t^W^S^V 6^ o-*^ i>£cr' ^^^'^y^^^jp^f^- %:• ^°n^M^^ ?*»&§? tfc§^^~4!£J ^ss^^swsyi !? ^j,J l«Ss^.S«i< ^ -e ^«,8^ KSgSSSaBKK|^»KISiJSK TO i^Aya1 ^Ci ^^fe^oV^^^^ • . vt^hM'-s 5/>\ ft»jj^» wyxKSr&gs:. w^sr» ^ «^ A > =^.K«v » ^^X 6a n ' ofo . G**- fi «>>« '^fc^'^<7^v^^<^^ p*«^ffiS6^a ,,»>?^^«»|/;V{^ MANUAL OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA TH AMERICAN DIPTERA SECOND EDITION REWRITTEN AND ENLARGED SAMUEL W. WILLISTON PROFESSOR OF PALEONTOLOGY AND ANATOMY UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS NEW HAVEN JAMES T. HATHAWAY 297 CROWN ST. NEAR YALE COLLEGE 1896 ' ' Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1896, BY JAMES T. HATHAWAY, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PEEFACE. Eight years ago the author of the present work published a small volume in which he attempted to tabulate the families and more important genera of the diptera of the United States. From the use that has been made of that work by entomological students, he has been encouraged to believe that the labor of its preparation was not in vain. The extra- ordinary activity in the investigation of our dipterological fauna within the past few years has, however, largely destroy- ed its usefulness, and it is hoped that this new edition, or rather this new work, will prove as serviceable as has been the former one. In the present work there has been an at- tempt to include all the genera now known from north of South America. While the Central and West Indian faunas are preeminently of the South American type, there are doubt- less many forms occurring in the southern states that are at present known only from more southern regions. In the preparation of the work the author has been aided by the examination, so far as he was able, of extensive col- lections from the West Indies and Central America submitted to him for study by Dr. D. Sharp of Cambridge, England, and Messrs. Godman and Salvin of London, together with the extensive collections of the University of Kansas and those from South America in the author's private cabinet, alto- gether forming probably the largest collection of American IV PREFACE. Diptera ever brought together. For the descriptions of the early stages reliance has necessarily been placed chiefly upon the writings of Brauer. As will be seen, assistance has been derived from the works of Schiner, Osten Sackeri, Loew, Wulp, Townsend and others, although but very few of the North American genera, aside from those of the Tach- inidae and Dexiidse, are unknown to the writer. The author owes his sincerest thanks to Prof. J. M. Aldrich for the family characters and table of the Dolichopodidae ; to Prof. V. L. Kellogg for the paragraphs on the internal anat- omy of Diptera ; to Prof. J. B. Smith for kind favors ; and to Prof. W. A. Snow for the table of the Ortalidse. LAWRENCE, KANS., June 10, 1896. CORRIGENDA. Page viii, line 9, for 'writer' read student. x, line 10, for 'hemispherical' read spherical. xix, line 5 from bottom, for 'Cyclorrhapha' read Orthorrhapha. 18, line 2 from bottom, insert not before 'forked' and delete from the following line. 31, line 4 from bottom, for 'anal cell closed' read discal cell open. 32, line 2, for 'THAMBETA Williston' read DIOTREPHA Osten Sacken. 35, line 14, for '5' read 3. 40, line 13 from bottom, insert flattened before 'cylindrical', and, three lines below, read 'tibiae with or without spurs.' 43, last line, for 'SUBULA OMYIA, nom, nov.' read XYLOMVIA Rondani. 58. line 13, for 'ORTHONEUROMYIA Williston' read PSILOCURDS Loew. 88, line 17 from bottom, for '64' read 67 ; line 6 from bottom for '67' read 65. 96, line 15 from bottom, for 'Eumyidae' read Holometopa ; line 11 from bottom, for 'Schizophora' read Eumridte. 140, line 3, for 'with' read without. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION, . . . . . .'•-.- ... vn Head, . . . . . ' ... . ^ . : r x Mouth-parts • ' . . .' . xm Thorax, . . . . . . ; . ... xvn Legs, . . . . •'..'. , ... . . . , . . r xix Abdomen, . '••...: . xx Chaetotaxy, xx Wings, . . . . xxin Internal Anatomy, . . . . . . . '. . . xxvi Collection and Preservation of Diptera, . . . . xxvm Classification, . . xxxi BIBLIOGRAPHY, .... . ... . . xxxin TABLE OF FAMILIES, „. . . . • • .. . . 1 CECIDOMYIDjE, . . . ... • • • ... 7 MYCETOPHILID^E, . . . • . . . . 18 LlPONEURIDJi, BLEPHAROCERIDyE, 19 CULICID^E, . . . . '; . . . . . . 20 CHIRONOMID^E, ... . • . . . . . . 22 ORPHNEPHILIDA;, .-.-.<.. . . . . 2(5 . . . . ... . . 26 . ..... . . . . . 28 TlPDLIDJB, . . ... . . ... 29 . . • . ., . . . . . 37 . . -. i . . . . ' . . 38 . . . 40 ' . . . . . 41 STRATIOMYID^E, . . . . ' . . . . . . 44 ACANTHOMERID^;, . . 49 TABANID^E, . . 49 ASILIDA:, . . . 52 APIOCERID^;, . . 60 NEMISTRINIM:, . . 60 MYDAID^;, . . . .- 62 BOM BY LI ID,*:. 63 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. „ THEREVIIMC, .......... 08 SCENOPINID^C, .• ....... . . 09 ACROCERID.*:, ....... • . . . 70 LONCHOPTERIIVK, . . ....... 72 EMPIDID^E, ..... ...... 72 DOLICHOPODIDjE, . ....... 70 SYRPHIDA;, . . . ... • . . . . 82 CONOPID^E, . . • • ,' ....... 91 PlPUNCULID^E, . ... ...... 93 PLATYPEZID*:, . . . . , ...... 94 . .......... 95 MUSCIDEA, ....;'. ..... 90 BORBORID.*:, . . . . . . . . . . 101 AGROMYZID^E, . • . . . . . . . . 102 GEOMYZID^E, .......... 104 OSCINID^;, . . ..... . . . . 105 DROSOPHILHXK, r .... ...... 107 EPHYDRIDJE, . . , . . . . . . . 108 DIOPSIDJE, . . .''..'•• • .'.'.. . . . Ill SEPSID^K, .... ....... Ill MICROPEZID^C, .......... 113 PSILID^E, ........... 114 ORTALID^:, ....... .... 114 TRYPETIIX*:, .... ...... 119 SAPROMYZID^E, .......... 123 RHOPALOMERID^E, j ,, . . . . . . . 124 HELOMYZIDA;, . . . ' ....... 125 HETERONEURID^;, ......... 126 SCIOMYZID^:, . . . . . 'jj • . . . . . 127 PHYCODROMID^;, ....... ... 128 SCATOMYZID^E, . . . . ...... 128 ANTHOMYID^O, .......... 133 OESTRID^E, ...... • 130 SARCOPHAGIDjE, . . . ....... 138 MUSCID^E, . . . . ...... 140 TACHINID^;, ......... 144 DEXIIDA;, ...... ....... 144 HIPPOBOSCIIJ/E, ........ . 151 NYCTERYBIIDyE, . . . . ...... 152 APPENDIX, ..... . . ' . . . . . 153 INDEX, ... ..... 155 INTRODUCTION. THE order of two-winged insects, known as flies or Diptera, includes nearly forty thousand known species from different regions of the world. Since many of the species are very small or minute, and inconspicuous, and as the order has received only a small share of the attention of collectors and students, there certainly remain very many more to be yet made known. From North America not far from four thousand species have been studied, and we probably have as many more awaiting discovery. Our knowledge of the dipterological fauna has progressed with increased rapidity during the past ten or twenty years, but vast fields for profitable study yet remain open for the serious investigator. In North America the results to be obtained are almost inexhaustible. Nearly every family yet awaits the conscientious monographer. The des- cription of new species is the much less interesting of the work to be done, and perhaps the less profitable. At the present time the rapidly increasing number of short papers descriptive of new forms is rendering the determination of species more and more difficult. To the student beginning the study of this interesting group of insects, some words of advice or caution may be of service. The present work can make no pretensions to completeness in the characterization of genera, and he should never depend upon mere tables in the absence of other information. Doubt of the right generic location of a specimen may often be surest dissipated by attempting to refer it to some species. Until the student has acquired a sort of intuitive acquaintance with the different families the work may be somewhat tedious, but by VIII INTRODUCTION. perseverance he can not fail to overcome whatever obstacles families and genera may present. He will be very much aided at the beginning by having a tolerably large collection at his command by which to make comparisons. Difficulties will often disappear with positive evidence before him, where negative characters are puzzling. With each genus in a family positively determined the difficulties and uncertainties of others will gradually disappear. To determine his species the student will need access to a large number of papers, lists of which to the present time will be found in the catalogue of Osten Sacken, and on page xxxin of the present work. There are a few masters of dip- terology, and the student will never err in consulting their writings, no matter upon what subjects they may be. Of these I would especially mention Meigen, Wiedemann, Win- nertz, Loew, Schiner, Osten Sacken, Wulp and Brauer. Other writers whose works are indispensable, but who are not to be trusted as guides, are Desvoidy, Macquart, Walker, Rondani, Bigot, etc. Of the contemporary writers whose works will be found useful, and in most cases valuable, may be mentioned Austen, Eaton, Meade and Verrall of England; Bergenstamm, Kowarz, Mik and Strobl of Austria ; Becker, Girschner, Roeder and Ruebsamen of Germany ; Dziedzicki and Schnabl of Po- land ; Bezzi and Giglio-Tos of Italy ; Bergroth of Finland ; Skuse of Australia; the Lynchs of South America; Aldrich, Banks, Coquillett, Johnson, Scudder, Snow, Townsend and Wheeler of this country. Probably the most useful single work that the student will rind after Osten Sacken's Catalogue (Smithsonian Ins. 1878) is Schiner's Fauna Austriaca, and the most useful foreign periodical the Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, of which the accomplished Mik is one of the editors. The Zoological Record will be almost indispensable in ascer- taining what has been done during the past thirty-six years. For the beginner I would especially recommend Comstock's Manual for use in conjunction with this work. INTRODUCTION. IX Diptera may always be recognized by the presence of but one pair of wings ; the second pair of other insects is really represented by a small organ on each side back of the true wings, consisting of a short, slender stem with a knob-like ter- mination, called the halteres or poisers. Their function is not known ; that they have some function seems certain, as they are always in vibration during flight. Not all flies are winged; in some degraded forms, both among the lowest and highest groups of the order, they may be entirely wanting, as also the halteres. Sometimes the males will have wings and the females be wingless. But the number of wingless forms is very small. In the adult state the habits of flies are very various. Some, but not a very large proportion, are predaceous upon other insects, sucking their juices. Some are very annoying to man and other warm-blooded animals, sucking their blood ; of these may be mentioned the mosquitoes, black-flies, horse-flies, sta- ble and horn flies, the tsetze fly, etc., as well as all the pupipara, which are parasitic upon birds and mammals. By far the largest number of diptera, however, feed upon vegetable sub- stances, either fresh or decaying, the pollen and honey of flowers, etc. Some feed upon ordure and decaying material of whatever nature it may be. In the larval stages, the habits are yet more diverse. Brief references to the larval habits will be found in the following pages. Suffice here to say that the larger part are vegetable feeders, but not a few live upon decomposing animal matter, or in the living bodies of other insects, snails, reptiles, birds, mammals, etc. While some members of the order may be very annoying or prejudicial to man's economy, the order, upon the whole, is a beneficial one, whether in the larval or mature stages, whether as parasites upon other, and injurious organism, or as scavengers. In the following pages I endeavor to give such definitions and descriptions of the mature insect as will enable the stu- X INTRODUCTION. dent to understand and appreciate, not only the present work, but all other systematic works upon diptera. I have not thought it desirable to consider at length many interest- ing subjects connected with them, such as the internal anato- my, embryology, etc., as being rather apart from the object of the work, — an introduction or, aid to the study of systematic dipterology. HEAD. The head in diptera is extremely variable in shape, reach- ing its most remarkable development in the Diopsidae and Nycteribiidee. It is frequently more or less hemispherical, but more often the posterior surface or occiput, is flattened or even concave, giving a more hemispherical form. Often it is flattened and widened transversely as wide or wider than the thorax. In the Nycteribiidse it may be folded back into a groove on the dorsum of the thorax, but with those exceptions, it is always attached to the thorax by a freely movable neck. Next to the wings, the head offers the most important char- acters for classification. Eyes. The large compound eyes are present in all diptera save some Pupipara. In the great majority of males they are contiguous on the upper side of the head for a greater or less distance; in such cases the insects are called holoptlc. In many males, however, (all the Acalyptratse and several fami- lies of the Orthorrhapha, as well as in numerous genera of other families) and in all females with but few exceptions (some Acroceridae, Blepharoceridse, Bombyliidae and Platype- zidae, etc.) the eyes are separated more or less broadly by the front ; such insects are called dichoptic. Barely the eyes may be contiguous below the antennas or both above and below them, as in the Acroceridae. In not a few flies, especially those of the aerial eremochsetous kinds, the upper facets of the eyes are larger and more conspicuous than the lower ones, sometimes separated by a distinct line, or even entirely di- vided. In these flies especially, the eyes in life are often INTRODUCTION. XI brilliantly and beautifully colored with green and purple markings. Sometimes the enlargement of the facets is on the anterior portion and common to both sexes, as in the Asilidse. The larger number of flies have the eyes bare, or pubescent only when seen under high magnification. Very often, how- ever, the whole or part of the eyes is covered with erect pile or hair, which always finds its greatest development in the male sex. The pilosity may be sparse or dense, short or long. Ocelli. On the upper part of the head, between the com- pound eyes there are three simple, small eyes, present in most diptera, and called the ocelli. They are by no means constant among all the genera of some families, or even among all the species of some genera. They are usually situated in the form of a triangle whose apex is in front; sometimes they are located in a nearly straight line transversely, or, the middle one may be absent, and the other two situated one on each side close to the compound eyes. Antennae. No other organs furnish so many or so important characters in the classification of the diptera as do the anten- nae or feelers, as they have been sometimes called. The num- ber, shape, and arrangement of the joints offer, not only specific and generic characters, but in some cases family char- acters as well. Only in exceptional cases is the number less than three, and there may be as many as thirty-six, it is said. Through all the Cyclorrhapha the number three is constant, with the exception of the Phoridae, and the Pupipara. In the Nematocerous Orthorrhapha the number is usually from eight to sixteen, the first two of which form the scape, and which are always more or less differentiated from the remainder, which constitutes the flayellum. Osten Sacken has proposed to call those flies which have the antennae long and frequently bearing whorls of hairs, especially in the males, the true Nematocera, in distinction from the anomalous Nematocera, in which the antennae are shorter, destitute of whorls of hairs and with the joints pressed close together. Upon the antennal XII INTRODUCTION. character alone, however, the group can not be satisfactorily separated from the anomalous Brachycera, in which the anten- nae are more usually three-jointed, with the third joint divided into segments. Nor can the latter be clearly separated from the true Brachycera, in which the third joint is not annulated. Sometimes the third joint appears to resemble that joint in the true Brachycera, but will be found upon close inspection to be composed of a number of closely united segments or annuli, and it is in these cases that the term complex is applied. This character will be easily understood by examining the third antennal joint of a common horse-fly. Either the com- plex or the simple third joint may terminate in a bristle, usually called an arista, or in a style, that is a more slender portion, which is, however, not bristle-like. It is very evident that both the style and the arista represent only the more or less attenuated distal joints of the flagellum, because in all cases a close examination will show them to be composed of from two to five segments. The arista or style is frequently entirely wanting in the Orthorrhapha, but only rarely is it atrophied among the Cyclorrhapha. The style is always ter- minal, because it is less differentiated from the flagellum, but the arista may be either terminal or dorsal, and it may be inserted close to the base of the third joint. It is also evi- dent here that the change of position is more apparent than real, because it is in reality due to the greater development of the under side of the third joint. In some cases the third joint has developed into most singular structures, as for ex- ample in Neochauna and Klastocera among the Stratiomyid®, or Talarocera, Schizotachina, Dichocera and Diglossocera , among the Tachinidse. Frequently the arista has short hairs growing from its up- per and lower sides, in whicli cases it is called pubescent ; when the hairs are longer and more feather-like, the arista is said to be plumose ; or, if the hairs are fewer and stronger, pecti- nated. The plumosity or pectination is always stronger on the upper side of the arista. INTRODUCTION. XIII Front. The space between the eyes in all dichoptic flies, limited by the upper margin of the head and the line drawn through the root of the antennae is called the front. It may be wide or narrow, excavated or convex, etc. Vertex. The uppermost part of the front, near the margin of the occiput, which is here called the vertical margin. Vertical triangle. The triangle at the upper part of the head, between the eyes in holoptic flies. It bears the ocelli, which when placed on a triangle indicated by grooves or de- pressions is called the ocellar triangle. Frontal triangle. In holoptic flies, the triangle between the eyes and the root of the antennae, the apex of which is above. Ptilinnm. In the Cyclorrhapha an inflatable organ capable of being thrust out through the frontal suture just above the root of the antennae, and which is used by the imago in spring- ing off the cap to the puparium when about to extricate itself. Frontal lunule. An oval or crescentic space just above the root of the antennas in Cyclorrhaphous flies, bounded by the frontal suture. Epistoma or Peristoma. The oral margin and an indefinite space immediately contiguous thereto. Antennal fovea. A groove or grooves in the middle of the face, as though for the lodgment of the antennae, bounded on the sides by the facial ridges. Cheeks. The space back of the face and below the eyes. Orbits. The space immediately contiguous to the eyes, sometimes indicated by structural characters, at other times indefinite. It is called facial, frontal, etc., from the position. Clypeus. A part of the mouth structure, often visible be- low the margin of the mouth in front as a more or less visor- shaped piece. MOUTH-PARTS. The mouth-parts of diptera are wholly suctorial. They differ not a little in the different flies, as might be supposed XIV INTRODUCTION. from the diverse habits. In some they are adapted for pierc- ing animal or vegetable substances and are, in consequence, firmer and more slender; in others, and by far the greater number, they are adapted only for sucking up juices or such substances as may be dissolved by the aid of the saliva. Grains of pollen have been observed in the digestive organs of the Syrphidae and other flower flies, but, as a rule, fluids only serve as food. Many have the proboscis wholly retrac- tile into the oral cavity, and furnished with one or even two hinges, by which when at rest it may be folded up. In others the proboscis is not retractile, and projects either in front, or downward or backward, beneath the body. While it is usually short, it may be much longer than the body. Finally a few species have the mouth-parts rudimentary and take no nour- ishment in the adult state. As regards the different parts of which the mouth-organs are composed, there is a strong contention on the part of Prof. John B. Smith that the homologies previously and generally accepted by entomologists are not the correct ones. I have followed his arguments as carefully and as fully as I am able, but I will not pretend to assert any authoritative opinion in the matter, as that would presuppose a thorough acquaintance with the mouth-structure in other insects than the dipteni, which I do not possess. The more commonly accepted homologies are as follows : labium, maxillae, maxillary palpi, mandibles, hypopharynx, and labrum or labrum-epipharynx. The labial palpi are thought to be wholly wanting, or represented by the labella. The labium is always present, more or less fleshy and provided with muscles. It is grooved or channeled on the upper side to receive the other parts, with the exception of the palpi, which are free. This sheath is often nearly complete, the thin margins touching each other above. At its tip are the pair of joints of variable size called the "lips" or labella. The maxillae and mandibles are sometimes absent, the mandi- INTRODUCTION. XV bles most frequently ; when present they are always slender and firm. The hypopharynx is unpaired and slender, grooved on the upper side and sometimes converted into a nearly com- plete tube. The labrum, also unpaired, is usually elongate and grooved on the under side, forming by apposition with the pharynx a complete tube. The mandibles are frequently absent ; in fact I do not know of their occurrence in any flies with a simple third antennal joint, and they may be absent in the male when present in the female, as in the Tabanidae. They are always piercing organs, thin, firm, chitinous and usually slender. The two maxillae, likewise piercing organs, find their highest development in such predaceous flies as the Asilidae. Like the mandibles they are chitinous and slender. In some they are more or less flattened, and may have curi- ously shaped projections at the tip; usually they are bristle- like. They lie with the maxillae within the sheath of the labium, at either side of the labrum and hypopharynx. In some cases the labrum is short, and serves only as a cover for the proximal part of the hypopharynx, but usually it is as long as or longer than the hypopharynx and has a simple groove on the under side. The hypopharynx is always present in flies in which the mouth-parts are functional. It is, more often a slender, firm organ, grooved upon the upper side, which by apposition with the labrum forms a distinct tube. In some, however, it may form almost a complete tube in itself. Leaving out of account the degraded, but highly specialized Pupipara, the labium is always a sheath for all the other or- gans except the palpi, but is separable at the will of the insect. It is not used in piercing; it is either bent backward in the middle, as in the mosquito, or the piercing parts are thrust out at the extremity as in most of the predaceous flies. To facilitate this protrusion of the piercing parts, the proximal portion is more or less membranous and retractile; or, the inner organs may be capable of elongation, being coiled up in some cases, as in Pangnnia, within the pharyngeal XVI INTRODUCTION. cavity. The pair of organs at the extremity, the lips or la- bella, are very variable in shape, position and function. In the mosquito, for instance, they serve merely as a pair of fingers to guide the piercing parts. In many of the flower- flies with long proboscis, they are small, oval, divaricable organs, that seem to be chiefly sense-organs, as they are usually provided with hairs inserted into small, semi-translu- cent spots on the outer sides and margins. In the greater number of flies, however, the labella are of considerable size, and are provided with radiating ridges on the inner, opposable sides. These pseudotracheae, as they are called, serve as means of attrition, by which the insects rub off particles of food from firm substances. Sometimes the labella are long and slender and folded back under the labium when at rest. In the Asilidse and some others, they are rigid and horny. Perhaps the most important of all the mouth-parts, from the systematic standpoint, are the maxillary palpi. They are always inserted at the inferior basal part of the proboscis, on a thin plate which bears the maxillse, and are always extri- cated. Their study has been much neglected, and doubtless thorough comparative researches will reveal not a few charac- ters of value in classification. They are variously described as being composed of from one to five joints. Probably there is never more than four articulated joints, the basal joint being merely a process of the plate bearing the maxillse. The tendency in diptera is toward their entire loss, and in the most highly specialized families there is never more than one articulated joint. They may be reduced to the merest rudi- ments, even in flies which are more or less predaceous in hab- its and which have the mouth-parts with the exception of the mandibles, otherwise well-developed. They are never greatly elongated, save among some of the Nematocera. Without going into Prof. Smith's arguments, he shows with what seems to be much force, that the real homologies of the dipterous mouth-parts are as follows : INTRODUCTION. XVII Labrum Paraglossa. Hypypharynx. . . . Ligula. Mandibles Lacinia. Maxillse. .... Palpifers. Maxillary palpi. . . . Maxillary palpi. Labium. .... Galea. THORAX. The thorax is composed, as in other insects, of three parts, the ^r-o-thorax, the meso-thorax and the meta-thorax, but the first and the last are so aborted as to present but few ana- tomical characters. The prothorax is perhaps most readily distinguished in the Nematocerous flies, forming a rounded collar back of the neck. The metathorax is not seen at all from above ; the scutellum, cut off by an impressed line, usu- ally a semi-oval body, really belongs to the mesothorax, the dorsum of which is often called the mesonotum. Transverse suture, an impressed line usually running straight across the mesonotum and terminating a little in front of the root of the wings. It is more or less incomplete in the middle. Humerus or humeral callus, the anterior superior angles of the mesothorax, usually a more or less rounded callus. Post-alar callus, a more or less distinct rounded swelling, situated between the root of the wing and the scutellum. Pre-alar callus, a similar, but usually less prominent, pro- jection situated before the root of the wings on the sides of the mesonotum, just back of the outer ends of the transverse suture. Scutellar bridge, a small ridge on either side of the scutel- lum, connecting it with the mesonotum. Presutural depression, a depression, usually triangular in shape, at the outer ends of the transverse suture, near the dorsopleural suture. Supra-alar groove, a groove on the mesothorax immediately above the root of the wings, along the inner margin of which there are, usually, characteristic bristles. XVIII INTRODUCTION. Dorsopleural suture, the suture running from the humerus to the root of the wings, separating the mesonotum from the pleura. Mik proposes for it the rather more appropriate term of notopleural suture. Sternopleural suture, the suture below the dorsopleural suture, nearly parallel with it and separating the mesopleura from the sternopleura. Mesopleural suture, the suture running from the root of the wings downward and separating the .mesopleura from the pteropleura. Mesopleura, the space situated in front of the root of the wings, between the dorsopleural and sternopleural sutures. Pteropleura, situated below the root of the wings, back of the mesopleural suture. Sternopleura, the lower part of the pleura, below the sterno- pleural suture and above the front coxae. Hypopleura, the space over the middle and hind coxae, be- low the metapleura and pteropleura. •Metapleura, the " sides of the metanotum ", a more or less swollen space at the outside of the metanotum and between it and the pteropleura and hypopleura. Metanotum, the oval, arched portion behind, beneath the scutellum. It is frequently the 'best developed in the flies with long, slender abdomen, as the Tipulidae. Halteres, balancers or poisers, rudimentary posterior wings, a slender organ with a dilated head, situated below each metapleura. Teyulce or alulae, a pair of membranous scales situated above the halteres and back of the root of the wings, one above the other. The lower one or both may be rudimentary or absent; the upper one moves with the wings and is called the antitegula by Osten Sacken. Comstock, however, objects to this use of tegula, saying that the term was first used for the cup-like scale above the root of 'the wing in certain hymenoptera, and should be reserved for that organ. INTRODUCTION. XIX LEGS. The three pairs of legs are attached to the prothorax, meso- thorax and metathorax, and are called, respectively the front, middle and hind pairs. When the front and middle pairs are spoken of together they should be called, for the sake of ex- actness, the anterior legs ; when the middle and hind pairs are collectively meant, the posterior legs. The legs are com- posed of five parts : Coxa, the part attaching the legs proper to the thorax. Trochanter, the short, small, ring-like portion between the femur and coxa. Femur, almost invariably the longest and stoutest portion of the legs, often provided with tubercles, spines or projec- tions or sometimes greatly thickened ; usually slender. Tibia, the next part succeeding the femur, and like it often with various ornamentations or projections. When it ter- minates in one or more distinct, short bristly spines, it is said to be spurred. Tarsus, the distal division of the legs, composed (except in some abnormal forms) of five joints, of which the first, that next to the tibia, is called the metatarsus. On the terminal, or fifth joint, are the Ungues or claws, usually two, curved movable booklets on the under side of the last tarsal joint, at the base of which below, are a pair of Pulvilli, two pad-like, fleshy cushions attached to the last joint of the tarsus below the claws, usually present, but often absent among the Orthorrhapha and often much larger and better developed in the male than the female. Between them, among a number of the families of the Cyclorrhapha, is the Empodium, a median appendage on the under side of and between the claws, either in the form of a pad, like the pul- villi, when it is called pulvilliform, or like a bristle or spine ; rarely it is alone present and the pulvilli wanting. XX INTRODUCTION. ABDOMEN. The abdomen is composed of a variable number of segments, more or less closely fused together. The normal number for insects, nine, are rarely all visible (the Tipulidse are exam- ples). They are counted from the base on the upper side. In not a few cases the first two are so closely fused together, and the first one abbreviated, that the nomenclature leaves some doubt in the mind of the student. The upper part of the ab- domen may be especially indicated by the word dorsum, but in general, the venter or under part is alone thus contradistin- guished. The male genitalia, which in many cases are of complicated structure, and of much value in classification, are known collectively as the hopopygium, though Bergroth has proposed the name propygium for them. The ovipositor of the female abdomen very frequently projects from the abdomen, and is sometimes extremely long ; its structure is often char- acteristic of genera or families. The more detailed descrip- tion of the parts of both these organs it is unnecessary to go into here ; they may be studied in the different families, where they often find useful application in the separation of species. CH^ETOTAXY. Until within recent years but little attention had been paid by writers on systematic dipterology to the number and ar- rangement of the bristles among flies. Osten Sacken, who proposed the term chcvtotaxy, to designate the science of their arrangement, published an epochmaking paper on the subject in 1881. Since that time their use has steadily increased with the most happy results. That they will become more and more useful as their study in different families progresses, there can seem to be no doubt. For that reason, it behooves the student to become familiar with the nomenclature already in use. The following are the most important terms : CEPHALIC BHISTLES. Vertical, two pairs, inner and outer, inserted more or less INTRODUCTION. XXI behind the upper and inner corner of the eye, erect, or the inner pair convergent, the outer pair divergent. Postvertical, in the middle of the upper part of the occiput, generally small or absent. Ocellar, situated close to the ocelli, usually directed for- ward ; often absent. Fronto-orbital bristles, placed on each side of the front, near the orbit, immediately below the vertical bristles. There may be one, two or none on each side*. Lower fronto-orbital, situated on the lower part of the front, above the antennae, along the orbit, and not quite in line with the fronto-orbital bristles. They are not of frequent occur- rence. Vibrissa, a stout bristle situated near the oral margin on each side. Of important use in the classification of the Acalyptratse. Facial, a series of bristles on either side of the middle por- tion of the face, above the vibrissse, especially conspicuous among many genera of the Tachinidse, but usually absent in the Acalyptratse. THORACIC DORSAL BRISTLES. Humeral, one or more bristles inserted on the humeral callus. Post-humeral, usually two, inserted immediately above the dorso-pleural suture, between the humeral callus and the root of the wing, on the bottom of the pre-sutural depression. Pre-sutural, one or more bristles situated immediately in front of the transverse suture, above the pre-sutural depression. Supra-alar, usually three bristles, one on the post-alar cal- lus, one on the alar frenuin and the third in front of the second on the edge of the supra-alar depression. Intro-alar, a row of two or three bristles between the supra- alar group and the dorso-central bristles. Dorso-central, two or four longitudinal rows on the inner part of the dorsum, sometimes represent by the XXII INTRODUCTION. Prescutellar, a transverse row of bristles in front of the scutellum. THORACIC PLEURAL BRISTLES. Propleural, bristles inserted immediately above the front coxae. Mesopleural, bristles inserted on the mesopleuree, in the angle formed by the dorso-pleural and mesopleural sutures. Sternopleural, one or several bristles situated on the sterno- pleura, below the sternopleural suture. Pteropleural, bristles inserted on the pteropleurae, rarely present and difficult to distinguish. Metapleural, bristles inserted on the metapleurae, especially conspicuous in the Asilidse, and named by Lynch the Trichostical bristles, a fan-like row on the metapleurae, con- spicuous in some families. Hypopleural bristles, a row or tuft of bristles on the hypo- pleura, occurring in the Calyptratae. ABDOMINAL BRISTLES. Marginal bristles, bristles inserted on the posterior margin of the segments, especially conspicuous in many Tachinidae. Discal bristles, bristles, usually one or more pairs, inserted on the middle of the segments before the hind margin. Lateral bristles, one or more bristles situated on or near the lateral margins of the segments. In addition, a number of terms are used to designate the inclination of the bristles, often important in describing the cephalic bristles. The more important of these are erect, when standing vertically, or nearly so; proclinate, when directed forward ; reclinate, when directed backward ; divaricate or divergent when directed outward from the middle line ; con- vergent when directed inwardly ; decussate or cruciate when crossing each other. INTRODUCTION. XXIII WINGS. To understand the neuration or venation of the wings the student may select a common large horse-fly (Tabanidae). Observe near the middle of the wing directed transversely, a large, oblong, five or six sided cell, surrounded on all sides by other cells. This is the discal cell and is present in nearly all flies. Somewhere on the vein (fourth longitudinal'), that bounds this cell in front, will be seen a short connecting vein, directed anteriorly, the anterior or small cross-vein, which affords, in most cases, a key to the neuration, no matter how intricate. It always connects the fourth longitudinal vein behind with the third longitudinal vein in front (in a few rare cases the second longitudinal vein); the cell behind it is the discal, in front, between the second and third longitudinal veins, the submarginal ; on the outer side the first posterior ; on the inner side the first basal. Just back of the first basal cell and separated from it by the fourth longitudinal vein, is the second basal cell ; back of the second basal and separated by the fifth longitudinal vein, is the third basal or anal cell. Back of the anal cell and including the free posterior proximal portion of the wing is the axillary cell. In the horse-fly the anal cell is seen to run back obliquely to near the posterior •margin of the wing, where it terminates acutely, that is, the anal cell is closed near the border of the wing ; should the two veins that close it run separately into the margin of the wing, then the cell is said to be open. Counting from the third longitudinal vein (posterior branch) backward along the posterior border of the wing, to the vein that closes the anal cell outwardly, the student will count five different cells, the first of which, as already said, borders on the first basal cell, the second and third on the discal cell, the fourth on the discal and second basal cell, and the fifth on the second basal and anal cells ; these cells are called the posterior cells, and are numbered from before back; the first is bounded by the third and fourth longitudinal and the anterior cross-vein ; the XXIV INTRODUCTION. second by the fourth longitudinal in front, the anterior inter- calary vein behind, and the posterior cross-vein at the outer side of the discal cell ; the third is bounded by the anterior intercalary, and the fifth longitudinal vein and the posterior cross-vein; the fourth is bounded by the fifth longitudinal vein in front and the posterior intercalary vein behind ; the fifth by the posterior intercalary, the fifth longitudinal at the outer end of the second basal cell, and the posterior basal cross- vein at the outer end of the anal cell. The short vein which separates the second basal cell from the discal cell is known as the anterior basal cross-vein. Now, following the third longitudinal vein outwardly it will be found to give off an an- terior branch which runs forward to terminate in the anterior border of the wing, or costa ; the cell included between this fork and the vein itself behind is the second submarginal cell. The second longitudinal vein borders the first submarginal cell in front and terminates in the costa; between it and the first longitudinal vein which has a similar course and termi- nation is the marginal cell; between the first longitudinal vein and the costa there is another parallel vein with nar- row cells on each side of it, the vein is the auxiliary, and the cell before it the costal, behind it the subcostal. Finally, near the root of the wing there is a short cross-vein connecting the auxiliary vein with the costa; it is known as the humeral cross-vein. The student is urged to procure a copy of Coin stock's Man- ual of Insects for use in connection with this work. The figures there given of the various parts of the external anato- my of diptera and especially of the neuration, are the truest to nature that I have ever seen. The nomenclature of the wing-neuration there adopted, or some modification of it, is destined to supplant the Meigenian or Schinerian terminolo- gies now almost exclusively used. I have not adopted it in this work for two reasons : first, that it has not yet been fully INTRODUCTION. XXV crystallized into a permanent shape ; second, because nearly all the existing literature has the nomenclature here employed and to use a new one would largely defeat the object of the work in the hands of the beginner. I give below the ter- minology used by Comstock, together with the equivalent terms here used and the equivalent ones in the terminology of Schiner, for the horse-fly. Auxiliary vein .... II First longitudinal .... III1 Second longitudinal . . . 1112,3 Third longitudinal .... III5 Fourth longitudinal . . . V2 Fifth longitudinal V3 Sixth longitudinal .... IX Anterior branch of third vein . III4 Anterior intercalary . . . V2 Posterior intercalary . . . VIII Costal cell 2ndl Subcostal cell II Marginal cell III1 First submarginal cell . . . III3 Second submarginal cell . . III4 First basal cell .... 2ndIII Second basal cell .... V Anal cell . . . . . VIII Axillary cell IX First posterior cell .... III5 Second posterior cell ... VI Third posterior cell . . . 2ndV2 Fourth posterior cell V3 Fifth posterior cell .... VIII Discal cell lstV2 Mediastinal Subcostal Radial Cubital Discoidal Postical Anal Costal Mediastinal Subcostal Cubital Flies differ very much in the nature of their covering. Many are nearly or quite bare; others have a thick, woolly covering of closely set, long fine hair ; while others still have an abundant covering of long stout, heavy bristles or[macro- chcet(K. Undoubtedly the kind of covering has much relation XXVI INTRODUCTION. with the habits of the mature insects, yet just what the rela- tions are is not yet well understood. Osten Sacken has ob- served that the eremochsetous flies (i. e. diptera in which there is a general absence of bristles, as for example the Stratiomyidae, Leptidse, and Tabanidse) are for the most part holoptic in the male sex and at the same time are principally aerial flies, flying swiftly and with the habit of hovering, using their legs only for alighting. On the contrary the chsetophorous flies (as the Muscidse, sens, lat., Phoridae, Doli- chopodidae, Asilidse, etc.) iise their legs as much as, sometimes more, than the wings for locomotion, and rarely have the eyes contiguous in the male sex. Probably the development of the macrochsetae reaches its highest extent among the Tachinidse, as for instance in Dejeania, Saundersia, etc., and the Dexiidae (Hystrisiphona, etc.), where the abdomen may be almost wholly covered with long and erect, very rigid spines. As concerns other forms of covering, the usage of writers is not very exact ; the terms hair, pile, pubescence and tomen- tum are used with a wide degree of latitude. In general, how- ever, pile should be restricted to indicate close, thickly set, fine hair, as in the pile of velvet, while hair may mean longer, and less abundant. Pubescence should mean very short, fine hairs, while tomentum can only be correctly applied to recum- bent, flattened scale-like or stubble-like hairs, which gradually merge into dust or pollen, which is so generally present in flies, and upon which the determination of many species must largely depend. INTERNAL ANATOMY. For the following brief account of the internal anatomy of Diptera I am indebted to Prof. V. L. Kellogg. The special features of the internal structure of the Diptera are the high degree of concentration of the nervous system attained in some of the members of the order, the expansion of the two main tracheal trunks in the base of the abdomen INTRODUCTION. XXVII to form air sacs, the presence of a sucking stomach as in the Lepidoptera, the constant number (four, rarely five) of the Malphigian tubes, and the absence of a bttrsa copulatrix in the females. The alimentary canal presents behind the oesophagus an expansion which is a crop or sucking stomach. The ventri- culus, or true stomach, lying behind it, has usually two cceca ; and the long, slender, Malpighian vessels are, in almost all species, four in number, a surprising constancy compared with the condition in other groups of specialized insects. The ves- sels open singly into the alimentary canal in some flies and in others they unite in pairs before reaching the canal and open into it by two ducts. The heart is of the usual type, with two chambers in the more specialized families, owing to the concentration of the body. In the larva of Corethra the heart is a simple, elongate tube without chambers. The two main tracheal trunks expand at the base of the abdomen into conspicuous air sacs similar to those found among Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, the lamellicorn beetles and some other insects. The two pairs of spiracles of the thorax are provided with " vocal cords ", and a considerable part of the humming sound is produced by these structures. The abdominal spiracles of some flies are as primitive as are to be found among insects, being simply unlipped openings. The condition of the nervous system varies greatly within the order. In the elongate, more generalized Nematocerous forms there are five or six abdominal ganglia, and three dis- tinct thoracic ganglia. From this condition to that shown by the Muscidse, where all the thoracic and abdominal ganglia are united into one large ganglion in the thorax, a most in- structive series of gradatory forms is presented. In the Empididse, which stand intermediately as regards the concen- tration of the ventral cord, the two anterior thoracic ganglia are fused into one ; this condition is radically different from XXVIII , INTRODUCTION. that shown by insects of other orders, as the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, which have but two thoracic ganglia. In these insects, however, it is the two posterior ganglia (meso and metathoracic) which are fused into one. The careful studies of Child on the so-called Johnston's organ, an elaborate structure of fine chitin rods connected with special nerve cells and these connected by fine nerves with the main antennal nerve, the whole organ (which is lo- cated in the second antennal joint) seem to ascribe definitely an auditory function to the antennae. Child's studies were mostly made on the Nematocerous forms. Special nerve structures are present at the base of the hal- teres, and orienting, auditory and other sense functions have been ascribed to them by various morphologists. Flies from which these organs have been removed are utterly unable properly to direct their flight. The internal organs of the reproductive system present some interesting peculiarities. The ovaries of the female consists of an exceptionally large number of egg-tubes, there are three receptaculi seminales, paired accessory glands, and no true bursa copulatrix. The males have two oval testes with short vasa differentia. The testes are not infrequently color- ed, possessing a pigment layer. There is a well developed penis with accessory copulatory organs. CLASSIFICATION OF DIPTERA. The first real attempt at the subdivision of the order of Diptera was made by Latreille in 1802, when he distinguished between the Nematocerous and Brachycerous forms. The term Nemocera was introduced by him in 1817, and the char- acters upon which he based the group are yet employed. The name Brachycera was applied to the remaining diptera by Macquart in 1825. The characters he used, following La- treille, were: Antennae at least six-jointed ; palpi four or five-jointed. NEMOCERA. Antennae three-jointed ; palpi one or two-jointed. BKACHTCERA. INTRODUCTION. XXIX This attempt at subdivision, based upon the antennae and palpi, was all that had been made until a comparatively recent date. It is the classification followed by Loew in the first volume of the Monographs published as late as 1860. In 1863 Brauer proposed a more rational division of the diptera into the two suborders, Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha, based chiefly upon larval and pupal characters. Their characters in a later publication he gives as follows : Larvae with a "jaw-capsule" (Kieferkapsel) or a differentiated head. Pupae free or enclosed in the larval skin ; in either case the larval skin bursts for the extrication of the pupa or imago in a T-shaped opening on the back of the anterior end, or rarely in a transverse rent between the eighth and ninth abdominal rings. The imago lacks the frontal lunule and ptilinum ORTHORRHAPHA. Larvae without differentiated head. Pupae always enclosed in the hard- ened larval skin (forming the so-called puparium); the imago always escaping from the anterior end through a circular orifice. Frontal lunule present; ptilinum usually present CYCLORRHAPHA. More recently Brauer has proposed a further subdivision of the suborders into tribes and groups as follows : SUBORDER ORTHORRHAPHA. Section I. Nematocera. Tribe 1. Eucephala. Families Mycetophilidae, Bibionidae, Chiro- nomidae, Culicidae, Blepharoceridae/^Simuliidse, Psychodidae, Pty- chopteridae, Rhophidae. Tribe 2. Oligoneura. Family Cecidomyidae. Tribe 3. Polym-ura. Tipulidse, Limnobiidae. Section II. Brachycera. Tribe 4. Acroptera. Family Lonchopteridae. Tribe 5. Platygenya. Group 1. Homodactyla. Superfamily 1. Notacantha. Families Stratomyidae, Xylo- phagidae. Superfamily 2. Tanystoma. Families Tabanidaa, Acan- thromeridae, Leptidae. Superfamily 3. Bombylimorpha. Families Nemistrinidae, Acroceridae. XXX INTRODUCTION. Group 2. Heterodactyla. Superfamily 1. Procephala. Families Mydaidae, Asilida?, Bombyliidae. Tribe 6. Orthogenya. Families Empididae, Dolichopodidae. SUBORDER CYCLORRHAPHA. Section I. Aschiza. Tribe 1. Syrphidae. Families Syrphidae, Pipunculidae. Tribe 2. Hypocera. Families Phoridae, Platypezidae. Section II. Schizophora. Tribe 3. Eumyidae. Muscidea of the present work'. Superfamily Schizometopa. Calyptrataa of the present work. Superfamily Holometopa. Acalyptratae of the present work. Tribe 4. Pupipara. Pupipara of authors. Osten Sacken, however, objects to this classification and offers valid reason to sustain his objections, at least so far as the Orthorrhapha are concerned. He insists that the Nemato- cera and Brachycera are natural divisions and bases their distinction ultimately upon the palpal characters. He says that for some unexplained reason later authors have neglected these characters and have concentrated their attention upon the antennae. In this statement, however, I think that Osten Sacken is somewhat unjust. The characters of the palpi have been used by both Schiner and Brauer, as well as in my own classification, and stress has been placed upon them. Schiner states explicitly that Nemistrina has three-jointed pal- pi, and it is known that Aedes, as well as some genera of Ce- cidomy idee, have but a single palpal joint. This being the case, it is seen that the character of the palpi is not the ultimate distinction between the two groups. As I have already said, there are never more than four articulated joints among the diptera in the palpi, and the great majority of the Cyclorrha- pha have none, the basal process or projection being all that is present, and this will usually if not always be found, albeit often in a rudiment condition, among all forms of the order. I give Osten Sacken's classification at length, as follows : INTRODUCTION. XXXI ORTHORRHAPHA. Nemocera vera. No holoptic head in the male sex; no bisection or bicol- oration of the eyes. Antennae provided with sensitive hairs ar- ranged symmetrically on the flagellum in verticils or pencils of hairs (exception Mycetophilidae). No ocelli (exception Mycetophi- lidae and Lestreminae). No pulvilli; empodia often but not always present. A. Larvae peripneustic*, always terrestrial. Families Cecidomyidae, Mycetophilidaa. B. Larvae metapneustic or amphipneustic, aquatic, subaquatic, sometimes terrestrial. Families, Culicidae, Chironomidse, Psychodidae, (?) Dixidae, Tipulidae. Nemocera anomala. Diptera with homologous joints to the flagellum, usually., four-jointed palpi. Males frequently holoptic, sometimes the females also. Pulvilli usually present. Antennae without sensi- tive hairs. Ocelli usually present. Families Bibionidae, Simuliidae, Blepharoceridae, llhyphidae, Orphnephilidae. Brachifcera. Palpi one or two-jointed, not pendulous, porrect, the second joint more or less clavate, larger than the first. Joints of the flagel- lum usually not homologous. No macrochaatae. Three well developed pulvilli. Males predominently holoptic, the eyes often bisected. Antennal flagellum polymorphous. Axillary incision, alula and antitegula in most cases distinctly devel- oped. Discal cell usually present; usually five posterior cells. Legs rather smooth. Families Stratiomyidae, Tabanidse, Acantho- meridae, Leptidaa EREMOCH^TA. COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF DIPTERA. Flies must be collected with much more care than can be safely used with such insects as coleoptera. Moisture of all kinds injures or ruins them, and specimens collected in alcohol are worthless. For this reason the collecting bottle should be lined throughout with blotting paper, and the cyanide placed in the cork ; a very little poison suffices to kill them. Nor should they be allowed to become too dry before pinning. The pin should be thrust through the middle of the thorax, and the specimen placed just so as to enable the head of the pin to be grasped by the thumb and finger safely. Very small * Amphipneustic larvae are those in which the spiracles are confined to the first and last segments; metapneustic those in which they are confined to the posterior segments; peripneustic those in which they are absent on the median rings. XXXII INTRODUCTION. specimens should never be glued to card points, as is com- monly done with coleoptera ; they should always be pinned. Sometimes specimens may be collected and packed in some very fine, light sawdust, impregnated with carbolic acid, where it is inconvenient or impossible to pin them. Such specimens being gently separated from the sawdust are allowed to re- main for some hours, over, but not touching, damp sand before pinning. To pin the small specimens, use narrow strips of good card-board or bristol-board, thrusting a slender pin through one end and allowing it to protrude just a little above the edge and clipping off the longer end with a pair of pliers. Thrust the point of the pin as held in the card-board, into the under side of the insect, but not entirely through it, and a stronger pin in the reverse direction through the other end of the small strip. The pins are to be thrust through the card-board from edge to edge, and in consequence a good quality is to be se- lected that will not split too readily. The wings should never be spread, but should be turned aside so as not to conceal the abdomen. In the early part of the season many interesting species will be caught with the beating-net. The pointed end of the beating-net may be thrust, with its contents, into a bottle containing a little chloroform, or into a cyanide bottle, for a short time, when the specimens may be leisurely re- moved. Later in the season, flower-flies will be collected from a great variety of melliferous blossoms, and it is better to wait for the specimens to come to such blossoms than to go hastily about looking for them. I have collected from a sin- gle patch of elderberry blossoms, not a rod in diameter, more than forty species of Syrphidse within ten days. Not many species are to be found in shady woods, but those species must be sought for there. To preserve flies in the cabinet from their insect enemies, I use naphthaline. The head of ordinary pins, when heated red-hot, may be thrust into the common moth-balls sold by the druggists, which when thus mounted serve all purposes. BIBLIOGEAPHY, 1878-1895. 1. ALDRICH, JOHN MERTON. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1. A New Genus and Species of Tabanidae, vi, 236, 237, 246, figs. 1892. 2. The Dolichopodid Genus Lianculus, vi, 569-571, 1892. 3. The Tipulid Genera Bittacomorpha and Pedicia, vii, 200-202, 1894. KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY, LAWRENCE, KANSAS. 4. A Revision of the Genera Dolichopus and Hygroceleuthus, ii, 1-26, '93. 5. New Genera and Species of Psilopinae, ii, 47-50, 1893. 6. New Genera and Species of Dolichopodidae, ii, 151-157, 1894. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 7. New Species of Phora, xxiv, 142-146, 1892. 2. AUSTEN, ERNEST E. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, ENGLAND. 1. Descriptions of New Species of Dipterous Insects of the Family Syr- phidae in the Collection of the British Museum, with Notes on Species described by the late Francis Walker, Part I, Bacchini and Brachy- opini, 1893, 132-164, pis. iv, v. ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, LONDON, ENGLAND. 2. On the Specimens of the Genus Cutiterebra and its Allies (Family Oestridae) in the collection of the British Museum, with the Descrip- tion of a New Genus and Three New Species, (6) xv, 377-496, pi. xiii, 1795. 3. Further Notes on Cutiterebra : On the identity of certain species described by the late Bracy Clark, (6) xvi, 147-155, 1895. 3. BANKS, NATHAN. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 1. Concerning Calotarsa ornatipes Townsend, xxvi, 88, 1894. 2. Some Psychodidse from Long Island, N. Y. xxvi, 329-333, 1894. 3. Notes on Psychoda, xxvii, 324, 1895. 4. BERGROTH, EVALD. WIENER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. 1. Ueber einige nordamerikanische Tipuliden, vii, 195-201, 1888. 2. Zwei neue Dipteren, viii, 295-298, 1889; xi, 162, 1892. 5. BEUTENMUELLER, WILLIAM. XXXIV BIBLIOGRAPHY. (5. BIGOT, JACQUES, F. M. ANNALES DE LE SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUK DE FRANCE, PARIS, FRANCE. Dipteres Nouveaux ou peu Connus. 1. XII. Genus Phumosia, Pyrellia, Cosmina, Ochromyia, et Curtoneura, pp. 31-40, 1878. 2. XIII. Generes Ocyptera (Latr.) Ocypterula, Exogaster (Rond.) pp. 40-47, 1878. 3. XIV. Notes et Melanges, p. 48, 1878. 4. XV. Tribu des Asilidi. Curies des Laphridae et Dasypogonidae, pp. 231, 1878. 5. XV. (Suite.) Tribu des Asilidi, etc. pp. 401-446, 1878. 6. XVI. Curiae Xylophagidarum et Stratiomydarum (Bigot), pp. 183- 234, 1879. 7. XVII. Notes et Melanges, pp. 235, 23(5, 1879. 8. XVIII. Genres Plagiocera (Macq.), Forrnosia (Guerin,) et Rutilia (Rob,— Desv.) pp. 86-89, 1880. 9. XXI. Syrphidaa (mihi.)— Genre Eristalis (Fabr.) pp. 213-230, 1880. 10. XXIII. Tribus Nemistrinidorum, pp. 13-24, 1881. 11. XXVII. Notes et Corrections, pp. 372-374, 1881. 12. XXVIII. Acanthomeridaa (Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot.) pp. 453-460, '82. 13. XXIX. Genres Roeselia, Actia, Melia, Phytomyptera, et Tribu des Anthomyzidae (Schiner, Rondani, Meade) pp. 5-22, 1882. 14. XXXI. Genres Volucella (Geoffr, Hist, des Insectes, 1764) et Phala- cromyia (Rondani, Esame d. var. spec. d'Insett. Ditteri Brasiliani, Torino, 1848,) pp. 61-88, 1883. 15. XXXII. Syrphidi (lere partie) pp. 221-258, 1883, (2e partie) Especes nouvelles No. ler. pp. 315-356, 1883 : (2e partie) Especes nouvelles No. II (2), pp. 536-560, 1884 : 2e partie) Especes nouvelles, No. Ill (2), pp. 7:3-116, 1885. 16. XXXIII. Anthomyzides nouvelles, pp. 263-304, 1885. 17. XXXV. Famille des Amwialocerati (mihi), Coriacae, Pupipara, Nye- teribidae Auctor ) pp. 225-246, 1885. 18. XXXVI. Syrphidi, Addenda au memoire publie dans les Annales de la Societeentomologique de France ( Annees 1883-4) pp. 247-252, '85. 19. XXXVII. Essai d'une Classification Synoptique du Groupe des Tan- ypezidi (mihi.)et Descriptions de Genres et d'Especes inedits, pp. 287-302, 1885 ; 369-392, 1866. 20. XXXVIII. Liste Synoptique des especes appartenant au Genre Lox- ocera (Meigen, etc.) Fam. des Agromyzidae, Stirps 24e Chylizinae (Rondani, Prodr. vol. i, 1856), Psilinae (Schiner). 21. XXXIX. Descriptions de Nouvelles Especes de Stratomydi et de Conopsidi, pp. 20-46, 1887. 22. XL. Descriptions de nouvelles especes de Myopidi, pp. 203-208, 1887. BIBLIOGRAPHY. XXXV 23. XLI. Tachinidse, Dexiada;, pp. 77-101, 1888. 24. XLII. Diagnoses de nouvelles especes, pp. 253-270, 1888. 25. XLIII. Cyrtidi (J. Bigot), pp. 313-320, 1889. 26. XLIV. Therevidi (J. Bigot) pp. 321-328, 1889. 27. XLVI. Bombylidi (mihi), pp. 321-376, 1892. MEMOIRES DE LA SOCIETE ZOOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE, PARIS, FRANCE. 28 Description de Dipteres nouveaux, iv, 408, 1891 ; v, 602-691, 1892. BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE ZOOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE, PARis, FRANCE. Dipteres Nouveaux ou peu Connus. 29. Leptidi (J. B. ) xii, pp. 1-23, 1887. 30. Muscidi (J. B.) xii, pp. 561-617, 1887. 31. Genre Haematopota, xvi, 74-79, 1891. BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE, PARIS, FRANCE. 32. (Merapioidus villosus, gen. et sp. nov.) 1879, p. 64. 33. (Parasymmictus, gen. nov.) 1879, p. 86. 34. (Glutops, Arthropeas,) 1879, p. 164. 35. (Megalorayia argyropasta, gen. et sp. nov.; Acanthomera, sp. nov.) 1889, p. 5. 36. (Phyllomydas, Enoplenipis, Magacytarius,) 1880, p. 62. 37. (New Genera of Syrphidae,) 1882, p. 78. 38. (Myelaphus, Enoplempis,).1882, p. 112. 39. (Lycastrirhyncha, Stylomyia,) 1882, p. 20. 40. (Syrphidae,) 1882, p. 4. 41. (Kurlrimyia,) 1883, p. 35. 42. (Cholomyia, gen. et sp. nov.) 1884, p. 42. 43. (Ancylogaster ornatus, gen. et sp. nov.) 1884, p. 95. 44. (New Genera of Dexiidse,) 1885, separatum, p. 1-7. 45. (New Genera and Species of Ortalidae and Tachinidae) 1885, separatum, p. 1-4. 4(5. Diagnoses de nouveaux Genres et nouvelles Especes de Dipteres et Observations diverses, separatum, pp. 1-4, 1886, p. ciii. 47. (On the Acanthomeridae of the Biologia Centrali-Americana,) 1886, pp. clxvii, clxviii. 48. (On Eclimus, Epibates and Thevenemyia,) 1887, p. Ix. 49. Observations sur les Rhaphidi et les Dolichopodi, 1888, p. xxiv. 50. Especes nouvelles de Dolichopodi, 1888, pp. xxix, xxx. 51. (New Muscidaa,) 1887, pp. clxii-clxxiv. 52. (Errata,) 1888, cvi, cvii. 53. (Pseudarchilestes,) 1889, p. clxxxiii. REVUE D'ENTOMOLOGIE, PARIS, FRANCE. 54. Dexidae, Sarcophagidae. Essai d'une classification generate et synop tique des genres assignes presentemente aces deux groupes d'insectes dipteres, 1885, pp. 255-269. XXXVI BIBLIOGRAPHY. MKMOIRES DE LA SOCIETB ZOOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE, PARIS, FRANCE. 55. Descriptions de Dipteres nouveaux, v, pp. 002-691, 1892. 7. BRAUER, FRIEDRICH. WIENER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. 1. Ueber die Verwandtschaft und systematise-he Stellung der Blepharo- ceriden, i, pp. 14, 1882. VERHANDLUNGEN DER KAISERLICHEN ZOOLOGISCH-BOTANISCHEN GESELLS- CHAFT ZU WlEN, AUSTRIA. 2. Ueber die sogenannten Stillstadien in der Entwickelung der Oestriden- Larven, pp. 79-84, 1892. DENKSCHRIFTEN DER MATHEMATISCH-NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN CLASSE DER KAISERLICHEN ACADEMIE DER WlSSENSCHAFTEN, VlENNA, A US. Die Zwiefluegler des kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. 3. I. 1. Die kaiserliche, Winthem'sche, Wiedemann'sche und Egger'sche Sammlung. 2. Systematische Uebersicht, xlii, pp. 105-118, 1880. 4. II. Versuch einer Characteristik der Gattungen der Notacanthen (Ltr.) mit Ruecksicht auf die iin kaiserliehen Museum befindliclien von Dr. J. R. Schiner aufgestellten neuen Gattungen. 3. Characteristik der mit Scenopus verwandten Dipteren-Familien, xliv, pp. 59-90, 98-111, 1882. 5. III. Systematische Studien auf Grundlage der Dipteren-Larven nebst einer Zusammenstellung von Beispielen aus der Literatur ueber dieselben und Beschreibungen neuer Formen. xlvii, pp. 1-100, pis. i-v, 1883. SlTZUNGSBERICHTE DER KAISERL. AKADEMIE DER WlSSENSCHAFTEN IN WIEN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. 6. Ansichten ueber die Gattung Pachystylum Macq. ci, 593-607, 1892. 7. Systematisch-zoologische Studien xcl, 237-413, 1885. 8. BRAUER, FRIEDHICII, AND BERGENSTAMM, J. EDLEN VON. DENKSCHRIFTEN DER MATHEMATISCH-NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN CLASSE DER KAISERLICHEN ACAUEMIE DER WISSKNSCHAFTEN, VIENNA, AUST. Die Zweifluegler des Kaiserliclien Museums zu Wien. 1. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographic der Muscaria schizometopa (exclu- siv Anthomyidae,) Pars I, Ivi, pp. 69-180, pi. i-xi, 1889. Pars II, Iviii, pp. 305-446, 1891. Pars III, Ix, pp. 89-240, 1893. Pars IV, Ixi, 537-644, 1894. 9. BURGESS, EDWARD. UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL REPORT, WASHINGTON, D. C. 1. (New Species of Oscinis in) Report of the Entomologist, 201, 202, '92. BIBLIOGRAPHY. XXXVII 10. COCKERELL, THEODORE D. A. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1. Phthiria sulphurea Loew, 1895, 188. AMERICAN NATURALIST, PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 2. Cecidomyia atriplicis, 1895, 766. THE ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ENGLAND. 3. A Cecid bred from Coccidse, August, 1892, 280. 4. Notes on some species of Gall Gnats, 1890, 278. ENTOMOLOGISTS' MONTHLY MAGAZINE, LONDON, ENGLAND. 5. The Biglovia Cecid, 1890, 109. 6. Trypeta bigeloviae, n. sp. 1890, 224. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 7. Trypeta, Clisiocampa and Ammalo, xxv, 112, 1893. 8. The Tachinid Parasite of Cimbex americana, 1890, 76. PROCEEDINGS ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCE OF PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 9. Supplementary Note to Mr. Johnson's List of Jamaican Diptera, 1894, 419. WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST, Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. 10. Contribution toward a knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Wet Mountain Valley, Colorado, September, 1889, 106. COLORADO BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, COLORADO SPRINGS, COL. 11. The Buffalo Gnat, Second Report, December, 1888. 12. Thistle Insects, Sixth Report, 1889, January. INSTITUTE OF JAMAICA, JAMAICA, W. I. 13. The Chrysanthemum Fly, Notes from the Museum No. 17, July, 1892. 14. Additions to the Fauna and Flora of Jamaica, Journal, 1893, 259. TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 15. The Entomology of the Mid-alpine Zone of Custer county, Colorado, 1893, 305-370. 11. COMSTOCK, JOHN HENRY. MANUAL FOR THE STUDY OF INSECTS, ITHACA, N. Y. 1. Chapter xix, Diptera, 413-489, 1895. UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL REPORT, WASHINGTON, D. C. 2. (Notes on various Diptera in) Report of Entomologist, for 1880, 190- 202, 204, 26(5. 3. (Diptera in) Report upon Cotton Insects, 1879, 209-211. 12. COQUILLETT, DANIEL WILLIAM. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 1. The North American Species of Toxophora, i, 221, 222. 1886. 2. Synopsis of the North American Species of Lordotus, iii, 115, 116, '88. XXXVIII BIBLIOGRAPHY. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 3. On the Validity of the Tachinid Genus Celatoria, vii, 251, 1805. 4. On the Tachinid Genus Acroglossa Williston, vii, 2(51, 1895. 5. On the Systematic Position of Apiocera, iv, 243-244, 1885. 6. The Bombylid genus Acreotrychus in America, vii, 273, 1895. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 7. Monograph of the Lomatina of North America, xviii, 81-87, 1886 8. The North American Genera of Anthracina, xviii, 157-159, 188(5. 9. Notes on the Genus Exoprosopa, xix, 12-14, 1887. 10. Revision of the Bombylid Genus Epacmus (Leptochilus) xxiv, 9-11, 1892. 11. Notes and Descriptions of Bombylidae, xxiv, 123-126, 1892. 12. A New Genus of Diptera allied to Rhaphiomidas, xxiv, 314-315, 1892. 13. Synopsis of the Asilid Genus Anisopogon, xxv, 20-22, 1893. 14. Synopsis of the Asilid Genus Blacodes, xxv, 33-35, 1893. 15. Synopsis of the Asilid Genus Dioctria, xxv, 80, 1893. 16. Synopsis of the Asilid Genera Mallophora and Nicocles, xxv, 118-120, 1893. 17. A New Asilid Genus related to Erax, xxv, 175-177, 1893. 18. Synopsis of the Dipterous Genus Thereva, xxv, 197-201, 1893. 19. Synopsis of the Dipterous Genus Psilocephala, xxv, 222-229, 200, '93. 20. New North American Trypetidae, xxvi, 71-75, 1894. 21. Synopsis of the Dipterous Genus Phora, xxvii, 103-107, 1895. 22. New Tachinidae with a Slender Proboscis, xxvii, 125-128, 1895. 23. New North American Mycetiphilidae, xxvii, 199-200, 1895. WESTERN AMERICAN SCIENTIST, Los ANGELES, CAL. 24. A New Rhaphiomidas from California, vii, 84-86, 1891. 25. Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus, vii, 254-264, 1891. 26. New Bombylidae of the Group Paracosmus, vii, 219-222, 1891. 27. New Bombylidae from California, vii, 197-200, 1891. JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, NEW YORK CITY. 28. Synopsis of the Dipterous Genus Symphoromyia, ii, 53-56, 1894. 29. Revision of the Dipterous Family Therevidse, ii, 97-101, 1894. 30. A New Anthrax from California, ii, 101-102, 1894. 31. Notes and Descriptions of Tachinidae, iii, 49-58, 1895. 32. New Genera and Species of Tachinidae, iii, 97-101, 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCE OF PHILADELPHIA, PA. 33. See Johnson, C. W. TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 34. Monograph of the Species belonging to the Genus Anthrax, from America .north of Mexico, xiv, 159-172, 1887. BIBLIOGRAPHY. XXXIX 35. Revision of the Species of Anthrax from America, north of Mexico, xix, 168-187, 1892. 36. Notes and Descriptions of N. American Bombylidae, xxi, 89rll2, 1894. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 37. A New Dalmannia from California, iii, 150-151, 1892. 38. An Anomalous Empid, iv, 208-210, 1893. 39. Two Interesting New Diptera from Washington, v, 125-126, 1894. 40. Brachycoma Davidsoni, n. sp. v, 172, 1894. 41. A New Volucella from Washington, vi, 131-132, 1895. 42. On the Occurrence of the Tachinid Genus Heteropterina Macq. in North America, vi, 207-208, 1895. IFSECT LIFE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 43. The Corn Worm or Boll Worm in California, i, 331-332, 1889. 44. The Dipterous Parasite of Diabrotica soror, ii, 233-236, 1890. 45. Is Cyrtoneura caesia an Injurious Insect, vii, 338-339, 1895. 46. A Cecidomyid that lives on Poison Oak, vii, 348, 1895. 47. The Dipterous Parasite of Melanopus devastator in California, v, 22- 24, 1893. 48. Two Dipterous Leaf-miners on Garden Vegetables, vii, 381-384, 1895. 49. Two Dipterous Insects Injurious to Cultivated Flowers, vii, 399-402, 1895. 13. DAY, LOREN TRUE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 1. Notes on Sciomyzidae, with Descriptions of New Species, xiii, 85-89, '81 PROCEEDINGS ACADEMY NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 2. The Species of Odontomyia found in the United States, 1882, 74-88. 14. DUGES, ALFREDO. LA NATDRALEZA, MEXICO CITY, MEXICO. 15. EMERTON, JAMES H. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1. An Internal Dipterous Parasite of Spiders, v, 404, 1890. 16. FYLES, T. W. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 1. Description of a Dipterous Parasite of Phylloxera vastatrix, xiv, 237- 239, 1882 ; xv, 84, 1883. 17. GIGLIO-TOS, ERMANNO. BOLLETTINO DEI MlJSEI DI ZOOLOGIA ED ANATOMIA COMPARATA DELLA REALE UNIVERSITA DI TORINO, TURIN, ITALY. 1. Nuove Specie di Ditteri del Musi Zool. di Torino, vi, No. 192, 1892. 2. Nuove Specie di Ditteri del Mus. Zool. di Torino, vi, No. 84, 1890. XL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 3. Diagnosi di quattro nuovi Gencri di Ditteri, vi, No. 108, 1891. 4. Un nuovo Genere di Sirfidi. vii, No. 117, 1892. 5. Sui due Generi di Sirfidi Rhopalosyrphus ed Omegasyrphus, vii, No. 118, March, 1892. 6. Diagnosi di nuove specie di Ditteri, vii, No. 123, June, 1892. 7. Diagnosi di nuove specie di Ditteri, vii, No. 132, Oct. 1892. 8. Diagnosi di nuove generi ed di nuove specie di Ditteri, viii, No. 147, 158, 1893. 9. Diagnosi di nuove genere ed di nuove specie di Ditteri, viii, 158, 1893- 10. Nuove specie di Ditteri del Museo Zoologico di Torino, vi, No. 102. MEMORIE DELLA ACADEMIA DELLA SCIENZIE DI TORINO, TURIN, ITALY. 11. Ditteri del Messico, Parte I, Stratiomyidsc, Syprhidae, (2), xliii, 99- 168 (1-70), xl. i, 1892; Parte II, Syrphidae, Pipunculidae, Conopidise, (2), xliii, 35-398, pi. 1893; Parte III, Muscidae Calyptratae, (2), xliv, 1-76, pi. 1894, Parte IV, Muscidae Caliptrate, Muscinae, Anthomyinse, Muscidae Acalyptratae, Scatophaginse, Helomyzinae, Tetanocerinae, Ortalininae, Ulidinae, Sapromyzinse, Trypetinae, Sepsinae, Tanypezinae, Psilinae, Chloropinae, Ephydrinae, Drosophilinae, (2), xlv, 1-74, pi. 1895. 18. GILLETTE, C. P. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, Mass. 1. A New Cecidomyid infesting Box Elder, v, 392, 393, fig. 1890. 19. HAGEN, HERMANN A. BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, BOSTON, MASS. 1. New species of Simulium, with a remarkable Nympha Case, xxx, 355-307, 1879. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 2. The typical Collections of the Diptera of North America in the Mu- seum of Cambridge, Mass, xi, 132-133, 1879. 3. List of North American Anthomyidae examined by R. H. Meade, Esq., Bradford, England, xiii, 146-150, 1881. 4. List of North American Sarcophagidae examined by R. H. Meade, Esq., Bradford, England, xiii, 43-51, 1881. 5. On Simulium, xiii, 150-151, 1881. 6. Entomological Notes, xiii, 37, 1881. 7. Coelopa frigida, xvi, 140, 1886. 8. On Cecidomyia liriodendri, xviii, 159, 160, 1886. 20. HART, CHARLES A. BULLETIN OF ILLINOS STATE LAB. OF NATURAL HISTORY, URBANA, ILL. 1. On the Entomology of the Illinois River and adjacent waters. First Paper, Diptera, 184-270; pis. v-xiv, 1895. BIBLIOGRAPHY. XLI 21. HOOD, LEWIS E. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1. The Leptidae and Bombylidae from the White Mountains, vi, 283-284, 1892. 22. HOPKINS, A. D. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, D. C. 1. Notes on the Habits of certain Mycetophilids, with Descriptions of Epidapus scabei, n. sp. iii, 149-159, 1895. 23. HOWARD, L. O. INSECT LIFE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 1. Notes on a Simulium common at Ithaca, N. Y. i, 99-101, figs. 1888. 2. The Beet-leaf (Pegomyia vicina Lintn.) viii, 379-381, figs. 1895. 24. JOHNSON, CHARLES W. TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 1. A Review of the Stratiomyise and Odontomyiae of North America, xxii, 227-278, pis. iii, iv, 1895. PROCEEDINGS ACADEMY OF NATCRAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 2. Diptera of Florida, with Additional Descriptions of New Genera and Species by D. W. Coquillett, 1895, 303-340. 3. List of Diptera of Jamaica with Descriptions of New Species, 1894, 271-281. 25. KARSCH, FERDINAND. ZEITSCHRIFT DER BERLINER ENTOMOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT, BERLIN, GERMANY. 1. Die Spaltung der Dipteren-Gattung Systropus Wiedetnann, 654-658, 1881. 26. KEENE, EUGENE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 1. Sphyracephala brevicornis, xv, 200, 1883. 2. List of Syrphida? taken in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., during the summer of 1884, xvi, 145-147, 1884. 3. List of Diptera taken in the Vicinity of Philadelphia, from 1882 to 1884, inclusive, xvii, 51-55, 1885. 27. LINTNER, JOSEPH. REPORTS OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST TO THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, ALBANY, N. Y. 1. First Report, 168-227, 1882. 2. Second Report, 111-125, 1885. XLII BIBLIOGRAPHY. 3. Fourth Report, 60-80, 1888. 4. Fifth Report, 220-227, 1889. 5. Sixth Report, 111-116, 1890. 6. Seventh Report, 228, 245, 307-309, 332, 1891. 7. Eighth Report, 140-151, 172, 192-196, 1893. 8. Ninth Report, 309-314, 1893. ANNUAL REPORT, NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, ALBANY. 9. Insects of the Clover Plant, 1880. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 10. On Ceeidomyia leguminicula, n. sp. xi, 44, 121, 122, 1879. 28. LOEW, HERMAN. VERHANDLUNGEN DER ZOOLOGISCHE-BOTANISCHEN GESSELLSCHAFT zu WIEN, VIENNA, AUST. 1. Table for Determining the North American Species of the Genus Pachyrhina, 1879, 513-516. 29. LYNCH, ARRIBALZAGA ENRIQUE. BOLETIN DE LA ACADEMIA NACIONAL DE ClENCIAS DE CORDOBA, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA. 1. Catalago de los Dipteros hasta ahora descritos que se encuentan en las Republicas del Rio de la Plata, 1883, 119-152. 30. LYNCH, ARRIBALZAGA FELIX. REVISTA DEL MUSEO DE LA PLATA, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA. 1. Dipterologia Argentina, Culicidae, i, 345-417, pis. i-iv, 1891. ANALES DE LA SOCIEDAD CIENTIFICA ARGENTINA, BUENOS AIRES, ARG. 2. Dipterologia Argentina, Syrphidae, xxxii, 80-99, 118-131, 194-202, 248-314, xxxiii, 51-58, 111-121, 188-199, 237-253, 33-46, 173-192, 242-270, 91, 1891. 3. El Genero Sapromyza en America, xxxiv, 253, 301, 1893. BOLETIN DE LA ACADEMIA NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS, BUENOS AIRES, ARG. 4. Dipterologia Argentina, Mycetophilidse, xii, 377, 436, 471-483, 1892. 31. MARL ATT, C. M. INSECT LIFE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 1. The Xanthium Trypeta (Trypeta aequalis Loew), iii, 312-313, 1891. 32. MARTEN, JOHN. PSVCHE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1. Description of Asphondylia helianthi-globulus, v, 102-103, 1888. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 2. New Tabanidae, xv, 110-112, 1883. BIBLIOGRAPHY. XLIII BULLETIN OF THE OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, TECHNICAL SERIES, NORWALK, OHIO. 3. Description of a new species of Gall-making Diptera, i, 155, 156, 1893. 33. MIK, JOSEF. VERHANDLUNGEN DER ZOOLOGISCH-BOTANISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT zu WIEN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. 1. Hypocharassus gladiator, eine neue Dolichopen-Art aus Nordamerika, 617-632, pi. x, 1878. 2. Dipterologische Bemerkungen, 182, 192, 1893. . 3. Ueber die Artrechte von Trocliobola caesarae 0. S. and Crytopogen Meyer-Duerii Mik. WIENER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. 4. Dipterologische Miscellen, v, 276-279, 1886 ; 5, x, 1-5, 1891 ; 6, xi, 55, 56, 1892; 7, xiii, 22, 23, 1894; 8, xiii, 161, 1894. 9. Ueber Tachiniden deren drittes Fuehlerglied gespalten ist, xiv, 101- 103, 1895. 10. Bemerkungen zu den Dipteren Gattungen Pelecocera Macq. und Rhopalomyia Wied. xiv, 133-135, 1895. 34. OSTEN SACKEN, CHARLES R. BERLINER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT, BERLIN, GERMANY. 1. On Professor Bauer's paper: Versuch einer Characteristik der Gat- tungen der Notacanthen, xxvi, 36:5-380, 1892. 2. On the Genus Apiocera, xxvii, 287-294, 1893. 3. Synonymica concerning exotic Dipterology, xxvii, 295-298, 1883. 4. A Singular North American Fly, xxvii, 299, 300, 1883. 5. Correction to my article on Apiocera, xxx, 139, 1886. 6. Studies on Tipulidse, Part I, Tipulidae longipalpi, xxx, 153-188, 1886. 7. Studies on Tipulidse, Part II, Tipulidze brevipalpi, xxxi, 183-242, 1887. 8. Hilarimorpha Schiner is a Leptid, xxxv, 303, 304, 1890. 9. Synopsis of the Described genera and a species of the Blepharoceridse, xxxvi, 407-412, 1891. 10. Second notice on the Apiocerina, xxxvi, 311-316, 1891. 11. Additions and Corrections to the Catalogue of the Described Spe- cies of South American Asilidse, by S. W. Williston, in the Trans. Ent. Soc., vol. xviii, 1891. xxxvi, 417-428, 1891. 12. Rejoinder to Professor Brauer's Thatsachliche Berichtigung, etc., in the Berl. Entom. Zeitschrift, p. 487-489, 1892; xxxviii,378, 379, '93. 13. Two critical remarks about the recently published third part of the Muscaria Schizometopa of M. Brauer and Bergenstamm ; also a no- tice of Robineau-Desvoidy, xxxviii, 380-386, 1893. 14. On the character of the three divisions of Diptera, Nemocera vera, Nemocera anomala and Eremochaeta, xxxvii, 417-466. XLIV BIBLIOGRAPHY. 15. Synonymica about Tipulidae, xxxiv, 249-263, 1894. 16. On the atavic index characters with some remarks about the classifi- cation of the Diptera, xxxix, 69-76, 1894. 17. Eristalis ten tax in Chinese and Japanese literature, xl, 142-147, 1894. 18. Contributions to the study of the Liponeuridae (Blepharoceridae Loew, olim), xl, 148-169, 1894. 19. Midas or Mydas, a contribution to entomological nomenclature, xl, 346-350, 1895. 20. Supplement to my recent paper on Liponeuridae, xl, 351-355, 1895. J. HERNING, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY (R. H. PORTER, 18 PRINCE'S STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND). 21. On the Oxen-born Bees of the Ancients (Bugonia) and their relation to Eristalis tentax, a two-winged insect. Enlarged edition of the Essay, on the so-called Bugonia of the Ancients, etc., published in the Bullet. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1893. 99. i-xiv, 1-80, 1894. 22. Additional Notes of the Bugonia-lore of the Ancients, pp. 1-23, 1895. BULLETINO DELLA SoCIETA ENTOMOLOGICA ITALIANA, FLORENCE, ITALY. 23. On the so-called Bugonia of the Ancients, and its relation to Eristalis tentax, a two-winged insect, xxv, 186-277; Separatum, pp. 1-34, with Corrigenda, 1893. ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE, LONDON, ENGLAND. 24. Explanatory Notice of my views of the Sub-orders of Diptera (2), iv, 149-151, 1893. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 25. Some North American Tachinidae, xix, 161-166, 1887. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 26. Western Pediciae, Bittacomorphae and Trichocerae, vii, 229-231, 1895. BIOLOGIA CENTRALI AMERICANA, LONDON, ENGLAND. 27. Diptera, vol. i, 1-216, pis. i-iii, 1886, 1887. TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, ENG. 28. Facts concerning the importation or non-importation of Diptera in foreign countries, 489-496, 1884. INSECT LIFE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 29. On Haematobia serrata, ii, 191, 1889. 35. RILEY, CHARLES VALENTINE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 1. Parasites of the Cotton Worm, xi, 161, 162, 1879. 2. Dipterous Enemies of Phylloxera vastatrix, xv, 39, 1893. UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL REPORT, WASHINGTON, D. C. 3. Report for 1884, 322. 4. Report for 188fi, 512, 513. 5. Report for 1895. BIBLIOGRAPHY. XLV INSECT LIFE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 6. The Morelos Orange Fruit Worm, i, 45-47, figs. 1888. 7. The Ox Bot in the United States, iv, 302-317, figs. 1891. 36. RILEY, CHARLES V. AND HOWARD, LELAND 0. INSECT LIFE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 1. On the emasculating Bot-fly, i, 215, 216, 1889. 2. The Texas Heel-fly, i, 318, 319, 1889. 3. Hermetia mucens (sic.) infesting Bee-hives, i, 353, 354, 1889. 4. Lestophonus or Cryptochoetum, ii, 91, 1889. 5. The Horn-fly, ii, 43, 104, figs. 1889. 6. The Tulip tree Leaf Gall-fly, ii, 362, 363, 1890. 7. The true male of Pocota grandis, iv, 86, 1891. 37. ROEDER, VICTOR VON. ENTOMOLOGISCHE NACHRICHTEN, BERLIN, GERMANY. 1. Ueber die Zuzammengehoerigkeit der beiden Arten der Gattung Sphecomyia Latreille, 1889, 96-98. 2. Ueber drei neue Gattungen der Notacanthen, xii, 137-140, 1886. STETTINER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG, STETTIN, GERMANY. 3. Dipteren von der Insel Portorico, 1885, 337-349. WIENKR ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. 4. Ueber die Nordamerikanischen Lomatina von Mr. Coquillett in dem "Canadian Entomologist," v, 263-265, 1886. 5. Asyndulum montanum, n. spec, vi, 116, 1887. 6. Ueber eine neue Art der Gattung Gnoriste Mg. vi, 155-156, 1887. 7. Ueber die Dipteren-Gattung, Stylogaster Mcq. xi, 286-288, 1892. 8. Ueber Trypeta amabilis Loew, xiii, 97-100, 1894. 9. Ueber Mydas fulvipes Walsh, xiii, 169, 170, 1894. 10. Ueber Myopa clausa Lw. viii, 5, 1889. 11. Ueber Tachina florum Walk, viii, 4, 1889. 12. Zwei neue nordamerikanische Dipteren, ix, 230-232, 1890. BERLINER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT, BERLIN, GERMANY. 13. Dipterologische Notizen, xxv, 210-21(5. PUBLISHED BY AUTHOR. 14. Aus der Isis Von Oken, 1, 1888. 38. RUEBSAMEN, E. H. BERLINER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT, BERLIN, GERMANY. 1. Die Aussereuropaeische Trauermuecken des kceniglichen Museums fuer Naturkunde zu Berlin, xxxix, 17-42; pis. i, ii, 1894. XLVI BIBLIOGRAPHY. 39. SCUDDER, SAMUEL HUBBARD. (Fossil Diptera.) REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, OTTAWA, CANADA. 1. The Insects of the Tertiary Beds at Quesnel, Report for 1875-76, 266- 280, 1877. 2. Additions to the Insect Fauna of the Tertiary Beds at Quesnel, Re- port for 1876-77, 457^164, 1878. 3. The Fossil Insects collected in 1877 by Mr. G. M. Dawso, in the inte- rior of British Columbia, Report for 1877-78, 176-187, 1879. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SUR- VEY OF THE TERRITORIES, WASHINGTON, D. C. 4. The first discovered traces of fossil insects in the American Tertiaries, iii, 741-762, 1877. 5. An account of some insects of unusual interest from the Tertiary rocks of Colorado and Wyoming, iv, 519-545, 1878. 6. The fossil insects of the Green River shales, iv, 747-776, 1878. 7. The Tertiary lake basin at Florissant, Colorado, between South and Hayden Parks, vi, 279-300, map, 1878. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WASHINGTON, D.C. 8. Systematic Review of our present knowledge of fossil insects. Bul- letin 31, Diptera, 85-94, 1886. 9. Index to the known fossil insects of the world, including Myriopods and Arachnids, Bulletin 71, Diptera, 221-227, 595-671, 1891. 10. Some insects of special interest from Florissant, Colorado, and other points in the Tertiaries of Colorado and Utah, Bulletin 93, 35 pp. 3 pis. 1892. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D. C. 11. Nomenclator Zoologicus, Bulletin 19, Supplemental List, 1-376, Uni- versal Index, 1-340, 1882. ZITTEL'S HANDBUCH DER PALEONTOLOGIE, MUNICH, GERMANY. 12. Systematische Uebersicht der fossilen Myriopoden, Arachnoidea und Insekten, 1 Abtheil, ii, 721-831, figs. 1885. REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES WASHINGTON, D. C. 13. The Tertiary Insects of North America, vol. xiii, 734, pp. 28 pis. 40, 1890. PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 14. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant, Col- orado, xxii, 163-245, pis. i-ix, 1894. ANNUAL REPORT UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES, WASHINGTON, D. C. 15. (Reprint but little changed of No. 7) 12th Rep. 271-293, 1883. BIBLIOGRAPHY. XLVII 40. SMITH, JOHN B. TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 1. A contribution toward a knowledge of the mouth-parts of the Diptera xxii, 319-339, 1890. 41. SNOW, WILLIAM APPLETON. KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY, LAWRENCE, KANSAS. 1. Notes and Descriptions of Syrphidae, i, 33-38, pi. 1892. 2. Descriptions of North American Trypetidae, with Notes, ii, 159-174, pis. vi, vii, 1894. 3. American Platypezidae, iii, 143-152, pi 1894. 4. American Platypezidae, Second Paper, iii, 205-207, 1895. 5. Diptera of Colorado and New Mexico, iii, 225-247, 1895. 6. Supplementary List of North American Syrphidse, iii, 249-262, 1895. 7. Cnephalia and its Allies, iii, 178-186, 1895. 8. A New Species of Pelecocera. iii, 187, 1895. 9. On Toxotrypana of Gerstaecker, iv, p. 117, 1895. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 10. The Moose Fly, A new Haematobia, xxiii, 87-89, 1891. 42. SLOSSON, ANNIE TRUMBULL. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 1. List of Insects taken in the Alpine Region of Mt. Washington, v, 6, 1894. 2. Additional List of Insects taken in the Alpine Region of Mt. Wash- ington, vi, 6, 319-320, 1895. 3. Mesogramma politum, i, 5, ii, 115. 43. SCHWARTZ, E. A. INSECT LIFE, WASHINGTON, I). C. 1. The Hippelates Plague in Florida, vii, 379, figs. 1895. 44. TOWNSEND, C. H. TYLER. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1. Two New Tachinidae, vi, 83-85, 1891. 2. A New Simulium from Southern New Mexico, vi, 106, 107, 1892. 3. A Parasite of the Fall Web-worm, vi, 176, 177, 1892. 4. A Tachinid Parasite of the Oak Unicorn Prominent, vi, 187, 188, 1891. 5. A New Genus of Tachinidae, vi, 247, 248, 1892. 6. Description of a Sarcophagid bred from Helix, vi, 220, 221, 1892. 7. Tachinid Parasite of Eucetervia variaria Grote, and other Notes, vi, 258, 259, 1892. 8. An Aporia bred from Limacodes sp. vi, 275, 276, 1892. 9. An Interesting Blood-sucking Gnat of the Family Chironomidae, vi, 369-372, pi. viii, 1893. XLV1II BIBLIOGRAPHY. 10. Description of a new and interesting Phasiid-like Genus of Tachinidae, s. str. vi, 429, 430, 1803. 11. Note on Atropharista juriniodes Towns, vi, 461, 1893. 12. A Cabbage-like Oecidomyidous Gall on Biglovia, vi, 491, 1893. 13. Hosts of North American Tachinidae, vi, 466-468, 1893. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 14. Description of a Muscid bred from Swine-dung, with Notes on two Muscid Genera, xxiii, 152-155, 1891. 15. A Tachinid bred from a Chrysalis, xxiii, 206, 207, 1891. 16. Notes on North American Tachinidae, with Descriptions of New Gen- era and Species, Paper V, xxiv, 64-70, 77-82, 1892. 17. A Sarcophagid Parasite of Cimbex americana, xxiv, 126, 127, 1892. 18. Notes on North American Tachinidae, with Descriptions of New Gen- era and Species, Paper VI, xxiv, 165-172, 1892. 19. A Preliminary Grouping of the Described Species of Sapromyza of North America, with one New Species, xxiv, 301-304, 1892. 20. A Trypetid bred from Galls of Biglovia, xxv, 48-52, 1893. 21. Comments on Mr. van der Wulp's Diagnoses of New Species of Mex- ican Phasiidae, Gymnosomatidse, Ocypteridae, and Phaniidae, xxv, 165-168, 1893. 22. A very Remarkable and Anomalous Syrphid with Peculiarly Devel- oped Hind Tarsi, xxvi, 50-52, 1894. 23. Note on the Proposed New Genus Calotarsa, xxvi, 102, 1894. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 24. New North American Tachinida;, iii, 80-81, 129-131, 1892. 25. Notes on North American Tachinidae, sens. str. with Descriptions of New Genera and Species, Paper IV. 26. An Exorista Parasite of Lagoa opercularis, iii, 159, 160, 1891. 27. A Tachinid Parasite on Chrysophanes dione, Exorista chrysophanae, n. sp. ii, 197, 198, 1891. 28. A Remarkable New Hippoboscid from Mexico, ii, 105, 106, 1891. 29. New Jamaica Tachinidce, I, iii, 146, 147, 1892. 30. Note on Trichobius dugesii Towns, iii, 177, 178, 1892. 31. On the So-called Throat Bot, iii, 227, 228, 1892. 32. Some Deformities in the Abdominal Segments of Tachinidae, iii, 166, 167, 1892. 33. On the Geographical Range and Distribution of the Genus Trichopo- da, iv, 69-71, 1893. TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 34. Notes on North American Tachinidae, sens. str. with Descriptions of New Genera and Species, Paper II, 349-382, 1892; Paper III ; xxix, 88-132, 1892. BIBLIOGRAPHY. XLIX 35. The North American Genera of Calyptrate Muscidae, Paper II, xix, 133-160; Paper III, 273-278; Paper IV, 279-284; Paper V, 290-294, 1892. 36. Notes on North American Tachinidae, with Descriptions of New Spe- cies, Paper VII, xix, 284-289, 1892. 37. The North American Genera of Nemocerous Diptera, xix, 144-160, 1892. 38. Contributions to the Dipterology of North America, I, Syrphidae, xxii, 33-55; II, Tabanidse, Conopidae, Tachinidae, etc., 55-80, 1895. 39. On a Species of Sinmlium from the Grand Canon of the Colorado, xix, 45-48, 1893. TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, TOPEKA, KANSAS. 40. On the Horseflies of New Mexico and Arizona, 133-135, 1894. 41. Note on a Peculiar Acalyptrate Muscid found near Turkey Tanks, Ariz. 135, 136, 1894. ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, NEW YORK CITY. 42. Catalogue of the Described South American Species of Calyptrate Muscidae, vii, 1-44, 1892. INSECT LIFE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 43. Further notes on the Cotton-tail Bot, with the breeding and identifi- cation of the Fly. 44. Some Michigan Notes Recorded, ii, 42-44, 1889. 45. Laphria canis Will, ii, 162, 1889. TECHNICAL BULLETIN, OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION, NORWALK, OHIO. 46. A Tachinid reared from the cells of a mud-dauber Wasp, i, 1893. ZOE, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 47. A New Trypetid from Chacaltianguis, Mexico, with Note on Hexa- chaeta amabilis Loew, iv, 13-16, 1893. PROCEEDINGS OF CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 48. On the Diptera of Baja, California, including a few from the adjacent regions of California and Mexico (2), iv, 593-452, 1893. JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, NEW YORK CITY. 49. A Nycteribid from a New Mexico Bat, i, 79-80, 1893. 50. Some New Santo. Domingo Tachinidae, ii, 78-79, 1894. JOURNAL JAMAICA INSTITUTE, JAMAICA, WEST INDIES. 51. A Tachinid bred from a larva of Protoparce jamaicencis Butler, in Jamaica. 52. A scorpion Parasite, Dec. 1892. 53. Notes on some Jamaica Muscidae, with brief anonymous descriptions of doubtful forms. L BIBLIOGRAPHY. 54. Oecacta furens in Jamaica. 55. A bot-like parasite of a bird. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP WASHINGTON, D. C. 56. Notes on Certain Cecidomyidous Galls on Cornus, ii, 390, 391, 1893. 57. The North American Genera of Calyptrate Muscidae, Paper I, ii, 89- 100, 1891. 58. Notes on North American Tachinidae, sens, lat., with Descriptions of New Species, Paper I, ii, 134-146, 1891. 59. Notes on the Genera Tripiotricha Lw. and Agnotomyia Will, ii, 117- 119, 1891. 45. WEBSTER, F. M. BULLETIN OF THE OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, TECHNICAL SERIES, NORWALK, OHIO. 1. Methods of Oviposidon in the Tepulidas, i, 151-154, 1893. 2. A Dipterous Gall-maker and its Associates, i, 154, 1893. INSECT LIFE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 3. Notes on a Species of Necrophagous Diptera, ii, 356-358, 1890. 46. WHEELER, WILLIAM MORTON. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1. Description of some new North American Dolichopodidae, v, 337-343, 355-362, 373-379, 1890, 2. The supposed Bot-fly Parasite of the Box-turtle, v, 403, 1890. PROCEEDINGS WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, MILWAUKIE, Wis. 3. On two new species of Cecidomyid producing galls on Antenuaria plantagini folia, April, 1889, 209-216. 47. WHITNEY, C. P. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 1. Descriptions of some New Species of Tabanidae, xi, 35-38, 1879. 48. WILLISTON, SAMUEL WENDELL. BULLETIN BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 1. On the Classification of the North American Diptera, First Paper, vii, 129-139, 1885. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 2. On the Classification of North American Diptera, Second Paper, i, 10- 13, 1885. 3. On the Classification of North American Diptera, Third Paper, i, 114- 118, 152-155, 1886. 4. On two interesting new Genera of Leptidse, ii, 105-108, 1886. BIBLIOGRAPHY. LI 5. Additions and Corrections to the Catalogue of South American Syr- phidae. 6. The Horn-fly, v, 180, 181, 1889. BERLINER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT, BERLIN, GERMANY. 7. Ueber Mallota cimbiciformis Fallen, xxvi, 171, 172, 1886. ENTOMOLOGISCHE NACHRICHTEN, BERLIN, GERMANY. 8. Ueber einige Leptiden-Characteren, Ixvi, 400, 1885. SCUDDER'S BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 9. The Dipterous Parasites of North American Butterflies, 1912-1924, pi. xxxix, 1889. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, Mass. 10. On the Collection and Preservation of Diptera, 100-132, 1884. 11. Notes on Asilida?, 255-259, 1889. 12. Hilarimorpha and Apiocera, 99-102, 1888. 13. The Screw-worm Fly, Compsomyia macellaria, 132-118, 1883. 14. On the Rhopalomeridae, vii, 183-187, 1895. 15. Rhopalomera xanthoeps, n. sp. vii, March, 1895. 16. Notes on Tachinidse, vi, 409, 410, 1893. STANDARD NATURAL HISTORY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 17. Vol. V., Diptera, 403-433, 1884. KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY, LAWRENCE, KANSAS. 18. Diptera Brasiliana, Part II, i, 43-46, 1892. 19. On the Apioceridae and their Allies, i, 101-118, pis. ix, x, 1893. 20. Diptera Brasiliana, Part III, i, 119-122, 1893. 21. New or Little Known Diptera, ii, 59-70, 1893. 22. On the Genus Dolichomyia, with the Description of a New Species from Colorado, iii, 41-43, 1894. 23. New Genera of Bombylidse, iii, 1894. 24. Two Remarkable New Genera of Diptera, iv, 1895. 25. Triptotricha and Dialysis, iii, 1895. BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA, LONDON, ENGLAND. 26. Diptera, vol. iii, 1-80, pis. i, ii, 1892. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LONDON, ONTARIO. 27. An anomalous Bombylid, xii, 215-216, 1879. 28. Eristalis tentax, xiii, 176, 1881. 29. New or Little Known Genera of North"American Syrpliidae, xiv, 77- 82, 1882. 30. Drosophila ampelophila, xiv, 138, 1882. 31. The North American Species of Nemistrinidae, xv, 70-72, 1883. LII BIBLIOGRAPHY. 32. Notes and Descriptions of North American Xylophagidae and Strati- omyidae, xvii, 121-128, 1885. 33. North American Tachinidae, Gonia, xix, 6-12, 1887. 34. A New South American Genus of Conopinae, xix, 161-166, 1887. 35. A List of Species of Diptera from San Domingo, xxv, 170, 171, 1893. NOTES ON INJURIOUS INSECTS, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, LANSING, MICH. 36. Scopolia sequax, n. sp. figs. p. 5, 6, 1884. TRANSACTIONS OF THE CONNECTICUT ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, NEW HAVEN, CONN. 37. Some Interesting New Diptera, iv, 243-246, 1880. 38. The North American Species of Conops, iv, 325-342, 1883. 39. North American Conopidae: Stylogaster, Dalmannia, Oncomyia, vi, 87-94, 1884. 40. Dipterous Larvae from the Western Alkaline Lakes and their use as Human Food, vi, 83-86, 1883. 41. North American Conopidae; Conclusion, vi, 377-394, xli, 91, 1885. J. T. HATHAWAY, NEW HAVEN, CONN. 42. Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera, pp. 1-84, 1888. BULLETIN OF THE OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION, TECHNICAL SERIES, NOR- WALK, OHIO. 43. Description of a Species of Chlorops reared from galls on Muhlen- bergia mexicana by F. M. Webster, i, 156-157, 1893. PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 44. Contributions to a Monograph of the North American Syrphidae, xx, 299-332, 1882. AMERICAN NATURALIST, PHILADELPHIA, PKNN. 45. A New Cattle Pest, 1889, pi. xxx. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, PHILADEL- PHIA, PENN. 46. On the North American Asilidae; Dasypogoninae, Laphrinae, with a new Genus of Syrphidse, xi, 1-36, pis. i-iii, 1883. 47. On the North American Asilidaa, Part II, xii, 53-76, 1885. 48. Dipterological Notes and Descriptions, xiii, 287-307, 1883. 49. Catalogue of the Described Species of South American Syrphidae, xii, 308-324, 1886. 50. Diptera Brasiliana, ab H. H. Smith collecta, Part I, Stratomyidae, Syrphidje, xv, 243-292, 1888. BIBLIOGRAPHY. LIU 51. Catalogue of the Described Species of South American Asilidae, xviii, 67-91, 1891. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 52. Copestylum marginatum and Volueella fasciata, ii, 162, 1892. 53. A New Species of Criorrhina and Notes on Synonymy, iii, 1893. 54. On the Genus Erax, v, 136-137, 1894. 55. The North American Psychodidae, iv, 113-114, 1893. 56. The American Genera of Sapromyzinae, v, 196-197, 1894. 57. A New Tachinid with Remarkable Antennae, vi, 29-32, 1895. TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, TOPEKA, KANSAS. 58. Table of the Families of Diptera, x, 122-128, 1888. 59. Notes and Descriptions of North American Tabanidae, x, 129-142, 1888. 60. Bibio tristis, n. sp. in Kellogg' s Insect Notes, xiii, 113, 1893. WIENER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. 61. Eine Merkwuerdige neue Syrphiden-Gattung, iii, 185-186, fig! 1884. INSECT LIFE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 62. An Australian Parasite of Icerya purchasi, i, 21-22, 1889. 63. Note on the Genus Lestophonus, i, 328-330, 1889. 64. Leucopis bellula, n. sp. i, 257. 1889. 65. Belvosia— A study, iv, 237-240, pis. 1893. BULLETIN UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D. C. 66. No. 31, Synopsis of the North American Syrphidae, pp. i-xxx, 1-335, pis. i-xii, 1886. NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, WASHINGTON, D. C. 67. Diptera of the Death Valley Expedition, vii, 253-259, 1893. J. T. HATHAWAY, NEW HAVEN, CONN. 68. Manual of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (in press). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF ILLINOIS. 69. Fourteenth Report, p. 65, 1885. 49. WOODWORTH, CHARLES W. PSYCHE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1. Gonia senilis, Williston, v, 43, 1889. . 50. WULP, F. M. VAN DER. TlJDSCHRIFT VOOR ExTOMOLOGIE, HAGUE, HOLLAND. 1. Amerikaanische Diptera xiv, 141-168, pi. xv, 1881 ; xxv, pp. 77-136, pis. ix, x, 1882; xxvi, pp. i, ii, 1-69, pis. i, ii, 1883. 2. Nalezing over Amerikaansche Diptera, xxvii, pp. 1-4, 1884. 3. Diagnosis of New Mexican Muscidae, xxxv, 183-195, 1893. LTV BIBLIOGRAPHY. NOTES FROM THE LEYDEN MUSEUM, HAGUE, HOLLAND. 4. Remarks on certain American Diptera from the Leyden Museum and Descriptions of Nine New Species, iv, pp. 73-93, 1892. COMPTES RENDUS DE LA SOCIETE EXTOMOLOGIQUE I>K LA BELGIQI:E, BELGIUM. 5. Quelquus Dipteres Exotiques, 1884. WEIJJER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. 6. Chrysops geminata Wied. und Macq. iii, pp. 139-141, 1884. BIOLOGIA CENTRAL! AMERICANA, LONDON, ENGLAND. 7. Diptera, vol. ii, 1-264, pis. i-vi, 1888-1890. NORTH AMERICAN DIPTEEA. TABLE OF THE FAMILIES OF DIPTERA. 1. Flies of a leathery or horny structure, living parasitically in the adult state upon warm-blooded vertebrates; head small, either closely united to the emarginate anterior part of the thorax or folding back into a groove upon the dorsum ; mouth-part incomplete, the palpi wanting; legs separated by the broad sternum ; abdomen indistinctly segmentated; claws well developed. Pupipara. ... 48 Flies of softer structure, never living parasitically in the adult state upon vertebrates ; head separated from the thorax by a free neck. 2 2. Antennae many-jointed, often longer than the thorax, the two basal joints, only, differentiated, the remaining joints usually distinct ; palpi composed of three or four joints, usually elongate; anal cell rarely closed or narrowed in the margin. Nematocera. . 3 Antennae rarely as long as the thorax, composed primarily of three joints, the third of which may be simple or complex (that is com- posed of more or less distinct annuli or segments,)* with or without A terminal or dorsal arista or terminal style; anal cell closed before the border, or, distinctly narrowed in the border, or, if of other structure, the antennae composed of three simple joints with or with- out an arista or style; palpi rarely much elongate, composed of from one to three joints, or rudimentary. .... 14 * To the beginner there will be several families here which will cause doubt; they are especially the Simnlidce, Bibionidce, Orphnephilidce, and some of the Xylophagince. The Simulidce are small, thick-set flies, with the antennas not longer than the head, composed of ten joints, the veins of the wings weak and the neuration incomplete. In the Bibionidce the anten- nae have from nine to thirteen joints closely united, altogether no longer than the thorax; there is no discal cell. Orpkncphila is composed of species not more than three or four millimeters in length ; the antennae are appar- ently three-jointed with a terminal arista; under close examination, how- ever, the third joint will be found to be composed of three segments and the arista of seven. The Xylophaghm will be best distinguished by the complete neuration and the closed or narrowed anal cell. In all cases where the palpi are found to be composed of four joints the species may be unhesitatingly placed among the Nematocera. 1 2 NORTH AMEEICAN DIPTERA. 3. Dorsum of thorax with a complete. V-shaped suture ;* wings (wanting rarely) many-veined, often with a complete discal cell; ocelli want- ing (present in a few forms); often large flies. . . TIPULIIXE. Dorsum of thorax without a V-shaped suture, or rarely with any transverse suture : . . . 4 4. A complete discal cell present; empodia developed pulvilliform, the pulvilli rudimentary. RHYPHID^;. No discal cell. . 5 5. Antennae composed apparently of three joints with a terminal arista; small species, three or four millimeters in length. ORPHNEPHILID^E. Antennas not apparently composed of three joints and a terminal arista. . . . . w . . - 6 6. Wings with only a few longitudinal veins, and no cross-veins ; coxae not elongate, tibiae without terminal spurs, legs not thickened ; ocelli present or absent; smaller minute, delicate, mostly gall-producing flies. CECIDOMYID^E. Not such flies ; wings usually many- veined. .... 7 7. Ocelli present 8 Ocelli wanting (compare Mycetophilidce) 10 8. Wings broad, bare, characteristically marked by numerous folds be- tween the veins, giving a netted, spiderweb-like appearance. LlPONEURIDJE. Wings not so marked ; no entire transverse suture. ... 9 9. Coxae much elongated (moderately so in Sciarince); antennae often elon- gate, the joints constricted ; three or two ocelli present (in the latter case one situated near each eye and often perceptible with difficulty); all the tibiae with spurs MYCETOPHILIDCE. Coxae short, the thorax rounded, not humped above ; antennae shorter than the thorax, thickened, the joints closely united without marked constrictions ; legs strong, the front femora often thickened ; empodia pulvilliform, the pulvilli sometimes absent ; eyes of 5 large. BIBIONIDJE. 10. The costal or marginal vein does not extend beyond the tip of the wing. . . . 11 The marginal vein encompasses the entire wing. ... 12 11. Antennae slender, the joints more or less constricted, and often bushy plumose; legs slender, hind tibiae and metatarsi never dilated; abdo- men slender; wings narrow. . . . . CHIRONOMID^E. * Bittacomorpha, Ptychoptera and Idioplasta may cause doubt here. They have the suture incompletely V-shaped and sinuous. Compare Rhyphidce. TABLE OF THE FAMILIES. 3 Antennae shorter than the thorax, the joints broadly and closely united, without marked constriction, and never hairy or pilose; legs strong, hind pair more or less dilated ; body thick-set, abdomen ovate; wings broad, bare, the anterior veins stouter, the posterior weak. Black- flies, Buffalo-gnats SIMVLIIDJG. 12. Wings ovate, distally with ten longitudinal veins and without cross- veins; veins strongly hairy; tibiae without terminal spurs; small, lepidopter-like flies, the wings when at rest folded roof-shaped. PSYCHODIMC. Wings with cross-veins near the middle 13 13. Wings hairy, fringed on the hind margin ; mosquitoes. CULICID^E. Wings bare ; the second vein arises near the middle of the wing. DJXIID^E. 14. Third joint of the antennae complex; basal cells of wing long. . 15 Antennae composed of three simple joints, the third not annulated or segmentated, with or without a dorsal arista or terminal style or arista 18 15. Empodia undeveloped or bristle-like ; antennae elongate, composed of four or five joints, without differentiated style or arista; vertex and front hollowed out transversely between the eyes ; eyes of male never contiguous . . 25 Empodia developed pulvilliform ; third antennal joint more or less dis- tinctly segmentated or annulated ; body not bristly. . . 16 16. Tegulse rather large; third longitudinal vein furcate; five posterior cells always present; the costal vein encompasses the whole margin of the wing; proboscis of the female adapted for piercing; third joint of the antennae with from three to eight annuli, never with style or bristle. Horseflies •. TABANID^;. Tegulae small or rudimentary ; mostly flower-flies. . ' . . 17 17. Tibiae wholly without spurs ; longitudinal veins of the wings usually crowded anteriorly,* the posterior ones often weak ; the costal vein does not reach beyond the tip of the wing; antennas long or short, with or without a terminal or dorsal arista or terminal style. STBATIOMYIDJE. The middle tibiae, at least, with distinct spurs ; the costal vein encom- passes the entire wing; third longitudinal vein always furcate and five posterior cells always present. . . ... LEPTIIWE. 18. Antennae apparently single-jointed, with a long bristle; wings with sev- eral stout veins anteriorly, and other weaker ones apparently con- nected with them; femora flattened, the hind legs long; antennae situated near the mouth ; small, quick-running, hunchbacked flies. PHOKII^E. Not such flies. . . -. . . . . • ^ . . 19 * If very large flies from Central America, compare ACANTHOMKKID.*. 4 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 19. Empodia developed pulvilliform, that is three nearly equal membranous appendages on the under side of the claws ..... 20 Empodia wanting, rudimentary or linear, never developed like the pulvilli ..... ....... 22 20. Tegula; very large; thorax and abdomen inflated; head small, eyes large; neuration varied ....... ACROCEUID.E. Tegulae of moderate size or rudimentary ...... 21 21. Middle tibiae at least with spurs; no bristles on femora or tibia; ; third longitudinal vein furcate ; five posterior cells present (four in Dialysis); anterior cross- vein always distinct; third joint of the an- tennae with a bristle or slender style, usually terminal. LEPTID^E. Not such flies ........... 22 22. Third longitudinal vein of the wings not furcate. ... 31 Third longitudinal vein furcate, two or more submarginal cells present ............ 23 23. Arista or style of antenna? when present always terminal. . . 24 Arista dorsal, always present ........ 30 24. Vertex and front distinctly hollowed out between the eyes; eyes of male never contiguous; basal cells large; mostly large flies. . 25 Front and vertex plane or convex. •. .... 26 25. Proboscis with fleshy labella at the tip ; neuration complicated, the fourth vein at least curves forward to terminate before the tip of the wing; palpi rudimentary or wanting ..... MYDAID^E. Proboscis without fleshy labella at tip, the under part forming a horny sheath; five posterior cells always present; palpi usually prominent. 26. Five posterior cells in the wing; basal cells large. ... 29 Never more than four posterior cells in the wing. ... 27 27. Third antennal joint without bristle or style ; three posterior cells; first posterior cell narrowed or closed, the fourth longitudinal vein termi- nating at or before the tip of the wing. . , . SCENOPINID.E. Third antennal joint usually with terminal style; four or three poste- rior cells; the fourth vein terminates beyond the tip of the wing. 28 28. Anal cell narrowly open, or closed near the margin; discal cell pres- ent. ...... ... BOMBYLIID^:. Anal cell closed remote from the border, sometimes wanting; if closed near the border (Hilarimorpha), the discal cell wanting. EMPID.E. 29. Neuration intricate, the anterior cross-vein wanting or rudimentary, owing to the coalescence of the third and fourth veins for a longer or shorter distance ; tibias without terminal spurs ; empodia and pul- villi membranous, but frequently minute. . . NEMISTKINID^E. TABLE OF THE FAMILIES. 5 Neuration not intricate; anterior cross- vein always distinct; labella of proboscis fleshy 30 30. The fourth vein terminates before the tip of the wing; male sexual organs prominent. ....... APIOCERID^E. The fourth vein terminates beyond the tip of the wing; male sexual organs small. ..... ... THEREVID^E. 31. Antennae with a dorsal arista 37 Antennas with a terminal arista or style 32 32. Wings pointed, no cross-veins in the middle, the fourth longitudinal vein furcate and arising from the fifth ; small species. LONCHOPTERID.E. Wings rounded at the tip, not lancet-like 33 33. Second basal cell confluent with the discal cell, not separated by a vein, the auxiliary vein does not terminate in the costa; small, mostly brilliant-colored, predaceous flies. . . . DOLICHOPID.*. Second basal cell separated from the discal cell by a vein. . 34 34. Antennae with a terminal style 35 Antennas with a terminal bristle. 36 35. First posterior cell closed (Conopidce pt., Syrphidce, pt.) . . 40 First posterior cell open EMPIDJE. 36. Head comparatively small, the proboscis more or less elongated ; alula of wings usually rudimentary EMPID^E. Head as broad as the thorax ; proboscis fleshy ; alula distinct. PLATTPEZID.E. 37. Proboscis rudimentary, palpi wanting; first posterior cell usually nar- rowed; tegulae usually large. Botflies. . . . (ESTRID^E. Proboscis not rudimentary ; palpi present. . . . . 38 38. Second basal cell confluent with the discal cell, not separated by a small vein ; small, mostly brilliant-colored, predaceous flies ; face never broad and convex - . DOLICHOPID.E. Second basal cell separated from the discal cell by a small cross-vein (if not, not brilliant-colored predaceous flies). ... 39 39. Basal cells of wing elongate, the anal cell closed toward the margin ; first posterior cell closed or much narrowed (except sometimes in Pipunculid(e). . . . . . . . . . . 40 Posterior basal cell small, the anal cell always closed remote from the margin . . 42 40. Face with subantennal vertical grooves or depression. . , 42 Face convex transversely or with a median ridge; never with a suban- tennal depression. . . . . . » . . 41 6 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 41. Between the third and fourth longitudinal veins and sub-parallel with them, crossing the anterior cross-vein, a spurious longitudinal vein, or, when rarely not present, the first posterior cell closed a consid- erable distance from the border SYRPHID.*:. Spurious vein never present; first posterior cell not closed before the margin; eyes very large ; small species. . . PIPUNCULID^E. 42. Proboscis horny and elongate, often folding back near the middle; ab- domen never with bristles; tibiae without terminal spurs or if with spurs, the face with a median ridge, and the proboscis folding; first posterior cell closed or narrowed CONOPID^E. Proboscis fleshy and not elongate ; if elongate and slender, with or with- out a median hinge, the body with distinct bristles, or the bristle of the antennas plumose. .... MUSCID^E sens. lat. 43. Wingless flies, parasitic upon bats; head not flattened, folding back upon the dorsum of the thorax; first joint of tarsi not abbreviated. NYCTERIBIDjK. Winged or wingless flies, parasitic upon birds or mammals ; head flat- tened, sunk into a shallow emargination of the thorax ; first joint of the four anterior or of all the tarsi abbreviated. . HIPPOBOSCID^;. CECIDOMYID^E. OETHOEEHAPHA. 1. CECIDOMYID^E. Small, slender flies with broad wings, and long antennae and feet. Head small ; eyes round or reniform, sometimes holop- tic ; ocelli usually wanting ; antennae long, cylindrical or bead- like, composed of a large number of joints — ten to thirty-six ; in many species the joints beaded or petiolate and verticillate, especially in the £; proboscis short, elongated in one genus only ; palpi usually with four joints. Thorax ovate ; more or less convex, without transverse suture ; abdomen composed of eight segments ; hypopygium composed of a pair of projecting booklets ; ovipositor sometimes much elongated. Legs long and slender ; coxae not very long ; tibiae without terminal spurs ; the first joint of tarsi sometimes very short. Wings large, usually hairy, narrowed at the root, without alula ; at the most with five, usually with but three, longitudinal veins, viz : the first, the third, and the fifth ; the fourth and the sixth sometimes present ; the humeral cross-vein indistinct, or want- ing ; costal vein enclosing the entire wing ; veins all weak ; the fifth usually furcate ; anterior cross-vein very near the root of the wing, often appearing as the beginning of the third vein, the real origin of the third vein having the appearance of a short cross-vein ; only one basal cell present. The family Cecidomyidae includes a very large number of frail, delicate, often very minute flies, but is of the greatest interest to the biologist as well as the economic entomologist. At present about 600 or 700 species are known. The egg of the Cecidomyidae is somewhat elongated, rounded at both ends, orange yellow or white in color. The time re- quired for hatching is very variable and depends upon the weather, sometimes requiring a very few hours, but more gen- erally a few days or even weeks. The larval food is almost 8 NORTH AMERICAN DIFFER A. wholly vegetable. The larvae of some species have been bred from decaying wood and bulbs, others from under the bark of trees, or from fungi. But the great majority prefer living plants, attacking the soft and green parts. Most of the larvae are monophagous, living almost exclusively on a single kind of plant, or at least closely allied plants ; but there are certain exceptions, such as C. sisymbrii, which is said to form the gall in spring on the barberry, and later in the season on a nastur- tium. There are certain others which are inquilinous, that is guests or parasites in galls formed by other Cecidomyids. Finally, some live parasitically in the society of plant lice. Not a few, such as the Hessian fly, live upon the surface of plants, or in the axils of their leaves ; but the greater number penetrate inside the plant, producing the so-called galls. Every part of the plant from the root to the flower and the fruit is liable to such attacks. With a few rare exceptions, each species attacks the same part of the plant and deforms it in the same manner. The galls cause deformations and excre- scences attached to the stalks, stems, or flowers, destroying the plant-tissue. When first hatched the larvaa are colorless and translucent, with the alimentary canal showing through the skin greenish. Later in life they assume different shades of red or yellow. They have the extraordinary number of fourteen segments, thus forming an apparent exception to the larvae of all other insects, which, as a general rule, have thir- teen. The supernumerary segment is placed between the head and first thoracic segment. The larvae have nine pairs of stigmata along the sides of the body apparent as more or less nipple-shaped projections. The head is not differentiated; the jaws are rudimentary and there are large two-jointed palpi or antennae. The last abdominal segment is smooth and rounded, sometimes with tubercles or a pair of horny processes which are said to be used by the larvae in leaping. On the under side of the body at the junction of the first thoracic with the supernumerary segment there is a horny, more or less elon- CECIDOMYID^E. 9 gated appendage whose use or homology is unknown. It varies in shape in different species, the free end sometimes terminating in two joints, sometimes in one, sometimes toothed and serrated. This organ, discovered by von Baer, has been called by Osten Sacken the "breast bone"; in England it is known as the " anchor process ". By some it is thought to be a pseudopod ; by others the mentum ; and Miss Ormerod be- lieves its function is that of a scraper or digger in obtaining food from the stems. More probably its use is for locomotion, or for changing the position of the larva in its cocoon or case. The motions of the larvae are usually slow, excepting those which live on the surface of leaves. Those which change their abode before assuming the pupa state become very active about the period of metamorphosis. A very great activity was observed by Winnertz in some such larvae after a thunder storm. They left their hiding places under ground and crawled about restlessly for some time ; repeating these actions after every thunder storm, some even two months after leav- ing their galls. Owing to their rudimentary mouth-parts it seems evident that the larvae must feed upon juices only, and that they need very little nourishment is shown by the fact that they attain their full growth and development in a gall just large enough to enclose them, apparently hermetically sealed and for the most part with hard walls. It is probable that they absorb nourishment in a quiescent state. As many as sixty individ- uals have been known to live in a single gall. What causes the galls is not easy to say ; probably some peculiar irrita- tion produced by the insect. It is probable that the larvae of Cecidomyia do not undergo moultings like most dipterous larvae. Before assuming the pupa state some larvae leave their galls and conceal themselves under ground, in dry leaves and moss or under the bark of trees ; while others, on the con- trary, complete their transformation within the gall itself. The pupee are generally, but not always, enclosed in the cocoon, 2 10 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. which Winnertz says is produced by an exudation or excretion from the larvae and is not spun. Larvae which had fastened themselves to the leaf were surrounded in twenty-four hours by a white halo of thread-like particles like spicules of crystals, the larvae remaining almost wholly motionless. The cocoon is completed within a few days but even then shows no traces of the genuine web. There seems to be no doubt, however, but that they do in some cases actually spin a cocoon, as is so frequently the case among the fungus-gnats. The change to the pupa state is marked by an alteration of color, the ante- rior segments of the larvae become distended, and the legs, wings, and antennae developing and rapidly attaining their full pupal dimensions. The period of pupation is very variable, depending upon warmth and moisture. The development is retarded by cold, though they are capable of withstanding a very low de- gree of temperature. One of the most remarkable things in the biology of these or any other insects was discovered by Wagner in 1860. Ac- cording to this scientist, the larvae of certain species belonging to the genus Miastor, and which live under the bark of trees, produce from ovary-like organs a number of eggs which hatch within the abdominal cavity of the parent and there remain, feeding upon the abdominal tissues which surround them, until they are consumed. They then escape to increase in size and produce another generation in the same remarkable manner. These series of asexual reproductions are repeated until finally, from the last brood, pupae are developed which undergo their transformation into imagines, and from which a new series of eggs, agamic broods of larvae and pupae in their turn result. There are other instances of paedogenetic reproduction among diptera, but none so interesting as this. This family contains some of the most destructive of all in- sects in man's economy, and perhaps the most important of CECIDOMYID^E. 11 these is Cecidomyia (Olifjotrophus) destructor, commonly call- ed the Hessian Fly, from the belief, probably erroneous, that it was first introduced into this country in straw brought by Hessian troops during the Revolution. The fly is very small, but little more than an eighth of an inch in length, of a prevailing black color, with the abdomen pinkish or brownish. There are two broods, in spring and autumn. The female deposits her eggs, one or two at a time, on the upper side of the leaves of wheat, to the number of from eighty to a hundred, or even more. Hatching in from four to eight days, if the weather is favorable, the yellowish red larvae crawl downward on the leaves until they insert themselves between the leaf and the stalk. Here they remain quiescent, growing by means of imbibition or absorption of the juices of the plant, until they reach the size of a small grain of rice. The larvae that are hatched in April in a few weeks assume the pupa state, called the flax-seed stage. In August the second brood appears, the female of which deposits her eggs in young winter wheat or other grain, where the lar- vae soon hatch and acquire the flax-seed condition in a few weeks, or by November, in which condition they pass the winter. In England there is but one brood, that of early summer, and the fly is not nearly so injurious to growing grain. TABLE OF GENERA. Fourth longitudinal vein wanting. . , . CECIDOMYIN^:. Fourth longitudinal vein present. . . . . • LESTREMIIN^K. CECIDOMYIN^E. 1. Fifth longitudinal vein furcate, the first joint of the tarsi usually shorter than the following . 2 Fifth longitudinal vein not furcate, the metatarsi longer than the follow- ing joint, the last two joints very small. ... . . 14 2. First and third longitudinal veins distinctly separated from each other and from the costa ; costa not tomentose. . ... 3 First and third veins closely 'approximated to the costa and difficult to distinguish, the costa apparently thickened. . • . . . 12 12 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 3. Antennae bead-like, the joints verticillate 4 Antennae cylindrical, the joints approximated, not petiolate, and pro- vided with short, close hair 11 4. The third longitudinal vein terminates in the costa before the tip of the wing. . . . (Dasyneura) CECIDOMYIA Loew (non Meigen). The third vein terminates at or beyond the tip of the wing. . 6 5. Thorax highly arched, hood-like, over the head. HORMOMYIA Loew. Thorax only moderately arched ; wings irridescent. ... 6 6. Wings with but three longitudinal veins, the first, third and fifth. 7 Wings apparently with four longitudinal veins, the first, third and two in place of the fifth, the furcation taking place so near the root of the wing as to give the appearance of two longitudinal veins. 10 7. The anterior cross-vein, that is the vein arising at the root of the wing and connecting with the third nearly where it arises from the first, Ss curved y:shaped. 8 The anterior cross-vein is nearly straight, appearing as the beginning •of the third vein. 9 8. Wings very long and narrow. . . . COLPODIA Winnertz. Wings not more than three times as long as wide. EPIDOSIS Loew. 9. Joints of the antennae petiolate, in the male usually with two bead-like swellings on each joint. (Ce.cidomyia Meigen non Loew) DIPLOSIS Loew. Joints not petiolated, or at the most the males with a single bead-like swelling on each joint. . . .'•*'. DIRHIZA Loew. 10. Palpi large, with the last joint elongate ; anterior cross-vein /"-shaped. ASYNAPTA Loew. Palpi small, the last joint but little or not at all longer than the penul- timate; anterior cross- vein but little curved. WINNERTZIA Rondani. 11. The third longitudinal vein terminates before the tip of the wing; fifth vein not furcate. SPANIOCKRA Winnertz. The third vein terminates at or beyond the tip of the wing ; fifth vein furcate , . . ASPHONIJYLIA Loew. 12. Proboscis much elongated, directed downward. CLINOIUIYNCHA Loew. Proboscis short «•»'"'.« • • • 13 13. Metatarsi shorter than the following joint. . LASIOPTKRA Meigen. Metatarsi longer than the following joint. . DIOMYZA Stephens. 14. Wings with but two longitudinal veins, the first and fifth, the latter not furcate, and neither reaching beyond the middle of the wing. HETEROPEZA Winnertz. Wings with three longitudinal veins, the first, third and fifth, the third reaching to the tip of the wing, the fifth not furcate. MIASTOR Meinert MYCETOPHILIDJE. 13 LESTREMIN^E. 1. Fourth longitudinal vein furcate 3 Fourth longitudinal vein not furcate 2 2. Antennae composed of from 11 to 25 joints, petiolate in the $. CAMPYLOMYZA Meigen. Antennae composed of 11 ($) or 8 (9) joints, petiolate in neither sex. MICROMYIA Rondani. 3. Ocelli absent or indistinct. . . . ....?. . . 4 Ocelli distinct. ....,/• 5 4. Antennae 11-jointed in both sexes. . . . . CECIDOGONA Loew. Antennae 16-jointed in the $ , 11 or 12-jointed in the 9- LESTREMIA Macquart. 5. The anterior branch of the fourth longitudinal vein /-shaped, the pos- terior branch in a straight line with the prefurca. TRITOZYGA Loew. The anterior branch only lightly curved ; antennae of 9 10-jointed. CATOCHA Haliday. 2. MYCETOPHILID^E. Mostly small, delicate, slender flies, with more or less elon- gated coxae. Head small, rounded or somewhat elongate. Eyes round, somewhat prominent ; ocelli two or three in num- ber, when only two, placed one on each orbital margin ; when three in number, placed transversely in the form of a shallow triangle. Front broad in both sexes. Antennas elongated, curved, twelve to sixteen jointed, the two basal joints differ- entiated, the remainder cylindrical, flattened or petiolated. Proboscis rarely elongated; palpi three or four jointed, usu- ally inflected, the first joint small. Thorax more or less, sometimes highly arched, without transverse suture ; metano- tum large ; soutellum small. Abdomen elongated, composed of six or seven segments, cylindrical or compressed, sometimes narrowed at the base ; male genitalia projecting forceps-like ; ovipositor pointed, usually with two terminal lamellae. Legs more or less elongated, the coxae more or less, sometimes much elongated; femora more or less dilated, tibiae with spurs. Wings large (wanting in the $ of Epidapus}', auxiliary vein present, though sometimes rudimentary ; second longitudinal 14 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. vein wanting ; the third vein arises from the first usually at such an angle that its first section (to the anterior cross-vein) has the appearance of a cross-vein ; fourth vein always, the third and fifth either furcate or not ; sixth vein never furcate, sometimes rudimentary ; seventh vein usually short, often rudimentary or entirely wanting ; discal and posterior basal cells always wanting. The family Mycetophilidae, commonly known as fungus- gnats, comprises seven or eight hundred known species of small or minute flies, the best known of which are, perhaps, the various dark-winged species of Sciara so common about gardens. In the following description of the immature stages I draw largely from Osten Sacken. The larvae have a distinct horny head ; horny, flat, lamelli- form mandibles ; maxillae with a large coriaceous inner lobe and a horny outside piece, with a circular excision at the tip, the labium small, horny, almost rudimentary; the antennae are usually small or rudimentary, the ocelli are either wanting or seen in a small pellucid spot below each antennae. The body is subcylindrical, more or less elongated, fleshy, whitish or yellowish, and composed of twelve segments. It is smooth, without hairs or bristles, except those on the ventral side. It is generally transparent, showing distinctly the intestinal canal and the trachea. There are eight pairs of stigmata, one on the first segment, and seven on the first seven abdominal segments, the last two having none. The locomotory organs consist of more or less apparent transverse swellings on the under side of the ventral segments, sometimes furnished with minute bristles or spines. The larvae present some of the most singular habits among all diptera. They are gregarious, and live in or upon decaying matter. Most of the species seem to prefer fungus or fungoid substances, whence comes the common name of fungus-gnats applied to the mature insect. The larvae of Sciara are found among decaying leaves, in vegetable mold, in cow-dung, under MYCETOPHILIDvE. 15 the bark of dead trees, etc. The larvae are said to moult sev- eral times before pupating. The larvae of many species spin delicate webs over the surface of fungi, and on this web they live until ready to pupate, when they spin a dense cocoon in sheltered spots ; others live within the decaying fungi. Per- haps the most singular habits of all are those of species of Sciara, which are even more gregarious than other members of this family. They have the singular propensity of sticking together in dense patches, and will form processions some- times twelve or fourteen feet in length, and two or three inches broad. The phenomenon has been observed frequently both in Europe and America, but the reason therefor is not yet well understood, though the object of the migration seems to be the search for better feeding grounds. Because of this habit, the name of " army worm " has been given to them. Yet more singular is the phosphorescent character of the larvae of some species. The larvae, probably of Sciophila, were observed by Hudson to be so luminous that " the light of a single indi- vidual kept in a caterpillar cage may be seen streaming out of the ventilators at a distance of several feet." The pupae of Mycetophilidae are free, — that is they are not contained within the larval skin, as is so commonly the case with diptera. They are usually smooth, with the legs applied to the breast and venter, the antennae bent around the eyes, and their remaining portion applied to the breast between the wings and the legs. The pupae of not a few are enclosed in a cocoon of more or less density, spun by the larvae; others enclose themselves in earthy cases. The study of the mature insect requires some care. Usually a compound microscope is necessary for the detection of many characters, especially of the more minute species, and gener- ally, when there is doubt of the identity, it is best to mount the whole insect or the more important parts under a cover glass. In America, as elsewhere, but little study has been given to 16 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. this family, and, hence there are doubtless not a few genera that have hitherto escaped detection. The following table has been mostly compiled from V. d. Wulp, Winnertz and Schiner, and compared with representatives of most of the genera. Epidapus scabies has recently been shown by Hopkins to be a cause of the potato scab. Various species of Sciara have also been bred from potatoes and other vegetables. The lar- vae of Sciara mail " destroy the interior of apples by burrow- ing through them, while the fair exterior shows no indication of concealed attack." The larvae of a species of Exechia have been found by Lintner very destructive to mushrooms. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Coxae moderately long; anterior cross- vein in the same right line with the second section of the third vein ; furcation of the fifth and sixth veins near the base of the wing. .... SCIARIN/E. Coxae much elongated; anterior cross- vein not in the same right line with the second section of the third vein. .... 2 2. Origin of the fourth vein near the base of the wing ; seventh vein more or less incomplete 3 Origin of the fourth vein at or near the middle of the wing; seventh vein usually complete. . . . . . . . . 4 3. Third longitudinal vein furcate, the anterior branch usually so near the origin and so transverse in position that it resembles a supernume- rary cross-vein ; three ocelli present . . . SCIOPHILINJE. Third longitudinal vein not furcate; two or three ocelli present. MYCETOPHI LIN..E. 4. Anterior branch of the third vein very long, terminating in the costa and arising very close to or at the beginning of the second section of the third vein MYCETOBIIN^:. Anterior branch of the third vein short, more transverse, usually ending in the first vein. 5 5. The prefurca of the fourth vein arises from the third vein beyond the apparent cross-vein, i. e. the cross-vein is really wanting and the third and fourth veins are coalescent for a short distance. . 6 The fourth vein continues in the same line before the cross-vein to its origin from the fifth. . (BolitophiUna) BOLITOPHILA Meigen. 6. Antennae short and thick-set, often flattened. . . CEKOPLATIN^K. Antennae long and slender, longer than the body. (Mttcrocerina) MACUOCERA Meigen. MYCETOPIIILID7E. 17 SCIARIXJE. 1. Wings and halteres wholly wanting. . . EPIDAPUS 9 Haliday. Wings and halteres as usual 2 2. Tlie fourth vein springs from the third at the angle, i. e. the anterior cross- vein is obsolete. ...... KPIDAPUS $ Anterior cross-vein not obsolete. . . ... . . 3 ?>. Antennal joints of the male pedicillated and with whorls of hairs. ZYGONEURA Meigen. Antennal joints not pedicillated ; bare or with short hairs. . . 4 4. Wings very distinctly hairy. . . . » TRICHOSIA Winnertz. Wings bare or but slightly hairy. . ... . SCIARA Meigen. MYCETOBIN^E. 1. Auxiliary vein complete; the anterior branch of the third vein arises at the point where the third vein and the anterior cross-vein unite. MYCETOBIA Meigen. Auxiliary vein rudimentary, not terminating in the costa ; the fork of the third vein petiolate. . . . . . . . . 2 2. Fork of the third vein shorter than the fork of the fourth vein. PLKSIASTINA Winnertz. Fork of the third vein longer than that of the fourth. DITOMYIA Winnertz. CEROPLATIXJE. 1. Face and proboscis prolonged, snout-like. . ASINDULUM Latreille. Face and proboscis not produced. . . . . _ . . . 2 2. Antennas shorter than the head and thorax, flattened ; palpi short. CEHOPLATUS Bosc. Antennae usually more elongate, cylindrical ; palpi moderately long. PLATYURA Meigen. SCIOPHILIN^E. 1. Anterior cross-vein more than twice the length of the first section of the third vein, forming apparently the beginning of the third vein. TETRAGONEURA Winnertz. Anterior cross-vein but little longer or shorter than the first section of the third vein, and forming a distinct angle with the second section. 2 2. The costal vein terminates at the tip of the third vein. SCIOPHILA Meigen The costal vein continues a short distance beyond the end of the third vein. . . . • 3 3. Fork of the fourth vein very short petiolate, the prefurca shorter than the anterior cross-vein. .-, . . . . . . 4 Prefurca of the fourth vein much longer than the anterior cross- vein. 5 3 18 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 4. Fifth vein furcate. LASIOSOMA Winnertz. Fifth vein not furcate. . . . . ST^EGERIA V. d. Wulp. 5. Proximal end of the posterior fork (fifth vein) before or opposite the anterior cross-vein. . . . NEOEMPHERIA Osten Sacken. Proximal end of the posterior fork beyond the anterior cross-vein. POLYLEPTA Winnertz. MYCETOPHILIN^E. 1. Three ocelli present. ... . • . . . . 3 Only two ocelli, one situated near the margin of each eye. . . 2 2. The costal vein is continued beyond the tip of the third vein. EUDICRANA Loew. The costal vein reaches only to the tip of the third vein. MYCETOPHILA Meigen. 3. The costal vein is continued beyond the tip of the third vein. . 4 The costal vein reaches only to the tip of the third vein. . . 11 4. Fifth longitudinal vein not furcate, the fourth furcate. ACNE.VIIA Winnertz. Fifth vein furcate. . , 5 5. Furcation of the fifth vein before or opposite the furcation of the fourth 0 Furcation of the fifth vein distinctly more distal than that of the fourth. PHTHINIA Winnertz. 6. Proboscis elongate. GNORISTE Meigen. Proboscis not elongate. 7 7. Auxiliary vein connected with the first longitudinal vein by a cross- vein 8 Auxiliary vein not connected with the first vein by a cross-vein. 9 8. Ocelli of nearly equal size; the auxiliary vein terminates in the cross- vein connecting it with the first longitudinal. SYNTEMNA Winnertz. Ocelli of unequal size; the auxiliary continuous beyond the cross-vein, terminating in the costa BOLETINA Staeger. 9. First basal cell very long, reaching bej'ond the middle of the wing; the beginning of the upper branch of the forks obsolete. XLEIA Meigen. First basal cell of moderate length, not reaching the middle of the wing; forks complete. . _ . ' 10 10. Anterior forked cell acute proximally, the branches but little divergent. EI'ICYPTA Winnertz. Anterior forked cell less acute, the branches strongh" divergent. DOCOSIA Winnertz. 11. Fifth longitudinal vein forked. . . . ZYGOMYIA Winnertz. Fifth vein not forked. 12 LIPOXEURIDJE. 19 12. Auxiliary vein very long, terminating in the costa. NEOGLAPHYROITERA Osten Sacken. Auxiliary vein short, or, if long, ending in the first vein. . . 13 13. Furcation of the fifth vein opposite or before the anterior cross- vein, and more proximal than that of the fourth vein. . . ' . 14 Furcation of the fifth vein more distal than the anterior cross-vein or the furcation of the fourth vein. ...... 15 14. Auxiliary vein reaching beyond the middle of the first basal cell. TRICHONTA Winnertz. Auxiliary vein sometimes rudimentary, or not reaching to the middle of the first basal cell 16 15. Furcation of the fourth vein opposite or before the first section of the third vein; posterior forked cell long and narrow. RHYMOSIA Winnertz. Furcation beyond the first section of the third vein. ALLOHIA Winnertz. 16. Posterior forked cell narrow. . . . MYCOTHERA Winnertz. Posterior forked cell broad, the branches divergent. EXECHIA Winnertz. 3. LIPONEURID.E. Moderate sized, elongate, bare species with broad wings and long legs. Both sexes holoptic or dichoptic ; three ocelli pres- ent; proboscis elongated ; antennae slender, composed of from six to sixteen joints, clothed with short pubescence. Thorax with a distinct, broadly interrupted, transverse suture. Hypo- pygium projecting; ovipositor with two short, rather obtuse, lamella. Legs moderately slender, the hind pair much longer than the anterior ones. Em podium very small, almost rudi- mentary ; pulvilli wanting ; wings broad, bare, with a mark- edly projecting anal angle; peculiarly characterized from all other flies by a secondary, extremely tine, spider-like network. The family Blepharoceridae or Liponeuridae was established by Loew in 1860 to include a half dozen species, which could not well be located in any of the existing families. Since that time the number in the family has been increased to about sev- enteen known forms, distributed in nine genera. Six of these species are found in Europe, one in Asia, six in North America, one in the West Indies, and three in South America. The 20 NORTH AMERICAN DII'TERA. habits of only a few are known ; one species, described by Fritz Muller, from South America is said to be dimorphic in the 9, one form being sanguisugous, the other mellisugons. The larvae live in running water. The head has a pair of slen- der antennae ; the cephalothorax and the following segments, each with a conical process bearing a bunch of bristles ; pupa flattened, inactive and free, enclosed in a semioval, shell-like skin, the anterior end with horny erect breathing tubes. On the under side the skin is soft and transparent, and provided with three pairs of suckers by which the creature clings most firmly. The flies are found dancing in the spray of waterfalls, or resting upon the foliage near the margin of clear running brooks. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. An incomplete longitudinal vein running into the posterior margin. 2 No incomplete vein running into the posterior margin ; proboscis much elongated; hind tibia? with spurs; claws simple; eyes entire, not bisected ( $). (Central and South America and West Indies.) PALTOSTOMA We Inner. 2. Second longitudinal vein furcate 3 Second longitudinal vein not furcate. . . ... . 4 3. Origin of the anterior branch of the second vein coincident with the origin of the third vein; front tibia? curved in $ . BIRIOCEPHALA Osten Sacken. Origin of anterior branch of second vein more distal than the origin of the third vein; front tibia? straight in the $. A 6. Third joint of the antennae at least three times as long as the first two together; large species (Central and South America). APHESTIA Schiner. Third antennal joint less than twice the length of the first two to- gether 7 7. First joint of the antennae about as long as the third ; front much widened above, the eyes disciform and with enlarged facets in front ; scutellum with weak bristles ; body punctulate. CKROTAINIA Schiner. Third joint of the antennas longer than the first two together; eyes on the sides of the front emarginate, the front not widened above ; scu- tellum with bristles; first posterior cell usually narrowed; body punctulate ATOMOSIA Schiner. 8. First posterior cell narrowed or closed. . . . . . 9 First posterior cell wide open 11 9. Three submarginal cells present, i. e. the upper branch of the third vein is connected with the second vein by a cross-vein. POGONOSOMA Rondani. Two submarginal cells. . .10 10. Hind femora of nearly equal thickness throughout; antennae with a distinct terminal style; very large, robust, thickly pilose species. HYPKRKCHIA Schiner. Hind femora thickened toward the end; antennae without terminal style; more elongate, less pilose species. . . NCSA Walker. 11. Thorax and abdomen nearly or quite bare; hind femora with spinous tubercles below •. . LAMPRIA Mat-quart. Thorax and abdomen pilose ; larger species usually. ... 12 12. Densely pilose species; the abdomen short, broad, usually broader beyond the middle; proboscis thick. ." . DASYLLIS Loew. Less pilose, more elongate species ; proboscis more elongate and slender. LAPHRIA Meigen. ASILID^E. 59 ASILI1SLE. 1. Bristle of antennae plumose. . . . OMMATIUS Wiedemann. Bristle not plumose. ..... .-> . .. . . 2 2. The veins closing the discal and fourth posterior cells in the same straight line or parallel (Central, S. America). ATRACTIA Macquart. The veins closing the discal and fourth posterior cells not parallel. 3 3. The posterior branch of the third vein curves forward to meet the costa before the tip of the wing. ...... '. . . 4 The' posterior branch of the third vein terminates beyond the tip of the wing - 5 4. Oviduct cylindrical, with a terminal circlet of spines. PROCTACANTHUS Macquart. Oviduct laterally flattened, without circlet of spines. ERAX Macquart. 5. Two submarginal cells (Asilus sens. lat). ..... 7 Three submarginal cells. 6 6. Abdomen shorter than the wings; body thickly pilose, claws obtuse. MALLOPHORA Macquart. Abdomen longer than the wings ; body thinly pilose. PROMACHUS Loew. 7. Oviduct laterally compressed. . ! . . . . . . 8 Oviduct conical. 8. Face without gibbosity, narrow throughout, not at all carinate, the mystax composed of a few long hairs. STENOPROSOPUS Loew. Face with gibbosity, or not carinate or unusually narrow. . . 9 9. End lamellae of the oviduct wedged in. . . EUTOLMUS Loew. End lamellae free, style-like. . .. .- ; , . . . .10 10. Posterior border of the last ventral segment in the $ more or less widened . . MACHIMDS Loew. Posterior border ( $ ) not widened. 11 11. Legs prevailing shining yellow in color. . HELIGMONEUKA Bigot. Legs prevailing black, or light and opaque colored. ... 12 12. Abdomen shining black above and below. - STILPNOG ASTER Loew. Abdomen not shining above and below. ... - . 13 13. Male genitalia club-like NEOITAMUS Loew. Male genitalia not club-like; the sixth and seventh segments take no part in the formation of the oviduct. . . . TOLMERUS. 14. Abdominal segments with bristles before the incisures. PHILODICUS Loew. Abdominal segments without bristles before the incisures. . . 15 15. Bright colored large species. ' . .".'-. . . ASILUS Linne. Small, ash-gray species. . . . . . RHADIURGUS Loew. 60 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. is. APIOCERIM;. Rather large, elongate, chaetophorous, thinly pilose flies. Antennae with a simple, short style. Front not excavated, broader in the female. Ocelli present. Face short. Probos- cis with pseudo-tracheate labella. Third longitudinal vein of the wing usually furcate ; basal cells large ; five posterior cells present. Empodia wanting. Male forceps enlarged. Less than a dozen species of this family are known through- out the world, six of which have been described from North America. The flies have much the appearance of large The- revids or Asilids, from which they will be at once distinguish- ed by the anterior curvature of the outer veins of the wings. The larvae are wholly unknown. For a discussion of the rela- tionships of the family, as also a bibliographical list, see Kansas University Quarterly i, 101. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Palpi two-jointed, large; the second vein from the discal vein termi- nates beyond the tip of the wing. . . APIOCERA Westwood. Pa4pi one-jointed, small; the second vein from the discal cell terminates before the tip of the wing. . . ... . . 2 2. Anal cell closed RHAPHOMIDAS Osten Sacken. Anal cell open. APOMIDAS Ooquillett. 19. NEMISTRINID^S. Species of moderate size, not elongate, thinly or densely pilose. Neuration complicated, the fourth and fifth veins are curved forward to terminate before the tip of the wing, the anterior cross-vein is obsolete, that is the third and fourth veins coalesce for a short distance ; basal cells long. Antennae small, short; third joint simple, with a terminal, slender, jointed style. Proboscis sometimes elongate. Ovipositor of the female elongate, often slender. Tibiae without spurs ; XEMISTRIXIDJE. 61 empodia developed pulvilliform, but, with the pulvilli often minute. Throughout the world about one hundred species of this family are known, the larger part of which are from South America and Australia. Only six species are known from North America and two or three from all Europe. Some of the species have the wings with numerous cross-veins, almost recticulate in appearance. Megistorhynchus longirostris from Africa, though only about two-thirds of an inch in length has a proboscis nearly three inches long. The flies are flower flies, resembling in their habiis the Bombyliidse. But little is known of the larvae. The females of Hirmon- eura obscura have been observed laying their eggs deeply within the burrows of Anthaxia, a wood-boring insect, in the pine rails of fences. The eggs were found in clusters and the young larvae hatched from them differed very singularly from those of a more mature growth. They are more slender, but differ chiefly in having each of the abdominal segments from the sixth to the twelfth provided with a pair of false legs bearing a single elongate seta at the tip, the hooks pointing backward ; on the thirteenth segment there are two pairs of similar setae, the hooks of which, however, point forwards, thus enabling the larva to attach itself firmly and raise itself erect. These young larvae issued in great numbers from the burrows in which they were hatched and, placing themselves erect, were blown away by the wind. Here for a time they have not been followed, but it is probable that they attach themselves by the aid of the ventral hooks to the bodies of large-sized beetles, by which they are carried into the ground when the female enters to deposit her eggs. This is probable from the fact that hundreds of pupae and pupa skins were observed near the fence. On searching below these the larval skins were found at a depth of about two inches and still deeper were found the remains of the beetles, Rhizotrogus solstitialis, in some instances with the larvae yet within them. 62 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Proboscis short, protruding but little from the oral opening; eyes bare or pilose; two or three submarginal cells. HIRMONEUBA Meigen. Proboscis long, directed backwards ; antennae broadly separated ; eyes bare; ovipositor of the 9 composed of two slender lamellae; three submarginal cells present. . . RHYNCHOCKPHALUS Fischer. 20. MYDAID^E. Rather large to very large, thinly clothed or bare, elongate flies. Neuration complicated, the basal cells long ; the fourth vein always terminating at or before the tip of the wing. Antennse elongate, the third joint flattened, with a terminal lamella. Front excavated between the eyes. Ocelli wanting. Proboscis short, with fleshy labella and without palpi (in our species). Empodia very little developed, not pulvilliform. The family Mydaidse comprises only about one hundred known species, but among them are the largest of the order, a few measuring two inches in length and rivaled only by the Acanthomeridae among the other families of diptera. The larvae of species of Mydas live in decaying wood, and it is probable that all the members of the family have similar habits. They are known to be predaceous in some cases upon the larvae of beetles. The larvae of M. fulvipes are nearly two inches in length, with swellings below the abdominal seg- ments for locomotion ; the body is depressed and somewhat widened, with the posterior extremity broader and obtuse. The pupa of M. clavatus has as its anterior end two strong, sharp, outwardly curved hooks ; the first abdominal segment has, on its anterior border above, a row of very long, erect spines curved backward at the tip. Another series of spines is situated on the anterior border of the last segment, and, on the same segment there is a pair of hooks at the tip curved downward. MYDAID^E. 63 TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Terminal segment of the 9 abdomen with a circlet of spines. . 2 Terminal segment without circle of spines.* . MTDAS Fabricius. 2. A small cross-vein runs into the hind margin of the wing between the anal cell and the tip; hind tibiae of 9 with spurs. ECTYPHUS Gerstaecker. No such small cross-vein ; hind tibiae of 9 without spurs at the tip. LEPTOMYDAS Gerstaecker. 21. BOMBYLIID.E. Medium sized to small flies ; often with abundant, long, del- icate pile. Head as broad or narrower than the thorax, often spherical in shape, closely applied to the thorax. Eyes large, often contiguous above in the $ and rarely also in the 9. Antennae porrect, usually of but moderate length ; third joint simple ; style usually small and indistinct and sometimes wholly wanting. Ocelli present. Proboscis usually project- ing from the oral cavity, and slender ; sometimes elongate ; at other times short, with broad labella. Abdomen composed of from six to eight segments, slender in a few genera only. Legs moderately long, weak, with short, weak bristles or spines. Pulvilli sometimes rudimentary, the empodia almost always so, the tarsi and claws small. Tegulae small. Wings often with dark markings; two or more submarginal, three or four posterior cells present; discal cell present in all our genera ; anal cell closed in or near the border of the wing, or narrowly open. The family Bombyliidse comprises about fifteen hundred known species. Most of them are swift flying insects, often * "Generis Ectyphi proximum, differt: antennis elongatis, segmento pe- nultimo cylindrico, ultimo, 9» circiter duplo longiore, compresso, basi parum dilatato, apice obtuse acuminate 9» duplo breviore, obtusiore, abdo- minis segmento ultimo inermi, cyathiformi, utrinque, parum dilatato. Long. c2o mm. undique niger, abdomine nitente, alis violaceo micanti- bus, extreme apice albidis — P. phyllocerus, Rocky Mts." PHYLLOMIDAS Bigot. 64 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. hovering motionless in the air for a time and darting away like a flash. They seek sunny places in woodland roads, about blossoms or on rank vegetation. The Anthracinae are a group especially characteristic of arid regions. In general the members of the family are prettily and delicately marked, and their life histories are often very interesting. In the adult state they are flower flies, feeding upon the pollen and honey deep within the blossoms, extracted by aid of their long proboscis. The larvae of species of Aphcebantus and Systcechus, occurring in western America, are found in the egg-pods of the locust, Caloptenus spretus. "The larvae begin to trans- form themselves into the pupa state early in the summer, and the pupa pushes itself half way out of the ground in order to disclose the fly. They continue to issue during the summer months. As a rule but one year is required for full develop- ment. Aphoebantus is first observed as a yellowish white grub, about half an inch long when extended, it being usually curved so that the head and tail nearly meet. It is usually found in a case of locust eggs which it has devoured, pushing the empty shells aside, and at last occupying the space where were twenty-one to thirty-six eggs. Often it is found in a little space below a number of egg-cases, as though it had feasted off the contents of several nests" (Riley). The larvae of Anthrax have been found parasitic upon Megachile, Osmia, Odynerus, Mamestra, Noctua and Agrotis ; those of Argyra- mceba upon Pelopatus, Meyachile, Cemonus, Osmia and Calico- doma ; those of Bombylius upon Andrena and Colletes ; those of Toxophora upon Eumenes ; those of Callostoma in the egg- cases of Caloptenus itaiicce ; those of Systropus upon Lima- codes, etc. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. The bifurcation of the second and third veins takes place opposite or nearly opposite the anterior cross-vein, the distance not exceeding the length of the cross-vein ; the second vein forms a knee at its origin, the third vein in a straight line with the prefurca. . 2 BOMBYLIIDJE. 65 The bifurcation of the second and third veins takes place at a greater distance from the cross-vein, usually at an acute .ingle. . . 13 2. Antenna! style distinct, that is it is separated from the third joint or from the styliform prolongation of the joint by a distinct suture. 3 The third joint not with a distinct style separated by a suture, the style when present very minute. . ' 8 3. Antennal style with a pencil of hairs at the tip; pulvilli distinct; front tibiae with bristles. . ". . . . • . . . 4 Antennal style not terminating in a pencil of hairs; three or four sub- marginal cells present. . • . • , . . . '. . 5 4. Outer submarginal cell bisected by a cross-vein (Spogostylum Coquil- lett non Macquart). ... .. . . . COQUILLETTIA, nov. Outer submarginal cell not bisected by a cross-vein, the anterior branch of the third vein sometimes connected with the second by a cross- vein (Argyramoeba Schiner). . . SPOGOSTYLUM Macquart. 5. Pulvilli distinct ALDRICHIA Coquillett. Pulvilli rudimentary or wanting 6 6. The outer submarginal cell divided by a cross- vein, making four sub- marginal cells. . . . . HYPERALONIA Rondani. The outer submarginal cell not divided by a cross-vein. . . 7 7. First posterior cell bisected near its middle by a cross-vein. EXOPTATA Coquillett. First posterior cell not bisected ; posterior claws with a basal tooth. EXOPROSOPA Macquart. 8. Eyes of male contiguous at the vertex ; anal cell closed. ASTROPHANES Osten Sacken. Eyes of male not contiguous at the vertex; anal cell open. . . 9 9. Anal cell widest at its middle. ....... 10 Anal cell widest at the margin. . . . . MANCIA Coquillett. 10. The second vein strongly contorted at the end in the shape of a recum- bent letter S ; three submarginal cells present. DIPALTA Osten Sacken. The second vein not strongly contorted at the end. . . .11 11. Three submarginal cells normally present; proboscis elongate. STONYX Osten Sacken. Two submarginal cells normally present. . . . . .12 12. The contact of the discal cell with the third posterior not much longer than its contact with the fourth posterior; proboscis long; sides of the abdomen with fringe of scales and not with hairs only. LEPIDANTIIRAX Osten Sacken. 66 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. The contact of the discal cell with the third posterior at least twice as long as its contact with the fourth posterior, the latter contact often merely punctiform. ANTHRAX Scopoli. 13. Wings with three posterior cells. 39 Wings with four posterior cells. . . . • . . . . 14 14. First posterior cell closed 15 First posterior cell open. : . . . - . . . . 22 15. Three submarginal cells present. 16 Two submarginal cells. 17 16. Head broader than the thorax; posterior orbits not excised. PANTARBES Osten Sacken. Head narrower than the thorax ; posterior orbits excised. TRIPLASIUS Loew. 17. First basal cell longer than the second. . . . . . 18 First basal cell not longer than the second. . . . . 21 18. Proboscis very short, not protruding beyond the oral margin ; anal cell usually closed; large species (Cen. America). ANISOTAMIA Mat-quart. Proboscis more or less elongate ; anal cell open. ... 19 19. First posterior cell closed at some distance from the border of the wing. 20 First posterior cell narrowed, or closed in or near the margin of the the wing; small species (5-6 mm.) . THLIPSOGASTER Rondani. 20. Head comparatively small ; the emargination of the occipal orbits al- most imperceptible BOMBYLIUS Linne. Head broad ; emargination of the occipital orbits distinct. HETEROSTYLUM Macquart. 21. Face thickly clothed with pile. . ANASTOSCHUS Osten Sacken. Face sparsely clothed with pile. . . . SYSTXECHUS Loew. 22. Two submarginal cells present 27 Three submarginal cells present. 23 23. Bare species; tibiae without bristles. . AMPHICOSMUS Coquillett. More or less pilose species ; tibiae with bristles 24 24. Antennas as long as the head, the third joint not longer than the first two together 25 Antennae shorter than the head, the third joint twice as long as the first two together EXEPACMOS Coquillett. 25. First antennal joint not thickened 26 First antennal joint extraordinarily thickened. . PLOAS Latreille. 26. "Scutellum deeply sulcate longitudinally". GEMINARIA Coquillett. Scutellum convex, not sulcate LORDOTUS Loew. BOMBYLIIDJE. 67 27. Anal cell open ^ . 30 Anal cell closed 28 28. Proboscis short ONCODOCERA Macquart. Proboscis elongate . . 29 29. Third joint of the antennas with long bristly hairs ; face with long hair. ACREOTRICHUS Macquart. Third joint of the antennae without or with short bristly hairs above ; face bare or shortly pilose. . . . . PHTHIRIA Meigen. 30. Body clothed with more scales than hairs, gibbose; antennae long, the first joint unusually long. . . . LEPIDOPHORA Westwood. Body clothed chiefly with hair, or else nearly bare. 31 81. Body more or less pilose; tibiae usually bristly. ... 32 Body bare ; tibiae bare or feebly bristly 37 32. Both basal cells of equal length. . . . SPARNOPOLIUS Loew. First basal cell longer than the second. ..... 33 33. Third antennal joint but little longer than the first; mesonotum of male sometimes tnuriacate and the costa denticulate. ECLIMUS Loew. Third joint of the antennae more than twice the length of the first, bul- bous at the base. ......... 34 34. The origin of the second vein takes place before the proximal end of the discal cell at an acute angle. ...... 35 The origin of the second vein is beyond the proximal end of the discal cell and is rectangular. . , . DESMATOXEURA Williston. 35. Third antennal joint scarcely longer than wide. EUCESSIA Coquillett. Third antennal joint much longer than wide. .... 30 36. Face projecting in profile. . . . . EpACMrsOsten Sacken. Face retreating. . . . . • ; APHCEBAXTUS Loew. 37. Ocellar tubercle situated near the hind edge of the front. . . 38 Ocellar tubercle situated near the middle of the front. METACOSMUS Coquillett. 38. Antennae elongate, third joint flattened, the style flattened and com- posed of two distinct segments. . . DKSMATOMYIA Williston. Antennas not elongated and with a distinct bisegmentated style. PARACOSMUS Osten Sacken. 39. Slender, elongate species . . 40 Shorter, more thick-set species, the abdomen never cylindrical. 41 40. Females holoptic like the males ; abdomen enlarged at its extremity. SYSTROPUS Wiedemann. Females dichoptic; abdomen cylindrical, not enlarged at the extremity. DOMCHOMYIA Wiedemann. 68 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 41. Throe submarginal cells. . , " » 42 Two submarginal cells. . . . - . GKRON Meigen. 42. Body clothed with more scales than hairs; abdomen decumbent ; an- tennae long. TOXOPHORA Meigen. Body clothed chiefly with hair ; abdomen not decumbent. RHABDOPSELAPHUS Bigot. 22. THEREVIM:. Rather small or moderate sized, elongate, bristly, sometimes pilose, predaceous flies. Eyes of the male contiguous; front in the female not excavated. Antennae composed of three joints, the third simple, with a terminal style, sometimes wanting. Proboscis projecting, the labella broad. Ocelli present. Abdomen elongate ; genitalia moderately or but lit- tle prominent. Legs with bristles ; empodia wanting. Third longitudinal vein of the wings furcate, the posterior branch terminating beyond the tip of the wing; five posterior cells, anal cell closed toward the margin of the wing. This family comprises only about two hundred known spe- cies, with but few genera broadly distributed over the world. The flies resemble the Asilidse somewhat, and have habits not dissimilar, though much less active. The proboscis has fleshy labella, instead of the horny tip of the Asilidse, and the legs are less stout — in many species they are easily broken off when captured. Their food is chiefly other diptera, for which they lie in wait upon leaves and bushes, or upon the bare ground. The larvae have a short, eyeless, nonretractile head, the antennae small and short. The body is slender and snake- like, showing apparently nineteen segments. Anterior spira- cles situated at the end of the first segment behind the head ; posterior spiracles on the apparently seventeenth segment. The larvae live in the earth arid decomposing wood, or in sand, feeding upon other insects or upon vegetable matter, ordure, etc. The pupae are free; they have in front laterally project- ing spinous points. SCENOPINID^E. 69 TABLE OF GENERA. 1. First posterior cell entire, not intersected by a cross-vein. . . 2 "First posterior cell divided by a cross-vein into two cells; first antennal joint unusually large." . . . METAPHRAGMA Coquillett. 2. Head much broader than long. . 3 " Head not as broad as long, vertical diameter of eyes equaling their horizontal diameter; first joint of antennae unusually large and pol- ished". . . . . . . . NEBRITUS Coquillett. •3. Third joint of antennae short, the first thickened. . TABUDA Walker. Third joint of antenna as long or but little shorter than the usually slender first joint 4 4. Face bare or pubescent PSII.OCEPHALA Zctterstedt. Face pilose. 4 5. Fourth posterior cell closed THEREVA Latreille. Fourtli posterior cell open. .... DIALINEURA Rondani. 23. SCENOPINIM:. Flies of moderate or small size, black in color and bare. Front not excavated ; face bare, short and broad. Antennae approximated at the base, the first two joints short, the third elongated, simple, without style or arista. Proboscis conceal- ed ; palpi cylindrical, bristly at the tip. Ocelli present. Males usually holoptic. Thorax rather long, moderately convex, though apparently much so from the low position of the head. Scutellum broad and short, without spines or tubercles. Ab- domen flattened, more or less elongated, composed of seven segments. Tegulae small. Empodia wanting. Third longi- tudinal vein of the wing furcate ; basal cells long, the first much longer than the second ; three posterior cells, the first narrowed in, or closed before the margin ; anal cell closed. The larvae resemble closely those of the Therevidee. They are very long and slender, having apparently nineteen seg- ments, due to each of the abdominal segments except the last being divided by a strong constriction. The larvae have been 70 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. found in decaying fungi and wood and under carpets or in furniture, and are supposed to be carnivorous. The flies are not very active in their habits, and because of the frequency with which they are observed on window-panes are usually called window-flies. TABLE OF GENERA. First posterior cell narrowed ; legs rather stout. SCENOPINUS Latreille. First posterior cell closed before the margin of the wing; legs slender (Mexico). . . . r_. . PSEUDATRICHIA Osten Sacken. 24. ACROCERIM:. Small to large, never elongate, pilose or nearly bare flies. Head small or very small, chiefly occupied by the large eyes, which are usually contiguous in both sexes above or below, or above and below the antennae; two, three or no ocelli present; antennae composed of two or three joints, with or without a terminal arista or style. Proboscis rudimentary or long, sometimes very long. Thorax large, spherical ; tegulae very large and inflated ; scutellum large. Abdomen closely united to the thorax, large and inflated. Legs rather stout ; the tarsi with three membranous pads under the claws. Neuration variable, the veins sometimes weak and indistinct. This family, the Acroceridae or Cyrtidae, comprises a small number of curious flies with curious habits. They are easily recognizable by their small head and large, inflated tegulae. No family characters can be drawn from the neuration, owing to the great differences often existing between forms other- wise related. In the few forms in which the larvae are known they are all parasitic upon spiders or their cocoons. "In the spring of 1887, while hunting for spiders, I found hanging in cobwebs several soft white maggots and pupae. The webs were generally old and out of repair, and a closer examination showed that there no living spider was in them, but almost every one had an empty skin of a common spider Amaurobius ACROCERIILE. 71 sylvestris, nearly full grown. The skin of the legs and thorax were not clean like a moulted skin, but dirty and opaque, as though eaten out, and the skin of the abdomen when present was torn and shriveled. From this I concluded that the mag- gots came out of the spiders, and from their size must have nearly filled them. The maggots varied considerably in size, the largest being a quarter of an inch long, while others were not more than half as large. The hinder half of the body was thicker than the front half and nearly spherical. They hung head downward, holding to the web by their jaws and were also partly supported by threads under and around them." The author of the foregoing, J. H. Emerton, reared from other specimens of these larvae a fly belonging to the genus Acrocera. The larvae of Astomella Lindelii, according to Brauer, are so lodged in the abdomen of the spider that the posterior termi- nal stigmata are in relation with the lung-tubes of the spider. The eggs are said to be deposited on dried twigs. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Antennae with a terminal bristle 3 Antennae without terminal bristle or style 2 2. Antennae short, third joint rounded, witli terminal bristly hairs. . 3 Antennae elongate. . 7 3. Antennae inserted near the mouth. 4 Antennae inserted toward the vertex 6 4. Wings with a stout costal spur near the tip of the auxiliary vein. PTERODONTIA Gray. Wings without such spur; anal cell absent 5 5. Proboscis rudimentary. . . . . . ONCODES Latreille. Proboscis elongate, directed backwards (Central and South America). PHILOPOTA Wiedemann. 6. Venation complete; eyes pilose OPSEBIUS Costa. Venation more or less obsolete ; eyes bare. . . ACROCERA Meigen. 7. Proboscis rudimentary. . .V 8 Proboscis elongate 9 8. Eyes bare (Mexico). APPELEIA Bellardi. Eyes pubescent. . . .. -. •- . OCN.EA Erichson. 9. Ocelli wanting; large flies. ... .. .' . LASIA Wiedemann. Ocelli present ; moderately large flies. . . EULONCHA Gerstaecker. 72 NORTH AMERICAN DIFFER A. 25. LONCHOPTERIM;. Small (2-4 mm.) slender, brownish or yellowish flies. An- tennae short, porrect; third joint simple, circular in shape, with a terminal bristle. Ocelli present. Scutellum with two bristles. Legs long, bristly ; pulvilli very small ; empodia wanting. Wings lancet-like, pointed ; the three basal cells of moderate size and of nearly equal length ; fourth longitudinal vein furcate and united with the fifth near the base ; first longitudinal vein short, second and third not furcate ; the anterior cross-vein lies near the base of the wing, in front of the middle of the second basal cell and is oblique in position. There is but one genus in this family, Lonchoptera, the members of which are found, often in abundance, in the grass or upon stones along the margins of shady brooks. The lar- vae are flat with long bristles on the first, second and last seg- ments ; posterior spiracles broadly separated on the last segment, short and tubular. Head not differentiated, the body composed of ten segments, the last one apparently com- posed of two. Pupae enclosed in a puparium, orthorrhaphous. 26. EMPIDID.E. Small to moderately large, elongated, predaceous flies. Head small, more or less spherical, not closely applied to the thorax. Males holoptic or dichoptic, the front never exca- vated. Antennae porrect, approximated at the base, composed of three simple joints, the first two of which are often small ; third joint variable in shape, with or without a terminal arista or style. Face without mystax. Proboscis short or long, projecting forward, downward or backward. Ocelli present. Abdomen composed of from five to seven segments, male gen- italia prominent and of complicated and variable structure ; ovipositor projecting, pointed. Tegulae small. Legs often with peculiar structural characters — the coxae or femora elon- gated, the femora thickened and with spines below, the meta- EMPIDIDJE. 73 tarsi flattened, etc.; pulvilli present, the empodia usually membranaceous and linear. Neuration variable ; the discal cell sometimes absent, the third longitudinal vein furcate or simple ; three or four posterior cells present ; anal cell often shorter than the second basal cell, closed before the margin of the wing*; sometimes wholly wanting. The family Empididee is a large one, including many genera and species. Most flies belonging here will be at once recog- nized, but there are some, especially those of the subfamily Tachydrominae, which have such peculiar neuration that they are apt to lead the student astray ; some may even be sought for among the smaller Muscids. The flies are all predaceous, though obtaining part of their food at times from flowers. Many species, especially those of Empis and Rhamphomyia often fly in swarms, dancing up and down over running brooks, in the shade of trees or about shrubbery. Very rarely do any species reach the length of ten millimeters, and some are not more than three in length. The larvae are cylindrical, with small swellings on the under side, from the mesothoracic segments, for locomotion. They are probably carnivorous and live in the earth, under leaves or other decaying vegetable matter. The pupae are free, with two porrect points at the anterior end. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Anal cell closed in the border or narrowly open; body without macro- chsetae. . . . ' . . . . . . HILARIMORPHIN.E. Anal cell closed before the border when present. ... 2 2. Anal cell wanting ; when present the front femora shorter or but little longer than their coxae. ... . . . TACHYDROMIN^. Anal cell present; front femora much longer than their coxas. . 3 * Mythicomyia, a genus of doubtful relationship, has the anal cell open. In Hilan'morpha it is closed in the margin. Both genera also differ from other Empididae in being destitute of macrochastaa. Osten Sacken and Schiner locate the latter genus among the Leptidae. If that view is ac- cepted, Afi/thicomyia should probably accompany it. 9 74 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 3. Posterior basal transverse vein, i. e. the vein which limits the anal cell, parallel or nearly parallel with the hind border of the wing. Posterior basal transverse vein not parallel with the hind border of the wing. ......... HYBOTINJE. HILARIMORPHINJE. 1. Second vein very short, terminating in the first ; discal cell present. MYTHICOMYIA Coquillett. The second vein terminates in the costa ; discal cell wanting. HILARIMORPHA Schiner. HYBOTIN-ffi:. 1. Third longitudinal vein furcate; first submarginal cell closed. BLEPHAROPROCTUS Loew. Third longitudinal vein simple. . . . . . . . 2 2. Anal cell shorter than the second basal cell. .... 3 Anal cell as long or longer than the second basal cell. ... 4 3. Third antennal joint conical ; bristle terminal. LEPTOPEZA Macquart. Third antennal joint ovate; bristle subdorsal. OCYDROMIA Meigen. 4. Origin of the second longitudinal vein nearer the humeral than the an- terior cross-vein ; wings usually spotted. . SYNECHES Walker. Origin not nearer the humeral cross- vein ; wings not spotted. . 5 5. Vein between the first and second basal cells indistinct. SYNDYAS Loew. Vein between the first and second basal cells distinct. HYBOS Meigen. EMPIDIN.E. 1. Third longitudinal vein furcate ........ 2 Third vein simple ....... RIIAMPHOMYIA Meigen. 2. No discal cell. . . . ... . CYRTOMA Meigen. A discal cell present .......... 3 3. Proboscis distinctly longer than the head. ..... 4 Proboscis not longer than the head. . . ... . 6 4. All the legs of nearly equal length; hind femora much thickened. PACHYMERIA Stephens. Hind legs longer than the others, their femora but little or not at all thickened ..... , , . . . . . 5 5. Proboscis slender, directed backward or downward. . EMPIS Linne. Proboscis moderately thickened, directed forward. ITBAPIIILA Zetterstedt. EMPIDIDvE. 75 6. Antennae very short, apparently two-jointed, the third joint compressed, with a short, thick, unjointed style. . HORMOPEZA Zetterstedt. Antennae not very short, distinctly three-jointed ; third joint awl or pear shaped or spherical, with a two-jointed terminal style or bristle. ./.... 7 7. Proboscis as long as the head, vertical ; anterior metatarsi usually thick- ened in the $. . ..... . . . HILARA Meigen. 8. Proboscis shorter than the head, horizontal ; anterior metatarsi of the $ not thickened GLOSIA Meigen. TACHYDROMIN^;. 1. Third longitudinal vein furcate; discal cell present; anterior coxae much elongate 2 Third longitudinal vein simple; discal cell wanting. ... 5 2. Front femora much thickened ; two posterior veins arise from the discal cell. ~~ HEMERODROMIA Meigen. Front femora not much thickened ; three posterior veins arise from the discal cell. . 3 3. Antenna? with a long terminal bristle. . . ARDOPTERA Mac-quart. Antennae with a short terminal bristle or style 4 4. Sixth vein obsolete before reaching the margin. CLINOCERA Meigen. Sixth vein not obsolete before reaching the margin ; antennae with a very short terminal style. . . . SYNAMPHOTERA Loew. 5. Anal cell, or at least the posterior basal cross- vein, present; antenna? with a long terminal bristle. . . . TACHYDROMIA Meigen. Anal cell wholly wanting 6 6. Front femora thickened. ........ 7 Front femora not thickened. '. . . . . . . 8 7. Arista terminal TACHYPEZA Meigen. Arista subdorsal PRONECTISCA Loew. 8. Arista terminal . . DRAPETIS Meigen. Arista dorsal. .......... 9 9. Proboscis short, vertical ; palpi broad STILPON Loew. Proboscis slender; palpi narrow, slender. . PHONEUTISCA Loew. 76 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 27. DOLICHOPODID^E. BY PROF. J. M. ALDRICH. Small flies, never exceeding 7 mm. in length, almost always green in ground color, usually shining, more rarely dusted with gray or brown, sometimes pure yellow or almost black. As a family they are distinguished from their nearest allies by the absence of the cross-vein between the discal and second basal cells, these uniting to form a single cell. Head about as wide as the thorax (much wider only in Psilopinae), usually a little wider than high ; the face bare, very wide to very narrow, or the eyes contiguous below the antennae ; front generally widening rapidly above (in Dia- phorus the eyes sometimes contiguous above), with bristles on the vertex only. Posterior orbit with a well defined row of short, erect bristles (toward the mouth indistinct in Hydro- phorinse and some other genera); proboscis fleshy, short, retracted, rarely a little protruding ; antennae three-jointed, inserted more or less above the middle of the eyes, the first two joints never much elongated, the third commonly oval, but in several genera lengthened ; arista dorsal, subapical, or completely apical. Thorax higher and longer than wide, with regularly arranged bristles on the dorsum ; in some genera a well-marked flattened or concave area before the scutellum. Abdomen tapering, conical or a little compressed (in Hydro- phorus and Scellus sometimes peculiarly small and retracted), without noticeable bristles in most genera ; the male hypopy- gium usually prominent, varying greatly in form, and in the degree in which it is concealed in the abdomen. Coxee gen- erally short, legs in most genera of medium length, sometimes elongated, those of the male frequently developed into some ornamental structure ; the front femora are thickened in a few genera. Wings usually hyaline, yet often with dark mark- ings, which may take the form of a definite pattern, or may follow the veins indistinctly, or may be evenly diffused ; in noLiCHoronnm 77 some cases the males have small snow-white spots in the tip of the wing. Anal cell always very short. This family perhaps surpasses any other natural group of animals in the variety of sexual ornaments possessed by the males. These are paraded before the females, as are similar ornaments in the peacock and turkey-cock. See " Courtship Among the Flies ", American Naturalist, Jan. '94, p. 35. They may occur in almost any external portion of the body. In a careful examination of a large number of species, I have never found any two in which they are identical. I am ac- quainted with at least fifty different forms of tarsal modifica- tion alone, every one of which is distinctive of its species. Nevertheless some species seem to offer no noticeable sexual differences beyond the presence of the hypopygium in the male ; even this is in some cases but little visible. In adult life all are predaceous, capturing chiefly the minuter soft bodied flies, which they enclose within their soft labella, while extracting the juices ; the larvae are, as far as known, feeders on decaying vegetation. The following table is designed solely to enable beginners to determine the genera of their specimens : it does not, there- fore indicate anything about the natural relations of the gen- era to each other. It is based on male specimens only, since otherwise it must have included many obscure and difficult characters. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Fourth longitudinal vein with a widely divergent fork on the front side; or if not, the head wider than the thorax, face wide, and the front deeply excavated (Psilopinae). ....... 2 Fourth vein simple or merely broken , front not excavated. . . 5 2. Fourth longitudinal vein not forked. . . AproRTiirs Aldrich. Fourtli longitudinal vein forked. ....... 3 3. Tegular cilia black, third longitudinal vein curved genth" back at tip, scutellum with four large bristles. . . . PSILOPUS Meigen. Tegular cilia pale, third vein distinctly curved forward at the tip, scu- tellum with two large and usually two small bristles. . . 4 78 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 4. Face wide, front deeply excavated. . GNAMPTOPSILOPOS Aldrich. Face narrow, front scarcely excavated. . LEPTORHETHUM Aldrich. 5. Fourth longitudinal vein bent forward, forming an apical cross-vein; posterior cross-vein very oblique, parallel to the margin of the wing. PLAGIONEURDS Loew. Posterior cross-vein nearly transverse, usually no apical cross-vein. G 6. Hind metatarsi with large bristles above 7 Hind metatarsi without large bristles above 8 7. Face in male reaching the lower corner of the eye. HYGROCELEUTHUS Loew. Face in the male not reaching the lower corner of the eye. DOLICHOPUS Latreille. 8. Hypopygium long, extending forward under the venter. . . 0 Hypogygium short, not extending forward under the venter. . 21 9. Arista short-plumose 10 Arista pubescent or bare 12 10. Fourth vein beyond the posterior cross-vein gradually convergent toward the third POECILOBOTHRUS Mik. Fourth vein shortly before the tip quite suddenly bent toward the third* . . ..-,'. ... . . . .11 11. Hypopygium pedunculate, slender, without long, branching appendages PELASTONEURUS Loew. Hypopygium sessile, with long, branching appendages. METAPELASTONEURUS Aldrich. 12. Before the scutellum the posterior third of the thoracic dorsum is hol- lowed out, or at least flattened down to a plane. ... 13 Before the scutellum convex as usual. .:'••-.. . . . 1*5 13. Hypopygium long, pedunculated. 14 Hypopygium short, sessile or nearly so. . . . . . 15 14. Bristles of the thorax yellow. . . APHANTOTIMUS Wheeler. Bristles black. MEDETERUS Fischer. 15. Color of body yellow, sometimes with a little black. NEURIGONA Rondani. Color of body chiefly metallic, sometimes dusted ; legs very long. DACTYLOMYIA Aldrich. * If with a marked concavity toward the apex, see Paraclius, in which the pubescence of the arista is rather strong. DOLICHOPODIDJE. 79 16. The face of the male extends below the eyes, hanging down before the mouth, apron-like POLYMEDON Osten Sacken. The face of the male reaches as far down as the lower edge of the eye 17 The face of the male does not reach so far as the lower edge of the eye • 18 17. Third antennal joint of the male rudimentary, the long arista with a disk at the end MACELLOCERUS Mik. Antennae of simple structure. . . TACHYTRECHUS Stannius. 18. Third and fourth veins towards the tip parallel or nearly so. . 19 Third and fourth veins toward the tip distinctly convergent. . 20 19. First antennal joint bare above, third joint elongate in the male. PELOKOPEODES Wheeler. First joint hairy above. ,• . . GYMNOPTERNUS Loew. 20. The last segment of the fourth vein gradually approaching the third. HERCOSTOMUS Loew. Last segment near the middle abruptly curving forward, then grad- ually resuming its former course, making a segment of a circle, the concavity outwards, and ending near the third vein. PARACLIUS Bigot. 21. Costal vein extending to tip of third vein, the latter part of the fourth vein evanescent or partially so. . . ASYNDETUS Loew. Costal vein extending to the tip of the fourth vein, which is of the usual strength. ......... 22 22. Sixth vein wanting (minute species, not shining, the first vein reaching only a fifth of the length of the wing). . . . ACHALCUS Loew. Sixth vein present, at least for a short distance. ... 23 23. First antennal joint hairy above. . ..' 24 First antennal joint bare above 29 24. Second antennal joint with a thumb-like projection fitting into the inner side of the third • . SYNTORMOX Loew. Second antennal joint without such projection. .... 25 25. Fourth vein before the tip sharply curved toward the third, nearly reaching it at the margin. . . METAPELASTONEURUS Aldrich. Fourth vein near the end parallel with the third Or only moderately convergent. • 26 26. Arista dorsal, third antennal joint of usual size, palpi of male large, face wide. . . . . . . BIOSTRACUS Loew. Arista dorsal, palpi small, face very narrow. . ANEPSIUS Loew. Arista nearly or quite at the end of the large, pointed third joint. 27 80 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 27. Hind coxae witwout erect hairs on the outer side, third and fourth veins near the tip convergent HYPOCHARASSUS Nick Hind coxae with one or more erect hairs, third and fourth veins paral- lel, wings wide. . .28 28. Scutellum with smaller hairs on the disk besides the marginal bristles. LASIARGYRA Mik. Scutellum bare, except for the bristles. . . ARGYRA Macquart. 29. Posterior third of thoracic dorsum, before the scutellum, concave or at least distinctly flattened. . - 30 Dorsum rounded as usual. 32 30. Bristles of thorax yellow CHRYSOTIMUS Loew. Bristles black, rarely brownish 31 31. Fourth vein parallel with the third beyond the cross-vein, or nearly so. XANTHOCHLORUS Loew. Fourth vein converging toward the third beyond the cross-vein, either gradually or by a double curve Go back to 15. 32. Wings elongate, the posterior cross-vein considerably beyond the mid- dle, less than its length from the apex of the fifth vein (Hydropho- rinae) 33 Wings not elongate, cross- vein scarcely beyond the middle, more than its length from the end of the fifth vein (if less, the hind metatarsus shorter, than the following joint) 35 33. Fore femora slender LIANCALCS Loew. Fore femora more or less incrassated, with spines below. . . 34 34. Spines of fore femora very short, thoracic dorsum without well marked pollinose lines HYDROPHORUS Fallen. Spines of fore femora long, dorsum with pollinose lines. SCELLUS Loew. 35. Outer appendages of the hypopygium long, filiform. NEMATOPROCTUS Loew. Outer appendages not long and filiform. '..'-'. . . . 36 36. Second antennal joint with a thumb-like projection along the inner side of the third (Synarthrus Loew). . . . SYNTORMON. Not with such prolongation 37 37. Eyes contiguous or nearly so below the antennae. ... 38 Eyes contiguous above the antennae. . . DIAPHORUS Meigen. Eyes closest together at the level of the antennae, diverging above and below ; middle legs of male distorted. . CAMPSICNEMUS Walker. Eyes not approximated. . 39 DOLICHOPODIDJS. 81 38. Pulvilli of male fore tarsi conspicuously enlarged. EUTARSUS Loew. Pulvilli of male not enlarged. . . . CHRYSOTUS pt. Miegen. 39. Thorax bright green, abdomen yellow, with a good deal of silvery pol- len LEUCOSTOLA Loew. Not so marked 40 40. Face broad, the palpi large, reposing on the proboscis; small, pollinose species, with yellow antennae. . . THINOPHILUS Wahlberg. Palpi of ordinary size or else projecting lamelliform, free from the proboscis. , 41 41. The third longitudinal vein (in the male) keeps close to the second till near the tip of the latter, then makes a wide curve backward ; the third and fourth veins farther apart than usual. LYRONEURUS Loew. Wings of ordinary structure. .... ... 42 42. Third joint of antennae in the male conspicuously long, awl-shaped, not wider at the base than the first joint, . . RHAPHIUM Meigen. Third joint long, lancet-shaped, wider at the base than the first joint. PORPHYROPS Meigen. Third joint short, the tip sometimes drawn out into a point. . 43 43. Arista nearly or quite apical ; fore pulvilli of male not enlarged. CHRYSOTUS, pt. Arista dorsal or subapical; fore pulvilli of male elongated. DlAPHORUS, pt. Arista dorsal, inserted quite near the base of the joint ; pulvilli plain ; abdomen of male slender, compressed. . . SYMPYCNUS Loew. 10 82 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. CYCLORRHAPHA. 28. SYRPHIM:. Small to rather large flies. Head hemispherical, often elon- gated or produced in the lower part; as broad or a little broader than the thorax. Face moderately broad, bare or clothed with dust or short pile; excavated in profile under the antennae and projecting below, or with a distinct convexity near the middle part, never with longitudinal furrows or lateral ridges, usually convex transversely, sometimes with a median ridge. Oral opening large ; proboscis rarely much elongated. Front never excavated. Antennas usually porrect and approximated at their base, three-jointed, usually with a dorsal arista. Eyes large, bare or pilose ; in the male usually contiguous above. Ocelli always present. Thorax comparatively large and robust, moderately arched above. Tegulse of moderate size. Abdomen composed of five or six visible segments, rarely with only four. Hypopygium usually not prominent. Legs usually of moderate strength. Macrochsetae rarely present in any part of the body ; the body generally thinly pilose or bare, but sometimes clothed with thick pile. Wings comparatively large ; third longitudinal vein never forked ; marginal cell open or closed ; the fourth vein terminates in the third at or before the tip ; three posterior cells ; basal cells large ; anal cell always closed before the border of the wing ; between the third and fourth longitudinal vein and nearly parallel with them, a false or spurious vein, nearly always present and characteristic of the family. The family Syrphidse is one of the most extensive in the order. Nearly twenty -five hundred species are known through- out the world and many new forms are constantly being added. They contain among them many of the brightest-colored flies, SYRPHID^E. 83 and numerous specimens are sure to appear in any general collection of insects. None are injurious in their habits to man's economy and many are very beneficial. In their adult habits they all show a great uniformity. They are flower- flies and feed upon honey and pollen, loving the bright sunshine. The larvae are usually not very elongate, with firm, some- times tough skin, the head-segments small and extensile, the head not distinctly differentiated. The external mouth-parts are either wholly wanting, with only a soft fleshy opening, or there are two or four outwardly directed booklets. Antennae short, small, one or two jointed and fleshy. Body smooth or provided with soft conical projections and bristles ; below usually with seven pairs of abdominal feet. At the posterior end the body terminates in a more or less elongate tube, sin- gle or double, the stigmata. This tube sometimes forms a short, almost chitinized, tubercular projection on the dorsal part of the last segment; at other times it is very long, longer than the body, slender and composed of two joints, the one sliding within the other, like the joints of a telescope. In changing to the pupal condition, the larval skin contracts to form the pupal envelope, and the body becomes shorter, more oval and of a darker color, the elongated respiratory tube, in the "rat-tailed" species, being curved over the back. Unlike all the other Cyclorrhapha, except the Pipunculidse, the fron- tal lunule is not used in springing off the cap to the puparium. The habits of the larvae are more variable than those of the adult flies. A large number live in decaying wood, or other vegetation, or in ordure, or decomposing animal remains. Some live in the stems of various plants, some in fungi. The larvae of many species of the Syrphini are aphidophagous, crawling about on the stems of plants frequented by plant- lice and destroying them. Some live in ant's nests and may be parasitic ; others in the nests of humble bees. On account of the large number of genera and the conse- 84 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. quent length of the table of the North American genera, I have introduced at the close an auxiliary table or grouping of a considerable number of the genera which can be defined by decisive characters. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Antennae with a terminal style 2 Antennas with a dorsal arista. 4 2. Antennae cylindrical, the first two joints elongated (Ceria). SPHYXIMORPHA Rondani. First two joints of the antennae short 3 3. Eyes bare, small species. . . . . PELECOCERA Meigen. Eyes pilose, larger species. . . . . " CALLICERA Panzer. 4. Marginal cell of the wings closed and petiolate. . . . .48 Marginal cell open. . . 5 5. Anterior cross- vein of the wings distinctly before the middle of the discal cell, rectangular. 6 Anterior cross-vein near or beyond the middle of the discal cell, often oblique. 55 6. Antennae elongate 7 Antennae short. . . .10 7. Dorsum of thorax with yellow lateral stripes; large species, the abdo- men always with distinct yellow bands. CHRYSOTOXUM Meigen. Dorsum of thorax without yellow lateral stripes or margins. . 8 8. Face rounded, pilose, not tuberculate; oral margin not projecting. 0 Face not evenly arched, tuberculate or the oral margin projecting. 14 9. Moderately large to large species; scutellum flattened, usually with spines or tubercles on its margin ; a stump of a vein in the first pos- terior cell from the third longitudinal vein. . . ' . .10 Small species; scutellum without spines or tubercles; no such stump of a vein present. . . . , . PIPIZA Fallen. 10. Abdomen much narrowed near the base (Central and S. America). 11 Abdomen not or but little narrowed near the base. ... 12 11. Face swollen and prominent below. RHOPALOSYRPHUS Giglio-Tos. Face not swollen and prominent below. . MIXOGASTER Macquart. 12. Second segment of the abdomen with the lateral margins inflated. OMEGASYRPHUS Giglio-Tos. Second segment of the abdomen normal. . . . . . 13 SYRPHIDJE. 85 13. Hind metatarsi much dilated UBRISTES Walker. Hind metatarsi not conspicuously dilated. . MICRODON Meigen. 14. Body clothed with sparse tomentum ; all the femora thickened and with spinous bristles below (Central and South America and West Indies) LEPIDOSTOLA Mik. Body not with flattened tomentum. . . . . . . 15 15. Face tuberculate below, partly or wholly yellow; epistoma receding; face and front not wrinkled PA RAG us Latreille. Epistoma projecting ; front and face black. 21 16. Face black in ground-color. 17 Face more or less yellow in ground-color 26 17. Abdomen with only four visible segments ; first two joints of the an- tennae very short, third large, subquadrate, with a short, subterminal arista ... . . NAUSIGASTER Williston. Abdomen with more than four visible segments. ... 18 18. Hind femora distinctly thickened. ...... 19 Hind femora but little or not at all thickened 20 19. Scutellum unusually large, nearly square ; males dichoptic. CHALCOMYIA Williston. Scutellum not unusually large, considerably broader at the base ; males holoptic and with a facial tubercle. . .. MYIOLEPTA Newman. 20. Face rounded, not tuberculate, the oral margin not projecting. PIPIZA Fallen. Face tuberculate or the oral margin projecting 21 21. Epistoma projecting; small, black species. .... 22 Face tuberculate, the oral margin not projecting. ... 23 22. Front in the female and usually the face in both sexes with transverse wrinkles ; vena spuria obsolete. . . CHRYSOGASTER Meigen. Front and face not wrinkled ; face pilose and not tuberculate. PSILOTA Meigen. 23. Metallic green, metallic green and black, or black species ; facial orbits separated by a slender parallel groove. . . CHILOSIA Meigen. Black with more or less metallic green or blue, with yellow or yellowish cross-bands on the abdomen; face without parallel grooves. . 24 24. Wings not longer than the abdomen; ocellar tubercle large; abdomen depressed, long-elliptical, somewhat narrowed toward the base, the markings ferruginous or orange yellow. . PYROPH^NA Schiner. Wings longer than the abdomen; abdomen with yellow or greenish yellow or shining metallic cross-bands; usually elongate species. 25 86 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 25. Front tibiae distally and tarsi of the $ dilated, those of the female slightly widened. . . PLATYCHIRUS St. Fargeau and Serv. Front tibiae and tarsi slender in both sexes. MELANOSTOMA Schiner. 26. Abdomen narrowed toward the base, in outline spatulate or club- shaped 27 Abdomen oval or slender, not club-shaped or spatulate. . . 31 27. Third longitudinal vein deeply curved into the first posterior cell (Cen- tral and South America). . . . SALPINGOGASTKR Schiner. Third longitudinal vein straight or gently curved. ... 28 28. Hind femora slender; front of female long, narrowed above. . 29 Hind femora thickened; abdomen less elongate; front not long and narrow above. .......... 30 29. Alulae rudimentary or wanting. . . BACCHINA Williston, nov. Alulae well developed BACOHA Fabricius. 30. Epistoma produced anteriorly, the face in profile deeply concave from antennae to tip ; third joint of the antennae rounded. SPHEGINA Meigen. Epistoma produced more downward, in profile gently concave; third joint of the antennae not rounded. . . NKOASCIA Williston. 81. Front long, much narrowed above in the female; cheeks very narrow, the eyes approaching each other at the lower part of the head; wings usually with a dark picture; abdomen more or less elongate. OCYPTAMUS Macquart. Species without the above characters. . . . . . . 32 32. Dorsum of the thorax with yellow lateral margins. ... 39 Dorsum of thorax not with yellow lateral margins. . . . 33 33. Abdomen with definite yellow cross-bands 34 Abdomen not with definite yellow cross-bands 42 34. Hind femora extraordinarily thickened. SYRITTA St. Farg. and Serv. Hind femora slender 35 35. Sixth abdominal segment in the $ as long as the two preceding to- gether, cylindrical ; fifth segment in the 9 one-half as long as the preceding. ...... EUPEODES Osten Sacken. Sixth segment not peculiar, the fifth segment of the 9 one-third or one- fourth as long as the preceding. ...... 36 36. Front very convex ; eyes of $ with an area of enlarged facets above. CATABOMBA Osten Sacken. Front not remarkably convex 37 37. Third longitudinal vein with a distinct curvature into the first posterior cell; third joint of the antennae elongate oval. DIUEA Macquart. Third longitudinal vein straight or gently curved ; epistoma not pro- duced (if produced snout-like, Rhingia). .... 38 SYRPHIDvE. 87 38. Males holoptic. SYRPHUS Fabrieius. Males broadly dichoptic. .... CH^EMOSYRPHCS Mik. 39. Dorsum of thorax with a median cinereous line; ocelli usually remote from the vertex. . . . . . • MESOGRAMMA Loew. Dorsum of thorax without such line. . . ... . . 40 40. Eyes of $ with an area of enlarged facets above ; fourth segment of the abdomen with two median yellow stripes and oblique side-spots. ALLOGRAPTA Osten Sacken. Eyes of $ not with an area of enlarged facets above ; fourth abdom- inal segment not so marked. . . . . . . 41 41. Face projecting below ; slender species. SPIMCROPHORIA Macquart. Face receding ; abdomen oval. . . XANTHOGBAMMA Schiner. 42. Thickly pilose species; abdomen black, the basal portion light-col- ored. . . .. r .'..... . LKUCOZONA Schiner. Thinly pilose species, not so marked. . . . -. . . . 43 43. Hind femora thickened. . . . . . . . . 44 Hind femora slender. 47 44. Species wholly or chiefly reddish or lutescent 46 Black species, sometimes with luteous spots on face, humeri, and basal angles of the abdomen. ........ 45 45. Scutellum unusually large, nearly square in outline ; males dichoptic. CHALCOMYIA Williston. Scutellum oval ; males holoptic. . . . MYIOLEPTA Newman. 4(5. Face carinate ; abdomen oval. . . . BRACHYOPA Meigen. Face tuberculate. . . . •. HAMMERSCHMIUTIA Schummel. 47. Epistoma produced into a long porrected snout. RHINGIA Soopoli. Epistoma not produced. . . ,. . . CHILOSIA Meigen. 48. Third longitudinal vein bent deeply into the first posterior cell. 51 Third longitudinal vein not bent deeply into the first posterior cell ; antennae elongate. . • 48 49. Arista very densely plumose, appearing as a solid mass. OOPESTYLDM Macquart. Arista feathery plumose. . . . . . . . 50 50. Males dichoptic MEGAMETAPON Giglio-Tos. Males holoptic. . .- . . . . VOLUC ELLA Geoff roy. 51. Hind femora with a sharp tooth-like projection below near the distal end. . . .. . 4 ... . MILESIA Latreille. Hind femora without such tooth. . 52 88 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 52. Frontal triangle of $ strongly protuberant (Doliosyrphus Bigot, Central and South America). .... PRIOMERUS Macquart. Frontal triangle not prominent. 63 53. Epistoma produced into a long porrected snout (Central and South America). . . . '.. ' LYCASTRIRHYNCHA Bigot. Epistoma not produced 54 54. Thorax with distinct yellow markings ; femora thickened ; hypogygium enlarged (Pteroptila) MEROMACRUS Rondani. Thorax without distinct yellow markings; hind femora sometimes thickened ; hypopygium not prominent. . ERISTALIS Latreille. 55. Arista plumose .50 Arista bare or pubescent . . 58 56. Antennae elongated PHALACROMYIA Rondani. Antennae short 57 57. Thinly pilose; abdomen with yellow bands. SERICOMYIA Meigen. Thickly pilose; abdomen without yellow. ARCTOPHILA Schiner. 58. Third longitudinal vein bent deeply into the first posterior cell ; hind femora thickened. . . . ... . . . . 59 Third vein only gently curved. ....... 64 59. Face carinate ; hind femora with an angular protuberance below near the outer end. TROPIDIA Meigen. Face tuberculate or arched, not carinate 60 60. Abdomen much narrowed at the base (Central and South America). CERIOGASTER Williston. Abdomen not narrowed at the base 61 61. Antennae elongate (Mexico and Europe). PLATYNOCH^ETUS Wiedemann. Antennae short 62 62. Thorax and scutellum densely pollinose above. PTERALLASTES Loew. Thorax and scutellum not densely pollinose above. ... 63 63. Third joint of the antennae broad ; thorax not vittate. . . 67 Third joint of the antennas oval ; thorax usually vittate. . . 64 64. Ocelli remote from each other. . . . ASEMOSYRPHUS Bigot. Ocelli not remote from each other. . . HELOPHILUS Meigen. 65. Thickly pilose species. MALLOTA Meigen. Thinly pilose ',.,.. 66 SYRPHIDJ5. 89 0(5. Hind tibiae of the male with an internal median spur. (See alsoMallofa sp.) TEUCHOCNEMIS Osten Sacken. Hind tibiae of $ not with such a spur. POLYDONTOMYIA Williston. 67. Hind femora thickened and with a bifid spur below (?North America). SENOGASTER Mac-quart. Hind femora without such spur. . .*.'..-.. 68 68. Slender species; abdomen narrowed basally. (See 28.) Abdomen in no wise club-shaped. . V . . . . 69 69. Thorax with distinct yellow markings other than on the humeri. 78 Thorax not with distinct yellow markings of the ground color other than rarely on the humeri. ....... 70 70. Face transversely arched or carinate, not produced, not tuberculate; abdomen more or less elongate and nearly bare. . . . 71 More or less thickly pilose species, often large 73 71. Hind femora extraordinarily thickened; anterior cross-vein rectangu- lar. . . . . SYRITTA St. Farg. and Serville. Hind femora more or less thickened ; cross-vein oblique. . . 72 72. Face sharply carinate. TROPIDIA Meigen. Face transversely arched. ..... XYLOTA Meigen. 73. Scutellum, margin of the thorax and pleurae with bristly hairs. CHRYSOCHLAMYS Rondani. Thorax wholly without bristles 74 74. Face short, not produced, concave from antennas to tip, not tuberculate ; hind femora thickened. . . - t . . . . 75 Face produced, long. ......... 76 75. Abdomon elongate. . . ... BRACHYPALPUS Macquart. Abdomen very broad ; thorax densely pilose ; middle femora of the $ with an inferior basal spur. . . . HADROMYIA Williston. 76. Face produced forward, pointed, concave from antennae to tip, not tuberculate; hind femora thickened. CRIOPKORA Osten Sacken. Face not evenly concave, but tuberculate or convex. ... 77 77. Third joint of the antennae produced above into a conical process, ter- minating in the thickened arista. . . MERAPIOIDITS Bigot. Third joint of the antennae obliquely oval ; hind femora rarely thick- ened. ........ CRIORHINA Macquart. 78. Hind femora with a conical, tooth-like protuberance below near the distal end. . . .'"... . . SPILOMYIA Meigen. Hind femora without such protuberance. . . . . . 79 11 90 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 79. Antennae inserted low down, near the middle of the head in profile ; face not longer than the front. TEMNOSTOMA St. Farg. and Serv. Antennae situated high up, on a conical process ; front short, face much produced downward ; antennae long or short. SPHECOMYIA Latreille. AUXILIARY TABLE. 1. Marginal cell closed : Copestylum, 4, 6, 8. Megametapon, 4, 5, 8, 10. Milesia, 2, 7. Priomerus, 2, 8. Meromacrus, 2. Eristalis, 2, 5, 8. Lyeastrirhyncha, 2, 6. Volucella, 4, 5, 8. 2. Third vein bent deeply into the first posterior cell : Didea, 8. Salpingogaster, 9. Milesia, 1, 7. Priomerus, 1, 5, 8. Meromacrus, 1. Eristalis, 1, 6. 8. Lycastrirhyncha, 1, 6. Tropidia, 7. Ceriogaster, 1,9. Pterallastes. Helophilus, 10. Asemosyrphus, 10. Mallota, 8, 10. Teuchocnemis. Polydontomyia, 7. Senogaster, 7, 9. Platynochaetus, 4. 3. First posterior cell with a stump of a vein from the third longitudinal : Mixogaster, 4, 9. Omegasyrphus, 4, 8. Rhopalosyrphus, 4, 9. Microdon, 4, 8. Ubristes, 10. 4. Antennae elongate: Sphyximorpha, 9. Chrysotoxum, 8. Pipiza, 8. Mixogaster, 8, 9. Omegasyrphus, 8, 8. Rhopalosyrphus, 3, 9. Microdon, 3, 8. Lepidostola. Ubristes, 3, 10. Chrysogaster, pt. Paragus, pt. 8. Volucella, 1, 5, 8. Megametapon, 5, 10. Spilomyia, pt.. 7. Platynochaetus, 2. Copestylum, 1, 5, 8. Sphecomyia, pt. Phalacromyia, 5. 5. Arista plumose : Chilosia, pt. 8. Brachyopa pt. Eristalis, pt. 1, 2, 8. Sericomyia. Arctophila. Volucella, 1, 4, 8. Megametapon, 4, 10. Phalacromyia, 4. Copestylum, 1, 4, 8. C. Epistoma produced into a long porrected snout : Rhingia. Lycastrirhyncha, 1, 2. CONOPIDJE. 91 7. Hind femora with a projection below: Senogaster, 2, 9. Tropidia, 2. Spilomyia, 4. Milesia, 1, 2. Polydontomyia, 2, 10. 8. Eyes pubescent : Syrphus, pt. Didea, pt. 2. Microdon, pt. 4. Chilosia, pt. 5. Megametapon, 14. Chrysotoxum, 4. Mallota, pt. 2, 10. Psilota. Pipiza, 4. Paragus, 4. Leucozona. Catabomba. Eristalis, pt. 1, 4. Volucella, pt. 1, 4, 5. Copestylum, 1, 4, 5. Priomerus, 2. 1. Chrysochlamys. 9. Abdomen spatulate or narrowed conspicuously at the base : Sphyximorpha, 4. Mixogaster, 4, 3. Khopalosyrphus, 3, 4. Ceriogaster, 1, 2. Senogaster, 2, 7. Salpingogaster, 2. Baccha. Bacchina. Spegina. Xeoascia. Ceria. 10. Males dichoptic : Pelecocera. Megametapon, 1, 4, 5, 8. Rhopalosyrphus, 3, 4, 9. Asemosyophus, 2. Mixogaster, 3, 4, 9. Helophilus, 2. Omegasyrphus, 3, 4. Mallota, pt. 2, 8. Ubristes, 3, 4. Polydontomyia, 2, 7. Microdon, 3, 4, 8. Chamosyrphus. Chalcomyia. 29. CONOPID^E. Thinly pilose or nearly bare, more or less elongated species. Head broad; front broad in both sexes; ocelli present or absent. Antennae porrect, composed of three simple joints, the third with a dorsal arista or terminal style. Oral opening large ; proboscis slender. Abdomen more or less elongated, often constricted toward the base. Basal cells of wing usually large, the third (anal) closed ; three posterior cells, the first closed or much narrowed ; no spurious vein. 92 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. About forty species of this family are known from North America. They are all flower-flies, not very quick in flight. Flies of some of the genera (Conops, Physocephala and Tropido- myia) have a curious resemblance to certain wasps, and yet more to the species of Ceria among the Syrphidae. The genus Stylogaster is remarkable for the very long ovipositor of the female and the elongate proboscis in both sexes. The four known species are from Africa, North and South America. So far as known, the larvse of this family are parasitic upon adult hymenoptera (wasps and humble-bees) and orthoptera.. The eggs of the female are laid directly upon the bodies of the bees or wasps during flight. The young larvse burrow within the abdominal cavity of their host, and there remain, the posterior end directed toward the base of the abdomen, feeding upon the non-vital portions, until ready to transform into the mature fly, when they escape from between the abdominal rings of the insect. The larvse of Conopidae are oval or pear-shaped, with distinctly differentiated seg- ments, which are capable of extension or contraction. The antennas are wart-like, with two chitinous, ocellus-like rings at the extremity. The mouth-hooklets are strongly bent. On the last segment there are two, large, round or kidney-shaped stigmatic plates, arched like a watch crystal. The puparium is oval, with button-like, slightly projecting anterior stigmata and the posterior pair as in the larvse. They remain within the body of their host during the winter. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Antennas with a terminal style; proboscis directed forward, without me- dian hinge ; abdomen constricted toward the base. . . 2 Antennae with a dorsal or subdorsal arista 4 2. Face witli a median ridge, without ^-shaped grooves (Central and South America.) ....'... TKOPIDOMYIA Williston. Face with a well-marked ^-shaped groove •> 3. Femora and tibiae not thickened or dilated, or, if so, the thickening reg- ular; small cross-vein of the wings nearly opposite 'the tip of the auxiliary vein, and near the middle of the discal cell. Coxoi»s Linne. PIPUXCULIDvE. 93 Femora irregularly thickened toward the base, the tibiae with irregular outlines ; small cross-vein of wings near the outer third of discal cell. PHYSOCEPIIALA Schiner. 4. Proboscis directed forward, not bent near the middle. ZODION Latreille. Proboscis bent near the middle, the distal part folding back. . 5 5. Vertex with bristles ; tibiae spurred ; face carinate, not grooved ; ovipos- itor of female very long. . > . . STYLOGASTER Mac-quart. Vertex and tibiae without bristles; face with ^-shaped groove. . 6 6. Anal cell short; ovipositor elongate and folded beneath the abdomen. DALMANNIA Robineau-Desvoidy. Anal cell elongate, acute. • .' -f . . . . .".• . 7 7. Cheeks not as broad as the vertical diameter of the eye. OKCOMYIA Robineau-Desvoidy. Cheeks as broad or broader than the vertical diameter of the eye. MYOPA Fabricius. 30. PIPUXCULIIXE. Small, thinly pilose or nearly bare flies. Head nearly spher- ical, broader than the thorax, chiefly composed of the large eyes. Eyes in the male contiguous above, separated by the narrow front in the female. Face narrow. Antennae small, short, three-jointed, the third joint oval or reniform, with a dorsal arista, often with a more or less elongated pointed pro- cess on the under side. Ocelli present. Proboscis small, concealed. Abdomen composed of six or seven segments, small, cylindrical ; hypopygium thickened, more or less club- shaped; ovipositor usually elongate and folded under the abdomen. Legs simple; metatarsi elongated, tarsi broad, tibiae without spurs ; pulvilli present. Tegulae rudimentary. Wings much longer than the abdomen ; third longitudinal vein not furcate ; basal cells well developed, the anal cell elongate, reaching to, or nearly to, the margin ; first posterior cell narrowed in the margin ; three posterior cells present ; discal cell present in the known American species. The flies of this small family are most commonly met with on flowers or in sweepings, and are readily distinguished by 94 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. their large, spherical heads. They are not active in flight, and are easily captured. The larvae of this family are para- sitic so far as is known, those of Pipunculus fuscipes having been observed by Boheman in the abdomen of Thamnotettix (Cicadata) virescens. They are elliptical, thick, depressed, narrowed at either end, naked, about three millimeters in length, and somewhat broader in the middle. The puparia are somewhat smaller, oval, obtuse at either end, shining, pitchy black. But a single genus, Pipunculus Latreille, is known to in- habit North America. 3i. PLATYPEZIM:. Small, thinly pilose or bare flies, especially characterized by the ornamentation or enlargement of the hind tarsi. Head hemispherical, as broad or broader than the thorax and closely applied to it. Face usually short and broad. Eyes bare, con- tiguous in the male, and in some genera in the female also. Ocelli present. Antennae; porrect, the tirst two joints short, the third somewhat elongate, circular, pear-shaped or conical, with a terminal arista. Scutellum without bristles. Abdo- men comparatively short, the male genitalia projecting in Callomyia only. Legs short and strong; hind legs more or less thickened and the hind metatarsi thickened or variously ornamented, the following joints often partaking in the pecu- liar structure. Wings rather large; third longitudinal vein simple, the fourth sometimes furcate; basal cells small, the anal usually reaching to the margin; discal cell sometimes wanting. The flies of this small family are often found dancing in the air in small swarms or running about on the leaves of underbrush. The most remarkable thing connected with them is the extraordinary ornamentation sometimes seen in the hind tarsi of the males, which are always different in structure from those of the females. The flies are not often PHORIDJE. 95 met with and may be entirely wanting even in considerable collections of diptera. The larvae live in mushrooms (Agari- cus, Lepiota). They are flat, oval, with jointed, thread-like processes on the sides of the segments. The puparia are not very different from the larvae. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Discal cell present. ........ .2 Discal cell wanting ; fourth longitudinal vein furcate. PLATYCNEMA Zetterstedt. 2. Fourth longitudinal vein simple. . ... Fourth longitudinal vein furcate. . . . PLATYPEZA Meigen. 32. PHORIM:. Small, hunchback-like, nearly bare species. Head small, flattened; face very short, oral opening large. Front broad in both sexes; ocelli present. Antennas apparently one or two-jointed, the terminal joint round, with a dorsal or a,pical bristle. Abdomen rather short, narrowed posteriorly ; geni- talia of the male often prominent, in the female projecting. Coxae elongate, the femora more or less, the hind pair often extraordinarily widened and flattened. Wings large ; on the anterior part with two strong veins, reaching only a little be- yond the middle, from which three to five weak veins appar- ently arise and run obliquely across the wing. The small flies of this small family have a peculiar, hunch- back appearance and are observed running about on fallen leaves, windows, etc. The larvae are cylindrical, thinner in front than behind, and live in dead snails, insects, decaying fungi, vegetables, etc., and possibly in living insects. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Front entirely without bristles. . . GYMNOPHOKA Mac-quart. Front with long bristles. . . . . . . . . 2 2. Middle tibiae beset with bristles along the outer side. TRINEURA Meigen. Middle tibiae with few or no bristles on the outer side. PIIORA Latreille. 96 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. M U S C I I) J£ (In the widest sense). This very large group, commonly known as the Muscidae sens. lat. has been divided into numerous minor groups, which by many dipterologists have been accredited with family rank. The number and limits of these groups are the subjects of more or less difference of opinion among systematists. The constant tendency, not only in dipterology, but in all ento- mology, is to raise the rank of minor divisions with the in- crease of new forms, and most writers on diptera nowadays give the family termination of idee, to most of the groups of this family or superfamily. This tendency has, however, been carried to an extreme by some recent writers. Whether or not they be considered as families or subfamilies, matters little so long as it is remembered that the distinctive charac- ters have, in general, less morphological significance than among the groups of the Orthorrhapha. Brauer divides the group, which he calls Schizophora, after Becher, into the Eumyidse and Schizometopa, which correspond pretty well to the old and well established Calyptratse and Acalyptratae, terms which should not, in my opinion be dis- placed at the option of any systematist who chooses to offer new terms. Nor can I accept the name Schizophora, the well established name of Muscidae, or Muscidea, if one wishes a distinctive ending, is quite as good and more appropriate. That the change of limitations in a higher group gives the changer the right to change the names also, has no more force- ful application here than among the lower groups. No one is sustained in rejecting generic names because he modifies the definition of the genus, as must necessarily be the case with nearly every added new species. The following characters will apply to the family or super- family in its entirety : MUSCIDEA. 97 Muscidea. — Proboscis functional or rudimentary, in the for- mer case usually short and with pseudotraeheate labella, but sometimes elongate and adapted for piercing ; palpi sometimes rudimentary, never jointed. Antennae always three-jointed, the third joint simple, round, oval or elongate, compressed, and always (except Cryptochcetnm, where it is entirely absent) with a bare, pubescent or plumose, dorsal or subapical arista. Auxiliary vein sometimes rudimentary, often more or less coalescent with the first longitudinal vein, distinct in its entire course ; never more than one submarginal and three posterior cells present, the marginal and submarginal cells aways open ; Basal cells never large, the second basal cell sometimes co- alescent with the discal cell, the anal cell present or absent ; posterior cross-vein rarely absent. Pulvilli. always present; empodia wanting; claws of the male often larger than those of the female. The largest flies are found among the Calyptratse, especially the Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae, but the largest do not equal the largest of the Orthorrhapha. Commonly the flies belong- ing to the Acalyptratae are of moderate size or small, often indeed minute. The habits are of course very diverse, but by far the largest number live among rank vegetation, and are generally caught in sweepings. The larvae in a few forms are hatched from the eggs in the body of the parent fly ; the pupae are always inclosed in the contracted, hardened, larval skin, known as the puparium, the top of which is sprung off like a lid by the aid of the ptilinum, an inflatable organ pushed out through the frontal suture, which is characteristic of the group. In their habits, the larger part of those of the Calyptratae are parasitic upon other insects, the (Estridae upon warm-blooded animals. Many of the larvae of the Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and An- thomyidae live in decomposing animal matter or in living or decomposing vegetable matter as do also nearly all of the Acalyptratae. 12 98 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. In the arrangement of the families, it will be observed that I have changed the order, placing the Calyptratee last, an arrangement which I believe coincides better with the degree of specialization of the insects. Very much remains to be done in the study of this wide group, not only in America, but throughout the world. As throughout the order, especial care should be taken in the identification of East Indian, Australian and African genera among the forms occurring in Central and South America and the West Indies. In the study of the Calyptratae, especially the Tachinidse, there has been an extraordinary activity during the past few years. I confess myself unable to straighten out the maze in which they seem to be. Professor Town send has given to them the most and best study and is the best authority we have on their classification. TABLE OF FAMILIES. 1. Tegulae large; first posterior cell narrowed or closed; front of male always narrower than that of the female. .... 2 Flies without all the above characters ....... 6 2. Mouth-parts rudimentary or wanting ..... Mouth-parts functional. ......... 3 3. Arista of antennae bare or very slightly pubescent. . TACHINIDAS. Arista plumose or distinctly pubescent. ..... 4 4. Arista bare on the distal part ; dorsum of abdomen rarely bristly on the anterior part ....... . SARCOPHAGID.E. Arista plumose or pubescent to the tip ....... 5 5. Dorsum of abdomen bristly; third joint of antenna* usually not elon- gated ; legs usually long. . . . . . . . DEXIID^E. Abdominal segments without bristles, except more or less near the tip ; legs not elongated. . . . . . MUSCID.SS sens. str. 6. Tegulae large; thorax with a complete transverse suture; first posterior cell* never narrowed ; front of male narrower than that of the female. ANTHOMYID^E. *In Gastrophilus (CEstridce), the first posterior cell is not narrowed and the tegulae are rather small ; the genus will be distinguished by the rudimen- tary mouth-parts. MUSCIDEA. 99 Tegulae small; eyes of male not more approximated than those of the female, or, if so the narrowing is due to the less width of the median stripe, the borders remaining the same (Muscida; acalyptratae, Ho/ome- topa Brauer). . . . . . . .... . 7 7. Auxiliary vein present, distinctly separated from the first longitudinal vein, terminating separately in the costa ; the first longituninal vein usually terminates at or beyond the middle of the wing. . 8 Auxiliary vein absent, rudimentary or incomplete ; the first longitudinal vein usually terminates before the middle of the wing. . . 22 8. A distinct bristle on either side of the face near the oral margin, i. e. oral vibrissae present. . . - . . . . , . 9 No oral vibrissae. . . ..'... . . . 13 9. Front on the sides and the vertex with long bristles. . ^ ; 10 Bristles confined to the vertex or the front bare. ... 12 10. The distance between the anterior and posterior cross-veins (on the fourth longitudinal vein) very much less than from the latter to the margin of the wing* i. e. the cross- veins approximated. HETKRONEURIDwE. Cross- veins not approximated. ..,,-. . . . . . 11 11. Thorax flattened; head small; cheeks broad and bristly, the oral vibrissse in consequence not markedly differentiated ; bristly flies. PHYCODROMIDJE. Thorax convex ; head as broad or nearly as broad as the thorax ; cheeks not markedly bristly. . . . . .. . SCATOMYZID^E. 12. Abdomen elongate, narrowed at the base, usually cylindrical and de- curved posteriorly ; male genitalia usually prominent. SEPSIDJE. Abdomen comparatively short and broad ; male genitalia but little or not at all prominent; costa of the wings usually bristly. HELOMYZID^E. 13. Antennae elongate and porrect; second joint as long or longer than the third, the latter usually with an angulated upper corner. . 14 Antennas not elongated, or, if so, not porrect, the second joint always shorter than the third, the latter usually rounded at the end. 15 14. Head in profile triangular, the face remarkably retreating ; hind tibise with or without a preapical bristle. " . . . . ORTALID.E. Head not triangular in profile, the face perpendicular or but little re- treating; front with two lateral orbital bristles; hind tibia? with a preapical bristle (Tetanocerirue). . . . . SCIOMYZID^E. * The Agromyzince have the cross-vein approximated, but the auxiliary vein is wanting. 100 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 15. Femora thickened ; hind tibiae usually much dilated and with tubercles on outer side ; basal cells large ; first posterior cell narrowed ; all the tibiae with preapical bristle. . . . RHOPALOMBBIDJC. Flies without the above characters. . . . . . . 16 16. Front bristly on the sides and at the vertex 17 Front bristly at the vertex only ; the auxiliary vein is not steeply in- clined where it joins the costa. 20 17. Hind tibiae, at least, with a preapical bristle 18 Hind tibiae without preapical bristle 19 18. Basal cells of wings small. SAPROMTZII>;E. Basal cells of wings of moderate size and distinct. . SCIOMYZID^K. 19. Posterior basal cells of wings small, the anal cell never produced acutely; a single bristle on each side of the front (Lonchceina:). SAPROMYZIDJE. Posterior basal cells of wings of moderate size, the third (anal) often produced into an acute point. . . . . . TRYPETID^E. 20. Legs elongate, often very long; abdomen narrow and long, often much narrowed at the base. 21 Legs not elongated; abdomen comparatively short, or, if long, not nar- rowed at the base ORTALID^E. 21. First, posterior cell narrowed in the margin or closed. MICROPEZID/E. First posterior cell not narrowed in the margin, or but slightly so;* palpi rudimentary or wanting. ..... SEPSID^E. 22. Eyes inserted at the tip of lateral processes. ... DIOPSIIX*:. Head not prolonged into lateral processes 23 23. Hind metatarsi shorter than the following joint, incrassate. BORBORID/E. Hind metatarsi longer than the following joint, not incrassate. . 24 24. Discal and second basal cells united, the separating cross-vein rudimen- tary or wanting ; posterior cross-vein present.t ... 25 Discal cell separated from the second basal cell by a distinct cross- vein, or, if not, the posterior cross-vein also wanting. . . 29 25. Legs long and slender; abdomen elongate and narrow. MICROPEZID^:- Legs of moderate length, often strong; abdomen ovate or elongate elliptical. . ... . . . . . . . . 2(5 20. Front bare, or, at the most, bristly at the vertex ; third antennal joint rounded, or, if elongate, the head triangular in profile. OSCINID/E. Front bristly at least as far as the middle ; head never triangular in profile. . . . •',-•' . - . . . . 27 * Compare here the Psilidie when there is doubt regarding the auxiliary vein. t The posterior cross-vein is wanting in A stria (Drosophilida), Elliponeura (Osc.inidfr), Phytomyza (Agromifzid(i'). MUSCIDEA— BORBORID^E. 101 27. Anal cell wholly wanting; face usually large and arched, with the mouth opening large EPHYDRID^E. Face not arched, and the mouth opening never remarkably large. 28 28. Arista loosely and long plumose. . . . . DROSOPHILID^E. Arista not plumose, or wanting. . . . AGROMYZID^E. 29. Scutellum elongate, triangular, with protuberances or spines on its mar- gin; femora thickened. . . ... RHOPALOMERID.S. Flies without both the above characters. . /' » . . 80 30. Oral vibrissae present. . . . .... . . 31 Oral vibrissae wanting . . . . . .'".,. 35 31. Front bare or bristly at the vertex only (Piophilinn). . SEPSIDJE. Front bristly at least as far as the middle 32 32. Posterior cross-vein situated before the middle of the wing, the two cross-veins approximated. ..... AGROMYZID^E. Posterior cross-veins situated beyond the middle of the wing, the two cross-veins not much approximated 33 33. Arista bare; body short and broad (Milichince). . AGROMYZID.E. Arista pubescent or plumose, or, if bare, the abdomen elongate. 34 34. Arista with a few long hairs, mostly on the upper side. DROSOPHILHX*:. Arista thickly short plumose, pubescent or bare. . GEOMYZID^:. 35. Posterior basal and the anal cell of considerable size, distinct. . 38 Posterior basal and the anal cell small and indistinct. . . 37 36. Front bristly on the sides. . . . . . . TRYPETID^E. Front bristly at the vertex only, or bare PSILID.X. 37. Silvery white or whitish gray species, with unspotted wings; third antennal joint usually angula.ted on the upper angle. AGKOMYZIDJE. Reddish yellow or brownish red species, often with spotted wings ; third antennal joint rounded at the tip. . . . GEOMYZID/E. 33. BOKBORIM!. Moderately large to small, black, brown or obscurely yel- lowish flies, having a quick, short flight. Head hemispherical'; face obtusely carinate in the middle ; vibrissae present ; front broad, usually bristly. Antennas short ; third joint rounded, the arista bare or pubescent. Second segment of the abdomen with a transverse depression ; genitalia sometimes moderately 102 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. prominent. Wings absent in Apterina; auxiliary vein absent ; all three basal cells complete. Legs moderately long and strong ; hind metatarsi dilated and abbreviated. The flies of this family are almost invariably found about decomposing organic matter. Those belonging to the gen- era Borborus and Sphcerocera are observed often in clouds about dung and sewage, where their larvae live. The small flies of the genus Limosina are observed about marshy places in company with Ephydrids. The larvae of Borborus are cylindrical and conical, with the skin roughened by erect, minute bristles ; the antennae are two-jointed, the mouth-hooklets developed. The posterior end has conical processes near the anus, and smaller tubercles about the spiracles ; in Limosina the hind stigmata are elon- gated into a tube. The larvae of Limosina live in algae, fungi, diseased potatoes, etc. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Wingless species. '. APTERINA Macquart. Wings fully developed 2 2. Fourth and fifth longitudinal veins incomplete beyond the discal cell, not reaching the border. .... LIMOSINA Macquart. Fourth vein at least, fully developed . 3 3. Scutellum with well-developed bristles ; the fifth vein incomplete beyond the discal cell. ....... BORBOIUJS Meigen. Scutellum without bristles; fifth vein complete. SPHCEROCERA Latreille. 34. AGROMYZIM;. Front broad, with or without bristles. Antennae short, the third joint usually rounded, sometimes moderately elongate, or subquadrate ; oral vibrissee present, or absent. Arista wholly wanting (Cryptochcvtum) or, when present, bare or pu- bescent; never distinctly plumose. Genitalia rarely promi- nent. Wings broad; auxiliary vein rudimentary or indistinct, never distinctly separated in its whole length from the first AGEOMYZID^E. 103 longitudinal vein; discal cell sometimes confluent with the discal cell (Cryptochwtum, Aulacig aster), posterior cross-vein sometimes wanting (Phytomyza) ; anal cell present; cross- veins often much approximated (Agromyzinae). This family of small or minute flies, as here defined, includes the Agromyzinae, Milichinee and Octhiphilinse of Schiner, the Agromyzidae and Phytomyzidse of Loew. The group is somewhat difficult to define in such a way that the novice will always feel -sure of his determinations. From the Drosophi- lidae (or at least the known American species) it will be dis- tinguished by the non-plumose arista. From the Ephydridae, Aulacigaster and Cryptochcettim will be distinguished by the presence of a distinct anal cell. From the Geomyzidse it is difficult to distinguish some of the genera, especially of the Milichinae and Ochthiphilinae. The student would best con- sult the table of that family in cases of doubt. Rhicnoessa Loew is not included in the table : I can not define it. The larvae of Phytomyza are usually leaf miners. The lar- vaes of Leucopis feed upon plant-lice ; those of Ochthiphila have been found in the galls of Triticum repens. The larvae of Ayromyza are elliptical in shape, the hind stigmata situated upon small, rounded plates on the under side of the last seg- ment; the abdomen is provided with false legs, without bristles. The larvae of Leucopis are cylindrical, thicker pos- teriorly, the skin roughened with short hairs ; hind stigmata elongate, tube-like and widely separated; they creep leech- like, or like the geometrid larvae. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Posterior cross-vein absent; oral vibrissae present (Phytomyzina). PHYTOMYZA Fallen. Posterior cross- vein present. . . . . . . . 2 2. Posterior cross-vein situated before the middle of the wing, the two cross-veins approximated. ... ... . . . 3 Posterior cross-vein at or beyond the middle of the wing, the two cross- veins not approximated ; arista bare. . .... . 7 104 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 3. Second basal cell as long or but little shorter than the first. PHYTOMYZA Fallen. Second basal cell distinctly shorter than the first (Agromyzince). 4 4. First posterior cell narrowed at the margin. . LEIOMYZA Meigcn. First posterior cell not narrowed at the margin, the third and fourth longitudinal veins nearly parallel 5 5. Third antennal joint terminating in a spiny point. CERATOMYZA Schiner. Third antennal joint does not terminate in a spiny point. . . 6 6. Third antennal joint rounded, of moderate size.* AGROMYZA Fallen. Third antennal joint very large, subquadrate in shape. PHYLLOMYZA Fallen. 7. Second basal cell united with the discal cell 8 Second basal cell separated from the discal cell by a small cross-vein. 9 8. Arista wholly wanting CRYPTOCH;ETUM Rondani. Arista present, bare; cross-veins remote, the anterior one situated near the base of the wing. . . . AULACIGASTEU Macquart. 9. Oral vibrissae present; abdomen short and broad (Milichinet). 10 Oral vibpissae wanting; the abdomen elongate oval (Ochtliiphilimr). 12 10. Costa with a deep incision before the tip of the first vein. LOBIOPTERA Wahlberg. Costa not with sucb an incision 11 11. Eyes round; mesonotum with bristles in the middle. MILICHIA Meigen. Eyes oval; mesonotum with bristles on the sides only. CACOXENUS Loew. 12. Front with long bristles on the sides. . . OCHTHIPHILA Meigen. Front without bristles on the sides. . . . LEUCOPIS Meigen. 35. GEOMYZID.E. Head rounded; face usually with vibrissae; front broad, bristly below the vertex. Antennae short, the third joint round or a little elongated, with a bare, pubescent or plumose arista. Wings comparatively long ; auxiliary vein rudimen- tary ; posterior basal cell and the anal cell present. * The genus Desmometopa Loew has never been described, but will be included in Agromyza ; I do not know it. GEOMYZIB^E— OSCINIDJE. 105 This group, as here defined, includes the Geomyzidee and Opomyzidse and a part of the Heteroneuridse of Loew. The insects included in it are always small, and sometimes minute. The larvae of those few species of which the habits are known, live in the stems of various plants. The flies are almost al- ways caught with the beating net. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Oral vibrissae present. . . . . . . . . 2 Oral vibrissae wanting or indistinctly differentiated from hairs. . 7 2. Wings with bristles along the costa; bristles of antennae plumose; sec- ond basal cell confluent with the discal cell. CURTONOTTJM* Macquart. Flies not having the above characters. ...... 3 0. Costal vein continuous about the wings; wings with markings; posterior cross-.vein very oblique; arista pubescent. HETEROCHROA Schiner. Flies not having the above characters. ...... 4 4. Mesonotum bristly in the middle on the posterior part only. . 5 Mesonotum bristly in the middle on the front; arista pectinate on the upper side. . . . . . . . BALIOPTERA Loew. 5. Under side of the front femora with bristle-like spines or strong bristles; arista pubescent. ....'.. . ... 6 Front femora without such bristles; front with one proclinate and one divaricate bristle on each side. . , ' . DIASTATA Meigcn. 6. Second longitudinal vein flexuous. . . . ISCHNOMYIA Loew. Second longitudinal vein not flexuous. • . . ANTHOMYZA Fallen. 7. Occiput flattened; wings spotted. .... OPOMYZA Fallen. Occiput convex; wings not spotted. . SCYPHELLA R. Desvoidy. 36. Small, bare species. Head hemispherical, face usually ver- tical in profile ; oral border usually withoiit vibrissse ; front broad, flat, sometimes with bristles at the vertex. Antennae usually short; third joint usually rounded. Abdomen ovate or elliptical; genitalia hidden. Wings moderately or very * This genus belongs more properly with the Drosophilidae. 106 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. short; no auxiliary vein ; third and fourth longitudinal veins parallel or divergent ; posterior basal united with the discal cell ; anal cell wholly wanting or rudimentary. Legs short ; femora sometimes thickened ; tibiae without preapical bristle. This group of flies is always sure to be represented by nu- merous specimens and species in any collection of diptera. The flies are very common and are collected in large numbers by the sweep-net, from rank growing grass and meadowlands. The larvae of several species of Oscinis have been bred from wheat, barley, oats, rye and grass stems and Phragmites ; those of Oscinis have similar habits ; larvae of Siphonella from Cirsium, etc. The larvae are thick, cylindrical, with stout inoutli-hooklets ; abdomen with fleshy protuberances for loco- motion ; the antennae two-jointed. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Head produced conically in front, the antennae elongate. ECTECEPIIALA Macquart. Head not produced conically ; antennae not elongate. ... 2 2. The costal vein reaches to the tip of the third longitudinal vein. . 3 The costal vein reaches to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein. 5 3. No posterior cross-vein ; first three longitudinal veins recurved. ELLIPONEURA Loew. Posterior cross- vein present. . . 4 4. Hind femora much thickened MEEOMYZA Meigen. Hind femora not thickened ; mesonotum usually with stripes. CHLOROPS Meigen. 5. Ovipositor horny, subulate. . . . ; . OPETIOPHORA Loew. Ovipositor not horny and subulate. . . 6 6. Antennae with a thickened, porrect, style-like arista. ELACHIPTERA Macquart. Antenna? with the usual bare, pubescent or rarely plumose arista. 7 7. Oral margin of the face produced ; proboscis often elongate and folded back. . . . . - . . . SIPHONELLA Macquart. Oral margin not produced. . 8 8. Third joint of the antennae reniform, with a subterminal, short-plumose arista. ........ GAURAX Loew. Third antennal joint rounded or oval. . . ' . . . . 9 DROSOPIIILIDJE. 107 1). Hind tibiae with an elongated, curved spur: proboscis sometimes elon- gated and folded back. . . . . HIPPELATES Loew. Hind tibias without spur. ...... OSCINIS Latreille. 37. DROSOPHILIM;. Eyes not prominent; face vertical in profile, with vibrissse at the oral margin, 'sometimes weak. Front with bristles at the vertex, not reaching beyond the middle ; usually long. Third joint of the antennae oval or rounded, the arista plu- mose or pectinated.* Abdomen usually short and broad, the genitalia not prominent. Auxiliary vein rudimentary ; first longitudinal vein short, not reaching more than a third of the length of the wing; posterior basal cell united or not with the discal cell; anal cell usually present; posterior cross-vein sometimes wanting. The species in this family are invariably small, of rather a plump appearance, giving a feeling of coldness to the fingers when grasped; the bristles of the head and legs are generally conspicuous, but the flies are without pile. The flies are often caught in beating and some species are especially abundant about decomposing, fermenting fruit, often observed in clouds. Following Schiner, I include in this family Asteia and Slga- loessa, which are considered as representatives of a distinct family by Loew. The student will sometimes have difficulty in deciding whether his specimens should be located here or among the Ephydridae, so closely do the two families run together. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Discal and second basal cells united. ...... 2 Discal and second basal cells separated. . . ... . 4 2. Posterior transverse vein wanting. . . . . ASTEIA Meigen. Posterior transverse vein present 3 * The plumose or pectinated arista is characteristic of the known Ameri- can genera but is not a family character. 108 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTEBA. 3. Anal cell present. . 5 Anal cell wanting. . . • SIOALOKSSA Loew. 4. Eyes prominent; wings straight PIIORTICA Schiner. Eyes not prominent; wings usually appearing as though broken and bent downward ; larger sized species. . . STEGANA Meigen. 5. Gosta distinctly bristly ; auxiliary vein distinct in its proximal part. QJJRTONOTUM Macquart. Costa not bristly. . ... . . DHOSOPHILA Fallen. 38. EPHYDBIM:. Face more or less, often remarkably convex. Antennae short ; first joint small ; antennal arista bare or pubescent or pectinated on the upper side. Oral cavity rounded, usually large ; clypeus distinct, in some cases retracted into the oral cavity, in others prominent. Abdomen of variable form, com- posed of six segments in the males, seven in the females, sexual organs usually retracted. Auxiliary vein coalescent for the most part with the first longitudinal vein, distinct only at its proximal end ; second basal cell confluent with the discal cell, the small vein separating them entirely absent, or scarcely visible (present in Canace Hal. only); anal cell im- perfect and small (distinct in Canace); alulae small. The flies of this family are never large, often small or even minute. The greater number of the species are inhabitants of wet places, about marshy ground, meadows, etc. They are always thinly pilose or bare species, and never with bright colors. The exceedingly large head and mouth of some spe- cies are very characteristic, but in others this character is not so apparent and there is sometimes difficulty in separating the genera from those of the Drosophilidse. The larvae of many forms are very peculiar, resembling the rat-tailed larvae of the Syrphidae in many cases. The mouth, however, always has booklets and the " tail " is forked at the end. The larvae of species of Notiphila have been found in the stems of water plants ; those of Hydrellia in the sap of trees, in the paren- EPHYDRIIXffi. 109 chyma of the leaves of Lemna, on Alisma plantayo, etc.; those of Pelina, Parydra and Ephydra in water. Of especial in- terest are the habits of the larvae of various Ephydrce, as the following account related to the writer by Prof. W. H. Brewer will show : " The waters of Lake Mono are clear, very heavy, have a nauseous taste, and when still the lake has a look as of oil and is not easily disturbed. The water feel slippery to the touch, and will wash grease from the hands or from clothes cold, more readily than common soap-suds will when hot. It is said that no fish or reptile lives in it, but it swarms with countless millions of larvae that develop into flies which rest upon the surface of the water, as well as cover everything on the immediate shore. The numbers and quantities of these flies and larvae are absolutely incredible. They drift up in heaps along the shore and hundreds of bushels could be col- lected. They only grow at certain seasons of the year, and then Indians come from far and near to gather them for food. The larvae or pupae are dried in the sun, the shell rubbed off by hand, when a yellowish kernel (pupa) like a small yellowish grain of rice appears. This is oily, very nutritious, and not unpleasant to the taste, and under the name of koo-chah-bee (so pronounced) forms a very important article of food. The Indians gave me some of it; it does not taste badly, and, if one were ignorant of its origin, it would make nice soup." Another species, Ephydra hians, is found in equally great quantities in Lake Texcoco, near the city of Mexico, and Pro- fessor Penafiel has given the writer the following notes con- cerning them : " It is of the eggs of this insect that the greater part of what is known as Ahuatle is composed and which is now used by the natives, who have preserved the customs of the ancient Aztecs. The eggs are cleaned and ground into flour, and are prepared by mixing with hen's eggs and fried with fat into small cakes. The larvae are also used for fcod under the name of Pitxi." 110 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Second joint of the antennae with a short spinous bristle at the anterior upper end 2 Second joint of antennae without a spinous bristle at the anterior end. 8 2. The costal vein reaches to the tip of the third longitudinal vein. 3 The costal vein reaches to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein. 4 3. Tip of the abdomen in the male with elongated bristles. DICH^TA Meigen. Tip of the abdomen in the male without elongated bristles. NOTIPHILA Fallen. 4. Abdomen broad. . ; , . . . DISCOMYZA Meigen. Abdomen not broad 5 5. Face on the upper part flat or gently convex, not carinate ; third joint of the antennae oval PSILOPA Fallen. Face distinctly carinated above. . . . . . . . 6 6. Cheeks narrow ; eyes long. .. . . . CLASIOPA Stenhammer. Cheeks broad, eyes round. . 7 7. Clypeus prominent. . . . . . ARTHYROGLOSSA Loew. Clypeus projecting but little beyond the oral margin. HECAMEDE Halliday. 8. Middle tibiae with several long bristles exteriorly. PARAMMNA Loew. Middle tibiae without long bristles exteriorly. .... 9 9. Oral opening small ; eyes usually pubescent (Ifydrellinte). . . 10 Oral opening large (Ephydrince). ....... 16 10. Front femora thickened. . . 11 Front femora not thickened. . 12 11. Front femora much thickened; first posterior cell narrowed at the bor- der of the wing. . . . . . • . OCTHKRA Latreille. Front femora moderately thickened ; third and fourth veins parallel (West Indies). . . . v . . OCHTHEROIDEA Williston. 12. Eyes thickly but short pubescent. . . HYDRELLIA Desvoidy. Eyes sparsely pubescent or bare 13 13. Sides of the face wholly without bristles. . HYADINA Halliday. Sides of the face with bristles. ....... 14 14. Eyes wholly bare. . . ' f .15 Eyes sparsely pubescent; clypeus hidden. PIIILHYGRIA Stenhammer. 15. Clypeus projecting; anterior part of mesonotum without bristles. PELINA Halliday. Clypeus hidden ; anterior part of the mesonotum with bristles. PELOMYIA Williston. DIOPSIDJE— 8EPSIDJE. Ill 1(5. Clypeus profriinent. 17 Clypeus hidden 18 17. The costal vein reaches to the third longitudinal vein. BKACHYDEUTRA LiOCW. The costal vein readies to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein. PARYDRA Stenhammer. 18. Claws almost straight ; pulvilli indistinct. . . EPHYDRA Fallen. Claws curved ; pulvilli distinct 19 19. Oral border quite bare ILYTHEA Halliday. Oral border with bristles. 20 20. Arista pubescent. SCATELLA Desvoidy. Arista pectinated. C^ENIA Desvoidy. 39. DIOPSID^E. Small species. Head prolonged into two lateral processes hearing the eyes ; front bristly on the upper part only ; no vibrissae on the border of the mouth. Front femora thickened. Auxiliary vein much approximated to the first longitudinal vein. But a single species of this family, Sphyracephala brevicor- nis Say, is known from North America, and it will be easily enough recognized by the singular eye-stalks. The habits, whether of the adult or larval stage are not known, nor are they known of any other member of the family, so far as I am aware. 40. SEPSID^. Head rounded ; front bristly above ; face perpendicular or a little retreating; border of the mouth more or less hairy, with or without vibrissae; proboscis short; antennae not porrect, usually short. Abdomen narrowed at the base ; hypopygium prominent. Auxiliary vein present or absent ; all the basal cells distinct. Middle tibiae with spurs ; tibiae usually with- out preapical bristle. The flies belonging to this family are usually small, black 112 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. and elongated, with the abdomen narrowed at the base, thick- ened and curved downward toward the extremity ; with trans- parent, irridescent wing, usually hyaline, but often witli a spot or spots toward the end, and are usually observed about decay- ing vegetables, excrement, cheese, ham, etc., often in swarms. The flies for the greater part, run about actively and are quick in flight. The best known are the species of Piophila, the larvae of which are so well known as "cheese-mites." These larvae live in cheese, in ham or bacon, or in general in any fatty material, and often do much damage, being especially troublesome in pork-packing establishments. From the pecu- liar power of leaping possessed by the maggots they are often called " skippers "; the act is performed by the larvae seizing with its extended mouth-hooklets the edge of the posterior truncature of the body and then suddenly releasing it while pulling hard. The larvae are somewhat conical, pointed anteriorly, truncated behind, and about five millimeters in length. They are shining and smooth ; the antennae composed of two equally long joints; the mouth booklets separated, short and divergent; the anterior spiracles whitish, the ab- dominal legs roughened, the anal segment with four fleshy pr6tuberances. Puparium elliptic, rugose. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Head depressed ; antennae elongate. . . . . . . 2 Head not depressed; antenna? not reaching beyond the oral margin. 3 2. Second joint of antennae elongate, third oval. PROCHYI.IZA Walker. Second joint short, third elongate. . . TYI.OMYIA Giglio-Tos. o. Auxiliary vein distinct; palpi rudimentary (SsiW). ... 4 Auxiliary vein indistinct or wanting (Piophilince) 5 4. Front femora of the males with tubercles on the lower side. SF.PSIS Fallen. Front femora of male without tubercles below. NEMOPODA Desvoidy. o Face elongate and truncate; ant-like in appearance. CEPHALIA Meigen. Face not elongate and truncate, but rounded. . . . . 6 MICROPEZID^E. 113 6. Wings with a blackish spot at the tip; antennas reaching nearly to the oral margin. MYCETAUI.US Loew. Wings wholly hyaline. ......... 7 7. Proboscis long and slender, the labella folded back. MADIZA Fallen. Proboscis short, the labella not folded backward; cross-veins of the wings approximated PIOPHILA Fallen. 41. MICROPEZIDJS. Front broad, bristly on the upper part. Face retreating in profile, sometimes very much so. Antennae short or elongate, porrect. Abdomen elongate ; genitalia in the male sometimes very large and complicated. Wings large ; auxiliary vein present or not ; anal cell always present ; second basal cell closed, except in Micropeza. Legs long ; tibiae without preapi- cal bristle. The larvae and their habits of this group are unknown. The flies are usually of considerable size and slender or very slender, with very long legs. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Third and fourth veins parallel. . . . . TETANURA Fallen. Third and fourth veins not parallel, the first posterior cell narrowed or closed. . . . . . ,.'.'. . - . . . 2 2. Third antennal joint more or less elongated 3 Third antennal joint rounded. . . . .• . 4 3. Antennal arista apical and bare (West Indies, Central and S. America). NERIUS Schiner. Antennal arista dorsal and plumose (Central and South America). CARDIACEPHALA Mac-quart. 4. Auxiliary vein wanting; second basal cell and the discal cell united. MICROPEZA Meigen. Auxiliary vein present ; second basal cell complete. ... 5 5. Ultimate and penultimate sections of the fourth vein of nearly equal length ; anal cell large. . . . . . CALOBATA Meigen. Ultimate section of the fourth vein twice the length of the penultimate section; anal cell small TANYPKZA Fallen. 14 114 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 42. PSILID^E. Front bristly on the upper part ; broad. Face perpendicu- lar or somewhat retreating in profile, without vibrissae. An- tennae moderately or very long, decumbent. Abdomen rather slender; male genitalia but little prominent, the oviduct usually elongate. Wings large ; auxiliary vein absent ; third and fourth longitudinal veins parallel ; all three basal cells distinct. Legs elongate ; no preapical bristle on the tibiae. The flies of this family are of moderate size and elongate. The larvae in those few species in which they are known live in the roots or galls of different plants. The larvae of Psila are slender, cylindrical, pale yellow, bare ; the posterior stig- mata are small, rounded or button-like processes of a black color. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Antennae much elongated, the third joint slender. LOXOCERA Meigen. Antennas shorter than the face, the third joint oval or rounded. . 2 2. Face nearly perpendicular in profile; anal cell noticeably shorter than the second basal cell. . . . . . . CHYLIZA Fallen. Face retreating in profile; anal cell as long or longer than the second basal cell PSILA Meigen. 43. ORTALID^E. Rather small to moderately large flies. Front broad in both sexes, never with lower fron to-orbital bristles. Vibrissee want- ing. Clypeus distinct, usually well developed ; proboscis more or less stout; palpi broad, seldom narrow. Abdomen with five segments in the male, six in the female, the first two in both sexes more or less coalescent ; male with a rolled-up, long penis ; female with a three-jointed, horny ovipositor. Legs usually stout and short, never very slender. Venation of wings complete ; auxiliary vein completely separated from the first longitudinal vein, though often much approximated to it ; it runs into the costa at a more or less acute angle, with- out becoming indistinct at its end ; posterior basal and anal ORTALID7E. 115 cell of considerable size, the latter exceptionally indistinct. Middle tibiae alone provided with spurs; none of the tibiae with an erect bristle before the tip exteriorly. The present family includes a large number of species of flies that are sure to be represented in every collection of dip- tera. Many of the species have the wings prettily marked. The family by many entomologists is divided into several independent groups, as the Doryceridae or Pyrgotinse, the Platystomidae, Ulidiidae, etc. The flies are usually found about meadows or among luxuriantly growing grass. The larvse are but poorly known. TABLE OF GENERA. BY PROF. W. A. SNOW. 1. First longitudinal vein beset with small bristles. .... 2 First longitudinal vein bare. ..... • • • • • 5 2. Ovipositor flattened ; ocelli present. . 3 Ovipositor not flattened; no ocelli. ' . . . . PYRGOTIN^S. 3. Third antennal joint round or short ovate; ends of auxiliary and first longitudinal veins widely separated. . . PTEROCALLIN.*:. Third antennal joint not round or short ovate.* .... 4 4. Neither pro-pleural or sterno-pleural bristles present; third antennal joint elongate ; PLATYSTOMINJE. A sternopleural but no propleural bristle present. . CEPHALIIN^C. 5. Posterior angle of anal cell drawn out into a lobe, or at least, more or less acute ; femora never armed. ..... ULIDIINJE. Posterior angle of anal cell obtuse, rounded or retracted ; femora armed in most of the getiera RICHARDIIN.*:. PYRGOTIN.E. Front strongly projecting; face retreating; oral opening small; probos- cis not incrassated ; clypeus but little developed ; ocelli absent ; no pro- pleural bristle ; first longitudinal vein hairy ; ovipositor not flattened. PYRGOTA Wiedemann. PLATYSTOMINjE. Oral opening very large ; clypeus generally very much developed, and the proboscis proportionately stout ; third antennal joint elongate; meso- * Tetropismenus Loe'w has the third antennal joint circular, but its short stigma or subcostal cell locates it among the Ortalinae. 110 NORTH AMERICAN niPTERA. notum bristly on the hind part only ; propleural and sternopleural bristles absent; female abdomen with five segments; ovipositor flattened; first longitudinal vein bristly. 1. The picture of the wings consist chiefly of a dark border along the costa, from the base of the stigma to the tip of the wing, with the first basal cell and the posterior cross- vein clouded; anterior cross- vein oblique. . • . . . " • 0 Flies not having the above characters. - . . . . . 2 2. Posterior angle of the anal cell drawn out into a sharp point (Mexico). OsTPiACOctEi.iA Giglio-Tos. Posterior angle of the anal cell rounded. . .... 8 3. Picture of the wings dark, varied with transparent spots and bars. 4 Wings not so marked . 5 4. Scutellum large, flat ; occiput but little swollen ; veins of wings straight and markedly divergent. . . . . AMPHICNEPHKS Loew. Scutellum smaller, not flattened; occiput much smaller; epistoma strongly projecting; third and fourth longitudinal veins nearly parallel, sinuous (Mexico and South America). PLATYSTOMA Meigen. 5. The picture of the wings consists of four blackish cross-bands, of which the third is nearly perpendicular, and the fourth lies along the costa at the apex of the wing; scutellum with four bristles. RIVELLIA Desvoidy. Wings without bands; scutellum with two bristles; ant-like flies. MYRMKCOMVIA Desvoidy. (>. Posterior cross-vein prolonged beyond the fourth vein (Cuba). HIMEROESSA Loew. Posterior cross- vein not prolonged. . . ... . . 7 7. Fifth longitudinal vein bristly (Mexico). HKICINIELLA Giglio-Tos. Fifth longitudinal vein not bristly.* . STENOPTKRIXA Mac-quart. CEPHALIIV2B. Oral opening very large; clypeus and proboscis greatly developed; pro- pleural bristle absent; sternopleural bristle present; sixth segment of the abdomen in the female distinctly developed ; ovipositor flattened; first longitudinal vein bristly. 1. Slender, Sepsis-like flies, resembling Myrmecomyia, with wings almost hyaline, except for a small infuscation at the stigma and at the tip. CKI-HAI.IA Meigen. Wings with a conspicuous picture. . ... . • - * I can not see wherein Bridnnla Walker, to which Giglio-Tos refers a Mexican species, differs from Stennjtteiina. ORTALID.T:. 117 2. Wings dark, with three oblique, more or less arcuated, hyaline cross- bands ; first basal cell expanded before its end. TRITOXA Loew. Wings not with such markings. ....... 3 .'I. Wings broad, with a marked excision on the costa near the end of the auxiliary vein; secoud vein sinuous. OAMPTOXEI-RA Mat-quart. Flies not having such wings . . 4 4. Posterior angle of the anal cell retracted. . . . IDAXA Loew. Posterior angle of the anal cell drawn out into a long lobe. DIAORITA Gerstaecker. ORTALIXJE. The Ortalinae differ from the Platystominae and Cephailinae in the small oral opening, the less developed clypeus, more slender proboscis and smaller palpi. The mesonotum is sometimes bristly in the middle anteriorly, the propleural and mesopleural bristles both present. Female abdomen with six segments. 1. Face sharply carinate. . . . .'"... • ".-••• • - Face not sharply carinate. . . ."•'.-. . . . . :-) 2. Third antennal joint circular; hairy species. TETROPISMEXUS Loew. Third antennal joint ending in a sharp point; pollinose flies. TEPHROXOTA Loew. 8. Mesonotum bristly in the middle in front; third antennal joint excised above and with a pointed tip. . . , CEROXYS Mat-quart. Mesonotum not bristly in the middle in front 4 4. Third antennal joint distinctly excised above, pointed at the tip ; fourth longitudinal vein with a marked anterior curvature on its distal part ; AXACAMPTA Loew. Third antennal joint not excised above; fourth vein not so curved; body nearly destitute of bristles or hairs. . TKTAXOPS Fallen. PTEBOCALLIXjE. Trypeta-like; coloring non metallic ; head rather broad, but low, with rather protuberant eyes; face short, perpendicular, excavated in the mid- dle; clypeus but little developed ; third antennal joint round or short oval ; mesonotum bristly upon the posterior part only; third longitudinal vein hairy ; tip of the first longitudinal vein and auxiliary vein remote from each other; posterior angle of the anal cell usually drawn out into a long lobe. 1. Posterior angle of anal cell drawn out into a long lobe ; posterior cross- vein very oblique. . . . . . . •-. . . 2 Posterior angle of anal cell not greatly produced. . * . .. . •! 118 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTKRA. 2. Wings very narrow in proportion to their length, of equal width, broad- ly rounded at base and tip. . . . PTEROCALLA Hondani. Wings witli an unusually convex posterior margin. CALLOPISTRIA Loew. 8. Anterior and posterior cross-veins very oblique, not approximated (Mexico). . . . , . . . MTKNNIS Desvoidy. Posterior cross-vein rectangular or nearly so ...... 4 4. Second longitudinal vein straight or nearly so ; anterior cross-vein not oblique. . . ... . • -. ..... & Second longitudinal vein markedly sinuous ; cross- veins approximated and the anterior one very oblique.* PARAGORGOPIS Giglio-Tos. 5. Cheeks rather broad; posterior angle of anal cell acute. STICTOCEPHALA Loew. Cheeks and face extremely short ; eyes transversely oval ; posterior angle of anal cell rectangular (New Mexico). PSAIROPTEKA Loew. Head large, hemispherical; proboscis stout, with broad labella; front broad; antennae short; mesonotum bristly in the middle behind only; first and third longitudinal veins of the wings bare, the third and fourth con- vergent distally ; posterior angle of the anal cell acute, sometimes drawn out into a long lobe. 1. Head conspicuously large ; front unusually broad and the antennae very widely separated. . . . , . " . . . . 2 Head not conspicuously large, the antennae more approximated at their root. ........... 3 2. Third antennal joint round ; front punctulate. . . CEwiPA Loew. Third antennal joint elongate; upper part of front rugose. KURYCKPHALA Boeder. 3. Posterior angle of anal cell acute, but scarcely prolonged lobe-like. 8 Posterior angle of anal cell distinctly drawn out into a lobe. . 4 4. Front punctate or scrobiculate. . . ... . . . & Front smooth, . . ...... • • 7 6. Scutellum flat, with sharp edges; fourth longitudinal vein strongly curved forward at its end ; front coarsely rugose. NOTOGRAMMA Loew. Scutellum convex, rounded on its edges. (>. Stigma not unusually elongate. . . '. . . ULIDIA Meigen. Stigma elongate, about as long as the costal cell. ACROSTICTA Loew. * This genus is located here as definitely as the characters given will permit. ORTALID^E. 119 7. Face distinctly projecting below ; third antennal joint rounded at the end EUXESTA Loew. Face retreating ; third antennal joint with a sharp anterior angle. CH.KTOPSIS Loew. 8. Body extremely slender. . . 9 Body not slender; face carinate. .... SEOPTKRA Kirby. 9. Front only slightly projecting in profile ; face oblique. STENOMYIA Loew. Front very much projecting, so that the head is conical and the face nearly horizontal. ..... EUMETOPIA Mac-quart. RICHARDIIN^S. Mesonotum with bristles in the middle posteriorly only; femora often armed and incrassate; first longitudinal vein bare; posterior angle of the anal cell obtuse; costal vein usually broken just before the termination of the auxiliary vein ; auxiliary and first longitudinal veins closely approx- imated, their tips near together. 1. Femora all armed with spines. . . .... . 4 Femora unarmed. .......... 2 2. Head shaped like a long, somewhat flattened cone. CONICEPS Loew. Head not so shaped. 3 3. Wings but little developed ; anal cell wanting. STENERETMA Loew. Anal cell present. EPIPLATEA Loew. 4. Scutellum with two bristles ; third and fourth longitudinal veins nearly parallel. . . ...•,... ~ . . . o Scutellum with four bristles; ocelli remote from the vertex; last section of the fourth vein convergent toward the third (West Indies and South America). . . .-- . ' ; COELOMETOPIA Macquart. 5. Ocelli more approximated to the vertex ; front not narrowed anteriorly (West Indies). . . - . . NEOIDIOTYPA Osten Sacken. Ocelli about half way between the vertex and the antennas; front some- what narrowed anterior!}' (West Indies). . . STENOMACRA. 44. TRYPETID.E. Head hemispherical ; face nearly perpendicular in profile or somewhat retreating, without distinct vibrissse. Front broad, bristly on the sides, the lower fronto-orbital bristles situated close to the border of the eyes. Antennae decumbent, 120 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTKRA. short, rarely elongated. Abdomen composed of four or five segments ; genitalia of the males but little exposed ; the ovi- positor jointed, more or less projecting. Wings rather large ; auxiliary vein present, ending steeply and obscurely in or near the border ; posterior basal cell and the anal cell distinct, the latter often drawn out into an acute, often prolonged, point. Wings usually with dark markings. Legs moderately long ; tibiae without preapical bristle. Proboscis moderately long, usually with broad labella, sometimes long, and the nar- row labella folding backwards. This family comprises a large number of rather small flies usually with prettily marked wings. The larvae are not elon- gate, conical and round ; the posterior stigmata lie free in two separated small, chitinous platelets, forming three radiating depressions; antennae short, two-jointed; mouth hooklets separated, thick and strong; anal end somewhat impressed, often in the middle with six, small, fleshy points. Puparia elliptical, the anterior stigmata projecting somewhat button- like. The larvse of Ceratitis live in the flesh of oranges and lemons, those of Aciura have been found at the base of the flower stems of Phlomls, those of Adda mining in the leaves of Rumex, those of Spttographa, mining in the leaves of Senecio, or Arctium or bred from the berries of Solanuin carolinensis, in the fruit of Prunus and Lonicera, etc.; those of Ensina, in the blossoms of Senchus; those of Tephritis in the blossoms and galls of the steins or roots of various com- positae; those of Carphotricha in the galls and roots of Achillea, the flowers of Nieracium, etc. those of Trype.ta in the heads of Cirsinm, Centaurea, etc., and in stems of plants. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Ovipositor of female remarkably elongated and curved; second longi- tudinal vein usually with an anterior branch. TOXOTKYPANA Gerst. Ovipositor not remarkably elongated and curved 2 2. Front on each side with a bristle having a terminal, leaf-like appendage. CERATITES Macleay. Front without such bristles. . . •> TRYPETIim 121 3. Wings with colored markings not reticulate. .... 4 Wings hyaline or with the markings reticulate or spotted. . . 18 4. Scutellum with six bristles. .... HEXACH^ETA Loew. Scutellum not with six bristles 5 5. Fourth longitudinal vein conspicuously curved forward at its tip. ACROTOXA Loew. Fourth longitudinal vein not conspicuously curved forward at its tip. G 6. Distal portion of the wing with two hyaline indentations, separated by a curved or arched brown projection from the brown oblique cross- band or spot before it, the anterior indentation more slender, the posterior one (in the second posterior cell, crossing or not the fourth vein) more triangular in shape.* ...... 7 Wings not so marked. - 10 7. Body elongate ; abdomen narrower than the thorax. STRAUSSIA Desvoidy. Body short ; abdomen as broad as the thorax 8 8. Horizontal diameter of the eyes remarkably short. STENOPA Loew. Horizontal diameter of the eyes not shorter than usual. . .9 9. Antepenultimate section of the fourth vein straight. ACIDIA Loew. Antepenultimate section of the fourth vein curved. EPOCHROA Loew. 10. Coloring of the body generally light, never black. ... 11 Coloring of the body black. ........ 15 11. Wings near the middle with two cross-bands, converging toward the posterior margin. . . .',-.. . . . 12 Wings not with such cross-bands. -• 4 . . - . . 13 12. The third longitudinal vein is gently curved backward toward the tip ; head not swollen. . . , - . . SPILOGRAPHA Loew. Third longitudinal vein straight to the tip; head distinctly swollen. (EDICARENA Loew. 13. Wings with four very oblique cross-bands; cross-veins very oblique. 14 Cross-bands nearly transverse, or dissolved into spots; cross-veins but little oblique TRYPETA Meigen. 14. Scutellum tumid, bituberculate. . .' \ . FERONYMA Loew. Scutellum of the usual structure, not swollen, though convex. FLAGIOTOMA Loew. * In some varieties of Stranssia longipennis, the distal hyaline indenta- tions are obsolete. 122 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 15. Cross-veins conspicuously approximated 10 Cross-veins not approximated 17 16. Wings witli hyaline indentations and a subapical, arcuate, hyaline cross-band ; scutellum black. . . POLYMORPHOMYIA Snow. Wings with three brown bands or projections, connected anteriorly, the distal one following the costa, the middle one beyond the middle of the wing, the proximal one toward the base. CEDASPIS Loew. 17. Scutellum with four bristles, yellow ; wings with black cross-bands. RHAGOLETIS Loew. Scutellum with two bristles, black; wings with hyaline indentations along the margin. . ... . . ACUJRA Desvoidy. 18. Fifth vein strongly bristly ; scutellum with six bristles. BLEPHARONECRA Loew. Fifth vein not bristly ; scutellum with four or two bristles. . 19 19. Wings banded on the apex. .... ACROT.ENIA Loew. Wings not banded on the apex 20 20. Face spotted 21 Face not spotted. 22 21. Wings very much dilated ; pattern of picture not radiating. ECTRETA Loew. Wings not dilated ; with radiating markings along the margin. CARPHOTKICHA Loew. 22. Front very broad 23 Front not very broad 25 23. Third antennal joint elongate, with a sharp anterior angle; ovipositor flattened ACIDOGONA Loew. Third antennal joint short 24 24. Wings with numerous small spots and larger ones along the distal mar- gin; ovipositor conical. . . . . . EUROSTA Loew. Wings with large, irregular, brown spots and hyaline spaces. XBNOCH^:TA Snow. 25. Wings without markings, or, on the apical half only with a reticulation dissolved into cross-bands. . . NEOASPILOTA Osten Sacken. Flies not having the above characters. 2(5 26. Wings of an evenly broad shape, and with an unusually blunt apex. ICTERIC A Loew. Wings of the usual shape, or dilated. ...... 27 27. Labella very much prolonged ENSINA Desvoidy. Labella not or but little elongated. . . ' . . . . 28 SAPROMYZnXE. 123 28. Wing-markings radiating 29 Wing-markings not radiating TEPHRITIS Latreille. 29. The whole or nearly the whole surface of the wing with unioolorous reticulation . EUARESTA Loew. A star-shaped black picture at the apex of the wing, the remaining sur- face immaculate, or with a very few spots, or at the most with an obsolete reticulation. ..... URELLIA Desvoidy. 45. SAPROMYZID^E. Small species, seldom more than 7 millim. in length. Head as broad or a little broader than the thorax ; front with one or two bristles on each side anteriorly to those of the vertex. Antennae usually short and porrect, sometimes the third joint elongated. Face without vibrissse on the oral margin. Abdo- men short-ovate. Legs never elongate. Auxiliary vein of the wings present; cross-veins never approximated; basal cells small, but complete. I include in this family the Sapromyzidse and Lonchseidae of Loew, though the characters are perhaps sufficient to jus- tify their separation. The larvae of Sapromyza live in decay- ing vegetable matter; they are slender, with two distinct mouth booklets, the entire body, except the anterior segments, roughened by very small bristles. The segments are distinctly constricted, the penultimate segment with four conical pro- cesses in a transverse row, the terminal segment with two three jointed processes, between which is the cylindrical, stig- matic tube. In Lonchcea there are no conical processes on the penultimate segment, and the stigmatic tubes or processes are small and wart-like. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Tibiae without preapical bristle; front with a single fronto-orbital bris- tle; ovipositor flattened and horny (Lonchreinft). ... 2 Tibiae with a distinct preapk-al bristle; two fronto-orbital bristles; ovi- positor not horny, ending tube-like (Supromyzinetid(i>. RHOPALOMERnXflS— HELOMYZID^. 125 damp places. The known species are confined to Central and South America. The group is evidently sharply divided into two minor groups, by the presence or absence of the auxiliary vein and the length of the first longitudinal vein. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Auxiliary vein wanting, the first longitudinal vein short; first posterior cell of the wings not narrowed ; palpi slender (Rhinotorince, Central and South America) RHINOTORA Schiner. Auxiliary vein well-developed, the first longitudinal vein longer; first posterior cell much narrowed in the margin; palpi dilated (Rhopal- omerina;). . . . . •••"•,• ... . . 2 2. Scutellum oval ; arista plumose. ...'.' 3 Scutellum pyramidal, directed obliquely upward ; arista plumose or bare (Central and South America). . RHOPALOMEHA Wiedemann. 8. Front with bristles; face carinate; hind tibias dilated and with tubercles (Central and South America). . . . WILLISTONIELLA Mik. Front without bristles; face tuberculate; hind tibiae slender (S. Amer.) APOPHORHYNCHUS Williston. 47. HELOMYZID^E. Face usually nearly perpendicular, with vibrissse ; front bristly on the posterior half only; antennae short. Abdomen rather broad and long, more or less flattened, composed of six segments ; male genitalia somewhat prominent ; costa of the wings bristly ; first longitudinal vein bare. Wings compara- tively large ; all the basal cells distinct. Tibiae with spurs and a preapical bristle. The larvae of Leria have been bred from bat and rabbit dung; those of Helomyza from truffles, decaying wood, etc. They are cylindrical, obtuse behind, more pointed in front ; the antennae situated upon long, conical processes ; mouth booklets large and pointed ; the seven abdominal segments on each side in front widened, below with bristly pseudopods. Many of the species of this family live in caves or burrows. 126 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. A humeral bristle present HKLOMYZA Fallen. No humeral bristle present 2 2. No bristle above the base of the front coxae. . . ALLOPHYLA Loew. A bristle above the front coxae present 3 3. Spurs of the middle tibiae curved ; hair of the body comparatively long and soft : . . . SCOLIOCENTRA Loew. Spurs of the middle tibiae straight ; hair neither long nor soft. . 4 4. Anterior oral border obliterated. . . . ANOROSTOMA Loew. Anterior oral border distinctly developed 5 5. Eyes remarkably small. . , . . . (ECOTHEA Loew. Eyes not remarkably small. . ... . . . . 6 6. Four bristles in the median dorsal thoracic rows 7 But three bristles in the median dorsal rows. . TEPHROCHLAMYS Loew. 7. Costal border of the wing very noticeably bristly ; front broad. LERIA R. Desvoidy. Costal border with extremely small bristles ; front narrow. HKTKROMVZA Fallen. 48. HETERONEURID^E. Head large, hemispherical. Face short, nearly perpendic- ular. Vibrissal bristles present. Front broad, bristly to the root of the antennae. Antennas porrect, short. Abdomen elongate, narrow, somewhat compressed ; genitalia but little prominent. Wings broad and rather long; all three basal cells distinct ; cross-veins mucli approximated. Legs long ; tibiae with or without a preapical bristle. Larvae of this family have been found in decaying wood, under bark of trees, etc. They are slender, cylindrical, slight- ly thickened posteriorly, white in color. The mouth hooklets are very small, the body segments not distinctly separated ; abdominal segments with a transverse swelling for locomotion. The larvae have the power of leaping, as do those of Piophila. The act is performed by fixing the mouth hooklets in the two chitinous, straight or curved hooklets on the upper SCIOMYZID^E. 127 side of the last segment and then suddenly releasing them. The puparia are yellowish, ellipsoidal and with two horns on the last segment as in the larvae. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. A long preapical bristle on the hind tibiae. HETERONEURA Fallen. No such preapical bristle on the hind tibiae. . CLUSIA Halliday. 49. SCIOMYZIM;. Head rounded,* short, as broad or broader than the thorax ; face more or less retreating ; mouth without vibrissse at its border, sharp. Abdomen composed of six segments, rather long and narrow. Wings longer than the abdomen ; auxiliary vein present, distinctly separated from the first longitudinal vein ; posterior basal cell and the anal cell complete. Legs rather long ; preapical tibial bristle present. The members of this family are usually found in meadows, along the banks of small streams, etc., wherever it is moist. They are, for the most part, brown or brownish yellow in color, oftentimes with pictured wings. They are slow in their habits. The larvae are slender, cylindrical, thin anterior- ly, the last segment with six or eight conical, fleshy tubercles. They are aquatic. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Antennae short. . . .-_•'..- .. :. ... 2 Antennae elongate. ... » 4 2. Face excavated, the oral margin protuberant. .... 3 Face retreating in profile, but little or not at all excavated; oral margin not at all prominent. .'.... . . SCIOMYZA Fallen. * The genus Trigonometopus Macquart, has been assigned to the Pyrgoti- nce by Schiner, to the Heteroneurince by Loew. It will be sought for in this family by the student, and I believe that it rightfully belongs here. It will be recognized by its conically projecting head, and strongly receding face. The cheeks have a row of well developed bristles situated on a ridge de- scending from the front near the eye and extending back to the occiput; the third antennal joint is rounded or a little elongated. 128 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 3. Cheeks broader than the long diameter of the eyes ; oral border mod- erately protuberant ; eosta somewhat spinose. . A CTOUA Meigen. Cheeks not broader than the long diameter of the eyes; oral margin very prominent ; costa bare DRYOMYZA Fallen. 4. Hind femora long : second antennal joint much elongated, longer than the third. .5 Hind femora only moderately elongated and but little thickened ; second antennal joint as long or a little shorter than the third. TETANOCERA Latrcille. 5. Hind femora thickened; face not produced downward. SEPEDON Latreille. Hind femora not thickened ; face much produced downward (Central ? and South America). THECOMYIA Perty. so. PHYCODROMIM;. Pleurae, scutellum and abdomen flat. Front bristly ; cheeks and face bristly, the vibrissae indistinctly differentiated. Legs stout, all the tibiae spurred and with a preapical bristle on the outer side; metatarsi not abbreviated; terminal joint of all the tarsi incrassate and without claws. Neuration of wings complete ; auxiliary vein distinct in its entire course ; costa without bristles ; basal cells not small. But a single genus of this family is known to occur in North America, Coelopa Meigen. Members of it are found in great abundance among sea-weed and other algae thrown up by the waves along the sea-shore. si. SCATOMYZIM:. Tegulae small, the upper one concealing the lower one. Head rounded, eyes round, bare, broadly separated by the front in both sexes. Wings large ; auxiliary vein always pres- ent, the costa never with bristles at its termination, three basal cells always present ; first posterior cell never narrowed or closed. Abdomen with more than four segments. The flies of this group are easily confounded with the 8CATOMYZIDJE. 129 Anthomyidae, but the characters above given will in most cases render the differentiation a matter of little difficulty. Still, it is evident that the two families run closely together, and the student will sometimes be in doubt. The family as here accepted is that of Becker, who has recently given an exhaustive study to the European forms. He has established a considerable number of new genera, many of which will un- doubtedly be found to occur in North America. For that reason, I have thought it best to give a translation of his tables of the genera, with but slight modifications or abbrevia- tions. The genera so far recognized in North America are Scato- phaga, Hydromyza, Norellia, Cordylura and Cleigastra in their wider sense. Fucellia, Becker refers to the Anthomyidse. The species of Scatophaga are for the most part yellowish brown in color, the males often with wooly hair. The flies are frequently found about excrement, but they also feed upon other insects, which they capture. Species of Cordylura and Cleigastra are mostly slender and cylindrical, and of mod- erately large size. They are usually found in meadows or other moist places. The larvae are cylindrical, thin-skinned, the mouth hooklets short and thick, the anterior stigmata large, projecting, reniform in shape, the posterior stigmata situated on rounded eminences. The larvae of Norellia spini- mana have been found in the stems of Rumex ; those of Cordylura convallarice in the stems of Convall ria ; those of species of Cleigastra in stems of Rumex, from swine-dung and from the larvae of Noctua ; those of Hydromyza from Nuphar. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Prothoracic and stigmatic bristles wanting ; a sternopleural bristle pres- ent, sometimes wanting. Thorax with five dorsocentral bristles, or if fewer, the palpi broad. Scutellum with at least four bristles. Wings usually long. . . . . ... . .. 2 130 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. Prothoracic and stigmatic bristles usually present; when wanting the thorax nearly bristleless. One to three sternopleural bristles present. Thorax with one to five dorsocentral bristles; the scutelluin with two to four. Wings usually short 3 2. Head broad; palpi spoon-shaped or leaf-like. . HYDROMYZIN^C. Head round not especially broad ; palpi linear or rarely ribbon-like (Scalophagmce). SCATOPHAGA. 3. Front femora on the inner side with a double row of bristles. NORELLIN.E. Front femora and tibiae at the most with a single row of bristles. 4 4. Face short; palpi small, linear, never with long hairs or bristles. An- tennas short ; the arista bare or pubescent. . CLEIGASTRIN^E. Face long ; palpi linear, sometimes flattened, with or without long, ter- minal bristles. Antennae variable ; arista bare or plumose. Species usually bristly. ', . . . . . CORDVLURIN^;. CORDYLURIN.E. 1. Palpi small, linear. . . ..... . . .• . . 2 Palpi long, widened leaf-like. ....... 14 2. Palpi with a long terminal bristle; a single sterno-pleural bristle pres- ent. .. . 3 Palpi without long terminal bristle; one to three sterno-pleural bristles present. . . . . 6 8. Third antennal joint short; second more or less projecting over the third. t 4 Third antennal joint long, as long as the face, the second joint not pro- jecting; arista long, plumose; shining black species. PHROSIA R. Desvoidy. 4. Arista plumose in the middle or pubescent; costa hairy or ciliate; third longitudinal vein straight or gently curved. .... 5 Arista bare; costa but slightly hairy; third longitudinal vein curved S-shaped. ... . . . SCOLIAPIILEPS Becker. 5. Arista thickened at the base, plumose to its middle; femora and tibiae with strong bristles ; thorax with five dorsocentral bristles ; face narrowed at the antennae; usually shining black species. CORDYLURA Fallen. Arista scarcely thickened at the base, plumose; femora and tibiae slen- der and long but little bristly; one to three dorsocentral bristles present ; face and front of equal width ; yellow and black species. PARALLKLOMMA Becker. SCATOMYZIDJE. 131 6. One sternopleural bristle. ........ 7 Two sternopleural bristles. . 9 Three sternopleural bristles. 10 7. Eyes nearly twice as high as long; front convex; antennae short, situ- ated low down ; pale yellow species. . LEPTOPA Zetterstedt. Eyes but little higher than long; antennae as long as the face; oral border with a single, anteriorly directed bristle. ... 8 8. Third antenna! joint broad ; front convex ; arista distinctly plumose ; five dorsocentral bristles present; moderate sized, shining yellow species. MEGOPHTHALMA Becker. Third antennal joint long and slender, arista naked ; four dorsocentral bristles; shining black species. . . MICROPSELAPHA Becker. 9. Antennae as long as the face, third joint rounded, strongly pubescent; four dorsocentral, two scutellar bristles ; hind tibiae with two pairs of exterior bristles; shining black. . HEXAMITOCERA Becker. Antennae long as the face, third joint with a sharp upper corner ; arista geniculate in both sexes ; five dorsocentral, four scutellar bristles ; hind tibiae with three pairs of bristles ; small, grayish dusted species. GONATHERUS Rondani. 10. Male arista distinctly geniculate. ... . . . 11 Arista geniculate in neither sex. ; 12 11. Third antennal joint long and broad, with an acute upper angle; arista short, bare; four scutellar bristles ; dark gray-dusted, bristly species. GONARCTICUS Becker. Third antennal joint long and narrow with rounded upper angle; arista finely plumose ; two scutellar bristles ; shining black, bristly species. CNEMOPOGON Rondani. 12. Arista distinctly hairy ; four scutellar bristles; hind tibiae with three pairs of exterior bristles. . . '. . ORTHACH/ETA Becker. Arista bare ; antennae long, third joint usually angulated above ; two scutellar, two pairs of tibial bristles. . AMAUROSOMA Becker. 13. Eyes circular ; antennae long, rounded at tip ; palpi of usual length somewhat broadened distally ; abdomen very short. SPATHIPHYLLUS Becker. Eyes somewhat elongate; antennas long, angulated at tip; palpi much dilated its whole length ; abdomen not remarkably short. PSELAPHOPHILA Becker. HYDROMYZIN^E. 1. Eyes and head round; thorax with five dorsocentral bristles. . 2 Eyes and head oval, higher than long; one dorsocentral bristle; an- tennae short ; abdomen flat ; third and fourth longitudinal veins con- vergent; large, bare grayish dusted species. HYDROMYZA Fallen. 132 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 2. One sternopleural bristle ; wings without spots 3 No sternopleural bristle; wings with round, brown spots. ERNONEURA Becker. 3. Front tibiae with a terminal, short rectangularly spine (in addition to the ordinary bristles). . •• . . . ACANTHECNEMA Becker. Front tibiae without such spine 4 4. Hypopygium with long tufts of hairs 5 Hypopygiuni without long tufts of hairs 8 5. Third antennal joint somewhat elongate, angulated at the tip ; oral border with numerous, closely placed bristles. ... 6 Third antennal joint short, rounded at tip; oral border with two remote bristles. . . . . . . BOSTRICHOPYGA Becker. 6. Wings with two supernumerary cross-veins. POGONOTA Zetterstedt. Wings not with supernumerary cross-veins. . OKENIA Zetterstedt. 7. First posterior cell closed LASIESCELUS Becker. First posterior cell open or but little narrowed 8 8. Much elongated species. 9 Short or but little elongated species 10 9. Middle and hind femora of the male strongly thickened. ST^GERIA Rondani. All the femora slender COSMETOPUS Becker. 10. Third antennal joint rounded distally. . MICROPRESKPA Becker. Third antennal joint angulated distally. . . . . .11 11. Mesonotum and legs thickly hairy. . . SPATHIOPHORA Rondani. Mesonotum and legs thinly and not long hairy 12 12. Antennae small, abgulated at tip; arista thickened at base ; small, short, gray species. ...... TRICOPALPUS Rondani. Antennas large, broad, rounded at tip ; arista thickened to near the tip. ACEROCNEMA Becker. CLEIGASTRIN.E. 1. Five dorsocentral, two scutellar, one posthumeral bristles ; black species. . r . . . . . CLEIGASTRA Macquart. Two or three dorsocentral, front scutellar and two post-humeral bris- tles; honey-yellow species. . . . GIMNOMERA Rondani. NORELLINJE. 1. Front femora with two rows of strong bristles, the outer ones long and strong, the inner ones short. . . . NORELLIA R. Desvoidy. Front femora witli four spines, bristles on the outer side only. ACHANTHOLENA K'HIlluili. ANTHOMYIDJS. 133 52. ANTHOMYID.E. Small to moderately large flies, often resembling the com- mon house-fly, usually non-metallic in color. Antennal arista plumose, pubescent or bare ; eyes hairy or bare ; males often holoptic, sometimes broadly dichoptic, the females always dichoptic; abdomen composed of four or five segments; the male genitalia often with subanal appendages ; first posterior cell of wings broadly open ; body often without bristles ; teg- ulae usually of considerable size. The above definition will, in most cases, distinguish the members of this large family of inconspicuously colored flies. Its limits, however, are not sharp ; with the true muscids it is connected by Morellia and allied forms, with the Scato- phagidse by Fucellia, etc. When one has become tolerably well acquainted with the allied families, he will seldom be much in doubt as to the proper location of his specimens here. The contiguity of the male eyes, together with the open first posterior cell, is always decisive. Not a few of the species are common about houses, out-buildings, etc., and some of them are among the worst enemies to garden vegetables that the agriculturist has to contend against. In the larval stage, the great majority of the species are vegetable feeders, either in living or decaying material. The larvae of species of Spilogaster, Hydrotcea, Hylemyia and Ccenosia have been found in dung or manure ; those of Hydro- tcea, Oyhyra, Anthomyia, Homalomyia, etc., in decaying veg- etable material ; those of Hylemyia, Anthomyia, Homalomyia, etc., in the nests of various hymenoptera; those of Mydcea from SpermaphUa and Mimus. Larvae of various species or Phorbia are very destructive to growing radishes, onions, cabbage, etc., feeding upon the roots. The larvae are either slender and cylindrical, or flat and oval, with four rows of thread-like processes on the segments. Both types are amphipneustic, and are always provided with two chitinous 10 134 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. mouth-hooklets. The puparium is oval in the smooth cylin- drical forms, or flattened in the others. The flies have received but little attention in this country and not a great deal elsewhere. The following table has been mostly compiled from Meade, Schnabl, Rondani and Schiner, with the aid of the table given by Townsend. Tegula and antitegula are the terms proposed by Osten Sacken to indicate respectively the lower and upper scales. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Front in both sexes wide, including at least one-third of the width of the head of the male 16 Front narrow in the male, never more than one-fifth of the width of the head, often holoptic or sub-holoptic. ..... 2 2. Tegula larger than the antitegula. 3 Tegula and antitegula of nearly equal size, neither large. . . 14 3. Front femora of the males with tubercles or emarginations below, or otherwise peculiarly constructed ; front tibiae often with emargina- tions; hind femora of ten arcuate ; middle and hind tibiae sometimes with tufts of hairs ; arista always somewhat pubescent, sometimes distinctly plumose; eyes bare (if hairy Odontontha Rond.); abdo- men without macrochaetae ; species black or blue-black in color, sometimes pollinose HTDROT^IA Desvoidy. Front femora simple in the male 4 4. Proboscis projecting, horny, the labella slender and pointed, turned backward, hook-like; antennae short, arista pubescent, eyes bare; moderate- sized, blackish gray species. . . DRYMEIA Meigen. Proboscis not horny and hook-like 6 6. Eyes hairy, more so in the male ; arista plumose ; abdomen not spotted. HYETODESIA Rondani. Eyes bare. . . . '' , . . . . . . . 6 0. Abdomen distinctly spotted ....... 7 Abdomen not spotted 9 7. Arista plumose; hypopygium small; blackish gray, yellowish gray or reddish yellow species. . . . SPILOGASTER Macquart. Arista bare 8 8. First posterior cell not coarctate. . . . LIMNOPHORA Desvoidy. First posterior cell coarctate in the margin. LKUCOMELINA Mat-quart. ANTHOMYIDJE. 135 9. Arista plumose 10 Arista bare 11 10. Sixth vein of the wings prolonged to the posterior margin of the wing. HYDROPHOBIA Desvoidy. Sixth vein not prolonged MYD^EA Desvoidy. 11. Sixth vein of the wings very short, with the axillary vein curved towards it at the tip 12 Sixth vein elongated. . . . . . « 7 • • .13 12. Abdomen depressed, nearly bare; head hemispherical, composed al- most wholly of the eyes ; antennas shorter than the face, the third joint often elongated ; legs moderately long, the middle pair in the male often with peculiar structures ; black or gray species, some of them common in dwelling houses. . . HOMALOMYIA Bouche. Abdomen narrow, subcylindrical ; males velvety black with spotted abdomen. ' . . . AZELIA Desvoidy. 13. Dark metallic black or blue-black species; hind tibiae often arcuate; abdomen oval. . . . . . . OPHYRA Desvoidy. Species otherwise colored than shining black or metallic blue ; hind tibiae not arcuate (Brachyophyra Giglio-Tos). ANTHOMYIA Meigen. 14. Arista plumose ; moderate sized to small, elongate species, of gray or blackish color; eyes bare; abdomen usually with sub-anal appen- dages in the male. . . . . . HYLEMYIA Desvoidy. Arista bare or slightly pubescent. • . . . .15 15. Eyes hairy ; black species with the abdomen sometimes reddish yellow. LASIOPS Meigen. Eyes bare (inclusive of Pegomi/ia&nd Phorbia). CHORTOPHILA Kondani. 16. Palpi dilated spoon-shaped. . . . . . LISPA Latreille. Palpi slender, not dilated. . . - . . . . . . 17 17. Arista plumose ; CARICEA Desvoidy. Arista pubescent or bare. . . . , . « . . 18 18. Tegula larger than the antitegula, both of moderate size. C^ENOSIA Meigen. Tegula and antitegula of equal size, both small.* SCHCENOMYZA Haliday. * The genus Facellia Desvoidy is relegated to the Anthomyidae by Becker. The known American species (L.fucorum) lives along the seashore. It is rather thickly bristly and the hind femora in the male have a conspicuous tuft of short black bristles near their base. 13G NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 53. (ESTRID.E. Flies of moderate to rather large size, thick-set, usually more or less pilose. Head large, the lower part more or less swollen. Antennae short, three-jointed, decumbent, and more or less sunken in the facial groove or grooves ; arista bare or plumose. Mouth opening small, the mouth-parts sometimes rudimentary, never large. Front broad in both sexes, in the male broader in front. Eyes comparatively small, bare. Ocelli present. Thorax robust, with a distinct transverse suture. Abdomen short, conical or but little elongated ; gen- italia of the male hidden, the ovipositor sometimes elongated. Legs moderately long, the hind pair sometimes elongated. Tegulse usually large ; sometimes small. Neuration of the wings Muscid-like, in most cases the first posterior cell nar- rowed or closed; anal cell small, usually indistinct; discal cell sometimes absent. This family, though of small size comparatively, is of the greatest interest by reason of the habits, of the larvae, all of which that are known are parasitic upon mammals. The adult flies often have rudimentary mouth-parts, and devote the whole of their brief existence to the labors of procreation. Only about seventy species are known, and they are generally called bot-flies, though the name is frequently applied es- pecially to the bot-fly of the horse. Parasitism occurs in three principal ways, in the stomach and digestive tubes, in tumors formed by the larvae under the skin, and in the pharyngeal and nasal cavities. With but few exceptions each species is con fined to a single species of mammal, and each genus or each group of allied species is parasitic in the same way upon sim- ilar animals. Seven species of Gastropkilus are found in the stomach and intestines of the horse and ass. Thirteen species of Hypoderma are known to live under the skin of the horse, the ox, the buffalo, the sheep, the goat, four species of an- telope, and the musk deer. Two species of (Estromyia like- Avise infest the skin of Lagomys and Hypodci'iis. (Edamar/ena (ESTRIDJE. 137 tarandi is parasitic in great numbers in the skin of the rein- deer in both Siberia and boreal America. Four or five species of (Estrus live in the nasal sinuses of sheep, antelope, and horse (Rhincestrus). One species of Cephalomyia lives in the nasal cavities and throat of the camel and buffalo. Six or seven species of Cephenomyia have been found parasitic in the pharyngeal cavities of various Cervids, while various spe- cies of Cutrebra and Rogenhofera have been bred from the skin or scrotum of different rodents, and opossums. Two species of Dermatobia, from the skin of dogs, cattle, cats, deer, and probably apes and man. TABLE OF GENERA. IMAGINES. 1. Mouth-parts very small or rudimentary ; arista bare. ... 2 Proboscis geniculate, inserted in a deep slit ; female without extricate ovipositor ; first posterior cell narrowed or closed ; arista bare or plumose 5 2. Face with a median groove 3 Face with a broad, gently arched shield-shaped surface ; first posterior cell narrowed or closed ; tegulas large ; female with elongated ovi- positor; larva? hypodermatic. ....... 6 3. The fourth longitudinal vein runs straight to the margin of the wing; tegulae small; female ovipositor elongate; larva? in stomach and intestinal canal GASTKOPHILUS Leach. First posterior cell narrowed or closed ; tegula? large ; ovipositor not elongate; larvae in nasal and pharyngeal cavities. ... 4 4. First posterior cell closed and petiolate ; body nearly bare. CESTRUS Linne. First posterior cell narrowly open ; body pilose. CEPHENOMYIA Latreille. o. Palpi wanting . HYPODERMA Latreille. Palpi present (EDAMAGENA Latreille. 6. Arista plumose on the upper side. . . ... . . 7 Arista bare, short and stout; tegulas large; wings without stump at angle of fourth vein (Mexico) BOGERIA Austen. 7. Tarsi broad, flattened CDTEKEBRA Clark. Tarsi slender. . . DERMATOBIA Brauer. 138 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. LARVAE. 1. Last abdominal segment free, broadly attached 2 Last abdominal segment (twelfth) retractile within the preceding, small and distinctly constricted. 7 2. Larvae with two pairs of chitinized jaws, that is with two outer mouth- hooklets, and two inner, straight, triangular points (Horses). GASTROPHILUS. Larvae with two or no mouth-hooklets , . 3 3. Larvae on the median segments with dorsal, spindle-shaped tubercles ; one pair of mouth-hooklets present 4 Larvae without such tubercles ; one pair or no mouth-hooklets present. 5 4. Antennae broadly separated ; body oval, strongly convex above, flat be- low (Sheep) CEsxRus. Antennae approximated or contiguous ; body elongated, somewhat broader in front than behind (Deer). . . . CEPHENOMTIA. 5. No mouth-hooklets.. 6 Two small mouth-hooklets present (Rodents). . . (ESTROMYIA. 6. Bristly covering alike above and below (Reindeer). . (EDAMAGENA. Bristles stronger below than above (Ox, etc.) . . HYPODERMA. 7. Larvse oval (Rodents, Marsupials) CUTEREBRA. Larvae club-shaped, more slender posteriorly (Artiodactyls, Carnivora, Primates) . . . DERMATOBIA. 54. SARCOPHAGIM;. Usually thick-set, moderately large to rather small flies. Front in both sexes broad, though usually somewhat narrower in the male. Arista of the antennae plumose to the middle or a little beyond, the distal portion bare ; this last character alone is the ultimate distinctive one of the group. Abdomen composed of four visible segments, with the macrochaetae usually confined to the distal portion, though sometimes occur- ring on the margin of the second and following segments and very rarely on the disk ; male hypopygium often prominent. First posterior cell of the wings always much narrowed or closed. This family of flesh-flies, as they are often called, though SARCOPHAGIIXffi. 139 comprising but comparatively few genera, has a greater number of species and individuals. For the most part the species are tolerably uniform in coloration, and at first sight seem scarce- ly distinguishable, having a gray striped thorax and marmorate abdomen. The more metallic colored species of Cynomyia and Onesia are exceptions. The flies are found everywhere, about decaying vegetation, especially fruit, excrement, decomposing carcasses, etc. The larvae are polyphagous in habit, feeding upon decaying animal or. vegetable matter, or living parasitically in the flesh of different animals, in the nasal cavities of man and other animals, in ulcers, etc. The larvae of Cynomyia live in great numbers in the decomposing carcasses of vertebrate animals. The larvae of Sarcophaga, which are often extruded by the parent fly alive, have been found under the skin of turtles, in the stomach of frogs ; and most of the cases of myiasis that have been reported, other than those due to the larvse of Compsomyia and Calliphora, have been caused by the maggots of the species of this genus and those of Sarcophila. The larvae of several species have been found in snails, in beetles, the pupae of moths, etc. The Sarcophagid larvae are rounded, thinner anteriorly and amphipneustic. The antennas are short, thick, cylindrical, divergent, wart-like tubercles, each with two ocellus-like chit- inous rings at the tip. The mouth-booklets are distinct, strongly curved, and separated from each other. The abdo- minal segments are distinctly differentiated by transverse swellings, and are each provided with a girdle of spines. The hind stigma-plate is situated in a deep cavity, which is formed by the last segment alone. The anal swelling is two-pointed. The puparium is oval. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. First posterior cell closed or very much narrowed in the margin. 2 First posterior cell open. 4 140 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 2. Abdomen with both discal and marginal macrochaetae on the second and following segments PARAMINTHO Wulp. Abdominal segments with discal macrochsetae 3 3. First longitudinal vein bristly. . . . JOHNSONIA Coquillett. First longitudinal vein not bristly, SARCOPHILODES Brauer and Berg. 4. Abdomen black or metallic, unicolorous and but slightly pruinose. 5 Abdomen gray, cinerous or partly ochraceous, with black reflecting spots. . . . .: 7 5. Hypopygium very prominent ; legs more or less hairy. . . 6 Hypopygium concealed ; legs not hairy; abdomen metallic; curvature of fourth vein with an obtuse angle and without stump. ONESIA Desvoidy. 6. Abdomen usually black ; tibi.ae densely hairy. PHRISSOPODA Macquart. Abdomen metallic; tibiae with short hair. CYNOMYIA Desvoidy. 7. All the tibiae on the outer side with a comb-like row of long, stout bristles. . •. ... . . , . THERIA Desvoidy. Tibise without bristles or with irregularly placed ones. ... 8 8. Apical cross-vein more oblique than the posterior one. ... 9 Apical and posterior cross-veins in nearly the same line ; two orbital bristles in the 9 > none in the £. . . SARCOPHACJA Meigen. 9. Two orbital bristles in each sex. . . . SARCOPHAGULA Wulp. Two orbital bristles in the 9 ( $ ?) • • HELICOBIA Coquillett. 55. MUSCID.E. Rather small to moderately large, never elongate, thinly hairy or bare flies. Antennal arista plumose to the tip; some- times above only, and rarely bare, in which cases the absence of bristles on the abdomen, except at the tip, together with the distinctly narrowed first posterior cell, characters distinc- tive of the group, will distinguish the flies belonging here from its allies. Eyes of the male approximated or contigu- ous ; front of female broad. Eyes bare or hairy. Abdomen composed of four visible segments. Genitalia not prominent. Like the Sarcophagidse, the species and individuals of this family are common everywhere. The common house-fly, the type of the group, has a cosmopolitan distribution wherever man exists. Other species, which are scarcely less common and widely distributed, are the common blue-bottle and blow- MUSC1DJE. 141 flies, members of the genera L^tcilia and Calliphora. As widely known are the stable-fly or cattle-fly, Stomoxys, and the horn-fly, Hcematobia. The larvae of the house-fly live, for the most part, in dung or manure, but will thrive in almost any kind of filth ; I have reared them from the decaying material in the bottoms of spittoons filled with tobacco. The female lays about one hun- dred and fifty eggs, which hatch in one or two days, according to the weather. The larvae attain their full development in from five to seven days, and then, crawling into some secluded place, transform into pupae, from which they emerge in about six days as mature insects, those of the autumn broods remaining over winter as puparia. In partially secluded spots the mature fly will sometimes survive the winter. The clus- ter-fly, Pollenia rudis, is yet more remarkable in this last respect. Often in early spring, or even during mild days of the winter they may be observed crawling about over the snow in numbers. They are stupid and slow and have received the name of cluster-flies from their habit of congregating in clus- ters about dwellings. They resemble a blow-fly somewhat, but will be distinguished by the presence of short, depressed, sparse light colored hairs on the thorax. The larvae of species of Calliphora, especially of C. vomitoria, are better known, perhaps than those of any other insect. They are the common blow-fly maggots of fresh and decaying meats and vegetables. The cooking of corned beef or turnips or cabbages during warm weather is sure to attract numbers of these insects, which are quite noticeable for their loud humming, and head- long flight. In the arid regions of northern Wyoming, the writer has seen them in extraordinary numbers, many miles from the nearest human habitation. Either their eggs or the newly hatched larvae are deposited upon meats, and only a day or two is sufficient to transform the mass into a creeping mass of disgusting maggots. The larvae of species of 17 142 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. this germs sometimes have habits similar to those of Compso- myia. The blue-bottle and green-bottle flies have habits identical with those of Calliphora, but they are not so common. The screw- worm fly, an insect common over nearly all of North and South America, is a bright shining green or golden green in color, but will be distinguished from the blue-bottles by the presence of blackish stripes on the thorax. It depos- its eggs, which hatch almost immediately, in decomposing matter, as do other members of the family, but it will also lay them in the ulcers of cattle, or wounds, or at the orifice of the human nose, especially when attracted thereto by a fetid breath. The larvae in these cases quickly penetrate within the nasal and frontal sinuses, sometimes to the number of a hundred or more, quickly producing fever, extended ulceration and in fre- quent cases, death. These cases of Myiasis, as the affection is called, are not very frequent in North America, but have been not seldom recorded from South America. Sarc.ophila Wohlfahrti, a European species, has similar habits. The group of Stomoxyinae includes the common stable or cattle-fly, the horn-fly and the famous tsetze fly of Africa and Australia, all of which lay their eggs in fresh dung. The horn-fly is a recent introduction from Europe, and has now extended over nearly all of the United States. An allied spe- cies, Hcematobia aids Snow, lives among the moose of the northern woods. The tsetze fly is perhaps the most famous of the group. Its bite is so poisonous that the regions which it inhabits are rendered impassable for horses and dogs, though it is less troublesome to other animals. The larvae of Muscina have been found in decaying veg- etables, dung, fungi and the larvae of various lepidoptera. The larvae of Graphomyia and Mesembrina have been found in cow and horse dung. The following table is that of v. d. Wulp (Biol. Centr. Amer. Dipt, ii, 291) with the addition of those genera not yet known from Central America. MUSCID^S. 143 TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Proboscis long and slender, directed forward ; arista plumose on the upper side only. 2 Proboscis not elongate, the labella prominent and not adapted for piercing. ........... 3 2. Palpi nearly as long as the proboscis. . . H^EMATOBIA Desvoidy. Palpi shorter than the proboscis. . . . STOMOXYS Geoffroy. 3. Arista plumose on both sides 5 Arista bare or plumose above only 4 4. Arista bare. . SYNTHESIOMYIA Brauer and Berg. Arista plumose above (Idia viridis Wied."?) HEMICHLORA v. d. Wulp. 5. Curvature of fourth vein angular. . . . ... . 6 Curvature of fourth vein rounded or arcuate 12 6. Eyes pilose. . . . . . . . " TYREOMMA v. d. Wulp. Eyes bare . 7 7. Middle tibiae without bristles on the inner side (blackish species with the abdomen more or less yellow, but always without metallic col- oration) . . . MUSCA Linne. Middle tibiae with one or more bristles on the inner side (often with metallic coloration on the abdomen or other parts of the body.) 8 8. Thoracic dorsum usually blackish. . v • • . . - • 9 Thorax, scutellum and abdomen brightly metallic. ... 11 9. Dorso-central bristles present 10 Dorso-central bristles absent; no bristles above the vibrissae. CHLOROPROCTA v. d. Wulp. 10. Thorax and abdomen with depressed hairs among the bristles, especial- ly noticeable near the root of the wings. POLLENIA Desvoidy. No such hairs present. . -_•„ ... . CALLIPHORA Desvoidy. 11. Thoracic dorsum with rather distinct black and whitish stripes. COMPSOMYIA Rondani. Thorax unicolorous, metallic, at most with some whitish tomentum on the anterior portion. ... . . LUCILIA Desvoidy. 12. Wholly metallic species. ' ." ... . PYRELLIA Desvoidy. Black, grey or rufous species, sometimes the abdomen, its base ex- cepted, metallic. . . . t . . . . .13 13. Apical cross vein distinct, longer than the terminal portion of the fourth vein before its curvature; apical cell opened a little before tip of wing. .......... 14 Apical cross- vein less conspicuous; fourth vein curved upwards at its extremity only ; apical cell wide open at tip of wing. . . 1(» 144 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 14. Antennae at base slightly separated by a carina (body grey or partly rufous, with a well-defined black pattern). GRAPHOMYIA Desvoidy. Antennae not separated by a carina 15 15. Middle tibiae with a bristle on inner side; apical cell widely opened. MESEMBRINA Macquart. MESEMBRINELLA Giglio-Tos. Middle tibiae without bristles on inner-side ; apical cell somewhat nar- rowly opened (Ct/rtoneura pt. preoc.) MORELLIA Desvoidy. 16. Eyes pilose. . . . • . . . . . MYIOSPILA Desvoidy. Eyes bare. ...•_- 17 17. The first vein terminates at tip of costa; fourth vein with a distinct curvature near tip of wing (Cyrtoneura pt. preoc.) MUSCINA Desvoidy. The first vein terminates before the middle of the costa; fourth vein scarcely curved forward at its distal end. CLINOPERA v. d. Wulp 56. TACHINIM;. 57. DEXIID^E. Rather small to rather large, bristly flies, thinly or not at all pilose, usually thick-set. Eyes of the male contiguous or more approximated than in the female, pubescent or bare. Front with a row of bristles on each side, descending to the antennae, with or without orbital bristles. First joint of antennae short; second joint usually shorter than the third; third joint usually more or less elongate, sometimes dilated or fissured; decumbent; arista bare (Tachinidse), pubescent or plumose (Dexiidae), sometimes conspicuously jointed. Face always with a well-marked median depression, which sometimes has a carina in its middle. Proboscis sometimes elongate, but usually short and with broad labella; palpi never with more than one articulated joint, which is sometimes rudimentary. Ocelli present. Abdomen composed of four or five visible seg- ments ; with marginal and lateral and usually with dis- cal bristles; sometimes nearly covered with strong, erect spines. Legs usually rather stout; sometimes elongate and slender (Dexiidae); always bristly. All the veins of the wings simple; basal cells large; three posterior cells present, tlie first of which TACHINIDJE— DEXIIDJE. 145 is always narrowed or closed(save in those rare cases in which the distal section of the fourth is obliterated); auxiliary vein distinct in its whole length. Tegulae large. No other group of flies has presented so many difficulties to the student of systematic dipterology as has the present one. In its entirety, with but few exceptions, it is easily enough differentiated. Flies in which the arista is bare, the tegulae are well developed, and the first posterior cell is nar- rowed or closed, maybe unhesitatingly referred to the Tachin- idse. The Dexiidae gradually merge into that family, and it is not always easy to positively distinguish them. The presence, however, of aristal plumosity with the other charac- ters of the more typical Tachinids, that is, those in which the dorsuin of the abdomen is distinctly bristly, will remove doubt of the correct location of any species possessing such characters. Unfortunately the differentiation of the genera and species is vastly more difficult, and will require much pa- tient and exhaustive study before a satisfactory solution is reached. About two hundred and seventy-five genera, or one-fifth of all the dipterological fauna, have already been ac- credited to North America. Some of the names proposed will unquestionably be reduced to synonyms, but not many, as the characters used for generic distinctions are often exceed- ingly slight. So inconspicuous are the characters in many species that only the practiced eye will detect them. I have not attempted to define or tabulate the genera. To do so, even imperfectly, would require far more time than is at my command. The best that I can do now is to give a fair- ly complete list of the genera said to occur in North America, with their bibliograpical references. For further study, the student is referred to the works of Brauer and Bergenstamin, the various papers of Townsend and Coquillett, and the vol- ume of the Biologia Centrali-Americana by van der Wulp. The habits of the mature fly are similar for nearly all the members of the group. They will be found on vegetation, on 146 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. leaves or flowers, in such places as are frequented by the hosts which they parasitize. Not a few will be caught with the beating net. The larvae of the more typical Tachinidae are thickened, cylindrical and -flattened below, the segments indistinctly differentiated, with transverse and lateral swellings, bare or provided with fine, short spines. They are amphipneustic, the anterior spiracles small and point-like or multipartite, the posterior stigmatic plates large, strongly chitinized, and each with three, internally convergent grooves. The antennae are wart-like, with two, ocellus-like, chitinous rings, one lying below the other. There but two inouth-hooklets, porrect and but little curved. The puparia are oval, with the segments slightly differentiated ; the skin is finely wrinkled, and both ends are rounded. In Ocyptera and Gymnosoma, and probably in allied forms, the larvae have a chitinous, anal stigmatic tube ; and the pu- paria have six or two, similar processes. The larvae of Hyal- omyia are translucent, smooth and metapneustic, the mouth- hooklets very large; there are two, short, divergent, anal tubes. The larvae of this group are all parasitic in habit, so far as is known, and the parasitism is probably confined to the early stages of other insects. Their usefulness in keeping injurious insects in check is immeasurable. By far the largest number of species are parasitic upon Lepidoptera, of which not less than four hundred have been recorded. About seventy species are known to be parasitic upon Hymenoptera, less than forty upon Coleoptera, eighteen upon Orthoptera,1 five upon Hemiptera, and as many upon other Diptera. More particularly the observed parasitism of some of the North American genera is as follows : ACHAETONEUKA, Caloptenus, Danais, Citheronia, Datana, Prodenia, Sphinx, Vanessa, Anisota, Atacus, Clisiocampa, Heliotis, Prodenia, etc.; ARGYKOPHYLAX : Enchaites, Schiz- TACHINID^E— DEXIID^E. 147 ^lra, Ceratomia, Danais, Hemileuca; BESSERIA: Diabrotica; BLEPHAKIDIA: Pieris, Botis; BLEPHAKIPEZA: Halisiota, Spi- losoma; CHAETOLYGA: Adoneta, Agrotis, Alypia, Datana, Leu- cania, Sphinx; CTENOPHOROCERA: Cerura; DEXODES: Arzama; ELACHIPALPUS: Sesia; EUMYOTHYRIA: Lophyrus; EUTACHINA: Saturnia; FABRICIA: Agrotis; GONIA; Laphygma, Bombus; GYMNOPROSOPA: Leucania; GYMXOSTYLTA: Tenthrinidce ; JUR- INEA: Ecpantheria; LATREILLIA: Anisota, Citheroia, Dryocam- pa; MICROPALPUS: Sesia; MYEXORISTA: Acronycta, Lagoa; NEMORAEA: Hypantria; NEMORILLA: Hyponomeuta; OCYPT- ERA: Acridioidea, Leucania; PARAFROXTIXA: Sphinx; PAREX- ORISTA: Hadena, Mamestra; PHORICHAETA: Noctuids; PHOR- OCERA: Botys, Megathymus, Ancea, Chlorippe, Vanessa, Arg- ynnis, Cinclidia, Loxosiega; PLAGIA: Phisia; PROSOPAEA: Ale- tia, Smerinthus; PSEUDOMYOTHYRIA: Diabrotica; SIPHONA: Plusia; SISYROPA: Acronycta, Agrotis, Arachnis, Lagoa, Noto- donta; SPHIXAPTA: Pilopceus; THELAIRA: Phakellura; THRYP- TOCERA: Retinia; TRICHOPODA: Anasa, Dissosteira. LIST OF GENERA. 1 Acaulona Wulp, 7, 4. 18 Atrophopalpus Town., 18. 2 Acemyia Rond., Prod. 19 Atrophopoda Town., 34, III, 373. 3 Achaetoneura B. B., II, 334. 20 Baumhaucria Mgn, Syst. Bes .vii, 4 Acrocantha Wulp, 7. 251. 241 Acroglossa Will., 9. 21 Bathydexia Wulp, 7, 222. 5 Admontia B. B:, I, 104. 22 Belvosia R-l)., Myod., 102. 6 Alophora R-D., Myod. 23 Beskia B. B., i, 139. 7 Amedoria B. B., I, 106. 24 Besseria R-D., Myod. 8 Ammobia R-D., Myod. 25 Blepharidea Rnd., Prod. 9 Angiorhina B. B., I, 163. 26 Blepharipeza Macq., D.E., ii, 3, 341. 10 Anisia Wulp, 7, 186. 27 Bolomyia B. B., II, 347. 11 Anthracomyia Rnd., Prod. 28 Bombyliomyia B. B., I, 131. 12 Aphria R-D., Myod 29 Brachycoma Rnd. Prod, iii, 203. 13 Araba R-D., Myod. 30 Calodexia Wulp, 7. 257. 14 Araenopus B.B., I, 361. 31 Camarona Wuip, 7, 247. 16 Archytas Jasnn. N.Ex. Dipt., 392. 24 Cdatoria Coq., Ins. Life, ii, 253. 16 Argyraphylax B. B., I, 163. 32 Ceromasia Rond. Prodr. 17 Atacta Schiner, Nov. Exped: 33 Ceratomyiella Town., 34, III, 379. 147 Atrojj/iarista Town., 34, III. 192. 148 NORTH AMERICAN D1PTERA. 34 Cestonia Rond., Dipt. Pr. 74 Euantha Wulp, Tijd. Ent. xxvii. 35 Chaetogaedia B. B., 1, II, 336. 76 Eucnephalia Towns., 34,1G6. 36 Chaetoglossa Town., 34, III, 125. 76 Eudexia B. B. 1, I, 120. 37 Chaetolyga Rond., Dipt. Pr. 77 Eumacronychia Town., 34, 111,100 38 Chaetona Wulp, 7, 253. 78 Eulasiona Towns., 34, III, 100. 39 Chaetoplagia Coq., 32, 98. 79 Eutachina B. B.,' 1, I, 98. 40 Chaetophleps Coq., 31, 51. 80 Euphanopteryx Towns., 34,111, 121. 41 Choloinyia Big., 42, xxxvii. 81 Euphorocera Towns., 34, III, 112. 42 Chrysotachina B. B., 1, I, 161. 82 Euryceromyia Towns. ,34, III, 115. 43 Cistogaster Latr., An. Reg., v/29 83 Euscopolia Towns., 34, III, 123. 44 Clausicella Rond., Dipt. Pr. 84 Euthera Loew, Cent, vii, 85, 1866. 45 Clinogaster Wulp, 3, 189. 85 Euthyprosopa Towns., 34, III, 106. 46 Clinoneura B. B., 1, I, 119 86 Exorista Meig.,Illiger's Mag. 1803. 47 Clista Meig., Syst, Bes., vii, 208. 87 Fabricia R.-I)., Myod. 1830. 48 Clistomorpha Town., 18, 170. 88 Frontina Mc-ig., 49 Clytiomyia Rond., Dipt. Pr. iv,9. 89 Gaediophana B. B., iii, 113. 49 Clytia R.-D., Myod. 1830. 90 Gaediopsis B. B., 1, I, 336. 50 Coenosoma Wulp, 7, 166. 91 Ginglimyia Town. 34, III, 118. 131 Comijops B. B , 1, I, 358. 92 Gonia Meig., 111. Mag. ii. 51 Cordylogaster Macq.,D.E.,ii,3,60. 93 Goniachaeta Town., 34, II, 251. 52 Cnepbalia R.-D., Myod. 1830. 94 Gynmochaeta R.-D., Myod. 63 Cryptomeigenia B. B., 1, II, 311. 95 Gymnoclytia B. B. 1. Ill, 157. 54 Cryptopalpus Rond., Dipt. Pr. 96 Gymnodexia B. B. II, 364. 55Cyphocera Maoq.,Ann. Soc. Ent. 97 Gymnomma Wulp, 7, 38. ii, 2, 267, 1845. 98 Gymnopareia B. B., 1, I, 103. 56 Ctenophorocera B. B., 1, II, 339. 99 Gymnoprosopa T'd., 34, III, 108. 57 Cyrtophlebia Rond., Dipt. Pr. 100 Gymnophania B. B., 1, I, 143 58 Daeochaeta Town., 34, III, 97. 101 Gymnosoma Meig., 111. Mag., ii. 59 DegeeriaMeig.,Syst.Bes.vii,249. 102 Gymnostylia B. B., 1, I, 128. 60 Dexia Meig., Syst. Beschr., v,33. 103 Hemithrixion B. B., 1, I, 114. 61 Dexodes B. B-, 1, I, 87. 104 Hemimasicera B. B., 1, 1,87. 62 Dexiosoma Rond., Dipt. Pr. i, 85 105 Hemyda R.-D., Myod. 226. 63 Dichocera Will., 57. 106 Hesperomyia B. B., 1, 1, 114. 64 Didyma Wulp, 7, 156. 107 Himantostoma Lw, Cent, iv, 87 65 Distichona Wulp, 7, 40. 108 Homodexia Big., 44. 66 Drepanoglossa Town., 34, II, 377. 109 Hyalomyia R.-D., Myod. 298. 67 Echinomyia Dumeril, 1798. 110 Hypantrophaga Town., 7, 258. 68 Elachipalpus Rond. Ill Hypertrophocera Towns., 34, II, 69 Enyomma Towns., 34, 371. 360. 70 Epalpus Rond. 112 Hypostena Meig., Syst. Beschr., 71 Epigromyia Towns., 34, II, 375. vii, 289. 72 Erigone R.-D., Myod. 1830. 113 Hyria R.-D., Myod. 73 Ervia R.-D., Myod., 1830. 114 Hystricia Mac-q., I). E., ii, 3, 43. TACHINID^E— DEXIIDJE. 149 115 Hystricodexia Roed., Stett. Ent. 153 Metopia Mgn. 111. Mag. ii. Zeit. 1886, 266. 154 Microchira B. B., iii, 100. 116 Hystrisiphona Big., Rev. et M. 155 MicropalpusMacq., H.N.D. ii, 80. Zool. 1859. 156 Microphthalma Macq., D. Exot. 117 Illigeria R.-D., Myod., 273. ii, 3, 84. 118 Isoglossa Coq., Can Ent. '95, 125 157 Miltogramnia Mgn. 111. Mag. ii. 119 Jurinia R.-D., Myod., 34. 158 Mochlosoma B. B., I, 128. 120 Jurinella B. B., 1, 1, 132. 159 Morinia R-D., Myod., 99. 121 Labidogaster Macq., Ins. Dipt. 160 Morphomyia Rnd., Prod. de la Nord de France, 109. 161 Myiophasia B. B., II, 362. 122 Laccoprosopa Town., 34, 11,365. 162 Myiobia R-D.. Myod., 99. 123 Lacnomma Town., 34, III, 103. 163 Myiocera R-D., Myod. 328. 124 Lasiona Wulp, 7, 127. 164 Myiomima B. B. I, 009. 125 Lasioneura Coq., J. N. Y. Ent. 165 Myiopharus B. B. I, 161. Soc. iii. 50. 166 Myiostoma R-D., Myod. 126 Latreillia R.-D., Myod. 167 Myiothyria Wulp, 7, 208. 127 Leptoda Wulp, Tijdschr. voor 168 Mystacella Wulp, 7, 51. Ent. xxviii, 196. 169 Myexorista B. B., II, 351. 128 Leskiomima B. B., 1, II, 872. 170 Nemorsea R-D., Myod. 70. 129 Leucostola Mgn, 111. Mag. ii. 171 Nemorilla llond., Prod. 130 Lispidia Coq. 31, 51. 172 Neotractocera Town., 34,111, 104. 131 Loewia Egger, V. Z.-B. G. 173 Ocyptera Latr. H. N. Cr. xiv. 132 Macquartia R.-D., Myod. 204. 174 Ocypterula Rdi, Prod. 133 Macrochaetina Wulp, 7, 240. 23 Oc.ypterosipho Town. 134 Macromeigenia B. B., I, 311. 50 Oestrophasia B. B., 1, 1, 357. 135 Macrometopa B. B., I, 117. 176 Olenochseta Town., 84, III, 115. 136 Macronychia Rond. Dipt. Pr. 177 Opsidia Coq., 32, 102. 137 MacroprosopaMacq.D.E.ii,3,83. 178 Pachyophthalmus B. B., I, 117. 138 Mascopteryx Town., 18, 170. 179 Paradejeania B. B. Ill, 147. 139 Masicera Macq. H. N. D. ii, 118. 180 Paradidyma B. B., II, 404. 140 Masipoda B. B. I, 162. 181 Parafrontina B. B., Ill, 115. 141 Masiphya B. B., II, 113. 182 Parahypoclia;ta B. B., II, 337. 142 Megaprosopus Macq. 183 Paramesochteta B. B., II, 341. 143 Megerlea R.-D., Myod. 266. 184 Paraphorocera B. B., I, 90. 144 Megaparia Wulp, 7, 240. 185 Paraplagia B. B., II, 354. 145 Meigenia R.-D., Myod. 180 Parexorista B. B., I, 87. 146 Melanophora Mgn, 111. Mag. ii 187 Parthenia R-D., Myod., 322. 147 Melanophrys Will., 48, 305. 188 Peleteria R-D., Myod. 148 Melaleuca Wulp, 7, 247. 189 Penthosa Wulp, Tijd. voor Ent. 149 Melanodexia Will., 67. xxxiv, 98, 1892. 150 Mesochaeta B. B., II, 341. 190 Phania R-D., Myod. 233. 151 Metachaeta Coq., 32, 98 191 Phasioclista Town., II, 369. 152 Metaplagia Coq., 32, 102. 192 Phasiopteryx B, B. I, 146. 18 150 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 193 Phorantha Rdi, Prodr. 194 Phorichaeta Rdi, Prodr. 195 Phorostoma R-D., Myod., 326. 196 Phyto R-D., 218. 197 Phorocera R-D., 131. 198 Plagia Mgn, S. B. vii, 291. 199 PlagioprospherysaTd,34,ii, 113. 200 Podotachina B. B., ii, 350. 201 Polidea Macq. Ann. Soc. Ent. F., ii, 6,92, 1848. 202 Polygaster Wulp, 7, 139. 203 Prorhynchops B. B., ii, 364. 204 Prosena St. F. & S., Ene. Meth. 205 Prosenoides B. B., ii, 370. 206 Prosopaea Rdi. 207 Prosopodes B. B., i, 90. 208 Pseudochseta Coq., 33, 309. 209 Pseudogonia Town., 19. 210 Prospherysa Wulp, 7, 117. 211 Pseudogermaria, B. B. ii, 352. 212 Pseudohystricia B. B., i, 132. 213 Pseudomorinia Wulp, 7, 209. 214 Pseudomyiothyria Town., iii, 131. 215 Pseudotractocera Town., iii, 107. 216Ptilocera R-D., 226. 217 Ptilodexia B. B. i, 119. 221 Rhamphinina Big. 45. 218 Pyrhosia Rdi. 219 Rhinophora R-D., 258. 220 Rhombothyria Wulp, 7, 259. 221 Rhynchodexia Big., 45. 222 Rileya B. B. (preoc.) 223 Sarcoclista Town:, 34, iii, 122. 224 Sarcodexia Town., 52. 225 Sarcomacronychia Td, iii, 100. 226SarcotachinellaTown.,34,iii,110. 227 Sardiocera B. B., i, 119. 228 Saundersia Sch., Nov. Ex. 333. 229 Schizotachina Walk., D. Saund. 230ScopoliaR-D.,268. 231 Scotiptera Macq., D.E., ii, 3, 637. 232 Sonotainia Macq., 1. c , Sup. i, 16 233 Sericocera Macq., H. N. D. ii,165. 234 Siphoclyta Town., 34, iii, 115. 235 Siphoclytes Town., 34 iii, 127. 236 Siphona Mgn. 111. Mag. ii. 237 Siphoplagia Town., 34, i, 350. 238 Siphophyto Town. 239 Sisyropa B. B., i, 163. 240 Somoleia Rdi. 241 Spallanzania, Rdi. 242 Sphaerina Wulp, 7, 205. 243 Sphixapata Rdi. 244 Stenodexia Wulp, 7, 246. 245 Stevenia R-D., 220. 246 Stomatodexia B. B., i, 125. 247 Synthesiomyia (See Museidae.) 248 Tachina Mgn, 111. Mag. 249 Tachinodes B. B., i, 133. 250 Tachinomyia Town., 34, iii, 96. 251 Tachinophyto Town., 34, iii, 130. 252 Telothyria Wulp, 7, 167. 253 Tetragrapha B. B., ii, 351. 254 Thelaira R-D., Myod. 214. 255 Thelairodes Wulp, 7, 254. 256 Theresia R.-D., Myod., 325. 257 Thomodesia Rnd., D. Pr., i, 87. 258 Thryptocera Macq.,H.N.D.ii,87. 259 Thysanomyia B. B., II, 340. 260 Tricophora Macq. D.E. S. 2,62. 261 Tricolyga Rnd. D. Pr. 262 Trichopoda Cuv. Reg. An. v. 263 Trixa Mgn, Syst. Bes., iv, 222. 264 Trixoclista Town., 34, III, 102. 265 Tryphera Mgn. Syst. Bes. 266 Uramyia R.-D., Myod., 215. 267 Viviana Rnd., D. Pr. 19 Vanderwulpia Town., 34, II, 381. 268 Wahlbergia Zett. D. Scand.. 269 Willistonia B. B., I, 97. 19 Wulpia B. B., 44. 270 Xanthodexia Wulp, 7, 256. 271 Xanthomelana Wulp, 3, 187. 272Zelia R.-D., Myod., 134. HIPPOBOSCID^E. 151 58. HIPPOBOSCIM;. Head flattened, usually attached to an emargination of the thorax ; face short ; palpi wanting ; antennae inserted in pits or depressions near the border of the mouth ; apparently one- jointed, with or without a terminal bristle or long hairs. Eyes round or oval, sometimes very small ; ocelli present or absent. Thorax flattened, leathery in appearance ; scutellum broad and short. Halteres small or rudimentary. Abdomen sac-like, leathery in appearance, the sutures indistinct. Legs short and strong, broadly separated by the sternum; tarsi short; claws usually strong and dentated ; empodia usually present. Wings present or absent. Not very many species of this singular family of flies are known. They are all parasitic in the adult stage upon birds or mammals. The larvae are pupigerous, but pass nearly the whole of this stage within the abdomen of the parent, being extruded when nearly ready to transform into the mature fly. But a single puparium is extruded at a time and is of large size. The flies have a peculiar, louse-like appearance, and one often encounters them in handling recently killed birds, especially the raptorial birds. They have a quick, short flight, seeking the beard or hair of the collector, within which they run nimbly, trying to hide. InLipoptena the wings are appa- rently lost soon after the insect finds a permanent living place. I have united Strebla and its allies with this family, an opinion shared by Professor Townsend, but have separated them as a subfamily. I believe that their relationships are closer here than with the Nycteribiidae. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Antennae small or indistinct; bead not sunken into the emarginate tho- rax; wings large, with distinct, parallel veins and distinct outer cross-veins ; claws short, simple. . ... . STKEBLIN^:. Antennae usually more elongate and the joints more or less distinctly separated. Head sunk into an emargination of the thorax. Wings when present without parallel veins, the weak veins running from the strong costal veins outwards and backwards, the cross-veins short,. and approximated to the base of the wing; claws large, biden- tate or tridentate HIPPOBOSCIN^. 18 152 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. STREBLINJE. 1. Eyes small, situated on the posterior angles of the head. STREBLA Wiedemann. Eyes situated near the middle of the head (Mexico). TRICHOBIUS Townsend. HIPPOBOSCIN.E. 1. Claws tridentate 2 Claws bidentate 3 2. Wings rudimentary ; ocelli wanting. BKACHYPTEROMYIA Williston. Wings large, functional; ocelli present. ORNITHOMYIA Latreille. 3. Wings wanting or rudimentary, in the males at least. ... 4 Wings present, functional, 5 4. Eyes very narrow and situated on the sides of the head ; no ocelli. MELOPHAGUS Latreille. Eyes larger, oval; ocelli present, but sometimes indistinct; wings ca- ducous in one or both sexes. . - . LIPOPTENA Nitsch. 5. Antennae short, tuberculiform. . . . HIPPOIJOSCA Linne. Antennas elongate, clothed with hair distally. . OLFERSIA Leach. 59. NYCTERIBIID^E. Head small, capable of being turned backward into a groove on the dorsum of the thorax. Antennae short, indistinctly jointed, the terminal joint oval, with short hairs. Eyes and ocelli indistinct or wanting. Legs long, the femora and tibiae flattened. Tarsi arcuate. No wings. These peculiar flies, like those of the foregoing family, are pupiparous. They live exclusively on bats. But little is known of their early 'stages. (See Osten Sacken.) The flies have a peculiar, spider-like appearance, which is heightened by the habit they have of throwing their legs up over their back when at rest. But two or three species are known from North America, and they are rare. I have never seen them. TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Metatarsi elontrate. . . . . . NYCTEHIBIA Westwood. Metatarsi short. . . ...','.. MECUSTOPODA Macquart. APPENDIX. During the printing of this work there have been a number of genera added to the fauna of the region included within its limits. I give them as they should be intercalated in the tables, together with some that have been omitted or over- looked, though previously known. The student is requested to make marginal references wherever they should be inter- calated. LEPTINJE, p 44. 2. Front tibiae with a single spur. ....... 2a Front tibiae with two spurs, etc. . . . TRIPTOTRICHA Loew. 2a. Antennal style jointed ; fourth posterior cell closed (Central America and West Indies) PHENKUS Walker. Antennal style not jointed; fourth posterior cell open, or wanting. DIALYSIS Walker. STRATIOMYIN.E, p. 48. 6. Antennas much elongated, 7 Third antennal joint oval, with a terminal arista. NOTHOMYIA Loew. 7. Face produced conically downward. . ... MYXOSARGUS Brauer. Face not produced conically downward. . . . . 8 8. Third joint of the antennae composed of six closely united annuli, with- out style or arista; wings expanded distally (Central and South America) ANALCOCERUS Loew. Third antennal joint composed of seven closely united annuli, without style or arista; wings not expanded distally (Central America and East Indies) CAMPEPROSOPA Mat-quart. These last two genera belong among the Sarginae, but have no terminal arista. PACHYGASTKIN^E, p. 48. 1. Antennae situated near the oral margin. . . . . . . 2 Antennae situated near the middle of the head in profile. . .la la. Arista with a short, dense plumosity (Central America and Polynesian Islands). LOPHOTELES Loew. Arista bare. . . 3 154 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. DASYPOGONINVE, p. 54. 2. Pulvilli rudimentary or wanting ........ 2a Pulvilli normal. . . . . . . . . . . 2b 2a. Claws very long, with an elongated tooth at the base of each ; large species (Central and South America). . . DICRANUS Loew. Claws normal. . . <•_ . . . ABLACTUS Loew. 2b. Antennae with a long, terminal arista (Cen. America and East Indies). DAMALIS Wiedemann. Antennas not with a terminal arista ....... 2c 2c. Only four posterior cells present; front very broad above; very small species (Mexico) ...... TOWNSENDFA Williston. Five posterior cells present as usual ....... 3 S, p. 59. 4. Oviduct cylindrical, with a terminal circlet of spines. . . . 4a Oviduct laterally flattened, etc. .... ERAX Macquart. 4a. Abdomen shorter than the wings. . . . ECCRITOSIA Schiner. Abdomen longer than the wings. . . PROCTACANTHUS Macquart. 7. Oviduct laterally compressed. . . .. ..... 7a Oviduct conical. .......... 14 7a. Third antennal joint unusually hairy. . . ANARMOSTUS Loew. Third antennal joint not unusually hairy. ..... 8 NEOPLASTA Coquillett, Proc. Nat. Mus. 1895, 393 (June, 1896. Same as Hemerodromia, but the discal and second basal cells united and the second posterior cell sessile. EMPIMORPHA Coquillett, 1. c. 398. " Same as Empis, except that the face is covered with long bristly hairs." NEOCOTA Coquillett, 1. c. 434. " Same as Rhamphomyia, except that the face is thickly covered with long pile." MICROPHORDS Macquart, Dipt, du Nord, etc. 1827. Separated from Lepto- peza and Ocydromia of the table by the third antennal joint being elongate, with a terminal style. MEGHYPERUS Loew, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1850, 303. Separated from Hybos and Syndyas of the table by the fourth longitudinal vein being furcate. PARAHYDROPHORUS Wheeler, Entom. News, 1896, 185. "Closely allied to Scellus and Hydrophorus, the $ distinguishable from the $ Hydro- phorus by the deep notch in the fore femora, the prominent spur on the hind trochanter, and the structure of the hypopygium.' INDEX. Those genera added to the North American fauna since the publication of Osten Sacken's Catalogue in 1878 are followed by Roman and Arabic numbers referring to the authors and papers of the bibliography given in the Introduction and below. The genera of the Tachinidse and Dexiidae are not included ; they will be found on page 147. LI. Bigot, 1, Rev. et Mag. Zool, 1859; 2, Thorns. Arc. Entom. ii, 1858. LII. Macquart, 1, Dipteres Exot. i, 1838; 2, id. ii, 1, 1840; 3, id. ii, 2, 1841; 4, id. ii, 3, 1842; 5, Suppl. i, 1844; 6, Suppl. 2, 1846: 7, Suppl. 3, 1847; 8, Suppl. 4, 1849; 9, Suppl. 5, 1855; 10, Dipt, du Nord. de la France, 1826. LIII. Loew, Beitr. iv, 1850 ; 2, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ver. 1855; 3, Diptf. Sudaf- rikas, 1860; Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1844; 5, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1858; 6, Be- merk. ueber die Fam. Asil. 1849; 7, Neue Beitr. ii, 1855. LIV. Rondani, 1, Studi Entom. 1848; 2, Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital, 1875; 3, Arch. per la Zool, 1863; 4, Esami di var. sp. Ins. Bras. 1848; 5, Dipt. Ital, Prodr. 1856, 1861 ; 6, Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr. ii, 1850. LV. Walker, 1, Trans. Lond. Ent. Soc. v, 1857; 2, Dipt. Saund. 1854; 3, Ins. Brit. Dipt, iii, 1856. LVI. Panzer, Fauna Germanica, civ, 1806. LVII. Schiner, 1, Wien. Ent. Monatschr. iv, 1860 ; 2, id. vi, 1892 ; 3, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. 1867 ; 4, Reise der Novara, Dipt. 1868; 5, Wien. Ent. Monatschr. v, 1861. LVIII. Haliday, 1, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ii, 1835; 2 id, iii, 1836; 3, Linn. Ent. viii, 1853; 4, Ins. Brit. Dipt.i, 1851. LIX. Winnertz, 1, Linn. Ent. viii, 1853 ; 2, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. xiii, 1863 ; 3, Stett. Ent. Zeit. vii, 1846; 4, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839. LX. Philippi, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. 1865. LXI. Jaennicke, Neue Exot. Dipt. Abhandl. Senckenberg Ges. 1867. LXII. Robineau Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 1830. LXIII. Gerstsecker, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1868. LXIV. Schummel, Oken's. Isis, 1834. LXV. West wood, Trans. Lond. Ent. Soc. 1881. 15G NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. LXVI. Meigen, Illiger's Mag. 1803. LXVII. Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins. xiv, 1804. LXVIII. Frauenfeld, Ver. Zool. Bot. Ges. 1867. LXIX. Wahlberg, Oefv. k. Akad. Foerd. 1844. LXX. Wiedemann, 1, Auss. Zweifl. Ins. i, 1828; 2, id, ii, 1830. LXXI. Mik, Dipt. Untersuchungen, Jahresb. k. k. Akad. Gymn. zu Wien, pp. 1-24, 1878. Ablautatus, see Ablautus, 54 Ablautus, 54 Acanthina, 48-lxx, 2 Acanthomera, 49 ACANTHOMERID^:, 49 Achalcus, 79 Acidia, 121 Acidogona, 122 Aciura, 122 Acnemia, 18 Aereotrichus, 67-lii, 6 Acrocera, 71 • AcROCERIDjE, 70 Acrochaeta, 46 Acrostica, 118 Acrotsenia, 122 Acrotoxa, 121 Actora, 128 Aedes, 22 Agathon, 20-xxxvii, 12 Agnotomyia, see Dialysis, 44 Agromyza, 104 AGROMYZID^K, 102 Aldrichia, 65-xii, 36 Allodia, 19 Allognosta, 46-xxxiv, 1 Allograpta, 87 Allophyla, 126 Amalopis, 35 Amphicosmus, 66-xii, 26 Amphicnephes, 116 Anacampta, 117 Analcocerus, 153-liii, '2 Anarmostus, 155-liii, ." Anarostoma, 126 Anastoechus, 66 Andrenosoma, see Nusa, 58 Anepsius, 79 Anisomera, 35 Anisopogon, see Heteropogon, 56 Anisotamia, 66 Anopheles, 22-lii, 2 Anthornyia, 135 ANTHOMYID^E, 133 Anthomyza, 105 Anthophilina, see Anthomyza, 105 Anthrax, 66 Antocha, 33 Aochletus, 48-xxiv, 27 Apatolestes, 51-xlviii, 3 Aphantotimus, 78-xlvi, 1 Aphestia, 58. Aphcebantus, 67. Apiocera, 60. APIOCERIDA;, 60 Apomidas, 60-xii, 12 Apophorhynchus, 125-xlviii, 14 Appeleia, 71 Apterina, 102-lii, 8 Aptorthus, 77-i, 5 Archilestris, 55 Arctophila, 88 Argyra, 80-lii, 8 Ardoptera, 75 Argyrama'ha, see Spogostylum, 65 Arthoceras, 44-xliii, 4 Arthropeas, 43 Arthrosti/lum, see Pheneus, 153 Arthyroglossa, 110 INDEX. 157 Ascia, see Neoascia, 86 Asemosyrphus, 88-vi, 40 ASILIDX, 52 Asilus, 59 Asindulum, 17 Asphondylia, 12 Aspistes, 38 Asynapta, 12-liii, 1 Asyndetus, 79 Asteia, 107 Astrophanes, 65-xxxiv, 27 Atarba, 33 Atomosia, 58 Atonia, 58-xlviii, 11 Atherix, 44 Atractia, 59-lii, 3 Atylotus, 55 Aulacigaster, 104 Azelia, 135 B Baccha, 86 Bacchina, 86 Balioptera, 105 Beris, 46 Berismyia, 46-xviii, 3 Bibio, 38 Bibiocephala, 20 BIBIONID^E, 37 Bittacomorpha, 36 Blacodes, see Loewiella, 57 Blax, see Loewiella, 57 Blepharocera, 20 BLEPHAROCERID.*:, 19 Blepharoprocta, 74 Blepharepium, 57-liv, 1 Blepharoneura, 122 Bogeria, 136-ii, 2 Boletina, 18 Boletophila, 16 BOMBYLIID.*, 63 Bombylius, 66 BORBORIDTE, 101 Borborus, 102 Brachydeutra, 111 Brachyopa, 87 Brachyophyra, 135-xvii, 8 Brachypalpus, 89 Brachypremna, 36-xxxiv, 6 Brachypteromyia, 152 Bricinia, 116-Lv Brieiniella, 116-xvii, 9 Cacoxenus, 104 Csenia, 111 Caenosia, 135 Callicera, 84-xlvi Callinicus, 56 Calliphora, 143 Callomyia, 95 Callopistria, 118 Callotarsa, see Platypeza, 95 Calobata, 113 Camerania, see Volucella, 87 Campeprosopa, 155-lii, 6 Campsicnemus, 80 Camptoeladius, 25 Camptoneura, 117 Campylomyza, 13 Cardiacephala, 113-lii, 4 Caricea, 135 Carphotricha, 122 Catabomba, 86 Catocha, 13 Cecidogona, 13 Cecidomyia, 12 CECIDOMYID.S:, 7 Cephalia, 112, 116 Cephenomyia, 136 Ceratitis, 120 Ceratomyza, 104-lvii, 2 Ceratopogon, 24 Ceraturgus, 55 Ceria, see Sphyximorpha, 84 19 158 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. Ceriogaster, 88-xlviii, 60 Cerotainia, 58 Ceroplatus, 17 Ceroxys, 117 Chaetocoelia, 123-xvii, 9 Chaetopsis, 119 Chalcomyia, 85-xlviii, 1 Chamosyrphus, 87-xxiii, 10 Chasmatonotus, 26 Chauna, see Necohauna, 48 Chilosia, 85 Chionea, 31 Chiromyza, 46 CHJRONOMID.E, 42 Chironomus, 45 Chloroprocta, 143 Chlorops, 106 Chordonota, 47 Chortophila, 135 Chrysochlamys, 89 Chrysochlora, 48 Chrysochroma, 47 Chrysogaster, 85 Chrysomyia, 143 Chrysonotus, see Chrysochroma, Chrysopila, 44 Chrysops, 51 Chrysotimus, 80 Chrysotoxum, 84 Chrysotus, 81 Chyliza, 114 Cladura, 3:? Clasiopa, 110 Clavator, see Lestomyia, 57 Cleigastra, 129 Clinoeera, 75 Clinopera, 143 Clinorhyncha, 12 Clitellaria, 48 Clunio, 25 Clusia, 127 Coelometopia, 119 Coelopa, 128 Coenomyia, 43 Ccenosia, 135 Colpodia, 12 Comastes, see Heterostylum, 66 Compsomyia, 143 Coniceps, 119 Conops, 92 CONOPIDA;, 91 Copestylum, 87 Cophura, 57-xxxiv, 28 Coquillettia, 65 Corethra, 22 Cordylura, 29 Corizoneura, see Pangonia, 51 Corynoneura, 25 Crassiseta, see Elachiptera, 106 Cricotopus, 25 Crioprora, 89 Criorhina, 89 Cryptochaetum, 104-liv, 2 Cryptolabis, 33 Ctenophora, 36 Culex, 22 CULICII^E, 20 Curtonotum, 105, 108-lii, 3 47 Cuterebra, 136 Cylindrotoma, 35 Cynipimorpha, 48-vii, 4 Cynomyia, 140 Cyphomyia, 47 CVRTID^;, see Acroceridae, 70 Cyrtoma, 74 Cyrtoneura, see Morellia, 143 Cyrtopogon, 56 D Dactylomyia, 78-i, 6 Dalmannia, 93 Damalis, 154-lxxx, 1 Dasyllis, 58 Dasyneura, 12 Daulopogon, see Lasiopogon, 56 Deromyia, 57-lx Dermatobia, 136 INDEX. 159 Desnwtomyia, 67-xlviii, 23 Desrnatoneura, 67-xlviii, 23 Desmometopa, 104 Diachlorus, 52 Diacrita, 117 Dialincura, 89 Dialysis, 44 Diamesa, 25 Diaphorus, 80 Diastata, 105 Diatomineura, see Pangonia, 51 Dichaeta, 110 Dichelacera, 52-lii, 1 Diclisa, 51-lvii, 3 Diclonus, 55 Dic-ranomyia, 32 Dicranota, 35 Dicranoptycha, 33 Dicranus, 154 Didea, 86 Dilophus, 38 Dioctria, 56 Dioymites, see Deromyia, 57 Diomyza, 12 DIOPSID^E, 111 Diostrecus, 79 Diotrepha, 33 Dipalta, 65 Diplocentra, see Curtonotum, 108 Diplosis, 12 Dirhiza, 12 Discocerina, see Clasiopa, 110 Discomyza, 110 Ditomyia, 17 Dixa, 28 DIXID.K, 28 Dizonias, 55 Doeosia, 18 Dolichomyia, 67 Dolichopeza, 36 DOLICHOPODID^E, 76 Dolichopus, 78 Doliosyrphus, see Priomerus, 88 Doryclus, 57-lxi Drapetis, 75 Drosophila, 108 Drosophilidae, 107 Drymeia, 134 Dryomyza, 128 Eccritosia, 154 Eclimus, 67-liii, 4 Ectecephala, 106 Ecthodopa, 56 Eetyphus, 64-lxiii Efferia, see Erax, 59 Elachiptera, 106-lii, 9 Elephantomyia, 33 Elliponeura, 106 Elliptera, 33 Empeda, 34 EMPIDIDJE, 72 Empimorpha, 154 Empis, 74 Ensina, 122 Epacmus, 67-xxiv, 27 Epibates, see Eclimus, 67 Ephydra, 111 EPHYDRID2E, 108 Epicypta, 18 Epidapus, 17-lviii, 4 Epidosia, 12-liii, 1 Epiphragma, 34 Epiplatea, 119 Epochroa, 121 Erax, 59 Eriocera, 35 Erioptera, 34 Eristalis, 88 Eri slalom i/ia, see Eristalis, 88 Euaresta, 123 Eucessia, 67-xii, 8 Eudicrana, 18 Eugeniamyia, see Hammerschmidtia, 87 Euhybus, 154 160 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. Eulonchus, 71 Eumatopia, 119 Euparhyphus, 48 Eupeodes, 46 Eurosta, 122 Eurycephala, 118-xxvii, 13 Eurycnenms, 25 Euryneura, 48 Eutarsus, 81 Eutolmus, 59 Eutreta, 122 Euxesta, 119 Exechia, 19-lix, 2 Exepacmus, 66-xii, 36 Exoprosopa, 85 Exoptata, 65-xii, 9 Fucellia, 129, 135 G Gastrophilus, 136 Gaurax, 106 Geminaria, 66-xii, 36 GEOMYZID^;, 104 Geranomyia, 32 Geron, 68 Gloma, 75 Glutops, 44 Gnamptopsilopus, 78— i, 5 Gnophomyia, 34 Gnorista, 18 Goniops, 51-i, 1 Gonomyia, 34 Graphomyia, 144 Griphoneura, 124-lvii, 4 Gymnophora, 95 Gyrnnopternus, 79 H Habropogon, 56 Hadromyia, 89-xlviii, 29 Hadrus, 51 Haematobia, 143 Haematopota, 52-lxii Hammerschmidtia, 87-lxiv Hecamede, 110-lviii, 2 Helicobia, 140-xii. 33 Heligmoneura, 59-li, 2 Helomyza, 126 HELOMYZID^E, 125 Helophilus, 88 Hemerodromia, 75 Hemichlora, 143 Hemipenthes, see Anthrax, 66 Hercostomus, 79 Hermetia, 46 Hesperinus, 38 Heteracantha, 46-lii, 7 Heterochroa, 105-lvii, 4 Heteromyia, see Ceratopogon, 24 Heteromyza, 126 Heteroneura, 127 HETERONEURID/E, 126 Heteropeza, 12-lix, 3 Heteropogon, 56 Heterostylum, 66-lii, 6 Hexachaeta, 121 Hyelomyia, 135-lxii Hilara, 75 Hilarimorpha, 73, 84-lvii, 1 Himeroessa, 116 Hippelates, 107 Hippobosca, 152 HIPPOBOSCID^E, 151 Hirmoneura, 62 Histiodroma, 47-lvii, 4 Holcocephala, 56 Holopogon, 56 Holorusia, 36 Homalomyia, 135 Hormomyia, 12-liii, 1 Hormopeza, 75 Hyadina, 110 Hybos, 74 Hydrellia, 110 Hydrobajnus, 25 Hydrophoria, 135 INDEX. 161 Hydrophorus, 80 Hydrotaea, 134 Hyetodesia, 125 Hygroceleuthus, 78 Hyperalonia, 65-liv, 3 Hyperechia, 58-lvii, 3 Hypocharassus, 80-xxxlii, 1 Hypoderma, 136 1 Icterica, 122 Idana, 117 Idioplasta, 35 Ilythea, 111-lviii, 2 Ischnomyia, 105 Isopenthes, see Anthrax, 66 Iteaphila, 74 Johnsonia, 140-xii, 33 Lampria, 58 Laparus, 56 Laphria, 58 Laphystia, 55* Lasia, 71 Lasiargyra, 80 Lasiopogon, 56 Lasiops, 135 Lasioptera, 12 Lasiosoma, 18 Lastaurus, 57-liii, 6 Lauxania, 124 Leia, 18 Leiomyia, 104 Lepidanthrax, 65-xxxiv, 26 Lepidomyia, see Lepidostola, 85 Lepidophora, 67 Lepidostola, 85-xxxiii, 4 Lepidoselaga, see Hadrus, 51 Lepromyia, see Lepidostola, 85 41 Leptis, 44 Leptochilus, see Epactnus, 67 Leptogaster, 54 Leptomydas, 63 Leptopeza, 74 Leptorhethuni, 78-i, 5 Leria, 126-lxii Lestomyia, 57-xlviii, 46 Lestophonus, see Cryptoehaetum, 104 Lestremia, 13-lii, 10 Leucomelina, 134-lii Leucopis, 104 Leucostola, 81 Loucozona, 87 Liancalus, 80 Limnobia, 32 Limnophila, 34 Limnophora, 13 Limosina, 102-lii, 9 Liogma, 35 Liponeura, 20-liii, 4 LIPONEURID^E, 19 Lipoptena, 152 Lispa, 135 Lobioptera, 104 Loewiella, 57 Lonchaea, 124 Lonehoptera, 172 LOXCHOPTEKID^K, 172 Longurio, 36 Lophoteles, 153-liii, 5 Lordotus, 66-1, 1 Loxocera, 114 Lucilia, 144 Lycastrirhyncha, 88 Lyroneurus, 81 M Macellocerus, 79-lxxi Machimus, 59 Macrocera, 16 Macroceromys, see Xyloniyia, 43 Macropeza, 25 162 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. Macrosargus, 47-vi, (> MECKTOPHILHWK, 13 Madiza, 113 Mycothera, 19 Mallophora, 59 Mydaea, 135-lxii Mallota, 88 MYDAID*:, 62 Mancia, 65-xii, 8 My das, 63 Mantipeza, 154 Myelaphus, 55-vi, 38 Medeterus, 78 Myennis, 118 Megapoda, 57 Myiolepta, 86 Megametapon, 87-xvii, 3 Myopa, 93 Megarrhinus, 22 Myrmecomyia, 116 Meghyperus, 154 Myospila, 144 Megistocera, 36-lxx, 1 Mythicomyia, 73, 74-xii, 38 Megistopoda, 152 Myxosargus, 48-vii, 4 Melanostoma, 86 Musca, 143 Melophagus, 152 MOSCID^E, 96, 140 Merapioidus, 89-vi, 32 Muscina, 143 Meromacrus, 87-liv, 4 Meromyza, 106 N Merosargus, 47-liii, 2 Nausigaster, 85-xlviii, 46 Mesembrina, 144 Nebritus, 69-xii, 29 Mesembrinella, 144 Nematoproctus, 80 Mesograpta, see Mesogramma, 87 NEMISTRINID^E, 60 Mesogramma, 87 Nemopoda, 112 Metacosmus, 67-xii, 26 Neoclasta, 154 Metapelastoneurus, 78, 79-i, 6 Nemotelus, 48 Metaphragma, 69-xii, 29 Neoscia, 86-xlviii, 66 Metriocnemus, 25 Neoaspilota, 122 Miastor, 12 Neochauna, 48 Microchrysa, 47 Neoempheria, 18 Microdon, 85 Neoexaireta, 46 Microniyia, 13 Neoglaphyroptera, 19 Micropeza, 113 Neoidiotypa, 119 Microphorus, 154 Neoitamus, 59 Microstylum, 55 A7eo?Hocalomyta,see Willistoniella,125 Rhopalosyrphus, 84 INDEX. 165 Rhymosia, 19 Rhynchocephalus, 62 RHYPHID/E, 40 Rhypholophus, 33 Rhyphus, 41 Salpingogaster, 86 Sapromyza, 124 SAPROMYZIDA:, 123 Sarapogon, 57 Sarcophaga, 140 SARCOPHAGID^E, 137 Sarcophagula, 140-1, 7 Sarcophilodes, 140 Sargus, 47 Scatella, 111 SCATOMYZID.S 128 Scatophaga, 129 Scatopse, 38 Scellus, 80 SCENOPINIDjE, 69 Scenopinus, 70 Sciara, 17 Sciomyza, 127 SCIOMYZID.E, 127 Sciophila, 17 Schoenomyza, 135 Scleropogon, 54 Scoliocentra, 126 Scoliopelta, 46, 48-xlviii, 2 Scyphella, 105 Senogaster, 89-lii, 9 Seoptera, 119 Sepedon, 128 SEPSID.E, 111 Sepsis, 112 Sericomyia, 88 Sigaloessa, 108 Sigmatomera, 33 Silvius, 51 SIMULIID^E, 38 Simiilium, 40 Siphonella, 106 Sormmiyia, 144 Spania, 44 Spaniocera, 12-lix, 1 Sparnopolius, 67 Sphageus Sphaerocera, 102-lxvii Sphaerophoria, 87 Sphecomyia, 90 Sphegina, 86 Sphyraeephala, 114 Sphyximorpha-liv, 6 Spilogaster, 134 Spilographa, 121 Spilomyia, 89 Spogostylum, 65-lii, 2 Staegeria, 18 Stegana, 108 Steneretma, 119 Stenogaster, see Senogaster, 89 Stenomacra, 119 Stenomyia, 119 Stenopa, 121 Stenopogon, 54 Stenoprosopus, 59-lii, 1 Stenopterina, 116 Stibasoma, 52-lvii, 3 Stichopogon, 56 Stictocephala, 118 Stilpnogaster, 59-liii, 6 Stilpdn, 75 Stomoxys, 143 Stonyx, 65 Stratiomyia, 47 STRATIOMYID.E, 44 Straussia, 121 Strebla, 152 Stylogaster, 93 Stygeropus, 36 Subula, see Xylomyia (Errata) Symplecta, 34 Symphoromyia, 44-lxviii Sympycnus, 81 166 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. Synamphotera, 75 Syndyas, 74 Syneches, 74 Syntemna, 18 Synthesiomyia, 143 Syntormon, 80 Syritta, 89 SYRPHID.*:, 82 Syrphus, 87 Systoechus, 66 Systropus, 67 Tabanus, 52 TABANID.E, 49 Tabuda, 69 Tachydromyia, 75 Tachypeza, 75 Tachytrechus, 79 Tanypeza, 113 Tanypremna, 36 Tanypus, 25 Tanytarsus, 25 Taracticus, 57 Temnocera, see Volucella, 87 Temnostoma, 90 Tephritis, 123 Tephrochlaniys, 126 Teplironota, 117 Tetanocera, 126 Tetanops, 117 Tetanura, 113 Tetragoneura, 17 Tetropismenus, 117 Tersethes, 24-lxiv, 9 Teucholabis, 33 Teuchocnemis, 89 Thambeta, see Diotrepha, 33 Thecomyia, 128 Thereva, 69 THEREVIDA;, 68 Theria, 140-lxii Theriopleetes, 62 Thevenemyia, see Eclimus, 67 Thinophilus, 81-lxix Thlipsogaster 66 Tipula, 36 TIPULID.E. 29 Tolmerus, 59 Townsendia, 104 Toxophora, 68 Toxorrhina, 33 Toxotrypana, 120 Tricobius, 152 Trichocera, 34 Trichonta, 19 Trichosia, 17 Triclis, 55-liii, 6 Trigonometopus, 127, 128 Trimicra, 34 Trineura, 95 Triodites, see Aphoebantus, 67 Triodonta, see Polydontoniyia, Triogma, 35 Triplasius, 66-liii, 7 Triptotricha, 44 Tritoxa, 117 Tritozyga, 13 Trochobola, 32 Tropidia, 88 Tropidomyia, 92-xlviii, 34 Trypeta, 121 TRYPETID^E, 119 Tylomyia, 112-xvii, 9 Tyreomma, 143 U Ubristes, 85 Ula, 35 Ulamorpha, 34 Ulidia, 118 Urellia, 123 Volucella, 87 Velocin, see Hyperalonia, 64 INDEX. 167 W Xylophagus, 43 Willistouiella, 125-xxxiii, 10 Xylomyia, 43-liv, 5 ('61) Winnertzia, 12 Xylota, 89 X Y Xanthochlorus Yetodesia, see Hyetodesia, 134 Xanthogranima, 87 Xenoehaeta, 122-xli, 2 Z Xestomyza, see Thereva, 09 Zodion, 93 Xipliura, 36 Zygomyia, 18 XYLOPHAGID^E, 41 Zygoneura, 17 ^^W^K^K^^^^^^^m f;^^i^Q®W5l^S^N^MPwS i^^^l^-t- »2M^?r«^l^-^&m8o^''V^l^ * University of Toronto library DO NOT REMOVE POCKET Acme Library Card Pocket Under Pat. 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