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Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
LIBRARY

BOOK NUMBER 4284")

no.245

349224

ero 8—7671

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4 th,
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Manual of the
Grasses of the West Indies

By A. 8. HITCHCOCK
Principal Botanist
Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction
Bureau of Plant Industry

Miscellaneous Publication No. 243

United States Department of Agriculture

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1936

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - + + + + ¢ « « « Price $1.25 (Buckram)

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&
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.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No. 243

Washington, D. C. November 1936

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE
WEST INDIES

By A. S. Hrrcucock,! principal botanist, Division of Plant Exploration and
Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry

CONTENTS

Page | Page

ETAT OA TICHL OTE eae ha EER ENS EN BENS rs 1 | Descriptions of the tribes and keys to the

HH CONOMIC LTASSCS aes eee 2 Pex (S12 eet Se Le ee ee
Gramineae (Poaceae), the grass family_------ 3 | Descriptions of genera and species_-_-_-_----__- 14
Descriptions of the subfamilies and keys to List of new genera and species, andnewnames 427

EIMONETUD CS tere Aen ee ee ey bee cane S Eri) libel 5X KS <p he aS wea teat a 42
INTRODUCTION

More than 15 years ago the author and his associate, Agnes Chase,
published a synoptical account of the grasses of the West Indies.’
Since the publication of that work a large amount of material has been
added to the grass collection of the National Herbarium. The addi-
tions are from various sources, but consist chiefly of grasses collected
in Cuba and Hispaniola by the late Erik L. Ekman, in Haiti by
Emery C. Leonard, of the United States National Herbarium, and
in Cuba by Brother Léon, of the Colegio de la Salle, Habana.

The present publication is more than a revision of the earlier work.
In the first work the descriptions of genera and species were abbre-
viated for the most part to diagnoses and, although the known ranges
of the species were given, there was no citation of specimens. The
present work gives fuller descriptions, with at least one species of
each genus illustrated,’ and cites specimens under each species, except
for the few very common ones that are found throughout the region
covered. The ranges of the species can now be indicated with much
more exactness than was possible at the earlier date.

Considering the amount of attention given to the flora of the West
Indies in earlier years the number of new species discovered and now
described for the first time is unexpectedly large. However, the new
species come for the most part from Hispaniola, the interior of which,
until recently, has not been accessible, and from the larger island of

1 Died Dec. 16, 1935.
2 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 261-471. 1917.
3 The habit drawings were mostly made by the late Mary Wright Gill and by Edna May Whitehorn.

However, B. Y. Morrison, Mrs. George M. Mullett, and Agnes Chase each contributed a few. The.
spikelet drawings are by Agnes Chase.
1

2 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cuba, which, though fairly well known to botanists, had many out-
of-the-way places that have yielded species of local distribution.

There are a few changes in names due to an increased knowledge of
the taxonomy of the grass family, and several other changes have been
made because the earlier work followed the American code whereas
the present work is in accord with the International Rules of Botanical
Nomenclature.

As in the earlier work, the term ‘‘West Indies”’ as here used includes
not only the West Indies proper but also Bermuda, the Bahamas,
Trinidad, and Tobago, but excludes the Dutch islands off the coast
of Venezuela.

ECONOMIC GRASSES

The principal economic grasses of the West Indies are sugarcane
and rice. Corn (Zea mays) is also widely grown, and grasses furnish
the greater part of the forage for domestic animals.

FORAGE GRASSES

Only a few grasses are grown for forage. Hay is seldom produced
because green forage is usually available throughout the year. Much
of the fodder is cut and fed while fresh. Many native species are
utilized for pasture. Among them are Bermuda grass and several
species of Paspalum and of Aronopus. The cultivated species are the
following:

Guinea grass (Panicum maximum). An erect rather robust peren-
nial, propagated usually by division of the clump. Widespread at
low altitudes as an escape from cultivation, Guinea grass is used for
pasture and is cut and fed green. It is a native of Africa but is now
distributed throughout the Tropics of both hemispheres. In Cuba
it is called hierba Guinea.

Parad grass (Panicum purpurascens). A straggling perennial form-
ing a tangled mass along the banks of streams and ditches. Para
grass is easily propagated from cuttings of the stems or from the long
runners. It is used for pasture on wet land and is cut and fed green.
It is widespread in the lowland Tropics of America and to a less extent
in the Tropics of the Old World. Other common names are: Parana,
Dutch grass, Scotch grass, hierba Paral, hierba bruja, and malojilla,
though the latter name applies more properly to Hriochloa polystachya.

Malojilla (mal-o-héya) (Hriochloa polystachya). ‘This grass resem-
bles Parad grass but differs in the spikelet characters. It grows in
the same kind of habitat as does Para grass and is not infrequently
found growing with it. Malojilla is found rather commonly in
Puerto Rico and infrequently in a few other islands. It appears to
have the same forage value as Parad grass. In the United States
this grass has been called Carib grass.

Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense). An annual com-
monly grown in the southern United States and now rather fre-
quently cultivated for green forage on the larger estates in the West
Indies, especially in Cuba. Other sorghums, such as sorgo (sweet
sorghum), kafir, and durra, are occasionally grown for green forage.

Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum). This common tropical
African forage grass was introduced rather recently into the semi-
tropical parts of the United States and has been tried at several ex-
periment stations in tropical America. It is now coming into favor

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 3

for green feed on the larger estates. This grass is often known as
elephant grass. It is a robust perennial growing to the height of
2 to 4m.

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum; P. typhoideum). This robust
annual is grown extensively by the natives of tropical Africa, and is
used rather sparingly in the southern United States. It is occasion-
ally grown in the West Indies.

Paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum). This grass comes from Argen-
tina. It is a perennial, 30 to 100 cm tall (1 to 3 feet), growing in
moderately dry to moist soil. It was introduced several years ago
into the southern United States, where it is used for pasture and hay.
It seems well adapted to conditions in the West Indies and its culture
will probably increase there. It can be propagated by seed or by
division of the tufts. In the United States this grass is called Dallis
grass (after Mr. Dallis who was active in its introduction). Other
common names are paspalum grass, water-grass, and water paspalum.
Paspalum has proved valuable in Australia, South Africa, and
especially in the Hawaiian Islands.

Vasey grass (Paspalum urvillei; P. vaseyanum). An erect perennial
related to the preceding species but with a longer panicle. It has
been grown occasionally in the West Indies on moderately dry
ground and can be used for pasture. Vasey grass was mtroduced
some years ago from Argentina, and is now commonly escaped into
fields and waste places in the southern United States.

Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum). A low perennial with knotty
rhizomes that soon form a firm sod. Itis a native of Brazil and other
parts of tropical America, where it is a constituent of native pasture
land. It is now being cultivated for pasture in Central America
and the subtropical United States. It gives much promise in the
West Indies, especially in Cuba.

Carpet grass (Aronopus compressus). This is a common grass in
open land at low altitudes throughout tropical America. In the
United States it extends along the Coastal Plain from North Carolina
to Texas. Carpet grass is one of the chief constituents of native
pasture land in moist or mucky soil throughout the West Indies.
It is propagated by division of the roots. It is a very satisfactory
lawngrass in the Tropics where there is sufficient moisture.

Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). ‘This well-known species is
widespread throughout the warm regions of the earth. It thrives
on drier soil than is suitable for carpet grass. Bermuda grass may
become a troublesome weed in cultivated soil because of its vigorous
rhizomes and stolons, but as a pasture grass in open moderately dry
soil it is without a competitor. It is also commonly used for lawns.
In the English islands it is usually called Bahama grass. In the
Spanish islands it is called grama, hierba fina, hierba del prado, pata
de gallina, and several other names. A common French name is
chiendent, and throughout the world it has a great variety of names.

Rhodes erass (Chloris gayana). This African grass was introduced
into the United States several years ago and proved of value for
hay and pasture in the irrigated sections of the Southwest. It is
also used on the ranches of Hawaii. Rhodes grass has been tried
in the West Indies and gives promise in drier regions.

Molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora). This African grass was
early introduced into Brazil and has been used there extensively as

4 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT, OF AGRICULTURE

a pasture grass. More recently it has spread northward and is now
rather frequently seen in the West Indies. It escapes readily into
brushland and soon furnishes much forage in such situations. Other
names for this grass are catingueiro, yaragua, gordura, honey grass,
Wynne grass, and Brazilian grass. The grass has a strong rather
pleasant odor when fresh. ;

Natal grass (Tricholaena repens; T. rosea). A native of Africa,
now widely introduced in tropical and subtropical regions of North
America. It is very common in Florida where it furnishes forage
on sandy lands that will grow little else. It is becoming common
in the West Indies, and will be useful on light sandy lands. It is
called Natal redtop in the Hawaiian Islands and wine grass in Cuba.
The pink inflorescence in a mass is an attractive sight.

Jaragua (Hyparrhenia rufa). An Old World grass early intro-
duced into Brazil (there called capim jaraguaé) where it is useful as
a forage grass. In recent years it has been tried in the southern
United States and is occasionally cultivated in the West Indies.

GRASSES FOR GTHER PURPOSES THAN FOR FORAGE

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and rice (Oryza sativa) are the
important standard agricultural crops.

Indian corn or maize, and the small grains, wheat, oats, rye, and
barley, are grown more or less, the small grains only at upper eleva-
tions. i

Certain oil grasses are met with here and there but are not grown
on a commercial scale. These are citronella grass (Cymbopogon
nardus) and lemon grass (C. citratus), found around dwellings, and
vetiver (Vetiveria zvzanioides) , more commonly grown as a hedge plant.
The aromatic roots of the latter are used in perfumery.

Wild cane (Gynerium sagitiatum). <A giant grass native in swampy
places throughout the West Indies. The stems are used by the
natives for lattices and light building purposes. In Cuba it is called
cafia de Castillo.

Giant reed (Arundo donax). A native of the Mediterranean region
introduced in the warmer parts of North America, and now frequent
in the West Indies along river banks and in moist soil. The stems
are used for lattices and minor construction work. In Cuba it is
called ‘“‘giiin.”’

The large bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) is commonly cultivated
around dwellings. The hollow stems with cross partitions are used
for a great many purposes. The large species of bamboos are known
in Cuba as cafia brava. The bamboos are a promising source for
paper. Dendrocalamus strictus, with nearly solid stems, is sometimes
cultivated.

GRAMINEAE (POACEAE), THE GRASS FAMILY

Flowers perfect (rarely unisexual), small, with no distinct perianth,
arranged in spikelets consisting of a shortened axis (rachilla) and 2
to many 2-ranked bracts, the lowest two being empty (the glumes,
rarely one or both obsolete), the one or more succeeding ones (lemmas)
bearing in their axils a single flower, and, between the flower and the
rachilla a second 2-nerved bract (the palea), the lemma, palea, and

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 9)

flower together constituting the floret; stamens 1 to 6, usually 3,
with very delicate filaments and 2-celled anthers; pistil 1, with a
1-celled 1-ovuled ovary, 2 (rarely 1 or 8) styles, and usually plumose
stigmas; fruit a caryopsis with starchy endosperm and a small embryo
at the base on the side opposite the hilum.

Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with hollow or solid stems (culms)
closed at the nodes, and 2-ranked usually parallel-veined leaves,
these consisting of two parts, the sheath, enveloping the culm, its
margins overlapping or sometimes grown together, and the blade,
usually flat; between the two on the inside, a membranaceous hyaline
or hairy appendage (the ligule).

The spikelets are almost always aggregated in spikes or panicles at
the ends of the main culms or branches. The perianth is usually
represented by 2 (rarely 3) small hyaline scales (the lodicules) at the
base of the flower inside the lemma and palea. The grain or caryopsis
(the single seed and the adherent pericarp) may be free, as in wheat,
or permanently enclosed in the lemma and palea, as in the oat.
Rarely the seed is free from the pericarp, as in species of Sporobolus
and EHleusine. The culms of bamboos are woody, as are also those of
a few genera, such as Olyra and Lasiacis, belonging to other tribes.
The culms are solid in the tribes Tripsaceae and Andropogoneae and
in several other groups.

The parts of the spikelet may be modified in various ways. The
first glume, and more rarely also the second, may be wanting. The
lemmas may contain no flower, or even no palea, or may be reduced
or rudimentary.

The division of the family into two subfamilies is somewhat
artificial. The tribes Zoysieae, Oryzeae, Zizanieae, and especially
Phalarideae, donot fall definitely into either of the recognized
subfamilies. ‘They are placed as indicated largely for convenience.
The anomalous genus Streptochaeta cannot as yet be assigned to any
established tribe.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUBFAMILIES AND KEYS TO THE
TRIBES

SUBFAMILY 1. FESTUCOIDEAE

Spikelets, 1- to many-flowered, the reduced florets, if any, above
the perfect florets (except in Phalarideae; sterile lemmas below as
well as above in Bambuseae and Uniola); articulation usually above
the glumes; spikelets usually more or less laterally compressed.

Key to the Tribes of Festucoideae

Plants woody (scarcely so in Newrolepis), the culms perennial.
1. BAMBUSEAE (p. 6).
Plants herbaceous (except in Arundo), the culms annual.

SINTON) SS Se ee pa ele A Ole ce eR Pee Ot ea mee, ee STREPTOCHAETA (p. 28).
Stigmas 2
Spikelets with 2 sterile lemmas unlike and below the fertile lemma; no sterile
ormrudimentary -floret, abovel.-2.. ee 8. PHALARIDEAE (roy 12)

Spikelets without sterile lemmas below the fertile floret (or these rarely
present and like the fertile ones).
Spikelets unisexual, falling entire, i-flowered, terete or nearly
1 Tani (p. 10).

6 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Spikelets perfect (rarely unisexual but then not as above), usually artic-
ulate above the glumes.
Spikelets articulate below the glumes, 1-flowered, very flat, the lemma
and palea about equal, both keeled. Glumes small or wanting.
9. ORYZEAE (p. 9).
Spikelets articulate above the glumes (rarely below, but the glumes, at
least one, well developed).

Spikelets, 1-flowered (or the staminate 2-fiowered), in groups (short
spikes) of 2 to 5 (single in Zoysia), the groups racemose along a
main axis, falling entire; lemma and palea thinner than the
glumes 402758. eA eh ee en eae 6. ZOYSIEAE (p. 8).

Spikelets not as above.

Spikelets sessile on a usually continuous rachis (short-pedicellate
in Leptochloa; the rachis disarticulating in Hordeum).

Spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis; spike terminal}, solitary.

3. HOoRDEAE (p. 8).

Spikelets on one side of the rachis; spikes usually more than one,

digitate or racemose..........._-_:*_- 7. CHLORIDEAE (p. 9).

Spikelets pediceled in open or contracted, sometimes spikelike,
panicles, rarely racemes. «

Spikelets 1-flowered......-..........---._--- 5. AGROSTIDEAE (p. 8).

Spikelets 2- to many-flowered.

Glumes as long as the lowest floret, usually as long as the
spikelet (sometimes shorter in Sphenopholis); lemmas
awned from the back (awnless in Sphenopholis).

4. AVENEAE (p. 8).
Glumes shorter than the first floret....2. WFESTUCEAE (p. 7).

SUBFAMILY 2. PANICOIDEAE

Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret (disregarding those of
the few monoecious genera and the staminate and neuter spikelets)
and a sterile or staminate floret below, usually represented by a
sterile lemma only, one glume sometimes (rarely both glumes) want-
ing; articulation below the spikelets, either in the pedicel, in the
rachis, or at the base of a cluster of spikelets, the spikelets falling
entire, singly, in groups, or together with joints of the rachis;
spikelets, or at least the fruits, more or less dorsally compressed.

Key to the Tribes of Panicoideae

Glumes membranaceous, the sterile lemma like the glumes in texture.
Fertile lemma and palea scarcely firmer than the glumes.
11. MBELINIDEAE (p. 155).
Fertile lemma and palea indurate or at least firmer than the glumes.
12. PANicEA® (p. 161).
Glumes indurate; fertile lemma and palea, hyaline or membranaceous, the sterile
lemma like the fertile one in texture.
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate below, the staminate above, in the same
inflorescence or in separate inflorescences______- 14. TRIPSACEAE (p. 423).
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled and usually
staminate or neuter (the pediceled one sometimes obsolete, rarely both
pediceled) 22:52 S552 os en eee aes 13. ANDROPOGONEAE (p. 376).

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TRIBES AND KEYS TO THE GENERA
TRIBE 1. BAMBUSEAE

Culms woody, perennial, usually hollow; spikelets, 2- to several-
flowered, in panicles or racemes, or in close heads or fascicles; often
1 or more sterile lemmas at base of spikelet; lemmas usually awnless;
blades usually articulated with the sheath.

Culms climbing or clambering.

Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, racemose_____-_ 3. ARTHROSTYLIDIUM (p. 15).
Spikelets 1-flowered, in small panicles________.______- 4. CHUSQUEA (p. 22).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES i

Culms erect.
Spikelets i-flowered, in a long dense terminal panicle; culm herbaceous.
5. NEUROLEPIS (p. 23).
Spikelets several- to many-flowered, sessile in clusters, these somewhat remote
on a common axis; culms woody.
Keels of palea projecting but not winged____--__-___ 1. Bamepusa (p. 14).
Kecistorspaiea: winged. 225 Sse lG 2s Sy 2 GOTT SOR 2. GuUADUA (p. 14).

TRIBE 2. FESTUCEAE

Spikelets, more than 1-flowered, usually several-flowered, in open,
narrow, or sometimes spikelike panicles (rarely in racemes); lemmas
awnless or awned from the tip, rarely from between the teeth of a
bifid apex; rachilla usually disarticulating above the glumes and be-
tween the florets.

Lemmas cleft at the summit into numerous awns; panicle contracted, elongate.
PAPPOPHORUM (p. 59).
Lemmas with a single awn or awnless.
Spikelets (at least the pistillate) with copious long silky hairs on the lemmas or
the rachilla; tall reeds with large plumy panicles.
Spikelets unisexual; pistillate spikelets hairy, the staminate glabrous; plants

CHOC CLOUGH mare cteaik Beye eA ee ee 17. GYNERIUM (p. 49).
Spikelets perfect.

icemmasphainy -rachilla, elabrous) =... 0-2 255-222— 18. ARUNDO (p. 50).

Lemmas glabrous; rachilla hairy____.__.____- 19. PHRAGMITES (p. 50).

Spikelets not long-hairy, the hairs if present much shorter than the lemma.
Glumes leaflike; spikelets concealed in the upper sheaths; plants dioecious.
13. MoNANTHOCHLO# (p. 45).
Glumes not leaflike; spikelets exposed.
Stigmas elongate, wiry, coiled, tendrillike; spikelets in a long 1-sided
TACCIN GE ee ye PRT ay, es Oe 4! oe ere eee 21. STREPTOGYNE (p. 55).
Stigmas not elongate nor wiry.
Blades broad, ovate to elliptic, showing transverse veins between the
nerves.
Spikelets 3- to 5-flowered; glumes broad, truncate; panicles small.
23. ZEUGITES (p. 58).
Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, the second floret commonly obsolete, the
elongate rachilla only present; glumes acuminate; panicles large,
Giinnise fees sy bk tops bed 22. ORTHOCLADA (p. 55).
Blades linear, no transverse veins showing.
Spikelets in 1-sided dense clusters, these at the ends of the few stiff
PIAMECLORD EAN CHES) jac 20 25 2 SB 16. Dacty.is (p. 49).
Spikelets not in 1-sided clusters.
Lemmas 3-nerved.
INervesspulbescent= =) Sete. se She 20. Triopia (p. 53).
Nerves telabrouses 4 vinta sey eorle dios s 12. ERAGROSTIS (p. 33).
Lemmas 5 or more nerved.
Lowest 1 to 4 lemmas empty; spikelets firm, strongly compressed.
Plants hermaphrodite, usually more than 50 cm tall.
15. UNIOLA (p. 48).
Plants dioecious, usually less than 30 em tall.
14. DustTicHuis (p. 47).
Lowest lemmas fertile.
Florets horizontally spreading; lemmas cordate at base.
it Se BRmAy(ps30):
Florets ascending; lemmas not cordate.
Lemmas awnless; spikelets small.
Spikelets ovate or elliptic, few-flowered; lemmas keeled.
10. Poa (p. 29).
Spikelets linear, many-flowered; lemmas rounded on the

falnercksveeey 2 2 ee ee 23 9. ScLEROPOA (p. 28).
Lemmas awned or mucronate (if awnless the spikelets large).
AS yirom bhexuipo= == )e os <5 2 8. FrEstruca (p. 26).

Awn from a bifid apex or wanting___7. Bromus (p. 24).

8 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TRIBE 3. HORDEAE

Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a jointed
or continuous axis forming symmetrical spikes.

Spikelets solitary at each node of the continuous rachis___._26. Lotrum (p. 61).
Spikelets in threes at each node of the articulate rachis_.25. Horprum (p. 61).

TRIBE 4. AVENEAE

Spikelets 2- to several-flowered in open or contracted panicles, or
rarely in racemes; glumes usually as long as or longer than the first
lemma, commonly longer than all the florets; lemmas usually awned
from the back or from between the teeth of a bifid apex, the awn
usually bent, often twisted, the callus and rachilla joints usually
villous.

Articulation below the spikelet.
Second glume narrowed above; lemma of second floret awned on the back, the
awn hooked plus 2. 2a see ares eter ils, leet Be ee 32. Hotcus (p. 68).
Second glume broadened above; lemmas awnless__28. SPHENOPHOLIS (p. 62).
Articulation above the glumes and between the florets.
Plants annual.
Spikelets more thanei-cm long S22 2==522=52=.. ee ee ee 31. AVENA (p. 68).
Spikelets lessithanyo aamis] om eee e eee 27. KOELERIA (p. 62).
Plants perennial.
Awn from between the teeth of the lemma, flat, twisted below.
33. DANTHONIA (p. 70).
Awn dorsal, terete, straight or twisted.
Panicle dense, spikelike; lemma acute__________- 29. TRISETUM (p. 64).
Panicle open, lemmas truncate, erose-dentate _80. DEScHAMPsIA (p. 64).

TRIBE 5. AGROSTIDEAE

Spikelets 1-flowered, usually perfect, in open, contracted, or spike-
like panicles, but not in true spikes nor in one-sided racemes.

Lemmas awnea.

Awn trifid (lateral awns rarely minute) _.____-.___----- 40. ARISTIDA (p. 87).
Awn simple.
Glumes awned; panicle contracted____-_.._--_-_- 36. POLYPOGON (p. 75).

Glumes awnless; panicle open or narrow, not contracted.
Awn from the tip of lemma; rachilla not prolonged.
38. MUHLENBERGIA (p. 77).
Awn from back of lemma; rachilla prolonged.
34. CALAMAGROSTIS (p. 71).
Lemmas awnless.
Inflorescence a cylindric spikelike panicle; glumes abruptly mucronate.
37. PHLEUM (p. 77).
Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle; glumes not abruptly mucronate.
Glumes not longer than the floret, usually much shorter.
39. Sporopouus (p. 80).
Glumes longerthan}the Hfloretast sae Shee eee 35. AGROSTIS (p. 72).

TRIBE 6. ZOYSIEAE

Spikelets subsessile in short spikes of 2 to 5 (single in Leptothrium),
each spike falling entire from the continuous axis, usually 1-flowered,
all perfect, or perfect and staminate together in the same spike;
glumes usually firmer than the lemma and palea, sometimes awned,
the lemma awnless.

Spikelets solitary, finally reflexed; glumes subulate, awnless.
41. LeproTHRium (p. 98)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 9

Spikelets 2 or more in a cluster, falling together.
Glumes smooth, connate at base, forming a pitcher-shaped false involucre.
. ANTHEPHORA (p. 98).
Glumes covered with hooked spines, forming little burs, not connate.
Traaus (p. 101).
TRIBE 7. CHLORIDEAE

Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, in two rows on one side of a con-
tinuous rachis, forming one-sided spikes or spikelike racemes, these
solitary, digitate, or racemose along the main axis.

Plants monoecious or dioecious; pistillate spikelets many-awned; staminate
spikelets awnless; plant stoloniferous_____.___.____--- 5 OPRIz1A Go. 140):

Plants with perfect spikelets.
Spike solitary (rarely 2 or 3 in Saugetia) terminating the culm.

Spikelets with 1 perfect long-awned floret_________ 53. SAuUGETIA (p. 121).
Spikelets with several perfect short-awned florets__46. TRIPpoGoNn (p 110).
Spikelets awmless 2-2 (o Soe aes apps yd ng Deheys 47, LEPTURIDIUM (p. 111).

Spikes 2 or more on each culm.
Spikes racemosely arranged.
Spikelets articulate below the glumes, 1-flowered; maritime grasses with
SLOUGH RIIZ OMS se ee ree fae ais ee 51. SPARTINA (p. 116).
Spikelets articulate above the glumes, 2-to several-flowered (the second
floret rudimentary in Bouteloua).
Spikes short and relatively broad; upper floret often reduced to the awns.
BovuTELOUA (p. 137).
Spikes Jong and slender; perfect florets 2 or more.
Lemmas awnless or with minute awns, the upper floret reduced to an

awnless small lemma____._________- 44, LeEpPTocHLoaA (p. 102).
Lemmas with awns as long as the body, the upper floret reduced to a
SIEM Cle UW Minos bois BS Penner hg Phe he ay 45. GoOvuINIA (p. 108).

Spikes digitate or nearly so.
Spikelets with 2 or more perfect florets.
Rachis not extending beyond the spikelets__.__48. ELEusInEe (p. 113).
Rachis extending beyond the spikelets_49. DacryLocTENtIvuM (p. 118).
Spikelets with 1 perfect floret only.
Sterile floret wanting; lemma obtuse________~- 50. CyYNOoDON (p. 116).
Sterile floret present; lemma awned or mucronate.
Fertile floret raised on a long stipe; sterile florets reduced to long awns.
52. GYMNOPOGON (p. 118).
Fertile floret not raised on a stipe; sterile florets consisting of evident

lemmas.
Fertile Jemma 1l-awned or awnless________- 54. CHLoRIs (p. 124).
Rertile lemma, 3-awned -_- 2-225) 22 55. TRICHLORIS (p. 134).

TRIBE 8 PHALARIDEAE

Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret and, below this, a pair of
staminate or neuter florets (one sometimes obsolete in Phalaris).
Spikelets not compressed; sterile florets exceeding the fertile floret, awned.

58. ANTHOXANTHUM (p. 142).

Spikelets strongly compressed, the glumes keeled; sterile florets reduced to
small scales adnate to the fertile floret__._.___-__-_- 59. PHALARIS (p. 142).

TRIBE 9. ORYZEAE

Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, strongly laterally compressed, pan-
iculate; glumes reduced or wanting; palea apparently 1-nerved;
stamens 6.

Glumes present; lemmas usually awned_____-__---------- 60. Oryza (p. 144).
Glumes wanting; lemmas awnless______________-------- 61. LeeErstra (p. 147).

10 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TRIBE 10. ZIZANIEAE

Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate terete or nearly so; glumes
shorter than the lemma, usually one or both obsolete, the pedicel
disarticulating below the spikelet. Glumes well developed in
Pharus, placed in this tribe provisionally.

Pistillate spikelet subglobose; glumes wanting; blades narrowly linear.
62. Luztoua (p. 149).
Pistillate spikelet cylindric, beaked; glumes present; blades broad, elliptie or
oblanceolate-oblonig 24-1322) Shi Wh ern rebar o 63. PuHarvus (p. 151).

TRIBE 11. MELINIDEAE

Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, these very unequal,
the first minute, the second and the sterile lemma equal, mem-
branaceous, strongly nerved, the latter bearing a slender awn from
the notched summit; fertile lemma and palea thinner in texture,
awnless.

Awn (of lemma) bentior twisted =. _ Satie Dae es 64. ARUNDINELLA (p. 155).

Awns straight.
Glumes awned; lemma awnless.

Spikelets with a long pointed callus below__----_-- 65. ACHLAENA (p. 157).
Spikelets without a callus below_______--_------ 66. REYNAUDIA (p. 159).
Glumes awnless; sterile lemma awned_______.__------ 67. Me tiInis (p. 160).

TRIBE 12. PANICEAE

Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret, and below this a sterile
floret and two glumes; fertile lemma and palea indurate or at least
firmer than the glumes and sterile lemma, a lunate line of thinner
texture at the back just above the base, the rootlet protruding
through this at germination; articulation below the spikelet.

Spikelets unisexual; plants monoecious.
Inflorescence of 2 digitate spikelike racemes, one pistillate, the other stami-

nate.
KRertilestioretyobuulse 2e= 228 255 ake een eee 99. MNiIocHLoa (p. 374).
Fertile floret narrowed into a slender awn___-100. EKMANOCHLOA (p. 374).

Inflorescence paniculate, the panicle often much reduced.

Panicles large, terminal on the culms or leafy branches, the pistillate spike-
lets above, the staminate below in the same panicle.

96. OxyRa (p. 366).

Panicles all axillary or axillary and termina], the terminal when present
wholly staminate.

Fruit laterally compressed, conspicuously gibbous on the upper dorsum.
LITHACHNE (p. 368).
Fruit dorsally compressed, lanceolate__----------- 98. Rappta (p. 372).
Spikelets perfect.
Axis thickened and corky, the spikelets sunken in cavities in its joints, these
disarticulating at maturiby= = —- 2s ee 72. STENOTAPHRUM (p. 177).
Axis not thickened, the spikelets not sunken in it.

Spikelets subtended (only the terminal one in some species of Setaria) or
surrounded by 1 to many bristles or spines (sterile branchlets), these
distinct or more or less connate at base, forming a false involucre.

Bristles persistent.

Sterile palea at maturity becoming cartilaginous and winged, much
exceeding the spikelet in width; spikelets secund along the branches
of a simple panicle, each subtended by a single viscid bristle.

92. IxopuHorRus (p. 352).

Sterile palea not enlarged at maturity__________ 91. SErarta (p. 332).

Bristles falling with the spikelets at maturity.

Bristles solitary, much exceeding the appressed spikelet.

9 PARATHERIA (p. 352).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES iE

Bristles numerous below each spikelet or cluster of spikelets.
Bristles not united at base, usually slender, often plumose.
PENNISETUM (p. 355)..
Bristles more or less united at the base, forming a bur.
95. CENCHRUS (p. 360).
Spikelets not subtended nor surrounded by bristles.

Fruit cartilaginous-indurate or (Triscenia) merely somewhat chartaceous,
not rigid, papillose, usually dark colored, the lemma with white
hyaline margins, these not inrolled.

Fruit open at the hyaline summit; inflorescence a narrow grayish silky
PANIC LIEK TI ee OO ie Deets 69. LEPTOCORYPHIUM (p. 163).
Fruit not open at the summit; inflorescence a narrow panicle or usually
of slender racemes.
Inflorescence a narrow few-flowered panicle; first glume half as long
assure spikelet, acute: 2222 22252 68. TRIScENTA (p. 161).
Inflorescence 1 to many spikelike racemes.
Spikelets conspicuously long-silky; fruit lanceolate-acuminate;

racemes in a flabellate panicle_____ 70. TRICHACHNE (p. 163).
Spikelets with short pubescence or glabrous; fruit elliptic; racemes
digitate or subdigitate_____.____-___- 71. Direrrarta (p. 167).

Fruit indurate, rigid (or if thin not hyaline-margined).

Sterile lemma splitting down the middle, the halves inrolled, appear-
ing like two glumes side by side; raceme solitary, the rachis broad-
VAN CL Lene seen aney ok ree READ Se (Gy hss (Os Ue

Sterile lemma, not splitting.

Spikelets solitary, subsessile, placed with the back of the fruit turned
away from the rachis.

Inflorescence a solitary erect spikelike raceme, the spikelets

e swollen on the side toward the rachis and fitting into alter-
matevhollowsios7: Sani ae ae 74. MrsosEetTumM (p. 180).

Inflorescence of 2 to many racemes or paniculate.

Rachilla joint and first glume forming a swollen ringlike callus
at the base of the spikelet; inflorescence paniculate.
75. ERIOCHLOA (p. 182).
Rachilla joint and first glume not forming a callus at the base of
the spikelet; inflorescence racemose.
Racemes racemose along the main axis; first glume present.
, 76. BRACHTARIA (p. 185).
Racemes aggregated at the summit of the culm; first glume
TV DUMU TWA yer ocala aon Yt Splat 77. AXONOPUS (p. 187).
Spikelets in twos or threes or solitary, placed with the back of the
fruit turned toward the rachis or pedicellate in panicles.

Fruit long-acuminate, scarcely indurate, both glumes wanting;
spikelet sessile, solitary, the stiff racemes horizontal or reflexed
RORIMMAGIEEG yee 78. REIMAROCHLOA (p. 191).

Fruit not long-acuminate, indurate (if but slightly indurate both
glumes present).

First glume typically wanting; spikelets planoconvex, sub-

sessile in spikelike racemes_______- 79. PaSPALuM (p. 198).
First glume present; spikelets usually in panicles, biconvex to
globose.

Glumes or lemmas or both awned or, if short-pointed only,
the summit of the fertile palea not enclosed and the
spikelets crowded in short racemes.

Inflorescence of i-sided racemes along a common axis;
glumes 2-lobed (rarely entire), awned from between
the lobes; fruit indurate, the palea enclosed at the
SUM ses Bea Bean 87. OPLISMENUS (p. 320).

Inflorescence paniculate.

Spikelets long-silky; first glume minute, remote.
90. TRICHOLAENA (p. 331)
Spikelets not silky, often scabrous or hispid.
Spikelets with a long-pointed callus at the base.
89. CHAETIUM (p. 331).
Spikelets without a callus_88. EcHINOCHLOA (p. 325)-

12 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Glumes and lemmas awnless (fruit pointed in Scutachne).
Lower floret of the spikelet perfect, usually fruitful; spike-
lets small, turgid, obtuse_______ 86. ISACHNE (p. 315).
Lower floret staminate or neuter.
Second glume and sterile lemma leathery-indurate; fruit

maUerona tev sire pekinese 85. ScUTACHNE (p. 313).
Second glume and sterile lemma membranaceous; fruit
° not mucronate.

Inflorescence a cylindric or interrupted spikelike pani-
cle; fruit either scarcely indurate, the palea not
enclosed at the summit, or stipitate and the spike-
lets with a saccate second glume; aquatics or sub-
aquatics.

Second glume inflated-saccate; fruit stipitate.

83. SAccIOLEPIS (p.310 ).

Second glume not inflated-saccate; fruit scarcely
indurate, open at the summit, not stipitate.

84. HyYMENACHNE (p. 312).

Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle or, if
somewhat spikelike, the fruit not stipitate nor the
second glume saccate; fertile lemma chartaceous-
indurate.

Culms woody, bamboolike; spikelets globose, large;
fertile lemma and palea bony-indurate, a downy
tuft at the apexe 84: 255 82. lLastacts (p. 302).

Culms not woody nor bamboolike.

Fertile lemma with either lateral appendages or
excavations at the base, the margins usually
not inrolled_______ 81. IcHNANTHUS (p. 296).

Fertile lemma with neither lateral appendages
nor excavations at base, the inrolled margins
clasping the palea____80. Panicum (p. 242).

TRIBE 13. ANDROPOGONEAE

Spikelets in pairs along a rachis, the usual arrangement being one
of the pair sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate and staminate or
neuter, rarely wanting, only the pedicel present; fertile spikelet con-
sisting of one perfect terminal floret and, below this, a staminate or
neuter floret, the lemmas thin or hyaline, and two awnless glumes,
one or usually both firm or indurate.

Spikelets all perfect.

Inflorescence of 2 to several digitate racemes_...___116. IscHAEMuUM (p. 416).
Inflorescence a densely flowered hairy panicle.
Splkeletsrawmed!) pe ies shee seen eee icicoee eee ee 104. ErRIaAntuHus (p. 380).
Spikelets awnless.
Rachis con timuOuss <= 5 eee ee 101. ImpERata (p. 376).
RAchis: Gis] ola Giin gee oe eee shes gee 102. SaccHarvum (p. 379).

Spikelets not all perfect, the sessile usually perfect, the pedicellate usually stami-
nate or rudimentary (pistillate in Eriochrysis).

Fertile spikelet with hairy-pointed callus formed of the attached supporting
rachis joint or pedicel or of the upper part of the peduncle; awns usually
long.

Racemes reduced to a single joint, long-peduncled in a simple open panicle
113. RuHapuis (p. 410).

Racemes of few or many joints, not in an open panicle.
Rachis continuous; perfect spikelets pedicellate, disarticulating at the
base of the pedicel; awns plumose_115. TRAcHYPOGON). (p. 415).
Rachis disarticulating, the joints attached to perfect spikelets next above,

forming a callus to them.

Racemes solitary, not subtended by leaflike spathes; perfect spikelets
several to many above; staminate spikelets several to many
below SW 2422 ee eae 114. HETEROPOGON (p. 412).
Racemes several in a flabellate cluster, subtended by leaflike spathes;
perfect spikelet 1 in each raceme--__-_-_- 120. THEMEDA (p. 420).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 13

Fertile spikelet without a callus, the rachis disarticulating immediately below
the spikelet.
Inflorescence a dense golden-brown silky panicle; spikelets awnless, the
pedicellate one pistillate______________- 103. ErRtocurysis (p. 380).
Inflorescence not a dense golden-brown silky panicle; pedicellate spikelet
staminate or rudimentary.
Pedicel of the sterile spikelet thickened, appressed to the thickened rachis
joint or adnate to it; spikelets awnless, appressed to the joint.
Rachis joint and pedicel adnate. Annuals.
Perfect spikelet globose; sterile spikelet conspicuous.
119. HacKELOCHLOA (p. 420).
Perfect spikelet oblong; sterile spikelet minute.
117. RorrTsoEr iia (p. 418).
Rachis joint and pedicel distinct, the sessile spikelet appressed to them,

its first glume lanceolate___________-_-- 118. Manisuris (p. 418).
Pedicel of the sterile spikelet distinct, this and the rachis joint usually
slender.

Spikelets in reduced racemes of 1 to 5 (rarely 7) joints, these peduncled
in open panicles; awns, if present, commonly deciduous.
Pedicellate spikelets Staminaite sa4 | o-pesaes 111. SorcGuumM (p. 407).
Pedicellate spikelets wanting, the pedicel only present.
112. SorGHastrum (p. 409).
Spikelets in evident racemes of several to many joints.
Blades cordate, thin; pedicellate spikelets obsolete or present only in
the lower part of the delicate subdigitate racemes.
105. ARYHRAXON (p. 382).
Blades linear, not cordate; pedicellate spikelets present, at least as
rudiments.
Inflorescence an elongate panicle of whorled long-peduncled slender
glabrous racemes; spikelets muricate, awnless.
110. VETIVERIA (p. 406).
Inflorescence not a panicle of long-peduncled racemes; spikelets not
muricate; racemes commonly conspicuously woolly.

Margins of the first glume of the sterile spikelet involute, the
sides rounded instead of sharply keeled. Racemes in pairs,
reddish brown, 2 cm long, crowded in a large inflorescence.

109. HyYPARRHENTA (p. 404).
Margins of the first glume of the sessile spikelet inflexed, the
glume sharply 2-keeled, the back flat or grooved between
the keels.

Pedicellate spikelets much larger than the sessile, almost con-
cealing them, the first glume large and flat; racemes solitary
oni the. branchess-c:i4 420) 4. 2 107. DiEctTomts (p. 402).
Pedicellate spikelets sometimes as large as the sessile, usually

smaller, the first glume not large and flat.

Racemes single, in pairs, digitate, or numerous, sometimes
supported by spathes; lowest pairs of spikelets like the
upper, one fertile and sessile, the other pedicelJlate, stam-
inate or reduced______--_- 106. ANDROPOGON (p. 385).

Racemes in pairs subtended or enclosed by a broad spathe,
aggregate in large compound panicles, the lowest pair of
spikelets of one of the racemes alike, staminate or neuter.
Aromatic grasses____.---- 108. CymMBoPocGon (p. 403).

TRIBE 14. TRIPSACEAE

Spikelets unisexual, the staminate in pairs, or sometimes in threes,
2-flowered, the pistillate usually single, 2-flowered, the lower floret
sterile, embedded in hollows of the thickened articulate axis and fall-
ing attached to the joints, or enclosed in a thickened involucre or
sheath; glumes membranaceous or thick and rigid, awnless; lemmas
and palea hyaline, awnless. Plants monoecious. :
Pistillate spikelets sunken in recesses in the thickened joints of the rachis; inflor-

escence of solitary or digitate racemes_________- 121. Tripsacum (p. 423).
Pistillate spikelets enclosed in a bony beadlike involucre__.122. Corx (p. 423).

14 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES
TRIBE 1. BAMBUSEAE
1. BAMBUSA Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 24. 1789. [As Bambos]

Spikelets, several- to many-flowered, sessile, solitary or in clusters
on an elongate axis or the branches of a panicle, the glumes and sterile
lemmas persistent after the fall of the florets; glumes small; lemmas
firm, sharp-pointed or awn-tipped; keels of palea projecting but not
winged; stamens 6. Large usually erect bamboos of the Old World.

1. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.; Wendl., Coll. Pl. 2: 26. pl. 47. 1810.
COMMON BAMBOO.

Bambusa sieberi Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 528. 1864. Martinique.

Arborescent, as much as 10 m tall, freely branching; flowering
branches fascicled, elongate, leafless, the sessile spikelets radiate in
clusters.

Cultivated in the Tropics of both hemispheres, the native country
doubtful but not American. Often planted around dwellings. Called
in Cuba ‘‘cafia brava.’”’ The hollow stems are used for various pur-

oses.
e Cusa: Herradura, Léon* 16091, 16094. Habana, Léon 16095.
San Blas, Jack 6923, 8727. El Cristo, Ekman in 1922.

JAMAICA: Gordon Town, Hart 350a, 566. Castleton, Harris 11709.

Haiti: St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7515.

Dominican Repusuic: Santiago, Hkman H 16267.

LrEWwarD IsuANpDs: Guadeloupe, Duss 4122.

WINDWARD IsutAnps: Martinique, Duss 1285. Grenada, Broadway
tis:

TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Hitchcock 9986. Four Roads, Broadway
2246.

Topaco: Broadway 3412.

BAMBUSA NANA Roxb. (FI. Ind. 2: 199. 1832), 2 to 3 m tall, has
spread from cultivation at Cinchona, Jamaica.

2. GUADUA Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aequin. 1: 252. 1822

Spikelets several-flowered, subterete, mostly elongate, sessile or
nearly so;stamens 6; palea winged. Large erect bamboos, our species

spiny.
1. Guadua latifolia (Humb. and Bonpl.) Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aequin. 1:
254. 1822.

Bambusa latifolia Humb. and BonplL, Pl. Aequin. 1:68. pl. 21. 1808.
Venezuela.

Arborescent, as much as 8 m tall, the summit nodding; spikelets
cylindric, more or less falcate.

Damp forests, Trinidad and northern South America.

Trinipap: Botanic Gardens, ‘‘Planted, said to be native.”
Broadway 7174 (fertile).

4On some of Brother Léon’s collections a second name is associated with his, that of Brother Charles,

Brother Clémente, Brother Hioram, or Brother Sergius, Father Roca, F. R. Cazanas, and others. Brother

Léon has explained in a letter that these collections form a single series with his individual numbers; hence
they are here listed under his name.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 15

3. ARTHROSTYLIDIUM Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci.
Nate 372 V839

Spikelets few-flowered, in racemes, the lower 1 or 2 lemmas empty,
the rachilla disarticulating between the florets (rarely below the
glumes); stamens 3. Mostly climbing or trailing shrubs, the short
fertile branches in fascicles on the main cane. In Cuba the species
are called ‘‘tibisi’’, as are those of Lasvacis.

Blades subcapillary, in dense fascicles, 1 to 8 mm wide, as much as 30 em long,
Ghiaypian SOU G= Sa ee ee ee Se 1. A. CAPILLIFOLIUM.

Blades not subeapillary, flat.
Tips of culms and branches retrorse-scabrous.

Florets about 10 mm long. Blades 7 to 9 mm wide______~_ 2. A. EKMANII.

Florets about 7 mm long.
Biladessa) OnG: maT: widem. Veen se oe he ee 3. A. HAITIENSE.
Blades 10 to 12 mm wide, or those of the sterile branches as much as
Biel Oi eye apg sew Mie ahs bo By Sih Ss Oe os 2 ag 2 4. A. MULTISPICATUM.

Tips of culms and branches not retrorse-scabrous.
Blades not more than 5 cm long (rarely 6 cm long in young shoots).

Sheaths not bristly; inflorescence racemose________ 5. A. SARMENTOSUM.
Sheaths conspicuously squarrose-bristly at summit; inflorescence elongate,
consisting of distant groups of spikelets ip Ais ee Bs 6. <A. DISTICHUM.

Blades or some of them at least 8 cm long.
Bristles at summit of sheath very slender, 1 to 5 cm long.
Spikelets erect, appressed; bristles 1 to 2 em long__7. A. FIMBRIATUM.
Spikelets reflexed by a bend in the lower part; bristles 4 to 5 cm long.
A. REFLEXUM.
Bristles at summit of sheath wanting or less than 1 em long.

Blades 3 to 4 mm wide, as much as 25 em long__9. A. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

Blades not so long and narrow.
Spikelets in dense mostly 1-sided racemes__-_-_-_-- 10. A. PRESTOEI.

Spikelets not in dense racemes.
Main culms strigose. Blades linear-lanceolate, up to 15 mm wide;
spikelets distant, appressed___________-- 11. A. PUBESCENS.
Main culms not strigose.
Blades puberulent, at least beneath, stiff, 5 to 10 em long, 3 to 5
AU VWILG Se tie eee ke a BoM Es cep aS 12. A. URBANII.
Blades glabrous.
Rachis of short raceme strongly zigzag. Blades oblong-
lanceolate, as much as 15 mm wide___13. A. EXCELSUM.
Rachis straight.

Racemes elongate, as much as 15 em long; blades linear-
lanceolate, as much as 1 em wide____14. A. CUBENSE.
Racemes short; blades as much as 8 em long and 12 mm
WiC Ca apa Ne EIS Fs ST IR Mh es Sl ele ee 15. A. OBTUSATUM.

1. Arthrostylidium capillifolium Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. (n. s.)
8: 531. 1862. HKastern Cuba, Wright 738.

Arundinaria capilifolia Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 53: 69. 1908.

Climbing to a height of 15 m or more, repeatedly branching, swing-
ing down from the trees in great curtains, or festooning lower growth,
the linear or filiform blades crowded on short sterile branchlets, these
arranged in dense whorls like great pompons at the distant nodes;
inflorescence of numerous slender wiry, not zigzag racemes borne 1 in
the whorls of branchlets, the appressed rather distant spikelets about
1 cm long.

Dryish thickets and wooded slopes, northern West Indies.

Banamas: New Providence, Eggers 4242; Brace and Britton 537;
Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 46; Curtiss 94; Hitchcock in 1890; Field 319.

60256—36—2

16 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Andros Island, Small and Carter 8917. Great Exuma, Britton and
Millspaugh 2997.

Cusa: Guane, Britton and Cowell 9774. Cajdlbana, Léon 4853,
4854. Paso Real, Van Hermann 780. Habana, Léon 900, 901,
2031; Ekman 13160. , Jucaral, Britton and Wilson 5743. Banao
Mountains, Léon 8074. Dumafiuecos, Léon 15742. Buenos Aires,
Bailey 12444. La Gloria, Shafer 560. Nuevitas, Shafer 831. Hol-
ouin, Shafer 1244,1398a. Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 2285, 6389. Guara,
ENichcock 23391. Isla de Pinos, Brition and Wilson 15755.

Haiti: Gros-Morne, Leonard 9734. Ennery, Leonard 8907. St.
Michel de |’Atalaye, Leonard 7462. Port-de-Pai, Ekman H 4560.
L’ Arcahaie, Hkman H 9286.

Dominican ReEpusuiic: Loma Bagita, Valeur 101. San José de
Ocoa, Ekman H 11667.

Purrro Rico: Maricao, Chase 6248; Hess in 1913. Sabana Grande,
Sintenis 3891. Arecibo, Cowles 1166. Vieques Island, Shafer 2625.

VirGin Isuanps: St. Thomas, Shafer and Fitch 1467 ; EHggers in
1881.

2. Arthrostylidium ekmanii Hitchc., sp. nov.°

Culms climbing, slender (the main cane 2 mm thick), at first
scabrous, becoming glabrous, the branches in fascicles at the distant
nodes (25 cm apart), drooping, 20 to 30 cm long, these branching,
bearing several appressed branchlets; sheaths glabrous, striate, the
summit bearing several flexuous implicate bristles 5 to 7 mm long;
blades (only those of the fertile branches seen) ascending, linear-
lanceolate, glabrous except the pubescent tip, 3 to 6 cm long, 4 to 8
mm wide, the petiole about 1 mm long; spikelets single or 2 or 3 in
a raceme at the ends of the branchlets, 3 to 5 cm long, the usually
4 or 5 fertile florets loosely arranged on a glabrous slightly zigzag
rachilla (this not hidden by the florets); glumes narrow, somewhat
unequal, the first 3 to 7 mm long, the second a little longer; lower
lemma empty, longer than the glumes; fertile lemmas brownish
(exposing the pale rachilla joints), 9 to 12 mm long, widest (about
1.5 mm) about one-third above the base, gradually narrowed to an
obtusish somewhat boat-shaped tip; palea from a little shorter to a
little longer than the lemma, bowed out about the middle of the floret,
flat and puberulent between the strongly compressed keels, the
margins overlapping toward the tip; upper floret narrow, reduced.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1410884, col-
lected on Massif de la Selle, Marigot, at Riviére Chotard, altitude
1,750 m, Haiti, April 10, 1927, by E. L. Ekman (no. H 7982).

The only other specimen seen is:

Dominican Repusiic: Cordillera Central, Loma la Campana,
high ridge, altitude 1,000 m, Ekman H 11520.

3. Arthrostylidium haitiense (Pilger) Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 399. 19117.

Arundinaria haitiensis Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 5: 288. 1907.
Haiti, Buch 929.

Culms slender, climbing, the young internodes very scabrous;
branches numerous, about 20 cm long, in distant fascicles; blades

5 Culmi scandentes, internodiis junioribus asperis, ramis ad nodos fasciculatis 20-30 em longis ramulosis;
vaginae glabrae fimbriatae, fimbriis 5-7 mm longis; laminae lineari lanceolatae glabrae, apice pubescentes,

3-6 cm longae 4-8 mm latae, petiolo 1 mm longo; spiculae 3-5 em longae, floribus fertilibus 3-5; Jlemmata
9-12 mm longa.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 17

5 to 7 cm long, about 6 mm wide, with a petiole about 2 mm long;
spikelets narrow, closely appressed to the axis, few in short racemes
terminating the branches; lemmas about 7 mm long. The narrow
but obtuse tip of the blades is minutely pubescent.

Mountain thickets, Hispaniola. -

Haiti: Torbeek, Ekman H 5295, H 7460. Badeau, Ekman H 7779.
La Selle Mountains, Pilkington in 1920, “grows in tangled masses
over the jungle (8,000 ft.) and is so tough and strong as entirely to
prevent progress.” Furey, Buch 929. Sierra de Ocoa, Ekman H
11750.

Dominican Repusuic: Bejucal, Hkman H 11750.

FIGURE 1.—Arthrostylidium multispicatum, X 14 (Chase 6201, 6470).

4, Arthrostylidium multispicatum Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill,
2: 341. 1901. Puerto Rico, Sintenrs 209.

Arundinaria multispicata Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 53: 69. 1903.

Climbing high, the slender growing ends of the culms and branches
beset with very short retrorse prickles, these ends, often 4 m long,
swinging in the breeze like whiplashes until a support is found, the
radiating short, sharp scale-covered branch buds then developing,
these long grappling branches freely produced, forming a dense
tangled mass; prickles deciduous, the old culms smooth; sterile branch-
lets whorled, 15 to 30 cm long, the spreading blades 6 to 8 cm long,
10 to 12 mm wide (on vigorous shoots sometimes larger), the floriferous
branches rather shorter, bearing 1 to 3 leaves and slender terminal and
axillary racemes, the spikelets appressed to the straight axis; spikelets
2 to 3 cm long; fertile florets usually 3 to 5. Blades on sterile shoots
are wider, rather broadly lanceolate, as much as 11 cm long and 3
cm wide, unevenly cuneate at base (fig. 1).

Mountain woods and thickets, Cuba to Puerto Rico; Trinidad.

18 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cusa: Banao Mountains, Léon 4026 (sterile); Daiguiri, Ekman
1570 (fertile); Lomade Gato, Léon 10294, 10294b, 10612 (all sterile).

Haiti: Ganthier, Ekman H 7752. Petit Goave, Ekman H 6596.
Mission, Leonard 3691, 3817, 3857, 3951. Morne Cabaio, Ekman H
1696. Ma Blanche, Hkman H 508. Furcy, Leonard 4641, 4783.
Morne de la Selle, Buch 1139.

Dominican Repustic: Constanza, Ekman H 14109.

Purrto Rico: Maricao, Chase 6201; Sintenis 209; Britton and
Cowell 4222. Cayev, Chase 6751; Britton and Brown 6542. Adjuntas,
Chase 6470; Sintenis 4106. Joyuya, Britton and Cowell 953. San
Narciso, Britton 7300.

FIGURE 2.—Arthrostylidium sarmentosum. Plant, X 144; spikelet, X 5 (Chase 6730).

5. Arthrostylidium sarmentosum Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 4:
108. 1903. Puerto Rico, Heller 1089; Sintenis 354, 4046; all
sterile specimens.

Culms apparently herbaceous, not more than 3 mm thick, high-
climbing and pendent from trees, as in A. capillifolium; branchlets
commonly 10 to 15 cm long, leafy, in distant usually dense whorls,
the foliage pale green, drying glaucous, the divergent blades 3.5 to
5 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, rather thin; inflorescence of numerous
short-exserted terminal and axillary zigzag racemes of 2 to 5 narrow
pubescent spikelets (fig. 2).

Along streams and trails, wet mountain forests, at higher altitudes,.
Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad. Nearly all the specimens
are sterile. :

Cusa: South of Sierras de Moa, Shafer 8047. Guantdinamo,
Ekman 10253. Monte Verde, Léon 3825. Yateras, Maxon 4487a.

Haiti: Ennery, Leonard 9080a; Ekman H 2517. Marmelade,
Leonard 8358. Morne Brigaut, Ekman H 2660. St. Louis du Nord,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 19

Leonard 14494. Jean Rabel, Leonard 13658. Port-de-Pai, Leonard
12246.

Dominican Repusuic: Tousaint, Ekman H 5709. San Francisco
de Macoris, Abbott 2129. Laguna, Abbott 281. Loma Quita-Espuela,
Ekman H 12275 (fertile). Samana, Ekman H 15137. Lagunas de
Cenobi, Valeur 52.

Puerto Rico: Maricao, Britton and Cowell 4209; Sintenis 354;
Hess 116%; Chase 6190, 6223. El Yunque, Chase 6730 (fertile), 6731.
Alta de la Piedra, Britton and Earle 6996. Rio Icaco, Shafer 3490.
San Narciso, Britton 7283. Cayey, Chase 6738, 6749. Adjuntas,
Chase 6468; Sintenis 4046; Britton and Shafer 2042. Jovuya, Brition,
Cowell, and Brown 5236. Utuado, Britton and Cowell 493. Barrio de
Maizales, Britton and Cowell 2180. Monte Torrecilla, Britton, Cowell,
and Brown 5600.

TrinipaD: Mount Tocuche, Britton, Hazen, and Mendelson 1289;
Broadway 7140.

6. Arthrostylidium distichum Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 2: 342.
1901.

Branches solitary or in small fascicles; culms slender, a line of
pubescence on one side, the nodes pubescent; sheaths bearing at
summit several stiff bristles 5 to 15 mm long; blades approximate,
regularly spaced, dorsiventral, lanceolate-acuminate, glabrous, sca-
brous on the margins, 1.5 to 3 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide; spikelets 8
to 15, 1 to 2 cm apart.

The type collection, Wright 3808, bears imperfectly developed
spikelets. ‘The only other collection with spikelets is Ekman 10946
and this also bears abortive spikelets. All the spikelets are reflexed
above the base. A few spikelets of the Wright collection have two
florets about 5 mm long above the empty glumes.

Rocky banks, Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cusa: Rangel (Pinar del Rio), Wright 3808. Gorge of Rio Taco
Taco, Léon 16165. San Diego de Tapias, Ekman 10646. Lomas de
Siguanéa, Hkman 18493. San Blas, Jack 6773; Léon 13926.

Harti: Miragoane, Eyerdam 535.

7. Arthrostylidium fimbriatum Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. (n. s.) 8:
531. 1862. Eastern Cuba, Wright 1554.

Branches solitary, appressed or slightly spreading; blades often
reflexed, rather rigid, 5 to 10 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide; racemes 15
to 30 cm long, the spikelets appressed, more or less imbrieate or
somewhat distant, the axis straight; spikelets usually with two per-
fect florets and a terminal narrow imperfect one; lemmas short-awned.
At upper altitudes plants not more than 30 to 100 cm tall.

Rocky places in the higher mountains, Eastern Cuba.

Cusa: Sierra del Cristal, Ekman 6817, 15964. South of Sierra de
Moa, Shafer 8137. Loma Menqura, Shafer 3771. Eastern Cuba,
Wright 1554.

8. Arthrostylidium reflexum Hitchc. and Ekman, sp. nov.®

Climbing vine; culms slender, glabrous, the branches solitary or few,
appressed, the floriferous ones 25 to 35 cm long, bearing several
leaves on the lower 15 cm; sheaths glabrous, somewhat cross-veined

6 Culmi graciles, ramis solitariis vel paucis appressis; vaginae glabrae, apice setas paucas 3-5 cm longas

ferentes; laminae glabrae lineari-lanceolatae 5-15 cm longae 7-10 mm latae; panicula angusta gracilis elon-
gata 10-20 cm longa; spiculae circa 6 mm longae reflexae.

20 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

or tessellate, the summit bearing several slender bristles as much as
5 cm long; blades ascending, linear-lanceolate, rounded at base, acu-
minate, glabrous, scabrous on the margins, 5 to 15 cm long, 7 to 10
mm wide; panicles very slender, 10 to 20 cm long, the spikelets few
to several on short distant appressed branches, the axis glabrous;
spikelets terete, about 6 mm long, reflexed by a bend in the lower
part; first gclume 0.5 mm long; second glume a little longer than the
first; first lemma sterile. The spikelets appear to be undeveloped or
abortive, much as in A. distichum.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1502075, col-
lected in dense thickets on the top of Sierra de Sitio Santo Tomas,
Vifiales, prov. Pinar del Rio, Cuba, altitude 700 m, November 10,
1923, by E. L. Ekman (no. 18020).

Other specimens, both from Vifiales are: Sitio Santo Tomas, steep
cliffs, 500 m, Ekman 16627 and Loma de la Bandera, jurassic lime-
stone, Hkman 16570 (sterile).

The spikelets of no. 16627 are better developed. There appears
to be but one fertile floret above two sterile lemmas and a reduced
floret above the fertile one. The spikelets are about 7 mm long; fer-
tile lemma slightly inflated, about 5 mm long.

9. Arthrostylidium angustifolium Nash, Torreya 3: 172. 1903.
Cuba, Underwood and Earle 941.

Cums 2 to 3 m long, freely branching, clambering over shrubs;
ultimate branches leafy, with short overlapping compressed sheaths;
blades erect, somewhat scabrous, elongate, as much as 25 cm long,
3 to 4mm wide; panicles strict, 20 to 30 cm long, the branches erect;
spikelets narrow, 1 to 2 cm long, the rachilla straight; fertile lemmas
6 to 7 mm long.

Wooded mountain slopes, Cuba. Known only from the type col-
lection, El Yunque, Baracoa, Cuba, Underwood and Earle 941.

10. Arthrostylidium prestoei Munro, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1895: 186.
1895; Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 2: 338. 1901. Trinidad.

Culms rather robust, bearing at the distant nodes dense whorls of
slender branches about 30 cm long, these bearing one or two rather
thin elongate-lanceolate blades toward their summits and terminating
in a densely flowered, mostly one-sided raceme; spikelets pale, about
15 mm long; lemmas about 8 mm long, short-awned.

Forests, Trinidad and Colombia. Described from specimens col-
lected by Prestoe in Trinidad and from plants cultivated at Kew.

Trinipap: Bot. Gard. Herb. 1675. Caparo Forests, Broadway 4922.

11. Arthrostylidium pubescens Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI.
Sci. Nat. 3': 119. 1839. Trinidad.

Arundinaria pubescens Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 53: 69. 1903.

Culm 60 to 80 cm tall (fide Broadway), slender, roughish, the leafy
sterile branches 8 to 10 cm long, rather rigid, divergent, in remote
fascicles, the rough blades 8 to 15 cm long, 6 to 10 mm wide;racemes
in dense fascicles, the spikelets appressed to the stiff axis; lemmas
about 1 cm long.

Mountain tops, Trinidad, Tobago, and Venezuela.

TrinrpAD: Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 5544. Heights of Aripo,
Broadway 9927, 9928. Morne Bleu, Freeman in 1921. Without
locality, Bailey T 3.

Topaco: Road to Roxborough, Broadway 4894.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Pal

12. Arthrostylidium urbanii Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 2: 339.
1901. Cuba, Wright 3810.

Arundinana urbani Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 53: 69. 1903.

Rather robust, as much as 7 m long, bearing stiff wiry branches in
whorls at the distant nodes, the rather rigid sublinear blades often
reflexed, readily falling from the crowded overlapping sheaths;
branches terminating in slender racemes, the spikelets appressed to
the straight axis; sheaths puberulent, the summit bearing several
tangled yellow early deciduous bristles 3 to 5 mm long; blades puberu-
lent beneath, sometimes on both surfaces, 5 to 13 cm long, 3 to 5 mm
wide; racemes 5 to 15 cm long.

Banks of streams, bushy savannas, and low thickets, Cuba.

Cupa: Sabana de Monasterio (prov. Santa Clara) Léon 9228.
Arroyo del Guanel, Banao Mountains, Léon 8043. -—La Cumbre,
Ekman 13945. Savanna de Motembo, Léon 8230. Sancti Spiritus,
Léon 7833. La Lanza, Manajanabo (prov. Santa Clara) Léon 5275.
Cienfuegos, Léon 14738. Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 10016. Without
locality, Wright 3810.

13. Arthrostylidium excelsum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 529. 1864.
Trinidad, Purdie, Crueger.

Arundinaria excelsa Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 53: 69. 1903.

High-climbing; branchlets whorled, 20 to 50 cm long, the blades
commonly 8 to 12 cm long, 12 to 15 mm wide; racemes terminal and
axillary, the axis strongly zigzag, the spikelets divergent, 7 to 15 mm
long.

Mountain woods, Guadeloupe and Trinidad.

LEEWARD IsLANDs: Guadeloupe, Duss 3978.

TRINIDAD: Crueger 82 and Rugel, both fragments.

14. Arthrostylidium cubense Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI.
pet Nigt. oo 118. ple 4.4.13.) 1839.9 Cuba, Sagra:

Arundinaria cubensis Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 53: 69. 1908.

Culms slender; blades of primary branches 10 to 15 cm long,
8 to 10 mm wide, those of the ultimate flowering branchlets elongate,
linear, 3 to 4 mm wide; flowering branches very slender, 20 to 30 cm
long, naked or with one or two narrow blades at base, bearing a few
distant appressed spikelets toward their ends.

Pendent on cliffs, Cuba.

Cusa: San Diego de Tapias, Ekman 12649. San Diego de los
Bajios, Léon 4446, 16214. Campo Florido, Léon 591. San Sebastian,
Wright 3811. Vinales, Léon 14327. Without locality, Wright 3809.

15. Arthrostylidium obtusatum Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 2:
340. 1901. Martinique, Duss 563, 1310.

Arundinaria obtusata Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 53: 69. 1903.

Habit unknown; fertile branches slender, the branchlets appressed;
blades glabrous, rather rigid, the larger as much as 8 cm long and
12 mm wide, those on the branchlets smaller, tapering from base to
apex, the tip obtuse; spikelets 12 to 20 mm long, the fertile florets
4 or 5, the rachilla straight or slightly zigzag; fertile lemmas 8 to 9
mm long, glabrous, rather strongly several-nerved, obtusish. Known
only from Martinique.

WinpwaArpD IsLtaNps: Martinique, summit of Morne d’Amour,
Duss 563, 1310.

22, MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4. CHUSQUEA Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aequin. 1: 254. 1822

Spikelets terete or nearly so, with 2 small or minute (sometimes
obsolete) glumes, and 2 sterile lemmas usually shorter than the single
fertile floret. Erect or climbing shrubs, the fertile shoots often in
fascicles on the usually slender main culm; the panicles usually con-
densed, sometimes spikelike, rarely open.

1. Chusquea abietifolia Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 529. 1864.
Jamaica.

Arundinaria? microclada Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 5: 289.
1907. Haiti, Picarda 270, Buch 930.

Crawling and climbing to a height of 7 m or more, the slender culms
festooning and forming an entanglement across mountain trails;

FIGURE 3.—Chusquea adietifolia. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 10 (sterile plant, Ekman 5718; flowering culm,
Ekman 8009).

branchlets about 10 cm long, in whorls, the numerous rigid, spine-
tipped, scabrous-margined blades 2 to 3 cm long, drying glaucous;
flowering branches leafy at base, terminating in a small few-flowered,
nearly simple panicle, the spikelets short-pediceled; very rarely
flowering (fig. 3).

Wet woods, mostly above 1,000 m, Greater Antilles.

Cusa: Pico Potrerillo (prov. Santa Clara), Ekman 18969. Pico
Tarquino, Bucher 84. Sierra de Imias, Léon 12319. Gato Mountain,
Léon 10077. Loma de San Juan, Léon 10391. Campo San Benito,
Shafer 4056. Alto de Iberia, Ekman 8319. Sierra del Cristal,
Ekman 15945.

JAMAICA: Cinchona, Nichols 168; Harris 12454 (fertile); Hitchcock
9715. Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9734 (fertile) ; Harris 11355 (fertile).
Blue Mountain Peak, Harris 12496 (fertile); Hitchcock 9375; Maxon

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Ze

and Killip 1122. Abbey Green, Hitchcock 9365. Cold Spring Gap,
Harris in 1912 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 400). Trafalgar Gap, Mazon
8734. Morces Gap, Maxon and Killip 1064, 1291la. St. Helens Gap,
Maxonand Killip 892. Vinegar Hill, Perkins 1088. Hardware Gap,
Maxon and Killip 1265a.

Haiti: Furey, Leonard 4266; Buch 1384. Pétionville, Ekman
H 1188, H 1696, H 8001 (fertile). Hinche, Ekman H 6157. Port-au-
Prince, Ekman H 5426, H 5887 (fertile). Morne Calumette, Ekman
H 7310. Grand Bois, Ekman H 5718. Marigot, Ekman H 5985,
H 8009 (fertile).

Dominican Repustic: Bejucal, Ekman H 11751. Loma Nalga de
Maco, Ekman H 6306.

PuERTO Rico: Monte Alegrillo, Hess 116; Stevens 4755.

5. NEUROLEPIS Meisn., Pl. Vas. Gen. 1: 426. 1836-1843;
2: 325. 1836-1843.

Gelaionia Kanth, Kev. Grams. 1: 139'"327" pl. 76, 18302 2 Not
Platonia Mart., 1829. Planotia Munro, Linn. Soc. Trans. 26: 70.
1868.)

Spikelets with 2 glumes, 2 sterile lemmas and a terminal perfect
floret, in elongate panicles; stamens 3. Culms erect, herbaceous or
somewhat woody at base, the blades elongate, mostly more than 50
em long and 6 em wide.

1. Neurolepis virgata (Griseb.) Pilger, in Engl. and Prantl, Pflan-
zenfam. Erganz. 2: 21. 1906.

Platona virgata Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 530. 1864. Trinidad,
Mount Teocuche, Crueger.

Planotia virgata Munro, Linn. Soc. Trans. 26: 71. 1868.

Culms herbaceous, tall, robust, leafy below, the thickish blades
commonly more than 1 m long, about 5 cm wide, long-attenuate, the
margins serrulate; panicle much exceeding the leaves, about 75 cm
long and 2 cm thick, compact, tawny, the small spikelets densely
crowded.

Dense forests, mountains of Trinidad.

TRINIDAD: Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3371.

6. STREPTOCHAETA Schrad.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 536. 1829

Spikelets, 1-flowered, terete, disarticulating below the glumes;
empty bractlets (probably glumes and sterile lemmas) 4, much shorter
than the spikelet, more or less toothed; lemma coriaceous, gradually
narrowed into a long much contorted awn; palea shorter than the
lemma, bifid nearly to the base, coriaceous; inner bracts (lodicules)
3, less coriaceous than the lemma, longer than the palea, imbricate;
stamens 6, monadelphous, the tube about as long as the lemma; style
1, as long as the stamen tube, the slender stigmas 3. Broad-leaved
perennials with the spikelets in elongate spikes.

24 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Bcepiechaets spicata Schrad.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 537. 1829.
Brazil.

Lepideilema lancifolium Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math.
Phys. Nat. 1:98. 1830. Brazil.

Perennial; culms erect or ascending at base in
small tufts about 1 m tall; blades flat, lanceolate
or elliptic, rather thin, scabrous or glabrous, veins
connected by transverse veinlets on under side,
hispidulous on the collar, 6 to 15 em long, 1.5 to
6 cm wide; spike erect, 7 to 20 cm long, the rachis
angled, flexuous or zigzag at the insertion of the
spikelets; spikelets 6 to 20, solitary at each node,
appressed to the rachis, overlapping about half
their length, 2 to 3 cm long, about 2 mm thick at
the base, gradually narrowed upward (fig. 4).

Wet forests at low altitudes, Trinidad and Pan-
ama, to Brazil.

TriInipDAD: Caparo Forests, Broadway 4929.

TRIBE 2. FESTUCEAE
7. BROMUS L., Sp. PI. 76. 1753. Bromrcrass

Spikelets several- to many-flowered, the rachilla
disarticulating above the glumes and between the
florets; glumes unequal, acute, the first 1- to 3-
nerved, the second usually 3- to 5-nerved; lemmas
convex on the back or keeled, 5- to 9-nerved, 2-
toothed at the apex, awnless or usually awned from
between the teeth; palea usually shorter than the
lemma, ciliate on the keels. Annuals or perennials
FIGURE 4,—Streptochaeta. With closed sheaths, flat blades, and open or con-

spicata, Inflorescence, X 1; i panicle roe wiz
Se a io ubacved panicles OL large spikelets.

a028) Awn of lemma short or none_-_---- 3.. B. CATHARTICUS.
Awn of lemma longer than the body.

Awns 2 to 3 cm long; panicle branches drooping___-_-_-_-- 1. B. STERILis.

Awns 4 to 5 cm long; panicle branches ascending.____-_---- 2. 3B. RIGIDUS.

1. Bromus sterilis L., Sp. Pl. 77. 1753. Europe.

Annual; culms 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths pilose; panicle 10 to 20 cm
long, the branches drooping;.spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 em long; lemmas
about 2 cm long, the awns 2 to 3 cm long (fig. 5).

FIGURE 5.—Bromus sterilis, X 1 (Boettcher 2423).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Zo

A weedy grass introduced into America from Europe. Mountains
of Haiti.
Harti: Badeau, Ekman H 7616.

2. Bromus rigidus Roth, Mag. Bot. Roem. et Ust. 10: 21. 1790.
Europe. RIPGUT GRASS.

Bromus wvillosus Forsk. Fl. Aegypt, Arab. 23. 1775. Not B.
villosus Scop., 1772.

Bromus maximus Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 95. pl. 26. 1798. Not B.
maximus Gilib., 1792.
; Annual; culms 40 to 70 cm tall; sheaths and blades pilose; panicle
open, nodding, rather few-flowered, 7 to 15 cm long; the lower branches
1 to 2 cm long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 cm long, the awn 4 to 5 cm long (fig. 6).
F Open ground and waste places, introduced into America from
Kurope. Mountains of Jamaica.

FIGURE 6.—Bromus rigidus, X 1 (Tracy 4702).

JAMAICA: Cinchona, Perkins 1075; Hitchcock 9714; Harris 10916,
11275, 12482a; Orcutt 5480. Arntully, Orcutt 5760. Strawberry
Hill, Harris 11489. Gordon Town, Hart 738. Without locality,
Wilson 486.

3. Bromus catharticus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2:22. 1791. Peru.
RESCUE GRASS.

Bromus unioloides H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 151. 1815.
Ecuador.

Annual or biennial; culms as much as 1 m tall; sheaths glabrous or
pubescent; panicle open, as much as 20 cm long; spikelets 2 to 3 cm
long, 6- to 12-flowered; lemmas glabrous or scabrous, acuminate,
about 1 cm long, awnless or with an awn 1 to 3 mm long (fig. 7).

Cultivated occasionally. Southern and western United States;
Bermuda, Jamaica, and Haiti; introduced from Europe.

Bermupa: Collins 339; Brown, Britton, and Bisset 1911.

26 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FiGcuRE 7.—Bromus catharticus, X 1 (Peebles, Harrison, and Kearney 1271).

JAMAICA: Cinchona, Harris 10919, 11455, 12482; AMitchcock 9699.
Hope Grounds, Harris 11250. Gordon Town, Hart 741.
Haiti: Massif de la Selle, Ekman H 7740.

Sa HESTUCA Le Sp bl 73) gal /53. hss ume

Spikelets few- to several-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes and between the florets; glumes narrow, acute, unequal,
the first sometimes very small; lemmas rounded on the back, mem-
branaceous or somewhat indurate, 5-nerved, the nerves often obscure,
acute or rarely obtuse, awned from the tip or rarely from a minutely
bifid apex.

First glume two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the second... 1. F. DERTONENSIS.

First glume much shorter than the second, 1 to 2 mm long.....-. 2. F. MYUROS.

1. Festuca dertonensis (All.) Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur.
Fl. 2: 558. 1900.

Bromus dertonensis All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 249. 1785. Europe.

Slender tufted annual; culms 30 to 50 cm tall; blades narrow; pani-
cles narrow, nodding, nearly simple; spikelets 4- to 6-flowered, short-
pediceled; first glume about 4 mm long, the second 6 to 7 mm long;
lemma lanceolate, scabrous on the back toward the apex, 7 to 8 mm
long; awn slender, 10 to 13 mm long (fig. 8, B).

Open and waste places in the United States, especially on the
Pacific coast; uplands of Jamaica; introduced

This species was referred to F’. bromoides L. in the Grasses of the
West Indies.’

Jamatica: Cinchona, Harris 9504, 10917, 11276, 11509, 11700,
12456; Hitchcock 9701. Morces Gap, Harris 12526. Abbey Green,
Eitchcock 9353. Gordon Town, Hart 681, 750.

2. Festuca myuros L., Sp. Pl. 74. 1753. Europe.

Similar to /’. dertonensis; culms weaker; panicle longer and narrower;
spikelets 2- to 3-flowered; first glume 1 to 1.5 mm long, the second
4 to 4.5 mm long (fig. 8, A).

7 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 395. 1917.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 27

1
\ 4

NY

FIGURE 8.—A, Festuca myuros, spikelet, X 5 (Chase 2393). B, F. dertonensis. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 5
(Palmer 2041).

Waste places and open ground in the United States; Blue Moun-
tains of Jamaica and in Haiti; introduced.

JAMAICA: Abbey Green, Orcutt 5295. Farm Hill Gap, Harris
11564; Orcutt 5208. St. Helens Gap, Harris 11591. Salt Hill Pond,
Harris 11604. Clifton, Harris 11391.

28 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Haiti: Furey Leonard 4303, 4369, 4446, 4506, 4514, 4515; Buch
1675, 1463. Pétionville, Ekman H 1114. Badeau, Ekman H 7615.
Festuca ELATIOR L., Sp. Pl. 75. 1753. Mrapow Fescur. An
erect perennial with awnless spikelets, frequently cultivated in the

Plant, X 1; two views of floret, X 10 (Cocks),

Ficur& 9.—Scleropoa riyida.

United States as a meadow grass; represented from Jamaica by a
specimen without locality (Hart 743).

9. SCLEROPOA Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rum. 2: 431. 1844

Spikelets small, loosely several-flowered, turned to one side, short
pediceled; glumes and lemmas firm, with scarious tips. Low decum-
bent or ascending annuals.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 29

1. Scleropoa rigida (L.) Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rum. 2: 431. 1844.

RPoamqod is. Cent. Pl 1:5. £455. Europe:

Glabrous, usually not more than 10 or 15 cm tall, with soft linear
blades and stiff spikelike few-flowered panicles (fig. 9).

Introduced in Bermuda.

Bermupa: Brown, Britton, and Bisset 1955; Brown 521, 601, 614.

tO .POAUI.. Spr bl 167 se hi53. ) DLUEGRASS

Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes and between the florets, the uppermost floret reduced or
rudimentary; glumes acute, keeled, somewhat unequal, the first 1-
nerved, the second usually 3-nerved; lemmas somewhat keeled, acute
or acutish, awnless, membranaceous, often somewhat scarious at
the tip, 5-nerved, the nerves sometimes pubescent. Annual, or

usually perennial, species of low or rather tall grasses, with spikelets
in open or contracted panicles, the narrow blades flat or folded,
ending in a navicular point.

IES Reverie PREN TE Dem GU Olt gee ee Morte) ke Seal nd ge ea 1.4. P; ANNUWA:
Plants perennial from creeping rhizomes.
Gubnsdistinertyedabiened ys. Se 528 ee ee 2. P. COMPRESSA.
M@ilmiamotiiatrencds wees Se Pe 3. P. PRATENSIS.

1. Poa annua L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Europe. ANNUAL BLUEGRASS.

Low tufted soft smooth annual; culms decumbent at base; panicles
commonly about 5 cm long, pale, open; spikelets crowded, 3- to 6-
flowered, about 4 mm long; lemmas not webbed
at base, distinctly 5-nerved, the nerves pilose on
the lower half (fig. 10).

Open ground and grassland throughout the
temperate regions of North America and extend-
ing southward in the mountains; introduced from
Europe.

BermupDa: Collins 158; Brown 474, 478.

Cupa: Habana, Léon 760.

JaMAIcA: Cinchona, Hitchcock 9712; Harris
10920, 11266,11496. Blue Mountain Peak, Orcutt
5347, 5382. Abbey Green, Maron 1448; Hitch-
cock 9357. Morces Gap, Harris 11323. Hardware
Gap, Harris 10112, 10906, 11438. Catherines
Peak, Harris 11553; Hitchcock 9740. Walling-
ford, Perkins 1480. Gordon Town, Hart 749.

Hartt: Furcy, Leonard 4763; Buch 1547; Cook,
Scofield, and Doyle 33a, 34, 41. Mission, Leon-
ard. 3734, 3848. Pétionville, Ekman H. 1751. Sores aan
Chapelle St. Michel, Ekman H 6586. Morne 10 (Hitchcock).
Brouet, Ekman H 1116.

2. Poa compressa L., Sp. Pl. 69. 1753. Europe.
CANADA BLUEGRASS.

Wiry perennial with extensively creeping rhizomes; culms slender,
compressed; panicle narrow, rather densely flowered.

Open eround and orassland: throughout the United States,
probably introduced from Europe; Jamaica, Haiti.

30 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

JAMAICA: Blue Mountain Peak, Harris 12663; Hitchcock 9371.
Harti: Massif de la Selle, Ekman H 6875. Mission, Leonard 3848.
Morne Tranchant, Picarda 1019.

Poa TrRIvVIALIS L., Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. A specimen from Bermuda
(Collins 340) may be this species.

3. Poa pratensis L., Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. Europe.
KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS.

Erect perennial, with creeping rhizomes; culms 30 to 50 cm tall;
panicles open, 4 to 10 cm long, the lower branches 3 to 5, spreading;
spikelets 3- to 5-flowered,4 to 5mm long; lemmas 3 mm long, copiously
webbed at base, silky-pubescent on keel and marginal nerves, the
intermediate nerves prominent (fig. 11).

Pastures and open ground in temperate regions; introduced from
Europe. A standard grass for pastures and lawns in the cooler parts
of the United States, but not suited to the West Indies.

Brrmupa: Brown 670.

JAMAICA: Blue Mountain Peak, Orcutt 5311.

Harti: Massif de la Selle, Ekman H 1156, H 7821; Buch 1354, 1414.
Mission, Leonard 3850. Furey, Leonard 4371; Cook, Scofield, and
Doyle 33.

11. BRIZA L., Sp. Pl. 70. 1753. QuUAKING GRAss

Spikelets, several-flowered, broad, often cordate, the fiorets crowded
and spreading horizontally, the rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and between the florets, the uppermost floret reduced; glumes
about equal, broad, papery-chartaceous, with scarious margis;
lemmas papery, broad, with scarious, spreading margins, cordate at
base, several-nerved, the nerves often obscure, the apex, in the species
below, obtuse or acutish; palea much shorter than the lemma.
Annuals or perennials, with erect culms, flat blades, and usually
open, showy panicles.

Spikeletsfew);L em awe... Teese ee ee 1. B. MAXIMA.
Spikelets numerous,.0-5 cm wide: 222). a eee 2. B. MINOR.
1. Briza maxima L., Sp. Pl. 70. 1753. Europe.

Big QUAKING GRASS.

Slender annuals 30 to 60 cm tall with flat roughish blades and few-
flowered panicles, the large handsome spikelets nodding on long
capillary pedicels (fig. 12, B).

Open ground and grassland, introduced occasionally in America.

Brermupa: Brown 679.

JAMAICA: Cinchona, Orcutt 5477; Harris 11274, 11621; Aitch-
cock 9713. Hardware Gap, Harris 10909.

2. Briza minor L., Sp. Pl.70. 1753. Europe. LitrLe @UAKING GRASS.

A weak-stemmed annual 30 to 50 cm tall with thin flat scabrous
blades and loosely flowered panicles, the branchlets subcapillary but
stiffly spreading, the spikelets triangular-ovate, nodding (fig. 12, A).

Open ground, sparingly introduced in America.

JAMAICA: Cinchona, "Hitchcock 9710; Harris 11414, 11603. Abbey
Green, Mazon 1459; Orcutt 3242; Hitchcock 9356 (Amer. Gr. Nat.

dl

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

Y,
X 4

Wy

- 4]

Plant, X 1%; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10 (Williams).

FIGURE 11.—Poa pratensis.

60256—36—3

32 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 12.—A, Briza minor. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5 (Hitchcock 2597). B, B. marima,
X &% (Baenitz).

Herb. 699). Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9739. Morces Gap, Nichols
40; Harris 11527. Hardware Gap, Harris 10907. New Haven Gap,
Mazon 2652. Gordon Town, Hart 751.

[| MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Bis

12. ERAGROSTIS Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 4: 14. pl. 24. 1809.
LOVEGRASS

Spikelets few- to many-flowered, the florets usually closely imbri-
cate, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the
florets, or continuous, the lemmas deciduous, the paleas persistent;
glumes somewhat unequal, acute or acuminate, l-nerved, or the
second rarely 3-nerved; lemmas acute or acuminate, keeled or rounded
on the back, 3-nerved, the nerves usually prominent; palea 2-nerved,
the keels sometimes ciliate. Annuals or perennials with open or
contracted panicles.

Palea ciliate on the keels, the cilia conspicuous, usually as long as the width of
the lemma.
Plants; perennials moresor less;viscids! £2.22 32 Ase eee 3. HK. GLUTINOSA.
Plants annual, not viscid.
Pedicels as long as the spikelets or longer; panicle open, oblong.
1. EK. AMABILIS.
Pedicels very short; panicle spikelike, more cr less interrupted.
Spikelets, mosthy7= to 9-flowered 4 2 222 ee 2. EK. CILIARIS-
Spikelets mostly 12- to 15-flowered_________.____-_-- 4. E. URBANIANA.
Palea scaberulous on the keels but not prominently ciliate.
Plants annual.

Rianisierceping,forminarmats 2 sso. et os fee See eke 5. E. HYPNOIDES.
Plants not creeping.
Lemmas clandufar.on the keel=. 2. 2.222525 2 2 6. E. cILIANENSIS.

Lemmas not glandular.
Panicle elongate, contracted, the minute spikelets crowded or glomerate.
EK. GLOMERATA,
Panicle not elongate.
Spikeletswles mimewl cd eMye ess 2 Pe a ee ee 8. E. PILosa
Spikelets 2 mm wide.
Sheaths and blades, at least the lower, sparsely pilose.
9. EE. BERTERONIANA.
Sheaths and blades glabrous.
Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, mostly less than 5 mm long; panicle
RAG MeT MAX comet ts ote Le eee ae 10. E. TEPHROSANTHOS.
Spikelets linear, mostly 8 to 10 mm long; panicle rather firm,
the branches and branchlets stiffly and divaricately spreading.
11. E. BARRELIERI.
Plants perennial.
Culms low, stiff and wiry, usually not more than 20 em tall.
Inflorescence a strict raceme, the spikelets subsessile, rather remote.
EK. BAHAMENSIS.
Inflorescence a few-flowered, narrow panicle 2 to 8 cm long.
13. E. CUBENSIS.
Culms taller, often robust, mostly more than 30 em tall.
Branchlets of panicle elongate, capillary, stiffly spreading, bearing mostiy
sinplesterminal spikelets... Seba hist Dee ee 14. EK. ELLIOTTII.
Branchlets of panicle bearing several mostly short-pedicellate spikelets.
Lemmas acuminate; axils of panicle with a tuft of long hairs.
15. E. ACUTIFLORA.
Lemmas acute or obtusish, axils of panicle naked or rarely sparsely

pilose.
Panicle narrow, consisting of several more or less distant clusters of
spikelets along a stiff elongate axis__._______- 16. E. EKMANII.

Panicle open.
Spikelets somewhat terete, purple, long-pedicellate; lateral nerves
oluthetemmaryiainte: = | hoes aes 17. EH. PURPURASCENS,
Spikelets compressed, mostly pale or green; lateral nerves of the
lemma distinct.
Blades flat, pilose on the upper surface near the base.
18. E. ExXcELSA.

34 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Blades glabrous.
Spikelets faleate; panicle oblong, rather dense, 8 to 12 cm long.
1 E. SALZMANNII.
Spikelets straight; panicle usually much more than 15 cm, open.
Bladesunvolitee.. 252 ote ae ee ee 20. E. PROLIFERA,
Blades flat, 2 to 5 mm wide, becoming involute.
2 E. DOMINGENSIS.

1. Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight and Arn.; Hook. and Arn., Bot.
Beechey Voy. 251. 1841.

Poa amabilis L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. India.
Poa plumosa Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 20. 1786. East Indies.
Eragrostis plumosa Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192. 1827.

Annual; culms branching, slender, ascending or
spreading; mostly 10 to 20 cm tall; blades flat or
involute, 1 to 2 mm wide, sometimes wider; pani-
cles oblong, somewhat open, mostly 4 to 8 cm long;
spikelets about 2 mm long, 4- to 8-flowered; lem-
mas ovate, obtuse, 1 mm long; keels of palea long-
ciliate, the hairs about 0.3 mm long (fig. 13).

Open ground and waste places, warmer regions
of both hemispheres. A native of the Old World.
Originally described from India. Throughout the
West Indies.

2. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1:
LO eS e

Poa ciharis L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 875. 1759.
Jamaica.

Poa edegans Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 87. 1804.
FIGURE 13.—I/ragrostis Puerto Rico, Ledru.

SE eee Erect or spreading annual; culms slender, 15 to
lahn 10). 40 cm tall; blades flat, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicles

: condensed, usually interrupted, sometimes rather
loose, 5 to 15 em long; spikelets subsessile, crowded, about 2 mm
long, mostly 6- to 8-flowered, the palea prominently ciliate (fig. 14).

Open ground and waste places, warmer regions of both hemispheres.
Apparently introduced in America. A common weed around towns.
Probably to be found on all the West Indian islands.

Differs from the preceding in the dense narrow panicles, interrupted
below, and in the larger crowded subsessile spikelets. The inflor-
escence of this species varies from the rather dense cylindrical panicle
with short branches flowered to the base (the typical form) to one
with stiffly ascending branches naked at the base (such as Curtiss 76,
Nae Bahamas) and to that with a lax panicle (EZ. ciliaris var.
axa).

2a. Eragrostis ciliaris var. laxa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 774. 1891.
St. Thomas, Barbados, and Trinidad.

Panicle branches sometimes 3 cm long, the spikelets scarcely
crowded. In the specimens from the Lesser Antilles the cilia on the
keels are short.

Habitat the same as for the species. Apparently confined to the
West Indies.

Bauamas: Turks Island, Nash and Taylor 3846. Caicos Islands,
Wilson 7665.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES ao

Cusa: Cayo Paredon Grande, Shafer 2751. Cardenas, Ekman in
1923. Sierra Guane, Shafer 10456. Santiago de Cuba, Léon 880.

JAMAICA: Hope Grounds, Harris 11242, 11243 (Gn part). Castle-
ton, Harris 11384.

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FIGURE 14.—Eragrostis ciliaris. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10 (Nash 2104).

Harti: Tortuga Island, Ekman H9766. Jean Rabel, Leonard 12879a.

LrEwarp Isuanps: Dominica, Duss.

WINDWARD IsLaNps: Martinique, Duss 740, 1305, 1307, 4023.

The above specimens are somewhat diverse. Many, such as the
Jamaica specimens, differ only in the looser panicle. Shafer’s 2751,
Ekman’s H 9766, and a few others differ in having stiffly spreading,

36 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

few-flowered panicle branches. The Martinique specimens have loose
panicles with ascending branches, but the cilia on the keels of the
palea are short and scarcely conspicuous.

ERAGROSTIS CILIARIS Var. BRACHYSTACHYA Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5:
582. 1884. EE. arabica Jaub. and Spach, Illustr. "4: SL, pl tease
1850-53. This variety is common in Curacao and the neighboring
islands. The panicles are dense and ovoid. Forms approaching this
are sometimes found in the West Indies (Morillos de Cabo Rojo,
Puerto Rico, Britton, Cowell, and Brown 4713).

3. Eragrostis glutinosa (Swartz) Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI.
Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 397. 1830.

Poa glutinosa Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. Jamaica.

Eragrostis sudans Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 227. 1866. Cuba,
Wright 3422.

Eragrostis leonina Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18:
388. 1917. Cuba, Léon 885.

Perennial, whole plant more or less viscid; culms many-noded,
wiry, branching, erect or ascending, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades short,
slender, involute; panicles open, oblong, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches
stiffly ascending: spikelets 4 to 6 mm long, mostly 7- to 11-flowered;
lemmas about 1.3 mm long; keels of palea rather prominently ciliate.

Sandy soil, Cuba and Jamaica; the type collection is the only one
known from Jamaica.

Cusa: Zaza de Tunas, Léon 885, 6732. Camagiey, Britton 2374.
Sabalo, Hkman 11413; Léon 15100. Guantanamo, Britton 2123.
Without locality, Wright 3422. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson
15612.

4. Eragrostis urbaniana Hitchc., in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 167.
1912. Bonaire, Dutch West Indies, Suringar.

Annual; culms spreading or prostrate, slender, 5 to 25 cm long;
blades 1 to 4 em long, 0.5 to 2 mm wide, often involute: ; panicle narrow,
interrupted below, 2 to 5 cm long; spikelets yellow or purple, fascicled,
sessile or subsessile, 10- to 15-flowered, 3 to 6 mm long; palea ciliate
on the keels.

Sandy plains, Bahamas to Curagao.

Bauamas: Caicos Islands, Wilson 7608, 7628; Millspaugh 9234.
Turks Island, Millspaugh 9012, 9268, 9339 (in part), 9341. Great
Ragged Island, Wilson 7828. Inagua, Nash and Taylor 1372.

Haiti: Jean Rabel, Ekman H4007.

Purrto Rico: Laguna de Tortuguero, Britton, Cowell, and Brown
3854.

VirGiIn Isuanps: Anegada, Britton and Fishlock 957.

5. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S. P., Prel. Cat. N. -Y. 69. 1888.

Poa hypnoides Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 185. 1791.

Poa carinata Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5:86. 1804. Puerto Rico,
Ledru.

Stoloniferous, forming mats, the flowering culms mostly 5 to 10
em tall; blades 1.5 to 2 cm long, spreading; panicles small, more or

less capitate, the pale, many-flowered spikelets commonly 1 cm long
(fig. 15).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 37

Moist, open ground along streams throughout the United States,
in the West Indies, and southward to Brazil.

Cusa: Galafre, Britton and Cowell 9830. Cabafias, Ekman 10934.
Santa Cruz, Roig 3223. Anafe, Hkman 222; Léon 4268, 4269. La-
guna Castellano, Baker and Abarca 4328. Santa Lucea, Shafer 961a.
Rio Cauto, Shafer 1666. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 15523,
15803; Curtiss 391. Without locality, Wright 3826.

Haiti: Miragoane, Ekman H 7912. L’Abaillon, Ekman H 843.

FIGURE 15.—Eragrostis hypnoides. Plant, * 14; florets, X 10 (Mearns 741).

Dominican Repusuic: Samand, Abbott 1327, 1420. Pimentel,
Abbott 639, 640. Samand Peninsula, Abbott 2380. Sdnchez, Rose
4328. San Pedro de Macoris, Rose 4228. Santo Domingo, Ekman
H 11172. Rio San Juan, Miller 1169. Rio Mufioz, Eggers 2566.

Purrto Rico: Mayaguez, Britton and Marble 520. Fajardo,
Britton and Shafer 1665. San Juan, Chase 6398. Rio Grande,
Chase 6711 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 689). Los Mamayes, Eggers 1207.
Vega Baja, Heller 649. Bayamon, Sintenis 1225. Cabo Rojo,
Sintenis 674.

Trinipap: Bot. Gard. Herb. 3035; Crueger.

38 MISC, PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 16.—Eragrostis cilianensis. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10 (Schuette 155).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 39

6.” Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link; Vign., Lut. Malpighia 18: 386.

1904.

STINKGRASS.

Poa cilianensis All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 246. 1785. Europe.
Eragrostis major Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 4: 14. pl. 24. 1809.

Europe.

Eragrostis megastachya Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 187. 1827. Europe.

Culms erect or spreading; panicles rather
compact, 2 to 10 cm long, greenish or whit-
ish, the spikelets many-flowered, larger
than in the other annual species; spikelets
5 to 15 mm long, 3 mm wide, 10- to
40-flowered, the florets closely imbricate;
pedicels and keels of the acute glumes and
lemmas sparingly glandular; lemmas thin,
the lateral nerves prominent (fig. 16).

A common weed in the United States;
rare in the West Indies.

Bermupa: Collins 149.

Cusa: Habana, Léon 8826.

7. Eragrostis glomerata (Walt.) L. H.
Dewey, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.
2: 548. 1894.

Poa glomerata Walt., Fl.Carol.80. 1788.
South Carolina.

Poa conferta Ell., Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1:
158. 1816. South Carolina.

Eragrostis conferta Trin., Mém. Acad.
St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1:
409. 1830.

Robust annual, sometimes as much as
2m tall and appearing like a perennial,
freely branching, the branches sometimes
fascicled; blades elongate; panicles as
much as 40 cm long, narrowly contracted,
densely flowered, the spikelets about 2mm
long, 4- to 6-flowered, the lemmas scarcely
1 mm long (fig. 17).

Moist low ground, southeastern United
States to Uruguay. In the West Indies
known only from Trinidad.

TRINIDAD: O’Meara Savanna, Britton
2492. LaBrea, Broadway 4979. Point-a-
Pierre, Broadway 4940, 4941. San Fer-
nando, Hitchcock 10110 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 690). Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock
10319. St.Joseph, Hitchcock 10024. With-
out locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3366.

8. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv., Ess
Agrost. 162. 1812.
INDIA LOVEGRASS.
Poa pilosa L., Sp. Pl.68. 1753. Europe
Weedy annual; culms slender, erect or
ascending from a decumbent base, 10 to 50

FIGURE 17.—EHragrostis glomerata.
Panicle, X 4; spikelet and floret,
X 10 (Eggert).

40 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

em tall; blades flat, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle delicate, open, becoming
somewhat diffuse, 5 to 20 cm long, the branches capillary, flexuous,
ascending or spreading, finally somewhat implicate, the lower fascicled,
sparsely long-pilose in the axils; spikelets gray to nearly black, linear,
scarcely compressed, 3- to 9-flowered, 3 to 5 mm long, about 1 mm
wide, the pedicels spreading, mostly longer than the spikelets; glumes
acute, the first a little less than, the second a little more than, 1 mm
long; lemmas loosely imbricate,
the rachilla more or less exposed,
rounded on the back, acute, 1.2 to
1.5 mm long, 0.6 mm wide from
keel to margin, the nerves obscure;
erain 0.6 mm long (fig. 18).

Open grounds, fields, and waste
places, warm and temperate re-
gions of both hemispheres. The
West Indian specimens referred to
this species are the form with more
FIGURE 18.—Eragrostis pilosa. Panicle, X 1; floret gre, slender, WSSU pannel

“and palea, X 10 (Ruth 514). branches, apparently commoner in

Asia and Africa than in Kurope.

Nash ® doubtfully refers these specimens to Hragrostis purshit Schrad.
“hroughout the West Indies at low altitudes.

J. Eragrostis berteroniana (Schult.) Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1:
562. 1840.

Megastachya berteroniana Schult., Mant. 2: 330. 1824. Santo
Domingo.

Poa berteroniana Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 112. 1829.

Annual; culms erect or usually decumbent at base, 10 to 20 cm tall
or even as much as 30 cm; sheaths, at least the lower, sparsely papil-
lose-pilose, densely pilose at the summit; blades narrow, mostly
involute, sparsely pilose; panicles oblong, somewhat condensed, 5 to
10 cm long, glabrous in the axils; spikelets short-pedicellate, ascend-
ing, pale or purplish, 7 to 13 mm long, 15- to 30-flowered; lemmas
ovate, 1.5 to 1.8 mm long.

Open or rocky soil and dry thickets, Hispaniola.

_ Harti: Jean Rabel, Leonard 12879, 12972, 13686; Hkman H 3617.
Etang, Leonard 3560. Cabaret, Leonard 11832, 11835, 11867.
Mole-St. Nicolas, Ekman H 4491. Fond Parisien, Leonard 4214.
Morne-4-Cabrits, Ekman H 978. Plaine du Cul de Sac, Buch 2039.

DomINIcAN Repustuic: Villa Vasquez, Ekman H 13129. Valverde,

Ekman H 13097.

10. Eragrostis tephrosanthos Schult., Mant. 2: 316. 1824. Mar-
tinique.

Annuals, rather soft and lax; culms branching at base, erect or
decumbent-spreading, 5 to 20 cm tall, sometimes taller; blades flat,
usually 5 to 10 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicles open, mostly 4 to
10 cm long, about half as wide, the branches ascending or spreading,
naked below, the spikelets appressed or ascending along the upper

8 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 388. 1903.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Al
part, the lower axils pilose; spikelets, 6- to 12-flowered, 4 to 7 mm
long, about 1.5 mm wide (fig. 19).

Open ground, fields, and waste places, West Indies to Brazil. Com-
mon in the Greater Antilles and Trinidad; less common in the Lesser
Antilles. In Cuba called ‘‘ilusién.”’

Grisebach ° refers this species to £.
poaeoides Beauv.

11. Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau, in
Morot., Jour. Bot. 8: 289. 1894.
Europe.

Annual; culms erect or decumbent, 20
to 50cm tall; blades flat, rather short,
2 to 4 mm wide; panicle erect, open but
narrow, 8 to 15 cm long, the branches
Hae enduie Ob sally spreading, tew-low- | Cus 19 Eragrostis tephrcer hae
ered, spikelet-bearing nearly to base, the 5930). ”
axils glabrous; spikelets linear, usually
12- to 15-flowered, mostly about 1 cm long and 1.5 mm wide; lemmas
2 mm long or slightly longer (fig. 20).

Waste places, Texas to California; Hispaniola and St. Croix; in-
troduced from Europe.

Haitr: Anse-a-Pitre, Ekman H 6696. Cape St. Mare, Ekman H
6639.

Dominican Repusiic: Guayubin, Abbott 877.

VirGin Istanps: St.Croix, Thompson
5,302,996 ; Eggersin 1876 ; Ricksecker 221.

12. Eragrostis bahamensis Hitchc.,
Mo. Bot. Gard. Rept. 4: 149.

f
y 1893. Inagua, Hitchcock.

} Perennial; culms tufted, simple,

N/ #4 spreading, wiry, usually about 15 cm

Lae tall; blades slender, firm, involute, a

\f ZA woolly tuft of hairs at the summit of

Sy) BY Z254 thesheath; spikelets mostly in a raceme

SS, ee on the upper half of theculm, appressed,

AN : — rather distant, short-pedicellate, 6

ae G yaee~ to 8 mm long, firm and hard, 10- to
. ae 20-flowered.

SS
og

Rocky soil, Bahamas.

BaHamMas: Rum Cay, Brace 3993.
Little Inagua, Nash and Taylor 1217.
FIGURE 20.—Eragrostis barrelieri. Panicle, Inagua, Hitchcock ma ts30. The specie

XI: floret. X 10 (Hitchcock 5230). bas been collected on other islands of
the group.

13. Eragrostis cubensis Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 243.
1909. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 420.

Perennial, culms slender, wiry, erect or spreading, tufted from a
hard knotty base, mostly 10 to 20 cm, sometimes 30 cm, tall; blades
narrow or filiform, mostly involute, erect; panicles few-flowered, 2 to
8 cm long, the few branches erect or ascending, the lower sometimes
as much as 2 cm long, usually short and appressed; spikelets short

§ Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 532. 1864,

42 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pedicellate, the lateral pedicels often less than 1 mm, linear, mostly
7 to 12 mm, rarely as much as 25 mm, long, 10 to 20-flowered, the
florets closely imbricate; lemmas firm, acute, about 1.8 mm long.

Sandy or rocky soil, Cuba and Jamaica. Grisebach ' refers this
species to EL’. bahiensis Schrad.

Cusa: Herradura, Hkman 10696; Earle 650; Hitchcock 261; Tracy
9097. San Diego de los Bafios, Léon 4559. Sumidero, Léon 3471.
Sierra de Cabra, Britton and Gager 7271. Madruga, Shafer 68.
Laguna Jovero, Shafer 10731. Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23285.
Baragua, Mitchcock 23359, 23376. Zaza de Tunas, Léon 886. With-
out locality, Wright 3424, 3825. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson
14194, 15382. Sabalo, Léon 15099.

JAMAICA: New Forest, Hitchcock 9852 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 691).
Lititz Savanna, Harris 11664, 11734, 12441, 12678.

FIGURE 21.—fragrosiis elliottii. Panicle, X 1; floret, x 10 (Tracy 7384).

14. Eragrostis elliottii S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Proc. 25: 140. 1890.

Poa nitida Ell., Bot.S.C. and Ga. 1: 162. 1816. South Carolina.
Not Poa nitida Lam. 1791, nor Eragrostis nitida Link, 1827.

Eragrostis macropoda Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 106. 1908.
Puerto Rico, Sintenis 1233.

Perennial; culms tufted, about 50 cm tall, the rather stiff leaves
mostly clustered toward the base, the very diffuse few-flowered
panicle more than half the entire height of the plant, the panicle
axis and the capillary branches fragile; spikelets on long, rather stiff,
slender pedicels, mostly 8- to 15-flowered, 5 to 12 mm long; lemmas
closely imbricate, acute, about 2 mm long (fig. 21).

Sandy savannas and sterile hills, southeastern United States on the
Coastal] Plain and in the West Indies."

Cupa: Herradura, Tracy 9096; Hitchcock 260. Guane, Léon 7310.
Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23289; Palmer and Riley 441; Baker and

10 F], Brit. W. Ind. 532. 1864.
11 The species occurs frequently in the Bahamas (Britt. and Millsp. F], Baham. 40. 1926).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 43

Abarca 3735. Camagiiey, Britton 2373. Placetas del Sur, Léon
6425. Cojimar, Baker 5332. Madruga, Léon 8951. Baragua,
Hitchcock 23386. Manacas, Léon 5884. Isla de Pinos, Taylor 25;
Palmer and Riley 948; Ekman 11657; Britton and Wilson

¥ 14708, 14944. Without locality, Wright 3423.

JAMAICA: New Forest, Hitchcock 9854 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 692). Lititz Savanna, Harris 11661, 12435, 12680.

Harti: Acul-Samedi, Ekman H 9920.

Dominican ReEpusuic: Cuenca, Ekman H 13298.
Moncién, Valeur 145. Cotuy, Abbott 795.

Purrto Rico: Bayamon, Sintenis 1233. Santurce,
Heller 584. Campo Alegre, Chase 6798 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 693). Sabana Abajo, Britton and Brown 5719.
Joyuda, Britton, Stevens, and Hess 2396. San Juan,
Chase 6634.

15. Eragrostis acutiflora (H. B. K.) Nees, Agrost. Bras.
501. 1829.

Poa acutiflora H.B.K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 161. 1816.
Colombia.

Perennial; culms tufted, rather rigid, sparingly
branching, 20 to 40 cm tall, blades erect, flat or involute,
1 to 2mm wide; panicles 10 to 20 cm long, the spikelets
short-pedicellate, somewhat crowded along the stiffly
ascending primary branches; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long,
6- to 10-flowered; lemmas acuminate, 2 mm long.

Ditches and open moist soil, Trinidad and northern
South America.

TrinipaD: Piarco Savanna, Freeman 7533; Britton
and Hazen 721; Hitchcock 10344. Aripo Road, Broad-
way 5827. Without locality, Broadway 7750.

16. Eragrostis ekmanii Hitchc., sp. nov.”

Perennial; culms erect, firm, wiry, 50 to 60 cm tall;
sheaths glabrous, the summit glabrous or very sparsely
pilose; blades erect, firm, flat, folded or involute, 5 to
15 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, sparsely long-pilose on the
upper surface near the base, otherwise glabrous; panicle
erect, stiff, consisting of several clusters of spikelets
along an axis 9 to 14 cm long, the lower clusters 10

to 15 mm long, distant, the upper shorter,
somewhat confluent; spikelets pale or slightly
tinged with purple, about 5 mm long, mostly
9- to 13-flowered; florets closely imbricate,
acute, firm, minutely roughened (under a
lens) about 1.5 mm long, the lateral nerves
distinct; nerves of palea scaberulous (fig. 22).
: r Type in the United States National Her-
panicle, C1: Aleve, 210 (ape, barium, no. 1387320, collected in sandy pine-
lands, Los Indios, Isla de Pinos, November 8,

12 Planta perennis; culmi erecti caespitosi, 50-60 cm alti; vaginae glabrae, faucibus glabris; laminae erectae
planae vel involutae 5-15 cm longae 1-2 mm latae, supra pilosae ad basen: panicula erecta 7-14 cm longa,
spiculis fasciculatis, fasciculis inferioribus distantibus, superioribus confluentibus; spiculae 5 mm longae
9-13-florae; lemmata acuta arcte imbricata firma minute scaberula 1.5 mm longa, nervis distinctis.

44 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1920, by E. L. Ekman (no. 12143). This is the only specimen
examined.

17. Eragrostis purpurascens (Spreng.) Schult., Mant. 2: 317. 1824.

Poa purpurascens Spreng., Nov. Prov. Hal. 33. 1819. [Uruguay.]

Culms ascending or spreading, sparingly branching below; panicles
commonly about one-third the entire height of the plant, about two-
thirds as wide as long, the slender flexuous branches, branchlets, and
pedicels divergent; spikelets about 8 mm long, dark-colored, the
lemmas thin, the lateral nerves obscure.

Open ground and rocky hills, Brazil to Argentina; also in Antigua
(Duss 3; Box 17, 20; Wullschlaegel 644). This is the species described
by Grisebach * as Eragrostis prolifera. The plants from Antigua
agree with Nees’s description of Eragrostis purpurascens * and with
the Sello specimen cited by him, but they may not be Poa purpurascens
of Sprengel.

18. Eragrostis excelsa Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 227. 1866. Cuba,
Wright 3425.

Perennial; culms erect, robust, 1 to 2 m tall; blades elongate, flat,
becoming loosely involute in drying, as much as 7 mm wide, the base
somewhat clasping, the summit of the sheaths and the upper surface
of the blades at the base densely long-pilose; panicles large, somewhat
Open, as much as 50 cm long, the long branches ascending; spikelets
5 to 7 mm long, 4- to 8-flowered.

Thickets near the coast, Bahamas and Cuba.

Bauamas: Berry Islands, Britton and Millspaugh 2186.

CusBa: Vicinity of Habana, Léon 962, 963, 3444, 3678, 5270, 5651,
7485, 8420, 8421; Ekman 1206. Boca de Canasi, Léon 138690. Mariel,
Britton and Gager 7561. ‘Toscano, Wright 3425. 2

19. Eragrostis salzmannii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 277. 1854.
Bahia, Brazil.

Perennial; culms in large clumps, erect or ascending, 60 to 100 cm
tall, branching above, the branches fascicled; sheaths glabrous at the
summit or with a few long hairs; blades flat, becoming involute, 1 to
2 mm wide, tapering to a fine point; panicles oblong, rather dense,
mostly 8 to 12 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide, the branches short, spreading
or ascending, densely many-flowered, the spikelets often spreading
in all directions; spikelets 6 to 10 mm long, 10- to 20-flowered, often
falcate; lemmas oblong, obtuse, imbricate, 1.5 mm long. ,

Sandy seacoasts and saline meadows, Cuba, Colombia, and Brazil.

Cusa: Rio Tayabo, Britton and Wilson 5566; Casilda, Britton and
Wilson 5510. Trinidad, Kkman 18913.

20. Eragrostis prolifera (Swartz) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 278. 1854.

Poa prolifera Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 27. 1788. St.
Lucia, Guadeloupe.

Perennial; culms firm and hard, tufted, erect at base, leaning,
branching above, about 1.5 m tall and 3 mm in diameter near the
base, the branches more or less fascicled; summit of sheaths glabrous
or sparsely pilose; blades elongate, slender, more or less involute,
0.5 to 2 mm wide when flat, attenuate to a fine point; panicle rather

13 F]. Brit. W. Ind. 532. 1864.
14 Agrost. Bras. 506. 1829.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES ~ 45

narrow, 15 to 45 cm long, the long branches more or less appressed;
spikelets 5 to 8 mm long, 7- to 15-flowered; lemmas 1.5 to 1.8 mm long.

Ditches and marshes near the coast, Guadeloupe. Swartz, in the
original description, gives the locality ‘“Insulae caribaeae.” In a
later work © he gives ‘‘Lucia, Guadeloupe.”’

Lenwarp Istanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3142; Hitchcock 16414,
“Erect at base but branched above and more or less leaning. Pan-
icles all slender and narrow. In ditches along road through brackish
swamp.”

21. Eragrostis domingensis (Pers.) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 278.
1854.

Poa domingensis Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 88. 1805. Santo Domingo.

Eragrostis gigantea Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math.
Phys. Nat. 1: 403. 1830. Santo Domingo.

Perennial; culms rather stout, erect, 0.5 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths
glabrous or sparsely pilose at the summit; blades flat becoming more
or less involute in drying, elongate, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicles 25 to
50 cm long, the branches ascending or appressed, usually rather
closely flowered to the base, the lower sometimes distant; spikelets
mostly short-pedicellate, 5 to 10 mm long, 10- to 25-flowered; lemmas
1.5 to 1.8 mm long.

Beaches and rocky soil near the coast, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola,
and a few other localities.

CuBa: Bahia Honda, Wilson 9257; Ekman 12696. Habana, Léon
5620, 5650. Santa Fé, Léon 15868. Yayales, Ekman 11192. Cara-
bela Grande, Roig 3200.

JAMAICA: St. Anns Bay, Aidley 87. Bushy Park, Harris 12518,
Healthshire Hills, Harris 11618. Mouth of Cockpit River, Harris
12466. Portland, Britton 1923. Port Henderson, Ridley in 1916.
Grand Cayman, Hitchcock in 1890; Millspaugh 1240.

Harti: Bayeux, Ekman H 2604. Cocoa Point, Nash 1780. Tor-
tuga Island, Leonard 11426, 12380, 12486, 13918; Kkman H 4211,

Lerwarp Isuanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3422,

WINDWARD Isuanps: Martinique, Duss 565.

13. MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm., Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans.
1: 436. 1859

Plants dicecious; spikelets, 2- or 3-flowered, usually sessile in pairs,
concealed in the upper sheaths; glumes leaflike, rigid, with mem-
branaceous sheaths and short, strongly veined spreading blades, the
first about equaling the uppermost floret; lemmas rather rigid, the
palea with winged keels. Creeping wiry perennial, with clustered
short subulate blades, the spikelets inconspicuous at the ends of the
short branches, only a little exceeding the leaves.

1. Monanthochloé littoralis Engelm., Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 1:
AG Dis 13. 1859. . Texas.

Culms tufted, the short branches erect; blades falcate, mostly less
than 1 cm long (fig. 23).

Muddy seashores and tidal flats, in the warmer parts of America.

Cusa: Cayo Cruz, Shafer 2773.

15 F], Ind. Oce. 1: 216. 1797.

MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

46

“(829 Yoo) ¢ X “JoIoG pue yopaxtds ozBT[sId %{ XK Gust

“91]D109)1) gO] YooYJUDUOPT— "ez AUNOI

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 47

14. DISTICHLIS Raf., Jour: Phys. Chim. 89: 104. 1819. Satr-
GRASS

Plants dioecious; spikelets several- to many-flowered, the rachilla
of the pistillate spikelets disarticulating above the glumes and
between the florets; glumes unequal, broad, acute, keeled, mostly
3-nerved, the lateral nerves sometimes faint or obscured by striations
and intermediate nerves; lemmas closely imbricate, firm, the pistillate
coriaceous, the margins bowed out near the base, acute or acutish,
3-nerved, with several intermediate nerves or striations; palea as
long as the lemma or shorter, the pistillate coriaceous, enclosing the
grain.. Low perennials, with extensively creeping scaly rhizomes,
erect, rather rigid culms, and short, dense, rather few-flowered
panicles.

1. Distichlis spicata (L.) Gr one,
Calif. Acad. Sci. Bull.
AL5y VLUSSi7.

SEASHORE SALTGRASS.

Umoola spicata L., Sp. Pl. 71.
1753. Atlantic coast of North
America.

Low, erect, smooth peren-
nial, with long running rhi-
zomes, slender culms, spreading
firm involute blades, and small
compact panicles, the spikelets
about 1 cm long. Extensive
colonies of sterile plants may
be recognized by the overlap-
ping sheaths and conspicuously
closely distichous stiff blades
(fig. 24).

Salt marshes and alkaline
meadowsnear the coast, United
States, Mexico, and northern
West Indies.

Banamas: New Providence,
Britton and Brace 417; Geogr.
Soc. Baltumore 4. Watlings Is-
land, Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 491.
Inagua, Hitchcock in 1890.

Cusa: Colonia, Britton and
Cowell 9853. Habana, Léon

3476. Bataband, Léon 5757; SS sh a\ ===

Hitchcock 262; Baker and Wil- bn WA

son 2293, 2348 ; Hkman 892. FIGURE 24.—Distichlis spicata. Plant, X 1;
Baragua, Hitchcock 23344. floret, X 5 (Hitchcock 2826).

Cayo Sabinal, Ekman 15485. ' ty
Guantanamo Bay, Britton 2264. Isla de Pinos, Britton and, Wilson
15199.
Harri: Croix-des-Bouquets, Ekman H 2157.
Dominican Repusuic: Barahona, Ekman H 6957.
60256—36——_4

48 MISC. PUBLICATION 2438, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

15. UNIOLA L., Sp. Pl. 71. 1753

Spikelets, 3- to many-flowered, the lower 1 to 4 lemmas empty, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes compressed-keeled, rigid, usually narrow, nerved, acute or
acuminate or rarely mucronate, lemmas compressed, sometimes con-
spicuously flattened, chartaceous, many-nerved, the nerves some-
times obscure, acute or acuminate, the empty ones at the base usually
successively smaller, the uppermost usually reduced; palea rigid, some-
times bowed out in the winged keels. Rather tall, erect perennials,
with flat or convolute blades
and narrow or open panicles
of compressed spikelets.
Spikelets 8 to 10 mm broad, in a

drooping panicle. === aa

1. U. PANICULATA.

Spikelets 2 to 4 mm wide, in a
narrow erect panicle__________
2. U. VIRGATA.

1. Uniola paniculata L., Sp.
Plo We" i530 a © arolmear
SEA-OATS.

A robust tufted smooth
perennial, often 2 m tall, with
long, tough, involute blades
and long panicles of pale
heavy spikelets, commonly
2.5 em long; spikelets oval,
1.5 to 2.5 em long; lemmas
about 1 cm long (fig. 25).

Sandy seacoasts, Virginia
to South America. In Cuba
called ‘‘arana.”’

BauHamas: New Provi-
dence, Geogr. Soc. Baltimore
109; Dewey 570; Eggers 4119.

Cusa: Playa de Bacuranao,
Léon 889. Balie, Eee

Mo lt ieee st ; Ekman 10564. aya de
mCUME spikelets, X11 (Kearney 218) Marianao, Léon 064; Van
Hermann 895. Cabanas,
Palmer and Riley 751. Varedero Beach, Killip 13945. Cayo Sabinal,
Shafer 701. Without locality, Wright 2823.
2. Uniola virgata (Poir.) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 531. 1864.

Poa virgata Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 78. 1804. Santo Domingo.

Uniola racemiflora Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
21:55. 1836. Santo Domingo.

Uniola sparta Trin., Linnaea 10: 307. 1836. Cuba.

Plants in large clumps with many sterile shoots, the culms less
robust than in U. paniculata, 1 to 2 m tall, the closely involute blades
hard and very flexuous, the panicle stiffly erect, 40 to 60 cm long, the
slender stiff branches narrowly ascending, 2 to 4 em long; spikelets
about 5 mm long. Panicle sometimes spikelike. Blades usually
very scabrous on the margins.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 49

Rocky seacoast, West Indies.

Bauamas: Eleuthera, Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 349. New Providence,
Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 7, 301; Curtiss 131; Eggers 43338.

Cusa: Boca de Canasi, Léon 13174. Postelillo, Ekman 15411.
Cajobabo, Léon 12317. Guantanamo, Hkman in 1922; Mioram 2168.
Punta Brava, Rugel 870. Uvero Alto, Léon 14674. Bahia de
Manati, Léon 15751.

JAMAICA: Cane River Valley near coast, Harris 11312. Health-
shire Hills, Harris 11622; Hitchcock 9761 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 698).

Hartt: Cabaret, Leonard 11801, 11857, 11861, 12043. Monte
Cabrete, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 72. Source-Matelas, Hkman H 2149.
Jean Rabel, Leonard 12849, 13009. St. Marc, Leonard 3418. Ran-
delle, Ekman H 677. Ennery, Leonard 8850a, 8880. Tortuga Island,
Leonard 11527, 15394. Gonaive Island, Leonard 3414.

Dominican Repusuic: Higiiey, Ekman H 12224. Moncidn, Valeur
215, 799. Santo Domingo, Hggers 2361. Puerto Plata, Eggers
2517. Azua, Rose 3825. Barahona, Fuertes 808; Ekman H 6724.
Guayubin, Abbott 873, 896. Puerto Francés, Abbott 1215. Sostia,
Ekman H 14477.

Puerto Rico: Guanica, Chase 6526; Britton, Cowell, and Brown
4890. Cabo Rojo, Sintenis 839, 840; Britton, Cowell, and Brown
4708. Guayanilla, Shafer 1992. Cayo Muertos, Britton, Cowell,
and Brown 5002. Cayo Puerto Real, Shafer 2768. Puerto Diablo,
Shafer 2938.

VirGcin Isuanps: St. Thomas, Eggers in 1882. Little St. James
Island, Britton and Rose 1414.

ib ACALYELTS Le iSpabl Gin 1753

Spikelets few-flowered, compressed, finally disarticulating between
the florets, nearly sessile in dense 1- sided fascicles, these borne at the
ends of the few branches of a panicle ; olumes. unequal, carinate,
acute, hispid-ciliate on the keel; lemmas compressed-keeled, mucron-
ate, 5-nerved, ciliate on the keel. Perennials, with flat blades and
fascicled spikelets.

1. Dactylis glomerata L., Sp. Pi.71. 1753. Europe. ORrcHARD GRASS.

Rather coarse roughish perennial commonly about 1 m tall; blades
flat; panicles of few to several branches naked at base, bearing toward
the ends clusters of densely crowded, sparsely pilose spikelets 0.8 to
1 cm long.

Commonly cultivated in the United States as a meadow grass and
frequent as an escape. In England called cocksfoot. Not grown in
the West Indies.

JAMAICA: Cinchona, Harris 11779. Without locality, Hart 744.

17. GYNERIUM Willd.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 138. pl. 24. f.6. 1812

Plants dioecious; spikelets several-flowered; pistillate spikelets with
long-attenuate olumes and smaller long- silky lemmas; staminate
spikelets with shorter glumes and glabrous lemmas. Large perennial
reed.

30 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 26.—Gynerium sagittatum. Plant, much reduced. Portion of culm showing imbricate“sheaths,
x 4; and staminate branch, X 1 (Leonard 5309); pistillate branch, X 1 (Chase 6442).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES ol

1. Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 138. pl. 24.
ily Gy, WSN, WILD CANE.

Saccharum sagittatum Aubl., Pl. Guian. 1: 50. 1775. French
Guiana.

Gynervum saccharoides Humb. and Bonpl., Pl. Aequin. 2: 105. pl.
115. 1813. Venezuela.

Arundo saccharoides Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 703. 1816.

Aira gigantea Steud. , Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 224. 1854. Antilles.

Stout reeds often 10 m tall, the culms clothed below with old
_sheaths, the blades having fallen: blades sharply serrulate, commonly
2 m long and 4 to 6 cm wide (forming a great fan-shaped summit to
the sterile culms); panicles pale, plumy, densely flowered, 1 m or
more long, the main axis erect, the branches drooping; pistillate
bee silky from the villous florets: staminate panicles glabrous
(fig. 26)

River banks and low ground, forming dense colonies, West Indies
and southern Mexico to South America. Found throughout the
West Indies except the Bahamas. Called in Cuba “‘cafia de Castilla.”
The stems are used for lattices and light construction work.

18. ARUNDO L., Sp. Pl. 81. 1753

Spikelets several-flowered, the florets successively smaller, the
summits of all about equal, the rachilla glabrous, disarticulating above
the glumes and between the florets; glumes somewhat unequal, mem-
branaceous, 3-nerved, narrow, tapering into a slender point, about as
long as the spikelet; lemmas thin, 3-nerved, densely long-pilose,
gradually narrowed at the summit, the nerves ending in slender
teeth, the middle one longer, extending into a straight awn. ‘Tall
perennial reeds, with broad linear blades and large plumelike terminal
panicles.

1. Arundo donax L., Sp. Pl. 81. 1753. Europe.
GIANT REED, CARRIZO.

Culms stout, in large clumps, 2 to 6 m tall, sparingly branching,
from thick knotty rhizomes; blades numerous, elongate, 5 to 7 cm
wide on the main culm, conspicuously distichous, spaced evenly along
the culm, the margins scabrous; panicle dense, erect, 30 to 60 cm
long; spikelets 12 mm long (fig. 27).

River banks and moist ground, warmer parts of the Old World.
Cultivated in America for ornament and occurring from Texas to
California and southward to South America as an escape. Found on
nearly all of the West Indian islands, including Bermuda and the
Bahamas. In Cuba called ‘giiin.”” The woody stems are used for
lattices and light construction work.

19. PHRAGMITES Trin., Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820.

Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla clothed with long silky hairs,
disarticulating above the glumes and at the base of each joint between
the florets, the lowest floret staminate or neuter; glumes 3-nerved, or
the upper ’5-nerved, lanceolate, acute, unequal, the first about half
as long as the second, the latter shorter than the florets; lemmas

MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

52

)
yx

\
\
' \
Nite.
sy

Sa =

\ an ‘

K -
m2 N y\
Se SS NY

Plant, X 14: spikelet and floret, * 3 (Biltmore Herb. 7514).

FIGURE 27.—Arundo donatr.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

\ .S Se EE
al

7 )\

FIGURE 28.—Ph-agmites communis. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 3 (Hitchcock 5078).

53

54 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

narrow, long-acuminate, glabrous, 3-nerved, the florets successively
smaller, the summits of all about equal; palea much shorter than
the lemma. Perennial reeds, with broad, flat linear blades and large
terminal panicles.

1. Phragmites communis Trin., Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820.
COMMON REED.

Arundo phragmites L., Sp. Pl. 81. 1753. Europe.

Arundo occidentalis Sieber; Schult., Mant. 2: 289. 1824. Marti-
nique, Sieber 31.

Phragmites martinicensis Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 2: 324.
1841. Martinique, Sieber 31.

Phragmites phragmites Karst., Deutsch. Fl. 379. 1880.

Culms erect, 2 to 4 m tall, with stout creeping rhizomes and often
also with stolons; blades flat, 1 to 5 em wide; panicle tawny, 15 to 40
cm long, the branches ascending, rather densely flowered; spikelets
1 to 15 mm long, the florets exceeded by the hairs of the rachilla
(ikea, PAS)

Swamps throughout the temperate regions of the world, extending
into the Tropics. Called sometimes ‘‘wild cane.”’

Bauamas: New Providence, Brace 3901. Watlings Island, Geogr.
Soc. Baltimore 521.

JAMAICA: Ferry River, Mazon 2187; Harris 11576. Black River,
Hitchcock 9648. Cockpit River, Ridley 95.

a Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 5935. Roche 4 Bateau, Ekman

298.

Dominican ReErusuic: Santo Domingo, Rose 3798; Ekman H
11167. Cabral, Abbott 1998. Arroyo Leonor, Valeur 513. Without
locality, Faris 98; Wright, Parry, and Brummel 619.

Puerto Rico: MHerrera, Hggers 1195. Humacao, Eggers 712.
Guanica, Heller 6289.

LEEWARD IsLANDs: Guadeloupe, Duss 4035.

WINDWARD IsLtANnps: Martinique, Duss 1283. St. Lucia, Box 189.

Topsaco: Aitchcock 10231.

20. TRIODIA RK. Be; Prodr: FlNov. Holly ais25 5 130

Spikelets several-flowered; glumes nearly equal in length; lemmas
broad, rounded on the back, the apex from minutely emarginate or
toothed to deeply and obtusely lobed, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
near the margins, the midnerve excurrent between the lobes as a
minute point or as a short awn, the lateral nerves often excurrent as
minute points, usually all the nerves pubescent below. Erect tufted
perennials, rarely rhizomatous or stoloniferous, the blades usually
flat, the inflorescence an open or contracted panicle.

1. Triodia eragrostoides Vasey and Scribn., Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 1: 58. 1890. Texas.

Culms slender, 50 to 100 cm tall; panicle open, 10 to 30 cm long;
spikelets on slender pedicels, 1 to 10 mm long, oblong, mostly 6- to
10-flowered, scarcely 5 mm long; lemmas about 2 mm long, obtuse,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 50

obscurely pubescent along the midnerve on the lower half, the margins
pubescent, the midnerve minutely excurrent (fig. 29).

Dry ground, rocks, and cliffs,
Florida Keys, Cuba, Texas, and
northern Mexico.

Cusa: Vifales, Sierra de la
Guazasa, Hkman 16606.

21. STREPTOGYNE Beauv.,
Kss. Agrost. 80. pl. 16.f.8. 1812

Spikelets several-flowered, sub-
sessile in a long 1-sided raceme;
glumes unequal, much shorter
than the elongate terete callus-
tipped florets; lemmas firm, taper- ost
: : FIGURE 29.—Triodia eragrostoides. Panicle, X 1;
ing into a slender awn ; palea two views of floret, & 5 (Swallen 1471).
about as long as the lemma;
stigmas 3, elongate, persistent, coiled, the mature fruits hanging by
these entangled stigmas. Perennial with flat blades and slender
erect raceme.

1. Streptogyne crinita Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 80. pl. 16. f. 8. 1812.

Erect perennial, 1 to 1.5 m tall, with elongate leaves mostly aggre-
gate at the base and reaching beyond the base of the inflorescence;
blades 1 to 1.5 cm wide; raceme slender, 30 to 50 cm long, the axis
rather firm, the short-pediceled slender spikelets appressed, about
3 cm long, excluding the slender awns and curled stigmas (fig. 30).

Rich woods, Veracruz and Trinidad to Brazil. ‘“Carolina’’, the
locality given with the original description, isan error. Beauvois also
mentions Guiana.

TRINIDAD: Caparo Forest, Broadway 4932. Tabaquite, Hitchcock
10122. Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3367; Crueger.

22. ORTHOCLADA Beauyv., Ess. Agrost. 69. pl. 14. f.9. 1812

Spikelets articulated below the glumes, 1-flowered with a prolonga-
tion of the rachilla, or 2-flowered, the florets distant; glumes and
lemmas acuminate. A broad-leaved perennial with diffuse panicle.

1. Orthoclada laxa (L. Rich.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 70, 149,168. 1812.

more acd eich, Act, Soc, Hist) Nate)Paris) 1; 106. 1792.
Cayenne.

Pamcum rarvflorum Lam., Encycl. 4: 746. 1798. Cayenne.

Orthoclada rariflora Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 70. pl. 14. f. 9. 1812.

Stoloniferous perennial; flowering culms ascending, leafy, simple,
commonly 1 m long; blades slender-petioled, lanceolate, mostly 12
to 15 cm long, about 2.5 cm wide; panicle large, as broad as long, the
long, slender, naked branches and capillary branchlets at first erect,
finally stiffly divergent, bearing 1 to few spikelets at the extremities;
glumes narrow, acute, 4 and 5 mm long; lemmas 6 to 7 mm long,
acuminate or short-awned (fig. 31).

Rich woods, southern Mexico to Brazil; also in Guadeloupe and
Trinidad.

DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

56

MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S.

inita, X \% (Pittier 10602).

30.—Streptogyne cr

FIGURE

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 57

FIGURE 31.—Orthoclada lata, X 43 (Donnell Smith 8791, Tuerckheim II. 1036).

58 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LrEwarpD Is~aNnps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3522.

TrintpaD: Valencia, Hggers 1399; Broadway in 1926. Quiaco,
Broadway 4954. Caparo Forest, Broadway 4927. Mount Tocuche,
Britton, Hazen, and Mendelson 1365. Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9969
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 696). Tabaquite, Hitchcock 10128 (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 697).

23. ZEUGITES P. Br., Civ. Nat. Hist. Jam. ed. 2, 341 and Index
IL. 1789

(Senites Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 39, 604. 1763. No generic description.)

Spikelets few to several-flowered, the lowest floret perfect, the others
staminate, the rachilla joint between the perfect and staminate
florets elongate; glumes and fertile lemma herbaceous, broad, with
transverse veins between the nerves, obtuse or truncate, the glumes
about half as long as the lemma; sterile lemmas membranaceous,
narrower, acute. Broad-leaved perennials, with terminal panicles.
Culms elambering abladess2) to 4aem longs see... eee ee 1. JZ. AMERICANA.
Culms very slender, trailing, rooting at the nodes; blades 1 to 2 cm long.

Z. HAITIENSIS.
1. Zeugites americana Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 204. 1805. Based on
Apluda zeugites L.

Apluda zeugites L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1306. 1759. Jamaica.

Zeugites jamaicensis Raeuschel, Nom. Bot. ed. 3, 270. 1797.
Name only. Jamaica.

Senites zeugites Nash; Hitche., Contrib. U. 5. Natl. Herb. 12: 127.
1908.

Loosely tufted branching glabrous clambering perennial 0.5 to 1 m
tall; culms glossy brown or black, resembling fern stipes; blades on
slender, often spreading petioles, ovate, 2.5 to 4 cm long; panicles
mostly 5 to 7 cm long, loosely flowered, the branches and pedicels
capillary; glumes and fertile lemma truncate (fig. 32).

Rich woods, above 1,000 m altitude. Blue Mountains, Jamaica,
eastern Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cusa: Sierra Maestra, Léon 11334; Bucher 61; Ekman 7071.

JAMAICA: Cinchona, Perkins 1082; Harris 11418, 11431; Harrs
and Lawrence 15270; Mazon 1198; Hitchcock 9709. Gordon Town,
Hart 789. Abbey Green, Hitchcock 9360 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
695); Harris 11584. Blue Mountain Peak, Nichols 115; Orcutt 2902.
Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9733; Eggers 3579. Sir Johns Peak,
Harris 11596. Morces Gap Road, Harris 11327. Maccasucker
Bump, Mazon 9593. Mossmans Peak, Mazon 9674. Sugar Loaf,
Mazon 9972. New Haven Gap, Mazon 2673.

Haiti: Mission, Leonard 3863. Massif de la Selle, Hkman H 1282,
Jal WAG

Dominican Repusuic: San José de Ocoa, Hkman H 12014.

2. Zeugites haitiensis (Pilger) Urban, Symb. Antill. 8: 51. 1920.
Zeugites americana subsp. haitiensis Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill.
635-1909) Haiti. Picardat52on0
Senites haitiensis Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18:
a2. LOY.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES oY

FIGURE 32.—Zeugites americana, X 4% (Hitchcock 9709).

Culms very slender, trailing, rooting at the nodes; blades ovate,
1 to 2 cm long.

Rocky shaded places, Hispaniola.

Haiti: Furey, Picarda 1523. Ma Blanche, Ekman H 577. Morne
la Visite, Ekman H 1650. Torbeek, Hkman H 5308. Petite Riviere
de |’Artibonite Pérodin, Ekman H 3457.

Dominican REpuBLIC: Santiago, Ekman H 163825.

24, PAPPOPHORUM Schreb.; Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 10. 1794

Spikelets, 1- to 3-flowered, the upper sterile; glumes thin, subequal;
lemma subindurate, dissolving at the summit into about 13 slender
awns, the second and third florets reduced, closely appressed to the
palea, the awns of all the florets together forming a pappuslike
crown, falling attached to the fruit. Tufted perennials with narrow
panicles.

60 MISC. PUBLICATION

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243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Pappophorum pappiferum (Lam.)
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. P1.3?:365. 1898.
Saccharum pappiferum Lam., Tabl.

Encycl. 1: 155. 1791. South America.

The type, with the name in Lamarck’s

script, was examined in the Lamarck

Herbarium in Paris in 1935, by A. S.

Hitchcock.

Pappophorum alopecuroideum Vahl,
Symb. Bot. 3:10. 1794. Vahl’s state-
ment ‘“‘Ad fodinas Insulae Spanish
Town Americae legit Du. v. Rohr’
may refer to Spanish Town, Jamaica,
but we have no specimens from that
island.

Pappophorum laguroideum Schrad.;
Schult., Mant. 2: 342. 1824. West
Indies.

Perennial; culms erect, 1 m or more
tall; blades elongate, involute; panicles
silky, pale or whitish, dense, narrow or
spikelike, 15 to 50 cm long, softly
bristly with the numerous delicate
awns (fig. 33).3 ae Soo ie Eee

Rocky soil, southern Mexico to South
America and the West Indies.

Cusa: Vicinity of Habana, Hkman
952, 13149; Léon 2010, 4151, 9028;
Hitchcock 254.

FIGURE 33.—Pappophorum pappiferum. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 10 (Ekman I 114.)).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 61

Puerto Rico: Mona Island, Hess 444; Britton, Cowell, and Hess
1777. Desecheo, Hess 427, 1607. Punta Aguila, Britton, Cowell,
and Brown 4689.

VirGin Isuanps: St. Thomas, Eggers in 1881, 1882.

LrEewarp Isuanps: Antigua, Box 69, 87, 106. Guadeloupe, Duss
3164.

WINDWARD IsLaNps: Martinique, Duss 1329.

TrinipAD: Bot. Gard. Herb. 3310.

TRIBE 3. HORDEAE
25. HORDEUM L., Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. Baruny

Spikelets 1-flowered, in clusters of 3 at each joint of an articulate
rachis, the middle spikelet sessile, perfect, the lateral spikelets stip-
itate, reduced to the awnlike olumes: glumes and lemmas awned.

1. Hordeum pusillum Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 87. 1818. Missouri Valley.
LITTLE BARLEY.
Low, usually branched, annual with cylindric spikes 3 to 8 cm
long, a part of the glumes dilated above the base.
Open dry ground, western United States, but introduced eastward
and in Bermuda.
Brermupa: Brown 694.

Wueat (Triticum aestwum L.) and ry. (Secale cereale L.) are
occasionally grown in the mountain regions and sometimes may be
spontaneous but do not persist. Triticum spinulosum Lag. (Gen. et
Sp. Nov. 7. 1816) described from Havana, collected by Balthazar
Boldo, may belong to 7. aestivum.

PARIANA SYLVESTRIS Nees (Agrost. Bras. 295. 1829), a Brazilian
species, is mentioned by Grisebach as having been found in St.
Vincent by Guilding, ‘‘perhaps introduced.”

26. LOLIUM L.., Sp. Pl. 88. 1753. Rygcrass

Spikelets several-flowered, solitary and sessile, placed edgewise to
the continuous rachis, one edge fitting to the alternate concavities,
the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
first glume wanting (except on the terminal spikelet), the second
outward, strongly 3- to 5-nerved, equaling or exceeding the second
floret; lemmas rounded on the back, 5- to 7-nerved, obtuse, acute,
or awned. Annuals or perennials, with flat blades and simple ter-
minal flat spikes.

Glume longer than the spikelet; annual____.___-.___-_--- 1. L. TEMULENTUM.
Glume shorter than the spikelet; perennial____-________~ 2. L. MULTIFLORUM.

1. Lolium temulentum L., Sp. Pl. 83. 1753. Europe. DARNEL.

Lolium maximum Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 462. 1797. Jamaica.
Lolvum temulentum var. leptochaeton A. Br., Flora 1: 252. 1884.
Europe.

16 F). Brit. W. Ind. 528. 1864.

62 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Culms 60 to 90 cm tall; blades 3 to 6 mm wide; spike strict, 15 to
20 cm long; glume about "2.5 em long. Our specimens are awnless,
var. leptochaeton.

Introduced from Europe.

Cusa: Habana, Léon 1583, 5052.

2. Lolium muitifiorum Lam., Fl. Frang. 3: 621. 1778. Europe.
ITALIAN RYEGRASS.

Lolium vtalicum A. Br., Flora 17: 241. 1834. Europe.

Culms 30 to 60 cm tall; blades 2 to 4 mm wide; spike often sub-
faleate, 15 to 25 cm long; spikelets 10- to 20-flowered; lemmas 7 to
8 mm long, at least the upper awned (fig. 34).

Introduced from Europe. Used for pasture in the United States,
but not grown in the West Indies.

Bermupa: Brown, Britton, and Bisset 2137.

JAMAIcA: Gordon Town, Hart 739.

TRIBE 4. AVENEAE
2s IOWA Rerse. cymes ela eae sOs

Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, compressed, the rachilla disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets, prolonged beyond the
perfect florets as a slender bristle or bearing a reduced or sterile
floret at the tip; glumes usually about equal in length but unequal
in shape, the lower narrow and sometimes shorter, 1-nerved, the upper
somewhat broader above the middle, wider than the lower, 3- to
5-nerved; lemmas somewhat scarious and shining, the lowermost a
little longer than the glume, obscurely 5-nerved, acute or short-
awned, the awn, if present, borne just below the apex. Slender
annuals or perennials with narrow blades and narrow dense panicles.

1. Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 97. 1805.

Festuca phleoides Vill., Fl. Delph. 7. 1785. Europe.

Annual; culms erect, 10 to 25 cm tall; sheaths and blades pilose,
the blades fiat, lax, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicles dense, spikelike, 1 to 4
cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; glumes villous; lemmas glabrous, the
lower about 3 mm long, the delicate awn 2 to 3 mm long.

Waste places, Bermuda. A native of Europe, introduced here and
there in North America.

Brermupa: Brown 473, 600, 605, 617; Brown, Britton, and Bissett
1956. |

28. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn., Rhodora 8:142. 1906.
WEDGEGRASS

Spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating below the
glumes, the rachilla produced beyond the upper floret as a slender
bristle; glumes unlike in shape, the first narrow, acute, 1-nerved, the
second broadly obovate, 3- to 5-nerved, somew hat coriaceous; lemmas
firm, scarcely nerved, awnless, the first a little shorter or a little
longer than the second glume. Slender perennials with flat blades
and narrow panicles.

63

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

FIGURE 34.—Lolium multiflorum. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 3; floret, X 5 (Suksdorf 5142).

60256—36——5

64 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906.
PRAIRIE WEDGEGRASS.

Aira obtusata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 62. 1803. Florida.

Eatonia obtusata A. Gray, Man. ed. 2: 558. 1856.

Culms tufted, erect, 30 to 50 cm tall; blades flat, 1 to 5 mm wide;
panicle narrow, contracted or spikelike, more or less lobed or inter-
rupted, 3 to 8 cm long, pale or purplish; spikelets 2 to 3 mm long;
glumes 2.3 to 2.6 mm long; lemmas scaberulous, about 2.5 mm long,
the third, when present, reduced (fig. 35).

Pinelands and grassy plains, Hispaniola, at upper altitudes (1,200
to 2,300 m); United States and Mexico.

DominicaN Repusuic: Constanza, Tuerckheim 3319; EHkman
H 13934. Valle Nuevo, Ekman H 13868. San José de Ocoa, Ekman
FHSI2Z033-

29. TRISHT UNI Perss: Syn. Pit: 97. A805

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, sometimes 3- to 5-flowered, the rachilla
prolonged behind the upper floret, usually villous; glumes somewhat
unequal, acute, the second usually longer than the first floret; lem-
mas usually short-bearded at the base, 2-toothed at the apex, the
teeth often awned, bearing from the back below the cleft apex a
straight and included, or usually bent and exserted, awn. Tufted
perennials with narrow blades and mostly dense panicles.

1. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 59. 1890.
SPIKE TRISETUM.

Aira spicata L., Sp. Pl. 64. 1753. Lapland.

Culms tufted, erect, 30 to 70 cm tall; sheaths pubescent; blades
flat, pubescent, mostly basal, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle contracted,
dense and spikelike or somewhat lobed or interrupted, 5 to 8 cm
long; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long (fig. 36).

Open ground and pineland, at high altitudes, Hispaniola; Arctic
regions of the Northern Hemisphere, extending south in the moun-
tains to the Southern Hemisphere.

Haiti: Grand-Gosier, Hkman H 6867.

Dominican Repusuic: Sierra de los Comisarios, Ekman H 6803.
Valle Nuevo, Eggers 2227, 2228; Tuerckheim 3133. San José de
Ocoa, Ekman H 11714.

30. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 91. pl. 18. f. 3. 1812.
HAIRGRASS

Spikelets, 2-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the hairy
rachilla prolonged behind the upper floret as a stipe, this sometimes
bearing a reduced floret; glumes about equal, acute or acutish,
membranaceous; lemmas thin, truncate and 2- to 4-toothed at the
summit, bearing a slender awn from or below the middle, the awn
straight, bent, or twisted. Slender annuals or perennials with
shining spikelets in narrow or open panicles.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 65

i o y Z
ys iy :
ve \\ AL ENE
z ZO VP) [ae
Fea Sit SA) bl
F fy PMY,
ZT TASER
Ly Ai fe N >
5 §
bs f f \ .
4 A}
\ a oe

FIGURE 35.—Sphenopholis obtusata. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10 (Hitchcock 1453).

66 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 36.—Trisetum spicatum. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, x 5 (Rydberg and Bessey 3593).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 67

1. Deschampsia domingensis Hitchc. and Ekman, sp. nov.”

Culms tufted, erect, 60 to 90 cm tall, from slender creeping rhi-
zomes; sheaths glabrous, pale, somewhat papery; ligule membra-
Naceous, acuminate, 8 mm long; shorter on the innovations; blades
folded or involute, glabrous, elongate, laxly upright, flexuous, mostly
less than 1 mm wide when folded; panicle open, 10 to 20 cm long,
the branches capillary, flexuous, scabrous, spreading, usually naked
for half their length or more, the lower as much as 10 em or more
long; spikelets on capillary pedicels, somewhat aggregate toward
the ends of the branchlets; callus hairs 0.5 to 2 mm long, rather
scant, the rachilla pilose; glumes 5 to 6 nim long; lemmas 2.5 to
4 mm long, thin, 4-toothed at summit, the teeth acuminate, the 2
outer 0.5 mm long; awn from near the base of the lemma, geniculate,
the straight segment above the bend about 5 mm long; palea as long
as the lemma (fig. 37).

FIGURE 37.—Deschampsia domingensis. Portion of panicle, X 1; spikelet, x 5 (type).

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1502064,
collected in moist pinelands, in Los Vallecitos del Yaque, prov. Azua,
Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic, altitude about 2,500 m,
October 2, 1929, by E. L. Ekman (no. H 13633b).

This species in habit resembles D. caespitosa (L.) Beauy., but
differs in the slender rhizomes, the flexuous panicle branches, the
insertion of the bent exserted awn at the base of the lemma, and in
other details.

Dominican ReEpustic: Los Vallecitos del Yaque, Ekman H 13633,
H 13633b. Valle Nuevo, altitude 2,400 m, on rocks at a brook,
Ekman H 13747. Sabana Alta, altitude 2,935 m, moist pine forest,
Ekman H 13802. San Juan, Lomas de la Mediania, altitude 2,500
m, at the headwaters of a brook, “common above 2,500 m’’, Ekman
H 13554.

17 Culmi caespitosi erecti 60-90 em alti, e rhizomatibus gracilibus; ligula 8 mm longa; laminae involutae
graciles elongatae flexuosae circa 0.5 mm crassze; panicula patens 10-20 em longa, ramis capillaribus flexu-
osis scabris patentibus infra nudis; glumae 5-6 mm Jongae; lemmiata 2.5-4 mm longa, pauium supra basin
arisiam geniculatum emittens, aristae parte recta circa 5 mm longa.

68 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

31. AVENA L., Sp. Pl. 79. 1753

Spikelets 2 to several-flowered, the rachilla bearded, disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets; glumes about equal,
membranaceous or papery, several-nerved, longer than the lower
floret, usually exceeding the upper floret; lemmas indurate, except
toward the summit, 5- to 9-nerved, bidentate at the apex, bearing a
dorsal bent and twisted awn (this straight and reduced in Avena
sativa). Annuals with open panicles of large spikelets.

Lemmas: clabroustor nearhyasost us 6. et ye ope fer ee 1: As Sarna:
Lemmas pubescent with long*brown hairs___——______=-__== == 2. A. FATUA.
1. Avena sativa L., Sp. Pl. 79. 1753. Oat.

Culms rather stout, erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 5 to 10
mm wide; panicle 5 to 20 cm long or, in cultivated specimens, larger;
spikelets mostly 2-flowered; glumes 2 to 3 cm long, striate-nerved;
lemmas glabrous or nearly so, the awn often poorly developed.

Widely cultivated in temperate regions, often escaped but not
persistent. Seldom grown in the West Indies.

Bermupa: Collins 335.

Cusa: Habana, Léon 809.

JAMAICA: Summit of Blue Mountain Peak, Hitchcock 9369. Gor-
don Town, Hart.

2. Avena fatua L., Sp. Pl. 80. 1753. WILD OAT.

Differing from A. sativa chiefly in the long stiff brownish hairs on
the florets and rachilla; awn stout, geniculate, twisted below, 3 to
4 cm long (fig. 38).

A weed in temperate regions, rare in the Tropics.

JAMAICA: Gordon Town, Hart 1493.

32 PEOLCUS be Sp. Pia. aber 5
(Notholcus Nash; Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 126. 1912)

Spikelets 2-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating below the glumes,
the rachilla curved and somewhat elongate below the first floret, not
prolonged above the second floret; glumes about equal, longer than
the two florets; first floret perfect, its lemma awnless; second floret
staminate, its lemma awned on the back. Perennials with flat blades
and contracted panicles.

1. Holcus lanatus L., Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753. Europe. VELVET GRASS.
Notholcus lanatus Nash; Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 126. 1912.
Perennial, 0.5 to 1 m tall, grayish-velvety throughout, the pale,

rather densely flowered narrow panicle usually 8 to 10 cm long;

glumes about 4 mm long; first floret 2 mm long, the second smaller,
with a hooklike awn.

Pastures and waste places at upper altitudes. A native of Europe;
introduced in America and occasionally cultivated as a meadow grass.
Not grown in the West Indies.

JAMAICA: Without locality, Hart 748.

Haiti: Furcy, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 35.

18 See p. 407, footnote 9, for discussion of the name Holcus.

69

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

FIGURE 38.—Avena fatua. Plant, X 44; spikelet and floret, X 2 (Umbach).

70 MISC PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

33. DANTHONITA Lam. and DC., Fl. France. 3:32. 1805. Oaterass

Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla readily. disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets; glumes about equal, broad
and papery, acute, mostly exceeding the uppermost floret; lemmas
rounded on the back, obscurely several-nerved, the base with a strong
callus, the apex bifid, the lobes acute, usually extending into slender
awns, a stout awn arising from between the lobes; awn flat, tightly
twisted below, geniculate, exserted, including three nerves of the
lemma. Tufted perennials with few-flowered panicles of rather large
spikelets.

Glumes 6 to 12, rarely to 15, mm long; lower lemmas 5 to 6 mm long.
. D. DOMINGENSIS.
Glumes 20 to 22 mm long; lower lemmas 8 to 9 mm long___ 2. D. oBTORTA.
1. Danthonia domingensis Hack. and Pilger, in Urban, Symb.
Antill. 6: 1. July 15, 1909. Santo Domingo, Eggers 2227b.

Danthonia shrever Britton; Nash, Torreya 9: 210. October 26,
1909. Jamaica, Shreve in 1906.

Culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall, finally forming large dense tussocks
raised above the general level of the soil; leaves aggregate at the base,
the blades usually elongate and overtopping the panicles, from rather
coarse to subfiliform, involute, scabrous toward the ends; panicle 10
to 15 cm long, rather open; spikelets 12 to 15 mm long, 3 to 6-flowered;
oelumes 6 to 12 mm long, rarely longer; lemmas villous, 5 to 6 mm long,
the awned lobes nearly as long, the main awn spreading, the terminal
segment about 1 cm long; rachilla joints villous, noticeable between
the florets (fig. 39, A).

On cleared slopes near the summit of Sir Johns Peak, altitude
about 2,000 m, the only known locality in Jamaica, and Hispaniola in
the mountains, 1,800 to 2,700 m.

JAMAICA: Sir Johns Peak, Harris 10914, 11429 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 647), 11594, 11629 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 648); Hitchcock 9720;
Shreve in 1906.

Haiti: High ridge of La Selle, 2,400 to 2,500 m, ‘“‘ccommon’’, Ekman
H 3153. Roberjot, Ekman H 1424. Pétionville, Ekman H 5997.
Marigot, Ekman H 10048.

Dominican ReEpustuic: Sierra de los Comisarios, Hkman H 6809.
Constanza, Tuerckheim 3414. Loma Rosilla, Fuertes 1776. Valle
Nuevo, Eggers 2227b. Moncién, Ekman H 12830. Los Vallecitos
del Yaque, Hkman H 13659.

2. Danthonia obtorta Chase, sp. nov.”®

Habit similar to that of the preceding, the lower sheaths somewhat
firmer; blades elongate, equaling or overtopping the panicle, involute,
slender, narrower at base than the firm summit of the sheath, the
lower part curved forward, bringing the upper surface downward;
this surface pilose with fragile hairs, the blades otherwise glabrous
and smooth; panicle 13 to 16 cm long, loose; spikelets 2 to 2.5 cm
long, 7- to 9-flowered, the slender villous rachilla joints strongly
zigzag; glumes 2 to 2.2 cm long; lemmas villous on the lower half,
8 to 9 mm long (to the base of central awn) the awned lobes nearly

19 Perennis caespitosa; culmi erecti, 40-55 em alti; laminae elongatae involutae, basi tortae pilosae; pani-

cula 13-16 cm longa, sublaxa; spiculae magnae; glumae 2-2.2 cm longae; lemmata 8-9 mm longa, basi pilosa;
arista 17-20 mm longa.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES él

&
)
ee ,
ves
= oe = 2.

FIGURE 39.—A, Danthonia domingensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5 (Ekman 12830). 3B, D. obdtorta.
Spikelet, < 1; floret, X 5 (type).

as long, the main awn spreading, the terminal segment 15 to 17 mm
long (fig. 39, B).

Closely related to Danthonia domingensis, but the spikelets much
larger, the blades not widened at base, bent forward with a twist, a
character found in some grasses of windswept areas, like high paramos.
The specific name refers to this twisted base.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1385638, col-
lected near the highest peak of Morne de la Selle, 2,700 m, Gauthier,
Massif de la Selle, Haiti, February 1, 1925, by Erik L. Ekman (no.
H 3164). .

An immature specimen was collected at Valle Nuevo, prov. La
Vega, Dominican Republic, Ekman H 138748.

TRIBE 5. AGROSTIDEAE

34. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans.; Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1:33. 1788.
REEDGRASS

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
usually prolonged behind the palea as a short, commonly hairy bristle;
glumes about equal, acute or acuminate; lemma shorter and usually
more delicate than the glumes, the callus bearing a tuft of hairs which
are often copious and as long as the lemma, awned from the back,

72 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

usually below the middle, the awn delicate and straight, or stouter
and exserted, bent and sometimes twisted; palea shorter than the
lemma. Slender perennials with small spikelets in open or narrow
panicles.

1. Calamagrostis leonardii Chase, Jour. Wash.
Acad. Scie Miceid2 1, ho O27 lene
Leonard 4325.

Culms ascending from a geniculate base, 60
to 100 cm tall, producing slender rhizomes;
heule 3 to 4 mm long; blades lax, flat, 6 to 20
cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, scabrous; panicle
pale, nodding, narrow but rather loose, 12 to
20 cm long, the slender branches ascending,
2 to 5 cm long; glumes 4.5 mm long, scabrous
on the back and keel; lemma about 4 mm long,
scabrous, the callus hairs copious, about half
as long as the Jemma; awn from a little above
the middle of the lemma, slender, divergent;
somewhat flexuous at base, 4 to 5 mm long;
palea about 3.5 mm long; rachilla joint about
one-third the length of the lemma, long-pilose
(fig. 40).

Grassy places, 1,300 to 2,100 m, Hispaniola.

Haiti: Pétionville, Ekman H 1113. Furcy,
Leonard 4325, 4370.

Dominican RepuBsuic: San José de Ocoa,
Ekman H 11949. Sierra de los Comisarios,
Ekman H 6812. Valle Nuevo, Ekman H 13809.

35. AGROSTMS ES Spe Ek Gloire
BENTGRASS

Spikelets, 1-flowered, disarticulating above
the glumes, the rachilla usually not prolonged;
glumes equal or nearly so, acute, acuminate,
or sometimes awn-pointed, carinate, usually
scabrous on the keel, and sometimes on
the back; lemma obtuse, usually shorter
and thinner in texture than the
glumes, awnless or dorsally
awned, often hairy on the
callus; palea usually shorter
than the lemma, 2-nerved in only a few
species, usually small and nerveless or
obsolete. Mostly perennials, the small
spikelets in open or narrow panicles.

Palea present.

Panicle contracted, somewhat lobed, the
branches floriferous nearly to base; glumes
scabrous on back and keels.

. A, VERTICILLATA.

Panicle open, the branches naked at base;

FIGURE 40.—Calamagrostis leonardii. glumes scabrous only on keels.
Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5 (type). 2. A. ALBA.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES We

Palea wanting.

Culms 60 em tall, leafy, spikelets about 2 mm long__________~_ 3. A. CANINA.
Culms 15 to 40 cm tall; the leaves mostly near ae) base; spikelets 2.5 to 3mm
HO WOYER gs nop allel sp 2 gg aT a le A Al MR SO eet a aR eR, a 4. A. HIEMALIS.

1. Agrostis verticillata Vill., Prosp. Pl. Dauph. 16. 1779. Europe.

Culms decumbent or spreading, 20 to 40 cm or even as much as 1m
long; blades flat; panicles dense, more or less interrupted or lobed,
5 to 10 cm, or sometimes 15 cm, long; spikelets about 2 mm long,
the glumes scabrous; lemma and palea about 1 mm long.

Ditches and moist places, Jamaica; a native of the Mediterranean
region; widely introduced in warm temperate regions from southern
United States to Argentina.

JaMAICA: Road to Strawberry Hill, Blue Mountains (altitude
1,300 m), Harris 12895.

2. Agrostis alba L., Sp. Pl. 63. 1753. Europe. REDTOP.

Culms erect or ascending from a decumbent or more or less creeping
base, 30 to 60 cm tall, or even taller; blades flat, 1 to 5 mm wide;
panicles open but rather narrow, mostly 10 to 15 cm long, many-
flowered, the lower branches spreading, verticillate; spikelets 2 to
2 Omran long; glumes glabrous except the keels; palea about half as
long as the lemma (fig. 41).

The West Indian specimens are mostly fine-leaved, with decumbent
or creeping culms.

Open ground and moist places at upper altitudes in Jamaica and
Hispaniola; a native of Europe; widely cultivated in temperate regions
and introduced at high altitudes in the Tropics. Not grown in the
West Indies.

JAMAICA: Blue Mountain Peak, Harris 12664, 12666; Hitchcock
9368. Yallahes River course, Harris 12492. Morces Gap, Harris
12894. North slope of Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9735 (sterile).
Gordon Town, Hart 927.

Harti: Furcy (altitude 1,300 m), Leonard 4516.

3. Agrostis canina L., Sp. Pl. 62. 1753. Europe. VELVET BENT.

Culms decumbent, about 60 cm tall; blades flat; panicle somewhat
open, 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long; lemma awned, the awn
geniculate, about 3 mm long.

Grassy summit of Blue Mountain Peak; native of Europe; occa-
sional in pastures and lawns in the United States, and sometimes used
there on golf greens. Not grown in the West Indies.

Jamaica: Blue Mountain Peak, Harris 12667.

The single specimen cited above is not representative. The tall
culms are leafy and the panicle contracted and somewhat distorted
as if diseased.

4, Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B.S. P., Prel. Cat. N. Y. 68. 1888.
TICKLE GRASS.

Cornucopiae hyemalis Walt., Fl. Carol. 73. 1788. South Carolina.

Agrostis scabra Willd., Sp. Pl. 1:370. 1797. North America.

Culms tufted, erect or somewhat spreading at base, 15 to 40 cm
tall; sheaths scaberulous; ligule membranaceous, thin, oblong, erose,
3 mm long; blades flat or, especially on the innovations, involute,
scabrous, 3 to 10 cm long, 0.5 to 2 mm wide; panicles pale or purple,
open, 5 to 15 cm long, pyramidal to oblong-pyramidal, the branches
very scabrous, ascending or spreading, capillary, naked below for more

714 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Yay WZ SLO
I SWF LL aah
= NAIA
wy SSS hi
dj ie

‘i \ S

=)
va

a
PS Na

\ aS
j x ‘\S
“ Sa

~

FIGURE 41.—Agrostis alba. Plant, X 14; 2 spikelets and floret, X 5 (Chase 5191).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 79

than half their length, the branchlets also naked below, the lower
branches in verticils; spikelets somewhat approximate on the branch-
lets, slender-pediceled; glumes acute, glabrous except the scabrous
keels, the first about 2.5 to 3 mm long, the second a little shorter;
lemma obtuse, about 2 mm long, minutely pilose at base, awned or
awnless, the awn when present attached above the middie, curved or
bent but not twisted or distinctly geniculate, exserted about 1 mm;
palea wanting; anthers 0.4 to 0.5 mm.

Pine woods and open ground, Hispaniola in the mountains, 1,000
to 2,500 m altitude.

Harti: Pétionville, Hkman H 1115, H 10088. Croix-des-Bouquets,
Ekman H 7693. Mérion, Ekman H 3181. Furey, Leonard 4318,
4593.

Dominican Repusuic: Constanza, Tuerckheim 3227, 3413, 3558;
Ekman H 14095. Loma Rosilla, Fuertes 1783. Valle Nuevo, Ekman
H 13857. Top of Pelona (3,150 m), Ekman H 13648. Los Vailecitos
del Yaque, Ekman H 13638. San José de Ocoa, Hkman H 11686.

This form of A. hiemalis approaches the mountain form found in
the White Mountains of New Hampshire and in other mountains of
the eastern part of the United States. It differs in being usually
more lax and spreading. The mountain form * referred to has been
called Trichodium montanum Torr., Agrostis oreophila 'Trin., A. laxi-
flora var. montana Tuckerm., and A.torreyi Tuckerm. The spikelets
are awned or awnless.

The West Indian specimens are rather diverse among themselves
but no more so than specimens in the United States. Ekman’s no.
11686 is 60 cm tall, leafy, rather lax, the blades 3 mm wide, while
Ekman H 13857 is 10 cm tall, the blades about 0.5 mm wide. Dr.
Ekman wrote “there is but one species in Santo Domingo of this
eroup’’, that is, the diverse specimens all belong to one species. The
following specimens cited above are awned, the others awnless;
Ekman H 1115, H 3181, H 7698, H 10088; Leonard 4318, 4593;
Tuerckherm 3227, 3557.

SOs LOMGROGON Dest, Hy Atlant. 1: 66. 1798

Spikelets, 1-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating a short distance
below the glumes, leaving a short-pointed callus attached; glumes
equal, entire or 2-lobed, awned from the tip or from between the
lobes, the awn slender, straight; lemma much shorter than the
glumes, hyaline, usually bearing a slender straight awn shorter than
the awns of the glumes. Annuals or perennials with flat blades and
dense bristly panicles.

Riantsannualspanicle dense andysilky 0 2. 22 ets 1. P. MONSPELIENSIS.

Plants perennial; panicle lobed or interrupted, not silky_____~- 2. be LULOSUS:

1. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 67. 1798.
RABBITFOOT GRASS.

Alopecurus monspeliensis L., Sp. Pl. 61. 1753. Europe.

Annual; culms 10 to 30 cm tail; blades flat, 2 to 4 mm wide, the
sheaths inflated; panicles dense, 2 to 6 cm long, about 1 cm thick,
silky with numerous awns; spikelets about 1.5 mm long, the awns
about 5 mm long (fig. 42).

20 For a further discussion of this form see North American Species of Agrostis, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur-
Plant Indus. Bull. 68: 48. 1905.

76 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ty
LLL
— BS =
:

= = = SS

aS

LEE

4 A

ae Hi

YE Lg

PLS
Fe

FIGURE 42.—Polypogon monspeliensis. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret,{X,10 (Chase 5584).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 77

Roadsides and waste places, Bermuda; native of the Old World,
widely introduced in America.
Brermupa: Harshberger in 1905; Brown 714.

2. Polypogon lutosus (Poir.) Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 138.
1920. DitcH POLYPOGON.
Agrostis littorahs With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 129. pl. 23.

1796. Not A. hittorals Lam., 1791. England.

Polypogon littoralis J. E. Smith, Comp. Fl. Brit. 13. 1800.
Agrostis lutosa Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1:
249. 1810. Europe. Shi

RN ti

Perennial; culms geniculate at base, 30 to 80 NS GZ
cm tall; blades flat; panicle oblong, 5 to 15 SNYOZZ | i)
cm long, more or less interrupted or lobed; NG) yy
spikelets about 2 mm long, the awns 2 to 3 mm Ven VY,
long (fig. 43). Wig Cp

Ditches and waste places, Bermuda; native \ NG \AA
of Europe, widely introduced in the warmer AN IZ
parts of America. NV Aa

Brermupa: Brown 698; Collins 138.
Speer OIMots Sp bl 59s 1753

Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed,
disarticulating above the glumes; glumes equal,
membranaceous, keeled, abruptly mucronate
or awned; lemma shorter than the glumes, Ficurr 43.—Polypogon lutosus.
hyaline, broadly truncate, 3- to 5-nerved; palea aie Taine tcao oAG8):
narrow, nearly as long as the lemma. Annuals
or perennials, with erect culms, flat blades, and dense, cylindric
panicles.

1. Phieum pratense L., Sp. Pl. 59. 1753. Europe. TIMOTHY.

Culms tufted, erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 3 to 5 mm wide;
panicle cylindric, dense, spikelike, mostly 5 to 10 em long; spikelets
2 to 3 mm long (fig. 44).

Commonly cultivated as a meadow grass in temperate regions, but
not grown in the West Indies. Established on the summit of Blue
Mountain Peak around the rest house.

JAMAICA: Blue Mountain Peak, Harris 12665; Hitchcock 9374.

38. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.; Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 171. 1791

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes;
glumes usually shorter than the lemma, obtuse to acuminate or
awned, the first sometimes small, rarely obsolete; lemma firm-
membranaceous, 3- to 5- nerved, with a very short, usually minutely
pilose callus, the apex acute, extending into a straight or flexuous
awn, or sometimes only mucronate. Species of the West Indies
perennial.

Panicle diffuse; blades involute, elongate__.____________-- 1. M. caPimLuaRIs.

Panicle narrow, the branches appressed or ascending; blades flat, mostly less
ede." ICO) rae NN Coy ayer 1 1 SSRN aaa ee men emg ay op, rhe ne A 2. M. PARVIGLUMIS.

18

MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

x

a ead ia

more
aed

ee
Ie ae

4

LOE

Le

4b

SoS Ge CRE

oye

Lol

as
Sans

KEES
Gi MEE.
ier ASS

i oa
INS

FIGURE 44.—Phleum pratense. Plant, X %
glumes and floret, X 10 (Mearns 2209).

1. Muhlenbergia capil-
laris (Lam.) Trin.,
Gram.\)\ Unilh; qt
1824.

Stipa capillaris Lam.,
abl. dincyel. t= ahs.
1791. Carolina.

Culms tufted, slender,
erect, 40 to 70 cm tall;
blades involute, elongate,
slender or almost capil-
lary, numerous, com-
monly overtopping the
panicle; panicle large,
diffuse, purplish, the
numerous branches cap-
illary; spikelets narrow,
3mm long; glumes acute,
about 1 mm long, equal
or nearly so; awn of
lemma capillary, some-
what flexuous, 5 to 8 mm
long (fig. 45).

Savannas and rocky
soil,eastern United States
and Mexico, and the
northern West Indies.

BauamMas: Andros
Island, Small and Carter
8794. New Providence,
Britton and Brace 403.

Cuppa: Remates,
Ekman 11186. - Laguna
Jovero, Shafer 11043.
La Coloma, Roig and
Chrysler 3293. Guani-
mar, Wright 3836. Ha-
bana, Léon 2011. Bata-
bané, Léon 5756. Cayo
Cruz, Shafer 2795. Isla
de Pinos, Ekman 11631.

PueERTO Rico: Are-
cibo, Chase 6557.

2. Muhlenbergia parvi-
glumis Vasey, Contrib.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 71-
1892. Texas, Nealley.
Culms rather loosely

tufted, erect or spreading

and leaning, about 30 cm
tall; blades flat, spread-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 79

FIGURE 45.—Muhlenbergia capillaris. Plant, X 4; glumes and floret, x 10 (Seribner).
60256—36——6

SO MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ing, minutely scabrous, long-acuminate, 5 to 10 cm long, 1 to 2 mm
wide; panicles narrow, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches appressed or
ascending; glumes less than 0.5 mm long, somewhat unequal, obtuse
or acutish; lemma narrow, scaberulous toward the narrowed minutely
bifid tip, about 2 mm long; awn capillary, somewhat flexuous, about
1.5 em long (fig. 46).

Limestone hills, Cuba; Texas and
northern Mexico.

Cusa: Vifiales, Loma de la Bandera,
north of Pinar del Rio, Hkman 16547.

39. SPOROBOLUS R. Br., Prodr. FI.
Nov. Holl. 169. 1810. Droprsrrp

Spikelets, 1-flowered, the rachilla
disarticulating above the glumes:
glumes usually unequal, the second
often as long as the spikelet; lemma
membranaceous, l-nerved, awnless;
palea usually prominent and as long
as the lemma or longer; seed often
free from pericarp. Species of West
Indies all perennial, except S. baham-
ensis and S. tenurssimus.

Plants annual. Panicle open; spikelets

about 1 mm long.
Glumes nearly equal, 0.3 to 0.4 mm long.
. S. BAHAMENSIS.
Glumes unequal, the first one-fourth,
the second half as long as the spikelet.
2. SS. TENUISSIMUS.

Plants perennial.

Creeping rhizomes present. Panicles
pale, spikelike; leaves conspicuously

distichous= =! 222 2— 10. §S. VIRGINICUS.
Creeping rhizomes wanting.
Figure 46.—Muhlenbergia parviglumis. Panicle large and diffuse, at least half
ese PS 1p. GUnEEEGS) ELC) stony 2 I the entire height of the plant.

(Vasey).
3. S. BRASILIENSIS.

Panicle narrow, contracted or if somewhat open not diffuse, less than one-
third the entire height of the plant.
Glumes both shorter than the spikelet.

Glumes nearly equal, about 0.5 mm long; branches of panicle slender,
somewhat loosely arranged and spreading; basal sheaths scarcely
Compressed. tc NL oR 2 RNC EN 4, §. INDICUS.

Glumes unequal, the first about one-third as long as the spikelet, the
second a little longer; branches of the panicle short, contiguous, the
panicle thus rather compact and spikelike; basal sheaths com-

TOTESSE CBSA PINE IIE 7 1 UN (lak MR a ce StS UE 5 oS) POIREDte
Glumes unequal, the second as long as the spikelet.
Spikelets 1.5 mm long; panicle pyramidal-__---_-_-- 6. S. PYRAMIDATUS.

Spikelets 2 to 4 mm long; panicle elongate-oblong.
Panicle green or whitish; spikelets about 2 mm long.
7. S. DOMINGENSIS.
Panicle purple; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long.
Basal sheaths copiously felty-ciliate; spikelets about 4 mm long.
. SS. CUBENSIS.
Basal sheaths not felty; spikelets 3 mm long._9. S. PURPURASCENS.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 81

1. Sporobolus bahamensis Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 52: 56. 1902.
Acklins Island, Bahamas, Eggers 3905.

Annual; culms slender, erect, 15 to 30 cm tall; blades loosely
involute, mostly 4 to 6 cm long, about 1 mm thick, glabrous; panicle
oblong, open, about half the leneth of the entire culm, 3 to 4 cm wide,
the branches capillary, ascending or spreading, mostly solitary,
glabrous, naked on the lower part; spikelets a little more than 1 mm
long, somewhat clustered, short- pediceled, the lateral pedicels shorter
than the spikelet, olabrous: glumes shorter than the spikelet, nearly
equal, 0.3 to 0.4 mm long, the first acutish, the second broader,
obtuse; lemma and palea equal, obtuse; fruit a ‘little shorter than the
lemma.

Known only from the Bahamas.

Banamas: Acklins Island, Hggers 3905; Brace 4251.

In the Grasses of the West Indies 7! this species was referred to S.
atrovirens (H. B. K.) Kunth, of Mexico, which differs in being peren-
nial and in having slightly smaller spikelets short-pediceled along one
side of the branches, the first glume only 0.2 mm long.

2. Sporobolus tenuissimus (Schrank) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 37: 369.
1898.

Panicum tenuissimum Schrank, Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 2: 26.
S228 seletazil
SN ea muralis Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 33. pl. 1. f. 2. 1823.

razil.

Sporobolus muralis Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
Ikohey BOxsiome adlCHE

Annual; culms slender, erect, compressed, glabrous, 25 to 75 cm
tall; blades flat, 5 to 15 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicles about half
the length of the entire culm, narrow, open, 3 to 6 cm wide, the
branches and branchlets glabrous, capillary, spreading: spikelets
glabrous, about 1 mm long on slender glabrous pedicels; first glume
about one-quarter, the second about half the length of the spikelet.

Waste ground, Lesser Antilles to Brazil.

VirGIn Isuanps: St. John, Raunkaier 1333. Tortola, Britton and
Shafer 698. St. Croix, Ricksecker 290.

WinpwWarpD Isuanps: Martinique, Duss 4508; Hitchcock 16460.
St. Lucia, Box 183; Hitchcock 16470; Kemp 13, 33; Glasgow 6.

LrEWARD Istanps: Guadeloupe, Stehlé 275.

TriInipAbD: Port-of-Spain, Broadway 7415. Botanic Garden, Broad-
way 7941.

3. Sporobolus brasiliensis (Raddi) Hack., Bull. Herb. Boiss. (2) 43:
278. 1904.

Aira brasilensis Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 36. 1823. Brazil.

Eragrostis airoides Nees, Aerost. Bras. 509. 1829. Brazil.

Culms erect, about 1 m tall: blades elongate, flat or loosely involute,
scabrous on the upper surface, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicles rather more
than half the entire length of the plant, 6 to 15 cm wide, open, the
slender branches, branchlets, and pedicels spreading; spikelets 1.3 mm

21 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 369. 1917.

82 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

long, often 2-fiowered; glumes somewhat unequal, a little shorter than
the spikelet, acute.

Savannas, Cuba; Brazil.

Cusa: Bahia Honda, Ekman 17438. Cuchillas de San Sebastian,
Léon and Shafer 3467; Shafer and Léon 13722. Chirigota, Wright
3827.

4, Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 170.
1810.

Agrostis indica L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Jamaica.

Agrostis elongata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 162. 1791. Tropical
America.

Sporobolus lamarckii Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 4. 1825. Based
on Agrostis elongata Lam.

Sporobolus jacquemontu Kunth, Rév. Gram. 2: 427. pl. 127. 1831.
Santo Domingo.

Vilfa jacquemontit Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
41:92. 1840.

Vilfa indica Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 767. 1841.

Culms tufted, erect, 60 to 100 cm tall, with numerous leafy shoots
at base; sheaths not noticeably compressed; blades elongate, slender,
fiexuous, mostly 1 to 2 mm wide; panicles 15 to 30 cm long; spikelets
short-pediceled, mostly along the under side of the branches, 1.5 to
1.8 mm long; glumes nearly equal, about 0.5 mm long (fig. 47, B).

Grassy hills and dry savannas, Bahamas and Mexico to Colombia
and Brazil. Throughout the Bahamas and the West Indies; probably
to be found on all the islands. In Cuba called “‘espartillo” and
“espartillo fino.”

5. Sperebolus poiretii (Roem. and Schult.) Hitche., Bartonia 14: 32.

1932. SMUTGRASS.

Agrostis compressa Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 258. (no. 78)
1810. Not A. compressa Willd., 1790. Carolina:

Azonopus poireti1 Roem. and Schult. Syst. Veg. 2:318. 1817.
Based on Agrostis compressa Poir., no. 78.

Agrostis tenuissima Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 258. 1825. Not
Sporobolus tenuissimus Kuntze, 1898. West Indies and South
America.

Vilfa bertzroana Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4?:
100. 1840. Santo Domingo.

Sporobolus berteroanus Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. 8S. Natl.
Herb. 13823 40s- 319k

Culms erect, tufted, 50 to 100 em tall, the basa! sheaths compressed;
blades elongate, fiat, folded or loosely involute, tapering into a long
slender involute flexuous tip, 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle sometimes
almost spikelike, usually 15 to 30 cm long, often red-brown from the
exposed fruits at maturity or blackish from the effects of a fungus;
spikelets 1.7 to 2 mm long; glumes obtuse, somewhat erose, the first
about one-third as long as the spikelet, the second a little longer; fruit
red-brown, mucilaginous on wetting (fig. 47, A).

Open ground, grassland, and waste places, southern United States
to Argentina. Throughout the West Indies, probably to be found on
all the islands. Because the inflorescence is frequently attacked by a
black fungus the grass is often called smutgrass. This species was

83

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

ey

BS — SAS} Se St SS Py
2 Se pe
7

B, S. indicus-

DD:

Panicle, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10 (Léon 86

FIGURE 47.—A, Sporobolus poiretii. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 10 (Chase 7043).

84 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S, DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

included with the preceding under Sporobolus indicus by earlier
botanists * and has been described as Sporobolus indicus by others,
the preceding species being distinguished as Sporobolus jacquemontii.

6. Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchce.

Agrostis pyramidata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 161. 1791. South
America, the specimen from Richard. The type was examined by A.
S. Hitchcock in the Lamarck Herbarium in 1935.

Vilfa arguta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 395. 1829. Brazil.

Sporobolus argutus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XVII. 1830.

Vilfa richard: Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 153. 1854. Antilles.

Agrostis pyramidalis Rich.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 153. 1854.
As synonym of the preceding.

Low tufted glabrous perennial; culms
spreading; blades short, rather thick, subin-
volute; panicles pale, many-flowered, at first
contracted, at maturity narrowly pyramidal
or oblong; spikelets 1.5 mm long; first glume
about half as long as the spikelet, the second
as long as the spikelet (fig. 48).

Open sandy or alkaline soil, at low alti-
tudes, southwestern United States and the
West Indies to Argentina.

Banamas: Grand Turk Island, Mills-
paugh 9384. Long Cay, Brace 4133.”

Cupa: Habana, Léon 285, 868, 6185;
Ekman 94, 142; Hitchcock 235; Baker 1799,
1818. Batabané6, Hitchcock 236. Gaza, Léon
5467. Cayo Sabinal, Ekman 15513. Guan-
tanamo, Britton 2035. Without locality,
Wright 3828. Isla de Pinos, Britton and
Wilson 15092, 15404.

Jamaica: Old Harbor, Ridley 131, 133.
FIGURE 48—Sporobolus pyramidatus. Cockpit River, Harris 12463, 12467. Kings-

10 CHitthooek 313) SX ton, Harris 11503; Hitchcock 9318. Salt

Ponds, Harris 11321. MHealthshire Hills,

Harris 11611; Hitchcock 9760. Rockfort, Harris 11306. Black River,

Hitchcock 9640 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 634). Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock
9857.

Hartt: Cabaret, Leonard 11834. Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 319,
H 9051. Etang, Leonard 3574. Gonaives, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle
191, 193. Tortuga Island, Leonard 11415. Gonaive Island, Leonard
320/, 3272, 3274.

Dominican Rerusuic: Guayubin, Abbott 867, 1004. Barahona,
Fuertes 1291. Santiago, Ekman H 15979.

Puerto Rico: Guanica, Sintenis 3416b; Britton and Shafer 1862,
1873. Punta Aguila, Britton, Cowell, and Brown 4684. Cuamo,
Sintenis 3307. Cabo Rojo, Sintenis 549. Boqueron, Chase 6500.
Ponce, Chase 6496. Mona Island, Britton, Cowell, and Hess 1780,
1875; Hess 458.

VirGin Isuanps: Anegada, Fishlock 53. St. Croix, Ricksecker 279.

22 FJ. Brit. W. Ind. 533. 1864.
3 FJ. Baham. 33. 1920.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 85

LEEWARD IstaNnps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel; Box 78.
WINDWARD IsLANDs: Barbados, Freeman 5024; Hitchcock 16508.
Trinipap: Cedros, Broadway 4919; Hitchcock 10163.

7. Sporobolus domingensis (Trin.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup.
XVII. 1830. |

Vilfa domingensis Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 59. 1821.
Santo Domingo.

Agrostis domingensis Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 570. 1827.

Sporobolus inordinatus Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 294. 1921.
Cuba, Ramon de la Sagra.

Resembling S. pyramidatus; culms stouter, 30 to 80 em tall; pan-
icles contracted, densely flowered, the branches appressed, the lower
sometimes ascending; spikelets 2 mm long or sometimes somewhat
less (fig. 49).

Sandy or alkaline soil, Bahamas and Greater Antilles; southern
Florida.

BaHamas: New Providence, Britton and
Brace 336. Anguilla Isles, Wilson 8001. Sol-
diers Road, Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 260. Fortune
Island, Hitchcock in 1890.

Cupa: Habana, Ekman in 1921. Caiba-
rién, Fernando 1, 307. Cienfuegos Bay,
Britton and Wilson 5758. Cayo Sabinal,
Ekman 15470. Santa Lucea, Shafer 972.
Cayo Guajaba, Shafer 691. Guantanamo
Bay, Hioram 2,5; Britton 2125. Manzanillo,
Shafer 12344.

Jamaica: Montego Bay, Ridley 110.

Haiti: Cabaret, Leonard 11997, 11997a.
Sources Puantes, Ekman H 2158. Gonaive Ficure 49.—Sporobolus domingen-
Island, Leonard5203. TortugaIsland,Leonard 38 Pat eae ss
11422, 15318, 15319.

8. Sporobolus cubensis Hitchc., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 237.
1909. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 392.

Culms densely tufted, erect, 30 to 50 cm tall, the mnovations
numerous, lower sheaths felty-ciliate; blades flat or involute, firm
and rather stiff, 10 to 15 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, ciliate near base;
panicles narrowly pyramidal, erect, 10 to 15 cm long, usually bronze-
green, the branches in indistinct verticils, spreading or the lower
finally reflexed, 2 to 3 cm long; spikelets about 4 mm long, acute,
somewhat secund along the lower side of the branches, the lateral
pedicels about 0.5 mm long; first glume gradually acute, a littie more
than half as long as the spikelet, the second as long as the lemma.
The basal part of the tuft usually shows the effect of fire burning off
the upper part.

Sandy barrens, Cuba to Puerto Rico; British Guiana and Costa
Rica to Bolivia.

Cupa: Handébana, Wright 3427. Herradura, Hkman in 1922;
Hitchcock 237. Isla de Pinos, Ekman 12541; Britton and Wilson
14141, 14422, 14975; Curtiss 392.

Haiti: Maissade, Hkman H 3252.

Dominican ReEpusuic: Cuenca, Ekman H 13338.

Purrto Rico: Mayaguez, Heller 4590.

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86 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

9. Sporobolus purpurascens (Swartz) Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Oce. 5.
S25:
Agrostis purpurascens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788.
Jamaica.
Culms erect, 30 to 50 cm tall; blades mostly basal, 4 to 8 mm wide,
ciliate near base; panicles condensed, brownish drab, 8 to 15 em long,

an}

a

~ ites
FIGURE 50.—Sporobolus pur- FIGURE 51.—Sporobolus virginicus. Plant, X 1;
purascens. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10 (Nash 2467).
glumes and floret, Xx 10
(Hitchcock).

the short branches in whorls; spikelets 3 mm long; first glume less
pan half as long as the spikelet; second glume as long as the spikelet
(fig. 50).

Grassy slopes, pine barrens, and savannas, southern United States,
West Indies, and eastern Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil.

Cusa: San Julidn, Ekman 11115; Léon 6923, 6984. Herradura,
Léon 15953. Pinar del Rio, Wright 3427a; Britton 10022. Laguna
Jovero, Shafer 10757. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14292.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 87

JAMAICA: Westphalia, Harris 11434, 11568. Road to Salt Hill,
Harris 11365. Below Sir Johns Peak, Harris 11598. Newcastle,
Mitchcock, 9340. Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9525. Cimcehona,
Hitchcock 9716. Barican, Hitchcock 9573. North slope Catherines
Peak, Hitchcock 9736. Gordon Town, Hart 735.

WinpDwarp Isuanps: Martinique, Duss.

10. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 67. 1829.

Agrostis virgimca L., Sp. Pl. 63. 1753. Virginia.

Agrostis littoralis Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 161. 1791. Tropical
America.

Vilfa virgimca Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 149, 182. 1812.

Sporobolus littoralis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 68. 1829.

Culms 15 to 70 cm tali or even as much as 1 m, erect from extensively
creeping hard scaly rhizomes; leaves numerous, conspicuously
distichous, the sheaths overlapping; blades firm, involute-pointed, 3 to
15 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicles spikelike, somewhat narrowed
above and belcw, 2 to 10, rarely to 15, em long; spikelets 2 mm long
or slightly longer; first glume a little more than half as long as the
spikelet, the second as long as the spikelet (fig. 51).

In the Grasses of the West Indies * Sporobolus littoralis was recog-
nized as distinct. Further collections show complete intergradation
between large specimens referred to it and characteristic S. virginicus.
Lamarck’s type of Agrostis littoralis, examined in the Paris Herbarium
in 1935, proves to be an intermediate specimen, the panicle 6 cm long.

Saline or sandy sou along the coast, Virginia to Brazil, and all warm
countries of the Eastern Hemisphere. Common throughout the West
ee Extensive colonies of sterile plants often found along sandy

eaches.

40. ARISTIDA L., Sp. Pl. 82. 1753. Turen-awn

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating obliquely above the
elumes; glumes narrow, acute, acuminate, or awn-tipped; lemma
indurate, narrow, terete, convolute, with a hard, sharp-pointed,
usually minutely bearded callus at base, terminating above in a
usually trifid awn. Species of the West Indies all perennial except
A. adscensionis.

Giferal awnesaunmbevor obsolete __.22. . 7. 252 22.524. 582222 1. A. TERNIPES.
Lateral awns well developed (short in .4. laevigata).
VEER ES, MCU AN TPES te Sed A le aye OE 2. A. ADSCENSIONIS.
Plants perennial.
Column of awn 10.mm long, twisted __.....__-__-_-_- 3. A. SPICIFORMIS.

Column of awn, if present, much shorter than 10 mm.
Panicle open, the branches stiffly ascending or spreading.
Lateral awns one-fourth as long as the central or less.
4, A. LAEVIGATA.
Lateral awns half as long as tho central or a little more.
5. A. PRADANA.
Panicle narrow, the branches appressed or somewhat ascending; lateral
awns usually about as long as the central, sometimes shorter but at
least half as long.
First glume one-half to two-thirds as long as the second.
Awns contorted at base, about 1 em long______--_-_~- 6. A. FRAGILIS.
Awns not contorted at base, 2 to 2.6 em long_____-- 7. A.EGGERSII.

24 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 369. 1917.

rete) MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

First glume about as long as the second or a little shorter.
Beak of lemma 3 to 4 mm long, distinctly twisted_-8. A. NEGLECTA.
Beak of lemma, if present, not twisted.
Awns a maturity about equally divergent, not spirally contorted
at base.
Blades flat at least toward the base.
Culms mostly more than 1 m tall; blades 3 to 5 mm wide.

9. A. ERECTA.
Culms mostly less than 70 cm tall; blades mostly not more than
LEN WA Ge inners ee ey er ee 10. A. VILFIFOLIA.

Blades involute.
Blades short and stiff, mostly less than 3 cm long, usually
approximate in pairs; culms very stiff and wiry.
11. A. CURTIFOLIA.
Blades mostly more than 5 cm long, not approximate in pairs.
Panicle loose; awns 2 to 3 cm long__12. A. PORTORICENSIS.
Panicle rather dense; awns 1 to 2.5 cm long.
Callus of lemma nearly 2 mm long; first glume 1 cm long;
lemma a little longer than the glumes; awns 2 cm long.
A. CHASEAE.
Callus of lemma about 0.5 mm long.
Culms erect; blades as much as 30 em long; first glume
about 7 mm long; lemma about 8 mm long; awns
1.5 tow. dS emulong. 2 sae 14. A. SWARTZIANA.
Culms spreading and branching at base; blades 5 to
15 cm long; first glume 4 to 5 mm long; lemma
6 to 7 mm long; awns 1 to 1.5 cm long.
15. A. COGNATA.
Awns at maturity unequally divergent or spirally contorted at
base.

Central awn horizontally spreading or somewhat reflexed, the
lateral awns erect; awns not contorted at base; blades flat
toward: baseers.- 20. ja ee ee SO oh ee 16. A. AFFINIS.

Central awn not more divergent than the others; awns all con-
torted at base; blades involute.

Awns 1.5 to 3 cm long.
Lemma 7 mm long, glabrous, the awns strongly contorted
at base; plants rather stout, the blades as much as
20 cm long, the panicles as much as 30 cm long.
17. A. BRITTONORUM.
Lemma 10 mm long, scabrous on the upper half, the awns
weakly contorted at base; plants slender, the blades
5 to 10 cm long, the panicles 7 to 15 em long. »
18. A. CALCICOLA.
Awns about 1 em long.
First glume glabrous on the keel_________-_ 19. A. ROSEI.
First glume scabrous on the keel__-_--- 20. A. REFRACTA,

1. Aristida ternipes Cav., Icon. Pl. 5:46. 1799. Panama.
SPIDER GRASS.

Streptachne scabra H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 124. pl. 40.
1815. Mexico.

Aristida scabra Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 62. 1829.

2 Se cubensis A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 311. 1850.
uba.

Erect perennial; culms 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, involute above,
tapering into a fine point, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicle open, one-third
to half the entire length of the culm, the branches few, distant,
spreading, scabrous, mostly naked at base; spikelets appressed at the
ends of the branches; glumes about equal, 8 to 10 mm long; lemma
eradually narrowed into a laterally compressed scabrous falcate beak,
this extending into a single arcuate awn 10 to 15 mm long; lateral
awns minute or obsolete. In arid situations the blades may be narrow
and nearly all involute (fig. 52).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 89

Rocky hills and dry plateaus, Arizona to Colombia; Bahamas, Cuba,

and Hispaniola.
Baunamas: Nassau, Curtiss 75
and Taylor 926.

Cupa: Pinar del Rio, Wright 3835.
Vicinity of Habana, Léon 280, 958, 959,
8518; Wilson 9488; Hitchcock 496, 497.
Guanabacoa, Léon and Shafer 3443;

Fitchcock 23238. Santiago de

| Ekman 8474; Britton and Cowell 12857.
Haiti: Port-de-Pai, Ekman H 3626.
DomINICAN Repusuic: Peninsula de

Barahona, Ekman H 7029.

2. Aristida adscensionis L., Sp.
1753. Ascension Island.

Aristida maritima Steud., Syn. Pl.
Glum.1: 137. 1854. Guadeloupe.

Aristida debilis Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Fedde 17: 151. 1921. Based in part

; Hitchcock in 1890. Inagua, Nash

Cuba,

Ele 82:

on a specimen collected in Jamaica by eae eines

MacNab.

(Griffiths 7271).

Annual, much branched at base; culms

10 to 80 em tall; panicles narrow,

erect, 5 to 10 cm long in the smaller

plants; first glume 5 to 7 mm long, the second 8 to 10 mm long; lemma
8 to 9 mm long, compressed toward the scarcely beaked summit;

FIGURE 53.—Aristida adscensionis,
X 1 (Earle 559).

awns about equal, 10 to 15 mm long,
equally divergent, flat and straight
at base. Extremely variable in ap-
pearance, ranging from dwarf plants
with narrow compact panicles to
larger plants, as much as 70 cm tall,
with flexuous panicles (fig. 53).

Open dry ground and waste
places, throughout the warmer parts
of America and the Old World.
Grisebach”> refers this species to
A. stricta Michx.

Bauamas: Crooked Island, Brace
4633. Long Island, Britton and
Millspaugh 6309. Long Cay, Brace
4077. Fortune Island, Hitchcock
in 1890.

JAMAICA: Kingston, Britton and
Hollick 1746; Harris 11500, 12452.
Gordon Town, Harris11513. Flam-
stead, Harris 11474. Musgrave
Road, Harris 11480.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Leonard
3451, 15878, 15881; Buch 2041.
Jean Rabel, Leonard 12968. Mdle-

St.-Nicolas, Leonard 13343. Cabaret, Leonard 11852, 11863, 11960.
St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7095. Morne-a-Cabrits, Ekman

H 960.

% Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 534, 1864.

90 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Severn Repusiic: Guayubin, Abbott 955. Valverde, Ekman
13096.
Purnrto Rico: Boqueron, Chase 6506, 6510. Guanica, Sintenis
3438, 3766. Cabo Rojo, Sintenis 553. Mona Island, Hess 437.
Virain Isuanps: St. Croix, Thompson 22; Ricksecker 64; Rose 3211.
LEEWARD ISLANDS:
Antigua, Wullschlaegel;
Box 127. Guadeloupe,
Duss 3159. :
WINDWARD ISLANDS: ~
Montserrat, Shafer 18.

3. Aristida spiciformis
Ell., Bot. S.C. and
Gace Sl SiG:
South Carolina.

Culms tufted, stiffly
erect, 50 to 100 cm tall;
panicle erect, dense and
spikelike, mostly 10 to
15cm long, the branches
short and appressed,
the whole panicle more
or less spirally twisted;
lemma, excluding the

_ slender callus 1 mm
long, about 4 mm long,
extending into a twisted
column 10 mm long;
awns about equal, 1.5
to 2 cm long, spreading
(fig. 54).

Some of the material
from the United States

Meh paid has larger spikelets than
FIGURE 54.—Aristida spiciformis, X 1 (Combs and Baker 1115). that from the West

Indies.
Sandy barrens in thickets or pine woods, southern United States,
Cuba, and Puerto Rico.
Cupsa: Pinar del Rio, Hkman 17811. Isla de Pinos, Britton and
Wilson 14198.
Purrto Rico: Campo Alegre, Chase 6614 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
765).

4. Aristida laevigata Hitche. and Ekman, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 390.
1935. Cuba, Ekman in 1922.

Culms cespitose, erect, glabrous, several-noded, 60 to 100 cm tall;
sheaths glabrous; ligule a ciliate membrane less than 0.5 mm long;
blades closely involute, firm, somewhat curved or flexuous, 0.5 to
1 mm thick when rolled, smooth on the outer surface, 10 to 20 cm
long, villous on the upper surface near the base and around the summit
of the sheath; panicles long-exserted, 20 to 30 em long, the branches
mostly solitary, distant, stiffly ascending, the lowermost as much as
15 cm long, the branchlets appressed along the branches, the axis

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 9]

of the panicle and the branches glabrous; glumes nearly equal, 1-
nerved, obscurely scaberulous toward apex, otherwise elabrous even
as to the keels, about 12 mm long, the first acuminate, the second
mucronate from a rather broad bifid apex; lemma 12 to 14 mm
long, including the 1 mm long short-pilose callus, glabrous, narrowed
above but scarcely beaked, awns very unequal, the central widely
spreading or somewhat reflexed, 12 ae 20 mm long, obscurely scabrous
at the base, the lateral divergent, 2 to 5 mm long, more slender than
the central.

Known only from the type locality, pinelands at the headwaters
of Rio Piloto, Sierra de Nipe, prov. Oriente, Cuba, 750 m altitude.
Besides the type collection, Ekman collected in the same locality
nos. 2511, 9880, and 15058. The species is allied to A. ternipes and
A. divaricata Humb. and Bonpl.

5. Aristida pradana Léon, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53: 458. 1926.
~ Cuba, Léon 12299.

Culms tufted, erect, wiry, 60 to 80 cm tall, ‘“‘simple and naked, the
upper leaves of the cul: m, if any, reduced to the elongate, strongly
adherent and mostly bladeless sheath”: blades firm, closely involute
from the base, flexuous, as much as 60 em long or more; panicle 25 to
35 cm long, narrow, the branches appressed, “finally divergent or
spreading’’, the lower ones distant, as much as 8 cm long; ‘‘glumes
unequal, 10 to 12 mm long the first caducous”’; lemma 15 to 17 mm
long, including the 1 mm long short-pilose callus, narrowed above into
an obscure beak; awns unequal, the central one spreading, 2 to 3 cm
long, the lateral ascending, half as long as the central or a little more.

Arid rocky siliceous hillside, Peladeros de Jauco, southwest of
Baricoa, Cuba, Léon 12299.

Known only from the type collection. The duplicate type speci-
men in the United States National Herbarium is incomplete and the
first glume has disappeared. The quoted parts of the above descrip-
tion are taken from the original description. The species is allied
to A. pansa Woot. and Stand!. of southwestern United States.

6. Aristida fragilis Hitchc. and Ekman, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 393. 1935.
Cuba, Ekman 16784.

Culms cespitose, erect, glabrous, wiry, 30 to 50 cm tall, two to
several nodes approximate near the base; sheaths glabrous, the culm-
sheath 2 to 5 cm long, mostly bladeless, those of the innovations
pilose at the summit, bearing involute blades 1 to 10 cm long; ligule
a ciliate membrane 0.5 mm long; panicles narrow, rather soft, 10 to
20 cm long, the branches appressed, 1 to 3 cm long, the upper over-
lapping, the lower somewhat distant; glumes 1-nerved, acute, the
first minutely scabrous on the keel and on the sides toward the sum-
mit, about 4 mm long; the second glabrous, somewhat narrowed
toward the summit, about 7 mm long: lemma about 7 mm long in-
cluding the minutely and oltly 4 pubescent rather Hetty callus a little
more than 1 mm long; awns equal, finally horizontally spreading,
contorted at base, about 1 cm long.

Pinelands on white sand, Cuba.

Cusa: San Juan y Martinez (Pinar del Rio), Ekman 16784. La
Grifa, Ekman 11247. Padbalo, Ekman 11417.

92 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

7. Aristida eggersii Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 22: 560.
1924. Cuba, Eggers 5389.

Culms tufted, slender, spreading or decumbent at base, 20 to 40
em tall; blades involute, faleate or flexuous, mostly less than 10 cm
long, often much shorter; panicle narrow, 3 to 10 cm long, the branches
distant, short and appressed, few-flowered; glumes unequal, the first
5 to 6 mm long, about half as long as the second; lemma about 1 cm
long, including the 1 mm long callus, gradually narrowed and scaberu-
lous above; awns about equal, 2 to 2.5 om long, all spreading nearly
horizontally, flat at base and scarcely contorted. Ekman’s no.
H 13158 agrees with this description except that the glumes are longer
(about 8 and 13 mm).

Pastures and exposed hillsides, Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cusa: Guanténamo, Ekman 10227, 15755; Britton 2177. La
Caimanera, Eggers 5389; Kkman 15742.

Dominican Repusuic: Monte Cristi, Ekman H 13158.

8. Aristida neglecta Léon; Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 22:
567. 1924. Loma de las Jatas, Guanabacoa, Cuba, HKkman in
LODE

Culms loosely tufted, erect, wiry, several-noded, 40 to 60 cm tall;
sheaths shorter than the internodes, distributed along the culm;
blades stiff and firm, soon involute, sharp- pointed, usually not over

5 cm long, often shorter, less than 1 mm wide, or some of the earlier

ones wider; panicles narrow, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches distant,

rather stiffly ascending, 1 to 2 em long, bearing 1 or 2 branchlets at
base, few-flowered; glumes equal or nearly so, 7 to 9 mm long, acumi-

nate or awn-pointed; lemma about 1 cm long, the callus less than 1 mm

long, the body glabrous, gradually tapering into a scabrous twisted

beak as long as or a little longer than the body; awns about equal,
divergent, 10 to 15 mm long, slightly or distinetly contorted at base.

With age the lower sheaths become open or flattened, and often lose

their blades, giving the culms a naked knotty appearance.

Sandy savannas, pine barrens, and dry hills, Cuba and Hispaniola.
Cusa: Guane, Shafer 10364, 10630; Léon 7030, 7031. Pinar del

Rio, Mitchcock 23254, 23261, 23304, 23312. Vinales, Killip 13572.

Herradura, Ekman 17731. Remates, Ekman 11165, 11300, 11339.

San Diego de los Bafios, Léon 4844; Ekman 17763. La Grifa, Ekman

11244. San Juan, Hkman 16785. Mantua, Ekman 11083. Consola-

cién del Sur, Ekman 10868. San Juan y Martinez, Ekman 13793.

Guanabacoa, Léon 871, 872, 874, 2875, 5015; Hitchcock 500, 23236;

Wilson and Léon 11645; Ekman 45, 10897. Madruga, Léon 3455,

6374. Minas, Léon 5213. Soledad, Mitchcock 23328. Baragua,

Hitchcock 23365. Placetas del Sur, Léon 6425. Manacos, Léon 5834.

Sancti Spiritus, Léon 8993. Motembo, Léon 8639. Camagiiey, Ekman

15323. Holguin, Shafer 1183. Guara, Hitchcock 23408. Victoria de

las Tunas, Ekman 15584. Caimanera, Hioram and Ramsden 7. East-

ern Cuba, Wright 737. Western Cuba, Wright 3433. Isla de Pinos,

Britton and Wilson 14414.

Haiti: Marmelade, Leonard 8248. St. Michel del’ Atalaye, Leonard

7291, 7422, 7795. Mirebalais, Ekman H 2294. Camache, Bueh 1075.

Dominican Repusiic: Moncion, Hkman H 12635. Santiago,

Ekman H 16221.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 93

9. Aristida erecta Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 236. 1909.
Cuba, Wright 3432.

Culms erect, rather stout, as much as 1.5 m tall; blades flat, becom-
ing involute especially toward the much-attenuate tip, as much as 1 m
long, 3 to 5 mm wide; panicles narrow, as much as 50 cm long, the
numerous very scabrous branches ascending or appressed, the lower
as much as 10 em long or even longer, all spikelet-bearing from the
base, the spikelets crowded on erect rather stout pedicels 2 to 3 mm
long; glumes acuminate or awn-tipped, the first 3-nerved, 12 to 15 mm
long, the second 1-nerved, 2 to 3 mm shorter than the first; lemma 12
to 13 mm; awns divergent, the central 2 to 3 cm long, the lateral
somewhat shorter.

Savannas of western Cuba.

Cupa: Santa Cruz de los Pinos, Ekman 17681 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 787). Herradura, Hitchcock 23441; Tracy 9076. San Diego
(Pinar del Rio), Léon 4852. Gaune, Léon 6918. Without locality,
Wright 3432. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14959.

10. Aristida vilfifolia Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54B: 671.
1923. “Cuba; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 791.

Culms rather loosely tufted, erect, slender and wiry, 30 to 60 cm
tall; blades flat or often involute, becoming curved or flexuous, thick-
ened on the margins, mostly 3 to 5 cm long, sometimes as much as
8 cm, on the innovations sometimes shorter, mostly not more than
1 mm wide; panicles erect, narrow, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches short
and appressed, approximate or often distant, especially below; glumes
about equal, acute, 6 to 8 mm long; lemma 6 to 7 mm long, including
the 0.5 mm long callus; central awn spreading, 10 to 15 mm long, the
lateral awns erect or somewhat spreading, usually about two-thirds
as long as the central, all nearly straight at base, sometimes contorted
(Wright 3831, 3832).

Sandy woods and savannas, Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola.

In the Grasses of the West Indies ** this species was referred to
A. gyrans Chapm. of Florida. In the North American Species of
Aristida 7” it was referred to A. purpurascens Poir., of the southern
United States.

~Bauamas: New Providence, Eggers 4447.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23258, 23266, 23282, 23309. Los
Palacios, Léon 7395. Herradura, Hitchcock 232; Tracy 9095. Chiri-
gota, Wright 3831, 3832. Camagiiey, Kkman (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
791). Baragua, Hitchcock 23375. Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 3086. Isla
de Pinos, Taylor 20; Palmer and Riley 995.

Haiti: Acul-Samedi, Ekman H 9909.

Dominican REPUBLIC: Jarabaco, Ekman H 14160.

11. Aristida curtifolia Hitchc., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 235.
1909. Cuba, Wright 736.

Culms densely tufted, stiffly erect, wiry, 20 to 60 cm tall, the
alternate nodes often shortened, thus bringing the leaves together in
approximate pairs; blades short, thickish, stiffly spreading, flat or
mostly soon involute, 5 to 20 mm long, 0.5 to 1 mm wide, or the
upper reduced to mere awns 2 to 3 mm long; panicles narrow, nearly

26 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 366. 1917.
27 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 22: 571. 1924.

94 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

simple, 5 to 10 cm long, the spikelets nearly sessile; glumes nearly
equal, 8 to 9 mm long, acute; lemma 5 to 6 mm long, the callus 0.5 mm
long; awns about equal, 10 to 12 mm long, spreading but not curved
or contorted at base (fig. 55).

Dry hills and barrens, Cuba.

Cupa: Las Posas “in cuabales”’, EHkman 12739. Guanabacoa,
Ekman 10898, 10899; Hitchcock 498, 23231; Léon 873, 4645; Baker and
Hasselbring 7211. San Miguel de los Bafios, Killip 13831, 13858,
13889, 13902. Pastelillo, Ekman 15410. Santiago de Cuba, Ekman
8953, 15628. Rio Seboruco to Falls of Rio Mayari, Shafer 3694.
Holguin, Ekman 15738. Mayari, Hkman 15863. Without locality,
Wright 736.

12. Aristida portoricensis Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 100.
1903. Puerto Rico, Sintenis 77.

Culms tufted, often in large bunches, slender, erect or spreading at
base, 30 to 50 cm tall; blades involute, somewhat curved or flexuous,
mostly 5 to 10 cm long, scarcely 1 mm thick when rolled; panicles
narrow, loose, few-flowered, mostly 3 to 8 cm long, the few distant
branches rather stiffly ascending, mostly floriferous from the base;
glumes awn-pointed, the first about 7 mm long, the second about 10
mm long; lemma 10 to 12 mm long including the 1 mm long callus and
the 2 to 3 mm long slightly twisted scabrous neck; awns about equal,
divergent or horizontally spreading, 2 to 3 cm long, slightly contorted
at base.

Stony or barren slopes, Puerto Rico.

Purerto Rico: Mayaguez, Sintenis 77; Chase 6269, 6298, 6812;
Britton, Cowell, and Brown 4361; Holm 40.

13. Aristida chaseae Hitchc., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 22: 575.
1924. Boqueron, Puerto Rico, Chase 6507.

Culms few in a tuft, widely spreading, 50 to 60 cm long; blades
involute, 10 to 15 cm long; panicles narrow, 10 to 15 cm long; glumes
equal or somewhat unequal, 10 to 13 mm long, acuminate or awn-
pointed; lemma about 12 mm long, narrowed at the summit but scarce-
ly beaked, scaberulous on the upper half; callus 1 mm long, densely
pilose, the upper hairs about 1 mm long; awns equal, somewhat
divergent, flat at base, not contorted, about 2 cm long.

Open stony hills, Puerto Rico, known only from the type collection.

14. Aristida swartziana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 137. 1854.
Jamaica.

Culms tufted, with numerous erect innovations, 40 to 70 cm tall;
blades involute; mostly erect, as much as 30 cm long, about 1 mm
wide; panicles narrow, loose and interrupted, as much as 15 cm long,
the branches ascending, 1 to 3 cm long, usually rather lax, several-
flowered; first glume about 7 mm long, the second about 1 mm longer;
lemma about as long as the second glume or a little longer; callus 0.5
mm long, the pubescence short and soft; awns about equal, ascending
or somewhat spreading, 15 to 25 mm long.

Rocky savannas and open ground, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Lee-
ward Islands. Described by Swartz as A. adscensionis L.

JAMAICA: New Forest, southern Manchester, Hitchcock 9845
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 790). Lititz Savanna, Harris 12440. Health-
shire Hills, Harris 9542. Gordon Town, Hart 864.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 95

FIGURE 55.—Aristida curtifolia. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 2 (type.
60256—36——7

96 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Hartt: Port-au-Prince, Kkman H 2019.
LEEWARD IsLanps: Antigua, Box 38, 62.

15. Aristida cognata Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI.
Sel. Natal: 27) W842.) St. homas:

Culms ascending, 20 to 40 cm tail; blades involute, 5 to 15 cm long,
about 1 mm wide; panicles narrow, loose, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches
rather distant, ascending, mostly closely flowered, 1 to 2 ecm long;
glumes acuminate, the first 4 to 5mm long, the second 1 to 2 mm
longer; lemma 6 to 7 mm long, gradually narrowed into a scaberulous
beak about 1 mm long; callus about 0.7 mm long, the hairs short and
soft, awns about equal, ascending, 10 to 15 mm long.

Dry hillsides, Virgin Islands and Montserrat.

VirGin Isuanps: St. Thomas, Britton and Shafer 119; Rose 3189;
Eggers in 1882. St. Croix, Benzon.
St. John, Eggers 3003.

WINDWARD IsLANDs: Montserrat,
Shafer 48, 430.

16. Aristida affinis (Schult.) Kunth,
Rev. Gram. 1361 eas2or

Chaetaria affinis Schult., Mant.
2: 210. 1824. Pennsylvania.

Aristida virgata var.? palustris
Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 555. 1860.
Florida.

Aristida palustris Vasey, Descr.
Cat. Grasses U.S. 35. 1885.

Culms tufted from a hard thick-
ened base, stiffly erect, rather stout,
1 to 1.5 m tall; panicle narrow and
virgate, as much as 50 cm long;
glumes about equal, mucronate,
about 12 mm long; lemma about 8
mm long, glabrous, the callus 1 mm
long, short-pubescent; central awn
horizontally spreading, 1.5 to 3 em
long, the lateral erect, two-thirds
to three-fourths as long (fig. 56).
FIGURE 56.—Aristida affinis, X 1 (Combs 688). Low pine barrens, southern

United States and Cuba.
Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17870. Remates, Ekman 11230.

17. Aristida brittonorum Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 22: 584.
1924. Isla de Pinos, Britton, Britton, and Wilson 14169.

Culms rather stout, erect, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades firm, involute,
stiffly erect, the basal as much as 30 cm long and 0.8 mm thick when
rolled; panicles narrow, interrupted, 20 to 30 cm long, the branches
appressed, the lower as much as 5 cm long; glumes acuminate, the
first 7 to 10 mm long, the second 10 to 12 mm long; lemma about 7
mm long, the sharp callus 1 mm long, the pubescence fine and short,
the beak about 1 mm long; awns about equal, 1.5 to 2 cm long, widely
spreading, all contorted at base.

White sand in pineland, Isla de Pinos, Cuba.

Cusa: Isla de Pinos, Britton, Britton, and Wilson 14169; Ekman
11983, 12024, 12495.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 97

18. Aristida calcicola Hitchc. and Ekman, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 405.
1935. Cuba, Hkman 15774.

Perennial; culms densely cespitose, erect, slender, wiry, glabrous,
about 2-noded, sometimes branching, 30 to 50 cm tall; sheaths
glabrous, pilose at the throat; ligule a ciliate membrane about 0.5 mm
long; blades flat or mostly involute, glabrous beneath, scabrous-
pubescent on the upper surface, usually 5 to 10 cm long, those of the
culms often shorter, mostly less than 1 mm wide when flat; panicles
narrow, 7 to 15 cm long, the few branches appressed, bearing 1 to few
spikelets; glumes somewhat unequal, acuminate, about 1 cm long, the
first 1 to 2 mm shorter than the second, glabrous except the keel of
the first; lemma 8 to 10 mm long, slender, scabrous on the upper part,
the callus rather slender, densely short-pilose, about 1 mm long;
awns about equal, about equally divergent, 1.5 to 3 cm long, somewhat
contorted at base.

Limestone hillsides, Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cusa: Guantanamo, Ekman 15774. |

Dominican Repusuic: Monte Cristi, Ekman H13158.

19. Aristida rosei Hitchc., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 584. 1924.
Dominican Republic, Rose, Fitch, and Russell 4027.

Culms tufted, slender, wiry, often firm and stiff, erect, 30 to 80
em tall; blades involute, ascending or spreading, from less than 5 em
to more than 15 cm long; panicles narrow, rather lax, 5 to 20 cm long,
the branches and peaicels delicate, appressed or ascending, few-
flowered, the lower distant; the first glumes acuminate, mucronate,
5 to 8 mm long, the second 1 to 2 mm longer; lemma 6 to 7 mm long,
the callus 0.5 mm long, rather finely pubescent, the beak indistinct,
about 1 mm long; awns about equal, divergent, only minutely
scabrous, 1 to 1.5 em long, contorted at base.

Dry or rocky slopes, Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio City, Ekman 17800.

Haiti: Ennery, Leonard 8824, 8850; Ekman H 2454. Cabaret,
Leonard 12108. Mdle-St.-Nicolas, Leonard 13215, 138313. Croix-
des-Bouquets, Ekman H 2161, H 2316, H2316b. Gros-Morne, Ekman
H4938. Habitation Prince, Picarda 1554. Port-au-Prince, Hkman
H 2019, H 9281.

Dominican ReEpusuic: Azua, Rose, Fitch, and Russell 4027. Santi-
ago, Hkman H 15965.

20. Aristida refracta Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 228. 1866. Cuba,
Wright 3431.

Culms usually densely tufted with numerous innovations, erect,
slender, 20 to 60 cm tall; blades filiform-involute, mostly less than 10
cm long; sometimes as much as 20 cm long; panicles narrow, rather
lax, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches ascending, at maturity rather stiff,
few-flowered, sometimes as much as 3 cm long; glumes unequal or
nearly equal, the second mucronate from a bifid apex; lemma about
4.5 mm long, the callus 0.5 mm long, short-pilose, the summit scarcely
beaked; awns about equal, or the lateral a little shorter, about 1 em
long, contorted at base.

Dry slopes and pine woods, Greater Antilles.

Cupa: Pinar del Rio, Wright 3833, 3834; Hitchcock 23255, 23262.
Guane, Léon 6942, 6971, 7307, 7308, 8971; Shafer 10414. Mantua,
Shafer 11254. Laguna Jovero, Shafer 10718, 10864. Cajalbana, Léon

98 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4846. San Diego de los Bafios, Léon 4845. Herradura, Hitchcock oar
499; Hkman 17749. San Julidn, Ekman 11107. Las Pozas, Hkman
12737. La Grifa, Ekman 11246. Chirigota, Léon 7444, 7454; Wright
3431. Guanabacoa, Baker and Hasselbring 7208; Hitchcock 231, 23220:
Léon 875, 2641, 4646, 1718, 5605, 5606. Baragud, Hitchcock 23373.
Manacas, Léon 5830, 5863, 5874. Motembo, Léon 11338, 11340,
11342; Kkman 16816a. Placetas del Sur, Léon 8179. Manajanabo,;
Léon 5276. Camagiiey, Ekman in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 792).
Woodfred, Shafer 2990, 3080. Cajobabo, Léon 12316. Guara, Hitch-
cock 23425, 23426. Holguin, Ekman 15719. Loma Menqura, Shafer
3858. Without locality, Wright 3430. Isla de Pinos, Britton and

“ilson 15369.

Jamatca: Ashley Hall, Harris 12734. Lititz Savanna, Harris
12433. New Forest, Hitchcock 9853 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 793).

Harri: Acul-Samedi, HKkman H 9908. St. Michel de ]’Atalaye,
Ekman H 9402.

Dominican Repusuic: Moncioén, Hkman H 12634.

Pusrro Rico: Mayaguez, Britton, Cowell, and Brown 4358. Boque-
ron, Chase 6508.

TRIBE 6. ZOYSIEAE

41) LEPTOTEHRIUM Kunth, Rev) Gram: 156.1829

Spikelets solitary; glumes much exceeding the single minute floret,
the tips diverging, the first subulate, not at all clasping, the second
laterally compressed above; pedicel falling with the spikelet, forming a
pointed callus. Densely tufted perennial with slender rigid short-
jointed culms branching toward the summit, short stiff divergent
blades, and partially included spikes of narrow spikelets along a slen-
der axis.

1. Leptothrium rigidum Kunth, Rév., Gram. 1: 156. 1829. ‘‘Amer-
ica calidior.”’

Culms 30 to 40 cm tall; blades 1 to 3 cm long; spikes 5 to 10 cm long,
fiexuous; spikelets about 8 mm long, at first erect, becoming divergent
or refiexed (fig. 57). :

In sand along the seacoast, Jamaica, Venezuela, and Santa Marta,
Colombia.

JAMAICA: Palisadoes, Port Royal, Mitchcock 9753; Harris (Amer.
Gr. Nat. Herb. 287) 11357; Britton and Hollick 1729.

42, ANTHEPHORA Schreb., Beschr. Gras. 2: 105. pl. 44. 1810

Spikelets in clusters of 4, the indurate first glumes united at base,
forming a pitcher-shaped pseudo-involucre, the clusters subsessile and
erect on a slender flexuous continuous axis; glumes rigid, acute, or
produced into short awns. Ours annual with flat blades and narrow
spikes.

1. Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 759.
1891. :
Tripsacum hermaphroditum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759.

Jamaica. i ; i
Anthephora elegans Schreb., Beschr. Gras. 2: 105. 1810. Jamaica.

99

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

FIGURE 57.—Leptothrium rigidum. Plant, X 1% (Harris, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 287).

mys WS wey Ome gehts) Tey

100 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Anthephora villosa Spreng., Neu. Entd. 3: 14. 1822. West Indies,
the pubescent form.
Cenchrus villosus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 301. 1825.

NES :
Je \ —
A — ~ = \Y
— CZ, ——! ae
SS — — é
— hee eS ee

FIGURE 58.—Anthephora hermaphrodita, X 14 (Harris 12679).

Leafy ascending or decumbent branching annual; culms mostly
20 to 50 cm tall; blades flat, thin, 5 to 10 mm wide; spikes erect, 5 to
10 cm long; glumes 5 to 7 mm long (fig. 58).

A common weed throughout the West Indies and other parts of
tropical America.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Oi

43. TRAGUS Hall., Stirp. Helv. 2: 203. 1768.
(Nazia Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 581. 1763. No generic description)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in small spikes of 2 to 5, the spikes subsessile,
falling entire, the spikelets sessile on a very short zigzag rachis, the
first glumes small, thin, or wanting, appressed to the rachis, the
second glumes of the two lower spikelets strongly convex with 3

AGN EN Dy atm

Sey
‘~

Se RUA

FIGURE 59.—Tragus berteronianus. Plant, X 4%; bur and spikelet, X 5 (Hitchcock 3745).

thick nerves bearing a row of squarrose, stout hooked prickles along
each side, the 2 second glumes forming the halves of a little bur, the
upper 1 to 3 spikelets reduced and sterile; lemmas and palea thin,
the lemma flat, the palea strongly convex. Low annuals with flat
blades and narrow spikes.

1. Tragus berteronianus Schult., Mant. 2: 205. 1824. Santo
Domingo.

Culms branched at base, spreading, 10 to 40 cm long; blades

firm, mostly less than 5 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, the cartilaginous

102 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

margin bearing stiff white hairs or short slender teeth; racemes
dense, 4 to 10 cm long, 4 to 5 mm thick; burs 2 to 3 mm long, nearly
sessile, the apex scarcely exceeding the spines (fig. 59).
This species has been erroneously referred to Tragus alienus
(Spreng.) Schult. (Lappago aliena Spreng.; Nazia aliena Scribn.).
Open ‘arid eround, southwestern United States and the West
Indies to Brazil. Occurs on probably all the islands.

TRIBE 7. CHLORIDEAE

44. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 166. pl. 15. f. 1. 1812
SPRANGLETOP

siikelely © 2- to several-flowered, sessile or short-pediceled, approxi-
mate or somewhat distant along one side of a slender rachis, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
olumes unequal or nearly equal, awnless or mucronate, l-nerved,
usually shorter than the first lemma; lemmas obtuse or acute, some-
times 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned from between the
teeth, 3-nerved, the nerves sometimes pubescent. Annuals or peren-
nials with flat blades and numerous racemes scattered along a common
axis forming a long or sometimes short panicle.

Plants annual.

Sheaths, at least the upper, papillose-hispid_________-__-_ 1. L. FILIFORMIS.
Sheaths glabrous or scabrous.
Lemmas awned, the awn sometimes short_________-- 2. IL. FASCICULARIS.
Lemmas awnless.
Florets acuminate; sheaths scabrous=222- 2 7 ees ed 4. IL. SCABRA.

Florets obtuse; sheaths glabrous or slightly scabrous.
Spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, 6- to 9-flowered, lead-color. 3. UL. UNINERVIA:
Spikelets 2 to 3 mm long, 3- or 4-flowered, pale. 5. L. NEALLEYI.
Plants perennial.

spikes’ slender, 15 to 20icm'long ==) se ee 8. L. LONGA.
Spikes mostly less than 10 cm long.
Blades involute_. E a 9: L. MONTICOLA.

Blades flat or loosely involute in drying.
Sheaths and blades glabrous, usually somewhat glaucous; awnless or
the awns shorter than body of lemma_____________-_ 6. L. virgata.
Sheaths sparsely papillose-hispid; blades sparsely villous on the upper
surface near the base; awns or some of them about as long as their

_

lemmas. 52. 3a 2 Re ee 7. LL. DOMINGENSIS.

1. Leptochioa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 166. 1812.
RED SPRANGLETOP.

Festuca filiformis Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 191. 1791. Tropical
America.

Eleusine mucronata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 65. 1803. Illinois.

Rabdochloa? mucronata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 84, 176. 1812.

Leptochloa mucronata Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 91. 1829.

Leptochloa brachiata Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 209. 1854. Gua-
deloupe.

Plants often purplish or reddish; culms erect or often branching
and geniculate below, 40 to 70 cm tall, or often dwarf; blades flat,
thin, as much as 1 em wide; panicle somewhat viscid, of numerous
approximate slender racemes 5 to 15 em long on an axis mostly half
the entire length of the culm; spikelets, 3- to 4-flowered, 1 to 2 mm
long; glumes acuminate, longer than the first floret, often as long as
tee spikelet; lemmas awnless, pubescent on the nerves, 1.5 mm long
(fig. 60).

103

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

15; spikelet and floret, X 10 (Ruth 51).

FIGURE 60.—Leptochloa filiformis. Plant, X

104 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Fields and open ground, Virginia to California, south to South
America. A common weed in fields throughout the West Indies,
except the Bahamas. Leptochloa mucronata var. multiflora Eggers *
is listed, without description, from St. Croix.

2. Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray, Man. 588. 1848.

Festuca fascicularis Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791. South
America.

Festuca polystachya Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 66. 1803. Illinois.

Festuca thouwns Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 311. 1854. Santo
Domingo.

Somewhat succulent; culms erect to spreading or prostrate, freely
branching, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades flat to loosely involute; panicles
more or less included, mostly 10 to 20 cm long, often smaller, the
racemes several to numerous, as much as 10 cm long, usually ascend-
ing or appressed, or at maturity spreading; spikelets usually overlap-
ping, 7 to 12 mm long, 6- to 12-
flowered; lemmas 4 to 5 mm long,
the lateral nerves pubescent below,
acuminate, the awn from short to
as long as the body (fig. 61).

Ditches and moist ground,
United States, Mexico, and the
West Indies.

BaHamMas: Great Exuma, Britton
and Millspaugh 3108. New Provi-
dence, Britton and Brace 504.

Cusa: Habana, Léon 753, 864,
1509, 2020. Batabandé, Hitchcock
251; Ekman 889. Romelie, Eggers
4834. ee Bay, Britton and

Re Cowell 9984. entral Orosco,
Ti teae siege Cree xc10 (Hitchcock 7876). Hkeman 10570. Baragua, Hitch-
cock 23337. Guantdnamo, Léon

3911. Without locality, Wright 3812, 3822.

JAMAICA: Black River, Hitchcock 9643. Port Henderson, Ridley
132. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9863. St. Anns Bay, Britton 2519.
Ferry Pen, Harris 12498.

Hartt: Etang, Leonard 3520. Cape Haitien, Hkman H 2750.
Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 2105; Buch 1801, 1869. Miragoane,
Ekman H 7257. Gourjon, Ekman H 6453.

VirGIN IsuANnps: St. Croix, Thompson 407; Ricksecker 306.

LEEWARD IsuaNnps: Antigua, Bor 8, 33, 34, 47.

3. Leptochloa uninervia (Presl) Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S.
Natl. Herb. 18: 383. 1917.
Megastachya uninervia Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 283. 1830. Mexico.
Leptochloa wmbricata 'Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 293. 1880.
California.
Perennial, resembling L. fascicularis, rather sparingly branching,
usually strictly erect, the panicle more oblong in outline, with shorter,

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28 Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Forening. Copenhagen (III) 8: 151. 1876.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES LOS

denser-flowered racemes; spikelets, 5 to 7 mm long, 6- to 9-flowerea,
lead-color; glumes broader, more obtuse; lemmas scarcely narrowed
toward tip, apiculate but not awned, the lateral nerves more or less
excurrent (fig. 62).

Ditches and wet open ground, southwestern NINN}

United States, Cuba, and Jamaica, and south NY

to Argentina and Chile.
Cusa: Guanténamo, Hioram 1359.
JAMAICA: Salt Ponds, Harris 12309, 12311.

4. Leptochloa scabra Nees, Agrost. Bras. 435°
1829. Brazil.

Annual; culms erect, about 1 m tall, some-
what robust and succulent; sheaths and blades
scabrous, the blades elongate, 8 to 12 mm wide;
panicle 20 to 40 cm long, not more than 7 cm
wide, the slender racemes crowded, 4 to 8 cm
long, ascending or somewhat drooping, usually
curved or flexuous; species cromted. mostly
3-flowered, about 3 mm long; lemmas acute, BROS MEANS a be
awnless, the nerves pubescent (fig. 63). a le, Banicen x 1; ne

Ditches and shallow swamps, Louisiana, the 3j35) "°° “10 harp
West Indies, and Central America to Brazil.

Dominican Repustic: Villa Vasquez, Ekman H 13127a.

Purrto Rico: Aguirre, Britton and Earle 6495. Rio Piedras,
Stevenson 2987. Cabo Rojo, Sintenis 844. Tabucoa, Sintenis 5103.
Coamo, Sintenis 3282. Guayanilla, Shafer 1981. Bayamon, Hioram
5, 325; Chase 6392. Anasco, Heller
4535. Ponce, Britton and Brown

NY) TF rs 4 ’ e
NN tay My fj 5512; Chase 6493. Rio Grande,

Y AN Me Wa a i Chee 6715. Mayaguez, Chase
SN ~) S ZA y vey Ry :

/ Sw ANY A Ne y NA TRINIDAD: Cedros, Broadway
ii NY AA IZ a Ks 4937; Hitchcock 10137. Arima,
ANIA £ Hitchcock 10293. California,
WNGRUN ALA 2 Hitcheock 10106. Port-of-Spain,

tS

Hitchcock 10012. Pointe Gourde,
Britton and Broadway 2652.
Moruga, Britton and Broadway
2431. Palo Seco, Broadway 9238.

Tosaco: Broadway 4739; Hitch-
cock 10259.

5. Leptochloa nealleyi Vasey, Bull.
Torrey Bot-= Club..12: 7.
1885. Texas.

Annual, usually erect and rather

robust; culms mostly 1 to 1.5 m

FIGURE 63.—Leptochloa scabra. Panicle, X 1; ; 3
two views of floret, X 10 (Tracy 8388). tall, simple or sparingly branched

at the base; sheaths glabrous or
slightly scabrous, mostly keeled; blades elongate, flat to loosely invo-
lute; panicle commonly 25 to 50 cm long, not more than 4 cm wide,
the racemes subverticillate, overlapping, 2 to 4 cm long, appressed
or ascending; spikelets crowded, 3- or 4-flowered, 2 to 3 mm long;

106 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

lemmas about 1.5 mm long, the apex obtuse, the nerves sparingly
pubescent, the lateral close to the margin (fig. 64).

Wet woods, Texas, Mexico, and Cuba.

Cusa: Tiffin, Shafer 2904.

6. Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 166. 1812.

Cynosurus virgatus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 876. 1759. Jamaica.
Hleusine virgata Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 87. 1805.

Leptostachys virgata Meyer, Prim. F1. Esseq.
(4, 1818:

Oxydemia virgata Nutt.; Jacks., Ind. Kew.
30: 392. 1894.

Leptochloa perennis Hack., Inf. Est. Centr.
Agron.Cubal1: 411. 1906. Cuba, Baker 4617.

Perennial; culms wiry, erect, 50 to 100 em
tall; blades flat; racemes several to many,
slender, laxly ascending, 5 to 10 cm long, the
lower distant, the others often aggregate;
spikelets nearly sessile, mostly 3- to 5-flow-
ered; lemmas 1.5 to 2 mm long, awniess or the
lower with a short awn (fig. 65).

Open ground and grassy slopes, Mexico and
the West Indies to South America. To be
found on probably all of the West Indian
islands.

7. Leptochloa domingensis (Jacq.) Trin.,
Fund. Agrost. 133. 1820.
j Cynosurus domingensis Jacq., Misc. Austr.
EAHA, LGR OIE OT En BOS AE LIOL: Probably Santo Domingo.
Pel TO shen) Rabdochloa domingensis Beau v. Ess. Agrost.
84,176. 1812.
Chloris gracilis H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl.1:168. 1816. Peru.
Leptochloa virgata var. gracilis Nees; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 538.
1864.
Leptochloa virgata var. domingensis Link; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Indi 538) 11864.
~ Resembling L. virgata; sheaths and blades sparsely pilose; panicles
more elongate, the racemes shorter and more numerous; lemmas

Ve

LS.

DP PAY ha

ip GS
wP Ye SSA.
EZ SSA

FIGURE 65.—Leptochloa virgata. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10 (Wilson 9402).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 107

appressed-pubescent on the internerves, awned, the awn of the
lower florets of the spikelet 1 to 3 mm long (fig. 66).

Open ground and grassy banks, Florida, Mexico, and the West
Indies.

Bauwamas: New Providence, Hitchcock in 1890. Eleuthera, Mitch-
cock in 1890.

Cupa: Habana, Himan 419a, 13122. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 863b.
San Antonio, Hggers 5349. Santiago de Cuba, Léon 862, 865, 9767.
Without locality, Wright 3436. ;

Jamaica: Hope Gardens, Ridley 120, 122. Kingston, Hitchcock
9253. Halls Delight, Harris 11261. Spanish Town, Ridley 128.
Guava Ridge, Harris 11291, 11367, 11601. Barican, Hitchcock 9563.
Ewarton, Hitchcock 9455. Alligator Pond, Hitchcock 9836; Harris
12447. Kast of Hope, Harris 12346. Lititz, Harris 11713, 11718.

Haiti: Gonaive Island, Leonard 3106, 3300, 5123, 5145. Port-au-
Prince, Ekman H 1986. St. Marc, Leonard 2946. Tortuga Island,
Leonard 15466. Bourdarie, Buch 1209.

Dominican Repusuic: Las Salinas, Fuertes 1428. Rincon, Muertes:
1283. Santiago, Hkman H 16042.

FIGURE 66.—Lepiochioa domingensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10 (Hitchcock 10055).

Lepnwarp Isuanps: St. Kitts, Bor 166. Antigua, Wullschlaegel.

Trinrpap: Chacachacare, Hitchcock 10055 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
671). Mona Island, Broadway 5900. Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9994,
10196; Britton and Hazen 1689.

8. Leptochloa longa Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 538. 1864. Trinidad.

Perennial; culms about 1.5 m tall, decumbent at base; blades 1.5
to 2.5 cm wide, the collar pilose; racemes several, very slender,
spreading, loosely flowered, somewhat fascicled, 15 to 20 cm long;
spikelets about 3-flowered; lemmas about 3 mm long, the awn about
as long as the lemma or a little longer.

Rich shady banks, Trinidad.

Trinrpap: Manzanilla, Hitchcock 10377. San Fernando, Hitch-
cock 10082 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 672). Without locality, Bot. Gard.
Herb. 3359; Crueger.

9. Leptochloa monticola Chase, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 73. f. 2.
1927. Haiti, Leonard 4751.

Perennial; culms densely tufted, erect, rigid, about 1 m tall; blades
involute, 20 to 30 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide (when flattened); panicle
about 30 cm long, 8 cm wide, the numerous racemes approximate,
stiffly ascending, the middle ones about 10 cm long; spikelets rather

108 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

distant, 8 to 10 mm long, 6- to 7-flowered; lemmas about 5 mm long,
densely pilose on the lower part of the nerves (fig. 67).

Higher mountains of Hispaniola.

Hartt: Pétionville, Ekman H 1352,H 1576. Badeau, Ekman H 7777.
Furcy, Leonard 4751. Massif de la Selle, Ekman H 1576, H 3075.

Dominican Repustic: San José de Ocoa, Ekman H 11874.

45. GOUINIA Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 103. 1886

Spikelets, few-flowered, short-pedicellate, appressed, in slender
elongate racemes, these racemosely arranged; glumes and lemmas
keeled, the lemmas densely villous on the nerves, awned, the upper-
most much reduced but awned. Erect or ascending perennials with
linear blades and terminal panicles of slender racemes.

Biladesalitot Zeman wiaGeids 4h henley CRN IVE Eyres MOP ee Meeps ea 1. G. GRACILIS.
Blades *oatowlZannm wide tee en swing Oks ease ye oie Ly pO SEED So eae 2. G. VIRGATA.

FIGURE 67.—Lep- FIGURE 68.—Gouinia

tochloa monticola. gracilis. Glumes and
Spikelet and floret, floret, X 5 (type).
X 5 (type).

1. Gouinia gracilis Ekman; Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 22: 33. f. 1.
1935. Cuba, Ekman in 1922.

Culms slender, branching, sprawling or leaning, 70 cm long or
more; blades flat or usually involute, as much as 14 cm long, not more
than 2 mm wide; panicles 5 to 15 cm long, the branches stiffiy spread-
ing or reflexed, the lower as much as 4.5 cm long; spikelets 2- or
3-flowered, short-pedicellate, stiffly and abruptly spreading or
reflexed; lemmas 4 to 6 mm long, the awn 5 to 9 mm long (fig. 68).

Thickets, Cuba.

Cupa: Holguin, Ekman in 1922, 3255. Mendoza, Hkman 11486.

2. Gouinia virgata (Presl) Scribn., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 10. 1897.
Bromus virgatus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 263. 1830. Mexico.
Festuca laxiflora A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 318. 1850.
Habana, Cuba.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 109

FIGURE 69.—Gouinia virgata, X 44 (Palmer 77 in 1895).

110 misc. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Diplachne virgata Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 52: 276. 1902.

Culms erect from a knotty base, usually about 1 m tall; blades
flat, 5 to 15 mm wide; panicle 15 to 35 cm long, the branches stiffly
spreading, the lower usually about 12 cm long, spikelet-bearing from
the base; spikelets mostly 2- or 3-fiowered; lemma, 8 to 10 mm long,
the awn 1 to 1.5 cm long (fig. 69).

FIGURE 70.—Tripogon spicatus. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5 (Nealley 78).
Rocky brushy slopes, Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia; Cuba, Haiti.
Cusa: Cojimar, Léon 2014; Ekman 1359; Rio Bacuranao, Wilson
and Léon 11594.
Haiti: Hinche, Ekman H 6137.

46. TRIPOGON Roth; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 600. 1817

Spikelets, several- to many-flowered, sessile, erect in a single spike;
olumes shorter than the lowermost floret ; lemmas awned from between
the lobes of the minutely two-lobed summit. Low tufted perennials

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES at

with narrow blades and slender solitary spikes, the spikelets somewhat
distant.

1. Tripogon spicatus (Nees) Ekman, Arkiv. Bot. 11*: 36. 1912.

Bromus sprcatus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 471. 1829. Brazil.

Tricuspis simplex Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. (n.s.) 8: 5382. 1862.
Cuba, Wright 1551.

Leptochlea spicata Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1891: 304.
1892.

Culms slender, mostly less than 10 cm tall; blades subfiliform,
ageregated at the base of the plant; spike about half the entire height
of the plant; spikelets appressed, about 5 mm long (fig. 70).

Sterile hills, Texas to Argentina; central Cuba, Haiti.

CusBa: Santayana, Ekman 15356. Motembo, Léon 9416.

Haiti: St. Michel, Hkman H 8371.

47. LUEPTURIDIUM Hitche. and Ekman, gen. nov.”®

Spikelets 2-flowered in two rows on one sde of a continuous tri-
angular rachis, the pedicels very short; glumes about equal, awnless,
the midnerve broad, greenish, firm, the margins thin, apparently no
lateral nerves; lower floret slightly exceeding the first glume, the
second floret more or less reduced, the internoce of the rachilla slender,
somewhat flexuous, the callus minutely pilose; lemma of first floret
thin, minutely and rather sparsely villous, 3-nerved, the midnerve
evident, the lateral nerves near the margins, obscure, the midnerve
extending into a inmute mucro between two very short teeth; palea
narrow, a little shorter than the lemma, deeply sulcate on the back,
thin like the lemma; second lemma similar to the first, smaller or
sometimes much reduced, the rachilla enlarged and pilose below the
floret; paleap resent in the larger second florets, but empty; stamens
3, brown.

Perennial with short firm distichous blades and termina! spikes.

The genus is not closely allied to any other genus. The structure
ot the spikelet would place it near Gymnopogon which differs in having
several spikes in an inflorescence and in having usually remote awned
spikelets.

Type species, Lepturidium insulare Hitche. and Ekman.

1. Lepturidium insulare Hitchc. and Ekman, sp. nov.”

Perennial; culms cespitose rather wiry, spreading, decumbent at
base, or prostrate, 10 to 30 cm long; sheaths overlapping, several
to many on the lower half of the flowering culms, pilose or villous
around the summit and the base of the blade; blades stiffly ascend-
ing, rather conspicuously distichous, fiat, becoming involute, glab-
rous, 1 to 2 mm wide, mostly 1 to 2 cm long, the tip hard, obtuse,
somewhat boat-shaped; spike solitary, erect, stiff, mostly 5 to 8 cm
long, the base enclosed in the uppermost sheath or slightly exserted ;
elumes about 3 mm long, oblong-linear, the midnerve hard; lemma
of first floret about 2.5 mm long; second floret nearly as long as the
first or reduced to a minute rudiment, the rachilla joint slender,
1 to 1.5 mm long; stamens 3, about 0.5 mm long (fig. 71).

29 Spiculae 2-florae multae in spica solitaria terminale; glumae aequales 1-nerviae; floscula inferior glumam
primam subequans tenuis 3-nervia mucronata; floscula superior parva vel minuta, rachilla gracili.

30 Planta perennis; culmi subrigidi 10-39 cm alti, nodis multis; laminae rigidae distichae 1-2 cm longae,
1-2 mm latae; glumae 3 mm longae; lemma inferius sparse villosum.

60256—36——8

112 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1296125,
collected in white sand, saline flats, Santa Barbara, Isla de Pinos,
Cuba, November 3, 1920, by E. L. Ekman (no. 12060).

Other specimens, both from Isla de Pinos, are: Santa Barbara,
Ekman 12023; Los Indios, Ekman 12155.

Wes Ex we
AS Y
Tf | \\ — SS
NY \ } Ro) go
AS

FIGURE 71.—Lepturidium insulare. Plant, X 44; spikelet and floret, X 10 (type).

No pistils have been found in the specimens examined. The
species may be dioecious. On one specimen (no. 12155), there is an
auriculate extension of the margin of the rachis below many of the
spikelets, forming a glumelike point by the side of the spikelet.
This appears to be an abnormality. In aspect the sterile plants
somewhat resemble those of Cenchrus distichophyllus.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES bile:

48. EKLEUSINE Gaertn., Fruct. et Sem. 1: 7. pl. 1. f.11. 1788

Spikelets, few- to several-flowered, compressed, sessile and closely
imbricate, in two rows along one side of a rather broad rachis, the
latter not prolonged beyond the spikelets; rachilla disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets, glumes unequal, rather
broad, acute, l-nerved, shorter than the first lemma; lemmas acute,
with 3 streng green nerves close together forming a keel, the upper-
most somewhat reduced; seed dark brown, roughened by fine ridges,
loosely enclosed in the thin pericarp. Annuals, with two to several
rather stout spikes, digitate at the summit of the culms, sometimes
with one or two a short distance below, or rarely with a single ter-
minal spike.

Spikes in a terminal whorl, sometimes with a spike below__-___-_ ioe Es INDICA.

Spikespnpmore than one whork. Mo U2 8 ee 2. E. VERTICILLATA.

1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. et Sem. 1: 8. 1788.
GOOSEGRASS.

Cynosurus indicus L., Sp. Pl. 72. 1753. India.

Branching at base, ascending or prostrate, very smooth; culms
compressed, usually less than 50 cm long; blades flat or folded, 3 to
8 mm wide; spikes mostly 2 to 6, flat, 4 to 15 em long (fig. 72).

Open ground and waste places. A common weed of warm and
warm-temperate regions. Introduced in America. To be found on
all the West Indian islands. In Cuba called “pata de gallina’”’ and
“orama de caballo.”’

2. Eleusine verticillata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 346. 1820. India.

Annual; culms rather slender, 30 to 60 cm tall; spikes in a terminal
whorl of 3 to 5 and several below in 2 or 3 whorls or opposite or al-
ternate; spikelets 8- to 12-flowered; glumes aristulate; lemmas
mucronate.

Pastures and open ground. ‘Tropical regions of the Old World;
introduced in Haiti.

Harti: Cul-de-Sac, Ekman H 941. L’Arcahaie, Ekman H 6671.

49. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd., Enum. Pl. 1029. 1809

Spikelets, 3- to 5-flowered, compressed, sessile and closely imbricate,
in two rows along one side of the rather narrow flat rachis, the end
projecting in a point beyond the spikelets; rachilla disarticulating
above the first glume and between the florets; glumes somewhat
unequal, broad, 1-nerved, the first persistent upon the rachis, the
second mucronate or short-awned below the tip, deciduous; lemmas
firm, broad, keeled, acuminate or short-awned, 3-nerved, the lateral
nerves indistinct, the upper floret reduced; the palea about as long
as the lemma; seed subglobose, ridged or wrinkled, enclosed in a thin,
early-disappearing pericarp. Annuals or perennials, with flat blades
and two to several short thick spikes, digitate and widely spreading
at the summit of the culms.

1. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 68. 1890.
CROWFOOT GRASS.
Cynosurus aegyptius L., Sp. Pl. 72. 1753. Africa, Asia, America.
Eleusine aegyptiaca Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 85. 1798.

114 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Plant, X 14; spikelet, yee and seed (without pericarp), X 5 (Fredholm
5331).

FIGURE 72.—Hleusine indica.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES

OF THE WEST INDIES PES

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ip

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FIGURE 73.—Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Plant, X 14; spikelet, fioret, and seed (without pericarp), X 5
(Small and Heller 378).

Culms compressed, spreading with ascending ends, rooting at the
nodes, branching, commonly forming mats, usually 20 to 40 cm long;
blades flat, ciliate; spikes 1 to 5 cm long (fig. 73).

116 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Open ground and waste places. A common weed in warm coun-
tries. Introduced in America. To be found on all the West Indian
islands. In Cuba called ‘‘pata de gallina.”

50. CYNODON L. Rich.; Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805
(Capriola Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 31,532. 1763. Ineffectively published)

Spikelets, 1-flowered, awnless, sessile in two rows along one side of
a slender continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and prolonged behind the palea as a slender naked bristle,
this sometimes bearing a rudimentary lemma; glumes narrow, acumi-
nate, l-nerved, about equal, shorter than the floret; lemma strongly
compressed, pubescent on the keel, firm, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
close to the margins. Perennials with creeping stolons or rhizomes,
short blades, and several slender digitate spikes.

1. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805.
BERMUDA GRASS.

Panicum dactylon L., Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. Europe.

Capriola dactylon Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 764. 1891.

Culms low, extensively creeping, wiry, compressed, the flowering
shoots 10 to 30 em tall, or in moist shady places 50 cm tall or even
more; blades on the stolons short and spreiding, flat, the sheath
pilose at the throat; spikes usually 3 to 5, digitate, slender, arcuate-
spreading, 2.5 to 5 cm long; spikelets about 2 mm long, the lemma
longer than the glumes (fig. 74).

Common in open, rather dry ground in the warmer parts of both
hemispheres; apparently introduced in America. To be found on
probably all the islands of the West Indies. A common and well-
known pasture grass, called Bermuda grass in the United States and
Bahama grass in the English West Indies. In the Spanish islands it
is called “‘grama’’, “‘hierba fina’’, and ‘‘hierba del prado’’, and because
of its digitate spikes, “pata de gallina.”’” In Antiguaitis called “deyil’s
grass’; in Haiti called chiendent. Bermuda grass is commonly used
for lawns and pasture throughout the West Indies.

51. SPARTINA Schreb.; Gmel., Syst. Nat. ed. 13. 2: 123. 1791
CoRDGRASS

Spikelets, 1-flowered, much flattened laterally, sessile and usually
closely imbricate, on one side of a continuous rachis, disarticulating
below the glumes, the rachilla not produced beyond the floret; glumes
keeled, 1-nerved, acute or short-awned, the first shorter, the second
often exceeding the lemma; lemma firm, keeled, the lateral nerves
obscure, narrowed to a rather obtuse point; palea 2-nerved, keeled
and flattened, the keel between or at one side of the nerves. Stout
perennials with tough leaves and 2 to many spikes racemose on a
main axis.

Spikes ascending or somewhat spreading; spikelets closely imbricate; second
glume very ‘scabrous on the*keel pry" ea) ieee ae 1% Ss.’ PATENS.

Spikes appressed in a narrow close inflorescence; spikelets imbricate only at the
tip; second glume nearly glabrous. _..-~_—._ +. _--s=.+ 2. S. BRASILIENSIS.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES bla Le

1. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., Descr. Gram. 55. 1817.
SALTMEADOW SORDGRASS.
Dactylis patens Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 104. 1789.
Trachynotia juncea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 64. 1803. South
Carolina.
Spartina juncea Willd., Enum. Pl. 81. 1809.

FIGURE 74.—Cynodon dactylon. Plant, X 14; spikelet and two views of floret, X 5 (Kearney).

Spartina patens var. juncea Hitche., Rhodora 8: 210. 1906.

Culms erect, usually 1 m or more tall, tough and wiry, with stout
scaly creeping rhizomes; blades involute, extending into a long fine
point; spikes mostly 2 to 8, ascending or spreading, 4 to 6 em long;
spikelets closely imbricate, 6 to 8 mm long, the second glume scabrous
on the keel (fig. 75).

118 Misc. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sandy sea beaches and salt marshes, southeastern United States and
the West Indies.

Brermupa: Brown and Britton 313; Collins 162.

Bauamas: Eleuthera, Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 415.

Cusa: Morillo, Ekman 17428.

Jamarca: Black River, Hitchcock 9638.

Haiti: Aux Cayes, Ekman H 746.

Dominican Repustic: Peninsula de Barahona, Hkman H 7060.

Perrero, Hkman H 13169.
| Purrro Rico: Arecibo,
, Chase 6562. Santurce, Chase
1 6349. Aguada, Chase 6603.
i, Guanajibo, Britton, Cowell, and
Brown 4357. Vieques Island,
Chase 6699.

ViRGIN ISLANDs: Croix,
Borgesen in 1906. Buek Island.
Borgesen in 1906.

Lerwarp Istanps: Antigua,
Box 102. Guadeloupe, Duss
3162

2. Spartina brasiliensis Raddi,
Agrost. Bras. 21. 1823.
Brazil.

Culms erect from extensively
creeping rhizomes, 50 to 100
em tall; blades erect, 3 to 5mm
wide; spikes few, appressed, 4
to 8 cm long; spikelets about 1
em long, slightly overlapping,

Ae te OA a eee

ance

ee the second glume glabrous or
FA nearly so on the keel.
4 Tidal flats, Trinidad to Brazil.

Trinipap: HKrin Beach, grow-
ing insalt water, Broadway 9287.

SPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES (L.)
Roth, Catal. Bot. 3: 10. 1806.
In the United States National
Herbarium there is a specimen
said to come trom the Bahama
Islands. The species occurs
FIGURE 75.—Spartina patens. Panicle, X 1; from Massachusetts to Florida

poe eure esto and Louisiana but is not other-
wise known from the Bahamas.

52. GYMNOPOGON Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 41. pl. 9. f.3. 1812

Spikelets, 1- or rarely 2- or 3-flowered, nearly sessile, appressed
and usually remote in two rows along one side of a slender continuous
rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and prolonged
behind the 1 or more fertile florets as a slender stipe, bearing a rudi-
ment of a floret, this sometimes with 1 or 2 slender awns; glumes
narrow, acuminate, l-nerved, usually longer than the floret; lemmas

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 119

narrow, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the margin, the apex
minutely bifid, bearing between the teeth a slender awn, or rarely
awnless. Perennials or rarely annuals, with short, flat, stiff blades,
numerous stiff, slender, divergent spikes loosely scattered along the
upper part of the culm, or sometimes aggregate toward the summit,
the spikes often deflexed at maturity.
Spikes 2 to 4 em long, aggregate at the summit of the naked culms; annual.
. G. FOLIOSUS.
Spikes 10 to 25 cm long, scattered along the upper part of the culms; perennial.
Blades ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 5 em long; culms mostly not more than 30 cm
ECU CES ed, WO am, UR er laa Ro 2. G. AMBIGUUS.
Blades linear-lanceolate, 3 to 7 cm long; culms 50 to 100 em tall_3. G. sPIcaTUS.

1. Gymnopogen foliosus (Willd.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 426. 1829.
Chloris foliosa Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 924. 1806. St. Thomas.
Biatherium foliosum Desv., Opuse. 72. 1831.

Arnual; culms wiry, erect or decumbent at base, short-joimted, 15
to 50 cm tall; blades numerous, short, squarrose, mostly 1 to 2 cm
long, sharp-pointed; spikes 3 to 7, erect or ascending, 2 to 3 cm long;
glumes 3 to 4 mm long; lemma 2.5 mm long, the awn 1.5 cm long.

_ ue barren sands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and St. Thomas to
razil.

Puerto Rico: Laguna Tortuguero, Britton 7955. Campo Alegre,
Chase 6611, 6789 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 661).

Dominican Repusuic: ‘Santo Domingo” in Trinius Herbarium.

2. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S. P., Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69.
1888.

Andropogon ambiguus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 58. 1803. Caro-
lina.

Culms 30 to 60 cm tail, in small clumps with short scaly rhizomes,
suberect to spreading, rigid, sparingly branching; leaves numerous,
approximate with overlapping sheaths, or the lower rather distant;
blades spreading, 5 to 15 mm, mostly about 10 mm wide, the base
rounded-truncate; spikes 10 to 20 cm long, floriferous from base,
the lower spikelets often remote; glumes 4 to 6 mm long; lemma with
an awn 4 to 6 mm long, the rudiment bearing a delicate shorter awn
(fig. 76).

Dry pine lands, southern United States; Hispaniola.

Dominican REPUBLIC: Constanza, Ekman H 14023. El Tetero,
Ekman H 13721. San Juan, Ekman H 13538. San José de Ocoa,
Ekman H 119382.

3. Gymnopogon spicatus (Spreng.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 37: 354.
1898.

Polypogon spicatus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 243. 1825. Brazil.

Gymnopogon filiformis Griseb., Ri Brats. Wi ind. $538. 11304:
Trinidad.

Perennial; culms slender, wiry, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades thickish,
linear-lanceolate, 3 ie 7 cm long; inflorescence commonly nearly half
the entire length of the plant; spikes slender, divaricate, 15 to 25
em long, naked or nearly so for the lower one-third to half their
length.

Sterile hills, Trinidad to Argentina.

TrinipaD: Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3361.

120

MISC. PUBLICATION 2438, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 76.—Gymnopogon ambiguus. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5 (Tracy 8292).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES WA

53. SAUGETIA Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18:
Bilton LUGE A

Spikelets, 2-flowered, the first perfect, the second neuter and much
reduced; glumes thin, unequal, 1-nerved, acuminate, shorter than
the floret: first floret stipitate, the lemma firm, minutely 2 2-toothed at
the apex, 3-nerved, the midnerve produced into a delicate awn;
palea slightly shorter than the lemma, acute, sulcate between the
nerves; second floret reduced to a minute lemma on an elongate
slender rachilla joint. Cespitose perennials with slender wiry branch-
ing culms, narrow blades, and 1 to 3 slender spikes, the spikelets
subsessile, contiguous but scarcely imbricate along one side of a
slender continuous rachis, closely appressed to it.

Plants 20 to 40 em tall, the culms and blades slender and delicate; spikes soli-
oi Er Or at ahh Srey AM NR ear Mclean S. FASCICULATA.

tary
Plants 50 to 80 cm tall, the culms and blades much coarser; spikes usually 2,
Somme bimeS gl Vor nde ete estes erp ay a a Ta 2. S. PLEIOSTACHYA.

1. Saugetia fasciculata Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 18: 378. 1917. Cuba, Léon 6901.

Plants in dense hard tufts, glabrous throughout; culms 40 to 50
cm tall, erect or the summit leaning, the internodes elongate, branch-
ing at most of the nodes, the branches mostly fascicled, commonly

one of them elongate, the others reduced to leafy shoots of over-
lapping sheaths and short spreading blades, these branchlets forming
conspicuous tufts along the main culms and branches; sheaths 5 to 8
mm long, with broad papery margins, a tuft of delicate white hairs
1 mm long at the summit, these wanting on old sheaths, the sheaths
of the branchlets reduced; ligule obsolete; blades filiform, crescent-
shaped in cross section, scarcely 0.5 mm wide when flattened out,
flexuous, the primary blades as much as 10 cm long, those of the
branchlets 1 to 3 cm long; spikes long-exserted, erect, 3 to 5 cm long,
the rachis subfiliform, slightly concavo-convex, the spikelets fitting
into the concavities; spikelets distant by about their own length to
half their length, 3.6 to 3.8 mm long excluding the awn; glumes
lanceolate-subulate, the first 0.7 to 0.8 mm long, the second 2 to 2.5
mm long; floret stipitate, the stipe 0.5 mm long, bearded with erect
hairs 0.4 to 0.5 mm long; lemma 3.2 mm long (excluding the awn),
about 0.4 mm wide, glabrous, the lateral nerves near the margin,
the midnerve becoming strong toward the summit and produced into
a delicate flexuous erect, minutely scabrous awn 12 to 16 mm long;
palea minutely scabrous on the nerves; second floret reduced to a
narrow pointed i-nerved lemma about 1.2 mm long, the slender
glabrous erect rachilla joint 1.8 mm long (fig. 77).

Limestone ground in thickets and on limestone cliffs, Cuba and
Hispaniola.

Cusa: Mendoza, Ekman 18172. San Julidn, south of Guane,
Léon 6901, 7312, TATA; Wright 3894. Jauco Abajo, southern Baracoa
region, Léon 12312.

Dominican Repusuic: Rio Mao, Valeur 177. Moncidn, Ekman
H 12606, H 13059, H 13081.

In one specimen (Léon 12312) some of the inflorescences consist of
two spikes. In all the others the spikes are solitary.

122 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 77.—Saugetia fasciculata. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 5 (Léon 7312).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 123

A fragmentary specimen of this peculiar grass was collected by
Wright “im small skirts of woods bordering the Savana San Julién”
in 1865 (no. 8894) and was listed in Sauv alle’s Flora Cubana?! without
description as cMulenbergia spicata Munn” and by Hitchcock as an
unidentified specimen. ‘The few weatherworn spikelets on the
Wright specimen were too much broken to permit of diagnosis.
Brother Leén at our request kindly visited the locality and sent us a
specimen of this apparently very rare species. His letter in regard
to this collection is of interest:

I visited the Savana San Julidn in company with Father Modesto Roca of
Guanabacoa. ‘The first two days I did not see any kind of Bouteloua [from the
broken Wright specimen we had guessed it to be a species of that genus], not
knowing on what border of the savanna were the skirts of woods, and the savanna
has a circuit of 40 to 50 kilometers. Atlast * * * we went toa small wood
(Cayo Gabino) on the northeastern border of the hacienda [of Sefior D. J. M.
Lamas] and there I saw a tufted grass which I supposed might be the long lost
species of Wright, though at first sight it cailed to my mind the idea of a small
Arthrosiyidium, having some resemblance to my no. 4853 [Arthrostylidium
capillifolium]. I noted with pleasure that it agreed exactly with your description.
Unluckily there remained very few flowers. I entered the wood at different
places all around but could not find more of it.

It is noteworthy that in his field notes Wright called his number 3894
“Arthrostylidium.”’

2. Saugetia pleiostachya Hitche. and Kkman, sp. nov.*

Culms glabrous, many-noded, straggling, 50 to 80 cm tall, the
branches appressed, often fascicled, the lower internodes elongate;
sheaths glabrous, firm, shorter than the internodes, densely villous
at the truncate summit; ligule a very short densely ciliate membrane;
blades glabrous, slender, wiry, flat and about 1.5 mm wide or mostly
filiform, involute, the margins scabrous with fine sharp points; inflor-
escence of 1 to 3 falcate spikes, 8 to 12 cm long, the second and third
spike attached 10 to 15 mm below the terminal one and closely ap-
pressed to it, the rachis slender, triangular; spikelets appressed, 1m-
bricate, about 1 mm apart on the rachis; first glume a slender minute
bristle; second glume very narrow or setiform, 2 to 4mm long; lemma
slightly raised on a minutely pilose stipe, narrow, somewhat terete,
acute, about 4 mm long, awned from just below the apex, the awn
very slender, 1 to 2 cm long, the tip very fine, flexuous; palea narrow,
about as long as the lemma, ending in 2 very fine teeth; rudiment
minute, the rachilla joint about 2 mm long, lying in the sulcus of the
incurved margins of the lemma, awnless or with a minute fine awn.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1296127, col-
lected on jurassic limestone, top of Cerro de Mendoza, Mendoza,
Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, June 26, 1920, by E. L. Ekman (no.
11483).

Another collection from the same locality was made in 1923 by Dr.
Ekman (no. 16746).

In its technical character this species agrees closely with S. fascicu-
lata. It differs in its larger size, coarser foliage, the usually 2 spikes

31 P. 191.

32 Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 246. 1909.

33 Perennis; culm: glabri multinodii tenues 50-80 cm alti ramosi, ramis appressis; laminae glabrae tenues
planae vel plerumque filiformes, marginibus scabris; spicae i-3 tenues falcatae 8-20 cm longae appressae;
gluma prima minuta setiformis; gluma secunda setiformis 2-4 mm longa; lemma angustum, acutum circa
4mm longum aristatum, arista tenuissima 1-2 em longa; palea bisetosa; rudimentum minutum.

124 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

nearly twice as long, and in the larger spikelets. S. fasciculata is now
known from several localities. It is uniformly smaller and more
delicate than S. plevostachya.

54. CHLORIS Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ.25. 1788. Fincerarass

Spikelets with 1 perfect floret, sessile, in two rows along one side of
a continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
produced beyond the perfect floret and bearing 1 to several reduced
florets consisting of empty lemmas, these often truncate, and, if more
than one, the smaller ones enclosed in the lower, forming a usually
club-shaped rudiment; glumes somewhat unequal, the first shorter,
narrow, acute; lemma keeled, usually broad, 1- to 5-nerved, often villous
on the callus and villous or long-ciliate on the keel or marginal nerves,
awned from between the short teeth of a bifid apex, the awn slender
or sometimes reduced to a mucro, the sterile lemmas awned or awn-
less. Perennials or annuals with flat or folded blades and 2 to many

often showy digitate spikes.

Lemmas awnless; spikes dark brown (Hustachys)____________~_ 1. ©) PerRAnA:
Lemmas awned; spikes pale or purplish.
Sterile floret narrow, the apex acute or obtuse but not truncate.
Plants 1 to 1.5 m tall, with stout creeping stolons__________ Pa LOE CUAVEAIS
Plants lower; stolons wanting or poorly developed.
Spikes numerous, at least 10, ascending even when mature.
3. C. RADIATA.
Spikes fewer than 10, usually not more than 6.
Culms leafy throughout; spikes erect or ascending___4. C. RUPESTRIS.
Culms naked or with a few remote short blades. Spikes often reflexed
at maturity.
Spikelets divergent, somewhat distant. Plant delicate.
5. CO. CRUCIATA.
Spikelets appressed, imbricate.
Culms slender, wiry; blades filiform or narrow____6. C. EKMANII.
Culms stouter; blades flat or folded, 1 to 3 mm wide.
Leaves pubescent; awns 1.5 to 2.5 em long____.9. C. ARENARIA.
Leaves glabrous; awns 1 to 2 em long.
Lemma pilose-ciliate on upper part of margins; callus pilose;
rudiment rather broad and prominent___8. CC. CUBENSIS.
Lemmas minutely pilose or nearly glabrous on the margins;
callus nearly glabrous; rudiment not prominent, mostly
enclosed in the margins of the lemma__7. C. SAGRAEANA.
Sterile floret broad, truncate, broadest at the summit. Spikelets pectinately
arranged.
Plants perennial, commonly more than 1 m tall; spikes flexuous, 8 to 10 cm
Venere ee ON ek dts ar aaa pty Er ek ae 10. , C. POLYDACTYLA,
Plants annual, usually less than 75 cm tall; spikes less than 8 cm long.
Awn of fertile lemma not longer than the body; lemma long-ciliate on
keel andi mang ng. .005 Me 500 Me RNa py tke aulvigh ne Wey een 11.) Cy crmAmar
Awn of fertile lemma at least twice as long as the body.
Sterile florets 2; sterile lemmas (rudiment) nearly as broad as long;

fertile lemma without tuft of hairs.._._._._.____-- 2. CU InEnAmAS
Sterile floret 1; sterile lemma narrow, more than twice as long as
broad, hairy on the keel and margins_________-_ 13. ©. vIRGATA.

1. Chloris petraea Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Jamaica.
Eustachys petraea Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 189.

1810.
Schultesia petraea Spreng., Pl. Pugill. 2: 17. 1815.
Chloris swartzii C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 341. 1861. Based on

C. petraea Swartz.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 125
Chloris swartziana Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2%: 68. 1878. Based

on C. petraea Swartz.
Glabrous glaucous sparingly stoloniferous perennial; culms flat,

ascending; sheaths keeled, often in pairs, especially in robust plants;
blades flat, thickish, oblong or linear, obtuse; spikes few to several,
the rachis and glumes pale green, the florets chestnut; spikelets
2mm long; second glume bilobed, the midnerve excurrent as a short
awn; lemma awnless, a little exceeding the second glume (fig. 78).

Open ground, mostly near the seashore, southern United States

and eastern Mexico, to Trinidad and Panama.

Brermupa: Collins 144; Brown 523; Brown and Britton 60.

BaHamas: New Providence, Eggers
4092; Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 99, 261. wy
Andros, Small and Carter 8918. Anguilla d
Isles, Wilson 7947.

Cupa: Habana, Hkman 369; Hitchcock
238; Léon 961; Lrebmann 235. Cayo
Sabinal, Shafer 716. Cayo Paredon
Grande, Shafer 2739. Without locality,
Wright 3817. Isla de Pinos, Britton and
Wilson 14947; Palmer and Riley 969.

JAMAICA: Port Antonio, Fredholm 3305.
Buff Bay, Hitchcock 9767. Mouth of
Cockpit River, Harris 12464. Montego
Bava Maron = 1562. entcheock, 9672.
Claremont, Hitchcock 9485. Moneague,
Hitchcock 9453. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitch-

cock 9883. Spanish Town, Hitchcock
9297. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9591. Black
River, Harris 12543. Gordon Town, Hart
2079. Grand Cayman, Millspaugh 1255.

Harti: Miragoane, Hyerdam 402. Aux
Cayes, Ekman H 44. Tortuga Island,
Leonard 13889, 13893; Ekman H 4157.

Dominican REPuBtic: Santo Domingo

City, Ekman H 11416.
UERTO Rico: Santurce, Heller 6422; FIGURE 78.—Chloris petraea. Plant, X 1;

Chase 6347. Condado, Britton and Brown florets, X 5 (Curtiss),
6629. Boqueron, Chase 6512. Cabo
Rojo, Sintenis 555. Bayamon, Sintenis 1031.
Vega Baja, Heller 1317. Vieques Island, Chase 6702.
Hess 446. Without locality, Eggers 708.
WINDWARD Istanps: Barbados, Hitchcock 16509; Miller 48.
TrinipaD: Bot. Gard. Herb. 3377.
2. Chloris gayana Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 89. 1829; 2: 293. pl. 58.
RHODES GRASS.

1830. Africa.
Perennial; culms stout, erect or ascending, usually 1 to 1.5 m tall,

' with stout creeping stolons; blades flat, numerous, elongate, 2 to 5
mm wide; spikes several to numerous, digitate, 5 to 10 cm long, spike-
lets closely imbricate, about 4 mm long; lower floret glabrous on the
keel, appressed hispid along the margin, the hairs longer toward the

S

LP. es
VW

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TH

RYURIYND

Gift o
ao

THEM

AUVUD UA ATANROUTRURY

NY

AUTO

UVUNU CCRT RGAITRNCT HIS

NY
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Mayaguez, Chase 6183.
Mona Island,

126 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

summit, about 3 mm long, the awn about 5 mm long; second floret
smaller than the first but not much reduced, glabrous, the awn about
3 mm long; third floret about 2 mm long, truncate, mucronate, some-
times a rudimentary fourth floret present (fig. 79).

Cultivated in the warmer parts of America for forage and soon
escaping into fields and waste places. The West Indian specimens
appear to be all cultivated, but the species is likely to be found natur-
alized. Rhodes grass gives promise of value in the drier parts of the
West Indies.

CupBa: Soledad, Jack 6596, 8321.

JAMAICA: Richmond Park, Harris 12707.

Haiti: Fond-Blanc, Ekman H 9890.

3. Chioris radiata (L.) Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788.

Agrostis radiata L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 873. 1759. Jamaica.

Cynosurus scoparius Lam., Encycl.2: 188. 1786. “St. Domingue.”

Chloris gracilis Durand, Chlor. Sp. 10. 1808. Jamaica. This
work has not been seen. A specimen so named, apparently by
Durand, in the herbarium of the Institut Botanique, Montpellier, is
C. radiata.

Chloris durandiana Schult., Mant. 2: 341. 1824. Based on
Chloris gracilis Durand.

Chloris glaucescens Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 206. 1854. Guad-
eloupe. :

Weedy branching decumbent-ascending annual; sheaths broad.
compressed; blades thin, flat or folded, scaberulous or sparsely pilose;
spikes slender, somewhat flexuous; second glume narrow, awn-pointed,
2 mm long; lemma narrow, 2.5 mm long, the awn 5 to 10 mm long;
rudiment narrow, scarcely 1 mm long, diverging a little from the fer-
tile lemma and not as long as this, the awn as much as 5 mm long
(fig. 80).

Grassy banks, pastures, and waste places, Mexico and the West
Indies to Paraguay. A common weed, to be found on probably all
the West Indian islands.

4. Chloris rupestris (Ridley) Hitche.

Gymnopogon rupesiris Ridley, Jour. Linn. Soc. 27:73. 1890.
Brazil. |

Chloris angustifilora Areschoug, Svensk. Free. EHugenies Resa 1910:
118. 1910; Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 10: 300. 1912. Ecuador.

Chloris leptantha Hitche., in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 166. 1912.
Bonaire.

Chloris luetzelburgu. Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 36: 197. 1923.
Brazil.

Annual; culms 30 to 100 em tall; blades flat, acuminate, scabrous,
5 to 15 em long, 1 to 6 mm wide; spikes 5 to 8, slender, ascending or
appressed, 6 to 12 cm long, aggregate on an axis as much as 5 cm long;
spikelets narrow, loosely imbricate, with 1 perfect floret and a narrow
rudiment; lemma about 5 mm long, about 0.4 mm thick, the margins
short-ciliate toward the summit, the awn about 5 mm long; rudiment
1 to 2 mm long, the awn a little shorter than that of the first floret.
Slender spikes of cleistogamous spikelets borne in the lower sheaths.

Open dry ground, fields, and waste places, the West Indies to Brazil
and Kcuador.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 127

FIGURE 79.—Chloris gayana. Plant, X 4; florets, X 5 (Hitchcock 13667).
60256—36——9

128 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 80.—Chloris radiata, * 1% (Sintenis 28).

Cupa: Caimanera Naval Station, Hioram and Ramsden 1.

Jamaica: Port Henderson, Ridley 130. Hope Gardens, Ridley 75,
90. Rockfort, Ridley 91; Harris 12675. Kingston, Ridley 115;
Harris 11502, 12212. Gordon Town, Harris 11515. Grants Pen,
Harris 12211. Spanish Town Road, Harris 12476.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 129

Hartt: Anse-a-Pitre, Ekman H 6999. Jean Rabel, Leonard 12581,
13797.
Dominican ReEpusBuic: Las Salinas, Fuertes 1421.

5. Chloris cruciata (L.) Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788.

Agrostis cruciata Iu., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 893. 1759. Jamaica.

Chloris humboldtiana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 205. 1854. Cuba.

Chloris brevigluma Wright, An. Acad. Cien. Habana 8: 200. 1871.
Cuba, Wright 1848 [error for 1548] in part.

Perennial but sometimes appearing to be annual; culms delicate,
filiform, densely tufted, erect or geniculate at base, sometimes strag-
eling, branching from the lower nodes, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades flat
or usually folded or involute, slender, soft, mostly less than 5 cm long,
the uppermost sometimes less than 1 cm long; spikes usually 2 to 4,
delicate, 1 to 3 cm long, finally widely spreading or somewhat reflexed;
spikelets on distinct pedicels 0.2 to 0.5 mm long, finally horizontally
spreading, pale, about 3 mm long; awns delicate, 5 to 10 mm long.

Stony slopes, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.

Cupa: Guanabacéa, Curtiss 584; Ekman 279, 13547; Hitchcock 239,
240, 23233; Léon 896; Wilson and Léon 11637. Habana, Léon 4786,
11495, 11573. Handbana, Wright 1548. Western Cuba, Wright 1549.

JAMAICA: Troy, Harris 12588, 12647. Yallahs Valley, Perkins 1481.
Guava Ridge, Hart 680; Eggers 3724. Gordon Town, Hitchcock 9376;
Hart 841. Ewarton, Hitchcock 9428. Red Hills, Hitchcock 9469.
Stony Hill, Harris 11341. Clifton, Harris 11375. Mount Hybla,
Harris 11393. Cold Spring Gap, Harris 11392. Alligator Pond,
Hitchcock 9820. Kingston, Hitchcock 9276 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
651). Ipswich, Hitchcock 9597. Arntully, Oreutt 2592. Farm Hill,
Orcutt 3380, 3739. Halberstadt, Maron 8766.

Harti: Between Cerca-Carivajal and Bois-Charles, on rocks in
River Samand, Ekman H 6067.

6. Chloris ekmanii Hitchc., sp. nov.*

Perennial; culms densely tufted, slender or capillary, geniculate at
base, 10 to 30 cm tall, rarely taller; blades slender, mostly folded or
involute, usually less than 10 cm long and less than 1 mm wide when
flat; spikes 2 to 5, mostly 3 or 4, slender, rather flexuous, usually 1.5
to 3 cm long, finally horizontally spreading or reflexed; spikelets
loosely overlapping, appressed; glumes narrow, acuminate, the second
about as long as the lemma, the first about half as long; lemma
narrow, about 3 mm long, shining, pale, minutely pilose along the
margin near the summit, otherwise glabrous, the awn 7 to 8 mm long;
rudiment narrow, about 1 mm long, mostly hidden by the fertile
lemma, the awn shorter than that of the fertile floret.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1387451, col-
lected in pastures at Babujal, Jagiiey Grande, prov. Matanzas, Cuba,
August 2, 1923, by E. L. Ekman (no. 16954).

Dry grassy or rocky slopes or in pine woods, Cuba, Jamaica, and
Hispaniola. ‘The species differs from C. sagraeana in the more delicate
habit, the narrower blades, the shorter and more slender spikes, and
the less imbricate spikelets.

CuBA: Cajalbana, Léon 4855. La Grifa, Hkman 11252. Habana,
Léon 287, 4788. Guanabacoa, Hitchcock 23229, 23240; Léon 856.

34 A C. sagraeana differt plantis gracilioribus, laminis angustioribus, spicis tenuioribus brevibusque.

130 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Babujal, Ekman 16954. Soledad, Hitchcock 23329. Baragua, Hitch-
cock 23357, 23377, 23384. Pitajones; Shajer, 12225, ) Vrmidads
Ekman 13975. Sancti Spiritus, Sergius 2569. Iron mine, south of
Guara, Hitchcock 23412, 23427.

JAMAICA: Kwarton, Hitchcock 9458 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 652).
Troy, Hitchcock 9810. New Forest, Hitchcock 9847. Montego Bay,
Hitchcock 9695. Inverness, Harris 12727. Lititz, Harris 12434,
12697. Alligator Pond, Hitchcock 9823.

Haiti: Roche, Ekman H 723.

Dominican Rerusuic: Guayubin, Abboit 916. El Maniclito,
Ekman H 11810.

7. Chioris sagraeana A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11:315. 1850.
Cuba, Ramon de la Sagra.

Chloris eleusinoides Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 539. 1864. Jamaica
and Antigua.

Chloris morales-coelloi1 Léon, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53: 458. 1926.
Cuba, Léon 12320.

Perennial; culms mostly slender, cespitose, erect or ascending from
a geniculate base, 20 to 60 cm tall; blades flat or folded, 1 to 2 mm
wide, glabrous, the sheaths compressed; spikes mostly 3 to 6, some-
times more, mostly 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets imbricate; glumes nar-
row, acuminate, 2 and 3 mm long; lemma about 3 mm long, narrow,
minutely pilose on the margins above and on the callus, the awn
about 1 cm long, purplish, flexuous; rudiment small, narrow, usually
enclosed in the margins of the lemma, the awn somewhat shorter
than that of the lemma.

Dry or rocky soil, West Indies.

Chloris ekmanui, C’. sagraeana, and C. cubensis form a polymorphous
eroup. Most of the specimens fall into one of the three species, but
there are a few intermediate specimens.

BauwamMas: Nassau, Curtiss 81. Without locality, Geogr. Soc.
Baltimore 97 in part.

Cupa: Guanabacoa, Léon 857; Hitchcock 23245. Vicinity of
Habana, Léon 1965, 2560, 4783, 4787, 4807, 12453, 12454, 12455;
Ekman 389; Baker in 1907; Ausovin 779; Hitchcock 242. Guanta-
namo, Hioram 1379. Monte Verde, Wri ight 1549. Eastern Cuba,
Wright 1548, 3818.

Jamaica: Ashley Hall, Harris 12738. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock
9890 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 653). .

Haiti: Grande Cayemite, Hyerdam 336. Gros-Morne, Leonard
9839. Dutreuil, Ekman H 10748. Cabaret, Leonard 12067. Jean
Rabel, Leonard 12552, 13804. Modle-St.-Nicolas, Leonard 13255.
Tortuga Island, Ekman H 4058, H 4171. Pétionville, Leonard 4984.
Pignon, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 138.

Domintcan REPusLic: Mao, Abboti 1042.

LEEWARD ISLANDs: Barbuda, Danforth 3. Antigua, Box 122;
Wullschlaegel. Guadeloupe, Duss 4110.

WINDWARD IsuANpDs: Barbados, Hitchcock 16499.

A robust form has been called C. morales-coelloi Léon, the type of
which is Léon 12320, from Cajobabo, southern Baracoa region, Cuba.
It resembles C. cubensis but is not pilose at base and lacks the cilia
on the upper part of the margins of the lemma. Also the rudiment
is smaller, as in C. sagraeana. The following specimens appear to

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Soi

belong to this form, though there is no definite line between these
and the usual form of C. sagraeana.

Cusa: Triscornia, Hitchcock 241. Mariel, Hkman 12837. Cajo-
babo, Léon 12320.

Haiti: Port-de-Pai, Leonard 11051. Ennery, Leonard 8835.
Port-au-Prince, Hkman H 2107. Miragoane, Ekman H 9042.

Dominican Repusuic: Vasquez, Ekman H 138128. Without
locality, Wright, Parry, and Brummel 610.

8. Chloris cubensis Hitche. and Ekman, sp. nov.*

Perennial; culms erect or spreading at base, sometimes decumbent
and rooting, occasionally forming stolons, glabrous, more or less
compressed, 50 to 75 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, somewhat villous at
the throat, the basal usually rather strongly compressed and keeled,
mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule a ciliate membrane about
0.3 mm long; blades flat or folded, scaberulous and sometimes sparsely
villous on the upper surface especially at the base, glabrous beneath,
mostly 5 to 10 cm long, the basal sometimes elongate, the upper
reduced, 1 to 2 or rarely 3 mm wide; racemes usually 5 to 7, distant,
5 to 7 cm long, ascending; spikelets rather closely imbricate, appressed
or ascending, pale or purplish; glumes narrow, the first about 2 mm
long, the second about 3 mm long; fertile lbomma about 3 mm long,
pilose at base, ciliate on the upper half of the margins, the hairs as
much as 1 mm long, sometimes sparsely pilose along the middle of the
keel, the awn from about 0.5 mm below the apex, 1 to 2 cm long,
capillary, slightly flexuous; rudiment about 1.5 mm long, oblong,
the awn shorter than that of the fertile floret.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1387446,
collected at Gamboa, prov. Oriente, Cuba, August Yow 1922, by
E. L. Ekman (no. 14960).

In the Grasses of the West Indies * this species was referred to
C. orthonoton Doeil of Brazil which is strongly stoloniferous, with
wider lemmas and shorter awns. The smaller specimens have been
referred to C. sagraeana, which has more slender culms, and shorter,
finally reflexed spikes.

Dry open ground, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Leeward Islands.

Cuspa: Herradura, Hitchcock 248. Vicinity of Habana, Léon 859,
860, 12456; Hkman 13469. Gamboa, Hkman 14960. Holguin,
Ekman in 1922.

Jamaica: Cockpit (Vere), Harris 12462.

Haiti: Tortuga Island, Leonard 12538; Ekman H 4058.

Lrrwarp Isitanps: Antigua, Box 35.

9. Chloris arenaria Hitchc. and Ekman, sp. nov.*’

Chloris eleusinoides var. vestita Greenm., in Combs, Acad. Sci. St.
Louis Trans. 7: 477. 1897. Cuba, Combs 631.

Perennial; culms cespitose, erect or somewhat geniculate at base,.
glabrous, 30 to 50 cm tall; sheaths compressed- _keeled, puberulent;
ligule a ciliate membrane about 0.5 mm long; blades’ firm, flat or
folded, puberulent, the basal 5 to 10 cm long, the culm blades ‘shorter,

35 A C. sagraeana differt planta robustiore spicis longioribus crassioribus ascendentibus, lemmate ad.
basin et supra ad margines pilosociliato, rudimento majore.

36 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 376. 1917.

37 Perennis; culmi erecti glabri 30-50 cm alti; vaginae laminaeque puberulae, vaginis compressis, laminis
planis vel conduplicatis 5-10 em longis 1-2 mm latis; racemi 5-6 digitati ascendentes vel denique reflexi
3-6 cm longi; spiculae imbricatae; glumae acuminatae, prima 3 mm longa, secunda 5 mm longa; lemma.
fertile 3.5 mm longum, callo puberulo, marginibus superne pilosociliatis; arista 1.5-2.4 em longa; rudimen-
tum anguste oblongum 2 mm longum, arista 1-2 cm longa.

132 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the uppermost 5 to 10 mm long, the basal bladesas much as 3 mm wide,
but mostly much narrower; racemes mostly 5 or 6, digitate, pubescent
at base, ascending or finally reflexed, 3 to 6 cm long, stramineous;
spikelets imbricate, appressed; glumes narrow, acuminate, the first
3 mm long, the second 5 mm long; fertile lemma 3.5 mm long, includ-
ing the narrow, puberulent callus, pilose-ciliate along the upper part
of the margins, the awn about 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; rudiment narrowly
eens, 2 mm long, the awn somewhat shorter than that of the fertile
emma.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1387449,
collected in pinelands on white sand, La Grifa, prov. Pinar del Rio,
June 14, 1920, by E. L.
Ekman (no. 11253).

The species is allied
to C. sagraeana from
which it differs in the
puberulent foliage, the
longer glumes and awns,
and in the firm erect
innovations.

Pinelands, Cuba.

Cupa: ia *Grittar
Ekman 11252, 11253:
Wright 3819. Cienfue-
cos, Combs 631.

10. Chloris polydactyla
(L.) Swartz, Prodr.
Veg. Ind. Oce..26:
1788.

Andropogon barbatus
La, ‘Syst.eNatieyved:
LOde 2ZeAsGousihresoe
Jamaica.

Andropogon polydac-
tylon L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2.
1488. 1763. Jamaica.

Chloris barbata Nash,
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
25:443. 1898. Not.
barbata Swartz, 1797
(this based aug Andro-

; ogon barbatus L., 1771

netic cs ci ye ae from the East Indies).

Culms rather stout,

commonly more than 1 m tall; blades about 1 cm wide; spikes 5 to

10, pale, usually 8 to 10 cm long, strongly flexuous; spikelets closely

imbricate, silky; first lemma about 2.5 mm long; broad, pubescent on

the keel, long-ciliate on the margins, the hairs 2 mm long, the awn

about as long as the lemma; second lemma shorter and narrower than
the first, the awn about 2 mm long (fig. 81).

Savannas and grassy slopes, Florida and the West Indies to Brazil.

Banamas: New Providence, Curtiss 80; Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 262.

JAMAICA: Ipswich, Mazon and Killip 1492; Hitchcock 9622. Inver-
ness, Harris 12743. Lucea, Hitchcock in 1891. Ewarton, Hitchcock

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 133

9459. Gordon Town, Hitchcock 9322 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 656);
Hart 929. Bog Walk, Hitchcock 9302. Montego Bay, Hitchcock
9676. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9865. New Forest, Hitchcock 9842.
Lititz, Hitchcock 11654. Yardley Chase, Harris 9665. Without
locality, Wullschlaegel 1116. Grand Cayman, Muillspaugh 1271.

Hartt: Grande Cayemite, Hyerdam 329; Hkman H 8941. Aux
Cayes, Ekman H 846.

LEEWARD IsLtaNps: Antigua, Hitchcock 16394; Box 26. Common
on this island.

11. Chloris ciliata Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Jamaica.

Chloris propinqua Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 204. 1854. Guade-
oupe.

Erect or spreading annual; culms 30 to 60 cm tall or sometimes
taller; blades flat, as much as 5 mm wide; spikes pale, 4 to 6, strongly
flexuous, 3 to 6 cm long, the florets conspicuously silky-ciliate; fertile
lemma about 2.5 mm long, strongly ciliate
on the keel and marginal nerves, the awn
1 to 1.5 mm long; rudiment of 2 or 3 sterile
lemmas, triangular-truncate, not longer than
the fertile lemma, awnless ‘fig. 82).

Open ground and waste places, Texas and
the West Indies to Argentina.

Bauamas: New Providence, Curtiss 72.

Cusa: Guane, Shafer 10393. Herradura,
Hitchcock 245. Habana, Tracy 9085, 9106;
Ourtiss 600; Ekman 1192; Léon 574. San-
tiago de las Vegas, Tracy 9115; Hitchcock
244. Trinidad, Wright 743. Santiago de
Cuba, Léon 856%.

JAMAICA: Southern Manchester, Harris
12689. Inverness, Harris 12755. Ipswich,
Hitchcock 9592. Ewarton, Hitchcock 9430
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 655). Montego Bay,
Hitchcock 9671. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock
eas pee rio Oey, Sy eae Ae S gery ge ea

Opewurdens, sichcocc 9300" New Forest, PicuRe 82. Chios cheia Pan:
Eitchcock 9829. Flamstead, Harris 11473. sa ap ORR

Haiti: Ennery, Leonard 8814. Port-de-

Pai, Ekman H 4324. Jean Rabel, Leonard 12934. Port-au-Prince,
Ekman H 8145; Hitchcock 19872, 22955. St. Marc, Leonard 29738.
Gonaive Island, Leonard 3371. Tortuga Island, Leonard 12444, 15584.

Dominican Repusuic: Barahona, Fuertes 908. Jaina, Ekman
H 12486.

Puerto Rico: Ponce, Chase 6495.

VirGin Isuanps: St. Croix, Ricksecker 42; Thompson 13; Hitchcock
16338. St. Thomas, Eggers in 1882.

LrrwarD Isuanps: Barbuda, Danforth 6. Antigua, Hitchcock
16392; Bor 31. Guadeloupe, Duss 3158b.

WinpDWArD Istanps: Martinique, Duss 1273; Hahn. Barbados,
Hitchcock 16514.

12. Chloris inflata Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 105. 1821.

Andropogon barbatum L., Mant. Pl. 2: 302. 1771. Not A. bar-
batum L., 1759. East Indies.

SIERRA

oN
an a
EL ELEELA

oe

134 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Chloris barbata Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 200. 1797. Based on
Andropogon barbatum L. Mant. 2: 302. 1771.

Chloris paraguaiensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 204. 1854. Para-
guay.

Tufted annual, 30 to 75 cm tall; culms and sheaths strongly com-
pressed ; blades long, lax; spikes about 10, usually flexuous, commonly
purplish- tinged, 4 to 6 cm long; first lemma 2 mm long, the awn
about 6 mm long; rudiment of 2 triangular-obtuse lemmas about 1
mm long, the awn of the first about as long as that of the fertile lemma,
the awn of the second short (fig. 83).

Waste places, a common weed at low altitudes, Mexico and the
West Indies to Argentina. Type grown in the Berlin Botanic Garden
from seed said to come from ‘‘California,’”’ probably from Mexico.
Probably to be found on ail the West Indian islands.

13. Chloris virgata Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 208. 1797. Antigua.
FEATHER FINGERGRASS.

Chloris elegans H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 166. pl. 49. 1816.
Mexico.

Culms ascending, 20 to 40 cm tall, scarcely compressed, the upper
sheaths slightly inflated, glabrous in the throat; spikes mostly 5 or
6, suberect, somewhat flexuous in age, 3 to 5 em long; fertile lemma
3mm long, broadest above the middle, villous on the keel to a little
below the summit, and long pilose on ‘the margins near the tip, the
awn 5 to 8 mm long; rudiment a little more than 2 mm long gradu-
ally broadened to an oblique truncate apex, the awn somewhat shorter
than that of the fertile lemma (fig. 84).

Open ground, fields, and waste places, the West Indies and south-
western United States to Argentina; a common weed in warm coun-
tries of both hemispheres.

Cupa: Candelaria, Hkman 17595. Herradura, Hitchcock 249.
Campo Florido, Léon 3461. Vento, Shafer 483; Baker 1183. Mazarra,
Baker 4023. Soledad, Hitchcock 23336. Fomento, Léon 6434. Sancti
Spiritus, Léon 858. Corojo, Léon 3964. Bayamo, Shafer 12394.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Hkman H 9098; Hitchcock 19879. Artibonite
Valley, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 213. L’Arcahaie, Ekman H 9054.

Dominican Repusuic: Santiago, Hkman H 16020.

LEEWARD IsuaANpDs: Barbuda, Danforth 5. Guadeloupe, Stehlé 108.

55. TRICHLORIS Fourn., Mex: Pl. 2: 142..°1886

Spikelets, 1- to few-flowered, nearly sessile, in two rows along one
side of a continuous slender rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes and prolonged behind the uppermost perfect floret, bear-
ing a reduced, usually awned floret; glumes unequal, acuminate or
short-awned, the body shorter than the lower lemma; lemmas narrow,
3-nerved, the marginal nerves sometimes pubescent, these and the
midnerve extending into awns, the central long and slender, the
lateral often much shorter. Erect, slender, tufted perennials, with
flat blades and numerous erect or ascending spikes, aggregate but
scarcely digitate at the summit of the culms.

135

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

sel] 3534).

FIGURE 83.—Chloris inflata, X 4% (Rose, Fitch, and Rus

136 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 84.—Chloris virgata. Plant, X 4%; glumes and florets, X 5 (Tracy 8173).

1. Trichloris pluriflora Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 142. 1886.

Culms 50 to 100 cm tall; blades 5 to 10 mm wide; inflorescence
somewhat loose and feathery; spikes 7 to 15 cm long; fertile lemma
about 4 mm long, the others successively shorter, the middle awns of
all 5 to 15 mm long, somewhat spreading, the lateral awns short or

obsolete (fig. 85).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 137

Pieaeierdideneracdsisvathore Lexa. and Mexicon Cuha: Gouth
America.
Cusa: Casa Blanca, Habana, Ekman 16879.

56. BOUTELOUA Lag., Var. Cien. 2*: 134. 1805. Grama

Spikelets, 1-flowered, with the rudiments of 1 or more florets above,
sessile, in two rows along one side of the rachis; glumes unequal, 1-
nerved, acuminate or awn-tipped, the first shorter and narrower;
lemma as long as the second glume or a little
longer, 3-nerved, the nerves extending into short
or often rather long awns,
the internerves usually ex-
tending into teeth; palea
2-nerved, sometimes 2-
awned; rudiment various,
usually 3-awned, a second
rudimentary floret some-
times present. Perennials
or sometimes annuals, with
few to many spikes race-
mose on a common axis,
sometimes solitary, the
spikelets few to many in
each spike, rarely solitary,
pectinate or more loosely
arranged and appressed,
the rachis of the spike
usually produced beyond
the insertion of the
spikelets.

Plants annual. Culms widely
spreading_.5. B. DISTICHA.
Plants perennial.
Spikes numerous, usually
more than 10.
Awns very short; culms
about 30 cm tall.
1. B. VANEEDENII.
Awns conspicuous, about
as long as the spikelet;
culms mostly less than
20 cm tall.
2. B. JUNCEA.

Spikes mostly less than 10.
Spikes divergent, rather

FIGURE 85.—Trichloris = FIGURE 86.—Bouteloua
pluriflora. Glumes distant, see id vaneedenii. Panicle,
and florets, X 5 (Grif- ; 3. 9. AMERICANA. x l;spikelet, X5
fiths 6484). Spikes less distant, broader (Ekman 15546).

and shorter.
4, B.HETEROSTEGA.
1. Bouteloua vaneedenii Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 6: 2. 1909.
Anguilla, Boldingh 3512.

Perennial; culms cespitose, erect, slender, about 30 cm tall; blades
involute, filiform, glabrous; spikes 10 to 20, on an axis 8 to 15 cm long,
2 to 5 mm apart, finally reflexed, 5 to 8 mm long; spikelets mostly 2
to each spike; awns very short (fig. 86).

138 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dry littoral limestone rocks, Cuba, Anguilla, and Venezuela
(Pittver 11338).

Cusa: Pastelilo, Hkman 15546.

LEEWARD IsuaANps: Anguilla, Boldingh 3512.

2. Bouteloua juncea (Desy.) Hitchc., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 17:
043. 1913.

Triathera juncea Desv.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 40. pl. 9. f. 4. 1812.
Hispaniola.

Eutriana juncea Trin., Gram. Unifl. 238. 1824.

Eutriana ledebourt Trin., Gram. Unifl. 238. 1824. Haiti.

Atheropogon domingensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 23. 1825. His-
paniola.

Triaena juncea Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 354. 1912.

A low delicate perennial, prostrate below, geniculate at the lower
nodes, the branches commonly in pairs or fascicles; nodes and summit
of the sheaths pilose; blades flat or folded, 8 to 12 mm long, about
1.5 mm wide; racemes of few to several minute spikes, the spikelet
solitary, pilose at base, 3 to 4 mm long; glumes lanceolate, acuminate,
the first one-third, the second slightly over half the length of the
spikelet; fertile lemma narrow, with 3 erect scabrous teeth at the
summit, the palea 2-toothed, shorter; sterile floret about equaling the
fertile lemma, consisting of 3 slender scabrous awns.

Arid open ground, eastern Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola.

Cupa: Guantdnamo, Britton 1964.

Haiti: Jean Rabel, Leonard 12622. Bombardopolis, Leonard
13593. Cabaret, Leonard 11788, 11853. Bassin Bleu, Leonard
14902. Artibonite, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 212. St. Michel de
VAtalaye, Leonard 7096. Gros-Morne, Leonard 9868. Croix-des-
Bouquets, Ekman H 2147. Cape Haitien, Ekman H 2717. Anse-a-
Pitre, Hkman H 6683. Anse-a-Veau, Hkman H 5416. Gonaives,
Buch 1010.

Dominican Repusuic: Guayubin, Abbott 864. Moncidn, Hkman
H 13058. San Juan, Ekman H 13393. Without locality, Poteau.

Puerto Rico: Guanica, Britton, Cowell, and Brown 4918.

3. Bouteloua americana (L.) Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proce.
F89l= 306. Also.

Aristida americana L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10.2: 879. 1759. Jamaica.

Aristida antillarum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 451. 1810.
Antilles.

Bouteloua litigiosa Lag., Gen. et Sp. Nov. 5. 1816. Jamaica.

Chaetaria antillarum Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 395.
1817.

Aristida subbiflora Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 138. 1854. Guade-
oupe.

Euiriane antillarum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 217. 1854.

Bouteloua elatior Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 537. 1864. Antigua.

Aristida adscensionis var. americana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3: 340.
1898.

Perennial, mostly prostrate-spreading; culms branching, 30 to 60
cm long; blades flat or loosely involute, 2 to 3 mm wide; spikes 3 to 7,
about 2 cm long; glumes 3 and 4 mm long; lemma 3-awned, the central
awn 3 mm long, the lateral 1 mm; rudiment with 3 awns about 1 cm
long (fig. 87).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES i39

_ Open dry ground, West Indies and Central America to Brazil.

Cusa: Habana, Léon 780, 890, 4725, 4789; Curtiss 546 (in part).
La Gloria, Shafer 244. Soledad, Hitchcock 23324. CGuara, Hitchcock
23395. Isla de Pinos, Ekman 11789. Without locality, Wright 3816.

JAMAICA: Vicinity of Kingston, Harris 11369, 11372, 11500, 12674;
Hitchcock 9743, 9744; Ridley 76,112. Alligator Pond, Hitchcock 9824.
Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9860. Black River, Hitchcock 4633 (Amer.
Gr. Nat. Herb. 380). Mount Charles, Harris 11559. Mount Hybla,
Harris 11443. Musgrave Road, Harris 11481. Mount Faraway,
Harris 11451. Robertsfield,
Harris 11394. Montego Bay,
Hitcheock 9862. Gordon Town,
Hart 559.

Hartt: St. Michel de ]’Atalaye,
Leonard 7205. Ennery, Leonard
9476. Gros-Morne, Leonard
9865. Etroite, Leonard 3403.
Port-au-Prince, Kkman H 2188.
St. Marc, Ekman H 6645.

DomrnicaN ReEpustic: Rin-
con, Fuertes 1376. Maniel de
Ocoa, Tuerckherm 3616.

Pusrrto Rico: Coamo Springs,
Chase 6539. Guayama, Chase
6754. Fajardo, Chase 6662.
Vieques Island, Chase 6666;
Shafer 2501.

VIRGIN IsLANDs: St. Jan,
Britton and Shafer 280, 633. St.
Thomas, Eggers in 1876. St.
Croix, Thompson 616; Ricksecker
78. Virgin Gorda, Fishlock 274.

LEEWARD IsLanps: Antigua,
Box 117; Wullschlaegel 619.
Guadeloupe, Duss 3160. Dom-
inica, Jones 64.

WinpwarpD ISLANDS:
serrat, Shafer 215. Martinique,

Duss 1326. Grenada, Broadway 217, 1670; Elliott 138; Hitchcock 17666.

Tospaco: Broadway 4385; Hitchcock 10215; Eggers 5650.

4, Bouteloua heterostega (Trin.) Griffiths, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.
14:414. 1912.

Reterosteca juncifolia Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 188.
1810. Antilles. Not Bouteloua qguncifolia Lag., 1816.

Hutriana heterostega Trin., Gram. Unifl. 242. 1824. Antilles.

Bouteloua humboldtiana Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. 8:
532. 1862. Cuba, Wright 734, 739.

Bouteloua porphyrantha Wright, Anal. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8:
201...1871. Cuba, Wright*734, 739, 3816.

Heterosteca rhadina Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 386. 1903.
Puerto Rico, Heller 6057.

Perennial; culms usually widely spreading or leaning, 30 to 50 cm
long or sometimes longer: blades flat or involute, filiform or as,much

FIGURE 87.—Bouteloua americana. Plant, X %;
Mont- spikelet, X 5 (Harris 11451).

140 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

as 2 mm wide; inflorescence 3 to 10 cm long; spikes mostly 3 to 7,
ascending or spreading, 1 to 2 cm long, oblong; spikelets mostly 4 to
8, rather closely imbricate; awns 3 to 8 mm long (fig. 88).

Cusa: Vicinity of Habana, Léon 298, 861, 3479, 4147, 4792, 8980;
Hitchcock 460; Curtiss 546 (in part); Ekman Boe ime 128 Triscornia,
Hitchcock 452: Tracy 9088; Van Hermann 1873. Guanabacoa,
Hitchcock 23244: Léon 9124. Sancti Spiritus, Shafer 12060. Guan-
tinamo, Britton 2148. Santiago de Cuba, Ekman 7913. Bayamo,
Shafer 12386. Eastern Cuba, Wright 739. Isla de Pinos, Britton
and Wilson 15155. Without locality, Wright 3815.

Haiti; Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 9108; Hitchcock 19881; Buch
2042. EKtang, Leonard 3508. Hinche, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle
143, 145. St. Michel’ de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7111, 7336, :7789.
Ennery, Leonard 8809. Gros-Morne, Leonard 9987.
Miragoane, Eyerdam 575. Mole-St.-Nicolas, Leonard
13219. Jean Rabel, Leonard 12562. St. Marc, Leonard
2880. St. Roc, Buch 1831.

Dominican Rerusuic: Nigua, Faris 555. Guayubin,
Abbott 9384. Santiago, Raunkiaer 939; Ekman H 16495.
Contanza, Tuerckherm 3275. Maniel de Ocoa, Tuerck-
heim 3600. Without locality, Wright, Parry, and Brum-
mel in 1871.

Purrto Rico:.Bayamon, Stahl 2. Mayaguez, Chase
6268, 6301; Holm 117; Britton and Cowell 4074. Maricao,
Chase 6227. Ponce, Chase 6327, 6484, 6485%; Britton
and Cowell 1321; Britton, Cowell, and Brown 5382; Britton
and Marble 1778. Boqueron, Chase 6504. Punta
Melones, Brition and Brown 4648. San German, Britton
and Cowell 4017. Cayey, Sintenis 2203. Arroyo, Sintenis
2267. Coamo, Britton and Brown 5947; Sintenis 1959.
Palo Seco, Hioram 837.

5. Bouteloua disticha (H. B. K.) Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 19:°105. 1881.
FIGURE 88.—

Bouteloua Polyodon distichum H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 175.
eset ge DL oom SiG a euador:
(Léon 861). © Annual; culms widely spreading or strag goling, 20 to
100 cm long: blades flat, more or less pilose on the
margins and upper surface, 2 to 5 mm wide; spikes several to many,
sometimes 30 or more, approximate on an axis 10 to 20 cm long, 5 to
10 mm long (excluding awns); spikelets mostly 2 to 5 in each spike;
awns 5 to 10 mm long.
Open ground and dry hills, Ecuador and northern Peru; Cuba,
probably introduced.
Cusa: Vicinity of Habana, Hkman 13478; Léon 299, 749, 12467;
Van Hermann 320; Wilson and Léon 11590; Curtiss 537; Wilson 9160;
Johnston 1108; Hitchcock 23222.

57. OPIZIA Presl, Rel: Haenk. 1: 293: plhy4 1 aiek a lieoo

Plants monoecious (sometimes dioecious); pistillate spikelets in a
single loose 1-sided spike; first glume minute or obsolete; second
glume nearly as long as the floret; fertile lemma subindurate, broad,
3-awned, enclosing a broad palea with keels crested above, the rachilla

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 141

joint below the 3-awned rudimentary floret adnate to the lower part
of the keel; staminate spikelets awnless, imbricate in short spikes,
these racemose. Low stoloniferous perennial with flat blades and
small spikes.

FIGURE 89.—Opizia stolonifera, X 14 (Pringle 4566).

1. Opizia stolonifera Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 293. pl. 41. f. 1. 1830.
Mexico.

Forming dense mats, the shoots on the stolons mostly fascicled, the
slender flowering culms 5 to 10 cm tall; blades flat, 1 to 2 mm wide;
pistillate spikes short-exserted, bristly with awns about 5 mm long;
staminate spikes 1 to 3, long-exserted, 1 to 1.5 em long (fig. 89).

142 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Open ground and pastures, southern Mexico; Cuba, probably
introduced; Trinidad, introduced.
Cusa: Vicinity of Habana, Ekman 36, 13251; Hitchcock 268, 23243;
Curtiss 571; Léon 274, 288.
Trinipap: Port-of-Spain, introduced in lawns and parks, Bain
13082.
TRIBE 8 PHALARIDEAE

58. ANTHOXANTHUM L., Sp. Pl. 28. 1753

Spikelets with 1 terminal perfect floret and 2 sterile lemmas, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, the sterile lemmas falling
attached to the fertile floret; glumes unequal, acute or mucronate;
sterile lemmas shorter than the glumes, empty, awned from the back;
fertile lemma shorter than the sterile ones, awnless; palea 1-nerved,
rounded on the back, enclosed in the lemma. Sweet-smelling annuals
or perennials with flat blades and narrow panicles.

1. Anthoxanthum odoratum L., Sp. Pl. 28. 1753. Europe.
SWEET VERNALGRASS.

Perennial, culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades flat, 1 to 6 mm
wide; panicles spikelike, oblong or lanceolate, greenish yellow or
bronze, 2 to 7 cm long; spikelets about 6 to 8 mm long (fig. 90).

Cultivated and escaped in pastures in temperate regions of the
world; introduced in America.

JaMAiIca: Cinchona, Harris 9499, 11302, 11453, 11525, 11599,
11849, 12353, 12455, 12481; Hitchcock 9698. St. Helens Gap,
Mazon and Killip 607. Morces Gap, Orcutt 5555. Gordon Town,
Hart 742.

Haiti: Pays-Pourri, Ekman H 7749.

59. PHALARIS L., Sp. Pl. 54. 1753

Spikelets laterally compressed, with 1 terminal perfect floret and
2 sterile lemmas below, disarticulating above the glumes, arranged in
usually dense spikelike panicles; glumes equal, boat-shaped, often
winged on the keel; sterile lemmas reduced to 2 small scales (rarely
only 1); fertile lemma coriaceous, shorter than the glumes, enclosing
the faintly 2-nerved palea. Annual or perennial erect grasses, with
flat blades.

1. Phalaris canariensis L., Sp. Pl.54. 1753. Europe and the Canary
Islands. CANARY GRASS.

Annual; culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades flat, 3 to 8 mm wide;
panicles dense, ovoid, 2 to 3 em long; spikelets whitish, 5 to 6 mm
long, the glumes with a green stripe down the side, the keel with a
broad wing (fig. 91).

Waste places; a native of Europe and Africa but now widely dis-
tributed in temperate regions.

Bermupba: Brown, Britton, and Bisset 1963.

Cusa: Habana, Léon and Ekman 4265.

143

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

FIGURE 90.—Anthoranthumzodoratum. Plant, X 14; spikelet, sterile lemmas, and fertile floret, X 5 (Bilt-
more Herb. 74b).

60256—36——10

144 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 91.—Phalaris canariensis. Plant, X %; spikelet and@“floret, X 5 (Mearns 3376).

TRIBE 9. ORYZEAE
60. ORYZA L., Sp. Pl. 333. 1753

Spikelets, 1-flowered, laterally compressed, disarticulating below
the glumes; glumes 2, much shorter than the lemma, narrow; lemma
rigid, keeled, 3-nerved (with 2 thin additional marginal nerves seen
only in section), sometimes awned; palea similar to the lemma,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 145

narrower, keeled, 2-nerved near the margin, apparently no midnerve
(a thin midnerve seen only in section). Annual or perennial swamp
grasses with flat blades and spikelets in open or rather dense panicles.

Plants annual; cultivated and sparingly escaped. Spikelets 8 to 10 mm long.

O. SATIVA.

Plants perennial; native species.
Spikelets about Gammon p22 see ae ee he 2. O. PERENNIS.
Spikelets:about;ormmulong: ss uaa ee ey ek 3. O. LATIFOLIA.

1. Oryza sativa L., Sp. Pl. 333. 1753. Africa and India. RIcE.

Erect annual up to 1 m or more in height; blades flat, as much as 1.5
cm wide; panicles rather compact, many-flowered, drooping when
large or heavy with fruit; spikelets oblong, 7 to 10 mm long; glumes
2 to 3 mm long; Jemma hard, ridged by the lateral nerves, more or
less hispidulous, the awn variable, several centimeters long or wanting
(fig. 92).

Cultivated throughout tropical and warm temperate regions at low
altitudes; more or less persistent in fields and ditches.

The native species from which cultivated rice originated is not
known with certainty. There are wild forms found in India and China
which appear to be the prototype of rice or a degenerate form arising
from rice which has gone wild. Such forms differ chiefly in habit,
the culm often decumbent, widespreading, and rooting at the nodes.

2. Oryza perennis Moench, Meth. Pl. 197. 1794.

Perennial; culms erect, 1 to 2 m tall; blades elongate, 7 to 14 mm
wide; panicle narrow, 15 to 20 cm long, the branches ascending or
appressed; spikelets about 9 mm long, the tip of lemma and palea
purple, the awn purplish, 7 to 10 cm long.

Swamps and wet places, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Brazil. The
original specimens described by Moench were cultivated in the
botanical garden at Marburg.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Ekman in 1923; Hitchcock 23275. Without
locality (probably Pinar del Rio), Wright 3838. Isla de Pinos,
Ekman 12014.

Dominican Repusiic: Guerra, Ekman H 13349.

The author collected this wild rice in Cuba in situations where it
seemed to be native. Dr. Ekman, who also collected it in Cuba,
states:

It is not a weed and has never been found among cultivated rice. It growsin
pineland swamps far from human dwellings as, for instance, in Ciénaga de Lanier,
Isla de Pinos, where rice has never been cultivated. It is, I repeat it, absolutely
out of the question that it could be an escaped form of the cultivated rice. It is,
moreover, perennial, not annual, as O. sativa.

3. Oryza latifolia Desv., Jour. Bot. Desv. (II) 1: 77. 1813. Puerto
Rico. :

Oryza sativa var. latifolia Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27: 7. 1871.

Rather robust perennial; culms 2 m or more tall; blades thin, flat,
scabrous, commonly 50 to 60 cm long and 4 to 5 cm wide; panicles
large many-flowered; spikelets about 5 mm long, the erect awn 10 to
15 mm long, short-pediceled along the upper half to two-thirds of the
long slender ascending branches.

Swamps, ditches, and wet places, Guatemala and the West Indies
to Brazil. The type locality, ‘“Habitat in Carolina, insulaque Por-
torici”’, is clearly erroneous as to Carolina. The type specimen in the

146 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 92.—Oryza sativa. Plant, X %; spikelet, X 5 (cult.).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 147

Paris Herbarium is without locality. The awn is described by
Desvaux as being “‘brevissima.”’ Later, Hamilton® described the
species from a specimen in Desvaux’s herbarium without mentioning
the awn. In Desvaux’s specimen the awns are about 10 to 14 mm
long. The habitat is here given as ‘‘in parte Hispanica Hispaniolae.”’

Cusa: Sabanaso, Hkman 6540. Gamboa, Kkman in 1922.

Haiti: Port Margot, Hkman H 4806.

Dominican Repusuic: Sanchez, Abbott 2944.

Purrto Rico: Mayaguez, Hess 107.

TrIniIpAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10023. Cedros, Hitchcock 10144.
Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 1674; Crueger.

61. LEERSIA Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788 (Conserved )
(Homalocenchrus Mieg., Act. Helv. Phys. Math. 4: 307. 1760.)

Spikelets, 1-flowered, strongly compressed laterally, disarticulating
from the pedicel; glumes wanting; lemma chartaceous, broad,
oblong, boat-shaped, usually 5-nerved, the lateral pair of nerves close
to the margins, the intermediate nerves sometimes faint; palea as
long as the lemma, much narrower, usually 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
close to the margins, the margins firmly held by the margins of the
lemma; stamens six or fewer. Perennials usually with creeping
rhizomes, flat scabrous blades, and open panicles.

Panicle contracted, the branches ascending, spikelet-bearing from near the base;
spikelets hispid Sy Foe cued Rg rs a Rc eg AA ED Ma 1. L. HEXANDRA.

Panicle open, the branches slender, spreading, naked below; spikelets smooth or
sometimes sparsely hispid.

Spikelets 2 mm long; blades about 5 mm wide____-____-_ 2. LL. MONANDRA.

Spikelets 2.6 mm long; blades 1 to 2 em wide________- 3. L. GRANDIFLORA.

1. Leersia hexandra Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788.
Jamaica.

Oryza hexandra Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 10. 1871.

Homalocenchrus hexandrus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 777. 1891.

Scabrous aquatic perennial; culms slender, 50 to 100 or even 200
em tall, erect from a creeping base, often producing extensively
creeping stolons with short, flat blades, mostly 15 to 20 em long and
about 8 mm wide; panicles contracted, many-flowered, pale or pur-
plish, the branches ascending 2, spikelet-bearing from near the base;
spikelets hispid, 3 to 3.56 mm ‘long (fig. 93).

Swamps and ditches, southern United States and the West Indies
to Argentina.

Cupa: Herradura, Ekman in 1923 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 986);
Hitchcock 494. Mordozo, Léon 5944. Habana, Léon 1510, 4191,
5749. Baragud, Hitchcock 23370, 23371. Ciénaga de Zapata, Léon
9514. Alto Cedro, Ekman 10059. Without locality, Wright 3434,
3837.

JAMAICA: Castleton, Harris 12450. Temple Hill, Harris 12715.
Ipswich, Hitchcock 9584.

Haiti: Petite Riviére de l’Artibonite, Ekman H 3371.

38 Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 7 1825.

148 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dominican ReEpusuic: Jarabaco, Ekman H 14142, H 14177.
Sanchez, Abbott 62, 1118, 1440. Guayubin, Abbott 979.

PuErTo Rico: Catano, Goll 846. Campo Alegre, Chase 6797, 6799.
San Juan, Chase 6397, 6781. Mayaguez, Chase 6291.

Winpwarp Is~anps: Martinique,
Duss 4021.

TrinipaD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock
10031. Manzanilla, Hitchcock 10367.
Arima, Hitchcock 10315.

2. Leersia monandra Swartz, Prodr.
Vego Ind? Occ: 2 t7/S8ssa-
maica.

Paspalum cubense Spreng., Neu.
Rnitdes 2 liso eC ulbas

Oryza monandra Doell, in Mart., FI.
Brash242,.9) 187s

Homalocenchrus monandrus Kuntze,
Rev. Gen? Pl. 2° 777. 1891.

Densely tufted perennial; culms
erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades elon-
gate linear, often grayish, 3 to 6 mm
wide; panicles open, mostly 10 to 15
em long, the few very slender remote
branches spreading, naked on the lower
part; spikelets imbricate, pale, sub-
orbicular, glabrous, 1.5 mm long (fig.

FIGURE 93.—Leersia herandra,
x 1 (Wurzlow). 94).

Rocky woods and limestone hills, Flor-

ida to Brazil. In Cubacalled“hierba de venado”’ and “guinea cimarrona.”
Cusa: Sumidero, Shafer and Léon 13670; Léon and Shafer 3468.
Mariel, Ekman in 1921. Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23321. Sierra

Guane, Shafer 10549. ‘Tiffin, Shafer 1089. Rio
Jipero, Hggers 5404a. Guantdinamo, Léon 3779.
Guara, Hitchcock 23400. Bayate, Hkman 4825.
Without locality, Wright 731.

JAMAICA: Ferry River, Harris 11326, 11788;
Hitchcock 9749. Gordon Town, Harris 11459.
Guara Ridge, Harris 11331. Kingston, Hitch-
cock 9466. Alligator Pond, Hitchcock 9822.
Inverness, Harris 12744. Bog Walk, Hitchcock
9307. Without locality, Hart 1525.

Haiti1: St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard
7473, 7625, 8485. St. Raphael, Leonard 7663.
Port-de-Pai, Ekman H 3928. Jean Rabel,
Leonard 12919. Goniave Island, my 3080,
3082,5126. Tortuga Island, Leonard 11691. zu

DoMINICAN Bea ae. Moncion, Hkman H Seer ee cd (Nealloy eee
13057. Mao, Abbott 1037.

Puerto Rico: Ponce, Chase 6490. Guanica Bay, Chase 6524.
Coamo, Sintenis 3228; Britton and Brown 6057.

3. Leersia grandiflora (Doell) Prodoehl, Bot. Arch. Mez 1: 219. 1922.

Oryza monandra var. grandiflora Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 9.
Iealen a dereavalle

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 149

Homalocenchrus grandifiorus Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.
73 PAB Mee

Culms erect, without rhizomes, 1 to 2 m tall; blades 1 to 2 cm wide;
panicles large’ and open, the slender branches about 15 cm long:
spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long.

Shady banks and Beaders of streams, Mexico to Brazil; Guadeloupe
and Martinique.

LeEwaRD Istanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3146.

WINDWARD Istanps: Martinique, Duss 775.

TRIBE 10. ZIZANIEAE
62. LUZIOLA Juss.; Gmel., Syst. Nat. ed. 13. 2: 637. 1791

Spikelets, unisexual, 1-flowered, disarticulating from the pedicel,
the staminate and pistillate flowers in separate panicles on the same
plant; both glumes wanting; lemma and palea about equal, thin, sev-
eral to many nerved, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate; stamens
several (‘6 to 18’’); stigmas long, plumose; grain free, elobose, smooth.
Perennials with flat blades and terminal and axillary panicles.

Blades 7 to 10 mm wide; inflorescence many-flowered-_-___-__ 3. L. SPRUCEANA.
Blades 1 to 3 mm wide; inflorescence few-fiowered.
Lee Pp aaa saw op ayent hs hee tse eee Beale ENN) 10 ale A. ee. Seek tera 2. L. BAHIENSIS.
rite Symon longi 2 2 Sie Na NR Sk 1. L. PERUVIANA.

1. Luziola peruviana Gmel., Syst. Nat. ed. 18.2: 637. 1791. Peru.

More or less decumbent, spreading, apparently annual; culms 10 to
30 cm long, blades flat, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicles spreading, 2 to 3 cm
long; pistillate spikelets 2 to 3 mm long, with striate lemma and
palea; fruit globose, smooth, a little more than 1 mm long; staminate
spikelets 5 mm long (fig. 95).

Swamps, shallow water, and wet ground, southern United States
and Cuba to Uruguay and Peru. Grisebach*® records this species from
Trinidad.

Cuspa: Mordazo, Léon 5941.

2. Luziola bahiensis (Steud.) Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12:
234. 1909.

z Paioetion bahiensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 5. 1854. Bahia,
razil.

Luziola alabamensis Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 584. 1860. Alabama.

Luziola longivalvula Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27:17. 1871. Brazil.

Plants stoloniferous; culms slender, tufted, about 10 cm tall; blades
flat, narrow, linear, elongate, 2 to 4 mm wide, gradually narrowed
toward the base; staminate ‘panicles narrow terminating the main
culm; spikelets about 4 mm long, striate-nerved; pistillate panicles
open, the few branches spreading; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, lanceo-
late; fruit obscurely striate, 2 mm long (fig. 96).

In streams or in mud, ‘Alabama and Greater Antilles to Brazil.
Extremely variable in appearance according to the depth of water in
which the specimen grew. Plants growing in places from which water
has receded are low and widely creeping.

39 Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 535. 1864.

150 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 95.—Luziola peruviana. Plant, X %; eee and staminate spikelets, X 5 (Curtiss
6871).

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Wright 3813. Isla de Pinos, Britton and
Wilson 15190; Ekman 12267.

Dominican ReEpustuic: Jarabaco, Ekman H 14132. Villa Alta-
eracia, Hkman H 11207. SAnchez, Ekman H 15939.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 15l

3. Luziola spruceana Benth.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27:18. 1871.
Brazil.

Culms thick, soft and spongy, freely branching; sheaths broad, as
much as 30 cm long; ligule delicate, as much as 3 cm long; blades
firm, flat, as much as 50 cm long and 2 cm wide, narrowed and folded
toward the base; staminate panicles open, 10 to 15 cm long; spikelets
5 mm long; stamens 6; pistillate panicles on shorter branches, the
branches numerous, approximate on a short axis, finally reflexed;
spikelets 5 mm long, acuminate: fruit about 2 mm long.

Ponds, lagoons, and quaking bogs, Cuba and Hispaniola; Trinidad
to Brazil.

Cupa: Laguna de Ariguanabo (prov. Habana), Hkman 13436
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 987); Léon 4193 (growing in water 1 m deep).

Harti: Bayeux, Hkman H 4802. Mir-
agoane, Hkman H 6471.

Dominican Repusuic: Jaina, Hkman
H 13354; Faris 266, 394. Santo Domingo
City, Hkman H 11589. Higiiey, Hkman
Jal WU.

TRINIDAD: Without locality, Broad-
way 1626.

Topaco: Broadway 3100.

638. PHARUS L., Syst. Nat. ed.
LOR 2 eZ 6908, liad

Spikelets 1-flowered, unisexual, in pairs
appressed along the main branches of the
inflorescence, one pistillate and _ sessile,
the other staminate and long-pediceled;
pistillate spikelet terete; glumes about
equal, membranaceous, several-nerved;
lemma rather thin in anthesis but becom-
ing indurate in fruit, longer than the ga elena npiadiedvosy tha Alan tibln
glumes, with a minute bent beak, the x 1 (Mohr).
back clothed to a varying degree with
thickly set unvinate hairs, these becoming adhesive organs in fruit,
the edges sharply folded inward and the whole lemma becoming
involute in fruit; palea very narrow, as long as the lemma, 2-nerved,
membranaceous, iolded around the long style; stigmas 3; staminate
spikelet laterally compressed on a stiff pedicel as long as the pistillate
spikelet; glumes thin, the first shorter, 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved;
lemma as long as the second glume; stamens 6. Erect perennials
(the base sometimes decumbent) with broad flat blades and open
panicles, the blades with fine transverse veins between the longi-
tudinal nerves, petioled (the petiole with a single twist reversing
the upper and under surfaces of the blade), the nerves running
obliquely from midrib to margin.

Suilmerereepmevatt base ae eV Ae AUR i) eek Ee 3. P. PARVIFOLIUS.
Culms erect or nearly so.
Fruit pubescent only at tip, slightly exceeding the glumes___2. P. LATIFOLIUS.
Fruit pubescent all over. 2 to 3 times as long as the glumes____1. P. GLABER.

152 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Pharus glaber H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 196. 1816. Vene-
zuela.

Pharus lappulaceus Lam., in Tuss., Fl. Antill. 2. pl. 8. 1818. Not
P. lappulaceus Aubl., 1775. Jamaica.

Pharus brasiliensis Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 21. 1823. Brazil.

Pharus lancifolius Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 8. 1825.
Antilles.

Erect glabrous perennial 50 to 75 cm tall; blades oblanceolate,
acuminate, commonly 15 to 25 cm long and 3 to 5 cm wide; panicles
large, open, fragile, the few branches stiffly ascending or spreading,
the appressed oblong brown spikelets about 1 cm long; fruit densely
clothed with hooked hairs, the panicles readily breaking up, the pieces
attaching themselves by the hooked hairs to passing objects.

Rich woods, Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil. Found in the
Greater Antilles and in the Lesser Antilles as far south as Martinique.

2. Pharus latifolius L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1269. 1759. Jamaica.

Pharus ovalifolius Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 8. 1825.
Antilles.

Similar to P. glaber, the blades on the average broader, the fruits
longer, tapering at the summit, pubescent only near the tip (fig. 97).

Rich woods, West Indies and Central America to Brazil. Some-
times called wild oats.

Cusa: Sumidero, Shafer and Léon 13544. Sierra de Anafe, Léon
1999. Guape, inden 1811. Bayate, Hkman 9853.

JAMAICA: Mill Bank, Mazon 9335. Bath, Nichols in 1908. Ips-
wich, Harris 12365. Peckham Woods, Harris 12786. Mount
Diablo, Ridley 71. Windsor, Miller 1441.

Hartt: St. Louis du Nord, Ekman H 3771. Tortuga Island, Leonard
12390.

DomINnIcAN ReEpusBLic: Barahona, Fuertes 614. Sanchez, Abbott
190. Without locality, Wright, Parry, and Brummel 605 (Qn part
P. glaber).

Puerto Rico: Dorado, Chase 6627. Utuado, Britton and Cowell
1034.

LEEWARD IsLanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 2700.

Wrinpwarp Isuanps: Martinique, Duss 781. Grenada, Broadway
in 1897, in 1905.

TRINIDAD: Caparo, Broadway 4930. Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock
10042, 10046. San Fernando, Hitchcock 10103 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
SD

3. Pharus parvifolius Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 301. 1908.
Haiti, Nash and Taylor 1482.

Differing from P. glaber in having a creeping and rooting base;
blades narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate,
rarely as much as 3 cm wide; inflorescence averaging smaller; spikelets
about as in P. glaber (fig. 98).

Rich woods, West Indies to Brazil.

Cusa: Sierra Maestra, Ekman 10351; Léon 10317. Jagiiey,
Mazon 4155; Eggers 4939. Vinales, Léon 14372.

JAMAICA: Claremont, Hitchcock 9474 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 313).

Haiti: Port-de-Pai, Ekman H 3825.

- MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES ae

FIGURE _97.—Pharus latifolius, X 14 (Hitchcock 10103, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 312).

154 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 98.—Pharus parvifolius, X 4% (Miller 1231).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 155

_ Dominican Repustuic: Villa
Altagracia, Hkman H 11186. San-
chez, Abbott 197. Rio San Juan,
Miller 1231.

TRINIDAD: Tabaquite, Britton,
Freeman, and Nowell 2609; Hitchcock
10124. Southern Watershed Re-
serve, Britton, Hazen, and Mendelson
1097. Tamana, Broadway 4955.
Siparia, Broadway 4988. Maracas
Falls, Broadway 6703. Without
locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3364.

TRIBE 11. MELINIDEAE

64. ARUNDINELLA Raddi,
Agrost. Bras. 36. pl. 1. f.3. 18238

Spikelets, short-pedicellate in large
panicles; glumes acuminate, the tips
widely spreading, the second longer
than the first and the sterile lemma;
fertile lemma minute, bearded on
the callus, bearing a long slender
awn from the apex. Perennial or
sometimes annual, often robust
grasses with narrow blades and open
or contracted panicles.

Awn tightly twisted below, the column
shorter than the second glume.

1. A. CONFINIS.

Awn not tightly twisted below, the part

below the bend exceeding the glume.

Blades broad and flat, 1 to 2 em wide;

plants robust, 1.5 to 2 m tall;
sheaths appressed-villous.
A. DEPPEANA.

Blades narrow and more or less folded

or convolute; plants slender, mostly

less than 1 m tall; sheaths usually
smooth____3. A. BERTERONIANA.

1. Arundineila confinis (Schult.)
Hitche. and Chase, Contrib.
U.S. Natl. Herb.18: 290. 1917.

Piptatherum confine Schult.,
Mant. 2: 184. 1824. Martinique,
Sieber 265.

Arundinella martinicensis Trin.,
Gram. Pan.62. 1826. Martinique.
Sieber 262.

Tufted erect perennial with strong
slender simple culms up to 2.5 m
tall, flat blades, scabrous at least
on the upper surface, and rather
densely flowered oblong panicles 20
to 40 cm long (fig. 99).

FIGURE 99.—Arundinella confinis.
Panicle, X 44; spikelet and floret,
X 10 (Chase 6815).

156 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Grassy slopes, West Indies and southern Mexico to Paraguay.
The Cuban name is “‘cafiuela de sabana.”’

Cupa: Pinar del Rio, Row 3154. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 6526.
Baraguaé, Hitchcock 23382. Caibarién, Hkman 16309. San Serapio,
Léon 16202. Bayate, Hkman 6734. San Juan de Buenavista,
Wright 3478. Loma Menqura, Shafer 3981.

JAMAICA: Nevis Bank, Harris 11519. Troy, Harris 12652; Hitch-
cock 9814. Newcastle, Ridley 74.. Gordon Town, Hitchcock 9326.
Upper Clarendon, Harris 12247. Abbey Green, Hitchcock 9383.
Flamstead, Harris 11462; Hggers 3514. Berwick, Harris 11452,
11533.

Haitr: Plaisance, Leonard 9415. Ennery, Leonard 8968. Marme-
lade, Leonard 8220. Caille la Croix, Leonard 7860. Furcy, Leonard
4467. Pétionville, Ekman H 1833. Mirebalais, Ekman H 5509.

Dominican Repusuic: Cuenca, Hkman H 11062. Sanchez, Ekman
H 14733. Pimentel, Abbott 668. Without locality, Wright, Parry,
and Brummel 626.

Purerto Rico: Maricao, Britton and Cowell 4089; Sintenis 361.
Utuado, Barrett 101; Britton and Cowell 895. Lares, Chase 6594.
Ponce, Heller 6256. Aguada, Sintenis 5797. Mayaguez, Chase 6815;
Heller 4355; Holm 75. Caguas, Heller 934.

LrEWARD Isuanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 4153. Dominica, Jones 2.

WINDWARD IsuaNps: Martinique, Duss 559.

TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10182; Broadway 9347. San Fer-
nando, Hitchcock 10109. Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3227,
dol.

Toxsaco: Broadway 4620; Hitchcock 10277, 10280 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 289).

2. Arundinelia deppeana Nees, in Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum1:115. 1854.
Mexico.

Arundinella phragmitoides Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cuba 234. 1866.
Cuba, Wright 3479.

Culms erect, as much as 2.5 m tall; sheaths appressed-pilose, espe-
cially toward summit; blades flat, as much as 2.5 cm wide; panicle as
much as 70 cm long, the branches ascending, very numerous, closely
overlapping, mostly 10 to 15 cm long; spikelets approximate on the
branches, overlapping, 4 to 5 mm long; awn about 1 cm long.

Moist places, Cuba; Mexico to Brazil.

Cupa: Pinar del Rio, Britton 10048; Palmer and Riley 70. San
Blas, Jack 6457. San Diego, Léon 4847. Madruga, Curtrss 662.
Santa Clara, Léon 3973. Manacas, Léon 5916. El Porvenir, Brition
and Wilson 5282. Without locality, Otto 268; Wright 3479. San
Miguel de los Bafios, Killip 138844. Cayajabos, Léon 13224.

3. Arundinella berteroniana (Schult.) Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib.
U.S. Natl. Herb: 18: 290. coi
Trichochloa berteroniana Schult., Mant. 2: 209. 1824. Santo
Domingo.
Muhlenbergia berteroniana Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 64. 1829.
Arundinella cubensis Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. (m. s.) 8: 538.
1862. Cuba, Wright 1552.
Smaller and more slender than A. deppeana; blades often folded or
et usually less than 5 mm wide; panicle less dense and fewer
owered.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 157

Moist places and rocky river banks, Cuba and Hispaniola; Mexico
to Brazil. ;

Cusa: Sancti Spiritus, Léon 2570. Banao Mountains, Léon 4009;
Ekman 16211, 16212 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 988). Without locality,
Wright 1552.

Harti: Pétionville, Ekman H 1370. Las Caobas, Ekman H 3249.

Dominican ReEpusuic: Santiago, Raunkiaer 934. Moncidn,
Ekman H 12666.

65. ACHLAENA Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 228. 1866

Spikelets jointed with the pedicel, disarticulating at maturity, the
base narrowed to a pointed stipe or callus minutely barbed at the
base or point; first glume subulate, extending into a slender awn;
second glume narrow, somewhat indurate, narrowed into a slender
awn; sterile lemma empty, rather hard, shorter than the second glume,
awnless; fertile lemma rather thin, hyaline, awnless, acuminate, about
as long as the sterile lemma, the palea like the glume but shorter.
Tufted perennial with narrow blades and open panicle.

From Grisebach’s description of the genus it is evident that he
failed to note the palea, mistaking the sterile lemma for the fertile
lemma (flos fertilis) and the fertile lemma for the palea, stating as he
does that the palea is l-nerved. Bentham and Hooker * and Hackel *!
follow Grisebach in this disposition of the genus, probably lacking
material for verification of Grisebach’s description. Hackel places
the genus in Oryzeae, and elsewhere describes a specimen of Achlaena
piptostachya as Arthropogon stipitatus. Grisebach states that there is
but 1 stamen; we find 3, as did Hackel in the plant he described under
Arthropogon. Achlaena is closely allied to the South American
Arthropogon or is possibly congeneric.

1. Achiaena piptostachya Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 229. 1866. Cuba,
Wright 3487.

Arthropogon stipitatus Hack., Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Math.
Naturw. (Wien) 89! : 125. 1884. Cuba, Ramon de la Sagra.

Culms stiffly erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades linear, firm, flat or
involute, abruptly sharp-pointed, mostly clustered toward the base;
panicle long-exserted, erect, 7 to 15 cm long, the branches stiffly spread-
ing or reflexed, fascicled below, somewhat glutinous; spikelets ap-
pressed along the outer half of the main branches of the panicle; first
glume, including awn, 1 to 2 cm long; second glume scaberulous, about
4 mm long, the awn about 3 cm long (fig. 100).

Open woods, dry slopes, and savannas, Cuba and Jamaica.

Cusa: San Isidro, Britton, Wilson, and Léon 13945. Bahia
Honda, Wilson 9215. San Diego de los Bafios, Léon 4383. Pinar del
Rio, Hitchcock 23291; Baker and Abarca 3447; Britton and Cowell
9732: Vinales, Killip 13556. Soledad, Hitchcock 23333. San
Miguel de los Bafios, Killip 13837. Canasi, Léon 12940. Baragua,
Hitchcock 23347. Guara, Hitchcock 23410. Sierra de Nipe, Ekman
9688, in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 800). Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 236;
Britton and Wilson 14316; Palmer and Riley 913. Without locality,
Wright 3487.

Jamaica: Askenish (Dolphin Head), Britton and Hollick 2194.

40 Gen. Pl. 3: 1117. 1883.
41 In Engl. and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 2?: 41. 1887.

158 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE ‘100.—Achlaena piptostachya, X 4% (Léon 4383).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 159

FIGURE 101.—Reynaudia filiformis, X 44 (Hitchcock 495).

66. REYNAUDIA Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 195. pl. 9. 1830

Spikelets perfect, articulated with the pedicel; glumes keeled,
strongly nerved, awned from between the lobes of the bifid apex;
sterile lemma awn-tipped from the bilobed summit; fertile lemma
thin, nerveless, shorter than the sterile lemma, strongly compressed,
keeled, the tip of the keel sometimes extended as a minute mucro,
with 2 pairs of obscure lateral nerves; palea wanting; caryopsis flat,

60256—36—11

160 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

oblong, the embryo on the side next to the fertile llomma. Slender
tufted perennial with involute blades and narrow panicle.

1. Reynaudia fiiiformis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 2: 195. 1830. Santo
Domingo.

Polypogon cubensis A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 313. 1850.
Cuba.

Culms erect or ascending, 15 to 40 cm tall, the nodes bearded;
blades involute, slender, mostly basal; panicle erect, oblong to linear,
contracted and rather densely flowered, 3 to 6 cm long; spikelets
compressed, 3 to 4mm long, the
summit purple-tinged; first
elume 3-nerved or obscurely
5-nerved, a little more than half
as long as the spikelet, the awn
shghtly flexuous, purplish, 2 or
3 times as long as the glume;
second glume a little shorter
than the spikelet, 5-nerved,
hispid on the lower hali of the
margins, the awn similar to that
of the first glume; sterile lemma
similar to the second glume,
3-nerved, glabrous, the mid-
nerve extended as a short mucro
(fig. 101).

Savannas, palm barrens, and
brushy slopes, Greater Antilles.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock
23260. Herradura, Hitchcock
495; Léon 15950; Tracy 9070.
Sumidero, Léon 3480. Guana-
bacoa, Wilson. and Léon 11632;
Léon 848. Baragud, Hitchcock
23358. Motembo, signa a
16815. Sagua la Grande, Léon
14221. Eastern Cuba, Wright
3428.% Western Cuba, Wright
3428. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss
371; Taylor 44; Britton and
Wilson 15188.

, Jamaica: Manchester, Wul-
J 2.—Melinis minutiflora oar schlaegel 1370.
aE abielati oc iaaMeltenke4 eye le Haitit: Mount Organisé,
Ekman H 6230.

Dominican Repusuic: Higiiey, Ekman H 12208. Santo Domingo,
Wright, Parry, and Brummel 623. Guarabo, Abbott 2804. “Cotuy,
Abbott 787a, 797. Pimentel, Abboti 663.

67. MELINIS Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54. pl. 11. f. 4. 1812

Spikelets, 1-flowered with a sterile lemma below as in Panicum,
disarticulating from the short slender pedicels; first glume very small,
the second about equaling the sterile lemma, two-lobed at apex,

U A.
a = a y, i) Y, A
Ph DPE UE LLL M-
VSN INR EIEL
Sti

WEL

ww

SS

»
N SAN Se
BAAN
id val

SY

Shr
mS
SS
~"

42 Part of Wright 3428 came from western Cuba and part from eastern Cuba (Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
12: 235. 1909).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 161

mucronate between the lobes, nerved; sterile lemma similar to the
second glume, the awn str aicht, long, and slender; fertile lemma and

palea whitish, somewhat car tilasinous, shorter than the sterile lemma,
awnless; palea a little shorter than its lemma. Spreading branching
perennial with small spikelets in panicles.

1. Melinis minutiflora Beauyv., Ess. Agrost. 54. pl. 11. f. 4. 1812.
Brazil. MOLASSES GRASS.

Glandular throughout; culms 1 m or more long, rooting at the lower
nodes, pubescent especially about the nodes; sheaths pilose; blades
pubescent, 10 to 15 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle 15 to 20 cm
long, dark purple, rather closely flowered, the branches ascending;
spikelets about 2 mm long, the straight delicate awn about 1 cm long.
When fresh the plant emits a sweetish pungent odor (fig. 102).

Cultivated for forage. Called also zacate gordura. Described from
Brazil where, however, it appears to be introduced. Native of Africa.
As it escapes readily from cultivation it will undoubtedly soon become
established here and there. Molasses grass is a good forage plant and
its use will probably increase throushout the West Indies. The
following are cultivated specimens.

Dominican REPUBLIC: Moncioén, Hkman H 12654.

Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6826.

LEEWARD IsuAnps: Dominica, Jones 1.

TRIBE 12. PANICEAE
68. TRISCENIA Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. 8: 534. 1862

Spikelets much as in Panicum, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
deciduous from the pedicels; first glume acute, about half as long as
the spikelet, 3-nerved, the base overlapping; second glume as long
as the spikelet, acuminate, 5-nerved; sterile lemma similar to the
second glume, 3-nerved, containing no palea or stamens; fertile
lemma shorter than the second glume and sterile lemma, narrow,
somewhat acuminate, thin but somewhat chartaceous, not green like
the glumes and sterile lemma; palea like its lemma in ‘texture, nearly
enclosed in the flat edges of the lemma. Low tufted perennial with
narrow few-flowered panicles.

This genus has been included in the tribe Melinideae by Hitchcock
and Chase * and in Tristegineae by Hackel*, but the structure of
the spikelet is entirely that of Paniceae. The fertile floret is rather
thin but papery and distinctly different from the glumes and sterile
lemma; the structure is similar to that of Hymenachne, but the palea
is nearly enclosed in the edges of the lemma. Tviscenia also ap-
proaches Ichnanthus, but there are no wings at the base of the fertile
lemma and no prominent scars as found in those species that lack
wings.

1. Triscenia ovina Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. (n. s.) 8: 534. 1863.
Cuba, Wright 756.

Panicum nudiculme Mez, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 56 (Beibl. 125):
6. 1921. Based on Triscenia ovina Griseb.

Culms slender, 20 to 50 cm tall; blades filiform, glabrous, mostly
basal, about half as long as the culm, the innovations numerous;

43 Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 265. 1917.
44 Engl. and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 22: 32. 1887: True Grasses 68. 1890.

162 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

panicles slender, few-flowered, the ascending branches distant; spike-

lets appressed, on short slender pedicels, glabrous, 3 mm long (fig. 103).
Stream borders in mountains or hills; Cuba, common in Oriente.
Cusa: Sierra Maestra, valley of Rio Yara, Ekman in 1922 (Amer.

Gr. Nat. Herb. 989). Nagua, Léon 10889. Sierra de Nipe, Hkman

FIGURE 103.—Triscenia ovina. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 10 (Wright 756).

10148. Baracoa, Ekman 4324. Piedra Gorda, Shafer 3668. Pinal

Creek, Wright 756. aie
Dr. Ekman states on one of his labels that the species is known

also from Camagiiey and from Pinar del Rio, but the author has seen
no specimens from there.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 163

69. LEPTOCORYPHIUM Nees, Agrost. Bras. 83. 1829

Spikelets lanceolate, 1-flowered with a sterile lemma below; first
glume obsolete; second glume and sterile lemma 3- and 5-nerved, the
latter a little longer than the former and about as long as the fruit;
fertile lemma slightly cartilaginous-indurate, chestnut with a white
delicate hyaline summit; palea not enclosed above, the 2 nerves
obscurely visible. Tufted perennial with narrow blades and silky
panicle.

1. Leptecoryphium lanatum (H. B. K.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 84. 1829.

Paspalum lanaium H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 94. pl. 29. 1815.
Mexico.

Milium lanatum Roem. and Schuit, Syst. Veg. 2: 322. 1817.

Anthaenantia lanata Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 39271882

Slender erect perennial up to 1 m tall; blades long, narrow, often
involute; panicles oblong, loose, many-flowered, pale, the branchlets
capillary; spikelets silky-pilose, the hairs at first appressed, at matur-
ity spreading (fig. 104).

Dry hills and pine barrens, southern Mexico and the West Indies
to northern South America.

Cusa: Herradura, Tracy 9048, 9071, 9132; Karle 682; Hitchcock
482; Hkman in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 707). San Diego de los
Bafios, Léon 4564. Sumidero, Léon 3465; Shafer and Léon 13609.
Pinar del Rio, Wright 3429; Hitchcock 23268; Palmer and Riley 440.
Sabana de Motembo, Léon 93847. Manacas, Léon 5827. San Miguel
de los Bafios, Killip 13854. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 853. ‘“‘La Mag-
dalena’”’ Cayamas, Baker 4555. Baragud, Hitchcock 23367. Paso
Estancia, Shafer 1683. Bayate, Ekman 4956. Isla de Pinos, Palmer
and Riley 972; Curtiss 393; Britton and Wilson 14178.

Harti: St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Ekman H 3253; Sweet in 1925.
Lamielle, Hkman H 6203. Bonao, Ekman H 5827.

Dominican Repusiic: Guerra, Hkman H 13348.

Puzrrto Rico: Mayaguez, Britton and Hess 2699; Chase 6272, 6810;
Holm 192, 193.

TRINIDAD: San Fernando, Hart 3368. O’Meara Savanna, Britton
and Hazen 1562.

70. TRICHACHNE Nees, Agrost. Bras. 85. 1829
(Valota Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 495. 1763. No generic description)

Spikelets lanceolate, in pairs, short-pedicellate, in two rows along
one side of a narrow rachis; first glume minute, glabrous; second
glume and sterile lemma about as long as the fruit, 3- to 5-nerved,
copiously silky; fertile lemma cartilaginous, lanceolate, acuminate,
usually brown, the flat white hyaline margins broad. Perennials, the
slender racemes erect or nearly so, aggregate along the upper part of
the main axis, forming a white or brownish silky panicle.

Racemes few, usually about 3; blades short, mostly not over 3 em long; plants:

PUR OM ber tall reel lyk PMI, LOO OTR a 1. T. EaceRst.
Racemes numerous; blades elongate; plants usually more than 50 em tall.

Lower panicle branches in a fascicle on one side of the axis; spikelets densely

clothed with tawny or brown silky hairs much exceeding the spikelet.

2. T. INSULARIS.

Lower panicle branches in a whorl; spikelets sparsely villous, the hairs shorter

Hee ERULe ES Ie le len ee eee LTP Ree ee ee 835g Thy

164 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 104.—Leptocoryphium lanatum. Plant, X 14; floret, X 10 (Chase 6272).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 165

1. Trichachne eggersii (Hack.) Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 61:
OP Ga 0:

Panicum eggersii Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 51: 292. 1901. St.
Thomas, Hggers 295.

Valota eggersii Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18:
Zeon MOEA

Digitaria eggersvi Henr., Blumea 1: 97. 1934.

Culms slender, branching, 20 to 40 cm tall, decumbent at base;
blades flat, puberulent, 1 to 5 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicles of
2 or 3 erect racemes 2 to 5 cm long; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long.

Stony slopes, Virgin Islands.

VirGin Isuanps: St. Thomas, Hggers 3, 295. Virgin Gorda, Fish-
ock 209.

2. Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 86. 1829.
: SOURGRASS.

Andropogon insularis L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10.2: 1304. 1759. Jamaica.

Panicum lanatum Rottb., Act. Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: 269. 1778.
Jamaica.

Milium villosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Jamaica.

Panicum leucophaeum H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 97. 1815.
Venezuela and Colombia.

Panicum insulare Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 60. 1818.

Saccharum polystachyum Sieb.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 124. 1833.
Martinique.

2 Panicum saccharoides A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 306. 1850.
uba.

Panicum falsum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 67. 1854. Cuba.

Panicum duchaissingii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:93. 1854. Guade-
loupe.

Tricholaena insularis Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. G6ttingen 7: 265.
1857.

Tricholaena saccharoides Griseb., Syst. Unt. Veg. Karaib.117. 1857.

Digitaria leucophaea Stapf, in Thiselt. Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 382. 1898.

Syntherisma insularis Millsp. and Chase, Field Mus. Bot. 1: 473.
1902.

Valota insularis Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 19: 188. 1906.

Digitaria insularis Mez; Ekman, Arkiv. Bot. 13: 22. 1913.

Rather coarse tufted weedy grass; culms 50 to 150 cm tall; sheaths
sparsely hirsute; blades flat, usually scabrous, as much as 25 cm long
and 1 cm wide; panicles silky, tawny at maturity, 10 to 30 cm long,
the numerous racemes 10 to 15 cm long; spikelets about 4 mm long,
very silky (fig. 105).

Open ground and waste places in the Tropics and Subtropics of
America at low altitudes.

This species is often called ‘‘sourgrass’’, a name which is occasionally
applied to other large unpalatable grasses such as species of Paspalum
and Andropogon. In Cuba it is one of the grasses called “‘barba de
indio’’, and ‘‘rabo de zorra.’’ In St. Kitts it is called ‘long grass.”
To be found in probably all of the West Indian islands.

3. Trichachne laxa (Reichenb.) Hitche.

Reimaria laxa Reichenb.; Spreng., Tent. Sup. Syst. Veg. 2. 1828.
Surinam.

Valota lara Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 292.
1917.

166 MISC. PUBLICATION 248, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 105.—Trichachne insularis. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 10 (Baker and Wilson 602).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 167

Digitaria laxa Parodi, Physis 9: 13,18. 1928.

Culms in large tufts, decumbent at base, 1 to 2 m tall; sheaths tuber-
culate-hispid; blades flat, glabrous or nearly so, 5 to 20 cm long, 5 to
15 mm wide; panicle 15 to 25 cm long, the numerous rather slender
racemes usually 15 to 20 cm long, widely spreading; spikelets narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, rather sparsely silky pilose, 4 to 5 mm long.
ee stiff hairs of the sheaths break off in handling and penetrate the
skin.

Open moist ground, southern West Indies to Paraguay.

WINDWARD isLtaNnps: Grenada, Broadway 1782.

TrinipapD: Pitch Lake, Hitchcock 10084 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 553).
Cedros, Hitchcock 10143. San Fernando, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3374.
Port-of-Spain, Hirchcock 9954.

Toxsaco: Hitchcock 10246; Broadway 4851.

CE DIGTRARUA EH eist.=Scop., Kh Cam ed 72. 1: 52277 1702
~ CRABGRASS

(Syntherisma Walt., Fl. Carol. 76. 1788)

Spikelets solitary or in twos or threes, subsessile or short-pediceled,
alternate in two rows on one side of a 3-angled winged or wingless
rachis; spikelets lanceolate or elliptic, plano-convex; first glume
minute or wanting; second glume equaling the sterile lemma or shorter;
fertile lemma cartilaginous, the hyaline margins pale. Erect or
prostrate annuals or perennials, the slender racemes digitate or some-
what scattered, but aggregate along the upper part of the culms.

Rachis wing-margined, the green wings as wide as the whitish midrib or wider.

Rinstealumesnvalleugsevident== 6 ye = ae oe 1. D. SANGUINALIS.
First glume obsolete or wanting.
Rachis sparsely beset with spreading long hairs____-_- 2. D. HORIZONTALIS.

Rachis with no long hairs.
Pedicels with a ring of short stiff hairs at summit; spikelets with stripes of
dense:capiteliate hairs. o- Se es ee es 3. D. ARGYROSTACHYA.
Pedicels not hairy at summit.
Second glume about half as long as the spikelet. Plant creeping and

ROOMPnAL UME OGESs 15 ey iim s Ancien. eit at 4, D. SEROTINA.
Second glume as long as the spikelet.
Syolkeletse 2 cmmprOn eat ei oa A 6. D. ISCHAEMUM.
Spikelets 1.5 mm long.
Culms erect or decumbent at base.__________- 5. D. VIOLASCENS.
Culmeitormine long stolons!) 2 ga. = a gees 7. D. LONGIFLORA.

Rachis not winged or the margin much narrower than the midrib.
Spikelets glabrous or nearly so.
Spikelets 1.5 mm long; second glume shorter than the spikelet; obtuse.
10. D. CURVINERVIS.
Spikelets 2.5 mm long; second glume as long as the spikelet, acute.
1 D. EKMANII.
Spikelets pubescent.
Spikelets 1.5 mm long (disregarding the hairs extending beyond the end).
Hairs on the spikelet extending beyond the apex as a stiff brownish
| SPRUASH DUNT rey 0) a eae Re ea ee MAE eds aii 11. D. ARGILLACEA.
Hairs on spikelet not extending beyond the spikelet as a brushlike tip.
9. D. PANICEA.
Spikelets 2 mm long.
Hairs extending beyond the spikelet as a short brushlike tip.
12. D. PINETORUM.
Hairs not extending beyond the spikelet as a brushlike tip_8. D. viLLosa.

168 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 106.—Digitaria sanguinatis. Plant, X14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Norton 566).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 169

1. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 1: 52. 1772.
CRABGRASS.

Pamcum sanguinale L., Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. America, Europe.

Digitaria marginata Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 102. 1821. Brazil.

Digitaria fimbriata Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 226. 1827. Brazil.

Syntherisma sanguinalis Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 77. 1867.

Syntherisma fimbriata Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 302. 1898.

Spreading branching annual often rooting at the nodes; sheaths
pilose;-blades more or less pilose; racemes few to several, ascending or
spreading, 5 to 10 cm long, in 1 or 2 whorls; spikelets about 3 mm
long, the first glume small but distinct (fig. 106).

A common weed in culti-
vated soil and waste places
throughout the temperate
and tropical regions of both
hemispheres. To be foundon
all the West Indian islands.
Anexcellentfodder grass. In
Cuba thisis one of the grasses
called “pata de gallina.”

2. Digitaria horizontalis
Willd., Enum. Hort.
Berol. 92. 1809. Santo
Domingo.

Milium digitatum Swartz,
Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24.
1788. Jamaica. Not Digita-
ria digitata Buse, 1854.

Axonopus digitatus Beauv.,
WSS eA SPOS tcl 2 4 ols 4...
S12:

Digitaria setigera Roth;
Roem. and Schult., Syst.
Veg. 2:474. 1817. India. FIGURE 107.— Digitaria horizontalis. Plant, X 1; spikelet

Panicum horizontale Meyer, and floret, X 10 (Nash 996).

Prim. Fl. Esseq. 54. 1818.

Digitaria setosa Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 6. 1825.
Antilles.

Digitaria jamaicensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 272. 1825. Jamaica.

Paspalum digitatum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 24. 1829.

Panicum hamiltonii Kunth, Réy. Gram. 1: Sup. TX. 1830. Antilles.

Syntherisma setosa Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 300. 1898.

Syntherisma digitata Hitche., Contrib. U. 5. Natl. Herb. 12: 142.
1908.

Digitaria digitata Urban, Symb. Antill. 8: 24. 1920. Not Digitaria
digitata Buse, 1854. Based on Milium digitatum Swartz.

Decumbent branching stoloniferous weedy annual with pilose sheaths
and pubescent, often velvety, flat blades, and 5 to 15 very slender lax
racemes up to 8 cm long, subdigitate or in fascicles along a slender
axis; spikelets narrow, about 2.5 mm long; first glume obsolete or
wanting (fig. 107).

170 =isc. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A common weed in fields, open ground, and waste places, tropical -
regions of both hemispheres. To be found in probably all of the
West Indian islands. In Cuba sometimes called “pata de gallina
fina’’ (fine henfoot).

3. Digitaria argyrostachya (Steud.) Fernald, Rhodora 22: 103. 1920.

Pancum argyrostachyum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 40. 1854. Java.
Syntherisma argyrostachya Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl.
erbim 18:629455 1917,
Annual; culms erect or spreading, 10 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glab-
rous; blades flat, 3 to 5 mm wide, sparsely pilose on the upper sur-
face; racemes slender, erect or ascending,
mostly 2 to 4, 4 to 10 cm long; spikelets
2 mm long.
A weed in cultivated soil, introduced
in Jamaica. :
4 JAMAICA: Cinchona, Harris 11271,
11413; Mitchcock 9705.

4, Digitaria serotina (Walt.) Michx.,
Kl Bor) Amersa: 465, US03:

Syntherisma serotina Walt., Fl. Carol.
76. 1788. South Carolina.

Culms creeping and rooting, forming
mats, the flowering ones ascending, 20
to 30 cm tall; sheaths and blades pilose;
racemes 3 to 5 on an axis about 1 cm
long, 3 to 5 cm long, the rachis flat, a
little less than 1 mm wide, the margins
wider than the midrib; spikelets oblong-
elliptic, minutely pubescent, about 1.5
mm long (fig. 108).

Sandy soil, Coastal Plain of the United
States from Delaware to Miaississippi;
FIGURE 108.—Digitaria serotina. Plant, also in western Cuba.

LUCTRay: LOOSE Gals lao wR Cupa: Laguna Jovero, Shafer 10769.
Habana, Hkman 1057, 11515; Léon 4332.

5. Digitaria violascens Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 229. 1827. Brazil.

Panicum violascens Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 33. 1829.

Paspalum chinensis Nees, in Hook. and Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy.
231 S36. Chime

Paspalum minutiflorum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 17. 1854. Not
P. minutiflorum Desv., 1831. . China.

Syntherisma hellert Nash, Minn. Bot. Stud. 1: 798. pl. 44. 1897.
Hawaii. |

Syntherisma violascens Nash, in Brown, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc.
OL: 483.7 1:909;

Digitaria chinensis A. Camus, Not. Syst. Lecomte 4: 48. 1923.
Not D. chinensis Hornem., 1819.

Syntherisma chinensis Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 468.
1922.

Annual; culms decumbent and rooting at the base or sometimes
erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades glabrous, mostly 3 to
6 mm wide; racemes mostly 2 to 5, sometimes 6 or 7,slender, ascend-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES WT

ing, often curved, 5 to 10 cm long; rachis flat, wing-margined, 1 mm
wide or somewhat less, glabrous; spikelets elliptic, 1.5 mm long,
cinereous-pubescent; first glume wanting; second glume and sterile
lemma equal, about as long as the dark brown fertile lemma (fig. 109).

Open ground, fields, waste places, and moist grassland, China to
India and Australia; introduced in the American Tropics.

Bermupa: Collins 146; Brown and Britton 57.

JAMAICA: St. Andrew, Harris 12714. Cinchona, Harris 11269,
11271%, 12484; Hitchcock 9708. Castleton, Harris 11283; Hitchcock
9396. Abbey Green, Hitchcock 9354 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 556).
Gordon Town, Hart 688, 756; Hitchcock 9328.

Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6255.

TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 10008, 10328. Las Lilas,
Britton 2515. Piarco Savanna, Britton and Hazen 716. Princes Town,
Broadway 1922. Mora Forest, Broadway 7752. Tamana Main Road,
Broadway 4961. Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3433.

6. Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb.; Muhl., Descr. Gram. 131.
1817. SMOOTH CRABGRASS.

Pamcum ischaemum Schreb.; Schweigger and Koerte, Spec. FI.
Erlang. 16. 1804. Europe.

Digitaria humifusa Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805.

Syntherisma glabrum Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 163. 1806.

Digitaria glabra Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51. 1812.

Syntherisma ischaemum Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 151. 1912.

Spreading annual weed resembling D. sanguinalis, but with glabrous
foliage; spikelets 2 mm long; first glume wanting.

Common in eastern United States; Virgin Islands; introduced
from Europe.

VirGIN Istanps: St. Croix, Benzon.

7. Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805.

Paspalum longiflorum Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 15. 1786. India.

Panicum longiflorum Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 158. 1791.

Syntherisma longifiora Skeels, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus.
Bull 261-230; 1.942.

Perennial; culms widely creeping; sheaths glabrous; blades flat,
glabrous, those of the stolons 1 to 3 cm long; fertile culms ascending
20 to 40 cm long; racemes often 2, sometimes 3 or 4, 3 to 6 cm long,
usually curved, the rachis flat, 0.5 to 0.8 mm wide, the margin wider
than the midrib; spikelets elliptic, minutely pubescent, 1.5 mm long
(fig. 110).

Ditches and sandy savannas, tropical regions of the Old World;
introduced in the American Tropics.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23269, 23279, 23286; Kkman 17288;
Roig 3954, 4200; Léon 12861, 16151, 16425.

LEEWARD Isuanps: Antigua, Box 63, 182.

WINDWARD IsLANDs: St. Lucia, Bor 199.

TrintpaD: Long Stretch, Broadway 6551.

8. Digitaria villosa (Walt.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805.

Syntherisma villosa Walt., Fl. Carol. 77. 1788. South Carolina.
?Panicum domingense Zuccagni, in Roemer, Coll. Bot. 123. 1809.
Santo Domingo.

172 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 109.—Digitaria violascens. Plant, X 4% (Hitcheock 10328).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 173

Panicum leucocomum Scribn., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
7 (ed, 2): 58. 1898. Florida.

Syntherisma leucocoma Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 295. 1898.
Florida.

Digitaria leucocoma Urban, Symb. Antill. 8: 24. 1920.

cf
i)

Yj
/
~ a
ie
\
Ye
SS
yi ~
aD
hy
m \ SS
mS
§ 4)
ee)

~
TR.
Si ZY
A
oe 7

FIGURE 110.—Digitaria longiflora, X 4% (Hitchcock 14186).

Erect cespitose perennial (or annual according to Ekman), 50 to
120 cm tall; sheaths pubescent or glabrate; blades narrow, some-
times loosely involute; panicles of several erect or ascending racemes
8 to 15 cm long, the rachis narrowly winged; spikelets about 2 mm
long; first glume wanting; second glume a little shorter than the fruit,
cinereous-pubescent, some of the hairs capitellate; sterile lemma like

174 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the second glume, about as long as the chestnut-apiculate fruit

(fig. lil).
Sandy woods and open ground, southeastern United States, West

Indies, and Central America.
BauaAMAs: Andros, Brace 4882.

Ole
Cusa: La Grifa la Catolina, Wright 3884. Laguna Santa Barbara,

Ekman 18116. Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23264. Matanzas, Ekman
in 1923. Baragua, Aitchcock 23385. Mordazo, Ekman 17026.
Manacas, Léon 9289.

Hartt: Hinche, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 146. Pétionville, Ekman
H 1388, H 1747. Port-au-Prince, Ekman1991. Gros-Morne, Ekman

H 4920.

New Providence, Britton and Brace

Dominican Repusuic: Constanza, Tuerckheim3459 ; Ekman H 13904.
Santiago, Hkman H 16377. Sanchez, Ekman H 15942. Moncidn,

Z

Li

ee
\

Des whey. yy Ly.

\

NU

WY
ZX

= g

ve

FIGURE 111.— Digitaria villosa. Plant, <1; FIGURE 112.—Digitaria panicea. Plant, X1;
spikelet and floret, X 10 (Curtiss 5300). spikelet and floret, X 10 (Tracy 9058).

Ekman H 12637. Punta Icacos, Ekman H 15785. Azua, Ekman

H 13509. Without locality, Wright, Parry, and Brummel 622.
Puerto Rico: Laguna Tortuguero, Britton, Cowell, and Brown 3858.

San Juan, Chase 6784. Campo Alegre, Chase 6806.

9. Digitaria panicea (Swartz) Urban, Symb. Antill. 8: 23.
1920; Fernald, Rhodora 22: 103. June, 1920.

Milium paniceum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Jamaica.

Agrostis jamaicensis Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 1: 258. 1810.
Jamaica.

Axonopus paniceus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812.

Syntherisma paniceum Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 152. 1912.

More slender than D. villosa, probably annual; blades folded or
involute, flexuous, about 1 mm wide; racemes mostly 1 to 3, erect,
5 to 20 cm long, usually 10 to 15 cm, very slender, loosely flowered;
spikelets about 1.5 mm long, the capitellate hairs rather stiff and

appressed (fig. 112).

February,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Ls

There is a slight uncertainty in the application of the name Milium
paniceum. The original description apphes to the species described
above. ‘The amplified description” also applies with the exception of
“Raches 3- -quetrae, margine membranaceae.” ‘The rachis is only
minutely margined. There is no specimen of Miliwm paniceum in the
Swartz Herbarium, but there are three specimens sent by Swartz to
other herbaria, one at Munich, one at Madrid, and one in ‘the DeCan-
dolle Herbarium. All these specimens are Digitaria panicea as here
understood. The habitat given by Swartz is ‘dn aridis sabulosis
Jamaicae australis.’ This species resembles D. filiformis of the United
States under which name Grisebach* and Nash* include it, but
differs in having longer, more numerous racemes, longer folded or
subinvolute blades, and slightly larger spikelets with longer pubes-
cence.

Open grassy places, subtropical Florida, West Indies, and Central
America.

Banamas: New Providence, Britton and Brace 486.

Cusa: Baragué, Hitchcock 23361, 23379. Sancti Spiritus, Léon
952. Tunas, Léon 6745. Sierra de Nipe, Hkman in 1922. Eastern
Cuba, Wright 1544 Gn part). Isla de Pinos, Britton, Wilson, and Léon
6060, 15247.

Jamaica: Barican, Hitchcock 9574.

Harti: Jean Rabel, Leonard 13032. Pétionville, Ekman H 1732.

DominicaN ReEepusuic: Sierra de los Comisarios, Hkman H 6804.

Puerto Rico: Campo Alegre, Chase 6435.

10. Digitaria curvinervis (Hack.) Fernald, Rhodora 22: 103. 1920.

Panicum curvinerve Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 51: 335. 1901.
Cuba, Wright 1544 in part.

Syntherisma curvinervis Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 18: 295. 1917.

Annual; culms slender, 20 to 60 cm tall; sheaths and blades sparsely
or rather densely pilose or nearly glabrous, the blades flat, 2 to 5 mm
wide; racemes mostly 2 to 4, sometimes 1 or several, 2 to 10 cm
long; spikelets elliptic, glabrous, strongly nerved, 1.5 mm long,
rarely nearly 2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; first glume wanting; second
glume about three-fourths as long as the spikelet, the internerves
hyaline, 3-nerved, the outer nerves incurved and joined with the
midnerve near the apex; sterile lemma 5-nerved, the outer pair
incurved to the midnerve at apex; fruit dark brown with a whitish tip.

Sandy soil, Cuba and Hispaniola. The type collection mixed with
two other species.

Cusa: Pan de Guajaibon, Ekman 17482. Santa Cruz de los Pinos,
Ekman 17688. Las Pozas, Ekman 12738. Pinar del Rio, Wright
1544. San Diego de los Bafios, Léon 4439. Motembo, Léon 8689.

Dominican REePuBLic: San Juan, Hkman H 13399.

11. Digitaria argillacea (Hitche. and Chase) Fernald, Rhodora 22:
104. 1920.

Syntherisma argillacea Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 18: 296. 1917. Puerto Rico, Chase 6221,
45 Fl. Ind. Oce. 1: 179. 1797.

46 Fl]. Brit. W. Ind. 543. 1864.
47 Fl]. N. Amer. 17: 150. 1912.

60256—36—12

176 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Annual (according to Ekman); culms slender, erect or decumbent
at base, 15 to 60 cm tall; blades flat, 3 to 4 mm wide, more or less
pilose; panicles long-exserted ; racemes usually 3 or 4, 1 to 8 cm long,
the rachis very narrowly margined; spikelets 2 mm long; first glume
obsolete or wanting; second glume about three-fourths the length of
the spikelet; sterile lemma as long as the spikelet, this and the glume
densely pubescent, the hairs, some as much as 1 mm long, exceeding
the spikelet as a brushlike tip, fruit dark brown.

Savannas and open rocky slopes, West Indies and Central America.

Cusa: Santa Cruz de los Pinos, Ekman 17687. Pinar de Cajal-
bana, Hkman 17309. Herradura, Tracy 9104. Habana, Léon 4785.
Guanabacoa, Léon 4715; Hitchcock 23232. San Miguel de los Bafios,
Léon 8874, 8875. Manacas, Léon 5843. Motembo mines, Léon
8629. Zaza de Tunas, Léon 898. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 2790.
Santiago de Cuba, Ekman 7700.

Haiti: Pétionville, Ekman H 1351. Hinche, Ekman H 6176.

Dominican Repusuic: Constanza, Ekman H 13903.

Purerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6271, 6277. Maricao, Chase
6221.

12. Digitaria pinetorum Hitchc., sp. nov.*

Perennial; culms slender, cespitose, sometimes loosely so, erect,
30 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or the lower pubescent; ligule a
membrane 0.5 mm long; blades slender, flat or involute, mostly less
than 2mm wide, minutely pubescent or glabrate ; racemes long-exserted,
usually 1 or 2, sometimes 3, 4 to 10 cm long, sometimes as much as
20 em, the rachis about 0.3 mm wide, with a very narrow margin, the
spikelets in pairs or threes, the longer pedicels 2 mm long; spikelets
lanceolate-elliptic, 2 to 2.2 mm long, densely appressed-pubescent
between the nerves, the brownish hairs extending a little beyond the
spikelet as a brushlike tip; first glume wanting; second glume slightly
shorter than the spikelet, 3-nerved; sterile lemma as long as the
spikelet, 5-nerved; fruit dark brown at maturity.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1387398, col-
lected in pinelands, Los Indios, towards La Siguanéa, Isla de Pinos,
November 10, 1920, by E. L. Ekman (no. 12175)..:

Pinelands, Cuba.

Cusa: Herradura, Hitchcock 483, 484; Tracy 9077. Isla de Pinos,
Ekman 12175; Britton and Wilson 15361, 15368.

13. Digitaria ekmanii Hitchc., sp. nov.*

Perennial; culms decumbent and rooting at base, glabrous, rather
stout, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths compressed-keeled, glabrous or the
lower papillose-hispid toward the base; ligule membranaceous,
rather prominent, about 3 mm long; blades flat, finely pubescent, 5
to 15 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide; racemes 7 to 10, on an axis 2 to 3 cm
long, erect or ascending, 7 to 12 cm long, the rachis triangular,
scabrous, somewhat flexuous, 0.3 mm wide, the margins much nar-
rower than the midrib; spikelets narrowly lanceolate, acute, glabrous

48 Perennis; culmi graciles erecti 30-80 cm alti; laminae graciles, planae vel involutae 0.5-2 mm latae;
racemi 1-2 (-3), 4-10 (-20) em longi, rachi 0.3 mm lata margine angustissimo; spiculae lanceolato-ellipticae-
2-2.2 mm longae dense pubescentes; fructus brunneus.

49 Perennis; culmi decumbentes 50-100 em longi; vaginae glabrae vel inferiores nonnihil papilloso-his-
pidae; laminae planae tenuiter pubescentes 5-15 cm longae 2-4 mm latae; racemi 7-10 erecti vel ascendentes
7-12 em longi, rachi 0.3 mm lata margine angustissimo; spiculae anguste lanceolatae acutae, glabrae
2.5 mm longae; gluma prima nulla; gluma secunda spiculam equans; fructus pallidus.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES WAG

or nearly so, about 2.5 mm long, in pairs, the longer pedicel 2 to 3
mm long; first glume obsolete or wanting; second glume as long as
the spikelet, obtusish, 3-nerved; sterile lemma as long as the spikelet,
acute, 5-nerved ; fertile lemma as long as the spikelet, pale, acute.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1161280, col-
lected in wet places in pinelands, Herradura, prov. Pinar del Rio,
Cuba, June 26, 1922, by E. L. Ekman.

This species has been referred to °° Syntherisma simpsoni (Vasey)
Nash, of Florida, which differs in having spikelets 3 mm long, the
second glume and sterile lemma 7-nerved.

The type specimen has glabrous spikelets. In the other two speci-
mens cited the spikelets are minutely pubescent along the nerves.

Cupa: Herradura, Ekman in 1922. Damuji (Pinar del Rio),
Ekman 10938. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 521.

72. STENOTAPHRUM Trin., Fund. Agrost. 175. 1820

Spikelets embedded in one side of an enlarged and flattened corky
rachis disarticulating at maturity, the spikelets remaining attached;
first glume small; second glume and sterile lemma about equal, the
latter with a palea or staminate flower; fertile lemma chartaceous.
Stoloniferous perennials with short flowering culms, rather broad
short obtuse blades, and flat terminal and axillary racemes.

1. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 794.
1891. St. AUGUSTINE GRASS.

Ischaemum secundatum Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South
Carolina. |
ees oe stolonifera Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 6: 310. 1804. Puerto

ico.

Stenotaphrum americanum Schrank, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac. pl. 98.
1820. Described from a cultivated plant.

Stenotaphrum glabrum var. americanum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras.
Qe BOO Str

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum var. americanum Hack., in Stuck., An.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 21:57. 1911.

Extensively creeping, the flat stolons with long internodes and short
leafy branches, the sheaths equitant; flowering culms 10 to 30 cm
tall, the blades commonly 10 to 15 cm long; racemes 5 to 10 cm long;
spikelets 4 to 6 mm long (fig. 113).

Open grassland, at low altitudes, especially near the coast, southern
United States to Argentina. An excellent pasture grass. Used for
lawns in loamy or mucky soils. In Cuba called ‘‘camalote’’, ‘‘cam-
bute’, “gramon de costa’, and ‘“‘caflamazo amargo.”’ Bermuda
Islands and Bahamas to Trinidad and Tobago; to be found on prob-
ably all the West Indian islands.

73. THRASYA H.B.K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 120. pl. 39. 1815

Inflorescence a single terminal spikelike raceme, the rachis usually
with membranaceous wings, partially embracing the row of spikelets;
spikelets apparently subsessile and solitary in a single row, but
actually in pairs, the spikelets of each pair back to back, the pedicel

50 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 210. 1909; 18: 294. 1917.

178 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

of the primary spikelet adnate to the midnerve of the rachis; first

glume minute, often hyaline; second glume shorter than the spikelet;

sterile lemma subindurate, thinner down the middle, at maturity

splitting to the base (the margins of the split rolling inward), or

deeply sulcate only, the sterile palea

nearly as long as its lemma, the

Ni margins firm, enclosing a stami-

: nate flower cr empty ; fruit cartilagi-

nous-indurate, commonly with stiff

hairs at the summit. Slender

branching perennials, with narrow
blades.

Rachis ciliate with stiff hairs; blades pi-

lose, at least on the margin.

. T. PASPALOIDES.

Rachis not ciliate; blades glabrous or

Nearkvisos sae 2. ie ROBUSTAL

1. Thrasya paspaloides H. B. K..,

Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 121. pl.

39. 1815. Venezuela.

Panicum thrasya Trin., Mém.
Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1:
228. 1834. Based on Thrasya
paspaloides H. B. K.

Thrasya trimtensis Mez, Repert.
Sp. Nov. Fedde 15: 125. 1918.
Trinidad, Broadway 5294.

Perennial; culms erect, slender,
densely tufted, 25 to 50 cm tall,

i eS

1} A
WU NA

il Mi ¥h
A

FIGURE 113.—Stenotaphrum secundatum. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and fertile floret, X 10
(Tracy 1408).

at length branching from the upper nodes; blades flat, narrow, pilose
at least on the margin; racemes arcuate, long-exserted, 3 to 5 cm long,
the rachis ciliate with stiff hairs; spikelets stiffly ciliate, about 3 mm
long (fig. 114).

179

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

FIGURE 114.—Thrasya paspaloides, X 14 (Hitchcock 10335, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 557).

180 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Wet sandy savannas, Trinidad and Venezuela. This is the species
described by Grisebach * as 7. hirsuta.

TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna, Hitchcock 10335; Broadway 5294.
Aripo Savanna, Hitchcock 10081 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 557 ). O’Meara.
Savanna, Britton and Hazen 1576. Without locality, Bot. Gard.
Herb. 278 Crueger 43.

2. Thrasya robusta Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18:

297. 1917. Trinidad, Hitchcock 10187.

Perennial; culms erect, rather stout, branching, 1 to 1.5 m tall;
blades flat or folded, firm, ciliate, crisp puberulent on the upper
surface, 15 to 30 cm long, 4 to 15 mm wide, the upper reduced;
racemes 1 (or occasionally 2), arcuate, 8 to 14 cm long, the rachis
2 to 3 mm wide; spikelets 3.2 mm long, villous.

Savannas, Trinidad and Colombia (‘‘Pipiral’’, southeast of Que-
tame, Pennell 1719).

TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10187. Piarco Savanna, Hitch-
cock 10352.

74. MESOSETUM Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 118. 1854

Inflorescence a single erect terminal spikelike raceme, the spikelets
subsessile, solitary, in two rows on one side of a slender rachis, the
back of the fruit turned from the rachis, ventricose on the side
toward the rachis and fitting into its concavities, the back of the
spikelet flat or nearly so; glumes and sterile lemma usually bearing
stiff hairs on the strong lateral nerves, the midnerve of the sterile
lemma faint or suppressed; fruit ventricose on the palea side. Slender
perennials.

Racemes 6. to 12 em long; second glume (outer one) three-fourths as long as the
Spiele Ge Swiss Lares Daa be INE. en Le a eas ht 1. M. LoLiItrORME.
Racemes 3 to 4 em long; second glume exceeding the spikelet__ 2. M. wriGcHrTit.

1. Mesosetum loliiforme (Hochst.) Chase, Bot. Gaz. 51: 302. 1911.

Panicum loluforme Hochst.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 56. 1854.
Surinam.

Culms tufted, erect, 15 to 60 cm tall, with long leafy stolons;
blades flat, papillose-pilose, the lower 10 to 15 em long, 1 to 4 mm
wide, those of the stolons lanceolate, 2 to 3 cm long; spikes pale,
long-exserted, 3 to 15 cm long; spikelets whitish, 4 mm long (fig. 115).

Sandy pine woods, Cuba, Trinidad, and south to Brazil.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23256, 23267, 23280, 23307; Léon
3469. Mangas, Hkman in 1921. Herradura, Ekman 10690, 10724;
Tracy 9058; Hitchcock 485. Matatosa, Wright 3449. Manacas,
Léon 5867. Baragud, Hitchcock 23374. Isla de Pinos, Britton and
Wilson 15353; Palmer and Riley 889, 986; Curtiss 396; Taylor 31.

TrinipAp: Piarco Savanna, Hitchcock 10336.

2. Mesosetum wrightii Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 211:
1909. Cuba, Wright 3859.
Culms usually decumbent at base, tufted or ascending from the

long leafy stolons, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades flat, sparsely hispidulous,
2 to 5 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, those of the stolons a little wider;

51 Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 540. 1864.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 18I

§

A
f

lL

i

FIGURE 115.—Mesosetum loliiforme, X 4% (Hitchcock 485).

spikes mostly 2 to 3 cm long; spikelets 4 mm long, greenish, less
hirsute than the preceding.
Sandy pine woods, Cuba.

182 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cusa: Salado, Ekman 11552. La Caloma, Ekman in 1923 (Amer.
Gr. Nat. Herb. 990). Dayaniguas, Wright 3859. Hatiiey, Léon 9211.
Placetas del Sur, Léon 6430. Camagiiey, Ekman 15551.

73. KRIOCHLOA HOB: Ky INove (Genet Spl: 945) sis
CuPGRASS

Spikelets dorsally compressed, raore or less pubescent, solitary or
sometimes in pairs, short-pedicellate or subsessile, in two rows on
one side of a narrow, usually hairy rachis, the pedicels often clothed
with long, stiff hairs, the back of the fertile lemma turned from the
rachis; lower rachilla joint thickened, forming a more or less ringlike,
usually dark-colored callus below the second glume, the first glume
reduced to a minute sheath about this and adnate to it; second
glume and sterile lemma about equal, acute or acuminate; fertile
lemma indurate, minutely papillose-rugose, mucronate or awned,
the awn often readily deciduous, the margins slightly inrolled.
Annuals or perennials with terminal panicles consisting of several
or many spreading or appressed racemes, usually rather closely
arranged along the main axis.

Blades civliformis oil oh Nee se SMR SNM ek cae at ae ge 1. E. sETOSA.
Blades flat, 2 to 15 mm wide.

First glume present; plant long-decumbent or stoloniferous.

EH. POLYSTACHYA.

First glume obsolete; plants erect or decumbent at base.

Plamts annuals’: soo 2 We Ree OR ace ig Sue epee 3. EH. BOXTANA.
Plants perennial.
Fertile lemma mucronate or with an awn as much as 0.2 mm long; racemes

PA AKON (HUET LOO) (00) Glan NL 2. EK. EKMANII.
Fertile lemma with an awn about 1 mm long; racemes several to many;
culmswusualhy 2 myor more tall oe pene ees 4. KH. PUNCTATA.

1. Eriochloa setosa (A. Rich.) Hitche.

Prptatherum setosum A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 311. 1850.
Cuba. The type, bearing the name in Richard’s script, was ex-
amined in the Paris Herbarium in 1935 and proves to be the same
as Hriochloa filifolia. Richard’s description is misleading in some
respects, and the species was referred by Grisebach,” on the descrip-
tion, to his Andropogon setosus, which is the basis of Sorghastrum
setosum (Griseb.) Hitche. Grisebach, however, gives a description
of his own and, though using the same specific epithet, does not base
his species on that of Richard.

Eriochloa filifolia Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 207.
1909. Guanabacoa, Cuba, Hitchcock in 1906. :

Perennial; culms tufted, slender, 15 to 40 cm tall; blades filiform,
5 to 15 cm long, the uppermost reduced; inflorescence long-exserted ;
racemes usually 2 to 4, 1 to 2 cm long, the rachis slender; spikelets
mostly 5 to 8, rather loosely arranged on pedicels as much as 1 mm
long, lanceolate, about 3.5 mm long, appressed-villous, the second
glume and sterile lemma acuminate or somewhat awn-tipped; fertile
lemma about 2 mm long, tipped with a slender awn about 1 mm
long.

Sterile hills, Cuba.

Cusa: Guanabacoa, Hitchcock in 1906, 23223; Léon 851, 2687,

5607, 9127 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 991); Wilson and Léon 11642;

. 52 Cat. Pl. Cub. 235. 1866.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 183

Ekman 573, 1279. 10904. Batabané, Léon 13709. San Miguel de
los Bafios, Léon 8856. Sabana de Motembo, Léon 9380, 11346.

2. Eriochlea ekmanii Hitchc., sp. nov.®

Perennial; culms slender, tufted, decumbent at base, branching,
15 to 60 cm tall, the nodes puberulent; sheaths puberulent, especialiy
at the margins and around the throat and collar; ligule a row of
stiff hairs 0.5 to 1 mm long; blades flat or somewhat involute, more
or less puberulent, 3 to 15 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle con-
tracted, 3 to 8 cm long, the axis slender, scabrous and somewhat
puberulent; racemes mostly 2 to 6, appressed or ascending, 1 to 3
cm long, rather distant on the axis, the rachis slender, scaberulous;
spikelets mostly solitary, sometimes in pairs, rather loosely arranged,
2.5 to 3 mm long, 0.8 to 1 mm wide, the pedicels 0.3 to 0.5 mm long,
often bearing 1 or 2 stiff hairs; second glume and sterile lemma
equal, rather sparsely appressed-pilose, acuminate or awn-tipped;
fertile lemma 1.8 to 2 mm long, apiculate or with an awn as much
as 0.2 mm long.

Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1385555, collected in
savannas near Mir, prov. Oriente, Cuba, August 22, 1916, by Dr.
EK. L. Ekman (no. 7509).

The species differs from /. setosa in the flat blades and the apiculate
or short-awned fertile lemma. Jn the Grasses of the West Indies *
it was referred to Hriochloa ramosa (Retz.) Kuntze, which differs in
the stouter and taller culms, broader blades, larger panicles, paired
spikelets, and in the usually naked base of the racemes.

Cusa: Tiffin (prov. Camagiey), Ekman 15391. Adelaida, Léon
15804. Zaza de Tunas (prov. Santa Clara), Léon 852. Mir, Ek-
man 7509. Without locality, Wright.3886.

3. Eriochioa boxiana Hitchc., in Swallen, Carneg. Inst. Wash. Publ.
436: 339. 1934. Antigua, Bor 43.

Annual; culms branching, decumbent and spreading at base, root-
ing at the lower nodes, 30 to 40 cm tall, glabrous, minutely puberulent
at the nodes; blades flat, ascending, glabrous beneath, puberulent on
the upper surface, 5 to 12 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide, the apex long-
acuminate; panicle contracted, 7 to 11 cm long, the racemes numer-
ous; racemes appressed or ascending, overlapping, 1.5 to 2 cm long;
spikelets in pairs, imbricate; lanceolate-acuminate, 4.5 to 5 mm long,
including the awn-tip, appressed pilose on the lower two-thirds, the
tip minutely scaberulous, the pedicels about 0.5 mm long, bearing
a few slender hairs; basal ring not prominent, pale, the first glume
wanting; second glume extending into an awn nearly 1 mm long;
sterile lemma smaller and a little shorter than the glume, acuminate-
tipped rather than awned; fertile lemma elliptic-oblong, tipped with
an awn 0.5 mm long (fig. 116).

Damp or swampy open land, Antigua, Yucatan, and Colombia.
The species is named for Harold E. Box, entomologist at the Antigua

53 Perennis; culmi tenues caespitosi erecti, basi decumbentes glabri 20-60 cm alti; nodis puberulis; vaginae
puberulae, collo pubescente; laminae planae 5-15 em longae 1-3 mm latae puberulae acuminatae; panicula
contracta 3-8 cm longa, axi scabro tenue; racemi 2-6 appressi 1-3 ecm longi, a basi floriferi, rachi scabra;
spiculae plerumque solitariae 2.5-3 mm longae 0.8-1 mm latae, pedicellis 0.3-0.5 mm longis; eluma secunda

mucronata, arista usque ad 0.2 mm longa; lemma fertile 1.8-2 mm longum, arista usque ad 0.2 mm longa.
5 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 298. 1917.

184

MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sugar Factory, who has submitted a fine collection of the grasses of

Antigua.

Mr. Box states that the species is frequent in one locality.

LEEWARD IsLtanps: Antigua, Parrys bridge, Bor 43.
4. Eriochloa punctata (L.) Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Oce. 5.

1825.

Milium punctatum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872.

1h
Va

\ |
\ y

t
T
I}

|

FIGURE 116.—Eriochloa
boriana. Spikelet and
floret, X 10 (type).

= ~
ae

UL
=
GZ
—
G-
SSS
P-P5s
Ss

Prey :
ES Ce

FIGURE 117.—Eriochloa
punctata. Panicle, X 1;
floret, * 10 (Hitchcock
9661).

TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10031%, 10167.

1759. Jamaica.
Agrostis punctata Lam., Encycl. 1: 58. 1783.
Oedipachne punciata Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 51.

1827.

Helopus punctatus Nees, Agrost. Bras.16. 1829.

Monachne punciata Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot.

Club 30: 374. 1903.

Glabrous branching perennial; culms ascending
from a decumbent base, commonly 1 m or more
tall; blades flat, 10 to 15 mm wide; racemes,
several to many, narrowly ascending, the axis
pubescent and villous; spikelets lanceolate, acute,
about 4 mm long, appressed-pubescent on the
lower half; fruit about 2 mm long, the awn
hispidulous, about 1 mm long (fig. 117).

Swamps, ditches, and wet places, southern
United States to Argentina.

Cupa: Habana, Léon 850, 2686, 3448, 4315.
Coliseo, Léon 8828. Yumuri Mountains, Rugel
889. Eastern Cuba, Wright 1542. Isla de Pinos,
Ekman 12037.

JaMAicA: Montego Bay, Hitchcock 9679.
Appleton, Hitchcock 9661 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
300). Windsor, Mazon and killip 269.

Hartt: Fond-des-Negres, Hkman H 7161. Aux
Cayes, Ekman H 759. Gourjon, Ekman H 6454.
Miragoane, Ekman H 7222.

DoMINICAN REPUBLIC: Santiago, Hkman
H 16528. Sdnchez, Ekman H 14791. Matanzos,
Ekman H 15900.

Puerto Rico: Vega Baja, Britton and Cowell
1451. San Juan, Chase 6380; Hioram 361.
Sierra de Luquillo, Chase 6712. Ponce, Heller
6298. Mayaguez, Chase 6251; Hess 122. Cayey,
Sintenis 2386. Rio Piedras, Britton and Matz
7055. Adjuntas, Chase 6467, 6477; Sintenis 4253.
Fajardo, Sintenrs 1227b.

Virain Isuanps: St. Croix, Ricksecker 467.
St. Thomas, Hggers in 1881. Tortola, Fishlock
107; Britton and Shafer 761.

Lerewarp Is~anps: Antigua, Hitchcock 16387;
Box 73; Wullschlaegel 607. Guadeloupe, Duss
2709. Dominica, Jones 36.

Winpwarp Isuanps: Montserrat, Shafer 536.
Martinique, Duss 540. Barbados, Dash 602.
Grenada, Broadway 1530, 4617.

Cedros, Hitch-

cock 10141 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 301).
Toxsaco: Hitchcock 10250; Broadway 4603.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 185

5. Eriochloa polystachya H.B.K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 95. pl. 31.
1815. Ecuador. MALOSILLA.

Monachne subglabra Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 374. 1903.
Puerto Rico, Heller 380.

Eriochloa punctata var. subglabra Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 85.
1903.

Eriochloa subglabra Hitche., Contrib. U. 8S. Natl. Herb. 12: 208.
1909.

A stoloniferous perennial with erect flowering culms 1 to 2 m tall,
bearded nodes, flat spreading blades, and terminal panicles of several
to many loosely ascending or spreading branches, the spikelets usually
in pairs, first glume developed as a minute broad loose membrane.

Swamps, ditches, and moist ground, West Indies to Brazil and
Ecuador. <A good forage grass. In Puerto Rico this species is con-
fused with Parad grass, which it resembles in habit, and the name
“malojilla’”’ is applied to both. The two species are not infrequently
found growing together.

Cusa: Habana, Ekman 18298.

JAMAICA: Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9859.

Puerto Rico: Dorado, Britton and Brown 6683. Condado, Brit-
ton and Brown 5769. Rio Piedras, Stevenson 2304; Chase 6360 (Amer.
Gr. Nat. Herb. 302); Johnston 10. Mayaguez, Holm 56; Chase 6254,
6554; Britton 2366. Catano, Britton 8829. Lecheria, Goll 23.
Pueblo Viejo, Hioram 134. Bayamon, Hioram 327; Sintenis 1228.
Rio Canas, Britton 9336. Ponce, Britton and Brown 5513. Santurce,
Chase 6350. Arecibo, Chase 6445. Vega Baja, Chase 6795. Sierra
Luquillo, Chase 6714. Fajardo, Chase 6656; Britton and Shafer 1523.
Utuado, Chase 6458.

LEEWARD Isuanps: Guadeloupe, Hitchcock 16400.

TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9951, 9970, 10332. Aripo
Savanna, Hitchcock 10071. St. Anns, Broadway 7784.

76. BRACHIARIA Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 469. 1853.

Spikelets dorsally compressed, solitary, rarely in pairs, subsessile in
two rows on one side of a 3-angled, sometimes narrowly winged rachis,
the first glume turned tow ard the axis; second glume and sterile
lemma about equal, 5- to 7-nerved, the lemma enclosing a hyaline
palea and sometimes a staminate "flow er; fertile lemma indurate,
usually papillose-rugose, the margins inrolled, the apex rarely mucro-
nate or bearing a short awn. Annuals or perennials with linear
blades and several seatag or appressed racemes along a common
axis.

Spuseletse? mm: long, pubescent_— 2-2 2 2 be 2. 3B. ERUCAEFORMIS.

Spikelets 4amimrionewlabrous. 3.4) koe Se 1. B. EXTENSA.

1. Brachiaria extensa Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 28: 240.
1929. Based on Paspalum platyphyllum Griseb.

Paspalum platyphyllum Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 230. 1866. Not
P. platyphyllum Schult. 1827. Cuba, Wright 3441.

Panicum platyphyllum Munro; W. right, An. Acad. Cien. Habana
8: 206-1871.

Brachiaria platyphylla Nash., in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 81
1903.

Glabrous; culms ascending from a creeping base, rather freely
branching; blades flat, 5 to 10 cm long, about 1 cm wide; inflorescence

186 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

included at base of 1 to 4 rather distant finally spreading racemes
with a flat rachis and sessile ovoid spikelets appearing to be in a single
row (fig. 118).

Moist sandy soil, Louisiana, Texas, Cuba; also Argentina.

Cuna: Sumidero, Shafer
13850; Shafer and Léon
13637, 13724. Herradura,
Ekman in 1922 (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb.710). San Diego
de los Bafies, Léon 4522,
4848. Sabinilla, Wright
3867. Jagiiey Chico (prov.
Santa Clara), Ekman 16999.
Without locality, Wright
3441, 3853.

2. Brachiaria erucaeformis
(J. E. Smith) Griseb.,
in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4:
469. 1833.

Panicum erucaeforme J. E.
Smith, in Sibth., Fl. Graec.
Prodr.1:40. 1806. Greece.

Panicum isachne Roth;
Roem. and Schult., Syst.
Veg. 2:458. 1817. India.

Brachiaria isachne Stapf,
in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9:
552, 1919-

Annual; culms decum-
bent-spreading, rooting at

\?

FIGURE 118.—Brachiaria eztensa. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet and floret, X 10 (Nealley)-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 187

the lower nodes, branching, the flowering branches 20 to 30 cm tall;
blades flat, sparsely pilose, 4 to 6 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide; panicle
5 to 8 cm long; racemes several, appressed or ascending, 5 to 20
mm long; spikelets pubescent, 2 mm long (fig. 119).

A weed in cultivated fields, Barbados; warmer parts of the Old
World.

LEEWARD Istanps: Antigua, Bor 9, 67.

WINDWARD IsuANpDs: Barbados, Bot. Sta. Herb. 448; Hitchcock
16525 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 708).

77. AXONOPUS Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812

Spikelets depressed biconvex, not turgid, oblong, usually obtuse,
solitary, sessile, and alternate, in two rows on one side of a 3-angled
rachis, the back of the fertile lemma turned from the axis; first glume
wanting; second glume and sterile lemma equal, the lemma without
a palea; fertile lemma and palea indurate, the
lemma, oblong-elliptic, usually obtuse, the mar-
gins slightly inrolled. Stoloniferous or tufted
perennials, rarely annuals, with usually flat or
folded, abruptly rounded or somewhat pointed
blades, and few or numerous, slender, spikelike
racemes, digitate or racemose along the main
axis.

Rachis bearing conspicuous stiff spreading golden yellow
hairs. (Sec. CABRERA.)

Plants annual; rachis over 1 mm wide, extending be-

yond the spikelets____1. A. APPENDICULATUS.

Plants perennial; rachis slender, about 0.5 mm wide,

not extending beyond the spikelets.
2. A. AUREUS.

Rachis not bearing stiff hairs. (AxONOPUS proper.) FIGURE 119.—Brachiaria eru-
Plants annual, the delicate racemes 2 or 3. caeformis. Panicle, x 1, two
3 A. CAPILLARIS views of spikelet, and fioret,

: oie : X 10 (cult.).

Plants perennial.
Plants stoloniferous, the racemes 2 to 5.

pplkeletssabout 225 mm long: = 2.22 22522. SS oe 4. A. COMPRESSUS.

Spikelets-4-to-ommm pong. <b bid) bee tees 5. A. FURCATUS.
Plants not stoloniferous.

Racemes 100 or more, the axis elongate_______._--------- 8. A. ANCEPS.

Racemes 4 to several.
Blades glabrous; racemes several; spikelets acute.
. A. LEPTOSTACHYS.
Blades, at least when young, ciliate and more or less villous; racemes
femessDIKClEtSODtUSCs a ee oe ee 6. A. EQUITANS.
1. Axonopus appendiculatus (Presl) Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 18: 300. 1917.

Paspalum appendiculatum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 211. 1830.
Panama.

Slender sparingly branching annual with long smooth orange-col-
ored internodes; blades flat, thin, yellowish green, sparsely hispid or
glabrous; racemes 2 to 8. subdigitate, 3 to 6 cm long, the fiat green
rachis bearing a row of stiff golden hairs on each margin and down
the center between the 2 rows of small glabrous spikelets sunken in
the rachis.

Open grassy hillsides, Trinidad to Brazil. A strikingly beautiful
species.

TRIniDaD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10173 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 559).

188 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

2. Axonopus aureus Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 12. 1812. Type locality
not indicated.

Paspalum aureum H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 93. 1815.

Tall slender branching perennial; culms wiry, compressed; blades
flat, rather firm, spreading; racemes 4 to 15, subdigitate, slender,
golden brown, the stiff orange-yellow hairs in tufts below the spike-
lets as well as along the margins; spikelets about 1.3 mm long, gla-.
brous or sparingly appressed-hispid.

Wet sandy savannas, Puerto Rico and northern South America.
This species is described by Grisebach * under the name Paspalum
pulchrum.

Pusrrto Rico: San Juan, Chase 6764 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 560).
Rio Piedras, Stevenson 3282.

TrinipaD: Piarco Savanna, Hitchcock 10339. Without locality,
Crueger.

3. Axonopus capillaris (Lam.) Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 24: 133.
1S eS

Paspalum capillare Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. Tropical
America.

Anastrophus capillaris Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 161. 1912.

Annual; culms slender, glabrous, ascending, branching, 10 to 30 em
tall; blades thin, 2.5 to 5 cm long, about 4 mm wide; racemes 2 or 3,
delicate, about 2.5 cm long, on long subcapillary peduncles; spikelets.
glabrous, 1.38 mm long.

Forming patches on moist open ground, Central America to Trini-
dad and Brazil.

Trinipab: Pitch Lake, Mitchcock 10101 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 561).

4, Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12. 1812.
CARPET GRASS.

Milium compressum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788.
Jamaica.

Paspalum platicaulon Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 5: 34. 1804.
Puerto Rico.

Agrostis compressa Poir., in Lam., Enevel. Sup. 1: 259 [not 258].
1810. Not A. compressa Willd., 1790.

Paspalum compressum Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 5: 301. 1825.

Paspalum laticulmum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 245. 1825. West
Indies.

Digitaria platicaulis Desv., Opusc. 62. 1831.

Digitaria domingensis Desv.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 49. 1833, as.
synonym of Paspalum platycaule Poir.

Paspalum filostachyum A. Rich.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 20.
1854. Antilles.

Anastrophus compressus Schlecht.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2°: 102.
1877, as synonym of Paspalum platicaulon.

Anastrophus platycaulis Schlecht; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 118. 1893.

Paspalum raunkiaerii Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 15: 60. 1917.
St. Jan.

Nearly glabrous perennial, under favorable conditions producing’
long leafy stolons with short broad obtuse blades; flowerig culms.

55 F], Brit. W. Ind. 543, 1864.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

189

erect or ascending, compressed; blades rather thin, 8 to 10 mm
wide; racemes 2 to 5, slender, along a short axis, 2 or 3 axillary
peduncles often produced from the upper node; spikelets glabrous
or nearly so, 2 to 3 mm long (fig. 120).

This species is exceedingly variable in habit; in dry ground it

tom
fo
=

a

SLEEPER

PI Pea

pI
a
Sores
=
mS

_ —_
S

i

1,

~

sometimes has blades not more
than 2 or 3 mm wide.

Moist grassland, fields, partial
shade, common at low altitudes,
throughout the West Indies,
Southern United States to Argen-
tina; also in the warmer parts of
the Old World.

An important pasture grass
throughout the West Indies.
Readily propagating by stolons, it
tends to drive out other species,
thus becoming dominant in low-
land pastures. In Cuba this grass
is called “‘cafiamazo dulce’’, ‘‘cafia-
mazo de sabana’’, and “‘cafiamazo
macho.”

5. Axonopus furcatus (Fliigge)
finite he., Rhodoras8> 205.
1906.

Paspalum furcatum Fligege,
Monogr. Pasp. 114. 1810. Car-
olina.

Anastrophus furcatus Nash, N,
Amer Mil(ac62). 1912:

Plants stoloniferous; culms in
tufts, erect or decumbent at base,
as much as 1 m tall; blades mostly
5 to 10 mm wide; glabrous, ciliate
or even hirsute; racemes 2 at the
summit of the culm, spreading, 5
to 10 cm long; spikelets 4 to 5mm
long, glabrous, acute, the midnerve
of the glume evident (fig. 121).

FIGURE 120.—Azonopus compressus. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, x 10 (Combs 413).

190 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Marshes, river banks, and moist pine barrens, southern United
States and Cuba.
Cupa: Habana, Kkman 16928.

6. Axonopus equitans Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
18: 301. 1917. Trinidad, Hitchcock 9988.

Perennial; culms erect, 40 to 60 cm tall; blades rather stiffly
ascending, flat from a folded base, ciliate, rather sparsely villous on
the lower surface or the cauline glabrate, 15 to 20 cm long, 4 to 10
mm wide; racemes about 4, erect or ascending, 7 to 15 cm long;
spikelets oblong, 2 mm long.
+z Grassland, Trinidad.

; TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9988. St. Joseph, Hitchcock
10193.

FIGURE 121.—Azonopus furcatus. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10 (Combs 1205).

7. Axonopus leptostachys (Fliigge) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
22: Ait.” 1922.

Paspalum leptostachyum Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 123. 1810.
Venezuela.

Axonopus macrostachyus Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 18: 301. 1917. Trinidad, Hitchcock 10093.

Perennial; culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths keeled but not
strongly compressed; blades flat, stiffly erect, glabrous, as much
as 50 cm long, 4 to 7 mm wide; racemes about 12, slender, erect or
stifly ascending, 15 to 25 cm long, the main axis about 12 cm long;
spikelets acute, 3mm long, minutely silky at base and on the margins.

Low, open ground, Trinidad to Brazil.

TRINIDAD: Pitch Lake, Hitchcock 10093.

8. Axonopus anceps (Mez) Hitche.

Paspalum anceps Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 15: 61. 1917.
Brazil.

Perennial; culms flat, 1.5 m tall; sheaths broad, keeled, overlap-
ping, hirsute, densely hairy on the collar; blades elongate, rather
stiff, sparsely pilose; panicle 30 cm long; racemes numerous, laxly
spreading, 6 to 12 cm long, densely woolly in the axils; spikelets
plump, oval, 2 mm long, silky pubescent in lines.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 191

In Grasses of the West Indies * this species was referred to Axono-
pus pellitus (Nees) Hitche. and Chase. Nees’ type of Paspalum
pellitum and also Mez’s of P. anceps have since been examined in the
Berlin Herbarium.

Open grassland, Trinidad to Brazil.

TRINIDAD: Pitch Lake, Hitchcock 10094.

78. REIMAROCHLOA Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12:
198. 1909

Spikelets strongly dorsally compressed, lanceolate, acuminate,
rather distant, subsessile, and alternate in two rows along one side
of a narrow, flattened rachis, the back of the fertile lemma turned
toward it; both glumes wanting, or the second sometimes present in
the terminal spikelet; sterile lemma about equaling the fruit, the
sterile palea obsolete; fertile lemma scarcely indurate, faintly nerved,
acuminate, the margins inrolled at the base only, the palea free nearly
half its length. Spreading or stoloniferous perennials, with fiat
blades and slender racemes, these subdigitate or racemose along the
upper part of the culm, stiffly spreading or reflexed at maturity.
Spikelets 2 to 3 mm long, silky along the margin; racemes several.

. R. BRASILIENSIS.
Spikelets about 5 mm long, glabrous; racemes 2 or 8____ 2. R. OLIGOSTACHYA.
1. Reimarochloa brasiliensis (Spreng.) Hitchc., Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 12: 198. 1909.

Agrostis brasiliensis Spreng., Nov. Prov. Hal. 45. 1819. Brazil.

Reimaria brasiliensis Schlecht., Bot. Zits 102-1%. 4852:

Panicum oryanthum Steud. , Syn. PisGlum. 1547. 1854 Santo
Domingo.

Culms tufted, branching, stoloniferous, the ascending flowering
branches scarcely more than 10 cm tall; sheaths loose; blades flat,
rather lax, mostly less than 10 cm long, pubescent or pilose; racemes
delicate, digitate, about 10, finally spreading or reflexed, 2 to 3 cm
long; spikelets about 8 mm long, acuminate, silky along the margin.

Wet ground around ponds, Cuba to Brazil.

Cuspa: Handbana, Wright 3437. Las Mangas, Ekman 13085.
Habana, Ekman 757. Santiago de las Vegas, Hkman in 1923 (Amer.
Gr. Nat. Herb. 992). San Francisco, Ekman 10976. Isla de Pinos,
Curtiss 497.

Dominican Repustuic: Higiiey, Ekman H 12176. Santo Domingo,
Ekman H 10994. Without locality, Poiteaw.

2. Reimarochloa oligostachya (Munro) Hitchc., Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 12: 199. 1909.

Reimaria oligostachya Munro; Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Boe. 19:
34. 1882. Florida.

Stouter than the preceding, the flat culms often elongate, decumbent
with ascending ends; racemes 1 to 3, terminal and axillary, stiff, at
maturity widely divergent or deflexed ; spikelets glabrous, about 5
mm long (fig. 122).

Wet soil around ponds, Florida and Cuba.

Cusa: Handbana, Wright 3854.

56 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 301. 1917.
60256—36——13

192 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 122.—Reimarochloa oligostachya. Plant, X y two views of spikelet, and floret, < 10 (Curtiss
3596A

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 193

79. PASPALUM L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759

Spikelets plano-convex, usually obtuse, subsessile, solitary or in
pairs, in two rows on one side of a narrow or dilated rachis, the back
of the fertile lemma toward it; first glume usually wanting; second
elume and sterile lemma commonly about equal, the former rarely
wanting; fertile lemma usually obtuse, chartaceous-indurate, the
margins inrolled. Annuals or perennials, with one to many spike-
like racemes, these single or paired at the summit of the culms or
racemosely arranged along the main axis.

Full synonymy and more complete descriptions are to be found in
the North American Species of Paspalum.*”

Rachis membranaceous or foliaceous, mostly broad and winged.
Spikelets clothed with long silky hairs; rachis brightly colored. (Subgenus

CERESIA.)
Culms simple; racemes solitary or paired______-.-___-_- 1. P. STELLATUM.
Culms branching; racemes not paired, 2 to 7 on the main culm, solitary
OMe thers ran Chess paves werden ule Oy yes Let a 2. P. HETEROTRICHON,

Spikelets glabrous (or minutely pubescent in P. repens); rachis green or dul).
Plants perennial.
Racemes persistent on the axis; rachis with a spikelet at the apex. Second
glume developed.

Spikelets 2 mm long, obovate-oval________--_----- 3. P. DISSECTUM.
Spikelets more than 3 mm long, pointed___________-_ 4. P. SERRATUM.
Racemes falling from the axis; rachis extending beyond the uppermost
SIL t aewenee meas yea lies apes eeu ely y L ely Balan la kya 5. P. REPENS.
LEVEY Gv RS} GPE ON 2H EU saa el AC gal lg ge i hs a 6. P. RACEMOSUM.

Rachis not membranaceous, foliaceous, nor winged. (Slightly winged in a few
species but spikelets not silky.)

Inflorescence a large flabellate panicle of numerous racemes. Spikelets solitary.
Spikelets glabrous or minutely ciliate___._-_--___- 59. P. FASCICULATUM.
Spikelets obscured by their long silky hairs__._-_-_-_-_ 75. P. SACCHAROIDES.

Inflorescence not flabellate.

Racemes 2, conjugate or nearly so at the summit of the culm, rarely a third
below.
Spikelets elliptic to narrowly ovate.
Plants with creeping rhizomes or stolons.
Second glume pubescent; spikelets relatively turgid_ 9. P. pisticuuM.
Second glume and sterile lemma glabrous; spikelets flattened.
Blades erect or ascending, involute-setaceous__ 8. P. DISTACHYON.
Blades spreading, tapering from base to apex, the margins in-

IVOLULC! EL a Byte Saul Wane yw eR 7. P. VAGINATUM.
Plants tufted, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous.

Spikelets not transversely wrinkled____________-_- 16. P. LINEARE.

Spikelets transversely wrinkled__--___.________-_ 44. P. INSULARE.

Spikelets suborbicular, broadly ovate, or obovate.
Spikelets concavo-convex, sparsely long-silky around the margins; plant

SEOLOMTRERO USM eel hr aie Ua is ea 56. P. CONJUGATUM.
Spikelets plano-convex (rarely biconvex, not silky margined; plants not
stoloniferous).

Plants annual, small, slender; spikelets not more than 1.5 mm long.
Spikelets orbicular, some of them beaded with globular hairs.
48. P. MULTICAULE.
Spikelets obovate, glabrous or minutely pubescent.
49. P. CLAVULIFERUM.
Plants perennial; spikelets 1.8 to 3 mm long, solitary.
Spikelets golden brown, transversely marked with dark lines.
15. P. SERPENTINUM.
Spikelets green, not marked.
Rhizome stout, horizontal, forming tough sod.

Spikelets;'2:5)to3:mm long. 3222512. 2.2 12. P. NoTaTum.
Spikelets less than 2.5 mm long____________- 13. P. MINUs.
Rhizome none or short and vertical_________ 14. P. pumILuM..

%’ Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 1-310. 1929.

194 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Racemes 1 to many, racemose or fascicled on the axis, not conjugate.
Second glume warngin Gore a a ee eee eee nee 73. P. PULCHELLUM.
Second glume developed.

First glume developed on at least one of the pair of spikelets.
Plants with stout scaly rhizomes; spikelets glabrous. First glume
oltentobsoletes = oe aa ee ee ee ee 24. P. UNISPICATUM.
Plants without rhizomes; culms more or less tufted.
Spikelets not more than 2 mm long.
Plants decumbent, creeping.
First glume small, about equally developed on all spikelets
2 P, DECUMBENS.
First glume obsolete or only occasionally developed.
21. P. NUTANS.
Plants erect or ascending, not creeping. First glume of sec-

ondary spikelet elongate: 22 2 82 es 22. P. DISPAR.
Spikelets more than 2 mm long. Plants not decumbent.

Spikeletsiglabrowswt jt) Wie ei) a 23. PP. PILOSUM.

Spikelets sparsely pubescent______.___-____-- 25. P. LANGEI.

First glume normally wanting.
Racemes terminal and axillary, the axillary sometimes hidden in
the sheaths; terminal inflorescence of 1 to 3, rarely 6, racemes.

Plants rooting at the lower nodes _____.______-_ 21. P. NUTANS.
Plants erect to widely spreading but not rooting at the nodes.
Blades densely grayish-villous, not ciliate_-—-_-_ hie SPA DEBILE:

Blades ciliate, not villous.
Spikelets about 2 mm long, not pointed_18. P. cILIATIFOLIUM.
Spikelets about 1.8 mm long, slightly pointed.
19. P. PROPINQUUM.
Racemes terminal on the primary culm or leafy branches, no truly
axillary racemes.
Plants annual.
Spikelets with a broad firm notched margin. 74. P. FIMBRIATUM.
Spikelets not margined.
Spikelets not more than 1.5 mm long, elliptic; fruit pale. Plants
annual.
Spikelets solitary.
Spikelets orbicular, usually beaded with globular hairs.
48. P. MULTICAULE.
Spikelets elliptic, not beaded-_---_- 50. P. PARVIFLORUM.
Spikelets impairs. 42 Sos Bane 49, P. CLAVULIFERUM.
Spikelets 2 to 3 mm long; fruit dark brown.
Spikelets 2.4 to 3 mm long, commonly appressed-pubescent.
a P. CONVEXUM.
Spikelets not more than 2.2 mm long, glabrous.
Rachis searcely 1 mm wide.__.71. P. MELANOSPERMUM.
Rachis 2 to 2.5 mm wide..-------- 72. P. BOSCIANUM.
Plants perennial.
Racemes solitary, subcylindric; spikelets solitary (sometimes
paired in P. saugetiz).
Plants stoloniferous. Culms rarely more than 10 em tall.
Glume and sterile lemma not beaked nor wrinkled.

P. BREVE,
Glume and sterile lemma beaked beyond the fruit, deeply
nig aNU cg Calo Maka Gotan doy 6 858 pA Ce ES Nyasa 52. P. EDMONDI.

Plants not stoloniferous.
Sterile lemma wrinkled or crumpled.
Foliage conspicuously pubescent; blades flat or subin-
volute.
Raceme cylindric; rachis straight_----- 43. P. NANUM.
Raceme rather flat, scarcely cylindric; rachis flexuous.
44, P. INSULARE.
Foliage glabrous or nearly so; blades concavo-convex in
cross section.
Glume and sterile lemma scarcely crumpled.
40. P. FILIFORME

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES - 195

Glume and sterile lemma inflated and crumpled.
Spikelets 2 mm long; glume and sterile lemma not
pointed beyond the fruit__41. P. pIstoRTUM.
Spikelets 2.7 to 3 mm long; glume and sterile lemma
pointed beyond the fruit_42. P. LINDENIANUM.
Sterile lemma not wrinkled nor crumpled.
Spikelets 3 to 3.3 mm long.
Spikelets glabrous, in pairs________ 37. P. ROCANUM.
Spikelets pubescent, solitary.
Blades elongate, glabrous__38. P. ALTERNIFLORUM.
Blades less than 20 cm long, conspicuously pilose.
39. P. ROTTBOELLIOIDES.
Spikelets not more than 1.8 mm long.
Blades not more than 1 mm wide, concavo-convex or
subterete in cross section.
Plants delicate; blades capillary, subterete.
47, P. CAPILLIFOLIUM.
Plants wiry; blades concavo-convex.
40. P. FILIFORME.
Blades or some of them 2 mm or more wide; flat or

involute.
Spikelets elliptic, glabrous______-_- 45. P. RUPESTRE.
Spikelets oval, pubescent________-. 46. P. SAUGETII.

Racemes 2 to many.
Glume and sterile lemma conspicuously crumpled.
4 P. LINDENIANUM.
Glume and sterile lemma not crumpled or but slightly so.
Plants creeping, rooting at the nodes.

Spikelets suborbicular___________-_ 53. P. ORBICULATUM.

Spikelets more or less elliptic.
Spikelets pubescent, blunt_______- 54. P. REPTATUM.
Spikelets glabrous, or obscurely pubescent at base
only; subacutess. 2225.25 55. P. AMPHICARPUM.

Plants not creeping, sometimes rooting at 1 or 2 nodes of a
decumbent base, if so, spikelets in pairs.
Spikelets conspicuously silky-ciliate around the margin,
the hairs as long as the spikelet or longer.
Racemes commonly 3 to 5; culms geniculate at base.
57. P. DILATATUM.
Racemes commonly 12 to 18; culms erect.
535) PS URVALLET.
Spikelets not conspicuously ciliate.
Fruit dark brown and shining; spikelets glabrous
or minutely appressed-pubescent.
Spikelets obovate, turgid; sterile lemma wrinkled
just within the margin__-_-_- 66. P. PLICATULUM.
Spikelets elliptic, depressed, not turgid.
Plants subaquatic; rachis 1.5 to 2 mm wide.
67. P. WRIGHTII.
Plants terrestrial; rachis 1 mm wide.
Racemes not more than 5 em long; foliage
plabrous 3: 2k ee 68. P. MOTEMBENSE.
Racemes 8 to 15 em long; sheaths and blades
hirsute at their junction.
69. P. URBANIANUM.
Fruit pale to stramineous (brown but not shining in
P. virgatum).
Plants robust; culms commonly more than 1 m, often
2 m tall; spikelets normally in pairs.
Culms freely branching. Racemes 10 to 45;
spikelets elliptic, glandular-pubescent.
65. P. cCORYPHAEUM.

196 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Culms simple or with a few simple branches.

Blades firm, with sharp-cutting edges.
Spikelets pubescent, at least toward the sum-
mit; blades flat, more or less arcuate-

Spence! 25 Sa 60. P.virGatTuM.

Spikelets glabrous; blades V-shaped in cross
section, ascending.
Spikelets suborbicular, crowded; _ rachis
ciliate.

Panicle not pyramidal, the racemes rarely
more than 50; glume and sterile
lemma rather firm in texture.

63. P. MILLEGRANA.

Panicle elongate-pyramidal, the racemes
commonly more than 70, short and
crowded at the summit; glume and
sterile lemma fragile.

64. P. DENSUM.
Spikelets obovate-elliptic; rachis not ciliate.

Racemes slender; spikelets not crowded;
rachis 0.7 mm wide__61. P. SECANs.

Racemes thick; spikelets somewhat
crowded; rachis 1 mm wide.

62. P. ARUNDINACEUM.
Plants not robust; if more than 1m tall, culms
relatively slender.
Spikelets 2 mm or more long.
Spikelets about 3 mm long, pubescent.
Blades 6 to 14 mm wide; spikelets oval.
10. P. PUBIFLORUM.
Blades very narrow, involute; spikelets
lanceolate____38. P. ALTERNIFLORUM.
Spikelets 2 to 2.6 mm long, glabrous.
Spikelets broadest in the middle.

Racemes 2 to 4, the rachis greenish, 1.2 to
1.5 mm wide___-__- 37. P. ROCANUM.

Racemes mostly 4 to 7, the rachis dark
purple, 1.5 to 2 mm wide.

11. P. LrvipuM.
Spikelets broadest above the middle.

Pedicels pubescent; spikelets 2.2 to 2.5
mm long____36. P. PLEOSTACHYUM.

Pedicels glabrous or scaberulous; spike-
lets about 2 mm long.

Spikelets subangular-obovate, 1.4 mm
wide_____27. P. oLIGOSTACHYUM.
- Spikelets obovate-elliptic, 1.1 mm wide.
: 34. P. BAKERI.
Spikelets less than 2 mm long.
Spikelets glabrous, 1.6 to 1.9 mm long, oval.
26. P. NESIOTEs.
Spikelets more or less pubescent.
Spikelets subhemispheric, 1.3 to 1.4 mm
long, pubescent__28. P. PANICULATUM.
Spikelets elliptic or oval.
Racemes usually solitary, sometimes 2.
46. P. SAUGETII.
Racemes usually more than 2.
Spikelets 1.3 mm long, oval, pubescent.
30. P. BLODGETTII.

Spiketets 1.5 to 1.8 mm long, or as much
as 2 mm in P. larum.

Primary pedicel nearly as long as the
spikelet, the spikelets not
crowded. ©»)24.8- 32. P. MOLLE.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 197

Primary pedicel much shorter than
its spikelet, the — spikelets
crowded.

Nodes glabrous; spikelets pale,
stramineous or brownish, 1.7
to 2mm long__35. P. LAxuUM.

Nodes or some of them appressed-
pubescent; spikelets green or
purplish.

Rhizomes long, scaly.
29. P. MARITIMUM.
Rhizomes wanting.
Ligule obsolete or minute.
31. P. CAESPITOSUM.
Ligule 1.5 to 2 mm long.
33. P. ACUTIFOLIUM.

1. Paspalum stellatum Humb. and Bonpl., in Fligge, Monogr. Pasp.
62. 1810. Colombia.

Culms simple, erect, or decumbent at base, 40 to 80 cm tall, slender,
wiry; sheaths papillose-hirsute, or the upper glabrate; blades involute-
setaceous, papillose-pilose; racemes solitary or paired, 2.5 to 10 cm
long; rachis 5 to 7 mm wide, the margins membranaceous; spikelets
about 3 mm long, almost
hidden under the dense
glistening white hairs
(fig! 23)!

Savannas and open
rocky slopes, southern
Mexico to Argentina;
Hispaniola.

Haiti: St. Michel,
Leonard 7289, 7526,
7537a. Between Morne
Sala and Morne Basil,
Ekman H 2484. Hinche,
Ekman H 6428. Mire-
balais, Hkman H 2302.
Miragoane, Ekman
H 7246.

Dominican REPUB-
Lic: Leonor, Valeur 498.
Moncién, Hkman
el O1 5:

2. Paspalum heterotri-
chon Trin., Gram.

lteenea3 > plav 285:
1831. Brazil.

Paspalum heterotri-
chum var. paucispicatum
Hack., Notizbl. Bot.
Gart: Berlin’ 1: 328.

SEE : FIGURE 123.—Paspalum stellatum. Panicle, X 1; two
1897. Haiti, Picarda views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Sello 5686).

1525.
Culms very slender, 50 to 90 em tall, finally branching and leaning
or clambering among other vegetation; blades firm, more or less

198 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

involute; racemes 2 to 7, 1 to 2 cm distant, 1 to 6 cm long; rachis
3 to 4 mm wide, the margins membranaceous; spikelets about 2.5
mm long, partially hidden by the copious white hairs; one hair of the
marginal fringe bristlelike, much exceeding the others (fig. 124).
Open grassy hillsides and savannas, Panama to Peru and southern
Brazil; Hispaniola.
Haiti: St. Michel, Buch 1091; Leonard 7537, 7793, 7795a. Mire-
balais, Hkman H 2274.
ZA Ennery, Leonard 8957.
; Morne Faure, Christ 1800.
Miragoane, Hkman H
7247. Trouin, Ekman H 2401.
Furcy, Leonard 4298.
Dominican Repusuic: Con-
stanza, Hkman H 14018. San
Juan, Ekman H 13404.

3. Paspalum dissectum (L.) L.,
SOLE el Bs Sil, 72,

Panicum dissectum L., Sp. Pl.
07. 1753. (Probably Delaware.)

Subaquatic perennial; culms
creeping, rooting at the nodes, the
flowering branches ascending;
blades flat, thin, 3 to 6 cm long,
4 to 5mm wide; inflorescence ter-
minal and axillary; racemes 2 to 4,
2 to3cm long, usually erect, falling
entire, the rachis membranaceous,
2 to 3 mm wide; spikelets 2 mm
long (fig. 125).

On muddy or sandy banks of
ponds and ditches or in shallow
e VY. water, southeastern United States;
j Cuba.

FIGURE 124.—Paspalum heterotrichon. Panicl CUB Peeuue Santa anes

1; two eral soles Gh, anal Has SC 16 Ekman 17269. Handbana, YW right

(type and Malme 1562B). 1691n 1865. Eastern Cuba, Wright
3440.

4, Paspalum serratum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
18: 306. 1917. Jamaica, Hitchcock 9795.

Aquatic glabrous perennial; culms as much as 1.7 m long; blades
flat, soft, thin, 4 to 9 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide; racemes 2, rarely 1,
12 to 15 mm distant, 3 to 5 cm long; rachis about 3 mm wide; spikelets
about 3.3 mm long (fig. 126).

In ponds and sluggish streams, Cuba and Jamaica.

Cusa: Jagiiey Chico, Hkman 16990.

Jamaica: Troy, Hitchcock 9795; Harris 12582, 12598. Inverness,
Flarris 12719. Without locality, Alexander.

5. Paspalum repens Bergius, Act. Helv. Phys. Math. 7: 129. pl. 7.
1762. Dutch Guiana.

Aquatic perennial, the submerged culms as much as 2 m long,

with inflated sheaths; blades flat, 10 to 20 cm long, 12 to 15 min

Yo tss

py pores pt ULE nee

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 199
wide; panicles 10 to 15 em long; racemes numerous, solitary or 2 or 3
together, tardily falling entire, 3 to 5 cm long, the rachis 1.5 mm
wide; spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm long, whitish, glabrous or pubescent
Gio L277).

FIGURE 125.—Paspolum dissec- FIGURE 126.—Paspclum serratum. Panicle,
tum. Panicle X 1; two views x 1; two views of spikelet, and floret,
of spikelet, and floret, < 10 xX 10 (type).

(Commons 85).

Floating in sluggish streams or standing water or creeping in wet
places, southeastern United States, West Indies, and Central America
to Paraguay.

Jamaica: Cornwall, Harris 12557. Shettlewood, Harris 11641.
Westmoreland, Harris 11812. Middle Quarters, Hitchcock 9582.

TRINIDAD: Caroni Savanna,
Hart 4194.

6. Paspalum racemosum Lam.,
abl kneycl. 1: 146. 1790.
Peru.

Annual; culms widely spreading
or clambering, as much as 1 m
long; blades flat, thin, 4 to 12 cm
long, 1 to 2 cm wide, acuminate,
glabrous; panicle ferruginous or
dark purple, 10 to 20 cm long;
racemes numerous, falling entire,
1 to 2 cm long; rachis about 1 mm
wide; spikelets about 2.7 mm long,
the glume rugulose on the lower Ficurz 127.—Paspalwm repens. Panicle, X 1;
p art, the s teril e lemma flu ted or EO) wee of spikelet, and floret, < 10 (Hitch-
deeply wrinkled crosswise (fig. 128).

In recently disturbed soil, fields, waste places, and roadsides,
Kceuador and Peru; introduced as an ornamental in the West Indies
and escaped.

Cusa: Habana, Léon 759.

Dominican Repusuic: Without locality, Poiteau.

200 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

7. Paspalum vaginatum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788.
Jamaica. :

Digitaria foliosa Lag., Gen. et Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. Habana.

Paspalum brachiatum Trin.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 62. 1829, as
synonym. Martinique.

Paspalum foliosum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 25. 1829.

Paspalum inflatum A. Rich., in Sagra,
Hist. Cuba 11: 298. 1850. Habana.

Paspalum distichum var. vaginatum Swartz;
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 541. 1864.

Paspalum vaginatum var. nanum Doell, in
Mart. Fl. Bras. 22:075: W877. @ brazil

Extensively creeping perennial with hori-
zontal rhizomes and also stoloniferous, form-
ing extensive colonies; flowering culms 8 to
60 cm tall; sheaths overlapping, broad and

loose; blades 2.5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 8 mm

Pigune 126 Puspalurmracenesum- wide: racemes usually 2, rarely as many

x 10 (Peru). as 5, at first erect, spreading or reflexed

at maturity, 1.5 to 7.5 cm long; rachis

1 to 2 mm wide; spikelets mostly 3.5 to 4 mm long, acute, pale,
glabrous (fig. 129).

Seacoasts and brackish sands, southeastern United States, Mexico,
and West Indies to Argentina, Baja California to Chile, Tropics of
Eastern Hemisphere.

Bermupa: Brownand
Britton 100.

Bauamas: Nassau,
Geogr. Soc. Baltimore
546; Hog Island, Britton
and Brace 340.

Cusa: Arroyo Man-
tua, Hkman 11003.
Habana, Curtiss 751;
Ekman 13392; Léon 811,
14168. Playadel Rosa-
rio, Léon and Roca 7287.
Playa de Marianao,
Palmer and Riley 848.
Tunas, Léon 6734. San-
tiago de Cuba, Léon and
Voisard 930. Castillo

de Jagua, Léon 15590. FIGURE 129.—Pospalum vaginatum. anible 7 ea views
Western Cuba, Wright of spikelet, and floret, x 10 (Hitchcce 66).
947, 3854.

Jamaica: Montego Bay, Hitchcock 9667. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitch-
cock 9866. Black River, Hitchcock 9641. Buff Bay, Hitchcock 9775.
Gordon Town, Hart 860. Kingston, Hitchcock 9317 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 563); Harris 12661.

Harrt: Cape Haitien, Ekman H 2756. Tortuga Island, Leonard
14096.

Dominican Repusuic: Higiiey, Ekman H 12222.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 201

Purrto Rico: Mona Island, Hess 439. Mayaguez, Chase 6307;
Sintenis 6857. Santurce, Chase 6343. Humacao, Eggers 691.
Vieques Island, Chase 6694. ;

VirGin IsuaNnps: St. Croix, Benzon; Paulsen 313.

Lrewarp Isitanps: Antigua, Hitchcock 16383. Guadeloupe, Hitch-
cock 16409.

WINDWARD Istanps: Martinique, Duss 545 in part; Sieber 20, 367.
Barbados, Bot. Station Herb. 277.

TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 10050. San Fernando, Hitch-
cock 10108. Cedros, Hitchcock 10139.

Toxsaco: Scarborough, Broadway 4655; Hitchcock 10287. Studley
Park, Broadway 3045.

8. Paspalum distachyon Poit.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI.
Sci. Nat. 1: 142. 1834. Santo Domingo.

Culms erect, 15 to 40 cm tall, slender, wiry,
with hard yellow rhizomes; blades 6 to 15 cm
long, 1 to 2 mm wide, drying involute; racemes
2, 1.2 to 5 cm long, erect; spikelets about 3 mm
long (fig. 130).

Moist or dry brackish or
alkaline soil, mostly near
the coast, West Indies.

Cusa: Habana, Léon
2614, 2783. Ciénaga de
Zapata, Léon 9534. Bara-
sud, Hitchcock 23340, 23341.
Tiffin, Shafer 2874, 2905.
Guantinamo, Hioram 12.
Jamaica, Hioram and Bap-
tiste 1289. Jticaro, Léon
15639, 15641. Isla de Pinos,
Ekman 12423.

Jamaica: Montego Bay,
Hitchcock 9678. Savanna-
la-Mar, Hitchcock 9864.
Black River, Harris 12548;
Hitchcock 9642. Inverness,
Harris 11695, 12716.

Hartt: Cape Haitien,

FIGURE 130.—Paspalum 9 FIGURE 131.—Paspelum dis-
distachyon. Panicle, X 1; Ekman H oes 13) 2756. tichum. Panicle, X 1; two

De een ee Ont erinces Pee AO ner enneounge
’ ry tene Cue A
cock 9678). DoMINICAN REPUBLIC:

Santiago, Hkman H 16536.
Lrewarp Istanps: Dominica (probably Povteau).

9. Paspalum distichum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759. Jamaica.
KNOTGRASS.
Widely creeping perennial with slender rhizomes, extensively
stoloniferous; flowering culms 6 to 50 cm tall; blades flat, 3 to 12 cm
long, 2 to 6 mm wide; racemes usually 2, rarely as many as 4, erect
to reflexed, commonly incurved, 1.5 to 7 cm long; spikelets 2.5 to 3.5
mm long, acute, the glume minutely appressed-pubescent; first glume
frequently developed (fig. 131).

202 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ditches and wet, rarely brackish places, southern United States to
Chile; warm regions of Eastern Hemisphere. Common throughout
the West Indies and to be found on probably all the islands.

10. Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 11. 1886.
Mexico.

Culms rather robust, decumbent and rooting at base, 40 to 100 cm
tall; blades flat, usually 10 to 15 em long, 6 to 14 mm wide; racemes
usually 3 to 5, 2 to 10 cm long, rather thick; spikelets about 3 mm long,

pubescent (fig. 132),

i
\ AN)
ily

‘a
tH |
h
NY
AW

‘

RN
‘ i

\ \\ ss \
SQ:

. Wid y
FIGURE 132.—Paspalum pubiflorum. Panicle, X 1; FIGURE 133—Paspalum
ae of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Hitchcock lividum. Panicle, X 1; two
5555).

views of spikelet, and floret,
X 10 (Arséne 3176).

Moist open ground, Louisiana to Mexico; Cuba.

Cusa: Habana, Ekman 10 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 908), 16800; Léon
1986. Cerro, Ekman 938.

11. Paspalum lividum Trin., in Schlecht., Linnaea 26: 383. 1854.
Mexico. LoneGTom.
Culms 50 to 100 cm tall, from a decumbent or creeping base; blades
usually 15 to 25 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide; racemes usually 4 to 7,
thick, somewhat flexuous, erect or ascending, 1.5 to 5 cm long; rachis
1.5 to 2 mm wide, dark livid purple; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long (fig.
1339))p
Low ground, wet savannas, and swamps, and along streams and
ditches, southern United States and Mexico to Argentina; Cuba.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 203.

This species was referred to P. denticulatum Trin. in the Grasses
of the West Indies.

Cusa: Habana, Baker, Tracy, and Hasselbring 3096; Ekman 1253,
1257; Léon 571, 937, 4635; Tracy 9119. Arroyo Apolo, Léon 272.
Marianao, Léon 588. Macagua, Ekman 16805.

12. Paspalum notatum Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 106. 1810. St.

Thomas. BAHIA GRASS.
Paspalum taphrophyllum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 19. 1854.
Martinique.

Culms 15 to 50 em tall from short stout woody horizontal rhizomes;
leaves mostly basal; racemes 2, very rarely 3, subconjugate, thick,
usually 4 to 7 cm long; spikelets
ovate to obovate, 2.5 to 3.8 mm
long (fig. 134).

Open ground, savannas, and
pastures, up to 2,000 m, Mexico to
Argentina and nearly throughout
the West Indies. An important
forage constituent of lowland
pastures.

Cupa: Guane, Léon 6989.
Sierra la Guira, Léon 5167. San
Diego de los Bafios, Léon 4526.
Herradura, Baker 2968; Hitchcock
454. San Ramon, Ekman 13052.
Mariel, Ekman in 1921 (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 914). Habana, Baker,
Tracy, and Hasselbring 3097;
Ekman 1251; Léon 117b, 928;
Tracy 9118. Guanabacoa, Hitch-
cock 23224; Léon in 1907. La
Magdalena, Baker 2. Placetas
del Sur, Léon 6423. Mordazo,
Ekman 17096. Baragué, Hitch-
cock 23360. Soledad, Jack 6125,
7576. Isla de Pinos, Palmer and

. AY; 2 FIGURE 134.—Paspalum notatum. Panicle,
Riley 1119. Without lo Cc ali ty ) X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret,
Wright 3438 in part. X 10 (Chase 6639}.

JAMAICA: Troy, Hitchcock 9784.
Claremont, Hitchcock 9495. Holly Mount, Hitchcock 9450 (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 564). New Forest, Hitchcock 9821. Lititz Savanna,
Harris 12443. Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9540. Kingston,
Hitchcock 9471. Westphalia, Harris 11570. Blue Mountains,
Perkins 1488. Cinchona, Harris 9497; Hitchcock 9696, 9711.
Castleton Gardens, Hitchcock 9395, Hardware Gap, Harris 11544.

Haiti: Port-Margot, Ekman H 2927. Boche 4 Bateau, Hkman
H 734. Aux Cayes, Ekman H 863.

Dominican Repusiic: Samand Peninsula, Abbott 152; Ekman
H 15607. (Guerra, Ekman H 11016.

Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6287, 6314; Holm 173. Maricao,
Britton, Cowell, and Brown 4476; Chase 6236. Lares, Chase 6585.
Bayamon, Hioram 347. Vega Beja, Chase 6424. San Juan, Chase
6344, 6401. Catano, Chase 6639. Rio Piedras, Chase 6779; Hioram

204 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

807. El Yunque, Chase 6729. Colonia San Miguel, Britton and
Shafer 1624.
Lerwarp Is~anps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel 593; Box 99, 142.
Dominica, Hitchcock 16421.
WINDWARD IsLaNnps: Mar-
tinique, Duss 558. Grenada,
Broadway 1793%.

13. Paspalum minus Fourn.,
Mex. Pll) 2: .6niptSSor
Mexico.

Similar to P. notatum, com-
monly in denser mats, on
the average smaller, the culms
rarely more than 30 cm tall;
racemes more slender, less
rarely 3; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm
long (fig. 135).

Open slopes and savannas
up to 1,500 m, Texas, Mexico,

i and the West Indies to Para-
& guay and Bolivia.
A Cusa: Arroyo del Sumidero,
FIGURE 135.—Paspalum minus. Panicle, X 1; two Léon and Shafer 13670; Shafer
views of spikelet, and fioret, X 10 (type collection). and Léon 13677. Herradura,
Hitchcock 455, 23439; Tracy
9093. Cajdlbana, Léon and Charles 4856. San Diego de los Bafios,
Léon 4468. Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23284, 23305. Mordazo, Ekman
17093. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14695; Palmer and
Riley 978. Without locality, Wright 3438 in part.

Jamaica: Bull Head
Mountain, Hitchcock
95401.

Hartt: Las Cahobas,
Cook, Scofield, and Doyle
103.

DomINICAN REPUBLIC:
Cotuy, Abbott 830, 850.

Pusrrto Rico: Trujillo
Alto, Chase 6368.

14. Paspalum pumilum
Nees, Agrost. Bras.
Baa Wey e leheeyall

Culms usually 15 to 35
em tall, the rhizomes, if
present, short and nearly
vertical; blades 1.5 to 12
om long, 2 toy mm wide, FIGURE 136.—Paspalum pumilum. Panicle, X 1; two views of
olabrous or pubescent; spikelet, and floret; X 10 (type and Hitchcock 10350).
racemes 2, recurved-
ascending, 2 to 7 cm long, slender; spikelets 1.6 to 2 mm long, glabrous
(fig. 136).

Sandy savannas and moist open ground, mostly at low altitudes,
West Indies to Uruguay and Chile.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 205

LEEWARD IsLaNnpDs: Dominica, Jones 39.
TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna, Hitchcock 10350; Warming 808.
Valencia, Broadway 6946.

15. Paspalum serpentinum Hochst.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 22.
1854. Dutch Guiana.

Culms simple, erect, 50 to 60 cm tall, naked above; lower sheaths
crowded, grayish villous, the upper glabrous; blades firm, flat or
involute, 3 to 5 mm wide; racemes 2, subconjugate, 6 to 8 cm long;
rachis slender, flexuous; spikelets suborbicular, flattish, 2.6 mm long,
glabrous, yellowish brown with irregular transverse markings of dark
brown (fig. 137).

Wet sandy savannas, Trinidad, the Guianas, and Brazil.

TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna,
Mitchcock 10337.

16. Paspalum lineare Trin.,
Gram. Pan.99. 826. Brazil.

Paspalum neesi Kunth, Rév.
Gram. 1: 25. 1829. Brazil.
Culms slender,’'40 to 80 cm tall,

\\ \Ahy

In a a “NV Ah
With, Miual! fi, ag \ il

a ‘TAN
Wa Any Sy
Hayta)\ .
/ \ (M4 NU .N

0
CUT

FIGURE 137.—Paspalum serpentinum. Pan- FIGURE 138.—Paspalum linecre. Panicle
icle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret,
X 10 (type and Hitchcock 10337). X 10 (type and Glaziou 224938).

the nodes appressed-pubescent; blades narrow, conduplicate, the
upper surfaces grown together; racemes 2, approximate, erect, 3 to 5
cm long; spikelets not imbricate, elliptic, 4 to 4.5 mm long, glabrous
except at the very base (fig. 138).

Savannas, Costa Rica to Argentina; Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cupa: Herradura, Baker 3459; Ekman 10737. Between Zarzal and
Nagua, Léon 11336; Ekman 14146. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson
15114; Curtiss 379.

Dominican Repusuic: Cuenca, Hkman H 11061, H 13338.

17. Paspaium debile Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 44. 1803. Carolina.

Culms slender, ascending, with a cluster of short leafy shoots at
base; blades flat, rather thin, pilose on both surfaces, conspicuously

206 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ciliate; racemes 4 to 6 cm long, usually 2 on the terminal culm,
solitary on the axillary peduncles; spikelets broadly ovate, 1.6 to
1.8 mm long, minutely pubescent (fig. 139).

Sandy, mostly dry soil, barrens, and pine woods, eastern United
States, Mexico, and Cuba.

Cupa: Herradura, Hitchcock 471. Cojimar, Ekman 1094. Santa
Fé, Léon 8783.
18. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 44. 1803.

Carolina.

Culms slender, erect to spreading, 35 to 90 cm tall; sheaths glabrous
or pubescent along the margin, or the lower pubescent; blades flat,
7 to 20 mm wide, “usually ciliate along the margin; racemes 1 to a

SIP fo ral)
Len

APS the,
arene

we
ere

phe.

FIGURE 139.—FPaspalum debile. FiGuRE 140.—Paspalum ciliatifolium
Panicle, X 1; two views of spike- Raceme, X 1; two views of spikelet’
let, and floret, X 10 (Nash 946). . and floret, X 10 (Nash 1426).

slender, arching, commonly 7 to 10 cm long; spikelets about 2 mm
long, elliptic-obovate, glabrous or minutely pubescent (fig. 140).

Open ground or open woods, mostly sandy soul, southeastern United
States, Honduras, and the West Indies. .

Cusa: Western Cuba, Wright 3442. Marianao, Léon 779. Bara-
gud, Hitchcock 23342.

Hartt: Aux Cayes, Ekman H 66.

19. Paspalum propinguum Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 291.
1899. Florida.

Differing from P. ciliatifolium in having a more strongly developed
rhizome; blades narrower and firmer; spikelets smaller (about 1.8
mm long), slightly pointed (fig. 141).

Sandy savannas and sand barrens overlying limestone, peninsular
Florida and the West Indies; Veracruz to Panama.

This species was referred by Giisebach * to P. setaceum.

§§ F]. Brit. W. Ind. 542. 1864.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 207

Bermupa: Hillcrest, Collins 155 in part. Hamilton, Brown and
Britton 56.

Bauamas: Inagua, Hitchcock in 1890.

Cuspa: Arroyo Mantua, Ekman 10960, 11021. Candeleria, Léon
12702. Bacunagua, Léon 15068. Savanna de Chirigota, Léon 7455.
Habana, Léon 2738, 3478, 7521, 13604, 15824. Cojimar, Léon 5604.
[sla de Pinos, Ekman 11652; Britton and Wilson 15665. Without
locality, Wright 3845.

JAMAICA: Claremont, Hitchcock 9520. Apple-
ton, Mitchcock 9654. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9598.

Haiti: Valliére, Hkman H 4501. Bayeux,
Ekman H 2601.

Dominican Repusuic: Jaina, Faris 11; Ekman
H 12484. Santo Domingo City, Ekman H 11385.
Peninsula de Samana, HKkman H 15365.

Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6282. Que-
bradillas, Chase 6572. Barcelonita, Chase 6439.
Campo Alegre, Chase 6433, 6613. Vega Baja,
Britton, Britton, and Brown 6950. San Juan,

Chase 6634%. Playa de Fajardo, Chase 6661. * anna Togiens
Leewarp Isuanps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel 697; cerita ane. Torets
Box 103, 108.
WINDWARD IsLANDs: Barbados, Hitchcock 16500. St. Lucia, Box

O21.

20. Paspalum decumbens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788.
Jamaica.

Panicum decumbens Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 429. 1817.

Culms spreading or creeping, freely branching, 10 to 70 cm long;
blades flat, commonly 5 to 10 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide, more or less
pubescent; peduncles 2 to 8 from the upper-
most sheath; racemes solitary (very rarely
2), 1 to 3.5 cm long, arcuate; spikelets
crowded, 1.7 mm long, obovate; first glume
present; second glume about half as long
as the spikelet (fig. 142).

Open or partly shaded slopes, up to 1,600
m, often a weed in waste ground, Guatemala
and the West Indies to Brazil and Bolivia.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Wright 3851. San
Diego de los Bafios, Léon 4569. Sierra de
los Organos, Ekman 12966. Isla de Pinos,
FIGURE 142.—Paspalum decum- Curtiss 327.

eee ease Bee eras ale

bens. Raceme, X 1; two views of 5 G .
eLibsarsenaionstesc 10, (Eien. JAMAICA: Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock
cock 9562. Q5o3 Amer Nae ING serbutoia): Upper

Clarendon, Harrs 12255. Ram’s Horn

Range, Hitchcock 9562. Hardware Gap, Harris 11545. Castleton,
Harris 11606. Seamens Valley, Mazon and Killip 58. Claverty
Cottage, Harris 11522. Mattis River, Mazon and Killip 190;
Perkins 1485.

Haiti: Port-de-Pai, Ekman H 3693. Plaisance, Leonard 9336.
Pérodin, Ekman H 3483. Caille la Croix, Leonard 7840, 7855.

Dominican Repustic: Villa Altagracia, Ekman H 11182.

60256—386——14

208 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Purerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6170, 6176, 6186; Holm 88.
Rosario, Chase 6264. Monte Alegrillo, Chase 6235. Monte Montoso,
Britton and Cowell 4118. Yauco, Britton 7225. Adjuntas, Britton
and Shafer 2135; Chase 6473; Heller 6354. San Juan, Chase 6399,
6648. Trujillo Alto, Chase 6361. Las Cruces, Britton and Britton
9068. Cayey, Chase 6340. Rio Grande, Chase
6718. Mameyes, Cowgill 627. Fajardo, Britton
and Shafer 1680.

Trinipap: St. Ann, Britton and Hazen 1688.
Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9957%. St. Joseph,
ENtchcock 10175. Arima, Hitchcock 10308.
Piarco Savanna, Hitchcock 10353. O’Meara
Savanna, Britton and Hazen 1582. Masacas,
Broadway in 1925. Cedros, Hitchcock 10135.
Aripo Road, Broadway 8030. Without local-
ity, Finlay 39; Bot. Gard. Herb. 2271.

21. Paspalum nutans Lam., Tabl. Encyel. 1:
175. 1791. South America.

Paspalum lloydi Nash, N. Amer. FI. 17:
178. 1912. Dominica, Lloyd 590. ’
Tene eee LT Resembling P. decumbens in habit; primary

Raceme, X 1; two views peduncle often with 2 to 4 racemes, the others

a ae wawatle onlysones racemes! 2 to Glen long; spike-

lets 1.8 to 2 mm long; first glume obsolete or
occasionally developed especially on the secondary spikelet; second
glume three-fourths as long as the spikelet (fig. 143).

Partly shaded slopes and banks and mossy cliffs, to 1,000 m altitude,
Honduras and the Leeward Islands to Brazil.

LEEWARD IsLANDs: St. Kitts, Mitchcock 16351; Box 147, 153.
Nevis, Box 167. Guadeloupe, Duss 4059. Dominica, Bryant 5.

WINDWARD IsLANps: ‘‘Martinique et Guade-
loupe’, Husnot 77. Grenada, Broadway 1729.
St. Lucia, Bor 188.

Trinipap: St. Ann, Broadway 4914, 5331.
Port-of-Spain, Chase 9930; Hitchcock 9957,
9982, 10040, 10200. St. Joseph, Hitchcock
10015. Mount Tucuche, Britton, Hazen, and
Mendelson 1249. Arima, Hitchcock 10299,
10301. Belmont, Broadway 2811. Blanchis-
seuse Road, Broadway 7665.

22. Paspalum dispar Chase, Contrib. U. S.
Natl. Herb. 28: 96. f.50. 1929. Dom-
inican Republic, Ekman H 6248.

Culms erect or ascending, 12 to 35 em tall,
the nodes pilose; blades flat, 4 to 15 em long, 3
to 6 mm wide, finely pubescent; peduncles 2 FIGURE 14. Paspalum dispar.
or 3 from the upper sheath, the secondary _ spikelet,and floret, x 10 (type).
ones at first concealed; racemes solitary, 1.5
to 4.5 em long, arcuate; spikelets elliptic-obovate, 1.9 mm long; first
glume small and nerveless on the primary spikelet, 1-nerved, pointed,
and two-thirds as long as the spikelet on the secondary (fig. 144).

Brushy slopes, and pinelands, Hispaniola.

Dominican Repusuic: Restauracién, Ekman H 6248. Con-
stanza, Ekman H 13928. San José de Ocoa, Ekman H 11595. Villa

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 209

Altagracia, Ekman H11255. Bayaguana, HkmanH11095. Moncidn,
Ekman H 12629. San Juan, Ekman H 13426.

23. Paspalum pilosum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 175. 1791. Tropical
America.

Dimorphostachys pilosa Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 14. 1886.

Culms ascending or spreading, 40 to 115 em tall; blades flat or the ©
margins revolute, 10 to 40 cm long,
3 to 8 mm wide, harshly pubescent;
peduncles slender, elongate, 1 to 4
from the upper and middle sheaths;
racemes solitary, arcuate, 6 to 17 cm
long; spikelets 2.6 to 3 mm long,
elliptic; first glume minute on the
primary spike-
let, small to
half the length
of the spikelet,
pointed and
eccentric on the
secondary (fig.
145).

Open sparsely
wooded slopes
and brushy sa-
vannas, mostly
in rather moist
soil, lowlands,
and ve to 1,500 an twore oe Br aitcaines ene floret OC 16
m, Costa Rica (Giitchcock 8130).
to Bolivia and
southern Brazil; Trinidad.

TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9987. St.
Joseph, Hitchcock 10189. Aripo Savanna, Hitch-
cock 10075. Pitch Lake, Broadway 2603; Hitch-
cock 10088. La Brea, Broadway 4969.

24. Paspalum unispicatum (Scribn. and Merr.)
INesh, Ne Amer: Fy) 193. pal Ono!

Panicum unispicatum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.
Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 14. 1901.
Mexico.

Culms erect, 50 to 80 cm tall; blades flat, 10
to 30 cm long, 8 to 15 mm wide, stiffly papillose-
ciliate on the margin, and more or less so on the
surface; peduncles commonly 2 from the upper

ee sheath; racemes 1 or sometimes 2, 6 to 20 cm
Ficure 146—Pespalum long; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long; first glume
eee ee sttiece Munute on the primary spikelet, larger and
and floret, X 10 (type). | acuminate on the secondary (fig. 146).
Meadows, savannas, open slopes, and banks,
up to 1,500 m, southern Texas to Venezuela and Argentina; Cuba.

Cuspa: Guane, Ekman 11093. Habana, Léon 2401. Zaza de
Tunas, Léon 947. Sancti Spiritus, Clements 2427; Léon 4099, 5582;
Sergius 2411, 2682. Soledad, Jack 6149, 8273.

210 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

25. Paspalum langei (Fourn.) Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 179. 1912.

Dimorphostachys langet Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 14. 1886. Mexico.

Dimorphostachys ciliifera Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 78,
1327. 1903. Florida.

Paspalum ciliiferum Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 201.
1909.

Culms ascending, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 10 to 40 cm long,
6 to 15 mm wide, usually glabrous or nearly so; peduncles slender,
1 to 3 from the upper sheath; racemes 2 to 5, arcuate, 3.5 to 11 cm
long, rather distant; spikelets 2.2 to 2.6 mm long, finally brown,
pubescent; first glume minute on the primary spikelet, larger and
acuminate on the secondary (fig. 147).

FIGURE 147.—Paspalum langei. Panicle, X 1; FIGURE 148.— Paspalum nesiotes.
two views of spikelet, and floret, xX 10 Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet,
(Pringle 3991). and floret, X 10 (type).

Moist woods and shaded slopes and banks mostly at low altitudes,
Florida and Texas to Venezuela.

Cusa: Mariel, Ekman 11497 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 934). Habana,
Léon 934. Guatao, Léon 6321. Tapaste, Léon 4183. Arroyo Naranjo,
Léon 587. .Marianao, Léon 1511. Rio Bacuranao, Wilson and Léon
11602. Matanzas, Britton and Wilson 148.

Harti: Morne Cap-Rouge, Ekman H 5948. Trouin, Ekman H
2376.

26. Paspalum nesiotes Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 28: 117.
{f.67. 1929. St. Lucia, Mitchcock 16471.

Culms 45 to 120 cm tall; blades flat or folded, 25 to 50 cm long, 6
to 11 mm wide, glabrous or scabrous; panicles long-exserted; racemes
5 to 11, arching, 4 to 10 cm long; spikelets about 2 mm long, glabrous
(fig. 148).

Known only from St. Lucia and Martinique.

WINDWARD IsLANDs: Martinique, Duss in 1879. St. Lucia,
Hitchcock 16471.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 24

27. Paspalum oligostachyum Salzm.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 23.
1854. Bahia.

Culms ascending to spreading, 25 to 75 cm tall; sheaths softly
pubescent with spreading hairs; blades flat, densely velvety pubes-
cent, 8 to 25 cm long, 7 to 13 mm wide; racemes usually 3 to 5,
spreading, 3 to 10 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long, obovate, bronze-
green, mottled with purplish brown, obscurely appressed-pubescent
(fig. 149).

Wooded slopes and clay banks, Trinidad to eastern Brazil.

TrinipaD: Monos, broadway 7437.

72
SO

PLE

LZ
¢.

2
kO

AGH

<1 ~s

FIGURE 149.—Paspalum oligostochyum. FIGURE 150.—Paspalum paniculatum. Panicle,
Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, xX 10
floret, X 10 (type collection). (Ledru, and Duss 549).

28. Paspalum paniculatum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759.
Jamaica.

Paspalum hemisphericum Poir., in Lam. Encyel. 5: 31. 1804.
Puerto Rico.

Paspalum strictum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 86. 1805. Santo Domingo.

Paspalum affine Bello, An. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. 12: 125. 18883.
Puerto Rico.

Panicum paniculatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 37: 363. 1898.

Paspalum paniculatum minor Scribn., Field Mus. Bot. 2: 24.
1900. Jamaica.

Culms erect or decumbent at base, mostly 50 to 100 cm tall;
sheaths papillose-hispid; blades flat, mostly 10 to 25 cm long, 10 to 20
mm wide, more or less hispid; panicle usually 8 to 20 cm long, of
several to many arched-spreading, somewhat fascicled racemes, the
lower 4 to 12 cm long; spikelets about 1.3 mm long, subhemispheric,
pubescent (fig. 150).

212 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

_ Moist open ground and brushy slopes, along ditches, and a weed
in cultivated and waste places, up to 2,000 m, Mexico and the
West Indies to Argentina.

29. Paspalum maritimum Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci.
Nat. 1: 148. 1834. Bahia, Brazil.

Culms ascending to spreading, 30 to 50 cm tall, sometimes branch-
ing, with hard scaly horizontal rhizomes, often stoloniferous; sheaths
ciliate on the margin and pilose on the keel toward the summit;
blades flat, rather firm, 6 to 50 cm long, 8 to 20 em wide, bearded back
of the ligule; racemes mostly 3 to 7 (1 or 2 on the branches), ascending-
arcuate, 4 to 9 cm Jong, somewhat approximate; spikelets 1.7 to 2
mm long, brown-speckled and softly pilose. Often forms extensive
sterile colonies.

Sandy or rocky soil near the coast, Cuba, the Guianas, and Brazil.

Cupa: San José, Matanzas, Léon and
Acuna 4471.

30. Paspalum blodgettii Chapm., Fl.
South, UL Sole wel so Ome th lortelas

Paspalum simpson Nash, Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club 24; 39) (is97 Monrida:

Culms erect, 40 to 100 cm tall; sheaths
more or less pubescent; blades flat, 5 to
25 em long, 5 to 10 mm wide; racemes
commonly 3 to 8, remote, or the upper
approximate, 2 to 8 cm long; spikelets
about 1.3 mm long, glandular-pubescent
(ier oul)

Open or brushy calcareous soil; south-
ern Florida, Yucatan, Honduras, and the
West Indies.

FIGURE 151.—Paspalum _blodgettit. BaHamas: Nassau, Curtiss 165; Hitch-
ete Ue OER oe) om UEC,

Cuspa: Madruga, Léon 6354. Bata-
ban6o, Ekman 12604; Hitchcock 470. Motembo, Léon 8628. Sabana
de San Marcos, Léon 9182. Baraguaé, Hitchcock 23346. Santiago de
Cuba, Léon 954. Jauco, Léon 11690, 11719. Isla de Pinos, Britton,
Britton, and Wilson 15359; Britton, Wilson, and Léon 15790; Mills-
paugh 1408. Eastern Cuba, Wright 3443 in part.

Jamatca: Montego Bay, Hitchcock 9668. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitch-
cock 9874. Troy, Harris 12620; Hitchcock 9816. Ipswich, Hitchcock
9599%, 9624; Mazon and Killip 1519. Black River, Harris 12546.
New Forest, Hitchcock 9833. Between Ewarton and Linstead,
Hitchcock 9417, 9464. Bog Walk, Harris 12560. Between Bog
Walk and Spanish Town, Hitchcock 9295 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 571).
Claremont, Hitchcock 9476, 9480. Buff Bay, Hitchcock 9766. Stony
Hill, Harris 12703. Mount Diablo, Mazon and Killip 459; Ridley 3.
Kingston, Hitchcock 9470.

Haiti: St. Louis du Nord, Leonard 14381. Méle-St.-Nicolas,
Leonard 13216. Aux Cayes, Ekman H 42. Rousselin, Ekman H
10478. Tortuga Island, Leonard 11472, 13890, 13903, 13933, 15504,
15550.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Diltes

Dominican Repusiic: Santo Domingo City, Ekman H 11415.
Higiiey, Ekman H 12230. Peninsula de Samand, Ekman H 15000.

Puerto Rico: Joyuda, Britton, Stevens, and Hess 2398. Aguadilla,
Chase 6579, 6580, 6605.

31. Paspalum caespitosum Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 161. 1810. Santo
Domingo.

Paspalum gracile Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Supp. 4: 313. 1816.
Not P. gracile Rudge, 1805. Santo Domingo.

Paspalum heterophyllum Desv.; Poir., m Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4:
315. 1816. Santo Domingo. ‘

Paspalum povreti Roem. and Schult:, Syst. Veg. 2: 878. 1817.
Based on P. gracile Poir.

Culms densely cespitose, erect, slender, 30 to 60 cm tall, the base
hard and slightly enlarged; blades flat in sheltered situations but
commonly folded or involute, 5 to 20 cm long, 4 to
10 mm wide, narrowed to the base ; racemes com-
monly 3 to 5, remote, rather thick, ascending or
somewhat spreading, usually 1.5 to 4 cm long;
spikelets crowded, about 1.5 mm long, sparsely
appressed-pubescent or nearly glabrous (fig. 152).

Mostly in partly shaded humus in limestone soil,
or rock, southern Florida, Central America, and the
West indies.

BanamMas: Andros Island, Brace 5258; Small and
Carter 8658, 8823. Great Exuma, Britton and
Millspaugh 3089.

Cusa: Habana, Ekman 176; Léon 768, 2381, 3701,

7501, 8981. Rio Almendares, Kkman 331. Colum-
bia, Léon 268, 935,936. Cojimar, Hitchcock 464, 465.
Tapaste, Léon 3676. Triscornia, Hitchcock 467;
Tracy 9087. Bataban6o, Hitchcock 466. Sagua de
Grande, Léon 9469. Caya Paloma, Shafer 2578. |
Guara, Hitchcock 23419. Santiago de Cuba, Léon ;
953. Guanténamo, Britton 2175; Ekman 2890. Pree ie osu
Jauco, Léon 11713, 12314. Isla de Pinos, Britton Panicle, X 1; two
and Wilson 14890. Without locality, Wright 769, Yeusgh spikelets
3443 in part. rotten).

JAMAICA: Montego Bay, Mazon and Killip 1609.

Lititz, Harris 12699. Walderston, Harris 12758. New Forest,
Hitchcock 9832 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 568). Inverness, Harris 12726,
12748. Cane River Valley, Harris 11408, 12317. Mount Diablo,
Mazon and Killip 504.

Haiti: St. Michel de |’Atalaye, Leonard 7186, 7418. Mole-St.-
Nicolas, Leonard 13283, 13284, 13305a, St. Mare, Leonard 2911, 2915.
Morne-a-Cabrits, Ekman H 1017. Gonaive Island, Leonard 5126.
Port-de-Pai, Leonard 12359. Port-au-Prince, Hitchcock 19885;
Leonard 2827. Etang Saumatre, Leonard 4216. ‘Jean Rabel, Leonard
12708, 13005. Tortuga Island, Leonard HUST. eee Wey, WARS O.

Domrntcan REPUBLIC: Jaina, Faris 4, 109. Without locality,
Poiteau. Santo Domingo City, Ekman H 11144.

Purerto Rico: Mona Island, Britton, Cowell, and Hess 1656, 1839;
Hess 435, 436. Quebradillas, Chase 6574 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 569).
Penuelas, Chase 6489. Vega Baja, Chase 6427.

214 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

32. Paspalum molle Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 34. 1804. St.
Thomas.

Paspalum portoricense Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 377.
1903. Puerto Rico, Heller 524.

Culms slender, spreading, 10 to 50 cm tall; blades flat or, in exposed
situations, involute, 6 to 12 cm long, 2 to7 mm
wide; racemes commonly 2 or 3, slender, dis-
tant, ascending or arcuate-spreading, 1.5 to 7
cm long; spikelets about 1.7 mm long, elliptic,
sparsely appressed-pubescent (fig. 153).

Open but humid slopes, mostly in red clay,
West Indies to Brazil.

BanamMas: Crooked Island, Brace 4805.

Purrto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6262, 6322,
6820. Monte Alegrillo, Chase 6232 (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 570). Aguadilla, Chase 6607, 6608.
Vega Baja, Chase 6428. Cayey, Chase 6338,
6741; Heller 524; Sintenis 2451.

Vircin Istanps: St. Thomas, Ledru
(Lamarck Herb., Paris).

LEEWARD IsLtaNps: Antigua, Bor 93, 100.

33. Paspalum acutifolium Léon, in Britton,
Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 58. 1920.

FIGURE 153.—Paspalum molle. ,
Panicle, xX 1; two views of Cuba, Léon and fioca 8164.
Fs a i ee Culms erect or geniculate below, 20 to 40
Herb. 570). em tall, the nodes appressed-pilose; blades

firm, flat from a folded base, 6 to 17 cm long,
4 to 8 mm wide; racemes 2 to 4, ascending to arcuate spreading,
2 to 8 cm long, the common axis 1 to 3.5 em long; spikelets about
1.8 mm long, oblong-elliptic, obscurely pubescent near the margin
or glabrous (fig. 154).

Sandy or gravelly siliceous soil, palm
barrens and savannas, Cuba. Originally
described from Motembo, prov. Santa Clara.

Cusa: Canasi, Léon 13079, 13119. La
Cumbre, Hkman 18980. Sabana de Mo-
tembo(Placetas del Sur), Léon and Roca 8164.

34. Paspalum bakeri Hack., Inf. Est. Centr.
Agron. Cuba 1: 410. 1906. Cuba,
Baker 1824.

Culms widely spreading, 20 to 55 cm
long; blades folded at base, commonly flat
above, 2 to 10 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide;
racemes 2 to 4, stiffly ascending, 2.5 to 7 cm
long, the common axis 1 to 5 cm long;
spikelets about 2 mm long, glabrous (fig.

FIGURE 154.—Paspalum acutifolium.
155) : Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet,
Sandy seashores and coral reefs, Baha- and floret, X 10 (type).

mas, western Cuba, and Leeward Islands.

Bauamas: Inagua, Nash and Taylor 1353.

Cusa: Mariel, Ekman 12838 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 942). Ha-
bana, Léon 956, 2625. Between Morro and Cojimar, Ekman 798.
Triscornia, Hitchcock 475. Yumuri Mountains, Rugel 869. Ma-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES PALS

tanzas, Ekman 17207; Léon 14675. Palma Sola, Wright 298. Isla
de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14939; Britton, Wilson, and Léon 15294,
15337.

LEEWARD IsLanps: Barbuda, Danforth 1.
35. Paspalum laxum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. (Probably

ot. ‘Croix.)

Paspalum glabrum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 30. 1804. Puerto
Rico.

Paspalum milioideum Desv.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 315.
1816. Puerto Rico.

Paspalum miliare Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 247. 1825. Based on
P. milioideum Desv.

?Paspalum sinuosum Desv., Opusc. 57. 1831. Antilles.

Paspalum floribundum Desv., Opusc. 58. 1831. Antilles?

FIGURE 155.—Paspalum bekeri. FIGURE 156.—Paspalum laxrum. Panicle, X 1;
Panicle, X 1; two views of spike- two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Rich-
let, and floret, X 10 (type). ard’s specimen in Paris Herbarium).

Paspalum richardu Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:17. 1854. Antilles,
probably St. Croix.

Paspalum rhizomatosum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 17. 1854.
Guadeloupe.

Paspalum koleopodum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum.1:18. 1854. Guade-
oupe.

Paspalum helleri Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 376. 1903.
Puerto Rico.

Paspalum tenacissimum Mez, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 56 (Beibl. 125):
fee O2Ie. Fuerto Kico.

Culms mostly erect, 50 to 75 cm tall; blades commonly more or
less involute, mostly 20 to 30 cm, sometimes to 50 cm, long, 3 to 8
mm wide, narrowed to the base; racemes usually 3 to 5, sometimes
more, arcuate-spreading, 3 to 10 cm long; spikelets 1.7 to 2 mm long,
elliptic-obovate, the glume appressed-pubescent (fig. 156).

Sandy and limestone soils, Key West and the West Indies.

216 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Bauamas: New Providence, Britton and Brace 404; Ourtiss 156;
Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 267. Andros Island, Geogr. Soc. Baltimore
197. Fortune Island, Hitchcock in 1890.

Cupa: Between Carabela Grande and Carabela Chica, Roig 3204.
Habana, Léon 3446, 15825. Cayo Paloma, Shafer 2569. (uara,
Hitchcock 23418. Preston, Ekman 3475. Santiago de Cuba, Léon
951. Guantanamo, Britton 1902. Jauco, Léon 12305, 12313.

Jamaica: Montego Bay, Hitchcock 9674.

Haiti: St. Louis du Nord, Leonard 14281, 14396, 14410. Modle-
St.-Nicolas, Leonard 13155, 13179. Port-de-Pai, Ekman H 3593,
H 3624; Leonard 11034, 11110, 12335, 12356, 15244, 15656. Port-a-l-
Keu, Leonard 13882. Bayeux, Hkman H 2555. Cabaret, Leonard
11998. Jean Rabel, Leonard 12884, 13789. Aux Cayes, Ekman H 43.
Morne-a-Bateau, Ekman H 8043. Gonaive Island, Ekman H 8837;
Leonard 3339. Navassa Island,
Ekman H 10812. Tortuga Island,
Ekman H 4156; Leonard 11314, 11318.

Dominican REepuBLic: Jaina, Faris
105. Jovero, Abbott 2880a. Cape
Samana, Abbott 1172. Santo Dom-
ingo City, Ekman H 11365. Higiiey,
Ekman H 12231. Peninsula de
Samana, Hkman H 15336, H 15359,
H15808. Matanzas, Hkman H 15910.
Without locality, Wright, Parry, and
Brummel 607, 617, 618.

Purerto Rico: Mona Island, Hess
434. Desecheo, Hess 425. Aguadilla,
Chase 6605%. Aguada, Chase 6601.
Mayaguez, Chase 6182, 6279, 6300,
6313. Joyuda, Chase 6306 (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 572); Britton, Stevens, and
FIGURE 157-¢Paspalum pleostachyum: “Pan. Hess 2395. Boquerom, Britton,
NUR IETEO Eee. ae Cowell, and Brown 4636, 4639; Chase

6499. Punta Aguila, Britton, Cowell,
and Brown 4686, 4690. Morillos de Cabo Rojo, Britton, Cowell, and
Brown 4717. Quebradillas, Chase 6573, 6575. Lares, Chase 6584,
6591. Arecibo, Chase 6446. Campo Alegre, Chase 6437, 6618, 6625.
Manati, Chase 6609. Guanica, Britton, Cowell, and Brown 4909.
Condado, Britton and Brown 6630. Vega Baja, Chase 6423.
Catano, Chase 6635. Santurce, Chase 6346; Heller 10, 164; Hioram
804. Cangrejos, Stevenson 2292. Bayamon, Chase 6408. Pueblo
Viejo, Chase 6402; Hioram 111, 2717. Rio Piedras, Chase 6759.
Trujillo Alto, Chase 6367, 6369. Cayo Muertos, Britton, Cowell,
and Brown 5041. Salinas, Chase 6756. Between Rio Grande and
Fajardo, Britton and Brown 7038. Fajardo, Chase 6658. Humacao,
Eggers in 1881. Culebra Island, Britton and Wheeler 190. Vieques
Island, Chase 6678, 6697.

VirGin Istanps: St. Thomas, Eggers in 1876, 1880, 1881, 1882;
Friedrichsthal 183; Hitchcock 16313. St. Croix, Hitchcock 16336;
Ricksecker 410; Thompson 449, 463. Anagada, Britton and Fishlock
986, 1041. Virgin Gorda, Fishlock 108. Tortola, Britton and
Shafer 694, 880. St. John, Britton and Shafer 257, 292, 506.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES PA WE

LEEWARD Istanps: Antigua, Hitchcock 16378; Bor 23, 24, 32, 40,
42, 46, 97, 107. St. Kitts, Bor 134, 163, 164. Barbuda, Danforth
9. Dominica, Jones 47.

WINDWARD Isuanps: Martinque, Duss 551. Barbados, Dash 584;
Freeman 5026. Grenada, Broadway in 1905.

36. Paspalum pleostachyum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27: 58. 1877.
Brazil.

Culms ascending to spreading, 40 to 100 cm tall; sheaths ciliate on
the margin, usually villous on the collar; blades firm, flat from a
folded base, often drying subinvolute, 15 ‘to 25 cm long, 4 to 8 mm
wide; racemes 3 to 15, commonly 4 to 8,
at length stiffly spreading, 7 to 14 cm long,
on an axis 4 to 11 cm long; spikelets 2.2
to 2.5 mm long, elliptic-obovate, glabrous
(e157):

On rocks or in sand or clay, seacoast,
Cuba to Brazil.

Cusa: Guantéinamo, Ekman 15756.

Harti: Cabaret, Leonard 11982. Tor-
tuga Island, Hkman H 4132; Leonard
11529, 13902, 13940.

Winpwarp Isuanps: Grenada, Broad-
way in 1905.

37. Paspalum rocanum Léon, in Britton,
Meme. Rorrey Bot. Club 162 67.
1920. Cuba, Léon and Roca 8233.

Culms simple, 40 to 75 ecm tall; sheaths
keeled; blades conduplicate, 10 to 30 em
long, 3 to 7 mm wide (flattened out);
racemes 2 to 4, ascending to spreading,

2.5 to 9 cm long, 1 to 2 cm distant on

the slender axis; spikelets 2.1 to 2.5 mm

long, elliptic, minutely pointed (fig. 158).

Palm barrens, sometimes in moist places FIGURE 158.—Paspalum rocanum.
and brushy savannas, Cuba. aa aor d

Cusa: Sabana de Motembo, Léon and

Roca 8233; Léon and Loustalot 9382, 11337; Ekman 16819 (Amer. Gr.

Nat. Herb. 943). Bafios de Santa Rosalia, Léon and Loustalot 9392.

San Miguel de los Bafios (prov. Matanzas), Léon and Roca 8871.

38. Paspalum alterniflorum A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 299.
1850. Cuba.

Paspalum dolichophyllum Hack., Inf. Est. Centr. Agron. Cuba 1:
409. 1906. Habana, Baker and Zarragoitia 4545.

Culms 30 to 100 cm tall; blades erect at base, elongate, nearly
equaling the culm, mostly 1.5 to 3 mm wide, drying involute; racemes
1 to 5, commonly 2 or 3, suberect or ascending, 7 to 12 cm long, 1 to
3 cm distant on the axis; spikelets 3 mm long, ovate-oblong, subacute
or blunt; glume and sterile lemma silky pubescent on the lower part,
pointed beyond the fruit (fig. 159).

Open ground, pastures, and savannas, Cuba, common in the western
part, rare eastward, and in Haiti.

218 misc. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cusa: Mariel, Ekman in 1921 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 944). Habana,
Baker, Tracy, and Hasselbring in 1907; Léon 2556, 3473; Tracy 9105.
Marianao, Léon 581. Arroyo Apolo, Léon 564, 585. Vibora, Baker
2587 ; Léon 943, 945. Guanabacoa, Ekman 594; Léon 2561. Calabazar,

FIGURE 159.— Paspalum alternifio- FIGURE 160.—Paspalum rottboellioides.
rum. Panicle, X 1; two views of Panicle, X1; two views of spikelet, and
spikelet, and floret, X10 (Baker, floret, X 19 (duplicate type).

Tracy, and Hasselbring).

Baker and Zarragoit:a 4545. Handbana, Wright 167 in 1865. Cai-
barien, Mernando 36. Manati, Léon 5680. Cupey, Hkman 6294.
Without locality, Liebmann 194, 201; Rugel 753a; Wright 3841.

FIGURE 161.— Pas-
palum filiforme.
Raceme, XX 1;
two views of
spikelet, and
floret, X 10
(type).

Harti: St. Michel, Ekman H 8351; Nash and Taylor
1445. Between Anse-a-Veau and Petit Trou des
Nippes, Ekman H 5401.

39. Paspalum rottboellioides Wright, An. Acad. Cien.
Habana 8: 204. 1871. Cuba, Wright 3864.

Culms slender, 20 to 75 cm tall; blades spreading, 5
to 18 cm long, 1 to 1.5 mm wide, mostly involute,
papillose-pilose; racemes 1 or 2, ascending or spreading,
straight or nearly so, 4 to 12 cm long, the axis 1 to
2 cm long; spikelets 3 to 3.3 mm long, oblong-elliptic,
the glume long-villous, the sterile lemma villous at
base (fig. 160).

Sandy pinelands and savannas, western Cuba and
Isla de Pinos.

Cusa: Herradura, Ekman in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb.945). Vuelto-abajo, Wright 3864. Isla de Pinos,
Britton and Wilson 14697; Curtiss 375; Ekman 12219;
Taylor 41.

40. Paspalum filiforme Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ.
De LASS:

Paspalum swartzianus Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 96.

1810. Based on P. filiforme Swartz.

Paspalum leptocaulon Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 181. 1912. Jamaica,

Britton 1475.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 219

Culms densely cespitose in large tussocks, reclining, siender, 20 to
70 cm long, with short flowering culms intermixed; blades mostly
20 to 50 cm long, about 1 mm wide, plano-convex; raceme solitary,
arcuate, 3 to 8 cm long; spikelets 1.6 to 1.8 mm long, ovate-elliptic,
olabrous (fig. 161).

Savannas, open or wooded slopes, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.

Cupa: Guane, Ekman 11095. Remates, Ekman 11197. El
Rangel, Léon 14047. Sabana de Chirigeta, Léon 7452. Mariel,
Ekman in 1921 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 946). San Micuel de Casanova,
Léon 12472, 12558. Sabana de Motembo, Léon 9346. Manati, Léon
6009. Without locality, Wright 3848.

JAMAICA: Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9885. Troy, Hitchcock 9809
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 566). Lacovia, Britton 1475.

Haiti: ‘‘ Hispaniola’’, Swartz.

Dominican Repusiic: Santo Domingo City, Ekman H 10908.
Higtiey, Ekman H 12234. Peninsula de Samana, Hkman H 15829.

41. Paspalum distertum Chase, Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 28: 142. f. 85. 1929. Ja-
maica, Harris 12569.

Culms slender, 15 to 50 cm tall; blades 15 to
40 cm long, 1 to 1.5 mm wide, involute, com-
monly somewhat tortuous; raceme solitary,
arcuate, 2.5 to 6 cm long; spikelets 2 mm
long, ovate to somewhat rhomboid, the glume
and sterile lemma irregularly crumpled, glab-
rous (fig. 162).

Open hillsides, especially on serpentine
rocks, Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica.

Cupa: Cajalbana, Léon 4857. Habana,
Léon 946. Guanabacoa, Léon 7057. San
Miguel de Casanova, Léon 12473. Sabana del
Tibisial, Léon 6661. Manajanabo, Léon 5273.
Banao Mountains, Léon 8042. Baragua,
Walker in 1925. Sierra Maestra, Ekman 14691.
El Yunque, Shafer 7732. Baracoa, Ekman Fieure 162.—Pospalum dis-
3597. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 374. hee WiGaiiee cay

JAMAICA: Troy, Harris 12564, 12569; Hitch- —-X 10 (type).
cock 9789. Cockpit Country, Britton 465.

Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9544. Claremont, Hitchcock 9518.
Between Ewarton and Linstead, Hitchcock 9438}.
Haiti: Aux Cayes, Kkman H 7. Cotrail, Ekman H 10740.
Dominican REpustic: Puerta Plata, Hkman H 14584.

42. Paspalum lindenianum A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 299.
1850. Cuba, Linden 1818.

Paspalum longifolium Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 21. 1854. Not
P. longifolium Roxb., 1820. Cuba, Linden 18138.

Paspalum megaphyllum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 464. 1854. Based
on P. longifolium Steud.

Culms commonly 40 to 70 cm tall, cespitose in dense tussocks, the
leaves of the numerous sterile shoots usually about equaling the
culm; blades 20 to 50 cm long, 1 mm wide, plano-convex; racemes
1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, arcuate or nearly straight, mostly 6 to 10 cm long;

220 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, irregularly ovate-rhomboid, the glume
and sterile lemma deeply crumpled (fig. 163).

FIGURE 163.—Paspalum lin-
denianum. Raceme, X 1;
two views or spikelet, and
floret, X 10 (Hitchcock
9873).

raceme solitary, 1.5 to 4 cm long, arcuate
or nearly straight; spikelets 2.4 to 2.8 mm
long, oval-elliptic, the glume and_ sterile
lemma somewhat crumpled (fig. 164).

Low sandy pinelands and brushy savan-
nas, central and western Cuba and Isla de
Pinos. Apparently rare.

Cusa: La Coloma, Ekman 17831. Santi-
ago de los Bafios, Léon 4570. Herradura,
Ekman 10784, 14093 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
948), 14104; Hitchcock 462. | Vuelto-abajo,

Open or brushy places, mostly on limestone
hills, Cuba, Jamaica, and Haiti.

Cusa: Mariel, Ekman 12908 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 947). Playa de Marianao, Léon 5272.
Habana, Léon in 1909. Guanabacoa, Ekman
264; Hitchcock 463, 23242; Léon 944, 7346.
Madruga, Léon 3457. Calvario, Léon $45b. La
Sierra, Jack 7848. San Miguel de Casanova,
Léon 12471. Hanabana, Wright 769. Saltadura,
Linden 1813. Baragua, Hitchcock 23348, 23363.
Soledad, Hitchcock 23326. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss
523; Palmer and Riley 949.

JAMAICA: Montego Bay, Hitchcock 9663.
Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9873. Cornwall,
Harris 12551. Between Ewarton and Linstead,
Hitchcock 9438. Between Bog Walk and Spanish
Town, Hitchcock 9294. Lucea, Harris 12559.

Haiti: Marmelade, Leonard 8434. Mirebal-
ais, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 87. Pétonville,
Leonard 4830. Between Décayette and Dupréné,
Ekman 2045.

Dominican Repusuic: Moca, Hkman H 12557.
43. Paspalum nanum Wright; Griseb., Cat. PI.
Cuba 230. 1866. Cuba, Wright 176.

Paspalum caudicatum Wright, An. Cienc.
Habana 8: 205. 1871. Cuba, Wright 3866.

Culms erect, mostly
15to 25cm tall; sheaths
densely pubescent;
blades 3 to 13 cm long,
3 to 4.5 mm wide, flat
or drying involute, the
lower surface velvety,
the upper pilose;

Wright 3866. Hanabana, Wright ie/'Ge Isla FIGURE 164.— Paspalum nanum.
de Pinos, Ekman 12190. Without locality, Paceme, i tien Cywichbeess).

Wright 3842.

44. Paspalum insulare Ekman; Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28:
145. f. 88. 1929. Isla de Pinos, Ekman 11957.

Culms erect or ascending, 40 to 55 cm tall, the nodes densely

appressed-pubescent; sheaths densely papillose-pilose; blades flat,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Do

FIGURE 165.—Pospalum insulare. Racemes, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (type).

6 to 16 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, papillose-pilose; racemes 1 or 2,
approximate, arcuate to horizontally spreading, 3 to 6.5 cm long;
spikelets about 2.5 mm long, obovate-elliptic, cross-wrinkled (fig. 165).
Sendy savannas, pinelands, and moist places, Isla de Pinos.
Cusa: Isla de Pinos, Santa Barbara, Ekman 11957, 12220; Taylor 40.

45. Paspalum rupestre Trin., Linnaea 10: 293. 1836. Cuba.

Paspalum leoninum Chase, in Hitche., Bot. Gaz. 51: 301. 1911.
Cuba, Léon 950.

Culms from suberect to radiate-reclining; blades folded at base,
flat above, or subinvolute, 3 to 12 cm long, 1.5 to 4mm wide, glabrous;
raceme solitary, straight or falcate, 1.2 to 4.5 cm long; spikelets
mostly about 1.3 mm long, elliptic (fig. 166).

Open rocky slopes, mostly serpentine, Cuba,
Haiti, and Puert« Rico.

Cusa: San Claudio, Ekman 12998. Guana-
bacoa, Hitchcock 23234 Léon 949, 2691, 11010.
San Miguel de Casanova, Léon 12470. Campo
Florido, Léon 3482. Amaro, Léon 9142. Ciénaga
de Zapata, Roig and Cremata 2116. Sancti
Spiritus, Léon 950. Guara, Hitchcock 23417,
23419%, 23424. Baragua, Hitchcock 23355.
Sierra de Nipe, Ekman in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 949). El Yunque, Shafer 7729. Jauco,
Léon 12302. Baracoa, Wright 3445 in part.

Haiti: Gros-Morne, Ekman H 4919. FIGURE 166.—Paspalum ru-

O73 > pestre. Receme, X 1; two
Dominican Repusiic: Moncién, Kkman H views of spikelet, and floret.

12630. x 10 (Léon 950).
Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6178 (Amer.

Gr. Nat. Herb. 567), 6259, 6274, 6275, 6299, 6312, 6315, 6323, 6811,

6813; Holm 152. Maricao, Chase 6220, 6246.

46. Paspalum saugetii Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 28: 147.
f.90. 1919. Cuba, Léon 8982.

Culms slender, wiry, leaning or spreading, 15 to 40 cm tall, more
or less twisted and tortuous; blades rather thick, usually flat when
fresh, folded or involute in drying, more or less tortuous, 3 to 15 em
long, 3 to 7 mm wide; racemes commonly solitary, sometimes a second
1 to 1.5 cm distant, 2 to 4 cm long; spikelets 1.3 to 1.6 mm long, oval,
appressed-pubescent (fig. 167).

Rocky, mostly limestone soil in the Greater Antilles.

This species has been confused with Paspalum rupestre Trin., from
which it differs in its less delicate habit and longer foliage, and in the

222 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

larger pubescent spikelets. It is named for Brother Léon, Joseph
Sylvestre Sauget. When P., leoninum was described it was differen-
tiated from this species, which was supposed to be P. rupestre Trin.
In the Grasses of the West Indies this was tentatively referred to
P. poiretii Roem. and Schult., but that proves to be the same as
P. caespitosum.

Bauwamas: Fortune Island, Eggers 3995.

_ Cusa: Between Cape San Antonio and Morro de Piedras, Roig 3255.
Habana, Hkman 697; Léon 286, 948, 1527, 3694,
4664, 7499,8982. Cojimar, Baker and O’ Donovan
A417: Ekman 16904 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 950);
Hitchcock 459, 461; Léon 5602; 13671. - Tris-
cornia, Hitchcock 458. Puentes’ Grandes, Léon
935b. Banao Mountains, Léon 3980. Cupey,
Ekman 6337. Guantanamo, Hioram 2633.
Jauco, Léon 12450. Baracoa, Shafer 3951; Wright
3444 in part, 3445 in part.

Jamaica: Troy, Harris 12620a. Ipswich,
Hieheode soe. New eit Hitchcock 9832.

: A u ead Mountain. Hitchcock 9533. Between
Wsaugetti., Racome, 1; two Ewarton and Moneague, Hitchcock 9442.

10 yee eres Between Ewarton and Linstead, Hitchcock 9465.

Claremont, Hitchcock 9482, 9516. Yardley

Chase, Harris 9674. Constant Spring, Hitchcock 9275. Buff Bay,
Hitchcock 9765.

Harti: Tortuga Island, Ekman H 4228. Ennery, Leonard 8810,
10030. Mdle-St.-Nicolas, Leonard 13208, 13283a. Port-au-Prince,
Ekman H 2210; Leonard 15750. Hitchcock 19886, 19890. Mission,
Leonard 3627. Fond Parisien, Leonard 4075. Etang Pénéte,
Ekman H 334. Morne 4 Cabrits, Ekman H 1018.
Morne Rouge, Ekman H 690. Aux Cayes, Ekman
H 61. Jean Rabel, Leonard 13762.

DoMINICAN REPUBLIC: Jaina, Faris 89,107. Azua,
Rose, Fitch, and Russell 4079. San José de Ocoa,
Ekman H 11921. Guerra, Ekman H 11018. Santo
Domingo City, Ekman H 11121, H 12512. Con-
stanza, Kkman H 13927.

Puerrto Rico: Aguada, Chase 6598. Lares, Chase
6588. Between Aguadilla and San Sebastian, Chase
6597.

47, Paspalum capiilifolium Nash, N. Amer. FI. 17:
181. 1912. Cuba, Britton and Wilson 6116.

Culms few, delicate, reclining, 10 to 35 cm long,
sometimes loosely twisted and sinuous with a mass of
filiform curled foliageat base; bladesfoldedand curled, Ficvre 168.—Paspa-
3 to 15 cm long, about 0.3 mm wide as folded;racemes Raceme. ein foe
solitary, straight, 2 to 4 cm long, very slender, mostly views of spikelat.
cylindric; spikelets 1.7 mm long, elliptic (fig. 168). (Léon 9376).

Palm barrens and savannas, Cuba.

Cusa: Santa Clara, Britton and Wilson 6116. Sabana de Motembo
Léon 8223. Bafios de Santa Rosalia, Léon 9376. Santayana, Hkman

19046. Holguin, Ekman 7565.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 22s

48. Paspalum multicaule Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 309. 1816.
Brazil.

Annual; culms in dense tufts, often forming mats, spreading or
ascending, 20 to 45 cm tall; blades flat, drying revolute and often
tortuous, 2 to 15 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 mm wide, papillose-pilose; racemes
2, paired, divergent, commonly 2 to 4 cm long, yellowish; spikelets
1.2 to 1.4 mm long, subhemispheric, beaded with subglobular hairs
(fie. 169).

Moist eroded places in savannas and open usually disturbed or
washed ground, southern Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia.

Cusa: Laguna Santa Barbara, Hkman 18115. Mendoza, Shafer
10862. Herradura, Baker and Abarca 4185; Hitchcock 472. Chira-
gota, Wright 3844 in part. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14805.

Dominican Repusiic: Cotuy, Abbott 850b.
Cuenca, Hkman H 11005.

TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna,
Broadway 2126; Hitchcock

g 10340; Warming 88389.

| a“ O’Meara Savanna, SBrition

iS TN and Hazen 1572. Pitch Lake,

4 Ae Hitchcock 10102 (Amer. Gr.
XY Nat. Herb. 574).

49. Paspalum = ciavuliferum
Wright, An. Acad. Cien.
Habana 8: 203. 1871; FI,
Cub.195. 1873. Cuba,
Wright 3444 in part. OE dh

Ficuze 160.—Paspalum | Annual; culms erect to v Guriltclvae | Bapane

tion uicnsict pikclet, spreading, branching, 5 to A itiotenn floret, X 10

and floret, X 10 (Otto). 45 em tall; blades flat, 3 to —(duplicate type).

Lo cm Jong. es) ator emma:

wide, papillose-pilose; racemes solitary or paired, rarely with a

third below, arcuate, 1 to 5.5 cm long; spikelets 1.2 to 1.4 mm long,

elliptic-obovate, the glume pubescent with capitellate hairs (fig. 170).

Moist spots in sandy savannas and barrens, eroded places in open
and brushy slopes, waste and cultivated ground, southern Mexico to
Brazil; Cuba to Puerto Rico.

Cuzsa: La Coloma, Hkman in 1923 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 954).
Cajflbana, Léon 4858. Jagiiey Chico, Ekman 16982. Gavilanes,
Léon 6655. Placetas del Sur, Léon 6417, 6418. Zaza de Tunas,
Léon 942. Baragua, Hitchcock 23379%. Guara, Hitchcock 23480.
Eastern Cuba, Wright 3444 in part.

Hartt: Acul-Samedi, Ekman H 9911.

Dominican Repustic: San Juan, Ekman H 13402. Higiiey,
Ekman H 12209. Moncion, Ekman H 12631. Guerra, Ekman H
11019.

Puerto Rico: Campo Alegre, Stevenson 2454,

59. Paspalum parviflorum Rohdé; Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 98. 1810.
Puerto Rico.
Annual, densely tufted, conspicuously pilose; culms branching,
ascending or spreading, 4 to 17 cm tall; blades 1.5 to 6.5 cm long, 1
to 2 mm wide; racemes 2 to 4, 2 to 10 mm distant, spreading or

60256—386—15

224 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

reflexed, 6 to 25 mm long, the rachis strongly zigzag; spikelets not
imbricate, 0.8 mm long, oblong-elliptic, the glume and sterile lemma
tearing apart in the middle and reduced to a rim around the spikelet
(fie 17 1),
Sandy savannas and sand barrens, Panama to Brazil; Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico: Without locality, Rohdé in 1809 (British Museum).

51. Paspalum breve Chase, in Urban, Symb.
: AN bil f: .fbo4 101
Cuba, Léon 1996.

Stoloniferous perennial
often forming dense leafy
mats; culms subfiliform, 5
to 10 cm tall; blades mostly
3 to 6 cm long, 2 to 4 mm
wide, flat or folded or sub-
involute in drying; racemes
FIGURE 171.—Paspalum parvi usually solitary about 10 FIGURE 172.—Paspalum
Vera. Daniele: x eee mm long; spikelets 1.4 mm brere. Raceme, X_ 1:
very gemma snd toch long, ‘broadly oval, fruih, | 22 erect
brownish (fig. 172).

Stony, mostly calcareous, slopes, Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cusa: Gorge of Taco Taco River, Léon 15060. Marianao, Léon
1996, 3477. Serro de Esperén, Killip 13512. Cojimar, Léon 1997.
Bacuranao, Wilson and Léon 2872, 11599. Sierra de Anafe, Ekman
16906. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 4100. Manati, Léon 5681%. Bayate,
Ekman 9843. Loma del Gato, Léon 9811.

Haiti: La Source, Ekman H 3379. Grande Riviere, Ekman H 449.
Pestel, Hyerdam 357. Dame-Marie, Ekman
H 10480.

Dominican REpusuic: Santo Domingo City,
Ekman H 10957.

52. Paspalum edmondi Léon, in Britton, Mem.
Torrey Bot. Club 16: 58. 1920. Cuba,
Léon and Edmond 8607.

Low stoloniferous perennial with short slender
rhizomes; culms filiform, 2 to 6 cm tall, the
stolons as much as 15 cm long; foliage conspicu-
ously spreading-pilose; blades flat, 1 to 6 cm
long, 1 to 2mm wide; raceme solitary, 10 to 15
mm long; spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm long, broadly
limon. Eocene x . ovate, the apex prolonged into a prominent

bo mews OCs pikelet, and beak; glume irregularly transversely wrinkled,

eae : less so at maturity; fruit brown (fig. 173).

Palms barrens on serpentine, Cuba.
Cusa: Motembo, Ekman 16822; Léon and Edmond 8607, 8682.

53. Paspalum orbiculatum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 32. 1804.
Puerto Rico.
Paspalum pusillum Vent.; Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 100. 1810.
St. Thomas and Puerto Rico.
Paspalum lenormandi Husnot, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. (II)
5: 259. 1871. Martinique.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 225

Low creeping perennial, with long leafy stolons, often forming dense
mats; culms 10 to 60 cm long, decumbent and rooting at the nodes, the
flowering branches 5 to 20 cm tall; blades flat, 1 to 6 cm long, 1.5 to
7 mm wide; racemes commonly 3 or 4, ascending or spreading, 0.6 to
2.3 cm long, 1 to 10 mm distant; spikelets 1 to 1.2 mm long, sub-
hemispheric, greenish golden, turning brown be-
tween the pale margins; fruit reddish (fig. 174).

Moist open ground along streams and ditches,
in savannas and old fields, southern Mexico and
the West Indies to Paraguay.

Cupa: Guantanamo, Ekman 15806. Cajé-
babo, Léon 12315.

Dominican ReEpusuic: Cuenca, EHkman H NS j
10959. Jarabaco, Hkman H 14191. RIG UHL 7aN=e Prema liner

Purrto Rico: Mayaguez, Britton and Hess — bieuwlatum. Panicle, X 1.
2835. Guaynabo, Whetzel, Kern, and Toro in fret, x10 (dunlieateaoye
1924. Pueblo Viejo, Sintenis 1229. San Juan,

Heller 664. Cayey, Chase 6739. Sierra de Naguabo, Britton and
Cowell 2186.

WINDWARD IsLANpDs: Antigua, Bor 187. Martinique, Duss 4507.
St. Lucia, Bor 187.

TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10016 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 575).
Oropuche Lagoon, Britton, Hazen, and Freeman 1139.

54. Paspalum reptatum Hitche. and
Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.
18: 318. 1917. Cuba, Léon and
Cazanas 5850.

Creeping subaquatic perennial; culms
30 to 100 cm or more long, decumbent
and rooting at the nodes; blades flat, 3 to
10 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, velvety
pubescent to glabrous; racemes 2 or 3,
commonly overtopped by the upper leaf,
divergent or reflexed, 1 to 4 cm long, 5 to
10 mm distant; spikelets 1.5 to 1.7 mm
long, elliptic-obovate, finely pubescent,
yellowish green blotched with brown;
fruit reddish brown. Cleistogamous
spikelets are borne in minute sheaths at
FIGURE 175.—Paspalum reptatum. the WAL base (fig. 175). ,

ee) avis 01 spike In mud or shallow water, margins of

LF as A a ponds and depressions in savannas,

Cuba and Jamaica.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Ekman 18249 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 957).
Manacas, Léon 5850. Jagiiey Chico, Ekman 16983.

JAMAICA: Inverness, Harris 12717.

55. Paspalum amphicarpum Ekman, in Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 28; 161. £f.103. 1929. Cuba, Ekman 17565.
Glabrous widely creeping aquatic or subaquatic perennial with

solitary cleistogamous spikelets borne on _ short subterranean
branches from the base or from rooting nodes; culms 50 to 75 em or

226 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

more long, decumbent and rooting at the nodes, the flowering branches
30 to 40 cm long; blades folded at base, flat above, 5 to 15 cm long, 3 to
6 mm wide; racemes 2 or 3, divergent, 2 to 4.5 cm long, 4 to 15 mm
distant; spikelets 2.5 to 2.7 mm long, elliptic, subacute, pointed
beyond the fruit; fruit brownish; subterranean spikelets 4 to 5 mm
long (fig. 176).

Edge of ponds, known only from Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

Cusa: Laguna de Piedras, Mangas, Ekman 17565 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 958).
56. Paspalum conjugatum Bergius, Act. Helv. Phys. Math. 7: 129.

pl. 8. 1762. Dutch Guiana. SOUR PASPALUM.

Extensively creeping perennial, with long leafy stolons; culms as
much as 2 m long, rooting at the nodes, compressed, wiry, the flower-
ing branches 20 to 50 em tall; blades flat, commonly 8 to 12 em long,
5 to 15 mm wide; racemes 2, paired or nearly so, rarely a third below,

widely divaricate, often arcuate, usually 8 to 12 em long; spikelets
1.4 to 1.8 mm long, flattened, ovate, pale yellow, the margin frmged
with long silky hairs (fig. 177).

A common weed in cultivated and waste ground, southern United
States to Argentina; throughout the West Indies. The species is
said by some to be an excellent forage grass, but Maza and Roig*® state
that it is eaten by cattle only when they are driven to it by hunger.
The common name “sour grass” given to this species by Grisebach
would indicate that it was unpalatable. In Cuba it is called
“canamazo”’ and ‘“‘caiamazo hembro.”

56a. Paspalum conjugatum var. pubescens Doell, in Mart. Fl. Bras.
27:55. 1877. Brazil.

On the average coarser, the blades somewhat firmer, pubescent;
spikelets 1.7 to 2.2 mm long, the silky hairs more copious.

Along ditches and banks, Mexico and the Lesser Antilles to Brazil.

VirGin Istanps: St. Thomas, Eggers in 1881.

Winpwarp Istanps: Grenada, Broadway 1744. St. Kitts, Bor
150.

#% Est. Expt. Agron. Bol. 22:57. 1914.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 227

FIGURE 177.—Paspalum conjugatum. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, < 10 (Baker 90).

228 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dy es

= ——
a 2 = =
~~

—<——SF
_O-" ff)

8.—Paspalum dilatatum. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Hitchcock 297).

‘

“FIGURE 1

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 229

57. Paspalum dilatatum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 35. 1804.
Argentina. PASPALUM.

Culms ascending or erect, 40 to 175 cm tall; blades flat, commonly
10 to 25 cm long, 3 to 12 mm wide; racemes commonly 3 to 5, as-
cending or drooping, about 6 to 8 cm long; spikelets 2.8 to 3.8 mm
long, ovate, pointed, depressed plano-convex, fringed with long white
silky hairs (fig. 178). |

Pastures and waste ground, sparingly introduced in the West
Indies; southeastern United States; native of South America from
Brazil to Argentina. Cultivated in the southern United States,
where it is considered a valuable pasture grass. Called paspalum or
paspalum grass and recently Dallis grass.

Bermupa: Agricultural Station, Brown, Britton, and Bisset 2005.
Shelley Bay, Collins 156.

Cusa: Mariel, Ekman 12855 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 962).

JAMAICA: Richmond Park, Harris 12708.

Harri: St. Louis du Nord, Leonard 14387.

DomINIcCAN REPUBLIC: Jaina, Faris 329.

58. Paspalum urvillei Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 24. 1854. Brazil.
VASEY GRASS.

Paspalum larrataga, Arech., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 60.
pl.2. 1894. Uruguay.

Paspalum vaseyanum Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
17: 32. f. 828. 1899. Southern United States.

Culms erect, 1 to 2.5 m tall; lower sheaths hirsute; blades flat,
commonly 20 to 30 cm long, 3 to 15 mm wide; panicle erect, 10 to 40
cm long; racemes mostly 12 to 18, ascending, approximate, the lower
7 to 14 cm long, the upper gradually shorter; spikelets about 2.5 mm
long (2 to 3 mm), ovate, abruptly pointed, flattened, fringed with
long, silky hairs (fig. 179).

Along ditches and roadsides, and in waste ground, southern United
States; native from Brazil to Argentina; introduced sparingly in
Cuba. Known as Vasey grass in the United States, where it is some-
times cut for hay.

Cupa: Baragua, Hitchcock 23353.

59. peepee fasciculatum Willd.; Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 69. 1810.
razil.

Large extensively creeping leafy stoloniferous perennial, the stolons
as much as 5 m long; culms as much as 2 m tall and 1 cm thick at
base; blades flat, ascending to spreading, 20 to 60 cm long, 1.2 to 3 cm
wide; panicle flabellate, of usually 12 to 20 ascending racemes, 7 to
17 cm long, aggregate on a short axis; spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm long,
elliptic, silky-ciliate on the margin (fig. 180).

Borders of streams, low ground, and swamps, southern Mexico to
Ecuador and Argentina.

WINDWARD Isuanps: St. Lucia, Box 191 (sterile).

TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10029.

Tosaco: Plymouth, Hitchcock 10281.

60. Paspalum virgatum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759.
Jamaica. CoRTADERO.

Paspalum virgatum var. jacquinianus Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 190.
1810. Caribbean Islands.

230 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ba ST if
= 4% We Zs

Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Chase 4388).

FIGURE 179.—Paspalum urovillei.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Dole

FIGURE 180.—Paspalum fasciculatum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Hitchcock 7899)

Paspalum wirgatum var. stramineum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 543
1864. Jamaica and Antigua.

Paspalum leucochelum Wright, An. Acad. Cien. Habana 8: 203.
1871. Isla de Pinos, Blain.

Culms robust, 1 to 2 m tall; blades flat, elongate, 1 to 2.5 cm wide;
panicle 15 to 25 cm long; racemes mostly 10 to 16, ascending to
drooping, the lower 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets about 2.5 mm long,
obovate, pubescent along the margin (fig. 181).

Open moist or swampy ground, Mexico and throughout the West
Indies to Brazil.

FIGURE 181.—Paspalum virgatum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, 10 (Hitchcock 9555).

232 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

In Puerto Rico this and other species of this group are called
‘“cortadero”’ because of the cruel cutting edges of the blades. Called
‘“‘caguazo”’ in Cuba.

61. Paspalum secans Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.
18: 319. 1917. Puerto Rico, Chase 6174.

Culms robust, erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades elongate, 5 to 10 mm
wide, the margins very sharp; racemes mostly 7 to 12, slender, spread-
ing or arching, 6 to 15 cm long; spikelets pale, about 2.5 mm long,
obovate-elliptic (fig. 182).

Open brushy slopes and savannas, West Indies.

Banamas: New Providence, Britton and Brace 598. Inagua, Nash
and Taylor 956.

Cupa: Santiago de los Bafios, Léon 4366%. Habana, Léon 931b,
932. Soledad, Jack 6201. Cano, Ekman 184. Tunas, Léon 6743.
Canasi, Léon 12961. Baragua, Hitchcock 23343. Isla de Pinos,
Ekman 122238.

FIGURE 182.—Paspalum secans. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (type).

JAMAICA: Montego Bay, Hitchcock 9670. Black River, Hitchcock
9649.

Harti: Gourjon, Ekman H 6451. Between Les Anglais and Char-
donnier, Ekman H 384. Tortuga Island, Leonard 11702.

Dominican Repusuic: Moncién, Ekman H 12611; Valeur 417.
Matanzas, Ekman H 15899. Peninsula de Samana, Hkman H 15362.

Purrto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6261 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 577),
Chase 6150, 6174, 6309; Holm 84. Maricao, Chase 6193, 6238.
Arecibo, Chase 6444, 6559. Lares, Chase 6581. Between Utuado
and Adjuntas, Chase 6465. Campo Alegre, Chase 6787. Between
Ponce and Santa Isabel, Britton and Brown 5518. Bayamon, Chase
6382, 6387, 6409. Catano, Chase 6641. Rio Piedras, Chase 6372;
Wetmore 167. Trujillo Alto, Sein 321. Caguas, Britton and Cowell
1405; Sintenis 2539. Rio Grande, Chase 6707, 6716, 6723. Loma
Icaco, Shafer 3415. Vieques Island, Chase 6698.

Vircin Isutanps: St. Thomas, Foster. St. Croix, Hitchcock 16323;
Ricksecker 434.

LrEwarpD Isuanps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel 603; Box 41, 56, 96,
113. Guadeloupe, Hitchcock 16408.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 233

62. Paspalum arundinaceum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 310.
1816. Cayenne.

Culms robust, erect, 1 to 2 m tall; blades elongate, 5 to 10 mm wide;
racemes usually 12 to 18, rather thick, ascending, 8 to 20 cm long,
approximate or fascicled, the axis 10 to 20 cm long; spikelets about
2.5 mm long, obovate-elliptic (fig. 183).

In marshes and low open ground, West
Indies, Guatemala, and French Guiana.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23293.
Herradura, Hitchcock 478. Guanajay, Pal-
mer and Riley 813. Habana, Tracy 9125,
9126. Cano, Ekman 184. Bataban6, Baker
and Wilson 2303; Hitchcock 477. Hana-
bana, Wright 3446 in part. Cayamas,
Baker 3626.

JAMAICA: Black River, Harris 12544;
EMitchcock 9644. Bull Head Mountain,
Hitchcock 9536. Between Ewarton and
Linstead, Hitchcock 9457. Annotta Bay,
Harris 12469a.

Harti: Plaisance, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle
174. Trouin, Ekman H 2435. Gourjon, yy,eurz 1s3—Paspalum arundi-
Ekman H 6452. Fond Parisien, Leonard naceum. Panicle, X 1; spikelet
4174, 4187. Ennery, Leonard 9079. Bassin STEP OF va ik veo
Bleu, Leonard 15033.

Dominican Repusuic: Pimentel, Hkman H 13240. Santo Do-
mingo City, Ekman H 11576. Santiago, Ekman H 16091.

LrEwarp Istanps: Antigua, Hitchcock 16375.

63. Paspalum millegrana Schrad., in Schult., Mant. 2: 175. 1824.
Brazil.

Paspalum underwoodii Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 375.
1903. Puerto Rico, Underwood and Griggs 149.

Culms erect, robust, 1 to 2 m tall; blades elongate, 7 to 15 mm
wide; racemes commonly 12 to 25, rather thick, ascending to spread-

SS

DIGI.

VD
een

On

eA

SY, \
\

FIGURE 184.—Paspalum millegrana. Panicle, Se two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Chase
ri e

234 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ing, approximate, 6 to 16cm long; spikelets 2 to 2.4 mm long, obovate-
suborbicular, flattened, pale to leaden-purplish (fig. 184).

Moist savannas, along ditches, and in low open ground. Central
America and the West Indies to Brazil.

-_ Banamas: New Providence, Krebs (Copenhagen Herb).

Cusa: Santiago de Los Bajfios, Léon 4364. Pinar del Rio, Hitch-
cock 23259. Habana, Léon 931, 4157, 4160; Tracy 9121. Guana-
bacoa, Léon 2870. Bajucal, Van Hermann 347. Cano, Léon 1987.
Santiago de las Vegas, Van Hermann 142. Tunas, Léon 6735. San
Marcos Savanna, Léon 9183. San Miguel de los Bafios, Killip 13920.
Lagoon Mojabraga, Léon 9413. Between Camagiiey and Santayana,
Britton 2361. Baraguaé, Hitchcock 23366. Sierra de Nipe, Ekman
10118. Bayate, Hkman 6176. Without locality, Wright 3446 in
part, 3840.

JAMAICA: Savanna-la-Mar, Hirichcock 9869. Troy, Harris 12657.
Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9557. Savoy, Harris 11620. Ashley
Hall, Harris 12730. Annotta Bay, Harris 12469, 12534, 12658,
12660. Buff Bay, Hitchcock 9776.

Harti: Aux Cayes, Ekman H 256, H 861.

Dominican Repusiic: Jaina, Faris 267. Pimentel, Hkman H
13242. Sabana Guabatico, Kkman H 13322.

Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6316 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 578);
Chase 6153, 6164, 6187, 6257%, 6303; Goll 923; Helier 4368; Sintenis
1223 in part; Underwood and Griggs 149. Maricao, Chase 6237.
Arecibo, Chase 6441, 6565. Campo Alegre, Chase 6626. Vega
Baja, Britton and Cowell 1449; Chase 6793, 6794. Bayamon, Chase
6373, 6646. Catano, Chase 6637. San Juan, Chase 6356, 6359, 6785.
Rio Piedras, Cowgill 691; Wetmore 176. Trujillo Alto, Chase 6761
6775. Mameyes, Chase 6650. Rio Grande, Chase 6725. Fajardo,
Chase 6655, 6704. Humacao, Eggers 676. Vieques Island, Chase
6687.

Lerrwarp Istanps: Antigua, Bor 186. Guadeloupe, Balbis in
1822; Aitchcock 16411.

WINDWARD IsuanpDs: St. Lucia, Bor 186.

TRINIDAD: Cedros, Broadway 4921; Hitchcock 10145. Icacos,
Hitchcock 10156. Dabadie, Broadway. Manzanilla, Hitchcock 10366.

TosaGo: Scarborough, Hitchcock 10285. Milford Road, Broadway
3066. Old Grange Road, Broadway 4696.

64. Paspalum densum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 32. 1804. Puerto
Rico.

Paspalum panceum J. KH. Smith, in Rees’s Cycl. 26: no. 14. 1813.
Jamaica.

Culms erect; robust, 1 to 2 m tall; blades elongate, 1 to 2 cm wide;
panicle 12 to 30 cm long, dense, tapering upward; racemes 50 to 100,
rather thick, the lower 5 to 9 cm long, the others successively shorter
and more crowded, the rachis conspicuously ciliate with stiff hairs
2 to 5 mm long; spikelets about 2 mm long, suborbicular, tan to
brownish or purplish (fig. 185).

Marshes, wet savannas, and low open ground, or in shallow water,
West Indies to Panama and Brazil.

Cusa: Mantua, Ekman 11085. Handbana, Wright 3447. Rodrigo,
Léon 9135. Placetas del Sur, Léon 6420. Baragua, Hitchcock 23381.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 235

Ca

Ng

NN

ER

BSUS SIS2SS. PERI EIEK

FIGURE 185.—Paspalum densum. Panicle X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Chase 6791).

JAMAICA: Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9556 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 579), Killits, Harris 11149. Appleton, Hitchcock 9657. Bog
Walk, Harris 12214.

Haiti: Marmelade, Leonard 8357. Caille la Croix, Leonard 7989.
St. Michel de VAtalaye, Ekman H 9416. Petite-Riviere de |’ Artibonite,
Ekman H. 3480.

Dominican Repusuic: Pimentel, Abbott 671; Hkman H 13241.
Leonor, Valeur 505. Sabana de la Mar, Kkman H 15668.

Purrto Rico: Vega Baja, Chase 6791. Between Bayamon and
Cantano, Stahl 42.

VirGin Isuanps: St. Thomas, Riedley.

Lerwarp Istanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 4224.

TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10025. St. Augustine, Hart 2155.
Longdenville, Broadway 2618. Claxton Bay, Hitchcock 10115.

65. Paspalum coryphaeum Trin., Gram. Pan. 114. 1826. Brazil.

Paspalum violascens Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 15:73. 1917.

Trinidad, Bot. Gard. Herb. 2175.
Culms 1 to 4m tall, with short hard rhizomes; blades flat, elongate,

1 to 2 cm wide, puberulent to nearly glabrous; racemes 10 to 45, some-

Wi <
i
4 Z
<ANS Z
y AN af
ee )
gi SAS
[js )
AS 7)
ZiAGN
GY Ci

FIGURE 186.—Paspalum coryphaeum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, x. 10.(Langsdorff,.
and Chase 9058).

236 MISC. PUBLICATION 248, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

what distant, nodding, the lower 6 to 12 cm long, the common axis
10 to 25 cm long; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long, elliptic, finely glandular-
pubescent (fig. 186).
_ Se a brushy slopes, and river banks, Panama and Trinidad to
razil.
TRINIDAD: Botanic Garden, Broadway 2175, 5947. St. Joseph,
Hitchcock 10183, 10184, 10186, 10192. California, Hitchcock 10107.
La Brea, Bot. Gard. Herb. 2262. Brighton, Hitchcock 10092.

66. Paspalum plicatulum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 45. 1803.
Georgia and Florida.
aie undulatum Poir.,in Lam., Encycl. 5:29. 1804. Puerto
ico. :
Paspalum antillense Husnot, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. (II) 5: 260.
1871. Guadeloupe.

Panicum plicatu-
lum Kuntze, Rev.
Gens ely 37363:
1898.

Culms erect or
ascending, 50 to 100
em tall, rather slen-
der; blades mostly
folded at base, elon-
gate, 3 to 10 mm
wide; racemes 2 to
several, usually 3
to 10, 2 to 10 cm
long; spikelets usu-
ally 2.5 to 2.8 mm
long, obovate-oval,
the sterile lemma
wrinkled trans-
versely just inside
the margin; fruit
dark brown (fig.
187).

Open ground or
wood borders,
southeastern

United States to Aas
FIGURE 187.—Paspalum plicat- FIGURE 188.—Paspalum wrightii.

ulum. Panicle, X 1; two views A 1G) ps ey tina } Panicle, X 1; two views of spike-
of spikelet, and floret, X 10 throu eho ut the let, and floret, X 10 (type).

awh West Indies

67. Paspalum wrightii Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
18: 310. 1917. Cuba, Wright 3843.

Subaquatic; culms about 1.5 m tall, erect from a decumbent or
floating base; blades flat, elongate, about 5 mm wide, long-pilose
just back of the ligule; racemes 5 to 9, ascending, 4 to 8 cm long, the
axis 8 to 10 cm long; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, elliptic; fruit brown
(fig. 188).

Margin of pools and streams, Gulf Coast, Texas, and western Cuba,
sometimes forming dense colonies.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Wright 3843. Arroyo Mateo Sanchez,
Ekman 17910 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 978).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Zot

68. Paspalum motembense Léon, in Britton,

Bull. Torrey Bot.

Club 53: 457. 1926. Cuba, Léon and Loustalot 9354.

Culms about 60 cm tall, erect, with a short
rhizome; blades mostly folded, elongate, 5 to
8 mm wide; racemes several, ascending, the
lower about 5 cm long, the upper gradually
shorter, the axis about 15 cm long; spikelets
2.5 mm long, elliptic; fruit brown (fig. 189).

Grassy places, Cuba. Known only from
the type collection, from Motembo, Province
of Santa Clara.

69. Paspalum urbanianum Ekman, sp. nov.

Perennial with a short scaly rhizome; culms
80 to 100 cm tall erect, appressed branches
from the lower nodes, the lower part slightly
spongy, clothed with overlapping old
sheaths; leaves numerous, crowded toward

FIGURE 190.— Paspalum
urbanianum. Panicle,
X 1; spikelet and floret,

X 10 (

type).

the base, the sheaths
papillose-hirsute toward
the summit, usually
conspicuously so on the
collar; ligule mem-
branaceous, scarcely
1 mm long; blades
terete, the margins

erown together above HiguEe 1805 —Easpalin

Sexe - motembense. Panicle, X 1;
the hispid b ase, stiff two views of spikelet, and
but rather brittle, 30 floret, X 10 (type).

to 60 cm long (the

uppermost reduced) 1.5 to 2 mm thick, erect or
ascending, sharp-pointed; racemes 3 to 5, slender,
narrowly ascending, purplish-brown, 8 to 15 cm
long, 3 to 5 cm distant on a slender common
axis; rachis 0.7 to 0.8 mm wide, flexuous, some-
times naked at base; spikelets in pairs or solitary
on short scabrous pedicels, not crowded, some-
times distant, often unsymmetrical, 3.5 to 3.8
mm long, about 1.5 mm wide, elliptic, acute;
olume and sterile lemma equal, pointed be-
yond the fruit, glabrous or very obscurely
pubescent, 5-nerved, the outer pair of nerves
obscure, thin, the lemma sometimes faintly
wrinkled; fruit 3 mm long, minutely papillose-
striate, chestnut-brown, the apex and margin
of the lemma paler (fig. 190).

Type in the United States National Herba-
rium, no. 1502227, collected in a moist place,
about 2,000 m altitude, Loma Tina, prov. Azua,
in the Cordillera Central, Dominican Repub-
lic, October 9, 1929, by E. L. Ekman (no. H
13712).

60 Perenne; culmi 80-100 em alti erecti; folia numerosa; vaginae summo hispidae; laminae elongata;
Suberectae eylindricae subrigidae pungentes; racemi 3-5 purpurei 8-15 em longi; rachis 0.7-0.8 mm lata
spiculae geminae 3.5-3.8 mm longae 1.5 mm latae acutae glabrae vel obscure pubescentes; fructus 3 mm

longus castaneus.

238 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

The base of the type specimen and of Ekman H 13603 suggest that
the plants were growing in deep humus, such as is often found in open
ground above timberline. A note by Dr. Ekman on H 13603 reads:
“Silt flats, about 1,950 m, very abun-
dant. One of the very few plants
characteristic of the high mountain |
eroup west of Constanza. As a rule
all plants found in this region grow
also in the Los Valles region.”” No.H
13542 is said to form vast colonies.
Known only from Cordillera Central,
prov. Azua, Dominican Republic.

Dominican RepusBiic: Loma Tina,
Hkman H 13712. San Juan, Arroyo
del Oro, Ekman H 13542; Lomas de
la Mediania, Ekman H 13603.

70. Paspalum convexum Humb. and
Bonpl., in Fliigge, Monogr.
Pasp. 175. 1810. Mexico.

Paspalum hemicrypium Wright,
An. Acad. Cien. Habana 8: 204.
FIGURE 191.—Paspalum convecum. Panicle, 1871. Cuba, Wright 3847.

(AES yaa Tufted leafy branching usually

spreading annual; culms usually 20
to 40 em tall; blades flat, ratherlax, 5 to 20 cm long, 3 to 11 mm wide;

racemes usually 2 or 3, thick, 2 to 4 cm long; spikelets 2.2 to 3 mm

long, obovate-suborbicular, appressed-pubes-

cent to glabrous; fruit dark brown (fig. 191).

Open ground, cultivated and waste places,

Mexico to Brazil; Cuba and Trinidad, proba-

bly introduced.

Cusa: El Salado, Wright 3847. Gamboa,

Ekman 15008.

Trinipap: La Brea, Broadway 4983. Pitch

Lake, Broadway 9012}.

71. Paspalum melanospermum Desv., in Poir.,
ay Weta, Winey Swjo, 422 BSH Wel,
Cayenne.

Paspalum oliwaceum Hitche. and Chase,
Contub: WIS. Nath rerby WS sie 19 er.
Guadeloupe, Duss 3915.

Leafy nearly glabrous annual; culms 40 to
70 cm long, ascending from a decumbent base;
blades lax, flat, 10 to 15 cm long, 5 to 10 mm
wide; racemes 2 to 7, arcuate-spreading, 1 to 6
cm long, the slender subflexuous axis 4 to 8 cm
long; spikelets 2 mm long, obovate, brown;
fruit dark brown (fig. 192). FOU RHA0e- SP Lene

Open moist ground, northern South anospermum. Panicle, x 1
America; Guadeloupe and Martinique, proba- Horat, ¢ 10 (Duss 3915).
bly introduced.

Lrnwarp Isuanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3915; Husnot 76 in part.

WINDWARD Isutanps: Martinique, Duss 4012; Hitchcock 16445.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 239

72. Paspalum boscianum Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 170. 1810. Caro-
lina. BULL PASPALUM.
Rather succulent branching annual; culms mostly 20 to 60 cm
long, ascending to widely spreading; blades flat, mostly 15 to 30 cm
long, 8 to 10 mm wide; racemes usually 4 to 11, 2.5 to 9 cm long,

FIGURE 193.—Paspalum boscianum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Kearney 152).

the rachis 2 to 2.6 mm wide; spikelets 2 to 2.2 mm long, obovate-
suborbicular; fruit brown (fig. 193).

In the Grasses of the West Indies this species was described under
P. melanospermum Desv.

Moist or wet open ground, along ditches and ponds, sometimes a
weed in cultivated soul, southeastern United
States; West Indies to Brazil.

Dominican ReEpusuic: Azua, Hkman H
136738. Cuenca, Hkman H 11002. Higiey,
Ekman H 12177. Constanza, Ekman H
14070. Sabana dela Mar, Ekman H 15551.

PurerRTo Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6172.
Maricao, Chase 6234. Sierra Luquillo, Chase
6724; FMioram 367.

VirGiIn IsLAnps: St. Thomas, Herb. Ven-
tenat (Delessert Herb.).

73. Paspalum pulchellum Kunth, Mém. Mus. 3
Hist. Nat. 2: 68. 1815. Based on Rei- Z
maria elegans Humb. and Bonpl. iN .

f

Reimaria elegans Humb. and Bonpl.;
Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 216. 1810. Not
aspalum elegans Bligge, op. cit.’ 183. jeune 191 — Paspalum pulchel.
Venezuela. lum. -Racemes, xX 1; two views

Culms erect, slender,25to75cmtall; blades Chitnccck’10e. nn’
flat, becoming involute, 5 to 25 cm long, 1.5 to
4 mm wide, papillose-pilose; racemes usually 2, approximate, or some-
what distant, 2 to 9 cm long; spikelets 1.7 to 2 mm long, elliptic,
the glume wanting, the sterile lemma often dark purple (fig. 194).

Sandy mostly moist savannas and pinelands, Guatemala to Brazil;
Cuba, Hispaniola, and Trinidad.

60256—386—16

240 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sa,
Cer

2 yepebeeg

si

seth
o,

FIGURE 195.—Paspalum fimbriatum. Plant, X % (Chase 6296); two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10
(Hitchcock 9773).

Cusa: Guane, Léon 6936. Herradura, Baker and Dimmock 4813;
Ekman in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 984); Hitchcock 469. Hana-
bana, Wright 171. San Marcos, Léon 9185. Placetas del Sur, Léon
8156. Nagua, Léon 11344. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14282;
Ekman 11715. Without locality, Wright 3439.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 241

Dominican Repusuic: Matas, Eggers 2439. Cuenca, Ekman
H 13304. Moncioén, Ekman H 13014. Sabana de la Mar, Ekman
H 15609.

TRINIDAD: Comuto Station, Hitchcock 10066. Arouca, Hitchcock
10338.

74, Paspalum fimbriatum H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 93. pl. 28.
1815. Colombia.

Annual; culms erect, 25 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, mostly 10 to
20 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide; racemes 3 to 8, ascending or spreading,
2.5 to 8 cm long, the axis 8 to 10 cm long; spikelets about 2.3 mm long,
with a broad firm notched wing, the wing and spikelet together about
3 mm long and wide (fig. 195).

SS SSS SS

SSS

FIGURE 196.—Paspalum saccharoidcs. Panicle, X 14; two views ofspikelet,and floret, X 10 (Hitchcock 7904)

Savannas, open and waste ground, Panama, the West Indies, and
northern South America. To be found on probably all the islands
of the West Indies.

75. Paspalum saccharoides Nees, in Trin., Gram. Icon. 1: pl. 107.
1827. Based on Saccharum polystachyum Swartz.

Saccharum polystachyum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788.
Not Paspalum polystachyum KR. Br., 1810. St. Christopher.

Pamcum saccharoides Kunth, Rév. Gram. 2: 237. pl. 30. 1830.

Tricholaena saccharoides Griseb., Syst. Unt. Veg. Karaib. 117.
1857.

Paspalum polystachyum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 786. 1891. Not
P. polystachyum R. Br., 1810.

242 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Robust branching perennial growing in tough clumps; culms 1 to
2 m long, often decumbent or creeping at base; blades flat, 15 to 30
em long, 8 to 15 mm wide; panicle subflabellate, feathery; racemes
numerous, slender, silky, drooping, 15 to 30 em long, the axis short;
spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate, bearing a fringe
of pale silky hairs as much as 5 to 8 mm long (fig. 196).

Open brushy or jungly slopes, mostly in moist spots, Costa Rica
and the Lesser Antilles to Bolivia.

LEEWARD IsLANDs: St. Kitts, Bor 151. Dominica, Imray 311.

WINDWARD IsuAnps: Martinique, Duss 1317. Grenada, Broad-
way 62, 2919, and in 1905; Smith 192, 843.

TRINIDAD: Cedros, Hitchcock 10134. Without locality, Broadway
in 1919.

Tosaao: Adelphi, Broadway 3979. Center of island, Hitchcock

10278.
80. PANICUM L., Sp. Pl. 55. 1753

Spikelets more or less compressed dorsiventrally, arranged in open
or compact panicles, rarely in racemes; glumes herbaceous, nerved,
usually very unequal, the first often minute, the second typically
equaling the sterile lemma, the latter of the same texture and simu-
lating a third glume, bearing in its axil a membranaceous or hyaline
palea and sometimes a staminate flower, the palea rarely wanting;
fertile lemma chartaceous-indurate, typically obtuse, the nerves
obsolete, the margins inrolled over an enclosed palea of the same text-
ure. Annuals or perennials of various habit.

la. Axis of branchlets produced beyond the base of the uppermost spikelet as a
point or bristle 1 to 6 mm long, sometimes nearly obsolete. Culms cespitose,
a slender rhizome developed in some species, usually found in P. leonis, often
in P. utowanaeum, but rarely in the others (Subgenus PAUROCHAETIUM).
Second glume about as long as fruit, this and the sterile lemma faintly retic-
ulate; first glume rounded or truneate_-_-=___-- = _2 89. P. CHAPMANI.
Second glume about two-thirds as long as fruit, neither this nor the sterile
lemma reticulate; first glume usually acute.
Panicles strict, 15 to 35 cm long; spikelets spreading.._._92. P. PRADANUM.
Panicles not strict, mostly subflexuous, not more than 10 cm long; spikelets
not spreading (a few sometimes slightly spreading).
Blades 4 to 7 mm wide, thickish, mostly flat, 5 to 15 em long.
94. P. LEONIS.
Blades 1 to 3 mm wide, flat to involute.
Spikeletsale4: toy 125 mamyl ong es eee ee 91. P. DISTANTIFLORUM.
Spikelets 1.8 to 2.5 mm long.
Blades flat or folded toward the apex, mostly 3 to 8 cm (rarely to 12
ae) long, the basal crowded in a tuft, those of the culm spread-
DT U8 GA ERY AE Je et eee SE 90. P. OPHITICOLA.
Blades of the innovations involute, 8 to 20 em long, ascending, the
basalinotinvardensestuit sess 93. P. UTOWANAEUM.
1b. Axis of branchlets not produced into a bristle. (In P. geminatum the some-
what flattened axis pointed but not bristle-form.)
2a. Basal leaves usually distinctly different from those of the culm, forming
a winter rosette; culms at first simple, the spikelets of the primary panicle
not perfecting seed, later usually becoming much branched, the small
secondary panicles with cleistogamous fruitful spikelets (Subgenus
DICHANTHELIUM).
Foliage soft and lax, the flat blades prominently ciliate; plants branching
from the base, finally forming rosettes or cushions (Laaiflora).
Spikelets papillose-pilose; sheaths retrorsely pilose___59. P. XALAPENSE.
Spikelets glabrous; sheaths not retrorsely pilose.
Blades slabrous:onsphe SUbLaACe = 45 aeete: eee ere 60. P. POLYCAULON.
Biladesspiloseron, Gheysuriace 55 see meee ee 61. P. sTRIGOSUM.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 243

Foliage not soft and lax; plants branching from the culm nodes.
3a. Blades long, stiff, conspicuously striate, tapering from base to apex;
autumnal phase bushy-branched above; spikelets turgid, attenuate
at base, mostly pustulose-pubescent (Angustzfolia).
INodeshoearce dimen (one aes anise 62. P. CHRYSOPSIDIFOLIUM.
Nodes not bearded.
Autumnal blades flat; lower panicle branches spreading or deflexed.
6 P. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
Autumnal blades involute; lower panicle branches more or less ascend-
ing.
Spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long, pointed_________- 63. P. FUSIFORME.
Spikelets less than 3 mm long, not pointed or obscurely so.
Plants glabrous or nearly so; autumnal culm erect.
66. P. NEURANTHUM.
Plants pubescent, at least on the lower half.
Spikelets about 2.4 mm long; vernal blades 7 to 12 em long;
autumnal blades not faleate______ 65. P. ARENICOLOIDES.
Spikelets about 2 mm long; vernal blades 4 to 6 cm long;
autumnal blades much crowded, falcate.
67. P. ACICULARE.
3b. Blades not long and stiff; culms not bushy-branched.
Spikelets subglobose or pyriform.
Blades spreading, rarely over 5 cm long and 5 mm wide; spikelets
pyriform; autumnal phase bushy-branching (Lancearia).
Spikelets about 1.5 mm long____________-_ 83. P. PORTORICENSE.
Spikelets about 2 mm long.
Blades firm, glabrous above; culms stiffly ascending.
85. P. LANCEARIUM.
Blades lax, softly puberulent on both surfaces; culms decumbent.
8 P. PATULUM.
Blades erect, 7 to 138 cm long, 7 to 14 mm wide, spikelets sphaeroidal

(Sphaerocarpa).
Culms spreading; panicle nearly as broad as long; spikelets about 1.7
OANA) VOY Oye Sane 9 So Re Toh eal ae ea hs i a a 78. P. SPHAEROCARPON.

Culms erect or ascending; panicle never more than two-thirds as
broad as long; spikelets about 1.1 mm long.
79. QP. ERECTIFOLIUM.
Spikelets not subglobose nor pyriform-elliptic.
4a. Ligule of conspicuous hairs usually 3 to 5 mm long.
Sheaths glabrous or only the lowermost somewhat pubescent;
spikelets not more than 1.8 mm long (Spreia).

Culms and sheaths glabrous_________- 73. P. LONGILIGULATUM.
Culms and sheaths appressed-pubescent.
Spikelets 1.2 to 1.3 mm long________.._- 71. P. LEUCOTHRIX.
Spikeletsml, mama oMmewar. wee 2S eS Pees 72. P. WRIGHTIANUM.

Sheaths strongly pubescent (Lanuginosa).
Spikelets about 2mmlong. (See also P. viscidellum.)
74, P. ACUMINATUM.
Spikelets about 1.5 mm long.
Blades velvety-puberulent with long hairs intermixed.
P. ALBEMARLENSE.
BAC CS VAN OUS meet. ce rewe See beenn. Oats Spemaeae Se 76. P. AUBURNE.
4b. Ligule obsolete or nearly so (manifest in P. viscidellum).
Spikelets about 3 mm long, elliptic, pubescent; blades somewhat
COLCA LEH (CONTI UEAT) ee ee ee ee ee 88. P. JOORII.
Spikelets less than 3 mm long.
Blades of midculm elongate; plant villous or velvety (Scoparia).

SoMa ers PA Gy rem en Gian te De 86. P. SCOPARIUM.

Spikelets less than 2 mm long________-_ 87. P. VISCIDELLUM.
Blades of midculm not elongate.

NodesibeardedsCDichotoma) aye ae oe 68. P. NITIDUM.

Nodes not bearded.

Sheaths crisp- or appressed-pubescent (Columbiana).
a P. WILMINGTONENSE,
Sheaths glabrous.
Culms slender, rarely less than 40 cm tall (Dichotoma).
Spikelets about 1.5 mm long___70. P. CAERULESCENS.
Spikelets about 2 mm long______- 69. P. ROANOKENSE,.

244 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Culms delicate, usually less than 40 em tall, spikelets not-
more than 1.5 mm long (Enszfolia).
Spikelets about 1 mm long; blades not white-margined.
82. P. CHAMAELONCHE.
Spikelets about 1.5 mm long; blades white-margined.
Uppermost culm blades much reduced.
80. P. ALBOMARGINATUM.
Uppermost culm blades about as long as the others.
81. P. TRIFOLIUM.
2b. Basal leaves similar to the culm leaves, not forming a winter rosette;
spikelets all fertile.
oa. Plants annual.
Spikelets laterally compressed; second glume carinate. Panicles small,
fEy~HOWELEO. 52 see 2 Sic ee REI AR ee rs ae eee 53. P. TRIGONUM.
Spikelets not laterally compressed; second glume not carinate.
Spikelets plano-gibbous, the second glume swollen, bristly and burlike
at maturity; first glume nearly as long as the minute spikelet.
58. P. HIRTUM.
Spikelets not plano-gibbous nor burlike.

Panicles consisting of more or less secund spikelike racemes; fruit.
transversely rugose; glumes and sterile lemma usually reticulate-
veined (Fasciculata).

Spikelets strongly reticulate-veined, 2 to 3 mm long, glabrous.
4, P. FASCICULATUM.
Spikelets scarcely reticulate-veined or only near the apex.
Spikelets not more than 2 mm long, glabrous__ 38. P. REPTANS.
Spikelets more than 3 mm long, pubescent.
Rachis pilose with bristly hairs; plants more or less velvety.

P. MOLLE.
Rachis scabrous but not bristly.
Spikeletselabrouses sop esi ae eee 7. .P. ADSPERSUM.
Spikelets tuberculate-hispid________- 6. P. ECHINULATUM.
Panicles more or less diffuse.
Bladesiovate=lanceola te, 22s = ee 43. P. TRICHOIDES.

Blades linear.
First glume not more than one-fourth the length of the spikelet,.
truncate or triangular-tipped____ 8. P. DICHOTOMIFLORUM.
First glume usually as much as half the length of the spikelet,.
acute or acuminate.
Inflorescence elongate, composed of several approximate impli-
Cate; panicless ae) 2 heap ek ee 15. P. CcAYENNENSE.
Inflorescence not as above.
Panicles more than half the length of the entire plant.
. P. CAPILLARE.
Panicles not more than one-third the entire height of the
PLAT G soe eee ee 14. P. HIRTICAULE.
ob. Plants perennial.
6a. Spikelets short-pediceled along one side of the panicle branches, form-
ing more or less spikelike racemes.
Spikelets more or less pubescent or hispid.
Spikelets 4 mm long; blades 2 to 4cm wide__ 55. P. ASPERIFOLIUM.
Spikelets less than 3 mm long; blades mostly less than 1 ecm wide.
Sterile lemma glandless; second glume inflated-gibbous.
48. P. VENEZUELAE.
Sterile lemma bearing a pair of crateriform glands.
41, P. PULCHELLUM.
Spikelets glabrous.
Blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; glumes strongly carinate.
Blades not more than 5 em, usually 2 or 3 cm, long; second glume
rather blunt and shorter than the sterile lemma.
39. P. STOLONIFERUM.
Blades 5 to 11 em long; second glume acute, nearly equaling the
SUCEIG lemumay |. 5 Leia See ee 40. P. FRONDESCENS.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 245

Blades linear, often elongate; glumes not carinate or but slightly so.
Fruit transversely rugose.

INedestbesrded. 22 anni tains eles Ty 2. P. PURPURASCENS.
INN CSPO ta CACC Oe te es ee 1. P. GEMINATUM.

Fruit not rugose.
Spikelets not expanded at maturity by an enlarged sterile palea,

FLOR GCE GE Sete shes Corse eve eeres Beh eto 32. P. POLYGONATUM.
Spikelets expanded at maturity by the enlarged sterile palea.
Blades narrowed toward the base__-_____-__-- 36. P. LAXUM.

Blades cordate or truncate at base.
pues 2 mm long; panicle branches erect or nearly
Si sell os Pe me LON rs tei dates orc nts 37. P. STEVENSIANUM.
Spikelets not more than 1.6 mm long; panicle branches
spreading or ascending.

Panicles one-third to half as wide as long; spikelets not
conspicuously secund, somewhat irregularly dis-
posed; blades cordate-clasping__35. P. BOLIVIENSE.

Panicles rarely one-fourth as wide as long; spikelets
conspicuously secund and regularly disposed.

Culms as much as 2 m long; panicles 25 to 30 cm

NOW Se ae aR eel lyase = 33. P. MILLEFLORUM.
Culms not more than 1 m tall; panicles 5 to 15 cm
LCN aN Cay ees te Sp a Leek PY Gigi a eas Ri 34. P. PILOSUM.

6b. Spikelets in open or sometimes in contracted or congested panicles,
but not in 1-sided spikelike racemes.
ISGWELSERANSMEESChY; TUR OSCa = 19 1 (2 ane BL Wy El oe 8 19. P. MAXIMUM.
Fruit not transversely rugose.
Culms more or less succulent. Plants glabrous or nearly so through-
out, aquatic or subaquatic.
First glume not more than one-fifth the length of the spikelet.
Spikelets 4 to 5 mm long; fruit long-acuminate____________----
12. P. ELEPHANTIPES.
Spikelets 2 to 3 mm long; fruit not acuminate.

Spikelets: 2 mmrlong 24 2s Vie pe k 10. P. LACUSTRE.

Spikelets about 3 mm long_____________-_ 11. P. aquaTicum.
First glume one-third to one-half the length of the spikelet.

Culms erect, panicle contracted__________- 31. P. cONDENSUM.

Culms long- decumbent at base; panicle open___54. P. GRANDE.
Culms not succulent.

First glume not more than one-fifth the length of the spikelet or
wanting (occasionally a long glume developed in P. discrepans.)
Fruit felty villous at base and apex; first glume often minute or
wanting; fruit keeled, pubescent at apex_57. P. DISCREPANS.
Fruit not felty villous; first glume evident; fruit not keeled,
sparsely pubescent all over__________-_ 42. P. SCHIFFNERI.

First glume more than one-fifth the length of the spikelet.
Sterile palea enlarged and indurate at maturity, expanding the
Bpikeletrrisumes Jey MANgla es 38. P. EXIGUIFLORUM.

Sterile palea, if present, not enlarged and indurate.

First glume less than one-third the length of the spikelet,

Ro ainnetja fo = sae pt fh bed aN a ee oe 9. P. BARTOWENSE.
First glume usually more than one-third the length of the
spikelet.

7a. Plants forming conspicuous hard creeping rhizomes.

First glume less than half the length of the spikelet;
spikelets not more than 2.5 mm long.

Panicle loosely flowered; first glume truncate, about one-

fifth the length of the spikelet____20. P. REPENS.

Panicles rather densely flowered; first glume triangular,.

about one-third the length of the spikelet____---_-

21. P. GOuUINI.

First glume more than half the length of the spikelet;

spikelets 3 to 4 mm long.
Culms decumbent or creeping at base, mostly 2 to 4
m tall 23. P. ALTUM-

246 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Culms erect.
Panicles strongly contracted, elongate; seacoast
plants growing in large bunches.
24. P. AMARULUM.
Panicles open, rather narrow; plants of low ground
but not littoral, the culms solitary or few in a
clumpae es aes 22. P.VIRGATUM var. CUBENSE.
7b. Plants not forming creeping scaly rhizomes.
Fruit crested at apex; spikelets 5.5 to 6 mm long.
06. P. ZIZANIOIDES.
Fruit not crested.
Panicles narrow and few-flowered; culms erect and wiry;
blades drying involute.
Second glume and sterile lemma exceeding the fruit;
spikelets somewhat pointed.
Pedicels bearing a few long hairs_26. P. TENERUM.
Pedicels puberulent, without long hairs.
30. P. BEYERI.
Second glume and sterile lemma not exceeding the
fruit; spikelets rather blunt.
Pedicels bearing a few long stiff erect hairs at the
SUT rn Oh Byes yah age Be se 27. P. CARICOIDES.
Pedicels not hairy.

Spikelets attenuate at base, about 2 mm long;
leaves more or less pilose.

28. P. STENODOIDES.

Spikelets not attenuate at base, about 1.5 mm
long; leaves glabrous____29. P. STENODEs.

Panicles open or contracted.
Panicles 40 to 60 cm long, the numerous elongate
branches in ‘verticils:_=_-=-__ 52. P. MERTENSII.
Panicles mostly much less than 40 cm long; branches
not verticillate.
First glume not pointed, two-thirds the length of
the spikelet or more; spikelets blunt.

Panicles not more than 6 cm long; plants some-
what glaucous, relatively small; blades
mostly less than 8 em long.

Culms very slender, decumbent or creeping;

blades 1 to 3cm long_45. P. PARVIFOLIUM.
Culms firm, erect or decumbent at base only;
blades 3 to 8cm long_46. P. CYANESCENS.

Panicles 10 to 20 em long, diffuse; plants tall or
stout.

Blades gradually narrowed from a clasping
base, stiff, striate, erect or ascending.
P. NERVOSUM.
Blades not clasping at base.
Spikelets viscid, 3 mm long.
50. P. GLUTINOSUM.
Spikelets not viscid, 2 to 2.3 mm long.
49. P. SELLOWIL.
First glume pointed, usually less than two-thirds as
long as the spikelets.
Spikelets sparsely hirsute_____- 51. P. RUDGET.
Spikelets glabrous.
Culms straggling; spikelets minute.
P. TRICHANTHUM.
Culms erect or stiffly ascending.
Culms tall and stout, usually more than

1 m tall.
Sheaths hirsute: ______ 18. P. HIRSUTUM.
Sheaths glabrous___-_- 25. P. PETERSONII.

Culms slender, less than 1 m tall.
Blades 1 to 3 mm wide; plants spreading
Gr ascending== = 16. P. DIFFUSUM.
Blades mostly more than 5 mm wide;
plants erect.__17. P. GHIESBREGHTII.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 247

1. Panicum geminatum Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 18. 1775. Egypt.

Paspalidium geminatum Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 583.
1920.

Perennial, glabrous throughout; culms cespitose, 25 to 80 cm tall,
spreading from a decumbent base; blades 10 to 20 cm long, 3 to 6 mm
wide, flat; panicle 12 to 30 cm long, the racemes 12 to 18, erect, or —
nearly so, rather distant; spikelets glabrous, a little more than 2 mm
long (fig. 197).

Moist ground, ditches, and swamps, mostly near the coast, tropical
regions of both hemispheres, in America extending north into southern
Florida and Texas; throughout the West Indies.

This species has sometimes been referred to P. paspalodes Pers.

2. Panicum purpurascens Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 47. 1823. Brazil.
PARA GRASS.

Panicum barbinode Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1:
256. 1834. Bahia.

Panicum guadaloupense Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 61. 1854.
Guadeloupe.

Perennial, sending out widely creeping stolons; culms decumbent
at base, rooting at the lower nodes, 2 to 6 m long or even more, some-
times ascending into bushes and trees; nodes densely villous; sheaths
villous; blades 10 to 15 mm wide, glabrous; panicle 12 to 20 cm long,
with several rather distant racemes; spikelets 3 mm long, glabrous
(fig. 198).

Cultivated and waste ground, especially in moist places, tropical
America. To be found on all the West Indian islands.

A valuable forage grass in the Tropics at low altitudes, used for
pasture and for cut ereen feed. In common with Eriochloa poly-
stachya called ‘‘malojilla’’ in Puerto Rico; in Cuba called “‘hierba del
Paral’, “hierba bruja’, and ‘‘parand”’; in the English islands called
“Dutch grass” and “Scotch grass.”

Panicum purpurascens Raddi had previously been discarded be-
cause of the earlier P. purpurascens Opiz (1822) which, however, is a
nomen nudum.

Some botanists have referred this species to Panicum muticum
Forsk. described from Egypt, or to P. numidianum Lam., also de-
scribed from Egypt (‘‘Nubia’’). In the author’s opinion P. pur-
purascens is different from P. numidianum to which P. muticum
should probably be referred. The Egyptian plant differs in having
pubescent but not villous nodes, more acute spikelets, no long hairs
on the rachis and pedicels, and a larger first glume. Panicum pur-
purascens occurs in tropical Africa whence it may have been intro-
duced into Brazil.

3. Panicum reptans L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. Jamaica.

Pamcum grossarvum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 871. 1759. Jamaica.

Pamcum prostratum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. Santo
Domingo.

Pamcum caespitosum Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 146. 1797. Jamaica.

Panicum insularum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 61. 1854. Lesser
Antilles.

Brachiaria prostrata Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. G6ttingen 7: 263.
1857.

248 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

AELEO sa,
™ i

1AADLL
ek TS
Sot

J
iF
‘4,
B
4
:
Ly

FIGURE 197.—Panicum geminatum. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Tracy 9395).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 249

FIGURE 198.—Panicum purpurascens. Plant, X an ae views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Hitchcock

250 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum prostratum var. pilosum Eggers, Fl. St. Croix and
Virgin Isl. 104. 1879. St. Croix.

Urochloa reptans Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 601. 1920.

Plants annual, spreading, usually prostrate; culms slender, freely
branching, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
1.5 to 6 cm long, 4 to 12 mm wide, cordate, glabrous or puberulent,
ciliate at base; inflorescence long-exserted, 2 to 6 cm long; racemes
spikelike, 3 to 12, 2 to 3 cm long: spikelets about 2 mm long, glabrous;
first glume rounded or truncate, less than 0.5 mm long (fig. 199).

Moist open ground and a frequent weed in waste places and culti-
vated soil, Florida to Texas, southward to northern South America;
also in tropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. Probably to be
found on all the West Indian islands. In Cuba called ‘“‘San Juan de
Castillo.”
4, Panicum fasciculatum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788.

Jamaica. BROWNTOP MILLET.

Panicum fuscum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788. Jamaica.
Panicum flavescens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788.
Jamaica.

FIGURE 199.—Panicum repians. FIGURE 200.—Panicum fasciculatum.
Two views of spikelet, and floret, Two views of spikelet, and floret,
xX 10 (type of P. prostratum X 10 (type).

Lam.).

Panicum chartaginense Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Oce. 22. 1788.
Cartagena.

Panicum fusco-rubens Lam., Tabl. Eneyel. 1: 171. 1791. Carib-
bean Islands.

Panicum fastigiatum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 277. 1816.
Based on P. fasciculatum Swartz.

Panicum illinoniense Desv., Opusc. 91. 1831.

Panicum reticulatum Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. G6ttingen 7: 264.
1857. Caribbean Islands or Panama.

Panicum fuscum var. fasciculatum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 547.
1864.

Panicum fasciculatum var. flavescens Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2:
205. 1877.

Panicum fasciculatum var. fuscum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27:
205) See

Annual, erect or spreading from a decumbent base, 30 to 100 cm
tall; sheaths glabrous or papillose-hispid; blades flat, 6 to 20 mm
wide, glabrous or sparsely hispid; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, of several
racemes 5 to 10 cm long, solitary or fascicled along the main axis;
spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long, bronze to yellow or brown, glabrous,
pointed, reticulate-veined; first glume one-third as long as the spike-
let (fig. 200).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 251

Moist open ground, often a weed in fields and waste places, southern
Florida and Texas, Mexico, and throughout the West Indies to cen-
tral South America. In Cuba called “stirbana.”’

5. Panicum molle Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. (Prob-
ably Jamaica.)

Annual, resembling P. fasciculatum but more or less pubescent all
over; spikelets about 3.5 mm long, pilose (fig. 201).

Open ground, often a weed in fields, Greater Antilles, Mexico, and
Central America to Argentina. In Cuba called “strbana.”’ This
species was reterred by Grisebach ®! to Panicum chartaginense.

Cusa: Gamboa, Hkman 14953. Without locality, Reed.

JAMAICA: Hope Gardens, Hitchcock 9350 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 9).
Kingston, Alexander in 1849; Hitchcock in 1890. THealthshire Hills.
Hitchcock 9758. Gordon Town, Hitchcock 9323; Harris 11504. Mus-
grave Road, Harris 11483.

Haiti: Croix-des-Bouquets,
Ekman H 971. Cape St. Marc,
Ekman H 6650.

6. Panicum echinulatum Mez,
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
7: 62. 1917. Paraguay.

Differing from P. adspersum
chiefly in the tuberculate-hispid
spikelets.

Fields and waste places, West
ue propa introduced, ,
araguay and Bolivia. : ips ae ws

Cue owen Pastciilo °° «= andtort intense
and Tarafa, low. forest,

Ekman 15451. ‘Trinidad, on the railroad track, Ekman 14023.

Harri: Les Gonaives, Ekman H 8515.

Dominican Repustic: Villa Vasquez, Hkman H 13126. Santiago,
Ekman H 16387.

VirGin IsLanps: St. Croix, Eggers in 1876.

LEEWARD Isuanps: Nevis, Box 175.

7. Panicum adspersum ‘Trin., Gram. Pan. 146. 1826. Santo
Domingo.

Panicum thomasianum Steud.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27: 188.
1877. St. Thomas.

Panicum keyense Mez, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7: 61. 1917.
Florida.

Culms ascending or spreading, commonly branching and rooting
at the lower nodes, the flowering branches 30 to 100 cm tall; blades
5 to 15 em long, 8 to 20 mm wide; panicles 6 to 15 cm long, the ra-
cemes spikelike, few to many, 3 to 10 cm long; spikelets fusiform,
abruptly acuminate, 3.2 to 4 mm long, more or less hispidulous
especially toward the summit (fig. 202).

Moist open ground, Florida and the West Indies.

Bauamas: Nassau, Curtiss 113. Anguilla Isles, Wilson 8066.

61 F]. Brit. W. Ind. 546. 1864.

252 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cusa: Herradura, Tracy 9102. Sierra de Anafe, Wilson 11491.
Cabanas, Palmer and Riley 746,771. UHabana, Hitchcock 159; Ekman
109; Léon 291, 570, 1978; Curtiss 748. Santiago de las Vegas,
Hitchcock 147, 148: "Baker and Wilson 512; Tracy 9109. Guines,
Léon 924. Baragua, Hitchcock 23350. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 925.
Zaza del Sur, Léon 2776. Without locality, Wright 3869.

JAMAIcA: Hope Gardens, Harris 11247; Hitchcock 9282 (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 11), 9851 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 10). Gordon Town,
Harris 11348, 11512. Yallahs Valley, Harris 11498. Black River,
Hitchcock 9630. Ferry River, Hitchcock 9750; Harris 11785. All-
gator Pond, Hitchcock 9830. Lititz, Harris 11714.

Haitt: Tortuga Island, Leonard 11447, 11956, 12096, 14067.
Port-de-Pai, Leonard 11155. Port-au-Prince, Hitchcock 19882;
Ekman H 323, H 8149. Gonaives, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 194.
St. Marc, Leonard 2934, 2968. Fond Parisien, Leonard 4138.
Pétionville, Leonard 4875. Cape Haitien, Leonard 5286. Tiburon,
Ekman H 373.

Dominican Repustic: Barahona, Fuertes 43. Guayubin, Abbott
955a. Jaina, Faris 350. Santo
Domingo, Ekman H 12528. Santi-
ago, Ekman EH 16385.

“Purrto Rico: Mona Island, Brit-
ton, Cowell, and Hess 1761. ‘Cayo
Muertos, Britton, Cowell, and Brown
4991. Mayaguez, Britton and Cowell
4069; Chase 6286, 6302. Guanica
Bay, Chase 6514. Aibonito, Chase
6333; Sintenrs 1957. Bayamon,
Hioram 315. Vieques Island, Chase

; 6686.
sie nA aseIEL MAA ACL CYL. MIRGIN ISLANDS) St.JOhmeenirar
and Shafer 334. Tortola, Britton
and Shafer 711. St. Croix, Hitchcock 16334; Thompson 14, 443;
Ricksecker 66, 384. St. Thomas, Hitchcock 16315, 16316. Virgin
Gorda, Fishlock 48, 53, 243.

LEEWARD IsLANps: St. Kitts, Bor 157. Antigua, Hitchcock 16379;

Box 59,118. Guadeloupe, Duss 3180.

8. Panicum dichotomifiorum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 48. 1803.
Illinois.

Annual; culms freely branching, ascending or spreading from a
geniculate base, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades flat or
more or less folded, glabrous, 10 to 50 cm long, 3 to 10 mm wide;
panicles terminal and axillary, many-flowered, 10 to 20 cm long, the
branches ascending to spreading; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, acute,
glabrous, about 2 3 mm long; first olume truncate or broadly trian-
cular, one-fifth to one- fourth the length of the spikelet; second glume
and sterile lemma equal, 7-nerved (fig. 203).

Moist open ground, United States to Argentina.

BERMUDA: Millspaugh 126.

Bauamas: Hog Island, Eggers 4405, 4512. Watling Island,
Geogr. Soc. Baltumore 489. Cat Cay, Brace 3742. Nassau, Curtiss
We

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 253

Cupa: Herradura, Tracy 9055, 9342; Britton and Earle 6566.
Remates, Hkman 11212. Laguna del Ariguanabo, Léon 2774, 2775,
4328, 7693. Santiago de las Vegas, Hitchcock 151. Batabandé,
Hitchcock 150. Cayo de los Pavos, Léon 9507.

Haiti: Etang, Leonard 3493, 4233. Manneville, Ekman H 3060.
Miragoane, Ekman H 72338.

FIGURE 203.—Panicum dichotomifiorum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Deam).

9. Panicum bartowense Scribn. and Merr., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Agrost. Cire. 35: 3. 1901. Florida.

Simple or sparingly branched; culms erect or decumbent at base,
sometimes only 20 to 30 cm tall but often 1 m or even 2 m tall;
sheaths papillose-hispid; blades pilose on the upper surface; panicle
and spikelets about as in P. dichotomiflorum (fig. 204).

Low moist ground, Florida to Cuba and
Jamaica.

Banamas: Great Bahama, Britton and Mills-
paugh 2706. North Bimini, Brace 3467 (both
in Field Mus. Herb.).

Cupa: Carabela Grande, Roig 3205.
Guanajay, Hkman 13013. Marianao, Léon
6142. Guines, Léon 7289. Batabané, Mitch-
cock 149. Caibarién, Fernando 636. Without =a
locality, Wright 3860. Isla de Pinos, Ekman a
12400; Britton, Wilson, and Léon 15257. srehonens) AWE ita TD

Jamaica: Black River, Hitchcock 9645 2a'fores’xctottybd)
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 18).

10. Panicum lacustre Hitchc. and Ekman, sp. nov.”

Perennial; culms erect, glabrous, rather succulent below, 1 to 1.5
m tall, rooting at the lower nodes when growing in the water; sheaths
glabrous (under water bladeless); ligule a laciniate membrane dis-
sected into bristles, 1 to 2 mm long; blades flat, or folded at base, the
middle and upper 15 to 30 cm long, about 2 mm wide, slightly sca-
brous, sparsely pilose on the upper surface, the lower shorter; panicle

62 Culmi perennes erecti glabri succulenti 1-1.5 m alti; vaginae glabrae; laminae planae 15-30 cm longae
2 mm latae; panicula patens 20-30 em longa, radiis ascendentibus, radiis secondariis appressis; spiculae
oblongo-lanceolatae glabrae 2mm longae; gluma prima 0.5-0.7 mm longa truncata; gluma secunda 5-nervis;
lemma Sterile glumam secundam aequans 7-nervis.

254 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

open, many-flowered, 20 to 30 cm long, the branches ascending, sca-
brous, the lower fascicled, the others solitary or in pairs, the branches
of the second order appressed along the main branches, the basal
part of the latter naked; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, about
2 mm long, tinged with purple, the ultimate lateral pedicels 1 to 2

FIGURE 205.—

Panicum lacus-

tre. Panicle
lonely S< vile
spikelet and
NO TOt. 0 >GlG
(type).

mm long; first glume truncate or broadly triangular,
one-fourth to one-third as long as the spikelet; second
elume and sterile lemma equal, the glume 5-nerved, the
lemma 7-nerved, without stamens or palea; fertile lemma
smooth, slightly shorter than the spikelet, rather thin;
anthers 1 mm long (fig. 205).

Type in the United States National Herbarium,
no. 1387529, collected-in water of 30 to 60 cm depth in
Laguna de la Maquina, prov. Pinar del Rio, Cuba,
October 31, 1923, by Dr. E. L. Ekman (no. 17878).

Known only from the type collection, but Dr. Ekman
states that the species occurs 1n practically all lagunas
of the western part of Pinar del Rio Province. The
species differs from P. dichotomiflorum in being an erect
perennial with smaller spikelets, and from P. aquaticum
in the erect habit and smaller spikelets.

11. Panicum aquaticum Poir., in Lam., Encyel. Sup. 4:
281. 1816. Puerto. Rico.

Panicum proliferum var. strictum Griseb., Cat. PI.
Cub. 232. 1866. Cuba, Wright 3456.

Perennial; culms usually decumbent at base and
rooting at the nodes, the erect flowering branches 30 to
100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades linear, 5 to 10 mm
wide, flat or folded, usually pilose on the upper surface
at least toward the base; panicles similar to those of

P. dichotomiflorum but averaging smaller; spikelets 3 to 3.4 mm long,
acuminate; fruit shorter than the spikelet, somewhat pointed (fig. 206).
Wet places or in shallow water, margins of streams and ponds at
low altitudes, Mexico and the West Indies to Paraguay.
Cusa: Herradura, Hitchcock 23444; Shafer

10912. Jovero, Léon 15367. Pinar del Rio,
Mitchcock 23290; Wright 3861. El Sabalo,
Léon 15097.
part). Habana, Léon 4155. Ariguanabo
lagoon, Léon 1975, 1976. El Cano, Léon
1974. Guanabacoa, Léon 919. Puentes
Grandes, Ekman 502, 18294. Motembo,
Léon 9410.
Marianao, Léon 5702. Isla de Pinos, Britton
and Wilson 14803.

Purerto Rico: Rio Piedras, Stevenson

Almacigos, Wright 3456 (Qn

Manacas, Léon 5823, 5998.

3566: Chase 6778. Campo Alegre, Chase PSee tt Patan or

Two views of spikelet, and floret,

6804. Adjuntas, Chase 6471. Utuado, x 10 (type).
Britton and Cowell 432.
LEEWARD ISLANDS: Guadeloupe, Duss 3178.
TrinipaD: Pitch Lake, Hitchcock 10099 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.

502).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES DAES

12. Panicum elephantipes Nees, Agrost. Bras. 165. 1829. Brazil.

Perennial; culms ascending from a decumbent, often widely creep-
ing base, rooting at the nodes, succulent, as much as 2 em thick, 1
m or more tall; blades flat, as much as 20 mm wide; panicles large
and open, as much as 40 cm long, the short branchlets appressed
along the ascending branches; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, lanceolate,
acuminate, glabrous; first glume one-fifth to one-fourth the length of
the spikelet, obtuse or acutish (fig. 207).

Ponds and shallow water at low altitudes, sometimes in large
colonies, Central America and the West Indies to Argentina.

Cusa: Cabafias, Ekman 10504. Laguna de los Indios, Roig 3186.
Habana, Léon 335, 9039. Laguna Origuanabo, Léon 13312. San
Antonio, Hitchcock 152. Soledad, Hitchcock 23335.

JAMAICA: Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9878. Cabaritta River,
Harris 11813. Montego Bay, Ridley 127. Middle Quarters, Hitch-
cock 9586 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 19).

Haiti: Miragoane, Hkman H 6539, H
7254. Dessolines, Ekman H 3024.

Dominican REPUBLIC: Jaina, Faris 393;
Ekman H 13352. Santo Domingo City,
Ekman H 11149.

Purerto Rico: Fajardo, Sintenis 938.
San Juan, Chase 6407. Vega Baja, Chase
6415.

13. Panicum capillare L.,Sp.Pl.58. 1753.
Virginia. WITCHGRASS.
Annual; culms erect, 20 to 80 cm tall;
sheaths densely papillose hispid; blades 10
to 25 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide, hispid
on both surfaces; panicle diffuse, often half
the length of the entire plant, breaking
away at maturity; spikelets 2 mm long, thi, bos ee
glabrous, acute; first glume about half as Beene ree RGEC, Ga Hee
long as the spikelet, acute (fig. 208). ZA TUM RIIES)
Open ground and waste places, eastern
United States; introduced in Bermuda and the Virgin Islands.
Bermupa: Collins 151, 152; Brown and Britton 21.
VirGIN IsLANDs: St. Croix, Benzon 42.

14. Panicum hirticaule Presi, Rel. Haenk. 1: 308. 1830. Mexico.

Annual; culms erect, 15 to 70 cm tall, glabrous or papillose-hispid,
the nodes and sheaths hispid; blades flat, mostly glabrous or nearly
so, 4 to 13 mm wide; panicles 5 to 15 cm long, open, usually reddish-
brown; spikelets about 3 mm long, acuminate, glabrous; first glume
half to three-fourths the length of the spikelet, acuminate (fig. 209).

Rocky or sandy soil, southwestern United States to Bolivia; Cuba
and Haiti.

Cuspa: Gamboa, Ekman 15009.

Haiti: Damien, Hkman H 9154, H 9991. Petite Riviére de |’ Arti-
bonite, Picarda 1654.

Dr. Ekman notes that this species is very common in fields around
Port-au-Prince (no. H 9991).

60256—36——17

256 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

\
Wi oe
~ as
= aie:
SANS
\\ SSNS
. Says > SS.
> xe Ss <= tz
5 LE: @ oe

—— aS
x WZ a ~
= atl SAN \\
tz \\
ti
\. Mi

= =
N

FIGURE 208.—Panicum capillare. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (V. H. Chase 774).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 257

PANICUM MILIACEUM L., Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. Hog millet, broom-
corn millet, introduced from the Old World and escaped from culti-
vation in the United States, has been found in Puerto Rico (Steven-
son 3052) and St. Croix (Benzon).

15. Panicum cayennense Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 173. 1791. Cay-
enne.

Annual; culms erect, often much branched at base, 20 to 50 cm tall;
sheaths and blades pilose, the latter 4 to 10 mm wide; panicles ter-
minal and axillary, open, 8 to 20 cm long; spikelets a little more than
2 mm long, obovoid, turgid, strongly
nerved; first glume acute, half as long as
the spikelet (fig. 210).

Open ground and pine woods, West
Indies and Honduras to Brazil.

Cusa: Herradura, Britton, Earle, and
Gager 6520; Tracy 9073. Pinar del Rio,
Wright 3865. Sierra de Cabra, Britton
and Gager 7275. Laguna Jovero, Shafer
10910. Sumidero, Léon and Shafer
13717, 13719. Bayate, Ekman 10028.
Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 267; Taylor 34; ae
Palmer and Riley 1086; Britton, Wilson, fisnsetspikelet, sud Horet, 46 (typo”
and Selby 14455.

JAMAICA: Hallis Savanna, Harris 12226.

Dominican ReEpusiic: Lagunas de Cenobi, Valeur 7. Bonao,
Ekman H 11490. Cuenca, Ekman H 13306. El Valle, Ekman H
15694.

16. Panicum diffusum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788.
Jamaica or Hispaniola.

Perennial; culms densely tufted, spreading or ascending from a
decumbent base, 25 to 50 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or the lower some-

FIGURE 210.—Panicum ¢@. ennense. FIGURE 211.—Panicum diffusum.
Two views of spikelet, and floret, Two views of spikelet, and floret,
X 10 (type). X 10 (type).

times sparsely pubescent; blades 5 to 20 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide,
flat or drying subinvolute, sparsely pilose on the upper surface;
panicles 5 to 10 cm long, the few branches stiffly spreading at maturity,
bearing a few short-pediceled spikelets toward the ends; spikelets
about 2.3 mm long, somewhat acuminate, glabrous; first olume
acute, about half as long as the spikelet (fig. O11).

Banks, cliffs, and savannas, West Indies.

Bauamas: New Providence, Britton and Brace 424.

258 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cusa: Bahia, Wilson 9443. Guanajay, Palmer and Riley 802.
Habana, Léon 190, 305 in part, 923, 2532. Santiago de las Vegas,
Wilson 1405; Van Hermann 1444; Tracy 9111; Baker and Wilson 511.
Triscornia, Tracy 9082. Cojimar, Léon 2559. Campo Florido,
Léon 3449; Ekman 995. Jaimanito, Ekman 1200. Guanabacoa,
Hitchcock 23227, 23239. Zaza de Tunas, Léon 923c. La Gloria,
Shafer 385. Baragua, Hitchcock 23368. Holguin, Shafer 1512.
Manati, Léon 5681. Mir, Ekman 7511. Retiro, Wright 3852, 3877.
Eastern Cuba, Wright 1540. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 384, 494.

JAMAICA: Ewarton, Hitchcock 9463.

Harti: St. Michel de lAtalaye, Leonard 7449. Aux Cayes,
Ekman H 20. Source Matelas, Hkman H 2151. Mirebalais, Cook,
Scofield, and Doyle 78. Jean Rabel, Leonard 12590, 13609, 13828.
Port-de-Pai, Leonard 12237. MQ6le-St.-Nicolas, Leonard 13147.
Bassin Bleu, Leonard 15090. Cabaret, Leonard 11875, 11900. Tor-
tuga Island, Leonard 11576.

Dominican Repusuic: Pimentel, Abbott 690. Guayubin, Abbott
1027. Azua, Rose 4410. San Juan, Ekman H 13390. Santiago,
Ekman H 16237. Porto Plata, Wright, Parry, and Brummel 627.

PurertTo Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6308;
Brittonand Cowell 4064. Quebradillas, Chase
6567, 6577 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 205).

VIRGIN IsLANDs: St. Thomas, Britton and
Shafer 382; Eggers in 1882; St. Croix, Eggers
in 1874; Benzon. St. John, Hggers 3068.

LEeEWARD IsLANDs: Antigua, Wullschldgel 64.

Winpwarp IsLtAnps: Martinique, Hahn
1232; Duss 536.

17. Panicum ghiesbreghtii Fourn., Mex. Pl.
2: 29. 1886. Mexico.

FIGURE 212.—Panicum ghiesbreghtii, Panicum hirtivaginum Hitehe., Contrib. U.
Two views of spikelet, and floret, + 3 ) seats
x 10 (type). S. Natl. Herb. 12: 223. 1909. Cuba, Wright
758.

Perennial; culms erect, hispid, 60 to 80 cm tall, the nodes and
sheaths hirsute; blades elongate, flat, hirsute, about 1 cm wide;
panicle open, oblong, 20 to 30 cm long; spikelets 3 mm wide, glabrous,
acute; first glume half as long as spikelet (fig. 212).

Low moist open ground and pastures, Mexico and West Indies to
Brazil.

Banamas: Crooked Island, Brace 4812.

Cusa: Herradura, Hitchcock 23443; Tracy 9068. Vinales, Léon
15339. Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23292.. San Diego de los Baifios,
Léon 4362, 4601. Bahia Honda, Ekman 12686. Habana, Hkman
776. El Calvario, Léon 922, 2674. Santiago de las Vegas, Tracy 9116.
Soledad, Hitchcock 23322; Eggers 5406. Baragua, Hitchcock 23351.
Placetas del Sur, Léon 6429. Retiro, Wright 758. Baracoa, Léon
12304. Manati, Léon 6005. La Perla, Léon 3783. Santiago de Cuba,
Léon 3747. Guayabal, Léon 922b. Guara, Hitchcock 23397.

JAMAICA: Inverness, Harris 11691, 12161.

Haiti: Pilate, Leonard 9607. Plaisance, Leonard 9417. Port-au-
Prince, Ekman H 1987; Leonard 15754. St. Michel de |’ Atalaye,
Leonard 7745. Marmelade, Leonard 8344. Port-a-Piment, Hkman H
420. St. Louis du Nord, Leonard 14338. Jean Rabel, Leonard 13744.
Pétionville, Leonard 4901.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 259

Dominican Repusuic: Santiago, Ekman H 16129.

Puerto Rico: Cayey, Chase 6744. Coamo Springs, Chase 6547.
Tabucoa, Sintenis 4983.

LEEWARD IsLanps: Antigua, Hitchcock 16382; Box 18, 39, 49, 89.
Guadeloupe, Duss 3184.

18. Panicum hirsutum Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oce. 1: 173. 1797. Jamaica.

Perennial; culms robust, erect, as much as 1.5m tall and 1 cm thick;
sheaths hirsute with prickly fragile hairs; blades flat, mostly glabrous,
20 to 35 mm wide; panicles open, densely flowered, 20 to 35 cm long;
spikelets about 2 mm long, acute, glabrous; first glume half as long
as spikelet (fig. 213).

Open moist soil, Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil.

Cupa: Mangas, Ekman 17578. Caibarién, Ekman 16312. Matan-
zas, Wright in 1865. Guantanamo, Léon 3913. Preston, Hkman 3419.
Guaro, Hitchcock 23396. Bayate, Ekman 6118, 6183, 10068.

Haiti: Anse-a-Taleur, Ekman H 4392. Aux Cayes, Ekman H 755.

Dominican Repustic: Pimentel, Hkman H 13275. Rio Yaque
del Sur, Hkman H 5791.

LEEWARD IsLtaNpDs: Guadeloupe, Duss 3917. Antigua, Bor 176.

WINDWARD Isuanps: St. Lucia, Box 190.

TRINIDAD: Burkes pasture, Bot. Gard. Herb. 2295. La Brea,
Broadway 4980. Mayaro, Broadway 2629.
Manzanilla, Myers 4189.

Topaaco: Broadway 4586, 4895.

19. Panicum maximum Jacq., Coll. Bot. 1: 76.
1786. Guadeloupe. GUINEA GRASS.

Panicum polygamum Swartz, Prodr. Veg.
Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Jamaica.

Panicum laeve Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172.
1791. Santo Domingo and Mauritius. FIGURE 213—Panicwm hirsutum.

Lanicum punenionum ierss, Syme Plt Sa. | a" Cer. spices /and
1805. Based on P. polygamum Swartz.

Panicum trichocondylum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 2: 74. 1854.
Guadeloupe.

Perennial; culms cespitose, erect, 1 to 2.5 m tall, glabrous, the
nodes densely hirsute; sheaths hirsute or glabrous; blades flat, elon-
gate, 1 to 3.5 em wide, glabrous except the margin, or hirsute on the
upper surface near the base; panicle open, 20 to 50 cm long, the lower
branches in whorls; spikelets oblong, glabrous, about 3 mm long;
first glume one-third as long as spikelet; fruit transversely rugose
(fig. 214).

Open ground, at low altitudes, escaped from cultivation, southern
Florida, through Mexico and the West Indies to South America; a
native of Africa and now widespread in the warmer parts of the Old
World. An important forage grass throughout the Tropics of the
world at low altitudes. Used for pasture, or cut and fed green. In
Cuba called ‘“‘hierba Guinea.”’ To be found on all the islands.

20. Panicum repens L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 87. 1762. Spain.

Perennial from extensively creeping rhizomes; culms erect, 30 to 80
em tall; blades 2 to 5 mm wide; panicles open, 7 to 12 cm long, the
branches stiffly ascending, naked at the base; spikelets about 2.5 mm
long, glabrous; first glume one-fifth as long as spikelet, broad, truncate
icot 215),

260 MISC. PUBLICATION 248, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 214.—Panicum marimum. Plant, X 14; two mee of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Combs and Baker
1170).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 261

\ a 5
= A
INS
‘= : = z oP SZ
“7 iN

FIGURE 215.—Panicum repens. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Hitchcock 14145).

262 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sea beaches, extensively creeping, southern United States to
Brazil; tropical regions of the Old World.
Cusa: Habana, Léon 296, 563; Hkman 702, 16301.

21. Panicum gouini Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 28. 1886. Mexico.

Plants like P. repens in habit; culms
on the average lower, rarely more than
30 cm tall; panicle smaller, more densely
flowered, commonly purple (fig. 216).

Sea beaches, Alabama to Louisiana;
Cuba; Veracruz.

Cusa: Lomas de Camoa (prov. Ha-
bana), at a small laguna, Hkman 17554.

22. Panicum virgatum var. cubense
FIGURE 216.—Panicwm gouini. Two Grisebs, (Cat. Ply Cubs 233) 1866p
poe spikelet, and floret, X 10 Cuba, Wright a OBR.

Panicum virgatum var. scorteum Lin-
der, Rhodora 24: 14. 1922. Bermuda,
Moore, 2850.

Culms erect, slender, solitary or few
in a clump, 1 to 2 m tall, from scaly
creeping rhizomes; blades 10 to 60 cm
long, 3 tol12 mm wide, gradually long-
acuminate, flat; panicles open oblong,
15 to 30 cm long; spikelets 2.8 to 3.2 mm
long, glabrous, acute, the first glume about
half as long as the spikelet (fig. 217).
FIGURE 217.—Panicum virgatum var Coastal marshes and wet places,

cubznse. Two views of spikelet, and Coastal Plain of the United States; Cuba.

Oren eS Cusa: Remates, Ekman 11372, 11390,

La Fé, Ekman 11322. Hanabana,
Wright 3873. Laguna Jovero, Shafer 10927. Batabanéd, Ekman 901,
12576; Baker in 1905; Palmer and Riley 1134; Hitchcock 153; Killip
13609; Léon 5754,5755. Guanimar, Léon 7697, 14180, 14181. Guanf,
Fernando 445. Baraguad, Hitchcock 23338. Ciénaga de Zapata, Léon
9575. Guines, Léon 7262; Ekman 16939.

23. Panicum altum Hitche. and Chase,
Contrib: Wass Nath Elerpe it geek
leo Ola eameannar

Culms decumbent and straggling forming
tangled masses, reedlike, as much as 6
mm in diameter, ascending to a height of
2 to 4 m, smooth and glaucous; blades
flat, firm, 30 to 45.cm long, 8 to 15 mm
wide; panicles ovoid, open, rather
densely flowered, 20 to 30 cm long;
spikelets 3.2 to 4mm long, turgid, glabrous; syicurz 218.—Penicum altum.
first glume about two-thirds the length of Spikelet and floret, x 10 (type).
the spikelet (fig. 218).

Sandy marshes or flats near the coast, British Honduras to Trinidad.

Trintipap: Debadie, Broadway 5949. Port-of-Spain, [Hitchcock
10053. Cedros, Hitchcock 10154, 10159.

Toxsaco: Hitchcock 10233; Broadway 3068.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 263

24. Panicum amaruilum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 15: 96. f. 87. 1910. Virginia.

Plant glabrous throughout and somewhat glaucous, growing in
large bunches; culms 1 to 2 m tall, robust; blades flat, more or less
involute toward the slender tip, 20 to 50 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide;
panicle slightly nodding, many-
flowered, compact, 15 to 30 cm
long; spikelets ovate, acuminate,
4 to 5 mm long (fig. 219).

Sandy seashores, southeastern
United States, Mexico, Bahamas,
and Cuba.

BerMupa: Collins 139.

BawaAMas: Great Bahama,
Britton and Millspaugh 2739.
New Providence, Britton and
Brace 307, 493 (all in Field Mus.
Herb.).

Cupa: Bahia Honda, Kkman
17290, 17291. Cayo Paredon
Grande, Shafer 2735. Cayo
Sabinal, Ekman 15500. Bahia de FIGURE 219.—Panicum amarulum. Two views
Manatt, Léon 16027. of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (type).

25. Panicum petersonii Hitchc. and Ekman, sp. nov.”

Perennial; culms erect, tough, firm, glabrous, sparingly branched,
about 2 m tall, the nodes not swollen; sheaths glabrous, passing in-
sensibly into the blade, the
lower coriaceous; ligule a very
short densely ciliate membrane;
blades erect, coriaceous, thick,
crescent-shaped in cross section
toward base, the edges sharp
but smooth, gradually narrowed
toward the tip and becoming
flat with scabrous edges, the
midrib appearing to occupy
most of the tissue, 1 m long or
more, the apex fine and scab-
rous, the middle part of the
blade 2 to 3 mm wide; panicles
terminal and axillary, the ter-
minal ovoid, open but rather
densely flowered, 15 to 25 cm
long, the axis scabrous, the
branches rather closely set,
more or less fascicled, ascending,
floriferous nearly to the base;
spikelets short-pediceled and
rather crowded on the branches
FIGURE 220.—Panicum petersonii. Portion of panicle of the second or third order,

x 1; spikelet and floret, X 10(type).S~C« WO, glabrous, rather blunt,
about 2.3 mm long; first glume

83 Culmi erecti duri 2 m alti; vaginae glabrae; laminae durae rigidae erectae angustae 1m longae 2-3 mm
latae; panicula nonnihil patens 15-25 em longa 10 em lata; spiculae 2.3 mm longae glabrae obtusae; gluma
prima circa 1 mm longa 3-nervis; gluma secunda 5-nervis; lemma sterile 5-nerve, quam gluma secunda paulo
longius, palea et staminibus praeditum; lemma fertile lemma sterile aequans.

264 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

3- to 5-nerved, half as long as the spikelet or a little less; second
glume 5-nerved, slightly shorter than the spikelet; sterile lemma
5-nerved, as long as the spikelet, staminate, the palea as long as
the lemma, scabrous on the keels; fertile lemma as long as the
sterile, pale, rather acute (fig. 220).

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1296166, col-
lected in temporarily flooded places, Mendoza, prov. Pinar del Rio,
Cuba, November 16, 1923, by E. L. Ekman (no. 18085).

Dr. Ekman also collected this species at Jagiiey Chico, on the
Handbana River, prov. Santa Clara (no. 17010). Dr. Ekman states
on the label that it is found on both sides of the Handbana River
(Santa Clara and Matanzas Provinces).

The species appears to be allied to P. prionitis Nees, of Brazil,
agreeing closely in the habit and foliage but with larger spikelets.
Dr. Ekman wished to have the species named for Mr. F. J. Peterson,
a good friend who aided him greatly in Cuba.

26. Panicum tenerum Beyr., in Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI.
Sci. Nat. 1: 341. 1834. Georgia.

Plants in small tufts from a knotted crown; culms erect, stiff, wiry,
40 to 90 em tall; blades erect, firm, 4 to 15 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide;
panicles 3 to 8 cm long, narrow, the branches appressed, the pedicels
usually with a few long hairs at the summit;
spikelets about 2.5 mm
long, narrowly ovate, glab-
rous (fig. 221).

Margins of swamps and
wet places near the coast,
southeastern United States,
Bahamas, Cuba, and Puerto

Rico. FIGURE 222.—Panicum cari-

FIGURE 221.—Panicum tene- BawHAmMas: Andros [sland coides. Two views of

rum. "Two views of spike- = amie spikelet, and floret, X 10
let, and floret, X 10 (type). Brace 7019, (132 (both In (type).

Field Mus. Herb.).

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Wright 3870; Hitchcock 23272. Herradura,
Hitchcock 154; Tracy 9080; Ekman 10759. Laguna Jovero, Shafer
10750. Laguna los Indios, Shafer 10807. Guane, Léon 6919,
Jagiiey Grande, Ekman 16965. Baragud, Hitchcock 23378. Mordazo
Léon 5977. Manacas, Léon 5856. Placetas del Sur, Léon 6416.
Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14741, 15364, 15380, 15385.

Dominican Repusiic: Cuenca, Ekman H 11009, 13331. El Valle,
Ekman H 15653, H 15670, H 15701.

Purrto Rico: Campo Alegre, Chase 6617.

27. Panicum caricoides Nees; Trin., Gram. Pan. 149. 1826; Agrost.
Bras. 108. 1829. Brazil.

Culms tufted, erect, stiff and wiry, as much as 90 cm tall; blades
appressed, narrower than the sheath, involute, 1 to 5 em long; panicles
narrow, nearly simple, 1 to 1.5 cm long, the pedicels bearing long erect
white hairs at the summit; spikelets 1.5 to 1.8 mm long, glabrous
(fig. 222).

Wet savannas, Trinidad to Brazil; Cuba.

Cupa: Manacas, Léon 9305. Mordazo, Ekman 17048. Isla de
Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14282, 14701.

Trinipap: Aripo Savanna, Hitchcock 10069. O’Meara Savanna,
Britton and Hazen 1564.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 265

28. Panicum stenodoides Hubb., Amer. Acad. Proc. 49: 497. 1913.
British Honduras.

Perennial; culms in dense tufts, erect, slender, wiry, 20 to 40 cm
tall; blades erect, flat at base, involute toward the apex, 3 to 8 cm
long, 1 to 2 mm wide, more or less papillose-pilose; panicles about 1
em long, narrow, bearing 3 to 7 spikelets about 2 mm long; first glume
half as long as the spikelet (fig. 223).

Open grassland and moist savannas, Central America, Trinidad.

TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna, Hitchcock 10346.

29. Panicum stenodes Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 547. 1864. Jamaica.

Perennial; culms in small tufts, slender and wiry, 25 to 50 cm tall,
erect or reclining; blades 1 to 4 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, involute;
panicles 1 to 2 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide; spikelets about 1.5 mm
long (fig. 224).

Borders of ponds and wet savannas at low altitudes, Central
America and the West Indies to Brazil.

Cupa: El Salado, Wright 3871. Herradura, Hitchcock 155; Léon
15955. Guane, Léon 6998, 15354. Pinar del Rio, Mitchcock 23263,
23281, 23297. Manacas, Léon 5868, 6045. Banao Mountains, Léon
5402. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 15346, 15623.

Jamaica: Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9534 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 46). Hollis Savanna, Harris 12227.
Without locality, Orcutt 7829.

Harti: Acul-Samedi, Ekman
H 9919.

Dominican REPUBLIC:
Santo Domingo, Wright,
Parry, and Brummell 624.
Sabana de la Mar, Ekman

: H FIGURE'224.— Panicum

HIGUEE BB it ACT Ae 15610. aad see views of

oides. Twoviewsofspikelet, 6 spikelet, and floret, X 10
and floret, X 10 (type). Puerto Rico: San Juan, (Wright 192).

Chase 6769.
TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna, Hitchcock 10347; Broadway 2151a.
Aripo Savanna, Hitchcock 10069%.

30. Panicum beyeri Hitchc. and Ekman, sp. nov.“

Culms densely tufted, slender, weakly erect or reclining, glabrous,
50 to 130 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; ligule a line of hairs less than 0.5
mm long; blades numerous, glabrous, flat or mostly involute, very
slender, elongate, 20 to 40 cm long or more, the broader ones as much ©
as 1.5 mm wide, mostly less than 1 mm wide, lax or reclining; panicles
very slender and elongate, as much as 35 cm long, the branches
few, remote, appressed, few-flowered, 5 to 15 mm long, the axis and
branches very minutely puberulent or scaberulous; spikelets somewhat
oblique on the puberulent pedicels, narrowly elliptic, acute, often
gaping, glabrous, about 3 mm long; first glume broadly acute, 3-
nerved, 1 mm long; second glume and sterile lemma equal, narrowed
to an obtuse point, 5-nerved, the lemma with a palea nearly as long
as itself but with no stamens; fertile lemma rather soft, acute, a

64 Culmi dense caespitosi gracillimi glabri 50-130 cm alti debiles vel reclinati; laminae gracillimae debiles
planes vel involutae elongatae 20-40 cm longae, interdum 1.5 mm latae, plerumque 0.5-1 mm latae; panicula
gracillima elongata 30-35 em longa, ramis paucis remotis appressis paucifioris 5-15 mm longis; spiculae
angustae glabrae acutae 3 mm longae,

266 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

little shorter than the spikelet, very minutely scaberulous at the tip,
5-nerved, the midnerve evident only at the tip, the intermediate
pair indistinct, the lateral pair distinct near the margin on the ventral
side of the floret, the margins of the lemma ap-
proximate but not in contact along the middle of
the face; palea nearly as long as the lemma, scab-
erulous like the lemma at the acute tip, convex on the
back, the 2 nerves wide apart, the apex enclosed at
the tip (fig. 225).

Type in the United StatesNational Herbarium, no.
1387466, collected along the edge of the Rio Piloto,
at 300 m altitude, Sierra de Nipe, proy. Oriente, Cuba,
September 8, 1922, by E. L. Ekman (no. 15045).

The species was collected by Dr. Ekman (no.
10085) at the same locality, October 19, 1919, grow-
ing in moist sloping ‘“manacales”’,® but the speci-
mens are sterile. The species is said by Dr. Ekman
to be very rare. It is named for M. K. Beyer, a
Norwegian, who accompanied Dr. Ekman on many
Sierra de Nipe excursions.

The species is not closely allied to any other, but
for convenience is assigned to the group Tenera in
which the culms are stiff and wiry. In habit it
resembles P. distantiflorum, but the branches of the
Ficure 225—Pani- panicle do not end in a bristle, but frequently bear

fan stineniote 1x abortive spikelets, suggesting a trend toward elimi-
Fea pauen of the spikelet, as in P. distantiflorum and
its allies.

31. Panicum condensum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 93. 1903.
Florida.

Culms erect, 1 to 2 m tall; lower sheaths, especially on the innova-
tions, compressed-keeled; blades flat from a usually folded base;
panicles condensed, terminal and axillary, 10 to 25 cm long, rarely
over 5 cm wide, the long solitary or fascicled
branches erect, naked at base, with appressed
branchlets bearing crowded spikelets on short
pedicels; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, glabrous,
acuminate (fig. 226).

Borders of streams and ponds and in wet
places, southeastern United States and the West
Indies.

Bauamas: Nassau, Curtiss 174.

Cups: Remates, Hkman 11178) 11389, 113980 os ee
San Diego de Tapias, Ekman 10616. Carabela of asap oN S
Grande, Roig3193. Handbana, Wright3862 in part. net
Guanimar, Léon 5062. Batabanod, Léon 13430, 13434, 13623, 13624,
14197, 14203; Ekman 12587. Campo Florido, Léon 4141; Hkman
13239. SabanadeSan Marcos, Léon 9207. Sabana de Motembo, Léon
9344; Ekman 16820. Ciénaga de Zapata, Léon 9500, 9518; Ekman
16945. Santayana, Ekman 15362. Caibarién, Léon 468, 475, 478.

65 ‘“Wet forests up to 800 m in Cuba, characterized by a palm named ‘manaca’ (Calyptrogyne occiden-
talis).’’—Letter from Brother Léon.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 267

Holguin, Shafer 1438. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14621;
Ekman 11795, 12444.
JAMAICA: Black River, Hitchcock 9652 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 47).
Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9884. Grosmond Marsh, Harris 11750.
Hartt: Port-au- Prince, Kkman H 2171; Leonard 10087 ; Buch 2047.
Aux Cayes, Ekman H 25, H 264.
Puerto Rico: San Juan, Chase 6351. Campo Alegre, Chase 6802.
LEEWARD IsLtaNnpDs: Guadeloupe, Duss 3919.

32. Panicum polygonatum Schrad., in Schult., Mant. 2: 256. 1824.
Brazil.

Pamcum potamium Trin., Gram. Pan. 239. 1826. Brazil.

Perennial; culms branching, widely spreading or creeping, as much
as 100 cm long, the nodes densely pubescent; blades 3 to 13 cm long,
8 to 15 mm wide, cordate; panicles 7 to 20 cm long, the branchlets
secund from the lower side of the branches, the rachises sparsely
pilose with long weak hairs; spikelets 1.5 mm long, pointed, glabrous
(fies 227):

Swamps and moist soil along roadsides and in open w oods, Mexico
and Trinidad to Paraguay.

FIGURE 227.—Pani- FIGURE 228.—Pani- FIGURE 229.—Pani-
cum polygonatum. cum milleflorum. cum pilosum.
Two views of Spikelet and Spikelet and
spikelet,and floret, GPG <I floret << 160
X 10 (type). (type). (type).

TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, Chase 9935; Hitchcock 9953. Penal Rock
Road, Britton, Hazen, and Mendelson 1091. Caparo, Broadway 2837.
Aripo Savanna, Hitchcock 10077. Arima, Hitchcock 10297, 10306.
Ortoire River, Britton, Freeman, and Nowell 2663. Tabaquite, Hitch-
cock 10132 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 57).

Toxsaco: Broadway 4476.

33. Panicum milleflorum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 17: 494. f. 70. 1915. Canal Zone.

Panicum distichum var. lancifolium Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 548.
1864. Trimidad, Crueger 84.

Differs from P. pilosum in its larger size, as much as 2 m tall, in its
longer blades, as much as 40 cm long, in its longer panicles, as much
as 35 cm long, and in its slightly smaller spikelets, 1.3 mm long
(fig. 228).

Swamps near the coast, British Honduras to Brazil; Trinidad.

TRINIDAD: Without locality, Crweger 84 (Bot. Gard. Herb. 3195).

34, Panicum pilosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788.
Jamaica.
Panicum distichum Lam., Encycl. 4: 731. 1798. Jamaica.
Perennial; culms decumbent or creeping and rooting at the nodes,
the branches and sometimes the main culms erect; nodes villous or

268 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sometimes glabrous; blades 4 to 20 cm long, 7 to 15 mm wide, broadest
near the cordate or truncate base; panicles of 10 to 20 spikelike densely
flowered racemes along an axis 5 to 15 cm long, the racemes 1 to 3
cm long, the rachis pilose; spikelets 1.5 mm long, glabrous (fig. 229).

Moist ground, ditches, and swamps, Mexico and the West Indies to
Paraguay.

Cusa: Daraniguas, Wright 3451. Sumidero, Shafer 13505, Shafer
and Léon 13533, 13535. Buenaventura, Wilson 9444. Herradura,
Van Hermann 763; Tracy 9063. Marianao, Léon 1977. Sancti Spiritus,
Léon 908. Banao Mountains, Léon 3982. Jauco, Léon 12306. Isla
de Pinos, Curtiss 305; Taylor 36; Britton and Wilson 14638, 15807.

Jamaica: Castleton, Harris 11280a; Hitchcock 9407. Troy, Harris
12566; Hitchcock 9782. Claverty Cottage, Harris 11524. Hollis
Savanna, Harris 12254. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9626. Ramble, Hitchcock
9517. Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9548. Ewarton, Hitchcock
9423. Port Morant, Hitchcock in 1890. Gordon Town, Hart 732.
Navy Island, Millspaugh 1859. East of Seamens Valley, Mazon and
Killip 106a. Mill Bank, Mazon and Killip 196. Mount Diablo,
Maxon and Killip 489. Cedar Hurst, Harris 11547.

Dominican Repusiic: Samand@ Peninsula, Abbott 313; Ekman H
14835. Guarabo, Abbott 2802. La Nassa, Fars 268. Higtiey,
Ekman H 12133, H 12236; Villa Altagracia, Ekman
H 11183.

LEEWARD IsLANDs: St. Kitts, Bor 1387. Guade-
loupe, L’Hermimer; Duss 4154. Dominica, Imray
151, 312; Hitchcock 16441; Jones 20.

WINDWARD Isutanps: Martinique, Muitchcock
16449. St. Lucia, Mitchcock 16478; Kemp 18.
Grenada, Broadway 148.

FIGURE 230.—Pani-

cum boliviense, Two Trinipap: Mount Tocuche, Britton, Hazen, and
vr aoot x 13. 6©Mendelson 1252. Arima, Hitchcock 10309. Piarco
(type). Savanna, Hitchcock 10358. Tabaquite, Hitchcock

10121. Port-of-Spain, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3293; Hitch-
cock 9961, 10045. Cedros, Hitchcock 10147 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 59).
Oropuche Lagoon, Britton, Hazen, and Freeman 1153. O’Meara
Savanna, Britton and Hazen 1578. Ortoire River, Britton, Freeman,
and Nowell 2533. La Brea, Broadway 4986.
Tosaco: Broadway 4063; Hitchcock 10208, 10242, 10265; Eggers
5584.

35. Panicum boliviense Hack., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 1l: 19. 1912.
Bolivia.

Perennial; culms decumbent, branching, as much as 1.5 m long;
nodes glabrous; blades flat, gradually narrowed from a cordate-clasp-
ing base, 8 to 15 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide; panicle 10 to 25 cm long,
open; spikelets 1.5 mm long, glabrous (fig. 230).

Ditches, banks of streams, and moist open woodland, southern
Mexico and Cuba to Paraguay.

Cusa: Mariel, Ekman 11499. Mendoza, Léon 6952. Bafios San
Vicente, Britton and Gager 7452. San Miguel de Casanova, Léon
12469. San Nicolas, Léon 7297. Marianao, Léon 1977. Bataband,
Léon 14234. Baragua, Hitchcock 23369. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 909,
6515, 6574, 6606. Caibarién, Fernando 374. Omaro, Léon 9441.
Manacas, Léon 5906. Banao, Léon 5460. Santa Rosa, Léon 10336.
Guara, Hitchcock 23405. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 464.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 269
Haiti: Etang-Dérémond, Ekman H 10473. Aux Cayes, Ekman

Dominican ReEpusiic: Cuenca, Ekman H 10980, H 13305. Villa
Altagracia, Ekman H 11204. Sostia, H#kman H 14533.

LEEWARD IstANDs: Guadeloupe, L’Herminier 17. Dominica,
Hitchcock 16419, 16435.

WINDWARD Istanps: Martinque, Hitchcock 16446. St. Lucia,
Box 184, 322; Hitchcock 16483.

36. Panicum laxum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788.
Jamaica.

Panicum diandrum Kunth, Rév. Gram 2: 393. pl. 110. 1831.
Guadeloupe and Brazil. |

More or less spreading, often rooting at the nodes of the decumbent
base, culms 40 to 100 cm long; blades conduplicate or flat, 5 to 15
mm wide, narrowed to a rounded or subcordate base; panicles oblong,
5 to 30 cm long, composed of many slender, raceme-
like branches, the lower distant, spreading, the upper
ascending; branchlets mostly secund on the lower side
of the branches, bearing 2 or 3 acutish spikelets 1 to
1.5 mm long (fig. 231).

Ditches, banks, moist woods, and wet savannas,
Mexico and the West Indies to Paraguay. Common yopre 931.—Pan-
in Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad. Other icum eee
localities are listed below. force, 0 (ee).

Harti: Lamielle, Ekman H 6204. |

Dominican ReEpusuic: Pimentel, Abbott 687, 688.
Cuenca, Hkman H 10981. La Cumbre, Ekman
H 12390.

VirGin Isuanps: Tortola, Britton and Shafer 791, 808.

LrEwarp Istanps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel 623;
Box 74, 82. Guadeloupe, Duss 3179. Dominica,
Jones 24.25:

WINDWARD IstANps: Barbados, Dash 450. St.

FIGURE 232.—Pani-

Lucia, Kemp 11; 42. HET LEN TUT:
Grenapba: Broadway 1870, 3712, 4668. Aree C10 (epaeyt

Tosaco: Hitchcock 10245, 10272.

37. Panicum stevensianum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 17: 498. f. 76. 1915. Puerto Rico, Chase 6616.
Perennial; culms compressed, prostrate-spreading, rooting at the
nodes, 30 to 60 cm long, the flowering branches ascending; blades
flat, 4 to 10 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, truncate-cordate at base;
panicles 6 to 10 cm long, narrow, consisting of several appressed or
ascending spikelike branches; spikelets about 2 mm long, glabrous,
acute; first glume about one-fourth the length of the spikelet (fig. 232).
Borders of pools, ditches, and other wet places, Cuba and Puerto
Rico.
Cusa: Batabané6, Ekman 12630, 13093; Léon 14200. Laguna
Ariguanabo, Ekman 11516, 16929; Léon 9030. Laguna de Castellano,
ilson 9558; Ekman 16796.
Purrto Rico: Campo Alegre, Chase 6616.
38. Panicum exiguifloruam Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 234. 1866.
Based on P. minutiflorum Rich.
Panicum minutiflorum A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 305.
1850. Not P. minutifiorum Rasp., 1825. Cuba.

270 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum laxum var. variegatum Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 233. 1866.
Cuba, Wright 3450.

Panicum tricolor Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 51: 370. 1901.
Fortune Island, Hggers 3978.

Perennial; culms tufted, sometimes sending out prostrate stolons,
decumbent at base, 15 to 50 cm tall; blades 2 to 6 cm long, 0.5 to
1.5 mm wide, glabrous; panicles 3 to 10 em long, the branches few,
spreading or reflexed at maturity; spikelets 1.5 mm long, glabrous,
clustered on short branchlets; sterile palea enlarging at maturity,
expanding the spikelet (fig. 233). :

Low savannas and moist sandy woods, Cuba and Haiti.

Bauamas: Fortune Island, Witchcock in 1890.

CusBa: Santa Cruz de los Pinos, Ekman in 1923 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 702). Herradura, Hitchcock 179; Tracy 9075. Pinar del Rio,
Hitchcock 23273, 23278. Guane, Léon 6948, 7004, 7008. Guana-
bacoa, Hkman 572; Léon 911, 9138, 5608, 5624; Mitehcock 23241.
Madruga, Léon 6377, 14690. San Juan de Buena Vista, Wright
755. Chirigota, Wright 3450, 3877 in part. Zaza de Tunas, Léon

FIGURE 233.—FPani- FIGURE 234.—Pani- FIGURE 235.—Pani-

cum exiguiflorum. cum stoloniferum. cum _ frondescens
Spikelet and floret, Spikelet and flo- Spikelet and flo-
< 10 (Wright 3450). ret, X 10 (type). ret, X 10 (type).

902, 6730. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 2566. Gavilanes, Léon 6654.
Manacas, Léon 9277. Soledad, Hitchcock 23330. Baragué, Hitchcock
23356. Bayate, Ekman 2443. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson
14699, 15381; Taylor 35.

Haiti: Morne Belanse, Hkman H 4916.

39. Panicum stoloniferum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 274. 1816.
Cayenne.

Perennial; plants creeping, branching, 10 to 50 cm long; blades
flat, 1 to 5 cm long, 3 to 15 mm wide; panicles 1 to 5 cm long, with
few to several racemes 5 to 10 mm long; spikelets about 2.5 mm
long, glabrous (fig. 234).

Moist shady places, Central America and the Lesser Antilles to
Brazil.

Winpwarp Isuanps: Martinique, Duss 1291 (Krug and Urban
Herb.).

Trinipap: Maracas, Broadway 6078, 7239. Ortoire River, Britton,
Freeman, and Nowell 2539. Caura River, Britton and Hazen 1204.
Port-of-Spain, Bot. Gard. Herb. 2293. Arima, Broadway 2370.
Oropuche, Broadway 5582. Blanchisseuse, Broadway 6907. Cha-
cuanas, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3747. Without locality, Crueger 79.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES DIA

40. Panicum frondescens Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 56. 1818.
British Guiana.

Hymenachne frondescens Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 36. 1886.

Culms erect or ascending from a creeping base, 30 to 50 cm tall;
blades 5 to 11 cm long, 12 to 20 mm long, acuminate, glabrous;
panicles 5 to 11 cm long, with numerous approximate racemes 10
to 25 em long; spikelets about 2.7 mm long, glabrous (fig. 235).

Swamps and wet places at low altitudes, Mexico and Lesser
Antilles to Brazil.

LEEWARD IsuANnps: Guadeloupe, L’Herminier 137.

WINDWARD Istanps: Smith and Smith 187 (Krug and Urban
Herb.).

eer’ Blanchisseuse, Broadway 2390. Arima, Broadway 2371.
Oropuche, Broadway 6171. Mount Tamana, Broadway 7980. With-
out locality, Crueger 85.

41. Panicum pulchellum Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 42. 1823. Brazil.

Perennial; culms spreading or creeping, branching, the nodes
pubescent; blades thin,
flat, 1.5 to 4 cm long,
4 to 15 mm wide;
panicles oblong,
2 to 12) cm slone. ithe
racemes 5 to 15 mm
long; spikelets about
2 2mom 9 lone." hispid,
FIGURE 236.—Panicum pulchel- bearing on the sterile Ficure 237,—Panicum schiffneri.
lum. Two views of spikelet, : Two views of spikelet, and
and floret, X 10 (Raddi). lemma 2 sessile olands floret, X 10 (type).
(hie 236).

Moist shady places, southern Mexico and Windward Islands to
Brazil.
eee Istanps: Martinique, Duss 767 (Krug and Urban
erb.).

42. Panicum schiffneri Hack., Ergeb. Bot. Exped. Akad. Wiss.
Sudbras. 11. 1906. Brazil.

Perennial, branching and rooting at the nodes; culms ascending,
2 to 3 m long; sheaths papillose-hispid; blades 10 to 15 cm long,
12 to 25 mm wide, scabrous; panicles 10 to 15 cm long, the few
slender scabrous branches remote, the spikelets approximate along the
upper part; spikelets glabrous, elliptic, about 2 mm long; first glume
less than one-fourth the length of the spikelet; fruit elliptic, 1.5 mm
long, sparsely silky (fig. 237).
set shady banks and slopes, Mexico and the West Indies to

razil,

Harti: Pétionville, Hkman H 1927. Le Borgne, Ekman H 4791.

Dominican Repusuic: Polo, Abbott 1808. Jarabaco, Hkman H
14178. Loma Diego de Ocampo, Hkman H 16301. Sierra de Ocoa,
Ekman H 11646.

Puerto Rico: Maricao, Chase 6198, 6247 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
512). Adjuntas, Chase 6474. Cayey, Chase 6745.

WinDwarp Istanps: Martinique, Hahn 616.

60256—36——18

272 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

43. Panicum trichoides Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788.
Jamaica.

Panicum capillaceum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 173. 1791. Puerto
Rico.

Annual; culms erect or branched and spreading, the ascending
ones 20 to 40 cm long; sheaths papillose-hirsute; blades ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, thin, cordate, 2 to 6 cm long, 1 to 2 em wide, glab-
rous or sparsely hirsute; panicles open and spreading, 5 to 20 cm long,
the branches and pedicels capillary; spikelets about 1.8 mm long,
elliptic, sparsely hirsute; first glume about half as long as the spikelet
(fig. 238).

ieee shady places, often a weed in fields and groves, throughout
tropical America. To be found on all the islands.

This species has been referred in some American floras to P.
brevifolium L., of India.

44, Panicum trichanthum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 210. 1829. Brazil.
Perennial; culms branching and straggling, the ascending fertile

ones 1 to 2 m long; blades oblong-lanceolate, 10 to 15 cm long, 10

to 15 mm wide, cordate, rather strongly nerved; panicles 10 to 30 cm

FIGURE 238.—Pani- FIGURE 239.—Panicum FIGURE 240.—Panicum par-
cum trichoides. trichanthum. Two vifolilum. Two views of
Two views of spike- views of spikelet, and spikelet, and floret, X 10
let, and floret, x 10 floret, X 10 (Fendler (type).

(type). 1643).

long, open and spreading; spikelets about 1.5 mm long, elliptic,
acute; first glume less than one-fifth the length of the spikelets
(fic. 239).

Moist thickets and river banks, Central America and the West
Indies to Paraguay.

Cupa: Vento, Curtiss 598; Léon 557. Trinidad, Wright 753.
Bayate, Ekman 4559, 6553. Romelia, Eggers 5350.

JaMAica: Port Antonio, Hitchcock in 1890.

Haiti: Dondou, Leonard 8571. Port-de-Pai, Leonard 12269.
Ennery, Leonard 9157. Cabaillon, Hkman H 845.

Dominican Repusuic: Polo, Abbott 1773. Gros-Figuier, Ekman
ENG763:

Puerto Rico: Ponce, Chase 6487. Cayey, Chase 6748; Sintenis
2471. Rio Piedras, Johnston 143.

TrinipaD: Arima, Eggers in 1883. Cedros, Hitchcock 10146.
Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9943. Siparia, Broadway 4973.

45. Panicum parvifolium Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 173. 1791. Trop-
ical America.
Panicum oplismenoides Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 381.
1903. Puerto Rico, Heller 1316.
Perennial, more or less glaucous; culms branching and creeping,
rooting at the nodes, the ascending fertile ones 20 to 80 cm long;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Dike

blades 1 to 3 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide, oblong-lanceolate, rounded
or subcordate, spreading or reflexed, glabrous; panicles open, loosely
- few-flowered, 2 to 4 cm long; spikelets turgid, blunt, glabrous, 1.5
Ae Gh ; first glume a little more than half the length of the spikelet

g@. 240).

Wet savannas and margins of ponds and streams, Costa Rica and -
the West Indies to Paraguay.

Cupa: Pinar del Rio, Mitchcock 23277; Britton and Gager 7075.
Los Almacigos, Wright 3458.. Herradura, Hitchcock 181, 23435;
Baker 2078; Britton, Earle, and Gager 6494; Tracy 9060, 9079. Re-
mates, Hkman 11359. Guane, Shafer 10659; Léon 6944, 15399.
Laguna los Indios, Shafer 10803. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson
14235, 15624; Britton, Wilson, and Leon 6053.

JAMAICA: Hollis Savanna, Harris 12221. James Hill Savanna,
Harris 12839.

Dominican Repusuic: Cuenca, Ekman H 10968. Rincon, Hkman
H 13290. Jovero, Abbott 2539.

Puerto Rico: Carolina, Britton and Brown 5720. Vega Baja,
Chase 6796. Aguada, Sintenis 5719. San Juan, Chase 6358, 6630,
6763, 6786. Campo Alegre, Chase 6615, 6788. Catano, Sintenis
o719.

Trinipap: O’Meara Savanna, Broadway 2372. Aripo Savanna,
Hitchcock 10065, 10080 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
72). Pitch Lake, Hitchcock 10100 (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 210). Without locality, Broadway
in 1918; Crueger 224.

46. Panicum cyanescens Nees; Trin., Gram.
Pan. 202. 1826; Agrost. Bras. 220.
1829. Brazil.

Perennial, bluish or glaucous; culms tufted, “*‘wscens Two viewsctepive

SU Oremiurall epladesttiat, rather frm) erect il) yet end fort, <0 (ype):

to spreading or reflexed, 3 to 8 cm long, 4 to 5

mm wide, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous; panicles open, 3 to 6 cm long;

spikelets 1.5 mm long, turgid or subglobose, obtuse, glabrous; first

glume obtuse, two-thirds as long as spikelet (fig. 241).

Swamps and wet savannas, Trinidad to Brazil; Cuba; British

Honduras.

Cusa: Isla de Pinos, Hkman 12148; Britton and Wilson 14748a.
TRINIDAD: Aripo Savanna, Hitchcock 10067. Piarco Savanna,

Hitchcock 10349, 10354, 10364. Without locality, Finlay 88; Crueger

2Onee

47, Panicum nervosum Lam., Encycl. 4: 747. 1798. Cayenne.

Stouter than P. cyanescens, the lower sheaths much overlapping;
blades strongly nerved, cordate-clasping, widest near the base,
gradually narrowing to a sharp point; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, open,
the branches ascending.

Savannas, Trinidad to Brazil.

TRINIDAD: Aripo Savanna, Broadway 2377.

48, Panicum venezuelae Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 51: 368. 1901.
Venezuela.

Panicum ineptum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17:
509. f.98. 1915. Santo Domingo, Bertero 817.

274 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum berteronianum Mez, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 56 (Beibl. 125):
5. 1921. Not P. berteronianum Schult., 1854. Santo. Domingo,
Bertero 817.

Perennial; culms slender, widely spreading or creeping, the flowering
branches ascending, 10 to 15 cm tall, the nodes pilose; sheaths pilose;
blades flat, 3 to 7 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, pubescent on both surfaces;
panicles 3 to 5 cm long, of few to several short spreading densely
flowered branches, remote along the main pilose axis, the branches
4 to 6 mm long, bearing 1 to 8 subsessile spikelets about 2.5 mm long;
first glume pubescent, half as long as the spikelet; second glume
pubescent, gibbous, equaling the glabrous
sterile lemma, both inflated (fig. 242).

Crevices of rocks and _ stony slopes,
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Venezuela,
and Brazil.

Cupa: Loma Barbi, Sierra Maesira,
Ekman 15661. Loma del Gato, Ekman
in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 703);
3 Léon 10190.

RE ihe 01 Pach nore Dominican Repusiic: Moncién, Ekman
ee eee and foret, “Fi 12608, 13085. San Josée las Miia
See Teme Ekman H 14602. Bajabonico, Ekman

H 14499. Without locality, Bertero 817 (Krug and Urban Herb.).

49, Panicum sellowii Nees, Agrost. Bras. 153. 1829. Brazil.

Panicum valenzuelanum A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 304.
1850. Cuba.

Panicum rugulosum var. hirtiglume Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 233.
1866. Cuba, Wright 3455.

Perennial; culms branching and straggling, as much as 1 m long;
blades thin, ovate-lanceolate, 4 to 15 cm long, 10 to 30 mm wide,
more or less pubescent or velvety; panicles open, 10 to 20 cm long,
the branches ascending or spreading; spikelets short-pediceled along
the upper part, about 2 mm long, obovate, obtuse, papillose-hispid-
ulous; first glume about two-thirds as long as the spikelet (fig. 243).

FIGURE 243.—Panicum sellowii. Plant, X 1; spikelet, and floret, X 10 (type and Hitchcock 23295) .

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES DAES

In Grasses of the West Indies this species was referred to Panicum
millegrana Poir. That species, differing chiefly in having long-
pedicelled spikelets, is not known from North America, except for
the type specimen of P. patentissimum Desv., said to be from ‘‘Saint-
Domingue [and] la Nouvelle-Espagne.”” The type, in the Paris
Herbarium, is labeled ‘“‘Hispaniola.”” Like many localities cited by
Desvaux it is probably erroneous.

Damp woods and shady banks, Mexico and Trinidad to Paraguay.

Cupa: Herradura, Hkman 10828; Hitchcock 180, 23440; Tracy 9098.
Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23296; Wright 3855. Viniales, Killip 13549.
La Catalina, Wright 3455. Sumidero, Shafer and Léon 13562. Sierra
de Cabra, Britton and Gager 7201. Cajadlbana, Léon 4836. San Diego
de los Bafios, Léon 4595, 4602.

Trinipap: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9979; Broadway 5909. Pitch
Lake, Hitchcock 10087.

50. Panicum glutinosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788.
Jamaica.

Panicum obtusiflorum A. Rich., in
Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 305. 1850.
Cuba, Linden 2143.

Panicum lindeni Griseb., Cat. Pl.
Cub. 233. 1866. Cuba, Linden 2143.

Perennial; culms erect from a
geniculate or creeping and rooting
base, 1 to 2 m tall; blades elongate-
lanceolate, acuminate, 15 to 50 cm
long, 15 to 25 mm wide; panicles
open, 15 to 30 cm long, the lower Ficure 244.— Panicum glutinosum. Two
branches verticillate, stiffly ascend- View clonsplccloty audiHonel:< 0yDe):
ing; spikelets 3 mm long, turgid,
obovoid, obtuse, glabrous but viscid; first glume nearly as long as
the spikelet (fig. 244).

Mountain woods 500 to 2,000 m, Mexico and the West Indies to
Paraguay. le

Cusa: Sancti Spiritus Mountains, Léon 6620. Banao Mountains,
Léon 3998. La Perla, Léon 3790; Wright 757. Gran Piedra, Shafer
9014. Alto de Iberia, Ekman 8298. Guara, Hitchcock 23416. With-
out locality, Linden 2143.

Jamaica: Gordon Town, Hart 792; Hitchcock 9321; Harris 12431.
Troy, Mazon 2816; Hitchcock 9785; Harris 12607. Ewarton, Hitchcock
9451. Abbey Green, Hitchcock 9370. Ipswich, Hitehcock 9627.
Mount Diablo, Ridley 25, 38; Mazon and Killip 443. Cinchona,
Harris 11264, 11440, 11508; Hitchcock 9708. Arntully, Orcutt 2643,
3110. Red Hills, Harris 11836. Salt Hill, Harris 11395. Newport,
Britton 3193. Above Mattis River, Maron and Killip 185. St.
Helens Gap, Mazon and Killip 595. Without locality, Wullschldgel
1163.

Hartt: Kenskoff, Buch 956. Marmelade, Leonard 8212. Caille la
Croix, Leonard 7854. Furey, Buch 1540; Leonard 4337. Source
Rouillé, Ekman H 6827. Ma Blanche, Ekman H 623.

Dominican Repusuic: San Juan, Ekman H 13431. Lagunas de
Cenobi, Valeur 54. Sabaneta, Valeur 520.

276 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Purerto Rico: Mayaguez, Sintenis 357. Cerro Gordo, Sintenis
2609. Maricao, Chase 6199, 6250 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 211).
Adjuntas, Chase 6469.

51. Panicum rudgei Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 444. 1817.
Based on P. scoparium Rudge.

Panicum scoparium Rudge, Pl. Guian. 1: 21. pl. 29. 1805. Not
“P. scoparium Lam., 1798. British Guiana.

Perennial; culms robust, 30 to 100 cm tall, erect or somewhat
geniculate; sheaths hirsute; blades thick, linear, 15 to 40 cm long, 5
to 10 mm wide, rather rigidly ascending, flat or folded, usually densely
hirsute; panicles terminal and lateral, forming an oblong inflorescence,
open, the branches stiff, the pedicels divaricate; spikelets 3.5 mm
long, turgid, strongly nerved, sparsely hirsute; glumes and sterile
lemma acuminate or abruptly pointed (fig. 245).

Savannas at low and medium altitudes, Central America and
Jamaica to Brazil.

FIGURE 245.—Panicum rudgei. Two views of FIGURE 246.—Panicum mertensii.
spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Salzmann). Spikelet and floret, X 10 (type of
P. altissimum Meyer).

Jamaica: Upper Clarendon, Harris 12235, 12845. Bunkers Hill
Savanna, Harris 11170. Bull Head Mountain, Mitchcock 9528.

TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna, Britton and Hazen 688. O’Meara
Savanna, Britton and Hazen 1563. Pitch Lake, Hitchcock 10083
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 75). St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10181. Without
locality, Crueger.

52. Panicum mertensii Roth, in Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2:
458. 1817. British Guiana.

Panicum altissimum Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 63. 1818. Not P.
altissimum DC., 1813. British Guiana.

Panicum megiston Schult., Mant. 2: 248. 1824. Based on P.
altissimum Meyer.

Perennial; culms robust, 1 to 2 m tall; sheaths papillose-hispid;
blades elongate, 1.5 to 3 em wide, glabrous; panicles 40 to 60 cm
long, the stiff main axis striate-angled, the branches in distant verticils
as many as 20 to 30 in a verticil; spikelets about 3.5 mm long, globular-
obovoid, glabrous; first glume less than one-third the length of the
spikelet (fig. 246).

Swamps and banks of ponds and rivers, Mexico and Trinidad to
Paraguay; Cuba. :

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Dili

Cusa: Damnji, Ekman 11004. Santa Cruz de les Bafios, Wright
3872.

TrinipaD: Cedros, Broadway 9286. Caroni Savanna, Hart 4197.
Without locality, Crueger.

53. Panicum trigonum Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 9. 1783. India.

Cyrtococcum trigonum A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. [Paris] 27:
Se LOZ:

Annual; culms branching, slender, 10 to 30 cm long; blades flat,
lanceolate, sparsely pilose, 1 to 3 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide; panicles
few-flowered, 1 to 3 cm long, open or contracted; spikelets somewhat
laterally compressed, pilose, about 1.7 mm long, the second glume
keeled and bulged out at the middle.

Shady places, Trinidad; introduced.

TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, forming a thick carpet under trees
in the Botanic Garden, Hitchcock 17661; Broadway 4891, 8017
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 706); Bailey in 1921.

54. Panicum grande Hitchc. and Chase, Con-
Ut w Wey o Natienkierb, 17a) 629.1. 143)
1915. Canal Zone.

Panicum myrianthum Mez, Bot. Jahrb.
Engler 56: Beibl. 125: 38. 1921. Guiana.

Perennial, gregarious, producing extensively
creeping or floating leafy stolons about 5 mm
thick; culms 1.5 to 2 m tall, the nodes densely
hirsute; blades flat, as much as 1 m long and
6 cm wide, narrowed toward base and apex, Figure 247.—Panicum
glabrous, somewhat plicate; panicles as much {pittelst, “and flores >< 10
as 60 cm long and 40 cm wide, open; spikelets (type).
2.5 mm long, pointed, glabrous (fig. 247).

Lakes, ponds, and swamps, near the coast, growing in the water,
Central America to Brazil; Cuba, Trinidad.

Cupa: Baracoa, Ekman 3487.

TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10022. Manzanilla, Hitchcock
10376. Caroni, Broadway 5859. Cedros, Hitchcock 10148; Broadway
4957. Naset, Broadway 9110.

55. Panicum asperifolium (Desv.) Hitchc., Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 22: 489. 1922.

Streptostachis asperifolia Desv., Nouv. Bull. Sci. Philom. Paris 2:
190. 1810. Tropical America.

Pamcum streptostachys Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 316. 1825. Based
on Streptostachys aspera Desv. (error for asperifolia).

Plants about 1 m tall from a decumbent base; sheaths glabrous or
hirsute; blades thin, as much as 20 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, cordate-
clasping; panicle of a few distant spreading branches, the spikelets
and branchlets appressed; spikelets 4 mm long, oblong, obtuse,
pubescent, the base hardened and ringlike; first glume as long as the
spikelet.

Damp forests at low altitudes, Trinidad to Brazil.

TrinipaD: Chaguasamas, near the sea, Broadway 6741.

278 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

56. Panicum zizanioides H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 100. 1815.
Colombia.

Panicum oryzoides Swartz, Prodr., Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788. Not
P. oryzoides Ard., 1764. Jamaica.

Acroceras oryzoides Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 622. 1920.

Perennial; culms decumbent and rooting at base, 50 to 100 cm tall,
glabrous; sheaths glabrous except margins; blades flat, 4 to 15 em
long, 1 to 3 em wide, cordate-clasping, glabrous or rarely pubescent;
panicles 10 to 25 em long, with a few ascending stiff branches 3 to
10 cm long, bearing appressed branchlets; spikelets 5.5 to 6 mm long,
glabrous, abruptly short-pointed; first glume two-thirds as long as
the spikelet (fig. 248).

Moist, usually shaded places at low altitudes, Mexico and the West
Indies to Paraguay.

Cusa: Damuji, Ekman 10936. Sumidero, Shafer and Léon 13635.
Anafe, Kkman 226. Rincon, Van Hermann 545, 4477. Laguna Cas-
tellano, Baker 4334; Wil-
son 9567. San Nicolas,
Léon 7297. Puentes
Grandes, Léon 2743.
Sancti Spiritus, Léon 903.
Guara, Hitchcock 23394.
Without locality, Wright
3466. Isla de Pinos,
Britton and Wilson 14923.

JAMAICA: Kingston,
Hitchcock 9278. Castle-
ton, Hitchcock 9398. St.
Georges, Harris 11420.
Port Antonio, Maron 2109.
Gordon Town, Hart 726.
Temple Hill, Harris 11385.
Chapelton, Ridley 28.
Ipswich, Heda 9609.

ANON Sais Ewarton, Hitchcock 9419.

ae a RA AOL ae OM eee we Claremont, Hitchcock 9513.
Troy; Hitchcock 97st

Flarris 12654. Buff Bay, Hitchcock 9779. es Bay, Hitchcock
9684. Without locality, Wullschlaegel 1108; Alerander Prior in 1850.

Haiti: Mount Organisé, Ekman H 6219.

DomrinicaN Repustic: Cuenca, Ekman H 11059. Pimental, Ab-
bott 652. Los Haitises, Ekman H 1 BGC.

TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9958. Toco, Broadway 2563.
Mount Pleasant Estate, Bot. Gard. Herb. 2286. Blanchisseuse Road,
Broadway 6740. Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3188.

Tosaco: Hggers 5810; Hitchcock 10258; Broadway 4556.

57. Panicum discrepans Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27: 252. 1877.
Brazil.

Perennial; culms glabrous, ascending from a decumbent base, 20 to
40 cm tall; sheaths minutely pubescent or glabrous, the lowermost
felty-pubescent; blades ascending or appressed, more or less pubescent,
the lower often densely so, the upper sometimes glabrous, flat, those
of the midculm 3 to 5 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide; panicles ‘ovoid,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 279

open but densely flowered, 4 to 7 cm long, pilose in the lowermost
axil, the axis and branches smooth; spikelets elliptic, somewhat tur-
gid, glabrous, about 1.3 mm long; first glume narrow, variable in
length, sometimes half as long as spikelet, often wanting; second
glume and sterile lemma equal, 3-nerved, the glume gibbous in the
middle; fertile lemma felty-villous at base and apex, gibbous at the
middle (fig. 249).

Edges of ponds and lagoons, Brazil; Cuba.

Cusa: Sdbalo, edge of lagoon, Ekman in 1923 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 705). Herradura, moist places in pinelands, Ekman 14089.

58. Panicum hirtum Lam., Encycl. 4: 741. 1798. Cayenne.

Annual; culms slender, branching, decumbent, 20 to 40 cm tall;
blades flat, thin, ovate to lanceolate, cordate-clasping at base; sparse-
ly hispid, 2 to 6 cm long, 0.8 to 2 em wide; pani-
cles ovoid, 3 to 7 cm long, the branches deli-
cate but stiffly ascending
at a uniform angle, the WL
spikelets recurved at SS Wi WY.
night angles on capillary <= S\NW//”
pedicels; spikelets
strongly plano-convex,
turgid, hispid, 1.2 mm
long (fig. 250).

Damp shady places,
British Honduras; Trini-
dad to Brazil. In the
Lamarck Herbarium at
Paris 1s a specimen of
this species ‘‘de Porto-
rico le Dru’’, but the lo-
FiguRE 249.—Panicum dis- cality 1s probably an

crepans. Panicle, X 1 (Ek- ss : SURE 250.—Panicum hirtum.
man 14089); spikelet and flo- €FTor, as it is not other- aes and alahions x 10
ret, X 10 (type). wise known from north (type).

of Trinidad.

Trinipab: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 10320. St. Joseph, Hitchcock
10177. Aripo Road, Broadway 6450. Dibe Valley, Britton and Coker
1754. Arima, Hitchcock 10310 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 546). Piarco
Savanna, Hitchcock 10363. Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 5929.
Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3194.

59. Panicum xalapense H. B. K., Nov.
Gen. et Sp. 1: 103. 1815. Mexico.
Vernal phase with slender culms 20 to
60cm tall, the nodes bearded with reflexed
hairs; sheaths retrorsely pilose; blades 7
to 12 mm wide, pilose on both surfaces;
panicles 5 to 10 cm long, open, few- RS fe ee re
flowered, the branches flexuous; spikelets MEG ews oF spikelet, sna forel
2 mm long, obovate, obtuse, pilose. AONKty De):
Autumnal phase branching at the base,
forming soft prostrate tufts or rosettes (fig. 251).
Moist banks and open woods at low and medium altitudes, eastern
and southern United States and Mexico to Costa Rica; Cuba and
Hispaniola.

280 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cusa: Consolacién del Sur, Ekman 10860.

Haiti: Furey, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 36; Leonard 4346, 4501.
Caille la Croix, Leonard 7920. St. Louis du Nord, Leonard 14503;
Ekman H. 4743. Mission, Leonard 3801, 3852. Pétionville, Ekman
H 1095. Morne de la Selle, Buch 1364.

Dominican Repusuiic: Constanza, Tuerckherm 3059. Jarabaco,
Eggers H 2129. Azua, Ekman H 11855. Jicomé, Valeur 293, 756.

60. Panicum polycaulon Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 200. 1897.
Florida.

Culms tufted, soon forming small mats or dense rosettes, the vernal
culms 10 to 20 cm tall, the autumnal culms prostrate, scarcely
exceeding the leaves; blades flat, mostly 3 to 6
em long, 3 to 6 mm wide, usually strongly
ciliate; panicles ovoid, few-flowered, 3 to 4 cm
long, about as wide, the axis pilose; spikelets
about 1.5 mm long, glabrous or rarely pubescent

eee: ds, Florida to Missi d
Se aE IS an ine woods, Florida to Mississippi an
ae ac =A eae the ae Antilles. i
temey and Boret, X10 _ Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23299. Herr-
adura, Hitchcock 115; Ekman 10083. Sdbalo,
Ekman 11436a. Guara, Hitchcock 23411, 93429. Woodfred, Shafer
3083. Without locality, Wright 3875 in part. Isla de Pinos, Ekman
12123; Palmer and Riley 990.

JAMAICA: James Hill, Harris 12852. Hollis Savanna, Harris 12225.
Barican, Hitchcock 9561. Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9550.

DomrntcaNn Repusuic: Cuenca, Hkman H 11068.

PuEeRTO Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6276; Holm 59a. San Juan, Chase
6767. Campo Alegre, Chase 6621. Aguada, Sintenis 5724.

61. Panicum strigosum Muhl., in Ell., Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 126.
1816. Southern United States.

Vernal phase with culms 5 to 30 em tall, the nodes pubescent; eons
3 to 6 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, ciliate and pilose; panicles 3 to 5
long, open, the branches pilose; spikelets about
1.5 mm long, glabrous. Autumnal phase a dense
mat, asin P. zralapense (fig. 253).

Sandy woods and open moist ground, at low and
medium altitudes, eastern and southern United
States, and Mexico to Panama; Greater Antilles.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17874. ElGuama, y,eunn 253.-—Panicum
Palmer and Riley 213. Cajalbana, Léon 4829. _ strigosum. Two views of
Without locality, Wright 3875 in part. Isla de (pov *™
Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14411.

Annex. Ballutie ad Mountain, Hitchcock 9551.

Harti: Grand-Gosier, Ekman H 6857.

Dominican Repustic: El Tetero, Ekman H 13720.

62. Panicum chrysopsidifolium Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S.
100.” 1903 Mlonda.

Vernal culms ascending or spreading, erayish-villous, the nodes
bearded; sheaths villous; ‘blades 5 to 10 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide,
tapering from base to apex, conspicuously pointed, villous on both
surfaces; panicles 4 to 6 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long, pubescent.
Autumnal phase spreading and forming mats; blades flat, papery with
age (fig. 254).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 281

Sandy pine woods and palm barrens and wet savannas, southern
United States and the Greater Antilles.

Cusa: Cajdlbana, Léon 4835, 4840. Cayajabos, Léon 13227, 13566.
Consolacién del Sur, Palmer and Riley 481. Guane, Shafer 10639;
Léon 7005. Herradura, Hitchcock 116. La Guira, Léon 5177.
Banao Mountains, Léon 7944. Placetas del Sur, Léon 6422. Mo-
tembo, Ekman 16851. Without locality, Wright in 1865. Isla de
Pinos, Palmer and Riley 982.

JAMAICA: Hollis Savanna, Harris 12228. Pedro Morass, Harris
11163. Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock
9535 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 89).

Harti: Gros-Morne, Ekman H 4907.
Acul du Nord, Ekman H 2908. Grand-
Gosier, Ekman H 6856.

' Dominican Repusuic: Constanza,
Ekman H 14093. La Cumbre, Ekman
H 11431. Moncidn, Ekman H 12680.
ee riaatae act

Puerto Rico: San Juan, Chase 6766.

Santurce, Heller 982. Tabonico, Sintenis 5985. Sierra de Naguabo,
Shafer 3530 in part [with P. leucothriz].

63. Panicum fusiforme Hitchc., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 222.
1909. Based on P. neuranthum var. ramosum Griseb.
Panicum neuranthum var. ramosum Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 232. 1866.
Not P. ramosum L., 1767. Cuba, Wright 3454.
Vernal culms erect, 30 to 70 cm tall; blades flat, gradually pointed,
ascending, rather stiff, mostly 5 to 10 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide, the

lowermost softly pubescent beneath; panicles 4 to 10 cm long, the
ower branches often reflexed;

spikelets pubescent, fusiform,
attenuate at base, about 3.5 mm
long. Autumnal phase erect or
reclining; blades soon involute,
S560) Oo Cig lone (hea 5o)»

Sandy pine woods, Georgia to
Mississippi, Greater Antilles;
British Honduras.

CuBsa: Herradura, Hitchcock
117, 23434; Baker and Dimmock,
4846; Caldwell and Baker 7139;
Tracy 9074. Pinar del Rio,
Hitchcock 23257. Guane, Shafer
10484; Léon 7007. Laguna Jo-

FIGURE 255.—Panicum fusiforme. Two views of
spikelet, and floret, X 10 (type). vero, Shafer 11049. Sabana de

Chirigota, Léon 7451. Manacas,

Léon 5840. La Cumbre, Ekman 13952. Guara, Hitchcock 23431.

Western Cuba, Wright 3453 in part, 3454. Isla de Pinos, Ekman 11654.

Jamaica: Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9552. Hollis Savanna,
Harris 12234.

64. Panicum angustifolium Ell., Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 129. 1816.
Florida.

_ Vernal culms erect or nearly so, 30 to 50 cm tall, the lowermost
internodes gray crisp-villous, the nodes glabrous; lower sheaths some-

282 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

what appressed-villous; blades stiffly ascending, long-acuminate, 8
to 12 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide, the lowermost shorter and broader;
panicles 4 to 10 cm long, loosely flowered, the branches at anthesis
widely spreading, often reflexed; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long, autum-
nal phase stiffly ascending or somewhat topheavy-reclining, the
blades flat, rather thin, and papery (fig. 256).

Sandy woods, southeastern United States; Cuba; Puerto Rico;
Nicaragua.

Cua: Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 406; Britton and Wilson 14305.

Puerto Rico: El Yunque, Britton

Lo 7628.

65. Panicum arenicoloides Ashe,
Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16:
89. 1900. North Carolina.

Pamcum orthophyllum Ashe, Jour.
Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 90.
1900. North Carolina.

Vernal phase similar to that of P.
angustifolium; spikelets about 2.5 mm
FIGURE 256.—Panicum angustifolium. Two long. Autumnal phase similar to that

views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (type). of P. angustifolium, but the blades

soon involute (fig. 257).

Sandy pine woods, southeastern United States; Cuba; Guatemala;
Honduras.

Cupa: Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 15189.

66. Panicum neuranthum Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 232. 1866. Cuba,
Wright 3453.

Vernal culms tufted, stiff, erect, glabrous, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths
glabrous; blades erect or ascending, glabrous, 10 to 15 em long, 3 to 5
mm wide; panicles narrow, 5 to 9 cm long, the branches narrowly
ascending; spikelets 2 mm long, glabrous, not much attenuate at

Ss eS

ie

as
——s

eine

Chee,

Bue

, Ly
LA 2 =
(=

FIGURE 257.—Panicum arenicoloides. FIGURE 258.— Panicum neuranthum.
Two views of spikelet, and floret, Two views of spikelet, and floret,
x 10 (type). x 10 (type).

base. Autumnal phase similar to the vernal, but the blades shorter
and involute (fig. 258).

Savannas and open ground, southern Florida to Mississippi;
Bahamas; Cuba.
e Ta New Providence, Britton and Brace 599 (Field Mus.

eiloy,))-

Cusa: Remates, Ekman 11182. Yaguaramas, Ekman 18395.
Sabana del Guani, Fernando 488. Mordazo, Léon 9245. Baracoa,
Wright 3453 in part.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 283

67. Panicum aciculare Desyv.; Poir., in Lam. Encycl. Sup. 4: 274.
1816. Probably Puerto Rico.

Panicum setaceum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 99. 1817. Georgia.

Vernal phase similar to that of P. angustifolium but lower and
more slender; spikelets about 2 mm long, very obtuse. Autumnal
phase bushy-branched, the blades involute (fig. 259).

Pine woods, southeastern United States; the Greater Antilles; Hon-
duras. The type is erroneously said to come from the East Indies,
but it probably came from the West Indies.

FIGURE 259.—Panicum aciculare. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (vernal phase, Chase
7148; autumnal phase, Hitchcock 317).

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Mitchcock 23253, 23298; Ekman 12794, 17891;
Britton and Gager 7064. Remates, Hkman 11374; Léon 15355.
Laguna Jovero, Shafer 10733, 10823. Mordazo, Léon 9236, 9576.
Sierra de Nipe, Hkman 1847, 1848, 2212, 6030, 9066; Shafer 2968.
Guaro, Hitchcock 23428. Without locality, Wright 3454, 3461. Isla
de Pinos, Ekman 11946, 11996, 12189.

JAMAICA: Peckham, Harris 12812.

Haiti: Pétionville, Ekman H 1312.

Dominican Repusuic: Cuenca, Ekman
H 11056, H 11430. ©

Purrto Rico: Mayaguez, Holm 47, 47a,
47b; Chase 6273. Campo Alegre, Chase
6624. Sierra de Naguabo, Shafer 3531.

68. Panicum nitidum Lam., Tabl. Encyel. FIGURE 260.—Panicum nitidum.
aie aloe Carokina: 0 ae. Pi atet DAR
Vernal culms erect or nearly so, 30 to 60
cm tall, the nodes bearded; sheaths glabrous or the lower pubescent,
more or less mottled or glandular; blades glabrous, 5 to 12 cm long,
5 to 10 mm wide, the upper often reflexed; panicles ovoid, 5 to 8
em long, the branches ascending; spikelets elliptic, pubescent, 2 mm
long. Autumnal phese with large clusters of branches from the
nodes, the reduced blades numerous (fig. 260).

284 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Low moist or marshy ground, southeastern United States; Ba-
hamas; Greater Antilles.

Bauamas: Great Bahama, Britton and Millspaugh 2736.

Cusa: Remates, Ekman 11169. Manacas, Léon 5898. San Mar-
cos, Léon 9203. Banao Mountains, Léon 7938. La Guanaja, Léon
16208. Sierra de Nipe, Shafer 2999, 3001; Hkman 2647. Guara,
Hitchcock 23404, 23415. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 15184.

Jamaica: Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9532.

Dominican Repusuic: Moncién, Ekman
H 12697. Constanza, Ekman H 13932, H
14011, H 14123. San José de Ocoa, Ekman
H 11895, H 11942.

69. Panicum roanokense Ashe, Jour. Elisha
Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 44. 1898. North
Carolina.

Vernal culms erect or ascending, 50 to
Ba nH roanokense. 100 cm tall, the nodes glabrous; sheaths
x 10 (Ashe). ' glabrous; blades flat, glabrous, 6 to 9 cm
long, 3 to 8 mm wide; panicles 4 to 8 cm long,
the branches spreading; spikelets 2 mm long, turgid, strongly nerved,
glabrous. Autumnal phase erect or decumbent, branching at the mid-
dle and upper nodes, the branches numerous but not in tufts (fig. 261).
Open swampy woods or wet peaty meadows, southeastern United
States; Jamaica, in open clay ground among other grasses.
JAMAICA: Bull Head Mountain, Hitchcock 9530.

70. Panicum caerulescens Hack.; Hitchc., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
P29 21921909." Hlomdat

Vernal culms slender, 30 to 75 cm tall; blades commonly purplish
beneath, 5 to 8 cm long, 4 to 7 mm wide; panicles 3 to 7 cm long, half
as wide or less, the branches narrowly ascending; spikelets glabrous,
turgid, 1.5 mm long. Autumnal phase erect or
leaning, producing densely fascicled branches
at the middle and upper nodes, the reduced
blades more or less involute, the reduced pani-
cles with a few long-pediceled spikelets (fig. 262).

Marshes and swampy woods, southeastern
United States and Mexico; Bahamas, Cuba.

Bauamas: Great Bahama, Bruce 3524; Brif- Figure, 262— Panicum, caerur
ton and Miullspaugh 2506, 2668. Andros, © let, and floret, x 10 (type).
Brace 7015. New Providence, Britton and Brace
597; Millspaugh 2182; Northrup 248 (all in Field Mus. Herb.); Eggers
4305 (Hackel Herb.).

Cusa: Cajdo, Léon 14386. Ciénaga de Zapata, Ekman 18376; Léon
2206, 2213. Mordazo, Ekman 17035; Léon 9262; Caibarién, Léon
489. Batabané, Léon 6152. Without locality, Wright 3463.

71. Panicum leucothrix Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 41. 1897,
Florida.

Vernal culms erect or ascending, appressed papillose-pilose, 25 to
45 cm tall, the nodes pubescent; sheaths papillose-pubescent; ligule
pilose, 3 mm long; blades rather firm, puberulent beneath, usually
glabrous on the upper surface, 3 to 7 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicles
3 to 8 cm long, rather densely flowered, the axis appressed-pubescent;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 285

spikelets about 1.3 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal phase ascending,
usually decumbent at base, finally with more or less fascicled branch-
lets, the blades not greatly reduced (fig. 263).

Low pinelands, southeastern United States; Cuba, Hispaniola, and
Puerto Rico.

Cusa: Herradura, Hitchcock 554, 560, 23438. Guane, Léon 6903.
San Julian, Ekman 11138. Western Cuba, Wright 3460, 3463.

Puerto Rico: San Juan, Chase 6770. Sierra de Naguabo, Shafer
30080.

Dominican Repusuic: Matanzas, Ekman H 15886. Sabana de
la Mar, Ekman H 15636.

72. Panicum wrightianum Scribn., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull: 11: 44. f.4. 1898. Cuba, Wright 3463.

Vernal culms weak and slender, ascending from a decumbent base,
minutely puberulent; sheaths glabrous or puberulent; blades spreading,
elabrous or puberulent; 2 to 4 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide; panicles 3 to
6 cm long; spikelets 1 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal phase decum-
bent-spreading, becoming bushy-branched, the flat or subinvolute

blades not much reduced (fig. 264).

jaeaeth a
Ui:

y
FIGURE 263.—Panicum FIGURE 264.—Panicum FIGURE 265.—Panicum
leucothriz. Two views wrightianum. Two longiligulatum. Two
of spikelet, and floret, x views of spikelet, and views of spikelet, and
10 (type). floret, X 10 (type). floret, X 10 (type).

Margins of streams and ponds, southeastern United States and
British Honduras; Cuba.

Cusa: Damuji, Ekman 10937. Pinar del Rio, Britton and Gager
6952. Vuelto Abajo, Wright 3463. Remates de Guane, Léon 15428.
Remates, Hkman 11215, 11360. La Grifa, Ekman 11266. Sabalo,
Ekman 11438. Herradura, Ekman 11586. Laguna Santa Maria,
Ekman 17239.

73. Panicum longiligulatum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 574.
1899. Florida.

Vernal culms erect or ascending at base, glabrous, relatively stout,
30 to 70 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades
rather thick and firm, glabrous on the upper surface, puberulent
beneath, 4 to 8 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide; panicles 3 to 8 cm long;
spikelets a little exceeding 1 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal phase
more or less reclining, the branchlets crowded, the reduced blades
subinvolute (fig. 265).

Pine barrens and swamps, southeastern United States and British
Honduras; Hispaniola.

Dominican ReEpusuic: Cuenca, Ekman H11058. Bayaguana,
Ekman H11099.

74, Panicum acuminatum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788.
Jamaica.

Panicum ornatum Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 11. 1825.

Puerto Rico.

286 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum dichotomum var. acuminatum Swartz; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind. 553. 1864.

Panicum comophyllum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 380.
1903. Puerto Rico, Heller 12.

Vernal culms ascending from a geniculate base, densely villous
with soft-spreading hairs, 20 to 70 cm tall, the nodes more or less
bearded, sheaths velvety papillose-villous or the upper glabrate;
ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades lanceolate, slightly cordate at base,
sharply acuminate, usually ciliate, 4 to 8 cm long, 6 to 13 mm wide,
the upper surface more or less villous, velvety beneath; panicles 3
to 10 em long, the axis usually villous, the branches flexuous, the
lower sometimes reflexed; spikelets slightly less than 2 mm long
(fig. 266).

Sandy pine woods, moist banks, and open ground, Greater Antilles;
Colombia.

Cusa: Herradura, Hitchcock 140, 23436; Tracy 9078; Britton, Earle,
and Gager 6505. Sumidero, Léon 3472; Shafer and Léon 13544, 13615.
Rio Guao, Britton and Cowell 9673. San Sebastian, Léon and Shafer
13719. Pinar del Rio, Palmer and Riley 447; Hitchcock 23271, 23295;
Léon, Bailey, and Roig 14821. Vinales, Léon 14711. Guane, Léon
6902. Cajdlbana, Léon 4833, 4841. San Diego de los Bafios, Léon
4371, 4558. San Cristobal, Wright 3874. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss,
307, 328; Palmer and Riley 989, 1083; Taylor
in 1901; Britton and Wilson 14224, 14228,
14320, 15674.

Jamaica: Abbey Green, Hitchcock 9355
(Amer) Gre Nai” Herb? 133)... Cimchomar
Harris, 11315, Wi371; Aitchcock 9697-a9r22-
Maxon and Killip 917. St. Helens Gap,
Harris 11494; Mazon and Killip 594.
FIGURE 266.—Panicum acumina- Claverty Cottage, Perkins 1083. Morces

tum. Two views of spikelet, and ee :
floret, X 10 (type). Gap, Mazon and Killip 1072a. James Hill
Savanna, Harris 12848. Catherines Peak,
Harris 11554; Hitchcock 9738. Barican, Hitchcock 9564. Below Sir
Johns Peak, Harris 11597. Clyde River, Harris 11444. Monkey Hill,
Harris 11435. Upper Clarendon, Harris 11109. Bull Head Moun-
tain, Hitchcock 9538. Arntully, Orcutt 5181, 5744, 6776. Without
locality, Hart 736; Hort. Bot. Jamaica 736.

Haiti: Marmelade, Leonard 8199. Caille la Croix, Leonard 7838.
Furcy, Leonard 4328, 4402, 4701; Ekman H 1216; Cook, Scofield, and
Doyle 37; Buch 497, 1541. Grand-Gosier, Ekman H 6856. Pétion-
ville, Ekman H 1216. Morne de la Selle, Christ 1850. Miu§ssion,
Leonard 3821, 3851, 3972.

Dominican Repusuic: La Cumbre, Ekman H 11547. San José de
Ocoa, Ekman H 11685.

Puerto Rico: Maricao, Britton and Cowell 4090; Chase 6249;
Sintenis 355. San Juan, Chase 6378, 6647, 6765. Adjuntas, Chase
6475. Sierra de Loquillo, Chase 6719. Cayey, Chase 6752. Maya-
vuez, Holm 59b. Santurce, Heller in 1903. Lares, Sintenis 5908.
Fajardo, Sintenis 1224.

75. Panicum albemarlense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16:
84. 1900. North Carolina.

Vernal phase olivaceous, grayish-villous; culms slender, at first
erect, soon geniculate, 25 to 45 cm long: ligule pilose, 1 to 2 mm long;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 287

blades 4 to 7 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, the upper surface puberulent
as well as villous; panicles 2 to 4 cm long; spikelets about 1.4 mm long,
pubescent. Autumnal phase widely decumbent-spreading, the blades
reduced, flat (fig. 267).

Sandy woods, eastern United States; Hispaniola.

DomINnIcAN Repusuic: Moncién, Kkman H 12798. San José de
Ocoa, Ekman H 12011.

76. Panicum auburne Ashe, N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 115.
1900. Alabama.

Vernal phase grayish, velvety-villous throughout, the culms gen-
iculate at base, widely spreading, rather slender, 20 to 50 cm tall;
ligule 3 to 4 mm long;
blades rather thin, 3 to
7 cm long, 3 to 5 mm
wide, the upper sur-
face long-pilose, the
lower velvety; panicle

| y 3 to 5 cm long, the axis
Figons 267.—Panioun, aliemar: villous; spikelets about guBs 28——Peniewn au

floret, X 10 (type). 1.4 mm long, pubes- let,and floret, x 10 (type).
cent. Autumnal phase

early becoming diffusely branched at all the nodes, prostrate spread-
ing, forming large mats (fig. 268).

Sandy woods, southeastern United States; Cuba.

Cusa: Motembo, Ekman 16841.

77. Panicum wilmingtonense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16:
86. 1900. North Carolina.

Panicum alabamense Ashe, N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 116.
1900. Not P. alabamense Trin., 1854. Alabama.

Vernal phase bluish green; culms erect from an ascending base,
pilose with soft ascending hairs, 20 to 40 cm tall, the nodes pubescent
with soft reflexed hairs; sheaths pubes-
cent like the culms, densely villous-
ciliate at the summit; ligule pilose, less
than 1 mm long; blades rather stiff,
ascending, 4 to 9 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide,
glabrous on the upper surface, soitly pubes-
cent to nearly glabrous beneath, strongly
ciliate on the margin near the base, the
thick cartilaginous margin white at least Figuse 269—Panicum wilmingtonense.
when dry; panicles 5 to8 cm long; spike- wityp). .
lets 2 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal
form branching from the middle and upper nodes, the branches
rather crowded, the blades reduced, fiat (fig. 269).

Sandy woods, southeastern United States; Cuba.

Cusa: Woodtred, Ekman 9099.

78. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell., Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 125. 1816.
Georgia.

Vernal phase light green; culms radiate-spreading, 20 to 50 cm long,
the nodes pubescent; sheaths glabrous; ligule obsolete; blades firm,
6 to 10 cm long, 7 to 14 mm wide, subcordate, rough on upper surface,
smooth beneath, ciliate toward base; panicles 5 to 10 cm long, the

60256—36—19

288 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

axis with viscid spots; spikelets nearly spherical, about 1.7 mm long,
puberulent. Autumnal phase prostrate-spreading, rather sparingly
branching (fig. 270).

Sandy soil and gravelly banks at low and medium altitudes, eastern
United States and Mexico to Ven-
ezuela; Cuba.

Cusa: Isla de Pinos, Ekman
11820.

79. Panicum erectifolium Nash,
Bull. Torrey Bole Club 23:
148. 1896. ased on P.
aes var. florida-
num Vasey.

Panicum sphaerocarpon var.
floridanum Vasey, U. S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 33. 1889.
eee floridanum Trin., 1834.

orida.

Panicum floridanum Chapm.,
Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 585. 1897.

Vernal culms erect or ascend-
ing usually stout, glabrous, 30 to
70 ceils vee sabe e.
cep e ciliate margin; ligule
atic 0.3 os long; blades thick,

m, ascending or erect, 7 to 13
FIGURE 270.—Panicum sphaerocarpon. Plant, X 1 Oat long, fie ee wide, the

two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Deam). a vier ee ones Ueamed much

onger than the others, tapering
from the cordate base to the acuminate apex, smooth on both surfaces,
ciliate toward the base; panicles 6 to 12 cm long, half as wide, densely
flowered; spikelets about 1 mm long, subspherical, densely puberulent.

Autumnal phase remaining erect and simple,

finally producing a few erect branches (fig. 271).

Moist pine barrens, swamps, and borders of
ponds, southeastern United States; Cuba.

Cusa: Remates, Ekman 11188. Vuelto abajo,
Wright 3462. Laguna del Bufeo, Shafer 11021. he ee
Laguna Santa Maria, Britton and Gager 7170. ~ ifolium. Two views of
Motembo, Léon 8615. Isla de Pinos, Brittonand —Pikelet, andi floret, X 10
Wilson 14150, 14705, 15706. :

80. Panicum albomarginatum Nash, Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club 24: 40. 1897. Florida.

Vernal phase usually grayish green, often pur-
plish; culms densely tufted, slender but firm,
ascending or spreading, glabrous, 15 to 40 cm |
tall; leaves crowded at the base, distant above; revre 272—Panieum"albo-
blades thick and firm, those of the midculm 4 to JUzgium. a iforet. 10
6 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, glabrous, the margin (type).

(when dry) prominent, white, cartilaginous, the

crowded basal blades as much as 11 cm long, the uppermost usually
much reduced; panicles 3 to 6 cm long; spikelets about 1.5'mm long,
pubescent. Autumnal phase spreading, the primary culms branching
from the base and lower nodes, forming bushy tufts (fig. 272).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 289

Sandy woods, southeastern United States; Cuba; Central America;
Florida.

Cusa: Herradura, Ekman 10687; Hitchcock 555, 23433. Guane,
Léon 7009, 15395. Sumidero, eon 3466, 7006. Isla de Pinos,
Taylor 32; Britton and Wilson 14283, 15383.

81. Panicum trifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club 26: 580. 1899. Georgia.
Similar to P. albomarginatum, differing Sy gi We
chiefly in the following: Culms in smaller TA KZ
tufts, more slender, erect: leaves less con- fo 3

spicuously crowded ‘at the ‘base, not so stiff, SS
and the basal proportionately not so much ‘ =
longer than those of the midculm; sheaths e S|
much shorter than the elongate internodes; |
blades 3 to 5 em long, 4 to 5 mm wide, less
thick and firm, the uppermost blade not
reduced. Autumnal phase erect or leaning,
sparingly branched from
the middle and upper
nodes (fig. 273).

Sandy woods, south-
pete United States;

Cuba.
“chamaclonche. ‘Two Cusa: Pinar del Rio,
ene ine. Hitchcock 23270, 23300.
Herradura, Mitchcock

23437. San Diego de los Bafios, Léon 4454.
Guane, Léon 6943. Banao Mountains, Léon
2749.

82. Panicum chamaelonche Trin., Gram.
Pan. 242. 1826. North America.

Vernal culms densely tufted, glabrous,
ascending or erect, 10 to 20 cm tall; sheaths
glabrous; ligule 0.2 mm long; blades firm,
ascending, 1.5 to 4 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide,
more or less involute-pointed, glabrous;
panicles 2.5 to 5 cm long; spikelets a little
more than 1 mm long, glabrous. Autumnal
phase freely branching from the base and
lower nodes, forming dense cushions, the
os reduced blades drying involute
(fig. 274).

Open sandy soil and low pine barrens, perwacciows. of opikclate and
southeastern United States and British Hon- = "ts X 10 (type).
duras; Cuba, found in “white sand.”

Cuspa: Damuji, Ekman 11047. Pinar del Rio, Ekman 11465.
Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14218, 14221; Ekman 12098, 12152.

83. Panicum portoricense Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 11.
1825. Puerto Rico.

Vernal culms erect or geniculate at base, slender, stiff and wiry,
crisp-puberulent to nearly glabrous, 15 to 30 cm tall; sheaths much
shorter than the internodes, glabrous or crisp-puberulent; blades firm,
2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, glabrous to puberulent; panicles 2 to

290 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4°cm long, the lower branches often reflexed; spikelets 1.5 mm long,

puberulent.

Autumnal phase much branched at all except the upper-

most nodes forming a bushy mass (fig. 275).
Sandy woods, southeastern United States; Cuba, Puerto Rico.

FIGURE 275.—Panicum portorii-
cense. Two views of spikelet,
and floret, X 10 (Ashe).

Cusa: Loma Pelada, Wright 3876.

Wilson 14216.

Puerto Rico: Sardinera, Britton 8701.
Carolina, Britton and Brown 5718. Laguna Tortuguero,

6631, 6783.

FIGURE 276.—Panicum patulum. Two
views of spikelet, and floret, xX 10
(type).

Isla de Pinos, Britton and

San Juan, Chase 6357,

Britton, Cowell, and Brown 3836; Britton and Chardon 6831. Campo

FIGURE 277.—Panicumlancearium. Plant, X 1; two

views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Chase 4545).

Alegre, Chase 6434. Dorado,
Britton and Brown 6651, 6740.
Vega Baja, Heller 639; Underwood
and Griggs 955. Santurce, Heller
982b, 6442. Sabana Llana, Stev-
enson 2783.

84. Panicum patulum (Scribn.
and Merr.) Hitche., Rhodora
8: 209. 1906.

Pamcum nashianum patulum
Seribn. and Merr., U. 8S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 272 9.
1900. Florida.

Differing from P. lancearium
chiefly in the decumbent vernal
habit and the lax blades pubes-
cent on both surfaces; spikelets
densely pubescent, more globular-
pyriform. Autumnal phase more
freely branching, forming large
mats (fig. 276).

Low woods, southeastern
United States; Hispaniola.

Dominican Repusuic: Mon-
cion, Hkman 12705.

85. Panicum lancearium ‘Trin.,
Gram; Pian.2:23%)) hSQike
North America.

Vernal phase usually purplish;
culms wiry, 20 to 50 em tall, mi-
nutely crisp-puberulent; blades
2 to 6 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 291

usually glabrous on the upper surface and puberulent beneath;
panicles 3 to 6 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long, glabrous or puberulent.
Autumnal phase geniculate-spreading, with fascicles of short branches
(fig. 277).

Sandy pine woods, southeastern United States and British Hon-
duras; Cuba, Hispaniola.

Cupa: La Grifa, Ekman 11261. Lagunillas, Ekman 13808. Sabalo,
Ekman 11427; Perez and Léon 15094. Damuyji, Ekman 10952, 11022.
San Claudio, Ekman 10543. Banao Mountains, Léon 5406. Sierra
Maestra, Ekman 1634, 14674, 15290, 16111. Bayamo, Hkman 5064.
Eastern Cuba, Wright 3460. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14226,
14747, 15379: Ekman 12026, 12161.

FIGURE 278.—Panicum scoparium. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (McGregor 212).

Dominican Repusuic: Lagunas de Cenobi, Valeur 4. Constanza,
Tuerckheim 3321; Ekman H 14094. Moncion, Ekman H 12704.

86. Panicum scoparium Lam., Encycl. 4: 744. 1798. Carolina.

Vernal phase grayish olive-green, velvety pubescent throughout
except as noted; culms erect or ascending, usually geniculate at base,
80 to 130 cm tall, the nodes villous with reflexed hairs, a glabrous
viscid ring below; sheaths glabrous on the back toward the summit,
the surface here viscid when fresh; ligule 1 mm long; blades 12 to 20
cm long, 10 to 18 mm wide; panicles 8 to 15 cm long, the branches -
with viscid blotches; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, papillose-pubescent.
Autumnal phase leaning or spreading, branches from the middle
oe finally forming flabellate fascicles with much reduced blades

¢, 278).
see or damp soil, southeastern United States; Cuba to Puerto

1cO.

292 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cusa: Pinal Mayari, Wright 3467. Woodfred, Shafer 2997, 3018;
Ekman 9101a. Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 2118, 2207, 3201; Hitchcock
23414. Pinar de Micara, Hkman 15896.

Haiti: Pérodin, Ekman H 3431. Carmillan, Ekman H 5688.

Dominican Repusuiic: Moncién, Ekman H 12943. La Cumbre,
Ekman H 11482.

Pusrrto Rico: Sierra de Naguabo, Shafer 3481.

FIGURE 279.—Panicum viscidellum. FIGURE 280.—Panicum joorii. Two views
Two views of spikelet, and floret, of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (type).
X 10 (type).

87. Panicum viscidellum Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
19: 2. 1900. Mexico.

Vernal phase with culms ascending from a spreading or creeping
base, villous; nodes bearded; sheaths villous; ligule 2 to 4 mm long;
blades velvety-pubescent, 5 to 138 cm long, 9 to 13 mm wide, sub-
cordate; panicles 4 to 11 cm long, rather densely flowered; spikelets
about 2 mm long, sparsely pubescent (fig. 279).

Gravelly banks, fields, and open forests, Mexico to Colom-
bia; Cuba.

Cusa: Isla de Pinos, Ekman 11651, 11712, 12128, 12406;
Britton and Wilson 14357; Palmer and Riley 1065.

88. Panicum joorii Vasey, U.S.
Dept. Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 31.
1889. Louisiana.

Vernal culms spreading or ascend- |
ing from a decumbent base, glabrous,
20 to 50 cm long; blades mostly 10 to
15 em long and 10 to 15 mm wide,
often somewhat falcate, glabrous;
panicle 5 to 8 cm long; spikelets
about 3mm long, elliptic, pubescent.
PRD ye USAIN 1 AIR Autumnal phase widely spreading,

‘two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (typo). branching, the ultimate branches in
short dense fascicles (fig. 280).

Low swampy or sandy woods, southeastern United States; eastern
Mexico; Nicaragua; Greater Antilles.

Cusa: Batabané, Hkman 12596; Léon 14201. Sancti Spiritus
Mountains, Léon 6457, 6595. Ciénaga de Zapata, Roig 2205. Guan-
tanamo, Hkman 10297.

Haiti: Lomielle, Ekman H 6189.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 293

89. Panicum chapmani Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 61. 1884.
Florida.

Culms ascending or spreading, 40 to 100 cm tall; blades erect,
linear, 15 to 40 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, flat to subinvolute when
dry; panicles elongate, sometimes as much as 30 cm long, the ap-
pressed distant branches bearing few to several spikelets, the bristle
3 to 6 mm long; spikelets about 2 mm long, obovate; first glume about
one-third the length of the spikelet, obtuse or truncate; second glume
nearly as long as the fruit (fig. 281).

Coral sand, southern Florida, the
Bahamas, and Cuba.

Banamas: New Providence, Britton
and Brace 401. Rose Island, Britton
and Millspaugh 2137. Great Exuma,
Britton and Millspaugh 3076 (all in Field
Mus. Herb.).

Cusa: Batabané, Hkman 12615. Cayo
Sabinal, Ekman 15521.

90. Panicum ophiticola Hitche. and Ek-
man, sp. nov.®

Culms densely cespitose, very slender,
erect or spreading, 30 to 50 cm tall, the
nodes mostly glabrous; sheaths scarcely
compressed, villous around the summit;
ligule a dense line of short hairs; blades
flat or usually folded, especially those
of the dense basal tuft, often pilose on
the upper surface, mostly less than 10
cm long, commonly much shorter, 1 to 2
mm wide, rarely to 3.5 mm wide, the
culm blades several, commonly flat; pani-
cles terminal and axillary from the upper
sheaths, slender, 2 to 7 cm long, few-
flowered, the branches short and
appressed; spikelets 2 to 2.8 mm long,
the bristle minute (fig. 282).

Type in the United States National
Herbarium no. 1387464, collected in
“cuabales’’, on serpentine, Loma Cajal- FIGURE 282.—Panicum ophiticola. Plant
bana, prov. Pinar del Rio, Cuba, January =X 1s spikelet and floret, x 10 (type).
2, 1921, by E. L. Ekman (no. 12712).

Rocky slopes, mostly on serpentine, Cuba.

Cusa: Loma de Coca (prov. Habana), Hkman 1220. San Miguel
de Casanova, Léon 12481. Madruga, Léon 6372. Minas, Léon 4784;
Ekman in 1921. Canasi (prov. Matanzas), Léon 13117. Holguin,
Ekman 15722.

91. Panicum distantiflorum A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 304.
1850. Cuba.

Culms cespitose, 30 to 50 cm tall, slender, wiry, sometimes genicu-

late at the lower nodes, producing slender, sometimes fascicled

68 A P. utowanaeo differt foliis brevibus planis 1-3 mm latis, in pagina superiore sparse villosis; spiculis
2-2.8 mm longis.

294 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

branches from all the nodes; blades 3 to 12 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide,
flat to strongly involute; panicles numerous, 2 to 8 cm long, very
narrow, the branches appressed; branchlets bearing 1 to 3 subsessile
spikelets, 1.4 to 1.5 mm long, the bristle shorter
than the spikelet (fig. 283).

Limestone hills at low altitudes, Bahamas and
Cuba.

Banamas: Inagua, Hitchcock in 1890; Nash and
Taylor 893 (both in Field Mus. Herb.).

Cusa: Yayales, Ekman 11191. Mariel, Hkman
en eee in 192° Manabana WW reghige tol: Marianao,

tantiflorum. Twoviewsot Hkman 434; Léonin 1909. Cojimar, Baker 2670;

epee ene Boe <i Hitchcock, 144, Rio) Almendares, eH iemam joni.

Léon 2382, 12468. Habana, Léon 6299. Cayo

de los Patos, Léon 9489. Cayo Romano, Shafer 2512. Santiago
de Cuba, Léon 912, 917. Baracoa, Léon 12307. Guantdénamo,
Ekman 2894, 10167. Isla de Pinos, Britton, Wilson, and Léon 15272.

92. Panicum pradanum Léon, sp. nov.”

Culms cespitose, ascending, 50 to 90 cm
long, slender, wiry; sheaths shorter than the
internodes, ciliate at the auriculate summit;
ligule a ring of short hairs; blades flexuous to
curled, strongly involute from base to apex,
much narrower at base than the summit of
the sheath, finally often becoming flat from.
the middle towards the apex, 15 to 30 cm
long, not more than 2 mm wide, often sparsely
pubescent with short hairs on the upper sur-
face, shghtly scabrous on the margin; pani-
cles 15 to 35 cm long, the branches remote,
appressed, the lower not more than 2 cm long,
bearing few to several spikelets, the bristle
from nearly obsolete to as long as the spikelet
or longer; spikelets spreading, 1.8 to 2 mm
long, somewhat beaked; first glume about
two-fifths the length of the spikelet, acute,
3-nerved; second glume about two-thirds the
length of the spikelet, 5-nerved, rarely 7-
nerved; sterile lemma 5-nerved, pointed; fruit
1.8 mm long, minutely rugose, slightly beaked
at the acute apex (fig. 284).

Type in the United States National Her-
beau no naenee, collected in open Uesets a ‘
on slope of Mesa de Prada, Lower Jauco Valley, P1GURE 284 Fantcum pradanum.
Jauco, Province Oriente, Cuba, July 17 to x10 (ype). Ate came
August 4, 1924, by Brother Léon (no. 11710).

Open thickets and rocky slopes, eastern Cuba to Puerto Rico.

Cusa: Jauco, Léon 11710. Santiago de Cuba, Ekman 8952.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 2020. Morne 4 Cabrits, Ekman
H 1027. Port-de-Pai, Ekman H 5108; Leonard 11032, 11078. Caba-

8 A P. utowanaeo differt foliis longioribus, involutis, vaginis vix compressis, paniculis longioribus (usque
ad 30 cm), ramis remotis appressis; spiculis 1.8-2 min longis.

=

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 295

ret, Leonard 11837. Gonaive Island, Leonard 3348; Eyerdam 45.
Tortuga Island, Ekman 4054.

Dominican Repusuic: Guayabin, Abbott 1006. Navarette, Abbott
1085. Los Charcos, Fuertes 1427. Rincon,
Fuertes 1284. Valverde, Ekman H 13102.

Puerto Rico: Cayo Muertos, Britton, Cowell,
and Brown 5012. Mona Island, Hess 455.

93. Panicum utowanaeum Scribn., in Millsp.,
Field Mus. Bot. 2: 25. 1900. Puerto Rico,
Pl. Uiow. 702.

Panicum sintenisiti Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club 30: 382. 1903. Puerto Rico, Sintenis 3463.
Culms cespitose, ascending or somewhat rievre 235.—Panicwm
spreading, 30 to 70 cm tall, the nodes glabrous; aH

blades ascending, 8 to 20 cm long, 1 to 3 mm floret, X 10 (type).
wide, flat to involute, often laxly flexuous; pan-
icles very slender, 4 to 10 cm long, the erect branches 1 to 3 cm long,
the bristle equaling or exceeding the spikelet; spikelets about 2 mm
long, glabrous (fig. 285).
Open rocky soil, mostly near the coast,
Cuba and Puerto Rico to Guadeloupe.
Cusa: San Miguel de Casanova, Léon
11569. Santa Clara City, Hkman 14040.
Sabana de Motembo, Léon 9363. (The
Cuban specimens scarcely characteristic.)
Purerto Rico: Guanica Bay, Chase 6520
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 201), 6533, 6535;
Sintenis 3365, 3416, 3463. Boqueron, Brit-
ton, Cowell, and Brown 4617. Playa Sucia
Bay, Britton, Cowell, and Brown 4754.
Desecheo Island, Hess 422; Britton, Cowell,
and Brown 1601. Mona Island, Britton,
Cowell, and Hess 1698, 1734; Hess 431, 457.
Virain Istanps: Anegada, Fishlock 45.
LerEwarD Istanps: Barbuda, Danforth
10. Antigua, Bor 45. Guadeloupe, Duss
Sie

94. Panicum leonis Ekman, sp. noy.®

Loosely cespitose, the slender rhizome
better developed than in the other species,
the culms slender, erect, or spreading, freely
branching, 30 to 60 cm tall, the nodes, at
least the lowermost, pubescent, sometimes
obscurely so; sheaths somewhat com-
pressed, the lower rarely pubescent, a pubes-
cent line across the collar, short-pilose along
the margin at summit; ligule a dense line of
short hairs; blades 5to15cmlong,4to7mm — gyeure 286.—Panicum leonis.
wide (rarely but 3 mm wide), flat, narrower Peas Poa eae
than the sheath at base; panicles from all the
upper nodes, usually 2 to 5 cm long, relatively dense; spikelets 1.7 to 2
mm long, the bristle from minute to longer than the spikelet (fig. 286).

8 A P. utowanaeo differt laminis planis latioribus (usque ad 7 mm); nodis inferioribus pubescentibus
Paniculis brevioribus densiusculis; spiculis 1.7-2 mm longis.

296 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1502160, col-
lected ‘in fruticetis littoralibus’, Cojimar, near Habana, Cuba,
September 9, 1921, by E. L. Ekman (no. 13155).

The type specimen and other collections with broad flat rather
thick blades are strikingly different from any other species, but there
are several specimens with blades only about 4 mm wide and more
slender panicles which approach P. utowanaeum.

Rocky slopes and clearings, Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cusa: Cojimar, Ekman 13155, Wilson 9497; Léon 305 in part,
567, 5603, 7504; Hitchcock 141; Tracy 9089. Pastellilo, Ekman 15408;
Cayo Guajaba, Shafer 2830. Antilla, Ekman 7308. Jauco, Léon
11709.

Haitt: Méle-St.-Nicolas, Leonard 13305. Port-de-Pai, Ekman H
3974.

Dominican Repustic: Valverde, Ekman H 13103.

81. ICHNANTHUS Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 56. pl. 12. f. 1. 1812

Inflorescence and spikelets as in Panicum (but more or less later-
ally compressed), the first glume often nearly as long as the spike-
let, the fruit acute or subacute, the margins of the lemma usually
flat, the rachilla produced below the lemma into a minute stipe, this
bearing on either side membranaceous appendages adnate to the
base of the lemma and free above, the appendages often wanting
and indicated by minute excavations only; spikelets mostly short-
pedicellate along the subsimple branches of a panicle. Mostly
perennial, often decumbent at base or straggling.

Appendages of fertile lemma well developed wings.
pneaths densely iong-villouss- =). 9 edo! ee 8. I. LEIOCARPUS.

Sheaths more or less pubescent but not long-villous.
Blades lanceolate-elliptic, not more than 6 times longer than wide; spikelets

short-pediceled 2. 22 Vast Fee Ah a. Ee 7. I. NEMORALIS.
Blades lanceolate-linear, many times longer than wide; spikelets long-
pediceled 2822. ee EE ee ee 9. I. ICHNODEs.

Appendages of fertile lemma reduced to scars.
Blades petiolate, usually less than 5 mm wide, the petiole 1 to 15 mm long.
I. MAYARENSIS.
Blades more or less clasping, usually more than 10 mm wide (4 to 10 mm in
I. tenuis).
Glumes, at least the first, with attenuate tips, usually exceeding the sterile
lemma and floret; blades thin, more or less pilose.
Spikelets with a few long stiff hairs near the margin toward the summit
of both glumes; plants delicate; blades rarely more than 4 cm long

and.) cm wide. JOR eae 2 he 2 eee 3. I. TENUIS.
Spikelets glabrous or scabrous on the midnerves only; blades up to 7 em
lonp and 2: ei Withee =. op Rl es ee 4. I. NEMOROSUS.
Glumes acute or acuminate but not attenuate, the first shorter than the
spikelet.
Plants delicate, the fertile culms 3 to 8 cm tall; blades thin, 5 to 18 mm
long e528 2S. eekaten © SR ies ae 8 ee: 2. I. coNJUNCTUS.
Plants stouter and taller; blades mostly more than 10 cm long.
Blades lanceolate, 1 to 2 em wide, glabrous_-___--__--_ 5. I. PALLENS.
Blades oval to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5 to 3.5 em wide, often pubescent
beneath = 3") _.. eek _s2i5a ae ee eS eee 6. I. AXILLARIS.

1. Ichnanthus mayarensis (Wright) Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 12: 228. 1909.
Panicum mayarense Wright, An. Acad. Cien. Habana 8: 206. 1871.
Cuba, Wright 3468.
Ichnanthus wrightii Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 229.
1909. Cuba, Wright 3880.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 297

Culms slender, straggling or spreading, 20 to 40 cm long; blades
lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide,
glabrous, abruptly narrowed into a petiole 1 to 5 mm long or on
sterile shoots as much as 15 mm long; panicles 2 to 10 cm long, the
few main branches rather stiffly spreading or ascending, as much as
3 cm long; spikelets about 3 mm long, lanceolate, nearly terete, acute, |
elabrous, the pedicels 0.5 to 2 mm long.

Dry pine woods and palm barrens, Cuba.

Cupa: Arroyo Hondo, Wright 3880. Rio Santa Cruz, Ekman
17647. Sierra de las Guacamayas, Hkman 17992. Madruga, Léon
6373. Campo Florido, Léon 3450, 4143;
Ekman 13246. Minas, Ekman 13139. San
Miguel de los Bafios, Léon 8885. Banao
Mountains, Léon 8045, 8045%. Soledad,
Hitchcock 23331. Sierra de Nipe, Ekman
2166, 2243, 3327, 9990; Shafer 2966, 3058.
Guara, Hitchcock 23406, 23421. Jauco ~*
River, Léon 12322. Baracoa, Kkman 3569, \
4325. Guantinamo, Hkman 10289. Isla \
de Pinos, Ekman 12294, 12304, 12447.

2. Ichnanthus conjunctus Hitche. and
Ekman, sp. nov.®

Culms branching and creeping, rooting
at the nodes, slender, glabrous except for a

FIGURE 287.—Ichnanthus conjunctus. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, x 10 (type).

rather indistinct pubescent line, sulcate, the node sparsely and mi-
nutely pubescent, thefertile branches ascending, 3 to 8 cm long; sheaths
half as long as the nodes or less, sulcate, glabrous except the
ciliate margin and throat; ligule a ciliate membrane about 0.5 mm
long; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, 5 to 18 mm long, as

6 Culmi ramosi repentes graciles, ramis fertilibus adscendentibus 3-8 cm longis; laminae ovatae vel
ovato-lanceolatae tenues 5-18 mm longae glabrae; paniculae angustae pauciflorae_ 2 cm longae, ramis ap-
pressis 5-10 mm longis; spiculae lanceolatae acutae glabrae 3 mm longae; gluma prima 1.5 mm longa acuta
3-nervis; lemma fertile non alatum.

298 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

much as 9 mm wide, rounded or somewhat cordate at base with a
petiole about 0.5 mm long, minutely scaberulous on the nerves on the
upper surface, glabrous beneath except for a little pubescence near the
base; panicles narrow, few-flowered, 2 to 2.5 cm long, the few branches
narrowly ascending or appressed, 5 to 15 mm long, the lateral pedicels
0.3 mm long; spikelets lanceolate, nearly terete, acute or acuminate,
glabrous, strongly nerved, 3 mm long; first glume half as long as the
spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume and sterile lemma equal, 5-nerved,
acuminate; fertile lemma pale, a little shorter than the spikelet,
acute, the wings wanting (fig. 287).

Type in the United States National Herbarium no. 1387342, col-
lected on moist logs in forest, Sabanos, prov. Oriente, Cuba, by E. L.
Ekman (no. 6536). Known only from the type collection.

3. Ichnanthus tenuis (Presl) Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 18: 334. 1917.

Oplismenus tenuis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 319. 1830. Mexico, Pan-
ama.

Panicum exile Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 256. 1841. Based on
Oplismenus tenuis Presl.
se alsinoides Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 550. 1864. Trini-

ad.

Ichnanthus alsinoides Munro; Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3:
500. 1885.

Apparently annual; culms slender, spreading or creeping, rooting
at the nodes, much branched, the fertile shoots ascending, 10 to 20
em high; blades lanceolate, 2 to 5 cm long, 4 to 10 mm wide, thin,
glabrous or puberulent; panicles terminal and axillary, 2 to 4 cm
long, mostly on long slender peduncles; spikelets narrowly lanceolate,
3 mm long, acuminate, hispid.

Grisebach’s description of Panicum alsinoides applies to J. tenuis
which is not known from Jamaica. Grisebach gives as original local-
ities, ‘“Hab. Jamaica!, March; St. Kitts!; Trinidad!, Pd.’”’ March’s
specimen (sterile) in the Gray Herbarium is Oplismenus setarvus.
Purdie’s specimen at Kew Herbarium is J. tenwis.

Damp shady places, at low and medium altitudes, Central America,
Colombia, and Trinidad.

TRINIDAD: Maracas, Broadway in 1925. Maraval, Broadway 4912,
4913. Arima, Hitchcock 10313. St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10174 (Amer.
Gr. Nat. Herb. 580). Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 10052, 10199. Blanch-
isseuse Road, Broadway 5539.

4. Ichnanthus nemorosus (Swartz) Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27: 289.
1877.

Panicum nemorosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788.
Jamaica.

Milium nemorosum Moench, Meth. Sup. 67. 1802.

Echinolaena nemorosa Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 54. 1829.

Differing from J. pallens in the more prostrate habit, thinner, usually
proportionately broader, sparsely pilose blades and the blunter
spikelets.

Shady banks and rich woods, West Indies, Mexico, and Central
America.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 299

Cusa: Retiro, Wright 3881. Arroyo Hondo, Wright 3858. Mo-
gote de Mono, Wright 3882. San Blas, Jack 6766. Cabafias,
Ekman 12967. Mogote de la Bandera, Roig 3271. Sierra de Anafe,
Léon 2873; Wilson and Léon 11538. Mendoza, Léon 3635. Banao
Mountains, Léon 3997, 7866. La Perla, Léon 3908. Bayote, Hk-
man 2383. Sierra Maestra, Léon 10078, 10153; Ekman 1569, 8299,
8815. Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 9872.

JAMAICA: Gordon Town, Harris 11476; Hart 923. Claremont,
Hitchcock 9523 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 582). Catherines Peak,
Hitchcock 9741. Castleton, Harris 11296. Clyde River, Harris
11447. Troy, Hitchcock 9798; Harris 12595. Windsor, Miller 1516.

Haiti: Mission, Leonard 3975. Pétionville, Leonard 4858, 5052.
EO Uae: Ekman H 9105, H9505. Morne Cabaio, Ekman

1680.

Dominican Repustic: Old Heart River, Abbott 1366. Sanchez,
Abbott 172.

Puerto Rico: Cayey, Sintenis 2406.

LEEWARD IsLANps: St. Kitts, Box 139, 141, 144, 145; Britton and
Cowell 632. Nevis, Box 168.

WINDWARD IsLANpDs: Grenada, Broadway 177.

Trinipap: Mount Tucuche, Britton, Hazen, and Mendelson 1328.
Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 6004. Balandra Bay, Britton and
Hazen 432. Caparo, Broadway 4931. Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock
10041.

5. Ichnanthus pallens (Swartz) Munro; Benth., Fl. Hongk. 414.
1861.

Panicum pallens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788. Jamaica.

Culms much branched, spreading, creeping at the base, rooting at
the nodes, the fertile culms ascending, 30 to 80 cm long, puberuient;
blades lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, 5 to 10 cm long, 1 to 2 cm
wide, somewhat clasping at the asymmetric narrowed base, glabrous
or nearly so, but more or less scaberulous on the upper surface;
panicles terminal and from several of the upper axils, 5 to 10 cm long,
the spikelets appressed along the ascending branches; spikelets 3 to
3.5 mm, glabrous, the glumes and sterile lemma acuminate or more
or less attenuate-pointed; appendages of fertile lemma reduced to
scars (fig. 288).

Shady banks and rich woods, tropical regions of America in low
and medium altitudes. To be found on probably all the West Indian
islands from the Greater Antilles to Trinidad.

6. Ichnanthus axillaris (Nees) Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S.
Natl. Herb. 18: 334. 1917.

Panicum azillare Nees, Agrost. Bras. 141. 1829. Brazil.

Differing from JI. pallens in the firmer broader blades (ovate or
ovate-lanceolate), often very scabrous on the upper surface, cordate-
clasping at base, larger panicles, and often sparsely pilose ‘spikelets.

Moist more or less shaded slopes in the uplands, Central America to
Brazil; Hispaniola, Puerto Rico; Trinidad, Tobago.

Haiti: Plaisance, Leonard 9190.

Dominican Repustuic: Los Haitises, Ekman H 15512. La Cumbre
Ekman H 14215. Bayaguana, Ekman H 11096. Altagracia, Ekman
H 11256, H 11257

300 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Purrto Rico: Adjuntas, Chase 6472; Sintenis 4610; Britton and
Shafer 2018. Aybonito, Sintenis 2869. Utuado, Britton and Cowell
1008. Cayey, Chase 6735. Mayaguez, Heller 4479.

TrinipaD: Tabaquite, Hitchcock 10125, 10129 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 585), 10133. Maraval, Bot. Gard. Herb. 5425; Britton, Freeman,
and Nowell 2607. Maracas Waterfall, Britton, Hazen, and Mendel-

- son 1647. Maracas
Bay, Broadway 8950.

Tosaco: Hitchcock

10263.

7. Ichnanthus nemo-
ralis (Schrad.)
Hitche. and
Chase, Contrib.
U.S. Natl. Herb.
LS: S345) Wee

Panicum nemorale
schrad.; S,ehulta,
Mant. 2: 255. 1824.
Brazil.

Culms as much as
1m tall, more or less
decumbent at base,
pubescent or gla-
brous; sheaths more
or less pubescent,
villous on the collar;
ligule a ciliate mem-
brane about 1 mm
long; blades elliptic
or narrowly lanceo-
late, up to about 10or
15 cm long, as much
as 3 cm wide, nar-
rowed into a petiole 1
to 2mm long, many-
nerved, pubescent on
both surfaces or gla-
brous above; panicle
. 10 to 15 cm long, the

FIGURE Perel) pees 33; spikelet few stout branches
stifly ascending,
pubescent at base;

spikelets about 4.5 mm long, glabrous, or the glumes slightly
roughened on the internerves toward the apex; fruit 3.5 mm long,
the appendages 1.5 mm long. ;

Among shrubs, Trinidad to Brazil. This species was described
under Panicum lagotis Trin., by Grisebach.”

TRINIDAD: Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 2278; Crueger 78, 82.

Topaco: Broadway 4472.

70 F). Brit. W. Ind. 550. 1864.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 301

8. Ichnanthus leiocarpus (Spreng.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. X.
1830.

Panicum leiocarpon Spreng., Neu. Entd. 1: 243. 1820. Brazil.

Culms 1 to 2 m tall, pubescent; sheaths villous or lanate; ligule a
ciliate membrane, the hairs 1 to 2 mm long; blades narrowly lanceolate,
10 to 20 cm long, 1 to 3 cm wide, pilose on both surfaces; panicle large
and open, about 30 cm long, obovoid, the axis villous below, scabrous
above, the branches spreading, pubescent at base, these and the
branchlets somewhat flexuous; spikelets about 4 mm long, glabrous;
first glume about half as long as spikelet; fruit narrow, brownish, 3
mm long, the appendages about 1 mm long (fig. 289).

Wooded slopes, Trinidad to Brazil.

TRINIDAD: Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3318.

9. Ichnanthus ichnodes (Griseb.) Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U. S.
Natl lerb: 18: 335. 19178

Panicum ichnodes Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind. 551. 1864. Trinidad.

Ichnanthus trinitensis Mez, Repert.
SpeaNows wed de: 15: 130.5, 1918.
Trinidad.

Erect from a somewhat decumbent
base, bearing short knotty, rhizomes
and forming colonies; culms 1 to 2 m
tall, glabrous, or sparingly villous below;
sheaths keeled, the lower overlapping,
glabrous or sparsely villous, densely
villous on the margin and on the collar;
ligule about 1 mm long; blades narrowly
lanceolate to linear, the lower as much
as 30 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, narrowed
below, scabrous, sometimes sparsely vil-
lous, densely villous above near base; FIGURE 289.—Ichnanthus leiocarpus.
panicle oblong, as much as 30 cm long, SIDES ONE BOI XS AY one De
the branches fascicled or branched at
base, finally spreading; spikelets blunt, about 2.5 mm long; first glume
more than half as long as spikelet, often sparsely villous; second
glume roughened toward apex; sterile floret often staminate; fruit 2
mm long, the appendages 0.5 mm long.

The elongate blades and the Jarge, much-branched, many-flowered
panicles of blunt spikelets give this species the aspect of a species of
Panicum, but the appendages at the base of the fertile lemma show
that the species belongs to Jchnanthus.

Wood borders in partial shade, Trinidad to Brazil.

TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10178, 10179, 10191. Port-of-
Spain, Hitchcock 9999 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 586), 10003 (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 587); Bot. Gard. Herb. 3182; Broadway 5060. Piarco
Savanna, Hitchcock 10357. Pitch Lake, Bot. Gard. Herb. 2299.
Without locality, Crueger 77.

302 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

82. LASIACIS (Griesb.) Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 15: 16.
1910. TIBISEE

(Panicum section Lasiacis Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864)

Spikelets subglobose, placed obliquely on their pedicels; first glume
broad, somewhat inflated-ventricose, usually not more than one-third
the length of the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma about
equal, broad, abruptly apiculate, papery-chartaceous, shining, many-
nerved, glabrous, or lanose at the apex only, the lemma enclosing a
membranaceous palea and sometimes a staminate flower; fertile lemma
white, bony-indurate, obovoid, obtuse, this and the palea of the same
texture bearing at the apex in a slight crateriform depression a tuit of
woolly hairs, the palea concave below, gibbous above, the apex often
free at maturity. Large branching perennials with woody culms,
often clambering, mostly firm blades narrowed into a minute petiole,
and open or slightly compact panicles.

Main culm prostrate, the fertile shoots prostrate, ascending, or erect.
Blades lanceolate, mostly less than 5 cm long; fertile shoots strongly dorsiventral

mostly prostrate i Ie Seer. fee 8 ae eae OS 1. L. RUGELII.
Blades linear-lanceolate, mostly 10 to 12 cm long; fertile shoots ascending or
erect from a decumbent base, not dorsiventral_______ 2. L. GRISEBACHII.

Main culm clambering or much branched and forming a tangled mass.
Ligule noticeable, brownish, about 2 mm long.
Blades glabrous beneath, scabrous on both surfaces, elongate, more than 10
times as long as wide; plants not forming a strong central clambering
Gane? A) £ Ba e N _ pe 3. L. OAXACENSIS.
Blades puberulent beneath, glabrous or scabrous on the upper surface, less
than 10 times as long as wide; plants forming a strong central clambering

Gan@t. #2... 5 gee 220 ee eee 4, L. LIGULATA.
Ligule inconspicuous, hidden within the mouth of the sheath, rarely as much as
1 mm long.

Plants not high-climbing, decumbent and rooting at base, forming a tangled
mass, with no strong central cane; spikelets clustered toward the ends of
thesbranches 2 <5 et. 2 ee 5. lL. RHIZOPHORA.

Plants high-climbing, forming a strong central cane; spikelets not clustered
toward the ends of the branches.

Blades glabrous on both surfaces, often more or less scabrous.
Blades narrow, usually 3 to 4 mm, sometimes 5 mm, wide, 8 to 10 em
long. ek 2 ee ee ee 6. L. HARRISII.
Blades more than 5 mm wide, if as much as 10 em long.

Panicles few-flowered, 5 to 10 em long; branches strongly zigzag, the
branchlets strongly divaricate or reflexed; blades narrowly
lanceolate, firm, mostly less than 1 em wide (sometimes wider on
VigOrous Shoots) 5.528 eee ee eee 7. L. DIVARICATA.

Panicles many-flowered, usually 15 to 25 em long or more on the

primary branches; branches straight or arcuate, not zigzag;
blades mostly more than 1.5 em wide.
Spikelets 4.5 to 5 mm long, on short stiff appressed pedicels; blades

oblong-ovate or elliptic_lanceolate sigh 3 8. LL. SLOANEI.
Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long on flexuous spreading pedicels, blades
lanceolate or narrowly Janceolate______ 9. L. PATENTIFLORA.

Blades pubescent on one or both surfaces (rarely nearly glabrous in
L. ruscifolia).
Blades narrowly lanceolate, averaging 8 to 10 times as long as wide;
panicle large and open; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long.
10. L. sorGHOIEA.
Blades ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, sometimes lanceolate, often more or
less cordate-clasping; panicle often compact, or at least the branches
commonly compactly flowered; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long.
Sterile lemma t= — ._,2 see coe 11. L. RUS¢CIFOLIA-
pterledemmas 22.) eee ee ae eae 12. L. ANOMALA-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 303

1. Lasiacis rugelii (Griseb.) Hitche., Bot. Gaz. 51: 302. 1911.

Pamcum rugeli Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 233. 1866. Cuba,
Rugel 188.

Culms much branched, prostrate, the main culms slender, mostly
about 2 mm, sometimes 2.5 mm, thick, appressed-hispidulous, the
sterile shoots prostrate, dorsiventral, the leaves strongly distichous,
approximate, the fertile shoots sometimes ascending toward the end;
sheaths overlapping, hispidulous, villous on the margin and around
the summit; ligule inconspicuous; blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
2 to 5 cm long, 4 to 12 mm wide, hispidulous or puberulent on both
surfaces; panicles few-flowered, usually not more than 5 cm long, the
few branches spreading, the axes pubescent, scabrous on the angles;
spikelets 5 mm long.

Rich thickets, Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cusa: Valestina, Wright 3465. Sierra de Anafe, Wilson 11449.
San Antonio, Hitchcock 176. Boco de Canasi, Léon 13698. Canasi,
Ekman 16489. Camoa, Hkman 13516. San Miguel de Casanova,
Léon 12458, 12459, 12460, 12461, 12462. Guantanamo, Ekman
10306. Niquero, Ekman 16151. Santiago de Cuba, Ekman 7699.
Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 15242. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson
14860; Hkman 12446.

Haiti: Tortuga Island, Hkman H 4254.

Dominican REpPuUBLIc: Sosta, Hkman H 14531.

2. Lasiacis grisebachii (Nash) Hitche., Bot. Gaz. 51: 302. 1911.

Panicum grisebachi Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 301. 1908.
Cuba, Britton and Shafer 758.

Plants much branched, the main culms creeping and rooting at the
nodes, as much as 2 mm in diameter, the fertile shoots erect or ascend-
ing, 20 to 40 cm tall; ligule inconspicuous; blades narrowly lanceolate,
6 to 12 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, puberulent beneath, glabrous above;
panicles ovate, mostly 5 to 6 cm long, the few branches rather stiffly
ascending, few-flowered; spikelets 4 mm long.

Rich woods and shady banks, carpeting the floor of dark thickets,
Cuba; eastern Mexico and Central America.

Cusa: Sierra del Brujo, Léon 12916. Vifiales, Hitchcock 23315;
Killip 13528. Valestina, Wright 3457. Sierra de Anafe, Wilson and
Léon 2874, 11467; Wilson 11309. Cabanas, Ekman 10506. Bahia
Honda, Shafer 12006. Taco Taco, Baker 3817. Buenaventura,
Wilson 9238, 9332. Matanzas, Rugel 187. Madruga, Britton and
Shafer 758. Guanajay, Baker and Van Hermann 4269. San Antonio,
EMitchcock 131. Manati, Léon 5685. Peninsula de Zapata, Hkman
18340. Boca de Canasi, Léon 15106. Lomas de Camoa, Léon 1972;
Ekman 13462, 13531. Gerardo, Ekman 12646.

3. Lasiacis oaxacensis (Steud.) Hitchc., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 24:
145. 1911.

Panicum oaracense Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 73. 1854. Mexico.
Straggling and branching, but not high-climbing nor with a strong
central cane; culms decumbent and geniculate at base, rooting at the
lower nodes, ‘the ascending branches 1 to 2 m long, clabrous; sheaths
glabrous or rarely appressed- pubescent, the margin villous: ligule
60256—36—20

304 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

prominent, 2 to 5 mm long, brownish; blades narrowly lanceolate, 10
to 25 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, abruptly narrowed at base, long-taper-
ing at apex, scabrous on both surfaces; panicles open, as much as 30
cm long and nearly as wide, the slender scabrous branches and
branchlets ascending or the lower finally spreading, naked below, the
spikelets clustered toward the tips, no smaller secondary panicles
developed; spikelets 4 mm long, elliptic, often purple.

Edges of woods, thickets, and copses, Mexico to Ecuador; Jamaica,
Hispaniola.

JAMAICA: Peckham, Harris 12828. Troy, Hitchcock 9800. Lindos
Hill, Harris 11832. Ipswich, Mitchcock 9608. Mount Diablo,
Ridley 27.

Haiti: Buttet, Ekman H 7153. Port-Margot, Ekman H 2841.
Caille la Croix, Leonard 7997. Marmelade, Leonard 8192. Dondou,
Leonard 8572. Plaisance, Leonard 9391.

DomiInicAN ReEpPustic: Sanchéz, Abbott 180.

4, Lasiacis ligulata Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18:
337. 1917. Trinidad, Hitchcock 10007.

Panicum dwaricatum var. puberulum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551.
1864. Trinidad, Crueger.

Clambering to a height of 5 to 10 m, the robust glabrous central cane
as much as 1 cm in diameter, the wide-spreading main branches and
the arcuate secondary ones not in fascicles, not zigzag; sheaths ciliate
on the overlapping margin, otherwise glabrous; ligule a ciliate mem-
brane, brown, 1 to 2 mm long; blades flat, firm, 6 to 12 cm long, 0.8
to 1.5 cm wide, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the base, glabrous
on the upper surface, puberulent beneath, the margins scabrous;
panicles terminating the numerous branches, exserted or partly
included, oval in outline, rather open, 5 to 10 cm long, usually half
to three-fourths as wide, the branches few, spreading, finally reflexed,
branching or flowering from near the base, usually bearing 5 to 10
short-pedicled spikelets; spikelets about 4 mm long, obovoid and
purplish black at maturity, the glumes and sterile lemma as well as .
the fruit with a lanate tuft at the tips.

Copses and edges of woods, Central America and the West Indies
to Ecuador and Brazil.

Dominican Repusiic: Rio San Juan, Miller 1184. Sanchéz,
Abboté 121.

Puerto Rico: Lares, Sintenis 5918. Cayey, Chase 6734, 6747.
Maricao, Sintenis 215. Loquillo Mountains, Wilson 350. Arecibo,
Chase 6454. Mayaguez, Britton and Marble 678.

VirGin Isuanps: Tortola, Shafer 1147. St. Thomas, Britton and
Marble 1230.

TrinipAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9962. St. Joseph, Hitchcock
10020. Morne Bleu, Britton, Freeman, and Bailey 2266. Aripo,
Broadway 9929. Diego Martin, Bot. Gard. Herb. 7717. Caparo,
Broadway 4923. Tamana, Broadway 4952, 4959. Tabaquite, Hitch-
cock 10120. Moruga, Broadway 7915. Cedros, Hitchcock 10151.

TosaGco: Hitchcock 10261, 10262, 10269, 10275; Broadway 3551,
4038.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 305

5. Lasiacis rhizophora (Fourn.) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 24:
1s Ey nme) 8

Panicum rhizophorum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2:31. 1886. Mexico.

Branching and straggling, not forming a strong central cane,
decumbent at base and rooting at the lower nodes, the fertile culms
ascending, 30 to 100 cm long, glabrous or pubescent; sheaths
appressed-hispidulous or glabrescent, villous on the margin; ligule
inconspicuous; blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 7 to 14 cm long,
ie uOrs cm wide, somewhat cordate at base, rather abruptly narrowed
above to an acuminate point, scabrous above, pubescent or scabrous
beneath; panicles 8 to 15 cm long, the branches stiffly ascending, naked
below, the spikelets clustered toward their tips, the axes scabrous;
spikelets 3 to 4mm long, ovoid.

Copses and moist forest, Mexico and Central America; Cuba;
Hispaniola.

Cugsa: Lomas de Camoa (prov. Habana), Ekman 13511, 13530.
Sierra de los Organos, Ekman 17542. Mariel, Ekman 13046. Pan de
Matanzas, Ekman 16464.

Dominican REPUBLIC: Santiago, Ekman H 13200 (sterile specimen
which appears to be this species).

6. Lasiacis harrisii Nash, Torreya 13: 274. 1913. Jamaica, Marble
222.

Plants bright green, clambering among bushes to the height of 5 m
or more, the main canes slender but strong, the very slender branches
pendent, the young twigs commonly rosy purple; sheaths slender,
glabrous except the margin and throat, or rarely the young ones
sparsely hispid; ligule inconspicuous; blades linear-lanceolate, 5 to
10 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide, eradually narrowed to an acuminate
apex, thin and lax, glabrous, the margins scabrous; panicles narrow,
mostly less than 5 cm long, often partially included in the uppermost
sheath, the branches short and appressed, the longer usually not more
than 1 cm long, and bearing not more than 4 spikelets; spikelets
similar to those of L. divaricata but less turgid.

This species is easily recognized by its long narrow blades and
pendent branches.

Shaded slopes at higher altitudes, West Indies and Colombia.

JAMAICA: Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9726, 9730; Harris 11552.
Cold Spring Gap, Harris 11354. Strawberry Hill, Harris 11487.
Abbey Green, Harris 11587; Hitchcock 9363 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
588). Farm Hill, Orcutt 3544.

Dominican Repusuic: Polo (prov. Barahona), Abbott 1876.
Jarabaco, Ekman H 14176.

Puerto Rico: Maricao, Chase 6224, 6228; Stevens and Hess 4882.
Cayey, Chase 6742. Quebradillas, Chase 6578.

VirGIn Isuanps: St. John, Hggers 3121.

7. Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 16.
1910.

Panicum divaricatum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10.2: 871. 1759. Jamaica.

Panicum bambusioides Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 10.
1825. Puerto Rico.

306 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum chauviniw Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:68. 1854. Guade-
oupe.

Panicum dwaricatum var. stenostachyum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.
551. 1864. Jamaica.

Usually glabrous throughout except the margin of the sheaths;
culms woody, much branched, clambering over shrubs to the height
of 3 to 4 m, the main culm strong, as much as 6 mm in diameter, the
main branches often fascicled, the vigorous secondary sterile shoots
usually strongly divaricate or zigzag; sheaths sometimes hispid on
the collar; ligule inconspicuous; blades narrowly lanceolate, 5 to 12
cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide, or on the vigorous sterile shoots much
larger, narrowed at the base, gradually acuminate, scabrous on the
margin and sometimes slightly on the surface, the older ones deciduous
from the sheaths, the basal portion of the fertile shoots bearing the old
sheaths but otherwise naked; panicles terminating the main culm
and the fertile branches, ovate or oblong, 5 to 20 em long, loosely
flowered, the branches distant, spreading, or often reflexed, the axes
angled, scabrous, flexuous, the lower usually 2 to 4 cm (sometimes as
much as 10 cm) long, the main branches ordinarily 5 to 10 flowered;
spikelets ovoid, about 4 mm long (fig. 290).

Among shrubs at low altitudes, southern Florida to Central and
South America; throughout the West Indies. Panicum divaricatum
and P. sloanei were included by Richard” under the name P. glutino-
sum. In Cuba called “pito de bejuco.”’

The commonest West Indian species of the genus, growing on all
the islands, especially near the coast.

8. Lasiacis sloanei (Griseb.) Hitche., Bot. Gaz. 51: 302. 1911.

Panicum latifolium Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 10. 1825. Not
P. latifolrum L., 1753. Antilles.

Panicum sloanei Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864. Jamaica.

Climbing to a height of 3 or 4 m, forming a strong central cane;
branches solitary or 2 or 3 together, elongate; blades parchmentlike
in texture at maturity, commonly 12 to 15 cm long and 2 to 3 cm
wide, narrowed into a very short pubescent petiole; panicles commonly
as much as 20 cm long, nearly as wide, the branches rather rigid.
The spikelets are larger in this species than in any other of the genus
in the region.

Climbing among bushes and small trees, West Indies to Central
and South America.

Cusa: Sierra Mendoza, Shafer 11147. Sierra de Anafe, Walson
11421. Valestina, Wright 3878. Santiago de los Bafios, Léon 4563,
5148. Mariel, Hkman 12853. Las Pozas, Ekman 12743. Guanajay,
Ekman 13035; Baker 4587. Camoa Hills, Léon 766. Jamaica, Léon
1969. Cojimar, Léon 1973. San Antonio, Hitchcock 128. Arigua-
nabo, Léon 9751. Almendares River, Léon 12463. Malanga, Rugel
872. Boca de Canasi, Léon 13171. Loma Descada, Hkman 15319.
Soledad, Jack 5187. Amaro, Léon 94385. Mayari Arriba, Ekman
15851. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 15134.

JAMAICA: Montego Bay, Ridley 35; Mazon and Killip 1673. Troy,
Eitchcock 9801; Harris 12614, 12615. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9606.
Ewarton, Hitcheock 9413. Bog Walk, Mazon 10502; Hitchcock 9305
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 591). Ferry River, Harris 11325. Halls

1 Richard, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 307. 1850

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 307

Delight, Harris 11260. Gordon Town, Harris 11454. Bryans Hill,
Harris 11531. Kingston, Hitchcock 9267 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 590),
9280.

——
Ss 4

FIGURE 290.—JZasiacis divaricata. Plant, X 1%; spikelet and floret, X 10 (Curtiss 5530).

Haiti: Pétionville, Leonard 4883, 5024, 5054; Ekman H 2190.
Port-de-Pai, Ekman H 4438. St. Raphael, Leonard 7650. Ennery,
Leonard 9466. Gonaive Island, Leonard 3105, 3290, 5121. Anse-a-
Foleur, Ekman H. 4330.

Dominican Rerusuiic: La Romana, Ekman H 12094.

308 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Puerto Rico: Vieques Island, Shafer 2549. Mayaguez, Chase
6824, 6825.
LrEwarp Istanps: Antigua, Bor 119.

9. Lasiacis patentiflora Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. |
18: 338. 1917. Tobago, Hitchcock 10268.

High-climbing with a strong central cane as much as 8 mm thick,
glabrous throughout except at the summit of the sheaths; branches
numerous, solitary, widely spreading and finally repeatedly branching;
sheaths with a ring of hairs at the summit or at least a tuft of hairs
on either side, sometimes pubescent on the margins toward the sum-
mit; ligule about 0.5 mm long; blades on vigorous shoots as much as
14 cm long, and 2.5 cm wide, but mostly about 8 to 12 em long and
1.5 to 2 cm wide, acuminate, rounded-tapering to the base, usually
somewhat asymmetric, glabrous, scabrous on the margin and some-
what so on both surfaces; panicles numerous, mostly 12 to 20 cm long,
nearly as wide, the slender axis and distant spreading flexuous branch-
lets angled, scabrous, the pedicels flexuous, spreading; spikelets pale,
blotched with dark blue or purple at maturity, 3.4 to 3.8 mm long,
globose-obovoid.

In habit and general appearance L. patentiflora resembles P. sloanei,
from which it differs in the narrower average width of the blades and
the more loosely flowered, rather large panicles with smaller spikelets
on flexuous spreading pedicels.

Borders of woods and jungles, West Indies and Central America
to Venezuela.

Harti: St. Michel de |’Atalaye, Leonard 7776. Thibaud, Ekman
H 2624. St. Louis du Nord, Leonard 14292. Miragoane, Eyerdam
O94.

ee Repusuic: Without locality, Wright, Parry, and Brum-
mel 614.

Purerto Rico: San Juan, Chase 6412.

LEEWARD IsLANDs: Dominica, Jones 49; Ramage in 1889.

WINDWARD IsutaNps: St. Vincent, Eggers 6546. Grenada, Broad-
way 227, 947, 1385, 4666, 4674a.

Trinipap: Manzanilla, Hitchcock 10374. Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock
9990 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 592), 10034, 10037, 10323, 10324.

Topaco: Broadway 4841; Hitchcock 10255, 10257, 10268, 10270.

10. Lasiacis sorghoidea (Desv.) Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 18: 338. 1917.

Panicum lanatum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Not
P. lanatum Rottb., 1776. Jamaica.

Panicum sorghoideum Desy.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind.Occ.10. 1825.
Puerto Rico.

Panicum lanatum var. sorghoideum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551.
1864.

Panicum martinicense Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 552. 1864. Mar-
tinique.

Panicum swartzianum Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 140.
1908. Based on P. lanatum Swartz.

Lasiacis swartziana Hitche., Bot. Gaz. 51: 302. 1911.

Culms much branched, erect or clambering to a height of 5 to 7 m,
the strong central cane as much as 1 cm thick, glabrous or pubescent,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 309

the main branches sometimes 1 m long or more, bearing slender
branchlets toward the pendent ends, or the branchlets fascicled on
the main culm; young shoots usually pubescent; sheaths pubescent,
especially on the margin and collar, the surface sometimes glabrate;
ligule inconspicuous; blades lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, those of
the main culm or of vigorous shoots as much as 20 cm long and 3 cm
wide, those of the fertile branches usually 8 to 12 cm long and 1.5 cm
wide, on the fascicled branchlets smaller, often falcate, velvety on
both surfaces or puberulent to glabrate above; panicles on the main
culm and larger branches usually 10 to 20 cm long, at maturity as wide
or wider, rather compactly many-flowered; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long.

Ravines, wood borders, and hedges, Mexico and West Indies to
Argentina and Bolivia. Rather infrequent in Cuba, but there are
numerous collections from the Greater Antilles, and the other islands
except Trinidad, and at least one collection from Virgin Gorda, St.
John, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
Montserrat, Martinique, St. Lucia, Grenada, and Tobago.

Cusa: Soledad, Hitchcock 23325. Rincén to Banao, Shafer 12323.
Sierra de Nipe, Hkman 10095, 10108. Papayo, Ekman 10318. Pinar
de Bayamita, Sierra Maestra, Ekman 10324. San Blas, Jack 64438.
El Rosario, Léon 14118. Lomas de Siguanca, Ekman 13878.

Urban ” takes up Panicum maculatum Aubl. for this species.
Aublet’s meager description” does not identify the plant. The
synonym cited refers to an unpublished plate at Berlin which Urban
states probably represents Lasiacis sorghoidea. The plate was
based on a plant from Martinique. Aublet’s flora treats of the plants
of French Guiana.

11. Lasiacis ruscifolia (H. B. K.) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 24:
145. 1911.

Pamcum ruscifolium H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 101. 1815.
Mexico.

Panicum compactum Swartz, Adnot. Bot. 14. 1829. Jamaica.

Lasiacis compacta Hitche., Bot. Gaz. 51: 302. 1911.

More robust than any other species, freely branching, the shoots
usually strongly dorsiventral; culms becoming several meters long,
glabrous or rarely puberulent; sheaths sometimes hispidulous toward
the apex, glabrous to villous on the margin, especially near the summit,
the collar glabrous or villous; ligule inconspicuous; blades ovate-
lanceolate or elliptic, sometimes lanceolate, the primary ones 10 to
15 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, narrowed or often cordate-clasping at the
asymmetric base, rather abruptly narrowed to an acuminate but not
attenuate apex, puberulent or glabrous beneath, glabrous or scabrous
above, the secondary blades similar or reduced : panicles 5 to 20 cm
long, narrow and compact, rarely somewhat open, with spreading,
implicate but rather closely flowered branches; spikelets 3 to 4 mm
long, nearly globose at maturity. This species is variable as to
pubescence.

Climbing over bushes at low altitudes, Mexico to Peru; Cuba.

Cupa: Sabanaso, Ekman 6535. Palo ‘Seco, Ekman 15318. Sancti
Spiritus, Léon 905. Guantanamo, Léon 3778. Ensenada de Mora,
Brition, Cowell, and Shafer 12979. Rioja, Ekman 4903. Santiago de

72 Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 16: 149. 1919.
7% Pl. Guian. 1:51. 177

310 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cuba, Ekman 7681. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 520; Palmer and Riley 904;
Britton and Wilson 14659, 15065; Ekman 11721.

12. Lasiacis anomala Hitchc., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 9: 37. 1919.
Trinidad, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 595.

Differing from L. ruscifolia in having a second sterile lemma.

This species has been confused with L. ruscifolia and was included
under that name in Grasses of the West Indies, in which the following
statement appears: “In all the Trinidad specimens the spikelets con-
tain a second sterile lemma, a character not found in any other
species known to us. This second sterile lemma equals the first,
contains a hyaline palea, and infolds the fruit rather more closely
than the sterile leomma.commonly does in other species. The fruit
borne one joint higher on the rachilla consequently faces in the direc-
tion opposite to the one usual in Paniceae; that is, the palea side of
the fruit faces the second instead of the first glume.’ <A reconsid-
eration ™ of the group led the writer to the conclusion that, ‘‘we have
here a distinct species, for not only is there this unusual character of
a second sterile lemma but also a distinct geographical range. Of the
eroup to which it had been referred, all the specimens from Trinidad,
the lower Orinoco, and eastern Brazil have a second sterile lemma;
outside of this range, that is, north and west, there is but one sterile
lemma in all the specimens examined. In other respects, such as
shape of blades and panicle, pubescence, and shape and size of spike-
lets, this species does not differ from L. ruscifolia. The specimens of
L. anomala agree closely among themselves in all these characters, but
also agree with many specimens referred to the more variable species,
L. ruseifolia.”

: mee and edges of forests, Trinidad and Venezuela to eastern
razil.

Trinipap: Moros, Broadway 7447. Chaguaramus, Broadway 6739,
7721. Lopinot Road, Broadway 6736. Chacachacare, Hitchcock
10063. Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9977 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 595),
10001. St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10021. San Fernando, Hitchcock 10117.
Brighton, Britton 2905. Cedros, Bot. Gard. Herb. 7297; Hitchcock
10136. Moruga, Broadway 2504. Mayaro, Broadway 2627. Tetron
Bay, Broadway 6775. Point Gourde, Broadway 8081, 8083. With-
out locality, Hggers 13480; Broadway 2564; Bot. Gard. Herb. 2303.

83. SACCIOLEPIS Nash, in Britton, Man. 89. 1901

Spikelets oblong-conic; first glume small, much shorter than the
spikelet; second glume broad, inflated-saccate, strongly many-nerved;
sterile lemma narrower, flat, fewer nerved, its palea nearly as long,
often subtending a staminate flower; fertile lemma stipitate, elliptic,
chartaceous-indurate, the margins inrolled, the palea not enclosed at
the summit. Aquatic or subaquatic perennials or annuals, with
dense narrow panicles.

Spikelets 4 mm long on slender pedicels____._._._.___-_-------- 1. . St.STRIATA.
Spikelets 2 to 3 mm long, subsessile.
Spikelets 8 mm long; panicle often interrupted_-_-------- 2. SS. VILVOIDES.
Spikelets: 2mm long *spamicle Gensenee sae = ee eee 3. S. MYUROS.

“4 Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 9: 37. 1919.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Shi

1. Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 383.
1903.

Holcus striatus L., Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753. Virginia.
Panicum striatum Lam., Tabl. Encyel. 1: 172. 1791.

Hymenachne striata Griseb., FI.
Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864.

Aquatic or semiaquatic perennial,
glabrous or the sheaths sometimes
pubescent; culms 1 to 2 m tall, root-
ing at the geniculate lower nodes,
bearing a few erect flowering shoots;
blades flat, linear-lanceolate, 8 to 15
cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicles
10 to 15 em long, the branches
appressed, or the lower somewhat
spreading, as much as 5 cm long;
spikelets glabrous, about 3.5 mm
long, the pedicels slender, flexuous or
curved (fig. 291, A).

Swamps and ditches, southeastern
United States and the West Indies.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Wright 3885.
Herradura, Ekman 10747. San Fran-

FIGURE 291.—A, Sacciolepis striata. Plant, X 4%; two views of spikelet and floret,
xX 10 (Chase 4240). B, S. myuros, X 10 (type).

312 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

cisco, Hkman 10984. Remates, Ekman 11173. Laguna de Arigua-
nabo, Hkman 11512. Habana, Léon 5750. Cayo La Rosa, Ekman
in 1921 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 993). Ciénaga de Zapata, Léon 9520.
Isla de Pinos, Ekman 12426.

JAMAICA: Grasmond Marsh, Harris 11749.

Haiti: Miragoane, Hyerdam 168; Ekman H 6527. Port-Margot,
Ekman H 2884.

Dominican Repusuic: Jarabaco, Ekman H 14141. Sabana del
Guabatico, Ekman H 11049.

Purrto Rico: San Juan, Chase 6353. Humacao, Eggers 666.
Campo Alegre, Chase 6801.

2. Sacciolepis vilvoides (Trin.) Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 21: 7.
1908.

Panicum vilvoides Trin., Gram. Pan. 171. 1826. Brazil.

Hymenachne flurratilis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 273. 1829. Brazil.

Glabrous, apparently annual; aquatic; culms erect, branched only
slightly from the base, succulent below, usually as much as 1 m tall
or even taller; blades 15 to 20 cm long, usually narrow, sometimes
as much as 5 mm wide; panicles elongate, mostly 20 to 40 cm long,
about 8 mm thick, compact or more or less interrupted, especially
toward the base, the branches very short; spikelets about 3 mm long,
elabrous.

Marshes and wet places, northern South America; Cuba.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17917; Hitchcock 23276. Los Al-
macigos, Wright 3470. Herradura, Ekman 17793. Isla de Pinos,
Curtiss 304; Britton and Wilson 15009, 15679; Ekman 12210.

3. Sacciolepis myuros (Lam.) Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 21: 7.
1908.

Panicum myuros Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. 1791. Cayenne.

Hymenachne myuros Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 49, 165. 1812.

Slender glabrous annual as much as 1 m tall; culms usually erect,
branched only from the base, the lower part often succulent; blades
elongate, erect, flat, narrow, sometimes as much as 7 mm wide;
panicles erect, compact, spikelike, usually elongate, sometimes as
much as 40 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, the branches usually very short,
rarely the lower (appressed) as much as 3 cm long; spikelets glabrous,
1.5 to 2 mm long (fig. 291, B).

Marshes and wet places, Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia; Cuba.

Cusa: Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 428; Ekman 11980, 12176; Britton and
Wilson 14155, 14709.

Dominican Repusuic: Cuenca, Ekman H 10971.

TRINIDAD: O’Meara Savanna, Britton and Hazen 1566. Piarco
Savanna, Britton and Hazen 712; Broadway 2142; Hitchcock 10356.
Pitch Lake, Hitchcock 10085 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 303). Without
locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3354.

84. HYMENACHNE Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 48. pl. 10.f.8. 1812

Spikelets acuminate, short-pedicellate in long dense spikelike or
interrupted panicles; first glume one-third to half as long as the spike-
let, remote, a distinct stipe below the second glume; sterile lemma
5-nerved, acuminate, exceeding the lanceolate stramineous fruit;
lemma and palea membranaceous, the margins of the lemma thin

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Site

(not broad and hyaline), not inrolled; palea not enclosed above.
Aquatic perennials with succulent sparingly branching culms, flat
blades, and soft dense panicles.

inflorescencerdensesspikelike 20 2025) 2 ee 1. H. AMPLEXICAULIS.

Inflorescence long and narrow with ascending branches, not spikelike.
2. H. DONACIFOLIA.

1. Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 276.
1829.

Pancum amplericaule Rudge, Pl. Guian. 1: 21. pl. 27. 1805.
British Guiana.

Agrostis monostachya Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 256. 1810.
Puerto Rico.

Panicum hymenachne Desv., Opusc. 82. 1831. Puerto Rico.

Culms commonly 1 m or more tall; blades 20 to 35 cm long, 2 to 3
cm wide, cordate-clasping; panicles about 8 mm thick and 20 to 50
cm long; spikelets acuminate, 3 to 4 mm long (fig. 292).

Marshes and shallow water, often forming pure colonies, Tropics of
both hemispheres. Common on all the Greater Antilles and Trinidad.
Specimens have been seen also from Guadeloupe, Dominica, Marti-
nique, and St. Lucia. Grisebach”™ misapplies the name Hymenachne
myurus to this species.

2. Hymenachne donacifolia (Raddi) Chase, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
S917 (ee MOS .

Panicum donacifolium Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 44. 1823. Brazil.

Panicum auriculatum Willd., in Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 322. 1825.
Tropical America.

Hymenachne patula Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 37. 1886. Cuba, Lveb-
mann 402.

Hymenachne auriculata Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 21: 5. 1908.

Similar to H. amplexicaulis, olivaceous throughout (at least when
dry); panicles of numerous ascending, densely flowered branches, the
lower distant; spikelets about 3 mm long.

Marshes and shallow water, Panama to Brazil; Cuba.

Cupa: Mendoza, Ekman 11481, 11492. Habana, Léon 808.
Between La Mulata and Las Posas, Ekman 17368.

TRINIDAD: St. Francique, Broadway 4978. Oropuche Lagoon,
Britton, Hazen, and Freeman 1149. Without locality, Bot. Gard.
Herb. 3355.

. SCUTACHNE Hitche. and Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 24:
148. 1911

Inflorescence paniculate, the spikelets short-pediceled along the
slender, simple or nearly simple branches; spikelets fusiform, acu-
minate, the base attenuate, the internodes of the rachilla elongate, the
lowermost forming a stipe, the first glume adnate to it; first glume
membranaceous, about half the length of the spikelet, broad, the
margins connate below; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, a
manifest internode of the rachilla between them, leathery-indurate,
brown or brownish, 5-nerved, the lemma enclosing a palea of similar
texture (and in S. ‘dura a staminate flower); fruit but slightly more
indurate than the second glume and sterile lemma, elliptic in outline,

75 F]. Brit. W. Ind. 553. 1864.

314 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

cA
—

E<

LEA cP.

SrA rox
SS

LT LTZ IG EL pe
TRA

MOLLY A tty 4

hip ily

Le

Lf diyt
OS .

tM be bleep ly pyidg

Re OL LEILY
= Se
SARA

= SK
\\
SS S

\

TN

fn

Lf

SS

a:

FIGURE 292.—Hymenachne amplexicaulis, X 1 (Chase 6317).

the lemma abruptly acuminate into a slender, densely pubescent tip,
the margins slightly inrolled below, membranaceous, flat and pubes-
cent above, the summit of the palea not enclosed, densely pubescent

on the margin. Tufted wiry perennials with firm blades.
Culms leafy, the blades elongate; panicles terminal only, of several Peer
a . DURA.

Culms nearly naked, the leaves reduced to the sheaths or nearly so, the basal
leaves with blades; panicles terminal and axillary, simple.
2. S. AMPHISTEMON.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 315

1. Scutachne dura (Griseb.) Hitche. and Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash.
Proc. 24: 149. 1911.

Panicum durum Griseb., Mem. Amer. ANGHICLE (CBE) Sea ISTE.
Cuba, Wright 1539.

Alloteropsis dura Hitche., Contrib: Wiese Natl Elerbs) 1225 210s
1909.

Culms erect, 40 to 70 cm tall, the nodes glabrous or puberulent;
blades flat or more or less involute, rather stiff, sharply acuminate,
elongate, usually 4 to 6 mm wide, sometimes as much as 10 mm wide;
panicles 6 to 10 cm long, the branches ascending; spikelets elliptic,
attenuate at base, acute, about 5 mm long, the glabrous first glume a
lighter color than the brown pubescent second glume and sterile
lemma (fig. 293).

Rocky hills, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.

CuBa: Rio Taco Taco, Ekman 17624. Pastelillo, Ekman 15406,
15433, in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 995). ‘‘Farallones, N. Sophie”’,
Wright 1539. Valestina, Wright 3868. Baconao, Ekman 8229.
Guantanamo, Hkman in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 996), 2893,
15770.

Jamaica: Albion Mountain, St. Thomas, Harris 12163.

Harti: St. Marc, Leonard 2923. Modle-St.-Nicolas, Leonard 13187.
Port-4-Piment, Ekman H 322. Morne-a-Cabrits, Ekman H 898.

Dominican Repustic: Barahona, Fuertes 1423, 1426. San Juan,
Ekman H. 13478.

2. Scutachne amphistemon (Wright) Hitchc. and Chase, Biol. Soc.
Wash. Proc. 24: 149. 1911.

Panicum amplistemon Wright, An. Acad. Cien. Habana 8: 207.
1871. Cuba, Wright 3464.

Alloteropsis amphistemon Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.
eel NOOO,

Culms tufted, slender, 25 to 40 cm tall; leaves clustered at the
base; blades glabrous, thick, erect, flat or folded, 10 to 20 cm long,
2 to 4 mm wide; panicles narrow, few-flowered, 3 to 8 cm long;
spikelets nearly glabrous, 7 to 8 mm long.

Rocky slopes, Cuba.

Cupa: San Miguel de los Bafios, Léon 8855. Canasi, Ekman
17193. Ponce, Ekman 17168. ‘Tiffin, Hkman 15381. Pastelillo,
Ekman 15434. Mayari Abajo, Wright 3464. Sierra de Nipe,
Ekman in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 994), 15162. Holguin, Ekman
15727. Jauco, Léon 12300.

86. ISACHNE R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Hoil. 196. 1810

Spikelets obovoid to subglobose; glumes membranaceous, about
equal and as long as the fruits or at maturity exceeded by them;
lower floret perfect or staminate, its lemma and palea indurate and
similar in form and texture to those of the upper floret; both florets
(or fruits) plano-convex, obtuse, equal in size or the upper shorter,
the pair usually remaining attached by the minute rachilla joint
between them. Mostly perennials with firm blades and open or
contracted panicles. Jsachne polygonoides is exceptional in that the
lower floret is unlike the upper. In all the species the lower floret

of some of the spikelets may fail to perfect agrain. When sterile the

316 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 293.—Scutachne dura. Plant, X 1%; spikelet andffloret, X 10 (Fuertes 1423).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Buy

floret is often longer and the lemma less convex than when fertile,
the spikelets on the same panicle thus having a somewhat diverse
appearance.

Florets appressed-pubescent.
iPiadessoveue-claspinige - Ui) TCs eee Bd 1. I. POLYGONOIDES.
Blades tiimeay, oo oie eke Lae = Gein ee AS 2. I. LEERSIOIDES.
Florets glabrous, or the palea minutely hispidulous.
Panicle contracted, spikelike, not more than 3 cm long, the branches appressed
or the lower sometimes ascending; plants low and spreading__3. IJ. PYGMABA.
Panicle open, the branches spreading or ascending.
Blades about 3 mm wide, thick, rigid, pungent, with conspicuously thickened

POTTS Der] Oude ses AMER le Jae RA GR Se NaI cha cll Sa ial 4, I]. RIGIDIFOLIA.

Blades mostly 5 to 20 mm wide, firm but not pungent nor with thickened
midrib.

Plants trailing; blades rarely more than 5 cm long______-__ 5. I. RIGENS.

Plants clambering; blades mostly more than 5 cm long.

Glumes pubescent; blades firm, not more than 12 cm long and 1 cm
SWwaGleod Fryar Ate unt pe! Chee id hearty) wasn Ao te)» 6. I. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
Glumes glabrous (rarely obscurely pubescent at the tips); blades

mostly more than 15 cm long and 1.5 cm wide.
Spikelets aggregate toward the ends of the branches and branchlets.
. I. ARUNDINACEA.
Spikelets not aggregate; panicle loosely flowered____8. I. DISPERMA.

1. Isachne polygonoides (Lam.) Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27: 273.
ISAT

Panicum polygonoides Lam., Encycl. 4: 742. 1798. Cayenne.

Apparently annual; flowering shoots 20 to 30 cm tall, erect from a
long creeping, freely branching culm, rooting at the nodes, the whole
plant often a meter in length, the erect shoots finally bearing fascicled
branchlets; sheaths hispid; blades spreading, lanceolate-ovate, very
scabrous; panicles included at base, about 5 cm long and as broad,
loosely many-flowered.

This is distinguished from all others of the West Indies by the
ovate clasping blades and by the dissimilarity of the two florets.

Moist ground, often in water, British Honduras and Guatemala to
Trinidad and Brazil; Cuba, Hispaniola.

Cusa: Isla de Pinos, Ekman 11702.

Dominican ReEpusiic: Cotuy, Abbott 748. Jarabaco, Ekman H
14139. Villa Altagracia, Ekman H 11222. Sanchez, Ekman H
14718. Tomas, Ekman H 13020.

Trinipap: Piarco Savanna, Britton and Hazen 704; Hitchcock
10362 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 598).

In the Florence Herbarium there is a specimen of this species said
to be collected by LeDru in Puerto Rico. No other specimen from
that island has been seen.

2. Isachne leersioides Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. (n. s.) 8: 533.
1862. Cuba, Wright 755.

Culms slender, branched, trailing, glabrous, striate, 1 to 2 m long;
sheaths on the main culms much shorter than the elongate internodes,
overlapping on the flowering branches, appressed papillose-hispid or
nearly glabrous; ligule a very short membrane, ciliate with stiff hairs
about 1 mm long; blades linear, ascending, rather firm, 5 to 15 cm
long, 0.5 to 4 mm wide, long-acuminate, cartilaginous-margined,
scabrous or hispidulous on both surfaces; panicles terminating the
branches, ovoid or oblong, 5 to 15 cm long, as much as 7 cm wide,
the branches mostly single, rather stiffly ascending or spreading,

318 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

bearing from near the base stiffly spreading branchlets, the spreading
pedicels 2 to 3 mm long; spikelets about 1 mm long; glumes hispidulous;
florets appressed-pubescent.

Dry cliffs, slopes, and pine barrens, Cuba.

Cusa: Cajalbana, Léon 4843. San Diego de los Bafios, Léon
5078. Bahia Honda, Ekman 12678. Zaza de Tunas, Léon 6730.
Sancti Spiritus Mountains, Léon 6520. a Perla, Shafer 3013, 8561.
Sierra Maestra, Ekman 1633. Baracoa, Ekman 3981. Guara,
Hitchcock 23403, 23413. Hastern Cuba, Wright 755.

3. Isachne pygmaea Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 553. 1864. Jamaica,
Macfayden.

Plants low, the slender branches spreading, glabrous, the flowering
shoots usually less than 15 cm tall, rarely as much as 30 cm long;
sheaths glabrous, ciliate on the margins; ligule a very short hispidulous
ring; blades narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 0.5 to 2 cm, or rarely 3 cm,
long, rarely more than 2 mm wide, spreading, glabrous or puberulent,
the white cartilaginous margin somewhat scabrous; panicles long-
exserted, narrow, compact and spikelike, usually less than 2 cm long,
the lower branches short and somewhat distant, appressed or rarely
ascending; spikelets about 1.3 mm long, nearly sessile; glumes gla-
brous, about two-thirds as long as the spikelet; florets glabrous.

Grassy banks. This grass has a very limited distribution, being
known only from a small area in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica
between Newcastle and Cinchona, at about 1,500 m altitude.

JAMAICA: Vinegar Hill, Perkins 1085. Cold Spring Gap, Hitchcock
9742 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 419); Harris 11314, 12490. Moodys
Gap, Britton 3375. Arntully, Orcutt 5756.

4. Isachne rigidifolia (Poir.) Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 85. ~1908.

Agrostis rigidifola Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 257. 1810.
Santo Domingo.

Milium rigidiforum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 319. 1817.

Pamcum rigidifolium Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 37. 1829.

Culms spreading and branching, the flowering shoots firm and
rigid, 15 to 40 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, stiffly ciliate on the margin,
overlapping on the flowering shoots; ligule a very short, lacerate or
ciliate membrane; blades oblong, 2 to 4 em long, 2 to 4 mm wide,
firm, rigidly spreading, pungently pointed, glabrous, the cartilagmous
margin and thick midrib whitish; panicles long-exserted, open,
oblong, rather narrow, 2 to 5 cm long, the branches ascending or
spreading, bearing the branchlets mostly on the lower side, the
pedicels rigid, 1 to 2 mm long; spikelets about 2 mm long, purplish,
borne obliquely upon the pedicels; glumes glabrous or sparsely
appressed-hispidulous near apex; florets smooth.

The species is easily recognized by its smooth, rigid, spreading,
pungently pointed, conspicuously distichous blades.

Mountain bogs and limestone ridges, West Indies.

CusA: Sierra del Cristal, Ekman 6839.

Harti: Mission, Leonard 3829, 3890. Furey, Leonard 4324, 4569.
Pérodin, Ekman H 3473. Pétionville, Ekman H 1437. Petite
Goave, Ekman H 73811.

Dominican Repusuic: Rio Yague, Fuertes 1729. Lagunas de
Cenobi, Valeur 29. Loma Diego de Ocampo, Ekman H 16326.
San José de Ocoa, Ekman H 11872.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 319

LEEWARD IsLANps: Guadeloupe Duss 3190. St. Kitts, Box 313.
WINDWARD Isuanps: Martinique, Hahn 1435; Duss 1312.
5. Isachne rigens (Swartz) Trin., Gram. Pan. 252. 1826.

Panicum rigens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788. Jamaica.

Culms tufted, glabrous, slender, wiry, trailing, 1 to 2 m long, as
much as 2 mm thick, the numerous flowering shoots curving upward,
10 to 30 cm long; sheaths glabrous or puberulent, ciliate on the margin;
ligule a ring of stiff hairs about 0.5 mm long; blades narrowly oblong-
lanceolate 2 to 5 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, spreading, moderately,
firm but not stiff and rigid, scabrous on both surfaces and on the
cartilaginous margin; panicles ovoid or oblong, 2 to 5 cm long, the
branches and branchlets stiffly ascending or spreading, the pedicels 1
to 2mm long; spikelets 1.8 to 2mm long; glumes minutely hispidulous;
rachilla between the two florets minutely villous; palea of upper
floret sparsely appressed-hispidulous.

Damp shady banks, Blue Mountains, Jamaica, at 1,000 to 2,000
m altitude; Venezuela to Ecuador.

Jamaica: St. Helens Gap, Mazon and Killip 614. Catherines
Peak, Hitchcock 9732. Abbey Green, Hitchcock 9362; Harris 11585.
Cinchona, Harris 11316, 11333, 11417, 11432, 12480; Mitchcock 9706
(Amer. Gr.. Nat. Herb. 420), Sir Johns Peak, Harris 11595. Hard-
ware Gap, Harris 11543. Clyde River, Harris 11445. Cold Spring
Gap, Harris 11336, 12489.

6. Isachne angustifolia Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 377. 1903.
Puerto Rico, Wilson 160.

Culms clambering, as much as 2 m long and 2 mm thick, hard and
wiry, with a long naked base, branching from the upper nodes, the
branches long, leafy, nearly parallel, bearing secondary branches
toward the ends, the whole forming a wide, flabellate or loosely
corymbose mass, in its most characteristic development pushing
through the jungle of stream bank or trail side and hanging over
bushes; sheaths appressed papillose-pilose or roughened with papillae,
or glabrous, the margin ciliate; ligule a ring of very short stiff hairs
less than 0.5 mm long; blades narrowly lanceolate, 3 to 15 cm long,
but mostly more than 5 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide, rather firm and
stiffly spreading, scaberulous or glabrate, papillose-ciliate at base or
papillose only; panicles ellipsoid or oblong, as much as 15 cm long,
the branches stiffly ascending or finally spreading, the branchlets and
pedicels finally divaricate, these and the main axis scabrous; spikelets
about 1.5 mm long; glumes minutely hispidulous toward the tip;
florets and rachilla glabrous.

Rocky slopes among brush, Puerto Rico and Leeward Islands.

Purerto Rico: El Yunque, Wilson 160; Sintenis 1355. Sierra
Loquillo, Hioram 369. Adjuntas, Sintenis 4045. Rio Icaco, Shafer
3477. Utuado, Srntenis 6421. Monte Torrecilla, Britton, Cowell, and
Brown 5595. Cayey, Chase 6750. Maricao, Britton and Cowell 4271;
Britton, Stevens, and Hess 2566; Chase 6222.

LEEWARD IsLANDs: Guadeloupe, Duss 2705. St. Kitts, Bor 146,314.
7. Isachne arundinacea (Swartz) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 553. 1864.

Panicum arundinaceum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788.
Jamaica.

Culms climbing among shrubs or small trees to a height of as much
as 6m, as much as 5 mm thick at base, with strong canes and elongate

60256—386——21

320 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

branches; sheaths glabrous, or rarely slightly scabrous, ciliate on the
margin, sometimes a little papillose near the summit, overlapping on
the flowering shoots; ligule of stiff hairs as much as 5 mm long;
blades narrowly lanceolate, as much as 20 cm long and 2 cm wide,
long-acuminate, scabrous, sometimes becoming smoothish, often
papillose on the margin at base; panicles ovoid or ellipsoid, as much
as 12 cm long and 10 cm wide, rounded at summit, the branches
ascending or the lower finally spreading, branched from about the
middle, the spikelets somewhat aggregate on the branchlets, the
panicle thus rather compactly flowered at the periphery, the pedicels
0.5 to 2 mm long; spikelets about 1.5 mm long; glumes glabrous or
with a few short stiff hairs at the summit; florets glabrous (fig. 294).

Wooded hillsides, Jamaica, at 1,000 to 2,000 m altitude; Mexico
to Bolivia and Trinidad.

JAMAICA: Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9728 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
418); Eggers 3583. Hardware Gap, Ridley 14. Track to Mabess
River, Perkins 1089. Mount Lebanon, Harris 12487. Bryans Hill,
Harris 11529. Content Gap, Harris 11517. Wallenford, Harris
11551, 11567. Cuna Cuna Gap, Mazon 9160. Morces Gap, Mazon
and Killip 745. Abbey Green, Hitchcock 9386. Cold Spring Gap,
Harris VV33, 12491" Flamstead, Harris 11468, 11581. Whitfield
Hall, Harris 11583. Farm Hill, Orcutt 3679. Gordon Town, Hart
708.

LEEWARD ISLANDs: St. Kitts, Bor 152. Nevis, Bor 169.

TRINIDAD: Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 6746.

8. Isachne disperma (Lam.) Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27: 274. 1877.

Panicum dispermum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 173. 1791. Tropical
America.

Panicum multinerve Desy.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 279.
1816. Antilles.

Panicum confertum Desv.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 279.
1816. Antilles.

Aspect of plant as in J. arundinacea; sheaths glabrous or rarely
papillose-hispidulous; ligule hairs as much as 2 mm long; blades on
the average larger than in J. arundinacea, glabrous, scabrous toward
the apex; panicles as much as 20 cm long, the branches and branchlets
spreading, the spikelets in twos or threes at the ends of the branch-
lets, the panicle thus more open and flowered more equally through-
out than in J. arundinacea, the spikelets not strongly aggregate
toward the periphery; spikelets slightly over 1 mm long; glumes and
florets glabrous.

Mountain woods, Lesser Antilles.

Lerwarp IsLanps: St. Kitts, Britton and Cowell 395. Guadeloupe,
Duss 3189. Dominica, Jones 38: Eggers 1056.

WINDWARD Isuanps: Martinique, Duss 1311. Grenada, Broadway
76.

Tosaco: Hitchcock 10279 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 597).

87. OPLISMENUS Beauv., Fl. Owar. 2: 14. pl. 68.f.1. 1809

Spikelets terete or somewhat laterally compressed, subsessile,
solitary or in pairs, in two rows, crowded or approximate on one side
of a narrow scabrous or hairy rachis: elumes about equal, emarginate

2-lobed, awned from between the lobes; sterile lemma exceeding

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES ook

the glumes and fruit, mucronate or short-awned, enclosing a hyaline
palea; fertile lemma elliptic, acute, convex or boat-shaped, the firm
margins clasping the palea, not inrolled. Freely branching, creeping,

FIGURE 294.—IJsachne arundinacea, X 4% (Hitchcock 9728, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 418).

shade-loving annuals or perennials, with erect flowering shoots, flat,
thin, lanceolate or ovate acuminate blades, and several one-sided,
thickish, short racemes rather distant on a main axis.

322 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Awns antrorsely scabrous; racemes villous with long hairs; plants annual.

1. O. BURMANNI.

Awns smooth or obscurely roughened; racemes not villous or with a few long
hairs only; plants perennial.

Rachis of racemes mostly 2 to 3 mm long, bearing usually not more than 5

spikelets; blades 1 to 3 cm long, 4 to 10 mm wide______ 2. O. SETARIUS.

Rachis of lower racemes more than 1 cm long, bearing usually more than 8

spikelets; blades mostly more than 4 cm long, 1 to 2 em wide.
3. O. HIRTELLUS.
1. Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54. 1812.

Panicum burmanni Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 10. 1783. India.

Orthopogon burmanni Trin., Fund. Agrost. 181. 1820.

Low, creeping, freely branching annual; sheaths pilose; blades
broadly lanceolate-elliptic; racemes 3 to 5, pale villous, ascending,
approximate along a flexuous axis; awns slender, about 1 cm long.

Waste places, open ground, and partial shade, a common weed at
low altitudes in the Tropics of both hemispheres, introduced in North
America. Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cusa: Papayo, Ekman 10335.

Harti: Pétionville, Hkman H 2346. St. Michel de l’Atalaye,
Leonard 7224, 7542. Furcy, Leonard 4343, 4645.

Dominican Repusiic: Ocoa, Tuerckheim 3610. Constanza,
Tuerckheim 2883. Majagiitas, Ekman H 13626.

2. Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 481.
1817.

Panicum setarvum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 170. 1791. Tropical
America.

Orthopogon setarius Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 306. 1825.

Slender creeping branching perennial, the ascending flowering
culms 20 to 30 cm high; blades 1 to 3 cm long, 4 to 10 mm wide, con-
spicuously undulate-margined; racemes distant, very short, the
spikelets appearing to be in clusters on the rather strict axis; awns 4
to 8 mm long (fig. 295).

Shady places, southern United States, Mexico, and the West
Indies to Paraguay.

Bermupa: Brown and Britton 13; Harris 424; Collins 150.

Banamas: Bbritton 3200.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23311, 23316. Cojimar River,
Léon 4720. Campo Florido, Léon 4139. Caibarién, Fernando 141.
Sierra Maestra, Léon 10380. Bayate, Ekman 3411. Guara, Hitch-
cock 23401. Prov. Santa Clara, Jack 6351. Eastern Cuba, Wright
1543.

JAMAICA: Troy, Hitchcock 9783; Mazon 2951; Harris 12577.
Clyde River, Harris 11446. Bryans Hill, Harris 6826. Hardware
Gap, Harris 118438. Stony Hull, Harris 11339. Mount Hybla,
Harris 11307. Kingston, Hitchcock 9468. Claremont, Hitchcock
9521. Abbey Green, Mitchcock 9358. Castleton, Harris 11342;
Hitchcock 9388 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 600). Savanna-la-Mar,
Hitchcock 9871. Barican, Hitchcock 9568. Montego Bay, Hitch-
cock 9681. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9621. Newcastle, Hitchcock 9337.
Ewarton, Hitchcock 9415. Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9731, 9737.
Blue Hole, Fredholm 3196. Ferry, Ridley 56. Roaring River Falls,
Ridley 54. Farm Hill, Orcutt 3701. Content Gap, Harris 11364.
Gordon Town, Hart 578.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

323

Marme-
Port-au-Prince,

Harti: St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7010, 7265, 7808.
Plaisance, Leonard 9238.
Port-de-Pai,

lade,
Ekman H 9106.

\ Y
“— >=

Leonard 8414.
St. Louis du Nord, Leonard 14130.

Plant X 144; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Curtiss 5553).

Tortue Island,

FIGURE 295.—Oplismenus setarius.
Fond Parisien, Leonard 4217.
Gonaive Island, Leonard 3038.
Repusuic: Rincon, Fuertes 1282.
Sabaneta, Valeur 482.

Leonard 12132.

Leonard 11458.
DoMINICAN

Ekman H 16209.

Las

Lagunas,

324 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Purerto Rico: Mayaguez, Holm 124; Sintenis 72b. Cayey,
Sintenis 2225, 2286. Rio Grande, Chase 6721. Vega Baja, Chase
6413. Arecibo, Chase 6556. Vieques Island, Chase 6682; Shafer
2626. Culebra, Britton and Wheeler 106.

VirGin Istanps: St. Thomas, Hitchcock 16307; Eggers in 1881.
St. Croix, Rose 3625; Ricksecker 250. Virgin Gorda, Fishlock 116.

Lrewarp Isuanps: St. Kitts, Hitchcock 16355; Bor 143. Antigua,
Rose 3485; Wullschlaegel 626. Guadeloupe, Duss 2714.

WINDWARD Isuanps: Martinique, Hitchcock 16450; Duss 7786. St.
Lucia, Kemp 55.

TRINIDAD: Tabaquite, Hitchcock 10126.

3. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54, 168. 1812.

Panicum hirtellum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10.
2: 870. 1759. Jamaica.

Orthopogon cubensis Spreng., Syst. Veg.
1307. S825. PCulbas

Echinochloa cubensis Schult., Mant. 3
(Add. 1): 596. [1827.]

Oplismenus. cubensis Kunth, Rév. Gram.
1:45. 1829.

Panicum cubense Steud., Nom. Bot. ed.
2.2:255. 1841.

Perennial; culms widely creeping and
branching, the fertile culms usually erect
from an ascending base, 20 to 70 cm tall
(usually about 30 cm); sheaths glabrous to
densely papulose-hispid; blades 5 to 10 cm
long and 1 to 2 cm wide; panicles 5 to 10
cm long with 3 to 7 ascending or spreading
rather distant racemes 1 to 2 cm long; awns
smooth, usually purple, the longer 5 to 10
mm long (fig. 296).

There are two forms of this species, one

f aoe a with glabrous sheaths and one with hispid
IGURE 206. ontamenus hinelius, sheaths, * which W appear, whens: eromwines
Nat. Herb. 0, " S™ sather distinct. The forms differ in no
other way, however, and are found growing
together under the same conditions, but all the shoots originating
from a given plant are of one form. Grisebach “ refers the form with
glabrous sheaths to Orthopogon loliaceus Spreng. (Oplismenus loliaceus
(Lam.) Beauv.), an Asiatic species. Richard ” refers the pubescent
form ce Oplismenus undulatifolius. In Cuba the species is called
‘‘pitillo.”’

Meek woods and shady banks at low and medium altitudes,
Mexico and the West Indies to Argentina. A common species to be
found on probably all the islands.

A variegated form, with blades striped with white, is cultivated as
a basket plant. Itis naturalized in a few places in the Lesser Antilles.

Lrrwarp Istanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3155. Dominica, Jones 37.

Winpwarp Istanps: Martinique, Duss 1325. Grenada, HWitch-
cock 17674. St. Lucia, Box 194.

76 Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 545. 1864.
77 Richard, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 308. 1850.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Dy)

88. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53. pl. 11. f. 2. 1812

Spikelets plano-convex, often stiffly hispid, subsessile, solitary or in
irregular clusters on one side of the panicle branches; fir st olume about
half the length of the spikelet, pointed; second olume and sterile
lemma equal, pointed, mucronate, or the elume short-awned and the
lemma long-awned, sometimes conspicuously so, enclosing a mem-
branaceous palea and sometimes a staminate flower; fertile lemma
plano-convex, smooth and shining, acuminate-pointed, the margins
inrolled below, flat above, the apex of the palea not enclosed. Coarse,
often succulent, annuals or perennials with compressed sheaths,
linear flat blades, and rather compact panicles composed of short,
densely flowered racemes along a main axis.

Ligule a dense line of stiff yellowish hairs; plants perennial.
Fruit about 2.5 mm long; awn of sterile lemma less than two mm long.
1. EK. PYRAMIDALIS.

Fruit about 4 mm long; awn of sterile lemma usually 5 to 10 mm long.
E. POLYSTACHYA.
Ligule wanting, the ligular area sometimes pubescent; plants annual.
Racemes simple, rather distant, 1 to 2 em long; spikelets crowded in about
4 rows, the awn of the sterile lemma reduced to a short point; blades 3 to
(G) TOTOTCY SiC (Se ea 35S nt Leah aS anna tie or cae wih 3. E. cOLONUM.
Racemes more or less branched, usually more than 2 cm long; spikelets irregu-
larly crowded and fascicled, usually not arranged in rows, the awn of the
sterile lemma variable; blades usually more than 5 mm wide.
Sheaths, at least the lower, papillose-hispid; panicle dense Cee in depaup-
erate specimens), the ‘spikelets long- awned PN aR eS 4. KE. WALTERI.
Sheaths smooth; awns variable, but the panicle not a dense mass of long-
awned spikelets.

Panicles soft and nodding; spikelets inconspicuously hispid.
EK. CRUS-PAVONIS.

Panicles erect and rather stiff; spikelets conspicuously hispid.
6. E. CRUSGALLI.

1. Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitche. and Chase, Contrib.
Wess Natl Herb: 18; 345. 1917.

Panicum pyramdale Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. Senegal.
Pamcum spectabile var. guadeloupense Hack., Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 1: 328. 1897. (Guadeloupe, Duss 3176.
Echinochloa guadeloupensis Wieg., Rhodora 23:63. 1921.
Perennial; culms erect, rather fleshy, 1.5 to 2.5 m tall, glabrous;
sheaths glabrous; ligule a dense row of stiff yellowish hairs 1 to 2mm
long; blades 40 to 60 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, glabrous above,
scabrous on the margins and on the nerves beneath; panicle 20 to
40 cm long, the axis scabrous; racemes numerous, ascending, 2 to 7 cm
long, single or somewhat fascicled, distant below but overlapping,
stiffly pilose at base and sparsely so along the scabrous or hispidulous
rachis; spikelets about 3 mm long, rather loosely arranged along the
rachis, scabrous or slightly hispidulous on the nerves, glabrous or
nearly so on the internerves; sterile lemma mucronate or with an
awn 1 to 2 mm long; fruit about 2.5 em long, mucronate (fig. 297).
Brackish marshes and ditches, Guadeloupe. Common in tropical
Africa; introduced in Guadeloupe.”

78 In 1919 the author observed this species on the island of Guadeloupe, where it is abundant in one local-
ity. Later he had the opportunity of examining Echinochloa pyramidalis in tropical Africa where it is com-
mon, and he is of the opinion that the Guadeloupe plant is the same as the African species. Wiegand
(Rhodora 23: 63. 1921) described the Guadeloupe plant as a distinct species.

326 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LEEWARD IsLAaNps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3175, 3176, 3920; Hitch-
cock 16412 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 711); L’Herminier 61.

2. Echinochloa polystachya
CH ae) Slee
Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb; 222° 135: "1920:

Oplismenus polystachyus ©
iH. B. Ko Noy. Gen set
Sp. 1: 107. 1815. Colom-
bia.

Panicum spectabile Nees,
in) Crin.. Gram. Pane dss:
1826. “Braval.

Echinochloa spectabilis
Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209.
1833.

Perennial, usually in
colonies; culms coarse, 1
to 2 m tall, from a long
creeping rooting base, gla-
brous; nodes densely hispid
with appressed yellowish
hairs; sheaths glabrous or
papillose-hispid; ligule a
dense line of stiff yellowish
hairs as much as 4 mm
long; blades as much as 2.5
em wide, scabrous on the

FIGURE 297.—Echinochloa pyramidalis, X1 (Duss 3175). | Margins and upper surface;

panicle 10 to 30 cm long,
rather dense; racemes ascending, the lower mostly 3 to 6 cm long,
densely hispid at base, the rachis very scabrous and more or less
papillose-hispid ; spikelets rather
closely set, nearly sessile,
about 5 mm long; sterile floret

staminate, the awn 2 to 10

mm long; fruit rather soft,

about 4 mm long, extending

into a point about 0.5 mm long

(fic. 298).

Marshes and ditches near the
coast, Mexico, and the West
Indies to Argentina.

Cusa: Habana, Léon 4168;
Ekman 13524. Almendares,
Ekman in 1921. Sierra de
Imias, Léon 12451 (cultivated).
Habana, Ekman 13405.

JAMAICA: Savanna-la-Mar,
Hitchcock 9868.

Haiti: Dessalines, Ekman H
8532. Port-Margot, Ekman H
A798.

Dominican ReEpusiic: San

: . FIGURE 298.—Echinochloa polystachya, X 1
Francisco de Macoris, Ekman H (Pittier 4383).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Byei

12318. Sanchez, Taylor 66. Rincon, Fuertes 1419. Jaina, Ekman
12473; Faris 100, 400. Santiago, Ekman H 16392.
Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6290, 6319. Bayamon, Hioram
324 in part. Caguas, Sintenis 2543. Lares, Chase 6583.
LEEWARD Istanps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel 635; Box 110.
Winpwarp Istanps: Martinique, Duss 542. St. Lucia, Bor 198.
Tosaao: Broadway 4896; Hitchcock 10284.

3. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833.
J UNGLE-RICE.

Panicum colonum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. Jamaica.

Milium colonum Moench, Meth. Pl. 202. 1794.

Oplismenus colonus
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp.
OSe | PSG.

Pamcum zonale Guss.,
Mise penodiet: O24 S27,
Sicily.

Panicum colonum var.
zonale L. H. Dewey,
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
2: 502. 1894.

Echinochloa colonum var.
zonalis Woot. and Standl.,
N. Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull.
O24. 1912,

Annual, usually much
branched at base; culms
prostrate-spreading, ascend-
ing or erect, usually 20 to
40 cm long, glabrous;
sheaths glabrous; blades
rather lax, 5 to 10 cm long,
rarely longer, 3 to 6 rarely
10 mm wide, somewhat
scabrous on the margin,
occasionally bearing trans-
verse purple bands (zonate);
panicles 5 to 10 or even 15
cm long; racemes several, 1
to 2 cm long, rarely longer,
appressed or ascending, the
lower usually distant as FIGURE 299.—Echinochloa colonum, X 1 (Bentley).
much as 1 cm; spikelets
about 3 mm long, crowded, nearly sessile, in about 4 rows; awn reduced
to a short point (fig. 299).

Ditches and moist places, a common weed in the warmer parts of
both hemispheres; introduced in the Americas where it is found from
Virginia and Missouri to Argentina; originally described from India,
the type being, however, from Jamaica, collected by Patrick. Browne.
The word “colonum”’ appears to be a genitive plural. To be found
on probably all the islands.”

79See Hitchcock, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 17: 256. 1913.

328 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4, Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Heller, Cat. N. Amer. Pl. ed. 2. 21.
1900.

Panicum hirtellum Walt., Fl. Carol. 72. 1788. Not P. hirtellum
L., 1759. South Carolina.

Panicum walteri Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. Based on P.
hirtellum Walt.

Annual; erect, often succulent and rooting at the lower nodes when
erowing in mud or water, 1 to 2 m high, as much as 2.5 cm thick at
base; sheaths papillose-hispid, or papillose only, rarely glabrous, the
collar more or less pubescent; ligule wanting, the ligular area often
pubescent; blades usually 10 to 15 mm wide sometimes as much as
3 cm wide, mostly scabrous on both surfaces; panicle dense, as much
as 30 cm long, erect or nodding; racemes appressed or ascending,
approximate or the lower somewhat distant, as much as 10 cm long;

iene ohoneyy uiTeneed
TRAIAN J a: mostly long-awned, oiten purple,
NY IN| NY Wh Ys QE. i about 3 mm long; sterile lemma

SON Ys) { with an awn usually 1 to 2 cm
: i Li WF (HZ oy # long, sometimes longer, rarely

NN Q IY iif 77 reduced to a short point (fig. 300).
Yj; Marshes, lagoons, and wet
AN places, eastern United States;
Cuba, Hispaniola.

Cupa: Ciénaga de Zapata,
Ekman 16947. Los Coyuelos,
Roig 3231. Hanabana, Wright
3879 in part.

JAMAICA: Black River, Hitch-
cock 9650. ,

Haiti: Etang de l’Abovane,
Ekman H 375. Solon, Ekman
H 826. Aux Cayes, Hkman H 758.
Dame-Marie, Ekman H 10450.

5. Echinochloa _ crus-pavonis
(H. B. K.) Schult., Mant. 2:
269. 1824.

; Oplismenus crus-pavonis
FIGURE 300.—Echinochloa walteri, X 1 (Chase 1426. H.B. Kee Nov. Gen. et Sp. Le kOSs
1815. Venezuela.

Panicum sabulicola Nees, Agost. Bras. 258. 1829. Brazil.

Pamcum crus-pavonis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 259. 1829.

Panicum aristatum Macfad., Bot. Misc. Hook. 2: 115. 1831. Not
P. aristatum Retz., 1786. Jamaica.

Oplismenus jamaicensis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 147. 1833. Based
on Panicum aristatum Macfad.

Panicum jamaicense Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 257. 1841.

Echinochloa sabulicola Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 17: 257.
1913.

Echinochloa crusgalli var. crus-pavonis Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 222) 1485" 9205

Annual; culms erect or sometimes decumbent at base, as much as
1 m or even 1.5 m tall, glabrous; sheaths glabrous; ligule wanting,
the ligular area sometimes slightly pubescent; blades 5 to 15 mm wide,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 329

scabrous on the margins, sometimes on the upper surface; panicles
10 to 20 cm long, more or less nodding; racemes mostly ascending or
appressed, the lower somewhat distant, the upper approximate;
spikelets crowded, excluding the awns about 3 mm long, hispid on
the nerves, hispidulous on the intervenes; sterile lemma with an awn
1 to 10 mm long (fig. 301).

Marshes and wet places, often in the water, at Jow and medium
altitudes, Mexico and the West Indies to Argentina.

Bermupa: Collins 343.

Cusa: Habana, Léon 747, 2588, 2785, 7646, 11467; Ekman 241.
Inebmann 378; Rugel 889.
Yumuri Mountains, Rugel 884.
Caibarién, Ekman 16308.
Gamboa, Ekman 14977.
Without locality, Wright in
1865, Ekman 13130.

JAMAICA: Grosmond Marsh,
Harris 11751. Meylersfield,
Harris 11824. Savanna-la-Mar,
Ehtcheock 9862.

Haiti: Miragoane, Hyerdam
493; Hkman H 6523. Dessa-
lines, Hkman H 3518, 8533.
Port-Margot, Ekman H 2681.

Dominican Repub tic: Santo
Domingo, Ekman H 12254.
Jarabaco, Ekman H 14135.

Purrto Rico: Loiza Road,
Britton 9235. Humacao, Sin-
tenis 1889. Canovanas, Steven-
son 53888. San Juan, Chase 6352,
6396. Lares, Chase 6596. Rio
Piedras, Stevenson and Rose
6428. Trujillo Alto, Britton
and Matz 7049. Vega Baja,
Britton 7960. Without locality,
Eggers 685.

Lrrwarp IsLANDs:
loupe, Duss 3161.

Trinipap: Oropuche Lagoon, Britton, Hazen, and Freeman 1143.
Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 1678.

6. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53, 161,169. 1812.
BARNYARD GRASS.

Pameum crusgalli L., Sp. Pl. 56. 1753. Europe and Virginia.

Resembling F. crus-pavonis; differing in the stiffer panicle, erect or
nodding only when large and heavy, the somewhat larger spikelets,
and especially in the strongly hispid or papillose-hispid nerves of the
second glume and sterile lemma (fig. 302).

The species is common in the United States and Mexico but rare
in the West Indies. It is not always easy to distinguish it from
E. crus-pavonis, especially in small or depauperate specimens, for
which reason the latter has often been considered to be a variety of
the former. The awn is variable in length in EF. crusgalli, whereas in

y \
i
c y
4 /-
yy J
4 y J ri
J t
Wag
y 7
ICY
. E
‘ a
ls Uy
1A
d “hi
A Wet
Nios
=.
of
iy
pt

es
hp
Se.
3
A

a > oY : gh y e

cr

eS ue
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WN +e
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\

FIGURE 301.—Echinochloa crus-pavonis, K 1
Guade- (Sintenis 1889).

243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

MISC. PUBLICATION

330

{"

\ \y + (
AGONY

. tow.
1 >

WW
iY y}

FIGURE 302.—Echinochloa crusgalli. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Somes 3725)s

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 33 I

E. crus-pavonis it is usually short, not more than 1 cm in length. The
most noticeable difference is the soft nodding panicle of F. crus-
pavonis as compared with the stiffer erect panicle (unless large and
heavy) of E. crusgalli. The spikelets of EH. crusgalli are usually
conspicuously papillose-hispid. In #. crus-pavonis the spikelets are
more or less hispid but the strong hairs on the nerves are less con-
spicuous. The following specimens have been referred to /. crusgalli.

Brermupa: Brown, Britton, and Bisset 1961.

Cusa: Batabané, Léon 13447.

Haiti: Manneville, Ekman H 3061.

89. CHAETIUM Nees, Agrost. Bras. 269. 1829

Spikelets short-pediceled, dorsally compressed, lanceolate, the
joint of the rachilla between the glumes elongate, the bearded base
of the first glume adnate to it, forming a long slender callus; glumes
bearing awns 3 to 4 times the length of the body of the spikelet, the
first reduced to the awn or the pair broadened and enclosing the rest
of the spikelet; sterile lemma bearing a shorter awn or awn-tipped
only; fruit subindurate, lanceolate, “the lemma acuminate into a
scabrous awn or point, the thin margins flat, the summit of the
palea not enclosed. Perennials with long narrow blades and dense
narrow panicles.

1. Chaetium cubanum (Wright) Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.
Peo el OOO:

Perotis? cubana Wright, Ann. Acad. Cien. Habana 8: 288. 1871.
Cuba, Wright 735.

Culms tufted, stiffty erect, 40 to 60 cm tall; blades flat or loosely
involute, 5 to 10 cm long, 1 to 4 mm wide, puberulent on the upper
surface; panicles narrow, few-flowered, 4 to 7 cm long, the branches
appressed; spikelets about 6 mm long, the fertile lemma about
4.5 mm long (fig. 303).

Dry hills, Cuba.

Cupa: Canasi, Léon 13074; Ekman 16474. El Cobre, Ekman
15699, in 1922 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 796). Eastern Cuba, Wright
735. Motembo, Ekman 16827.

90. TRICHOLAENA Schrad.; Schult., Mant. 2: 163. 1824

Spikelets on short capillary pedicels; first glume minute; second
glume and sterile lemma equal, raised on a stipe above the first glume,
emarginate or slightly lobed, short-awned, covered, except toward
the apex, with long silky hairs, the palea of the sterile lemma well
developed, fertile Jemma shorter than the spikelet, cartilaginous,
smooth, boat-shaped, obtuse, the margins thin, not inrolled, the
palea not enclosed. Perennials or annuals with rather open panicles
of silky spikelets.

1. Tricholaena repens (Willd.) Hitche. NATAL GRASS.
Saccharum repens Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 322. 1797. ‘‘Guinea.”
Tricholaena rosea Nees, “Cat. Sem. Hort. Vratisl. a. 13367) PE

Afr. Austr. 1: 17. 1841. South Africa.

Rhynchelytrum roseum Stapf and Hubb.; Bews, World’s Grasses

223. 1929.

Rhynchelytrum repens C. E. Hubb., Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1934:
cLO-- S£934.

332 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 303.—Chadium cubanum. Plant, X 14;

spikelet and floret, X 5 (Ekman 15699).

Annual or short-lived perennial;
culms tufted, slender, often decum-
bent at base, about 1 m tall; sheaths
sparsely papillose-hirsute; blades
flat, 5 to 15 ecm long, 2 to 7 mm
wide; panicles beautifully silky,
rosy-purple or sometimes pale, 10
to 15 cm long; spikelets about 5mm
long, the hairs extending 4 to5 mm
beyond (fig. 304).

Waste ground, becoming rather
common in the warmer regions of
North America; introduced from
South Africa. This species has
some value for forage and can be
utilized on poor sandy soil.

Cupa: Santiago de las Vegas,
Juzepezuk 1987. Habana, Léon
817, 6361; Ekman 29. Campo
Florido, Léon 4146. Matanzas,
Brition and Wilson 13996; Cowell
13334. Cienfuegos, Grey in 1919.
Santiago de Cuba, Ekman 7999.
San Miguel de los Bafios, Killip
13937.

Jamaica: Botanical Garden,
Cousins in 1925 (grown from seed
from Colombia; will probably
escape).

Haiti: Fond-Blanc, Ekman
H 9889.

Dominican Repustic: Moncion,
Ekman H 12691; Valeur 162.
Jaina, Ekman H 5801; Faris 5.
Constanza, Ekman H 14087.

PuErRTtTO Rico: Rio Piedras,
Britton and Matz 7056. Sardinera,
Britton 8703.

LEEWARD IsLaNnps: Antigua,
Box 25. Guadeloupe, Franceschi
in 1892; Stehlé 41.

Winpwarp Istanps: Barbados,
Hitcheock 16511.

Trinipab: Port-of-Spain, Broad-
way 4962 (cultivated).

91. SETARIA Beauv., Ess. Agrost.
51) plaid de 18

(Chaetochloa Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr.,
Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 38. 1897)

Spikelets subtended by one to
several bristles (sterile branchlets)
falling free from the bristles, awn-
less; first glume broad, usually less

333

OF THE WEST INDIES

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES

FIGURE 304.—Tricholaena repens. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, xX 10 (Tracy 9365).

334 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

than half the length of the spikelet, 3- to 5-nerved; second glume and
sterile lemma equal, or the glume shorter, several-nerved : fertile
lemma coriaceous-indurate, smooth or rugose. Annuals or peren-
nials with narrow terminal panicles.

Blades narrowly elliptic, plaited; bristles below only a part of the spikelets
(Subgenus Ptychophyllum).
Plant annual; blades usually less than 2 em wide____________ 1. S. BARBATA.
Plants perennial; blades usually more than 3 em wide.
Panicle of numerous approximate, more or less 1l-sided racemes, spikelet-
bearing to the base, 2 to 5 cm long, rarely the lower much longer.
2. S. POIRETIANA.
Panicle of more or less fascicled branches, not or scarcely 1-sided, some of
them elongate and naked at base.
Branches of panicle as mueh as 10 em long; bristles usually not more than
twice as long as the spikelets, inconspicuous; blades as much as 6 em
Wide. 2. We. Ss J) ee 3. S. PALMIFOLIA.
Branches of panicle slender, finally spreading, as much as 20 cm long;
bristles as much as 15 mm long; blades as much as 10 em wide.
4. S. PANICULIFERA.
Blades linear-lanceolate, narrow; bristles below all the spikelets.
Bristles below each spikelet numerous, at least more than five. Panicles
dense, cylindric, spikelike.
Plants annual; spikelets 3 mm long 22. a a oe 5. S. LUTESCENS.
Plants perennial; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm Jong __22=_ 25.2 = 6. S. GENICULATA.
Bristles below each spikelet 1 or by abortion of the spikelets, 2 or 3.
Bristles more or less retrorsely scabrous.

Plants perennial; spikelets globose or nearly so_________~- 7. S. TENAX.
Plants annual; spikelets not globose.
Spikelets about 2ommm Jongss—- 2. ae ee 8. S. VERTICILLATA.

Spikelets about 1.5 mm long.
Panicles usually green, rarely as much as 8 em long, less than 5mm

thick, the bristles 2 to 3 mm long________ 9. S. SCANDENS.
Panicles usually purple, as much as 15 em long and 1 em thick, the
bristlespabout J em long. > ea 10. S. TENACISSIMA.

Bristles antrorsely scabrous only.
Plants annual.
Fertile lemma at maturity finely cross-veined or nearly smooth.

iPlanisasamuchvas 3im tall... 2 ee ee Li. 1S. MAGNA:
‘Plants less thane matali: 2.26 3 2 a ee 12. S. VIRIDIs.
Fertile lemma coarsely transversely rugose______ 13. S. cORRUGATA.

Plants perennial.
Spikelets 3 mm long. Panicle large, rather loose.
18. S. MACROSPERMA.
Spikelets 2 to 2.56 mm long.
Panicle narrowed somewhat at summit but not attenuate.
Primary panicle large and dense, as much as 25 em long, yellowish
or brownish, the bristles 1 to 2 em long; blades as much as

2 CM Wide. Shree Blip 5! hs te. eee 19. SS. VULPISETA.
Primary panicle 5 to 10 em long, green, the bristles 5 to 10 mm
long; blades 3 to 5 mm wide______~_ 14. S. MACROSTACHYA.

Panicle attenuate at apex.
Fertile lemma acuminate, not turgid; obscurely cross-lined.
20. S. SUBTRANSIENS.
Fertile lemma acute, turgid, sharply cross-ridged.
Blades linear-lanceolate, more than 5 mm wide; panicle inter-
rupted or branched, the branches 1 to 3 em long.
Blades usually pubescent on one or both surfaces, thickish,
usually less than 1 em wide____--_----_-- 15. S. SETOSA.
Blades glabrous, thin, usually 1 to 2 em wide.
16. S. LEIOPHYLLA.
Blades slender, mostly less than 5 mm wide; panicle slender,
VELY WATTOW 2 ote eee oe ee ee 17. S. RARIFLORA.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 335

1. Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 47. 1829.

Panicum barbatum Lam., Tabl. Eneycl. 1: 171. 1791. Mauritius.

Chaetochloa barbata Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.
NSS o4S2) OMT.

Branching annual; culms decumbent, spreading, often rooting at
the lower nodes, glabrous, scabrous, or villous near the pubescent
nodes, as much as 2 m long, but often much less; blades narrowly
elliptic, flat and rather thin, as much as 30 cm long and 2.5 cm wide,
distinctly plicate in large specimens, obscurely so in dwarf ones;
panicles green, as much as 20 cm long, the branches ascending or
spreading, as much as 4
cm long; spikelets oblong-
elliptic, glabrous, about
2.5 mm long, tending to
be in two rows along the
branches, atleast along the
upper part, often clustered
on branchlets on the lower
part of the branches, the
bristles flexuous, 5 to 10
mm long, usually rather
numerous (fig. 305).

Thickets and waste
places, tropical Asia; in-
troduced in the Americas,
West Indies to Brazil.
Grisebach ® and Hooker ®!
described thisspecies under
Panicum flavescens Swartz.

Common in the Lesser
Antilles and in Jamaica.
No specimens have been
seen from Cuba. Called
“Mary grass’ in Tobago.

JAMAICA: Castleton,

ee oe alan Gr.
Nat. Herb. 603). on- a ME Hoa Ane
eague, Mazon and Killip Pa yee Ge Natt 603) ee
367. Ferry, Ridley 48;
Harris 11782. Bog Walk, Hitchcock 9308; Ridley 59. Troy, Harris
12587; Hitchcock 9793. Kingston, Cockerell in 1892; Hitchcock 9270,
9277,9473. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9604. Alligator Pond, Hitchcock 9834.
Buff Bay, Hitchcock 9768. Montego Bay, Hitchcock 9694. Mavis
Bank, Harris 11602. Temple Hall, Harris 11360. Gordon Town,
Harris 11511. Claremont, Hitchcock 9515. Ewarton, Hitchcock
9412.

Dominican Repusuic: Rio San Juan, Miller 1143. Sostia, Hkman
H 14521. Los Haitises, Ekman H 15494. Samand, Hkman H
14889, H 14931, H 14989.

#0 Fl, Brit. W. Ind. 547. _ 1864.
81 Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 56. 1896,
60256—36——22

336 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pene Rico: Mayaguez, Heller 4373, 4488; Chase 6159; Holm in
1915.

Lrrwarp Isuanps: Antigua, Hitchcock 16381; Bor 66; Rose 3391;
Wullschlaegel 618. Guadeloupe, Duss 3175; Hitchcock 16399. Do-
minica, Jones 43; Hitchcock 16429.

WinpwarRp Istanps: Martinique, Duss 544; Hitchcock 16463.
Barbados, Eggers 7128; Hitchcock 16498. St. Lucia, Glasgow 10;
Mitchecock 16495; Kemp 39. Grenada, Broadway in 1904; Hitchcock
17680.

TrinipapD: Port-of-Spain, Britton and Hazen 1690; Hitchcock 9965.
St. Anns, Broadway 7783. San Fernando, Broadway 7950.

Tosaco: Broadway
4335, 4737; Hitchcock
10225, 10251.

2. Setaria poiretiana
(Schult.) Kunth,
Rév. Gram et:
Ao Weve

Panicum elongatum
Poir., in Lam., En-
GY Clic OUD. been ig Se
1816. Not P. elonga-
tum Salisb., 1796.
Brazil.

Panicum sulcatum
Bertol., Opuse. Sei. 4:
230. 1820; Excerpt.
145, 8 2i0ay =Nio tke
sulcatum Aubl., 1775.
Brazil.

Setaria suleata
Raddi, Agrost. Bras.
50. 1823. Based on
Panicum sulcatum
Bertol.

Panicum poiretia-
num Schult., Mant.

FIGURE 306.—Setaria poiretiana, X 1 (Pringle 3921). 2 IDG 5 LSA Based
on P. elongatum Poir.

Chaetochloa poiretiana Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 22: 159.
1920.

Tufted perennial; culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths papillose-his-
pid; blades strongly plicate, flat, as much as 1 m long and 10 cm wide,
narrowed toward each end, the base resembling a petiole; panicles
erect, densely flowered, commonly purple, long-exserted, as much as
60 cm long and 10 cm wide, the branches ascending, irregularly
clustered, approximate, usually somewhat falcate, the lower usually
3 to 5 cm long; spikelets secund on the branches, narrowly ellipsoid,
about 3 mm long (fig. 306).

Moist woods, Mexico to Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago. Called gama-
lote in Trinidad, where it is a troublesome weed in cocao groves.

TrintpapD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9978, 10043 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 604), 10171.

Tospaco: Hitchcock 10282.

Z

SN

\\

‘SS

f 5 .
yy

y

a\N

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 337

3. Setaria palmifolia (Willd.) Stapf, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42: 186.
1914. PALMGRASS.

Panicum plicatum Willd., Enum. Pl. 1033. 1809. NotP. plicatum
Lam., 1791. India.

Panicum palmifolium Willd.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 282.
1816. Probably India.

Panicum plicatum var. haitiense Kunth; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.
547. 1864. Haiti.

Chamaeraphis palmifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 771. 1891.

Chaetochloa palmifolia Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
RSava45. POT.

Perennial; culms 1 to
1.5m tall; sheaths papil-
lose-hispid or glabrate;
blades strongly plicate,
flat, pubescent or gla-
brate, elliptic, narrowed
to a petiolelike base,
as much as 50 cm long
and 6 cm wide; panicles
loose and open, as much
as 40 cm long, the
branches ascending or
spreading, scattered,
somewhat distant, espe-
cially below, 5 to 10 cm
long, compound; spike-
lets lanceolate, acute,
about 3 mm long, closely
arranged on short
branchlets appressed
along the main branches,
forming interrupted
compound racemes, the
bristles inconspicuous,
usually not more than
twice as long as the ,
spikelets, often short and FIGURE 307.—Setaria palmifolia, X 1 (Hitchcock 9727).
imperfectly developed;
sterile floret with a palea but without stamens (fig. 307).

Rocky woods and shady banks, often growing in large colonies, a
native of southeastern Asia; introduced in Jamaica. The varietal
name ascribed by Grisebach to Kunth was probably a herbarium
name. It is not found in any of Kunth’s works so far as we know.
The name Panicum plicatum Lam. has been applied to this species by
many authors, P. palmifolium Willd. being based upon P. plicatum
as described by Willdenow.” Panicum palmaefolium Koen.,*? an
earlier nomen nudum, is probably the same species.

JAMAICA: Hardware Gap, Ridley in 1916; Harris 10911. St. Helens
Gap, Mazon and Killip 586. Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9727.
Buff Bay, Hitchcock 9762. Buff River, Orcutt 3786. Gordon Town,

82 Knum. Pl. 1033. 1809.
83 Naturf. 23: 208. 1788.

338 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Hitchcock 9320 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 605); Hart 815. Mount Hybla,
Harris 11535. Cinchona, Hitchcock 9719; Harris and Lawrence 15232.
Castleton, Harris 11286. Morces Gap, Nichols 37.

4, Setaria paniculifera (Steud.) Fourn.; Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot3 505. “1885:

Panicum sulcatum Aubl., Pl. Guian. 1: 50. 1775. Not Setfaria
sulcata Raddi, 1823, based on Panicum sulcatum Bertol., 1820, which
is Setaria poiretiana. French Guiana.

Pamcum paniculiferum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 54. 1854.
Mexico.

Chamaeraphis paniculifera Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891.

Chamaeraphis sulcata
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:
Toh Dene I SSO Ls

Chaetochloa sulcata
Eitche., “Contuby Users.
Natl. Herb. 17: 260. 1913.

Setaria sulcata A.
Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nate s 02 tOSe 1924.
Based on Panicum sulca-
tum Aubl. Not S. sulcata
Raddi, 1823.

Robust perennial;
culms as much as 4 m
tall, glabrous; sheaths
papillose-hispid all over
or only at the margin
and on the collar; blades
flat, strongly plicate,
somewhat scabrous, as
much as 1 m long and 10
cm wide at the middle,
tapering toward each
end, the lower into a long
petiole-like base; panicles
green or purplish, often
very large, as much as

FIGURE 308.—Setaria paniculifera, X 1 (Collins and Goll09). 70 em long, the branches

ascending, finally spread-
ing, as much as 20 cm long, these branching and rebranching, the
panicle often becoming loose and open; spikelets usually loosely
arranged, elliptic-lanceolate, about 3 mm long, obscurely nerved,
scabrous-pubescent, the flexuous bristles as much as 15 mm long
(fig. 308).

Moist ground and shady banks, southern Mexico and Guadeloupe
to Colombia. Often called palmgrass; in Tobago called gamalote
(not the gamalote of Trinidad, which is S. poiretiana).

LrEwarp IsuaNnps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3185. Dominica, Jones 3.

WinpwarkpD Isianps: Martinque, Duss 4656. Grenada, Broadway
123; Buckmire 1382.

Toxsaco: Eggers 5682; Hitchcock 10276.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 339

5. Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 18: 232. 1916.
YELLOW BRISTLEGRASS.

Panicum lutescens Weigel, Obs. Bot. 20. 1772. Germany.

Chaetochloa lutescens Stuntz, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus.
Inventory Seeds 31: 36, 86. 1914.

This species has been commonly known as Panicum glaucum,
Setaria glauca, and Chaetochloa glauca. However, Panicum glaucum
of Linnaeus should apply to the species usually known as Pennisetum
typhoideum L. Rich. or Penicillaria spicata Willd., commonly called
in the United States pearl millet.** The following synonyms are
based on Panicum glaucum L. as to name but refer to Setaria lutescens
as to plant.

Setaria glauca Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 169, 178. 1812.

Chamaeraphis glauca Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767. 1891.

Izophorus glaucus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895.

Chaetochloa glauca Scribn., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:
29. 1897.

Erect annual, often much branched at base, the culms becoming
geniculate below or in open ground spreading or even prostrate-
spreading; culms rather succulent below, 25 to 50 cm tall (in the West
Indies); sheaths smooth, compressed-keeled; blades flat, 5 to 20 em
long, 4 to 7 mm wide, scabrous on the upper surface, glabrous beneath;
panicles dense, nearly cylindric, spikelike, yellow at maturity, mostly
2 to 8 cm long, almost 1 cm thick (ineluding the bristles); bristles
antrorsely scabrous, yellow, the longer ones 2 to 3 times as long as
the spikelet; spikelets about 3 mm long, strongly convex on one side;
fertile floret marked with numerous transverse ridges (fig. 309).

A common weed in cultivated soil and waste places in the eastern
United States, rare in the Tropics; introduced from Europe.

JAMAICA: Cinchona, Hart 740; Hitchcock 9702; Harris 11272,
11457. Resource, Perkins 1141.

Harti: Pétionville, Ekman H 3233, H 10027. Kenskoff Mountain,
Buch 1452. Furey, Leonard 4388, 4394, 4424, 4452.

6. Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812.
KNOTROOT BRISTLEGRASS.

Pamcum genculatum Lam., Encycl. 4: 727 (err. typ. 737). 1798.
Guadeloupe.

Cenchrus parviflorus Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 6:52. 1804. Puerto
Rico.

Panicum imberbe Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 272. 1816. North
America and Brazil.

Setaria berteroniana Schult., Mant. 2: 276. 1824. Santo Domingo.

Setaria ventenati Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 251. pl. 37. 1830. Puerto
Rico.

Setaria glauca var. imberbis Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864.

Chaetochloa geniculata Millsp. and Chase, Field Mus. Bot. 3: 37.
1903.

These names have been referred to Panicum, Setaria, Chaetochloa,
and Chamaeraphis.™
34 Ere UEDeE discussion see Chase, Amer. Jour. Bot. 8: 41. 1921; and Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 22:

216
85 For full synonymy see Hitchcock, U.S. Dept. Agr., Mise. Pub. 200: 943. 1935.

340 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 309.—Setaria lutescens. Plant, X 44; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Chase 2986).

Perennial, producing short knotty branching rhizomes as much as
4 cm long; culms erect to nearly prostrate, as much as 1 m tall, some-
times dwarfed, the base usually hard and wiry, often more slender
than the upper part; blades flat, scabrous, often more or less villous
toward the base on the upper surface, commonly 10 to 20 em long
and 4 to 8 mm wide; panicle erect, cylindric, densely flowered,
rounded or truncate (not narrowed), at summit, 1 to 10 cm long or in
robust specimens longer, 4 to 8 mm thick (excluding the bristles),
yellow, purple, tawny, or greenish; bristles mostly 8 to 12, yellow or

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 341

purple, 1 to 3 times as long as the spikelets, sometimes longer; spike-
lets 2 to 2.5 or even 3 mm long, ovoid, planoconvex; fertile lemma
transversely rugose with close narrow ridges (fig. 310).

This species is exceedingly variable in general appearance, due to
the variation in the color and length of the bristles, which are long
early in the season and in cultivated soil and short in plants in dry
situations.

Open ground pastures, cultivated soil, and moist ground, United
States to Argentina; common at low and medium altitudes. To be
found on all the West Indian islands.

FIGURE 310.—Setaria geniculata, X 1 (Chase 2981). FIGURE 311.—Setaria tenaz, X 1 (Tracy 9090).

7. Setaria tenax (L. Rich.) Desv., Opuse. 78. 1831.

Pamcum tenax L. Rich., Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 106. 1792.
Cayenne.

Setaria biconvera Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 555. 1864. Trinidad.

Chaetochloa tena.c Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 176. 1920.

Perennial; culms scabrous below the panicle, 1 to 1.5 m tall, often
geniculate at base; sheaths villous on the margin, densely hispid on
the collar; ligule densely pilose, 2 to 3 mm long; blades flat, as much
as 35 cm long and 2 cm wide, narrowed at base, acuminate; panicles
rather densely flowered, narrowed toward summit but not attenuate,
15 to 30 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide, the branches ascending, the lower
about 2 cm long; bristles 1 or 2 below each spikelet, 1 to 2 cm long,
flexuous, retrorsely scabrous and often also antrorsely toward the
base, sometimes barblets directed both ways intermixed, pale or
tawny, becoming implicate and somewhat one-sided with age; spike-

342 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

lets subspheric, about 2 mm long, very turgid on one side and some-
what convex on the other; fertile lemma rather indistinctly cross-
wrinkled (fig. 311).

Savannas, rocky banks, and open woods, Mexico and the West
Indies to Brazil.

This was described by Grisebach * as Setaria onurus and by
Hitchcock and Chase* as Chaetochloa onurus, but a reconsideration of
the type leads to the conclusion that the original Panicum onurus
Willd. in Trin.,** from Montevideo, collected by Sello, is a different
species, later described as Setaria caespitosa Hack. and Arech., not
known from North America.

Cusa: Las Mangas, Ekman 13069. Bahia Honda, Wilson 9411,
Triscornia, Tracy 9090. Campo Florido, Léon 4145. Madruga.
Léon 3456. San Miguel de los Bafios, Léon 8911. Yumuri, Rugel
880. Guanabacoa, Wright 3474. Soledad, Hitchcock 23327. Sancti
Spiritus, Léon 828. Baragua, Mitchcock 23349; Walker in 1925.
Zaza del Sur, Sergius 2712. Manati, Léon
5684. Woodfred, Shafer 3020. Guara, Hitch-
cock 23392. Without locality, Wright 3887.

Jamaica: Two-Mile-Wood Pen, Harris
12065. New Forest, Hitchcock 9891 (Amer.
Gr. Nat. Herb: 608). " Wuititz; Horris 11650
Yardley Chase, Harris 9673.

Haiti: Cap-a-Faux, Hkman H 10848.
Tortuga Island, Hkman H 4136.

WINDWARD Isuanps: Barbados, Dash 603.

TrinipaD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9991,
10000 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 609). St.
Joseph, Hitchcock 10180. St. Anns, Broad-
way 7368.

8. Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost.
Rly ey Ie. BuR BRISTLEGRASS,
/ Panicum verticillatum L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2.1
a rire Be 2 82. 1762. Europe.
ce OT Giclee aa Izvophorus verticillatus Nash, Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club 22: 422. 1895.

Chaetochloa verticillata Scribn., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
4: 39. 1897.

Annual, often much branched at base and geniculate-spreading;
blades flat, rather thin, usually 10 to 20 cm long and 5 to 10 mm wide;
scabrous on both surfaces, often more or less pilose; panicles erect
but not stiff, subcylindric, more or less lobate or interrupted, especially
toward base, mostly 5 to 15 cm long, 7 to 15 mm wide; bristles 1 to
3 times as long as the spikelets, somewhat flexuous, retrorsely scabrous
to base; spikelets about 2 mm long, oblong-elliptic, not very turgid
on the convex side; fertile lemma finely cross-wrinkled (fig. 312).

Fields and waste places, temperate and warm regions of both
hemispheres, introduced in America. Called in Cuba “ pega-pega’”’
and ‘‘amor seco.”

Bermupa: Collins 161; Brown and Britton 116, 302; Harshberger in
1905; Millspaugh 99, 127; Brown 676.

86 F]. Brit. W. Ind. 555. 1864.

87 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 349. 1917. First published by Scribn. and Merrill, U. S. Dept. Agr.,

Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 27. 1900
88 Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 226. 1834.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 343

Cusa: Habana, Curtiss 693; Hitchcock 491; Léon 555; Liebmann
346, 347, 348; Ekman 110, 13120.

9. Setaria scandens Schrad.; Schult., Mant. 2: 279. 1824.

Pamcum scandens Trin., Gram. Pan. 166. 1826.

Chaetochloa scandens Scribn., in Donn. Smith, Enum. Pl. Guat. 5:
91. 1899.

Slender annual, much branched below, erect or soon geniculate-
spreading; culms sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, as much as
80 cm long; blades flat, linear-lanceolate, as much as 10 cm long and
1 cm wide, scabrous, especially on upper surface, usually sparsely,
sometimes densely, pilose on both surfaces; panicles slender, erect,
cylindric, densely flowered, sometimes interrupted, especially at base,
often purplish, as much as
8 cm long, mostly less than
5 mm thick, the axis softly
pubescent and also long-
villous, the scattered hairs
often longer than the spike-
lets; bristles somewhat flex-
uous but not becoming im-
pleate, 1 to 2 times as long
as the spikelets, antrorsely
scabrous except near the tip,
there more or less retrorsely
scabrous; spikelets about 1.5
mm long, ovoid, turgid on the
convex side; fertile lemma
transversely striate or weakly
rugose (fig. 313).

Open ground, Guatemala
to Paraguay; Cuba, Ja-
maica, Hispaniola. Origi-
nally described from a
garden specimen in Vienna,
the native country unknown.
A weed in fields and waste
places in Jamaica where FIGURE 313.—Setaria scandens, X 1 (Hitchcock 9723).
it appears to be introduced.

Cupa: Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 9798.

JaMaAIcA: Cinchona, Hitchcock 9718, 9723. Portland Gap, Orcutt
5419. Killits, Harris 11157. Mount Hybla, Harris 11380. Chapel-
ton, Ridley 58. Malvern, Harris 9739. Troy, Hitchcock 9812. Ewar-
ton, Hitchcock 9408. Davids Hill, Harris 12668. Resource, Perkins
1140. Arntully, Orcutt 2732, 3063. Gordon Town, Hart 796, 1487.

Hartt: Marmelade, Nash 693; Leonard 8112, 8257. Port-au-Prince,
Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 62, 67; Ekman H 6633; Buch 1682, 1738.
Caille la Croix, Leonard 7964. Dondou, Leonard 8565. Ennery,
Leonard 8853, 9498. Furcy, Leonard 4555. Mission, Leonard 3705.
Pétionville, Ekman H 1354. Morne Basil, Hkman H 2487. Bom
bardopolis, Leonard 13475.

Dominican Repusuic: Lagunas de Cenobi, Valeur 10. San José
de Ocoa, Ekman H 12029.

344 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

10. Setaria tenacissima Schrad. ; sehult., + Mant.« 2201279. els24.
Brazil.

Panicum tenacissimum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 238. 1829.

Chaetochloa tenacissima Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Jalerg oy 183 SOT:

Slender annual, mostly simple or little branched; culms erect, 1 to 2
m tall, leaning on or clambering over other vegetation; blades flat,
very scabrous on both surfaces and more or less pubescent, especially
beneath, mostly 10 to 15 cm, sometimes as much as 20 cm long,
mostly not more than 8 mm wide, tapering to a long-acuminate apex,
rather abruptly narrowed at base; panicles somewhat nodding or

flexuous, rather densely flow-
ered and tapering toward the

\ \; W, summit, somewhat interrupted

\ NE W eS eae the base, as much as

cm long and 1 ecm thick
(excluding bristles), the axis
densely pubescent and sparsely
\N as BN | | villous with long weak hairs;
NS im i, bristles flexuous, becoming
| implicate, about 1 cm long,
SN fag i scabrous, antrorsely below,
Sy es 3 ‘ retrorsely above; spikelets
about 1.5 mm long, often dark
| purple; fertile lemma _ trans-
a i || versely rugose with numerous
Sai fine ridges (fig. 314).

Os Brushy hillsides, Central
America and West Indies to
Brazil.

Harri St. “Mrehelirde
VAtalaye, Leonard 8053.

eS

4 Ke =

Senge DomINIcaAN REPUBLIC:
Lagunas de Cenobi, Valeur 12;

ae aN Ekman H12768. Bonao,

FIGURE 314.—Setaria tenacissima, X 1 (Hitchcock Ekman H 11481.
10002, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 610). P UERTO R L@on: Utuado,
Sintenis 6498.
TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 10002 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 610).

11. Setaria magna Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864. Jamaica,
Purdie. GIANT BRISTLEGRASS.

Chamaeraphis magna Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 152. 1896.

Chaetochloa magna Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:
39. 1897.

Robust erect annual, usually not branched at base, sparingly
branched above, the branches erect; culms as much as 4 m tall, rarely
taller, and 2 cm thick at base; blades flat, scabrous, as much as 50
cm long and 3.5 cm wide; panicles densely flowered, nodding, often
interrupted at base, tapering at each end, as much as 40 cm long and
3 cm. thick, those of the branches much smaller; bristles somewhat
flexuous, 1 or 2 below each spikelet, 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets about
2 mm long; fertile lemma smooth (fig. 315).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 345

Marshes and wet places along the coast, eastern United States,
West Indies, Costa Rica.

Brermupa: Munro in 1864. The species is not known to grow in
Bermuda now.

JAMAICA: Black River, Hitchcock 9646.

Puerto Rico: Campo Alegre, Chase 6800. Without locality,
Eggers 709.

Winpwarp Istanps: Martinique, Duss 3918.

12. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812.
GREEN BRISTLEGRASS.

Pamcum viride L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. Europe.

Chamaeraphis viridis Millsp., Fl. W. Va. 466. 1892.

Izxophorus viridis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895.

Chaetochloa viridis Scribn.,U. S.
Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39.
1897.

Annual, sometimes geniculate-
spreading; culms 20 to 50 cm tall;
blades fiat, usually less than 15 cm
long, commonly less than 1 cm
wide; panicle densely flowered, green
or purple, tapering a little at the
summit (the smaller ones ovate),
5 to 10 cm long, commonly 5 to 8
mm thick (excluding bristles) ;
bristles 1 to 3 below each spikelet,
mostly three to four times as
long as the spikelet; spikelets 2 to
2.6 mm long, elliptic, not much
turgid on the convex side; fertile
lemma finely transversely wrinkled.

Cultivated soil and waste ground,
temperate regions of both hemi- K
spheres, rare in the Tropics; intro- |!
duced in America. FIGURE 315.—Setaria magna, X 1 (Nash 1279).

BrermMupa: Collins 159, 160.

SETARIA ITALICA (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 170, 178. 1812.
The common millet, differing from S. viridis in the larger size, the
panicle often lobed or interrupted, is said by Grisebach ® to be
naturalized in Jamaica. In the herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden is a specimen from Martinique (Duss 1315).

13. Setaria corrugata Schult., Mant. 2: 276. 1824.

homo .corrugaum Ell... Bots).S..C. and Ga. 12:,113., 1816.
Georgia.

Chamaeraphis corrugata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891.

Chaetochloa corrugata Scribn., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
AS LOOK.

Chaetochloa hispida Scribn. and Merr., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 21: 25. f. 13. 1900. Cuba, Wright in 1865.

Setaria hispida Schum., Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 28 1: 417. 1902.

8 Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864.

346 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Annual, branched at base, erect or geniculate-spreading; culms
scabrous or the lower part smooth, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths com-
pressed-keeled, scabrous at least toward the summit, sometimes
appressed-pilose; blades flat, scabrous, usually 15 to 25 em long and
3 to 5mm wide; panicles cylindric, densely flowered, usually 3 to 5 cm
long, the axis densely hispid-scabrous and also rather densely villous;
spikelets about 2 mm long, the bristles about 5 to 6 mm long; fertile
lemma coarsely transversely rugose (fig. 316).

Sandy woods, southeastern United States; Cuba.

Cusa: La Grifa, Wright in 1865. Laguna Santa Barbara, Ekman
18118. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 14817.

Ve L
Zz
FIGURE 316.—Setaria corrugata, X 1 (Pollard FIGURE 317.—Setaria macrostachva, X 1
and Collins 253). (Hitchcock 13605).

14. Setaria macrostachya H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 110. 1815.
Mexico. PRAIRIE BRISTLEGRASS,

Chaetochloa macrostachya Scribn. and Merr., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 21: 29. f. 16. 1900.

Perennial, tufted, usually pale or glaucous; culms erect or geniculate
at base, scabrous below the panicle, 40 to 120 cm tall; sheaths more or
less compressed-keeled; blades flat or folded, 15 to 40 em long, 3 to
5 mm wide; panicles erect, spikelike, mostly 5 to 10 cm long, shghtly
tapering above but not attenuate, densely flowered, or somewhat
interrupted or lobed below; spikelets about 2 mm long, the bristles
5 to 10 mm long; fertile lemma rather sharply but finely marked with
cross-wrinkles (fig. 317).

Open dry ground and dry woods, southwestern United States to
Oaxaca; Hispaniola.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 347

Haiti: Fond Parisien, Leonard 4155, 4155a. Cabaret, Leonard
12038.
Dominican Repusuic: Jarabaco, Ekman H 14161.

15. Setaria setosa (Swartz) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 171, 178. 1812.

Panicum setosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. Ja-
maica.

Panicum caudatum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. “EK Brasi-
lio, Commerson, * * * Cayenna, Richard.’”’ The type, bearing
the name in Lamarck’s script, is from Richard.

Panicum brachiatum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 282. 1816.
Antilles.

Setaria caudata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 495. 1817.

Setaria elongata Spreng.; Schult., Mant. 2: 280. 1824. Santo
Domingo.

Setaria brachiata Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 47. 1829.

Pamcum paractaenoides 'Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci.
Nat. 1: 219. 1834. Crab Island [Vieques].

Panicum dumetorum A. Rich.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 49. 1854.
“Antilles” (the type specimen from St. Croix).

Pamcum restitutum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 53. 1854. Based
on Setaria elongata Spreng.

Setaria setosa var. caudata Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 555. 1864.

Chamaeraphis setosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 768. 1891.

Chamaeraphis caudata Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. 7: 264. 1893.

Chaetochloa setosa Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39.
1897.

Chaetochloa caudata Scribn., Mo. Bot. Gard. Rept. 10: 52. 1899.

Setaria paractaenoides Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 15: 98.
ONL *

Perennial; culms erect, often wiry, finally branching, sometimes
becoming decumbent or even prostrate and woody at base, with
upright branches, mostly not more than 1 m tall; sheaths often over-
lapping below; blades flat or folded, rather firm and stiffly spread-
ing, usually pubescent, commonly 15 to 25 cm long and 6 to 10 mm
wide; panicles mostly narrow, from loosely spikelike to rather open,
attenuate at summit, usually 10 to 20 cm long, the branches short and
crowded or ascending and 1 to 2 cm long, approximate or, especially
the lower, 1 to 3 cm distant, these rarely to 5 cm long and spreading
or reflexed: spikelets about 2mm long, the bristles 5 to 10 mm long,
sometimes scarcely exceeding the spikelets; fertile lemma acutish,
finely but strongly cross-ridged (fig. 318).

This species is exceedingly variable. On dry slopes the culms
are sometimes rigid, decumbent, and rooting at the nodes with
erect flowering branches. The panicles i in such plants may be sub-
spikelike or open with spreading distant branches, 1 to4 cm long. In
Chase 6519 both forms of panicle were borne on the same individual.
Open-panicled plants were described as Panicum brachiatum, P.
paractaenoides, and P. dumetorum. Numerous intermediate speci-
mens connect this form with typical Setaria setosa (fig. 319).

Dry or rocky woods, West Indies to Brazil.

Bauamas: Water Cay, Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 522.

Cupa: Mendoza, Ekman 11484. Cayo Paloma, Shafer 2565.
Jauco, Léon 11939, 12385. Santiago de Cuba, Léon 118, 829, 830,

348 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

831, 3946. Guantanamo, Hkman 10233; Léon 3775, 3776; Britton
1930, 2105. Isla de Pinos, Palmer and Riley 1000.

JAMAICA: Kingston, Mazon and Killip 310; Hitchcock 9315, 9316
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 606), 9745; Ridley 61, 62; Alexander Prior in
1853. Long Mountain Road, Harris 11301, 11303. Gordon Town,
Harris 11348; 11458; Hitchcock 9325. Musgrave Road, Harris
11479. Spanish Town Road, Harris 9297, 12477. Inverness, Harris
12745. New Forest, Hitchcock 9846. Hope, Harris 11292. Without
locality, Hart 826, 829.

Haiti: Port-a-l’Ecu, Leonard 13881. Tortuga Island, Leonard
11325, 11721, 15298; Ekman H 4161. Gonaive Island, Leonard 3136,

FIGURE 318.—Setaria setosa, XK 1 FIGURE 319.—Séetaria setosa, open panicled form,
(Hitchcock 9846). X 1 (Chase 6519).

5150, 5200, 5226. Jean Ravel, Leonard 13033. St. Marc, Leonard
2889, 2984. Pétionville, Leonard 4945. St. Michel de |’Atalaye,
Leonard 7475a, 7743. Ennery, Leonard 8838. Port-de-Pai, Ekman
3598, 3939. Port-au-Prince, Leonard 15849; Buch 1986. Port-a-
Piment, Hieman H 691.

Dominican ReEpusuiic: Guayubin, Abbott 939, 951, 954, 1023.
Mao, Abbott 1044. Rincon, Fuertes 1378. Santiago, Hggers 2378;
Ekman H. 15973, H 16520.

Puerto Rico: Coamo, Sintenis 2987, 3197; Chase 6541. Guanica,
Sintenis 3577; Britton and Shafer 1901; Johnston 1027; Chase 6518
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 607), 6519, 6536. Boqueron, Chase 6505.
Cabo Rojo, Sintenis 853. Mona Island, Hess 447. Desecheo Island,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 349

Britton, Cowell, and Hess 1604; Hess 424. Culebra Island, Britton
and Wheeler 18, 2338.

VirGINn IsuaANps: St. Croix, Thompson 3438, 446, 488; Ricksecker 407.
St. Thomas, Eggers in 1882; Hitchcock 16303, 16312. Virgin Gorda,
Fishlock 57. St. John, Britton and Shafer 631.

LEEWARD Isuanps: Antigua, Box 109. Guadeloupe, Duss 2698,
3188; Stehlé 289. Nevis, Box 174. Dominica, Jones 34.

TRINIDAD: Chacachacare, Hitchcock 10059.

16. Setaria leiophylia (Nees) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XII. 1830.

Panicum leiophyllum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 249. 1829. Brazil.

Differing from Setaria setosa in the thinner broader flat, glabrous
blades as much as 2 cm wide;
panicle as much as 30 cm
long, the branches ascending
or spreading, as much as 3.5
em long, overlapping or the
lower distant.

Shady places, in damp or
rather dry soil, West Indies,
rare; Brazil.

Haiti: St. Marc, mountain
slopes, common, Leonard 2992.

Purrto Rico: Ponce, dry
brushy limestone hillside,
Chase 6488. Desecheo, shade
of mixed forest, Hess 426.

LrEwarp Isuanps: Anti-
gua, shady wooded places,
Box 16, rocky damp ground
by roadside in woodland, Box
83; woods on dry limestone
hill, Box 88.

17. Setaria rariflora Mikan;
Trin., in Spreng., Neu.
hpi 278. 1821.
Brazil.

Setaria vaginata Spreng., © ;

Syst. Veg. 4: Cur. Post. 33. FIGURE 320.—Setaria rariflora, X 1 (Ricksecker 67).
1827. Brazil.

Chaetochloa rariflora Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
18: 349. 1917.

Perennial; culms erect or decumbent at base, 30 to 60 cm tall;
sheaths pubescent or glabrate, keeled, mostly overlapping; blades
elongate, pubescent on both surfaces, narrow at base, usually 2 to 3
mm wide; panicles narrow, tapering above, 10 to 15 cm long, often less,
the branches ascending, the lower 5 to 10 mm long, often shorter;
spikelets about 2 mm long, the bristles 4 to 7 mm long; fertile lemma
finely and sharply cross-ridged (fig. 320).

This species differs from S. setosa chiefly in the long narrow blades
and the usually narrower and less bristly panicle. The second glume
is shorter and usually 7-nerved. The two forms are given specific
rank because the specimens from Brazil agree in having slender, rather

390 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

lax blades and narrow, few-flowered, interruptedly spikelike panicles
like the type of S. rariflora. WSetaria setosa is confined to the West
Indies and adjacent parts of South America.

Dry hills, West Indies to Brazil.

Cusa: Isla de Pinos, Ekman 11728.

Purrto Rico: Boqueron, Chase 6502.

VirGIN Isuanps: St. Croix, Ricksecker 67. St. Thomas, Orsted.

LrEWARD Isitanps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel 629.

18. Setaria macrosperma (Scribn. and Merr.) Schum., Just’s Bot.
Jahresber. 28': 417. 1902.
Chaetochloa macrosperma Scribn. and Merr., U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Div. Acrost. Bull. 21-933) 2. 18) 190024) Hlonidas
| Plant perennial, often
in large tufts; culms
usually more or less
geniculate at base and
often rooting at the
lower nodes, smooth,
scabrous below the
panicle, rather stout,
1 to 1.5 m tall; blades
flat, very scabrous on
the upper surface,
smooth or scaberulous
beneath, as much as 50
em long and 2 cm wide;
panicle rather loose,
tapering above, as much
as 25 cm long (the sec-
ondary panicles much
smaller and more com-
pact), the branches
ascending, as much as
2 cm long, about equally
distributed, the panicle
/ thus not interrupted or
FIGURE 321.—Setaria macrosperma, X 1 (Curtiss 3617). lobed; spikelets about
3 mm long, lanceolate-
ovate, the bristles 1.5 to 3 cm long; fertile lemma acute, finely and
not very distinctly cross-wrinkled (fig. 321).
Open ground, mostly on coral rock or coral sand, Florida and the
Bahamas.
Bauamas: Frozen Cay, Berry Islands, Britton and Millspaugh 2203
(N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.).

19. Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 495.
Sie

Pamcum vulpisetum Lam., Encycl. 4: 735 (err. typ. 745). 1798.
Santo Domingo.

Chaetochloa vulpiseta Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
Soe Osun Osi (ee

Perennial, branching at base, often in large tufts; culms stout, often
decumbent at base, as much as 2 m tall; blades flat, gradually narrowed
from the middle toward both ends, the larger somewhat plaited,

Wei ZA
XN , wy We

Je fA ; LA
AOS << -s
yo (CS “/
ae

—e>
en > T = 2
r. > o =" " °
ESS me
Ns ~ BAYS EUAN: *
-> £ y ~
AY \\ CANS
. \ AY
Ai

og
Pint

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 301

scabrous, especially beneath, as much as 50 cm long and 3 cm wide;
panicles rather densely and evenly flowered, tapering toward the apex
and often somewhat tapering at base, as much as 30 cm long and 4 or
5 em wide (secondary panicles much smaller, sometimes only 5 cm
long), the branches stiffly ascending or spreading, as much as 2 or 3
em long and of about equal length except toward the summit, the axis
densely villous; bristles 1 or 2 at the base of each spikelet, slightly
flexuous, brownish, antrorsely scabrous, mostly 1 to 2 cm long, appear-
ing secund on the branches after the fall of the spikelets; spikelets
ovoid, 2 to 2.5 mm long, pale; fertile lemma strongly and rather
coarsely cross-wrinkled (fig. 322).

Open ground and brushy slopes at low and medium altitudes, West
Indies and Central America
to Peru and Argentina.

PurrtTo Rico: Rio Pie-
dras, Stevenson 3024; Chase
6371. Humacao, Eggers in
1881. Joyuya, Sintenis
63357€ ‘cult.27)-

TRINIDAD: Without lo-
cality, Bot. Gard. Herb.3304;
Crueger.

Tosaco: Broadway4898.

20. Setaria subtransiens
Hitche. and Ekman,

sp. noy.”

Perennial; culms tufted,
erect, slender, glabrous, 60
to 100 cm tall, the nodes /|//
glabrous, or the lower pu- /,
bescent; sheaths glabrous,
keeled, somewhat auricled
at summit (the auricle on
one side sometimes con-
spicuous); ligule less than
1 mm long, membranaceous
below, densely ciliate
above; blades mostly erect, (4%
flat or involute, scabrous FIGURE 322.—Setaria vulpiseta, X 1 (Stevenson 3024).
or puberulent on the upper
surface, glabrous beneath, 10 to 20 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide, grad-
ually narrowed toward the base; panicles slender, interrupted, espe-
cially below, attenuate at summit, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches
appressed, short, the lower sometimes as much as 2 cm long, the axis
scabrous; bristles mostly single below each spikelet, sometimes want-
ing below some of the spikelets, appressed, about 5 mm long or some
of them shorter; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long, somewhat oblique upon
the short pedicel, lanceolate, acute, glabrous; first glume 3-nerved,
about one-third aslong as the spikelet; second glume 5-nerved, about

#0 Planta perennis; culmi caespitosi erecti graciles 60-100 cm alti; nodis glabris vel infimis pubescentibus;
laminae erectae planae vel involutae, supra scabrae vel puberulentae, 10-20 cm longae 1-3 mm latae, a basi
sensim angustatae; paniculae angustae, superne attenuatae, 5-15 cm longae, axi scabro; setae infra spiculas
solitariae, circa 5 mm longae; spiculae lanceolatae acutae glabrae 2 mm longae; lemma fertile acuminatum
obscure transversim striatum.

60256—36——23

302 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

half as long as the spikelet; sterile lemma, 5- to 7-nerved, about as long
as the fertile lemma, without stamens but with a palea as long as
the lemma; fertile floret acuminate, not strongly turgid on the
convex side, obscurely cross-lined (fig. 323).

Type in the United States National Her-
barium, no. 1161839, collected in thickets on
serpentine, ‘‘cuabales’’, Motembo, prov.
Santa Clara, Cuba, June 27, 1923, by Erik
L. Ekman (no. 16828).

Also collected by Dr. Ekman in the Prov-
ince of Oriente: Holguin, Ekman 3267, 7572;
Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 2510.

92. IXOPHORUS Schlecht., Linnaea
Sli tZ OS eS o2

Spikelets lanceolate, glabrous, short-
pediceled, the pedicel bearing a flexuous
bristle just below the spikelet; first glume
about one-fourth as long as the spikelet,
rounded, 3-nerved; second glume and sterile
lemma equal, pointed, the latter enclosing
a palea and staminate flower, the palea at
maturity cartilaginous and winged, much
wider than the spikelet; fertile floret shorter
than the sterile lemma, indurate, minutely
roughened. A succulent annual with flat
blades and narrow panicles of numerous
ascending 1-sided racemes along a main axis.

1. Ixophorus unisetus (Presl) Schlecht.,
Linnaea 31: 420, 747. 1862.

Urochloa uniseta Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1:
319. 1830. Mexico.

Erect or spreading, 50 to 150 cm tall;
blades 15 to 30 cm or even as much as 60
cm long, as much as 4 cm wide; panicles 10
to 20 cm long, the racemes approximate, 3
to 6 cm long; spikelets about 4 mm long, the
bristles 3 to 10 mm long (fig. 324).

Low thickets, ditches, and wet places, at
low altitudes, Mexico to Colombia; Cuba,

PIGNaT, Saree Mio ayo” ~«©6introduced or escaped from cultivation.

Said to have some forage value.
Cusa: Soledad, Jack 6265, 8318. Santiago delas Vegas, Hitchcock
23250. Isla de Pinos, Ekman 12178.

93. PARATHERIA Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 236. 1866

Inflorescence a spikelike panicle, the solitary spikelets appressed
to slender erect branches, the ends of the branches produced beyond
the spikelets as slender bristles, the articulation at the base of the
branch, this forming a sharp callus below the attached acuminate
spikelet; glumes minute or obsolete; sterile lemma equaling the sub-

303

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

a Of.

f f =

7 Z F NYE © eS Py) 7

4 { pA A? 6
aes ; S77 Sie Qf | keep

Le

: x Sy SY AN) S YA) S BAN XN
= ae BN», ‘ec Ss n SENS y
RO USES ASS RY FN EAN
aaa es a Q a Me A a Sa Were AY) \ = Y Ss
Sh = SS ei a ON a4 Rh oes —— ———
e, ":

FIGURE 324.—Izrophorus unisetus, X Vo (Pringle 8493)..

304 MISC. PUBLICATION 248, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

indurate fruit, 3-nerved; fertile lemma 3-nerved; palea similar to the
lemma but a little shorter, 2-nerved. Decumbent-spreading leafy
perennial with flat blades and slender panicles.

1, Paratheria prostrata Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 236. 1866. Cuba,
Wright in 1865.

Chamaeraphis parvigluma Munro; Wright and Sauv., An. Acad.
Cien. Habana 8: 208. 1871, nomen nudum.

FIGURE 325.—Paratheria prostrata. Plant, X 4% (Wright 3906).

Culms tufted, several-noded, sparingly branching, 20 to 60 cm
long, the nodes pubescent; blades pubescent, mostly 3 to 5 cm long,
sometimes longer, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicles 5 to 15 em long, more or
less included in the uppermost sheath, the bristles appressed; spike-
lets about 7 mm long, a few slender hairs at the base (fig. 325).

Low moist ground, Cuba and Hispaniola; Brazil.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 355

Cusa: Rio Feo (Pinar del Rio), Ekman 17248 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 798). Without locality, Wright 3906, in 1865. Isla de Pinos,
Curtiss 461.

Dominican Repusiic: Cuenca, Ekman H 13308.

94. PENNISETUM L. Rich., in Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805

Spikelets solitary or in groups of 2 or 3, surrounded by an involucre
of bristles, these not united except at the very base, often plumose,
falling attached to the spikelets; first glume shorter than the spikelet,
sometimes minute or wanting; second glume shorter than or equaling
the sterile lemma; fertile lemma chartaceous, smooth, the margin
thin, enclosing the palea. Annuals or perennials with usually flat
blades and dense spikelike panicles.

Bristles about 4 cm long; panicles oval, feathery; spikelets 10 to 12mm long.

P. VILLOSUM.

Bristles rarely over 2 cm long, most of them shorter; panicles cylindric or nearly
so; spikelets not more than 7 mm long.

Grain at maturity subglobose, bursting through the lemma and palea; panicle

solidly dense, 2 cm or more thick; plants annual__-_--__--- 4. P. GLAUCUM.

Grain permanently enclosed in the lemma and palea; panicles less than 2 em

thick, not solid; plants perennial.
Culms D) to 4m tall, robust; panicles mostly more than 15 cm long, very
enccwmbladestilnteuee: ss sem Rie 5. P. PURPUREUM.
Culms mostly less than 2 m tall or if taller, slender and branching.
Bristles naked. Spike not more than 5 cm long, loose; spikelets about
AP TRIN OIG eeeee aeons Ce eee ek eS 7. P. DOMINGENSE.
Bristles or some of them plumose.
Culms low and spreading; involucre with a turbinate naked base.
. P. CILIARE.
Culms erect, tall and rather stout; involucre with no naked base.
Spikelets about 3 mm long, solitary i in the sessile invohucre.
6. P. SETOSUM.
Spikelets about 5 mm long, 2 or more in the peduncled involucre.
P. ORIENTALE var. TRIFLORUM.

1. Pennisetum villosum R. Br., in Fres. Mus. Senckenb. Abh. 2: 134.
1837. Abyssinia. FEATHERTOP.

Plant perennial; culms densely tufted from a knotted crown, 15 to
50 cm tall; blades elongate, 3 to 6 mm wide; panicles tawny, very
dense, oval, ae tole cm long, 3 to 5 em wide including the bristles;
fascicles short-peduncled ; bristles slender, spreading, the longest
4 to 5 cm long, the inner plumose below; spikelets 1 to 4 in a fascicle,
10 to 12 mm long (fig. 326).

A native of East Africa; cultivated for ornament in America and
occasionally escaped.

JAMAICA: Resource, Harris 12402 (probably cultivated or escaped
from cultivation).

2. Pennisetum orientale var. triflorum (Nees) Stapf, in Hook. FI.
Brit. Ind. 7: 86. 1896.

; pause triflorum Nees, in Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum.1: 107. 1854.
ndia

Plant perennial, forming tough clumps from knotted crowns, culm
erect from an ascending base, usually 1 m or more tall, rather robust,
simple or sparingly branched, pubescent or scabrous below the panicle;
blades flat, lax, 5 to 10 mm wide, elongate; panicles 12 to 20 cm long,
15 to 20 mm thick, purplish, rather loose at least toward the base,

356 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

nodding; fascicles peduncled, spreading or reflexed; bristles slender,
flexuous, unequal, the outer shorter, scabrous only, the inner mostly
1 to 1.5 em long, plumose below, the innermost one a little stronger
pe 2 to re cm long; spikelets 1 to several in a fascicle, 5 to 7 mm long

Fob):

Native of India, introduced in the West Indies, where it is called
Himalaya grass and is said to be a good forage grass; escaped from
cultivation and found along trails in open grassland.

Cusa: Habana, Ekman 12820; Léon 10613.

Jamaica: Cinchona, Hitchcock 9700, 9725 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
613); Harris 11300, 11433. .

TriInipAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 10169.

3. Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 213. 1827.

Cenchrus ciliaris L., Mant. Pl. 302. 1771. South Africa.
Pennisetum cénchroides L. Rich., in Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805.
Based on Cenchrus ciliaris L.

SN

}

WA

TAC
Be ON

FIGURE 326.— Pennisetum FIGURE 327.—Pennisetum orientale var. FIGURE 328,—Pen-
villosum, X 14 (Eastwood triflorum, X 24 (Hitchcock 9725, Amer. nisetum ciliare, X
172). Gr. Nat. Herb. 613). 24 (Drummond).

Perennial, tufted from a knotted crown; culms geniculate, 10 to
50 cm tall, sometimes taller, sparingly branching; blades flat or folded;
panicle 1.5 to 10 cm long, not dense, purplish, mostly flexuous; the
fascicles spreading; bristles united at the very base, flexuous, un-
equal, the outer short, slender, scabrous only, the inner thicker,
about twice the length of the spikelet, ciliate, the innermost one a
little longer than the rest; spikelets 1 to 5 in a fascicle (fig. 328).

Arid open ground, Eastern Hemisphere, introduced in Central
America and Puerto Rico. :

Puerto Rico: Ponce, Brition, Cowell, and Brown 5380.

4, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 195.
1810. PEARL MILLET.
Panicum glaucum L., Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.°!
Holcus spicatus l., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759.
Pennisetum typhoideum L. Rich., in Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805.

%1 For the nomenclatural history of the species see CHASE, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 22: 216. 1921;
Amer. Jour. Bot. 8: 41-49. 1921.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Boe

Penicillaria spicata Willd., Enum. Pl. 1037. 1809.

Plant annual; culms robust, as much as 2 m or more tall (depau-
perate escaped plants much smaller), densely villous below the panicle;
blades flat, cordate at base, as much as 1 m long and 5 cm wide;
panicles cylindric, stiff, very dense, as much as 40 to 50 cm long and
2 to 2.5 cm thick, pale, bluish or tawny; bristles about as long as the
spikelets.

Known only in cultivation. Common in Africa and occasional in
the southern United States and other American countries. Not
grown in the West Indies, but depauperate specimens have been
collected along the roadsides in Haiti.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 3014. Ennery, Leonard 8830.

5. Pennisetum purpureum Schumach., Beskr. Guin. Pl. 64. 1827.
Guinea. NAPIER GRASS.

This tropical African species is being introduced as fodder in various
parts of tropical America under the name of Napier grass and elephant
erass. It is a robust leafy tufted branching perennial, 2 to 4 m tall,
with elongate blades 2 to 3 cm wide, and dense stiff, tawny or pur-
plish panicles, the fascicles sessile, the sparsely plumose bristles ex-
ceeding the 2 or 3 unequally pediceled spikelets. The plants escape
occasionally from cultivation.

Cupa: Aspiro, Léon 15555. Experiment Station, Santiago de las
Vegas, Hitchcock 23247, 23251. Cruz de Piedra, Léon 14247.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 9127.

Dominican REepuBLIc: Jaina, Faris 92.

PurErtTo Rico: Joyuya, Perkins in 1928.

VirGin [suanps: St. Croix, Thompson 466.

LrEwarp Isutanps: Antigua, Bor 101.

6. Pennisetum setosum (Swartz) L. Rich., in Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 72.
1805.

: poeta setosus Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. West
ndies.

Pennisetum alopecuroides Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Oce. 11.
1825. Not P. alopecuroides Spreng., 1825. West Indies.

Pennisetum erubescens Desv.; Hamilt. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 11.
1825. St. Thomas.

Pennisetum hamiltonir Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 297. 1841.
Based on P. alopecuroides Hamilt.

Perennial, in loose clumps, sometimes of 30 or more culms; culms
usually 1 to 2 m tall, slender to robust, subcompressed, ascending or
suberect from the more or less geniculate, sometimes rooting lower
nodes, bearing one to several flowering branches from the lower and
middle nodes, scabrous below the panicle, otherwise glabrous;
blades mostly rather firm, 10 to 40 cm long, 4 to 18 mm wide; panicles
terminating the primary culm and branches, occasionally one or
two axillary panicles borne in the upper sheaths, 10 to 25 cm long,
8 to 10 mm thick, excluding the elongate bristles, rather dense,
usually somewhat nodding, from pale yellow to dusky purple or
brown; fascicles sessile, at first ascending, spreading or reflexed in
age; bristles unequal, the outer delicate, most of them shorter than
the spikelet, the inner densely silky-plumose below, the hairs directed
inward, those of the erect lower part of adjoining bristles matted and
beautifully crimped; spikelets solitary (fig. 329).

358 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 329.—Pennisetum setosum. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and fertile floret, X 10 (Garber).

2 SSS ae LL LLL el Le ee

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 309

Open slopes and savannas, southern Florida and Mexico to Bolivia
and Brazil.

Cupa: San Juan de Buenavista, Wright 3471. Rio San Juan,
Ekman 18069.

JAMAICA: There is a specimen in the Trinius Herbarium sent from
Jamaica by Swartz, but it may not have been collected there. The
species is not known to occur in Jamaica.

Haiti: Mirebalais, Ekman H 5508. La Source, Ekman H 3386.
St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7411, 8059. Caille la Croix, Leonard
7888. Ennery, Leonard 8975.

LEEWARD IsuaNps: St. Kitts, Fairchild 2662; Hurtchcock
16349; Thompson 559; Box 1386. Guadeloupe, Duss 4152.
Dominica, Jones 5; Hitchcock 16436.

WinpWARD IstANps: Martinique, Duss
1136, 4017; Hahn 1012. Barbados, Hitch-
cock 16504; Dash 346.

TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10176
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 612). Icacos, Broad-
way 4964; Hitchcock 10153 (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 611).

Tosaco: Broadway 4683 ; Hitchcock 10235.

7. Pennisetum domingense (Spreng.)
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 302. 1825.

Gymnothriz domingensis Spreng.; Schult.,
Mant. 2: 284. 1824. Santo Domingo.

Perennial, glabrous; culms slender, rigid,
glaucous, as much as 7 m tall, branching,
the branches borne singly or in fascicles of
2 to 4, about equaling the main culm, stiffly
spreading at an angle of about 30°; nodes
mostly swollen; blades 0.5 to 4 cm long,
1 to 2 mm wide, involute, divergent, firm,
finally falling from the sheaths; panicles
2 to 5 cm long, terminal only, loosely
flowered; bristles unequal, most of them Pere A racekiin ace
4 to 10 mm long, the innermost less slender
and 15 to 20 mm long; spikelets 4.2 to 4.5 mm long (fig. 330).

On dry shrubby hillsides, Cuba and Hispaniola.

Cupa: Eastern Cuba, Wright 1547.

Dominican Repusiic: Los Furnios, Ekman H 9859. Maniel de
Ocoa, Tuerckheim 3669. San José de Ocoa, Ekman H 11673. Mon-
cién, Ekman H. 13087.

In Grasses of the West Indies * Pennisetum antillarum (Poir.) Desv.
is included, the type, marked ‘‘Antilles’’, having been examined in the
herbarium of the Botanical Garden at Florence and a fragment
deposited in the United States National Herbarium. In 1932 C. E.
Hubbard, of Kew Herbarium, sent us specimens of Pennisetum
hordeoides (Lam.) Steud., from West Africa, for comparison with the
fragment. As Mr. Hubbard suggested, the two proved to belong to

92 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 353. 1917.

360 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the same species. “Antilles” is probably an error, though possibly
the species may have been introduced in the slave trade, but failed
to persist.

95. CENCHRUS L., Sp. Pl. 1049. 1753

Spikelets sessile, 1 to several together, permanently enclosed in a
bristly or spiny involucre or bur, composed of more or less coalesced
sterile branchlets; burs sessile or nearly so on a slender, compressed,
or angled axis, its apex produced into a short point beyond the upper-
most bur, the burs falling entire, the grains germinating within them;
involucre (especially in our species) somewhat oblique, its body
irregularly cleft, the lobes rigid, in most species resembling the spines,
the cleft on the side of the bur next to the axis reaching to the tapering,
abruptly narrowed or truncate base, the bristles or spines barbed, at
least toward the summit; spikelets mostly glabrous or nearly so; first
glume 1-nerved, usually narrow, sometimes wanting; second glume
and sterile lemma 3- to 5-nerved, the lemma enclosing a well-developed
palea and usually a staminate flower; fruit usually turgid, mdurate,
the lemma acuminate, the nerves visible toward the summit, the
margins thin, flat. Annuals or perennials, with terminal racemes of
burs.

Plants perennial.

Bristles and lobes of the involucre slender and terete or nearly so.

Burs about 5 mm high; involucral lobes united at base only.
1. OC. MYOSUROIDES.

Burs about 7 mm high; involucra!l lobes united a short distance above the
base. 35s Sac os sped ee Ae evi he ees Denes eee 2. C. EKMANIANUS.

Bristles unlike, the outer slender, terete, the inner, or the lobes of the involucre,

flattened at base.
Lobes of involucre as long as spikelet; thick base of bur nearly as broad as the
Dur SS eet See es Ae et eee SP oe 7. CC. MICROCEPHALUS.
Lobes of involucre longer than the spikelets; base of bur triangular, narrower

than the bur.
Blades involute, squarrose, conspicuously distichous, not more than 2.5 cm

long about 16m apart. ono ee eee 3. C. DISTICHOPHYLLUS.
Blades not involute and squarrose, nor conspicuously distichous, much
longer. and furtherapaniie 2-3-2 42. eeeee 6. C. GRACILLIMUS.

Plants annual.
Involucre with a ring of slender bristles at base.
Burs, excluding the bristles, not more than 4 mm wide, numerous, crowded
in a long spike; lobes of involucre interlocking, not spinelike.
. CC. BROWNII.
Burs, excluding bristles, about 5.5 mm wide, not densely crowded; lobes of
the involucre erect or nearly so or rarely one or two lobes loosely inter-
locking. ‘the tips spinelike:? -eneres. Fgbee t Seeeee nae 5. C. ECHINATUS.
Involucre with flattened spreading spines, no ring of slender bristles at base.
Burs, including spines, 7 to 8 mm wide, finely pubescent.
8. C. PAUCIFLORUS.
Burs, including spines, 10 to 12 mm wide, usually densely woolly.
9. C. TRIBULOIDES.

1. Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. et Sp.1:115. pl. 35.
1815. Cuba. Flamingo Key (near Bataban6é), Humboldt and
Bonpland.

Pennisetum myosuroides Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 303. 1825.
Cenchropsis myosuroides Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 109,

13272 Ss:

Plants perennial; culms solitary or in small clumps, usually 1 to

2 m tall, glabrous, rather robust and woody, commonly glaucous,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 361

often branching; blades firm, 15 to 40 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide,
tapering from the rounded flat base to an attenuate, often involute
tip; spike 10 to 25 cm long, strict, dense; burs 1-flowered, about
5 mm high, the bristles united at the base only, the lowest row
shorter, the inner slender about equaling the spikelet (fig. 331).

Moist, sandy open ground or scrubland near the coast, southern
Georgia to Texas, south through Mexico to Argentina; Greater
Antilles.

Cusa: Santiago de Cuba, Léon 835. Guantdnamo, Hkman 2858.

Haiti: Miragoane, Hyerdam 216. Peninsula de Barahona, Ekman
i 7059. Mole-St.-Nicolas, Ekman H 4493. Tortuga Island, Ekman

4143.

Dominican Repusuic: Monte Chico, Ekman H 13171.

Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo, Hess 118. Mona Island, Hess 443;
Britton, Cowell, and Hess 1674.

2. Cenchrus ekmanianus Hitchc., sp. nov.

Perennial; culms erect, branched, glabrous, 80 to 100 cm tall;
sheaths loose, overlapping: ligule about 2 mm long, membranaceous
below, ciliate above: blades folded,
glabrous, 15 to 20 em long, 3 to
5 mm wide, attenuate to a fine
involute point; spikes short-
exserted or partially included, 8
to 12 cm long, the burs crowded,
the axis angled, flexuous, rather
stout, pubescent; burs about 7 mm
high ’Gncluding the bristles), the
broad turbinate base puberulent; FIGURE 331.—Cenchrus myosuroides. Bur, two
bristles united for a short dis- views of spikelet, and floret, X 5 (Léon 835).
tance above the base, the outer
2 to 3 mm long, scabrous, the inner erect or somewhat spreading,
puberulent at base; spikelets 1 or 2, about 5 mm long, about as long
as the inner spines; first glume half as long as the spikelet; second glume
a little shorter than the sterile and fertile lemmas, these 7-nerved.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1502107, col-
lected in sandy open soil, Monte Chico, Los Siete Hermanos, prov.
Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic, July 14, 1929, by E. L. Ekman
(no. H 13172).

This species is related to C. myosuroides from which it differs in the
larger burs, the bristles more united at base, and in the stouter, more
flexuous axis of the spike. Known only from the type collection.

3. Cenchrus distichophyllus Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 234. 1866. Cuba,
Wright 3475.

Plants perennial; culms tufted, rigid, erect or ascending from a
curved base, the numerous internodes very short, the long leafless
upper part of the culm appressed-pubescent; blades 1.5 to 2.5 em long,
about 1.5 mm wide, conspicuously distichous, stiffly spreading at a
uniform angle and usually about 1 cm apart, involute, sharp-pointed;
spike 2 to 3 cm long, bearing usually 5 to 7 spreading yellow burs;
burs, including the spines, 5 to 6 mm long, the body puberulent;

93 Perennis: culmi glabri ramosi 80-100 cm alti; laminae glabrae 15-20 em longae 3-5 mm latae plicatae
longe-attenuatae; spicae 8-12 cm longae: inv olucrum circa 7 mm altum; spiculae una vel duae in quoque
involucro; setae longitudine spicularum, exteriores breviores; gluma prima dimidiam spiculam aequans.

362 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

outer spines shorter, subterete, the lobes of the involucre about 10;
spikelet solitary, about 3.3 mm long (fig. 332).

Dry, sandy pine barrens, Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

Cupa: La Grifa, Ekman 11250. Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17845.
Laguna Santa Barbara, Hkman 18102. Guane, Léon 7475 (Amer.
Gr. Nat. Herb. 434). San Julian, Léon 6941. Laguna Jovero, Shafer
10717. Western Cuba, Wright 3475.

4. Cenchrus brownii Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 258. 1817.
Based on C. inflexus R. Br.

Cenchrus inflecus R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 195. 1810. Not
C. inflecus Poir., 1804. Australia.

Cenchrus viridis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 301. 1825. Guadeloupe.

Cenchrus echinatus var. viridis Spreng.; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.
556. 1864.

Culms often rather robust, 30 to 100 cm tall or more, erect from a
more or less geniculate base, sparingly branching from the base or

FIGURE 332.—Cenchrus distichophyllus. Bur, FIGURE 333.—Cenchrus brownii. Bur, two views
spikelet, and floret, X 5 (type). of spikelet, and floret, X 5 (type).

lower nodes; blades thin, flat, lax, mostly 10 to 30 cm long, 6 to 12
mm wide; spike usually short-exserted, 4 to 10 cm long, rarely longer,
dense; burs depressed-globose, the body about 4 mm high, as broad
or broader, villous, tawny, the outer bristles numerous, very slender,
crowded toward the base, the inner usually exceeding the body and
the spikelets, erect or spreading, the lobes of the body usually 6 to
8, interlocking at maturity; spikelets usually 3 (fig. 333).

Open ground and waste spaces, often a weed in cultivated fields,
southern Florida and Mexico to Brazil.

Banamas: Andros Island, Small and Carter 8711.

Cusa: Sierra Mendoza, Shafer 11152. Habana, Léon 5618. Sancti
Spiritus, Léon 837; Clemente 3442. Camaguey, Léon 3963. Cayo
Ballenato Grande, Shafer 1022. Manati, Léon 5683, 6007. El Cuero,
Britton and Cowell 12798.. Santiago de Cuba, Pollard, Palmer, and
Palmer 284. Woodfred, Shafer 3172. Without locality, Wright 3889.
Isla de Pinos, Britton, Wilson, and Léon 15296.

Jamaica: Tyre, Harris 12617. Hope Gardens, Harris 11237;
Hitchcock 9314; Maxon 1640. Spanish Town, Harris 12479. Bog
Walk, Hitchcock 9300. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9588. Ewarton, Hitch-
cock 9440. New Forest, Hitchcock 9841. Gordon Town, Hart 783.
Grand Cayman, Millspaugh 1268.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Hitchcock 19870, 19877; Leonard 2762.
Fond Parisien, Leonard 4215. Gonaive Island, Leonard 3084, 5156.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 363

St. Marc, Leonard 2969. Pétionville, Ekman H 2337. Miragoane,
Eyerdam 568. Tortuga Island, Leonard 11519,15579. St. Michel de
VAtalaye, Leonard 7461. Ennery, Leonard 8855.

Dominican Repus.iic: Santo Domingo, Millspaugh 808. Azua,
Rose 3948. Jaina, Faris 12, 108. San Juan, Ekman H 13617.
Guayubin, Abbott 888. Without locality, Parry and Brummet 621.

Purrto Rico: Juana Diaz, Sintenis 2904. Guanica Bay, Chase
6517. Cayo Muertos, Brition, Cowell, and Brown 4986. Vieques
Island, Chase 6667; Shafer 2653. Culebra Island, Millspaugh 619;
Britton and Wheeler 122.

VirGin Isuanps: St. Thomas, Hitchcock 16294.

LEEWARD IsLaAnpDs: Guadeloupe, Duss 2718.

WINDWARD IsuANnps: Martinique, Duss 790.

Trinipap: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9995. Palo Seco, Britton and
Hazen 1164. Jawuba Ridge, Bot. Gard. Herb. 579. San Juan,
Broadway 2609. Cedros, Broadway 4916.

FIGURE 334.—Cenchrus echinatus. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5 (Hitchcock 9379).

5. Cenchrus echinatus L., Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. Jamaica and
Curagao.

Culms ascending from a geniculate or decumbent base, often rooting
at the lower nodes, branching from the base and usually from the
lower nodes, commonly 25 to 60 cm long, sometimes as much as 1 m
long; blades commonly 6 to 20 cm long and 3 to 8 mm wide; spikes
finally rather long-exserted, 3 to 10 cm long (commonly not more
than 7 cm long), not very dense; burs truncate at base, the body 4 to 7
mm high, as broad or broader, pubescent, tawny or plumbeous, the
outer bristles slender, the inner stout, broadened at base, the longest of
them usually about equaling the lobes of the body, ascending or
spreading, the lobes of the body commonly 10, erect or bent inward, the
tips hard and spinelike, retrorsely barbed; spikelets about 4 (fig. 334).

Open ground and waste places, a common weed throughout the

erican Tropics at low and medium altitudes. To be found on
probably all the West Indian islands.

6. Cenchrus gracillimus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 299.
1895. Florida.
Plants perennial, at length forming dense clumps, glabrous as a
whole; culms 20 to 80 cm tall, slender, wiry, erect or ascending; blades
usually folded and stiffly flexuous, 5 to 20 cm long, usually 2 te 3 mm

364 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

wide; spikes 2 to 6 cm long, the burs not crowded; burs 3.5 to 5 mm
wide (excluding the spines), somewhat tapering at the base, glabrous;
spines spreading or refiexed, all glabrous and flat, broadened at the
base, the lowest shorter, the upper 5 to 6 mm long; spikelets 2 or 3,
5.5 to 7 mm long (fig. 335). ;
Sandy open ground, Florida, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.
Cusa: Morilo, Ekman 17402. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson
14934.
. JAMAICA: Southern Manchester, Harris 12690; Hitchcock 9851 (New
orest).
Harti: Tortuga Island, Ekman H 9760.

FIGURE 335.—Cenchrus gracillimus. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5 (type collection).

Dominican Repusuic: Matanzas, Ekman H 15909. Punto Icacos,
Ekman H. 15786.

7. Cenchrus microcephalus Nash, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18:
356. 1917. Bahamas, Britton and Millspaugh 2249.

Plants probably perennial, tufted, with numerous leafy sterile
shoots at the base, glabrous as a whole; culms 30 to 70 cm tall, slender,
scabrous below the spike, ascending
from a decumbent base, branching
from the middle and upper nodes;
blades folded at base, often flat
above, rather thin, 10 to 20 cm long,
2 to 3 mm wide, pilose on the upper
surface; spikes 3 to 5 cm long; burs
(including the bristles) about 6 mm
long and 5 mm wide, the body
scarcely wider than the thick base;
FIGURE 336.—Cenchrus ‘microcephalus. Bur spines flat, broadened at the base,
two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5 (type). the lowest short and spreading, the

upper stout, ciliate at base, shorter
than the 5 or 6 lobes of the involucre, these erect or ascending, ciliate
nearly to the summit, spikelets usually 2, 4 to 4.5 mm long (fig. 336).
Known only from the Berry Islands.
Bauamas: Berry Islands, Britton and Millspaugh 2211, 2249.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 365

8. Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulph. 56. 1840. Baja
California. FIELD SANDBUR.

Sometimes forming large mats; culms 20 to 90 cm long, rather
stout, spreading to ascending from a decumbent base, usually freely
branching; blades from flat to subinvolute or folded, 3 to 15 cm long,
2 to 7 mm wide; spikes numerous, short-exserted or partly included,
3 to 10 cm long; burs rather crowded (excluding the spines), 3 to 7
mm wide (commonly 4 to 6 mm), pubescent, often densely so, rarely
nearly glabrous; spines numerous, spreading or reflexed, flat, broad-
ened at base, the lowermost shorter and relatively slender, some of
the upper ones commonly 4 to 5 mm long, usually villous at the base;
body of the bur often with one deep cleft on the outer face, the lobes
commonly about 8, usually villous at the base, rigid and spinelike;
spikelets usually 2 (fig. 337).

This is the species to which the name Cenchrus tribuloides was
commonly applied until 1908 when it was shown ™ that this name

FIGURE 337.—Cenchrus pauciflorus. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5 (Hitchcock 13582).

should apply to the large-burred coastal plant which had been
distinguished as C. macrocephalus. The name C. carolinianus Walt.
was then applied to this species, but Walter’s diagnosis does not
agree with its characters and it haS not been found in Walter’s
region.

Sandy open ground, United States, Mexico, and the West Indies
to Argentina.

Bauwamas: Nassau, Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 101.

Cusa: Laguna Santa Barbara, Ekman 18102a, Sdbbalo, Ekman
11446. Vicinity of Habana, Hitchcock 492, 493, 23445; Léon 188%,
836, 2391, 3445, 3453; Ekman 799; Palmer and Riley 1146. Bahia
de Manati, Léon 15755, 16026. Without locality, Wright 3476.

Jamaica: Black River, Hitchcock 9637. Pigeon Island, Maron and
Killip 1569.

Hartt: Gonaive Island, Leonard 3050. Tortuga Island, Leonard
13898, 15330; Ekman H 4160.

Dominican Repusuic: Higiiey, Ekman H 12228. Los Siete Her-
manos, Hkman H 13167.

Purrto Rico: Santurce, Chase 6345}.

% Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 127. 1908.

366 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

VirGIN Isuanps: St. Thomas, Raunkiaer 634.
LEEWARD Istanps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel 634; Bor 104. Barbuda,
Danforth 7. Guadeloupe, Stehlé 197.

9. Cenchrus tribuloides L., Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. Virginia.
DUNE SANDBUR.

Plants annual, very leafy; culms stout, at first erect, soon branching
and becoming radiate- decumbent, 15 to "60 em long, the ends ascend-
ing, rooting “at the nodes and with numerous ascending branches
10 to 30 cm tall; sheaths usually overlapping, sharply keeled, those
below the spikes ‘inflated: spikes numerous, 3 to 9 cm long, the burs
crowded; burs 5 to 6 mm wide, 8 to9 mm high (excluding the spines),
usually conspicuously villous, but sometimes short-pubescent only, the
base puberulent; spines finally spreading, flat, the lowermost relatively
short and slender, the upper broadened at the base, sometimes as much
as 8 mm broad, some of these 5 to 8 mm long, long-villous on the inner
face ma of the broad base; spikelets usually 2, 7 to 8 mm long
(fig. 338).

In loose sands of the coast, eastern United States and the West
Indies, and Brazil.

BeRMuDA: Collins 143; Brown and Britton 128.

Bauamas: Nassau, collector unknown. Andros Island, Small and
Carter 8972. Water Key, Wilson 8151. Anguilla Isles, Walson
7936.

Cupa: Habana, Léon 5634. Cayo Sabinal, Shafer 700. Cayo
Paredon Grande, Shafer 2737.

Cayman Istanps: Grand Cayman, Millspaugh 1249. Cayman
Brac, Millspaugh 1162.

Harti: Port-de-Pai, Ekman H 3941. Gonaive Island, Kyerdam 88.

Purerto Rico: Arecibo, Chase 6561. Aguadilla, Chase 6604.
Cabo Rojo, Sintenis 29b. Cayo Muertos, Britton, Cowell, and Brown
5046. Mona Island, Hess440. Vieques Island, Chase 6696.

96. OLYRA L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759

Plants monoecious; inflorescence paniculate; pistillate spikelets
borne on the upper branches and on the ends of the lower branches of
loose terminal panicles, the smaller staminate spikelets pedicellate
along the lower branches; pistillate spikelets rather large; first glume
wanting; second glume and sterile lemma herbaceous, caudate-
acuminate; fruit bony-indurate; staminate spikelets readily decidu-
ous; glumes and sterile lemma wanting, the lemma and palea mem-
Loses Erect or clambering often woody perennials with broad

ades.

Fruit smooth and shining; plants usually more than 3 m tall.
. QO. LATIFOLIA.
Fruit clothed with thick silky hairs at base and summit; plants less than 1 m
Gals Eo Se ee See 2) oe eg eed ee 2. O. CILIATIFOLIA.

1. Olyra latifolia L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. Jamaica.
Olyra paniculata Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Oce.21. 1788. Jamaica.
Olyra arundinacea H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 197. 1816.

Colombia.

Olyra latifolia var. arundinacea Griseb., Fl]. Brit. W.Ind. 535. 1864.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 367

——
Sse:

= SS2S ===.
SeSsese=:

Se ee
=
Sss-=
SSS ess,
SSS
Sy

FIGURE 338.—Cenchrus tribuloides. Plant, X-14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Kearney).
60256—36——24

368 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Glabrous perennial, bamboolike in aspect, commonly 5 m tall,
the strong hollow culms sometimes 1 cm thick, erect and unsupported,
the summit only arching (or weaker culms "leaning among brush),
the lower half to two-thirds simple and naked, the short sheaths
bladeless or nearly so, the elongate internodes ‘plotched with dull
purple, branching from the upper nodes, the branches commonly
fascicled, divaricate, often 1 m long, sometimes again branching;
blades convolute in the bud, spreading, flat, firm, unsymmetrically
lanceolate-oblong, abruptly acuminate, commonly 20 cm long and
5 cm wide, those of the ultimate branches smaller, the lowermost on
both primary culm and branches rudimentary; panicles 10 to 15 cm
long, about two-thirds as wide, those of the secondary branches
reduced, the branches stiffly ascending or spreading, each bearing a
single large long-acuminate pistillate spikelet at the thickened summit
and several small slender-pediceled staminate spikelets along the
rachis (fig. 339).

The form described as Olyra arundinacea, has glabrous sheaths and
more loosely flowered green panicles. It is found in the West Indies
chiefly from Puerto Rico to Trinidad and extends to Brazil. The
typical form of O. latifolia, with hispid sheaths and denser purple
panicle, is found chiefly in Cuba and Jamaica, but extends from
Mexico to Brazil. The differences mentioned above are best seen in
the primary culms and panicles.

Copses and shady banks, Mexico and West Indies to South America.
In Cuba this is one of the grasses called ‘‘tibisi.”” The species is to
be found on probably all the West Indian islands. It has not been
observed in Bermuda or in the Bahamas.

2. Olyra ciliatifolia Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 19. 1823. Brazil.

Culms erect, mostly simple, in small clumps but gregarious,
glabrous, mostly 40 to 80 cm tall: sheaths hispidulous or the lower
glabrate; blades flat, glabrous, oblong-elliptic, 8 to 15 cm long, 2 to 4
cm wide, asymmetric at base, one side rounded, the other side straight
for 1.5 to 4.cm at an angle of 30° to 45°, the tip acuminate; panicles
10 to 15 cm long, the lower half or two-thirds staminate, the pis-
tillate spikelets in the upper part of the panicle and at the ends of
the upper branches; staminate spikelets narrow, about 5 mm long,
short-awned ; pistillate spikelets elliptic on thickened pedicels,
glabrous, acuminate, about 1 cm long, the first glume bearing an
awn 1 to 2 cm long; fruit loosely clothed with silky hairs.

Shade of trees, Trinidad to Brazil. Referred by Grisebach® to
O. semiovata Trin.

TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 10133; Broadway 9194. With-
out locality, Broadway in 1918; Purdie 26.

97. LITHACHNE Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 135. pl. 24. f. 2. 1812

Plants monoecious; spikelets in small axillary panicles, these with a
single pistillate spikelet at the summit and 1 to several staminate
spikelets below; terminal panicle if present wholly staminate; first
olume of pistillate spikelet wanting; second glume and sterile lemma
herbaceous, long-acuminate; fruit bony-indurate, laterally subcom-

"95 Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 535. 1864,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 369

FIGURE 339.—Olyra latifolia. Plant, X 14; Seta staminate spikelets, and fertile floret, X 5 (Chase

370 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pressed, the lemma greatly swollen or gibbous on the back, the narrow
palea slightly convex; staminate spikelets reduced to the lemma and
palea. Slender perennials with wiry culms and flat blades.

Bindes425 "fos Chl Wide.2 = ane Se eee A ee eee 1. lL. PAUCIFLORA.

Blades less than’ 5 Grime wide 2 ee ES Ae ee 2. L. PINETI.

1. Lithachne paucifiora (Swartz) Beauv.; Poir., Dict. Sci. Nat. 27:
OOneaAS23:

Olyra paucifiora Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788. Jamaica.

Tufted perennial; culms slender, hard, geniculate and naked below,
ascending and leafy above, commonly 30 to 50 cm tall; blades flat,
usually 5 to 8 cm long, asymmetric, thombic-lanceolate, acuminate,
spreading, crowded toward the summit, the small axillary panicles
produced ‘from the upper sheaths; fruit 4 to 5 mm long, white (fig.
340).

Moist woods up to about 2,000 m, Mexico and the West Indies to
Argentina. In Cuba called ‘‘pito enano.”’

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23313. Herradura, Hitchcock 265.
Sumidero, Shafer and Léon 13533. Sierra Guane, Shafer 10553. El
Guama, Palmer and Riley 105. Loma Esperon, Ekman 644. Mad-
ruga, Curtiss 661. Laguno de Castellano, Wilson 9560. Habana,
Léon 584. Santiago de las Vegas, Hitchcock 264. Cumbre Hermosa,
Wilson and Léon 11620. San Antonio, Hitchcock 266. Cienfuegos,
Pringle 54; Jack 6159. Pozo Azul, Eggers 5356. San Blas, Bailey
12426; Jack 7836. La Gloria, Shafer 53. Bayate, Ekman 5842.
Guara, Hitchcock 23399. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 15549.
Eastern Cuba, Wright 732.

JAMAIcA: Chapleton, Ridley 69. Roaring River Falls, Ridley 73.
Kingston, Hitchcock 9263. Castleton, Hitchcock 9402; Harris 11279.
Flamstead, Harris 11467. Sir Johns Peak, Harris 11593. Buff Bay,
Hitchcock 9770. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9872. ‘Troy, Hitchcock
9815; Harris 12575. Ewarton, Hitchcock 9424. Ipswich, Hitchcock
9613. Claremont, Hitchcock 9522. Blue Hole, Fredholm 3193.
Johns Hall, Harris 12834.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Leonard 5266; Ekman H 2178. Cap
Haitien, Leonard 5283. Pétionville, Leonard 4879. St. Louis du
Nord, Leonard 14188. Port-de-Pai, Leonard 12278. Bombardopolis,
Leonard 13553. Caille la Croix, Leonard 7998. Marmelade, Leonard
8176. Dondou, Leonard 8573. Ennery, Leonard 8952. Plaisance,
Leonard 9379. Pilate, Leonard 9597.

Dominican Repustic: Higiiey, Ekman H 12136.

Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6265, 6311. Quebradillas, Chase
6569. Arecibo, Chase 6456. Bayamon, Chase 6410. Cayey, Sinte-
nis 2396.

Vircin Isutanps: St. Croix, Thompson 372.

LEEWARD Is~aNps: Antigua, Box 76; Rose 3486. Guadeloupe,
Duss 3178.

WINDWARD Istanps: Martinique, Duss 733.

2. Lithachne pineti (Wright) Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 21: 182.
1908.

Olyra pineti Wright; Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. (n. s.) 8: 532.
1862. Eastern Cuba, Wright 1536.

Perennial; culms tufted, filiform, lax, spreading, 10 to 20 cm long;
blades ovate to lanceolate, soon reflexed, 10 to 15 mm long, 3 to 7 mm

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES otk

FIGURE 340.—Lithachne paucifiora. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret of pistillate spikelet, X 5 (Shafer 53).

372 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

wide; staminate spikelets narrow, 3 to 4 mm long; glumes of pistillate
spikelets acuminate, 5 mm long; fruit about 3 mm long.

Moist places in pine woods, eastern Cuba.

CuBa: Sierra de Nipe, edge of Rio Piloto, in “carrascales”’, Ekman
19160; on the border of ‘‘manacales”’, Hkman 2560; in pinelands,
Ekman 2287. Eastern Cuba, Wright 1536.

98. RADDIA Bertol., Opusc. Sci. Bologna 3: 410. 1819

Plants monoecious; staminate and pistillate spikelets in distinct
small panicles, the staminate terminal or from the upper nodes, the
pistillate axillary; first glume of the pistillate spikelets wanting, the
second glume and sterile lemma membranaceous, acuminate; fruit
dorsally subcompressed, narrow, bony-indurate. Slender perennial
with flat blades and narrow panicles.

Fruit pubescent> blades 5: tom (em longa.) eee =e eee 1. R. SYMPODICA.
Fruit glabrous; blades not over 4 em long.
Blades about 3 cm long; fruit 6 to 7 mm long______-__-_-- 2. R. GUIANENSIS.
Blades! to lorem Jong: fruitabout 2) mmilong 22a a2 eae 3. R. NANA.

1. Raddia sympodica (Doell) Hitchc.

Olyra sympodica Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 27: 322. 1877. French

ulana.

Raddia biformis Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. 8S. Natl. Herb. 18:
358. 1917. Trinidad, Broadway 2375.

Culms tufted, simple, slender, erect, or ascending from strongly
geniculate lower nodes, 15 to 30 cm tall, the sterile culms naked below,
bearing 5 to 7 crowded leaves at the summit; blades flat, lanceolate,
rounded at base, glabrous or sparsely hispid on upper surface, sparsely
hispid and paler beneath, 3 to 7 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide; staminate
inflorescence consisting of small spikelike panicles of 2 to 5 spikelets
borne in the upper axils and at the ends of the leafy culms the lateral
spikelets staminate, subsessile, about 3 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, acumi-
nate, minutely puberulent, strongly nerved, the terminal spikelets in
appearance like the pistillate ones, 7 to 8 mm long, on short obconic
pedicels, neutral or with a rudimentary pistil; pistillate inflorescence
consisting of small spikelike panicles of 2 or 3 fertile spikelets on short
thickened pedicels and a few more or less rudimentary subsessile
staminate ones borne at the ends and in the upper slightly inflated
sheaths of low slender naked culms arising from the base; fertile
spikelets on short thickened pedicels, 7 to 8 mm long, 2 mm wide,
subterete, oblong-elliptic; glume and sterile lemma subequal, puberu-
lent, strongly nerved, acuminate into short setaceous scabrous tips
about 1 mm long; fruit 6.5 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide, elliptic,
apiculate, becoming lead-colored at maturity, clothed with soft silky
appressed hairs, a glabrous stripe down the back, the margins of the
lemma nearly meeting over the palea.

Shady forest floors, Trinidad and French Guiana. ‘A dwarf grass
in sandy soil on slopes under the shade of large forest trees” (Broad-
way).

TrinipaD: Tabaquite, Hitchcock 10127. Ortoire River, Guaya-
guayaril Road, Britton, Freeman, and Nowell 2530. Caparo, Broad-
way 2375.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 31d

2. Raddia guianensis (Brongn.) Hitche.

Strephium guianense Brongn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 7: 471. 1860.
French Guiana.

Raddia urbaniana Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.
18: 359. 1917. Tobago, Hitchcock 10267.

Olyra urbaniana Mez, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7: 47. 1917.
Tobago, Eggers 5841.

Culms tufted, slender,
ascending from more or less
geniculate lower nodes, 20 to 45
em tall, naked below, toward
the summit bearing 12 to 24
approximate leaves with over-
lapping sheaths and distichous
spreading blades; blades flat,
glabrous, oblong-lanceolate,
rounded at both ends, mucro-
nate, 2 to 3.5 cm long, 4 to 8
mm wide; staminate panicles
several to many from the axils
of the upper sheaths, narrow,
few-flowered, the axis and
pedicels angled, scabrous, the
spikelets 5 to 6 mm long,
acuminate-pointed; pistillate
panicles 1 or 2 from the middle
nodes, bearing 2 to 5 spikelets
on short clavate pedicels;
spikelets lanceolate, the glume
8 mm long, much exceeding the
fruit, the sterile lemma 5 mm
long, both acuminate-setace-
ous; fruit 4 mm long, about 1
mm wide, bluntly acuminate,
whitish, glabrous (fig. 341).

Shady banks and floor of
forest, Tobago to Brazil.

Toxsaaco: Mitchcock 10267
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 626);
Broadway 3004, 4360; Eggers
5841.

3. Raddia nana (Doell) Chase,
Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 21:
185. 1908.
Olyra nana Doell, in Mart.,
Fl. Bras. 27: 329. 1877. Brazil. Ficure 341.—Raddia guianensis. Plant, X 14; staminate
Culms tufted, delicate, lax cock ‘t02s7, Amer, Gr. Nat. Herb. 626), 7)
or straggling, nearly simple,
10 to 30 cm long, naked ee "blades flat, oblong- to ovate-triangular,
spreading or reflexed, 10 to 12 mm long, 5 to 7 mm wide, mucronate
at the rounded apex; racemes small and few-flowered, axillary,
scarcely exserted from the upper sheaths; pistillate spikelets ovoid,
2mm long, the glumes puberulent.

374 MISC, PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Wet sandy savannas, Trinidad to Brazil.
TRINIDAD: Aripo Savanna, Hitchcock 10079; Broadway 7685. Bot.
Gard. Herb. 6671.

99. MNIOCHLOA Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 21: 185. 1908

Plants monoecious; inflorescence a pair of slender racemes, one
pistillate, the other staminate, at the summit of a naked culm; pistil-
late spikelets subsessile; first elume wanting; second glume and sterile
lemma subequal, obtuse, or subacute; fruit white, cartilaginous, sub-
indurate; staminate spikelets smaller, reduced to the lemma and
palea. Slender perennials with flat firm subpetiolate blades.
Flowering culms much exceeding the sterile ones; fruit glabrous.

. M. PULCHELLA.
Flowering culms mostly shorter than the sterile culms; fruit pubescent.
2. M. STREPHIOIDES.
1. Mniochloa pulchella (Griseb.) Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 21:
186. pl.4. 1908.

Digitaria pulchella Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 231. 1866. Cuba,
Wright 3448.

Se le pulchellum Wright, An. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 202.
1871

Culms tufted, filiform, lax and spreading, the sterile 5 to 10 cm
long, the flowering culm erect or ascending, 10 to 20 cm tall, bearing
a single sheath about the middle and another near the base ; blades
lanceolate-oblong, flat, sparsely hispidulous on the upper surface,
scabrous beneath, 10 to 18 mm long, 4 to 7 mm wide; racemes 2 to 3
cm long; pistillate spikelets about 2.7 mm long; staminate spikelets
about 1.4 mm long (fig. 342).

On shady limestone rocks, rare, eastern Cuba.

Cusa: El Yunque de Baracoa, Wright 3448; Ekman 3916.

2. Mniochloa strephioides (Griseb.) Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 21:
£SOs, 1908:

Olyra strephioides Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 229. 1866. Cuba, Wright
3435.

Culms lax, erect or more or less spreading, the sterile usually 10
to 15 cm tall, the fertile 4 to 7 cm tall, bearing a single sheath about
the middle; blades oblong to ovate- triangular, “flat, finely puberulent
or scabrous, truncate at base, 5 to 15 mm long, 3 to 8 mm wide;
racemes 1.5 to 2 cm long; pistillate spikelets about 4.5 mm long;
staminate spikelets 1.5 mm long.

Shady banks and ravines, western Cuba.

Cusa: Cayabos, Hkman 12945. Cabanas, Ekman in 1921. San
Diego de los Batis, Léon 4391, 4572, 4593; Caldwell and Baker 7011.
Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23310. Habana, Ekman 1238. Campo
Florido, Léon 4140. Western Cuba, Wright 3435.

100. EKMANOCHLOA Hitchc., gen. nov.”

Plants monoecious; inflorescence a pair of slender racemes, one
pistillate, the other staminate, at the summit of leafy culms; ; pistillate
spikelets short-pediceled along a slender rachis; first olume wanting;

% Planta monoica; racemi bini, uno masculo, uno femineo; spiculae femineae: Gluma prima nulla; gluma
secunda et lemma sterile subaequalia, 3-5-nervia; lemma fertile subteres, cartilagineum, versus apicem

angustatum, aristatum; arista tenui; palea in lemmate inclusa; spiculae masculae: Lemma et palea sub-
aequalia acuta lemmate 3-nervio.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES Bio

second glume and sterile lemma somewhat unequal, 3- to 5-nerved;
fertile lemma subterete, cartilaginous, gradually narrowed into a
slender awn; palea as long as the body of the lemma and enclosed
within it; staminate spikelets smaller, reduced to subequal lemma and
palea. Slender tufted per-
ennials with flat narrowly
lanceolate blades, often
reduced. The genus is
named for the late Dr.
Enk L. Ekman, indefati-
gable botanical explorer.
Type species, E. suba-
phylla Hitche.
Glume and sterile lemma much
shorter than the floret.
1. EK. SUBAPHYLLA.
Glume and sterile lemma about
as long as the body of the
floret__.2. E. ARISTATA.
1. Ekmanochloa suba-
phylla Hitchc., sp. nov.*”

Perennial; culms cespi-
tose, slender, erect, rather
wiry, glabrous, 50 to 100
em tall; sheaths shorter
than the internodes, gla-
brous; ligule very minute;
blades from minute to well
developed, flat, 1 to 3.5
cm long, 1 to 4mm wide,
narrowly lanceolate, rath-
er distinctly nerved,
scaberulous or puberulent,
with a puberulent petiole
1 mm long or less; racemes
conjugate, erect, appressed
or approximate, the pistil-
late one 3 to 4 cm long,
the staminate about half as
long, the rachis slender, te-
rete or somewhat angular,
glabrous; pistillate spike-
lets appressed, distant (4
to 6 mm), about 6 mm
long excluding the awn,
the pedicel 1 mm long or
a little less, rather thick; Ficure 342—Mniochloa pulchella. Plant, X 1; staminate
secon d elume i, 5 to 2mm Waient A ae of pistillate spikelet, and floret, x 10
long, 3-nerved, glabrous,
the sterile lemma similar but a little longer; fertile lemma glabrous,
broadest about 2 mm above the base (about 0.7 mm thick), gradually
narrowed above, the awn somewhat flexuous, slightly scaberulous, 1

97 Perennis culmi caespitosi tenues erecti glabri 50-100 cm alti; vaginae plerumque sine laminis; laminae-
perfectae planae anguste lanceolatae, minute scaberulae, usque ad 3 cm longae 1-4 mm latae; racemi appressi
erecti, feminei3-4 cm longi, masculi breviores; spiculae femineae arista exclusa 6 mm longae; gluma 1.5-2
mmm longa; spiculae masculae 2 mm longae.

376 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE
and

(type).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES OTe

to 1.5 cm long; staminate spikelets about 2 mm apart, appressed,
about 2 mm long, the lemma and palea subequal, acute, the lemma
3-nerved, the pedicel less than 1 mm long (fig. 343, A).

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1259999,
collected on overhanging limestone rocks of Loma Picote, Sierra de
Nipe, prov. Oriente, Cuba, altitude 500 m, November 2, 1922, by
EK. L. Ekman.

Only known from province of Oriente, Cuba, the other specimen
seen being from Sierra de Nipe, in limestone hills at Rio Jimbambay,
Ekman 9870.

2. Ekmanochloa aristata Ekman, sp. nov.

Similar to E. subaphylla, about 50 cm tall; sheaths shorter, with a
few long hairs at the summit; blades, except the lower, developed,
1 to 3.7 cm long, 1.5 to 4 mm wide; inflorescence few-flowered, the
staminate and pistillate spikelets each 4 or 5; pistillate spikelets 8
to 9 mm long excluding the awn, the glume and sterile lemma equaling
the body of the fertile floret, 3 and 5 nerved, obscurely pubescent
between the nerves; awn of the fertile floret about 15 mm long;
staminate spikelets 3 to 3.2mm long, obscurely pubescent (fig.343, B).

Type in the United States National Herbarium no. 1385553,
collected ‘‘in carrascales-pinales, between Taco and Nibujon, prov.
Oriente, very rare’’, December 4, 1914, by E. L. Ekman (no. 3729).
Only known from the type collection.

TRIBE 13. ANDROPOGONEAE
101. IMPERATA Cyrillo, Pl. Rar. Neap. 2: 26. 1792

Spikelets all alike, awnless, in pairs, unequally pedicellate on a
slender continuous rachis, surrounded by long silky hairs; glumes
about equal, membranaceous; sterile lemma, fertile lemma, and palea
thin and hyaline. Slender erect perennials with terminal narrow
silky panicles.

Panicle rarely more than 15 cm long; spikelets 4mm long_ 1. I. BRASILIENSIS.

Panicle as much as 40 cm long; spikelets 3 mm long_-_____-- 2. I. CONTRACTA.

1. Imperata brasiliensis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math.
BhyceNate2: ool. \1832. Brazailt

Perennial, erect, tufted, with scaly rhizomes; culm slender, simple,
0.5 to 1 m tall; leaves mostly clustered toward the base, the blades
flat, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle pale, narrow (fig. 344).

Open rather dry ground at low altitudes, Bahamas and southern
Mexico to Brazil.

Bauamas: Andros Island, Small and Carter 8910. Eleuthera, £.
Britton 6506.

Cusa: Sierra de los Organos, Ekman 10678. Herradura, Van Her-
mann 575. Consolacién del Sur, Palmer and Riley 472. Paso Real,
Léon 4262. Calvario, Léon 1582. Loma Menqura, Shafer 3856.
Riverside, Shafer 1145. Without locality, Wright 3486. Isla de
Pinos, Jennings 296; Britton and Wilson 14397, 14399.

JAMAICA: Lititz, Harris 11660, 11742, 12880.

% Ab E.subaphylla differt vaginis brevioribus, spicula femina 8-9 mm longa; gluma et lemmate sterili
lemma fertile aequantibus.

378 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

-.

27 a

Bie, ans
=

AMA]

Plant, X \%; spikelet, X 5 (Chapman)

FIGURE 344.—Imperata brasiliensis.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 379

Harti: Mission, Leonard 3830. Massif du Nord, Gros-Morne,
Ekman H 5020.

Dominican Repusuiic: Moncién, Hkman H 12894.

TRINIDAD: O’Meara Savanna, Britton and Hazen 1577. Pitch
Lake, Hitchcock 10095 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 232). Jerningham
Junction, Broadway 4787.

2. Imperata contracta (H. B. K.) Hitche., Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4:
146. 1898.

Saccharum contractum H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 182. 1816.
Colombia.

Saccharum caudatum Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 68. 1818. British
Guiana.

Anatherum caudatum Schult., Mant. 2: 445. 1824.
meee ca portoricense Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 290. 1825. Puerto

ico.

Imperata caudata 'Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys.
INata23)33 bl832)

Taller than the preceding, the culms leafy, the panicle as much as
40 cm long. |

Swamps and moist open ground, southern Mexico and the West
Indies to Brazil.

Cusa: Colonia San Rafael, Léon 5682. La Prenda, Hioram 2408.
Bayate, Ekman 5877.

JAMAICA: Berwick, Harris 11532. Westphalia, Harris 11569.
Troy, Hitchcock 9804; Harris 12619. Resource, Harris 12416. With-
out locality, Wilson. Grand Cayman, Hitchcock in 1891.

Harti: Morne Basil, Ekman H 2488. Massif de la Hotte, Ekman
H 7341. Aux Cayes, Ekman H 255.

Dominican Repustic: Valle del Cibao, Ekman H 13284. Jara-
baco, Ekman H 14127.

Puerto Rico: Hato Grande, Sintenis 2720. Cayey, Chase 6746.
Arecibo, Chase 6438. Without locality, Eggers 602.

LEEWARD IsLtanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3886.

WINDWARD Isuanps: Martinique, Duss 1306.

TRINIDAD: Icacos, Broadway 4963. Cedros, Hitchcock 10142. St.
Joseph, Hitchcock 10027. California, Hitchcock 10119. Without
locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3379.

Tosaco: Hitchcock 10273.

MiIscANTHUS SINENSIS Anderss., Ofv. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Forh. 12:
166. 1856. EULALIA.

Tall reed growing in large bunches, 1 to 3 m tall, with flat mostly
basal blades, about 1 m long and 1 cm wide, gradually narrowed to a
slender point; panicle fan-shaped, consisting of numerous silky
racemes 10 to 20 cm long, aggregate at the summit of the culm.
Occasionally cultivated for ornament. Native of Asia.

Cupa: Habana, Léon 2012.

102. SACCHARUM L., Sp. Pl. 54. 1753

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, both perfect,
awnless, arranged in panicled racemes, the axis disarticulating below
the spikelets; glumes somewhat indurate, sterile lemma similar but
hyaline; fertile lemma hyaline, sometimes wanting. ‘Tall perennials
with feathery panicles.

380 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Saccharum officinarum L., Sp. Pl.54. 1753. India. SuGarcane.

Saccharum violaceum Tussac, Fl. Antill. 1: 160. pl. 25. 1808.
Jamaica.

Gigantic perennial with broad leaves, the overlapping sheaths
falling from the short-jointed lower part of the culms, the great plumy
panicles pinkish silvery; forming seed sparingly (fig. 345).

Cultivated in Tropics and Subtropics of both hemispheres. The
West Indian specimens in herbaria are probably all from cultivated
plants. The Spanish name is ‘‘cafia de azticar.”” Called in Haiti
‘“‘canne a sucre.”’

SACCHARUM CILIARE Anderss., Ofv. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Férh. 12:
155. 1855. An Asiatic species with elongate blades and long nar-
row feathery panicles, sparingly cultivated for ornament, escaped in
St. Kitts (Box 162.)

108. ERIOCHRYSIS Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 8. pl. 4 f. 11. 1812

Spikelets awnless, the sessile spikelets perfect, the pedicellate spike-
lets pistillate, smaller but fruitful, readily falling, the rachis rather
tardily disjointing; racemes short, crowded in a narrow, dense, silky
interrupted spikelike panicle. Erect perennials with yellow or brown
compact woolly inflorescence.

1. Eriochrysis cayennensis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 8.pl.4f.11. 1812.
(Beauvois spells the name ‘‘Cayanensis.’”’) Cayenne.

Saccharum cayennense Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 66. 1881.

Erect perennial 1 to 2 m or more tall, the long narrow blades
densely velvety, the compact silky golden brown panicle 10 to 12 em
long (fig. 346).

Moist slopes and savannas, southern Mexico and the West Indies
to Uruguay. The type locality is presumably Cayenne, though no
locality is mentioned in the original description.

Haiti: Marmelade, Leonard 8242a, 8243. Ridge between Morne
Darras and Morne Beaubrun, Ekman H 4787. Pérodin, Ekman
H 3410. Mount Organisé, Ekman H 6224.

Dominican Repusiic: Lagunas de Cenobi, Valeur 21. Valle del
Cibao, Ekman H 13281. Sabana del Guabatico, Ekman H 11050.
San Juan, Ekman H 13613. Monciédn, Ekman H 12993. Sanchez,
Ekman H 14734. El Valle, Ekman H 15662.

Puerto Rico: Maricao, Hioram 818; Britton and Cowell 4265.
San Juan, Chase 6762.

TrinipaD: Arima, O’Meara Savanna, Broadway 2374.

104. ERIANTHUS Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 54. 1803

Spikelets all alike, in pairs along a slender axis, one sessile, the
other pedicellate, the rachis disarticulating below the spikelets, the
rachis joint and pedicel falling attached to the sessile spikelet; glumes
coriaceous, equal, usually copiously clothed, at least at the base,
with long silky spreading hairs; sterile lemma thin and hyaline;
fertile lemma hyaline, the midnerve extending into a slender awn;
palea small and hyaline. Robust reedlike perennials, with flat
blades and terminal oblong, usually dense silky panicles.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 381

FIGURE 345.—Saccharum officinarum. Plant, much reduced; racemes, X 14; spikelet with pedicel and
rachis joint, X 5 (Pringle).

382 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Erianthus giganteus (Walt.) Muhl., Cat. Pl. 4. 1813.

SUGARCANE PLUMEGRASS.

Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt., Fl.Carol.65. 1788. South Carolina.

i!
o/ OU

FIGURE 346.—Eriochrysis cayennensis, X 4% (Hioram 818).

Erianthus saccharoides
Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:
55. 1803. Carolina to
Florida.

Robust tall erect peren-
nial with long harshly pu-
bescent blades and tawny or
purplish plumy panicles up
to 40 cm long (fig. 347).

Swamps and moist soil
from New Jersey to Florida
and Texas on the Coastal
Plain; also in Cuba.

Cupa: Laguna San Ma-
teo, Wright 3903. Laguna
Jovero to Laguna Herra-
dura, Shafer 10934. Bata-
bano, Ekman 12586; Léon
13443. Cayo delos Pavos,
Ciénaga de Zapata, Léon
9529. Sabana del Guani,
Fernando 434.

Dominican REPUBLIC:
Sanchez, Ekman H 15937.

ERIANTHUS RAVENNAE
(L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost.
TAMIG20177. gto (Sae
charum jamarcense Trin.,
Erianthus gamaicensis
Anderss.; H#. ravennae var.
jamaicensis Hack.) was de-
scribed by Trinius from
Jamaica, but his specimen
was doubtless a culti-
vated plant, the species be-
ing grown for ornament in
warm climates.

105. AR T PR AXON
Beauv., Ess. Agrost.
ill, pli h6. eae

Perfect spikelets awned,
sessile, the secondary
spikelet and its pedicel
wanting or present only at

the lower joints of the filiform articulate rachis; racemes terminating
the branches of a dichotomously forking panicle, in appearance
subdigitate or fascicled. Branching annuals with broad blades and

slender racemes.

383

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

Plant, X }4; spikelet with pedicel and rachis joint, X 5 (Langlois 96).

FIGURE 347. —Erianthus giganteus.

60256—36——25

384 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Arthraxon quartinianus (A. Rich.) Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 99.

1912.

Alectoridia quartiniana A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 448. 1852.
Abyssinia.

Arthrazon ciliaris subsp. quartinianus Hack., in DC. Monogr.
Phan. 6: 356. 1889.

FIGURE 348.—Arthraron quartinianus, X 14 (Duss 2712).

Weak-stemmed, laxly branching creeping annual, with ascending
flowering branches, bearing flat thin ovate blades cordate at base,
and flabellate fascicles of slender racemes (fig. 348).

Shady banks, Jamaica and Guadeloupe, introduced from the
Tropics of the Old World.

Jamaica: Hardware Gap, Ridley 105; Harris 10910. Wallingford,
Perkins 1484; Harris 11550. St. Helens Gap, Mazon and Killip 589.
Whitefield, Harris 11563. Halls Delight, Harris 11536. Cold
Spring Gap, Harris 11708. Cinchona, Harris 11309, 11416.

LEEWARD IsLANnps: Guadeloupe, Duss 2712, 3136.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 385

106. ANDROPOGON L.., Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753. Brarparass

Spikelets in pairs at each node of an articulate rachis, one sessile
and perfect, the other pedicellate and either staminate, neuter, or
reduced to the pedicel, the rachis and the pedicels of the sterile spike-
lets often villous, sometimes conspicuously so; glumes of the fertile
spikelet coriaceous, narrow, awnless, the first rounded, flat, or con-
cave on the back, several- nerved, the median nerve weak or wanting:
sterile lemma hyaline: fertile lemma hyaline, narrow, usually bearing
a bent and twisted awn from the apex or from between apical lobes;
pedicellate spikelet usually awnless, sometimes staminate and about
as large as the sessile spikelet, sometimes consisting of one or more
reduced glumes, sometimes wanting, only the pedicel present. Usu-
ally coarse perennials, with solid culms, the spikelets arranged in
racemes, these numerous, ageregate on an ‘exserted peduncle, or ‘single,
in pairs, or sometimes in threes or fours, the common peduncle
usually enclosed by a spathelike sheath, these sheaths often numerous,
forming a compound inflorescence, usually narrow, but sometimes in
dense subcorymbose masses.

Lower 1 or 2 pairs of spikelets of the raceme differing from those above in con-
sisting of two similar staminate spikelets. Racemes 1 to several, digitate
or aggregate; sessile and pediceled spikelets alike in size and shape, the former
(when fertile) awned, the latter awnless. (Section DIcHANTHIUM).

Racemes several, on slender flexuous peduncles_____- 1. A. CONDYLOTRICHUS.

Racemes, if more than 1, on short straight peduncles.

_ Racemes usually 3 to 6; spikelets slightly overlapping, the pedicels usually

INS DATMEVICI plo ark ON stein Cast al) Alo i kM 2. A. ANNULATUS.
Racemes usually 1, sometimes 2, rarely more; spikelets closely overlapping,
the pedicels hidden.
Culmsyelabrous-below racemes: === 222-2 2 ae 3. A. CARICOSUS.
Culms pubescent below racemes____......-.----------- 4. A. NODOSUS.

Lower pairs like the others, the sessile spikelet fertile, usually awned, the pediceled
ae staminate or neuter, usually smaller than the sessile one, often much
reduced.

Racemes solitary at the ends of the culms and branches, from bladeless sheaths
or spathes. (Section ScHIzACHYRIUM, except A. virgatus of section
HYPOGYNIUM.)

Plants annual.
Culms weak, decumbent, trailing or vinelike; blades obtuse, mostly 1 to 3

em long: peduncles capillary Sa Bcd 6 Ue elon gl DFG Pias 5. A. BREVIFOLIUS.
Culms erect, relatively stout; blades acute, mostly 5 to 10 em long;
peduncles slender but not ‘capillary Wa See 6. A. MALACOSTACHYUS.

Plants perennial.
Rachis slender, nearly straight or usually conspicuously zigzag, the
spikelets spreading.
Blades flat; racemes very numerous in a corymbose panicle; plants
FCHIOUIRG RE ene er tate are Ales Beth Ay i Se 7. A. CONDENSATUS.
Blades folded or involute; racemes few; plants slender (tall in A. reediz).
(See also A. ur banianus. )
Racemes densely white-villous with long hairs; awns 1 to 2 em long.
A. GRACILIS.
Racemes sparsely or moderately villous; awns mostly less than 1 cm

long.
Pedicellate spikelet about as long as the sessile; racemes moderately
sii JCC WESS: Lag, RT a a a ee AR i Ee 2 ee 9. A. REEDII.

Pedicellate spikelet much reduced; racemes sparsely villous.
1 A. CUBENSIS.
Rachis straight, more or less thickened, the spikelets appressed or narrowly
ascending.
Spikelets awnless.
Racemes about 1 cm long, partly enclosed in the subtending spathe,
numerous, aggregate in a narrow panicle_-_-_-_- 17. <A. VIRGATUS.

386 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Racemes 3 to 8 em long, few, exserted.

Guim blades 10 te 20’em longs 222) 2- 11. A. SALZMANNI.

Culm. blades 2. te.5. em long.J.- =. nse 12. A. PARVIFOLIUS.
Spikelets awned.

First glume of sessile spikelet villous__________ 13. A. HIRTIFLORUS.

First glume of sessile spikelet glabrous or nearly so.
Blades terete, filiform; sessile spikelet 1.5 mm broad.
16. A. MULTINERVOSUS.
Blades flat or folded or sometimes involute toward the apex.
Sessile spikelet about 4 mm long, 1 mm wide; blades not more
than”l tb mmiswide! Vslehe si) Rl chs 4 es es 15. A. TENER.
Sessile spikelet about 5 mm long; blades 2 to 5 mm wide.
14. A. SEMIBERBIS.
-Racemes more than one at the summit of the culms and branches (one of the
pair occasionally abortive in A. urbantanus).
Racemes several or numerous in an exserted panicle.
Pedicellate spikelet about as large as the sessile.
First glume of sessile spikelet pitted on the back____30. A. PERTUSUs.
First glume of sessile spikelet not pitted ________- 31. A. ISCHAEMUM.
__ Pedicellate spikelet much smaller than the sessile___29. A. SACCHAROIDES.
Racemes 2 to 4 (sometimes more in A. selloanus), fascicled, subtended by a
bladeless sheath (spathe), exserted or partly included.
Spikelets awnless.
Plants robust, 1.25 to 2 m tall; spathes aggregate in a corymbose, usually
deniseinflorescenGes) 202 Psst. We DS Ba a ee 18. A. BICORNIS.
Plants slender, usually less than 1 m tall; spathes not aggregate.
Sessile spikelets about 3 mm long; blades usually not more than 2mm

wide, the apex acuminate_____________ 19. A. LEUCOSTACHYUS.

Sessile spikelets about 4 mm long; blades 3 to 5 mm wide, the apex

boat-shapede). 0) 2) GEE ee eee 8 eee 20. A. SELLOANUJS.
Spikelets awned.

Pedicellate spikelet as large as the sessile______-__~_- 21. A. LATERALIS.

Pedicellate spikelet reduced.
Racemes densely white-woolly, the hairs almost hiding the spike-

letS 5.882224 2ceud eu: 2 = Ee ee 22. A. NASHIANUS.
Racemes more or less villous, but the hairs not hiding the spikelets.
Blades involtite, ‘firmy! 20) 01!14 9) Cs Bie er 23. A. URBANIANUS.

Blades flat or folded, comparatively soft.
Sheaths, especially the upper, long and inflated, more or less
aggregate, the spathes inconspicuous__-_-_-_ 24. <A. ELLIOTTII.
Sheaths not conspicuously inflated.
Spathes aggregate in a compound flabellate or club-shaped
inflorescences 293) 2 2 51S ee See 25. A. GLOMERATUS.
Spathes sometimes numerous but not aggregate in a compound
club-shaped inflorescence.
Peduncle of the 2 racemes 3 to 5 em long.
Pedicellate spikelet wanting or nearly so.
27. <A. REINOLDII.
Pedicellate spikelet prominent but the awn reduced.
28. A. ANGUSTATUS.
Peduncle of racemes less than 1 em long.
26. A. VIRGINICUS.

1. Andropogon condylotrichus Hochst.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:3 77.
1854. Abyssinia.

Andropogon piptatherus Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2°: 293. 1883.
Brazil. 7

Sorghum piptatherum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891.

Amphilophis piptatherus Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 127. 1912.

Euclasta condylotricha Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 181. 1917.

Weak-stemmed branching annual; culms 1 to 2 m long, the nodes
villous; blades 15 to 20 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide, setaceous-pointed ;
racemes several, fascicled, 2 to 5 cm long, on slender flexuous
peduncles; pediceled spikelets about 5 mm long; spikelets, rachis
joints, and pedicels loosely pilose.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 387

Moist cliffs and shady banks, Mexico and Cuba to Brazil; also in
tropical Africa.

Cusa: Holguin, Ekman 15732.

JAMAICA: Halls Delight, Harris 12460. Barican, Hitchcock 9565.
Mount Charles, Harris 11558. Flamstead, Harris 11471. Narbrook,
Harris 12712.

Haiti: St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7383. Ennery, Ekman
H 2472. Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 2184; Leonard 15838; Buch 1777,
1899.

Dominican Repus.Lic: Constanza, Ekman H 13964.

2. Andropogon annulatus Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 173. 1773.
Egypt.

Andropogon bladhi Retz., Obs. Bot. 2: 27. 1781. China.

Andropogon annulatus var. bladhii Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan.
6: 572. 1889.

Dichanthium annulatum Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 178.
1917.

Culms ascending from a decumbent base, 50 to 100 cm long, the
nodes pubescent; blades flat, 5 to 20 cm long, tapering to a fine point:
racemes usually 3 to 6, sometimes more (var. bladhii (Retz.) Hack.),
3 to 7 cm long; sessile and pedicellate spikelets alike, the first glumes
imbricate, oblong, rounded at summit.

Ditches, roadsides, and open ground, sparingly introduced; a
native of the Old World.

Cusa: Paso Real to San Diego, Léon 5077. Jibacoa, Léon 14215.
Corral Nuevo, Léon 15463.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 9126 (var. bladhii).

Puerto Rico: Aguirre, Britton and Earle 6494.

3. Andropogon caricosus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1840. 1763. India.

Andropogon annulatus var. subrepens Hack., Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 1: 327. 1897. (Guadeloupe, Duss 3678.

Decumbent, freely branched low perennial with flat blades 2 to
8 cm long and solitary or paired racemes, the sterile spikelets as con-
spicuous as the fertile ones, giving the appearance of a flat 2-ranked
scaly spike; awns slender, twisted, and bent.

Waste places; introduced in a few places in the West Indies from
southern Asia.

Cupa: Habana, Ekman 1263, 18300; Léon 2389. Santiago de las
Vegas, Juzepezuk 4055. Guanabacoa, Wilson 9163; Hitchcock 23228,
Zeus eon, 2043, 2514, 15111, 15112.

LEEWARD IsLtanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3678; Hitchcock 16413.

WINDWARD JsLanps: St. Lucia, Watts in 1909.

4, Andropogon nodosus (Willem.) Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 122. 1912.

Dichanthium nodosum Willem., Ann. Bot. Usteri 18: 11. 1796.
Mauritius.

Similar to A. caricosus (possibly only a variety of that species),
somewhat larger, the blades and racemes longer; culm pubescent
below the inflorescence.

Waste places; introduced in a few places in the West Indies from
the Tropics of the Old World.

Cusa: Jibacoa, Léon 13854.

388 MISC. PUBLICATION 248, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LrrwarpD Istanps: Antigua, Rose 3382, 3415; Bor 37, 112, 123.
Guadeloupe, Duss 3678.

Winpwarp Isuanps: Barbados, Bot. Sta. Herb. 443. Grenada,
Hitchcock 17679; Meyers 4590.

5. Andropogon brevifolius Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26.
1788. Jamaica.

Andropogon obtusifolius Poir.,in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 583. 1810.
Puerto Rico.

Pollina bremfolia Spreng., Pl. Pugill. 2:13. 1815.

Schizachyrium brewfolium Nees; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 488. 1833.

Sorghum brevfolium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891.

Slender trailing or reclining glabrous branching annual; culms
from 15 cm to as much as 1 m long; blades flat, obtuse; racemes
ane 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets about 3 mm long; awns 4 to 8 mm
ong.

Moist banks, tropical regions of both hemispheres. To be found
jn probably all of the West Indian islands from Cuba to Trinidad.
Not represented in collections from Bermuda and the Bahamas.

6. Andropogon malacostachyus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 337. 1830.
Mexico.

Schizachyrium malacostachyum Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 102. 1912.

Rather slender erect or spreading, glabrous, pale or reddish brown
annual; culms 30 to 100 cm long; blades flat, 1 to 4 mm wide; racemes
slender, 2 to 3 cm long, more or Jess enclosed in the spathes on the
erect branches along the upper part of the culm; sterile pedicels and
joints of the rachis villous; sessile spikelet 7 mm long, the awn about
Io@iane

Dry slopes and rocky hills, southern Mexico to Colombia; Cuba.

Cusa: Habana (Vibora), Léon 1956. Guanabacoa, Hitchcock 479,
23225; Léon 1529. Without locality, Ekman 13559.

7. Andropogon condensatus H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 188.
1816. Colombia.

Andropogon microstachyus Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 8.
1825. Antilles.

Schizachyrium condensatum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 333. 1829.

Pollinia microstachya Desv., Opusc. 70. 1831.

Robust tufted erect glabrous perennial, 1 to 1.5 m tall; culm re-
peatedly branching toward the summit, forming a large corymbose
compound inflorescence; blades 10 to 20 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide,
usually stiffly spreading; racemes 2 to 3 cm long, the slender rachis
very flexuous, the pedicels and rachilla joints long-villous; awns deli-
cate, about 12 mm long.

Open, rather dry ground, eastern Mexico and the southern West
Indies to Argentina.

LrEwarpD Isutanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3817. Dominica, Hitchcock
16432; Jones 8.

Winpwarp Isuanps: Martinique, Hitchcock 16464; Duss 1297,
4026; Hahn 690. St. Lucia, Hitchcock 16472; Brooks 30; Kemp 6;
Box 192. St. Vincent, Eggers 6577. Grenada, Broadway 1783.

TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9998, 10038. Point-é-Pierre,
Broadway 4945. Cedros, Broadway 4949. Burkes Pasture, Bot.
Gard. Herb. 3383.

Topsaco: Broadway 4799; Hitchcock 10206.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 389

8. Andropogon gracilisSpreng., Syst. Veg.1: 284. 1825. Hispaniola.

Andropogon juncifolius Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 9.
1825.°% St. Croix.

Sorghum gracile Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891.

Schizachyrium gracile Nash, in Small, Fl.Southeast. U.S. 60. 1903.

Densely tufted slender erect wiry glabrous perennial with filiform
blades and delicate pale feathery racemes 2 to 5 cm long, the delicate
awns 1 to 1.5 cm long; culms 20 to 60 cm tall; racemes silvery, long-
exserted, the rachis slender, very villous; sessile spikelet about 5 mm
long; pedicellate spikelet reduced to an awned or awnless glume, the
pedicel very villous (fig. 349).

Rocky hills and banks, southern Florida and the West Indies.

Banamas: New Providence, Curtiss 152; Eggers 4444.

CuBa: Sumidero, Shafer 13529; Shafer and Léon 13715, 13720.
San Diego de los Bafios, Léon 5085, 5168. La Grifa, Ekman 18167.
Cajalbana, Wright 204. Pinar del Rio, Hitch-
cock 23314. Herradura, Tracy 9067. Candel-
aria, Karle and Wilson 1637. Habana, Ekman
850, 1005; Léon 562. Santiago de las Vegas,
Juzepezuk 4052. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 820,
825, 826. Gavilanes, Léon 6652. Baragua,
Hitchcock 23362. Guara, Hitchcock 23390,
23432. Sierra de Nipe, Shafer 2988. Loma
Menqura, Shafer 3855. Sabinilla, Shafer 8397.
Eastern Cuba, Wright 1557. Without locali-
ty, Wright 3484. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 380;
Jennings 58.

JAMAICA: Cascade River, Maxon 10571.
Ipswich, Mazon and Killip 1492a; Hitchcock
9616. Bog Walk, Hitchcock 9296 (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 257). New Forest, Hitchcock 9844.
Cinchona, Hitchcock 9707; Hart 689, 754;
Harris 9503, 11265, 11332, 11412. Abbey
Green, Hitchcock 9384. Barican, Hitchcock “Het aia oe
9576. New Castle, Hitchcock 9342. Narbrook,

Harris 12710. Lititz, Harris 11656, 11720. Flamstead, Harris 11578.
Cane River Valley, Harris 9622,11370. Guava Ridge, Harris 11318,
11338.

Haiti: Bassin Bleu, Leonard 15002. Port-au-Prince, Hkman H
1648, H 7121; Buch 1213. St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7405a,
7423; Buch 1071. Marmelade, Leonard 8226. Ennery, Leonard
9010. Plaisance, Leonard 9419. Fond Parisien, Leonard 4204.

Dominican Ruepusuic: Jarabaco, Eggers 2321 (in part). Valle
Nuevo, Ekman H 13852.

Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6816. Lares, Chase 6589.
Arecibo, Chase 6558.

LEEWARD IsuaNnps: Guadeloupe, Duss 2719.

ANDROPOGON GRACILIS var. FIRMIOR Hitche., var. nov.’

Differing from A. gracilis in having erect or somewhat spreading
or leaning, firm, hard, branching culms, 60 to 100 cm tall.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1296100,
collected near Morne Fort Jacques, Pétionville, Massif de la Selle,

99 It is uncertain which of these names is the earlier. ) i Joh ae ‘
1A A. gracile culmis patulis, firmis, duris, ramosis, 60-100 cm altis, foliis firmioribus et crassioribus differt.

390 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

a 1,200 m altitude, September 18, 1924, by E. L. Ekman (no. H
1944).

Dry slopes and sterile pinelands, Hispaniola.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Hkman H 7120. Ennery, Leonard 8832.
Pétionville, Hkman H 1944, H 2329.

Dominican Repusuic: San José de Ocoa, Ekman H 11885. Valle
Nuevo, Ekman H 13853, H 13854, H 13862.

9. Andropogon reedii Hitchc. and Ekman, sp. nov.’

Culms erect, cespitose, slender, glabrous, about 1 m tall; sheaths
glabrous, keeled but not much compressed; ligule a membrane about
0.5 mm long; blades rarely flat, usually folded or involute, erect,
firm, as much as 30 cm long, 0.5 to 1.5 mm wide, scaberulous on the
upper surface and sparsely pilose near the base, glabrous beneath,
the midrib prominent beneath, the margins scabrous and also papillose-
pilose toward the base; inflorescence about one-third the entire height
of the culm, branched, the branches several or numerous, appressed;
racemes solitary, 2 to 4 cm long, finally exserted from the spathes,
the rachis slender, somewhat flexuous or nearly straight, the inter-
nodes about 3 mm long, pilose with hairs 3 to 5 mm long; sessile
spikelet 4 mm long, the first glume concave on the back but not
channeled, hispidulous on the angles toward the tip; awn about 1
cm long, geniculate, twisted below; pedicellate spikelet prominent,
mostly 4 to 5 mm long, sometimes less, awnless, the pedicel 3 to 4
mm long, pilose like the internode.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1161264,
collected in savannas at Minas, prov. Camagtiey, Cuba, October 5,
1922, by E. L. Ekman.

At Dr. Ekman’s suggestion the species is named for A. C. Reed,
Beneye manager of the Cuba Railroad, who had extended courtesies
to him. "

Savannas and serpentine hills, Cuba, only known from the province
of Camagiiey.

Cusa: Minas, Ekman in 1922. Canasi, Ekman 17186; Léon 13121.

10. Andropogon cubensis Hack., Flora 68: 121. 1885. Cuba,
Wright 3898.

Sorghum cubense Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891.

Schizachyrium cubense Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 109. 1912.

Culms slender, erect from a loose rhizomatous base, 50 to 70 cm
tall; blades involute, very slender, rather soft, the lowermost culm
blade about 5 cm long, the upper successively shorter; peduncles
long-exserted, 1 terminal and 1 or 2 from the upper sheaths; racemes
erect or nodding, inconspicuously silky, 4 to 6 cm long, loosely
flowered, the rachis slender, flexuous, pilose, the joints 3 to 10 mm
long; sessile spikelet about 4 mm long, the awn 4 to 8 mm long;
pedicellate spikelet much reduced, the pedicel slender, usually be-
coming recurved-spreading.

Sandy soil, Cuba.

Cusa: Damuji (Pinar del Rio), Ekman 11049; Laguna del Perro,
Ekman 18122. Without locality, Wright 3898. Isla de Pinos, Britton
and Wilson 14291.

2 Culmi erecti caespitosi graciles, circa 1 m alti; laminae plerumque complicatae vel involutae; racemi

solitarii 2-4 em longi, rachide saepius leviter undulata longe pilosa; spiculae sessiles 4 mm longae, arista
gracili 1 cm longa; spiculae pedicellatae 4-5 mm longae; pedicelli longe pilosi.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 391

11. Andropogon salzmanni (Trin.) Hack., in Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde
6: 341. 1909.

i eee salzmanni Trin.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 361. 1854.
razil.

Andropogon imberbis var. muticus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan.
6: 380. 1889.

Culms ascending, about 50 cm tall; sheaths compressed; blades
long, linear, curled or flexuous, 2 to 3 mm wide; racemes yellow,
nearly glabrous, 5 to 7 cm long; sessile spikelets appressed, awnless,
about 6 mm long.

Sandy hills, southern Mexico to Brazil; Lesser Antilles.

LEEWARD Is~anps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3171.

WINDWARD IsuaNps: Martinique, Duss 784, 4022.

12. Andropogon parvifolius Hitchc., sp. nov.’

Culms in small tufts, slender, erect or somewhat spreading at base,
elabrous, mostly 4- or 5-noded, 15 to 30 cm tall; sheaths glabrous,
striate, shorter than the internodes; ligule less than 0.5 mm long;
blades flat, smooth beneath, scabrous on the upper surface, 2 to 5
cm long, the uppermost about 1 cm long, 1 mm or less wide; racemes
solitary, slender, terminating the main culms, glabrous throughout,
3 to 5 cm long, the rachis rather thick; sessile spikelet oblong-lanceo-
late, acute, weakly several-nerved, awnless, about 5 mm long, the
internodes of the rachis about 3 mm long; pedicellate spikelet reduced,
2 to 3 mm long.

Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1387467, col-
lected in moist pinelands south of railroad, Herradura, Cuba, June 22,
1922, by E. L. Ekman (no. 14094).

Known only from the type collection. Related to Andropogon
salzmanni, but differing in the smaller size of the culms, leaves, and
racemes.

13. Andropogon hirtiflorus (Nees) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup.
XXXIX. 1830.

Streptachne domingensis Spreng.; Schult., Mant. 2: 188. 1824.
Not Andropogon domingensis Steud. 1821. Santo Domingo.

Schizachyrvum hirtiflorum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 334. 1829. Brazil.

Aristida? domingensis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 62. 1829.

Andropogon semiberbis var. incertus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6:
370. 1889. Cuba, Wright 1558.

Schizachyrium domingense Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 108. 1912.

Andropogon domingensis F. T. Hubb., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 49:
493. 1913. Not A. domingensis Steud. 1821.

Slender erect tufted perennial; culms compressed, 0.5 to 1.5 m tall;
blades flat, 2 to 4 mm wide; racemes mostly 4 to 8 em long; rachis
joints and pedicels villous; sessile spikelet 5 to 6 mm long, its first
elume more or less villous on the rounded back; awn about 1 cm
long (fig. 350).

Rocky or gravelly hills or flats, Florida, through the West Indies
to Paraguay.

Cusa: Sancti Spiritus, Léon 4094. EHastern Cuba, Wright 1558.

JAMAICA: New Forest, Hitchcock 9855 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 260).
Lititz, Harris 12704.

3 Culmi graciles 15-30 em alti; laminae planae 2-5 cm longae, 0.5-1 mm latae glabrae, supra scabrae; racemi

Solitarii graciles 3-5 cm longi; spicula sessilis, plurinervia, oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, mutica 5 mm longa;
spicula pedicellata reducta 2-3 mm longa.

392 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Haiti: Las Cahobas, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 99. Ennery, Leonard
8937, 8958, 9492. Pétionville, Ekman H 1733. Port-au-Prince,
Buch 1811, 1856; Ekman Hi 7122. Aux Cayes, Ekman H 251.

Dominican REpusLic: Jarabaco, Ekman H 14157.

Purrto Rico: Maricao, Chase 6202.

Trinipap: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10194 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
550. This is labeled A. semiberbis. It is better referred to A.
lurtiflorus, though it is an intermediate specimen).

14. Andropogon semiberbis (Nees) Kunth, Rév. Gram. Sup. 1:
XOXO $3.0)

Schizachyrium semiberbis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 336. 1829. Brazil.

Closely resembling A. hirtiflorus, which may be a variety of this;
usually stouter and taller, often elaucous, blades averaging wider:
first glume of sessile spikelet smooth on the back;
rachis joints and pedicels sparingly villous, the racemes
appearing nearly smooth (those of A. hartiflorus
appearing whitish-villous) (fig. 351).

Grassy hills and savannas, Florida, through
the West Indies and eastern Mexico to Ar-
gentina and Ecuador; also in tropical Asia
and Africa.

Bauamas: New Providence, Britton and
Brace 432; Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 542.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23301.
Herradura, Baker and Abarca 4179. Guana-
bacoa, Léon 2877, 12452, 12465; Hitchcock
23225%, 23246. Manacas, Léon 5994, 9295.
Mordazo, Hkman17097. Baragua, Hitchcock
23364. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 854, 855; Ser-
gius 2791. Bayate, Ekman 2816. Holguin,
Shafer 2936; Ekman 15733. Guara, Hitch-
cock 23393. Nagua, #kman11339. Without
locality, Wright 3891. Isla de Pinos, Britton
and Wilson 14420, 14792.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Christ 2158. Los
Angeles, Ekman H 382. Etang Ténété,
Vicuee s) Kkman 332, Reuomvalle, itm ou se eee

hirtiflorus, 1725. St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard “aropogon semiber-
Ror GE. i150. .8055, bis, X 1 (C. B
aker 327).
Dominican REpuBLic: Azua, Fuertes
1836. Rolo Abbott, 13865: Moncion, Ekman H 12656.

Purrto Rico: Las Marias, Sintenis 5988. Mayaguez, Holm 178;
Chase 6161, 6818. Campo ‘Alegre, Chase 6623, 6807. San Juan,
Chase 6771.

VirGIN Isnanps: St. Croix, Thompson 257.

15. Andropogon tener (Nees) Kunth, Réy. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXITX.
1830.

Schizachyrium tenerum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 336. 1829. Brazil.

Densely tufted bunch grass; culms slender, reclining, 30 to 100 cm
long; blades subinvolute, 1 to 3 mm wide; racemes slender, 2 to 5 cm
long, nearly glabrous; lower half of first olume of sessile spikelet light
color ed, giving the raceme a somewhat zonate appearance; awn about
1 cm long (fig. 352).

Grassy hills and rocky cliffs, southern United States to Argentina.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 393

Cuspa: Herradura, Tracy 9068. Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17287;
Hitchcock 23306. Sumidero, Léon 3397. Madruga, Léon 6326.
Placetas del Sur, Léon 6432. Manacas, Léon 5818. Almacigos,
Wright 3482.

Jamaica: Jacks Hill, Harris 12865. Hope, Harris 12686. New-
castle, Hitchcock 9343. Barican, Hitchcock 9575. Without locality,
Harris 11439.

Haiti: Nouvelle Touraine, Buch 1686. Corail, Ekman H 10763.
Furey, Ekman H 1744.

Dominican Repustic: Rincén, Ekman H 13289.

16. Andropogon multinervosus (Nash) Hitche. and Chase, Contrib.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 280. 1917.

Schizachyrium multinervosum Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 109. 1912.
Cuba, Britton and Shafer 608.

Wiry, sparingly branching perennial with filiform blades and few
racemes; culms 20 to 40 cm tall; racemes 3 to 6 cm long;
sessile spikelet 4 to 5 mm long, glabrous, minutely bearded
at base, the awn about 1 cm long; pedicellate spikelet
much reduced, the pedicel ciliate above on one side.

Rocky hills and palm barrens, Cuba.

Cuspa: Canasi, Hkman 17187; Léon 13058, 13120.
Santayana, Hkman 19038; Britton 2414. Madruga, Léon
6326; Britton and Shafer 608. Santa Clara City, Léon
14960, 15610.

17. Andropogon virgatus Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. PI.
Ind. Occ. 9. 1825. Antilles.

Hypogynium spathflorum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 366.
1829. Brazil.

Anatherum virgatum Desv., Opuse. 71. 1881.

Andropogon spathiflorus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup.
XL. 1830.

Andropogon inermis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 390.
1854. Colombia.

Anatherum spathiflorum Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 236.
1866.

FIGURE 352.—

Anatherum inerme Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 236. 1866. ~ Andropogon
Glabrous tufted perennial: culms compressed, rigid, (Rai 986).

about 1 m tall; blades 2 to 4 mm wide; inflorescence
elongate, of numerous olabrous racemes about 1 cm long, partly en-
closed in rufous or purplish spathes; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, awnless.

Wet, sandy open swamps or savannas, West Indies and Central
America to Brazil.

Cupa: Laguna Santa Maria, Ekman 17258. Pinar del Rio,
Hitchcock 23274. Herradura, Baker and Dimmock 4814. Guane,
Léon 6988. Los Almacigos, Wright 3480, 3481. Isla de Pinos,
Taylor 23; Curtiss 460; Britton and Wilson 14310.

Domintcan REPUBLIC: Cotuy, Abbott 812, 846, 2805a, 2814.
Cuenca, Ekman H 11010. Without locality, W: right, Parry, and
Brummel 625.

Puerto Rico: San Juan, Chase 6633, 6768. Campo Alegre, Chase
6620. Lares, Sintenis 5902.

Trinipap: Arima, Broadway 2373. Arouca, Hitchcock 10348.
Comuto Station, Hitchcock 10070.

394 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

18. Andropogon bicornis L., Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753. Brazil, Jamaica.

Anatherum bicorne Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 128. 1812.

Saccharum bicorne Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. Géttingen 7: 266.
Sai

Sorghum bicorne Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891.

Robust tufted perennial; culms mostly 1 to 2 m tall; blades 2 to
5 mm wide, scabrous on the margin; inflorescence large, corymbose,
of delicate flexuous racemes 2 to 3 cm long, whitish or tawny, feath-
ery with hairs as much as 5 mm long; 1, sometimes 2, of the uppermost
pedicellate spikelets larger than the fertile ones, the other pedicellate
spikelets rudimentary.

Grassy hills and banks, southern Mexico to Brazil and widely
distributed in the West Indies. Probably to be found on all the
islands from Greater Antilles southward. In West Indies called
foxtail and sometimes ‘‘ridging grass.”’

19. Andropogon leucostachyus H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 187.
1816. Venezuela.

Anatherum domingense Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 809. 1817.
Santo Domingo.

Andropogon domingensis Steud., Nom. Bot. 45. 1821.

Andropogon leucostachyus subvar. subvillosus Hack.,in DC., Monogr.
Phan. 6: 420. 1889. Brazil.

Sorghum leucostachyum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891.

Slender, densely tufted erect perennial; culms 30 to 50 cm tall;
blades 1 to 3 mm wide, with a deeply impressed midvein; ligule about
2 mm long; racemes 2 or 38, whitish, 1.5 to 3 cm long, on slender
exserted peduncles, the spikelets obscured by the copious long silky
hairs. Foliage villous in some of the Trinidad specimens, the sub-
var. subvillosus Hack.

Cliffs and grassy slopes, West Indies and southern Mexico to
Brazil.

Cusa: Sumidero, Shafer and Léon 13613, 13717. Herradura, Tracy
9046. Consolacién del Sur, Palmer and Riley 480. Madruga, Léon
3459. Minas, Léon 6222. Banao Mountains, Léon 5407. Placetas
del Sur, Léon 6428, 6431. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 827. Sancti Spiritus
Mountains, Léon 6529. Pasto Estancia, Shafer 1639, 1681. Loma
del Gato, Léon 10324. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson 15110;
Hkman 12208.

JAMAICA: Port Antonio, Fredholm 3334. Bull Head Mountain,
Nitcheock 9546. Barican, Hitchcock 9577. Mount Hybla, Harris
12458. Hollis Savanna, Harris 12244. Below Content Gap, Harris
11349.

Harti: Aux Cayes, Ekman H230. Furcy, Leonard 4312; Buch 1573.
Marmelade, Leonard 8242, 8258. Plaisance, Leonard 9348. Caille
la Croix, Leonard 7883. Pétionville, Ekman H 1746. San Michel,
Miller 301; Sweet in 1925.

Dominican Rerpusuic: Jarabaco, Hggers H 2321 Gn part). Mon-
cion, HKkman H 12769.

Puerto Rico: Adjuntas, Sintenis 4481. Mayaguez, Heller 4396;
Britton and Marble 654; Britton and Hess 2813; Chase 6163, 6819.
Holm 76. San Juan, Chase 6366, 6383, 6636, 6776; Sein 322. Cayey,
Chase 6733. Maricao, Chase 6216; Britton and Cowell 4267; Britton,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 395

Cowell, and Brown 4477. Rio Piedras, Hioram 214; Cowgill 686.
Without locality, Heller 933, 984.

TrinipaD: Brighton, Hitchcock 10097. O’Meara Savanna, Britton
and Hazen 1579. Port-of-Spain, Broadway 5040. Piarco Savanna,
Hitchcock 10345. Aripo Savanna, Hitchcock 10072. Without local-
ity, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3382.

20. Andropogon selloanus (Hack.) Hack., Bull. Herb. Boiss. (II) 4:
266. 1904.

Euklastaxon tenuifolius Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 412. 1855. Not
Andropogon tenuifolius Steud. Brazil.

Andropogon leucostachyus subsp. selloanus Hack., in DC., Monogr.
Phan. 6: 420. 1889. Brazil.

Similar to A. leucostachyus, differing in the somewhat stouter culms,
shorter and broader blades with a boat-shaped tip, shorter ligule
(less than 1 mm long); racemes often 3 to 5, more densely villous,
tawny rather than white.

Savannas and open ground, West Indies to Paraguay.

Cusa: Santa Cruz de los Pinos, Léon 7435. Hanadbana, Wright
3900. Prov. Santa Clara, Léon 6424, 9159. Isla de Pinos, Ekman
12103; Curtiss 314; Taylor 16.

TriInipap: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10188. La Brea, Broadway 3258,
4981.

Topagco: Broadway 2982, 4044.

21. Andropogon lateralis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 329. 1829. Brazil.

Andropogon incanus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 431. 1889.
Uruguay.

Andropogon lateralis var.incanus Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden
40: 42. 1921.

Culms stout, erect, about 1.5 m tall; blades elongate, folded or
involute; racemes in pairs, often of unequal length, 2 to 5 em long,
the rachis slender, straight or somewhat flexuous, rather sparsely
long-pilose; sessile spikelet about 4 mm long, the awn weak, about
5 mm long; pedicellate spikelet prominent, larger than the sessile,
about 5 mm long, the pedicel long-pilose like the rachis.

Grassy hills, Brazil to Ecuador and Peru; Cuba.

Cusa: Laguna Santa Maria, Pinar del Rio, Ekman 17264,17271.
Remates (Pinar del Rio), Ekman 11362; Léon 15357.

These specimens belong to the form described as var. incanus
(Hack.) Henr., in which the racemes are usually two.

22. Andropogon nashianus Hitchc., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12:
193. 1909. Cuba, Wright 3899.

Culms solitary or few in a cluster, slender, erect, 30 to 45 cm tall
from short branching rhizomes; blades narrow, folded, glabrous,
those of the upper culm much reduced; racemes in pairs, 3 to 4 cm
long, very villous with tawny hairs 5 to 7 mm long; sessile spikelet
3 to 4 mm long; pedicellate spikelet much reduced.

Sandy barrens, Cuba.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Wright 3899; Hitchcock 23265. Laguna.
Jovero to Mendoza, Shafer 10850. Herradura, Tracy 9069; Hitchcock
481; Ekman in 1922. San Diego de los Bafios, Léon 4453, 4560.
Loma del Gato, Ekman 15652. Isla de Pinos, Britton and Wilson
14804; Taylor 17.

396 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

23. Andropogon urbanianus Hitche., Bot. Gaz. 54: 424. 1912.
Dominican Republic, Fuertes 1420.

Culms erect or ascending, 75 to 150 cm tall; blades 10 to 30 cm
long, involute, firm, rather stiff, appressed; racemes numerous along
the upper third of the plant, the terminal mostly in pairs, the axillary
in pairs or sometimes solitary, 2 to 4 cm long, partly enclosed in the
spathe or exserted, the slender rachis and pedicels long-pilose; sessile
spikelet 5 mm long, the awn 1 to 2 cm long; pedicellate spikelets
narrow, 2 to 4 mm long or sometimes rather prominent.

Dry slopes and rocky hills, Hispaniola.

Harti: St. Michel de |’ Atalayé, Leonard 7374, 7392, 7830, 8061a.
Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 2087. Torbeek, Ekman H 5358. Ennery,

Leonard 8976. Pétionville, Ekman H 1434,

H 1936. Mission, Leonard 3716, 3826,

3853. Furey, Buch 961. St. Michel ad

lV Amache, Buch 1074, 1077.

y Dominican Repusuic: Las _ Salinas,

Fuertes 1420. Constanza, Hkman H

14092. San José de Ocoa, Ekman H 11920.

24. Andropogon elliottii Chapm., Fl. South
U.S. 581. 1860. Florida.
ELLIOTT BEARDGRASS.

Sorghum elliott Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl.
De 7 Olee LOO

Culms erect, 30 to 80 cm tall; sheaths
more or less villous, the upper inflated and
aggregate; racemes in pairs (rarely 3 or 4), 3
to4 cm iong,some of the peduncles exserted
from the appressed spathe and from the
inflated sheath; sessile spikelet 4 to 5 mm
long, the awn 10 to 15 mm long, geniculate,
twisted (fig. 353).

Open ground and old fields, Coastal Plain
of the eastern United States; Cuba.

Cusa: Bayamo (prov. Oriente), Ekman
5067.

25. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.
P.. Prel. Cat. IN Y 267 Ss ea:
BusHY BEARDGRASS.
hes Cinna glomerata Walt., Fl. Carol. 59.
eee eT (Guninions WE). mot, 1788. South Carolina.
Andropogon macrourus Michx., FI. Bor.
Amer. 1: 56. 1803. Virginia or Carolina.
Andropogon densus Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Oce. 8. 1825.
Antilles.
Anatherum macrourum Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. (n.s.)8: 534. 1863.
Andropogon tenuispatheus Nash, N. Amer. F].17:113. 1912. Florida.
Rather robust, densely tufted perennial; culms compressed, 1 to
1.5 m tall; lower sheaths crowded, keeled; blades flat or folded, mostly
3 to 5 mm wide; inflorescence dense, feathery, club-shaped; racemes
in pairs, 1.5 to 3 cm long, villous with whitish or tawny hairs;rachis
slender, flexuous; sessile spikelet 3 to 4 mm long, the awn about 1.5
cm long (fig. 354).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 397

Moist or open ground, southeastern United States through Mexico
and the West Indies to northern South America.

Bauamas: Eleuthera, Hitchcock in 1890. Andros Island, Brace
4951. New Providence, Wilson 8267; Hitchcock in 1890. ,
Cusa: Guane, Shafer 10385. Habana, Léon 572, 821, 821b;
Schott 103. Batabané, Ekman 902. Santiago de las Vegas, Wilson
2207. Guanabacoa, Léon 193, 565, 8838. Cayo Ramano, Shafer
2614. San Miguel de los Bafios, Léon 8391. Manacas, Léon 5821.
Manajanabo, Léon 5302. Baragué, Hitchcock 23372. Guara,
Eitchcock 23389. Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 9807; Shafer 3007. Orientes
Grandes, Léon 823. Isla de Pinos, Jennings 283. Without locality,

Wright 1555.

Jamaica: Rockport, Ridley 80. Port Antonio, Fredholm 3291;
Mazon and Killip 288. Black River, Harris 12545; Hitchcock 9647.
Troy, Hitchcock 9806; Mazon 2811, 2945; Harris 12586, 12592.
Cinchona, Harris 12483, 13399; Hart 682 in
part. Claremont, Hitchcock 9486. Ewar-
ton, Hitchcock 9446. Castleton, Hitchcock
9406. Newcastle, Hitchcock 9348. Bog
Walk, Hitchcock 9291. Mouth of Cockpit
River, Harris 12465. Kingston, Cockerell
in 1892. Arntully, Orcutt 2621. Gordon
Town, Hart 869. Ipswich, Hitchcock
9620. Buff Bay, Hitchcock 9763. Mon-
tego Bay, Hitchcock 9677.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Buch 2048; Cook,
Scofield, and Doyle 58. Gonaive Island,
Leonard 3253, 3333; Hyerdam 107a. St.
Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7284, 7373.
Tortuga Island, Leonard 13923; Ekman
H 4263. Aux Cayes, Ekman H 72.
Morne la Selle, Buch 1352.

Dominican Repusuic: Prov Barahona,
Fuertes 1281. Jaina, Faris 402. Punta
Icacos, Hkman H 15787. ul

Purrto Rico: Maricao, Hioram 816; *e™™™ e4 qhndrepogon, glomeratus,
Chase 6203. Mayaguez, Chase 6165. San
Juan, Chase 6355. Ponce, Chase 6480. Arecibo, Chase 6555. Lares,
Chase 6586.

Lrrwarp Isuanps: St. Kitts, Hitchcock 16361. Antigua, Box 54,
128. Nevis, Bor 170. Guadeloupe, Duss 3548, 3937.

WINDWARD IsLaNnpDs: Martinique, Duss 1301.

26. Andropogon virginicus L., Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753. Virginia.
BROOMSEDGE.

Densely tufted, with a mass of long leaves at the base; culms 1 to
1.5 m tall; sheaths compressed-keeled, glabrous or somewhat appressed
villous; blades 2 to 4 mm wide; inflorescence slender, one-third to
one-half the length of the plant; racemes 1.5 to 3 cm long, more or less
included in the spathes; rachis slender, flexuous, this and the pedicels
villous with white hairs 3 to 5 mm long; awn delicate, straight, 10
to 15 mm long (fig. 355).

Sterile hills and open woods, eastern United States to the West
Indiesand Panama. Virginia.

BerMupa: Brown and Britton 225.

398 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 355.—Andropogon virginicus. Plant, < 14; spikelet with rachis joint and pedicel, X 5 (Earle 4).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 399

Banamas: New Providence, Wilson 8285. Elbow Cay, Geogr.
Soc. Baltimore 569.

Cusa: Cajalbana, Léon 4851. Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock 23294.
Vinales, Léon 15862. Laguna de Ariguanabo, Ekman 11520. San-
tiago de las Vegas, Baker and Wilson 599. San Miguel de los Bafios,
Léon 8853. Loma del Gato, Hioram 7609. Prov. Santa Clara,
Léon 824, 5400, 5972, 6656, 7924. Without locality, Wright 3901.

Jamaica: Upper Clarendon, Harris 12851. Lititz, Harris 12682.
Lower Clarendon, Harris 12732. Cinchona, Hitchcock 9704; Harris
11263, 11268. Appleton, Hitchcock 9656%. Montego Bay, Hitch-
cock 9680. Bull Head Mountain, Hitcheook 9542. Ewarton, Hitch-
cock 9460. Newcastle, Hitchcock 9338. Abbey Green, Hitchcock
9361, 9385. Castleton, Harris 11295. Salt oll Harris 11362.) ‘Cold
Spring Gap, Harris 11378. Ramble, Hitchcock 9481, 9488 (Amer.
Gr. Nat. Herb. 275). Port Antonio, Fredholm 3333. Gordon Town,
Hart 692, 734, 831.

Haiti: Pétionville, Ekman H 1846. Dondou, Leonard 8622.
Ennery, Leonard 9077. Furcy, Leonard 4576, 4576a. Godet, Buch
1666.

Dominican Repusuic: Moncién, Ekman H 12771. Pimentel,
Ekman H 13254.

26a. Andropogon Virginicus var. graciliformis Léon, in Britton, Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 53: 457. 1926. Cuba, Léon 11343.

Culms slender, usually less than 50 cm tall; basal sheaths not
compressed-keeled ; blades, especially of the innovations, very slender,
folded, becoming flat and flexuous with age, usually not more than
1 to 2 mm wide when flat; spathes few. Distinguished from the
species by the more delicate culms, terete rather than compressed
sheaths, more slender blades, and fewer pairs of racemes.

Sandy savannas, Cuba.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Mitchcock 23283, 23288. Chirigota, Léon
7437. Sabana de Motembo, Léon 11343.

27. Andropogon reinoldii Léon, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat. Poey 5.
1922. Cuba, Léon 9932.

Culms tufted, erect, 50 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, the basal
ones somewhat compressed but not so strongly as in A. virginicus;
ligule visible from the side view of the sheath, about 1 mm long;
blades flat or, especially at the base, folded, glabrous, somewhat
scabrous, 10 to 35 cm long, 2.5 to 5 mm wide; racemes in pairs, the
pairs several along the upper part of the culm; racemes 2 to 4 cm
long, villous but the spikelets not hidden by the hairs, the peduncle
enclosed in the spathe, 3 to 5 cm long, the racemes partly enclosed in
the spathe or barely exserted; sessile spikelet 3 mm long, the awn
nearly straight, about 7 or 8 mm long; pedicellate spikelet wanting
or nearly so. Differs from A. virginicus in the long peduncles, the
smaller spikelets, and the less compressed basal sheaths.

Gravelly soil and pastures, open slopes, Cuba.

Cusa: Loma del Gato, Sierra Maestra, Cobre, Léon 9832, 9932;
Ekman in 1922. Herradura, Ekman 14081.

60256—36 26

400 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

28. Andropogon angustatus (Presl) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 370.
1854.

Diectomis lara Nees, Agrost. Bras. 340. 1829. Not Andropogon
laxus Willd., 1806. Brazil.

Diectomis angustata Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 333. 1830. Mexico.

Andropogon apricus Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
2: $3.) W836. - (Brazal.

Erect slender perennial about 1 m tall; blades flat, elongate, 1 to 2
mm wide; racemes in pairs, 2 to 3 cm long, the pairs on slender
branches from several of the upper leaves, forming a loose inflores-
cence, each branch at first enclosed in a spathe but finally exserted
5 to 10 cm; pedicels and joints of rachis stiffly ciliate with whitish
hairs; fertile (sessile) spikelet about 6 mm long, laterally compressed,
nearly glabrous, the callus sharp, barbate, 1 mm long; first glume
narrow, deeply sulcate on the back; second glume compressed, keeled,
bearing from the apex a slender divergent awn 1 cm long; awn of
fertile floret geniculate, twisted, brown, scabrous-hispidulous, 3 to 4
em long.

Dry savannas, Mexico to Brazil; Cuba.

Cupa: Manacas, Léon 5841. Holguin, Ekman in 1922. Isla de
Pinos, Ekman 12520. |
29. Andropogon saccharoides Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26.

1788. Jamaica. SILVER BEARDGRASS.

Andropogon saccharoides subsp. leucopogon subvar. paucirameus
Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 497. 1889. Cuba, Wright 1556.

Sorghum saccharoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891.

Holeus saccharoides Kuntze, in Stuckert, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires 11: 48. 1904.

Amphilophis saccharoides Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 125. 1912.

Andropogon saccharoides var. surius Krause, Bot. Centbl. Beihefte
32: 334. 1914. Barbados, Wiegand 2085.

Erect perennial; culms simple, brittle, 60 to 150 cm tall; nodes
white-hispid; blades flat, glabrous or nearly so, 2 to 8 mm wide;
panicles exserted, 5 to 15 cm long, oblong, pale, silky, of numerous
crowded, ascending racemes; awns 1.5 to 2 em long (fig. 356).

Rocky hills and grassy slopes, southwestern United States to South
America and the West Indies. The Cuban specimens were referred
by Hitchcock * to A. leucopogon Nees. Several of them and a few
from other islands are the form with fewer racemes described as
subvar. paucirameus. This is one of the grasses called ‘‘rabo de
zorra”’ in Cuba.

Cupa: Vinales, Léon 15346. Habana, Léon 2557, 4716. Sancti
Spiritus, Léon 893, 955, 4097, 4101, 5357; Shafer 12073. Manajanabo,
Léon 5277, 5301. Manati, Léon 6008. Isla de Pinos, Curtiss 382;
Ekman 12195.

Jamaica: Liguanea Ridge, Harris 12213. Mavis Bank, Harris
11449. Newcastle, Harris 11396; Hitchcock 9345. Halls Delight,
Harris 11293. Ashley Hall, Harris 12736. Lititz, Harris 11655,
11781, 12698. Ipswich, Harris 12501. Gordon Town, Hart 570;
Hitchcock 9377. New Forest, Hitchcock 9848. Barican, Hitchcock
9578 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 267).

4Contrib. U. 8. Natl. Herb. 12: 193. 1909.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 401

Harti: St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7156, 8447. Dondou,
Leonard 8756. Ennery, Leonard 8883, 8938, 8977. Bombardopolis,
Leonard 13478. Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 7128; Buch 1806, 1855.
Furey, Leonard 4824. Mission, Leonard 3849. Etang Ténéllé,
Ekman H 331. Grand-Gosier, Ekman H 6866. Hinche, Ekman H
6132.

Dominican Repustic: Constanza, Tuerckheim 2882. Moncidén,
Ekman H 12679. Without locality, Wright, Parry, and Brummel 631.

Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6270,
6817. Mariaco, Chase 6226.

LEEWARD Isuanps: St. Kitts, Box 155.
Antigua, Box 95, 98, 316.

30. Andropogon pertusus (L.) Willd., Sp.
P4922. 2 S06:

Holcus pertusus L., Mant. Pl. 2: 301.
ligase bnelia:

Andropogon panormitanus Parl., ‘an
Diar. Congr. Venezia 1847’; Fl. Ital. 1:
140. 1848. Italy.

Andropogon pertusus var. panormitanus
Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 481. 1889.

Amphilophis pertusa Stapf, in Prain, FI.
TropH Aire Ohio: 1917,

Culms ascending, branching, 20 to 100
cm tall, the nodes bearded or (in var.
panormitanus) glabrous; blades 10 to 20 cm
long, 1 to 4 mm wide, pubescent or nearly
glabrous; racemes flabellately aggregate on
a short axis, few to several, 2 to 6 cm long,
villous; first glume with a pit or pinhole in
the middle of the back; awn of sessile spike-
let twice-geniculate, brown, about 15 mm
long. The var. panormitanus differs only
in the glabrous nodes, less pubescent
blades, and often more numerous racemes.

Roadsides and open grassy places,
Tropics of the Old World; introduced in
the West Indies.

Called ‘“‘sourgrass” in Tobago and ‘‘Bar-
bados souregrass”’ in many of the islands.
A somewhat more slender form with, on
the average, fewer racemes, is called mM |. oo 356—An aesunse sunt
the Virgin Islands “hurricane grass.” roides, X 1 (Hitchcock 5370).
This form is said to be relished by stock
and makes more satisfactory forage than does Barbados sourgrass.

Cupa: Habana, Léon 11388, 12466. Santiago de las Vegas, Léon
9757. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 7826. Gamboa, Ekman 14941. Mari-
anao, Léon 150938.

JAMAICA: Constant Spring, Hitchcock 9387 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
265); Harris 11262. Gordon Town, Harris 11514. Kingston,
Ridley 77; Hitchcock 9472. Hope Gardens, Harris 12517. Musgrave
Road, Harris 11478. Alligator Pond, Harris 12694.

Dominican REpustic: Between Nizao and Bani, Ekman H 13358.

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402 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

VirGINn Isuanps: St. Croix, Rose 3523, 3533; Thompson 9; Baker in
1929; Ricksecker 209; Hitchcock 16330. St. Thomas, Hitchcock 16317.

LrErwarp Isuanps: Antigua, Box 3,181. Nevis, Bor 173. Dom-
inica, Bot. Gard. 1.

Winpdwarp Isutanps: Barbados, Hitchcock 16518. Grenada, Hitch-
cock 17683.

Trinipap: Bot. Gard. Herb. 5064.

Tosaco: Hggers 5654; Broadway 4727; Hitchcock 10220, 10234.

31. Andropogon ischaemum L., Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753. Europe.
Andropogon ischaemum var. americanus Hack., in DC., Monogr.
Phan. 6: 476. 1889. Venezuela and Antigua.
Sorghum ischaemum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891.
Amphilophis ischaemum Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 124. 1912.
Differing from A. pertusus in the absence of a pit on the back of the
first glume of the sessile spikelet.
Introduced; open ground, Leeward Islands; Tropics of the Old
World.
LEEWARD Istanps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel.

107. DIECTOMIS H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 193. pl. 64. 18165

Spikelets arranged as in Andropogon; raceme solitary, subtended by
a spathe; first glume of pediceled spikelet large, flat, herbaceous, many-
nerved, awned from between 2 slender teeth; first glume of fertile
(sessile) spikelet narrow, 2-keeled; second glume laterally compressed,
the midnerve wing-keeled, awned; fertile lemma with a bent awn more
than twice as long as those of the glumes. Erect annual with flat

blades.

1. Diectomis fastigiata (Swartz) H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 198.
pl. 64. 1816.

Andropogon fastigiatus Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788.
Jamaica.

Slender, glabrous; culms 0.5 to 1.5 m tall, freely branching above;
ligules firm, up to 2 cm long; blades 1 to 4 mm wide; racemes 2 to 6cm
long; joint of rachis and sterile pedicel winged at the summit, long-
villous, the white hairs as much as 7 mm long; the conspicuous pedi-
celed spikelet 8 mm long; awn of fertile lemma geniculate, 4 to 5 cm
long (fig. 357).

Dry open ground, southern Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil.

Cusa: Asiento Viejo de San Julian, Léon 6911; Wright 3485. San
. Cristétal, Wright 3483. Guane, Shafer 10384, 10413, 11218. San
Juan y Martinez, Ekman 18074. Guanabacoa, Hitchcock 23230; Léon
3451, 4719; Wilson and Léon 2876.

Jamaica: Bellevue, Harris 11288. Content Gap, Harris 11344.
Temple Hall, Harris 11358. Flamstead, Harris 11464. Mavis Bank,
Harris 11507. Barican, Mitchcock 9572. Lititz, Harris: 12700:
Southern Manchester, Harris 12692.

Harti: St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7154, 7290, 7525. Marme-
lade, Leonard 8201. Ennery, Leonard 8801, 9068. Plaisance, Leon-
ard 9414. Montagne du Trou d’Eau, Ekman H 2317. Pétionville,
Ekman 2331. Petite Riviére, Sweet in 1924. Morne Castilleur,
Ekman H. 6420.

5 For discussion of the nomenclature, see Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 206, 1925; 692, 1930.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

PvuERTO Rico: Coamo, Sintenis
3247. Rincon, Sintenis 5516.
Maricao, Sintenis 353. Maya-
guez, Holm 82; Chase 6808.
Campo Alegre, Chase 6622.
Lares, Chase 6593. Santa Ana,
Britton and Cowell 4026.

Winpwarp IsLANps: Grenada,
Broadway 253.

108. CYMBOPOGON Spreng.,
Pie Posi. 2 iee visits.
OIL GRASS.

Racemes in pairs subtended by
spathes, these collected in a de-
compound inflorescence; spikelets
In pairs asin Andropogon, but the
lowermost pair of one or both ra-
cemes sterile and similar to the
pedicled spikelets above; fertile
(sessile) spikelets dorsally com-
pressed, flat or dorsally grooved,
sharply 2-keeled at the edges; fer-
tile lemma narrow, the awn from
between 2 teeth orlobes. Peren-
nial densely tufted usually aro-
matic grasses. The two species
mentioned below are cultivated
occasionally in the West Indies.
These and other species are used
in perfumery.°®
First glume of sessile spikelet flat on the

WR GKS st 2 1. C. cITRATUS.
First glume of sessile spikelet concave
on the back._______-_ 2. C. NARDUS.

1. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.)
Stapf, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf.
1906: 322. 1906.

LEMON GRASS.

Andropogon citratus DC., Cat.
Hort. Monsp. 78. 1813 (name
only); Nees, Allzem. Gartenzeit.
3: 267. 1835. Described from a
garden specimen.

Stout perennial with leafy sterile
shoots from a short rhizome;
culms erect, 2 m or more tall;
blades long-attenuate toward the
base and tapering upward to aseta-
ceous point, as much as 1 m long,
5 to 15 mm wide, glabrous, sca-
brous on the margins and above

6 A detailed account of these grasses is given by
Stapf, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1906: 297-363. 1906.

FIGURE 357.— Diectomis fastigiata, X 44 (Swallen 4187).

404 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

toward the tip, the midrib rather stout below, whitish on the upper

side; inflorescence 30 to 60 cm long, nodding (fig. 358).

é SpernEly escaped from cultivation. Called “hierba de limon” in
uba.

FIGURE 358.—Cymbopogon citratus. Branchlet, X 1 (Sintenis 5295).

2. Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 2: 155. 1899.
CITRONELLA GRASS.

Andropogon nardus L., Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753. India.

Similar to C. citratus in habit, differing in the concave glumes of the
sessile spikelet. In Puerto Rico the fibrous rootstock is used as a
toothbrush by the poorer people.

109. HYPARRHENIA Anderss.; Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop.
Africa 9: 291. 1918

Spikelets in pairs, as in Andropogon, but spikelets of the lower pairs
alike, sterile, and awnless; fertile spikelets 1 to few in each raceme,
terete or flattened on the back, the margins of the first glume rounded,
not sharply inflexed nor keeled (keeled toward the summit in H. rufa),
the base usually elongate into a sharp callus, the fertile lemma with a
strong geniculate awn; sterile spikelets awnless; racemes in pairs, on
slender peduncles, and subtended by a spathe. Tall perennials, the
pairs of racemes and their spathes more or less crowded, forming a
rather large inflorescence at the upper part of the plant.

Spikelets nearly glabrous or rather sparsely hirsute; pubescence usually rufous.

H. RUFA.
Spikelets densely villous; pubescence whitish______._____------- 2. Sara
1. Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 304.

1918.
Trachypogon rufus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 345. 1829. Brazil.
Andropogon rufus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830.
Cymbopogon rufus Rendle, Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 2: 155. 1899.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 405

Perennial; culms erect, rather stout, 1 to 2.5 m tall; blades mostly
2 to 8 mm wide, sometimes more than 1 cm; inflorescence 20 to 40 em
long, the pairs of racemes toward the ends of the numerous branches
on long slender flexuous peduncles; racemes about 2 cm long, reddish
brown; fertile spikelets mostly 5 to 7 in each raceme, 3 to 4 mm long,
flattened from the back, pubescent with dark-red hairs, the pedicels
and rachis-joints ciliate with red hairs; awn 15 to 20 mm long, twice
geniculate, twisted, red-brown, hispidulous (fig. 359).

Moist, open ground, Venezuela to Brazil; Tropics of the Old World.
Sees cultivated under the name “jaragua.’’ Has some forage
value.

Cusa: Baragua, Hitchcock 23380 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 1000).
Santiago de las Vegas, escaped from experiment station plots, Hitch-
cock 23249. Manacas, Léon 5841, 5870.

Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Britton 74438, cultivated under the name
‘““canophora.”’

LEEWARD Isuanps: St. Kitts, Bor 131.

FIGURE 359.—Hyparrhenia rufa, X 1 (Moldenke 243).

2. Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 315. 1918.

Andropogon hirtus L., Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753. Mediterranean region.
Cymbopogon hirtus Stapf; Burtt-Davy, Ann. Transv. Mus. 3: 121.
1912.

Differing from H. rufa in the usually longer racemes (4 to 5 cm)
and in the denser and more silky whitish pubescence of the inflores-
cence.

Waste places, introduced in a few localities in tropical America;
Mediterranean region to South Africa.

Cusa: Habana, Hkman 13195 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 999); Léon
2788, 3492. |

406 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

DominicaN ReEpusuic: Province of Santo Domingo, Ekman H
11419. Moncion, Ekman H 13052. Santo Domingo City, Ekman
H 13292. Cuesta Piedras, Hkman H 14298. Without locality,

FIGURE 360.—Vetiveria zizanioides, X 1% (Hitchcock 9435).

—
—— we

|

i
i}
HF
ii
MT}
Mil
I;
Hi

Wright, Parry, and
Brummel 616.

110: VETIVER PA
Bory, in Lem., Bull.
Soc. Philom. 1822:
43. 1822

Racemes long, slen-
der, solitary, on long
filiform peduncles
borne in whorls on an
elongate axis, forming
a large panicle; spike-
lets awnless (in ours),
arranged as in Andro-
pogon, the filiform ra-
chis tardily disjointing.
Coarse glabrous peren-
nials- “with stout
rhizomes.

In the Grasses of the
West Indies this genus
was described under
Anatherum Beauy.
This name was there
typified by A. murica-
tum Beauy., the first
of two equally eligible
species. Jt seems bet-
ter to take the second
of these species, A.
bicorne Beauv. (Andro-
pogon bicornis L.)as the
type, reducing Anthe-
rum Beauv. to a syno-
nym of Andropogon
and leaving Vetiweria
for the aromatic grass
commonly known un-
der that name.

1. Vetiveria zizanioides
(L..) Nash,in Small, Fl.
Southeast. U. S. 67.
1903. KHuUS-KHUS.
Phalaris zizanioides

Li, Mcatant co eal eee

L771... Indias:
Andropogon murica-

tus Retz., Obs. Bot. 3:

43. 17838. “India:

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 407

Anatherum muricatum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 128, 150. pl. 22, f. 10.
1812.

Vetweria arundinacea Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 559. 1864.
Jamaica, Trinidad.

Vetiveria muricata Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 560. 1864.

Sorghum zizanoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891.

Andropogon zizanioides Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 79. 1903.

Anatherum zizanioides Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl.
lierb, 18: 285.) On7.

Robust, densely tufted, erect, branching perennial; culms 1 to 2 m
tall, blades olabrous, firm: or rigid, 30 to 100 cm long, 4 to 10 mm wide,
scabrous on the margin ; panicle elongate-pyramidal, 20 to 30 cm
long, the branches in 6 to 10 whorls of as many as 20 rays, the lower
naked part as much as 5 cm; racemes as much as 5 em long (fig. 360).

A native of Asia, cultivated in the Tropics of both hemispheres.
Commonly cultivated in the West Indies as a hedge plant and for its
aromatic roots. Sometimes escaped along roadsides. It is called
“vetiver’’ in Cuba. The roots are packed with articles of clothing
to preserve them from moths. This is the grass that produces the
aromatic roots called in Puerto Rico “pacholi’”’ * or “pachuli.” The
Indian name ‘‘khus-khus” is used in the English islands. The aro-
matic roots are sometimes woven into screens which, when wet, are
used to perfume living quarters. Also sometimes called “cockroach
grass” and ‘‘khas-khas.”’

111. SORGHUM Moench, Meth. Pl. 207. 1794°

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate,
sterile but well developed, usually staminate, the terminal sessile
spikelet with two pedicellate spikelets. Annual or perennial, tall or
moderately tall grasses, with flat blades and terminal panicles of
1- to 5-jointed tardily disarticulating racemes. The numerous va-
rieties of the cultivated Sorghum are considered species by some.

Plants perennial, with creeping rhizomes____________________ 1. S. HALEPENSE.
LRALG WOES) EMSS SUCH LS ho" isa I ln pe) Us me 2 | 2. S. VULGARE.

1. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805.
JOHNSON GRASS.

Holcus halepensis L., Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753. Syria.

Andropogon halepensis Brot., Fl. Lusit. 1: 89. 1804.

Robust perennial with numerous stout rhizomes; culms mostly
1 to 1.5 m tall; blades mostly less than 1.5 em wide, the midrib
prominent, the white margins scabrous; panicle 15 to 25 cm long;
fertile spikelets plump, 5 mm long, the awn when present 7 to 10 mm
long, deciduous; staminate spikelets 4 mm long, the pedicel 3 mm
long (fig. 361).

A weed in fields and waste places in the warmer parts of North
America; introduced from the Old World. Found in all the large
islands and probably in most of the smaller ones.

7Est. Expt. Agron. Bol. 22: 108. 1914.

8 Contrib. U. 8S. Natl. Herb. 8: 208. 1903.

® Holcus L. was used for this genus in Grasses of the West Indies. The historic type of that genus is
Holcus sorghum L., but a standard species, /7. lanatus L., has been adopted instead, in order to conserve

Holcus for the velvet grass and to make Sorghum Moench available for the economically important
sorghums.

408 MISC. PUBLICATION 2438, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

w
AOR

tS
GaSe
DNs K

a
SS

WF

sf

ZX] Amwa.

FIGURE 361.—Sorghum halepense. Plant, X 4; two views of terminal raceme, X 5 (Small).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 409

This species is described by Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth,’
with Habana, Cuba, given as locality, under the name “Andropogon
avenaceus Schrad.” This is evidently a misprint for A. arundinaceus
Willd., as described by Schrader." In Cuba this is called ‘‘cafiuela’”’
and “hierba de Don Carlos.”

2. Sorghum vulgare (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805.
SORGHUM or SORGO.

Holcus sorghum l., Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753. India.

Andropogon sorghum Brot., Fl. Lusit. 1: 88. 1804.

Sorghum dura Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 560. 1864.

Large broad-leaved annual, with a compact panicle of turgid per-
sistent spikelets.

Occasionally cultivated in the West Indies and sometimes spon-
taneous in waste places or near fields. Widely cultivated in other
parts of North America and in the Old World. In the English Islands
it is often called ‘“‘Guinea corn’’; in Cuba it is called ‘‘millo.”’

There are numerous varieties. One variety, Sudan grass (S. vul-
gare var. sudanense (Piper) Hitche.), is a comparatively slender form
1 to 2 m tall, with a large open panicle, used for forage. Another
variety, broomcorn, has a large erect or fan-shaped panicle with long
naked branches, the spikelets crowded near the ends.

112. SORGHASTRUM Nash, in Britton, Man. 71. 1901

Spikelets in pairs, one nearly terete, sessile and fertile, the other
wanting, only the hairy pedicel being present; glumes coriaceous,
brown or yellowish, the first hirsute, the edges inflexed over the second;
sterile and fertile lemmas thin and hyaline, the latter extending into
a usually well-developed bent and twisted awn. Perennial, erect,
rather tall grasses, with narrow flat blades and narrow terminal
panicles of one- to few-jointed racemes.

Awn straight or slightly bent, not strongly spirally twisted at base, shorter than

the spikelet or sometimes a little longer eS eiEr oave Ae 1. §. SETOSUM.
Awn geniculate, strongly spirally twisted at base, about 3 times as long as the
Spilccletmemmn Samer aes i Ak Re a his Yes 2. S. STIPOIDES.

1. Sorghastrum setosum (Griseb.) Hitche., Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 12: 195. 1909.

Sorghum parwflorum Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ.12. 1825.
Not S. parwjflorum Beauy., 1812. Hispaniola.

Andropogon setosus Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 235. 1866. Cuba,
Wright 3897.

Andropogon francavillanus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 56. 1886. Mexico.

Sorghastrum francavillanum Hitchce., -Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12:
195. 1909.

Sorghastrum parviflorum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 18: 287. 1917.

Tall erect tufted glabrous perennial with long, flat, or subinvolute
blades and long lanceolate panicles with slender or subcapillary
branchlets and peduncles and golden brown spikelets, the ultimate

10 Novy. Gen. et Sp. 1: 189. 1816.
11 F],. Germ. 1: 237. 1806.

410 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

peduncles, the sterile pedicels, and the base of the spikelet clothed
with white hairs; awn variable in length.

Grassy hillsides, southern Mexico and the West Indies to Argentina.
Grisebach cites Piptatherum setosum <A. Rich., “ex descr.’”’, but
Richard’s description does not apply to this species. Andropogon
setosus is taken to be a new species based on Wright 3897, rather than
a change of name (see p. 182) (fig. 362).

Cusa: Sancti Spiritus, Léon 894, 895, 5365. Nagua, Ekman 14903a.

JAMAICA: Hardware Gap, Harris 11437. Flamstead, Harris 11463.
Bermuda Mountain, Harris 11635. Gorden Town, Hart 812. New-
castle, Hitchcock 9346. Halls Delight Harris 12934.

Hartt: Port-au-Prince, Ekman H 419. Las Cahobas, Cook, Scofield,
and Doyle 98. Petite Riviére de |’Artibonite, Picarda 1634. Morne
Robin, Buch 1475. Lamarque, Buch 1652.

Dominican Repusuic: Pimentel, Hkman H 13257. Moncidn,
Ekman H 12687. Sabana de la Mar, Ekman H 15615.

Puerto Rico: Trujillo Alto, Sein 318; Chase 6370, 6773. San Juan,
Chase 6638. Vega Baja, Chase 6421. Rio Piedras, Cowgill 687, 696.

TRINIDAD: Icacos, Broadway 9290.

2. Sorghastrum stipoides (H. B. K.) Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 129°
1912.

Andropogon stipoides H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 189. 1816.
Colombia.

Andropogon domingensis Spreng.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 91.
1840, as synonym of A. stipoides, but the specimen is Sorghastrum
setosum.

More slender than the preceding, the narrower blades convolute,
the spikelets slightly larger, and the awns well developed.

Palm barrens, Cuba; Colombia to Brazil. This is the species
referred by Hitchcock ” to S. francavillanum.

Cupa: Mangas, Hkman 17592. Pinar del Rio, Mitchcock 23252,
23303. Santa Cruz de los Pinos, Ekman 17680 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
998). Guane, Shafer 10353. Handbana, Wright 3897. Vinales,
Léon 15864.

113. .RBAAPHIS “Lour.” Fl Cochmeh? 552.4" F790

Inflorescence a few-flowered panicle, the racemes reduced to a
single joint of the rachis with a sessile perfect spikelet and 2 pedicellate
sterile spikelets (the latter sometimes obsolete) borne at the ends of
slender naked peduncles, these disjointing obliquely near the summit,
forming a sharp callus below the long-awned spikelets. Perennials or
rarely annuals, with narrow blades and terminal panicles.

1. Rhaphis pauciflora (Chapm.) Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast.
USS. 672 “1908:
Andropogon wright. Munro; Wright, An. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8:
288. 1871 (mame only). Cuba, Wright 3895.
Sorghum pauciflorum Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 20. 1878. Florida.
Chrysopogon paucifiorus Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 20. 1883.
12 Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 195. 1909.
13 The name roped f.; Ait., Hort. Kew. 3: 473. 1789, having a different derivation and pronun-

ciation should not invalidate Rh: aphis Lour. The latter nameshould replace Chrysopogon Trin., Fund.
Agrost. 187. 20.

411

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES

; two views of spikelet, X 10 (Léon 5365).

FIGURE 362.—Sorghastrum setosum. Plant xX 14

412 MISC. PUBLICATION 248, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 363.—Rhaphis pauciflora. Plant, X 14; fruiting spikelet, X 5 (Combs 1359).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 413

A slender branching annual with flat or folded ciliate blades and a
few-flowered panicle with capillary branchlets, the brown spikelets
raised on a hairy callus of nearly equal length, the twisted bent awns
up to 15 cm long (fig. 363).

Sandy pine barrens, Florida and Cuba.

Cusa: Pinar del Rio, Wright 3895. Baragué, Hitchcock 233838.
Isla de Pinos, Ekman 11628; Taylor 46.

La DET ROROGON Pers. syn. Pll 2:°5337 “1807

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, both of the
lower few to several pairs staminate or neuter, the remainder of the
sessile spikelets perfect, terete, long-awned, the pedicellate spikelets,
like the lower staminate, flat, conspicuous, awnless; glumes of the
fertile spikelet equal, coriaceous, the first brown-hirsute, infolding
the second; lemmas thin and hyaline, the fertile one narrow, extend-
ing into a strong bent and twisted brown awn; glumes of the staminate
spikelet membranaceous, the first green, faintly many-nerved, asym-
metric, one submarginal keel rather broadly winged, the other wing-
less, the margins inflexed, the second glume narrower, symmetric.
Annual or perennial grasses, with flat blades and mostly solitary
racemes terminal on the culms and branches; rachis slender, the lower
part, bearing the pairs of staminate spikelets, continuous, the re-
mainder disarticulating obliquely at the base of each joint, the joint
forming a sharp barbed callus below the fertile spikelet, the pedicel-
late spikelet readily falling.

Plants perennial, 60 to 100 cm tall; first glume of staminate spikelet pilose.
Ike CONTORTUS.
Plants annual, usually more than 1 m tall; first glume of staminate spikelet
beset with a row of glands along the back, not pilose__2. H. MELANOCARPUS.
1. Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg.
DS dOns ESL. TANGLEHEAD.

Andropogon contortus L., Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753. India.
ee enopogon secundus Willd. : Nees, Agrost. Bras. 364. 1829.

raz

Branching perennial; culms compressed, 40 to 100 cm n tall: blades 2
to 4 mm wide, scabrous; racemes solitary, excluding awns 3 to 8cm
long, somewhat curved: spikelets imbricate, the lower awnless, the
upper with brown bent awns, 5 to 8 cm long, red-brown. Lemon-
scented when fresh (fig. 364).

Rocky slopes and cliffs. Southwestern United States and the West
Indies to Argentina and Bolivia; warmer parts of the Old World.

Cupa: Arroyo Arenas, Léon 16423. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 897,
4095, 5356; Sergius 2792. Guantinamo, Ekman 10179. Eastern
Cuba, Wright 1559.

Jamaica: Halls Delight, Harris 11259. Grants Pen, Harris 11540.
Guava Ridge, Harris 11290. Gordon Town, Hitchcock 9324. Health-
shire Hills, Harris 11351, 11610; Hitchcock 9756. Lititz, Harris
11738. New Forest, Hitchcock 9839.

Harti: Monte Cabrete, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 71, 102. Port-
au-Prince, Hkman H 2028; Leonard 15862. Pétionville, Leonard
4942; Hkman H 3244. St. Marc, Leonard 3419. Les Anglais, Ekman
H 383.

MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

414

;
LL

fruiting spikelet, x 5 (Griffiths 1844).

FIGURE 364.—Heteropogon contortus. Plant, X 44;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES A415

Dominican ReEpusuic: Moncién, Hkman H 12686. <Azua, Rose
3826. Barahona, Fuertes 1455b. Los Charcos, Fuertes 1418. San-
tiago, Hkman H 16225.

VirGiIn Isuanps: Virgin Gorda, Fishlock 208.

LeEwarp Isianps: St. Kitts, Box 154. Antigua, Wullschlagel;
Box 71. Guadeloupe, Duss 3137; Stehlé 286.

2. Heteropogon melanocarpus (Ell.) Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot.
Ole S82: SWEET TANGLEHEAD.

Andropogon melanocarpus Ell., Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 146. 1816.
Georgia.

Culms stout, often glaucous, the lower nodes often producing stilt-
roots; blades as much as 1 cm wide; racemes several, combined with
the spathes and upper leaves forming
a rather dense inflorescence 20 to 30
cm long; first glume of staminate
spikelet 15 mm long; mature fertile
spikelet terete, dark brown, 6 to 7 mm
long with a sharp bearded callus about
2 mm long; awn hispidulous, 6 to 10
em long (fig. 365).

Grassy slopes and open ground,
southern United States to Brazil and
Bolivia; Haiti; also Tropics of the
Old World.

Haiti: Pétionville, Ekman H 1909.

115. TRACHYPOGON Nees, Agrost.
Bras= 341i. 1829

Spikelets in pairs, along a slender
continuous rachis, one nearly sessile,
staminate, awnless, the other pedicel-
late, perfect, long-awned; the pedicel
of the perfect spikelet obliquely dis-
articulating near the base, forming a
sharp barbed callus below the spike-
let; first glume firm-membranaceous,
rounded onthe back, several-nerved, PSV > 30 ent ee
obtuse; second glume firm, obscurely
nerved; fertile lemma narrow, extending into a stout twisted and bent
or flexuous awn; sessile spikelet persistent, as large as the fertile spike-
let and similar but awnless. Perennial, moderately tall grasses, with
terminal spikelike racemes, these single or clustered.

Awig!0) bo,127em long, conspicuously plumose__._._..__-_____- i GOUrNI:
Awn mostly not more than 5 cm long, appressed-plumose on the lower part,
scabrous above.

Blades flat; racemes usually 2 or 3, sometimes solitary__2. T. LIGULARIS.

Blades involute; racemes usually solitary____-_--__-----_- 3. TL. FILIFOLIUS.
1. Trachypogon gouinii Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 66. 1886. Vera Cruz,
Mexico.

Tall slender glabrous perennial, sparingly producing scaly rhizomes;
culms simple, usually geniculate below; blades involute; raceme
narrow, pale, feathery, 15 to 30 cm long.

60256—36—27

416 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Open ground in the vicinity of Habana, Cuba, introduced from
eastern Mexico.

Cusa: Vicinity of Habana, Léon 209, 300; Tracy 9086; Juzepczuk
17. Minas, Ekman 15376.

2. Trachypogon ligularis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 345. 1829. Brazil.

Culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, often sparingly branching below, the
sheaths overlapping; ligule 5 to 18 mm long, firm; blades mostly
reflexed, flat, 3 to 7 mm wide, scabrous, long-attenuate; racemes 2
or 3, sometimes solitary, 10 to 20 cm long; awns 4 to 7 cm long, pilose.

In the Grasses of the West Indies this
species was referred to JT. plumosus
Humb.and Bonpl. The type of that in the
Paris Herbarium was examined in 1935
and is found to be a species confined to
South America.

Wet savannas, Trinidad to Colombia,
south to central Brazil.

TrinipaD: Mount St. Benedict, Broad-
way 5061. St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10185.
Piarco Savanna, Hitchcock 10342. Arima,
Eggers 1379.

3. Trachypogon filifolius (Hack.) Hitchce.,
Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 191.
1909.

Trachypogon polymorphus var. filrfolius
Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2°: 642. 1883.
Brazil.

Slender, wiry, tufted, 1 to 1.3 m tall;
ligule 2 to 4 mm long; blades erect, invo-
lute, slender, elongate, smooth; racemes
solitary, 8 to 12 em long, mostly more
slender; awns mostly not more than 5 cm
long, sparsely pilose (fig. 366).

Sandy pine woods, western Cuba; Brazil.

Cuspa: Herradura, Hkman 11571; Ek-
man in 1923. Pinar del Rio, Hitchcock
23308: Wright 3892, 3893; Léon 3398.
Viniales, Léon 15863.

116. ISCHAEMUM L., Sp. PI. 1049. 1753

SLOT oi ene EULA a Sessile spikelets perfect, awned; pedi-
nuliorescence, ; lertlie Splkelet, :
5 (Ekman 11571). : cellate spikelets perfect but not always

fruitful; rachis disjointing; racemes 2 to
several, digitate or aggregate on a short axis. Culms branching, with
flat blades and digitate or flabellate inflorescence with slender awns.

Racemes 2, conjugate; first glume strongly rugose across the pag 1. J. RUGOSUM.

Racemes several in a cluster; first glume not rugose___------ . I. LATIFOLIUM.
1. Ischaemum rugosum Salisb., Icon. Stirp. Rar. 1. pl. 1. 1791.
India.

Annual; culms 0.5 to 1 m tall; geniculate below; nodes bearded;
blades 8 to 12 mm wide, sparsely pilose; racemes 5 to 10 cm long,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 417

erect, so closely appressed to each other as often to appear like a single
spike; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, obtuse, the awn about 1.5 cm long.

Waste places in Cuba and Jamaica; introduced from the Old
World.

Cupa: Madruga, Curtiss 533. Manacas, Léon 5886. Bayate,
Ekman 10063. Camp la Gloria, south of Sierra Moa, Shafer 8104.

JAMAICA: Savanna-la-Mar, Hitch-
cock 9858.

TRINIDAD: Rio Claro, Bot. Gard.
Herb. 12075.

2. Ischaemum latifolium (Spreng.)
Kunth, shéve Gram. 1: 168%
1829.

Andropogon latifolius Spreng.,
Dyse. Vier: 286. 1825.

Ischaemopogon latifolius Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 560. 1864. Gua-
deloupe and Martinique.

Perennial, spreading and strag-
gling, decumbent, rooting at the
lower nodes; blades oblong-lanceo-
late, as much as 20 cm long and 3
cm wide; racemes 5 to 15, 4 to 8
em long (fig. 367).

Moist, shady places, southern
Mexico and the Lesser Antilles to
Brazil and Ecuador.

LEEWARD ISLANDs: Guadeloupe,
Duss 2696; Stehlé 111. Dominica,
Jones 17, 41.

WINDWARD ISLANDs: Martinique,
Hitchcock 16459; Hahn in 1867-
1870. St. Vincent, Kggers 6710. |

Trinipab: Bot. Gard. Herb. 3380.

IscCHAEMUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM
(Trin.) Hack., in Hook., Icon. PI.
18: pl. 1773. 1888. In the her-
barium of the Botanical Depart-
ment, Trinidad, is a specimen of
this collected in 1895 by J. H.
Hart, and said to be introduced.
It is distinguished by its elongate

narrow blades.
F eerech latifolium. Inf
HEWHACHNH -ROTTBOELLIOMDNS i eh et peo

Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind.

Occ. 11. 1825. Described from a specimen purporting to be from
the ‘“‘Antilles’” in the Desvaux Herbarium. The genus is an African
one and the locality given is probably an error, as with many other
Desvaux specimens. The specimen could not be found in the Paris
Herbarium.

tN
nas Fees
i 4
ANY
“ap

ee
SS

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4 NS
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mM | |
NS Ve
MIE

Z;
iN

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418 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ive ROTPLBORELTAMN HS Nov. Gram .G.enes 22hai ol nlene manne
Amoen. Acad. 10: 22. 1790

Spikelets awnless, in pairs at the nodes of a thickened articulate
rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate, sterile; rachis-
joints hollow above, the thickened pedicel adnate to it, the pedicel-
late spikelet appearing to be sessile; sessile spikelet fitting closely
against the concave side of the rachis-joint, the first glume coriaceous,
the second less coriaceous; sterile and fertile lemmas and palea
hyaline. Coarse branching annual with broad flat blades and sub-
cylindric racemes, dwindling toward the summit and
bearing abortive spikelets only.

1. Rottboellia exaitata L. f., Sup. Pl. 114. 1781.
India.

Mamsuris exaltata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 779.
1891.

Stegosia exaltata Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 84. 1909.

A stout branching leafy annual with hispid sheaths,
long flat scabrous blades, and numerous axillary ra-
cemes, the summit of these dwindling and _ bearing
abortive spikelets only (fig. 368).

A weed in moist soil, in several of the West Indian
islands, introduced from southern Asia.

CuBsa: Habana, Léon 2683. Soledad, Mitchcock
23323. Sancti Spiritus, Léon 847. El Cristo, Ekman 9000.

JaAMAIcA: Castleton, Ridley 125; Harris 11387. Kings-
ton, Hitchcock 9257. Bog Walk, Ridley 108; Hitchcock
9283 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 238). Hope Gardens, Harris
11256. Ipswich, AMitchcock 9605. Barican, Hitchcock
9567. Ewarton, Hitchcock 9462. Gordon Town, Hart 809.

Haiti: Ennery, HKkman H 2447; Leonard 8822. St.
Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard 7362, 7834. Plaisance,
Leonard 9270. San Rafael, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle
152, 153.

I He Dominican Repusuic: Azua, Ekman H 13618.
I LEEWARD ISLANDs: St. Kitts, Box 135.

Rottboellia ex- TRINIDAD: Icacos, Broadway 4965. Point-a-Pierre,

(higig). | Broadway, 4943. Port-of-Spain, Hitchcock 9944. With-
out locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3221.

118. MANISURIS L., Mant. Pl. 164. 1771

Spikelets awnless, in pairs at the nodes of a thickened articulate
rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate rudimentary
(developed but sterile in M. altissima), the pedicel thickened and
appressed to the rachis, the sessile spikelet fitting closely against the
rachis (sometimes partly adnate in VM. altissima), forming a cylindric
or flattened raceme; glumes mostly obtuse, the first coriaceous,
fitting over the hollow containing the spikelet, the keels winged at
the summit, the second less coriaceous than the first; sterile lemma,
fertile lemma, and palea thin and hyaline. Perennial slender, mod-
erately tall, or tall grasses, with usually numerous glabrous cylindric
or flattened solitary racemes.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 419

Racemes compressed, tardily disarticulating___._____________ 1. M. autTissmma.
Racemes cylindric or nearly so, readily disarticulating.
First glume emarginate and winged above______________--__ 2. MM. AURITA.

First glume not winged.
Blades flat; sheaths compressed-keeled. First glume roughened or wrinkled —

COMA MSS Oe weevalyy Soaps eb 3. M. TUBERCULOSA.
Blades involute; sheaths cylindric, not keeled.
First glume strongly transverse-rugose__._.___._.________ 4. M. LoricaTa.
ILS TRS MIME DOLMU COSC ee eeotel ee eenenamnn aire yh bh NEY FS 5. M. IMPRESSA.
1. Manisuris altissima (Poir.) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24:
292. 1934.

Rottboeilia altissima Poir., Voy. Barb. 2: 105. 1789. Barbary.
Rottboellia fasciculata Lam., Tabl. Encycl.1: 204. 1791. Barbary.

Hemarihria fasciculata Kunth, Rév.Gram.1: 153. 1829.

Rottboelia compressa var. fasciculata Hack., in DC.,
Monogr. Phan. 6: 286. 1889.

Mamnsuris fasciculata Hitche., Amer. Jour.
Bote 227299.) 19s:

Hemarthria altissima Stapf and Hubbard,
Kew Bull. Misc? Inf. 1934: 109. 1984.

Culms erect or spreading, compressed, slen-
der, glabrous, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat or
folded, 2 to 5 mm wide; racemes 5 to 10 cm
long, falcate, from several of the upper sheaths
(fig. 369).

Shallow water, ditches, and moist ground.
An Old World species introduced into the
American Tropics. Mexico and Jamaica to
Argentina.

JAMAICA: Black River, Harris 12550, 12874.

2. Manisuris aurita (Steud.) Hitchc. and Chase,
Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 276. 1917.

— FIGURE 370.—

Br ee Rottboellia aurita Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: ““Xrenisutis

ae ool 18545) Brazil. | et:
cock). Culms erect, glabrous, 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades _1074).

flat or folded, 4 to 8 mm wide; racemes mostly 5
to 10 cm long, included at base in the upper sheaths or exserted; sessile
spikelets 4 mm long, the first glume smooth or indistinctly pitted.

Grassy hillsides, Brazil to Trinidad; in the latter known from a
specimen in the Gray Herbarium collected by Finlay (Bot. Gard.
Herb. 2304).

3. Manisuris tuberculosa Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 4380.
1900. Florida.

Coelorachis tuberculosa Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 86. 1909.

Culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths compressed-keeled; blades
flat; racemes several, slender, 2 to 5 cm long; joints about 5 mm
long (fig. 370).

Swampy places, Florida and Cuba.

Cusa: Laguna Santa Maria, Hkman 17260.

4, Manisuris loricata (Trin.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 780. 1891.

Rottboellia loricata Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math.
iRivem Nat. 2; 250, 1832. Brazil.

Rottboellia filifolia Wright, An. Acad. Cien. Habana 8: 209. 1871.
Cuba, Wright 3905.

420 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Coelorachis loricata Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 85. 1909.

A slender erect unbranched tufted perennial with narrow involute
blades, the solitary terminal raceme up to 25 cm long.

Pine barren swamps, western Cuba and Brazil.

Cupa: Herradura, Baker and Abarca 4181; Tracy 9059; Hitchcock
476; Pinar de Cajdlbana, Ekman 17339. Mordazo, Ekman 17106.
Dayaniguas, Wright 3905. Isla de Pinos, Ekman 11959.

5. Manisuris impressa (Griseb.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 780. 1891.

Rottboelia wmpressa Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 235. 1866. Cuba,
Wright 3904.

Coelorachis impressa Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 85. 1909.

Manisuris leonina Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.
18: 275. 1917. Cuba, Léon 6981.

Stouter than the preceding, 1 m or more tall, the culm branching,
bearing terminal and axillary racemes 10 to 15 cm long.

Pine barrens, Cuba.

Cusa: Remates, Hkman 11320. Damuji, Ekman 11048. San
Julian, south of Guane, Léon 6981. El Salado, Wright 3904. Mo-
tembo, Léon 8206, 9367; Ekman 16818. San Cristobal, Ekman
13752. Santayana, Hkman 15360. Isla de Pinos, Hkman 11645.

119. HACKELOCHLOA Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 776. 1891

(Rytilix Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 219. 1830. No
generic description)

Spikelets awnless, in pairs, the rachis joint and pedicel grown
together, the two clasped between the edges of the globose alveolate
first glume of the sessile spikelet; pedicellate spikelet conspicuous,
staminate. Freely branching annual with flat blades and numerous
short racemes.

1. Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 776. 1891.

Cenchrus granularis L., Mant. Pl. 2: 575. 1771. East Indies.

Mamnisuris granularis Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788.

Rytiliz granularis Skeels, U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull.
2522 20: 793.

Coarsely hispid; culms 30 to 100 cm tall; blades mostly less than
10 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; racemes terminal and axillary, 1 to 2.5
em long (fig. 371).

A common weed throughout tropical America, introduced from the
Old World. In the West Indies found in Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti,
Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, and
probably to be found on other islands.

120. THEMEDA Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 178. 1775

Inflorescence a flabellate cluster of several racemes, each subtended
by a leaflike spathe, the entire cluster (or panicle) subtended or
partly enclosed by a larger spathe; racemes consisting of 2 approximate
pairs of sessile awnless staminate or neuter spikelets and a single
fertile awned spikelet with a pair of sterile pedicellate ones, the rachis
disjointing above the pairs of sessile staminate spikelets and forming a

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 421

pointed callus below the fertile one. Perennial or annual, often
robust grasses, with leafy compound panicles.

Perfect spikelets villous; glumes of sessile neuter spikelets not strongly papil-

LOS Cee owen ee ete ee eae Ree eae ATER LE a 1. T. ARGUENS.
Perfect spikelets not villous; glumes of sessile neuter spikelets strongly papillose,
MMe Rp Apa beanie One Stitt Mains eae eee Te 2. T. QUADRIVALVIS.

GEES

AA

Ave

i <A,

FIGURE 371.—Hackelochloa granularis. Plant, X 14; single raceme, X 2; two views of spikelets with rachis
joint, X 5 (Pringle).

1. Themeda arguens (L.) Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 657.
1889. CHRISTMAS GRASS.

Stipa arguens L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2.117. 1762. India.

An ascending annual with compressed branching culms, flat
scabrous blades, and V-shaped clusters of long-awned spikelets;
fruit dark brown, the awn 5 to 7 cm long (fig. 372).

422 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 372.— Themeda arguens, X % (Harris 12461).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 423

Introduced in Jamaica and Barbados; native of Asia.

Jamaica: Troy, Harris 12702; Hitchcock 9805. Hope Gardens,
Harris 12461. Prospect, Harris 11538.

WINDWARD IsLANDs: Barbados, Ballow in 1927.

2. Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 794. 1891.
KANGAROO GRASS.

Andropogon quadrivalvis L., Syst. Veg. ed. 13. 758. 1774. India.

Anthistiria ciliata L. f., Sup. 118. 1781. Based on the preceding.

Themeda ciliata Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 664. 1889.

Usually taller than the preceding with an elongate inflorescence of
more numerous and smaller clusters of spikelets; fruit pale, the awn
mostly less than 5 cm long.

Introduced in the West Indies; native of the East Indies. In
Haiti called Madame Michel grass.

Cusa: Isla le Pinos, Ekman 12261.

Harti: St. Michel, Baker 13. St. Michel de ]’Atalaye, Leonard
7000, 8518. Restauracién, Ekman H 6260. Petite Riviére, Sweet
in 1925. Muirebalais, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 82. Port-au-Prince,
Buch 1807. Pétionville, Ekman H 1728.

Dominican Repusuic: San Juan, Ekman H 13400.

Winpwarp Istanps: Martinique, Duss 533, 4723. Barbados,
Botanic Station 585.

TRIBE 14. TRIPSACEAE

121. =@COLX Iu, Spel. 972. 1753

Spikelets unisexual; pistillate spikelets 2 or 3 together, 1 fertile
and 1 or 2 rudimentary, enclosed in a bony beadlike involucre (mor-
phologically a subtending leaf sheath); staminate spikelets approxi-
mate in threes (the third sometimes obsolete) on a slender rachis
forming a short raceme, the rachis protruding from the orifice of the
involucre, these ultimate inflorescences borne on the ends of numerous
branches. Broad-leaved annual.

1. Coix laeryma-jobi L., Sp. Pl. 972. 1753. East Indies.
J OBS-TEARS.

Freely branching, 1 m or more tall, the cordate clasping blades 2 to
3 cm broad, the ‘“‘beads’”’ 8 to 10 mm long (fig. 373).

Moist ground and waste places, especially near dwellings, through-
out tropical America, cultivated as an ornamental and for the ivory or
erayish beads; often escaped. Called also ‘‘Christs tears,’’ ‘“‘caman-
dula,”’ ‘“ldgrimas de Job,” and ‘‘graine maldioc”’ (Haiti).

Common in the West Indies and to be found on probably all of
the islands.

122. TRIPSACUM L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759

Spikelets unisexual; staminate spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on one
side of a continuous rachis, one sessile, the other sessile or pedicellate,
similar to those of Zea, the glumes firmer; pistillate spikelets single
and on opposite sides at each joint of the thick, hard articulate lower
part of the same rachis, sunken in hollows in the joints, consisting of
one perfect floret and a sterile lemma; first glume coriaceous, nearly

424 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

infolding the spikelet, fitting into and closing the hollow of the rachis;
second glume similar to the first but smaller, infolding the remainder
of the spikelet; sterile lemma, fertile lemma, and palea very thin and
hyaline, these progressively smaller. Robust perennial grasses, with
usually broad flat blades and monoecious terminal and axillary
inflorescences of 1 to several racemes, the pistillate part below, break-
ing up into bony, seedlike joints, the staminate above on the same
rachis, deciduous as a whole.
Spikes 2 to 4 in the terminal inflorescence; blades 1 to 2 em wide.
1. T. DACTYLOIDES.
Spikes solitary; blades usually 2.5 to 5 em wide__________-_ 22° “EY LATIFOELGM:
1. Tripsacum dactyloides
Ci.) (ELe Syste:
ed.10, 2: E260) Vane
GAMA GRASS.

Coix dactyloides L., Sp.
Pl. 972. 1753. America, no
definite locality given.

In large clumps with
thick knotty rhizomes;
culms 2 to 3 m tall; blades
usually 1 to 2 cm wide;
spikes 2 to 4 in the ter-
minal inflorescence, usu-
ally solitary on the
branches, 15 to 25 cm long,
the pistillate part not
more than one-fourth the
entire length (fig. 374).

In the Cuban speci-
mens the blades are only
4 to 7 mm wide and the
terminal spike is solitary,
suggesting an approach
: to Triupsacum fioridanum
| | Porter, of southern Flo-

| rida, but the blades are flat
or folded and have promi-
nent midrib asin 7. dacty-
loides, those of T. floridanum being 1 to 4 mm wide and subinvolute.

Moist ground at low altitudes, eastern United States and the West
Indies to Brazil.

CuBaA: Road to Nagua Yara (Province of Oriente), Ekman 14152;
Léon 11332.

Harti: Port-au-Prince, Cook, Scofield, and Doyle 65; Ekman H
8170. Pétionville, Leonard 4846, 5064. Mission, Leonard 3945.
Puilboreau Mountain, Baker 9. St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Leonard
7157. Ennery, Leonard 8936. Bassin Bleu, Leonard 14997.

Dominican Repusuic: Barahona, Muertes 1424.

2. Tripsacum latifolium Hitchc., Bot. Gaz. 41: 294. 1906. Guate-
mala.

Differs from the preceding chiefly in the longer broader biades, as
much as 70 cm long and 5 to 6 cm wide, rarely less than 2 cm, nar-
rowed to a slender base; sheaths commonly purple; spikes all solitary,

FIGURE 373.—Coiz lacryma-jobi, X 1 (cult.).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE WEST INDIES 425

<== ——— ——
Se: eS ~~
Feo ze

\
\

\

or
——
———
a oe
Ty Li
Y GE
VIBE oe
ee
Se

if
iy ‘\
yy

ANS \)\) 2
ANTE ee
Ny Ye

—=—-a
—

FIGURE 374.—Tripsacum dactyloides. Plant, X 14; pistillate spikelets with rachis joint and pair of stam-
inate spikelets with rachis joint, X 5 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 229).

426 MISC. PUBLICATION 243, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

more slender than usual in 7’. dactyloides, the joints of the pistillate
part often slightly roughened.

Moist slopes in the higher foothills, Hispaniola and Trinidad;
Mexico and Central America. Cultivated for fodder in Antigua
(Box 126).

Harti: Port-a-Piment, Ekman 338.

Dominican Repusuic: Villa Altagracia, ‘forming vast colonies,
steep slope of Loma Marian, Chicle, near the top,” Hkman H 142538.
Santiago, Hkman H 16229.

TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10017. La Brea, Broadway 4982.
Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 3303.

TRIPSACUM LAXUM Nash,N. Amer. Fl. 17: 81. 1909,a stout species
with fascicled spikes and blades as much as 8 or 9 cm wide, not nar-
rowed at base, is sparingly cultivated for forage, under the name
Guatemala grass, in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix. Mexico and
Central America.

ZOYSIA MATRELLA (L.) Merr., Manila grass, a low perennial with
slender rhizomes, fine foilage and slender spikes, about 2 cm long,
has recently been introduced as a lawn grass in Puerto Rico. It is
said to form a good turf. Native of the Philippine Islands.

EREMOCHLOA OPHIUROIDES (Munro) Hack., Centipede grass, a low
perennial with thick leafy stolons, spreading narrow blades, and sub-
cylindric spikelike racemes, was recently found near Mayaguez,
Puerto Rico, forming an excellent turf in partly shaded ground. It
has been recommended as a lawn grass in the southern United
States. Native of southeastern Asia.

LIST OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES AND NEW NAMES

ANdTO POGOROLACUIS) VALAULM OTe rl tOne | VAla MOVE 255222222 eee
LLGUROMOVOE (UO OOS ISU N65, SO. MO AaB Se
Andropogon needy Hatches and Hkmanysp, NOV. 2-2 --- 222-5 ee
AVRO OO: A ei0CH ion LaltKO Ne. KO, OW Lak
Arthrostylidium reflexcum Hitche. and Ekman, sp. nov___._....__.____-_-
FAL ONO DUSHARCC Sa UNIEZ) pelt CliG sea y anime epeyaebn nat One Teer yen ese
Paspalum anceps Mez.
CenchrnusiekMantanws EuLChG: isp NOS se es ee ee ee
Chigrisranenania-HiGgchnc andy kMmanwspw NON 822 ae see see eee
Chigrisrcubensiseeatche, andvlikimans spanOVee = ses) 25 aos ee ee
ChiomsrehiNanieaclulClaCeesp en OVis ee ee ee ee oe a ee
Chlopisrniupestres+cidiley,) = bitehciisnw ie ae er os ee Se
Gymnopogon rupestris Ridley.
DaTthOncaroOUlortaE@ Mase, *SpsnOVe es oe eee eee el ee ES
Deschampsia domingensis Hitche. and Ekman, sp. nov___------_----_-_-
IDYSG RUD RPOG: OL ATOGH ODD 15 (TH ON Os SY Os NO es es eens Ee ee
DG aTwOn PLeclontL ip UGeChCsy SP NOV san haan = sees l soe es Se ee
ET OIOCE LOG MLC Cee CCI Ovens ae ahs eee he ey an
CMO ROCULOCLORIStGLOMGKINAN ESP. MONA. ee eee ee
Hicmanochloasuvaphy las tutenesy Sp. NOVel. 8226 e eae eee ee ee
[PROTOSS CHT OE Ia TONGS S04 iNO\7 oe Sp ee ee Se eS
EEFTOCNLOGLE EMG pEabChGcaS.yNON =e Se ee ee Ae ee
VOC RLOMISELOSGy (Acinic ae) sElIG@h@s2 sae eer Sa ee ee
Piptatherum setesum A. Rich.
iichnonthus conjunctus Eivehe. and Hkiman, spy Ov. o. 2-2 2. 2 ee
Menuineavone atene sand Mkman..fen. MOV 522225) 5-4 e oe alee ee
Leniundiuminsulare Eitche. and Ekman, sp, nov_-—---------- =-2_2-2-
RMiicumevcyer) Eutche.and HWkinans Sp) NOV 222542 e5-— se eee ee
UVC UMmaLacusireueatchie..andeMkImMani sp. NOV. 22. 225.02 se eee
EIUEC URL COIL US tau KANE SSO) owAN © Vs ee Sy gine alco ce agen NY Se dee
iranvcumnuopniuccola: Hitehe. and Kkman, sp.) Novos 2-2--2 22-22 ees
Ronicum -petersoni elitche. and Bkman, sp. novs_-2-------.-.=_-.-_22_
CUM aD ROU AIL ioe uC Ol gSPssMOVine ese See a eee eae eee oe ae
RES pannnenoanvanune Lkman sp. NOV. —-sses4-55-5- 2-555 55- 45 see
uMiavonguUzanenstse (Brongn. oblitehe si 2. 2 Soe Ne ee ee
Strephium guianense Brongn.
iaedimsympoaica Ooell): Hitches 29.222... ook belo Pee
Olyra sympodica Doell.
Saugetia pleiostachya Hitche. and Ekman, sp. nov__-_-----------------
Seiaria subtransiens Hitche. and Ekman, sp. nov__--..----------------
SOROUOLUSaDUnameaatus (uam:) Hitche= +252 25e2s_ 525 ee eee ee
Agrostis pyramidata Lam.
oi chuGinuctaciAexelchenb.) lMitehe: ssa. fs oe ek eee
Reimaria lara Reichenb.
Mrieholaenaxmepensa Willd.) Hitehe= 22.2 2.225522- 25250222 - 22-222 22
Saccharum repens Willd.

[Synonyms are in italic type.

INDEX

Page
PGE Serie es ek is Be ease dl 8d 5 SS 157
DIDLOSLACH yas ease oe eee 157
PACEOC CLUS OGUZOILCS ra ae ony es Serna 278
PAGS OSTACTELOGTILILT (LLES res stn ne oy eye 81
Je FORTS AGG oe ees ee ee 8,71
Agrostis eS ewe See eee a eee ee 8 ee 72
Apne = ee Ree ae as es 5 See atch 73
DRUISERET SIS eae seater eee ae ae ee 191
CANIN ake a Be ee es 8 Te 73
COTEDT CSSA Rae SSS Se he oe ee et 82, 188
CHULCIOL ene Wa Ree ene Sh oes S 129
GOMANGCTStS Sasa Ue tae le SNE EE. 85
CLOG CERAM OMe Is BE EE eS et re 82
ITE TTA IS =e aed ore oS ee eS 1 ee 73, 75
BTELAC Eee ae ae ne Ne ahi ene es se ES 2
LTROICEN StS ttrn en is Sa Re Del DP AS, Re 174
LOFULOL OE VOR NONLIN Gas a = ae ee 75
LAEEOT Cli Seema ee mere eet Saad ea 77, 87
PUL OS eS ae aS Se SENS tine De ees Tite
ARONOSEOCRY Cee = ae ta oie ale See Ce ed 313
OECOD RT Oe a eae pre nk A Rn ol de 75
PRILTUCLILL 2 220 eens ee DL at ha eS 184
DULDUROSCENSS 22 aa Se ese es a eee 86
DUT OMICS ee anes a ee ee 84
PUL ONUGOLE MA ae aan s = = eT DL oo IE 84
ROLLIE Mates Bea neat Se oe eee BL 126
MAQEAR OLE Ae te es Oe es sea FE eS 318
ETI I A me pe I a a 7
ECUAASSENE Dat ene ee sre ek EN 82
LOTT CUD nee a Sere eT FLEES V5 hy i ee SEO 75
STO es 2S ee Oe eee 73
DAL GLC nee Me nee oN ns ie A aE 87
INITALDE ESTLLCTISt Se ee ere wee et Re 81
TUG I ALS & a ie i els ee ee DE 51
WUE Th ES is et a ae ee a 55
OULALS CEES Pe Se SRE St en A IS 64
COSTA ce gia ee Eee ne eee 64
Alectoridia quartiniana_-___.._._________-___- 384
Alloteropsis amphistemon___________________- 315
LIE TT Miia ute ee here ie Sp 2 RR 315
Alopecurus monspeliensis_____________-____-- 75
PAST ORISCCO mer gen oh ea Se eee eS 342
Aqiphilophis aschaemum == 2 ee 402
PCT EVES (apr Meee ese ot) = A hs OB 401
FC DATIA LLG Si ee ae Ne 386
RUE Re ee ee 400
PANLUSEROPIRIES: CU PRULAT IS = ae a a eS 188
COTIEDIEES SUS pe Sees ear ee ens See ues SEL 188
FADER CULRIL Smee eee Pak eA Se ee 189
LOU COLES ean ee hs Se 188
ATARI Da oa eS ee ie 406
ELC TTI E eae tie Se ths ee SUR ee aS ST 394, 405
SOY UTTI LN Cos ape ae ae eS Le 7
OTELNG CTS Cen nen ee so VO ee 394
ETTORE TIL Coe pe rn oh SR a 393
AIEIVELOIERILT Geen ee tae NS So 396
TIMILET COLAC = eens es Ane ee SETS 406, 407
ORUIDICCTISCa re oe ee ee ees 379
SSPE (SILT OAT Cs ea ig ee Rel 393
TALON Aa eet eon ee eee Se 393
PE ZIETUROLULCS see ee SSE wil Sig 407
TIO EOMOS ON meas ten Ps 165, 385, 403, ae
TATU LILINES ee ae Oe a wet ae BS SS 119
PPC G EAD Gs ee ee ee 400
EUEEIPURE itd Seep eee ooo oem Sr eae Wie FTPs 387
PILL Et Lee tee ot es a ARAL 1 SSR TS 387
RILNE CDC ILS Smee ets ee a ee eee 387
ERECT ee ee ee OE SE Is A ESE 400
TRE TISLLG A ALA CO ca et Na he ee 409
QTC St ee EONS * RY GAS PETS eT 409
FEET EEL SETI eegeee so ce te tn Retin ee aes 133, 134
TET LEIS eee et De ees at ee ELE STs SD 132
HERE CRE EELS meets 08 Soe ie aon ee ee Sen 394, 406
DATONG ook oc oe eae OR eae 387

Where more than one entry is given, the main entry is set in heavy-face type]

Andropogon—Continued. Page
DEGNITOLNSHe oO Ee Be eee O88
CAEICOSUS Sip now ete ee eee See ee 387
CTT LEU Se a eee Bh BES ee 403
CONGCNSAGUS Hae 2 eer 388
COnaVIOLNIChUSes 62-4 ee eee 386
CONE OT EUG te so Aes EE De ee aa ee 413
CUDGHSISHS 2h 2e ete 2 ee eee 390
CENSUS FEAF aU ERs coe 008 ae ed 396
GOMIiNGET SIS == eae = eee eee 391, 394, 410
CLIO G61 es ee Se 396
[OSLIGIOTULSTS eS ee 402
TRONCODILIIU SE a ee ose ee 409
PELORIVOR AUIS Sets oe ee 396
PpaaVell [oie Soe a ae eT Re ee ee Male” FSS 389

LET OR S25 OS Sas ee eae 389
RALEDCNSIS= Ate Re oe ee 2 ae ee 407
]aV YEA y AO) D Re ee eS ee ee 391, 392
hingiuste ee ee eee 405
BIL CEES MAT ITC ULERCTLS eae ee 391
LTICTEILULS es oe ee oe a eee 395
ANCTINIS AS Sk ba Se eee 393
ETUSULLOET A SS peer 165
IsSchacmiprm]52 22 2 ee eee 402

aMericOnuss = ee eee 402
quncifoliust 52-3 ee ee eee 389
LATERALIS Sita e SF eS ee ee 395

AN CONUS >See ee 395
Let fOlius ses i hole Se ee 417
LOEU BUSS eS 2S eae 2 Ee ae ea 400
leUCOpPOLOn S28 eee 400
leweostach yus 2 = ee 394, 395

SCHOONUS S225 Ma Sal oe 395

'STEDUILLOSUS Saen awh eee Sa eee 394
TNRGCT OU TILS = oo 2 a ae ee es ee 396
malacostachyUs-=-5 25 snk ee 388
AMCLENOCULDUS= 5-5 na ee eee 415
AILECTOSECLCIEU IES a a 388
MUIINERVOSUS = A255 ee ee Bee ee ee 393
MUTI COLUSA Oe a he ee 406
MOT GUSE Ras 32 oe eRe Es ee ae 404
NASHIAN US B92 =e ee eee 395
NOG OSUSR Besse sea oe Fo We el eee ee 387
ODES OlUS = See ae sae SEE ee 388
DENOTMULONUS 32s en eT ee 401
parvitolius: <2 32422352525 ee ee 391
DeLGUSUS <5 <= ea Pee 401

DONOTMAUCTUUS <9 oe ee ee 401
Diplather US. 22 wos os a ese see 386
poludactylon=— === oe ee 132
quadrivalnis 22 eee eee 423
TOC CU ee pc cpa, ae 2, Fan en ood 390
TOMO Geek en eres ae ee 399
TAL Sy a Sa ES Se Sn ee roe SANs 404
SACCHAEOIGCS Sas aa Se as 400

leucopogon subvar. paucirameus_-____- 400

SULT RUES Pecan Ghee oC ee 400
SOUZA Pees so ee yee aos eee 391
SOCAL TUS oe aes ee ee See 413
SelloaITISS a a eS ee ao Se 395
SCIMIDECED ISH ee PORE Ae SEE ae

ATICET EUS earn mn Sa hn
SG CLOS TLS me ae ee ee en nts at cl 182, 409, i
SORGIAN IVS ne ee ae et See 409
SDOLOTUS sa ee eee 393
SELDOIGES wae 8 oes I A eee 410
TUG Tbe ee 8S NE ey 392
tenwespatheus != 2 oss ee eee 396
[bislovsNaht: els vem eeeee wee es Oe See eee 396
Virals es 22S sin Se ee 393
Wir CinlCUSe y= 222 Se SS Ee 397, 399

SFACHIONMIS 24-22) 5) eee 399
WEE Eile ses he se oe See a ee 410
PANCAN LA VEL C1 Hoh pase ep EE BRR fe AB ees 407

Andropozonese=—2>_..22.425 6 oe ees 12, 377

430 INDEX

Page Page

BALA TUT DUC ST SS ee ae pa 29) -Atheropogon domingenstss ee 138
Anthaenan tiayla7 at cee ee eee NGS) ASC Ate fait een ei See he eae ee ee eee 68
Amt he phones eee ee ae ee 98 faGiWae oo. See ee es SE. ere ate ee 68
Clegansit == See see ee a eee 98 Si iy fs ae eee ne ee ae a ee 68
Nermaphroditasaas ss ae ee 98 pil eALeT ea Cl 2s es Stas So Ee We ete eee eee 8, 62
DILLOSC a SS Se Se LOO!" | SA XONODUSS22802 55) see ee a ee ee ee 2, 187
AGE IESLLIE EN CTLL CL Caen ae an ape 423 GNCCDSA& 2 eee Sn eee er ee eee 190
Anthoxanthum:-5o Ss 2c see a eee 142 appendiculatuss == ne eee 187
CUO CTL CUT Sy ee a een - 3882 QUIROS 2S ee ee ye 188
odoratuim- 222.222) Se eee 142 Capillariss| 42.2 4S. eS ee 188
AUG Ay ZeUgILeS< 2 8 See eee = ee 58 CONROE CSS US ee 3, 188
WTA asa kee ee eee 48 digitatus. <2 - = iano) Se 169
PANT IS G1 eye 0 ee ee oe ea 87 CQuilanS== 225222 eae eee 190
adscensionis= 4225-2) salu Lee aes 89 fureatuse {228 ake 2 ee eee 189
GINETICOT De see a Nae wl ee ee 138 leptostachwiS-=05 20. aaa eee 190

ULTETN Segoe area, ae Asie a 96 ATLOCTOSLOCILY USS eae ann ee ee 190
CINETICUN eo ae ete ae 138 DONICCUSS- 2 De Se See ee ee er 174
antillaniims = P= es See eee 138 pellifus-220 3-2 ee ee eee 191
WELGEONOGUMIS = 2 4s ee Aes eee 96 POURCiIB SDs oe ee ae ee 82
CHICICO Lee ae ee oe ey ee elo Ne eee 97 ||) Bahama‘ prass. (3 _ 2 oo ses ee 3, 116
Chaseaee 22 ebsss See Bene as es 94:)| ¢Balniaxvoragsso: eos Ses ee eee 3, 203
COnmatal he se 2s Te ea 96 4| ;Bamboo, common® = eee 4,14
CUntiOlianss ah ee ee pe OS. PBOMbO = Le UE Se ee ee 14
CUT LE Saye oe ee 9 Te Nia lee 89: || ¢Bamb usa’... 2-1 ie ee ee 14
GiVvari Ca bases aes ee eh ie allan eae ee 91 LOGE OUTS a ie EE eee 14
domingensis. = 22 ee 2 ee 391 NANA | 2 sos 28s 14

CE PCTS oe ae ee ee ee 92 S1EDET IS 22 ese ae Se 14
CreCiae- Sate aa ie eee eee 93 Wullearis: = 38 ee oe 4,14
fragilis? 22-2 322 3) se pee ee eee Ole SBambUSCae: hess sai es eo rene idee eee 6, 14

PY TANS 2s Ree es Lee ae eee 93.) eBarba, dein gio: 22222 sss.) 22 eee 165
Whevicatac te soles ee Ue ae ee SOM Bar DAG OSIS OUT 1S cee 401
TOTAL TNO e e S a 2 89.) uBarleye 2 Le eile Se ee ee eee 4,61
neslecian = Ss 24222 28 soe er ee 92 Witte s22 so Se SU Se Ey ee Na ee 61
DOLUSER(S Sees See ae ee ae 964) WBarnvandiorasss= 22s Caen oes oe eee 329
Danses sss 5e Ss sss ee ees OLS)" (Bearderass: ao 22s ee eee eee 385
WOLCOLICENSIS 2222-2 Sot se eee 94 DUSH yi. 225 Se a ee ee 396
POUT OUNAS COT S See ee 93 Elliotts <2. 22.0822 Se es ee See 396
pradang=s 2-2 Je) eae see eee 91 Silvers. = 222 See ee eee ae 400
reiraeta: <2 sss2 ee oa ee 97 |) SBenterass= 2 22 a ee ee ee 72
TOS@M 2 ee Gees Ae Sala oN ene ea 97) (Bermudaierasss 27 tts Se ae. ee eee 2,3, 116
SCO Ca S8H| PBiachenscn (OltOS tT ee ee 119
SPICHOLMIS = 22222 2 eee ae eee Sk | Boke GRUP aba A 30
SURICLORS ee Bo od . 2 as ae sees 89" | SB Wer TASS! een a ee ree ae 29

SOLD OU {LOT (hs ee rere as es a rn eerie Ie ym en 138 SUT RT VUE Ges os ee cat 29
SWartziana Ss 22h oe ee es 94 Giga es a a ee ee 29
Cernipes= ss ese nee Bie eee ee 88, 91 Rien Gur ey = 22 oo ie 30
Vilfifolia =. 23253 2222 2a ka i eee 93): cBouteloua <a eee =, 137

VALE SLA Vai) CLILSURT Spee ee ee 96 PIVOT GAT he, eee sree a en 138

PAT OMAGIC, CLASS Eee ee Se see a Seale ee 406 Gisticha: o-oo eee 140
WA GAT ARON note eed Sa ee ere eer ee nee 382 CLO OT =o oe a 138
ciliaris subsp. quartinianus__._----------- 384 heterastegass 2. = ae aren ee 139
quartinianus o 22222 Soaks. eee 384 humboldtieng. 22 eee 139
ATENEO DO CONUSEUDULALILS = ae a 157 juncea!---.. 2 ar ee ee 138
ANH ROIRO NAVAN b IDI 15 litiquos@ 222 So ee ee ee 138
ATO UTS Le] UT ee cae 20 DOTDNYUTANENG= 22 ae ea 139

Cv OMNIe Typha oe 15123 Vaneedeni.2¢ 2.55205 ub eee es See eee 137
GUDENSOE ok fie Se a aoe lo ae ate 2). | Brachiarigl: 2822 ee es 185
Gistichi trie So eee ee 19 @rucaeiormiss 2 2ee sas oe eee 186
ekamamitt: 2-208 =a eee ae 16 @XtOnSa 22: 25-22 2300 ee eee 185
CXCEISUIT 3 ea ele ey ae epee ines 21 ISOChNE! ov 3 2a soak be Shee ee 186
AMI Ta SE ea ee ee 19 platyphyllas: 2220 eae eee eee 185
MaTHENSE Sores 5 oe Se ee ak 16 DiOSHQUT = S22. eee 247

TUR ULU ETS J] C2 GU se a ee 17. ||) (Brazilian grass... 228. ee ee 4

OD EUSa Ia ee ee ee 21: sBristlegrass: buries 2s cass a eee 342
DIESE OCIS ESE ae eS a yee 20 Piant. 7s ee 344
DUD ESCENS sae eS ee a ee se eS 20 STCON == = 22-2 ee ee eee 345

PReVG (3.000 bashes es ee ee Nee ape oe ee 19 knotrooli... 223-52 2-3 22a 339
Sarmentosuim: 23-252) 622s. ew ak ae 18 DPLainie!: 2225 ans obs e e e eee 346

UTD anit saa ee Sale Se oe ke eae 21 Yellows. 22 322 oe ee ee 339
/ASebbaVobhoehaty Ginn to 15 | SBD a a BO Se ee ee 30
CUD ENISIS = eo 2 Ne Ue oe eee 21 Maxima. - .----.-2- eee 30
CLCCLSO Se a ES ae se nea 21 MIN OPE ees oo Se eee ee ee 30
RAAELEN SIS RO oe ea ee 16: |) $BROMeETaSS 2s eae ee eee 24
MACTOCLE GO See a Aes Se ee eee 22): $BTOMUS= =]. === 2-2-2 52 oe 24
MULLIS DICALA Ss 2 s ee ere 17 cathanticus=-= 22) 2a oe eee 25
OUEUSAL Giese, Bea Sie eee ee Dep es See 21 Gdevionensis:- 2-520. ee 26
DUVCSCENS2 22 see eo as eS A ae 20 MODUNUS 9-22 52 = Seo a a 25

ALTO GLIUE TE ee Ee pe ee ly Gli apae 21 TISIMUS 2 5 Soe Se ee ee ee 25
Arundinellay) 2222 4. be So Sees ee 155 Gpicolus=2 2522022 ee ee lil
Derleronian a. 22S ee ees ee eae aoe 156 SteriliS 22 aoe 2 a eee 24
COMDMIS! p52 5 a8 se as eee le 155 ALNIOLOIGESs = = ee ee 25
CUDETIST SRE ek ae ie 156 villOsus=—- 2. Se SS eee 25
deppeanas = oa 22 Se he ee ee ee 156 DINGALUSS= 2 ts oe ee ee 108
ATLOTEUIVICERUS 1S eee eee ee cad 155 |i sBroomeorns 22. oe ae a ee 409
DAG Mitoide sy ee ee eee 156 muUlletz 2 eee 257
AIT Ose es ae aes ese EOS ot |) sBroomsedge:---— 2. 2 ee eee 397
Mon axes Sh es oe ee ee ee ae ae 4,5) | Browntopimillets 2. =e eee ees 250
Occrdentaligsce 2057 esis ie A eee ee 04 | (Bullipaspalumes 222222 eee 239

DT OGINULES Se ae ee ee ee ee 54 |\ Bur ibristlesrass® =.= <2222 3s See ee 342

INDEX 431

Page | Chamaeraphis—Continued. Page

iIBlashiyabeCard Srassems-2 sates pone oe we leer e 396 SUL COL OME SANE eee eer oe ak ta 338
Cabrera, section of Axonopus____------------ 187 DUT Smee ree eee a er ee 345
(OF Neg Ey Zo ye Se SE See ee ee be ee ee 237m Onion dem tees sles 2 ee eae 3, 116
C@alamacroshist == see A 7 WRC NOT CAC sana eee ee LR 9, 102
COW ARC Tipe phe ee ek ees Om LO MIOTIS same sone ee ee Oe eee 124
Calyptrogyne occidentalis______._-__-------- 266 CNG USEULOT Ce ee eee ae eee 126
Canalo tee a ee oe ee So eS (Ef STON ari gases ae eee ee eee eee a ee 131
Camandulatewier sh See ee eee Pak a 423 Dor bal ascents eT eee 132, 134
@amipitets: =~ e822 te es Le ee 177 ONEUIG UT OS a ee ee eee 9
Can Mapa ate eae ee seed LL ee 4,14 COONEY Ras 5 ki ah a a oe ie ee eh 133
Gea 7 Caras seek oe | See eee 380 CRUG Ata ete ee el Se 129

Gel astillo mae Sree te eee 4,61 Gubensishaen a= Sua ees Bae a ee 130, 131
Wanadayh] 1 eorassess sea eee ee en 29 CUT OT AULN C ee eee a pe en 126
Cana mMaAZOralMnane 0 bees eee eee ee 177 ekimanii@eeen se oe eS ee ee 129, 130
Gersabanasas ese ee es a 189 Clegan ses os abn 2 lee Se eee 134

CO eae earree aptee SN Sr te 189 CLEUSTILOLL ES rte ae et ee er Oe ee nee 130

ANACH OPH eke SOS ee ee ee 189 DESL (RA Seta tn ne ere Ae Se 131
Wan aTyeon ASS emis en eee elk ee eee 142 SOLLOS (eOmeres On Nee ea se el ee 119
GAN elarSU Che wees anaes Se ee) 380 payanae a2 ae Sees Se ka IE eee 3, 125
WAnODNORAS eo ete ee ee a EE at 405 OG LOALCOSCO TIS Se nares ate eee 126
Wane law ete ei cee We! ee 2 ces a er eee 409 OT ACIS eee Imes eules Sa te Ene 106, 126
@apinyaracuquene eee eee ee) 4 eu D OLA ELC Ce ee ee 129
(CLE D OUT AE eS EN Ties ae 116 TUL 8 eee cere ek Se ee ee eee 133
GULCEY LG TC Se a OE Pee erie ahs 3, 116 leptanthaent = 2 sna Sasha ie Se ee ae 126
Canilororass eee eee OE ere 2 Wet zelbunGiis ea am a ee ee 126
Warne tierass taste ee ee eens Lore SS ea 3 TTUOTOLCS=COCLLO tenner 130
WATT 7 OMe ae erate WL EO ee ae 51 OFERONOLONYS ese eee a ee 131
@ariyochlombvaniensisae =e 149 OALA STATE TI S1S eee eee re ee 134
CAIN ATTeIT 0 mee eee ere oe ee ek ee 4 PelLraeae see at see SS So ees 124
Cenchropsis myosuroides_____-----_----------- 360 polydachylas=s =e === eee eee 132
(CO TIS RE ee ee eee eee 360 DTODINGUC See he Re ee eee 133
[ROW ee ee Ma ey NE ee ener ee 362 TAGAb ASE ee ee eee ee Re Me are eat Se 126
COROLETELTUULS ee een ata es re 365 RUPCSELS! Ss eee 2 ek ae ee ee 126
CLIC 16 eats ois tees Dep ae ares 356 SASTACATIOMS lee ne owe aa ae 130, 131, 132
GIsStichophyll ism ee 112, 361 SWOTLZIONOS soe ae See aa a eee 125
EChina buses i A a Ae 363 SWOnteioe =e See Le El Ses 124

DUA A1S Seek ee a te AI ie bate 362 VAR RAC a sey ee eee 134

Eka ana mUSeee see ye ee ee SRI || (Charrinaes Gregg. te 421
TACITUS eee eee ee he eee ee Sep idl) CUMS Roma es ee Ne ee ee 423
GhOTULAT(S eee tn ee Kae Bene Ae ek A200 | ChnySOpogon PAUCiLlOTUses a oe ee 410

AT LELUS Mien ae mae nee Sete ee ee TS 362) |) (Chusqueassec.=-- OD yes et ER os Rone Ses, St 22

ALG CTOCEDIGLUS aren nes mentee 365 abictiiolavesea sake os ee 22
SSOULG ROE) 0) CU | Vii est SO LWH lim @sTAIN ARG LONTLC (LE ee nen aca 396
PONV OS TO Sage ee eS SOE @iGro ell ayer ss ees ee es en 4, 404

POT DULORUS eee ea ee ae See ees Ae ee S30 n 4 RCOCKTOACHYE TASS Aue uae Dae eee oe ee 407
PAUCTHOLUS sere sores = oes oe ne NO 365) |) "Goclorachisiimpnessasaen ene 420
SCLOSUSaaeeearn ee ee mena eee 357 LOniCAL Gute Aetna ee a a ee 420
trib Wlord estes a Oa eee ers Pe 365, 366 EAD OTCILLO S Ce a 419
ULLLOSTES Se a eee ee NS a LOOX) @ Gixcaemerenn ten DFS pec es eae os eS 423

DO ROO Ia = aS 2 a eae eer 362 GactylOtd eS eee ee ee 424
GROCER Sere Soe en Os Ee 96 JAehyM a=] O DIE =e= a eS ee 423
LULL ee as WN a SR te 138 Common TEC GES ree ee ee A ee 54
OTe GUT ee wee ee ee ee Sol IC ordarass= see wun neu chy eens eee eer eye 116
Glib armani ae eee ee ele 331 CEILRTOE NOON faa os oe US Ge 117
ONUELOCNIGMRen ee ne Be Ae 3305330 .4| <COrn si 2k Baie ee a oy ie a ee ee 2
DURDELGMe eee ae SIF GC OLNUCOPIAC eC IILIL1S =a =e eee eee 73
COLO eae re ee ee EE 347 Cortad crouse ase exo te ha ie es ee 229, 232
CONTIG CLO eee 345 al) Craberasssssa0=s= ee Sa Boel ee eee 167
GENIC Omen ae Wee 339 smoothes’ ss 2se eeke eee ele eee 171

UU LILILC amen eee Sa as at BE) |) Chrono GaeeSe 113
LUtSRtG (Mee SS ee 3458 PC UPSTASS== se tee eee ee eee 182
WULLESCETISsetenee re es ee CS ge I abit) |) (Carga Oo OO RAOIN A a a eee 403
GOTO DAT TLS Ae Se ee eee S 350 CHET ACS Be ee ae ee ee ee 4, 403
ATULCT.OSLOCIY Cee Ege peer aes na 346 LN A Mieke 8 ps ion ae eat See ee eee 405
TIVO ML ee ee een te eS ee 344 SOLERO NUTS ta Spee ae ean See eas ee Is Ls Lie a SS 4, 404
GUUUT US eerie 5 oe se 342 FL LS a ae I are Oe eo 404
DOLTVULOLL eee ek 337m ACynod oneee acetate teen: Se Reno nm 116
DOULCELON We eee ee ae 336 dactylon aes ee eee 116
TOOL OF eee ne na a ee SAO eC yMOSTEUS) OGY DEI USe een oe oe eee ene 113
SCMLIULENLS meee Re Nee 343 COINUNGCNSISS Se ke ee ee 106
SCLOS Caen ate ene he ene ee ee 347 TRAGCILS Nee ened at eS ae eek tee 113

SVL COLO Smear eg eT eee 338 SCOP UTILS ee ae eee ees 126
CERO CISSUN (Lee re re ne ee Ee see 344 UU G CUS cere ee ae Bee ee ee Se ee 106
RUNG. . 2 sok sense Soe Se ee 341 | Cyrtococcum trigonum__...------------------- 277
DOTUUCTLLE a eee ee te SoC m | aActylisue eee nes oo ark ene Wn Wate ee 49

TOT UD > re BS ee Ne ERR Paes ae A eee Ree 345 SIOMOLAG AMEE: Ce et me ey ee 49
vulpiseta Se ee ee 350 DD ELCIS ae ee NC 117
(HAMIACEADMIS= nee se ee ah) || ADEA Oe Kain eee TS ee 113
COREILE Ue en ete e cia en es 347 AeVy UMN = ee ee Le ee 113
CONTIG IL Crees OE Lek eo OS Ue S4bR ob allisvorassee.= ei he Ps eee oat 3, 229
HATOKOT. 2 ape SE eee Se ee 330 le Danthoniquwe as Sane toe = Oh Sees 70

TULL GTO TRA eee cS ne Pe ale 344 GOMINCENSISE Soe ne ee ete eee eee 70

PUTED TILUL OUT Peek enfants ER atte 337 CONOR OVE SY AN A lp Se 70
DMPC A ee ee ee eee 338 SER E ieee ae cea ee abe SS pera eet 70
DTD eee eee eee BOAST RL) aie Cleantech ene eee 61

SEL OS Omer ee te a ie ee S47 Wen drocalamuUsiSEriChuses os ae eee A

60256—36——28

432 INDEX
a ee EN P oe Eragrostis—C ontinued. Page
CHESDILOSA) Siaeeas ss Pome 95a nuke eRe 67 babiensis———— = a2
GOminpensis ech udu 2 a0) aera 8 barrelierin2 2==.20 Sow ere 41
RRL cE seem ater 7 berteroniana-. 2 een Or Nest Rayne 40
Dichanthium annulatum_.......___.__.._____- aa cilianensis___------------------ seen 39
OGD TILTI== aa ios asi 387 (QUIET es esse 34
TARE eecGs On SaRTSILay Wisin chess GROEN BBE | brachystach yalz2a2 oan lien Saranner TG
CNG USTCLE 257 ROOM wo kien et he 400 rida aia erie paar pe ei 34
fasticiatare nko hula! Temee vas wen Be 5) conjerta__-----~---~-----~----------- 39
ee ee NE Ese Te eo ey eee 402 cubensiss: «shia sects abl. Sekar eee Al
TO ET ie sare ae ain Socata aoe domingensish.1:21: 22 ce eee 45
arvillaccasssal les anna 2 175 ekinanil (2 2:11.23. ene 43
are yrostachyaass sess oe. veel MRE 170 CTU a 1a a ee nO a
CRIN CTISi Ss Se RNa Me Pe Diee Shas cae ee 170 Scot Free ET Whe Aen aoe ee 44
eurvinerv is Bid tin, week dane ee aa 17 gigantea biuéhe bi cess os ee Ee 45
THU eee a OEE OL ga) 169 glomerata,\. <2] S0lais Sestak: 3 ae 39
GOMINGenisisiess sian hed aoa Lelie 188 BTA ee See 36
eggersii Pedy Se a ake sk ea 165 hypnoides Be eae SR 36
CIR TET a Ti Lee ee Ba a en De a ia 176 one a ae 36
IM bio et a AO 175 UTI DOU oS coed. 42
HETLOTAGEG = <0 Una Bien RA hat a cae 169 Tae eee ee 39
ALi ire ius a) ALLO diese 500 megastachyazce=. 22220050 ae 39
Glabrates acne. alcool eee cura ane 171 pills 39
MOLIZOM CALS webs bn as edo ey PA el A 169 plumosa._---~--------------------- Li 34
humifusa Wiad 0 Wh peed est ace 171 poaeoides (io eles Ole) SSR Te 41
ANSULGTIS Oe aU nu Lyn hae wn, hal OE 165 prolifera sai etanea eee nisi! eee 44
Hera aos ad a oR TTT ie DUrpurascenss lls ssleaealel Manama 44
jamoaiéensis___.._._____________- eth coy 169 Duishiie: 2s GU te 40
Het et ects Banta nae ac cee a 167 Salziviantili’ ccs. ets soln ake eee eee 44
TEUCOCOTING = nes © ail 2m 0) genie dee RO RE 173 siding: as See 36
iC ne enn eee 165 tephrosanthoss) 2:1 2.1 saen aioe eae 40
IGRI SES ous RGA rt Wael it cc gO ie urbaniana:. 2.0) '282 Ee Tes a
mang inata teks ole 0.0 OS INET Bg Eremochloa ophiuroides___------------ 426
Panlicea keen idle sn 4 iSite 7a q7n | Buemtlnusc2-2 2) leeests saa eee -- 380
pinctorumessaele soleunes Ec se bE a7 Piganteus ss J) mis aCe eeu 382
platicaulis GANG oS AE alod 2 aS A NO 188 jamaicensis cto sine os oa 382
PUleN ell Ge Worse Pawn elas eWhan Deas Fane 374 raveniae: --622i21.05)22)20-ae0 ee 382
sanguinalis Solaibls LSOesad winedie |) aaa aieh pa 169 jamaicensis 32 i i ea 382
SOTO Liana A ac kts ae ps Sa hs SOIL 170 saccharoides.<...)=1).5.4) 1) Ga 382
SCLiger Gla ede. UA Ne tee 169 Eniochloa 22: 50: ie Grae. ee
SCLOS Ta au ha Ra ee ae) Se 169 boxtanasuustiay hehe oes hee Fee ae
Villosaueiiele le. aris let bas ace.o AeeINiNe 171 Okiianil wise cect een see 183
SIS Conan Reha ek Ss ale els 170 yilifolia” (TU ke ee ee 182
Dimonphostechysiciiiferas) 5 ssa) ayaa es 210 Dolystachya... oi) 1/250 Seas EN Nig ee
CNG Cie ote eee ei ke hee 210 punctata eae
pilosa iG SMa 55) al 209 subglabra ce ORT Tae Reco Pee ee tee
Diplachnertingataeue ot.) a one el alee a eae 110 Tamosd. 2:2. n-th 183
DHEA te | oe See mea Per SURES 7 SCLOSA aot oo eee ee 183
Spicata== ae Uy Rape Pe Oye Baie nei ie subglabra (CPt Pat Pep eee ee ee ee
DiLchipolypocore Seen teens ls Dee G 7 | Hriochrysis 1.0. 1). A Pe eae of
Ditch polypogon.—-o-- =< -—-=--- 2 || ida a8
TNH ARAM GpIGEL LL OR CPR cayennensis - Boo SSeS SS SSS ae 380
FAC eGR eae eS SSDS ee Fuclasta condylotricha=2-- = 386
TIC STA SSMIn NE Ona ih Nn RO ea 9 247 Muklastacon tenusfoliis sa aan 395
ALON ODT S UTE ee ee eee ; 64 Fulalia___-_----_----------------- 379
BOLI ROEbIGe ee aoe Too gee | uataenys peiracass 2) ineals | See 124
colonum__ Are ORE ear oe a ae eae a 397 Eutriana antillarum_.....--------.-----___- 138
SOU Seda Bite ame aide 397 heter ostg@.s.~ cca 2020s coe okt
Gavgeslt neue (oe SUED s LP m ier peet| juncea =. 022 ea 138
ChUS DEDONIS see sa eae ” 998 ledebouri__------___- Rabari as 138
CLUS av OTiS eee eaten nem 328, 329, 331 Weathertopssssa- lod a Sele een 5
CLLOCTSi San Jenene ats Mesctler ose <j. atkoge nous Gees ee 8
GuUadcloupensise. wl he so une ore Mead OW. noc a2 --Jscl dere ar 3
TOO Ley Seer Livy, eee mene ve 206 || Mastuicate a siula sees sans owen eee ef
OSV CATING CH Soe ean em ea 395 MGTHOidbs=: inc oo ovseisk 2c in a
RABI COLE een ae hn ee eee 328 Harton ee 1. oe ai ORS a
RDCCLANII Se ne cen Oman 396 Jat Onens oS tists ee a
pa alent 7 Sem 208 | | jescioulanis= 2k os a 108
chinolaena nemorosa__.__--___--__________- Yili ig. vais. bel Sns coe ee ee :
Mhimanochloa ste ieie oae ia tetera eranean a OE “Uae: sn dta) waa call as
aristata.———------2---2----- FORGE Rate 377 pale no 1 Ledh A 2 bobs ee ee 703
Subaphyllacei Los eee ok eee "7 ETTB GAs Lick ako ) DR “u
Hlephant erase even ones cee wants 3 aie 7 a oA
Bleusines <2 ao anes Cae ae 1 ena Oe 73 Dole ane PeRGHOtn se i
QEGUDEACD Soc weg Se RD, BURR NIGBAB GA ok oc. Lene ne oh
cen eee miedo aT te. | Pete Gases) 2505) ae der
GULCH ONCE at OA ve olla Gh SL 102 Field cat abe Pile Shae nels Ese ee a
derticilati ase ihe RG EE EES Tse 113 Fine scale ae aan erro =o
ingataian (oie leee ii U7 sneer SE 106 me aNeeherk tnt TLS a
Elliott beardorassis o2 set meaeene SURI es 396 | F lard eam TSS CS a
TS pan Gills Mees eas Ur ece Mace aai Ue OE uA OTH SO STaSSCSE een = eee 2, 4, 126, 169, 185, 189,
Peni oe og ages ROG rt AACR | a5 aa 203, 229, 247, 259, 332, 356, 357, 401, 405, a
Wraprostis@ite: bw hs bwin aah Dads he RAE 93 Ava SACK ibs sc 1. ot asus Jo ee pt
ACULIAOTa Sees Lic Ae eee nomen heer 43 ET ARIGEE lids ba) Ao ee eS ane
airoides PREGA NG eC MEN TNL Gbps oe 81 Giant oe Ace aS eet ee 336, 338
HHA ian eipmaaergs sie nye aT. on lant push pores wacehd Scot Ae teal Se ee ae 344
BPEBIC IS ewe ec Sa OO AC Sh’ | GObeeerssu SIE 1. = ues saan Wek ane “a8
StS aC ee ene oer e I UCI age | Goaue Leeann ae

INDEX 433

Page | Ichnanthus—Continued. Page
(GOWN aS seas =a ee eas Rees fen bee ee ho 108 CONUS Es Se Re Se er se ee 298
STA CHISh ek seas See ee ees Se ee we 108 ENUTLULEN STS hiner rene whee ts Dn ee SO 301
Wingataee see. See ea kt Se 108 ADTAQIEL) Satara ne tae De eee aS 296
(GURMO 6 2 - ete pana ae ae ecesececaeassesas lO Saul epusiGminsm sean ola Ve Oe Ae a 41
deicaballo sass es See e este eee 113 Ir Dera Gee ee ee re A Le 377
Gramonidercos tame aes ee ee 177 brasiliensis 377
Graine mal digcksse=4a=-= fe 2 a ee 423 DTT ek OL EL 5 379
Green bristlegrass. .-—-—--------------------- BHO Mcontrscta lik a2)! 21. Paar Mga
Matifolia 2s tasssssssscs, 14 | Enda Tovegrass.--.------------2---e-- 39
Gusbomala erasses eres euneey i le merges igyp |) ALON COO 2 oe Sao ee eee eee 4
(Guerin he oy rete a ee ASS tll mlsachine scenes evan Se eee 12a ae ea 315
GiivIMearClIMalrOnawes sees seve een ee ene 148 BTS US GIT Oley wea terra he eile eh. epee 319
CORMES ber ean ea ale Cy OLS eS 409 aLUN CINACER Ss =. eel bh Nate a 319, 320
PT ASS era taee ier ete ie EN ah a) ee ee 2, 259 GUTS) OSE Wah Saag el ee See aL 320
Gymmnopozonsslees erie se Sen ee 118 HCEESIOID ESE ae Ss) ee ees ee 17
AIMDISUU Saree ee oe eee Se ee Eee 119 Oly SON Ol es ea eae ee ee 315, 317
filsformistines One Sete ONY 119 POY ST ea ee a 318
HOUOSUIS ees eee a es ge De RE 119 TISE NS ees ee Oke ey ase aa ee aes ee 319
TUL DESLTIS Ee aa te ee a 126 TISTATOM Aa ee es ae ee 318
SDiCabUS Aes as aee ea eee ek See eee OMI PISChACTILODOGONLALOUUS a eae ae ae ae 417
Gummnothnin domingensis= == == 2 SHO) ||. Iigowvenayphan se 416
Chymeniumn=s = sesso eee ss Wee ee ees 49 EU OMS E11 licen eee wae ana Se eee 417
SCLCCILOT. O10. CS a a eS Le 51 latifoli meee A eee eee eh ees 417
Saori ia Guiry ean ae as ee ae eee ee ee 4,51 TTS. OSU ee ce Cie ie ere RE ete TE 416
rackeloch Gassest asese saa ae ae ee 420 SCCILIUG 1171 ea te 177
STANUIATIS See ae Oe eee ee 2 ADO ERLEXO DH OLUS eee cree ates, eae lee ee 352
TS eyhi ss GS hs a ee ee eee 64 GLOU CUS He ee Leen Ree eae 339
PEL CLO DUS HU TLCE LULLS eee a ee eee 184 TIT SOLUS tee oo es ee ee ee 352
ETCMMOTERT QUAUASSINILO =e = a ee 419 DETLiCILLALUS ee ee ea ae eee 342
LS CLOULOL Cems seen oa as Renee eee ee 419 Vind Shes ee EE ue eras ene 345
Ee feropor one ssa ose 2s ea le A San | ALAS dew es Cee! es See a Ue eres 4, 405
COMCOLGUSH] = see eees oo SP ee ee ee ee A SWE TIO DS COATS yas ae ee Se ee 423
mMmelaNnOCARDUSeeeees a ewe ee A Sea ON NSONUETASS eee ee ee ee 407
IEVELET.OSLECU GUNG OUO asa = ee ee IBY ib boted (5 B16 eee ene re RE Se 327
NOG Cm mn Let oR Me Ne 139 UE Tee ee a IE ES A eae Sees 2
chien basbrujae sa 2o os Ses ee ae Aa Pub] || VEE MORERET ROG) fact IS esos 423
dex ont Carloste2se 2 aes eee eee AO Mm ektentucksyab lueorass= ss =e a een 30
Geli @ rere ee Sr SS Ss A (AC WRK AS = Kelby see Se ae AL eek Se ce 407
dexvenad of sede: tee ee eS ee 148s eka Us knuUSes eee oe ee ee eee 406, 407
GelpRaralle salsa Se Soe san ee a Se DAT aS AGN OLETASS= =e ee See ars eee
GeltPrad ose st ee asus eee 2S Su11Gan | eKnotrootbristlesrass esses sess eee 339
TATE AY Were tA eg ae ee egies SG ial eIeOC len aes ee ee ee ee foals soe 62
Guulinede2 Sa See ee Pee a Se ee 2 2, 259 phleoidesseze=sie2s0 Sn Seer eee 62
Vet eh GN (See ea ny ee ea ee ee A || Ibevantins CO UO 0 Sao 55 se 35 oe en Seeeae 423
IbiimalayazeTass:s==2 5-5 <2see 8s se Se Se SOOM elL0) DOG ORULLET ee a ae eae eee 102
Fogel le pee wee = 8 Pale ee a 5 Bee DOT IAS ACISaa ar eae! seeia aera i) ae ee em ee 302
EOL C URS is eee ee tiers ee sae an oe I 68, 407 AMO TIA aye ee Sa a, ee 310
GLE DEN'S1 32 ae ee sees Se es aE 407 COTTE DO CE Mesa oO el I LU ao Ae eae 309
NAN Sb US Seen eee ee ea ve ee 68, 407 Givanicatas sae so eee seen eee ee 305
CTE ULS 11S ee eee nk ie a oe ee 3 ee eh 401 CPISEDACH TELS Baws ee ee eee 303
SCICCILOROLM CS oem ee ae Oe Fal ee es 400 MaTriS tees eee ree SE) Aree ee eect weiner 305
SO DOD a es 407, 409 ligilat assess 22 eo ee ae ee 304
SACO Shae Seem en en cee Eee 356 OAXACENSISH* Soo i Sel. ee eee 303
SUMO US Spear So US See Da See 311 patentifionass =: se hee ee eee 308
ELOTIMIOCENCIT ALS! 2" BS = 5 Sk Se 147 THIZOD NOTA seo ae ee ee 305
CTA LOnU Sateen ee ceed oe ea 149 LUGE see eee MENS os ae eee 303
HELONGT AS aa Sekar eee Se Le 147 TE DETETU COD Es ees ere eA DS ol Ae 309, 310
TRON OMT LS = averse = ee ae ee Sa ee 148 SOG eRe eee ee RN IR Sri eee tee 306
FELON GC VeOT ASS ema es SRO se 4 SOrghoidea ses sense. eee eee 308
OT GN Cre sere te Ls ee 8, 61 SIDATEZION Os oat oe eee eae eee eee 308
BELO. Citi) sae eee ee ee SE Giles |Melbeersinnsset aces oe eA Meee Soi esac. awe 147
(ON et oal ap SS ee ee eee eee eye eee 61 crandilloracs sae ae et eee eee 148
recat nr ASG ee ee eR BE 401 Hexandraaee wake ae ess one a eee 147
IEtyITMIONACHTIC ke ats ewe ee 161, 312 MONA OTASs seve ees LN eee 148
MOI ORCA Some ee ee Oe BuIS}. || TL eyaaverm Garnet ek al ee 4, ag
UTACT LOS were a. SN Se en Bae oe O13) 1 |iGeDIAciLema LANCHOMUWMN === a ee
GONAGCIT OM Ae eee = ee ae eer ee ees SE ee SISH mWeptochloase semesters ae eS eee 102
LUULOL I Seen ween SI = 2 eee se 312 brachial (eet ass feat aes eee 102
[POMUBT COND was Seas ae ee ee de 271 Gomingensiswis= !ae ees ee ose eee 106
TULUM OS teen ae ee ee LS 312 fascicularis#s2222- = 2 se eee 104
PILI QUIS pee OR ea i Lg 313 fii OTITNIS Wee ee eee 102
ANTE a ee et ES oR Fa OE 313 UMNDIACOLOa ee ee ee eee 104
CPTI (LE ee ee te a aes SE oe Se 311 LOnP ase ee es Se ee ee 107
Earn etl gee ec aa ee es 404 ANOUEICOlAG ee ee ee EE eee 107
LEG THCEY A asco Pa i ea See Sg 405 ATRL CH ONLOLO ee ee ae ee 102
Nel teeta ee ree Nea. me Se UR ke 4,404 MALLE ALOT, Cea 104
HAypogynium spathiflorum__._..-------------- 393 TCD Gy ieee em ee eee oe ee eee 105
Heh anne ee eo ee 161, 296 DENCE IS ten ee ne. San eee ee eee 106
LST OLALS ie EAE ee EE IED 298 SCa nae es tn Sees BEe Ose ae el eee 105
DRA ar Ss eens at EL ee ee 299 SICAL eee ee ee eee 111
CORP CUMS = ae ee ee ee = 297 UNnINenVia-=- eee ae eee ee 104
GMO ReSEE Hee te be See eee 301 VAT ZAL ame oe a Seed Ce eae 106
STNG ES So eo oe se eee 301 GOTUNGCTISIS ot ce eee ee 106
mnayarensis. pi RS A tis ce Ce ad 296 GROACU IS to a ee eee 106
TT O TING (11S ere a ee 300m | eizepluoconyphinim== 59) eee 163
TM OTMGLOSUG saa ee ae ee a ee 298 Lara GTi oe ne eee ee ee 163

TOUTES Ae ee eee D0GIn | EE DLOSLAChYS Oing Ql @ae eo nee 106

434 INDEX
Page Page
WMeptothnivmy: 222s s5 2 Sens eee OB eel) OU Vase eee se ee ee oe 366
TSI GUM es Stee ie a ee ee 98 arundinacea. = 228 ee eee 366, 368
ep bur Gian ea a eee 111 Ciliatiioliass == 222 Se eee ee eee ee eee
ATS UAT eG Seen eee ee eee 111 Latiioliac® Soe Borne Bie ee ee eee 366, 368
biphachne ss sss Ue SE Pee eee eee 368 GrILNdiNaced a= sae ee 366
PAUCiHOTa a2 see ee a ee a eee 370 NON a2 Bane en ae Eee ee 373
OL C Giese tee ee ee eee eee 370 paniculatat= 22. ee eee 366
ittlerquakingeerassme ees ae ee nee 30 PAUCIflOTd <2. 32-52 eeeee 370
OMNES ees ee IE eee 61 Dine Ss oe en Tee 370
ALCS aE EES RES FESR En 62 SCML0DGLD. 222 tLe) ae eee ere eee 368
MODINUUT aoe a ee oon eae 61 Sirephioidess:= 32-48 ee eee 374
MU MOnUM Sa se eee ae ae ee 62 SUTUDOGICO Aa = ee Nee ee ee 372
temulentumees2s 2 ah Se Le eee 61 UTDANIANG 2 Se Se Ree ee 373
leptochacton ss = ee aL, eee 6Li62i5| Opizigt= 3 ee ee Se ee 140
GOT Sg OT ASS ete eer eens Se aw sd er 165 SEOlOMIfer assess. 8 eee eee eee 14)
IONS tO sss seo ee a ae eee eee 202; ‘Oplismenus 22202222 ee eee 320
IWOVESTASS #2222 = S25. 2 ee 33 ULMaAnn SS. 52522222 eee eee 322
India se eee eee ee ee eee 39 COLONUS = 2 eee a Ce ee eee 27
| AD VACO) be) ae ee el ee eee 149 CRUS-DAVONTS= 2) oes eee 328
alabamensig=2o2 225-2 SS eee 149 CUDETISTS BES Ee Be ee ae eae 324
pahiensise= 2352.2. 822 eee a 149 Hhirtellus! 32 ee eee ee 324
longivaloula eee ee oe eee 2 ee 149 JOMOICENSIS 252 25 B82) Lae eee ee 328
DEnMWiaNnay oe os 8 ee ee eee 149 loliaCeus== 2225226 eee ee 324
Spriuceéanatn oes ee ee eee 151 polystachyuss.= 22-32 eee 326
IMIS IZ CSS nes Soe 2 ea eee eee a 4 Setariis. 25 =) 222'3 {ees 2 ee ee ee 298, 322
Wislojillase aees 2s ose ee ee 2, 185, 247 leniige sais 2 See ee eee 29
IMDANISIITIS ees eee SE ES Resins Se 418 undiwlatifoliuss =e eee 324
al tISSIM A= ees ee ee eee Se ee AIS FALSE “OTCHOCIE dae ssa ee ee 55
AUT a eee ae ee. ee ee ee 419 OxQ JSR RI a eee ee eee 55
exalialass == 222220 he a ee 418 TOTULONE 292 =o ee oe 55
EOS CLC ULOLC ie eee aes eae cee ALG MIN OrEnoDOGOM OUT TLC Lt eee 322
GUL TUL TS ee et pete oe ee eee 420 CUUENSIS! See es ee eee 324
LITT CSS 8 eee ee ee ee ee 420 loliaceus ss 22 ee eee 324
[coning== ae eee 420 SCLORUUS 425.2 322
NOLICAtAS se see ee see ee OS Ee A19..| “‘Onyza ee ee 144
CUDeTCUlOSA wha ee ae a ee ae 419 hezandrds See ee eee 147
IVA VEST ASS Sees eee ee oes 335 latifolia a 2- 322 2h. 5 eee 145
iMicad OweleSCUCG= ies = oh ae eee ee 28 MONUNANOs 2 San ee 148
Megastachya berteroniana__....------------_-- 40 OT ONGIULONG See ee ee 148
UNINCTUIO= se ee ee ee 104 perennis: == 22-0 oe es See 145
VU] TTT CAG eee ae ee re ati ae 10, 155 Satival as 20 ee a 4,145
IMreliniSSet Sane a Se aa eee 0 latijolia==-2 3. eee 145
MIN UG NOTa Ss a ee ee ee 3,161) Oryzeac’ Me. wi aN ea eee 9, 144
iIMresoset ain S252 ars see a ee oe ee 180M MOzydentam galas. eee 106
NOMIPOTING S822 Sel se es ee eee 180) Pacholise: sie oe Le 2 ee eee 407
Wile hts a ae es eee 180)| PachulitsecS 235. 2S. eee ee ee ee 407
VET TCLTATRC OLO7071 71) mene 327, | tRalm grasses oe ee ee ee eee 337, 338
CONLDKESSUMN yee ee 188i") Ranmitedes 622 aio eee 10, 161
CAG TEDE TI ee a en oe oe 169: ||, Panicoidéaes= 2-222. ee 6
lanabuniss S22 ae es Se ee 163; |) Banicum4-5° 22.222 ee eee 160, 161, 242, 339
AUETIVOT.OSUTIY eee tn eae eee 298 aciculares422 2-2-2 4e eee
NUCH Ss Se ee ee 174, 175 ACUMIN AGT a 285
DUN CLOVIS as a ee ee eee 184 adSpersum:-.. os ee ee 251
MUG UAL LOUL UTI oe re ee re 318 alabamense= = 5222 5-2 e e eee 287
ViLLOSU Tee ee ae eee 165 albemarlense: | -- 22225. 35 eee 286
Vine tab LOOM COMES as an ee anes 257 al bomancan Guin ee 288, 289
[DRI AONKO) VS oe ee ee ne 250 alsinoidéss 2.2 284 La Se aS eee 298
COMMON S=s2 So. See eee 345 altissumum =o 2. 2 ee eee 276
TO Saree ea ee Sa a Sel 257 SlhUMe= 2243552 ee ee ee 262
Ty SUM apace Se ee a ee Oe SO ee 409 amaqulum: =. 2 = oe ee 263
IMGISCAMEN US ISITICTISIS ee 379 Gm pistemon ssa a ee ee 315
IMimiochl odes 6s 22 Ses a Eee 374 amplexicaules: 2 Na ee 313
Dulchellae a ee Lat ee 374 ANLUSHLON UI eee a ee 281, 282, 283
Strep hioidesaet ass 22 -Ae eee 374 aquaticum=-S0 25222 eee ee 254
IO aSSeSt OT aASS eee ee eee 3, 161 arenicoloidess 22222 ae ee 282
IVIONACHILCLD UNC OL ee 184 OnGUTOSLACHYU MY a a ee 170
SUDG LOT ae ee a te 185 arnistatwm 2 2= 2) = tees 328
Vion ant hoch] 6a ee er 45 arundinaceu m=. -- 5. 2 eee 319
littOnalissecet se ees eae ae Sees 45 asperifolium: 22222-22222 eee 277
Mii lenibergi ace 2 Se ae a es 2 ea ee 77 SubUnNG: 22... ee eee 287
Uertenoninnat ee ees 156 QUECULOLUAN 2 a ee 313
Capilllanise*s2 2225 > ea ae ee nro 78 oxillanece 22a 222 eee 299
DAVIS IN ISH ee ee ee 78 bambusioides- === 2 ae 303
SECO aoa ee ee pe ees 123 barnbatum = 22232) ee ee 335
INDIO OTASSE se al Sa Ae oe Seas PL BEY barbinode.2- =.= =2 22-2 ee 247
INataliorass: 2:5 52 ne eee ee eee 4, 331 bartowense:: = 222-8 ee ee eee 253
TECtOPHe a Se See aa ak Se 4 bertéenonianwims =! 82 =) eee 274
IN 210 58s 2 CR ee Mee SE ee 101 De yenl==2.2 = 22 ee 265
QUENT Se ae ee ee 102 boliviensé:....=2-2-226-— =. ee 268
INGUTGIE DISS ces nea. Se eee 23 brachiatum:..2-= 2.22.32. 347
VAT ORG ae pee ol De ee re eee ae 23 brevitolium:2-22¢ 22 ee eee eee 272
NOLL OLEUSL TALUS ee ee ee 68 bunmanni...=_ =. ee 322
(OF ee SN I ee a Sk ee eee 4, 68 caerulescens=: 2. - =. 2-2 See ee 284
WV aS ac Fe ek a ae ee 68 CHESDILOSWM 22 = a2 sce oe ae 247
OSGeT ASS sey ee SS A eg ee 70 COpillacéum=s: 2 25-2 ee eee 272
Qedinachnepunct aid 184 Caplllare-22.---2.-- ool Se ee eee 255
Oil’ grasses eso. 5 Ek A CS ee ee nee 4, 403 GAaricoldeS:2.5...--.3-----2-4, Sr 264

INDEX 435

Panicum—Continued. Page | Panicum—Continued. Page
COTVI TEFL oaks ie SS BS oe 347 JOOGLS ee tee ee Weg wr Se ee 292
CAYCMMETISC Hane ae See he es 257 SLLTILETIGOTUGTIO ere ee ene 259
chamaclonchesecaeurta ee ee ee eee 289 KeveNSCs se a okt ee Be ne ee 251
Chapmanieee se ees lem ee Ae oe ee 293 TACUSTT OS ee meee a ete) 2 oe we ee 253
CHONLAGINCNS Cee ee ee ee 250, 251 LCD ESSE ase SER Se EN CUR oe ees 259
CHOUUDUN ee ner ee ee ape Bee ene 306 LOG OFS eee ete ee eee See ee een 300
chrysopsidiolium== 280 TOW ha 2 eB oe TSS ee 165, 308
COLO TIAL TT et ee eel eek Se Ree 327 SONGILOUL CLI) meee ee 308
ZONES ee eee ey tee ee 327 JATICOATAUIT eee ee ne eS 290
COULG DIVULU TV ee ee eee 286 GRE OOK PE = = a Se es 306
COULD OCHILIT san = ee ae RO ye re eee 309 SPRL TT Tee ca oa ee dN are ae ne Sng 269
GOING ETS Urry een te ee ee ee 266 OUT COAUILITY ec ce en rne oe ea o e 270
GCOTLCT ELL TI ee ee ome al eae ee ee 320 VELOCORDOM ee ee Ee ae 301
COTES OLLI ee ee ee ee eee 345 AIG G DY DTA fee ee NT ee Se 349
CHUSG OLLI mR er ee ee Ce 329 COMIS Sea ee OEE ee re ene 295
CHULSS DD LDONS eee ee ee ee eee 328 LEU OC OTITIS ee aa ted ee 173
CULES Cant nd eee na tee ee ee ee 324 UPTO OD NWO DA = 8 eee 165
CURUUN CTY Cas ene ene eee ea 175 leucOthhixe seas ie eee eee 284
CY ANCSCENS eee ee = ee ee ee 273 LATENT ne Ere yn ee ee 275
CLOLCEL L071 rep Ss ea ee See ee aes 116 LOWMtfOTIN CLS Sa eae ae ee ee eno 180
GECUTIUDETUS ea Be ee er eee eS 207 LONG TLONUT See ee ee ee iy
COTO U1) mean ete nee oe et eee ee 269 Toran bee pbaol 285
dichotomiflonumaeee eee 252, 254 VULESCENS Rae nee are en Cees 339
dichotomum var. acuminatum____------- 286 TIULC UL QUILT poe een ok ee ee 309
GETS UT ee ne 257 ATU CT ULTULCE TUS Cnet ek re 308
GISCRE PANS sate ee eee eee - 218 TTL PVT Ue ee ees een PA PAS)
iS DCTAIVILTIU Nee ee ee ae ee eee 520) MV GY AT CTS Ce = eee een eset Nees i eS 296
OtSS CCE UT Meets ee ere a 198 AIVEGUSEO MN Sete ae ee ene = ie ne 276
GIStAM GIO TTA ne ee 266, 293 TT CR GOT SH eet mass ee 276
ESULCIUAL TT meee a eee pne e eoai 267 STURT ES CE UTI Se eae eee 257
LOC OLUUT Re ee ae ee 257 TMT CH OL UTM ee DE a oar eee eee 267
CiDOT ICAL TE rs ee ena rat ae ne eee Se TERE 305 millesrana =e ae oe A eee 275
DORN TONAL a eae ot ee eer ry 304 ITULTULLL OT LOT {UL 11 aaa ee 269
SLCILOSLUL CHUL UII eee a a 306 TIVO [LGUs ete ee St ee 251
COMING CMS Coe ee ae ie Se 171 TIVULLAIN CTE ee eh I ee 320
GONOACH OLULT ee een ee 313 MUtiCuIMmes 2s oe ee ee eee 247
(ake DOSS HON saa es aa 165 ACY UC TUL UL TI es 277
CUT CLOT VIN ee eee eae 347 ANU MUO Stare ee ee ee 312
HUG LU a a Se ee ee ee 315 MUUSTELTUIL TOD LULL LL Tbe ae ee 290
echimiil at mt ee ee ees 251 DVCTT. OTL Coe ee eee an ee a 8 ee 300
COG CF.S 11 eee ae tars A ts ey ee SLI 165 MEMLONOS ULI ape ae os Se ae ae 298
Clephantipese =.= et eee 255 TIOT iOS UTI eye tect a rn aes ae eee 273
CLOT CEU ee eee Nene ee te es 2 336 Tae OUR NOH NANO MA A 5s a 282
erectitoliumees == a= a ae ee 288 TLMOS UM eo eh oe oe a 281
CIILCLEL OTIC ee rs ee em oe ee eee 186 MEbiG MIMO fee eee een, Se ne ae eee 283
Cx SUE OL UIs eee Bees a ee ee 269 AULCULIT Ce a eed alte ee Ea 161
EE) eee ae ree eS SL 298 raOD ETC HOA Soo Se a 247
LOLS UAT Ran a eee ees St See ee eee 165 OOTOCENSC Se ees ee he ee 303
fasciculat amb some ee eS eee 2 250, 251 ODEUSOLOTALIIUS 0a ae a eae CN eae 275
LOU ESCENS see ees he SS eee 250 ONALT US Beem AE ARG) A a a 342
HUSCUMD Ses eae ese 8 SS 250 ODHILICOl A SS ae eee Ea es ee ee 293
(OSUIGLOUIL I aero een ho aa eae Renae eee 250 ODUSIVEN01C CS eae meee eee ere 272
LOVCSCONS me ete eee AE EE 250, 335 OUI LEULTI ses a Cee ener 285
ODO ee oe eee 288 OnERO DRY LUT ese ee eee eee 282
ARO ING ES COTS ie ee eee ae eed SE a 271 ONY ZOLLES Eee Ee ee ae Ree 278
LESCO-TAL OCS =e oe oe ee ee 250 OLYONLVLIN Se 2 ee SE eee 191
ARIS GUNNING oer ee eee ree Se A 250 DAMEN SE eo MASS OL CNS eee TE Cerne 299
LSCICULCLL IMs n= ern oe Se eee 250 DOL OUUL Tae ee oe 337
NUS U CONTAC ONS, ee ee 281 2) LUTILUL OLD UIT = a ee ee 337
Semana paMe see oe Et 8 Soe 247 DOTICULUWIMN Sees oa ee eee 211
HTL BYE PTET TT ale i a 339 DONIC CRU some ea rh eee 338
hes Re CM tie eee ee 258 DUTACLENOLACSae eae 347
QEMCUTD 2 = 339, 356 jOR WALCO MDD. a 272
BlucinOSUIneeeeea ee. ao ae ee Se 275, 306 DUS DULOU CRs ee es as eS 247
0) UIT eee ey art ares Sete ee 262 DULCTLASSUTIULLTIV ame er 275
DAH CLO semanas a es tS ee Ee 277 atulwmes eset Ae SSSA Peas eae eee 290
GnISCDACH amen ees ee ees 303 DELCTSO MII Mees ers ee ae wee 263
COLOSSUS ee ee ee ae 247 DilosumM esos 22 ase eee ee 267
GUCUCLOLEDCNSO see eee mee wee eS 247 (DUET DO OW Pos saa eee ae 185
ROMULO Miner eee oes Sek SW 169 plicabilam-=e 8s eee 236
FEES UU ee 2 ee} EEE eee 259 DUCTUS anes Eee oho A ee 337
OCI OL LT Bix SSF eo SE ee ee ee 324, 328 haitiense! == oak a ee 337
Mine al Omee= Seu cos Ts eS 255 DOIneCHANULM os 2 eee 336
DUnEIDAGE LUN ae nee eee ee ee eee 258 Dolly caulonwew sew a eee 280
EN Tg fefu eater te i ar re ie 279 DOV GRTVUM ae ae Sao eee ee ee eee eee 259
Onion lee ee tes Ce eee 169 DOL ye OT ab UT eee en 267
URILETLACI xe a= Ses oe ee 313 DOL GONOIWES== 2 ee ee 317
ICIUNOUCS ee 2 cee en ees ee 301 POFtOrICeNSC: = 222 2222. eae ee 289
LLRROTHENSO me ee ee ks os ee eae 250 DOLE 5 2 ee oe ee ee 267
CHO DGAD Os Se Se a ee es ee 339 Plad aniimi=-< 2k 252 ee eee 294
OVO BS, SS ee eee 273 proliferum var. strictwm..---------------- 254
MOSHI ee ee 165 DY OSU QU a5 oa et cee aka See ees 247
ILS TELLTALE TIL ae seas Sw eh REE nS 247 DilLOSWIN oes. Se ole SS ee ee 250
ASUGINCE PE Ree ian koe ee ee EE Eo 186 Dulchellum se ee ee ee 271
BSCHUCTIUILT UE eee Na en Bale Se Se eS 171 PULpPUTASCODS=: =! S226-— ee eee 2, 247
OUR ULCEN SC see nee ee ee LE See 328 pyramidgle-2u-.2 2. a 8-2 ste eS 325

436 INDEX
Panicum—Continued. Page | Paspalum—Continued. Page
TL TIL OS UT Sa eee Se ae RNA SB ce 281 ANELLE NS Es ON ay cel ac 236
PTL ORT sean esha ea ono ee ee 55 ADDER CULE 187
TE DCIS ish athe ea sees Ae ee ne 259 EynObaGlioeKe bons se 233
he 5) O42 9 0 Vara rs vy RT eS Ss 247 UT EWTN pe ae Sh cu ier a 188
MSE UG TLE UL TIO a 2 oy alee ct ee oe eee sh a een 347 Lo Y21) 5) ch OR aL Ay VEN cee NE on Ae 214
FAW CULAMH Dis eso sob to at esbese ss 250 blodeettiite Se Se ee 212
MVE ZOD VO TUTTE ae ee 305 DOSCLAMUIT Le ans he ae ee ee eee eee 239
TiC TUS MCR GIN za UN hacer dU es op ae A 319 ORCC GEL 1 See re ea ee 200
TAGUAUOLLL TI aa ese ee anata pe oe Pp 318 TOV 2) 2k SUE e eS kage ely sale a tae eee 224
TOANOKE MSC iets Ae ere ene a wala a 284 fo OU U a SNE Soar Aa Iam CE Morn) eae a ee 239
TULL eee ee sean, SB Se Ie eae 276 (GHYSS| OHO SOHO 213, 222
TUG CU Bee ECA Le eat eae Ne ee TE 303 CaOpillarece ese n see r ae ee ee ere 188
rugulosum var. hirtiglume___-.-_-_------- 274 Gyo obo ye 222
TUES CULO UULUT I ae eats ate aoe sa te aT aL aly 309 COUALCEU TI a ee cet ne 220
SOD UA COUTA rae Ree SOREL ane oe NIN Ti Rae a 328 CRATE T STS ee Ay NS aa ce ee a 170
SUCCIAO1L ES ie nee me a 165, 241 ciliatifolium ty ae oe 206
SOU ULL TLL Cm earn ne nr 169 Ciltifen Ta se eS a Sela ae eae 210
SCOTT Ss See eee ee eae eet meee Me 343 Clevenlife renner aa 223
SChifim eres se eee ss ee LS pele 271 COVED TES SAU TIO yaaa a eae en en 188
SCOPAGI UTI a re a eae 291 conjucatum soso wea ie es ee ae 226
SCO DORVAL TI a eee aes as ee oe oR Le 276 DUlDeSCENS 2 Se eee 226
SOT Nv iis Se ae ee a ee Sr 274 CONVEXUM 22 es es 238
SCLOCEALIN sxe eS Eee on 283 COnY Phau ss ae a ee eee ace eee 235
SCLOLT UL TIS se Le a TL RS PMU re 322 CUDENISE so SAG Ne 1 MULE eG RS aie ee 148
SEL OSULTI See leas ie wee ta ae eg 347 Gebile eee ee TN ells a a 205
SUNLCNISTIS eo ee ea are eee eee 295 decumbens)2.082 2 2 a ee 207, 208
SOD NCU ne ME oe ae eS ae eae 306 Genus os ee eee 4
IS OF, IU OLCC ALITY em eee ae arnt enn 308 erate Cul ety naa ee ee eee 203
SMCCEBUIL Ce AES se De Sak ee Deena he 326 Cigiéata ms es SAL Se eee eae 169
Guadelowpens eae ae a ee me nee E 325 Gila tatu es oe Se Oe eee eee 3, 229
SpPhHAcrocanp One ees ees se eee a= nee 287 Gisparys 2.2 V5 oe eee Le aaa peer 208
LOTC TUL ee ee ee eee 288 GisSechume souk Sie ee Se See eae eee 198
stenodes.2 2S ea ee ae 265 distachyons< 222222 ee ee Se eee 201
SECMOGOTC ES ee EE aT em en een 265 TS Gi EN Te i Si ep 201
StevenSia mur tea ae eee lee 269 DAGURALUATY Soe aoe ea 200
Stolomifenuimess 22 ssa ee ees 270 GiStor tus foe ee Be eee 219
SEC DUOSECCIVY Srna ee ee 277 doichp lin eee 217
SETI QUT ae re oe ee cen en re Ge ae pe 311 CdmMond ele 4S 2s eee 224
StrISOS Um Ware Aree ees e SNe cise at 280 LEGA TiS Wes ete ANNs Ok UO as Te ae 239
SUL COL TT eee ee ON es he 336, 338 fasciculatumis= eee ees eee eee 229
SU OTE CUTE ITU see ae a EP 308 FURLONG eae ee 218
CONACISSUTTUU IT ana eee ne eee eee 344 fULOSEA CHAT eae ee ee 188
LOTTE CUE ae Se 2 AN ee 341 fimibriatum= 22220 ea ce see eee 241
GTN. Te UD TN a ae heres la re ee 264 SLONUO UIUC UT eee oe 215
LENUISSTIMU Teas ae a es 81 fOlOSUM Se See ee es es 200
LHOMMCSTO TUT am ee eee eee ae ra 251 PURCOLU TI ooo Bee eek oe ae ere 189
CARASY AG eee eee SAS ae Se eee 178 Qlabrum es) rs 2 Oe ee es eee 215
trichan thu mses e ee ae 272 Pa ONCE HJ a oe ALESIS SEN me Sk 213
ENICHOCONG ULE TIS ea eee 259 PT ASS ee se eee a le eee 3, 229
THIGH OIGEeS See ae se te ae 272 Pee blerg ic Te eS AD en ae aa 215
EniCOlOT 2% SAREE ees ee ees eee 270 VORIUCT AIOE IT ye me ere 238
Crifolimmmes eke eae ee Se ee eee ees 289 hemisphenicuns===22)s2=s eee ee 211
NET OTA Ee I he i 2 et 277 heterophylla ee 213
AEN SD UC OLLAL TI ey eran ee en ne Se ep 209 heterotrichon esse =e ae ee ee 1y¥7
NRO EvoKKe phone Bee se ee ee 295, 296 DOUUCISDICOLUIN See ee ee 197
VALENZWCLOT UN. eae ee a eee 274 INGUIN eee ee ee 200
VeNneZUelAeris. oon TEER eee eas cpemuee 273 INSWIATO: 2 Shu. s ool e a eee oe ee 220
DOREL CULE UL TI ae eee nee otal ee ra a St ea 342 koleopodums nes 3 ee ee eee eee eee 215
DULDOLDES Bae DUNE TN es SNe SE Ne ea 312 Lanatum see ee A ee ear a 163
ULOLASCENS 0s a ae ete a eae 170 lanee@ies noo 20s) Soe Ye eer ee 210
Vingatuim vars CUDeENSCs2= 2525 ee mes hene 262 larranag dt = eee ee 229
VATS CONC CQLTIUS aerate een eee 262 laticalinwin eee ee ee 188
Oi CC i peeee eee ei ae ete Sie cam Ie cg ea A 345 VAX Sao cae cee So 215
870010 (2) 110 8 0 ee ee ee ee eee eh yy 292 NO OPTOOTN= as 224
DULDISCHLT SS ee ea OR eee Ne 350 LEONI a Se ae ee ee ae ears 221, 222
WILE UER ENN sees ote SANs SL ie a NE 328 leptocawlon su: 2222233 ee 218
Will SOME TSC Wee e eee ee ee eee 287 LEDEOSEA CH UUIT Be ee 190
wrightianum - ------ So SRR ay ST Led eh aR ous 285 leucocheilims 23 oe ee ee eee 231
NALA WEMSC Hs ee ee ae ea 279, 280 Jind eniamum 225 See Ss Se Resear renee 219
ZAZA OL OS uses rere ee et ae ee eet 278 [i @ar Os ka I oe Ee el eels ee 205
BOT CLEH sae Aes AE a ae a ao nO ae rN 327 lividus i...) SS 2a a ee 202
Pappophonum ss ees ae a eee 59 Oy di ee ee ee 208
GIODECUROLACUIT Ee a ea ee oe 60 longiflonwm. 25-25 24) ee ee 171
VOGUE CUT eae ae et 60 longiloliuim (222 See ee eee 219
Pap pilenium Siskel see eee ee 60 Mmaritimumello 222 Pee eee eee 212
IR ARS PRASS = oso Lee see eee ane ina 2, 185, 247 WAH OMMMOM Oe oe Soe tees 219
PEAT EI Bes MeN as Dae BS IS 2 hy ee ae 2, 247 TAME ATIOS | OLU0UM ae ae ee 238, 239
Paratherias 40 2 he eet ears eae apelin 2 352 TAO ON socks ats eal Nee Rca ge 215
DLOStratay eo eee ee Se ee ane 354 ANAULLOTM OUI oe a a 215
HREPATEL UTD ap SaaS ed Sap ee 61 millegrana oot 2188 Pete See ee ee 233
IPASPAUCHUINAGEMNIN GUT ae eee ee eee 247 MINUSE: oo oe ee 204
PAS Te ee See ae a ee es 2, 3, 165, 193, 229 AIVUTUCUCLTUO TUT U ae oe ee ee 170
ACUCILO) Tee ee eve Ae Nie oy Ree mee 214 molest seo. SS Le re ee ae 214
COA CL ee a eR PS SENN ie Palit motembense.c2 2.20. e eens ee ee 237
Al¢erniRORUM sees ee ener eee 217 moullticaule-= 23-2205 eee 223
TTF) LT EA fh UIT ye a 225 MANU oo ooo ot Rs peice 220
OIL CE TI Se NM a ep era eae LEA eee RC ea 190, 191 NECSI Mec ek oaks Le eee e cee eee 205

INDEX

Paspalum—Continued. Page | Phalaris—Continued.
MESIO LOS aaa eral Stents Seley tine tie eek eae 210 ZUZONLOLLES ee eda, ee
TO CATE eee a eR alone yee 20352040 Me NATUsie ates Ge ee eee
TIUCATISE Se eens ca epee a et 208 DROSIENSigaa et sat ee WS ened anal
OMSOS hare ky irra ee eee ee ee ee 211 FAVES) 0X) Pisa eee eee net my pe a ee eee Sp
OUD ICE Ta SRS ROME RIE E Ae Aaa. 238 LONCTLOUUS asa eee aa ee yo Sm
OQvonGoleyprvens see ee ee a eres 224 UG OOUKOOUI eo ee
INCTULCE UTI ata cen se yu eve ee ee aN 234 VU IT OLIUIS Batre es ee ae
FOS MOUICCLDU VE eb boc et Si San NON a a 211 OVA OLS sae are eee Ve On ieee
WIE TILL TE OTe oat ee Fe Se Se 211 PanVviloliuss see ees Le
DalWAHORUIMe eee a eee 2235 er OUI SA AS, Sea SSO
CLL TAL TT Eee aes Santee crak Namen ver een 191 RACH SOS eel eee ete oe
TOLL OS Ura Sees ee ele ee INE LS cee le Re 2 200T eebhraemitesesn. soot ke eee
DLOLICOUL ON eee aa ee 188 COMMU S aU Sela ee ee
OULD CULL UT) ee ee 185 TIVOTEUNIOCCTUS 1S ee ene lean pe aa a
LCOS CAG May Ue ee ee 217 DINGO GIILE Se aes rere Ee ee
Fed Lea tr aN ae ee eae PES) MW TE OOTP ONION OTD PLO cy ae ee ee
POUT CLL 2 aia eth oh es lta We 218, 222 SCLOSUL TTY ESR ean oes eee ee ee 1
TDOUTSIO DN UIDS, Be Se Peay sly Soca ATG I i aa ee Re ee Oe AE SIE eee ee
DOTEORICEN SC mas eesee ae oe rae e Ea S PINey i JEN 0). GUS) LVN WKCO pe ee eae ooo e See
JOMRONOV UOC DN DU Tah ee 206 TUN OS eee ye A OR A ee ee
TORO SNUG KO) BD a0 T sae eee eee PANDA A AIGA AO) HD pen eg ca Le Ce Py BS a
TOMDUKeVaVey Nb wa aha. ih A is eee se ee 239 DUG CE ek aA Fa i an a epee ane
DUEL CIUTALL ITO cet me aaa eH nvr pum VSS Hill P ALCON 1 Ctra ee NL ale Sek IL dO Nun
ewan gsr a ee EE 204 DATO CLEC pte ee TAM Ey sale A by Daal wi
VIDS CLLAL TU rmernelae CUE Nite oeceak en Diese eA PE DOANE TTPO) Gy Se ea iii ea lnm a a i SL Sok Soot Bees AU 2) acca dy Nao
ALCO TIA OS UETA epee ae ee en Rte Sn CE le 199 CCULUTLOT ee ate ke es a
PRELOM TL PUVA sae SP US a a a 188 OTVADUTS A NARS SOE LE a i ae a
TC DOTS ae a ae ee Ud ee 198 SUTIN Uae are aI i i EE Ly ee a
MEP CACM Ree weet ee SIRT Re ee 225 CONUNOLO? See eS Ate Be Se ae se eens
MLVUZONTUCEOS LUT) ean ea a eee a 215 DETECT ONC 1 Cea e mee nee ane aa ne
PICT LGC 1 ate iets ee es Sn a a SRNR Be 215 CILiANENSIStsa een a nen BE aan eee
ROCAMUIM See see ee ae Be We VE ane 217 CHA OTIS a ies oc See Se ee a eee aye ae
ROCEDOCIIOId eS eee kee ae hese kis 218 COMIPReSSa assess a eee See Pe
MUN DESURC Sass ers = avian ee ee 221, 222 CONT CTD aoe ULE Toe y a te ay eee
SAYGCIOBINONO GS =) 2 ee eae 241 COTUUNG EMSS ee ee ee
SUIS C s oe eekeeee Cetracren esed Raee 2 ey at ye 221 CLCO TUS Behe ee TE aN tn Ie lay Haya Ee rn
ESSE GEE ONS} 5 aS i i SO an Pa 232 GLOMNCT CE Ca sn and EI LAT aD aoc ee ae
SCEPOM UIT UME es ae ee AR ee 205 GUUEUTOS Se ET arlene a aN Fess
SO THe buna eves ace rweresr ie ee Ete 2) ae Calg 198 LP ONS SE ee a ee
FYE EEEN GON a ae a ae ee a ne Cet 206 ULE OS me Seen) eee eee ne eee ne
TID TOU es es ae ESN a eae Sk 212 DILL OS Ce ea Nee Sah Dm A 9a Ua TE
SUTALOSLLTIY See arene ee en LiE L eyee AAT 215 UU OS Da Sen ros wea ne al Tirana ot ion ais Reeve
SO Wee epee wen esi We ess ane os RNS 226 OLA CESIS Reina hae Sela eRe ee Dpeno mene ia
SEU A eee 197 DRO TCT Opes eae a ah aon Bis ix alle de nas a
IS ETL CELLU no en tas Da ae ENN Oe PAI DUT DUT OS CETUS ea a a ee ee ee ae
SOVORAAOU BAAS ESS ee ee ee 218 TAG 1 ALS Re NS OME ae. = Beet wl ar AAD Se Mage De
UD DRO Ds Soe ae se 203 Cig alls ee
LEMUCISSUITIALT een ee = eee oye E 215 EF LE Renee aes a ee mele Palak fale a ao at ae ale Re
COMO OR WOO) arse eso O OOS OE Pes} \\\ JEU DEG: ODDO OMe = ss sesso ee ee
LUAU ERI Tears = ee meen See NEE 236 ATVACTOSCULCIUI Cee et a aye ea en eee
LUN SOU CAG Wn eee en es a eae BUS) |b JEORTOUOD WASHO Osa ese Seo Soest See See
UU OR OWE OND UOM Se a eee PERSE WA EXOMN A OVROM see ee a ae
italian eee Wee See ee 3, 229 CULDE TUS TS easter Sut BIN iy eae NaN eh MYRRLND I Pre helene
V2 CAIN) GUNN eee eae ee REE Oe ee 200 CLG Fn Ran yA a st et ne ae ee
TUCTUUT I es Seal A MAR teal el 200 LiGLO nc SMR ya aS Sea Eee Hy Se eet ete eV ane reer cee
OOSOUUTEN 0S San AS So DEES BE ee eae 3, 229 TLE OS 1 Seat a alr ee ee eed Pe UN
ALO UCLS CCDS sae MM erm 8s Is as LIE eg eta 235 jooKoparsyorel liven a
AU el DU eee en 229 SUC OULCES We et ie ae eh Eee ere 2 a
YOCOMUN ROU S enn on ne a Pew 2 Oe Tals] OUD TAS tl CRASS eee eee eee ere ce
é SEGAOIVUIUCLUTI See en oh oe Pee 2 Qualeineserasse a ae Ee es Seca nya vee
VEE) Oe a BE esa ae ZORA MELA DLELOO LAE LASS meee eee me eee ee
Patardergalling sae. ose ee ee 3, 113, 116, 169 Rabdochloa domingensis....------------------
iRaraderallinagimass2) = 2 eee TUCO NOLO a ee en ee eek ee ee
IRCA RIeTIM Gta eee ek lee 3, 339, 306 RAO) GO Wows os 1
LESS OCIS) s,s es lA ee I SAS RN Mallee Cl CLL ea trmeleete amet een ae Wr og NE
RERUCTILONLORS DICOLO =e aaa =n ee ee BOI OOM DifOT iste ea ese ye tae Sea tS ae eS
Breminlse tummies ese d 8s Se oe 305 PHUULATI OTIS 1S epee eee er od tiene eee
UNDO OWUA | Se a eS ee ee 357 Gks WO Wi 4 ey Sa Se A Ae © G8 fe aN cage Le S
ODE ITP OD ee ep eee 359 Avda) OYOKOb (ots eee Sa Sel ND a lei de
GONTGCHT OVE Stamnes = SNe SS a 356 TRA OHIO KOH (Haars CRN. SOR eo Nie ree eR SALA Oe LL oP
Cll an CRN Se 2 Ae SOOM MEVE CLES TO TYTN C GO fo meee ene pete a ape ee oe
domingenses se enka ere oo Pee Rohe) NN" ISSEY GRECO OY sche mck Pela N Meet Ns ea a ee
CULO ES CONUS eae ee Ey se ce ee em a Bor | TRerevel, (onmmianoya fe ek cae et ae
FesTNEN OV OW a eee Ue ee SOOM LCC LITUCTLONO TS ILLCADS TS paneer ss ne nee een
anryaicon yer e xe Ee i 357 CLEG OTIS ee ne MOE Pie Ree eee omer
MGRdeO1d Siete tas Dae ae Ue See a 359 LOGO RS AT SAE eee ee ee eee
PIU OSILNO ULC Stim en cen Ste be eek 360 OUIGOSLACIY Ue ee ae et ae ee een yee
oOnlentale yan trilorum_.-- 222222222 ee SOUP RREVE I AT. OC IN © cea nese eae oe ee
(DUT OUTS ae Ee ee eee 2, 357 IbEAasiiensise sseess 2 =a eee
SOU OG UTI ee tema Sew a BE sp a ek ok 357 Olisostachivart 22s OA) Se aes eee ee
UPS OP OM De as AE Ee Gio) |||, IROVOS GAC. ke a es ee
GU DNOIGCUT Een Se a ats ee Boo KOOOM IVC YMA CI Aes aa nee ewes Dae erees
SAT OS arate an arate wien Se ee 355 lito EMTS ee es See ee ee
LEGCTOIS COMICAL p95 eee ee Sols TEV ap iSite eee eet ELE ee See eee
Bnalanig Gaetee se see sa cee es Se 9, 142 DAU CUM OLS ene ae ete nee eee s
JE} TET SS. pa a ne ee ee ee ee VAD ART) 1 Gites ee meeps A RNA tee Ee eee
COMARICTISIS Ba ete sake ue ee 14 De EUD OGESIOTASS ese time ct ate ee Ee ae

65, 400

438

INDEX
Rhy ncheljerum TEDENS fo eet: Boe oe ree Setaria— Continued. P

an eh eR da OE macrosperma_____ ie
hy tachne TOLEDO Ii @icl este mmain iain mam tom He anberpstachiyal =) = lusi) 2 aaa 315
Fl geet anaes 4, 145 me sid
RipHterRe OTe are RU Wee a 394 pALNifolige ee ee aoe weonsneas 382
Ripeut grass oo 25 ET 387
eels Eas ee eee Vas Paniculiferas’. 2. (hose: Semana sel
altissima ——— = --— 2222 2aeeneeann- 419 (BOUCHE oa aaa a 347
compressa vat. fascial ——— = ae 7 memeeseetenesD DSBs o
Oe as nee sae 418 Sead Ons ana tee a 33
Git ae Tae ae ue 419 Pie arian A =—_ 347, 349 350
eo mal ee SE gE Fa MINS mv 41 Hees (eee Be
SEs oe rae 420 subtramsiens..---------222--2--2-------; 35
lore onan aan cneen 419 Sule nena 530,38
te eae remnant Ate 391 tenacissima.————--------- 22-22 ---- aa
Bye A es aA Siti she ie HE 177 enax Ree Oia iene ale ae
Be GUT |\ ni cogindia es ed ea 349
eee 61 DeNtenatiin 2 5) ce a uae
ee ee ee iB

AULOTI Te ne ete NN EN een ge re sf oueene
Rn aaa Foe beg CRS aie Gee ed 420 ie tee era ces pea es ———- 350
PMarUM aa 379 | Silver beardgrass.-—--—------_----2---2---- 300
pape ee i eee F
CEyenierisc aun, mrupromn ia mmnnnE 379 Aran PM nnn 09
eayennense 330 COviLLa Tires a Se ee mena rae
en ed ee Sar parvifiorwm.____. RRM aere cis pris
contsgstimn 880 | Seton --=-nw--ocvvvvsavav = 188 408,410
jamaicense. 2222 onan a2 | Gorptiboldes.------------------2----—- a0
TT MTD ERR Nts Cel aOR OFT A 4, 380 Saat wanna nnn nee 407 109
polystachyum ie fila ARTCC mbes hed Soma 69 6 cvifoli ee "504
A REST acca ea 165, 241 TEDIfOLUT 0. ee a
2 acenaemien aaa 33] Cer aaa eae aes eee eas 300
sagittata... eae 222222 ean 51 dee 209
eee 380 i 206
SU 310 | $racilea n-nonane 380
Be eg cnaacviasecmiameerne Eat 312 hialepense./.5) 2. © 2 eiee ee genemen 107
SID, aco ntsc eae 311 ischucmitun eens ume Stee Sena 402
ae ee ee 312 lewcostachyum. — = -------a2-2-2-n2an2-n-- 304
—— | a ee :

TUES acco occa 47 quciflOrwm.—-—--- 2222-2 =a nnn
Seles dow cout aESS ibs EEE a eeL ers Paes 117 piptatherum___---------- mic enenies 380
en en Gast 250) SOCCHOROIEES <2. nee cs cae ane
gb aunt eee a66 VU PALO sce. oo ctie a Naa eh ee a ane
Je a ee ee 365 _ Sudanense_ a > 409
ea io rizanivides:-. 5. 8a ea 7 0
ons plelostachya.. CUR TER ER en SEP BS ee ae OS seo Pe a

chizachyrium brevifolium_------------------- Ruler tr meeesenen
Maas couloir DPE MeN Shh Nee aga) | SCOUT paspaluni a sens eenk Nel em NieteaaiaN oO:
POE acta accece anno 388 SGTPASS.. asks oleae eo ce
eubense. 2 390) Barbados: 6. Wies 28 One ee
CE cian naa Boi) |) Spartina. one 6 Vic Sou caeenenae Ae
ea aes oe 329 brasiliensis. 0.0.0 ss SL ee Oe ie
IAA a nae sone TOT 391 Gymostiroi des. si leii si Hae ieseaaem 8
PUERTO STi oe aL oe eae ec 7
St ae A PEE UCIT ONE cor 393 Datensain vos sci c 4 a eee eee 117
ULI ooo eater cee 392 fuUNCEOsao0. 502k anne ity
EERIE GORE GEE Coos a 392 Sphenopholis! iiss sssi sities eee esaee e
SerG Goes he Ec a ee 124 F obtusatax boos 5 ee 64
Oe ee ere kee 6g | Spider grasses seat ks moa sus ieee 38
naa Soh le Spike ltreise turin isles ina nn ign eee =
COUGH BOE ee ere ee 5/947, || Sporobolush.---2) ose t heat Se eee 80
eine ae 313 argubus 2.23125, sonce sean eee 34
SO ee aim ais ne 315 atrovirens: ccc .o..s ese ee
Me en et 315 Bahammensis: soc... ss eel aah aa =
SoAdchorelsaltepassws lel si as nT aaa re benteroantia :
SE OLS aes teee eerie tr, AT brasiliensis... 1.2. 2.0 2 ae 3
SEN Co eae eet er aoe ose 61 uber Sise:s a scan le anal cee a
HS nis a a 58 Gommingensisuan! al aes Gene eaenaeee 83
paitiemsls 222002 a | Malate oe ane 8!
RA Ae ora SS ec eaner Soa 58 Inondinals acs ee els
Se ae 332, 339 jacauemontit - 2 ..- i502 5. 6 ee 34
barbata. «22-2222 esses 335 lamarckiie: 5 -us--2 15 5s oo aes
COU OMONG 2 eee sees aas aT 339 HORGligsiske = 28 See ee ee ee Se
CONDE pete cae aca a 341 MUPGlSs 0. 2ecs ee 31
eee emeene 347 DOIetiiws:... Loa $0
COE ans mE 349 purpurascens: 440.2. >see aL eee Se
ere ok Wk: maT Ts 347 pyrauidatus! 5.50 01lis 65 Cie 3.
Sig Tat cae eae RAN SO 345 tenwissimus:...c2 los Mea a ae
SE ae Se 347 virginicus__-_-- TL, pts dant ate eee eee
Aa UT es SRT ATE 330) | (Gpran@lebOpil- 2! ic ssa. loll sehen iemie nin os
CUiseh bis oa 2s Sal DOI De GO 330).'||) Steqoxiavecal#ata > 225) 8) nao amano ee rhe
At enema eS aT ga. | Stenotaphrum.\. scc..:.. J. stuns oo semen ze
italia. ee Ba ce ae ae aniericanums.... 22) ea ee iy
Pa HE IIa as Shas Gone ron vanea dimidiatum var. amer CHM: aes :
Teter eee once tee 349 glabrum vate iteoOnUn se 2 Ee ee i
ket ae RE ee 339 Secundabumieessasesene= cn te ie

=H Spc sae se pees i

INDEX 439

Page Page
Sitimkorassv= eo = eee etek ose eee ease SO Melee CLOCHLOGADETLCT OQ ae re 156
StIPAEnOWeNS eee meee Ser ee ee AZM elie CROCLUTETILONLONLIL II === an ee ee 75
capillianis eae ee ee ee GS lt AU Boo) eae Se ee i ee eee 331
ISENCDILULTIUNG LULOTLC TOS Cen Rec re 373 UNS UL ETS dotnet memos sitchin sae het toy ue eet 165
DULL CIUCLUAL Tee ee a een cea EEN aa 374 TO DCIS eet aera enor eGs old RED ean me 4,331
SHR OURO UNE CONAVMIS 2 oa sec sesesese 88 NOSE (Nae ne Snes ee ak Se ee 4, 331
(OTRO AISI a oe eee Se eee 391 SLCC LLCO 1G CS een ee a 165, 241
SCL DT te eae eee cones fo tan need nsinns Defi 2 7a 88 GT CRESID USES UATUD) LCT eee eee eee 111
Strep toch ae ta sss re re ee eee Zs MV MID SMOG Naso ee SS Ee a EE ee 54
SDICH Ae ae sate are Rei een ete ee 24 EEASTOSEOLM ES eis ee a we ante ei pee eg 54
Strepiocwmne see te eee aoe eee ee eee DOM EMT POS O nena SE Se en Se 110
Crimi pas Becese te ee a SUS ee 55 SDLCA GUS eee ee RE es eee ae 111
SENCDLOSLESCHISIASDCTAfOl nen ee ee 2i(ie eee Sa COAG esse 2 tee ee ee aaa 13, 423
SUC DUOSLACHY SiS DCN Cea ann eee ee Ziti aE OSA CUTE ene ae a A ee ee 423
Sudanyerasss sees sen = one ee ee aes 2, 409 Gacty oles tees Se ce eho et Phe seal eames 424
SUGARCANC Bebe ee ere eee ee ee 4, 380 AOGIG an Aes Se ee ee eee 424
DLUMESTASS Hee eee ee ee ee eee 382 RETATLOD INTO CIEL TI ene ene eee eee 98
POEL OPE ONE tie ge SS Ss US eee ee ener, 251 3 tei fo Viera ee cece a ee ee 424
SiOOU Werner 142 Ib ab bdo eg See SOR eS ON ee ewe a Se YT eS 426
SORE RCHISTOG = Saeso ke soe ae see eeaseee 1G (a enTISCen asso Bee Con eS a 161
QI CLLA CEO mean ee se ney cents ee ely 175 (Op, 0s ates eA SI ee A et 161
CR ROS ECCI) 0 aaa ea eee nen ae ey LOM) eri Se GU ee a ee es SRL eae pee eee eae 64
CHUTVCTUST Sacto ole SN 170 SPicatumaly ee 4 Se ane Peay wn ene ie sence 64
CUTUUN CT ULSI = eee ene walls Bu eens Sad Igy |) Gvraiavobhea, cyesAnyAbbON sa 61
CQiGuiGiG ae eer ee eae See a 169 SDUIULLOS LL TTY ae eae a 61
SUTILO Tet CLO eee as xray steve Reo nan ean ee ee Ia AG hablalks estes mea ee a ee ee eee 48
PTL OLDS i SS Aa EE ee Te ee 171 FOYE WOUNG]EU EF a es 48
CLC rN Eo Se Ts ip Fates Sek See ee 170 PLCC NIVOLL OT ears en keane nae ee eae 48
UNSULOTES Hee nee eae ee I eee eee 165 SPOTL se eee is on OE ee ees ene 48
ASCH CETNUT ens aes ee eee eee 171 SIC OL Sa es = Ses ee ee eee 47
LEUCOCGIT GC Baers een ek BOS ES ea 173 SLT 2h beh ee aot ene ere wt a an ie he ar 48
LONG ULOTC =e eens ees ES eal esa Le 7p a OO SILO CT 6 JEG TES seem eee ee ete ae ee 250
XH PUCOOY Dre ES er a a ete ae aE 17 ALTIUS EL eae ee eee nen at See Ry ae 302
SOTUG ALUN ALAS Smt 8 AL apa Shea Aah lel UGH Anta eee ee one Set ee SS ee ee eh ee 163
SCROLIUI Ops eee et ee eee E ES 170 EGG OTS ee eo ra See ee ee: 165
IS CLOS Chee atte ee See ipa es Soe 169 ANS ULOT See ee Se ie 165
SUTTUDIS OU 1 era ee tert epee Pa ape re enete UY LODO ORIEN Sr UE SS a Ses 165
OLLLOS Ces Wied ele ate ae SN ee Se ITAL MRO NETS © VA OTA SS ee eee ee ee ee oer 3, 229
DIOULOSCCTIS tee ee ae edt Ws SEI NAO) ) NWGINTAP Obs oe aoe oe eeee ete an ee Se 73
ETM err cal @ Ln ea Cs See et eed rp ae eee 413 DR ASS 8 ee a eee en ne ee eee ee 68, 467
SWiee beeen eee een a eee a ANS SaNGLT al CLASSES Wiles ae = eee 142
ARON De Bee ae OS ewes ADD ON OAVICbiViCD scars ae eee eee errs era es eas 4, 407
AUT CT S eaeaarmee reps Seen ee ete eee PATOL | SUNY (CaN a Dar 2) a gs ae 406
CHC ee ee Ee Se eee eee 423 CILLA UC CC Cenc ee eet eo 407
GUA iV liv Sea wee naeae ee eeee 423 RIVE CL eee ean 407
STRESS Vee a re oe ean Se eee ee 177 ZAZATNIOLG CS ee ee eee 4, 406
IMIR Soa Sea ee ea a aaa eee US): | WHE GRTO MD sat eee See eSee 84
ORS ORMONGS = Ss eee ae eee 178 DerechOOn (aeeae eee ee 82
TODUSG mea en eee eee ee 180 GONLUTG C1S1S anne a ee ee 85
ERUTULCNS 1S ee en eae oes eae ok 178 indica___--- fo ee a eS 82
SIT CC chile eee ee ee 87 jacquemontit . .--------------------------- 82
TNS) 28 = See 302 richardi____--------------------------_--- 84
ANT ON SY es ae eS a ee ae 15, 368 DUNO TVEC eee ea a tes ee ee 87
Nickdererasswe, eee ee Hee ae FRY | NW ELIS CaS os poe ee soenSecH Scere eSaeHeae 3
AIS WRaVORE) O17 ep a ae i el TH : TOSS Da) Unie ee ee ss
RRC MLOLUOe I LL ILC CO ee ee a W nce Cap eters Ses ek ang ere meen le aS 6
JON AO OMO eas 3 ee ee ee As 5 on | Lali ee eee ee
Sains a ad NBR No ea 416 | Wheat___-_---------------------------------- 4, 61
SOIT oe Sees See Nee ee 415 | Wild cane__--------------------------------- 4, 51
EWI ERGs oa oe eS ee 416 | Wild oat_---------------------------------- 31, 152
IUNTIOSU See a ees Pea She eee 416 Wine PASS ee ee eee 356
polymorphus var. filifolius__ .------------ ALTGin | eVWalt CHET ASS hese eee ee re eee 5
POU Gn OS ee AA a Wisy TT CVO TASS eee ee eee
TETBYTIS. 2S yee! ya ea ee ne LOI )|) Varaguasss = 2-2-2 22232-22222 a4
HOON = S553 Se a eee ee ee (OQ eiellowz bristlegrassea==== === ea 339
DORUCHOIMI CEI See ee eee ee 101 | Zacate PORCU TA a ee ee io}
TE RTCTTG! TIVADIO AT se 138 | Zeugites_--_--------------------------------- 8
Tee CnOM Lun CCUM eee hee nee eae 138 americana___---------------------------- 3
“MB easel maya. 0. 2 aS Se Se ee eas 163 _ haitiensis_---------------------------
COR SO ee eats 165 haitiensis__------------------------------ 3
TSU: ee a 165 _ jamaicensis_----------------------------- :
lew). oh ye ere ES ce 165 | Zizanieae____.------------------------------ 10, 149
RIC hl oO Lise eee eet oe ee ee eee ees 134 | Zoysia ATT AtTe) ee ee oon
DUI Ona ee ee ee nea = 13 Gin EZ ON. S1CAC ee ee er ‘

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