Linna?us; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest
defoliators.)

Xotodontidse.

Phalera bucephala Linnaeus; Europe. (See Forests.)
Tortrlcldaj.

Laspcyresia ffrossana Ilaworth ( Carpocapsa); Europe. (See Beech.)
Hj-ponomeutidse.

Argyresthia ephippella ¥iihricms; Europe. (See Plum.)

HYMENOPTERA.
Tenthredlnld%.

Monoctenus jwniperi Linn;eus; Europe; sawfly feeds on foliage.

INSECTS OP HAZEL, HEMLOCK, HEMP, HOPS. 135

LITERATURE.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.
NCssLiN, Otto. Leittaden der Forstinsektenlauide, 2d ed., 1913.
Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2.
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912.

HEMLOCK SPRUCE.

{Tsuga sipTp. Family Pinaceae.)

Ornamental evergreen trees, very useful for parking, native of Xorth America,
East Asia, and the Himalayas. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under

Conifers.

HEMP.

(Cannabis sativa Linnaeus. Family Urticaceae.)

A native of Asia cultivated for the fiber obtained from its stems. Also used as an

ornamental plant.

I3IPORTANT HEMP INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Chrysomelldse.

Psylliodes attenuata Koch; Europe. (See Hops.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidse.

Pyrausta nubilalis Hiibner; Europe. (See Grain.)

HOPS.

(Humulus lupuhis Linnaeus. Family Urticaceae.)

Vines cultivated in Europe and America for the hops, which are used in the brew-
ing of beer.

A. BETTER KNOWN HOPS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Psylliodes attenuata Koch.

(European Hop Flea-Beetle. Family Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Hops, hemp, stinging nettle.

Injury: Feeds on foliage. The larva is supposed to breed in the cones of the hops.

Distribution: Europe (Russia, England).

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 522.

Hepialus humuli Linnseus.

(Hop Root Borer. Hepialidae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Hops, potato, rape, corn, sorrel, dandelion.

Injury: Bores in the roots.

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 43-68 mm.; male above silvery white,
beneath brownish gray, female clay yellow, with pale brick-red marks on forewings.
Larva yellowish, spotted with black, with dark head; thoracic shield and spots on
second and third segments yellowish brown; 50-55 mm. The larva breeds in the
roots.

Distribution: Europe.

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 320.

Cecidomyia humuli Theobald.

(Hop Midge. Itonididte [Cecidomyidee] ; Diptera.)

Host: Hops.

Injury: Attack the catkins.

136

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Description and biology: Fly very small; larvae white.
Distribution: England.

SoRAUEE, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 443.

Agromyza frontalis Meigen.

(Hop Leaf Miner. Agromyzidee; Diptera.)

Host: Hops.

Injury: Mines the leaves.

/^^

Fig. 69. — Needle-nose hop-bug ( Calocoris fulvomaculatus): a, Adult; 6, early stage of nymph; c, 4th instar
nymph; d, 5th instar nymph. (Theobald.)

Description and biology: Pupates in the soil.
Distribution: Europe.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 406.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT HOPS INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Miiidac (Capsldae).

Calocoris fulvomaculatus: iVeedle-nosed hop bug; Europe; sucks juices. (See text, fig. 69.)

INSECTS OF HOPS^ HORNBEAM, HOESE-CHESTNUT. 137

COLEOPTERA.
Chrysomelldae.

Phyllotreta nemorum Linnaeus; Europe. (See Crucifers.)

Elateridae.

Agriotes lineatus Linnseus. (See Tobacco.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidae.

Pyrausta nubilalis Hiibner; Europe; bores in stems. (See Grain.)

Noctuldse.

Hypena rostralis Linnaeus; Europe; feeds on foliage.

LITERATURE.

Theobald, F. V. Text Book of Agric. Zoology, pp. 260-262, figs. 150, 159. 1913.

Remisch, Fr. VON. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Insekten bioL, band. 13, heft 9, pp. 331-333; heft 10, pp. 363-368. 1908.

HORNBEAM.

(Carpinus betulus L., etc. Family Betulacese.)

Hard-wooded trees much used in tool making. Occur in Europe, Asia, and
America.

IMPORTANT HORNBEAM INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae:

Unarmored—
Pulvinaria betulx Linn?eus; Lecanium coryli Linnaeus, and Lecanium pulchrum Marchal; Europe.

COLEOPTERA.
Anobiidse.

Xestobium rufovillosum DeGeer; Europe; bores in the wood.
Ptilinws pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in the wood.

Elateridae.

Athous su,bfuscu,s Miiller; wireworm; Europe; injures fruit and seedlings.

Scarabaeidae.

Amphimallon solslitialis Limiieus; Europe; the larvfe injure the roots of small plants while the adult
injure the shoots.

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, and M. melolontha LimiiBUs; Europe; larvae injure roots of seed-
lings.

Scolytidae.

Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Europe; galleries wood.

Scolyius carpini Ratzeburg; Germany; galleries in bark, bast, and sapwood.

Xyloterus domesticus Linnaeus; Germany; galleries in bark and sapwood.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Geometridae.

Hibernia defoliaria Linnwus and H. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; defoliators.

Lymantrildae.

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus; -^Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnaeus, ^^.Lymantria monacha Linniieus,
^Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, Porthesiasimilis Fuessly; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.)

LITERATURE.

LiNDiNGEK, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidae) . 1912.

Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2.

NOss^ix, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed. 1913.

HORSE-CHESTNUT; BUCKEYE.

{Aescidus spp. Family Sapindaceae.)

Ornamental trees and shrubs, desirable for shade trees, occurring in North America,
Asia, Europe.

138 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

A. HORSE-CHESTNUT INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

^~ Zeuzera pyrlna Linnseus.
(Horse-chestnut Borer. Cossidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosls: Elm, alder, ash, beech, birch, horse-chestnut, linden, maple, oak, willow,
poplar, buckthorn, spindle tree, mountain ash.

Injury: Bores in bark and wood of trees.

Description and biology: Moth white, with steel-blue round spots; wing expanse
50-70 mm. Larva yellowish, more flesh-colored when younger, with shining black,
warts; head, thoracic shields and legs black. The larva bores in the wood and pupates
in a cell of frass near the outside.

Distribution: Europe, North Africa, and introduced into North America.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 321.
Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2, pp. 84, 85.
NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 321, 322, figs.

273-275.

B. IMPORTANT HORSE-CHESTNUT INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccldae.

Unarmored —

Lecanium coryli Linnasus; Europe; Aesculus hippocastanum, A. pavia.

COLEOPTERA.
Anobiidae.

XestoUum rufovillosum De Geer; Europe; bores in dead wood of standing and living trees.

Bostrychidae.

Sinoxylon perforans Schr.; Europe; bores in branches.

Scarabseidse.

Melolonthahippocastani Fahncmsajid M.melolonthaLumieus; Europe ;ilarvEe injure; roots of seedlings.

Cerambycldae.

Phymatodes lividus Rossi; Germany; bores in wood of felled trees and lumber.

Ipidse.

Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Germany; galleries in wood.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Geometridae.

Anisopteryx xscularia Schiflermiller; Europe; feeds on foliage. '

LITERATURE.

NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.

HORSE-RADISH.

(Radicula armor ada. Family Cruciferse.)

An herb cultivated for its roots.

IMPORTANT HORSE-RADISH|INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Chrysomelidse.

Phyllotreta nigripes Fabricius, and P. arworacix Koch; Europe, North America. (See Crucilers.)
Phyllotreta atra Fabricius; Europe; flea beetle.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidse.

Pionea forficalis hinneeus; Europe. (See Cabbage.)

INSECTS OF lEIS, JICACO, AND JUNIPER. 130

IBIS.

( Jm spp. Family Iridacese.)
Flowering herbs, propagated from roots.

IRIS INSECTS.

DIPTERA.
Syrphidee.

JfiEumerus strigitus Fallen, Europe, New York; attacks tubers. (See Onion.)

JICACO; COCOA PLUM.

(Chrysobalanus icaco. Family Rosaceae.)
A tropical plant introduced into Florida.

JICACO INSECTS.

HEMIPTEEA.
AlejTodldae.

AleuTodkus cocois Curtis; West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America. (See Coconut.)

DIPTERA.
Trypetldae.

Ceratitis giffardi Bezzi; Africa; attacks fruit of Chrysobalanus ellipticus. (See Fruit.)
Ceratitis silvestrii Bezzi; Africa. (See Fruit.)

JUNIPER; RED CEDAR.

(Juniperus spp. Family Juniperacese.)

Ornamental evergreen trees or shrubs distributed throughout the extratropical
regions of the northern hemisphere. The wood is used in finishing interiors of houses,
for posts, and the manufacture of small articles, especially pencils. The fruit of
/. drwpacea is edible. Aromatic oils used in medicine are obtained from the fruit
and branches of some species.

Eriophyes quadrisetus F. Thorns.

(Juniper blister mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.)

Host: Juniperus communis.
Injury: Causes deformations.

Description and biology: A four-legged blister mite which forms gall-like swellings
of the fruit and needle. Very easy to introduce on nursery stock.
Distribution: Europe.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO JUNIPER.

, HEMIPTERA.

Coccidae.

Armored—

AsTpidiotus maderensis Lindinger; Madeira; Juniperus cedrus.
■J(i Chionaspis striata Newstead; South Europe; Juniperus drupacea, J. foUidissima, J. macrocarpa,
J. oiycedrus, J. pUanicea.
Cryptaspidiotus mediterraneus Lindinger; Algeria, Greece; Juniperus macrocarpa, J. phanicea.
Diaspis atlantica Lindinger; Canary Islands; Juniperus phxnicea.

Diaspis visci Schrank; Europe; Juniperus canadensis, J. cedrus, J. chinensis, J. communis, J. drupacea,
J. ezcelsa, J. macrocarpa, J. oxycedrus, J. phanicea, J. recurva, J. sabina, J. sphserica, J. torulosa,
J. virginiana.
Lepidosaphes juniperi Lindinger; Anatolia; Juniperus ezcelsa.
Unarmored—
Pseudococcus vovx Nassonow; Russia; Austria; Juniperus communis.

140 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Ipidse.

Phlxosinus thujx Ferris; Europe; Juniperus communis.

LEPIDOPTERA. ■

Tortrlcidse. <

Laspeyresia duplicana Zetterstedt; Europe. (See Conifers.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

LiNDiNGEE, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse). 1912.
ErcHHOFF, W. Europ. Borkentiifer. 1881.

KAFIR CORN.

See Sorghum.

KALE.
See Cabbage.

KEI APPLE.

{Aberia caffra.)

A tree of Cape of Good Hope, introduced into California and Florida and quite

hardy in southern California. A spring plant grown for hedges. The fruit is used

as pickles or conserves.

A KEI APPLE INSECT.

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae.

Ceratitis capitata Wiedematm. (See Fruit.)

KOHL-RABI.

See Cabbage.

KOLA; COLA.

(Sterculia acuminata. Family Sterculiacefe.)

Tropical African trees cultivated for the nuts.

A. KOLA INSECTS.

THYSANOPTERA.

^ Heliothrips ruhrocincius Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Fruits.)

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidje.

Lecanium catori Green; Algeria; on pods.

LARCH.

t
(Larix spp. Family Pinacese.)

Valuable ornamental and forest trees grown in the colder regions of Europe, Asia,
and North America. L. decidua (europsea), the European larch, yields turpentine
and the bark contains tannin, used for tanning leather. For convenience the insect
pests are arranged under Conifers.

LETTUCE.

(Lactuca spp. Family Compositse.)
A well-known genus of herbs grown for their edible foliage.

IMPORTANT LETTUCE INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Elaterldse.

Agriotes lineatus Linnteus. (See Tobacco.)

U. S. Dept of Agriculture, Manualof Dangerous Insects

Plate XXX

CL

d

c

A Destructive Mango Insect.

Mango bark borer (Ptoc^-ierusrw^comis) a, 6, Larvae; c cocoon- d, pupa; e, male; / fcmalo.

(Jones.)

INSECTS OF LETTUCE AND LINDEN. 141

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralldae.

^ Pioneafermgalis Hiibner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.)

Noctuldae.

Mamestra brassicx Lirmseus; Europe; feeds on leaves.

LINDEN; BASSWOOD; LIME.

{Tilia spp. Family Tiliacese.)

Trees distributed generally throughout the northern temperate zone. The wood
of several species is easily cut into veneers and is hence in much demand for light
boxes for packing fruits, etc. They are valuable honey trees.

A. LINDEN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Eriophyes tiliarius Connold; Eriophyes tiliae Nalepa.
(Linden Gall Mites. Eriophyidse; Acarina.)

Host: Tilia euro paea.

Injury: The first-mentioned mite forms galls on the flower bracts, and the second
on the leaves, but neither is of vital importance.

Distribution: England.
GiLLANDERS, A. T. Forcst Entomology, 1908, pp. 27, 28, 30, 31, fig. 26.

B. IMPORTANT LINDEN INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidse.

Armored —

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe.
Unarmored —

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe.

Xylococcus filifer Loew; Europe; Tilia cordata, T. grandifloiu.

Pyrrhocorldse.

PynJiocoris apterus Linnaeus; Germany; in all stages sucks the juices from the leaves, fruit, and stems.

COLEOPTERA.
Buprestidae.

Agrilus viridis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in stems and branches. (See Oak).

Lampra rutilans Fabricius, and L. undatus Fabricius; Europe; bore in bark and wood.

Scarabseidae.

MelolonthahippocastaniFa,hncins and M. mclolonlha Liinnasns; Europe; larvaeinjure roots of seedlings

Ipidae.

Ernoporus caticasicus Lind.; bark beetle; Europe.

ErnopoTUs tilix Panzer; bark beetle; Europe; Tilia parvifolia.

Xijloterus domesticus Linnaeus, and X. signatus Fabricius; ambrosia beetles.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidse.

Cossus cossus Linnaeus, goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.)
>if^ Z euzera pyrina liinnsens; Europe; bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.)

Noctuidae.

AT j/Zmo soc/a Rott.; Europe. (See Plum.)

Geometridse.

Hibcrnia aurantiaria Esp., H. dcfoliaria Linnaeus, and H. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; defoliators.

Lasiocampidse.

Eriogastcr lanestris Linnaeus; Germany; defoliator.

Lyinantriidae.

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, >\c Lymantria vionacha Linnaeus, ■:)fiPorthelna dispar Linnaeus, and
Porthesia similis Fuessly; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.)

142 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

LITERATURE.

NOsSLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d cd., 1913.
Hess, R. Der Forstscliutz, 1898, 1900.
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (CoccidsD), 1912.

LOQUAT.

(Enobotrya japonica. Family Rosacese.)

A fruit tree native of China and Japan, much planted in the Gulf States. The
fruit occasionally reaches the northern markets.

IMPORTANT LOQUAT INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA. *
Coccidae.

Unarmored —
Ceroplastes vinsonii Sigaoret; Mauritius; Reunion Island .

LEPIDOPTERA.
Lycsenldae.

Virachola imocrates Fabricius; India; bores in fruit. (See Fruit.)

Pyralldae.

Dichocrocis puncti/eralis Gu6n(5e; Queensland. (See Com.)

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae.

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, fruit fly. (See Fruit.)
Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.)

MAHOGANY.

{Swietenia mahogoni. Family Meliacese.)

A tropical tree of great importance in the furniture trade, offered by nurserymen of
Florida and California.

IMPORTANT MAHOGANY INSECTS.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossldae.

Zeuzera coffex Nietner; Orient. (See Coffee.)

Pyralidse.

Tlypsipyla robusta Moore; India; twig borer.

MAIZE.

See Corn.

MAMMEE APPLE.

{Mammea americana. Family Guttiferse.)

Tropical fruit tree now cultivated in Florida and California.

MAMMEE APPLE INSECTS.

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae.

Ceratitis capitata Wiedeimaixa. (See Fruit.)
Dacus xanthodes Broan; Fiji. (See Fruit.)

MANGEL.

See Beet.

MANGO.

(Mangifera indica. Family Anacardiaceae.)

A much-cultivated fruit tree originating in the Orient and now extensively culti-
vated in the West Indies and also in Florida and California.

MANGO INSECTS.

143

A. BETTER KNOWN MANGO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Psylla cistellata Buckton.
(The Mango Shoot Psylla. Psyllidae; Hemiptera.)

Host: Mango ( Mangifera indica) .

Injury: Injures terminal shoots by producing imbricated pseudo-cones of a bright
green or yellow color in which the larval
and pupal stages are passed.

Description: Adult head small, eyes
globose and prominent; abdomen deeply
corrugated and ringed; general color of
body shining pitchy black.

Distribution: India.
Buckton, G. B'. Indian Museum Notes,

1896, vol. 3, No. 2, p. 91.

Dinoderus distlnctus Lesne.
(Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Mango, bamboo.

Injury: Infests branches.

Description: Adult brown, with red-
dish tinge at base of elytra. Marginal
teeth of pro thorax very small, the two
middle ones longest. Length 3.5 mm.
(See text ^g. 70.)

Distribution: India.
Maxwell-Leproy, H. Indian Insect

Life, 1909, p. 316.
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects,

1914, pp. 129, 130.

Plocsederus ruflcornis Newman.

(The Mango Bark Borer. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.)

Host: Mango.

Injury: Considered one of the most formidable pests of the Philippine Islands.

Description and biology: Adult beetle 23 to 45 mm. in length with antennae longer
than body; body dull blackish in color, antennae reddish brown, thorax with sharp
spine on each side, legs of same rufous color as antennae. Eggs deposited singly on
the bark or in crevices of wounds near lower part of the trunk. Larvse on hatching
bore into the inner part of bark, where the entire grub stage is passed; pupate in a
ca\dty made of grass. (See plate xxx.)

Distribution: Philippine Islands.

JoxES, C. R. The Philippine Agric. Review, 1913, vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 118-124, pis. 24.
Sternochctus gravis Fabrieius. (Cryptorhynchus).

(Northern Mango Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.)

Host: Mango.

Injury: This is the common mango weevil of Northern India, and is liable to be
introduced in seed.

Fig. 70.— Mango and bamboo borer (Dinoderus dis-
tlnctus): Adults. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

144

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Description and biology: Adult weevil rusty brown to blackish brown, mottled with
grayish patches; length 9 mm. Beak long. The entire development takes place in

the fruit, the larvae first feeding in the pulp,
then entering the seed. (See text fig. 71.)

Distribution: India (Bengal, Assam, United
Provinces) .

Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Cole-
optera, p. 436, fig. 289.

Sternochetus inangUerse Fabricius.
( Cryptorhynclius.)

(Mango Weevil. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.)

Host: Mango.

Injury: Serious enemy of mango, especially
in Hawaii, where it is reported to have infested
from 60 to 90 per cent of the crop. Liable to
be introduced in seed.

Description and biology: Adult iceevil, varies
from 6 to 8 mm. in length; when nearly de-
veloped whitish pink in color, later changing
to a dark brown with yellow markings; beak
short, thick, and when at rest turned back
beneath the thorax in a groove terminating between the first pair of legs. The egg is
deposited in the fleshy part of the fruit, and ou hatching the larva enters the seed,
where it undergoes its entire development, vacating as an adult.

Fig. 71. — Northern mango weevil (^Sterno-
chetus gravis): Adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

Fig. 72.— The mango weevil (Sternochetus mangiferx): a, Adult weevil, from above; h, same, from
below. Much enlarged. (Marlatt.)

Distribution: Inhabits all mango regions bordering Indian Ocean, East Indies
including Philippines, Madagascar, Hawaii, Labuan, Straits Settlements, and South
Africa. (Text figs. 72, 73.)

Van Dine, D. L. Agr. Exper. Sta. Hawaii, Press Bui. 17, 1906.
Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Circ. 141, 1911.

MAXGO INSECTS. 145

Dacus rarotongae Froggatt.

(Raratonga Fniit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)
Host: Mango.

Injury: Larvae feed in fruit.

Description: Adult female length 9 mm., thorax shining black; ■nings hyaline;
abdomen diamond shaped; anal segment and ovipositor yellow.
Distribution: Raratonga, Cook Islands.

Froggatt. "W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales. 1910. vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 872.

Dacus tongensis Froggatt.

(Tonga Fruit Fly. Tr>T)etid8e; Diptera.)
Host: Mango.

Injury: Bred from mangos imported into New Zealand.
Description: Adult female length 9 mm.; head dull yellow; thorax black, no yellow

fci' I A

^Vk^

hU^

^-m^

a h

Fig. 73.— The mango weevil {Sternochetus mangiferx): a, Larva; 6, pupa. Much enlarged. (Marlatt.j

on shoulders;, wings hyaline, nervures chocolate brown; abdomen black, elongate,
oval; legs light yellow, sometimes clouded at apex of femora.

Distribution: Tonga.
Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35. pt. 4. p. 870.

B. i:>IPORTAXT MANGO INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae:

Armored—
Anjiidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; West Indies, Mexico. (See Olive.)
Aspidiotus ( Morganella) longispina Morgan; Hawaii, Mauritius; scale of adult female less than 1 mm.
wide, circular, flattened with reddish nipple-like exuvium.

27812—18-

-10

146 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

Coccidae— Coni inuefl.
Armored— Continued.
A.ipidiotus ( Morganclla) maskelli Cockcrell; Hawaii, Mauritius, Brazil: soale of female about 1 mm. in

diamelcr, pitch black exuviaconcolorous and to one side.
:^: Aspidiotus {Pseudannidia) articulatus Morgan; British West Indies. (See Coffee.)
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) clavigera Cockerell; Hawaii. (See Citrus.)
Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobitiformis Green; German East Africa, Java. (See Citrus.) (See text

fig. 32.)
Aspidiotus (Pseudischnaspis) longissima Cockerell; Mexico; scale of female 2.5 mm. long by 0.6G mm.

broad, black marked with brown, ventral scale thin, white, exuvia to one side.
Aulacaspis cinnamomi Newstead; Java, Ceylon; scale of adult female 1.25 mm. long, 1.7.5 mm. broad

circular, flat, thin, opaque, white.
Chionaspis vitis Green; India; scale of adult female 2.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, white, thin, transparent .
■^ Leucaspis indica Marlatt; has been imported from India and is now established in certain sections of

Florida. Scale of female white, elongate narrow, convex, flattened at tip; adult inclosed within

swollen strongly chitinized second stages. (See plate I, fig. 1.)
^ Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus Newstead; has been found on mangos imported from India, also reported

from Singapore. Scale of female 1.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. broad, dark brown, usually with slight

apical extension.
Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) dilatata Green; Ceylon; scale of female 2 mm. in length, 1.5 mm. in breadth,

snow white, opaque, with irregular raised lines on dorsal surface.
Chionapsis eugenix Maskell; Orient; scale of female 2.5 mm. long, white, elongate pyriform and flat.
Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) natalensis Coc'keTell; Natal; scaleof female pjTiform, about 3 mm. long, white

with exuviae pale orange brown, scale of male feebly tricarinate.
Unarmored —
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, Hawaii, Japan. (See Avocado.)
Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret; Mauritius; female covered with wax and resembles C. rusci.
Coccus acuminatus Signoret; Hawaii, Ceylon; adult female 3-3.25 mm. in length, flat pale green, acumi-
nate at cephalic extremity and broadly rounded posteriorly.
Coccus acutissimus Green; Ceylon; adult female 5-0 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad, long and narrow;

acutely pointed at each end; color v^ying from creamy white to deep chocolate brown in older

specimens.
:4c Coccus mangiferx Green; West Indies, Ceylon; adult female 3-4 mm. in length, 2.5-3.5 mm. in breadth

deltoid, pale yellowish green. Has been introduced into Florida and gives promise of being a serious

pest.
Geococcus radicum Green; Ceylon, Hawaii; liable to be introduced on roots. Adult female inclosed in

a brittle white sac, broadly fusiform, narrow at both extremities; antennae 6-jointed.
Icerya minor Green; Bengal; adult female 4-6 mm. in length, yellow, with 22 or 23 waxy patches around

body and a dorsal patch of about 16.
Icerya seychellarum Westwood; Seychelles. (See Citrus.)
Phenacoccas iceryoidcs Green; India, Philippines; adult female usually to be found at anterior extremity

of a globose ovisac, margin with conspicuous fringe of white waxy tissues.
Phenacoccus mangiferx Green; Ceylon, India; female pale yellow, dorsal area covered with white mealy

powder, with stout white processes on margin.
Pulvinaria ficus Hempel; Brazil.
Pulvinaria mainmese, Maskell; Hawaii; adult female reddish brown covered with thiu grayish meal,

ovisac large, snow white, forming a mass of loose cotton.
Saissetia psidii Green; Ceylon; adult female bright red to deep brown, length 2.5-3.75 mm.
Saissetia punclilifera Green; Ceylon; adult female 3-3.75 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad, irregularly oval,

narrowed in front, varying from reddish green to reddish ochreous.
Vinsonia stellifera Westwood; Ceylon. (See Coffee.)

THYSANOPTERA.

^Heliothrips ruhrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Fruit.)

COLEOPTERA.
Cerambycldae.

Epepeotes luscus Fabricius; Java; bark borer.

Batocera titana Thomson; India; bores in sapwood. (See text fig. 74.)

B rachy rhlnldae .

Diaprepes abbrcviatus Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.)

Curculionidie.

Cytorhynchus frigidus Fahiicius; India; breeds in fruit.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Notodontidse.

Stauropus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java; defoliator.

INSECTS OF MANGO AND MAPLE.

147

DIPTERA
Trypetldae.

Anaslrephafraterculus Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)
Dacus passiflorx Fioggalt; Fiji. (See Fruit.)
Dacus persicse Rig; India. (See Fruit.)
Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius; India. (See

Fruit.) (See fig. 75.)
Dacus diversus Coqulllett; India. (See

Fruit.)
Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (Sec

Fruit.)
Bactrocera zonatus Saunders; fruit fly;

Solomon Islands, Ceylon, India.
Ceratitiscapitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)
Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa.

(See Fruit.)

LITERATURE.

Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New

South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. -1, pp. 808-870.
SoRAUER, P. Ilandbuch der Pflanzenkrank-

heiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.

MAPLE.

(Acer spp . Family A ceracese . )

A large genus of trees and shrubs
occurring in Europe, Asia, and Amer-
ica, much prized for cultivation as
shade trees and valuable for lum-
ber.

IMPORTANT MAPLE INSECTS.

ACARINA.

Eriophyidse.

Eriophyes macrochelus Nalepa; blister

mite; England; attacks leaves of Acer Fig. 74. — Mango borer {Batocera titana): Male. (Stebbing.)

campestre. •

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae.

Armored—

Chionaspis salicis Linnajus; Europe; Acer campestre and A. pseudoplatanus.
Unarmored—

Eriococcus aceris Signoret; Europe; Acer campestre, A. pseudoplatanus.

Lecanium aceris Curtis; Europe.

Lecanium coryli Linnseus; Europe; Acer campestre, A, negundo, A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus.

Palseococcus fuscipennis Burmeister; Europe.

t

^

1 \

f

•5

n

)

Fig. 75 —Mango fruit fly {Dacus ferrugineus): a, Injured mango; b, adult, and c, larva. (Ma.xwell-Lefroy.)

148 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Aiiobiidae.

Xestobium rufovillosum DeGeer; Europe; bores in trunks.
Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in trunks.

Lymexylonidse.

Hylecatus dermestoides Linnaeus; Germany; bores in wood.

BuprestidEB.

*Agr!lus viridis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in stems and branches. (,See Oak.)

Scarabseidse.

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; Injure roots of seedlings.

Cerambycldae. ^

Rhopalopus insiibricus Germar; Europe; bores in bark and wood.

Scolytidae, Ipidae.

Scolytus aceris Knotek; Bosnia; galleries in bark and sapwood.

A nisandrus dispar Fabricius; Germany; ambrosia beetle in wood.

Xyloterus domesticus Linnaeus and X. signatus Fabricius; ambrosia beetle Germany.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidse.

Cossus cossus Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.)
>|< Zeuzcra pyrina Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. {See Horse-chestnut.)

Geometridae.

Cheimatobia brumata Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator.

Lymantriidse.

Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, H< Euproctis chrysorrhosa Linnaeus, ^ Lymantria monacha Linnaeus,
■Xr Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, and Porthesia similis Fuessly; Europe; defoliators. {See Forest
defoliators.)
Neptlcxilidae.

Neptkula sericopeza Zeller; Germany; attacks leaves and seed.

LITERATURE.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.
NCssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913.
Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1898, 1900.
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidee), 1912.

MELON.

{See Cucurbits.)

MESQUITE; ALGAROBA.

. (Prosopis spp. Family Leguminosae.)

Tender trees and shrubs growing in arid regions. Several species are nati^-e in the
Southwestern United States. The pods are eaten by cattle.

IMPORTANT MESQUITE INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coreidse.

Ceratopachys variabilis Dall., a sucking bug; India; sucks juices of jhand {Prosopis spicigera).

COLEOPTERA.
Bostrychidae.

Sinoxylon crassum Lesne and S. anale Lesne; India; bores in Prosopis spicigera.

LITERATURE.

Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908.
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914.

INSECTS OF MILLET, MOUNTAIN ASH, AND MOUNTAIN EBONY. 149

MILLET.

(Panicum miliaceum Linnseus. Family Graminese.)

These are numerous varieties and species of millets grown throughout the world.
This species is cultivated extensively in China, Japan, and Russia. The main danger
of importing pests in shipments of seed. Its pests are discussed under Grains and

MOUNTAIN ASH; ROWAN TREE.

{Sorbus spp.)

Ornamental deciduous trees of the Northern Hemisphere, with small red berries.
The berries of some species are edible, and the wood is used for tool handles and
similar small articles.

IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN-ASH INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Scarabseidae.

MelolontJia hippocastani'F ahricinsaxLd M. melolonthaJ^innxus; Europe; larvae injure roots of seedlings.

Curcullonidse.

Magdalis barbicornis IjzXTeiile; Europe; breeds under bark.

Scolytidse, Ipidae.

Scolytus mali Bechst. and S. rugulosus Ratzeburg Europe; bark beetles.
Xyloterus domesticus Linnaeus; Germany; Ambrosia beetle.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidae.

* Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.)

Geometridse.

Hibernia defoliaria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator.

Lymantrildae.

>k Lymantria moTMcha Linnaeus, ^Orgyia anfiqua Linnaeus, and Porthesia similis Fuessly; Europe
defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.)

Hyponomeutidae.

>|< Argyresthia conjugella Zeller; Europe, Japan, Britisb Columbia; bores in fruit. (See Apple.)

HYMENOPTERA.
Tenthredlnidae.

Nematus septentrionalis Linnaeus; Europe; sawfly.
Priophorus padi Linnaeus; Europe. (See Plum.)

Collimonidae.

Megastigmus brevicaudus Ratzeburg, a chaleid; Europe; breeds in seed.

LITERATURE.
SoEAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfl^nzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.

MOUNTAIN EBONY.

(Bauhinia racemosa, etc. Family Leguminosse.)

Very showy plants of the Tropics. Many species are imported into Florida and
California.

IMPORTANT BAUHINIA INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Mylabridse (Bruchidae).

CaryoboTus gonagra Fabricius; India; Breeds in the pods of Bauhinia ra emosa.

LITERATURE.
Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914.

150 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

MULBEBRY.

( Morus s^p^p. Family Moracese.)

Trees of the temperate regions of the Old and New World. Some species produce
delicious fruit, while others are cultivated for hedges or as food for silk worms.

IMPORTANT MULBERRY INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidse:

Unarmored —

Ceroplastes rusci Lirmjeus; Italy.

GiUrinidla serratulx Fabricius; Italy.

COLEOPTERA.
Ceraiiibycidae.

Apriona germari Hope and A. cinerea Chevrolat; India; bore in stems of Morus indica.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Geometridae.

Hemirhopala atrilineafa Butler; Japan; defoliator.
Zamacra albofasciaria Leech; Japan; defoliator.

LITERATURE.

SoEAUEE, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913. vol. 3.
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Ck)leoptera, 1914,

MUSKMELON.

(See Cucurbits.)

NARCISSUS; DAFFODIL.

(Narcissus spp. Family Amaryllidaceae.)

Flowering plants propagated from the bulbs.

NARCISSUS INSECTS.

Merodon clavipes Fabricius; ;)< Merodon equestris Fabricius.
(Narcissus Flies. Syrphidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Narcissus, daffodil.

Injury: Breeds in the bulbs.

Description and biology: M. clavipes black, clothed with white, yellow, red, or black
hairs. >]< M. equestris black or dark metallic green, similarly clad; 13 mm. long. 3£ag-
got grayish yellow, 12 mm. long.

Distribution: Europe. Have been introduced into Canada, California and New
Zealand.

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 435.

OAK.

(Quercus spp. Family Cupulif erse . )

Valuable timber trees of the northern hemisphere. The bark of certain species
yields cork, while of other species it is valuable for medicinal or tanning purjioses.

A. BETTER KNOWN OAK INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

^Agrilus viridis Linnaeus.

(Flat-Headed Wood Borer. Buprestidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Oak, beech, alder, aspen, linden, birch, rose, grape, maple, pine.
Injury: Bores in stems and branches of trees.

OAK INSECTS.

151

Description 'and biology: Beetle 5-8 mm. long, ot variable color (olive green, blue
green, blue, coppery, etc.), undersides black. Protliorax much broader than long,
with median impression. Larva with first thoracic segment strongly broadened, body
white. A generation requires two years.

Distribution: Europe (Austria, Germany). Introduced into eastern United States
in roses.

Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2, pp. 7, 8, figs. 2, 3.

Fig. 76. — Great oak-borer ( Ccramhyx ardo): Adult, and larva. (Niisslin.)

Cerambyx cerdo Linnseus

(Great Oak Borer. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Oak, cork oak, ash, walnut.
Injury: Bores in wood. (See text fig. 76.)
Distribution: Europe, Sudan, Tunis.

NussLiN, Otto: Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 145-148, figs.

115, 116.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 495-496.

Haltlca quercetorum Foudr.

(Oak Flea Beetle. Chrysomelidse. Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Oak, hazel, willow, birch, tea rose, beech, alder.

152 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Injury: Feed on foliage and buds in adult and larval stage.
Distribution: Europe (Russia, Germany).

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 523.

Cnethocampa processiona Linnaeus.

(Oak Procession Moth. Cnethocampidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Oak.

Injuii/: Defoliator; serious.

Description and biology: Moth, body clad with long hairs; forewiugs yellow gray
with dark gray cross band; hindwings yellowish white with brown gray cross band.
Larva gray blue with dark dorsal stripe and reddish-brown smooth spots; undersides
light greenish gray. Feeds at night. In the daytime the larvie wander in processions
of a few files. Pupation takes place in thick oval brown cocoon. Eggs are laid in
clusters of 100 to 200, covered with scales from the parent, and placed on smooth spots
of the bark.

Distribution: Europe.

NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 326-328, figs.

280, 281.

Coleophora lutipennella Zell.

(Oak Bud Moth. Elachistidte; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Oaks and possibly birch.

Injury: Attacks the buds.

Description and biology: Adult, moth, wing expanse 15 mm., with front wings yellow,
hind wings gray, all fringed. Larva, gray with black head. Attacks especially the
axillary buds. Pupates in a sack or case.

Distribution: Germany.
NiJssLiN^, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 433.

TortrLx viridana Linnaeus.

(Green Oak Tortrix. Tortricidse; Lejiidoptera.)

Hosts: Quercus pedunculata, Q. sessiliflora, Castanea vulgaris.

Injury: Feeds on the buds, foliage, and inflorescence.

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 18-22 mm., forewings brilliant gi'een
with yellowish border, hind wings gray. Larva, dirty green, punctured with black,
with black head, 15 mm, long. Eggs are laid on the buds. The larva rolls the leaves,
in which it feeds.

Distribution: Europe,

Hess, Richard, Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol, 2, pp. 128-130, figs. 66, 67.

NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 2d ed,, 1913, pp, 403, 404,

fig. 332.

B. IMPORTANT OAK INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Aphididse.

Pterochljrus exsiccator Altum, Stomaphis longirostris Altum, and S. quercus Linnaeus, plant lice;
Europe; attack the t)ark, especially of the roots.

Coccldse.

Armored —
Aspidiotus ( Targionia) alni Marchal; .Vustria; Quercus cerris.
Aspidiotus ( Targionia) distincta Leonardi; Italy; Quercus robur, Q. suber.
Aspidiotus ( Targionia) vitis Signoret; Italy, Sardinia; Quercus macedonica, Q. suber.
Aspidiotus minimus Leonard!; Europe; Quercus coccif era, Q. ilex, Q. suber.
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) zonatus Frauenfeld; Europe; Quercus cerris, Q. lusitanica, Q. montana, Q.

nigra, Q. paluUris. Q. pubcscens, Q. robur. Q. sessiliflora.
Chionaspis salicis X/mn-eus; Europe; Quercus ilex. O. rohiir.

OAK INSECTS. 153

Coccidae— Continued.
Unarmored —

■^Asterolecinium variolosum Ratzeburg; Eastern United States, Europe; Quercus branti, Q. cerris, Q.
ilez, Q. rmceionicoL, Q. pilmtris, Q. prinus, Q. pubescens, Q.robar, Q. sessiliflora, Q. toza, Q. castanei-
folia, Q. coccifera.

Eriococcus aceris Signoret; Austria; Quercus sessiliflora.

Kermes bacciformis Leonardi; Europe; Quercus cerris, Q. suber.

Kermes ballotx Signoret; Algeria, France; Quercus ilex ballota.

Kermes cordiformis Lindinger; Austria; Quercus robur.

Kermes gibbosus Signoret, Austria; Quercus cerris.

Kermes ilicis Linnaeus; Europe; Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex.

Kermes pallidus Signoret; Europe.

Kermes roboris Fourcroy; Europe; Quercus cerris, Q. ilex, Q. pedunculata, Q. robur, Q. sessiliflora.

Kermes vermilio Pla,nchon; Europe; Quercus coccifera.

Lecmium vlittum Douglas; Europe; Quercus robur.

Lecanium coryli Linnseus; Europe; Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. robur, Q. sessiliflora, Q. suber.

Lecanium pulchrum King; Europe.

Mdularia pulvinita Planchon; France, Algeria; Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex.

Palaeococcus fuscipennis Burmeister; Denmark; Quercus robur.

Pulvimria sericea Fourcroy; Europe; Quercus pubescens.

COLEOPTERA.
Anobildee.

Xestobium rufouillosum De Geer; Europe; bores in dead wood.

PtiUnus psstinicornis Linnseus; Europe; bores in the wood, injuring it for technical purposes.
Lyctidae.

Lyctus linearis Goeze; Europe, South America; bores in seasoned lumber, especially in sapwood,
also in barrel staves.

Bostrychidae.

Bostrychus cipadnus Linnseus; Europe; bores in lumber and barrel staves.
Sinozylon perforans Schr.; Europe; bores in the branches.

LyniexylonidEB.

HyleccEtus dermestoides Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood.
Lymetylon navale Linnaeus; Europe; bores in the bark and wood.

Tenebrloiiidae.

P I'llm ]iY:)us Fabrioius, Russia; injures the roots of seedlings.

Scarabaeidse.

Eachirus mialeayiB.0.; India; bred from oak stem.

Buprestldae.

Aqrilwi injitstulus Illiger, A.elonjatus Herbst, A. subauratus Gebler, A. biguttatus Fabricius; Europe;
bore in bark, bast, and sapwood.

Ohrysobothris a/finis Fabricius; Europe; bores in bast and sapwood of branches and in trunks of seed-
lings.

Cnxbws elitm Fabricius, C. fasciatus Villers, C. undatus Fabricius; Europe; attack the stems and
branches, especially of cork oaks.

Elateridae.

Agriotes iterrimus Linnaeus, A. Uneatus Linnaeus, and A. obscurus Linnaeus, Athous subfuscus Miiller;
Dilopius mirjimtus LinuBus; Lacon murinus Linnaeus; Limonius xruginosus Olivier; Prosternon
holosericeus Olivier; Selatosomus xneus Linnaeus; wireworms; Europe; injurious to acorns and
seedUngs.

Scarabaeidae.

Milolontha hippoz%stini Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvae injures roots of seed-
lings.

Cerambycldae.

Callidium xneum DeGeer; Germany; bores in wood of felled trees and lumber.

Ceramftyx cercfo Linnaeus; Europe; bores in bark and wood.

Clytus tropicus Panzer; Germany; bores in wood.

Pyrrhidium sanguineum Linnaeus, and Phymatodes testaceus Linnaeus; Germany; bore in wood of

felled trees and lumber.
Pkymitoies lividu^ Rossi; Germany; particularly injurious to barrel hoops and lumber.
Lophosternus hugeli Redtenbacher; India; bores in trunks of Quercus incana.
Paraphrus granulosus Thomson; India; bores in Quercus ilex.
Prionus corpulentus Bates; India; probably bores in Quercus semicarpifolia.
Massicus unicolor Gahan; India; bores in licartwood of Quercus griffithii.
Xylotrechus stebbingi Gahan; India; bores in bast and outer sapwood of Quercus dilatala.
j\[(gcs marmoratus Westwood; India; on Quercus Griffithii.

154 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Brachyrbinldse.

Brachydcres lusitanictis Fabricius; Europe; attacks roots of Qaercus robur, etc.
MetalUlcs iris Olivier; Europe; breeds sit the roots.

Curculionidsc.

Carculio nucum LinntEus (Balaninus); Europe (see Hazel). Many other spp. Curculio {Balaninus).

Calendridse.

Calcnilra sculpturata Gyllenhal; India, breeds in the acorns.

Scolytid%, Ipidse.

Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Europe; galleries in wood.

Drijocoetes heiuetli Stebbing; India; bores in Querciis dilatata and Q. incana.

Drijocoetes villosus Fabricius; Germany; galleries in bark.

Hylesinus crcnatus Fabricius; Germany; galleries in bark.

Chramesus globulus Stebbing; India; bark and wood of Quercus incana.

Scolylus intricatus Ratzeburg; Europe; galleries in bark.

Xyleborus dryographus Ratzeburg and X. monographus Fabricius; Europe; galleries in wood.

Xyleborus improbus Sampson; India; tunnels Quercus lamellosa.

Xyloterus domesticus Linnajus, and X. signatus Fabricius; Europe; galleries in sapwood.

Platypodidse.

Diapus capillatus Sampson; India; bores in Quercus lamellosa.
Diapus imprcssus Janson; India; bores in Quercus incana.
Crossotarsus fainnairei Chapuis; India, bores in Quercus incana.
Platypus cylindrus Fabricius; Europe; bores in staves.

Scolytoplatypidae.

Scolyto platypus darjeelingi Stebbing; India; tunnels timber of Quercus lamellosa,

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossid£e.

Cossus eossus Linnasus, goat moth, Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.)
Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus: Europe; bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.)

Geometridse.

Anisoptcryx xscwlaria Schiffermiller; Europe; feeds on foliage.

Cheimatobia brumata Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator.

Hibcrnia aurantaria Esp.; H. dcfoliaria Linnseus, and H. marginaria Borckh.; Germany; defoliators.

Larentia dilatata Borckh.; Europe; defoliator.

Biston pomonarius Hiibner; Europe. (See Fruit.)

Tinoidae.

Tischeria complanella Hiibner and T. simploniella F. R.; Germany; leaf miners.

Lasiocampidse.

Eriogaster lanestris Linnffius, Lasiocampa quercus Linnaeus, and Malacosoma neustria Linnaeus; Eu-
rope; defoliators.
Lyinantriidse.

Dasychira pudibunda Liunseas, ^Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnaeus, ^Lymanlria monacha Linnaeus,
Ocneria detrita Esp., i^Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, Porthesia similis Fuessly ; Europe; defoliators. (See
Forest defoliators.)

Gazalina apsara: India; defoliates Quercus lamellosa.

Sesiidse.

Sesia conopijormis Esp. and S. vespiformis Linnaeus; Europe; bore in trunk.
Tortricidae.

Laspeyresia splendana Hiibner ( Corpocop«a) ; Europe; breeds in acorns. (See Chestnut.)
Laspeyresia grossana Ilaworth (Carpocapsa). (See Beech.)
Notocelia roborana Treitschke; Europe. (See Gooseberry.)

HYMENOPTERA.
Cephididae.

Janus cynosbati Linnaeus, a wood wasp mining in shoots; Europe.

Tenthredinidse.

Macrophya punctum-album Linnaeus; Russia; sawfly on foliage.

LITERATURE.

SoRAUEE, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.
NtJssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkimde, 2d ed., 1913.
Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1898, 1900.

INSECTS OP OAK, OATS, OKRA, OLIVE. 155

Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biolocica Riucofori Europei, 1883-1887.
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlausc (Coccidae), 1912.
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera, 1914.
Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology lor India, 1908.

OATS.

(Avena sativa Linnaeus. Family Graminese.)

This crop is grown in all temperate regions and also in Australia, Africa, and
South America, the greater part of the world's crop being raised in Europe. W-Tiile
the United States exports more oats than it imports, the latter trade is of considerable
importance and there is always danger of importing pests with the grain. A full
discussion of its insect pests will be found under the heading Grains and Grasses.

OKRA.

(Hibiscus esculentus. Family Malvaceae.)

A cultivated plant introduced into the United States from Africa; cultivated for

its fruit pods.

important okra insects.

lepidopteea.

Pyralldae.

Sylepta derogata Fabrieius; Africa, Asia.

Noctuidae.

Cosmophila sahulifera Gu^nee; Africa, Asia, Hawaii.

COLEOPTERA.
Chrysomelldae.

Diabrotica graminea Ballon; Porto Rico.

OLIVE.

(Olea spp. Family Oleacete.)

Fruit bearing trees or shrubs of the tropical and warm temperate parts of the old
world to New Zealand. Olea europsea produces the olive prized as a fruit and for its
oil. It is cultivated in California and New Mexico.

A. BETTER KNOWN OLIVE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Aleurolobus ollvinus Silvestri.

(Olive White Fly. Aleyrodidse; Hemiptera.)

Host: Olive.

Injury: Feeds on foliage, ordinarily not serious.

Description and biology: Adult, male body cream-colored or whitish ocher; body
and wings sprinkled with a white waxy powder, forewings exhibit fulvous spots.
Pupa case, length somewhat exceeding width; dorsum black, margin marked with
a fringe of wax. Egg reticulated subelliptical, attached by a short pedicel; pale
straw in color when first deposited, subsequently turning to brown. One generation
a year.

Distribution: Italy.
Silvestri, F. Dispense di Entomologia Agraria, 1911, p. 128.

Prays oleellus Fabrieius.

(Olive Moth. Hyponomeutidse; Lepidoptera.)
Host: Olives.
Injury: Serious.

Description and biology: Adult, moth 6-6.5 mm. long, gray with silvery reflection,
a black spot on the apex of the scutellum; front wings gray with silvery reflection.

156 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

and with several black or dark spots; hind wings uniformly gray. Pupa obconical
5 mm. long in elongate silken cocoon. Larva when full grown, dusky color with
two olivaceous stripes on the dorsum. In the first generation feeds on the leaves;
in the next among the buds and blooms; and in the last in the fruit.

Distribution: France, Italy, Spain.
SiLVESTRi, F. Bull. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agr. Portici, 1907, vol. 2, pp, 83-184, figs.l-GS.

Dacus oleae Rossi.
(The Olive Fly. Trypetidge; Diptera.)

Host: Olive {Olea europaea, 0. verrucosa, 0. chrysophylla.)

Injury: Serious pest of olive in Mediterranean regions.

Description and biology: Adult, female small, about 5 mm. in length; head dull
yellow, eyes black, thorax black with silvfery pubescence on dorsal surface forming
three parallel black lines; abdomen black, covered with a scattered gray pubescence.
The egg, larval, and usually the pupal stages are passed in the fruit. Occasionally
pupation takes place in the soil. Larvae hatch in from 2 to 4 days after deposition
of the eggs; larval stage lasts approximately 10 to 13 days; pupal stage 13 to 49 days,
depending upon the season.

Distribution: Sicily, Italy, north, east, and south Africa, Canary Islands, Medi-
terranean region, northern and western Asia, Himalayas, India.
SiLVESTRi, F. Bull. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agr., Portici, 1913, vol. 8, p. 70.

B. IMPORTANT OLIVE INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccldae.

Armored —

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) nigropunclaius Cockerell; Chili, Mexico; adult female scale 3 mm. in diam.

eter, dirty grav; exuviae pitch black with narrow reddish margin.
Aipidiotus {Chrysomphalus) personatus Cockerell; Jamaica; adult female scale very small, convex,

circular, dark grav or black.
^Aspidiotus {Pseudaonidin) articulitus Morgan; Jamaica. (See Coffee.)
Aspidiottbs {Pseudaonidia) duplex Cockerell; Italy; on Olea fragrans: adult female scale 2.G6 mm. in

diameter, subcircular, moderately convex, dark, blackish brown, exuvia to one side and of orange

color.
Aspidiotus (Aonidia) olex Leonard!; Africa.
Lepidosaphes olivina Leonard!; Africa.
Chionaspis (Phenncaspis) bupleuri Marchal; Tunis.
Chionaspis nerii Newstead; Algeria.
Diaspis olex Colv^e; Spain.
^Fiorinia these Green; India; adult female scale elongate, narrow, dark brown with distinct dark median

marking. Male scale snow white mdistinclly tricarinate (see pi. V, flg. 1).
Leucnspis riccx Targioni-Tozzetti; France, Greece, Algeria, Italy; adult female scale 2.25 mm. long,

0.5 mm. broad, narrow, white, with sides parallel.
Parlntoria affinis Newstead; Algeria; adult female scale 1-1.25 mm. m diameter, when isolated circular

dusky white or pale ocherous.
Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonard!; Italy and Algeria; adult female scale 2.3 mm. long. 2.6

mm. broad, white, dorsal exuvia subcentral.
Unarmored —
Ceroplastes rasci LianjEus; Italy; adult female covered with wax, autennso G-jointed.
Euphilippia olivina Berlese and SQvestri; Italy.

Filippia olex Costa ; Italy, Algeria; adult female forms a white sac in the foliage.
Lichtensia e'ltoni Newstead; Algeria; adult female inclosed in a felted sac; adult male scale glossy white

with strong central keel.
Pollinia pollini Costa; Italy; adult female scale pale yellow to brown, smooth head, convex,] with

median curled flossy like filaments on the dorsum.

THYSANOPTERA.
Phloeothripidse.

Phloeothrips olex Costa; Algiers, Italy, South America; attacks leaves, bloom, and fruit, and is an
important pest m Italy according to Trabut.

INSECTS OF OLIVE AND ONION. 157

COLEOPTERA.
Cerambycldse.

Vesperus mauretanicus Dry.; Algeria, Spain. (See Grajje.)
Curcullonidae.

Clonus , raxini De Geer; Europe; breeds on leaves.

Ipidse.

Phlceotribus olese Fabricius; barkbectle; Southern Europe; Tunis; in nursery stock.

Hylesinus f raxini Fabricius and H. olex Fabricius; Europe; breed in bark and wood.

Hylesinus vestitus M. and R.; barkbeetle; Tunis, Corsica, Italy, Southern France; in Pistacia and olive.

LEPIDOPTERA.
(Ecophorldse.

(Ecophora oliviella Fabricius; Europe; infests fruit.

LITERATURE,

Trabut, L. La Defense Contre les Cochenilles, 1910, p. 88.
SoRAUER. P. Ilandbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.

ONION; SHALLOT; LEEK; GABLIC.

(Allium spp. Liliacese.)

Bulbous root plants native of Asia domesticated for centuries and developed into
many valuable varieties.

A. BETTER KNOWN ONION INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED .

Chortopbila cillcrura Rondani.

(Shallot Fly. Anthomyidae; Diptera.)

Hosts: Allium spp. (including shallot), asparagus, human excrement.

Injury: Breeds in the plant stems.

Description and biology: Male fly gray, with three brown stripes on scutellum,
abdomen with deep black median stripe and brown segments; appendages black.
Female lighter; length 4.5 mm. Maggot dirty white, with 14 teeth on apical margin
of stigmal plate.

Distribution: Europe.
RoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 427.

>|< Hylemyla antiqua Meigen.

(Onion Maggot. Anthomyidae; Diptera.)

Host: Onions.

Injury: Serious injury to the roots.

Description and biology: Fly black, thickly dusted with gray, with dark flecks and
stripes; legs piceous black; length 6.5 mm. Maggot yellowish, 5-6 mm. long.

Distribution: Europe. Introduced into United States.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 430, fig.

262.
Smith, J. B. New Jersey Exp. Sta. 1907, Bui. 200, pp. 10-15, figs. 1, 8, 11.

^JiUiiierus strlgatus Fabricius.

(Onion Fly. Syrphidse; Diptera.)

Host: Onions, Iris.

Injury: Breeds in the stems and bulbs.

Description and biology: Fly green; abdomen with gray hairy lunules at apex and at
sides of the first three segments; antennae dark; length 6-7.5 mm. Maggot grayish
yellow. Pupa sometimes in soil, sometimes in flower shaft.

Distribution: Europe. Reported present in this country, by Felt, from Iris roots
at Saratoga Springs, N. Y.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 4;^.

158 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

B. IMPORTANT ONION INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA. *

Curculionida;.

Hypera nigriroslris Fabricius, H. ononidis Chevrolat; Europe. (See Clover.)
Brachycerldje.

Brachyccrus albidentatus Gyllenhal; Europe; breeds in roots of Allium sativum and A. ascalonicum.
Brachycerus corrosus Gyllenhal; Europe; breeds in roots oi Allium roseum.
Brachycerus pradieri Fairmaire; Europe; breeds in roots of Allium splixrocepMlum.
Brachycerus undatus Fabricius, breeds in roots of Allium roseum.

OR A CHE.

(Atriplex hortensis. Family Chenoi^odiacese.)

Plants cultivated for their succulent vegetation.

IMPORTANT ORACHE INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Chrysonielidae.

Cassida nebulosa Linnseus. (See Beet.)

DIPTERA.
Antbomyidse.

;tc Chortophila (Pegomya) hyoscyami Panzer. (See Beet.)

OBCHmS.

(Family Orchidacese.)

Many species of orchids are imported by florists from all parts of the tropical
and semitropical regions. Several important pests have been taken in quarantine.

IMPORTANT ORCHID INSECTS.

ACARINA.
Tyroglyphldae.

Rhizoglyphus {Coepophagus) echinopus F. & R. (See Potato.)

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae.

Armored —

Aspidiotus (^Chrysomphalus) alienus Newstead; London, England.
:Jf^Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) persese Comstock; Central America.

Aspidiotus {Chrysomphalus) portoricensis Lindinger; Venezuela.

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) coloratus Cockerell; Guatemala.
:^Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Mexico.
i^Aspidiotus ( Targionia) biformis Cockerell; Trinidad, Venezuela, Grenada, Central America, Jamaica,

Antigua, Colombia.
::)f^ Aspidiotus ( Targionia) biformis var. cattleyx Cockerell; Jamaica.

Diaspis cattleyx Cockerell; Mexico, England.

Fiorinia stricta Maskell; New Zealand.

Furcaspis oceanica Lindinger; Venezuela.

Lepidosaphes cocculi Green; Philippine Islands.

Lepidosaphes pallida Green; Java.

Parlatoria mytilaspifurmis Green; Hawaii.
■J^Parlaioria proteus Curtis; India, Brazil, Japan, Philippine Islands, Burma, United States.
:Jic Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus Lindinger; India, Philippine Islands, Singapore. Has been introduced into
the United States on mangos.

Pinnaspis longula Leonard!; Straits Settlements.
Unarmored —

Asterolecanium aureum Boisduval; Ceylon, West Indies.

Asterolecanium epidendri Bouch6; Central America, South America, Samoa.

Coccus acuminatus Signoret; Hawaii.

Coccus minimus Newstead; Straits Settlements.

Pseudococcus glaucus Maskell; New Zealand.
^Pulvinaria floccifcra Westwood; Venezuela, British Isles, Massachusetts, Indiana, California.

INSECTS OF ORCHIDS AND PALMS.

159

LEPIDOPTERA.
Castniidae.

Caslnia Ikus Drury; South America. (See Sugar cane.)

COLEOPTERA.
Cuiculionidae.

* Cholus forbesi Pascoe, and * Cholus cattleyx Champion have been introduced on orchids.

PALMS.

The palms yield some very important articles of commerce, such as coconuts
and dates, and are also considered very valuable as orna-
mental plants.

For convenience the pests of the coconut palm {Cocos
nucifera), the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), the royal
palm (Oreodoxa regia), the sago palm {Cycas revoluta). and
the toddy palm (Phcenix sylvestris) are treated under this
heading.

A. BETTER KNOWN PALM INSECTS LIKELY TO BE
IMPORTED.

Aleurodicus destructor Maekie.
(CoconutWhite Fly. Aleyrodidse; Hemiptera.)

Host: Coconut palms.

Injury: Has the appearance of being a serious coconut
enemy.

Biology: Eggs are laid on undersurface of the leaflets,
where the young larvae locate. Life history much the
same as Dialeurodes dtri R. and H. (See Citrus.) (See
text fig. 77.)

Distribution: Philippines.

Mackie, D. B.: Philippine Agricultural Review, vol. 5,
No.' 3. 1912.

Levuana iridescens Bethune-Baker.

(The Coconut Leaf Moth. Zygsenidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Coconut palm and royal palm (Oreodoxa
regia) .

Injury: Larvte injurious to foliage, giving the trees a
sickly appearance.

Description and biology: Adult female, head and thorax
steel-blue; abdomen and legs ocherous, primary veins
deep unicolorous steel-blue, secondaries iridescent steel-
blue; wing expanse about 16 mm. Eggs deposited on
under surface of leaflets, usually near the base. Upon
hatching, which requires about 4 or 5 days, the larvae
begin feeding around the egg shell, gradually proceeding in
a longitudinal line up the leaf, nibbling on the epidermal
cells on the under surface of the leaflet; are full grown in
.3 or 4 weeks, when they return to the base of the leaves
and construct a white cocoon within which to pupate; the adults appear in about
7 days.

Distribution: Fiji.
Jepson, Frank P. Dept. Agric. Fiji, Council Paper No. 25, 1911, p. 35.

Fig. 77.— Coconut white fly
(Aleurodicus destructor):
Adult white fly, enlarged,
at bottom. (Mackie.)

160 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus.
(Rhinoceros Beetle. Scarabseidae ; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Palm, aloes, sugar cane (occasionally).

Injury: Destructive to coconut palm in Malacca, Singapore, and Madras. May be
introduced in plants.

Description and biology: Adult beetle large thickset, about 5 cm. long; and 25 mm.
broad ; color dark brown to black. The adults feed upon the soft tissues and unopened
leaves of palms. Larvx are found in decomposed vegetable matter and soil rich in
humus about plant roots. Pwpa is inclosed in hard case. The eggs are white but
become dull with age; measure 3.5 mm. by 2 mm.; oval.

Distribution: Ceylon, India, Siam, Annam, Pahang, Sumatra, Java, Celebes,
Ceram, Amboina, Philippine Islands, Formosa, Korea, China, Straits Settlements,
Tahiti, Madras, Malabar.

Maxwell-Leproy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 207.

Maxwell-Leproy, H. Indian Insect Life, 1909, p. 255.

Ghosh, C. C. Memoirs Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Ser., 1911, vol. 2, No. 10, p. 193.

Promecotbeca cumingii Baly.
(The Coconut Leaf Miner Beetle. Hispidae; Coleoptera.)

Host: Coconut (Cocas nucif era) .

Injury: Mines the leaves in larval stage; adults also feed on leaves. May be intro-
duced in leaves of nursery stock.

Description and biology: Adult beetle 7.5-10 mm. long and 1.6-2 mm. \vide, general
color, brown ocher; head small, elytral strise finely punctate. Eggs deposited singly
on underside of leaflets in a small hole made by the adult; entire larval and pupal
periods spent in the leaf between the lower and upper epidermis. More injury is
occasioned by the larva than by the adult. Tissues which have been attacked soon
become brown and die. Egg stage about 32 days, and pupal stage about 7.5 days.

Distribution: Philippine Islands.
Jones, Chas. R. The Philippine Agric. Review, 1913, vol. 6, No. 5, p. 228.

Promecotheca reichei.

(Coconut Leaf Miner. Hispidse; Coleoptera.)

Host: Coconut palm.

Injury: Damage occasioned by the pest is usually local, but affected trees appear
brown and unhealthy when viewed from a distance.

Description and biology: Adult beetle length 8 mm., breadth 2 mm.; general color
golden; head quadrangular in shape and provided with powerful mandibles; thorax
golden, basal third of elytra golden and remainder metallic blue. Eggs are deposited
singly on under surface of leaflets; larvae on hatching make their way into the leaf and
tunnel between the upper and lower surfaces, feeding on the fleshy cells; pupate
usually at extreme end of tunnel passage; pupal stage lasts from 18 to 20 days.

Distribution: Fiji.
Jepson, Frank B. Dept. Agric. Fiji, Council Paper No. 25, 1911, p. 39.

Brontispa froggatti Sharp.

(The Leaf Hispa. Hispidae; Coleoptera.)
Host: Coconut palm.

Injury: Very injurious to young coconut groves in Solomon Islands. Liable to be
imported on growing plants.

U S. Dept- of Ag- cjl-j-e. Mar-ija of Dangero'JS Inserts

Plate XXXI.

A Palm Weevil.

The palm weevil (Ehijnchophonis palmarum): 1 a-d, Adult; 2 a-e, larva; 3 a, b, pupa; 4, cocoon.

(Blandford.)

U. S. Dept. of Agricultuie, Manual of Dangerous Insects,

:PLATE XXXII.

The Palm Scale.
♦ThP palm scale {Phmikococcus mnrlaiti). (Original, Sasscer )

PALM INSECTS.

161

Description and biology: Adult beetle about 12 mm. long from tip of antennae to tip
of abdomen, shining black, head small, antennae 11-jointed, thorax almost square,
slightly hollowed on sides. Eggs deposited in the folds of the opening fronds. Lurvse
feed on surface of leaf and the adult also injures the foliage.

Distribution: New Britain and Solomon Islands.
Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Science Bui. 2, 1912, p. 24.
Rhyncliophonis ferrugineus Fabricius (signaticollis Chevrolat).
(Red Palm Weevil. Calendridae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Coconut palm {Cocos nucifera), toddy palm {Phoenix sylvestris), and date
palm (Phoenix dactylifera) .

Injury: Destructive to palms in India, Straits Settlements, and Ceylon. Liable to
be introduced in plants.

Description and biology: Adult weevil, brown with conspicuous curved beak; about
37 mm. long. E'grgfs laid singly in tissues of palm tree. Larvse on hatching tunnel
in the soft tissues, gradually
working into the stem; pu-
pate in a cocoon of twisted
fibers within the plant. (See
text fig. 78.)

Distribution: India, Cey-
lon, Straits Settlements,
Andaman Islands, Persian
Gulf, Philippine Islands.

Maxwell-Lefroy, H. In-
dian Insect Pests, 1906,
p. 208.

Stebbing, E. p. Indian
Forest Pests, Coleoptera,
1914, pp. 444, 445; figs.
292, 293.

Froggatt, W. W. Dept.
Agric, New South Wales,
Science Bui., 2, p. 19,
August, 1912.

Banks, Charles S. The
Principal Insects Attack-
ing the Coconut Palm,
1906, Pts. I and II, p.
154.

Ghosh, C. C. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Ser

Fig. 78.

Red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus): Adults,
cocoon. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

1911, vol. 2, No. 10, p. 205.

Rhynchophorus palmarum Linnaeus.
(The Palm Weevil. Calendridse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Palm and sugar cane .

Injury: Reported to be very serious in British Honduras.

Description and biology: A very large reddish weevil. Eggs are deposited in tissues
of food plant; larva spends entire existence as a borer, and when full grown pupates
in a rough cocoon constructed of fibers without leaving the plant. (See plate xxxi.)

Distribution: British Honduras, Trinidad, Lesser Antilles, Brazil, Cayenne, Suri-
nam, and possibly generally distributed over tropical coast of South America and
Central America.

27812—18 11

162 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Chittenden, F. H., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 38, li)02, pp. 23-25.
Urich, F. W. Bull. Dept. Agric. Trinidad and Tobago, 1912, vol. 11, p. 70.
Ballou, H. a. Insect Pests of the Lesser Antilles, 1912, p. 107.
Blandpord, Walter F. H. Kew Bulletin, February-March, 1893, pp. 27-60.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT PALM* INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidse.

Armored—

Aspidiotus pangoensis D. & F.; Samoa; coconut husks.

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Brazil, West Africa, Venezuela, Mexico; coconut.
(See Coflee.)

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobitiformis Green; West Africa, German Kast Africa, Japan, Venezuela,
Brazil; coconut, sago palm. (See text fig. 32.)

Aspidiotus (Pseudischnaspis) linearis Hempel; Brazil.

Aspidiotus (Hemibcrlcsia) palmx Morgan and Cockerell; East and West Africa, West Indies,
Azores, Brazil; coconut.

Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) simillimus Cockerell; Australia.
:Ji^Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) persex Comstock; Florida, Mexico, Brazil; coconut. (See Avocado.)

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; British Guiana, Porto Rico, Mexico; coconut.
(See Olive.)

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) propsimus Banks; Philippines.

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) scutiformis Cockerell; Central America.

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) ansei Green; Seychelles; Cocos nucifera.

Aspidiotus fissidens var. pluridentatus Lindinger; German East Africa.

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) oricntalis Newstead; German East Africa.

Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock; Italy, German East Africa, Brazil.

Aspidiotus varians Lindinger; German East Africa, Madagascar.

Chionaspis inday Banks; Philippines.

Chionaspis substriata Newstead; Uganda, British East Africa.

Chionaspis samoana D. & F.; Samoa.

Cryptaspidus nucum Lindinger; Madagascar.
:^Diaspis zamix Morgan; Germany, Colorado, Wisconsin (in greenhouses), Italy.

Furcaspis oceanica Lindinger; Caroline Islands.

Lepidosaphes mcgregori Banks; Philippines.

Lepidosaphes unicolor Banks; Philippines.

Lepidosaphes duponti Green; Seychelles; Cocos nucifera.

Leucodiaspis cockerelli de Charmoy; German East Africa, BrazU, Venezuela.

Parlatoria blanchardii Targionl-Tozzetti; Australia, Algeria, Sahara, Egypt, Arabia; date palm.
(See pi. 5, fig. 3.)

Parlatoria greeni Banks; Philippines.
:^ Parlatoria proteus Curtis; Brazil, Jamaica, Australia.

Parlatoria mylilaspiformis Green.

Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) cockerelli Cooley; China; sago palm.

Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) dilatata Green; India. (See Mango.)

Pinnaspis buxi Bouch6; British Guiana, Trinidad, West Indies, Togoland, German East Africa;
coconut. (See Betel nut.)
■>^Poliaspis cycadis Comstock.
Unarmored—

Asterolecanium ceriferum Green; Ceylon.

Asterolccanium lineare Lindineer; Brazil.

Asterolecanium palmx Cockerell.

Asterolecanium urichi Cockerell.

Asterolecanium hilli Green; Australia; Livistona humulis.

Ceroplastes actiniformis Green; Ceylon.

Ceroplastes myricx Linnseus; South Africa, India, Europe (in greenhouses).

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, Hawaii, Japan.

Coccus hesperidum Liimaeus; cosmopolitan; tea, citrus, pahns (see pi. II, fig. 4).

Coccus acutissimus Green; Ceylon: coconut, sago.

Dactylopius coccus Costa; Canary Islands.

Halimococcus lampas Cockerell.

Icerya montserratensis Riley and Howard; West Indies, Grenada, Mexico. (See Citrus.)

Icerya seychellarum Westwood. (See Citrus.)

Lecanium pseudetpinsum Green; Australia; Panianus odoralissimus.

Paralecanium cocophyllx Banks; Philippines.
^ Phcenicococcus marlatti Cockerell; Algeria, Egypt, Sahara: date palm. (See pi. XXXII, )

INSECTS OF PALM, PANAMA RUBBER, PAPAYA. 163

Coccidae— Continued.
Unarmored— Continued.

Pseudococcus cocotis Maskell; Guam.

Fseudococcus dubia Newstead; Barbados, Grenada.

Pseudococcus pandani Cockerell; Fiji; coconut.

Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; Jamaica, Mexico; coconut.

RhizcEcus falcifcT Kiinckel; Algeria, Sicily.

J?/(/zffiCMs (?) <crres<ri.s Newstead; London (greenhouse).

Ripersia palmarum Etirliorn; Hawaii; Cocos nucifera, Areca lutescens.

COLEOPTERA.
CalendridaB.

Rhabdocnemis obscurus Boisduval; Hawaii, etc. (See Sugar Cane.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidse.

^EpheHia cautella Walker; Egypt; breeds in half ripe dates. (Gough, L. H.: The Agric. Journ.
Egypt, vol. 3, 1914, pp. 104-105.)

Lycaenldae.

Vimchola livia Klug; Egypt; breeds in dates (Gough, 1. c, p. 105).

TlneidsB.

Ereunetis flavistriata Walsingham; Hawaii. (See Sugar Cane.)

Zygaenidae.

Levuana iridescens Bethune-Baker; Fiji. (See Royal palm.)

PANAMA RUBBER.

{Castilloa elastica. Family Moraceae.)
African, Mexican, and Central American trees yielding rubber.

A PANAMA-RUBBER INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Inesida leprosa Fabricius.
(Castilloa Borer. Ceramby cidse ; Coleoptera.)

Host: Panama rubber ( Castilloa elastica) .

Injury: Very serious borer. In West Africa it has almost ruined Castilloa culture.

Description and biology: Beetle brown, venter and greater part of elytra covered with
yellowish brown scales; a black triangle on lateral margin of each elj-tron beyond
middle; humeri of elytra strong and coarsely punctured; length 25-35 mm. Larva
5 cm. long, with large clypeus. Eggs laid at base of trunk. Pupates in larval tunnel.

Distribution: West and East Africa.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 502, 503.

PAPAYA.

(Carica papaya. Family Passifloraceae.)
A tropical fruit-bearing tree grown in Florida.

IMPORTANT PAPAYA INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae.

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret; Amani, Africa.
Pseudoparlatoria ostriata Cockerell; Cuba.

COLEOPTERA.
Calendridae.

Rhabdocnemis obscurus Boisduval. (See Sugar cane.)

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae.

Ceratilis capitala Wiedemann; attacks Carica papaya and C. qucrcifolia. (See Fruit.)
^~ Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker; papaya fruit fly; West Indies, Florida (F. Knab and W. W.
Yothers, Journ. Agr. Res., vol. 2, pp. 447^53, 2 plates.

i

164 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS

PARA PLUM.
{Spondias spp. Family Anacai'diaceae.)
AN IMPORTANT PARA-PLUM INSECT.

niPTERA.
Trypetldie.

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiodeinann. (See Fruit.) )?'[. ■

PARA RUBBER.

{Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Family Euphorbiacese.)

This tree produces the Para rubber of commerce, or caoutchouc. It grows in
Brazil and Guiana, and attempts have been made to grow it in Florida.

IMPORTANT PARA-RUBBER INSECT.

ISOPTERA.
Tennitldae.

Coptotermes geslrnl Wasmann, white ant; India; destroys the roots.

PARSLEY.

(Carum petroselinum. Family Umbelliferae.)

An herb cultivated for its foliage, much used as a garnish.

AN IMPORTANT PARSLEY INSECT.

I.EPIDOPTEKA.
Pyralidse.

>ii Pionea fcrrugalls ITiibner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.)

PARSNIP.

(Pastinaca saliva Linnaeus. Family Umbelliferae.)
The parsnip is grown io Europe and America, and, being a root crop, is liable at
any time to introduce root pests.

IMPORTANT PARSNIP INSECTS.

ACARIN.\.
TjTOglyphidae.

■>^Rhiz()glijphus ( Coepophagiis) echinopus F. and R. (See Potato.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Gelechildae.

Deprcssaria nervosa IIw. and D. depressella Hiibner; Europe; attack buds and flower heads.

DIPTERA.
Agromyzidse.

Ph!/lomy:a affinis Fallen. (See Tobacco.)
Trypetldae.

Acidia heraclei Linnaeus; Europe. (See Celery.)

PEA.

(Pisum sativum. Family Leguminosae.)
The various ^•arieties of peas are grown extensively in Europe and America. Some
of the pests of the peas, such as the weevils, have been very widely distributed by
commerce. (See Bean.)

PEA INSECTS. 165

A. BETTER KNOWN PEA INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

• >|c Etiella zinckenella Treitschke.

(Pea Pod Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Peas, bean, Sann hemp (Crotalaria) .

Injury: Breeds in the pods.

Description and biology: Adult, moth wdth wing expanse 18-30 mm., pale rufous;
forewings gray bro\'ra, with white marginal fascia and a transverse rufous bar, hind-
wing ^^ith brown suffusions and lines. I'upa in spindleform cocoon. Larva bores
in the pods of legumes.

Distribution: Europe, Africa, Asia, West Indies, California, Colorado, Texas, P'lorida,
Oklahoma, nearly cosmopolitan.

Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. 1, 1907, p. 204.
Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Entom., bul. 82, pp. 25-28, 1909.

Laspeyrcsla (Grapholltha) spp.
(Pea Moths. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)

Species: L. Jorsana Fabricius; Europe; Tpeas,hesi,n8, Orobustuberosus, and Trifolium
pratense. L. nebritana Treitschke; Sudan; lentils, field peas, wild legumes. ::^L.
nigricana Stephens; Europe and Canada since 1893; peas.

Injury: Bore in the pods.

Desaiption and biology: Moths, brownish; dorsana with crescentiform white spots

on foremngs; nigricana a little smaller than nebritaria, the latter with two curved lines

near tip on each forewing. Larvae bore in pods.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 281, 282,

283, figs. 205-206.

Contarlnia pisi Winn.

(Pea Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidee]; Diptera.)

Hosts: Pea.

Injury: Breeds in the hulls of peas, impairing or destroying the yield.

Description: Midge, yellow, thorax banded with brown, antennae black; length
2 mm. Maggot white, 3 mm. long.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 446, 447.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT PEA INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Aphididse.

>(c Macrosiphum pisi Kaltenbach.

COLEOPTERA.
Elateridae.

Agrioles lineatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.)
Mylabridae (Bruchidse).

H< Mylabris rufimanus Boheman, California, >tc M. pisorurn LinnsBUS, M. lentia Frolichs, Jl/. pallidicorni!
Boheman, -^Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, :Jfi Pachymerus chinensis Linnoeus, >K P. quadrimaculatus
Fabricius; attack seed. (See Beans.)
Curculionldse.

Sitona lineata Linnaeus, ^S. flavescens Marsti, and ^S. hispidula Fabricius; Europe. (See Clover.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Lycsenidse.

Zizeralabradus Godt.; Australia; attacks pods. (See Beans.)

DIPTERA.
Agroniyzidse.

Phytomyza afflnis Fallen. (See Tobacco.)

166 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

PEACH; ALMOND.

(Amygdalus spp. Family Rosacese.)

Delicious fruit-bearing trees of temperate and warm climates. The almond pit is
much sold as a nut.

A. BETTER KNOWN PEACH INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Uracanthus acutus Blackburn.
(Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Peach, apricot, plum.

Description and biology: Adult, length about 14 mm.; color obscure ferruginous;
covered with short i^ubesence.

Distrihution: Australia.
Blackburn, T. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South "Wales, ser. 2, 1889, vol. 4, p. 451.

Conogethes punctUeralis Guerin.

(Northern Peach Moth. Pyralidae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Peach.
Injury: Infests the fruit.

Description: Adult, wing expanse 21-25 mm., bright yellow, thickly mottled with
black spots. Pupa dark reddish brown. Pupates on side of peach stone. Larva,
length 20 mm., cylindrical, with a few erect hairs; color dirty white, almost liidden
by pinkish markings. Attacks ripening fruit, eating and webbing surface. Eggs
deposited on half -grown peaches.

Distrihution: Australia.
Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 273.

Tryon, Henry. Ann. Rept. Dept. Agri. for years 1889-90, p. 75. Brisbane, Queens-
land, 1890.

B, OTHER IMPORTANT PEACH INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidafe.

Armored —

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) clavigera Cockerell; Hawaii.
Jf^Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) oslrexformis Curtis; British Isles.
Diaspis leperii Signoret; Europe.
' Diaspis sqvMmosus Newstead and Theobald; Egypt.
:Jt: Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Europe.
Parlatoria ajjinis Newstead; Algeria.
Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Algeria, Italy.
^ Pseudo parlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock); Brazil, Mexico.
Unarmored—

Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana; China.
:^Lecanium persicx (Fabricius); Europe.
Lecanium rugosum Signoret; France, Germany.
Lecanium vini Bouch^; Europe.
Lygaeidae.

Nysius vinitor Bergroth; Australia. (See Fruit.)

COLEOPTERA.
Elateridae.

Agriotes Uncalus Linnseus. (See Tobacco.)

Bostrychidae.

Apate monaclms Fabricius; Africa, "West Indies, attacks almond. (See Citrus.)

Chrysomelidae.

Aulacophora olivicrei Guerin, leaf beetle; Australia. (See Cucurbits.)

INSECTS OF PEACH AND PEAE. 167

Brachyrhuiidse.

Brachyrhinus ligustici Liniifeus; Europe. (See Grape.)
• Brachyrhinus corruptor Host; Italy; attacks almond. (See Grape.)

Scolytidae.

Scolytus amygdali Gu^rin; Mediterranean region; bark beetle in almond and apricot trees, very in-
jm"ious.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Xyloryctidae.

Cryptophaga unipunctata Donovan; Australia. (See Plum, Cherry.)

Pyralldae.

DichocTocis punctiferalis Gu6nee; Queensland. (See Corn.)

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae. ,

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks peach and almond. (See Fruit.)
Anastrepha ludens Loew; Mexico. (See Fruit.)
Dacus diversus Coquillett; India. (See Fruit.)
Dacus persicx Rig.; India. (See Fruit.)
Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.)

PEAR.

{Pyrus communis, etc. Family Rosaceae.)

Fruit trees native of south-central Europe and Asia and much cultivated in this
country for their delicious fruits.

A. BETTER KNOWN PEAB INSECTS LIKELY TO BE I3IPORTED.

Psylla pyrlsuga Forster.

(The Large Pear Psylla. Pay Hid se; Hemiptera.)

Host: Pear.

Injury: Quite injurious in middle Europe and Japan.

Description and biology: Adult marked with black and red, wings yellow. Female
about 3.5 mm. and male 2.5 mm. in length. Winters in adult condition under bark
scales of the trees. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups in hairs of leaf and flower
etems or on leaves. Nymph is dark yellow in color, with waxy secretion. The foliage
is distorted and leaves rolled up; also the young branches are killed and young fruit
destroyed.

Distribution: Europe, Japan.

Henchel. G. a. 0. Did Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 490.
SoRAiiER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 647.

Stepbanitis pyri Fabricius.
(The Pear Tingis. Tingitidse; Hemiptera.)

Hosts: Pear, apple.

Injury: Serious pest to pear and apple in Europe.

Description and biology: Adult, about 3 mm. long; body flat and covered with rela-
tively large wings of a beautiful lace network; lobes of same pattern extend from
each side of prothorax; general color brownish, with dark bands across wings.
Nymph oval in outline, pale greenish in color and abdominal segments each with a
spine on each side; two transverse dusky bands on bodies of older individuals. Eggs
ovate, oblong, greenish white in color, 0.6 mm. long. Adults winter around base of
host plants, reproducing in spring on under surface of leaves, where all stages may

168

A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

be found at same time during summer. Badly infested leaves become yellow, then
brown, and die. (See text fig. 79.)

Distribution: Europe.
Costa, Achille. Insetti nocivi all' Agricoltura, 1879, p. 166.
SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologie Agraria, 1911, p. 82.

Nephopteryx rubrlzonella Ragonot.

(Pear Fruit Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Pear.

Injury: Destroys yearly 30 to 40 per cent of fruit.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 25 mm. Forewing grayish brown to
grayish black, crossed by two equidistant irregularly pinnated grayish-bordered
black lines; outer margin and basal half much deeper in color; hind wing dark gray;
thorax colored like forewing, abdomen paler. Two brooded; first occurs in July,
second in September and October. Pupa, deep reddish brown. Pupates in core of

Fig. 79.— The pear tingis {Stephanitis pyri): a, Injured leaf; 6, d, nymphal stages; e, much enlarged hair;

/, adult. (Costa.)

fruit. Larva, length 20 mm.; spindle-shaped, color pinkish brown; attacks core of
fruit. Stage lasts three weeks or more. Eggs, deposited on lower siu-face of twigs,
about 20 in a mass, covered by a white silk web.

Distribution: Japan.
Matsumura, M. U. S. Dept. Agric, Div. Ent., Bui. 10, 1898, p. 38.

Dasyneura pyri Bouch^.

(Pear Leaf-Curling Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomjdida;]; Diptera^)

Host: Pear.

Injury: Rolls edges of leaves.

Description and biology: Adult, length 2 mm. Brown, with limpid wings and tawnj^
palpi. Occurs in spring. Pupates in the soil, ^^^litish maggots.

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 350.

PEAR INSECTS. 169

Janus compressus Fabriuhis.

(The Bud -stinger. Tenthredinidae; Hymenoptera.)

Host: Pear.

Injury: Hollows out medullary canal in twigs.

Description and biology: Adult male, length 7 mm.; color black, with a transverse
yellow band on thorax; abdomen entirely yellow; female 8 mm.; blackish, with three
yellow spots on thorax and circle of red on abdomen. Occurs in May. One genera-
tion. Pupates in spring in gallery in shoot. Larva, length 6 mm.; white; makes
gallery in twig. Winters in this stage in lower part of gallery. Eggs placed in buds.

Distribution: Europe.
Genaux, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 304.
MuTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 189.

Famphilius flaviventris Retz.
(Social Pear Sawfly. Tenthrediuidse; Hymenoptera.)

Hosts: Pear, plum, cherry, white thorn, and other rosaceous plants.

Injury: Considerable damage. Strips foliage from trees.

Description and biology: Adult, female, black; antennae and legs yellowish; abdo-
men tawny at apex, with yellow triangular mark on sides of segments; ventrally
bands of yellow; male, abdomen reddish yellow from second segment to apex; lower
part of head yellow; wing expanse 8-12 mm. Pupates in cocoon in soil. Larva,
length 25 mm.; orange yellow; head black; two black spots on second segment; has
no prologs; spins tent over leaves on which it feeds; winters in cocoon; may suspend
development and remain in soil over a second winter. Eggs are deposited on under
surface of leaves in groups of 30 to 60. Incubation requires 6 or 7 days.

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 338.

IMPORTANT PEAR INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae.

Armored —

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) afTicanus Marlatt; Africa.
^A'spidiotus (Aonidia) lauri Bouch6; Germany. ^

:)f. Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) ostrezformis Curtis; Europe, Canada.

Aspidiotus pectinatus Lindinger; South Africa.

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) pyri Lichtenstein; France, Switzerland.
^Diaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti; South Africa, Australia, Italy.

Diaspis pyri Colv6e; Spain, Germany.

Diaspis santali Maskell; New Zealand.

Diaspis squamosus Newstead and Theobald; Great Britain.
^Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Germany, Italy, France, Russia.

Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Spain, Victoria, New South Wales.

Parlatoria pyri Marlatt; China.
Unarmored—

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, Hawaii, Japan.
^Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni-Tozzetti; England, France, Sweden, Italy, Germany.

Lecanium caprex Linnaeus; Europe, Nova Scotia.

Lecanium coryli Linneeus; Europe, Algeria.

Lecanium glandi Kuwana; Japan.

Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana; China.

Lecanium rugosum Signoret; France, Germany.

Lecanium tilix Linnaeus; Europe.

Lecanium vihi Bouch6; Europe.

COLEOPTERA.
Buprestidae.

HfiAgrilus sinuatus Olivier; Europe; introduced into United States; borer.

Cerambycidse.

C'erambyx scopolii Fuessly; Europe; borer.
Liopus nebulosus Linnaeus; Europe; borer.

170 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

Curculionidae.

Magdalis cerasi Linnjeiis; Europe; bores in branches.

Anthonomiis pomorum Liimseus; Europe; bud weevil. (See Apple.)

Anthonomus pedicularius Linnaeus, A. pyri Boheman, and A. spinotus Redtenbacher;; Europe; bud

weevils.
Leptops hopci Schonherr; Victoria. (See Apple.)

Scolytidae.

Scohjius pruni Ratzeburg; Europe. (See Plum.)
Taphrorychus bicolor Herbst; Europe; galleries in trees.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Laslocainpidse.

Gastropacha quercifolia Linnseus. (See Fruit.)

Geometridje.

Anisopteryx xscularia Schiffermiller. (See Forests.)

Cossidae.

Cossus tristis Dru.; Africa. (See Apple.)

Tortricldae.

Capua angustiorana Haworth; Europe, Asia, Africa. (See Apricot.)

HYMENOPTERA.
Tenthredlnldse.

PriophoTus padi Linnaeus; Europe. (See Plum.)

DIPTERA.
Trypetldae.

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)

Itonididse.

>|< Contarinia pyrivora Riley; Europe, North America; gall midge.

PERSIMMON.

(Diospyros spp. Family Ebenaceae.)
Fruit trees of the tropics, of which several species are cultivated in this country.

IMPORTANT PERSIMMON INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae.

Armored—

Aspidiotus (Aonidia) cbeni Leonardi; Ceylon.
Unarmored —

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Japan; Diospyros kaki.

Coccus bicTuciatus Green; Ceylon; Diospyros ebenum.

Phenacoccus pcrgandei Cockerell; Japan; Diospyros kaki.

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae.

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, attacks Diospyros kaki, the Japanese persimmon. (See Fruit.)
Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Diospyros kaki. (See Fruit.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cosmoptcrygldse.

Kakivoria flaoofasciata Nagano; Japan; injures fruit.

PINE.

(Pinus spp. Family Pinacege.)

Evergreen resiniferous trees distributed throughout the northern hemisphere; in
the tropical and subtropical regions they are confined to the mountains. They are
very valuable timber trees and many of them yield turpentine, tar, pitch from the
trunk, and medicinal oils from the leaves and young shoots. Edible seeds are pro-
duced by some. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under Conifers.

INSECTS OF PINEAPPLE, PISTACHIO, AND PLANE TBEE. 171

PINEAPPLE.

(Ananas sativus. Family Bromeliaceae.)

A plant indigenous to America but now cultivated in Hawaii and other parts of

the world.

IMPORTANT PINEAPPLE INSECTS.

ITEMIPTERA.
Coccidse.

Armored—

Aspidiotusi Targionia) bromclix I,eonardi; England, Sej-chelles.
Unarmored—

Pseudococcus ananassx Kuwana; Japan.

Pseudococcus brevipes Cockerell; Jamaica, Antigua, Dominica.

Pseudococcus bromelise Bouch6; TTawaii.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Tineidae.

Ereunetis flavistriata Walsingham; Hawaii. (See Sugar cane.)

DIPTEKA.
Trypetldae.

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)
Dacus xanthodes Broun. (See Fruit.)

COLEOPTERA.
Calandridse.

Metamasius rilchiei Marshall; Jamaica. (Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 7, p. 197.)

PISTACHIO.

(Pistacia vera, etc. Family Anacardiacese.)

A nut-bearing tree of Asia and Europe, cultivated in California,

IMPORTANT PISTACHIO INSECTS.

nEMIPTERA.
Coccidae.

Armored—

Diaspis gennadii Leonard!; Greece, Italy.

Leucaspis pistacix Lindinger; Cyprus; Pistacia lentiscus.
Unarmored —

Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus; Pistacia lentiscus, P. terebintJius.

PLANE TREE; BUTTONWOOD; SYCAMORE.

(Platanus spp. Family Platanacese.)
Ornamental deciduous trees of America, Europe, and Asia, valued for their dense

IMPORTANT SYCAMORE INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Anobiidae.

Xcstobium rufovillosum DeGeer; England; bores in wood of old-standing trees.

Scarabseidae.

Metolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M. melolnntha Linnaeus, Europe; larvae injure roots of seedlings.

Cerambycidae.

.^olcsthes sarla Solsky; India; bores in trunks of Platanus orientalis.

Ipldae.

Anisandrus dispar Fohncins; Germany; ambrosia beetle.

LITERATURE.

lyiNDWOER, L. Die Sehildliiusc (Coceidfn), 1912.

NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkimde, 2d ed., 1913.

TlEss, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2.

SrEBni:^G, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914.

172 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

PLANTAIN.

(See Banana.)

PLUM; CHERRY; PRUNE.

{Prunus spp. Family Rosacese.)

Deciduous trees of the northern hemisphere, with showy flowers and delicious
fruits, of which many horticultural varieties are cultivated in this country.

A. BETTER KXOWN PLUM INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

* Enophyes spp.
(Plum Blister Mites. Eriophyidse; Acarina.)

Species: '^E. phloeocoptes Nalepa; Europe, North America; Prunus domestica, P.
insititia, P. spinosa. E. similis Nalepa; Europe; Prunus armeniaca, P. chamsecerasus, P.
domestica, P. insititia, P. spinosa. :^E. padi Nalepa; Europe, North America; Prunus
padus. P. domestica, P. spinosa.

Injury: Form different kinds of blister galls on plum trees and are quite injurious.
These four-legged blister mites are so small that they are easily transported on nursery
stock, hence the wide distribution.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 125-127.

Psylla pruni Scopoli.

(The Plum Psylla. Psyllidse; Hemiptera.)

Hosts: Plum, Prunus spinosa; P. insititia.

Injury: Not at present an important pest.

Description and biology: Adult, thorax marked with red and brown; abdomen with
broad brown bands on sides and back; wings dark brown. Development and gen-
erations similar to P. pyrisuga. (See Pear.)

Distribution: Europe, Siberia.
Henchel, G. a. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 490.

Peltophora pediclllata Kirby.

(The Cherry Bug. Pentatomidse ; Hemiptera.)

Hosts: Cherry; strong-scented flowering shrubs; wild fig.

Injury: Probably not at present important.

Description and biology: Adult, about 12 mm. long; bright metallic green in color
with black spots on dorsum. The greater part of ventral surface, edges of thorax,
and two blotches at base of scutellum bright coral red.

Distribution: Australia (New South Wales to North Queensland).
Froggatt, W. AV. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 327.

Diphucepliala colaspidoides Gyllenhal.
(The Cherry Green Beetle. Scarabaeidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Cherry and other fruit trees; shrubs.

Injury: Very serious at times. Defoliation by adults.

Description and biology: Adult, length 8 mm.; metallic green; smooth; elytra
deeply marked with punctured striae. Damage done in this stage. Larva feeds on
roots of various plants. Not of economic importance. (See plate xxxiii.)

Distribution: Southern Australia.
French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1893, pt. 2, p. 27.

INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHEEEY.

173

Khynchites coeruleus De Geer.

(Twig Cutter. Rhynchitidae ; Coleoptera.)

Host: Apple.

Injury: Cuts off apple shoots. Only nursery stock and bush trees attacked.

Description and biology: Adult, length 3-4 mm.; deep blue, shiny, clothed with
long, upright fuscous pubescence; antennae, legs, and rostrum black; elytra, with
deep punctured striae. Appear in spring and feed on leaves. Pupate in soil. Larvae
white, feed about a month, then enter
soil. Eggs placed singly in soft shoots
2 to 4 inches from tips. Shoots cut off
below place of oviposition. (See text
fig. 80.)

Distribution: Europe.

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit,
1909, p. 117.

Rhynchites cupreus Linnaeus.

(Plum Borer. Rhynchitidae;
Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Plum, prune, cherry.

Injury: Attacks young fruit.

Description and biology: Adult, length
3^ mm., color bronze-copper. Occurs
in autumn, hibernates in this stage and
reappears in early spring. Pupates in
ground. Larva develops in fruit, causing
it to fall. Eggs are placed singly in
young fruit at base of peduncle. (See
text fig. 81.)

Distribution: Europe.
Henschel, G. A. 0. Die Schadlichen

Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895,

p. 81.

Fig. so. — Plum twig-cutt(T {Rhynchites cosruleus):
Adult and injury. (Theobald.)

Brachyrhinus laevigatus Fabricius (Otiorhynchus).

(Brachyrhinidae; Coleoptera.)
Host: Plum.

Injury: To buds and young twigs.

Description and biology: Adult, length 6-6.5 mm.; black, shining, without hairs;
neck-shield rather flat, disk punctured; wing covers finely furrowed.

Distribution: Middle Europe.
Henschel, G. A. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 109.

Magdalis armigera Geoffroy.

(Plum Stem Piercer. CurcuUonidae; Coleoptera.)
Host: Plum.

Injury: To twigs and foUage.

Description and biology: Adult, length 3.5-4.5 mm.; color, dull black; neck shield
with thorn-like projections near fore margin, 4-cornered, hardly as wide as long,
finely punctate; elytra strigose punctate, space between punctations flat; beak shorter
than neck shield. Adult attacks leaves. Larva develops in twig. Pupates in
burrow.

Distribution: Europe.
Henschel, G. A. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 94.

174 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS,

Curculio cerasoruin Herbst (Balaninus).

(Cherry Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.)

Host: Cherry.

Injury: To fruit.

Description and biology: Adult, length 3-3.5 mm.; color clear brownish red; eyes
black; prothorax and ventral surface covered with golden hairlike scales. Larva
eats out cherry pit. Pupation takes place in pit.

Distribution: Germany.

Henschel, G. a. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- iind Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 91.

Antlioiioiiius rectirostris Linnaeus.

(Curculionidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Cherry and other fruits.
Injury: Attacks the fmiit.

Fig. %\.--V\nmhQvQ\ (Rhyncliites cupreus): Adult and injury. (Henschel.)

Desaiption and biology: Larva feeds on seeds, preventing fruit from ripening.
Eggs are deposited in young fruit.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d. ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 556.

Scolytus assiniilis Boheman.

(Scolytidse; Coleoptera.)
Host: Plum.

Injury: Attacks bark and sapwood. Very destructive.
Desa'iption: Habits similar to S. rugulosus.
Distribution: Argentina.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 572.

Scolytus prunl Ratzeburg.

(Scolytidac; Coleoptera.)
Hosts: Plum, pear, apple.
Injury: Destroys many trees, makes galleries under bark.

INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHERKY.

175

Description and biology: Adult, length 4 mm. ; head and thorax black, elytra chest-
nut. Appears in June (France). Pupates in spring. Larval galleries perpendicular
to maternal gallery. Eggs deposited in gallery under bark of weakened trees.

Distribution: Europe.
MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 168.
GuENAUx, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, ]904, p. 340.
Coleophora anatipennella Hiibner.
(Cherry Tree Case-Bearer. Elachistidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Cherry, apple, sloe.

Injury: Serious attacks at intervals of a few years; feeds on buds and early foliage.
Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 12 mm.; forewings creamy white with

scattered fuscous scales
noticeable toward tips,
fringe white; hind wings
dusky, with long gray
fringes. Occurs July to
August. Pupa pale
brown in color ; pupation
takes place in its case;
period 3 or 4 weeks.
Larva, length 12 mm.;
reddish brown to orange
with dark-brown shiny
head. Larval case pis-
tol-shaped, dark brown
to black, with white
border around mouth.
Larvse may be found

from August through the winter until June. Eggs are deposited on under side of leaf,

hatching in 2 or 3 weeks.

Distribution: Europe.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 195.

Argyresthla ephippella Fabricius.
(Hyponomeutidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Cherry, plum, hazel.

Injury: Not seriously destructive.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 12 mm.; forewings ocherous brown,
inner margin white, interrupted beyond middle by dark -brown spot, which can be
traced across the wings as an oblique fascia terminating in the costa. Larva feed a
on shoots, leaf, and blossom buds.

Distribution: Europe.

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 193.
Argyresthla nitidella Fabricius.
(Cherry Fruit Moth. Hyponomeutidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Cherry, hawthorn.

Injury: Seldom serious. Attack fruit just after it has set.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 11 mm. ; forewings light brown, with
white or cream colored inner margins; in middle there is a fascia of deeper brown color
which terminates in tip of wings. Occurs in May (Stainton). Cocoon dense and white;
pupal period about 15 days. Larva light green; head, first thoracic segment and legs
brown. Eggs placed on shoots near flower bud. Overwinters in egg stage. (See
text fig. 82.)

Distribution: England.
Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 192.

Fig. b2. -Clierry fruil moth (Argyrcsthia nitidella): Adult moth.
(Theobald.)

176

A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

Xylina omlthopus Rott.

(Gray Plum Owlet Moth. Noctuidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Plum.

Injury: Defoliation.

Description and biology: Adult, forewing 15-17 mm. long; grayish white mixed
with weak brownish. Occurs August and September (Germany). Pupates in July
in earth. Larva 33 mm. long; blue-green in color, marked with white spots; three
white dorsal lines; head whitish green. Overwinters as egg.

Distribution: Europe.

Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 361.

Xylina socia Rott.
(Brown Plum Owlet Moth. Noctuidae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Plum, elm, linden.
Injury: Defoliation.

Description and biology: Adult, forewing 17-20 mm. long; brown with a mixture of
gi-ay or rose color. Occurs August and September (Germany). Pupates in earth.
Larva length 33 mm.; color apple-green; marked with
white spots and a broad white dorsal stripe; head shining
green. Over^vinters as egg.

Distribution: Europe.
Henschel, G. A. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und
Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 361.

Laspeyresla f uuebrana Treitschke.
(Red Plum Maggot. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Plum.

Injury: Attacks friut; damage not easy to detect.
"Caterpillar plentiful in plum pies." (Stainton.)

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse about 12
mm.; forewings purplish gray, clouded with smoky gray;
at anal angle is an indistinct, ocellated patch, edged with
pale gray and inclosing four black dots. Pupates in
whitish cocoon under rough bark or debris in spring. Pupa
amber color. Larva, length 15 mm., chestnut red in color,
with sides yellowish or entirely deep red . Eggs, placed at
base of fruit stalk, hatching in 10 days. (See text fig. 83.)
Europe, Asia Minor.

Fig. 83.— Red plum maggot (Las-
Tpeyresia funcbrarmy. Moth and
larva in fruit. (Henschel.)

Distribution:

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 363.

Laspeyresia woeberiana Schlffermiller.
(Bark Tortrix. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Prunus sp. and other fruits.

Injury: Injury to bark.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 16 mm., forewing dark brown, with
rusty-yellow and lead-gray oblique lines; five white notches on fore margin, and a
twisted lead Line from the notches to the eye spot; speculum on a rusty-yellow groimd,
marked with black. Two broods, first May and June; second August and September
(Germany). Pupa chestnut brown, pupates in larval gallery. Larva length 9 mm.;
dirty green, red-headed, sparsely haiiy. Feeds in galleries in bark; betrayed by
masses of frass hanging out of air holes. Eggs placed in crevices in bark.

Distribution: Europe.

Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 283.

U. S. Dept.'of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXXIII.

A Destructive Cherry Insect.

The cherry green beetle (Diphuccphala colaspidoides): Adult, larva and injury. (French.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXXIV.

The Cherry Borer.
rhe cherry borer ( Cryptophaga unipuncta): Moth, larva .pupa, and injurj'. (French.

U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXXV.

f^^

/'N

^IsiBi.. ^J0i:%rci

ii|.

A Poplar Borer.

Poplar borer {JEolesthes sarta): Fig. L— Eggs. Fig. 2.— Empty egg. Figs. 3, 4, 5.— Larval stages. Figs.
6, 7.— Pupa. Fig. 8.— Male. Fig. 9.— Females. (Stebbing.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXXVI.

\1

Potato Weevil. Rhigopsidius tucumanus Heller. (Pierce, i

INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHEEEY. 177

Cryptophaga unipunctata Donovan.
(The Cherry Borer. Xyloryctidas; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Cherry, peach, honeysuckle.

Injury: Very serious. Makes shallow tunnels in branches of trees.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 37 mm.; a white satiny moth; front
of head, antennae, and a dot on forewings, black. Larva, length, 50 mm.; pinkish
white, hairy; covers entrance to binrrow with silken web in which collects the sawdust-
like excrement. (See plate xxxiv.)

Distribution: Australia.

French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 113.
Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 277.

Olethreutes pniniana Hilbner.

(Plum Bud-moth. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Prunus sp.

Injury: To buds and shoots.

Description and biology: Adult, forewing 7-8 mm.; from middle of fore margin to
inner angle, bluish black, mixed with brownish black; border third golden white
clouded with brownish gray; apical point deep black; palpi grayish black; occm*3
June and July (Germany). Pupates in grass, or between leaves sewed together,
dm-ing latter part of May. Larva, length 20 mm.; greenish yellow, head white,
divided thoracic shield and anal lobes shining black; feeds in shoots and developing
leaves drawn together; occurs in spring until middle of May. Eggs placed singly on
buds. Overwinters in egg stage.

Distribution: Europe.

Henschel, G. a. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 418.
MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectea Nuisibles, 1891, p. 176.

Hoplocampa f ulvicornls Panzer.
(Plum Fruit Sawfly. Tenthredinidse ; Hymenoptera.)

Host: Plum.

Injury: Frequently causes considerable damage. Attacks fruit and eats out
interior. Causes fruit to fall.

Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse less than 8 mm.; color black, with
yellow, yellowish-red or reddish-brown legs. Pupates in soil in brownish cocoon.
Larva, length 12 mm.; creamy-white, sometimes slightly pinkish; head brown;
caudal end somewhat attenuated and slightly curved. Eggs minute, greenish white
and transparent; placed in unopened blossom; hatch in a few days. (See text,
fig. 84.)

Distribution: England, Europe.

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 376.

ProphOTUS padi Linnaeus.
(Plum Leaf Sawfly. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.)

Hosts: Plum, pear, hawthorn, bramble, mountain ash, birch.

Injury: Important. Defoliation.

Desmption and biology: Adult, female, color mainly black; thorax shiny, covered
with grayish brown and two dull white spots; abdomen with scattered, pale, very
fine hairs; legs white, except middle of femora, apex of tibia and posterior tarsus,
27812—18 12

178

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

which are black. Two broods, frequently three. First brood occurs in May, second
about middle of June. (England.) Active during warmest part of day. Pu-pu
pale gray. Tupates in ground; period 9 to 12 days. Larva, green or grayish green,
with almost white sides; head usually pale dull orange brown. Larval stage of first
brood lasts 3 weeks; second brood overwinters in soil. Eggs are placed on under
surface of leaves. Incubation requires 8 days. (See text fig. 85.)
Distribution: England, Europe.

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 372.

Fig. 84.— The plum fruit sawfly {Hoplocampafulvkornis): Adult, larva, and injury. (Ent.Tidsk.)
B. OTHER IMPORTANT PLUM AND CHERRY INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae.

Armored—

Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus) palavinus Berlese; Italy; Prunus ccrasus.
^Diaspis psntagona Targioni-Tozzetti; Italy, Japan, Cape Colony; Prunus cerasus, P. pseudocerasus,

P. armeniaca, P. laurocerasus.
Unarmored —
Kuwania parva Maskell; Japan; Prunus cerasus.
Lecanium cerasi Goethe; Germany, England; Prunus cerasus.
Lecanium cerasorumCockereill: Japan; Prunus cerasus.

Leciniuin corijU Linnaeus; Europe; Prunus cerasus, P. armeniaca, P. avium, P.domestica,P.insititia,
P. laurocerasus, P. padus, P. spinosa.

INSECTS OP PLUM AND CHEEEY.

179

S?^-

Coccidae — Continued.
Unarmored— Continued.
Lecanium rugosum Signoret; France, Germany; Prunus cerasus.
Lecanium prunastri Fonscolombe; plum, peacli (see pi. iv, fig. 3).

Piilvimria betulx Linnsus; Denmark, England, Switzerland; Prunus cerasus, P. armeniaca, P.
domestica.

Lygaeldae.

Nt/sia'i ulnilor Bergroth; Australia; plum and cherry. (See Fruit.)

COLEOPTERA.
Bostrychidae.

Ap-ite inonachus Fabricius; Africa, West Indies. (See Citrus.)

Buprestidse.

Ciptiolis Unebrionis hinmeas; Europe; bores in PrwwMs spiraosa.

Cerambycidae.

Saperda scalaris Linnseus;

Europe; borer in cherry

trees.
Liopus nebulosus L i n n se u s ;

Europe; borer in cherry

trees.
Uracanth us acutus Blackburn ;

Europe. (See Peach.)

Curcullonidae.

Leptopshopei Schonherr; Vic-
toria. (See Apple.)
Magdalis carbonaria Linnseus;

Europe; plum. (See Birch.)
Magdalis cerasi Linnseus, and

M. pruni Linnseus; Europe;

bore under bark of cherry

and plum.
Curculio herbsti Gemminger

(Balaninus); Europe;

breeds in fruit of cherry

and plum.
Curculio rubidus Gyllenhal

(Balaninus); Europe; breeds

in fruit of plum.
Anthonomus druparum Lin-
nseus; Europe; breeds in

buds of plum and cherry.
Scolytldae.

Scolytus mali Bechst; Eiu'ope;

bores in trunk and branches

of plum.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Noctuldse.

Diloba cxruleocephala Lin-
nEEus; Europe; plum,
cherry. (See Apple.)
Xyloryctldae.

Cryptophaga unipunctata
Donovan; Australia; bores
in cherry trees.

Tortricidae.

Laspeyresiaprunivorana 'Ragonot; Europe; breeds in fruit.
Olethreutes variegana Hiibner, Europe; feeds on buds and shoots.

Geometridse.

ffi6«r«ia rwpicapraria Hiibner; Europe. (See Fruit.)
Anisoptcryxxscularia SchiSernnWcr; Europe. (See Forests.)
Bistonhirtarius CI.; Europe; defoliator.
Cheimalobia boreata Hiibner, and C. brumata Linnseus; Evirope; defoliators.

Lasiocampidae.

Gastropacha quercifolia Linnaeus; Europe.

Fig. 85.— Plum leaf sawfly {Priophorus padi): Adult and injured leaf.
(Theobald.)

(See Fruit.)

Lymantrlidae.

Teia anartoides Walker; Australia; cherry. (See Fruit.)

180 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

«

Hyponoineutidx.

^Hyponomeuta malincllus Zeller and *//• padellus Linnfrus; Europe; introduced in I'nited States;

cherry. (See Apple.)
^Argyrcsthia conjugella Zeller; Europe, British Columbia, Japan; attacks fruit of cherry and plum.

(Sec Apple.)

HYMENOPTERA.
Tenthredlnidae.

Pamphilius flaviventris Retz.; Europe. (See Pear.)
Hoplocampa rutilicornis Panzer, sawtly; mines in fruit; Europe.

DIPTERA.
Trypetldae.

Ceratitis capUata Wiedemami, attacks fruit of Prunus cerasus. (See Fruit.)
Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, attacks Japanese plum. (See Fruit.)
Anastrephaludens 'Loew.; Mexico. (See Fruit.)

POMEGRANATE.

(Punica granatum. Family Lythracefe.)

A fruit-bearing tree of Asia, extensively cultivated throughout the world. Propa-
gated by cuttings and seed.

IMPORTANT POMEGRANATE INSECTS.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Lycaenldae.

Virachola insocrates Fahricius; India; bores in fruit. (See Fruit.)

Virachola livia Klug, the pomegranate butterfly; Egypt; larva? attacks fruit (Gough, L. H.: The
Agric. Journ. Egypt, vol. 3, 1914, p. 105, pi. 8, figs. 5-7.)

Pyralidae.

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Miller; Egypt; breeds in fruit (Gough, 1. c, p. 104).

POPLAB; ASPEN; COTTONWOOD.

{Populus spp. Family Salicaceee.)
Soft- wooded trees of the Northern Hemisphere, often used in landscape gardening.

A. BETTER KNOWN POPLAR INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Saperda spp.
(Poplar Borers. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.)

Species: S. carcharias Linnaeus, poplar borer; Europe; poplar, willow, aspen. S.
populnea Linnaeus, aspen borer; Europe, Siberia, United States Pacific coast; aspen,
poplar, willow. 5. scalaris Linnaeus; Europe; aspen, walnut, cherry, apple, beech.

Injury: The first two are very injiu-ious species.

Biology: The egg is laid in the bark and the larva first bores in the bark but later
goes into the wood. It pupates in the larval tunnel.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 505, 506.

Trochllium spp.

(Hornet Moths. Sesiidae; Lepidoptera.)

Species: T. api/ormis Clerck; Europe; poplar {Populus nigra, P. canadensis); aspen
(Populus tremula L.); ash. T. amnatiseforme; India; Populus euphratica.

Injury: Bore in wood.

Description and biology: Moths clear winged, wasplike in appearance. Larva bores
in wood. Pupates in cell of frass near exterior.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 327.
NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsectenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 317, 318, fig.

269, a.
Stebbing, E. p. Manual Forest Zoology India, 1908, pp. 124, 125, fig. 255.

POPLAK INSECTS. ' 181

B. OTHER IMPORTANT POPLAR INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Apliididse.

Pemphigus bursarius Linnaeus; Europe; foliage.

Pemphigus immunis and P. napoeus; India; attacks the twigs of Populus euphratica and P. tremula.

Pemphigus filaginis Fonsc. (viarsupialis Koch); Europe; forms pocket-shaped galls on the raidrib of

leaves of poplar.
Pemphigus vesicalis Koch; Europe; foliage of Populus alba.
Asiphumtremulx De Gear; Europe; attacks young shoots, leaves and petioles of aspen (Populus

tremula).

Coccidae.

Armored—

Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe; Populus bahamifcra, P. monilifera, P. nigra, P. tremula.

Crypthemichionaspis africana Newstead; Egypt.
Unarmored—

Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus; Italy.

Pulvinaria bctulse Linnseus; Europe; Populus alba, P. nigra, P. tremula.

Lccanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Populus alba, P. tremula, P. virginiana.

Lccanium ciliatum Douglas; Europe; Populus alba, P. tremula.

COLEOPTERA.
Anobiidse.

Ptilinu.'i fuscus Geoffroy; Europe; bores in dead wood of standing living trees.

Biiprestidse.

■^ifiAgrilus viridis Linnaeus (see Oak) and A. sexguttatus Brahm.; Europe, bore in bark and branches of
poplars and aspens.
Capnodis miUaris Klug; India; bores in Populus euphratica.
Pcecilonota variolosa Paykull; Europe; bores in bark of poplar and aspen.
Mclanophila picta Pallas; South Europe, Algeria; bores in wood of young poplars.

Scarabaeidae.

Amphimalion solstitialis Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack roots of small plants.

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack roots of seedlings.

Cerambycidae.

^■Eolesthes sarta Solsky; India; bores in fopulus alba and P. euphratica. (See pi. XXXV.)

Lamia tertor Linnaeus; Europe; bores in bark and larger cuttings of poplar and aspen.

Saperda carcharias Linnaeus, S. scalaris Linnaeus and ^ S. populnea, Linnaeus; Europe; bore in branches

and trunk. The latter occurs on our Pacific Coast. (See text fig. 86.)
Xylotrcchus rusticus Linnaeus; Russia; bores in bark and sapwood.
Purpuriiscenus wachanrui Levrat; Baluchistan; bores in Populus ciliata.

Chrysoinelidae.

if Phyllodecta vitellinx Linnaeus: Europe, America; leaf beetle. (See Willow.)
Crepidodcra aurata Marsham; Europe; leaf beetle on Populus laurifolia and P. alba. (Pee Willow.)

Curculionidae.

Orchestes salicis Linna3us; Europe; mines the leaves.

Orchestes populi Fabricius; Europe; mines the leaves of Populus nigra and P. dilatata.
-Jf Cryptorhynchus lapathi Limiaeus; Europe, Eastern United States; breeds in the stems and twigs.

Ipldae.

Xylcborus cryptophagus Ratzeburg; Germany; ambrosia beetle of poplar and aspen.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidae.

Cossus cossus Linnaeus, goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.)
^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.)

Geometridae.

Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., H. dcfoliaria Linnaeus and H. marginaria Borckh.; Euroi)e: defoliators.

Lasiocampidae.

Eriogaster lanestris Linnaeus, and Malacosoma neustria Lmnaeus; Europe; defoliators.

Lymantriidae.

:+; Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linnaeus, -^Lymantria monacha Linnaeus, ^Porthetria dispah Linnaeus Porthcsia
similis Fuessly, Stilpnotia salicis Limiaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.)

Sesiidse.

Sciopteron tabaniformis Rott.; Europe; bores in base of trunk.

182

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

HYMENOPTERA.
Cimbicldae.

Cimbex variabilis Klug, sawflj ; Europe; attacks leaves, and adults girdle twigs.
Pseudoclavellaria amerinx Linnoeus, a sawfly; Europe; attacks foliage.

Tenthredinldae.

Nematus (Orasus) septcnfrionalis Lirmajus and Trichiocampus viminalis Fallen; Europe; sawflies.

Fig. S6. — Poplar borer (Sapcrda populnca): Branch olaspeu with galls containing larva, pupa, and

adult. (Barbey.)

DIPTERA.
Itonididae (Cecidomyiidse).

Khabdophaga saliciperda Dufour; Europe; attacks Populus alba. (See Willow.)

INSECTS OF POPLAK AND POTATO. 183

LITERATURE.

SoEAUER, P. Haadbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.
NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913.
Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 189S, 1900.
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera, 1914.
Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887.
LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccidae), 1912.

POTATO.

(Solunu'in tuberosum Linngeus. Family Solanacea?.)

Althougli we grow many potatoes in the United States there has been a very large
importation trade with other countries. Owing to the danger of introducing certain
diseases especially, the Federal Horticultural Board has placed restrictions on the im-
portation of potatoes. There are a number of important insect pests which need to
be guarded against almost as closely as the diseases.

A. BETTER KNOWN POTATO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

* Rhizoglyphus (Coepophagus) echinopus F. and R.

(Potato Root Mite. Tyroglyphidse ; Acarina.)

Hosts: Potato, parsnip, tulips, lilies, orchids, and many weeds. '

Injury: Very destructive to roots and tubers.

Description and biology: A very tiny mite which breeds in roots and is quite destruc-
tive. It may readily be transported with root crops.

Distribution: France, Italy, Portugal, Palestine, Chile, Australia, California.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 109-111,

figs. 82-86.

Epilachna spp.

(Potato Ladybird Beetles. Coccinellidse; Coleoptera.)

Species: E. 28-maculata Motschulsky; China; potatoes, Solanum spp. E. 28-
punctata Fabricius; Asia, Malaysia, Australia; Solanacese, Cucurbitacese. E. dode-
castigma Mulsant; Asia, Malaysia. Australia; Solanacese Cucurbitacete. E. territa
Mulsant; Java; Spanish peppers, Solanacese. E. pusillanina Mulsant; Java, Sola-
nacese. E. phyto Mulsant; Java; Solanacese. E. guttato-pustulata Fabricius; Aus-
tralia; potato.

Injury: Attack foliage in larval and adult stage.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 2d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 477.
Rhigopsidlus tucumanus Heller.
(Argentine Potato Weevil; Psaliduridae [Byrsopidae]; Coleoptera.)

Host: Potato.

Injury: Bores in potato, making it unfit for use. Has been received alive in the
United States in South American potatoes.

Description and biology: Adult weevil, light brown or grayish, with roughened elytra
and short broad beak which rests in a deep groove in front of the anterior legs. Length
9 mm. Pupa white with rudiments of all appendages folded on the underside.
Found in the potato. Larva white legless with chitinized brownish yellow head.-
Bores in the tubers. (See plate xxxvi.)

Distribution: Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, Chile.
Pierce, W. Dwight. Journ. Agr. Research, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 350, 351, pis. 39-40.

184 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Premnotrypes solani Pierce.
(Peruvian Potato Weevil. Brachyrhinidse [Otiorhynchidse] ; Coleoptera.)

Host: Potato.

Injury: Bores in the tubers. Has been received alive in the United States in
potatoes from Peru.

Description and biology: Adult weevil bronzy brown somewhat tuberculate with the
thorax narrower than the elytra ; beak moderately long. Length 7 mm. Pupa white
with rudiments of all appendages folded on the underside. Found in the potato.
Larva white, legless, with chitinized brownish yellow head. Bores in the tubers.
(See plate xxxvii, figs. 1, 2.)

Distribution: Peru.
Pierce, W. Dwight. Journ. Agr. Research, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 346, 349, text figs. 1, 2;

pi. 41, figs. 1, 2.

Trypopremnon latithorax Pierce.

(Peruvian Potato Weevil. Brachyrhinidse [Otiorhynchidse] ; Coleoptera.)

Host: Potato.

Injury: Bores in the tubers. Has been received alive in the United States in
potatoes from Peru.

Description and biology: Adult weevil brown, tuberculate, with a very broad pro-
thorax, scrobes abruptly terminated behind, mandibles with a tooth beneath. Length
6 mm. Pupa white with rudiments of all appendages folded on the underside.
Found in the potato. Larva white, legless, with chitinized brownish yellow head.
Bores in the tubers. (See plate xxxvir, fig. 3.)

Distribution: Peru.

Pierce, W. Dwight. Journ. Agr. Research, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 349-350, text fig. 3;

pi. 41, fig. 3.

Hypera (Phytonomus) spp.

(Potato Leaf Weevils. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.)

Species: H. variabilis Herbst; breeds on the leaves of potato, clover, etc., and
attacks bean, cabbage, service berries, Plantago lanceolata, Atriplex patula. H.
crinita Boheman; Algeria and Tunis; breeds" on potato.

Injury: These are potentially important pests. Judging from the ease with which
the clover pests of this genus have been imported it is important to guard against these
weevils.

Description and biology: Similar in form to the well-known clover-leaf weevil,

Hypera punctata. The larvae feed externally on the leaves and pupate in silken

cocoons.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT POTATO INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Miridae (Capsidae).

Phytocoris pabulinus Linnaeus; Europe; sucks juices of stems.

Jassidse.

Eupteryx solani Curtis; Europe; injures leaf.

COLEOPTERA.

Bathyscia wollastoni 3 anson, the pigmy potato beetle; Europe, often a serious pest.

Elateridse.

Agriotes lineatus Linmcus. (See Tobacco.)
Lacon murinus Linnaeus; i£urope; wireworm.

Meloidse.

Zonabris floralis Pallas, Z. 14-punctata Pallas, Epicauta rufidorsum Goeze and E. sibirica Pallas, blister
beetles; Europe; very destructive.

INSECTS OF POTATO AND PEICKLY PEAR. 185

Curculionidae.

Hypera variabilis Herbst; Europe. (See Clover.)

Desianiha nociva Lea; Australia; larvae and adults destroy young plants. (See Tomato.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Eucheliajacobese, the ciniiSLhar moth; Europe, injurious.

Sphingidse.

Acherontia atropos Lionfeus; death's head moth; Europe; larva feed on potato. (See texi figs. 87, 88.)

Hepialldse.

Hepialus lupulinus Linnaeus; Europe; breeds at roots.
Hepialus humuli Linnaeus; Europe. (See Hops.)

Fig, 87. — Death's-head hawk-moth ( Acherontia atropos): Adult somewhat reduced. (Kirby.)

Noctuidse.

^^Hydrcpcia micacea Esp.; the rosy rustic; Europe, Canada; potato-stalk borer.
Oortyna ochracea Hiibner; Europe; stalk borer.
Oortyna flavago t^ewman; Europe; stalk borer.
Persectania evengi, Australia; climbing cutworm.
Agrotis spina, Bugong moth; Australia; cutworm.
Euxoa radians, Australia; cutworm.
Euplexis nigerrima, Australia; cutworm.

Pyralidae.

Lineodes ochracea.

Pachyzancla phxopteralis, Bermuda.

DIPTERA.
Saproiuyzidae.

Lonchxa splendida Loew, New Zealand, Australia, Oceanica. (See Tomato.)

PRICKLY PEAR; TUNA; BARBARY FIG.

(Opuntia spp. Family Cactacese.)
The common broad-leafed cacti or prickly pears often yields edible fruit.

186 A MANUAL OF DANGEKOUS INSECTS.

IMPORTANT PBICKLY-PEAR. INSECT.

DIPTERA.
Trypetldae.

Ceratitis capUala Wiedemann; attacks Opuntia tuna, and 0. vulgaris. (See Fruit.)

PURSLANE.

(Portulaca oleracea. Family Portulacacese.)

LEPIDOPTERA.

Low, fleshy, perennial or annual herbs mostly American. The purslane is culti-
vated for its edible foliage. Other species are cultivated for their flowers.

IMPORTANT PURSLANE INSECT.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidae.

■^if^Hellula undalis Fabricius; Europe, Australia, parts of United States. (See Cabbage.)

jTiG. 88.— Death's-head hawk-moth (^f?if ron/;« nn-opos): Larva. (Kirby.)

QUINCE.

(Cydonia ohionga, etc. Family Rosacese.)

Ornamental shrubs and trees, from Asia now widely cultivated. C. ohionga, the
quince, yields a fruit used in preserves. C. japonica is much prized as an ornamental
slirub

IMPORTANT QUINCE INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.

Coccidse.

Lecanium rugosum Siguoret; Europe.
^^Lecanium persicx Fabricius; Europe, Australia, California.
Lecanium coryli Linnseus; Europe.
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus Marlatt; South Africa. .

INSECTS OP QUINCE, KADISH, AND RAPE. 187

COLEOPTERA.
Curcixlionidse.

Magdalis barbicornis Latreille; Europe. (See Apple.)
MagdalispruniUrmieus; Europe; bores under bark.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidse.

Cossus tristis Dru.; Africa. (See Apple.)

DIPTERA.
TrjiJCtidae.

Ceratilis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)
BactTocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.)

RADISH.

(Raphanus spp. Family Cruciferae.)

Cultivated root crops native of Europe and Asia. Grown from seed. (See Cru-
cifers.)

A. A RADISH INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

* Anthomyia radicum Meigen.
(Radish. Fly. Anthomyidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Raphanus spp. (including radish), Brassica spp. (cabbage, etc.).

Injury: Breeds in the roots.

Description and biology: Male fly blackish, female ash gray; scutellum blackish
with three black streaks; abdomen light gray, with black medium streak; undersides
and face white in male, front triangle and all appendages black; wings clear; length
4.5-5.5 mm. Maggot whitish, 6 mm. long. Pupates in soil.

Distribution: Exirope, and has been introduced into North America.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 425.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT RADISH INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Curculionidse.

Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull, Europe; breeds in seed pod.

Ceutorhynchus raphini Fabricius; Em-ope; breeds in stem.

Ceutorhynchus robertii Gyllenlial; Europe; breeds in crown gall on Raphanus raphanistrum.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralidse.

Evergestis extimalis Sc. (See Rape.)

EAPE.

(Brassica napus Linnseu.'s. Family Cruciferse.)

An important forage and cover crop; also valuable for the oil compressed from
the seed.

A. BETTER KNOWN RAPE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Phyllotreta vittula Redtenbacher.
(Rape and Grain Beetle. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts and injury: Mines leaves of Setaria; adults feed on beets and rape (Hungary);
larva in base of stems of barley, rye, and wheat, causing much damage (Scandinavia;
Russia).

Description: Beetle striped with yellow.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 525.

188 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. n

Psylllodes chrysocephala Linnagus; Psylllodes napi Fabricius.
(Rape Flea Beetles. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Crucifers, rape, cabbage, etc.

Injury: Adults feed on foliage, flowers, and fruit.

Biology: Eggs are laid in the leaf axils. Larvx bore into stem and roots. Breed
continuously through season.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 523.

Evergestls extimalis Sc.

(Rape Seed Worm. PyraLidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Rape, radish, cabbage.

Injury: Feeds on the seed, spinning a web among the
fruiting heads.

Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 26 mm.,
forewings light yellow ochraceous, with two rusty-brown
transverse lines, violet-gray fringe. Larva yellowish
green, with lateral gray stripe and four dorsal rows of
dark- brown spots; head and thoracic shield black;
18 mm.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d

ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 308.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT RAPE INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.

Nitidulidse.

Meligethes xneus Fabricius; Europe; larvae feed on young shoots.

Curculionidae.

Ceutorhynchus assimilin Paykull; Europe; breeds in fruit.
^ Ceutorhynchus guadridens Panzer; Europe; Long Island, N. Y.
breeds in roots.
Ceutorhynchus sulcicollis; Europe; forms galls on roots. (See
text fig. 89.)

LEPIDOPTERA.

Hepialidse.

Hepialus humuli Linnaeus; Europe. (See Hops.)

DIPTERA.
Fig. 89.— Galls of Ceutorhynchus Itonididae.
sulcicollis on rape. (Ritzema Dasyneura brassicm Winner; Europe; attacks fruit. (See

Bos.) Cabbage.)

RASPBERRY.

See Blackberry. _ . ^^ . ^^

RATTAN.

( CaZamws spp. Family Pal niacese.)
Palms of tropical Asia, some of wliich are used to furnish rattan canes. They make
excellent conservatory plants.

IMPORTANT RATTAN INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Lyctldae.

Lyclus brunneus Stephens; Europe, Australia; bores in furniUue dud sapwood on unseasoned tnubcr.

LITERATURE.
Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907

INSECTS OF RHUBAEB AND RICE. XgQ

RHUBARB.

{Rheum rhaponticum, etc. Family Polygonacege.)

Robust perennial herbs originating in Asia and Russia. The rhubarb plant has
been developed into several garden varieties. Propagated by root division or from
seed.

IMPORTANT RHUBARB INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Chrysomelidae.

Chxtocnema concinna Marsh; flea-beetle; Europe. Phyllolreta nemorum Linn^us- Europe fSee
Crueifers.) ^ ' ^

Ciirculionidae.

Hypera rumicis Linnaeus; Europe; breeds on leaves.

RICE.

{Oryza sativa Linnaeus. Gramineae.)

Rice is still an important product for importation in spite of the steadily increasin<^
production in our own country. The principal sources of importation are Japan"
China, India, Mexico, and Honduras. The danger of importing rice insects is two-
fold, through the grain itself, husked or unhusked, and its original containers and
through nee stalks used in packing fragile articles of commerce. The similarity of rice
and grain insects lends importance to any rice pest introduced into the United States.

A. RICE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Schoenobius blpunctUer Walker.

„ .^. (Rice Stem Borer. Lepidoptera.)

Host: Rice.

Injury: Bores in stalks, causing infertility.

Description and biology: Adult moth, straw-yellow color, the forewings having one
black dot on each. Body about one-half inch in length, wing expanse about 1 inch
Pupa m silken case in straw. Larva bores in the stalk and remains in the stubble from
November to June. Eggs laid in clusters on the leaves, covered with hairs: hatch in a
week.

Distribution: India.

S. K. Basu and H. L. Dutt. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913 Dept
Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta, leaflet 6, pi. 6.

Chllo auricllia Dudgeon.
(Rice Stem Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Rice, sorghum, corn, sugar cane, Pennisetum.

Injury: Bores in stems of grasses.

Description and biology: Adult moth with metallic spots on fore wings. Larva
whitish with black head, thoracic shield and setigerous spots, and with purplish
brown stripes.

Distribution: India.

Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Mem. Dept. Agric. India. Ent. Ser., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 197.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol.' 3, p. 316.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT RICE INSECTS.

The rice plant has many pests which attack the leaves, stalks, and roots, but which
are not very likely to be imported. It is, however, of importance to briefly mention
these m view of unforeseen possibilities of importation.

190

A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

ORTHOPTERA.
Acridiidae and Locustidae.

Hieroglyphus banian Fabricius; India. (See PI. XXXVIII.)
Xiphidium varipenne; Hawaii.
Oxya velox Fabricius; Hawaii, Bormosa.

Oxya intrkata St&l, and Racilia olnnawensis Matsumura: Formosa and
Orient.

Gryllotalpidae.

Gryllotalpa africana Beauvais; Hawaii, Africa, Formosa, Asia, Aus-
tralia, New Zealand.

HEMIPTERA.
Jassidse, Cercopidae and Fulgoridee.

Deltocephalus dorsalis Motschulsky; Formosa.

Tettigoniella spectra Distant; India. (See text fig. 90.)

Zyg'ma subrufa Motschulsky and Ptyelus costalis Walker; Formosa.

Dictyophora siniea Walker, Diostrombus politus Uhler, Nisia atrovenosa
Lethierry, Delphax furci/era Horvath, Zygina viaculifrons Mot-
schulsky, Cicadula faseii/rons St&l, C. 6-notata Fallen, Nephotettiz
apicalis Motschulsky, and Tetigonia viridis Linnaeus; Formosa and
Orient.

Capsidse.

Fig. 90. — Rice leafhopper Lygus oryzse Matsumura; Formosa, Orient.

i Tettigoniella spectra): coreidje.

Adult. (Maxwell-Le- Leptocorisa varicornis Fabricius; Japan, China, India, Philippines,

froy.) Ceylon. (See text flg. 91.)

Pentatomidse.

Aermria leu'isi; Japan.

Plantia affinis Dallas; New South Wales.

COLEOPTERA.
Cucujidae.

Lxmotmctus rhizophagoides 'Walker; Ceylon, Germany; injiu-es dry rice and grain.

Fig. 91. — Rice bug {Leptocorisa varicornis): Adult.
(Maxwell-Lefroy.)

Fig. 92.— Rice leaf-beetle) Hispa aenes-
cens): Adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

Scarabseidse.

Anomala vitis Fabricius; India; root borer.

Phyllognathus dionysius Fabricius; India; root destroyer. (See PI. XXXIX.)

Chrysomelldse.

Hispa senescens Baly; Assam, Bmma ,Bengal, Malabar. (See text fig. 92.)
Hispa callicantha; Japan.

IlSrSECTS OF RICE AND ROSE.

191

Chrysomelidae— Continued.

Chxtocnema basalts Baly; India; flea-beetle. (See text fig. 93.)
Lema flavipes Svfintin; Japan.

CurcuJlonidse.

Echinocnemis squameus Billberg; Formosa; root weevil.
Hypomeces unicolor Fabriciiis; Java,
LEPIDOPTERA.
Pyralldse.

Chilo simplex Butler; India,

Formosa. (See Sugar cane.)
Nymphula depunctalis Gu^nee;
rice case bearer; India. Burma,
Ceylon, Java, Australia: feeds
on leaves, (See pi. XL.)
Nymphula fluctuosalis Zeller;

India.
Melissoblaptes gularis Zeller;
Japanese grain moth; Japan,
England; larvae injure stored
rice.

Noctuldse.

Prodenia litura Fabricius; India,
Egypt; the cotton worm.

Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval;
Africa. Asia, Australia; army
worm.

Nonagria inferens Walker;
Formosa, Orient.
Hesperidse.

Parnara mathias Fabricius; In-
dia; the rice skipper. (See
pi. XLI.)

GallerUdse.

Paralipsa modesta Butler; Japan,
Hawaii; larvse injurestored rice'

Fig. 93.— Rice flea-beetle ( Chaetomema basalis): a, Adult, b, head,
enlarged; c, hind leg, enlarged. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)'

ROSE.

{Rosa spp. Family Rosacese.)

Ornamental deciduous shrubs bearing beautiful flowers, much imported in
nursery stock. f yx u.

A. AN IMPORTANT ROSE INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Adoretus umbrosns Fabricius and its var. tenuimaculatus Waterhouse.

(The Japanese Rose Beetle. Scarab^idaj; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Rose trees, citrus, grape, cotton, sugarcane.

Injury: Injurious to citrus, rose, grape, etc., in Hawaii, Rose trees in Fiji, and su-ar
cane m Java, devouring the foliage. The larv* feed at the roots. May be introduc°ed
m the soil.

Biology: The adult is nocturnal in habit, hiding beneath the soil in the day and
emerpng m swarms at night. Larval stage, 17 days, pupal stage about 10 days, and
egg stage from 6 to 8 days.

Distribution: Hawaii, Fiji, Japan, Java.
FuLLowAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 18, p, 11.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT ROSE INSECTS.

tocclda. HEMIPTERA.

Unarmored —
Lecanium pulchrum Marchal; Germany, Rosa arvensis.
Lecanium perornatum Cockerell and Parr.; Austria; Rosa canina.

192 A MANUAL OP DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Coccidse - Continued.
Unarmoretl — Continued.

Icerya montserratensis Riley and Howard; Trinidad, Jamaica, Panama, Colombia, Nicaragua, Porto
Rico.

Icerya seychellarum Westwood; China, Mauritius, Natal, England.

Lecaniodiaspis sardoa Targioni; Algeria.

Rhizacus falcifer Kiinckel; Algeria, Sicily.
Armored —

■^Leucas'pis japonka Cockerell; Rosa Isevigata. Has been introduced and is established in the United
States.

Aspidiotus (Pseudaontdia) articulatus Morgan; Peru.

Aspidiotus {Chrysomphalus) dktyospermi pinnulifera Maskell; Sicily, Italy, etc.

Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Italy.

Parlatoria proteus virescem Maskell; China, Japan, Formosa.

Aspidiotus {Pseudischnaspis) bowrcyi Cockerell; St. Thomas.

Aspidiotus tayahanUs Cockerell; Philippine Islands.

THYSANOPTERA.

^HeliotliTips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida, (See Fruit.)

COLEOPTERA.
Buprestidse.

Agrilus viridis Linnseus; Europe; breeds in stalks. (See Oak.)

Chrysomelldae.

Haltica queTcetorum Foudr.; Europe; attacks tea rose. (See Oak.)

Cerambycldse.

Vesperus strepens Fzhricius; France. (See Grape.)

Brachyrhlnldae.

Diaprepes abbreviatus Liimseus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Geometrldse.

A nisopteryx sescularia Schiffermiller; Europe; feeds on foliage.

Hibernia defoliaria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator. *•

Boarmia gemmaria Brahm.; Europe. (See Grape.)

Laslocampidse.

Malocosoma neustria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator.

Lyman trildae. o t^. *

DasycMra pudibunda Linnaeus and Euproctis chrysorrlma Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest

defoliators.)

Xotodontidse.

Phalera bucephala Liimaeus; Europe. (See Forest.)

Tortricldae.

Notocelia roborana Treitschke; Europe. (.See Gooseberry.)

Pyralldae.

i^Pionea fenugalis Hiibner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.)
•

HYMENOPTERA.
Cephididse.

Janus luteipes Lep., sawfly, boring in stems; Europe.

Argidse.

Arge rosx Linn., sawfly feeds on foliage; Europe.

LITERATURE.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflauzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.

ROYAL PALM.

(Oreodoxa regia. Family Palmacese.)
An American palm of magnificent growth. (See Palms.)

RUBBER.

See Balota guttapercha; FigiFicusapp.); Ceara rubber; Panama rubber; Pararub-
ber; Silk rubber; West African rubber.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXXVII.

u E-i

o o

< '^
I-

O s

Q- S

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual ot Dangerous Insects.

Plate XXXVIII.

cc

A Destructive Rice Grasshopper.

The rice grasshopper (Hieroglyphus banian): a, Eggs; ft-g- , immature stages; h adults; iemalc laying

eggs. (Maxwell-Lefroy.

U. S Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangeious Insects.

Plate XXXIX.

The Rice Root Grub,

'Rice root grub (Phyllognathiis dionysius): a, Eggs; 6, c, c', larvte; d, d', d" , pupae; e,e', adults. (Max-

well-Lefroy.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XL.

The'Rice Case-Bearer.

The rice case-bearer (Nymphula depunctalis): a, Larva; b, pupa: c, pupa in cocoon; d, adult; e, e,
larva^ feeding, 'in cases; /,/', cocoon stems; g, g', larval cases. ( Maxwell- Lefroy.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects

Plate XLI.

The Rice Skipper.

The rioe skipper (Parnara mathias): a. Eggs; 6, larva webbing leaf; c, full grown larva; c', pupa;
d, d', d" adults; e, e', puparia of Tachinid flies; /, Ichneumonid parasite; g, g", Tachinid parasite.
(Maxwell-Lcfroy.)

INSECTS OF RUTABAGA, RYE, SAGO PALM, SAL. 193

RUTABAGA.

See Turnip.

RYE.

(Secale cereale Linnaeus. Family Graminese.)

This species as well as its near relatives is cultivated in Europe and Asia. For full
treatment of its insect pests, see Grains and grasses.

SAGO PALM.

(Cycas revoluta. Family Cycadacese.)
A palm-like plant of the Orient, much used in this country at funerals. (See Palms.)

SAL.

(Shorea spp. Family Dipterocarpaceae.)
Valuable timber trees of India.

IMPORTANT SAL INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Scarabseidae.

Serica assamensis Brenske; India; adults defoliate and larvae attack the roots of Shorea robuita.

Lepidiota bimaculata Saunders; India; adults feed on foliage oi Shorea robusta.

Phyllophaga problematica Brenske (Lachnosterna), and P. dypealis Brenske; India; adults defoliate and

larvae attack the roots of Shorea robusta.
Heteroplia varians Olivier; India; breeds at roots of Shorea robusta.

Cucujidae.

Lxmophlaus testaceus Fabricius; India; breeds under the bark of felled trees of Shorea robusta.

Bostrychidae.

Schisloceros anobioides Waterhouse; India; bores in trees of Shorea robusta.

Beterobostrychus pileatus Lesne, and H. xqualis Waterhouse; India; bore in timber of Shorea robusta.

Sinoxylon crassum Lesne; India; a serious borer in the wood Shorea robusta.

Sinozylon anale Lesne; India; bores in Shorea robusta.

Buprestldse.

Acmxodera stictipennis Laporte et Gory; India; bores in Shorea robusta.

Chysobothris sexnptata Gory; India; bores in the bark, bast, and sapwood of branches of Shorea robusta.

Psiloptera viridans Kerremans; India; bores in Shorea robusta.

Elateridae.

Alaus sculptus Westwood; India; bores in logs ot Shorea robusta.

Tenebrlonldse.

Setenis Ixvis Fairmaire, and S. semivalga Blair; India; bore in Shorea robusta.

Cerambycidse.

Acanthophorus serraticornis Olivier; India; tunnels bast and sapwood of Shorea robusta.
Ccelosterna scabrata Fabricius; India; bores in sapwood of Shorea robusta.
Plocxderus obesus Gahan; India; bores in Shorea robusta.
Molesthes holosericea Fabricius; India; bores in Shorea robusta.

Dialeges pauper Pascoe; India; bores in bast and sapwood felled and sickly trees of Shorea robusta.
Hypoeschrus indicus Gahan; India; bores ia sapwood of Shorea robusta.

Hoplocerambyz spinicornis Newman; India; bores in wood of sickly or felled trees of Shorea robusta.
Xylotrechus smei Lap. et Gory; India; bores in Shorea robusta.

Cossonldae.

Conarthrus jansoni Wollaston; India; bores in timber of Shorea robvsta.
Himatium asperum Marshall; India; bores in Shorea robusta.

IpldsB.

Sphstrotrypes assamensis Stebbing, S. globulus Blandford, S. siwalikenais Stebbing, Coccotrypes integer
Eichhoff, and Dryocates minor Stebbing; India; make galleries in wood and bark of Shorea robusta.

Xyleborus fallax Eichhoff, X. perforans Wollaston, X. bengalensis Stebbing, X. major Stebbing,
X. schlichii Stebbing; India; bore in Shorea robusta.

Xyleborus anirewesi Blandford; India; bores in Shorea talura.

27812—18 13

194 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS.

Flatypodldse.

Crossotarsus saundersi Chapuis; India; bores in Shorea robusta.
Platypus curtus Chapuis; India; bores in Shorea robusta.
Platypus talurse Stebbing; India; Bores in Shorea talura.

Diapusfurtivus Sampson, D. quinguespinatus Chapuis, and D. mirus Sampson; India; bores in shorn
robusta.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Geometrldse.

Boarmia sclanaria; India; feeds on yoimg growth, leaves, and flowers.

Lasiocaiupidae.

Suana concolor; India; defoliator.
Trabala vishnu; India; defoliator.
Dasychira horsfeldi; India; defoliator.
Leucoma diaphana: India; defoliator.

Lymantriidae.

Lymantria grandis, L. lipcha, and L. brittata; India; defoliators.

LITERATURE.

Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914.
STEBBrNG, E. P. A Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908.

SAPODILLA.

{Sideroxylon [Achrns] sapota. Family Sapotacese.)

A fruit-bearing tree of the West Indies, central America, and northern South America
cultivated in southern Florida.

IMPORTANT SAPODILLA INSECTS.

DIPTERA.
Trypetidae.

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.)
Anastrcphaludens hoevf, Mexico. (See Fruit.)

SILK COTTON.

(Bovibax malabaricum. Family Malvaceae.)

Tropical trees. The bark of some species produces commercial fiber.

IMPORTANT SILK COTTON INSECTS

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae.

Aspidoproctus giganteus Newstead; Africa; Ceiba bombaxi.

COLEOPTERA.
BostrycLIdse.

Hcterobostrichus sequalis Waterhouse; India; bores in the wood.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Lymantriidae.

Dasychira horsfeldi; India; defoliator.
Noctuidae.

Mudaria cornifrons; India; breeds in the pods.

LITERATURE.

STEBBING, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914.
Stebbing, E. P. Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908.

SILKY OAK.

(Grevillea robusta. Family Proteaceae.)

A valuable lawn tree with fine fern-leaved foliage, indigenous to Australia, but
now cultivated in Florida and California.

INSECTS OF SILKY OAK^ SILK ' RUBBER, SISSU, SORGHUM. 195

IMPORTANT SILKY OAK INSECTS.

^slotes notabilis Pascoe.
(Silky Oak Weevil Borer. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Silky oak (Grevillea robusta), and kaiiri (Agathis australis).

Injury: Bores in wood and is easily transported in logs.

Description: A beautiful grayish weevil about 0. 75 inch long, with brown and pinkish
markings, humeri and apical declivities of elytra acute angulate or toothed, thorax and
elytra tuberculate.

Distribution: Queensland, Victoria.
French, C. Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, pp. 106-108,

pi. 119.

Xenocnema spinipes (Wallach) australiae Lea.

(Spined Log Beetle. Cossonidae, Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Grevillea robusta and Agathis australis (Dammara).
Injury: Riddles the wood of logs.

Description: A small brownish black elongate beetle. Found in large numbers
under the bark and when the bark is removed they bore rapidly into the wood.
Distribution: Queensland, introduced into Victoria.

French, C. Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1911, pt. 5, pp. 126-
128, pi. 124.

SILK RUBBER; IRE.

(Funtumia elastica [Kickxia]. Family Apocynacese.)

IMPORTANT SILK RUBBER INSECTS.

(Silk Rubber Longicorns. Cerambycidse; Lamiinse; Coleoptera.)

Species: Acridocephala bistriata GhewolaX; East and West Africa; Funtumia elastica.
Moecha adusta Har.; West and East Africa; cacao, Funtumia. Phryneta hecphora
Thoms.; Kamerun, East Africa; Funtumia elastica. Phryneta coeca Qiievrolat; Kame-
riin; Funtumia elastica.

Injury: Bore in the wood.

SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 501, 502.

SISSU.
{Dalbergia sissoo. Family Leguminosse.)
A tree of India, furnishing a very desirable timber. It is cultivated in California.

IMPORT.\NT SISSU INSECT.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Noctuldae.

Plecoptera reflexa Guen($e; India; defoliator. *

SORGHUM; KAFIR; DURRA; BROOM CORN.

{Holcus sorghum Linnaeus. Family Graminese.)

Owing to the large number of useful varieties of this species throughout the world
there is more or less commerce in the seed for propagation purposes at least. The
dangers of importing injurious insects would consist mainly in the shipments of seed,
although it is conceivable that boring insects might be introduced in brooms.

196 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

IMPOETANT SOEGHUM INSECTS.

LEPIDOPTEEA.
Pyralldae.

Chilo simplex Butler; India, Formosa. (See Sugar cane.)
Chilo auricilia Dudgeon; India. (See Rice.)

Noctuidse.

Sesamia cretica Led.; Sudan; attacks durra. (See Sugar cane.)

SOY BEAN.

(Glycine hispida Maxim. Family Leguminosse.)

The soy bean was introduced into this country from the Orient. Care should be
taken to see that seed pests are not introduced.

AN IMPOETANT SOY-BEAN PEST.

Laspeyresia glycinivorella Matsumura (Grapholltha).

(Soy Bean Moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.)
Host: Soy bean.

Injury: Breeds in the pods ; very injiuious.
Description and biology: Similar to that of L. nebritana on peas.
Distribution: Japan.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 284.

SPINACH.

(Spinacia oleracea. Family Chenopodiaoeae.)

An annual herb originating in Asia, now much cultivated for its edible foliage.

AN IMPOETANT SPINACH INSECT.

DIPTERA.
Anthomyidae.

;}; ChoTtophila (Pegomya) hyoscyami Panzer (spinach leafminer). (See Beets.)

SPEUCE.

(Abies spp., Picea spp. Family Pinacese.)

Ornamental evergreen trees of the cold and temperate zones of the northern hemi-
sphere, liighly valued for shade, parking, wind breaks, and hedges, and valuable for
timber. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under Conifers.

STRAWBERRY.

(Fragaria spp. Family Rosaceae.)
Low vines bearing delicious fruit, cultivated in Europe, and America especially.

IMPOETANT STEAWBEEEY INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Aphldidee.

MacTOsiphum fragarix Koch; Europe; sucks juices.
Macrosiphum fragariellum Theobald; Europe.
Macrosiphum rogersii Theobald; England.

Pentatomldse.

Dindymus versicolor; Australia; injiuious.

COLEOPTERA.
Carabidae.

Earpalus ruficornis Fabricius; Europe; attacks fruit.

Pterostichus vulgaris Linnaeus; Europe; a wingless beetle, attacks fruit and also feeds on angleworms.

INSECTS OF STEAWBEERY, SUGAE BEET, SUGAR _CANE. 197

Chrysomelidae.

Galerucella tenella LinnEeus; leaf beetle; Europe; sometimes causes serious damage, larvai and adults
feed on leaves.

BrachjThlnldae.

Brachyrhinus tenebricosus Herbst; Europe; larva feeds at roots, adults destroy buds and leaves. Severa

species of this genus have been introduced into the United States.
BrachyrMniLs picipes Fabricius; pitchy-legged weevil; Europe; injures strawberry, raspberry, pea,

turnip, kale, ferns, potted plants.

Ciirculionidse.

Anthonomus rubi Herbst; Europe; larva attacks roots and runners, and adults destroy blossoms, buds
and leaves.

Rhinaria perdix Pascoe; Australia.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Psychldac!.

Psyche viciella Schiffermiller; Europe.

LITERATURE.

Oemerod, E. A. Injurious Insects during 1897, pp. 111-112, 1898.
Ormerod, E. A. 16th Rept., Injurious Insects, pp. 124-126.
Curtis, John. Farm Insects, p. 383.

SUGAR BEET.

(See Beet.)

SUGAR CANE.

(Saccharum offidnarum Linnaeus. Family Gramineae.)

Sugar cane is an important product of the Southern States, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and
the Philippines. It is grown in many parts of the world. Owing, however, to the
great danger of transporting insect enemies in the seed cane, its importation into
the United States, except through the Department of Agriculture, has been forbidden.
There is still a great possibility of the spread of its enemies from outside into the
islands. Some very important cane insects also attack corn. The sugar cane is host
to a multitude of insects which feed on its foliage, suck its juices, or bore in its stems or
roots. Many of these insects are not very likely to be imported, but in view of such a
possibility are briefly mentioned.

A. SUGAR-CANE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Tetranychus exsiccator Zehntner.
(Sugar-Cane Red Spider. Tetranychidee; Acarina.)

Host: Sugar cane.

Injury: Sucks juices from the plant.

Description and biology: A tiny red mite similar in structure and habits to our
common red spider, Tetranychus bimaculatus.
Distribution: Java.

Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp.

282-287, pi. 39.

Tomaspis varia Fabricius; Tomaspis postica Walker; Tomaspis lepidior Font.
(Sugar-Cane Frog Hoppers. Cercopidse; Hemiptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane, com, grasses.

Injury: Tomaspis varia is a serious pest in Trinidad; damage called "blight" con-
sists of withering of leaves and stunting of stem.

Description and biology: Adult Tomaspis varia, leafhopper 6-9 mm. long, with
broad front wings; head and prothorax greenish, front wings brown with two yellow
bands; imdersides dark with sutures pinkish. The adults are not active in the day-
time. They fly or hop when disturbed. Nymphal stages whitish with pink tinge.

/

198 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

completely covered by spittle within which they suck on the juices of the plant.
Eggs elongate, oval, laid separately in incisions in dead or withering cane leaves. The
other two species are similar to T. varia. (See plate xlii.)

Distribution: T. varia, Trinidad; T. postica, Mexico; T. lepidior, Panama.
Urich, F. W. Board of Agriculture, Trinidad and Tobago. Cir. 9, 1913, 45 pp.,

9 pis., 7 text figs.

Perklnsiella sacchariclda Kirkaldy.

(Sugar-Cane Leafhopper. Fulgoridse; Hemiptera.)

Host: Sugar cane.

Injury: Very serious drain on the vitality of the plant due to sucking of the juices.
Liable to transportation on seed cane.

Description and biology: A small yellowish leaf hopper differing in the various

stages mainly in the development of
the wing pads. Eggs laid in slits
in the epidermis of the leaves and
stalks of cane. The insect in all stages
sucks the juices of the plant. (See plate

XLIII.)

Distribution: Hawaii, Australia. A

„ ,,, „,.-,. „ T', ,0, large number of this species were cap-

FiG. 91.— West Indian Cane Flj- (S^ejiocronws soc- ° . . . ^

charivom): Adult. (TJaiiou.) t^red in quarantine m shipments re-

ceived at Washington from Hawaii.
Van Dine, D. L. Hawaii Agric. Exp. Sta., Bui. 5, 1904, 29 pp., 8 figs.

Stenocranus saccharivora Westwood.
(West Indian Cane Fly. Fulgoridse; Hemiptera.)

Host: Sugar cane.

Injury: Very serious drain on vitality of plant due to sucking juices. Liable to
transportation on seed cane.

Description and biology: A little yellow leafhopper differing but little in the various
stages. It is not often a serious pest but at times does much damage. (See text fig. 94.)

Distribution: West Indies.
Bassieres, Eugene. La Sucrerie Indigene et Coloniale, Paris, 1912, vol. 79, pp.

27-32.

Entochlra lateralis Bohoman. (Holanlara picescens Fairmaire).

(The Bibitkever. Tenebrionidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane, tobacco.

Injury: Bores in the stalks, causing much damage. It can easily be transported in
seed cane.

Description and biology: Adult beetle about 6 mm. long, black, with a brown metallic
luster on the elytra. Pupa white, oval, acute at apex with many spiny tubercles on
sides of abdomen. Larva an elongate brown wireworm with pointed apex, 10-11 mm.
long. Bores in the stalks of cane near tlie nodes, and also bores in tobacco stems.
Eggs less than 1 mm. long, oval, almost spherical.

Distribution: Java.
Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp.

53-58, pi. 7.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 494.

SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 199

Apogonia destructor Rilsema Bos.
(Javan Sugar-Cane Grub Beetle. Scarabseidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane, grasses, and various plants.

Injury: Destructive in Java. Attacks the roots.

Description and biology: Adult about 0.5 inch long, greenish black, of the general
•form of a June beetle. Pupa wliite, broad in front, tapering behind, with all appen-
dages beneath. Larva white, usually in a curved position, with large yellow head
and long legs. Lives at roots of plants, causing much damage.

Distribution: Java.

Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur Java, 190G, vol. 2, pp.

282-287, plate 4.

Apogonia rltsernaj Sharp.

(Javan Sugar-Cane Grub Beetle. Scarabseidae; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane, and other plants.

Injury: Destructive to the roots.

Description and biology: Adult reddish brown to blue-black. Somewhat smaller
than A. destructor. Length 5-7 mm. Immature stages also similar. The larvse are
very destructive to the roots.

Distribution: Java.

Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, .lava, 1906, pp. 32, 33,

pi. 5.

Phytalus smithi Arrow.

(The Brown Hard-Back Beetle. Scarabseidse ; Coleoptera.).

Hosts: Sugar cane.

Injury: Larva trims the small roots and is liable to transportation in the soil around
cane plant.3.

Description and biology: Adult beetle tawny red of the shape and appearance of a
June beetle, 14-18 mm. long. Pupation occurs in a cell in the ground. Larva a
white grub, usually curved, with large browni.sh head, and long legs; bores in the
sugar-cane stumps. Eggs laid in the soil.

Distribution: Mauritius, Barbados, Trinidad. Has been distributed in cane ship-
ments.
Arrow, G. J. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 9, 1912, pp. 455-459.

Aphanisticbus consanguineus Ritsema Bos.

(The Flat-Headed Leaf-Miner Beetle. Buprestidae; Coleoptera.)

Host: Sugar cane.

Injury: Mines the leaves.

Description and biology: Adult beetle, 3.5 mm. long, black, head and prothorax
with a bronzy tint. Pupa 3-5 mm. long, orange color, elongate elliptical, with all
appendages beneath. Larva when full grown about 6 mm. long, orange colored,
elongate, flattened, with sides crenulate. Eggs laid singly in the leaf.

Distribution: Java.

Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp.

46-53, pi. 6.

Hlspa wakkeri Zehntner.

(Sugar-Cane Hispid Miner. Chrysomelidee; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane.

Injury: Mines the leaves of sugar cane.

Description and biology: Adult beetle 5-6 mm. long, black, bristling with strong
spines. Pupa cylindrical, yellow or red brown in color, 6-7 mm. long, formed in

200

A MANUAL OP DANGEROUS INSECTS.

the leaf mine. Larva yellowish white, flattened, legless, with small brown head
brown prothoracic shields, and two apical teeth. Mines the leaves
Distribution: Java.

Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, pp. 66-70,
Dlaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus (spcnglerl Linnaeus).

(West Indian Sugar-Cane Root Borer. Brachyrhinida [Otiorhynchidse];

Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane, orange, guava, avocado, mango, rose, Indian corn, Guinea corn
sweet potatoes, Bahama grass {Cynodon dactylon), limes, and other plants

Injury: The larva does serious injury to the roots and the adult to the foUa-e
L,iable to transmission in seed-cane shipment. °

Description and biology: Adult 8-18 mm. in length; variable in color from white to
green and ochraceous, with from four to many denuded elytral stri* beak thick,

tricarinate, antennae elbowed. Pupa 19 mm.
long, soft and white with a long thick beak.
Larva long, white, curved, footless. Eggs ob-
long, oval, smooth, white, laid in clusters on
leaves and glued between two leaf surfaces.
The larvae feed at the root system and tunnel
the stalk of the plants above named.

Distribution: Porto Rico to Barbados. (See
plate XLViii.)

Pierce, W. D. On Some West Indian Sugar-
Cane Root-Boring Weevils. Journ. Agr. Re-
search, U. S. Dept. Agr., vol. 4, pp. 255-263,
1915 (Plates XXXV to XXXVIII).

Metamasius lieinipterus Linnseus.

CZ-

(West Indian Sugar-Cane Borer.
Coleoptera.)

Calandridse ;

Fig. 95.— Sugar-cane borer ( Metamasius
sericeus) : a, Adult; 6, larva; c, injury
(Ballou.)

Host: Sugar cane.

Injury: Serious pest to the stalks of cane.
Liable to importation in seed cane.

Description and biology: Adult weevil about
half an inch long, brown with dark markings
on the thorax and elytra. The head is pro-
longed into a long beak. Pupa white with ap-
pendages folded beneath. It is formed inside a
cocoon of fiber. Larva pale yellow, with brownish head, legless, wrinkled in appear-
ance w^ith the hind part of the body swollen; bores downward in the cane stalk.
Eggs laid singly beneath the rind of the stalk or in the leaf sheaths.

Distribution: West Indies, Trinidad.
Van Dine, D. L. Porto Rico Sugar Growers' Association, 1911, Year Book, pp. 55-56.

Metamasius sericeus Olivier.

(Sugar-Cane Borer. Calandridse; Coleoptera.)
Host: Sugar cane.

Injury: Serious pest to cane stalks. Liable to importation in seed cane.
Description and biology: Very similar in general appearance and habits to Metamasius
hemipterus Linnaeus. (See text fig. 95.)
Distribution: West Indies.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XLII

The Sugar-Cane Froghopper.

The sugar-cane froghopper Tomaspls varia): Eggs, and egg pimctiues. (Urich.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XLIII.

The Sugar-Cane Leafhopper (Perkinsiella saccharicida). (Kirkaldy.)

U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XLIV.

vJ\^!rA-

f

-mmmm^

-'/

Cane Borers.

Cane borers. Figs, a, g, m, s. — Chilo simplex: Eggs, larva, pupa, adult. Figs. b,h,l,n, r. — Scirpophaga
auriflua: Egg, larva, pupa, adults. Fig. g.—Scirpophaga monostigma: Adult. Figs. c. /, i, o. —
Nonagria uniformis: Larva, pupa, adults. Figs, d, j, p. — Polyocha saccharella: Larva, pupa, adult.
Figs, e, k.—Anerastia ablutella: Larva, adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XLV.

The Sugar-Cane Leaf-Roller.

The sugar-cane leaf-roller (Omtodes accepta): Fig. 1.— Adult. Figs. 2, 3 ,4 ,5.— Larva. Figs. 0,
Pupa. Figs. 8, 9.— Eggs. Figs. 10, 11.— Injury. • (Swczey.)

SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 201

Rhabdocnemis obscurus Boisduval.

(Hawaiian Sugar-Cane Borer. Calandridse ; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Banana, sugar cane, coconut, sago palm, royal palm, wine palm (Caryota
urens), papaya {Carica papaya).
Injury: Very injurious to the stalk. Liable to importation in seed cane.
Description and biology: Adult weevil reddish brown with darker brown markings,

Fig. 96. — The Hawaiian sugar-cane borer {Rhabdocnemis obscurus [Sphenophorus]): 1, Eggs, natural size.
3, Eggs in situ, much enlarged: a, Section of egg passage with egg, c; b, egg placed unusually near the rind,
d. S, Larvae, just hatched and older, natural size. 4, Full-grown larva, naturai size. S, Larva, side
view, enlarged: a, Spiracles; 6, cervical shield. 6, Larva, front view, enlarged. 7, Pupa, enlarged
a, Rostrum or beak; b, antenna; c, elytron or wing cover; d, folded wing. 8, Pupal case or cocoon,
enlarged. 9, Adult, enlarged. (Terry.)

long beak, elbowed antennae, over 0.5 inch long. Pupa white, in cocoon of fiber.
Larva white, curved, legless. Bores in the stalks and roots. ' (See text fig. 96.)

Distribution: Hawaii, Jamaica, Barbados, St. Kitts, Antigua, St. Lucia, British
Guiana, Fiji, New Guinea, New Ireland, Tahiti, Queensland, Malay Archipelago.
Van Dine, D. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 93, 1911, pp. 35-40. Figs. 4, 5.

202

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Xyleborus perforans WoUaston.
(Sugar-Cane Ambrosia Beetle. Scolytidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane, a polyphagous insect breeding in many kinds of wood.

Injury: Is very injurious to sugar cane in Java. As it bores in the stalks it can easily
be transported in shipments of seed cane.

Description and biology: Adult weevils about 2 mm. long, cylindrical, without snout,
the head completely concealed from above. Pupa white, about 2 mm. long with head
and all appendages on the underside. Larva cylindrical, white, legless, with chiti-
nizedhead. IJores in the pith of the stalk. E'grgfs elliptical. About 70 to 100 eggs are
laid by the parent, each at the end of a separate chamber.

Distribution: Java, cosmopolitan in the tropics and subtropics.
Van Deventer, W. Handboek, voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp.

60-66, pi. 8.
SoRAUER, P. Ilandljuch der PHauzenkrankheiten, 'M ed.. 1913, vol. 3, pp. 573-574.

FiK- 97.— Cane-sucker moth ( Castnia licus). (Ballon.)

Castnia Ileus Drury.

(Cane-Sucker Moth: Giant Sugar Cane Borer. Castniidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane, banana, coconut, orchids, and Bromeliaceae.

Injury: Very serious borer in cane stalks. AVhen cane is to be imported from sec-
tions where this species occurs great care should be used to eliminate trash. Only the
tops should be shipped, and these should be carefully examined for eggs or larvte at the
base of the leaveS.

Description and biology: Moth measuring over 3 inches in wing expanse, brown with
a white band crossing each wing and a few yellow spots beyond . Pupa reddish brown,
over an inch in length. Larva whitish, about 2 inches long, with reddish brown head.
Bores in the stalks of its food plants. Eggs laid singly, pinkish, elongate, pointed at
each end, ribbed, in cross section formed like a five-pointed star. Over 50 eggs are
laid by each moth. (See text fig. 97.)

Distribution: British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, Trinidad, and other parts of northern
South America.

Urich, F. W. The Cane Sucker. 2 pp., with colored plate.
Marlatt, C. L. Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 54, 1905, pp. 71-75,

pi. 4.

SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 203

Sesamia cretica Led.
(Durra Stem Borer. Noctuidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Sugar cane, corn, durra.

Injury: Very serious pest in Khartoum. Is liable to importation in seed cane.

Description and biology: Adult, a stout bodied, creamy colored moth, with wing
expanse of about 30 mm.; hind wings silvery white; forewings creamy with faint
brownish markings. Pupa 15-18 mm. long, chestnut colored. Larva 25-30 mm. long,
varying from pinkish or yellowish to dead white; head brown, spiracles black. Egg
white, 6 mm. in diameter. While this pest is more important as an enemy of durra
and maize in Khartoum it is more likely to transportation in sugar cane.

Distribution: Kiartoum, Sudan.
King, H. H. Third Report Wellcome Research Laboratory Khartoum, 1904, pp

222-224; pi. 27, figs. 1, 3, 6, in color.

Dlatrsea spp.
(Sugar-Cane Borer Moths. Pyralidag; Lepidoptera.)

Species: ^Diatrxa saccharalis Fabricius; Mexico, West Indies, United States.
D. striatalis Sn.; W^est Indies, Java. D. canella Hampson; Trinidad, Grenada,
Guiana. D. lineolata Walker; Trinidad, West Indies, Central America, South
America.

Hosts: Sugar cane and grasses.

Injury: Very serious injiu"y by boring in the stalk. Easy to tranqjort in seed-cane
shipments.

Description and biology: Gray moths with whitish-spotted larvae. Pupate in the

stalks in the larval tunnels. Eggs are laid in clusters. Diatrsea saccharalis has been

fully treated in American literature. The others behave in a similar manner.

Barber, T. C. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., 1911, Circ. 139.

Stubbs, W. C, and Morgan, H. A. Louisiana Exp. Sta., ser. 2, 1902, Bull. 70.

Van Deventer, W. Handbook voor de Suikerrietcultuur, Java, 1906, pp. 131-139,

pi. 20.

Chllo simplex Butler.

(Sugar-Cane Moth Borer of India. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane, corn, sorghum, rice, millet.

Injury: Very serious pest, boring in the stalks. It is liable to importation in
seed cane.

Description and biology: Moth yellowish gi'ay, the male a little smaller and
darker. Pupation occurs in the larval tunnel. Larva about an inch long, with a
dirty white body and black head, a dark patch behind head and two dark longitudinal
lines on body. The small hairs of the body are set on black dots. The larva burrows
in the stalks of cane, corn, sorghum, rice, and millet. Eggs laid in rows, side by side
on the leaves. (See plate xliv, figs, a, g, m, s.)

Distribution: India, Formosa.
Maxwell-Leproy, H. F. Moth Borer in Sugar Cane. Agr. Journ. India, vol. 1, pp.

97-115.

Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook forBeharand Orissa. Calcutta

Leaflet 56, pi. 38.

Oiuiodes accepta Butler.

(Hawaiian Sugar-Cane Leafroller. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane, grasses, sedges.

Injury: Feeds on the leaves, which it rolls for its protection. The damage is some-
times serious. Is liable to importation in seed cane.

204 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Description and biology: Adult, brownish with white-lined veins and margins of
segments; wings with two darker bands; antennae long. Wing expanse 20-30 mm.
Pupa 12-14 mm. long, light brown. Larva 27 mm. long, green with a few scattered
hairs; head pale yellowish. The larva feeds on the leaf, folding it into a tube to
protect itself while feeding, changing to a new leaf when it has eaten all it can. When
disturbed it drops to the ground. Eggs laid in email clusters arranged in rows on the
surface of leaves. (See plate xlv.)

Distribution: Hawaii, Peru.
SwEZEY, Otto H. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assn., Bull. 5, pp. 6-10, pi. 1.

Polyocha saccharella Dudgeon.

(Cane Root Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane.

Injury: Causes stunted growth and shriveling of plants by boring in stalks and roots.

Description and biology: Moth small, brown, with hind wings white. Pupates in
etalk. Larva about 0.75 inch in length, of white color; bores in stalk and root; hiber-
nates in root; before pupating it eats an opening in the stem and covers it with silk.
(See plate xliv, figs, d, j, p.)

Distribution: India.
Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, Calcutta,

Leaflet 58, pi. 38.

Ereunetis flavistrlata Walsmgham.

(Sugar-Cane Bud Moth. Tineidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane, palms, banana, pineapple, Pandanus.

Injury: While this species mainly lives in the dead tissues of the above food plants,
it breeds in cane stalks among the dry leaves, but often eats out the eyes or buds,
thus destroying the propagating value of the cane. It may easily be transported in
seed cane.

Description and biology: A small moth, measuring 14 mm. in wing expanse, head
and thorax yellowish white, forewings yellowish white, with indistinct yellow streaks,
hind wings shining pale golden yellow, becoming white at apex. Pupa 5 to 6 mm.
long, pale yellowish brown. Larva 12 to 15 mm. long, whitish, head reddish brown,
hairs on darker tubercles. The larva usually feeds in the dried leaf sheaths, but
sometimes attacks the rind, giving entrance to fungi, and does the greatest damage
by eating out the eyes.

Distribution: Hawaii.
SwEZEY, Otto H. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, bul. 6, pp. 9-12, pi. 2,

figs. 1-6.

Laspeyresla schlstaceana Sn. (Grapholitha).

(Gray Borer of the Sugar Cane. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Sugar cane.

Injury: Very important in Java. Is liable to importation in seed cane.

Description and biology: Moth about 12 mm. long, grayish brown. Pupa reddish
brown, 8-13 mm. long. Larva yellowish, with head and collar on prothorax as well
as two apical segments chitinized reddish brown. Hairs sparse on brownish spots.
The larva bores in stalks of the cane. Eggs oval; about 120 to 170 are laid in a row
under the leaf or behind the sheath of the cane.

Distribution: Java.
Van Deventer, W. Handbook voor de Suikerrlet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp.

142-150, pi. 21, text figs. 46-49.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed.. 1913, vol. 3, p. 284.

SUGAR-CANE INSECTS.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT SUGAR-CANE INSECTS.

205

ORTHOPTERA
Acridiidse and Locustidae.

Oxya intricata Stal of Formosa and Japan; 0. velox Fabricius of China, Japan, India, and Islands of
the Pacific Ocean; O. annulicornis Matsumura of Formosa; attack foliage.

Epacromia tamulus Fabricius and Trilophidia annulata Thunberg; Java; attack foliage.

Racilia okinawensis Matsumitra of Formosa.

Gelastorhinus esox Burr of Japan and Formosa.

Acridium succinctum Linnseus and A. flavkorne Fabricius of Japan, China, India, Formosa, and the
Malay Archipelago; A. roseum De Geer, A. zehntneri Krauss, A. luteicorne Serville, and A. xrugi-
nomm Linnaeus of Java.

Pachytylus migmtorioides Reicharting, an especially serious pest in Formosa, Asia, Africa, and Aus-
tralia; CEdaleus infernalis Saussure of Japan, China, Formosa, India, and Malaysia; 0. nigrofas-
ciatus Latreille of Asia, Europe, and Africa.

Tig. 98.— Cane grasshopper (Atradomorpha crenulata). (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

Atractomorpha crenulata Fabricius (See text, fig. 98) and A. psittacina De Haan of Java; A. bedeli
Bolivar of Japan, China, and Formosa.

Elimxa chloris De Haan, Mecopoda elongata Linnseus; Java.

Tryxalis rmuta Linnaeus of Formosa, Asia, Africa, and Europe; Phlaeoba infumata Brun, of Formosa,
China, and Malaysia; Stenobothurus formosanus Matsumura of Formosa; Trilophidia annulata Thun-
berg and Epacromia tamulus Fabricius of Asia and the islands of the Pacific; Paratettix gracilis
Shiraki, P. singularis Shiraki, Hedotettii arcuatus Shiraki, and Tettix formosanus Shiraki of Formosa.
Gryllldae, Gryllotalpidse.

LiogryUus bimaculatus De Geer, L. formosanus Matsumura, Grrjllus mitratus Burmeister, Tridactylus
flavomacuUtus Matsumura, Gryllotalpa africana Pallas; (Ecanthus indicus Saussure, Anaxiphus
pallidulus Matsumura, and Trigonidium haani Saussure; Oriental Regions.

206

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

HEMIPTEKA.
Coccldse.

Armored —

Aspidiotus (Odon%spsis) secreta saccharicauUs Zelmtner; Java.

Aspidiotus ( Targionia) glomerata Green; India.

Aspidiotus ( Targionia) sacchari Cockerell; West Indies, Java, British Guiana.

Chionaspis deprcssi Zehutner; Java, India.

ChiorMspis madiunensis Zehntner; Java.

Chionaspis saccharifolii Zehntner; Java.

Chionaspis tegalensis Zehntner; ^ava, Mauritius.
Unarmored—

Aclerda japonica Newstead; India.

Aslerolecanimn bambusse Boisduval; Madeira.

Iceryj seychellamm Westwood; Seychelles, Madeira, Formosa.

Lecanium guerinii Signoret; Mauritius.

Lecanium krugeri Zehntner; Java.

Margarodes formicarum Guild; Barbados.

Psiudococcus boninsis Kuwana; Japan. *

>^iPseudococcus bromelix Bouch6; Hawaii.

Pseudococcus calceolarix Maskell; Hawaii, St. Croix, Porto Rico, Barbados. (See pi. XLVI.)

Pseudococcus sacchari Cockerell; Costa Rica, Hawaii, Porto Rico , Barbados, Cuba.

Pseudococcus saccharifolii Green; Hawaii. ^

^Pseudococcus texcnsis Tinsley; Texas, Mauritius.

Pulvinaria iceryi Guorin; Mauritius, Formosa.

Ripersia sacchari Guenee; India.

Fig. 99.— Cane loalhopper (Pyrilla. nberrans).

Jassoidea. Fulgoroidea.

DictyophorasinicaWalkei, Anagnia splendens GeTm.a,T, Ricania txniata StJll., Diastrombus politus.
Uhler, Phenice moesta Westwood, Niccrtoides sacCharivora Matsumura, Nisia atrovenosa Lethierry,
Oliarus oryzx Matsumura, Delphacodes vastatrix Breddin, which is very injiu-ious in Java; Kirbya
pagana Melichar, Tropidocephala brunncipennis Signoret, T. saccharivorella Matsumura, T.formosana
Matsumura, Stenocranus sacchari Matsumura, Delphax propinqua Fieber, D. furcifera Horvath, D.
graminicola Matsumura, D.fumosa Matsumura, Zygina circumscripta Matsumura, Z. maculifrons
Motschulsky, Z. subrufa Melichar, Gnathodus viridis Matsumura, G. pallidulus Matsumiu-a, Cicadula
fasciifrons, C. 6-notata Fallen, Nirvana pallida Melichar, N. suturalis Melichar, Deltocephalus dorsalis
Motschulsky, Nephotettix apicalis Motschulsky, Eucanthus semi^lauca Lethierry, Tetigonia viridis
Lianjeus, T. albida Walker, T. ferruginea Fabricius, Strongylocephalus agrestis Fallen, and Ptyclus
coslalis Walker; Formosa and oriental regions; Pyrilla aberrans Distant, India. (See text, fig. 99.)
Phenice maculosayV estwood, Dicranotropis vastatrix 'Breddin, and Eumetopina krugeri Breddin; Java.
The leafhoppers of the genus Perkinsiella seem to be partial to sugar cane, sometimes attacking
grasses. Aside from P. saccharicida Kirkaldy, treated above, the following species are recorded by
Muir: P. vitiensis Kirkaldy, Fiji; P. graminicola Kirkaldy, Hawaii; P. sinensis ICirkaldy, Borneo;
P. pallidula Muir, Borneo; P. rattlei Muir, British New Guinea; P. bicoloris Muir, British New
Guinea; P. variegata Muir, British New Guinea; P. papuensis Muir, British New Guinea; P. vasta-
trix Breddin, Java, Borneo, British New Guinea; P. lalokensis, Muir, British New Guinea; P.
amboinensis Muir, Amboina. Owing to the habit of laying eggs in the cane stalks any of these species
can be transported in cane shipments.

SUGAR-CANE INSECTS, 207

Cicadidae.

Mogannia hebes Walker; Java.

Aleyrodidae.

Ncomaskelliatiergii Signoret; Formosa, oriental regions.

Alcurolobus longicornis Zehntner, and Aleyrodes lactea Zetintner; Java.

Aphididse.

Oregma lanigera Zehntner; Formosa; very injurious.
Geoica lucifuga Zehntner; Formosa.

Miridae (Cap.sldae).

Lygus oryzx Matsumura and L. sacchari Matsumura; Formosa.
Feriscopus mundulus Breddin; Java.

Tlngitidae.

Serenthia formosana Matsumura; Formosa.
Lcptodictya tabida H. Schaeffer; Mexico.

Lygaeidse.

Cymnus tabaci Matsumura; Formosa.
Colabathristcs saccharicida Karsch; Java.

Coreldae.

Cletus trigonus Thunberg, C. bipunctatus H. S., Riptortus fuscus Fabricius, and Leptocorisa varicornis
Fabricius; Formosa.

Pentatoniidae.

Scotinophora tarsalis VoU., Menida histrio Fabricius, Nezara viridula Linnaeus, and Coptosoma cribraria
Fabricius; Formosa.

THYSANOPTERA.

HeliotJirips striatoptera Kobus, Physopus sexnoiatus Zehntner, Oxythrips binervis Kobus, Parthenothrips
(?) kobusi Van Deventer, Stenothrips (?) zehntneri Van Deventer, Thrips sacchari Kriiger, T. scrrata
Kobus, T. minuta Van Deventer, and Phlceothrips lucasseni Kriiger; Java.

Phi ceothri ps pallidicornis Matsumuva; Formosa.

COLEOI'TERA.
Bostrychidse.

Dinode.tus minutus Fabricius; India. (See Bamboo.)

Scarabseidse.

Oryctes rhinoccrus Linnajus (see Palms), Xylotrupes dichotomus Linnseus, and Ligyrus rugiceps Le
Conte; the destructive scarabseids, vs^hose larvae feed at the cane roots; oriental regions.

Xylotrupes gideon Linnseus, Anomala xnea Perty, Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius (see Rose), and Holo-
trichia leucophthalma Wiedemann; the very destructive scarabaeids, whose larvae feed at the roots of
cane; Java; oriental regions.

Holotrichia vidua; attacks cane in the Philippines.

Tenebrlonldae.

Gonoccphalum (Opatrum) acutangulum Fairmaire, which bores in sugar cane and tobacco stalks.

Elateridse.

Agriotes formosanus, A. taichuensis , A. sacchari, J^olus vittatus, Cardiophorus dcvastans, C. formosanus ,
Ludius suturalis, and Lacon shirakii, all described by Matsumura; Formosa and oriental regions.

Chrysomelidae.

Monolcpta nigrobilineata Motschulsky; Colaspidea metallica Rossi, a very injurious species; Nodostoma
lateralis Matsumura and Hispa callicantha Baly; Formosa and oriental regions.

Brachyrhinidae.

Echinocncmus squamcus Billberg, Mylloccrus brunneus Matsumura, M. guttulus Matsumura, Episomus
albinus Matsumura, Cneorhinus albiguttatus Matsumura, Phytoscaphus formosanus Matsumura,
Tanymecus rusticus Fabricius (a very injurious species); Formosa.

Hypomeccs unicolor Fabricius, which breeds at the roots of young cane and also attacks rice; Java.

Curculionidse.

Lixus vctula Fabricius; Formosa.

Baris saccharivora Matsumura; Formosa.

Calandridae.

Khy7ichophorus palmarum hmnoius; Trinidad. (See Coconut palm.)
Cosmopolites sordidus Germar; Pacific Islands. (See Banana.)

208

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Rliopalocera.

Cyllo leda Linnseus, Discophora celinde Stoll, Pamphila data Kollar, Hesperia philino Moschler, H.

conjuncta H. S.; Java.
Parnara mathias Fabricius and Telicota augias Linnaeus; Mycaksis mineus Linnaeus and Melanitis

leda Linnaeus; Formosa and oriental regions.

Sphingldse.

LeucopMebia lineata Westwood; Formosa, Java.

Notodontldse.

Anticyra combusla Moore (Phalera); Java.

Cnethocampldse.

Dreata petola Moore; Java.

Arctildae.

Phissama interrupta Linnaeus; Java.

Lymantrlldse.

Psalis securis Hiibner, Euproctis minor Snellenhoeven, Lselia subrufa Snellenhoeven, Procodeca adara

Moore, and Aroa socrus Hiibner; Java.
Laelia costalis Matsumura; Formosa.
Euproctis flavata Cramer; oriental regions.
Noctuldse.

Sesamia TWTMgrioides he!., Spodoptera pecten Gutoee, Agrotis inter jeciionis Gu^n^e, Remigia frugalis

Fabricius (see text fig. 100); Java.
Nonagria exitiosa Oliff is destructive to cane in New South Wales.

Normgria inferens Walker, which is very injurious to cane in Formosa; Cirphis unipuncta Haworth, a

cosmopolitan pest; and L. loreyi Dup; Formosa.
Nonagria uniformis; India. (See pi. XLIV, figs, c,
f, i, o.)
Pyralldae.

Botys coelesalis Walker, Cnaplialocrocis bifurcalis
Snellenhoeven, Scirpophaga intacta Snellenhoe-
ven, and Chaetosticha nana Zehntner; Java.
Chile infuscatella Snellenhoeven, Scirpophaga auri-
flua Zeller, a serious borer (see pi. XLIV, figs.b,
h, 1, n, r), and Diatrsea striatalis Snellenhoeven;
Formosa and oriental regions.
Anerastia ablutella Zeller; India; borer. (See pi.

XLIV, figs, e, k.)
Chiio auricilia Dudgeon; India. (See Rice.)
Scirpophaga chrysorrhaea Zeller and S. monostigma
Fig. lOO.-Cane moth {Remigia frugalis) (Max- teller (see pi. XLIV, fig. g); India; very inju-

well-Lefroy). "o^^ ^°^^'^-

ElacbJstidae.

Cosmopteryx pallifasciella Snellenhoeven; Java.

Autosticha pelodes Meyrick breeds in dead cane leaves and other plants in Hawaii.

Tortrlcldse.

Eucosoma schistacea Snellenhoeven; causes much injury by boring in the stems; Formosa.

Phycltldae.

Cryptoblabes aliena Swezey attacks green cane leaves, corn, and sorghum, as well as other plants.

Tineldae.

Ereunetis pilosata Swezey and E. muiriella Swezey of British New Guinea attack the cane exactly as
E. flavistriata; Opogonia aurisquamosa Butler of Hawaii, Marquesas, and Society Islands; 0. apicalis
Swezey of Hawaii; 0. dimidiatella Zeller of Java; O. saccharella Swezey, and O.fumiceps Felder of
British New Guinea attack the wet dead leaves and lower buds of cane.

LITERATURE.

Matsxxmura, S. Die Schadlichen und Niitzlichen Insekten vom Zuckerrolir Formosas, The Keiseisha,

Tokyo, 1910. Also in Zeit, f. wiss. Ins. biol., band. 6, pp. 101-104; 136-139.
Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, vol. 2, 1906.
Mote, F. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assn., Entom. bul. 9, 1910, 11 pp., 5 figs.
Heidemann, O. Journ. Econ. Entom. 1913, vol. 6, pp. 249-251, fig. 1.
SORAUEE, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.
S-WEZEY, E. P. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assn. Bul. 6, 1909.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XLVI.

The Sugar-Cane Mealy-Bug.

'I'hc sugar-cane mcaly-lnig *(P«fudococcM« calceolariae): FiG.l. — Adult mealy-bugs clustered about base
of young cane. Fig. 2.— Adult females, enlarged. Fig. 3. — Single adult with mealy like covering.
Fig. 4.— Cocoons. (Van Dine.)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XLVII.

The Tobacco Stem-Borer.

The tobacco stem-l)orer Gnorimo,schema heliopa): Figs, a, b. — Eggs. Figs, c, f.— Injury Fig. d.
Pupa. Fig./.— Larva. Figs, j, A.— Adults. (Maxwell-Lefroy.)

SWEET-POTATO INSECTS. 209

SWEET POTATO.

{Ipomnea batatas Poir. Family Convolvulacese.)

The sweet potato ia now grown in many parts of the world, and, while not often
shipped into the United States because of our own bountiful crops, there is always
likelihood of danger in shipment of tubers for propagation purposes. The only
enemies of the vine which are dangerous are those which attack the tubers.

A. BETTER KNOWN SWEET-POTATO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Cylas brunneus Fabricius.
(Liberian Sweet-Potato Borer. Curculionoidea: Coleoptera.)

Host: Sweet potato.

Injury: Attacks tubers in a manner similar to C. formicarius. Liable to introduction
in the tubers.

Description: A wingless elongate weevil with body constricted in front of elytra;

unicolorous, brown, bronzy or black, of the same form as C . formicarius .

Distribution: Liberia.

H= Cylas formicarius Fabricius.

(Sweet-Potato Weevil. Curculionoidea: Coleoptera.)

Host: Sweet potato.

Injury: Very serious pest of sweet-potato tubers.

Description and biology: Adult an elongate weevil, ^^ith steel-blue elytra, reddish
prothorax and legs and darker head; about 0.33 inch in length. Pupa white, elongate
with all appendages folded underneath. Larva a white footless grub with dark-brown
head; bores in the tubers of the sweet potatoes and pupates in its burrows. It attacks
the tubers both in the field and in storage.

Distribution: Nearly cosmopolitan; Florida to Texas, but not present in all sweet-
potato sections of the United States.

Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913,
Calcutta, Leaflet 71, pi. 47.

Euscepes batatse Waterhouse. (Cryptorhynclius.)
(West Indian Sweet-Potato Weevil. Curculionidse ; Coleoptera.)

Host: Sweet potato.

Injury: Bores in the tuber. Very easily distributed. This weevil is caught in
quarantine in almost every shipment of sweet potatoes from Hawaii to California but
has not yet become established.

Description and biology: Weevil elliptical, brown, covered with flat scales and
bristling with stiff erect scales; beak short, concealed on breaat when at rest. Pupa
white, oval with two apical spines. Larva curved, white, legless \vith chitinous head.

Distribution: West Indies (Barbados, Antigua), Hawaii.

FuLLAWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta., 1911, Bui. 22, pp. 27-29, fig. 9.
Whitney, L. A. Monthly Bulletin California St. Comm. Horticulture, 1915, vol. 4,,
pp. 162-164, figs. 24-28.

Omphlsa anastomosalis Guenee.

(Sweet- Potato Stem Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Sweet potato, other garden crops.

Injury: Bores in the stem and sometimes into the tuber, in which case it can easily
be disseminated.

27812—18 14

210 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Description and biology: Moth white, with the body suffused with ocherous and
rufous, leaving some pale spots on the dorsum; forewings with rufous suffusion on
basal area extending below median nervure to middle of wing, hyaline patches at
middle and end of cell, rufous edged ocherous spot between them, and another beyond
cell, curved postmedial rufous line with irregularly dentate line beyond it inclosing
series of hyaline patches; liind wings with base rufous, two irregularly waved rufous
post-medial lines; expanse 32-36 mm. Larva 30 mm. long, pale yellowish white, with
conspicuous brown tubercles. Eggs elliptical, flat or moderately rounded, laid on
leaves.

Distribution: ^ China, India, Ceylon, Java. Introduced into Hawaii about 1900 and
has become quite a pest.

FuLLAWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta., 1911, Bui. 22, pp. 16-19, fig. 6.

B. IMPORTANT SWEET-POTATO INSECTS.

, _ ^ HEMIPTERA.

Jassidae and Fulgoridse.

Nesosydne ipomcekola and Aloha ipomax; Hawaii. ■

COLEOPTERA.

Concht/loctenia punctata Fabricius; Africa; sometimes serious.
Scarabseldse.

Adoretus umbrosus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse; Hawaii, Japan.
Chrysoraelidae.

Aspidomorpha militaris Fabricius; India, Java; leaf beetle.

„ , .^ LEPIDOPTERA.

Noctuidae.

Agrotis crinigera, A. dislocata, A. saucia Hiibner, Spodoptera Ma«n7/a Boisduval, Laphygma ezigua
Hubner, L. reclusa and Plusia chalcites Esp.; Hawaii; cutworms.

Sphingldae.

Herse convolvuli Linnaeus; Hawaii, United States.

Tineldae.

:^Bedellia minor Busek; Hawaii, Florida; leaf miner.
Bedellia somnulentella Zeller; Cosmopolitan.
Bedellia orchilella Walsingham, Hawaii; an important leaf miner.

Pyralidae.

Phlyctxnia despecta Butler; Hawaii; leaf roller.

Tortrlcldae.

Amorbia emigratella Busck; South America, Hawaii; leaf roller.

TAMARACK.

See Conifers.

TAMARIND.

(Tamarindus indicus L. Family Leguminoste.)

An ornamental shade tree grown everywhere in the Tropics. It is grown in southern
Florida and California and is used in conservatories in more northern countries. The
pods contain a pleasant pulp used in the Tropics as a basis for a cooling drink. This
pulp is also used in medicine. The wood is valuable for furniture.

IMPORTANT TAMARIND INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Mylabridse.

Caryoborus gonagra Fabricius; India, breeds in seed.

Calendiidse.

Calendra linearis Herbst; Brazil, West Indies.
* Calendra rugicollis Casey, Key West, Fla.; breeds in seed in pod.

Tenebrlonldse.

•^Palembus ocularis Casey; Key West, Fla.
Stebbi.\g, E. P. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera, 1914.

INSECTS OF TAMARISK AND TEA. 211

TAMARISK.

( Tamarix spp. Family Tamariscaceae.)

Ornamental trees or shrubs occiirring from Mediterranean regions to East Indies
and Japan. Tamarix gallica is planted in many places on our Gulf coast. Several
species have medicinal properties and yield dyestuffs. The punctures of Coccus
manniparus cause Tamarix mannifera to produce "manna. "

IMPORTANT TAMARISK INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Curculionldse.

Coniatus Ixtus Miller, and C. suavis Gyllenhal, Europe; breed on the leaves.
Nanophyes tamaricis Gyllenhal; Europe; breeds in the ovaries of Tamarii gallica.

Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-87.

TEA.

( Thea sine7isis. Family Ternstroemiacese.)

The tea plant is a flowering shrub much valued for its leaves, which yield the uni-
versally used beverage. It occurs in China and India and is also propagated in this
country. Other species of the genus are much prized as flowering shrubs.

»

A. BETTER KNOWN TEA INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Xyleborus fornicatus Eichhofi.
(Shot-hole borer of tea. Ipidse; Coleoptera.)
Host: Tea, coffee, cacao.

Injury: Tunnels in pith of young twigs and in wood of old trunks. Very injurious.

Description and biology. — Beetle oblong, shining, fuscous, 1-4 mm. long; larva devel-
ops into beetles in fallen twigs.

Distribution: Ceylon, Java, India.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 575.

Blston suppressarius Gn.

(Indian Tea Geometrid. Geometridae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Tea, Dodonea viscosa, Carissa diffusa, Bauhinia variegata, Acacia catechu,
Acacia modesta, Rothra tinctoria, Cassia auriculata, Albizzia.

Injury: Serious as defoliator of tea and forest trees.

Description and biology: Moth, gray with black markings. Larva green. Has three
broods a year.

Distribution: India.
Stebbing, E. p. Manual Forest Zoology, India, 1908, p. 133, fig. 267.

Psyche spp., etc.
(Tea Bagworms. Psychidse; Lepidoptera.)

Species: Psyche albipes Moore; Ceylon; tea. Psyche assamica Watt; India ea.
Acanthopsyche reidi Watt; India; tea. Acanthopsyche snelleni Heyl; India; tea.
Amatissa consorta Templeton; India, Ceylon; tea. Clania variegata SnelL; India,
Ceylon, Java; tea, cinchona, coffee. Clania crameri Westwood; India; tea, cinchona,
coffee, Pinus longifolia. Clania holmesi Wall; India; tea.

Injury: Feed on foliage, twigs, and bark.

Biology: The larvae feed in bags made from scraps of bark, etc.
Watt and Mann. Pests and Blights of the Tea Plant, Calcutta, 2d ed., 1903, pp.

188-200, figs. 13-15, portions of pis. 7, 8.
SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 328, 329.

212 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT TEA INSECTS.

ACARINA.
Tetranychidte.

Tetranychus bioculatu.i Wood-Mason. (See Coffee.)

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidae.

^Fiorinia ihex Green; cosmopolitan; tea, olive, etc. (See pi. V, fig. 1.)

^Orthezia insignis Douglas; cosmopolitan; tea, citrus (See pi. IV, fig. 2.)

^Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus; cosmopolitan; tea, citrus, palms. (See pi. II, fig. 2.)

Pulvinaria these Froggat; Australia; Thea viridis.

Coccus viridis Green; Ceylon, Hawaii,

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidte.

Zeuzera coffese- Nietner; borer. (See Coffee.)
Cochlidiidae.

Belippe albiguttata Linnaeus, serious injury in Java.
Zygfenids.

Heterusia cingala Moore; serious in Ceylon, India. "^

Geometridae. .^

Ophthalmodes cretacea Butler; Japan. i

Lymantriidae. I

Euproctis divisa Walker and E. latifascia Walker; Orient. Dasychira mcndosa Hubner, D. misam

Moore, D. thwaitesi Moore; India, Ceylon, Java. Orgyia postica Walker; Java, Ceylon. Andraca

bipunctata Walker; India.

Notodontidte.

Stauropus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java.

TEAK.

(Tectona grandis. Family Verbenacese.)
A valuable timber tree of the Orient.

IMPORTANT TEAK INSECTS.

COLEOPTERA.
Cucujids.

Silvanus advena Walth.; India; breeds in leaves, forming galls, causing leaves to drop.
Malacodermids.

Plaleros dispallens Walker; India, oviposits in clusters on twigs; defoliates trees.
Buprestidae.

Psiloptera fastuosa Fabricius; India; bores in wood.
Elateridae.

Adelocera modesta Boisduval; India; bores in bast and sapwood.
Chrysomelidae.

AspidomoTpha sanclsRcrucis Fabricius; India; a tortoise-shell beetle; defoliates.
Cerambycidae.

Stromatium barbatum Fabricius; India; bores in wood of saplings. Stromatium longicorne Newman;
India; a very serious borer. Gelonxtha hirta Fairmaire and Xylotrechus smei Lap. et Gory; India;
bore in bast and sapwood.

Brachyrhinidae.

Astycus lateralis Fabricius; India. Myllocerus viridanus Fabricius; India; a serious defoliator. Myllo
cerus carinirostris Marshall and M. discolor variegatus Boheman; India. Cyrtepistomus pannosui
Marshall; India; a defoliator as an adult.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidae.

Cossus cadambe; India; bores in wood of lopped trees. Duomitus ceramicus; India; bores in wood and
is very destructive.
SxEBBrNG, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914.
Stebbtng, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908.

INSECTS OF TIMBER, TIMOTHY, AND TOBACCO.

213

TIMBER.

* Nacerdes inelanura Linnaeus.
(Timber Beetle. (Edemeridae ; Ooleoptera.)
Host: Bores in wharf timber, creosoted and untreated piling, paving blocks, and
pine flooring.
Injury: Reported as doing considerable damage at Auckland, New Zealand.
Description: Beetle 12 mm. long, elongate, subdepressed, brownish yellow or red-
dish, with yellowish pubescence; dilated sides of thorax, femora, tibiae, and tips of
elytra blue or blackish. Pupa 16 mm. long, creamy colored, with two median and
two lateral protuberances on apical segment. Larva 24 mm . long, cylindrical, tapering
toward apex; creamy colored, front of head light brown; mandibles black; legs short;
third and fourth abdominal segments swollen beneath and with two protuberances

each; ninth abdomi-
"X a y' /•'Ov ^^^ segment some-

"^~*' ^ what bent, with

transverse fissure at
apex.

Distribution: Eu-
rope, introduced
into New Zealand.
Eastern United
States.

Brown, T. Tenth
Kept. New Zea-
land Dept. Agric,
1902, pp. 460-463,
figs. 1-7.

TIMOTHY.

{Phleum pratense

Linnaeus. Family

Gramineae.)

Fig. 101. — Tobacco white fly {Aleyrodes iabaci): 1, pupa case, dorsal view; 2,
pupa case, ventral view; 2a, larval leg; 3, more mature pupa case, dorsal
view; 4, adult male; 4a, male antenna and eye; 46, tip of tarsus; 4c, tip of
male abdomen. (Targioni-Tozzettl.)

extensively cultivated in America for hay.
found under Grains and Grasses.

This grass is a na-
tive of Europe now
A discussion of its insect pests will be

TOBACCO.

(Nicotiana tabacum Linnaeus. Family Solanacese.)

Tobacco is grown in many parts of the world and is a very important article of
commerce in various forms. Commercial importation^ generally consist of manufac-
tured products, loose leaf, stem, and seed. The greatest dangers lie in the manu-
factured products and loose-leaf tobacco. There are at present no quarantine re-
strictions on tobacco. The tobacco plant has many very important enemies in for-
eign countries, which are not extremely likely to enter the country in connection
with tobacco shipments, but which should be guarded against. Many of these
important insects are listed to assist in the work of identification.

A. BETTER KNOWN TOBACCO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Aleyrodes spp.

(Tobacco White Flies. Aleyrodidse ; Hemiptera.)

Species: J.. to6aa Gennadios; Greece; tobacco. (See text fig. 101.) >j< Trialeurodes
vaporariorum Westwood, cosmopolitan; many hosts.

214 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

Injury: Suck juices from foliage; injure value of tobacco leaf.

Description: Adults tiny white flies.
KiRKALDY, G. W. Hawaii Bd. Comni. Agr. and Forestry, Bull. 2.
Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, pp. 246-249, fig

Catorama tabacl Gu(5rin-Meneville.

(Tobacco Beetles. Anobiidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Stored products.
Injury: Attacks dried tobacco.
Description and hiolpgy: Adult beetle oA-ate-discoidal, convex, brown, covered witl
whitish pubescence, about 5 mm. long. Larva similar to that of Lasioderma.
Distribution: Europe.

Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, pp. 92, 93.

AgriotesUneatus Linnaeus.
(Tobacco Wireworm. Elateridse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Tobacco, grain, potatoes, beets, peas, clover, cabbage, hops, corn, carrots
lettuce, peach, etc.

Injury: Larvae tunnel the roots and sometimes stems.

Description and biology: Adult a snapping beetle 7-8 mm. long, brown with ariseout-
pubescence; second and fourth elytral intervals blackish; antenna?, anterior margin,
and posterior angles of prothorax reddish brown. Larvx elongate, chitinous wire-
worms; feed in the roots and stems of plants and cause much damage.

Distribution: Europe, Asia, Africa.

Targioni-Tozze™, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, p. 81, figs. 30, 31.
SoRAUER. P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 482, fig.' 295c

Agriotes pilosus Lacordaire.

(Tobacco Wireworm. Elateridse; Coleoptera.)

Host: Tobacco.

Injury: Larvae tunnel the plants.

Description and biology: Adult a snapping beetle, black, 12-14 mm. long. Larva 25
mm. long, chitinous, wireworm, feeds in the roots and stems.
Distribution: Bessarabia, Portugal.

LiNDEMAN, K. VON. Die Schadlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabia, 1888,

Mo.scou.
Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, p. 82.

Athous niger Linnseus.
(Tobacco Wireworm. Elateridse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Tobacco, beets.

Injury: Larva tunnel the plants.

Description and biology: dull, snapping beetle, shining black with cinereous
pubescence; length 11-12 mm. Larva 18-20 mm', long; a Avireworm which feeds in
the roots of tobacco and otlier plants.

Distribution: Europe.

Lindeman, K. von. Die Schadlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabia, 1888,

Moscou.
Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, p. 79.

TOBACCO INSECTS. 215

Ginorlmoscheina lieliopa Low.
(Tobacco Stem Borer. Gelechiidse; Lepidoptera.)

Host: Tobacco.

Injury: Very injurious as a stem borer. Stems having swellings should be destroyed .

Desa-iption and biology: Adult moth small and brown with narrow fringed wings.
Pupa stage is spent in stem. Larva, caterpillar bores into the leaf stem and bores
downward in the stalk, causing a swelling to appear in two cr three weeks. In cold
weather this stage lasts 6 to 10 weeks. Eggs deposited singly upon leaves, stems, and
stalks, usually upon the lower side of leaves or stems. In cold weather this stage
lasts 2 or 3 weeks. Warm weather reduces the development from about a third to a
half. (See plate xlvii.)

Distribution: Australia, Ceylon, India.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, Calcutta.
Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913.

Dept. Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta. Leaflet 53, PI. 36.

^Phytomyza afflnis Fallen (nigricornis Macquart).

(Marguerite fly. Agromyzidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Tobacco, Cineraria, Cosmos, Helianthus, Geranium, Dahlia, Chrysanthemum,
marigold, nasturtium, lettuce, celery, carrot, parsnip, pea, cape weed, dandelion, etc.

Injury: Mines the leaves, destroying their value for high-grade products. Might
be distributed in celery or tobacco.

Description and biology: Adult fly very tiny. Pupa is formed in leaf mine. Larva
tunnels the leaf. Egg laid on under surface.

Distribution: Tasmania, New Zealand, Australia, Europe, United States.

Lea, a. M. Insect and Fungous Pests of the Orchard and Farm, Hobart, Tasmania,
pp. 81-84.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT .TOBACCO INSECTS.

ORTIIOPTERA.
Gryllidse and Locustidae.

Acridium rnigratorium Fieber, and Anisolabris maritima Fieber; Europe.

Atractomorpha crenulata Fabricius; India.

Brachytrypes achatinus Stoll; Asia.

Caloptenus italicus Burmeister; Mediterranean Regions.

Chrotogonus trachypterus Blanchard; India.

Locusta viridissima Fabricius: Europe, Asia, Africa.

Pachytiis sulckoUis; Transvaal.

Gryllotalpidse.

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L. {vulgaris Latreille); Europe.
Gryllotalpa africana Pal. B.; widely distributed.
Schizodactylus monstrosus Drury; Asia.

riEMIPTERA.
Miridae (Capsidae).

GallobeUkus crassicornis Distant; India.

Lygaeidae.

Cymnustabaci Matsntnura,: Formosa.
Nysius minor Distant; India.

Pentatomldae.

Nczara viridula Linnap.us; Transvaal.

COLEOPTERA.
Scarabaeidae.

Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius; Hawaii; feeds on leaves.

Melolontha vulgaris Fabricius of Europe; ^f. rufipes Herbst of Europe, Asia, Africa; 31. tenebrosus
Kiesemvetter, M. niger Fabricius; and M. castaniptes Paykull; breed at roots of tobacco.

216

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

a —

ScarabaeidK — Continued.

Cetonia lugubris Voet; Europe; breeds in tender bark above the ground, causing reddening of plant.

(See text fig. 102.)
Pentodon punctatus Kirby; Europe; Africa; larva destructive to roots.
Otylhijreaftinesta Poda; Italy; damages leaves. \

Tenebrlonidse.

Blaps mucronata Latreille; Italy.

Entochira lateralis Boheman; Java. (See Sugar cane.)

GonocepMlum intermedium Fischer; Bessarabia; causes stunted growth by boring.

Gonocephalum acutangulum Fairmaire; Java;
bores in stalks: G. (Opatrum) pusillum Fab-
ricius; Europe; borer.
Pedinus femoralis Mulsant; Bessarabia.

Curcullonldae.

Cleonus piinctiventris Germar; Europe. (See
Beet.)

LEPIDOPTERA.
Noctuidse.

A gratis trux Hiibner of Europe, A . segetum Schif-
fermiller (see text fig. 103) of Europe, ^ msarto
lactinea Cr. of Asia (see text fig. 104), A . moorei
of Asia, A . lineola Fabricius of India and Cey-
lon; cutworms.
Laphygma reclusa; Orient.
Chloridea pcltigera Schiffermiller, and C. assulta

Guenee; India.
Euxoa spinifera Hiibner; Europe, Asia, Africa.
Mamestra brassicx Linnseus and M. albicolor
Hiibner; Italy.
Micromima olivia; Cuba, leaf roller on tomato, tobacco, and eggplant.
Plusia gamma Linnaeus; Europe, and P. argentifera; Tasmania.
Prodenia litura Fabricius; Asia, Africa, Australia. (See text flg. 105.)

Spjdoptera miuritia Boisduval, and Triphxna pronuba Linnaeus; very widely distributed. (See text
flg. 106.)

GelechUdsB.

^Phtkorimsea operculella Zeller.

C--^

Fig. 102.— Tobacco beetle (Cetonia lugubris). (Tar-
gioni-Tozzetti.)

(See Potato.)

Fig. lQ3.~Toha.cco cutworm {Agrolis segetum): Adult. (Targioni-Tozzetti.)

LITERATURE.

Targioni-Tozetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco en Erba e del Tabacco Seeco, 1891. Firenze-

Roma.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Insect Pests. 1906. Calcutta.

LiNDEMAN, K. VON. Die Schiidlichsten Insekten des Tabakin Bessarabia. 1888. Moscow
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Museum Notes, Vol. 3.
Various authors in Memoires Dept. Agr. India, Entomological Series.
Howard, C. W., in Transvaal Agricultural Journal during 1907 and 1908.
FULLAWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Expt. Sta., 1914, Bui. 34.
JONES, C.R. Philippine Agr. Rev., 1913, V. 6, no. 9.

INSECTS OF TODDY PALM AND TOMATO.

217

TODDY PALM.

(Phoenix sylvestris. Family Palmacese.)

A palm much cultivated in India for its sap, which yields sugar and "toddy."
(See Palms.)

TOMATO.

(Lycopersicum esculentum. Family Solanacete.)
The much-prized garden fruit grown very extensively in this country.

A. BETTER KNOWN TOMATO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Desiantlia nociva Lea.
(Tomato Weevil. Ciirculionidae ; Coleoptera.)

Host: Tomato, potato, and other vegetable plants.

Injury: Larvae and adults feed on
and destroy the plants. They are
nocturnal feeders, hiding in the soil
by day.

Description: Weevil elongate, about
12 mm. long, brown with black
dots. Larva pea green in color.
Pupates in cell in soil.

Distribution: Australia.

French, C. Handbook Destructive
Insects Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp.
40-43, pi. 105.

French, C. Journ. Dep. Agr. Vic-
toria, pp. 12, 13, Dec, 1913.

Fig. 104.— Tobacco cutworm {Amsacta lactinea): Adult.
(Maxwell-Lefroy.)

Lonchsea splendida.

(Metallic Tomato Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Tomato, potato, eggplant, other Solanacese.

Injziry: Breeds in fruit, attacking perfectly healthy tomatoes.

Description: Fly, metallic blu-
ish green or dark bronze green,
wings smoky pink, head and legs
black, body tapering, eyes large
and prominent.

Distribution: New Zealand,
Australia, Pacific Islands.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT TOMATO
INSECTS.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Gelechiidse.

^Phlhorimxa operculella Zeller. (See
Potato.)

Fig. 103. — Tobacco cutworm (Prodenia lilura): Larva, pupa,
adult. (Maxwell-Lcfro}'.)

Noctuidse.

Micromima Olivia: Cuba; leaf roller on tomato, tobacco, and eggplant.

DIPTERA.
Trypetldae.

D acus ciicurbitx Coqmllett; India, Ceylon, Hawaii; attacks fruit. (See Cucurbits.)
Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks fruit. (See Fruit.)

218

A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

TOON.

(Cedrela toona, etc. Family Meliacea?.)

Tall ornamental trees of the Tropics; some species cultivated in California and the
Gulf States.

AN INSECT INJURIOUS TO TOON.

LEPIDOrTERA.
Pyralldae.

Hypsipyla robmla Moore; India; bores in flowers, buds, fruit, and twigs of toon {Cedrela toona).

Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908.

TROPICAL ALMOND.

( Term inalia spp . Family Combretacepe . )

Tropical plants, chiefly of the Old World, some of them with edible seed. T.
catappa is cultivated in Florida and Porto Rico.

IMPORTANT TERMINALIA INSECTS.

THYSANOPTERA.

:^ Heliothrips rubrocinclus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Avocado.)

COLEOPTERA.
Bostrychldse.

Sinoxylon crassum Lesne; India; bores in wood of Terminalia tomentosa. T. chcbula.

Sinoxylon anale Lesne; India; bores;

in wood of Terminalia bellerica.

Lyctus spinifrons Lesne; India; bores

in posts of Terminalia tomentosa.

Biiprestidse.

Psilopteraviridans Kerremans; India;
bores in wood of Terminalia to-
mentosa.

Chrysobothris indica Cast, et Gory;
India; boresin wood of Terminalia
tomentosa.

Ceramtoycidse.

^olesthes holosericca Fabricius; India;
Fig. 106.— Tobacco cutworm ( Triphaena pronuba): Adult. bores in wood of Terminalia to

(Targioni-Tozzetti.) mentosa.

Brentidse.

Ceocephalus carus Walker; India; bores in wood of Terminalia tomentosa.

Platj'podidae.

Platypus cupulatus Chapuis; India; bores in wood.

DIPTERA.
Trypetldse.

Ceralitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Terminalia catappa. (See Fruit.)
Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914.

TURNIP; RUTABAGA.

{Brassica rapa, Brassica campestris. Family Cruciferse.)
These root crops will bear watching for root pests.

IMPORTANT TURNIP INSECTS.

Mellgethes aeneus Fabricius.

(Turnip Flower Beetle. Nitidulidse; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Turnip, rape, cabbage, and other crucifers.

Injury: Does considerable damage to the buds and flowers, causing stunted and
shriveled appearance.

INSECTS OF TURNIP, VIBURNUM, AND WALNUT. 219

Description and biology: Adult metallic green, sometimes with a bluish shimmer;
sides parallel, head and apex rounded, legs dark brown; fore tibiae lighter, small
externally saw-toothed; body 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad. Larva yellowish
white, head dark; mandibles with darker apex and a double row of short teeth; length
4.5 mm. During the first week in June the beetles may be found in numbers in
blossoms, apparently feeding on tlie pollen. The eggs are deposited within the
unopened buds. The larvae feed in the buds and flowers and cause stunting and
shriveling. Pupation takes place in earthen cells.

Distribution: Europe.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 474, figs.

288-289.
Ormerod, E. a. Fifteenth Report Injurious Insects, London 1892, p. 96, fig. (adult).

Trlchocera liiemalis.

(Winter Turnip Gnat. Mycetophilidse; Diptera.)

Hosts: Turnip, cabbage.

Injury: Is found in connection with injury to roots of these crops, especially where
a fungus disease known as "club," "anbury," etc., is present. There is a possibility
that the gnat might be concerned in the spread of the fungus.

Distribution: England.
Ormerod, E. A. Sixteenth Rept. Injurious Insects, 1892, pp. 147, 148.

Athalia spinarum Fabricius.

(Turnip Sawfly. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.)

Hosts Crucifers, turnips, beets, etc.
Injury: Defoliates.

Biology: Eggs laid in the leaves. Larvx feed on the leaves. Pujiates in earthen
cocoon.

Jablonowski. Tier. Feinde d. Zuckerriibe, pp. 298-303, fig. 60.

VIBURNUM.

( Viburnum spp. Family Caprifoliaceae.)

. Ornamental shrubs, including the black haw, the snowball, laurustinus, and many
other desirable garden plants. Tliey occur in America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and
Java.

IMPORTANT VIBURNUM INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccidse :

Armored —

^Aspidiotus {Chrysomphalus) persese Comstock; Mexico, England (Kew Gardens), Florida.

Aspidiotus spinosusComstocii; Italy; Viburnum tinus.

ChioTMspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe.

Parlatoria myrtus Maskell; South Australia.

Chionapsis (Phenacaspis) cugenix Maskell; Australia, China, Japan, Ceylon, Hawaii.
Unarmored —
^Lichtensia viburiii Signoret; France, England, Wales, Massachusetts.

Pseudococcus viburni Signoret; France, Maritime Alps.

Solenococcus muratne Kuwana; Japan.

WALNUT AND BUTTERNUT.

(Juglans spp. Family Juglandaceae.)

Hardy nut-bearing trees of Europe, Asia, and America. The nuts are all edible.
The trees are valuable for shade and the wood is very valuable for furniture. The
husks of the nuts are sometimes used for medicinal purposes or for tanning.

220 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS.

IMPORTANT WALNUT INSECTS.

HEMIPTERA.
Coccldae.

Armored —

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) juglandis Colv^e; Spain; Juglans regia.

Diaspis leperii Signoret; Europe; Juglans cinerea, J. regia.
Unarmored —

Lccanium coryli Linaseus; Juglans nigra, J. regia.

COLEOPTERA.
Cerambycldae.

Cerambyx cerdo Linnieus; Europe; bores ia wood. (See Oak.)

Oberea linearis Lirmseus; Europe; bores in pith of nursery stock. (See Hi.."^.

Saperda scalaris Linnjeus; Europe; bores in wood and bark.

Curculionidse.

Magdalis carbonaria Linnseus; Europe; bores in trunks. (See Birch.)
Alcides porrectirost.ris Marshall; India; breeds in nuts of Juglans regia.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossldse.

Cossus cossus Linnaeus; goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.)

Tortricidae.

Laspeyresia splendana Hiibner; Europe. (See Chestnut.)
Laspeyresia grossana Haworth; Europe. (See Beech.)
Laspeyresia amplana Hiibner; Europe. (See Hazel.)

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3
NCssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913.
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914,

WATERCRESS.

{Roripa nasturtium.)
A hardy market crop grown in moist soil, ditches, and water courses.
AN IMPORTANT WATERCRESS INSECT.
Limnophilus fiavicornis Fabricius.
(Watercress Caddis Worm. Limnophilidae; Trichoptera).

Hosts: Water cress, Lemna.

Injury: The larvae feed on the leaves.

Biology: The larvae are concealed in cases and live under water. The eggs are laid
in gelatinous masses and are sometimes retained for a while at the extremity of the
female's body, but are finally attached to some aquatic plant.

Distribution: England.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 236.

WATERMELON.

See Cucurbits.

WHEAT; EMMER; SPELT.

{Triticum sativum Lam. and Triticum spp. Family Graminese.)

Wheat is grown in many parts of the world and is a standard article of commerce.
The principal manner in which its insect enemies may be transported is in shipments
of the grain, although the occasional use of straw in packing would be liable to intro-
duce stem-infesting insects. The greater part of the world's wheat crop is grown in
Europe. For full treatment of its insect pests see Grains and grasses.

WILLOW INSECTS.

221

WILLOW.

(Salix spp. Family Salicaceee.)

Important trees along waterways in Europe and America. The wood is used in
the manufacture of gunpowder and for many other purposes. Certain species are
cultivated for materials with which to manufacture baskets.

A. BETTER KNOWN WILLOW INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED.

Crepidodera aurata Marsh.

(Willow Leaf Beetle. Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera.)

Hosts: Willow, Populus laurifolia, P. alba.
Injury: Feeds on foliage.
Distribution: Throughout Europe .

Phyllodecta spp.

(Willow Leaf Beetles. Chrysomelidse ; Coleoptera.)

Species: P. vitellinae Linnaeus; Europe, Connecticut (introduced); willows (Salix
purpurea, etc.), poplar. P. vulgatissima Linnseus; Europe; willows {Salix vimi-
nalis, etc.). P. tibialis Suffrian.;
Europe; willow.

Injury: Feed on foliage in adult
and larval stages.
SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflan-

zenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol.

3, p. 518.

Cossus cossus Linnseus.
(GoatMoth. Cossidae; Lepidoptera.)

Hosts: Willow, poplar, alder, elm,
oak, birch, linden, walnut, scotch
pine, ash, beech, maple.

Injury: Bores in trees to the heart-
wood. Very serious, kills many
trees.

Description and biology.- — Adult,
male wing expanse 68-75 mm., fe-
male 75-90 mm.; stout and clumsy,
clothed with dense gray hairs, fore-
wings dark gray and brown, with
dusky transverse streaks; hind
wings ashy gray to grayish brown
with some indistinct brown marks;
antennae fringed with gray.
June and July and flies at dusk.
Pupa, rich brown in color, with three rings of spines around abdomen. Pupation
occurs in larval galleries; requires about a month. Larva, length 75-100 mm.,
dirty ocher-yellow, with broad, median dorsal, mahogany-red stripe; head blackish
brown two deep-brown spots on first thoracic segment. Larval period about 3
years; tunnel in wood, occasionally leave trees. Eggs, brown, round, convex above,
flattened below, ribbed; deposited in groups of 15 to 50 in crevices of bark; each
female deposits 200 to 300 eggs, which hatch in about 10 days. (See text fig. 107.)

Distribution: Europe, Syria, Korea, North Africa.

Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 42.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 322.

NtissLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 321, fig. 272.

Occurs FJ"- 107.— The goat moth (Cossus cossus): Larva, pupa,
and adult. (Henschel.)

222 A MAisruAL or dangerous insects.

Rhabdophaga spp.
(Willow Gall Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.)

Species: R. aielsonii Kieffer; Denmark; willow. R. saliciperda Dufour; Europe;
willow, PopiUas alba. R. salicis Schrk.; Europe; Salix purpurea.

Injury: Bore in wood and form gall-like formations.

Deso'lption and biology: R. nielsonii with head and thorax beneath yellowish red,

thorax dark brown above; abdomen red; length 3 mm.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 456, 457,

fig. 277.

B. OTHER IMPORTANT WILLOW INSECTS.

ACARINA.
Eriophyidse.

Eriophyes tetanothrii Nsdepa, blister mite; England; attacks leaves of Salix caprea.

HEMIPTERA.
Aphididae.

Lachnus viminalis Fonsc, plant louse; Germany; attacks shoots of Salix viminalis.

Coccldae.

Armored —

Aspidiotus ( Tarqionia) distincta Leonardl; Europe.

Chionaspis salicis Linnseus; Europe.
Unarmored—

Lecanium ciliatum Douglas; Europe.

Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe.

Phejiacoccus aceris Signoret; Europe.
• Pulvinaria behUae Linnseus; Europe.

COLEOPTERA.
Anobiidse.

Ptilinus fuscus Geoffroy; Europe; bores In dead wood of standing living trees.
Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood.

Buprestidse.

Agrilus sexguttatus Brahm., Europe; bores in bark.
Poecilonota variolosa Paykull; Eiu-ope; bores in bark.

Scarabaeidse.

Amphimallon solstitialis Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack roots of shoots.

Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack toots of seed-
lings.

Cerambycidse.

Molesthes sarta Solsky; India; bores in trunks of Salix alba and S. babylonica.

Aromia moschata Liimaeus; Germany; bores in stems and old cuttings.

Lamia textor Linnaeus; Europe; bores in larger cuttings and shoots.

Oberea oculata Linnaeus; Europe; bores in pith of twigs and stems.

Phymatodes lividus Rossi; Germany; particularly injurious to baskets; also, attacks felled trees and
lumber.

Saperda carcharias Linnaeus, 5|cS. populnea Linnaeus; Europe; bore in bark and wood. The latter spe-
cies occurs on the Pacific coast of the United States.

Chrysomelidse.

Haltica quercetorum Foudr.; Europe; leaf beetle (see Oak); H. ampelophaga Guerin; Europe, Africa

(see Grape).
yfelasoma populi Linnseus; India; defoliator on Salix elegans and S. babylonica.

CuTCullonidse.

Dorytomus aifinis Paykull, D. agnathus Boheman, D. dorsalis Herbst, D. maculatiis Marsham, D.

majalis Paykull; Europe; the eggs are laid in the buds in the fall, and the larvae develop in the

flowers in the spring.
Orchestcs decoratus Germar; Europe; mines the leaves of Salix triandra, S. viridis, S. fragilis, and S.

purpurea.
Orchestes populi Fabricius; Europe; mines the leaves of Salix viminalis, and S. triandra.
^ Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linngeus; Europe, eastern United States; breeds in the stems and twigs.

INSECTS OF WILLOW AND YEW. 223

LEPIDOPTERA.
Cossidse.

^Zeuzera pijrim Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood of basket willow. (See Horse-chestnut.)
Cyinbidae.

Earias chlorana Hubner; Europe; attacks foliage, buds, and shoots of long-leaf willows.
Geometridse.

Anisopteryx xsculariaSciuSenmlleT; Europe; feeds on foliage.

Larentia dilutata Borckh.; Europe; defoliator.

Lasiocanipidae.

Eriogaster lanestris Linnaeus and Malacosoma neustria Linnteus; Europe; defoliators
Oastropacha quercifolia Linnaeus; Europe. (See Fruit.)

Lymantriidae.

^Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linnaeus, ^Lymantria monacha Linnaeus, ^PorthetTia dispar Linnaeus, ^Orgyia
antiqua Linnaeus, Porthesia similis Fuessly, and Stilpnotia salicis Linnteus; Europe; defoliators. (Sea
Forest defoliators.)

Sesiidse.

Sesia/ormicaeformis Esp.; Europe; bores in stems and shoots.

HYMENOPTERA.
Cimbicidse.

Cimbei variabilis Klug; Europe; sawfly, attacks leaves.

Pseudoclavellaria amerinx Linnna?us; a sawfly; Europe; defoliator,

Tnchiosoma lucorum Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator.

Tenthredinidse.

Euura ater Jurine, Pontania salicis Christ, and Pleronidea salicis Linnaus; Europe; sawflies

DIPTERA.
Itonididae (Cecldomyldae).

Cecidomyia saliciperda Dufour; Europe; breeds in branches of Salix triandra, S. alba, S. fragilis S.

capita, and 5. purpurea.
Cecidomyia salicis Schrank; Europe; breeds in shoots.

LITERATURE.

SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3.
NOssuN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913.
Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2.
Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914.
Bargagu, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-87.
LiNDiNGER, B. Die Schildlause (Coccidae), 1912.

YEW.

( Taxus spp. Family Taxacese.)

Ornamental evergreen trees or shrubs distributed throughout the northern hemi-
sphere. The wood is valued for cabinetmaking. In studying the pests of this genus
reference should also be made to Conifers.

Erlophyes psllaspis Nalepa.

(Yew Gall Mite. Eriophyidse. Acarina.)
Host: Yew.

Injury: Forms gall-like swellings of the buds. Serious injury to hedges.
Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite, which causes galls by its feeding.
Especially liable to introduction on nursery stock.
Distribution: England.

GiLLANDERs, A. T. Forest Entomology, Edinburgh and London, 1908, p. 26, fig. 25.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects.

Plate XLVIll

"^m

te:#'

I- s

o .g

o »

cc ^

o g-

U. S. Depl. of Agriculture, Manual ot Dangerous Insects.

Plate XLIX.

The Avocado Weevil (Heilipus lauri). (Barber, Prog. Ent. Soc.
Washington.)

INSECT INDEX.

Page.

Abraxas grossulariata 119

Acanthocinus sedilis 73

Acantholyda erythrocephala 70

Acantho-phorus serraticornis 193

Acanthopsyche reidi 211

snelleni 211

A canthoscelides obtectus 6, 36, 165

Acarina 7

Acherontia atropos 185

Acheta bimaculata 89

A cidia heraclei 52, 164

Aclerda distorta 33

japonica 33, 206

tokionis 33

Acrnxodera stictipennis 193

A cridium xruginosum 205

flavicorne 205

hieroglyphicum 89

luteicorne • 205

migratorium 215

peregrinum 89

roseum 205

succinclum 205

zehntneri 205

A cridocephala bMriata 195

Acrocinus accentifer 59

Acronycta aceris 40

Adelocera modesta 212

Adoretus umbrosus 50, 59, 90, 131, 191, 207, 215

tenuimaculatus 50,59,90,191,210

Adoxus obscurus 6

Mnaria leivisi 190

Xolesthes holosericea 193, 218

sarta 96, 171, 181,222

Molus oittatus 207

Estates notabilis 195

Agelastica alni 12, 46

Agrilus angvstulus 39, 134, 153

betuleti 73

biguttatus 39, 153

elon^atus 39, 153

sexguttatus 181, 222

sinwatus 5, 169

subauratus 134, 153

viridis . 12,39,46, 73, 131, 141,148, 150, 181, 192

A griotes aterrimus 68, 153

formosanus 207

Uneatus 43, 49, 51, 68,

85, 126, 137, 140, 153, 165, 166, 184 , 214

obscurus 68, 153

pilosus 214

sacchari 207

taichuensis 207

Agromyza fabalis 38

frontalis 136

27812— IS 15

Page.

Agromyza maura 28,29

phaseoli 37

simplex 28, 29

Agrotissp 6

crinigera 210

dislocata 210

exclatnationis 44

interjectionis 208

plecta 44

saucia 210'

segetum 44, 70, 216

spiTia 185

tritici 75

trux 216

oestigialis 70

ypsilon 8, 14

Akermes levis 9

punctatus 59

scrobiculatus 9

Alaus sculptus 193

Alcides porrectirostris 220

scenicus 103

Alder bud moth (see Coleophora fuscedinella).

Aleurocanthus v- oglumi 56

Aleurodicus cocois 34, 109, 132, 139

destructor 159

Aleurolobus longkornis 207

olivinus 155

Aleurothrixus porteri 56

Aleyrodes spp 213

lactea 207

tabaci 213

Aleyrodidffi 7

Alfalfa gall midge (see AspUondylia miki).
leaf weevil (see Hypera mur'tna).
weevil of Europe (see Hypera postica).

Aloha ipomcese '. 210

Amar caterpillar (see Virachola insocrates).

A matissa consorta 211

Ambrosia beetles (see .4 n;,?o?7drMs spp.; Xyl-
oterus spp.).

Amorbia emigratella 210

A mphimallon solstitialis 39, 73, 137, 181, 222

Amsacta lactinca 216,217

lineola 216

moorei 216

A nagnia splendens 206

Anaslrepha acidusa (see Anastrcpha fratcrcu-
lus).

fraterculus 60 .

64, 94, 100, 113, 132, 147, 164, 170, 180

ludens 60, 114, 132, 167, 180, 194

peruviana 114

xerpentina 132

Anaxiphux palUdulus 205

225

226

INSECT INDEX.

Page.

Andraca bipunctata 212

Anerastia ablutella 208

botella 126

Angoumois grain moth (see Sitotroga cereaU

ella).
^ Anisandms dispar. 12,40,46,54,137,138,148,154,171

Anisolabris maritima 215

Anisopteryx xscularia 12,

24, 46, 105, 134, 138, 154, 170, 179, 192, 223
Annona fniit fly (see Ceratitis anonx).

Anomala senea 46, 207

grandis 12

vitis 127, 190

A no malococcus cremastogastri 102

Anonsepestis bengalella 93

Anoplus plantaris 46

Anthaxia osmastoni 73

quadripunctata 68

Antliomyia radicum 50, 187

Anthonoinus drvparum 179

grandis 87

incurvus 23

pedkularius 23, 170

pomorum 18, 170

pyri 23, 170

rectirostris 174

rubi 47, 197

spinotus 170

vestitus 87

Anthorcs asperula 63

A nticyra combusta 208

Antovina crawii 33

socialis 33

Aonidia (see Aspidiotus [Aonidia]).
AonidieUa (see Aspidiotus [Aonidiella]).

Apate molle 67

monachus 30, 66, 63, 166, 179

Aphanistichus consanguineus 199

Aphrastasia pectinatx 67

Aphis avcnx 5

brassicx 5

gassy pii 5

rumicis 5, 43

A piomorpha aUcnuata 98

bauerlcni 98

calycina 98

conica 98

duplex 98

eUipsoidalis 98

floralis 98

helmsii 98

karschi 98

maliforinis 98

minor 98

munita 99

cvicola 99

ovicoloides 99

pedunculata 99

phantrata 99

pilcata 99

pomiformis 99

rugosa 99

sessilis 99

sloanei 99

strombylosa 99

thurntoni 99

umbellata 99

Page.

A piomorpha urnalis 99

variabilis 99

A pion armipes 87

meliloti 14

tenue 14

xanthostylum 87

A podcrus coryli 12,39,46

Apogonia destrxuctar 199

ritsemx 199

Apple blossom weevil (s^e Anthnnnmus pomo-
rum).
borer (see Cossus trislis).
elearwing (see Sesia myopxfmmis),
ermine moth (see Hyponomeuta ma-

lineUus).
glim borer (see Bimia fcmoralis).
moth (see Argyresthia conjugella).
pith moth (see Blaslodacna putripen-

nella).
psylla (see Psylla mali).
root borer (see Leptops hopci).
sawfly (see Hoplocampa testudinea).
stem piercer (see Magdalis barbicornis).
tree borer (see Rhizopertha collaris).
Apricot scale (see Epidiaspis pyricola).

A priona cinerea 150

germari 150

Aradus cinnamomeus ' 73

Arxcerus fasciculatus 6,55,-84,91

A rge rosx 192

Argentine potato weevil (see Bhigopsidius
tucumanus).

Argyresthia conjugella 6, 20, 149, ISO

ephippella 134, 175

fundella 70

illuminatella 82

Ixvigatella 83, 84

nilidella 132, 175

A rgyroplocc illepida 11

Army worm (see Cirphis unipuncta).

Army worms 8

A roa socrus 208

A romia moschata 222

Ascelis attenuata 99

I'chiniformis 99

prxmollis 99

schradcri 99

Ash gall mite (see Eriophyes fraxini).

Asiphum tremulu' 181

Asparagus fly (see Platyparxa paciloptera).
leaf beetles (see Crioceris spp.).
miners (see Agromyza spp.).

Asphondylia miki 15, 16

A spidiofus alatus 98

britannicus 5, 35

camellix 5

confusus 98

destructor 163

lissidcns pluridentatus 162

madcrensis 139

minimus 152

pangocnsis 162

pectinatus 169

perniciosus 5

persearum 30

rapax (see A. camcllix).

spinosus 162, 219

INSECT INDEX.

227

Page.

Aspidiotus tasmanise 9,98

tayabanus~. «> - 192

varians 162

A spidiotus (A onidia) ebeni 170

lauri 35,72,169

olex I'ifi

plnnchonioides 102

p'mkoJa 72

A spidiotus {A onidirlla) cocntiphagus 102

miniatx 98

subcuticularis 102

subrubescens 58

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) albopictus 58

alienus 44, 158

ansei 162

dictyospermi 5

pin-
nuli-
fera. 58

kaebelei 58

nigra punctatus. 26,156

paulistus 35

pedroniformis . 130
pe7-sea?5,30,158,162,219

personatus 30,

58,93,102,145,156,162

poTtoricemis 158

propsimus 162

scutiformis 30,35, 59, 162

A spidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus 23 , 24,

102, 169, 186

coloratus 158

juglandis 220

orientalis 5, 59, 162

ostreseformis 5, 166, 169

patavinus 178

pyri 132,169

zonatus 152

Aspidiotus ( Evaspidiotus) labiatarum 130

Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) palmse 162

simillimus 162

Aspidiotus ( Morganella) longispina 145

maskelli 102, 146

Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) bambusarum 32

canaliculata 32

inusitata 32

secreta 32

saccharicaulis. 32, 206

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus 30,

59, 63, 102, 130,131,

146, 156, 158, 162, 192

clavigera . . 59, 102, 146, 166

duplex 59, 156

fimbriatus 59

fOSSOT 130

obsUa 102

guadriareolata 9

silvatica 102

tesserata 130

trilobitiformis 59,

102, 131, 146, 162

Aspidiotus (Pseudischnaspis) bowreyi 192

linearis 162

longissima 146

A spidiotus ( Targionia) aeacix 9

alni 11,152

biformis 5,158

cattleyx 158

rage.

Aspidiotus (.Targionia) bromelise 171

distincla 152, 222

glomerata 206

sacchari 206

vitis 130, 152

Aspidomorpha militaris 210

sancfsecrucis 212

Aspidoproctus giganteus 194

Asterolecanium aureum 158

bambusse 33, 206

bambusicola 33

ceriferum 162

coffex 63

coronatum 33

epidendri 158

exiguum 33

flavociliatum 33

hemisphxricum 33

hilli 162

lanceolatum 33

lineare 162

masuii 33

miliaris 33

palmx ' 162

pudibundum 33

pustulans 102

rubrocomatum 33

solenophoroides 33

tenuissimum 33

tumidum 33

udagamx 33

urichi 162

variolosum 5, 153

ventruosum 9

Asthenia pygmxana 70

Astycus lateralis 212

Athalia spinarum ■. 44, 219

Athous hirtus 79

niger 43, 214

subfuscus 39, 134, 137, 153

Atomaria linearis 41

Atractomorpha bedeli 205

crenulata 205, 215

psittacina 205

Aulacaspis cinnamomi "... 146

javanensis 32

miranda 93

Aulacophora oUvierei 92, 166

Austrian alfalfa leaf wee* il (see Hypera melcs).

Autosticha pelodes 208

Avocado wee il (see Heilipus lauri).

Bactrocera cucurbitx 24, 25, 38

tryoni 24, 25,

34, 38, 60, 93, 114, 142, 147, 167, 187

zonatus 147

BaUtninus (See Curculio).
Bamboo borer (see Dinoderus distinclus; Euco-
soma paragramma.)
fruit fly (see Ceratitis striata).
shot-hole borer (see Dinoderus pili-
frons).
Banana fruit fly (see Daduscurvipennis).

root borer (see Cosmopolites sordidua).
Banded pumpkin beetle (see Aulacophora
olivierei).

Barxus sordidus 63

Baris chlorizans 49

228

INSECT INDEX.

Page.

Boris ccETulescens 49

glabra 49

le-pldii 49

opvparis 49

saccharivora 207

trxgardU 92

viridisericea ; . 49

Bark beetles 8

borer (see Leptostylus prxmorsus).
Tortrix (see Laspeyresia wosberiana).

Barynotus squamosus 49

Basilianus cantori 46

Batocera albofasciata 103

boisduvali 101

frenchi 103

rubra 103

titana 146, 147

Bathyscia wollastoni 184

Bean aphis (see Aphis rumicis).
fly (see Aqromyza phaseoli).
leaf beetle (see Cerotoma denticornis).

roller (see Eudamus proteus).
pod borer (see Maruca testulalis).
stem maggot (see Agromyza fabalis).

weevils 8

weevil (see A canthoscelides spp. ; Mylab-
mspp.; Pachymerus spp.)

Bedellia minor 210

OTchilella 210

somnulenfella 210

Beech tortricid (see Peroneafemigana).
tortrix (see Laspeyresia grossana).
Beet army worm (see Laphygma exigua).
carrion beetle (see Blitophaga opaca).
fly or Spinach leaf miner (see Pegomya

hyoscyami).
root weevil (see Cleonus punctiventris).
tortoise beetle (see Cassida nebulosa).
worm (see Plusia gamma),

Belippe albiguttata 212

Bemisia giffardi 56

Bembeda hylxiformis 47

Bibitkever (see Entochira lateralis).

Bimia femoralis 98

Birch blister mite (see Eriophyes rudis).

twig weevil (see Magdalis carbonaria).

Biston hirtarius 110, 111, 179

pomonarius 110, 154

suppressarius 10, 211

Bixadus sierricola 63

Black alfalfa leaf beetle (see Colaspidema
atrttm).
scale (see Saissetia oleae).

Blaps armata 73

mucronata 216

Blastodacna hellerella 20

putripenella 19

vinolentella ...' 19

Blister beetle (see Epicauta rufidorsum).

Blitophaga opaca 5, 43

undata 43

Blue or hairstreak butterfly (see Lycsena
bsRtica).

Boarmia crepuscularia 55, 96

gemmaria 129, 192

selanaria 194

Page.

Boll worms (see Diparopsis castanea; Earias
sptp.; Sacadodespyralis).

Bostrychopsis jesuita 59

parallela 33

Bostryehus capucinus 53, 153

Bothynoderes farinosus 44

punctiventris 44

Botys cuelesalis 2O8

Brachonyx pineti 74

Brachycerus albidentatus 158

corrosus 158

pradieri 158

undatus 158

Brachyderes incanus 46

lusitanicus 154

Brachyrhinus {Otiorhynchus spp.) 65, 128

armadillo 65

armatus 129

asphaltinus 129

aurifer 65

corruptor 129, 167

egregius 65

fiillo 65

65

129

inflatus 65

irritans 65

jovis 65

kratterii 65

Ixvigatus 173

lepidopterus 65

ligustici 44. 129, 167

morio , 65

muUipunctatus 65

niger 65

orbicularis 44

ovatus 6, 65

perdix 65

picipes 197

populeti 129

raucus 44, 129

semitivus 65

septentrionis 65

singularis 65, 129

sulcatus 6, 129

tenebricosus 47, 197

teretirostris 129

tristis 129

turca 129

Brachytrypts achatinus 14, 215

Brachyxystus subsignatus 52, 68

Brazil fig borer (see Hcilipus bonelli).

Broad-nosed grain weevil (see Caulophilus
latinasus).

Bromius obscurus 127

vitis ^ 127

Brontispa froggatti 160

Broun's fruit fly (see Docks [Tephrites] xan-
thodes).

Brown hard-back beetle (see Phytalus smithi).
plum owlet moth (see Xyliria socia).

Brown-tail moth (see Euproctis chrysorrhaa).

Bruchus (see Mylabris spp.).

Brush spinner (see Orgyia gonostigma).

Bryobia ribis 1 19

Bud stinger (see .Tanus compressus).

INSECT INDEX.

229

Page.
BuS tip moth fsee Phalera hucepMla).

Bupalus piniarius 66

Buprestis geometrica 73

Byctiscus betulw ...• 12, 39, 46

BytUTUS tomentosus 47

Cabbage aphis (see Aphis brassicx).

gall midge (see Dasyneura brassicx).
maggot (see Phaonia trimaculata).
midge (see Contarinia torquens).
webworm (see Hellula undalis).
worm (see Pieris monuste).
Cacao fruit fly (see Ceratitis punctata).

moth (see Zaratha cramerella).
Cadelle (see Tenebrioides mauritanicus).

Calamistis fusca 85

Calamobius marginellus 126

Calathus fuscipes 81

Calendra granaria 6

linearis 210

oryza 6

rugicollis 210

sculpturata 154

California grape rootworm (see Adoxus ob-
scurus).

Caliroa xthiops 6

CalUdium xneum 39, 54, 153

violaceum 39

Calocampa exoleta 44

Calocoris fulvomaculatus 136

Caloptenus italicus 215

Camarimena rugosistriatus 52

Camarota flamtarsis 125

Camponotus ligniperda 11

Cane grasshopper (see Atractomorpha crenu-
lata).
leafhopper (see Pyrilla aberrans).
root borer (see Polyocha saccharella).
sucker moth (see Castnia licus).

Cantharis fusca 73

Capnodis indiea 73

miliaris 181

tenebrionis 110, 179

Capua angustiorana 24, 131, 170

Caradrina exigua (see Laphygma).

Cardiococcus umbonatus 131

Cardiophorus devastans 207

formosanus 207

Carphoborus minimus 74

Carpocapsa (see Laspeyresia).

Carpomyia pardalina 93

Caryoborus gonagra 149, 210

Cassida nebulosa 6, 41, 158

vittata 44

Castilloa borer (see Pnes^ leprosa).

Castnia licus 34, 159, 202

Catalpa scale (see Diaspis pentagona).

Catorama tabaci 214

Caulophilus latinasus 6, 30

Cecidom yia humuli 135

saliciperda 223

salicis 223

Celery fly (see Acidia heraclei).

leaf tyer (see Phlyctxnia ferrugalis).

Ceocephalus carus 218

Cephaleia hypotrophica 70

sigrmta 70

Cephus pygmxus 126

Cerambyx cerdo 26, 151, 153, 220

I'age.

Cerambyx^ miles 131

scopolii 23, 169

Ceratitis anonx 51, 94, 115, 132

capitata ... 24, 25, 30, 34, 38, 60, 64, 93, 94, 100,
103, 115, 116, 126, 131, 132, 133, 140, 142, 147,
163, 167, 170, 171, 180, 186, 187, 194, 217, 218

catoirei 58

giffardi 116,139

nigerrima 116

punctata 51, 116, 126, 132, 147

rubivora 116

silvestrii 116, 139

striata 32

Ceratopachys variabilis 148

Cerococcus ornatus 63

Ceronema caudata 99

Ceroplastcs actiniformis 162

campinensis 131

ceriferus 63, 102

cistudiformis 30

denudatus 94

erithrxus 9

ficus 102

gowdeyi 102

grandis 131

mimosx 9

myricx 102, 162

psidii 131

quadrilineatus 94, 102

rubens 30, 102, 146, 162, 169, 170

rusci 102, 132, 150, 156, 171, 181

singularis 131

theobromx 33

townsendi percrassus 102

vinsonii 131, 142, 146

vinsonioides 63

Ceroputo yuccx 94, 102

Cerostoma parenthesella 40

Cerotoma denticornis 38

Cetonia lugubris 216

Ceutorhynchus assimilis 187, 188

contractus • 92

cyanipennis 49

quadridens 49, 188

raphani 187

robertii 187

sulcicollis 49, 188

ClixtA)cnema basalis 191

concinna 189

tibialis 44

Chxtococcus bambusx 33

Chxtosticha nana 208

Chalcoides chloris 44

Charagia lignivora 10, 20, 100

Charlock weevil (see Ceutorhynchus con-
tractus).

Cheimatobia boreata 40, 46, 179

brumata 24, 105, 148, 154, 179

Chermes abietis 67

viridis 67

Cherry borer (see Cryptophaga unipunctata).
bug (see Peltophora pedicillata).
ermine moth (see Hyponomeuta padel-

lus).
fruit moth (see Argyresthia tiitidella).
green beetle (see Diphucephala col-

aspidoides).
spinner (see Biston hirtarius).

230

INSECT INDEX.

I 'ago.
Cherry tree case-bearer (see CoUophom dna-
tipennella).
weevil (see CurcuUo cerasorum).
Chestnut weevil (see CurcuUo clephas).

Chilo auricilia 85, 189, 196, 208

infuscatetla 208

simplex 85, 126, 191, 196, 203

Chionaspis arundinariie 32

austriaca 72

bambusx 32

berlesei 29

colemani 32

depressa 206

elongata 32

frenchi 98

graminis 33

hikosani 32

inday 162

inadiunensis 206

manni 102

nerii 156

saccharifolii 206

salicis 11, 26, 45, 48, 95, 121,

141,147,152,181,219,222

samoana 162

simplex 32

striata: 25, 94, 139

substriata 162

tegalensis 206

vitis 130, 146

Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) bupleuri 156

cockerelli 162

dilatata 146,162

cugeniss 146, 219

megaloba 131

natalensis 146

Chloridca assulta 216

obsolcta 6, 14

peltigera 216

Chloroclystis rectangulata 20

Chlorgps lineata 126

txniopus 125

Cholvs cattlcya: 159

forbcsi 159

Chortophila cilicriira 29, 157

Chnr/nphila ( Peqowyti) brassicae 7

cepetorum 7

fusciceps 7, 38, 50

hyoscyami 7, 42, 158, 196

Chramcsus globulus 154

Chrotogonus trachypterus 14, 89, 215

Chrysnbnfhris affinis 153

indica 218

sexnotata 193

solieri 73

Chrysochroa bicolor 50

fulminans 50

Chrysolophus spectabilis 10

Chrysomphalus [see Aspidinliis ( Chrysomphn-
lus)].

Cicadnla fasciifrons 190, 206

(i-notata 190, 206

Cigarette beetle (see Lasioderma serricorne).

Cimbex fagi 40

variabilis 13, 47, 182, 223

Cinnabar moth (see Euclid in jacnbrse).

Page.

Clonus fraxini 27, 157

scrophularix 44

Cirphis Icucosticha 85

unipuncla (Heliophila, Leucania) 8,208

Citrus leaf miner (see Phyllocnistis citrella).

Cladius pectinicornis 6

Clania crameri 55, 64, 76, 211

holmesi 211

variegata 55,64,211

Cleonus cinereus 44

faaciatus 44

mendicus 44

pedestris 44

piger 44

punctivcntris 41 , 216

tigrinus 44

ucrainicnsis 44

Cletus bipunctatus 207

Irigonus 207

Clinodiplosis equestris 123, 124

moscllana 123, 126

Clover leaf weevils (see Hypera spp.)-
root weevils (see Sitona spp.)-

Clysia ambiguella 129, 130

Clytus floralis 14

tropicus 153

Cnaphalocrocis bifurcalis 208

Cnaphalodes lapponieus 67

strobilobius 67

Cneorhinus albiguttatus . . . .- 207

plagiatus 29, 51

Cnethocampa pinivora 71, 76

pityocampa 71 , 76

proccssiona 152

Coccidae 7

Coccotrypcs integer 193

Coccus acuminatus 35, 131 , 146, 158

acutissimus 44, 146, 162

arundinarix 33

bicruciatus 170

hesperidum 59, 162,212

hoferi 23

mangiferx 5, 146

manniparus 211

nmrsupialis 94

minimus 44, 158

viridis 59, 63, 131, 212

Cochylis (see Clysia ambiguella).
Cockchafer (see Melolnntha melolontha).
Coconut leaf-miner beetles (see Promecothcca
spp.).
leaf moth (see Levuana iridescens).
palm scale [see Aspidiotus ( Chrysom-
phalus) persex].
white fly (see Aleurodicus spp.).
Codling moth (see Laspeyrcsia pnmonella).

Ccclosterna scabrata 193

spinalor 10

Ccelostomidia assimilis 39

pilosa .'?9

Coepophaijus [see Tthizoglyphus ( Coepopha-

gus)].
Coffee beetle (see Xylcborus coffex).

bean weevil (see Arxccrus fasciculutus).
leaf miner (see Leucoptera coffeella).
red spider (see Tdranychus hincitlalus).

INSECT INDEX.

231

Page.

Oolabathristes sacchartcida 207

Colaspidea metallica 207

Colaspidema atrum 13

Coleophora anatipennella 24, 175

fuscedinella U

laricclla 82

lutipenneUa 152

Colobogaster quadridentata 100

Colopha comprcssa 95

Conarthrns affinis 33

jansoni 193

Conchaspis anqrxci 5, 102

Conchylis epiUnana (see Phalonia).

Conchyloctenia punctata 210

Confused flour beetle (see Tribolium con-
fusum).

Coniatus Ixtus 211

suavis 211

Coniferous root weevils (see Brachyrhinus).
sawfly (see Diprion simile).
weevils (see Magdalis spp.)-

Conogethes puncti/eralis 166

Contarinia gossypii 89

pisi 165

pyrivora 7, 170

torquens 49

tritici 7, 123

viticola 131

Coptops bidens 63

fusca 63

Coptosoma cribraria 207

Coptotermes gestroi 164

CoTxbus elatus 153

fasciaiius 153

•uudatus 153

(3oru fly (see Siphonella pumilionis).
Corner spot (see Orgyia gonostigma).

Corymbiles ssneus 43

Cosmophila sabulifera 155

Cosmopolites sordidus 34, 207

Cosmopteryx pallifasciella 208

Cossus cadambc 212

cossus 12,

27, 40, 46, 96, 141, 148, 154, 181, 220, 221

tristis 19,170,187

Cotton blister mite (see Eriophyes gossypii).
boll worm (see Chloridea obsoleta).
flower burl maggot (see Contarinia gos-
sypii).
stainers (see Dysdercus spp.)-
stem borer (see Sphcnoptera neglecta).
worm {Prodenialitura).

Cratopus punctum 64

Cratosomus rcidi 60

Crepidodera costatipennis 50

aurata 181, 221

Criocephalus tibetanus (?) 73

Crioceris spp 27

asparagi 6, 27

duodecimpunctata 6, 27. 28

impressa 103

merdigera 28

Croesus septentrionalis (see Nematus).

Crossotarsus coniferx 52, 81

fairmairei 75, 154

saundersi 194

Page.
Crucifer leaf beetles (see Phyllotreta spp.).

Cryphalus abietis 69

hoswellix 69

deodara 52

himalayensis 52

intermediua 84

longifolia 74

major ■. 74

morinda 81

picex 69

saltuarius 69

strohmeyeri 79

Crypsiphona occuUaria 99

Cryptaspidiotus aonidioides 35

■mediterraneus 139

Cryptaspidus nucum 162

Cryptes baccatus 9

Crypthemichionaspis africana 181

Cryptinglisia lounsburyi 130

Cryptoblabes aliena 208

gnidiella 91, 129, 180

Cryptocephalus pini 73

Cryptococcus fagi 39

Cryptophaga rubriginosa 11

unipunctata 167, 177, 179

Cryptorhynchus batatx (see Euscepes).

brandisi 74

gravis (see Sternochetus).

lapathi 6,12,46,181,222

mangiferx (see Sternochetus).

raja 74

Crypturgus cinereus 74

pusillus 69

Ctenochiton araucarix 25

eucalypti 99

Curculio spp 154

amoenus 103

ccrasorum 174

elephas 53

herbsti 179

nucum 133, 134, 154

rubidus 179

Cucuibit fly (see Dacus cucurbitx).

ladybird beetles (see Epilachna
spp.).
Currant fruit moth (see Notocelia roborana).
gall mite (see Eriophyes ribis).
moth (see Abraxas grossulariata).
shoot borer (see Incurvaria capitella).
webworm (see Thamnonoma wau-

aria).
worm (see Pteronidea ribesii).
Custard-apple caterpillar (see Anonxpestis
bengalella).

Cutworms 8

Cutworms (see Agrotis spp.; Euxoa spp.;
Fellia spp.; Peridromaspp.).

Cylas brunneus 209

formicarius 6, 209

Cyllo leda 208

Cymnus tabaci 207, 215

Cypress borers (see Diadoxus spp.).

Cyrtepistomus pannosus 212

Cyrtotrachelus dux 33

longipes 33

Cytorhynchus frigidus 146

Dactylopius coccus 162

232

INSECT INDEX.

Page.

Dacus xqualis 58

cucuTbitx 38, 93, 217

curvipennis 34

diversm 60, 117, 132, 147, 167

ferrugineus 60, 93, 100, 117, 147

frenchii 117

olene 156

ornatissimus 58

passiflorx 60, 117, 126, 147

persicx 117, 147, 167

psidii 118, 126, 132

rarotongx 145

tongensii 145

( Tephriles) xanthodes. . . . 118, 126, 132, 142, 171

Dastfchira horsfeldi 194

mendosa 64, 212

misana 04, 212

pudibunda 12, 40,

47, 48, 107, 132, 134, 137, 141, 148, 154, 192

selenitica 66

thwaitesi 64, 212

Dasyneura abietiperda 81

brassicx 49, 188

laricis 84

picex - 81

pyri 168

Death's-head moth (see Acherontia atropos) .

Delphacodes vastatrix 206

Delphax fumosa 206

fuTcifera 190, 206

graminicola 206

propinqua 206

Deltocepiialus dorsalis 190, 206

Dendroctonus micans 65

Dendrolimus pini "■. 71

sibiricus 83

Depressaria depresseUa 164

nervosa 51, 164

Bermestes frischi 5

imlpinus 5

Desiantlm nociva 185, 217

Diabrotka graminea. 85, 155

Biacrisia obtiqua 91

Biadoxus erythrurus 64, 94

scalam 64, 94

Bialeges pauper 193

Biamerus fici ' 103

Diamond-back moth (see Plutella maeulipen-
nis).

Biaprepes abbrevialua 30,

60, 64, 85, 126, 132, 146, 192, 20a
spetigleri (see Biaprepes abbrevia-
tus).

Biapiis capillatus 154

furtivus 194

impressus 154

mirus 194

quinquespinatus 194

Biaspidiotus (see Aspidiotus [Biaspidiotus]).

Biaspis atlantica 139

bromelix 102

cattleyx 158

gennadii 171

leperii 132, 166, 220

olex 156

pentagona 5, 52, 169, 178

Page.

Biaspis pyri 23, 169

santali 169

squamosus 166, 169

visci 25, 73,94, 139"

zamix 5, 162

Biastrombus politus 206

Biatrxa spp 203

canella 203

lineolata 203

saccharalis 6, 203

slriatalis 203, 208

Bichocrocis punctiferalis 24, 34, 51,

60,85,94,126,132,142,167

Bicranotropis vastatrix 206

Bictyophora sinica 190, 206

Biloba cxruleocephala 21, 179

Bindymus versicolor 17, 196

Binoderus brevis 33

distinctus 33, 143

minutus 31, 207

pilifrons 31

Bioryctria splendidella 76

Biostrombus politus 190

Biparopsis castanea 91

Biphucephala aurulenta 10

colaspidoides 172

Biploschema rotundicolle 59

Biplosis eucalypti 100

paralis 100

Biprion pallidus 70

pini 70

rufus 70

simile 6, 70

Biscophora celinde 208

Bistichocera macleayi 97

Bolopius marginatus 68, 153

Borytomns affinis 222

agnathus 222

dorsalis 222

maculatus 222

majalis 222

Boticus pestilans ' 24

Breata petola 208

Brepana cultraria 40

Breyfusia nuessUni 67

picex 67

Brosicha maskelli ; 102

Drugstore beetle (see Sitodrepa panicea).

Bryoccetes alni 12

nutocrapTius 69

hewetti 154

indicus 81

minor 193

villosus 54, 154

Bryophilus pusillus 79, 84

Buomitus ceramicus 212

Durra stem borer (see Sesamia cretica).

Bysdercus spp 86

andrex 86

annuliger 86

cardinalis 86

cingulatus : 86, 87

delauneyi 86

fasciatus 86

fernaldi 86

howardi 86

INSECT INDEX.

233

Dysdtrcus insularis 86

nigrofasciatus 86

paciftcus 86

ruficolUs 86

sanguinarius 86

sidx 86

superstitiosus 86

suturellus 5, 86

Earias chlorana 91,223

chromataria 91

fabia 91

gossypii 91

insulana 87

plaga 91

Early moth (see Hibernia rupicapraria).
East African cotton weevil (see Apion xan-
thostylum).

Echinocnemis squameus 191, 207

Ecihoea quadricornis 50

Eggplant fruit borer (see Leucinodes orbo-

nalis).
Egyptian cotton boll worm (see Earias insu-
lana).
cotton worm (see Prodenia litura).
Eight-toothed large spruce bark beetle (see
Ips typographus).

Elaphodes tigrinus 10

Elimsea chloris 205

Elm bark beetle (see Scolytus muUistriatus).
leaf beetle (see Oalerucella luteola).
sawfly (see Fenusa dohrnii).

Enarmonia pinicolana 67, 70

rufimitrana 77, 78

Entochira lateralis 198, 216

Entodecta pumila 47

Epacroniia tamulus 205

Epepeotes luscus 50, 146

Ephestia cautella 6, 163

elutella 76

kuehnieUa 6

Epiblema nigricana (see Eucosoma).
tedella (see Laspeyresia).

Epicauta rufidorsum 43, 184

sibirica 184

Epicoccus acacix 9

Epidiaspis piricola 5, 23, 24, 121, 166, 169

Epilachna spp ^ 92, 183

argus 92

chrysomelina 92

dodecastigma 92, 183

guitato-pustulata 183

28-maculata 183

S8-punctata -, . . . 92, 183

phyto 183

pusillanina 183

territa 183

Episomus albinus 207

Ereunetis flavistriata 34, 163, 171, 204, 208

muiriella 208

pilosala 208

Eriocampoides limacina 6

Eriococcus aceris 39, 147, 153

angulatus 25

araucarix 25

buxi 48

confusus 99

Eriococcus coriaceus 99, 131

crispus 102

crofti 99

eucalypti 99

fagicorticus 39

graminis 33

gregarius 99

i rregularis 99

lagerslrosmix 102

onuhi 33

pallidus 39

picta 99

raithbyi 39

serratilobis 99

simplex 99

spiniger 99

tepperi 99

tesselatus 99

Eriogaster lanestris 46, 141, 154, 181, 223

Eriophyes spp 172

avellanx 133

fraxini 26

goniothorax , 132

gossypii 86

Ixvis 11

laricis 82

macTochelus. 147

oleivorus 5, 65

padi 5, 172

phkeocoptes 5, 172

pini 70

psilaspis 223

pyri 5

quadrisetus 139

ribis 118,119

rudis 45

similis 172

tetanothrix 222

mix 141

tiliarius , 141

vermiformis 133

vitis ... 5, 127

Eriosoma laniiginosa 95

idmi 95

Ernobius abietinus ; 73

abietis , : 79

angusticollis .^ 79

longicornis 79

nigrinus 73

pini 73

Ernoporus caucasicus 141

fagi 40

tilix 141

Estigmena chinensis 33

Etiella zinckenella 165

Eubactrus sp 73

Eucalymnalus brunfelsix w 35

Eucanthus semiglauca ; 206

Euchelia jacobex 185

Euchirus madeayi 153

Euchloris submissaria 10

Eucosoma nigricana 77

paragramma 32

schistacea 208

Evdamus proteus 38

Eumenis strigatus 139, 157

234

INSECT INDEX.

Page.

Eumetopina krugeri 206

Euphilippia olivina 156

Eupleiis nigerrima 185

Euproctis chrtjsorrfuea 6,

40, 107, 132, 137, 148, 154, 181, 192, 223

divisa 212

flavata 208

fleiuosa 55

latifascia 212

minor 208

Eupteryx solani 184

European grain moth (see Tinea granella).

tlirips (see Haplothrips tri-
tici).
hop llea-beetle (see Psylliodes at-

tenuata).
pme-shoot moth (see Evetria buo-
liana).

Euncepes batalse 209

Euura ater 223

Euioa radians 185

segelis 91

gpinifera 216

Euzophera cedrella 52, 70

Evaspidiotus [see Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus)].

Evergestis extimalis 49, 87, 188

Evetria spp - - - - r 72

buoliana 6, 70, 72

comstockiana 72

duplana 6, 72

frmtrana 72

pinivorana 6, 72

resinella 72

rigidana 72

turionana 6, 72

Feathery-horned yellow-box borer (see Dis-
tichocera macleayi).

Feltia sp 6

Fenusa dohrnii ' 6

Fig branch borer (see Hylemnus porcatus).
moth (see Epheslia cautella).
stem-boring beetle (see Sinoxylon suda-

nicum).
tree borer (see Batoccra boisduvali).
Figiire-of-8-moth (see Diloba cxruleocephala).
Fiji fly (see Dacus passiflorx).

Filippia olex 156

Fiorinia acacix 9

hambume 32

diaspiformis 32

grossularisc 121

xignata 32

•stricta 158

tenuis 32

Ihex 156, 212

Fir bark tortricid (see Laspeyresia duplicann).

bud worm (see Eucosoma nigricana).
Flatheadod loaf-miner beetle (see Aphanis-
licli us CI) iiKa nguineus) .
wood borer (see Agrilus viridis).
Flax capsule worm (see Phalonia epiUnana).
Flea beetle (see Phyllotreta utra).

Flour beetles 122

Fluted scale (see Icerya purchasi).

Foiiicolombia fraxirii 2()

Page.
Forest defoliators (see .\Molontha meluhntha).

Frea maculicornis 63

marmorata 63

Frit fly (see Chlorops lineata; Oscinis frit).
Fruit tree bark beetle (see Scolytu.i rugulosus) .
borer (see Capnodis tenebrionis).

Furcaspls oceanica 158, 162

Galerucella luteola 6

tcnella 197

O-allobeUicus crassicornis 215

Gasterocercodes gossypii 91

Gastropacha quercifoUa 24, 111, 132, 170, 179, 223

Gastrophora henricaria 99

GazaUna apsara 154

Gelastorhinus esox 205

Gehchia atripliceUa 41

dodecella 70

gossypiella (see Pectinophora) .

inslahilella. 41

ocellatella 41, 42

Gelonxtha hirta 212

Geococcus radicum 146

Geoica lucifuga 207

Geonomus quadrinodosus 64

Giant sugar cane borer (see Castnia licvs).
Giffard fruit fly (see Ccratitis giffardi).

white fly (see Bemisia giffardi).
Gipsy moth (see Porthetria dispar).

Glenea novemguttata 50

Glyphina betulB 45

Gnathodus pallidulus 206

viridis 206

Gnorimoschema heliopa 215

Goat moth (see Cossus cassus).

Oonocephalum iniermedium 216

Gonoce phalum (Opatnim) acutangulum 207,216

pusillum 216

sabulosum 43, 73

Gooseberry moth (see Zophodia cnnvoIuteUa).

Gortyna flavago 185

ochracea 185

Gossyparia cavellii ?,&

■spuria 96

Gracillaria nyringella 2"

Grain fly (see Camarota flaritarsis).
Grape anomala (see Annmala vitis).

blister mite (see Eriophyes viti.i).
borers (see Vesperus spp.).
gim worm (see Sciopteron regale).
I)yralid (see Polychrnsis bntrana).
root weevils (see Brachyrhinus spp.).

worm (see Bromius spp.).
vine flalheaded borer (see Sinnjiihui

spp.l
worm (see C'lyniu ninbigutllii i.
OraplKilitha (see Laspeyresia spp.).
Grass army worm (see Spodnplera mnuritiu).
Gray Ijorei- of the sugar cane (see Laspeyresin
schi.ftnceana).
fruit tree bud moth (see Olethreutei'

vynnbatella).
larch moth (see Enarmonia pinicolana).
plum owlet moth (see Xylina nnii-
thopus).
Greasy cutworm (see Agrotis ypsilon).
Greit oak l)orer (see Ceramhyi cerdo).

INSECT INDEX.

235

Page.

Greedy scale (see Aspittiotuis cumtilix).
Green hanging moth of the apple (see Chnragiii
lignivora).
leaf weevil (see PhijllobiuK mn'-uli-

cnrnjs).
pn% moth (see Chlnrndynlix rectamm-

lata).
oak tortrix (see Tortrii riridana).

GTyllntalpa africana S9, 190, 205, 21o

yryllotalpa 43, 45, 215

vulgaris (see Oryllotnlpu (/ryllo-
talpa).

Oryllus melas 43

mitratus 205

Oueriniella serratulx 73, 94, 96, 130, 150

Gum tree bug (see Mictis profana).

Gunda sikkima 103

Gypsy moth (see PortMria di.spar).

Haiena secali.t 12(i

Halimococcus lampas 162

Haltica ampelophaga 128, 222

quercetomm 12, 39, 46, 134, 151, 192, 222

Haplothrips aculeaia 125

trilici 125

Harlequin fruit bug (see Dindymus versicolor).

Harpalus xneus ^1

ruficornis 196

Hawaiian beet webworm (see Hymenia fax-
cialis).
leaf bug (see Hyalopeplu.t pelluci-

dus).
sugar-cane borer (see Rhabdocnemix

obscurus).
sugar-cane leafroller (see Ornindes
accept a).
Hawthorne scale (see Lecanium bitubercula-

tum).
Hazelnut blister mites (see Eriophyes avella-
nx: Eriophyes vermiformis).

Hedotettlx arcuatus 205

Heilipus bonelli 101

lauri 30

Helinthripx rubrncinctuK : 5, 50,

63, 109, \m, 140, 146, 192, 21S

striatuptera 207

Hellula undalii 6, 186

Helopeltis antonii 50

theivora 50

Hemiberlesia (see Aspidiotu-s [Hemibfrlesia]).

HemichionnKpi" sp 11

na 102

minima 102

xcrobicularuin 32

Heviirhopula atrilineala 150

Hepialus humuli 85, 135, 1 85, 188

lupulinUK 185

Herse conrolvuli 210

Hespcria conjuncfa 208

philino.. 208

Hessian fly (see Phytophaga dextructnr).

Heterachthes xneolun 131

neterohostrichux xqualis 193, 194

pileatus 193

unicornis 33

Heleroplia varians 193

Fleternrhiiiii honkeri 10

Page.

Heterusia cingalu 212

Hibernia aurantiaria 10, 46, 132, 141 , 154, 181

dej[nliaria 24, 40,

46, 93, 106, 132, 137, 141, 149, 154, 181, 192

marginaria 40, 46, 132, 137, 141, 154, 181

rupicapraria 111,179

Hieroyly phus banian 190

Himatium asperum 193

Hispa xnescens 190

callicantha 190, 207

wakkeri 199

Holaniara picescens (see Entochira lateralis).

Holotrichin leucophthalma 207

vidua 207

Holzneria pnschingeri (.see Prociphilus hu-

melix).
Hop aphis (see Phnrodon humuli).

leaf miner (see Agromyza frontalis).
midge (see Cecidomyia humuli). ^

root borer (.see Hepialus humuli).

Hnplocampafulvicornis 24, 177, 178

rutilicornis 180

testudinea 22,23

Hoplocerambyx spinicornis 193

Hnrmomyia annulipes 40

fagi ^0

Hornet moths (see Trochilium spp.).
Horse-chestnut borer (see Zeuzera pyrina).

Hyalopeplus pellucidus 37

Hydrellia griseola 125

Hydracia micacea 185

Hylastes angustatus 74

ater V4

attenuattis 69

cunicularius 81

decumanus 69

himalayensis 69

lon-gifolia 74

opacus 74

Hylecatus dermestoides 39, 46, 79, 148, 153

Hylemyia antiqua 157

coarctata 124

Hylcsinus crenatus 27, 154

fraxini 27, 157

olex 157

oleipcrda 27

poTcatus 101

vestitus 157

Hylobius abietis 12, 40, 46, 68

fatuus 68

piceus 68

Hylotrupes bajulus 68

Hylurgops glabralus 81

palliatus 69

Hylurgus ligniperda 74

Hymenia fascialis 6, 42, 43

Hypena rosfralis 137

Hypera spp 61, 184

crinita 184

fasciculata 51

meles 6, 14, 61

miles 61

murina » 13, 61

nigrirostris 6, 61 , 158

ononidis 61 , 158

pastinncx tigrina 51

236

INSECT INDEX.

Page.

Hypera postica 6, 14, 15

punctata 6, 14, 51, 61

Togenhoferi 51

Tumicis 189

variabilis 38, 47, 61, 184, 185

Hypohnrus ficus 103

Hypceschrus indicus 193

Hypomeces curtus 63

unicolor 191, 207

Hyponomeuta evonymeila 48

malinellus 21, 180

padcllus 21, 180

padi 48

Hysipyla robusta 142, 218

leery a xgyptiaca 102

albolutea 94

maxima 102

minor 145

montserratensis 30, 35, 59, 131, 162, 192

* palmeri 102,130

purchasi 5

seychellarum. 59, 102, 131, 146, 162, 192, 206

Imported cabbage butterfly (see Pontia rapx)
maggot [see Chortophila
(Pegomya) brassicx].
clover weevil (see Miccotrogus pici-

rostris).
onion maggot (see Pegomya ccpe-
torum).

Ina ampelophaga 131

Incurvaria capitclta 121

Indian meal moth (see Plodia interpunctella).
tea geometrid (see Biston suppres-
sarius).

Inesida leprosa 163

Inglisia conch iformis 131

fagi 39

Ips aeuminatus 74

amitinus 69

blandfordi 74

cembrse 69

duplicatus 69

longifolia 74

mannsfeldi 74

ribbentropi 69

sexdentatus 69

stebbingi 52

typographus 66, 69

Island fruit fly (see Rioxa musx).

Isosoma noiiale 126

Itycorsia campestris 77

stellata 70

Janus compressus 169

cynosbati 154

fumipennis 47

luteipes 192

Japanese grain moth (see Melissoblaptes
gularis).
rose beetle (see Adoretus umbrosus).

Jassus sexnotatus 125

Java cinchona geometrid (see Boarmia
crepuscularia).

sugarcane grub beetle (see Apogonia
spp.).
June beetle (see Melolontha spp.)-

Page.
Juniper blister mite (see Eriophyes quadri-
setus).

Kakivoria flavofasciata 170

Kcrmes acacise 9

bacciformis 153

ballotx 153

cordiformis 153

gibbosus 153

ilicis 153

pallidus 153

Toboris 153

vermilio 153

Kirbya pagana 206

Kuwania parva 178

Lachnosterna (see Phyllophaga).

Lachnus agilis 72

fasciatus 81

grossus 78, 81

laricis 84

nudus 72

picex 78,81

pichtx 78

pini 72

pinicola 81

txniattis 72

tomentosus 72

viminalis 222

Lackey motli (see Malacosoma ncustria).

Lacon sp. near davidi 81

murinus 43, 153, 184

shirakii 207

Lxlia costalis 20S

subrufa 208

Lxmophlceus testaceus 193

Lxmotmetus rhizopliagoides 190

Lagosinia strachani 94

Lamia textor 181, 222

Lampra assamensis 103

decipiens 96

ruHlans 12, 96, 141

undatus 141

Laphygma exigua ( Caradrina) 6, 14, 210

reclusa 210, 216

Lappet moth (see Gastropacha quercifolia).
Larch blister mite (see Eriophyes laricis).

bud-gall midge (see Dasynexira laricis).
gall moth (see Laspeyresia zebeana).
needle miner (see Colcophora laricella).
sawfly (see Nematus crichsoni).
shoot moth (see Argyresthia Ixviga-

tella).
spinner (see Dendrolimus sibiiicus).
tussock moth (see Dasychira selenitica).

Larentia dilutata 12, 40, 46, 96, 154, 223

nebulata 46

Large Australian fruit fly (see Dacus xqualis).
bast beetle (see Dendroctonus micans).
pith borer [see Tomicus ( Myelophilus)

piniperda].
pear psylla (see Psylla pyrisuga).

Lasiocampa guercus 75, 154

trifolii 60

Lasioderma serricorne G

Lasioptera ccrealis 124

miscella 100

INSECT INDEX.

237

Page.

Laspeyresia spp 165

amplana 134,220

coniferaiia 79

dorsana 165

duplicana 67, 140

/unebTana 176

glycinivorella 196

grossana 38, 54, 134, 154, 196, 220

nebritana 165, 196

nigricana 6, 165

pactolana 79, 80

pomonella 6

proximana 79

■prunivorana 179

schisiaceana 204

splendana 53, 54, 154, 220

strohildla 80

tedella 80,81

woeberiana 176

zebeana '. 83

Latheticus oryzx . .-. 122

Leaf hispa (see Brontispafroggatti).
Leather beetle (see Dermestes spp).

Lecaniodiaspis acaeise 9

africana 9, 102

convexus 98

dilatata 9

frenchi 98

newmanni 98

sardoa 192

Lecanmm aceris 147

arion 25

bituberculatum 5, 23, 132, 169

caprex , 11, 23, 169

catori 140

caudatus 63

cerasi 178

cerasorum 178

ciliatum 45, 48, 153, 181, 222

corni 11

coryli. ... 11, 24, 45, 9.5, 96, 121, 132, 134, 137,
138, 141 , 147, 153, 169, 178, 181, 186, 220, 222

glandi 23, 169

guerinii 206

krugeri 206

kunoensis 24, 166, 169

perornatum 191

perskx 23, 130, 166, 186

prunastri 24, 179

pseudexpansum 162

pulchrum 45, 53, 134, 137, 1.53, 191

pyri 23

rehi 121

rubi 121

rugosum 23, 166, 169, 179, 186

sericeum 79

lilix 169

varicgatum 23

I'ini 23, 24, 130, 166, 169

Leiomcrus granicollis 51

Lema cyanella 122

flavipes 191

melanopus 122

I/emon caterpillar (see Papilio demoleus).

silver mite (soe Krinphycn olcivorns).

Lepidiota bimaculata 193

Lepidosaphes abietis 79

acacix 9

bambusicola 32

beckii 5

cocculi 158

corrugata 63

duponli 162

ficifolii 102

fi£us 5

juniperi 139

longula 30

mcgregori 162

mexicana 102

minima 102

newsteadi 73

olivina 156

pallida 158

pinnxformis 59

somalensis 9

spinifera 9

ulmi 5

unicolor 162

Leptocorisa varicornis 190, 207

Leptodictya tabida 207

Leptoglossus spp 97

Leptops hopei 17, 18, 170, 179

tribulus 10

Leptostylus prxmorsus 56

Leptura rubriola 81

Lesser grain borer (see Rhizoperiha dominica).

Leucania loreyi 208

unipuncta (see Cirphis).

Leucaspis bambusx 32

indica 5, 146

japonica 5, 23, 32, 192

Icewi 73

pini 73

pistacix 171

pusilla 73

riccx 156

signoreti 73

Leucinodes orbonalis 95

Leucodiaspis cockerelli 44, 162

Leucoma diaphana 194

Leucophlebia lineata 208

Leucoptera coffeella 62

Leucotermes lucifugus 7

Levuana iridescens 159, 163

Liberian sweet-potato borer (see Cylas bruv'
neus).

Liclitensia eatoni 156

lutea 102

viburni 219

Light-brown apple moth (see Tortrix ash-
worthana).

Ligyrus rugiceps 207

Limnophilus flavicornis 220

Limothrips denticornis 125

Limonius xruginosus 153

Lineodes ochracea 185

Liogryllus bimaculatus 205

formosanus 205

Liopus nebulosus 23, 25, 16S. 179

Liparus coronatus 44, 51

238

INSECT INDEX.

Pane.
Lita (see Gelechia).
Little bollworm (see Pymderces simplex).

Lixus ascanii 44

vetula 207

Lochmsea caprex 46

Locusta viridisshna 215

Lonchxa gplendida 95, 185, 217

Longheaded flour beetle (see Latheticus ory-
zx).

Lophocatercs {Ostoma) pusillus 122

Lophodes sinistraria 10, 25

Lophostcrnus hugeli 153

Lucem moth of New South Wales (see Tortrix
divulsana).

Ludius sutural's 207

Luperus pinicola , 73

Lycxna bxtica 37

Lyctus brunneus 188

linearis 153

spinifrons 33, 218

Lygxonematus ambiguus 82

pint 82

saxeseni 82

Lygesis mendica 10

Lygus oryzx 190, 207

pratensis 5

sacchari 207

Lymantria brittata 194

grandis 194

lipcha 194

monacha 40, 47, 48, 70,

108, 134, 137, 141, 148, 149, 154, 181, 223

Lymexylon navale 153

Lytta vesicatoria 26

MachxTota planitix 90

Macrophya punctum^album 27, 133, 154

Mdcrosiphum fragarix 196

fragariellum 196

pisi 5, 165

rogersii 196

MacTothylacia rubi 47

Magdalis spp 65

armigera 173

atenima 96

barbicornis 17, 132, 149, 187

carbonaria 45,134,179,220

cerasi 23, 132, 170, 179

duplicata 65

memnonia 65

phlegrnatica 65

pruni 23,132, 179, 187

rufa 65

violacea 65

Magpie moth (see Abraxas grossulariata) .

Malacosoma neustria 40, 46, 106, 154, 181, 192, 223

Mamestra aibicolor 216

brassicx 44, 50, 141, 216

dissimilis 44

oleracea 29, 44. 50

Mandarin fruit fly (see Dacus ornatissimus).
Mango bark borer (see Plocxderus ruficornis).
borer (see Batocera titana; Dinoderus

distinctus).
fruit fly (see Dacus ferrugineus).
scale (see Coccus man^i/erae; Leucaapis
indica).

Page.
Mango shoot psylla (see Psylla cistellata).

weevil (see Sternochctus mangilerx).
March moth (see Anisopteryx xscularia). .

Margarodes formicarum 206

Marguerite fly (see Phytomyza affinis).

Maruca testulalis 37

Massicus unicolor 153

Masters' gum borer (see Trypocharia mas-

tersi).
Mauritius fruit fly (see Ceratitis catoirei).

Mayetiola avenae 124

destructor (see Phytophaga).

Mecopoda elongata 205

Mediterranean flour moth (see Ephestia kueh-
niclla).
fruit fly (see Ceratitis capitata).

Megastigmus brevicaudus 149

borricsi 79

strobilobius 70

Meges marmoratus 153

Melanimon tibiale 74

Melanitis leda 208

MelanopMla picta 181

Melasorrta xnea 12, 46

populi 222

Meligethes xneus 188,218

Melissoblaptes gularis 191

Melobasis splendida 10

Melolontha castanipes 215

hippocastani 10, 12, 26, 39, 46, 54, 73,

96, 137, 138, 141, 148, 149, 153, 171, 181, 222

melolontha 10, 12, 26, 39, 46, .54 , 73 , 96,

104, 137, 138, 141, 148, 149, 153, 171, 181, 222

niger 215

rufipes 215

tenebrosus 215

vulgaris 43, 104, 215

Melon aphis (see Aphis gassy pii).

fmit fly (see Carpomyia pardalina).
weevil (see Boris trxgardhi).

Menida histrio 207

Merodoii clavipes 150

equestris 150

Mesites aquitanus 74

Metallic tomato fly (see ioTwftaso splendida).

Metallites atomarius 68

iris 46, 154

laricis 68

mollis 68

Metamasius hemipterus 200

ritchiei 171

sericeus 200

Metanastria hyrtaca 55

Mexican bean weevil (see Spermophagus pec-
toralis).
fruit fly (see Anastrepha ludens).
grain beetle (see Pharaxontha kir-
schi).

Miccotrogus picirostris 61

Micromima olivia 95, 216, 217

Mictis prof ana 97

Millet stalk worm (see Pyrausta nubilalis).

Mindarus abietinus 67

Mites (see Acarina).

Mnesampela privata 99

Moecha adusta 50, 195

INSECT INDEX.

239

Page.

Moecha buttneri 63

violator 63

Mogannia hebes ^ 207

Mole crickets (see Oryllotalpa spp.; Schizodac-
tylus spp.).

Molorchus minor 79

Monarthropalpus buxi 48

Monoctenus juniperi 134

Monohammus fistulator 50, 63

galloprovincitilis 73

ruspator 50

sartor 68

Monolcpta nigrobilineata 207

Monophlebus stebbingi octocaudata 102

Moon-flecked moth (see Phalera bucephala).

spot moth (see Phalera bucephala).
Morganella [see Aspidiotus ( Morganella)].
Mottled umber moth (see Hibernia defoliaria).

Mudaria cornifrons 194

Mycalesis mineus 208

Myelophilus [see Tomicus ( Myelophilus)].

Myllocerus acacise 10

brunneus 207

carinirostris 212

discolor variegatus 212

guttulus 207

viridanus 212

Mylabris sp.: 6,35

afflnis 36

atomarius 36

lentis 6,36,165

loti 36

pallidicornis 36, 165

pisorum 6, 36, 165

rufimanus 6, 36, 165

Myzus persicx 5

Nacerdes melanura 213

Nanophyes tamaricis 211

Narcissus fly (see Merodon spp.)-
Natal fruit fly (see Ceratitis rubivora).

NecTobia rufipes 5

Needle-nose hopbug (see Calocoris fulvomacu-
latus).

Nematus erichsoni 6

( Croesus) septentrionalis 13, 47, 149, 182

Neolecanium plebeium 102

silveirai 130

Neomaskellia bergii 207

Nephopteryx rubrizonella 168

sagittiferella 57

Nephotettix apicalis 190, 206

Nepticula sericopeza 148

Nesosydne ipomceicola 210

Nezara viridula 207,215

Nicertoides saccharivora 206

Nidularia pulvinata 153

Nigeria fruit fly (see Ceratitis nigerrima).

Nirvana pallida 206

suturalis 206

Nisia atrovenosa 190, 206

Nitocris usambica 63

Nodostoma lateralis 207

Nola metallopa 99

Nonagria exitiosa 208

inferens , 191, 208

uniformis 123, 208

Page.
Northern mango weevil (see Sternochetus gra-
vis).
peach moth (see Conogethes puncti-
feralis).

Nothorhina muricata 73

Notocelia roborana 47, 121, 154, 192

Nim math (see Lymantria monacha) .
Nut fruit tortrix (see Laspeyresia splendaitw).
tortrix (see Laspeyresia amplana).
weevil (see Curculio nucum).

Nymphula depunctalis 191

fluctuosalis 191

Nysius minor 215

vinitor 109, 125, 130, 166, 179

Oak bud moth (see Coleophora lutipennella).
flea beetle (see Haltica quercetornm).
procession moth (see Cnethocampa pro-
cessiona).
scales (see Asterolecanium variolosum).
Oat gall midge (see Mayetiola avenx).

Oberea linearis 12, 96, 133, 134, 220

oculata 222

Oblong leaf weevil (see Phyllobius oblongus).

Ochsenheimeria taurella 123

Ocinara dilectula 103

lewinii 99

signifera 103

Ocneria detrita 154

Ocnerostoma piniariella 76

Ocrophara montana 33

Odonaspis [see Aspidiotus (Odonaspis)].

Odonestis australasix 24, 100

plagifera 55

pruni 112

(Ecanthus indicus 205

Qi:cophora oliviella 157

CEdaleus infernalis 205

nigrofasciatus 205

Olenecamptus bilobus 103

Olethreutes cynobatella 113

hercyniana 79

pruniana 177

variegana 179

Oliarus oryzx 206

Olive fly (see Dacus olese).

moth (see Prays oleellus).

white fly (see Aleurolobus olivinus).

Omiodes accepta 203

Omphisa anastomosalis 209

Oncopeltus guadriguttatus 90

Onion fly (see Eumerus strigatus),

maggot (see Hylemyia antiqua).
thrips (see Thrips tabaci).
Opairum [see Gonocephalum (Opatrum)].

Ophonus pubescens 81

Ophthalmodes cretacea 212

Opisthoscelis conica 99

fibularis 99

globosa 99

maculata 99

mammularis 99

maskelli 99

nigra. 99

pisiformis 99

serrata 99

spinosa 99

240

INSECT INDEX.

Pai;e.

Opisthoscelis subrotunda 99

verrucula 99

Opogonia apicalis 208

aurisqvamosa 208

dimidiatella 208

fumiceps 208

saccharella 208

Opomysa florum 126

Orange rust mite (see Eriophyes oleivorus).

Orchestes alni 12,96

decoratm 222

fagi 40

ferrxLgineus 96

populi 181,222

rufus 96

salkis 181

testaceus scutellaris 12

Oregma lanigera 207

Orgyia antiqiia 70, 149, 223

gonostigma 112

postka 64, 212

Oria musculosa 126

Orthezia insignis 59, 212

prxlonga 59

Ortheziola fodkns 63

OrOiorrhinus cylindrirostTis 60

kluggi 131

Orthotomkus erosus .' 74

larkis 69

longkollis 74

proximus 69

suturalis 69

Oryctes rhinoceros 160, 207

Oscinkfrit 125

pusilla (see Oscinu frit).
Ostoma [see Lophocateres (Ostoma)].
Otiorhynchus (see Brachyrhinus).

Oxya annulicornis 205

irUrkaUi 190, 205

velox 190,205

Oxycarenus dudgeoni 90

gossipinus 90

hyalinipennis 90

Ixtus 90

Oxythrips binervis 207

Oxythyrea funesta 216

Oyster-shell scale (see Lepidosaphes idmi).

Pachnxus azurescens 63

litus 63

Pachydissus serious 10

Pachymerus chinensis 6, 36, 37, 165

quadrimaculatus 6, 36, 37, 165

PachyrMna crocata 70

maculata 44

Pachytus sulcicollis 215

Pachtylus migrator iodes 205

migratorius 26

Pachyzamla phxopteralis 185

Painted apple moth (see Teia anartoides).

Palxococcus fuscipennis 73, 147, 153

rosx 130

Palembus ocularis 210

Palm weevil (see Rliynchophorus palmarum).

Pamphila dara 208

Pamphilius flaviventris 169, 180

Page.

Panolis griseovariegata 71

Papaya fruit fly (see Toxotrypana curvicatida).

Papilio demoleus : 67

idxus 60

Paralecanium cocophyllx 162

expansum 102

geometricum 35

Paralipsa modesta 191

Paraphrus granulosus 153

Parasa lepida 64

Paratettix gracilis 205

singularis 205

Parlntoria affinis 23, 26, 156, 166

blanchardii 162

calianthina . . 23, 24,35, 59, 156, 166, 169, 192

cinerea 69

greeni 162

myrtus 219

mytilaspiformis 158, 162

proteus 5, 158, 162

virescens 192

pseudaspidiotus 5, 146, 158

pyri 23,169

sinensis 69

ziziphus 5, 59, 131

Parnara rnathias 191, 208

Paropsis pkea 10

Parthenothrips (?) kobusi 207

Pea aphis (see Macrosiphum pisi.).
midge (see Contarinia pisi),
moths (see Laspeyresia spp.)-
pod borer (see Etiella zinckenella).
weevils [see Mylabris (^Bruchus) spp.].
Peach fruit fly (see Dacus persicx).
Pear borer (see Agrilus sinuatus).

fruit borer (see Nephopteryx rubrizonella) .
gall midge (see Contarinia pyrivora).
leaf blister mite (see Eriophyes pyri).

curling midge (see Dasyneura pyri).
scale (see Aspidiotus ostrexformis).
thrips (see Txniothrips pyri).
tingis (see Stephanitis pyri).
tree psylla (see Psylla pyricola).

Pectinophora gossypiella 88

Pedinus femoralis 43, 216

Pegomya [see Chortophila (Pegomya) spp.].

Peltophora pedicillata 103, 172

Pemphigus bursarius 181

ftlaginis 181

immunis 181

marsupialis (see P. ftlaginis).

jMpceus 181

vesicalk 181

Pentodon punctatus 216

Perak pomelo moth (see Nephopteryx sagitti-
ferella).

Peridroma sp 6

Periscopus mundulus 207

Perkin-siella spp 206

amboinensis 206

bicoloris 206

graminicola 206

lalokensis 206

pallidula 206

papumsis 206

INSECT INDEX.

241

PerkinsieUa rattlei 206

Sdccharicida 198, 206

sinensis 206

variegata 206

vastatrix 206

vitiensis 206

Peronea ferrugami ; 12, 40, 47

Persectania evengi 185

Peruvian cotton- square weevil (see Antho-
nomus vestitus).
fruit fly (see Anastrepha peruviana).
potato weevil (see Trypopremnon
latithorax; Premnotrypes solani).

PelTognatha gigas spinosa 103

Phssnops cyanea 73

Phalera hucephala 12, 40, 47, 96, 108, 134, 192

combusta (see Anticyra).

Phalonia epilinana 104

Phaonia trimaculata 49

Pharaxonotha kirschi 122

Phenacaspis [see Chinaspis (Phenacaspis)].

Phenacoccus aceris 11, 134, 222

iceryoides 146

mangiferse 146

pergandei 170

pieex 81

socius 121

Phenacoleachia zealandica 39

Phenice maculosa 206

moesta 206

Philephedra theobromx 50

Philippine orange moth (see Prays citri').

Phissama interrupta 208

Phlseoba infumata 205

PhloeophthoTUS spinulosus 81

rhododactylus 81

Phlaosinus thujx 25, 140

zhobi 74

Phlaothrips lucasseni 207

olex 156

pallidicornis 207

Phlceotribus caucasicus 27

olex 157

Phlyctxnia despecta 210

ferrugalis 6, 44

Phanicococcus marlatti 162

Phoracantha recurva 97

tricuspis 97

Phorbia . vicina [see Chortophila {Pegomya)
hyoscyami].

Phorodon humuli 5

Phosphuga atrata 43

Phryneta caeca 195

conradti 103

hecphora : 195

spinator 103

Phthorimxa operculella 216, 217

Phycita abietella.. 52, 70

infusella 91

Phylaitis sp 91

Phylan gibbus 73, 153

Phyllaphis fagi 39

Phyllobius argentatus 39, 46

betulx 46

macuUcornis 17, 46

27812—18 16

Page.

Phyllobius oblongus 110

pyri 46

sinuatus 46

urticx 39

viridicollis 39

Phyllocnistis citrella 58

Phyllodecta spp 221

tibialis 221

vitelUnx 6,181,221

vulgatissima 221

Phyllognathus dionysius 190

Phyllopertha horticola 109

Phyllophaga clypealis 193

problematica 193

Phyllotoma vagans 13

Phyllotreta spp 91

armoracix ' 6, 91, 138

atra 44, 91, 138

cruciferx 4 1, 91

nemorum 44,91, 137, 189

nigripes 44, 91, 13g

undulata 91

vittata 6

vittula 44, 126, 187

Phymatodes lividus 138, 153, 222

testaceus 153

Physdkermes picex 81

Physopus sexnotatus 207

Phytalus smithi 199

Phytocoris pabulinus 184

Phytomyza affinis 51, 53, 164, 165, 215

nigricornis (see P. affinis).
Phytonomus (see Hypera).

Pliytophaga destructor 7, 124

Phytoscaphus formosanus 207

Piesarthrius marginellus 10

Pieris monuste 49

Pigmy mangold beetle (see Atomaria linearis).

Pileus liyalinatus 10

Pine bark beetle (see Xylotrechus quadripes).
bud and gall moths (see Evetria spp.)-

moth (see Gelechia dodecella).
gall mite (see Eriophyes pint).
geometrid (see Bupalus piniarius).
needle midge (see Thecodiplosis brachyn-

tera).
noctuid (see Panolis griseovariegata).
procession moths (see Cnethocampa

spp.).
shoot moth (see Evetria buoliana).
spinner (see Dendrolinus pini).

Pineus orientalis 67

pini 67

sibiricus 67

strobi 67

Pink bollworm (see Pectin^phora gossypiella).

Pinnaspis bambusx 32

buxi 5, 44, 162

longula 158

rhombica 30

Pionea ferrugalis 53, 93, 141, 164, 192

forficalis 53, 138

Pissodes harcynix 68

notatus 6^

picex 68

242

INSECT INDEX.

Page.

Pissodes pini 68

piniphilus 68

Pitchy-legged weevil (see Brachyrhinus

picipes).
Pith moths (see Blaslodacna spp.).

PHyogenes bidentatus 09

bistridentatus 69

chalcographtis 69

coniferx 52, 69

lipperti 74

pilidens 69

quadridens 69

trcpanatus 74

PUyokteines curvidens 69

spinidens 79

vorontzowi 79

PityophthoTus exculptus 81

glabratus 75

Ikhtensteini 75

micrographus 69

sampsoni 74

Plantia affinis 190

Plateros dispallens 212

Platinglisia noacki 35

Platyparxa pceciloptera 29

Platypus biformis 75

cupulatus 218

curtus 194

eylindrus 154

talurx 194

Plecoptera reflexa 195

Plemeliella abietina 78

Plocxderus obesus 193

ruficornis 143

Plodia interpunctella 6

Plum blister mites (see Eriophyes spp.).
borer (see (Rhyachites cupreus).
bud moth (see Olethreutes pruniana).
fruit sawfly (see Hoplocampa fulvi-

cornis).
leaf sawfly (see Priophorus padi).
stem piercer (see Magdalis armigera).
psylla (see Psylla pruni).
sawfly (see Eriocampoides Umacina).

Plusia argentifera 216

chalcites 210

gamma 6, 44, 216

■nigrisigna 14

Plutella maculipennis 6, 49

Podisma alpina 11

Podontia H-punctata 103

Pcecilonota rut Hans (see Lampra).

variolosa 181, 222

Pogonochxrus fasciculatus 68

Poliaspis cycadis 162

pini..., 73 , 79

Pollinia pollini 156

Polychrosis botrana 130, 131

Polydrusus cervinus 39, 46

chxrodrysius 73

chrysomela 39

griseomaculatus 39

» intermedins 46,73

lateralis 39

micans 39

mollis 39

Page.

Polydrusus picus 3d

planifrons 46

sericeus 6, 39

undatus 46, 73

villosulus 73

viridicollis. . ._. 6, 39

Polygmphus atcrrimus 52

grandiclava 75

himalaycnsis 75

longifolia 75

major 52, 69

nigra 75

pini 69

polygraphus 69

subopacus 70

frenchi 75

Polyocha saccharella 204

Polyphylla fullo 10, 39, 46, 73

Pontania salicis 223

Pontia rapx 6

Poplar borers (see Saperda spp.).

curculio (see Cryptorhynchus lapathi).

Porricondyla cerealis 124

gossypii 89

Porter's white fly (see Aleurofhrixus porteri).

Porthesia similis 40, 47, 108,

137, 141, 148, 149, 154, 181, 223

virguncula 91

Porthetria dispar 6, 12, 40, 47,

107, 137, 141, 148, 154, 181, 223
Potato lady-bird beetle (see Epilachna spp.).
root mite (see Rhizoglyphus echinopus).

Praonetha melanura 50, 63

Prays citri 57

curtisellus .' 27

oleellus 155

Premnotrypes solani 184

Prionus corpulentus 153

Priophorus padi 47, 133, 149, 170, 177, 179

Prociphilus bunielix 26, 78

Procodeca adara 208

Prodenia litura 14, 91, 191, 216, 217

Promecotheca cumingii 160

reichei 160

Prosternon holosericeus 153

Protodiaspis anomala 9

Psalis securis 208

Psallidium maiillosum 44

Psammacus trimaculatus 33

Pseudaonidia [see Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia)].
Pseudischnaspis[see Aspidiotus {Pscudischnas-
pis)].

Pseudoclavellaria amerinx 182, 223

Pseudococcus acacix 9

albizzix 10

ananassx 171

arecx 121

aurilanatus 25

boninstis 206

brevipes 171

bromelix 94, 171, 206

calceolarix 206

citri 59

cocotis 163

coffex 63

dubia 163

INSECT INDEX.

243

Page.

Pseudococcus farnesianx 10

ftcus 102

filamentosus 10, 59, 130

glaucus 23, 158

grandis ' 131

grassi 34

glaucus 158

indicus 35

laurinus 35

lobulatus 99

nitidus 10

pandani 163

pini 73

quxsitus 10

sacchari 206

saccharifoUi 206

setosus 102

solitarius 10

subterraneus 130

swezeyi 10

texensis 5, 206

viburni 219

virgatus 30, 63, 102, 131, 163

vitis 130

vovx 139

Pseudocolaspis indica 54

Pseudokermes nitcns 131

Pseudoparlatoria ostriata 163

parlatorioides 30, 166

Pseudotargionia glandulosa 9

Psiloptera fastuosa 212

viridans 193, 218

Psyche spp 211

albipes 211

assamica 211

viciella 197

Psylla alni 11

cistellata 143

■mali 16

pruni 172

pyricola 5

pyrisuga 167

Psylliodes altenuata 44, 135

chrysocephala 44, 49, 188

napi 49, 188

Pteleobius kraatzi 96

vittatus 96

Pterochlorus exsiccator 39, 152

Pteronidea solids , 223

ribesii 6

Pterostichus lepidus 81

vulgaris 196

Ptilinus fuscus 181, 222

pectinicornis 12, 39, 137, 148, 153, 222

Ptyelus costalis 190, 206

Pulvinaria aurantii 59

betulx .... 39, 45, 132, 134, 137, 179, 181 , 222

alni 11

camelicola 63

cellulosa 59

cupanix 131

ficus 63, 102, 131, 146

floccifera 158

iceryi 206

jacksoni 102

mammex 30,63, 102, 146

Page.

Pulvinaria plana 35

sericea 153

simulans 30

thex 212

vinifera 130

Purple scale of the orange (see Lepidosaphes
beckii).

Purpuriscenus wachanrui 181

Puto antennata 73

Pyralid of the vine (see Polychrosis botrana).

Pyrausta nubilalis 85, 123, 135, 137

Pyrilla aberrans 206

Pyroderces simplex 88

Pyrrhidium sanguineum 153

Pyrrhocoris apterus 141

Queensland fruit fly (see Batrocera tryoni).
Quince borer (sec Cossus tristis).

Racilia okinairensis 190, 205

Radish fly (see A nthomyia radicum).
Rape flea-beetle (see Psylliodes spp).

seed worm (see Evergestis extimalis).
Rarotonga fruit fly (see Dacus rarotongx).
Red-banded thrips (see HeUothrips rubro-
cincius).
coffee borer (see Zeuzera coffex).
gooseberry mite (see Bryobia ribis).
gum-tree weevil (see Strongylorhinus och-

raceus).
-headed fu" worm (see Enarmonia rufimi-

trana).
-legged ham beetle (see Necrobia rufipcs).
maggot of cotton (see Porricondyla gos-

sypii).
palm weevil (see Rhynchophorus ferru-

gineus).
plum maggot (see Laspeyresia fune-

brana).
spider (see Tetranychus spp.).
tail moth (see Dasychira pudibunda).

Remigia frugalis 208

Reseliella picex 81

Rhabdocnemis obscurus 34, 163, 201

Rhabdophaga spp 222

nielsonii 222

saliciperda 182, 222

salicis 222

Rhadinoscopus nociturnus 64

Rhagium mordax 46

Rhagoletis pardalina 93

Rhigopsidius tucumanus 183

Rhinaria perdix 47, 197

Rhinoceros beetle (see Oryctes rhinoceros).

Rhinomacer attclaboides 73

Rhinotia hxmoptera 10

Rhizococcus iniermedius 39

lobatulatus 10

pulchellus 39

totarx 39

Rhizoecus eloti 63

falcifer 130, 163, 192

(?) terrestris 163

Rhizoglyphus ( Coepophagus) echinopus 5,

158, 164, 183

Rhizopertha collaris 17

dominica 6

Rhizotrogus xquinoctialis 43

244

INSECT INDEX.

Page.

Rhopalopm insubricus 148

Rhynchites alni 39

belulx 12, 39, 46

cceTuleus 173

cupreus 173, 174

Rhyncolus ater 68

Bhyncolus cylindricus 68

elongatus 68

himalayensis 52, 68

iignyarius 40, 68

porcatus 68

strangulatus 68

truncorum 40, 68

Rhynchophoru.1 ferrugineus 161

palmarum 161, 207

signatkollis (see Rhyncho-
phoTUs ferrugineus).

Ricania txniata 206

Rice bug (see Lepocorisa varicornis).

flea-beetle (see Chxtocnema basalis).
leaf-beetle (see Hispa asnescens).

hopper (see Tettigoniella spectra).
skipper (see Parnara mathias).
stem borer (see Chilo auricilia; Schoeno-
bius bipunctifer).

Rioxa musx 34, 118

Ripersia fagi 39

palmarum -. 163

sacchari 206

Riptortus fuscus 207

Rose sawfly (seeCaliroaaethiops; Cladius pecti-
nicornis).
scale (see Leucaspis japonica).

Rosenbergia megacephala 103

Rosy rustic (see Hydroecia micxa).

Rust-red flour beetle (see Tribolium ferrugi-

neum).
Rutherglen bug (see Nysius vinitor).
Rye midge (see Lasioptera cerealis).

stem borer (see Ochsenheimeria taurella).

Sacadodcs pyralis 91

Sago palm scale (see Diaspis zamise.).

Sahlbcrgella singularis 50

SaUsetia discoideK 131

miriftca 10

nigra 63,94, 102

olex 5

psidii 131, 146

punctilifera 146

San Jose scale (see A.ipidlotes perniciosus) .

Sapfrda spp 180

carcharias 6, 180, 181, 222

populnea 180, 181, 182, 222

scalar is 23,39, 179, 180, 181, 220

Sawfl}^ (see Macrophya punctum-album) .
Saw-toothe:i grain beetle (see Silvanus surina-
mensis).

Scale insects ( see Cocci isE) 7

Scapteriscus didactylus 49

Scelodnota strigicollis 128

Schistoceros anobioidcs 193

Schizaspis lobata 102

Schizodactylus monstrosus 89, 90, 215

Schanobius bipunctifer 189

Scioptcron regale 129

tabaniformis •. i,.» . i . . _, . 181

Scirpupliaga auriflua 208

chysorrhoea 208

Page.

Scirpophaga intacta 208

monostigma 208

Scolytochelus ensifer 96

Scolytochelus kirschi 96

multistriatus 27

Scolytoplatypus darjeelingi 154

himalayensis 79

Scolytus aceris 148

! amygdali 25,167

assimilis 174

carpini 137

dcodara 52

intricatus 40, 154

; Issvis 96

I major 52

mali 24,54,96,149,179

minor 52

i multistriatus 96

pruni 24, 170, 174

pygmxus 96

ratzcburgi 46

rugulosus 6, 46, 149

scolytus 27,96

Scopelosoma satellilia 40

j Scotinophora tarsalis 207

j Seei-com maggot [see Chortophila (Pegomya)
fusciceps].

Selatosomus seneus ■ 68, 153

I Selidosema eicursaria 10

lyciaria 10

: Semiothisa liturata 75

! Serenthia formosana 207

j Serica assamensis 193 '

Serropalpus barbatus 67

Sesamia crctica 85, 196, 203

nonagrioides 208

Sesia conopiformis 154

culiciformis 12

formicxformis 223

myopxformis 21, 25

scolixformis 47

spheciformis 12,27,47

j vcspiformis 154

Setenis indosinica 73

! Ixvis 193

semiopaca 68

semivalga 193

Shallot fly (see Chortophila cilicrura).
I She-oak root-borer (see Stigmodera heros).
j Shot-hole borer ol tea (see Xyleborus fornica-
\ tus).

I Siamese grain beetle [see Lophocateres (Osto-
j ina) pusillus].
Silky oak weevil borer (see Msiotes notabilis).

Silpha obscura 43

; Silvanus advena 212

surinamcnsis o

Sinoxyhm anaie 33, 148, 193, 218

crassum 148, 193, 21S

perforans 96, 127, 138, 153

scxdentatum 127

xudanicum 100

Siplwndla pumilionis 85

Serf I gigas 70

imperialis H2

juveneus 70

spectrum 70, 82

Sitodrepa panicea 6

INSECT INDEX.

245

Sitona spp 60

flavescens 6,38,60,165

Mspidula 6, 60, 165

Uneata 38,60,165

Unneellus 60

meliloti 61

sulcifrons 61

SitolToga cerealella 6

Smaller bamboo shot-hole borer (see Dino-
derus minutus).

Smynthurus sp 14

Social pear sawfly (see PamphiUus flaviven-
tris).

Solenococcus fagi 39

muratx 130, 219

South Sea guava fruit fly (see Dacus psidii).
Soy bean moth (see Laspeyre.iia glychnvorella).

Spermophagus pectoralis 36

Sphserococcus acacix 10

Sphierotrypes assamensis 193

globulus 193

siwalikensis 193

Sphenophorus sordidus (see Coxinopolites).

Sphenoptera aterrima 52

gossypii 90

lafertei 52

veglecta 90

Spilosoma fuscinula 99

Spinach aphis ( Myzus persicx).

leaf miner (see Pcgoniya hyoscyami).
Spined log beetle (see Xemicnema spinipes

auslralix).
Spiny citrus white fly (see Almrocanthiis
tvoglurni).

Spodoptera mauritia 8, 191, 210, 216

pecten 208

Spruce bark tortricid (see Laspeyresia pac-
tolana).
borer (see Tetrupinum castaneum).
cone moth (see Laspeyrrsia strobilella).
gall midge (see Dasyncura picese).
nest worm (see Laspeyresia tedella).
wood -wasp (see Sirex spectrum).

Stauropus alternus 51,64, 146, 212

Steganoptycha (see Enarmoniarufimitrana).

Steirastoma depressum 50

StenobothuTus formosanus 205

StenocranuK mccharivora 198

sacchari 206

Stenothrips (?) zehntneri 207

Stephanitis pyri 167, 168

Sternochetus gravis 143, 144

mangiferse 144, 145

Sternotomis bohemani 10

imperialis ' 63

regalis 63

Stigmodcra heros 97

Stilpnotia salicis 181, 223

Stomaphis longirosMs 152

quercus 152

Straw fly (see Chloropstasniopus).
Strawberry root weevil (see Bracliyrhinus
ovatus).

Stromatmm barbatum 33, 212

Inngicorne 212

Page.

Strongylocephalus agrestis 206

StroTigylorhinus ochraceus 98

Strongylurus thoracicus 52

Strophosoma capitata 39, 46

melanogramma 39,46

Suana concolor 30, 132, 194

Subcoccinella ^.-punctata 14, 43

Sucking bug (see Ceratopachys variabilis).
Sugar-cane ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus per-
forans).
borer (see Metamasius sericeus) .
moths (see Diatrxa spp.).
bud moth (see Ereunetis flavistriata) .
frog hopper (see Tomaspis spp.).
hispid miner (see Hispid wakkeri) .
leafhopper (see Perkinsiella sac-

charicida).
mealy bug (see Pseudncoccus

texensis).
moth borer of India (see Chilo

simplex).
red spider (see Tetranychus exsic-
cator).
Swete-potato stem borer (see Omphisa anas-
tomosalis).
weevil (see Cylas formiearius) .
Swan moth (see Porthesia similis).

Sylepta derogata 91, 155

Symphyletcs neglectus 10

nigrovirens 10

vestigialis 10

Syngenaspis parlatorex 81

Tachardia acacix 10

fici 103

lacca 103

Txniotes scalaris 101

Tieniothrips pyri 5

Takahashia citricola 59

japonica 59

Tanymecus rustieus 207

Taphrorychusbicolor 40,170

villijrons 40

Tapinostola musculosa (see Oria).

Tarache catena : 91

Targionia [see Aspidiotus (.Targionia)].
Tarnished plant bug (see Lygus pratensis).
Tea bag worms (see Psyche spp.).

Teara contraria 10, 100

Teia anartoides 10,24, 113, 179

Teledapua dorcadioides 52, 81

Telicota augias 208

Tenebrioides mauritanicus 5

Tephrites [see Dacus ( Tephrites)].

Termes atistralis 15, 59, 99

Termissa nivosa 99

Termites (see Termitidse)

Termitidae 7

Tetigonia albida 206

ferruginea 206

viridis 190,206

Tetraneura pallida 95

ulmi 95

Tetranychus bimaculatus 197

bioculatus 62,212

exsiccator 197

246

INSECT INDEX.

I'age.

Tetranychus telarius 43

TetTopmm, castaneum 65, 68

fuscum 79

oreinum 52

Tettigoniella spectra 190

Tettix formosanus 205

Thalaina clam 10

Thamnonoma wauaria 120

Thecodiplosis brachyntera 72

Thliptoceras octoguttata 64

Three-striped fruit Ry {see Dacus diversus).
Thrips (see Thysanoptera.)

Thrips minuta 207

sacchari 207

serrata 207

tabaci , 5

Thysauoptera 7

Timber beetle (see Nacerdes melanura).

Tinea granella 6, 123

Tipula oleracea 44

paludosa 44

Tischeria complanella 54, 154

simploniella 154

Tobacco stem borer (see Gnorimoschema fieli-
opa).
white flies (see Aleyrodes spp.).

Tomaspis lepidior 85, 197, 198

postica 85, 197, 198

varia 85, 197, 198

Tomato weevil (see Desiantha nociva)

Tomicus ( MyelopMlus) minor 69

piniperda 66,69

Tonga fruit fly (see Bacus tongensis).

Tortrix ashworthana 22

divulsana 14

histrionana 82

rnurinana 79

piceana 70

podana 27, 40

viburniana 70

viridana 54, 152

Toxotrypana curvicauda 163

Trabala vishnu 194

Trachea brasilinea 126

Tragocephala senatoria 50

Trialeurodes vaporariorum 213

TriboUn m castaneum 33

confusum 5, 33

ferrugineum 6

Trichetra marginalis 100

Tnchiocampus viminalis 182

Trichiosoma lucorum 13, 47, 223

Trichoccra hiemalis 219

Tndactylus flavomaculatus 205

Trigonidium haani 205

Trilophidia annulata 205

Trinophylum cribratum 52

Triphxna pronuba 216, 21S

Trocliilium spp 180

amnatiseforme 180

apiformis 180

Tropidocephala brunneipcnnis 206

formosana 206

.laccharivoreUa 206

Tryphncharia mantersi 98

Page.

Trypophkeus aim 12

Trypopremnon latithorax 184

Tryxalis nasuta 205

Tmnip flower beetle (see Meligethes xneus).

sawfly (see Athalia spinarum).
Twig cutter (see Rhynchites cceruleus).

Uracanthus acutus 24, 166, 179

bivittata 10

cryptophagus 59

simulans 10

strigosus 10

triangularis ^ 10

Vcsperiis spp 127

luridis 127

mauretanicus , 127, 157

strepens 127, 192

xatarti 127

Viburmim scale (see Chrysomphalus persex).
Victoria bean beetle fly (see Zizera labradus).

white ant (see Termes australis).
Vine flea-beetle (see Haltica ampelophaga).

Vinsonia stellifera 103, 146

Virachola insocrates 112, 132, 142, 180

livia 163, 180

Watercress caddis worm (see LimnopMlus
flavicornis).

Weevils 8

West Indian cane fly (see Stenocranus sac-
charivora).
sugar-cane borer (see Metama-

siushemipterus).
sugar-cane root borer (see Dia-

prepes abbreviatus).
sweet-potato weevil (see Eusce-
pes batatx).
Wheat bulb fly (see Hylemyia coarctata).
moth (see Tinea granella).
plant louse (see Aphis avenx).
stem borer (see Nonagria uniformis).
White ant (see Coptotermes gestroi).
Willow cmculio (see Cryptorhynchus lapathi).
gall midge (see Rhabdophaga spp.)-
Icaf beetles (see Crepidodera aurata;
Phyllodecta spp.).
Winter moth (see Chcimatobia brumata).

turnip gnat (see Trichocera hiemalis).

Xenocnema spinipes australix 195

Xeris spectrum. 70

Xestobium plumbeum 39, 73

rufovillosum 12,

39, 53, 137, 138, 148, 153, 171

Xiphidium varipennc 190

Xiphydrya camelus 13, 40

prolongata 47

Xoanodera regularis 103

Xyleborus andreivesi 193

bengalensis 193

coffex 62

cryptophagus 181

dryographus 40, 95, 154

eurygraphus 75

fallax 193

fornicatus 211

improbus 154

major 193

PLANT INDEX.

247

Page.

Xyleborus monographus 40, 96, 154

moTstatti 64

perforans 193, 202

schlichii 193

XylecMnus pilosus 70

Xylina ornithopus 176

socia 96,141,176

Xylococcus filifer 141

Xylonites retusus.'. 96

Xyloterus domesticus 12,

40, 46, 137, 141, 148, 149, 154

intermedins 79

lineatus 70

signatus 40, 46, 141, 148, 154

Xylotrechus gahani 103

javanicus 63

quadripes 63, 64

rusticus 181

smei 193, 212

•-■age.

Xylotrechus stebbingi 153

Xylotrupes dichotomus 207

gideon 207

Yellow box borers (see Phoracantha spp.).

Zabrus gibbus 126

Zamacra albofasciaria 150

Zaratha cramerella 50

Zeuzera coffese 30,51,55,62,91,142,212

eucalypti 10

pyrina 6,12,27,40,46,

48, 96, 138, 141, 148, 149, 154, 181, 223

Zizera labradus 37, 165

Zonabris floralis 184

U-punctata 184

Zophodia convolutella 120, 121

Zygina circumscripta 206

maculi/rons 190, 206

siibrufa 190, 206

PLANT INDEX.

Page.

Aberia caffra (Kei apple) 115, 140

.46iesspp.(fir). 26, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 77-79, 103, 196

balsamea (balsam fir) 69, 70, 78

excelsa (see Picea excelsa).

firma 79

fraseri (She balsam) 78

mariesii 79

nordmanniana 67

pectinata (silver fir) 67, 69, 70, 77, 78, 79

webbiana 68, 70, 79

A cacia spp 9-11, 20, 22, 27, 113

arabica (gum arable) 9, 10

armafa (kangaroo thorn) 9

asak 9

baileyana 10

caifra 10

calamifolia (broom wattle) 9

catechu 10, 211

cyanophylla (blue-leaved wattle) 9

dealbata (silver wattle) 10

decurrens (green wattle) 10, 97

discolor 9,10

farnesiana (huisache ) 10, 11

greggii (Texas mimosa) 10

horrida 10

juniperina 10

koa (koa) 10

linearis 9

linifolia 9

longifolia (Sydney golden wattle) 9,10

lophanta (see Albizzia).

melanoxylon (blackwood acacia ) 9

microbotrya 9

modesta 10, 211

mollissima (black wattle) 10, 97

pendula (weeping myall) 9, 10

pulchella 9

pycnantha (golden wattle) 9

robusta 10

suaveolens 10

Page.

Acalypha marginata 62

Acer spp. (maple) 17,

65, 105, 107, 108, 138, 147, 148, 150, 221

campestre 147

negundo (box elder) , 147

platanoides (Norway maple) 147

pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) 147

Achras [see Sideroxylon (Achras)].

Acronychia Ixvis (eheesewood) 114

jEscuIus spp. (horse-chestnut) 6, 12, 126, 137, 138

hippocastanum (horse-chestnut) 138

pavia (red buckeye) 138

Agathis australis (kauri) 195

Ak (see Calotropis sp.).

Albizzia sp 211

lophanta (Acacia) 9

Alder (see Alnus spp.).
Alfalfa (see Medicago sativa).
Algaroba (see Prosopis spp.).
Alligator pear (see Persea gratissima).

Allium ascalonicum (shalot) 157, 158

cepa (onions) 5, 28, 157, 158

porrum (leek) 28,157

roseum 158

sativum (garlic) 28, 157, 158

sphxrocephalum 158

Almond (see Amygdalis communis).

Mexican (see Terminalia catappa).
Tropical (sec Terminalia spp.).

.4h(M.s spp. falder) 11-13,

65, 107, 108, 138, 150, 151, 221

g?a«i7W.?a (black alder) 11

incana .11,12

nepalensis 12

rM6ra .• 11

viridis (European green alder) 11

A loe spp 160

A marantus sp 42

Amelanchier spp. (service berry) 20, 65, 184

A mygdalus spp. (peach) 166, 167

248

PLANT INDEX.

Amygdalus communis (almond) 56, 166, 167

persjca (peach) 85,92,109,113,

114,115,117,129,166,167,177,179,214

persica micipersica (nectarine)... 92,114

Anacardium occidenlale (cashew, wild guava) . 109

A nanus sativus ( pineapple) 118, 171, 204

Angelica sp 52

Annona spp. (custard apple) 85, 93, 94

cherimola (cherimoya) 93, 94, 114

humboldtiana 94, 113

muricata (soursop) 62, 93, 94, 115

reticulata (custard apple) 93

squamosa (sugar apple). 94

A nthocephalus cadamba 62

A pium graveolens (celery) 52, 53, 215

Apple (see Mains malus).

black (see Sideroiylon [Achras] aus-

trale).
custard (see Annoiia squamosa).
Kei {seQAberia caffra).
Malay (see Eugenia malaccensis).
mammee (see Mammea americana).
mountain (see Eugenia malaccensis).
rose (see Eugenia jambos).
star (see Chrysophyllum cainito).
Apricot (see Prunus armeniaca).

A raucaria sp p 25

bidwillii 25

excelsa (Norfolk Island pine) 25

Arborvitae (see Thuya spp.)

Arctium sp 52

Areca catechu (_hetel nat) 44

Areca lutescens 44,153

Artemisia spp , 52

vulgaris (mugwort) 123

A rtocarpus integrifolia (jack fruit) 117

Arundinaria spp. (bamboo) 31,32,33

hindsii graminse 33

japonica 33

A rundo sp. (reed) 123

Ash (see Fraxinus spp.).

mountain (see Sorbus spp.).
white {Schiznmeria ovata).
Asparagus (see Asparagus officinalis).

Asparagus acutifolius 29

officinalis (asparagus). 5, 6, 27-29, 129, 157

umbellatus 29

Aspen (see Populus tremula).

A ster spp 20

Atriplex spp 41

hastata 61

hortensis (orache) 41, 42, 158

patula 184

Atropa belladonna (belladonna) 115

A vena sativa (oats) 122, 124, 125, 126, 155

A verrhoa carambola (carambola) 115

Avocado (see Persea gratissima).
Bahama grass (see Cynodon dactylon).
Balsam fir (see Abies balsamea).
Bamboo (see also Arundimria, Bambusa.
Ccphalostachyum, Dendrocalamus, Melocan-

na, Phyllostachys) 31-33, 143

Bambusa spp. (bamboo) 31, 32, 33

distorta 33

fortunei 32

oliveriana 33

tessellata 32

Page.

Bambusa tulda 33

viridis 33

viridi-striata 33

vulgaris (feathery bamboo) 33

Banana (see Musa sapientium).
Banyan (see Ficus benghalensis).
Barbary fig (see Opuntia vulgaris).
Barley (see Hordeum sativum). .
Basswood (see Tilia spp.).

Bauhinia racemosa (mountain ebony) 149

variegata 211

Bay (see Laurus spp.).

Beans (see also Phaseolus, Vicia, Glycine) 5,

6, 35-38, 60, 61, 64, 93, 129, 165, 184
Bean, broad (see Vicia/aba).
castor (see if fcJnMs spp.).

French ,. 38

haricot (see Phaseolus vulgaris).
jack (see Canavalia spp.).
kidney (see Phaseolus vulgaris).
lima (see Phaseolus lunatus).

Madagascar 37

senna (see Cassia spp.).
soy (see Glycine hispida).
string (see Phaseolus vulgaris).

Tonga 37

Beech (see Fagus spp.).
Beet (see Beta vulgaris).

sugar (see Beta vulgaris crassa).
Berseem (see Trifolium alexandrinum).
Beta vulgaris (beet) . . 5, 6, 41^4, 129, 187, 197, 214, 219

( mangel-wurzel) 41, 42

(mangolds) 41, 42

crassa (sugar beets) 41,42,43, 197

cicla (Swiss chard) 42

Betel nut (see Areca catechu).

Betula spp. (birch) 6, 45-

47, 107, 108, 138, 150, 151, 152, 177, 221

alba 45, 46

odorata 45, 46

papyri/era 45

pubescens 45

verrucosa 45

Birch (see Betula spp.).
Black apple (see Sideroiylon [Achras] australe).
sorrel (see Rubus spp.).

Blackthorn 105, 107, 111

Bombax malabaricum (silk cotton) 194

Books 15

Box (see Buxus spp.).

Bramble 177

Brassica spp 48-50, 187

arvensis (charlock) 92

campestris (rutabaga) 193, 218

napus (rape) 49, 91, 135, 187, 188, 218

oleracea acephala (collard) 48

(kale) 48,140,197

botrytis (cauliflower) 6, 48, 52

capitata (cabbage) 5, 6,

48,49,50,61,64,91,184,
187, 188, 214, 218, 219

caulo-rapa (kohl-rabi) 140

rapa (turnip) 6, 197, 218, 219

Brazil cherry (see Eugenia braziliensis) .

Bromeliaceae 202

Broom com (Holcus sorghum).
Brussels sprouts (sec Brassica oleracea).

PLANT INDEX.

249

Bryobia dioka (bryony) 92

Buckeye (see Aesculus spp.).
Buckthorn (see Rhamnus spp.)-
Bull-oak (see Casuarina spTp.).

Bunch cherry 108

Bushes 110

Butternut (see Juglans cinerea).
Button wood (see Platanus spp.)-

Butt/rospermum parkii 116

Buxus spp. (box) 5, 48

Cabbage (see Brassicae oleracea capitata).
Cabuyao (see Eugenia malaccensis).
Cacao (see Theobroma cacao).

Cajanus indicus (pigeon pea, tur) 36, 37

Calamagrotis lanceolata 124

Calamus spp. (rattan) 188

Calopkyllum inophyUura (round kamanl) 115

Calotropis sp 117

Camellia thea (sec Theasinmsis).

Canavalia spp. (Jack bean) , . ; : 37

indica « 85

Cane 131

sugar (see Saccharum officinale).

Cannabis saliva (hemp) 123, 135

Canteloupe (see Cucumis melo).

Caoutchouc (see also rubber) 50

Cape weed 215

Capparis pedunculosus 56

roxburghi 56

Capsicum sp. (pepper) 115

Carica papaya (papaya, pawpaw). . . 85, 115, 163, 201

quercifolia 115, 163

Carissa arduina (Natal pliun) 115

diffusa 211

Carpinus betulus 106, 107, 108, 137

Carrots (see Daiicus carota).

Oarum petroselinum (Tparsley) 164

Gary Ola urens (wine palm) 201

Cashew (see A nacardium occidenlale) .
Cassava (see Manihol utilissima).

Cassia spp. (senna bean) 85

auriculala 211

Castanea spp. (chestnut) 38, 53, 54, 105

vesca 54

vulgaris 54, 152

Castilloa elaslica ( Panama rubber) 163

Castor bean (see Ricinus spp.).

Casaarina spp. (She-oak) 97

Catalpa (see Catalpa spp.).

Coto/paspp. (Catalpa) 5,51

Cauliflower (see Brassica oleracea botrytis).
Cayenne cherry (see Eugenia uniflora).
Ceara rubber (see Manihol glaziovii).
Cedar (see Cedrws spp., Chamaecyparis spp.).
red (see Juniperus spp.).
white (sec Cedews spp.).

Cedrela toona 218

Cedrus spp 52

sp. (white cedar) 52

deodara 52

Ceiha spp. (silk cotton) 50

bombaxi (kapok) 194

Celery (see Apium graveolens).

Cephalostachyum pergracile (bamboo) 31, 33

Cestrum sp. (Chinese inkberry ) 115

nocturnum (night-blooming jessa-
mine) 56

Chamxeyparis spp. (cedar) 94

nutkaensis , 94

obtusa 94

pisifera 94

Chard (see Bela vulgaris cicla).

Swiss (see Beta vulgaris cicla).
Charlock (see Brassica arvensis).
Cheese wood (see Acronychia laevis).

Chenopodiacefe 42

Chenopodium spp. (goosefoot) 41, 42

Cherimoya (see Annona cherimola).
Cherry (see Prunus spp.)

Jerusalem (see Solanum capsicastrum).
sour (see Prunus cerasus).
Surinam (see Eugenia uniflora).
Chestnut (see Castanea spp.)
Chicory (see dehor ium intybus).
China berry (see ifelia azedarach).
Chinese inkberry (see Cestrum sp.)
orange (see Citrus japonica).
plum (see NoronMa emarginata) .
Chocolate ((see Theobroma spp.).

Chrysanthemum spp 215

Chrysobalanus spp 116

ellipticus 115, 116, 139

icaco (Cocoa plum, jicaco) 109,

115, 139

Chrysophyllum cainito (Star apple) 115

Cichorium intybus (chicory) 54

Cinchorm spp. (quinine) 55, 62, 211

Cinchona ledgeriana 55, 62

Cineraria spp 215

CitruUus citrullus (watermelon) 220

Citrus spp 5, 55-60, 97, 114, 117, 162, 191, 212

aurantium or sinensis (orange) 5, 15,

55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 85,
97,113,114,115,117,200
decumana (see Citrus grandis).

grandis (grapefruit) 55, 60, 115

(pomelo) 57

(shaddock) 117, 11 8

japonica (kumquat) 55, 60, 115

aurantifolia (lime). . . 55, 57, 59, 60, 114, 117, 200

limonia (lemon) 5, 55, 57, 59, 60, 115, 117

medica acida 59

noMlis deliciosa (mandarin orange) ... 57,
58,60,115

(tangerine) 58, 59

trifoliata (see Poncirus).
Clover (see Trifoliuni spp.).

Egyptian (see Trifolium alexandrinum).
Cobnut (see Corylus spp.).

Cobs 108

Coccoloba uvifera (sea-grape) 109

Cocoa plum (see Chrysobalanus icaco).
Coconut palm (see Cocos nvcifera).

Cocos nucifera (coconut palm) 5, 61, 109,

159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 201, 202

Coffea sp 50, 56, 59, 61-64, 113, 116, 211

arabica (Arabian coffee) 61, 62, 63, 64, 115

Hherica (Liberian coffee) 61,62,63,109

250

PLANT INDEX.

Cojfea Tobusta 62

stenophylla 64

Coffee (see Coffea spp.)-

Cola (see StercuUa acuminata).

CoUard (see Brassica oleracea acephala).

Conifers 6,64-84,170,210

Convallaria majalis (Lily-of-the- Valley) 28

Conyza squarrosa 123

Corn (see Zea mays).

broom (see Holcus sorghum).
Guinea (see Holcus sorghum).
Indian (see Zea mays).
Kafir (see Holcus sorghum).

Cornus spp. (dogwoods) 95

sanguinea 95

sericea 95

Corylus spp. (filberts) 108,133

(hazelnut) . 38, 107, 108, 133-135, 151, 175

avellana 45, 133, 134

colurna 134

tubulosa 133

Cosmos spp 215

Cowpea (see Vigna unguiculata).
Cotton (see Go.Hsypium spp.).

silk (see Bombax malabarkum).
(see Ceiba spp.).
Cottonwood (see Populus spp.).
Crataegus spp. (see Mespilus spp.).

Crotalaria spp 37, 165

Crucifers 6,91,92, 188, 218,219

Cucumber (see Cucumis sativus).

Ciicumis spp. (melons) 5, 92, 93

(sweet melons) 92

melo (canteloupe, muskmelon; 51, 150

sativus (cucumber) 42,92,114

(gherkins) 93,129

Cucurbita spp. (gourds) 92, 122

maxima (squash) 93

pepo (pumpkin) 92

ovifera (marrow) 92

Cucurbitacese : 92, 93, 117, 183,220

Cupressus spp. (cypress) 94

funebris 94

glauca 94

lambertiana 61, 94

macrocarpa (Monterey cypress) 94

pyramidal'is 94

sempervirens 94

CuiTaut (see Ribes spp.).
Custard apple (see Annona spp.).

Q/cas revolula (sago palm) 5, 159, 162, 193, 201

Cydonia japonica 186

oblonga (quince) 17, 19, 114, 115, 186, 187

Cynodon dactylon ( Bermuda grass) 200

Cypress (see Chamaecyparis spp . , Cupressus spp. ) .
Lambert's (see Cupre.<isiis lambert-
iana).

Cytisus laburnum 36

Daffodil (see Narcissus spp.).

Dahlia spp 85, 215

Dalbergia sissoo (sissu) 195

Dammara spp. (see Agathis australis).

Dandelion (see Taraxacum officinale).

Date (see Phoenix dactylifera).

Daticus carota (carrot) 51, 214, 215

Page.

Dendrocalamus giganteus (bamboo) 33

hamiltoni 33

strictus 31, 33

Deodar (see Cedrus deodara) .

Diospyros spp. (persimmon) 170

ebenum 170

kaki (Japanese persimmon). . 113, 115, 170

Dodonea viscosa 211

Dogwood (see Cornus spp.).

Dolichos spp 36

Drugs 84

Dry food products 84

Durantha spp 62

Durra (see Holcus sorghum).

Ebony, mountain (see Bauhinia racemosa).

Eggplant (see Solanum melongena).

Elengl tree (see Mimusops elengi).

Elm (see Ulmus spp.).
cork (see Ulmus sp.).

Emmer (see Triticum spp.).

Epilobium spp *. 127

Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) 85, 112, 114, 115, 142

Erythrina lithosperma (coral tree) 62

Eucalyptus spp 15, 20, 97-100

amygdalina (peppermint gum) ... 98

capitellata 99

corymbosa (bloodwood) 99

diversicolor (karri) 99

dumosa 98

globulus (blue gum) 98, 99

gracilis , . . , 99

hsemastoma 98, 99

incrassata 99

leucoiylon 99

melliodora (honey-scented gum). 98,99
ininiata 98

patens 98

piperita (peppermint stringy-
bark) 99

polyanthemos 99

resinifera 99

robusta (swamp mahogany) 99

rostrata (red gum) 98, 99

siderophloia (broad-leaved iron-
bark) 99

■lieberiana 99

stuartiana (apple-scented gum) . . 97, 98

tessellaris 99

uncinata 98, 99

viminalis (manna gum) 97,98,99

Eugenia spp 100, 113

braziliensis 100, 115

jambos (rose-apple) 100, 116

malaccensis (Cabuyao, Malay apple,

mountain apple) 57, 100, 115, 117

uniflora ( Surinam cherry) 100, 115, 116

Euxolus sp 42

Evergreen trees (see also Conifers) 131

Evonymus europieus (spindle tree) 108, 138

Excrement, human 157

Fagiis spp. (beech) 6, 38-40,

46, 65, 107, 108, 138, 150, 151, 180, 221

cUffortioides 39

fusca 39

PLANT INDEX.

251

Page.

Fagus menziesii 39

sylvatica (European beech) 39,40

Ferns 197

Ficus spp. (fig, rubber) 100-103,172,192

altissima 103

australis 101

bengUilensis (banyan) 100, 102

bergmanniana 103

carica (flg.) 5, 100, 101, 102, 103, 115

caudatifolia 102

comosa 103

cordifolia 103

cunia 103

elastica (Assam rubber) 29,100,102,103

glomerata (cluster fig) 102, 103

indica 102, 103

infectoria 102, 103

laccifera 103

macTophylla (Moreton Bay fig) 101, 102

nervosa 103

nota 102

obtusifolia 103

orbicularis 102

palmata 103

religiosa (peepul tree) , 102, 103

retusa 102

roxburghii 103

rubiginosa 103

rumpMi 103

scandens 102

tjakela 103

walkeriina 102

Fig (see Ficus carica).

Barbary (see Opuntia vulgaris) 185

Filbert (see Corylus spp.).

Firmiana colorata 62

Fir(see^6i€«spp.)-

balsam (see Abies balsamea).
Dou!,'las (see Pseudotsuga taxifolia).
silver( see Abies pectinata).
white (see Abies pectinata).
Flax (see Linum imfatissimn.m).

Flour 122

Forests 104-108, 127

Fragaria spp. (strawberry) 65,129,196,197

Fraxirms spp. (ash) 25, 27, 65, 138, 151, 180, 221

26

25

26

..' 26

37

excelsior

ornus

oxyphylla

viridis .'

French beans

Fruits 93, 105, 106, 108-llS, 119, 129, 172,174

cultivated 116, 172

deciduous 108, 114

stone 110

Funtuinia spp 50,195

elastica (silk rubber, ire) 195

Furniture 15

Oalegi officinalis (Goat's rue) 60

Garlic (see Allium sativum).

Oeranium spp 15, 215

Gherkins (see Cucumis sativus) .

Glycine hispida 196

Gooseberry (see Ribes spp.).

Goosefoot(see Chenopodium spp.).

Gossypium spp. (cotton) 59,62,84,86-91, 191

Gourd (see Cucurbita spp.).

Grains 7, 122-126, 189, 190, 193,213,214

Granadilla (see Pass i flora quadrangularis).
Graminacese (see "Grains" and "Grasses").
Grape (see Vitis spp.).
Grapefruit (see Citrus grandis).

Grass 61, 109, 122-126, 193, 197, 199, 203, 206, 213

Bahama (see Cynodon dactylon).

Greenhouse plants 65

Grevillea sp 62

robusta (silky oak) 194,195

Guava (see Psidium spp.).

strawberry (see Psidium cattleianum).
wild (see Anacardium occidentale).

Guaiacum officinale 56

Guinea corn (see Holcus sorghum).
Gum (see Eucalyptus spp.).

Hard woods 66

Hawthorn (see Mespilus spp.).
Hazel (see Corylus spp.).

Helianthus spp. (sunflower) 85,

Hemp (see Cannabis saliva).

sann (see Crotalaria sp.).
Hemlock spruce (see Tsuga spp.).
Henbane (see Hyoscyamus niger).

Heracleum spp

Herbs 66,

Herpephyllum caffrum (Kaffir plum)

Hevea brasiliensis (Para rubber) 62, 164,

Hibiscus esculentus (okra) 50, 86,

Holcus sorghum (durra) 95, 195, 196,

(Guinea com)

(Kafir) 140,

(sorghum, broom com)

48,95,189,195,196,203,
Honeysuckle (see Lonicera spp.).
Hops (see Humulus lupulus).

Hordeum vulgare (barley)

122, 123, 124, 125, 126,
Hornbeam (see Carpinus betulus).
Horse-chestnut (see uSsculus spp.).
Horse-radish (see Badicula armoracia).

Humulus lupulus (hops)

91,123,129,135-137,

Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)

Ipomcea batatas (sweet potato) 200, 209,

Ire (see Funtumia elastica).

Iris spp 139, 157

Jaboticaba (see My rciaria spp.).
Japanese plum (see Prunus salicina).
Jerusalem cherry (see Solanum capsicaslrum).
Jicaco (see Chrysobalanus icaco).

Jobo amarillo (Spondias sp.) 113

Jobo de la India {Spondias mangiferat) 113

Juglans spp. (walnuts) 38,

53, 105, 133, 134, 151, 180, 219, 220, 221

cinerea (buttemut) 219,220

nigra (l)lack walnut) 220

regia (English walnut) 45, 220

Juniper (see JuniperMS spp.).

Juniperus spp 67, 139, 140

canadensis 139

cedrus 139

chinensis 139

communis 139, 140

drupacea 139

215

52
109
115
192
155
203
200
195
36,
208

35

187

5,
214

42
210

252

PLANT INDEX.

Page.

Juniperus excelsa 139

fcetidissima 139

macrocarpa 139

oxycedrus 139

phanicea 139

recuTva 139

saMna 139

sphxrica 139

torulosa 139

virginiana 139

Kafir (see Holcus sorghum).

KaS&T plum (see Herpephyllum caffrum).

Kale (see Brassica oleracca acephala).

Kamani, round (see Calophyllum inophyl-
lum).
winged (see Terminalia catappa).

Kauri (see Agathis australis).

Kei, apple (see Aberia caffra).

Kickxia spp. (see Funtumia spp.)-

Kohl-rabi (see Brassica oleracea caulorapa).

Kola (see Sterculia acuminata).

Kumquat (see Citrus japonica).

Kurrimia zeylanica 56

Lactuca spp. (lettuce) 140, 141, 214, 215

Lambsquarter ( Chenopodium or Atriplex) — 41

Larch (see Larix spp.)-

ioriispp. (Larch) 64,

65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 83, 84, 108, 140

decidua (europaea) 70, 82,83, 140

europsea (see Larix decidua).

Lathyrus spp 36

ioMTMSspp. (bay) 35

camphora (camphor) 35

canariensis 35

drymifolia (see Persea persea).

indicus 35

nobilis (sweet bay) 35

Leather 5

Leek (see Allium porrum).

Legumes 165

Lemna spp 220

Lemon (see Citrus limonia).

Lens esculenta (lentil) 36, 165

Lentil (see Lens esculenta).

Leptospermum spp 97

Lettuce (see Lactuca spp.).

Ligusticum spp 52

Ligustrum vulgare (privet) 89

Lilies 183

Lily of the Valley (see Convallaria majalis).

Lime (see Citrus aurantifolia: Tilia sTpp.).
sweet (see Citrus aurantifolia).

Linden (see Tilia spp.).

Linum spp 104

usitatissimum (flax) 103, 104

Lippia citriodora (lemon verbena) 56

Livistona humulis (palm) 162

Loganberry (see Rubus spp.).

Lonicera spp. (honeysuckle) 129, 177

Loquat (see Eriobotrya japonica).

Lotus spp 36

Lucerne (see Medicago sativa).

Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato) 62,

93,95,115,216,217

Madagascar beans 37

Mahogany (see Swietenia mahogani).

Page.
Maize (see Zea mays).
Malay apple (see Eugenia malaccensis).

Malus malus (apple) 6, 15-24, 85,

105, 106, 111, 113, 114, 115, 129, 167, 173, 174, 175, 180

Mammea americaTia (mammee apple) 115,

118,142
Mammee apple (see Mammea americana).
Mandarin (see Citrus nobilis).
Mangel-wurzel (see Beta vulgaris).
Mango (see Mangifera indica).

Mangifera indica (mango) 5,

50, 109, 113, 114, 115, 117, 142-147, 158,^200
Mangold (see Beta vulgaris).

Manihot glaziovii (Ceara rubber) 51,192

utilissima (cassava, tapioca) 61

Maple (see Acer spp.).

Marigold 215

Marrow (see Cucurbita pepo ovifera).

Medicago sativa (alfalfa) 6, 13-15, 61

(lucerne) 14, 60, 61, 129

falcata 13

Medlar (see Mespllus spp.).

Melaleuca sp 97

Melia azedarach (Chinaberry ) 54, 55, 62, 84

Melilotus officinalis (melilotus) 61

Melocanna bambusioides (bamboo) 31,33

Melons (see Cucumis spp.).

Mespilus spp. (hawthorn) 5,

17, 106, 107, 111, 132, 133, 175, 177

(white thorn) 105, 121, 169

coccinea 132

germanica (medlar) 17, 115, 132

heterophylla 132

monogyna 132

oxyacantha 132

pyracantha 132

Mesquite (see Prosopis spp.).

Mexican almond (sec Terminalia catappa).

umbrella tree (see Terminalia
catappa).
Millet (see Panicum miliaceum).

Mimusops elengi (elengi) 115

Mock orange (see Murraya exotica).

Morus sp. (mulberry) 56, 150

indica 150

Moth (see Phaseolus aconilifolius) 37

Mountain apple (see Eugenia malaccensis).
ash (see Sorbus spp.).
ebony (see Bauhinia racemosa).
Mulberry (see Morus spp.).
Mung (see Phaseolus mung).

Murraya exotica (mock orange) 115

Musa spp. (banana, plantain) 33, 115, 172

paradisiaca 33

sapientium (banana) 33,

34, 85, 109, 114, 118, 201, 202, 204
Muskmelon (see Cucumis melo).
Mustard (see Sinapis spp.).

Myrciaria spp. (jaboticaba) 56

Myrtus spp 56

Narcissus spp 150

Nasturtium (see Tropseolum spp.).
Natal plum (see Carissa arduina).
Nectarine (see Amygdalis persica nusipersica).

NephiUu m lappaceu m 50

Nicotiana tabaciim (tobacco) 41.

59, 95, 198, 207, 213-216, 21'

PLANT INDEX.

253

Noronhia emarginata (Chinese plum) 115

Nettle, stipging 135

Nursery stock 119

Nuts 17,108,219

Oak (see Quercus spp.) 5

cork 151

silky (see Grevillea robusta).
Oats (see Avena saliva).
Okra {see Hibiscus esculentus).

OZea spp 26, 27, 127, 15^-157,212

chrysophylla 156

euTOpssa (olive) 155, 156

Jragrans (see Osmanthus).

verrucosa 156

Olive (see Olea spp.)-
Onion (see Allium cepa).

Onobrychis saliva (sainfoin) 66

Ononis spp 61

viscosa 61

Opunlia spp. (prickly pear) 185, 186

tuna 115, 185, 186

vulgaris (Barbary fig) 115, 185, 186

Orache (see Atriplex hortensis).
Orange (see Cilrus aurantium).

mandarin (see Citrus nobilis).
mock (see Murraya exotica).

Orchard trees (see also fruits) 110, 112

Orchids 5, 158, 159, 183, 202

Oreodoxa regia (royal palm) 159, 192, 201

Orobus tuberosus 165

Oryza saliva (rice) 122, 123, 189-191, 203, 207

Osmanthus fragans 156

Palm 59, 159-163, 188,204, 212,217

coconut (see Cocos nucifera).
date (see Phmnix daclylifera).
royal (see Oreodoxa regia).
sago (see Cycas revoluta).
toddy (see Phcr.nix sylveslris).
witie (see Caryota urens).

Pandanus sp 115, 204

odoratissimus (screw pine) 163

Panicum sp 122

miliaceum (millet). 85, 122, 123. 126, 149, 203

sanguinale 123

Papaya (see Carica papaya).
Para plum (see Spondias spp.).

rubber (see Hevea brasiliensis).
Parsley (see Carum petroselinum).
Parsnips (see Paslinaca saliva).

Passiflora sp. (passion fiiiit) 116

quadrangularis (granadilla) 85,

11.5,117,118,126
Passion fruit (see Passiflora sp.).

Pastinaca saliva (parsnips) 52,164,183,215

Pawpaw (see Carica papaya).
Pea (see Pisum sativum).

field 165

pigeon (sec Cajanus indicus).
Peach (see Amygdalis persica).
Pear (see Pyrus communis).

alligator (see Avocado spp.).
prickly (see Opuntia tuna).

Pennisetum spp 189

Peppers, Spanish 183

Persea americana 30

carolinensis (red bay) 30

Page.

Persea qratissima (avocado) 6,

29,30,56,62,109,115,200

persea {Lanrus drymifolia) 30

pittieri .30

Persimmon (see Diospyros spp.).

.Japanese (see Diospyros kaki).

Phaseolus aconitifolius (moth) 37

lunatus (lima bean) 35, 37

mungo (mung) 37

radiatus 36

vulgaris (bean) 35-38, 60, 61, 115

(haricot) 38

(kidney bean) 38

Phleum pratense (timothy) 122, 126, 213

Phoenix daclylifera (dale palm). . 94, 159, 161, 162, 163

sylveslris (toddy palm) 159,161,217

Photinia spp 62

Phyllostachy s spf. (bamboo) 31,32

bambusoides 32

Phylocalyx sp 113

Picea spp. (spruce) 64,65,66,

67, 68, 69, 70, 79-82, 103, 108, 129, 196

(Siberian spruce) 69

alba, (white spruce) 81,108

excdsa (Norway spruce). 67, 68,69, 70, 79, 80, 81

morinda 68, 69, 70, 81, 82

omorica 81

orientalis 67

pungens (Colorado spruce) 81

.sitchensis (Sitka spruce) 80,81

Pine (see Pinus spp.).

Aleppo (see Pinus halepensis).
Murray (see Pinus frenela).
Siberian stone (see Pinus cembra).
Scotch (see Pinus silveslris).
Weymouth (see Pinus strobus).
Pineapple (see Ananas sativus).

Pinus spp. (pine) 45,

64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70-77, 108, 129, 150, 170

austriaca (Austrian pine) 69, 73, 74

cembra (Swiss stone pine) 67, 69, 73

demiflora (Japanese red phae) 73

excelsa 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75

filifolia 73

frenela (Murray pine) 64

gerardiana 69, 73, 74, 75

halepensis (Aleppo pine) 72, 74

khasya 74

laricio (Austrian pine) 72, 73, 76

laricio nigricans 72

longifolia 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, 21 1

maritima (cluster pine) 69

monlana ( Swiss mountain pine). 67, 70, 72, 74

mughus 70

pinea (stone pine) 69, 76

pinaster (cluster pine) 69, 73, 75, 76

pumilio 73

resinosa (red pine) 72

silve.'itris ( Scotch pine) 65,

66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 221

strobus (white pine, Wennoiith pine). 65,

67,69,72,75

ihunbergii (Japanese black pine) 73

Pistachio (see Pistacia spp.).

Pistacia spp. (pistachio) 157,171

lentiscus 171

254

PLANT INDEX.

Page.

Pistacia terehinthus 171

vera (pistachio) 171

Pisum sativum (pea) 5.

6, 3ti, 37, 60, 164, 165, 196, 197, 214, 215
Plane tree (see PlaUinus spp.)-

Plantago lanceolata 1S4

Plantain (see Afusa spp.; Plantago spp.).

Platanus spp. (buttonwood, sycamore; 171

orkuf.aUs (oriental plane) 171

Plum (see Prunua spp.).

.Japanese (see Prmmx salicina).
Kafir (see Herpephyllum caffrum).
Natal (see Carissa arduina).
Para (see Spnndiax spp.).

Polygonum spp 41

Pomegranate (see Punka granatum).
Pomelo (see Citrus grandis).

Poncirus trifoliata (trifoliate orange) 59

Poplar (see Populus spp. ).

Pnpulus spp. (poplar) 12,

106, 107, 108, 138, 180-183, 221

alba (white poplar) 181, 182, 221, 222

balsamifcra (balsam poplar) 181

canadensis 180

ciliata 181

dilatata 181

euphratica 180, 181

laurifJia 181,221

monilifcra 181

nigra (black poplar) 180, 181

tremvla (aspen) 29, 1.50, 180, 181

virginianu 181

Portulaca oleracea (purslane) 42, 186

Potato (see Solarium tuberosum).

sweet (see Ipomaa batatas).
Prickly pear (see Opuntia spp.).
Privet (see Ligustrum vulgare).

Prosopis spp. (mesquite, algaroba) 148

spicigern 148

Prune (see Prunus spp.).

Prunus spp 172-180

fcherry) 17,

20, 21,63, 109, 113, 129, 169,
172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 179, 180

(phnn) 5,17,20,21,

.56, 105, 109, 111, 114, 166, 169, 172,
173,174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 190

(prune) 172, 173

(sloe) 17, 175

armeniaca (apricot) 5,

21, 24, 25, 114, 115, 166, 167, 172, 178, 179

avium (sweet cherry) 178

cerasus (sour cherry) 115, 178, 179, 180

chamxcerasus (gromid cherry) 172

domestica (plum) 45, 172, 178, 179

insititia (damson plum) 172, 178

laurocerasus (cherry laurel) 178

padus (European bird cherry) 172, 178

pseudoccrasus 178

salicina (Japanese plum ) 113, 180

spinosa (blackthorn) 172, 178, 179

Pseudotsuga spp 64

mucronata 69

taxifolia (Douglas fir) 64, 65

Psidium ,spp. (guava) 85,

109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 131, 132, 200

Page.
Psidium cattleianum (strawberry.guava) . . - 115,132

guajava (guava) 109,113,115,131,132

pnmiferum 131

Piunpkin (see Cucurbita pepo).

Panica granatum (pomegranate) 112, 180

Purslane (see Portulaca oleracea) 186

Pyrus communis (pear) 5, 7, 17,

18, 19, 24, 10.5, 111, 113, 115, 129, 167-170, 174, 177

Quercus spp. (oak) 5, 12, 17, 27, 38,53,

105, 108,107, 108, 110, 121, 126,
127,129,133, 138, 150-155, 221

(cork oak) 151

branti 153

castaneifolia 153

cerris 152, 153

coccifera 152, 153

dilatata 153, 154

griffithii 153

ilex (holly oak) 152, 153

ilex ballota 153

incana 153, 154

lamellosa 154

lusilanica 152

macedonica 152, 153

montana (chestnut oak) 152

nigra 152

palustris 152, 153

pedunculata 152, 153

prinus 153

pubescens 152, 153

robwr (English oak) 152,153,154

semicar pifolia 153

sessiliflora 127,152, 153

suber (cork oak) 152, 153

toza 153

Quince (see Cydonia oblonga).
Quinine (see Cinchona spp.).

Radicula armoracia (horseradish) 91, 138

Radish (see Raphanus sativus).
Rape (see Brassica napus).

Raphanus raphanistrum (white charlock) 187

sativus (radish) 19, 187, 188

Raspberry (see Rubus spp.).
Rattan (see Calamus spT?-)-

Reseda spp 91

Rhamnus spp. (buckthorn) 48, 107, 108, 138

alaternus 48

frangula 48

Rheum rhaponticum (rhubarb) 91, 189

Rhodondendron spp 129

Rhubarb (see Rheum rhaponticum).

Ribes spp 118-121

(currant) 93, 118,119, 120, 121

(gooseberry) 93, 118, 119, 120

(red currant) 121

alpinum (Alpine currant) 118

nigrum (black currant, var. Baldwin).. 118
Black

Dutch).. 118
Black Na-
ples)....' 118
Lee's Pro-
lific) 118

rubrum (red currant) 118

sanguineum 121

1

PLANT INDEX,

265

Page.

Rice (see Oryza saliva) 189

iJicm«s spp. (castor bean) 85

Roripa nasturtium (watercress) 220

Rosa spp. (rose) 5, 106, 107,

109, 113, 121, 127, 129,
150, 169,191,192,200

(tea rose) 151,192

arvensis 191

canina (dog rose) 191

Ixvigata (Cherokee rose) 192

Rose (see Rosa spp.).

apple (see Eugenia jambos).

Rothra tinctoria 211

Rowan tree (see Sorbus spp.).

Rubber 192

Assam (see Ficus elastica).
Ceara (see Manihot glaziovii).
India (see Ficus elastica).
Panama (see Castilloa elastica).
Para rubber (see Hcvea brasiliensis) .
silk (see F'untumia elastica).

Enbus spp 47,121

(blackberry) 47,188

(loganberry) 47

(raspberry) 47, 61, 188, 197

Rumex spp. (sorrel) 52,135

Rutabaga (see Brassica campestris).
Rye (see Secale cereale).

Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) 5, 6,

34, 123, 160, 161, 189, 191, 197-208
Sago palm (see Cycas rcvoluta).

Sainfoin (see Onobrychis saliva) 66

Sal (see Shorea spp.).

Salacia reticulata 56

SoZiispp. (sallow) Ill

^villow) 6,12,107,

108, 111, 128, 138, 151, 180, 221-223

alha (white willow) 222, 223

babylonica 222

caprea (goat willow) 222, 223

elegans 222

fragilis (brittle willow) 222, 223

purpurea (purple osier) 221, 222, 223

triandra 222, 223

viminalis (osier willow) 221, 222

viridis 222

Sallow (see Salix spp.).

Salsola spp 41

Sann hemp (see Crolalaria).

Sapodilla [see Sideroxylon (Achras) sapota].

Sarcocephalus esculentus 116

Santalum album (sandalwood ) 62

Schinus dependens 56

molle (California pepper tree) 56

Schizomeria ovata (white ash) 114

Secale cereale (rye) 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 187, 193

Sedges 203

Senna bean : 85

Service berry (see Amelanchier sp.).

Sesamia spp 92

Setaria spp 187

Shaddock (see Citrus grandis).
Shallot (see Allium spp.)j
She-oak (see Casuarina spp.).

Shorea spp 193, 194

robusta 193, 194

Page.

Shorea talura 193, 194

Shrubs 105,131,172,211

Sideroxylon {Achras) australe (black apple) . 114, 118
sapota (sapodilla). 114, 115, 194
Silk cotton (see Bombax malabaricum; Ceiba
spp.).
rubber (see Funtumia elastica).
Silky oak (see Grevillea robusta).

Sinapis spp. (mustard) 92

Sissu (see Dalbergia sissoo).
Sloe (see Prunus spp.).

Solanacese 56,92, 183, 217

Solanum spp 183

capsicastrum (Jerusalem cherry) 115

melongena (eggplant)... 86,95,122,216,217

tuberosum (potato) 5, 61,

135, 183-185, 214, 217

Solidago spp. (goldem'od) 104

Sorbus spp. (mountain ash) 20, 108, 138, 149, 177

Sorghum (see Holcus sorghum).
Sorrel (see Rumei spp.).
Soiu- cherry (see Prunus cerasus).
Som' sop (see Annona spp.).
Soy bean (see Glycine hispida).
Spelt (see TrUicum salivum).
Spinach (see Spimicia oleracea).

Spinacia oleracea (spinach) 5, 42, 196

Spindle tree (see Evonymus europxus).

Spondias spp. (Para plum) 113, 164

sp. (jobo amarillo) 113

mangifera (?) (jol)o de la India) 113

Spnice (see Picea spp.).

Douglas (see Pseudotsuga tarifoUa).
hemlock (see Tsuga spp.).
Siberian (see Picea spp.).
white (see Picea alba).
Squash (see Cucurbita maxima).
Star apple (see Chrysophyllum cainito).

Sterculia acuminata (kola) 109, 140

Straw 126

Strawberry (see Fragaria spp.).
Succory (see Cichorium intybus).
Sugar beet (see Beta vulgaris crassa).
Sugar cane (see Saccharum officinarum).
Sunflower (see Helianthus spp.).
Siu^inam cherry (see Eugenia uniflora).
Sweet potato (see Ipomcea batatas).

Swietenia mahayani (mahogany) 62, 142

Sycamore (see Platanus spp.).

Syringa spp 27

Tamarack (see Conifers).
Tamarind (see Tamarindus indicus).

Tamarindus indicus (tamarind) 210

Tamarisk (see Tamarix spp.).

Tamarix spp. (tamarisk) 211

gallica 211

mannifera 211

Tangerine (see Citrus nobilis deliciosa).
Tapioca (see Manihot utilissima).

Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) 135, 215

Taxus spp. (yew) 223

Tea (see Thea sinensis).
rose (see Rosa sp.).
Teak (see Tectona grandis).
Tectona grandis (teak) 212

256

PLANT INDEX.

Page.

Termitmlia spp 2l8

bdlerica 218

catappa (winged kamani, tropical

almond) 109,115,218

chebula 115,218

tomentosa 218

Thea sinensis (tea) 59, 62, 162, 211, 212

viridis 212

Theobroma spp 50,55

cacao (cacao) 50, 62,

85, 109, 115, 116, 195, 211

Thevetia neriifolia 115

Thistle 41

Thorns Ill

Thorn, white 169

Thuya spp. (arborvitse) 25

africana 25

ftccidentalis 25

Tilia -spp. (linden, lime, basswood) 105,

107, lOS, 138, 141, 142, 150, 176, 221

cordata (small-leaved linden) 141

europxa 141

grandiflora 141

parvifolia 14, 141

Timbers 15, 193, 213

Timothy (see Phleum pratcnse).
Tobacco (see Nicotiana tabacum).
Tomato (see Lycopersicum esculent um).

Tonga beans — 37

Toon (see Cedrela toona).

TrifoUurn spp. (clover) 6, 60, 61, 184, 214, 220

alexandriniim (Egyirtian clover,

berseem) 44

pratense 165

Triticum spp. (emmer) 122, 220

repens 124

sativum (spelt) 122, 124, 220

sativum (wheat) 5,

122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 187, 220

Tropxolum spp. (nastnrtium) 215

Tropical almond (see Terminalia catappa).

Tsuga spp. (hemlock) 64, 135

Page.

Tulipa spp. (tulip) 183

Tuna (see Opuntia spp.) 185

Tut (see Cajanus indicus) 37

Turnip (see Brassica rapa).

Ulmus spp. (elm) 55,

95, 96, 105, 106, 107, 108, 127, 138, 176, 221

sp. (cork elm) 96

campestris (English elm) 95, 96

montana 96

Umbrella tree (see Melia azedarach).

Mexican (see Terminalia cat-
appa).

Vaccinium spp. (whortleberry) 20

Vachellia farnesiana (see Acacia farneaiana).

Viburnum spp 5, 219

Viburnum tinus 219

Vicia spp 36

faba (broad bean) 35, 36

sepum 36

Vigna unguiculata (cowpeas) 36, 37, 38, 91

Vines (see Vitis spp.).

Vitis spp. (grape, vine) 5,6,15,24,109,127-131,

150, 191

xstivalis (bunch grape) 127

arizonica (canon grape) 127

carinthiaca 127

vesuviana 127

vinifera (grape) 115, 127, 130, 131

Wahiut (see Juglans spp.).
Watercress (see Roripa nasturtium).
Watermelon (see Citrullus citrullus).
Wattle, black (see Acacia mollissima).
Wheat (see Triticum sativum).
White ash (see Schizomeria ovata).
Whitethorn (see Mespilus spp.).

Whortleberry ( Vaccinium spp.) 20

WUd fruits 112,116

Willow (see Salix spp.).

Yams 122

Yew (see Taxus spp.).

Zea mays (com, maize) 6, 84,

85, 122, 123, 135, 142, 189, 197, 200, 203, 208, 214

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