eet esr es @ eee St tone rakes: 533 > seipen +i : i ree ined : : betel Late bellgt ett dag h oh Gr} (a2 ww sesiart i su : : PS . R : " le . = Peg {freon pds yet iii benny HUME REET En at — ates — me “ ees aS RE | a star if> eeere hos vrs, were * k ee) Meme rr rer’ wr ee ee ae ame TH Be ee aoe le Coen Asse cot — oT F8Ee bee eres, (rere: ee ne Shekenanl Sete sete one a * ~- oO Ab elit + PO ah MO eg under avee ts. -oubes " " o0rg> pnpessemseuses onsen e-erete eet eee peewee Ree tele rsorr a — pees _ s “ aa ce - a Ae Om aren . - ent e sors a ha te ~ -* om - ougnpte ‘ speees oteee . ates ee wwewen, — _— -— wenn. ay < m. " * ¥ . ~enmeree enone . ao . cunne eee rower ~aee ees a proee —— — ~—- et wrepmeens Siew ws ou oui ane — we -—— 2. =o bee wenn = : Solibranchia, Latr. Poissons, Lacep.) I1—SUB-KINGDOM. MOLLUSCOUS-ANIMALS. Testacea, Mollia, Pliny. Vermes (pars), Ln. Mollusca, Cuv. Gasterozoa, Carus. Malacozoa, Bloanv. Cyclogangliata, Grant. Heterogan- gliata, Owen. 1 Class Cephalopods...... (Cephalopoda, Cuw. Z| oC = Antliobrachiophora, Gray) hs E a 2 Pteropods .... Bl 5 S : WORE ins «fst (Pteropoda, Cu. ie ee Aporobranchiata, Blainv. W| re Stomatopterophora, Gray.) $ 2 § 3. ,, Gasteropods...... (Gasteropoda, Cw. by Trachelipoda, Lam. = - Gasteropodophora; Gray.) S 378 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 4 Class Bwalves ......... (Conchifera, Lam. Lamellibranchiata, Blainv. Conchophora, Gray. Tropiopoda, Macgill. Dithyra, Aristotle.) 5 5 Brachiopods...... (Brachiopoda, Ouw. | Palliobranchiata, Blainv. Spirobrachiophora, Gray.) 6 , Tumecaries ...... (Tunicata, Zam. Ascidia, Zin. Heterobranchiata, Blainv. Apoda, Macgiil.) Quine ‘eroydopeydeoy IIL—SUB-KINGDOM. ANNULOSE-ANIMALS. Insecta et Vermes (pars), Lin. Articulata, Cuv. Annulosa, Macleay. Entomozoa, Blainv. Diplo- gangliata, vel Entomoidea, Diploneura, Grant. Homogangliata, Owen. | 1 Class Jnsects.......... (Insecta, Gold fuss. Hexapoda (pars), Latr. Ptilota, Avestotle, >) hwy, Atolopods, J... (Aiolopoda, nobis,) 3 , Arachnidans ...(Arachnida, Macleay. Arachnides, Lam. Arachnoida, Leach. Unogata, Fabr.) 4 ,, Crustaceans ...(Crustacea, Cuv), D> 4 Cirrhopods...... (Cirrhopoda, Cu, Cirripeda, Leach. Cirripedes, Macleay, Nematopoda, Blainy, Lepas, Lin,) 97}09SUL FT “(saed) vrogdy “uve ‘(sxed) e00suy] MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, 319 6 Class Fish-Parasites..(Epizoa, Blainv. Siphonostomata, Latr.) Toy « Attnelitls.... 2000 (Annelida, Macleay. Annulida, Grant. Annulosa, Lair.) Annellides, Zam. Annulata, WM. Edw.) TV.—SUB-KINGDOM. RADIATE-ANIMALS. Centroniz, Pallas. Vermes (pars), Lion. Zoophyta, Cuv. Animaux apathiques (pars), Lam. Radiata (pars), lem. Actinozoa, Blainv. Diploneura vel Helminthoidea (pars), et Cycloneura (pars), Grant. Nematoneura, Owen. 1 Class Echinoderms............ (Echinodermata, Cuv. ie Cirrhodermata, Blainw.) E fo re (Acalephze, Cuw. S Arachnodermata Bla. | S Malactinia, Grant.) S 0 i nee (Rotifera, Infusoria (pars), Rotatoria, Hhr. Systolides, Sieb.) - 4 ,, Ascidian-Polyps ...... (Polyzoa, Thomp. Bryozoa, Ehr. Ciliobrachiata, Farre.) Camtary-Parasites ...(Ccelmintha, Owen. Nematoidea, : Entozoa (pars), pus, Vers-rigidules, Zam.) eC (Polypifera, Grant. Anthozoa, Ehr. Phytozoa, Brandt. Zoophyta, Gray.) Cw. OV wa 380 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 7 Class Parenchymatous-Parasites (Sterelmintha, Owen. Vers-molasses, Lam. Entozoa (pars), Rud.) V.—SUB-KINGDOM. ACRITE-ANIMALS. Radiata (pars), /lem. Cryptoneura (pars), Rudol- phe. Animaux apathiques (pars), Lam. Cycloneura (pars), Grant. Acrita, Macleay. Oozoa, Carus. Protozoa, Oken. | 1 Class Infusorial-A nimalcules (Infusoria (pars), Lin. : Polygastrica, hr. Agastria, Blainv.) rei sy. LOTAmini feng ~egarree (Foraminifera, D’Orb.) By, Sponges sok vee ee .(Spongia, Lon. Porifera, Grant. Amorphozoa, Blainv.) fe hn Week Vo PL aw MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. ool P Adib. ————— PHYTOLOGY. THE NATURAL FAMILIES OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR ORGANIZATION, THE extreme importance of the Vegetable King- dom to mankind, the great beauty of some of its members, the graceful proportions, or the singular construction of others, have rendered it an object of engrossing attention from very remote times. As knowledge spread and civilization increased, the rude acquaintance possessed by early races with useful fruits and herbs, gradually increased into a special study for ancient sages and philosophers. Among the Greeks it was pursued by Hippocrates and Aristotle, by Theophrastus and Dioscorides, and in the western world it ranked among the scientific acquirements of the elder Pliny. Nor was it deemed unworthy of the attention of the wisest of men, for it is recorded in Sacred writ that Solo- mon, King of Israel, spoke of trees, from the cedar- tree upon Lebanon, unto the hyssop that sprung out of the wall. Nearer our own times it num- 382 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. bered among its cultivators the industrious Ges- ner, Turner, the father of English Botany, quaint old Gerard the herbalist, the philosophic Ray, the learned Tournefort, and finally it took a lasting stand on a fixed and sure basis under the presiding genius of the illustrious Scandinavian Linneeus. Since his era it has occupied a high place among the natural sciences, having been further advanced by the labours of such men as Jussieu, Decandolle, and Smith ; while among those still living, it may not be invidious to mention the veteran Robert Brown, “ Botanicorum facile princeps.” Phytology, or the study of plants and their pro- ducts, embraces the consideration of the whole Ve- getable Kingdom, and treats of the distribution, the conformation, the properties, and the classification of trees, shrubs, and herbs, from the minute lichen, or simple floating weed, to the gracefully waving palm or lofty mountain pine. The latter of these, or classification, which will chiefly engage attention in the following pages, is founded mainly on exter- nal characters, although, more especially of late years, differences in internal structure are likewise taken into account. Omitting mention of earlier more primitive plans, the first division which ob- tained great reputation was the celebrated artificial arrangement of Linnzeus, which, from its simplicity, and the comparative facility of its application, gained a wide-spread popularity. But, after a time, when its novelty had worn off, complaints began to be made of its limited nature, as in the absence of MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 380 the parts of fructification, the class or order of a plant could not be determined. Hence arose a cry for a natural classification, which, indicated by Ray, and acknowledged by Linnzeus, was first given to the world in a detailed form by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu,in 1789. His system has since been variously modified by different writers, of whom the most recent is Lindley, whose views are here chiefly followed. We have restored to the “orders” of the last named writer, their original designation of families, while his “alliances” are our orders, as it only, we believe, tends to confuse when we find phytological and zoological groups of equal value differing in their mode of nomenclature. In other respects, however, we have adopted nearly through- out, the uniform system of termonology employed in the last edition of the “ Vegetable Kingdom.” Scarcely any branch can be more universally attended to by the travelling naturalist than that of Phytology. Wherever he bends his way he will almost certainly discover, in some form or another, vegetable existences. Water and land alike teem with herbaceous productions, the former being either marine or fresh-water. Among the latter will be found numerous aquatic species, both floating and submerged, while the scum on the surface of ponds and stagnant pools, will under the microscope, ex- hibit various primitive forms of vegetable life. On the sea-shores, and extending thence outwards to various depths, will be seen numerous varieties of marine Alg@, and away from the land, often in the 384 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. midst of the ocean, floating masses of sea-weed are frequently met with, which are likewise at times the abodes of pelagic Crustaceans, and other animals. On terra-firma every country has its own peculiar plants, which vary from the luxuriant vegetation of the valleys, to the bleak and barren wilds of alpine regions, or from the thickly-set forests of the tropics to the frigid ice-clad rocks of arctic or antarctic climes. No country is yet known to be entirely destitute of herbage. Melville Island, Novaya Zem- lya, and Spitzbergen, in the far north, as well as Tierra del Fuego, and the lately-discovered lands of the extreme south, alike yield their contributions; even from Kerguelen’s-land, that Isle of Desolation, a limited Flora has been compiled by the younger Hooker. Vegetables play a most important part in the economy of our globe. Not only do they yield abundant aliment for man and beast, for insect and worm, but also by absorbing carbon from the atmo- sphere they purify it and render it fit for respiration ; their ashes also, and other debris form the basis of a rich soil, which especially in new countries is of vast importance. Coals and other bituminous minerals, which are the fossilized remains of primeval forests, ~ are too well known as most valuable agents in the hands of man, to be more than mentioned. In short, whether clothing the plain, adding beauty to the landscape, or magnificence to the mountain, whether charming the eye, or pleasing the imagina- tion, affording raiment, food, or medicine, or em- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 385 ployed in the arts or sciences, they equally point to the great first cause, whose omniscience renders all his works subservient to good,— CLASSIFICATION OF THE VEGETABLE I—SUB-KINGDOM. FLOWERING-PLANTS. “Where order in variety we see, And where, though all things differ, all agree.” KINGDOM. ' Phanerogamia, Lin. Vasculares, De Cand. Heteror- gana, Schultz. 1 Class Exogens Gymnogens ...... Dictyogens ..... Endogens ........ Sexuales Lendl. EERE: (Anthophytz, Oken. Dichorgana, Schultz. Phylloblastze, Reichen. Synechophyta, Schleid. Exogene, Lindl.) (Synorhize, Rech. Gymnosperme, Lindl) Gymnogene, .(Retose, Dictyogene, aa) .(Endorhizese, Rich. Synorgana, Schultz. Teleophyta, Schleid. Endogene, Lindl.) Rhizogens ......... (Rhizanthez, Blwm. Acrobrya (pars), Endl. Evasculares, Sporogene, {nat Rhizogene, “pug “esaqrydwuy “puny ag ‘euesoxy ‘ssn ‘sotopeThyoo1qg ypug “esiqradure19 Vv ‘ssn ‘soto po[A,000TO WL puUng aq “euessopuy 386° MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. IL—SUB-KINGDOM. FLOWERLESS-PLANTS. Cryptogamia, Lin. Acotyledones, Juss. Cellu- lares, De Cand. Homorgana, Schultz. Hsexuales, Lindl. 1 Class Acrogens ............ (Pseudocotyledonex, Agardh. Heteronemea, Fries. Hysterophyta, Acrobrya (partim), Bie Cormogenee, Lindl. | Acrogens, Brongn.) Z , Thallogen’ 21.22. (Acotyledoneze, Agardh. Homonomea, Fries. Cryptophyta, Link. Thallophyta, ) Protophyta, cae Amphigense, Brongn. Thallogens, Lindl.) FLOWERING-PLANTS. Among Vegetables, Sub-kingdoms cannot be defined or limited with the same precision and ac- curacy aS among animals, for the nervous system, of which the different modes of distribution serves so well as the basis of primary divisions in the lat- ter, is totally wanting in the other, nor do they possess any other tissue which can adequately sup- ply its place. Some systematical writers, indeed, discard the separation into Sub-kingdoms altogether, and proceed at once to Classes, Sub-classes, and Orders. But without laying too much stress on such divisions, they seem to be naturally indicated, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 387 and are found useful for purposes of study, and ac- cordingly two such have been established, which are determined by the presence or absence of flowers, and of distinct organs of fructification. The first of these, variously named the Flowering, Sexual, or Phanerogamic, is the highest in the scale, and contains all the more important species. As a gene- ral rule, its members attain a much larger size, and are in all respects more fully developed. They pos- sess vascular-as well as cellular tissue, or, as these are technically expressed, “ parenchyma,” and “ an- gienchyma ;” they all have distinct sexual organs, either in the same or in different individuals, that is to say, they are either hermaphrodite or unisexual ; and finally they are propagated by seeds. They compose nearly six-sevenths of the total number of genera and species at present known, the compara- tive proportion being greatest within the tropics, and diminishing towards the poles. Flowers have been arranged according to their colour in three series, viz., white, xanthic, and cya- nic, the first including all the pale coloured kinds, the second comprehending the yellows and scarlets, and the third comprising the blue and the pur- ple varieties. The white abound more in northern situations and alpine regions, the xanthic are more common in the tropics, especially during the autumn, while the cyanic flourish in the congenial climates, and under the clear blue skies of warmer parts of temperate latitudes. Almost all the vegetable products employed by 8 2 388 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. man are yielded by this Sub-kingdom, which like- wise affords abundant food for the lower animals, comprehending trees of all kinds, as the Oaks, the Sycamores, the Beeches, the Pines of temperate climes,—also the Baobabs, the Palms, the Cycads of the tropics,—all fruit-producing species,—culinary, and other edible herbs,—the tea, coffee, and cocoa plants,—the sugar-cane,—the cereal grains, and all grasses,—and in fine, almost all plants yielding drugs, gums, resins, or other economical agents. 1.—SUB-KINGDOM.—FLOWERING-PLANTS (Phanerogamia). Flowers (variously modified) present; fructifica- tion mostly springing from a stem; reproductive organs distinct ; propagate by seeds ; sexes in the same or in different individuals. EXOGENS. Exogenous plants constitute the most numerous class, not only of the Phanerogania, but of the whole Vegetable Kingdom, comprising upwards of six thousand genera, and not fewer than sixty-six thousand species. They are in all respects the most advanced forms of vegetable life, their organiza- tion being more complex, their vitality more in- tense, and their powers of endurance and length of life more extended. They derive their name from the manner in which the woody tissue is formed, new matter being annually added from MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 3889 without, which from year to year gives the look of a series of concentric rings in a transverse section of the trunk. The centre is occupied by a lighter tis- sue, named “pith,” while the exterior is covered with bark, which is renewed annually by fresh matter from within, or on that surface which is in contact with the true wood. The appearance of a cross section of a stem presents, as just mentioned, concentric rings, varying in number according to the age of the individual, which are again crossed | at right angles, by lines radiating from the centre. _ To this, however, there are many exceptions; in some the radii are wanting, in others there is but a single ring, or there may be irregular layers of cel- lular tissue between the woody zones. These have been proposed by Lindley to be placed in a separate class, to which the name of “ Homogens” has been assigned, but this idea, though apparently founded on sound principles, has not yet been worked out. Exogens were by De Candolle styled Dicotyledones, from the seed being composed of two cotyledons. The different parts of the flower are generally either five or some multiple of that number ; occasionally, however, four is the primary “eves and in some rare cases three. Various methods have been seeded for arrang- ing this class. Some adopt as the basis of their division the existence or non-existence of distinct floral envelopes, the former being divided into monopetalous and polypetalous. Slightly differ- ing from this is the plan of De Candolle, who 390 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. named his divisions Thalamiflore, Calyciflore, Corolliflore, and Monochlamydee. In the suc- ceeding pages we shall employ a slight modification | of the scheme offered by the learned author of the “Vegetable Kingdom,” who, considering that the parts of fructification are the most important floral organs, has founded his classification on their dis- tribution and relative situation, and accordingly has established four sub-classes, viz., Diclinous, Hypogynous, Perigynous, and Epigynous Exogens. But we consider that the last three, not being equiva- lent in value to the first, must be rejected as sub- classes, and continued merely as inferior divisions. The great distinction among Exogens, being the Hermaphrodite or Unisexual nature of the flowers, indicates two primary sections, the one Diclinous, and the other Monoclinous or bisexual. The latter may be satisfactorily arranged according to the position of the stamens into Hypogynous, Perigy- nous, and Epigynous alliances, which principle might possibly be extended to the other sub-class. Ar- ranged therefore in a diagram they appear, thus, in descending series.— 1. Sub-class Bisexual Exogens.........Monoclinez. 1. Hypogynee. 2. Perigynee. 3. Epigynez. 2. ~ Onisexual Kxogens ...... Diclineze. I—CLASS EXOGENS (Exogene). A cellular and a vascular system; stems with MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 391 wood and true bark; wood arranged in concentric © circles, augmented by growth from without, the hardest parts being internal; bark separable ; epidermis furnished with stomata; leaves reticulated, usually articulated to stem; type of fructification quinary or quatenary; embryo dicotyledonous; ger- mination exorhizal. 1. SUB-CLASS.—Bisexvat-Exocens (Monoclinee). Male and female organs of reproduction on the same flower. , I ALLIANCE—Epieynovs-Exocrns (Epigynez). Flowers commonly hermaphrodite; stamens grow- ing to the side of either the calyx or corolla; ovary inferior or nearly so. IT. ORDER.—AsaRaAts (Asarales). Flowers monochlamydeous ; embryo small, lying in a large quantity of albumen. 1. Famity.—Birthworts (Aristolochiaceee). Herbs or shrubs, often climbing; wood without concentric zones; leaves alternate, simple, stalked ; flowers solitary, axillary, of a dull colour; stamens 6-12; ovary 3—6-celled ; ovules 00; fruit dry or succulent. Abound in warm parts of South America, rare in North America, Europe, Siberia and India; yield Asarabacca and Virginian Snake-root. 2, FAMILY. — Mistletoes (Loranthaces). Shrubs, 392 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. usually parasitic; leaves opposite or alter- nate, veinless, fleshy, exstipulate; flowers often showy, axillary or terminal; calyx often bracteated ; petals 0; ovary unilocular; ovules definite, nucleus naked; fruit succulent. Common in equinoctial Asia, and America, rare in Africa, Europe, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in Australia. The celebrated mistletoe of the Druids (Visewm album) be- longs to this family. 3. Famity.—Sandal- Woods (Santalaceze). Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves exstipulate ; flowers mostly in spikes; perianth 4—5-cleft ; ovary coherent, 1-celled; ovules definite,’ nucleus coated; fruit J-celled, drupaceous; seed solitary. Occur as shrubs in Europe, and North America, and as shrubs or small trees in the East Indies, Australia, and Polynesia. Yield Sandal-wood, Oil-nuts, &c. IT. ORDER.—Umpe..ats (Umbellales). Flowers polypetalous, dichlamydeous ; seeds large, solitary ; embryo small, in a large quantity of al- bumen. 1. Famity. — Bruniads (Bruniacez). Shrubs, branched, heath-like; leaves alternate, small, imbricated, entire, exstipulate; flowers small, often capitate; petals alternate with seg- ments of calyx; stamens alternate with pe- tals; anthers turned outwards, 2-celled, dehiscence longitudinal; fruit 2 or 1-celled, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 393 dicoccous or indehiscent. Natives of the Cape of Good Hope. 2. Famity. — Witch - Hazels (Hamamelidaceze). Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, feather-veined, stipulate; flowers small, some- times unisexual; corolla imbricated; anthers turned inwards, 2-celled, with deciduous valves; fruit capsular, 2-celled, dehiscence loculicidal; seeds pendulous. Occur in North America, Japan, China, Central Asia, Mada- gascar, and Southern Africa. | 3. FamiLty.—Dogwoods (Cornacez). Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves mostly opposite, exstipulate ; flowers capitate, umbellate, or corymbose; co- rolla valvate ; sepals, petals, and stamens four ; anthers 2-celled; fruit drupaceous, berried, 2-celled, crowned by limb of calyx; seed pendulous, solitary. Found in temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and America. 4, Faminy.—lvy-Worts (Araliaceze). Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers umbellate or capitate, pentamerous ; corolla valvate; anthers turned inwards, dehiscence longitudinal; ovary inferior, 2 or more celled; fruit mostly succulent, 2—15- celled ; seeds pendulous. Occur both in tro- pical and in cold climes. Among its mem- bers are the common Ivy and other species of Hedera. 'The Ginseng root of the Chinese is yielded by a species of Panaw. 5. Famity.— Umbellifers (Apiacez). Herbs, often s 5 394 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. milky; stems solid or fistular; leaves mostly alternate, variously divided ; flowers umbel- late, involucrate, white, pink, yellow, or blue; calyx superior, 5-toothed ; petals and stamens five; ovary inferior, 2-celled; ovules pendulous, crowned by a double fleshy disk ; fruit a cremocarp, consisting of two carpels adherent by their face to a common axis; seed pendulous, usually firmly adherent to pericarp. From its vast extent, amounting to 267 genera, and ahout 1500 species, it has been subdivided as follows:— 1. Sus-FamMILy.—Orthospermo. Albumen flat on the inner face, neither involute, nor convolute. 2. Sus-Famity.—Campylosperme. Albumen curved at the margins. 3. SuB-Famity.—Celosperme. Albumen cur- ved at the ends. The species are also arranged according to their properties into 1, harmless; 2, those affording a oum-resin ; 3, those yielding a volatile oil; and 4, the poisonous. Among the first are the Carrot (Daucus), Parsnip (Pastinaca), Celery (Apiwm), Parsley (Petroselinum), Fennel (Peniculum), An- gelica (Archangelica), Samphire (Crithmwm), and Earth-Nut (Buniwm). The second divison affords many medicinal agents, as the Assafcetida (Warthea), Ammoniac (Dorema), Opoponax (Pastinaca), Gal- banum (Opoidia), and Sagapenum, derived from a species of Ferula. The third also yields numerous MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 395 important substances, as Anise (Pimpinella), Cara- way (Carum), Coriander (Corrandrum), Cumin (Cuminum), and Dill (Anethwm). Among the dangerous individuals of the last division may be noted Hemlock (Conium), Water-Hemlock (Cicuta), Fool’s-Parsley (4/thusa), and the species of Gnan- the. The distribution of this family, which is the Umbelliferce of authors, is widely extended. III. ORDER.—Cincnonats (Cinchonales). Flowers dichlamydeous, monopetalous; embryo © minute, in a large quantity of albumen. 1. Famity.— Madders (Rubiacez). Herbs, stems square ; leaves whorled, exstipulate ; flowers minute ; corolla 4-6-lobed; stamens epi- petalous; anthers bursting longitudinally ; fruit didymous; cotyledons leafy. Natives of the Northern Hemisphere, also of moun- tainous parts of Peru, Chili, and Australasia. Madder is the product of the root of several species of Rubia. (Galracew. Lindley.) 2. Famity.—Honeysuckles (Caprifoliaceze). Shrubs or herbs; leaves opposite, exstipulate; flowers corymbose, often sweet scented; calyx 4-5- cleft; corolla lobed; stamens epicorolline ; an- thers bursting longitudinally ; fruit fleshy or dry, indehiscent. Contains two Sub-families, viz., 1, the Lonicerew or Honeysuckles pro- per, with a raphé on inner side of ovule, and 2, the Sambucee or Elders, with a raphe on outer side of ovule. Occur principally in 396 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. Northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America, also sparingly in Northern Africa. Contains Honeysuckle, Elder, Gueldres-Rose, and the beautiful Linnea borealis. 3. Famity.—Peruvian-Barks (Cinchonaceze). Trees, shrubs, or herbs; stems rounded; leaves simple, opposite or verticillate, with inter- petiolar stipules; flowers usually in panicles or corymbs ; calyx adherent ; corolla tubular, lobed; stamens epipetalous ; anthers straight, bursting longitudinally ; ovary crowned with a disk; fruit 2 or many celled, dry or succulent, indehiscent, or splitting ito two mericarps; cotyledons thin. A most im- - portant family, yielding the various “ Barks” of commerce and their products Quina, and Cinchonia, also Ipecacuan, Coffee, a variety of Catechu, &c. Divided into two Sub- families, which are, 1, the Coffece, with one or two seeds in each cell of the ovary, and 2, the Cinchonee with a many-seeded ovary. Live almost entirely in tropical regions. 4, Famity.—Columelliads (Columelliaceze). Ever- green shrubs, or trees; leaves opposite, ex- stipulate ; flowers unsymmetrical, yellow, terminal ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate, 5—8- parted ; stamens two, epipetalous ; anthers sinuous, bursting longitudinally ; fruit cap- sular, bilocular; cotyledons oval, obtuse. Na- tives of Mexico and Peru. 5. Famity.—Cranberries (Vacciniaceze). Shrubby MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 397 plants, frequently evergreen, occasionally epiphytic; leaves alternate, undivided, ex- stipulate; flowers solitary or racemose ; ¢a- lyx and corolla usually 4-6-lobed ; stamens 8-12, distinct; anthers opening by pores ; fruit succulent ; cotyledons very short. Found in temperate regions, often in marshy places. Yield JBilberries, Cranberries, Whortleberries, &e. | ITV. ORDER.—Grossazs (Grossales). Flowers dichlamydeous, polypetalous; seeds nu- merous, minute ; embryo small, in a large quantity of albumen. 1. Faminy. — Barringtoniads (Barringtoniacez). Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or verti- cillate, not dotted ; sepals and petals 4-5 ; stamens 00, mostly monadelphous; anthers oblong ; ovary 2-5-celled; placentz axile ; fruit fleshy, 1-celled. Tropical plants in both hemispheres, some found in low, moist situa- tions. 2. Famity.—Syringas (Philadelphaceze). Shrubs ; leaves deciduous, opposite, exstipulate, with- out dots; flowers white or pink, in tricho- tomous cymes; calyx valvate; stamens 00; styles distinct, or united into one; placentz axile; fruit capsular. Occur in Southern Kurope, North America, India, and Japan. 3. FAMILY.—Escalloniads (Escalloniaceze). Shrubs; evergreen; leaves alternate, simple, resin- 398 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. ously glandular, exstipulate; calyx im- bricated; petals and stamens five; ovary 2—5-celled ; style simple; placentze axile ; fruit capsular; albumen oily. Occur chiefly in temperate parts of South America, but reach as far as the Straights of Magellan ; found also in Bourbon, South Australia, and New Zealand. 4. Famity.—Currants (Grossulariacese). Shrubs; unarmed or spiny; leaves alternate, lobed; vernation plicate ; flowers in axillary racemes; calyx 4-5-cleft; petals five, perigynous ; stamens 4-5; ovary unilocular; placenteze parietal; fruit a I-celled berry, crowned with the remains of the flower. Live in temperate regions in Europe, Asia, and America; unknownin Africa. Yield various edible fruits, as the Gooseberry and the varieties of the Currant. V. ORDER.—Cactats (Cactales). Flowers dichlamydeous, polypetalous; placentze parietal ; embryo with little or no albumen. . 1. Famity.—Indian - Figs (Cactaceze). Shrubs ; succulent ; woody matter often arranged in wedges ; stems mostly angular or flattened ; leaves usually wanting, when present, fleshy, smooth, entire, or spinous; flowers sessile, showy or minute; sepals and petals numer- ous, undistinguishable; stamens 00; anthers MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 399° ovate, versatile; ovary fleshy, unilocular ; styles confluent ; ovules 00, horizontal ; fruit succulent, 1l-celled, smooth, scaly or tuber- cular; albumen none. Natives of dry, hot, and exposed situations; almost exclusively American, though numerous species have been introduced into the Eastern Hemisphere, Many produee an edible fruit, which is often refreshing, as the Barbadoes-Gooseberry, and the Prickly-Pear. The principal food of the Cochineal-Insect is obtained from plants of — this family, but especially from the Opuntia cochinellifera. 2. Famity.—Chili-Nettles (Loasaceze). Herbaceous; hispid, with stinging hairs; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; calyx 4-5-parted ; petals five ; stamens 00, distinct or polyadelphous ; ovules confluent, pendulous ; fruit capsular orsucculent. American plants. Occurring in temperate and tropical regions; distinguished on account of their stinging properties. 3. fAMILY.—Homaliads (Homaliaceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate; stipules deciduous; flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles; calyx funnel-shaped, 5-15-divided; petals 5-15 ; stamens opposite petals; styles 3-5, separate; ovules pendulous; fruit baccate or capsular. Tropical plants, chiefly African, or Indian; a few are found in the West Indies and South America. 400 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. VI. ORDER.—Myrrats (Myrtales). Flowers dichlamydeous, polypetalous; placentze axile; embryo with little or no albumen. 1, Famity.—Brazil-Nuts (Lecythidaceze). Large trees ; leaves alternate, not dotted; flowers showy, terminal, solitary, or racemose; calyx valvate or imbricate ; petals 6 ; stamens mona- ~ delphous; anthers oblong; ovary plurilo- cular; fruit a woody capsule, either re- maining closed or opening by a lid. Found in Guiana and other hot parts of South America. Yield Brazil-Nuts. 2, Famity.—Myrtle-blooms (Myrtaceze). Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite or alternate, entire, usually dotted, and often with an intrumar- ginal line; inflorescence variable; flowers red, white or yellow, never blue; calyx val- vate, 4-5-cleft ; petals 4-5 ; stamens usually 00; anthers oblong, 2-celled; ovary pluri- locular ; fruit dry or fleshy. Natives of hot countries, both intratropical and extratro- pical. Among the members of this family are the huge Hucalypte of New Holland, one of which produces “Botany-Bay Kino,” the Guava-tree, and the Pomegranate, and among the products are Cloves, Pimento, and Caje- put-Oil. 3. Famity.—Melastomads (Melastomaceze). Trees, shrubs, or herbs ; leaves opposite, undivided, usually 3—9-ribbed, dotless; flowers terminal ; calyx imbricated, 4—6-lobed ; petals 4-6; sta- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 401 mens definite ; anthers rostrate; ovary pluri- locular ; fruit dry or succulent; seeds very numerous. Chiefly tropical plants, some occur in North India, China, Australia, and the United States. The succulent fruit of some species is edible; that of Melastoma dyes the mouth black, whence the name. 4. Famity.—Napoleon- Worts (Belvisiacese). Shrubs; wood soft, whitish ; leaves alternate, coriace- ous, exstipulate ; flowers axillary, in sets of threes ; calyx gamosepalous ; corolla in three monopetalous rings; stamens indefinite, monadelphous ; ovary plurilocular; fruit a large, soft, spherical berry ; seeds large, kid- ney-shaped. The two curious genera which, at present, compose this family are from tro- pical Africa. 5. Famity.—Mangroves (Rhizophoraceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, simple, occasionally dotted; stipules deciduous, interpetiolary ; peduncles axillary or terminal; calyx valvate, 4-12-lobed ; petals 4-12; stamens indefinite; ovary 2, 3, 4-celled ; fruit indehiscent, ad- herent to, and crowned by the calyx; seed pendulous; cotyledon flat; radicle long, piercing the fruit. Occur on muddy shores in the tropics, where they form close thickets. 6. Famity. — Evening-Primroses (Onagraceze). Herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate or opposite, simple, not aatie dl, flowers axillary or ter- minal, variously coloured ; calyx valvate, 402 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. tubular ; petals usually four ; stamens mostly four or eight ; ovary 2—4-celled; ovules hori- zontal or ascending ; fruit baccate or capsular ; cotyledons flat, larger than the radicle. Na- tives of temperate regions, chiefly American. Some as various species of /uchsia, yielding edible fruit, others, as the Water-Chesnut (Trapa natans), edible seeds, 7. Famity.—Mares-Tails (Haloragaceze). Herbs or under-shrubs, often aquatic; leaves alter- nate, opposite, or whorled; flowers axil- lary, mostly sessile, occasionally apetalous ; calyx open, minute; stamens definite; ovary -plurilocular, adherent to calyx; ovules pen- dulous; fruit dry, indehiscent ; cotyledons minute. Distribution pretty general in damp places. 8. Famity.—fringe-Myrtles (Chameelauciacesze). Shrubs, heath-lke; abound in glandular oily cysts; leaves evergreen, acerose, flat, opposite, dotted ; flowers racemose or corym- bose, yellow, red, violet or white; calyx adherent to ovary; ovary l-celled; fruit a dry indehiscent pericarp ; embryo homo- geneous. Natives of New Holland. 9, Famity.—Alangiads (Alangiaceze). Trees or shrubs; branches often spiny; leaves alter- nate, exstipulate, dotless ; flowers fascicled, axillary; calyx campanulate; petals 5-10; anthers introrse ; ovary globose, 1—2-celled ; ovules pendulous ; fruit oval, fleshy ; cotyle- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY 403 dons flat. Natives of Southern India; one genus (Vyssa) occurs in the United States. 10. Famity.—Myrobalans (Combretaceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate or opposite, entire, dotless; calyx adherent; anthers bursting longitudinally ; ovary I1-celled; fruit dru- paceous, baccate or nut-like; seeds pendulous; cotyledons convolute or plicate. Natives of tropical Asia, Africa, and America 1]. Famity.—Tlligerads (Illigeraceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, ex- stipulate ; calyx adherent ; corolla wanting ; anthers debiscing by recurved valves ; ovary 1-celled ; fruit unilocular, indehiscent ; coty- ledons convolute. Occur in inter-tropical regions. VII. ORDER.—Campanats (Campanales). Flowers dichlamydeous, monopetalous ; embryo with little or no albumen. 1. Famity.—Composites (Asteraceze). Herbaceous, shrubby, or occasionally arborescent; leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, simple, but often much divided; flowers, named “ florets,” unisexual or hermaphrodite, collected in dense heads upon a common receptacle, and surrounded by bracts in the form of an invo- lucre ; corolla gamopetalous, ligulate, tubular, or bilabiate, sestivation valvate; anthers syngenesious; ovary l-celled; ovule erect; 404; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. fruit an achenium; seed solitary, erect, exalbuminous. One of the largest of the natural families of plants; divided by De Candolle into 1 Tubuliflore, 2 Labiatiflore, and 3 Liguliflore ; arrayed by Jussieu into the following Sub-families, viz. :— 1. Cynarocephale. Florets all tubular; invo- lucre hard, conical, often spiny, 2. Corymbifere. Florets tubular in the centre, _ligulate in the circumference; involucre hemispherical, leafy or scaly, seldom spiny. 3. Cichoracee. Florets all ligulate. To which has been subsequently added,— 4. Bilabiate. Florets divided into two lips. Of these, the first two correspond to the Tubuli- flore, the third to the Liguliflore, and the fourth to the Lahiatiflore. The distribution of composite plants is very general, but does not follow any very fixed law; in northern climates they are shrubs, but in warmer regions they are herbaceous, or even arborescent. Cichoracee are more abundant in cold climes, while Corymbifere prefer warm countries ; the Bilabiate are mostly American. Among the plants, &c, employed by man from this family are Wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium), Southern- wood (A. Abrotanum), Moxa (A. Mowa), Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), Milfoil (Achillea mallefolia), Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), Feverfew (Pyreth- rum parthenvum), Pellitory of Spain (Anacyclus Pyrethrum), Leopard’s-Bane (Arnica montana), Elecampane (Inula Heleniwm), Jerusalem-Artichoke MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 405 (Helianthus tuberosus), Burdock (Arctiwm Lappa), Blessed-Thistle (Cnicus benedectus), Saftlower (Car- thamus tinctorius), Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus), Chicory (Cichorium Intybus), Endive (C. Endivia), Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens-leonis), Common-Let- tuce (Lactuca satiwa), Wild-Lettuce (L. virosa) Scorzonera (Scorzonera Hispanica).—(Composite, De Candolle.) 2. Famity.—Calycers (Calyceraceze). Herbs; leaves alternate, exstipulate; flowers sessile, capi- tate, surrounded by an involucre; corolla regular, valvate, infundibuliform ; anthers syngenesious ; ovary l-celled; ovule pendu- lous ; fruit an achzenium ; seeds albuminous. Natives of South America, especially Chili. 3. Famity.—Teazels (Dipsacaceze). Herbs or under- shrubs; leaves opposite or verticillate; flowers capitate or verticillate, surrounded by a many-leaved involucre; corolla gamopetalous, tubular ; zstivation imbricate ; anthers free ; ovary l-celled; ovule pendulous; fruit dry, indehiscent; seeds albuminous. Occur in the South of Europe, the Levant, Barbary, and at the Cape of Good Hope. 4. Famity.— Valerians (Valerianaceze). Herbs, an- nual or perennial, usually strong-scented ; leaves opposite, exstipulate; inflorescence cymose; corolla imbricate; anthers free; ovary l-celled; ovule pendulous; fruit dry, indehiscent, with one fertile, and two abortive cells; seed exalbuminous. Natives of tem- 406 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. perate regions. The root of the Common- Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is employed medicinally. 5. Famity,—sStyle-Worts (Stylidiaceee) Herbs or under-shrubs, non-lactescent; leaves alter- nate, scattered, or somewhat verticillate, exstipulate; flowers in spikes, racemes or corymbs, or solitary and terminal, rarely axillary; corolla gamopetalous; sestivation imbricate ; stamens two; filaments and style united into a column, which is very irritable ; anthers didymous; ovary 2 or more celled ; fruit a capsule, with 2 valves and 2 cells; seeds albuminous. Principally inhabit Aus- tralian marshes, but occur also in India, the South of New Zealand, and along the Straits of Magellan. 6. FAmILy.— Goodeniads (Goodeniacez). Herbs, rarely shrubs, non-lactescent; leaves scat- tered, exstipulate, usually alternate ; flowers distinct, never capitate, yellow, blue, or pink; corolla induplicate; stamens five; anthers syngenesious or free; stigma surrounded by a cup-like indusium; ovary 2 or more celled; fruit capsular, drupaceous or nut-like ; seeds albuminous. Natives of Australasia and Polynesia. 7. Famity. — Lobelias (Uobeliaceze). Herbs or shrubs, lactescent ; leaves alternate, exstipu- late; flowers axillary or terminal; corolla gamopetalous; zestivation valvate, irregular ; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 407 anthers syngenesious ; stigma surrounded by a fringe of hairs; ovary 1-3-celled; fruit capsular, dehiscing at the apex; seeds nu- merous, albuminous. Found in the West Indies, Brazil, Chili, on the Himmalayas, at the Cape of Good Hope, in the Sandwich- Islands, and Australia. Some species of Lobelia are medicinal. The plants are ge- nerally acrid. 8. Famity.—Bell-Flowers (Campanulaceze). Herbs or under-shrubs, lactescent ; leaves mostly alternate, exstipulate; flowers in racemes, spikes, or panicles, or in heads, usually blue or white ; corolla monopetalous ; zestivation valvate ; anthers free or half united; stigma naked ; ovary 2 or more celled; fruit cap- sular; seeds albuminous. Occur in the North of Europe, Asia, and America, also in the Canaries, St. Helena, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in Juan Fernandez, Il. ALLIANCE.—Pericynovus-Exocens (Perigynez). Flowers commonly hermaphrodite ; stamens grow- ing to the side of either the calyx or corolla; ovary superior, or nearly so. I, ORDER.—Bienoniats (Bignoniales). Flowers dichlamydeous, monopetalous, unsym- metrical; fruit capsular or berried, carpels con- solidated ; placentee parietal, free, central, or axile ; embryo with little or no albumen. 408 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 1. Famity.—Butter-Worts (Lentibulariaceze). Herbs, aquatic or marshy; leaves radical, sometimes compound, bearing little vesicles; flowers single, in spikes, or in many-flowered ra- cemes; corolla bilabiate; stamens two; ovary composed of two carpellary leaves; fruit capsular, dehiscence transverse or apicilar ; placentze free, central ; seeds minute, exalbu- minous; cotyledons much smaller than the radicle. Distribution very general, especially abundant within the tropics. 2. Famity.—Fig-Worts (Scrophulariace). Herbs, under-shrubs, or shrubs; leaves opposite, whorled, or alternate; flowers mostly axillary or racemose ; corolla bilabiate or personate ; zstivation imbricate; stamens usually four ; ovary free, 2-celled; placentz axile; fruit capsular, rarely fleshy; seeds albuminous ; cotyledons scarcely larger, or not so large as the radicle. Found in most parts of the world, one species occurs in Melville Island, and several in Tierra del Fuego. Several members of this family have been used in medicine, as Great-Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus), Knotted-Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa), and especially Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea). 3. FAMILY.— Acanihs (Acanthacez). Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, exstipulate; in- florescence terminal or axillary; flowers bracteated; stamens 2—4; ovary free, 2-celled; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 409 placente axile; fruit capsular, 2-celled, de- hiscence loculicidal, by two elastic valves ; seeds wingless, exalbuminous, attached to hard, persistent, placental processes; cotyle- dons large, fleshy. Almost entirely a tropical family ; one species occurs in Greece, and a few in the United States. 4, Famity. — Trumpet - Flowers (Bignoniacese). Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves mostly op- posite, exstipulate; inflorescence terminal ; calyx sometimes spathaceous ; corolla usually irregular; stamens five; ovary 1—2-celled ; placentze axile; fruit capsular, 2-celled, 2- valved ; seeds winged, sessile, exalbuminous; cotyledons large, leafy. Abound in tropical countries, but occur in America, from Penn- sylvania to Chili. 5. Famity.—Crescentiads (Crescentiacez). Small trees ; leaves alternate or clustered, exstipu- late; flowers growing out of the old stems or branches; corolla irregular; sestivation imbricate ; stamens four; ovary free; stigma of two lobes; fruit woody, melon-shaped, succulent, containing numerous large seeds immersed in the pulp of the placentz ; em- bryo exalbuminous; radicle short. Natives of tropical Asia, Africa, and America, especially abundant in Madagascar and the Mauritius. 6. FamILy.—Gesner-Worts (Gesneraceze). Herbs or shrubs, soft wooded, often springing from scaly tubers; leayes opposite or whorled, t 410 MANUAL CF NATUBAL HISTORY. rugose, exstipulate; flowers showy, in ra- cemes or panicles; corolla tubular, irregular ; eestivation imbricate; stamens 2-4; ovary partly free; placentze parietal ; fruit capsular or baccate, l-celled; seeds very numerous ; cotyledons minute, radicle long. Occur in tropical countries, but also in Europe, at the Cape of Good Hope, in New Holland, and the Sandwich Islands. 7. Famity.—Pedaliads (Pedaliaceze). Herbs, covered with glandular hairs; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate ; flowers usually large, axillary, solitary or clustered; corolla ir- regular, zestivation valvate ; stamens didyna- mous; ovary 1-celled; placente parietal ; fruit drupaceous or capsular ; seeds wingless, exalbuminous ; embryo amygdaloid ; radicle short. Distribution general throughout the tropics, but especially in Africa. Ii. ORDER.—Ecuiats (Kchiales). Flowers dichlamydeous, monopetalous, symme- trical or non-symmetrical; fruit nucamentaceous, consisting of J-seeded nuts, or of clusters of them Separate or separable ; embryo large, with little or no albumen. I. SUB-ORDER.— UnsyumetricaL-Ecuiats (Lamianee). Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical. 1. Famity.— Selagids (Selaginaceze). Herbs or small branched shrubs; leaves alternate, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. All exstipulate ; flowers sessile, bracteate ; calyx spathaceous or tubular; zestivation imbricate; stamens four; anthers 1-celled ; ovules pen- dulous; fruit confluent nuts, 2-celled; seed solitary, pendulous ; radicle superior. Princi- pally natives of the Cape of Good Hope; one species is found in Siberia, and a few occur in the South of Europe. 2. Famity. — White-Mangroves (Myoporacese). Shrubs, scarcely pubescent; leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, simple; flowers axillary; stamens four; anthers 2-celled;_ ovary 2-4-celled; ovules pendulous; fruit drupaceous; seeds pendulous; radicle su- perior. Occur in the Southern tropical regions of Africa and America, also in Australia, _ Van Diemen’s Land, and New Zealand. 5. Famity.— Vervains (Verbenaceze). Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves mostly opposite, exstipulate ; flowers usually in opposite corymbs, or alter- nate spikes; calyx and corolla tubular ; zestivation imbricate ; stamens four; ovary 2- 4-celled; ovules erect; fruit nucamentaceous, sometimes berried; radicle inferior. Common in tropical and temperate America. Occur also in Europe, and Asia. The most im- portant species is the East Indian Teak (Tec- tona grandis). 4. Famity.— Mints (Lamiaceze). Herbs or under- shrubs; stem tetragonal; leaves opposite, exstipulate, with receptacles of aromatic oil ; T 2 412 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. inflorescence cymose, flowers often in verti- cillasters; corolla bilabiate, the upper lip entire or bifid, lower layer, 3-lobed ; stamens four; ovary free, deeply 4-lobed; ovules four ; stigma bifid; fruit 1 to 4 small acheenia, enclosed within the persistent calyx; seeds erect ; cotyledons flat; radicle inferior. Na- tives chiefly of temperate countries. Among the more important species, are Peppermint (Mentha prperita), Spearmint (MM. viridis), Pennyroyal (M. Pulegiwm), Lavender (La- vandula vera), Rosemary (Rosmarinus office- nalis), Wild-Marjoram (Origanum vulgare), Sweet-Marjoram (Melissa officinalis), White- Horehound (Marrubiwm vulgare), Sage (Salvia officenalis, 8. grandiflora), Thyme (Thymus), and Kretan-Dittany (Origanum Dictammus). (Labiate, Jussieu.) Il. SUL-ORDE k.—SyMMetTRIcaL-EcHIAs (Boraginane). Flowers regular, symmetrical. 5. Famity.—Brunoniads (Brunoniacese). Herbs, stemless, with simple glandless hairs; leaves radical, exstipulate; flowers capitate, on scapes, surrounded by an involucre of en- larged bracts, blue; calyx free; corolla almost regular ; zstivation valvate ; stamens five ; stigma enclosed in an indusium ; fruit a membranous utricle; seed solitary, erect, exalbuminous ; radicle inferior. Australian species. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 413 6. FamiLy.— Borages (Boraginacese). Herbs or shrubs; stems round; leaves alternate, rough, exstipulate; flowers orale in gyrate cymes; zestivation imbricate ; stamens five; ovary usually 4-lobed ; ovules four ; stigma naked, simple or bifid; fruit 2 or 4 distinct nuts ; radicle superior. Natives of northern tem- perate regions. Alkanet, the root of Anchusa tinctoria, is used by dyers. 7. Famity.—Nolanads (Nolanacez). Herbaceous or suffruticose, prostrate or erect; leaves alter- nate, exstipulate; inflorescence straight ; flowers usually showy; calyx 5-parted, gestivation valvate; corolla with sstivation plicate; stamens five; stigma naked, some- what capitate ; fruit five or more nuts, distinct or partly confluent ; pericarp woody, often a little succulent ; embryo curved. A small family, almost entirely Chilian. 8. Famity.—Lhretiads (Khretiacez). Trees, shrubs, or herbs ; pubescence harsh; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers gyrate; estivation im- bricated ; stamens five; ovary quadrilocular, concrete ; style terminal; fruit drupaceous; seeds usually albuminous. Occur principally in South America. 9. Famity.—Heliotropes (Heliotropiaceze). Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves alternate, simple, ex- stipulate ; inflorescence circinnate ; stamens five; stigma naked; style terminal; ovary entire or 2-lobed; fruit dry, separable into 4,1 4, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. four acheenia; seeds exalbuminous. Found in the South of Europe, and in tropical regions. 10. Famity. — Sacred-Mustards (Salvadoraceze). Smal! trees or shrubs; stem slightly tumid at the articulations; leaves opposite, leathery ; flowers minute, in loose panicles; calyx 4- leaved ; corolla 4-parted; stamens four ; ovary l-celled; stigma naked, sessile; fruit solitary, succulent; embryo exalbuminous. Contains but one genus, viz., Salvadora, to which the Mustard-Tree of Scripture has been referred by Royle. The species occur in Syria, India, and North Africa. 11. Famity.—Jessamines (Jasminaceze). Shrubs ; stems often climbing; leaves opposite or alternate, compound ; flowers opposite, corym- bose, white or yellow; eestivation twisted or valvate; stamens two; ovary free, 2-celled ; stigma naked, 2-lobed ; fruit a double berry, a pyxidium, or a 2-valved capsule; seeds with little or no albumen; radicle inferior. Chiefly inhabit Tropical India, but occur also in Southern Europe, Africa, South America, and Australia. Tit, ORDER—Corrusats (Cortusales). Flowers monodichlamydeous ; placentze free, cen- tral ; embryo with much albumen. 1. Famity.—J/alasprneads (Agiceratacese). Shrubs; leaves alternate, undivided; flowers small, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, ALD monopetalous; stamens opposite petals; an- ther-cells cut transversely ; ovary 1-celled ; stalk of placentze much lengthened during ripening, being converted into a false funi- culus ; fruit fleshy, follicular when ripe; seeds exalbuminous. Composed of a single genus inhabiting tropical shores. 2. Famity. — Ardisiads (Myrsinacez). Trees, shrubs, or under-shrubs; stem woody; leaves alternate or opposite, coriaceous, smooth, ex-~ stipulate ; inflorescence in umbels, corymbs, or panicles, mostly axillary; flowers small, white or red, occasionally unisexual; calyx and corolla 4—5-cleft; stamens opposite petals ; anthers sagittate ; ovary free or partially ad- herent ; fruit drupaceous, indehiscent ; seeds angular or roundish. Found in Asia, Africa, and America, in Bourbon, the Isle of France, Madagascar, the Azores, Canaries, and Ma- deira, and in New Zealand. 3. Famity.—Primroses (Primulaceze). Herbaceous, or under-shrubs, annual or perennial ; leaves usually radical, opposite, exstipulate; flowers on simple or umbellate scapes; calyx and corolla 5- rarely 4-cleft; stamens opposite segments; ovary l-celled; style one; fruit capsular, valvate, many-seeded; seeds nu- merous, peltate. Occur principally in the Northern Hemisphere, in temperate and cold regions; in the tropics they inhabit sea-shores or lofty situations. Some occur in Australia. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. Yield numerous horticultural favourites, as the Auricula, Primrose, Cowslip, Oxlip, &e. 4, Famity.—hib-Worts (Plantaginacese). Herbs, often stemless; leaves radical, ribbed; flowers hermaphrodite and spiked, or unisexual and solitary ; corolla with a 4-parted limb; sta- mens alternate with segments; ovary sessile; style one; stigma hispid; fruit capsular, operculate ; seeds sessile, peltate or erect. Distribution very general, but more abundant in temperate regions. 5. Famity.—Sea-Pinks (Plumbaginacese). Herbs or under-shrubs ; leaves alternate or fasciculate, exstipulate, somewhat sheathing at the base; calyx tubular ; corolla monopetalous or pen- tapetalous ; stamens opposite petals; ovary free, 1-celled; styles five, seldom four or three, each bearing a subulate stigma; fruit mem- branous, 1-seeded ; seed inverted. Inhabit salt-marshes, and the sea-shores along the Mediterranean, Southern Russia, also in Affghanistan, Cabul, China, Australasia, the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Horn, and in Greenland. 6. FAmIty.— Water-leaves (Hydrophyllaceze). Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often hispid; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate, often lobed; flowers in gyrate racemes or unilateral spikes, occa- sionally solitary and axillary; calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla shortly 5-cleft; sestivation plicate or imbricate ; stamens alternate with MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. ALT petals ; ovary 1—2-celled ; styles two, long; fruit capsular, 2-valved, 1—2-celled; placentae parietal or central; seeds reticulated. Chiefly found in the Northern and Southern pro- vinces of America, but occur sparingly also in the East Indies and the Cape of Good Hope. IV. ORDER.—Soxanats (Solanales). Flowers dichlamydeous, monopetalous, symme- trical; placentz axile; fruit 2—3-celled; embryo large, lying in a small quantity of albumen. | 1. Famity.—Phloxes (Polemoniacese). Herbs, often climbing; leaves opposite or alternate, sim- ple or compound ; calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-lobed; stamens five, free; pollen often blue; ovary superior, 3-celled; style simple; stigma trifid; fruit capsular, 3-celled, 3-valved ; seeds angular, oval or winged; cotyledons elliptical or cordate, foliaceous. Natives of temperate latitudes, chiefly in North and South America. 2. Famity.—Dodders (Cuscutaceze). Parasitic, leafless, climbing, colourless; flowers in dense clusters ; calyx 4—5-parted; corolla 4-5-cleft ; eestiva- tion imbricate ; scales on coralline tube ; sta- mens five, free; ovary 2-celled ; stigmas two ; placentze basal ; fruit capsular or baccate, 2- celled ; cells 1—2-seeded ; embryo spiral, fili- form ; cotyledons inconspicuous. Found in the temperate parts of both hemispheres. 3. FAMILY.—Bindweeds (Convolvulaceze). Herbs or £0 418 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. shrubs, usually twining and milky; leaves alternate, undivided or lobed, exstipulate ; inflorescence axillary or terminal ; calyx per- sistent, in five divisions, imbricated ; corolla deciduous, limb 5-lobed; eestivation plaited or imbricated ; stamens five, alternate with segments of corolla; ovary simple, 2—4-celled ; style one; placentz basal; fruit 1—4-celled, succulent or capsular; cotyledons leafy, doubled up. Abundant in tropical, but rare in cold climes. Roots generally afford an acrid juice; yield Jalap, Scammony, Sweet Potato, Oil of Rhodium, &e. 4. Hamity.—Sebestens (Cordiaceze). Trees; leaves alternate, rough, exstipulate ; flowers pani- cled, bracteate; calyx 4-5-toothed ; corolla 4-5-cleft, imbricated; stamens five, free; ovary 4-S8-celled; stigma 4-8-cleft; fruit drupaceous, 4—8-celled ; seeds exalbuminous; cotyledons leafy, plaited longitudinally. Mostly tropical species in both worlds. 5. Famity.—Milk- Weeds (Asclepiadaceze). Shrubs, occasionally herbs, usually milky, often twin- ing; leaves mostly opposite, with inter- petiolary cilia in place of stipules; flowers umbelled, fascicled, or racemose ; calyx 5-di- vided, persistent ; corolla 5-lobed, deciduous ; cestivation imbricate, rarely valvate; stamens five ; anthers and stigma consolidated into a column ; ovaries two; fruit, two follicles, one sometimes abortive; seeds numerous; coty- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 419 ledons leafy. Natives chiefly of Southern Africa, but occur also in Tropical India, Aus- tralia, Equinoctial and North America, and in Sicily. Among the species, is the Cow Plant (Gymnema lactiferum), the juice of which is employed as drink in Ceylon, Some are supposed to yield a kind of Caoutchoue. 6. Famity. — Deadly - Nightshades (Atropaceze). Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate; calyx tubular, 5-divided, persistent ; corolla tubu- lar, 5-lobed ; ezestivation imbricate or plicate ; stamens five, alternate with lobes of corolla ; anthers bilobed, bursting longitudinally at the margin; ovary 2-celled; ovules usually ascending ; style simple; stigma bilobed ; fruit baccate or capsular; seeds reniform or compressed ; embryo straight or curved. ‘Distribution extended. Contain Tobacco, Thorn-apple, Henbane, Deadly-Nightshade, Mandrake, &c. Most members of this family are more or less poisonous. 7. Famity.—Nightshades (Solanacese). Herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate ; calyx and corolla 5- rarely 4-partite ; eestivation valvate ; stamens equal to, and alternate with, lobes of corolla; anthers burst by longitudinal slits or pores; ovary generally 2-celled; style simple; stigma bilobed or clavate, often hol- low ; fruit capsular or baccate; embryo terete. Distribution general. Among the species are the Potato, Bitter-sweet, Tomato, 420 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. Capsicum, Brazilian-Quina, &e. This family contains several innocuous plants. 8. Faminy.—Olives (Oleaceze). Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, simple or compound ; flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles, sometimes unisexual ; calyx persistent; co- rolla 4-cleft; zstivation somewhat valvate ; stamens 2, rarely 4, free; ovary simple, 2- celled ; stigma entire or bifid; fruit drupa- ceous, baccate, or capsular, sometimes winged ; seeds with abundant albumen ; cotyledons leafy. Mostly frequent temperate regions, but a few are tropical. In this family are found the Olive, yielding olive-oil, the Flower- ing-Ash, affording manna ; also the Common- Ash, Common-Lilac, Privet, &c. V. ORDER.—Gent1anats (Gentianales). Flowers dichlamydeous, monopetalous ; placentee axile or parietal ; embryo minute, or with the coty- ledons much smaller than the radicle, lying in abun- dant albumen. 3 1. Famity.—Gentians (Gentianaceze). Herbs, sel- dom shrubs ; leaves mostly opposite, exstipu- late, often 3-5-ribbed ; flowers regular, termi- nal or axillary ; calyx and corolla persistent ; eestivation plaited or imbricate-twisted ; ovary of two carpels; style one, continuous; stigmas 1 or 2; placentz parietal; fruit capsular or baccate, 1-celled, many-seeded. Distribution widely extended. Yields Gentian, Chiretta, Centaury, Marsh-Trefoil, &e. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. A421 2. Famity.—Broom-rapes (Orobanchaceze). Her- baceous, parasitic, leafless; stems covered with scales ; calyx divided, persistent ; corolla usually bilabiate, persistent ; zstivation imbri- cated ; stamens four, didynamous; disk fleshy ; style one; stigma 2-lobed ; placentze parietal ; fruit capsular, enclosed within the withered corolla, ]-celled, 2-valved. Inhabit Southern Europe, Barbary, Cape of Good Hope, North- ern and Middle Asia, and North America. 3. Famity.—Siilbids (Stilbaceze). Shrubs ; leaves whorled, close, leathery, exstipulate ; flowers — in dense spikes at the end of the branches ; calyx tubular ; corolla valvate ; stamens equal to, and alternate with, segments of corolla; ovary sessile, 2-celled; style terminal, ex- serted ; stigma simple; placentee axile ; fruit dry, l-seeded ; seeds definite, erect. A small family inhabiting the Cape of Good Hope. 4. Famity.—Diapensiads (Diapensiaceze). Under- shrubs, prostrate ; leaves small, densely im- bricated ; flowers solitary, terminal; calyx of five sepals ; corolla regular ; estivation im- bricated ; stamens five ; filaments petaloid ; anthers dehiscing transversely ; ovary 3-celled ; style simple, continuous ; stigma sessile, with three short decurrent lobes; placentze axile ; fruit capsular; seeds indefinite, peltate. Mountain plants; found in the North of Europe and North America. 5. FAMILY.—Cassipoureads (Cassipoureaceze). Trees 422 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. or shrubs; leaves opposite, stipulate ; flowers axillary, solitary, or clustered ; calyx campa- nulate, 4—5-cleft, valvate ; petals 4-5, fringed ; stamens distinct; ovary 38—5-celled; style simple ; stigma obtuse ; placentee axile ; fruit berried or capsular. A small tropical family. 6. Famity.—Poison-Nuts (Loganiacez). Shrubs, herbs, or trees; leaves opposite, usually sti- pulate ; flowers racemose, corymbose, or soli- tary ; calyx 4-5-parted ; corolla 4-5- or 10- divided ; eestivation convolute or valvate ; ovary usually 2-celled; style continuous ; stigma simple ; fruit capsular, drupaceous, or baccate; seeds peltate, sometimes winged. Found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. A poisonous series of plants, yielding False- Angostura Bark, St. lgnatius’ Beans, Strych- nia, Brucia, Ourari or Woorali poison, and Carolina-Pink. 7. Faminty. — Dogbanes (Apocynacese). Trees or shrubs, usually milky ; leaves opposite, exsti- pulate; flowers large, showy ; inflorescence corymbose ; calyx 5-parted, persistent ; corolla 5-lobed, deciduous ; eestivation contorted ; sta- mens five ; ovaries two, unilocular, or one and bilocular ; styles 2 or 1; stigma one, contracted in the middle ; fruit follicular, capsular, drupa- ~ ceous or baccate ; seeds usually pendulous. Chiefly a tropical family, containing many poisonous species, among which are the tree affording Tanghin poison in Madagascar, Ole- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 493 ander, Dogbane; also the Milk-tree of De- merara, which yields a fluid. Some supply a variety of Caoutchouce. 8. Famity.—Hollies (Aquifoliaceze). Trees or shrubs, evergreen ; leaves alternate or opposite, ex- stipulate ; flowers small, white or greenish, axillary, solitary or clustered; calyx and corolla 46-parted, imbricated ; stamens al- ternate with segments of corolla ; disk none ; ovary fleshy; stigma nearly sessile, lobed ; placentze axile ; fruit fleshy, indehiscent, with — 2—6-stones ; seed pendulous. Found in North and South America, the West Indies, the Cape of Good Hope, one occurs in Europe. Yield Holly, Paraguay-tea, &. (licinee, Brongniart.) 9, Famity. — Hbonzes (Guaiacaracese). Trees or shrubs; wood heavy; leaves alternate, exstipu- late, coriaceous; inflorescence axillary ; flowers often unisexual ; calyx 3-—7-divided, persist- ent ; corolla 3-7-divided, deciduous ; sestiva- tion imbricated ; ovary free, sessile, plurilo- cular ; style usually divided; stigma sessile, radiating ; fruit fleshy, round or oval; seed suspended. Chiefly tropical. Occur in India, also in North and South America, Australia, Africa, and Europe. Yield Ebony, Ironwood, the Date-plum, &. (HLbenacew, Vent.) VI. ORDER.—Ruamnats (Rhamunales). Flowers monodichlamydeous; carpels consoli- 424 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. dated ; placentze axile; fruit capsular, berried, or drupaceous ; seeds definite; embryo amygdaloid ; albumen little or none. 1. Famtty.—Storax-Worts (Styracacese). Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, with scale-like bracts, monopetalous ; calyx persistent; ses- tivation imbricated ; stamens epipetalous ; ovary 2-5-celled; ovules pendulous; style simple; stigma capitate; fruit drupaceous, enclosed in the calyx; radicle long ; cotyle- dons foliaceous. Chiefly confined to tropical and sub-tropical countries. Among their products are Storax and Benzoin. (Symplo- cinece, Don.) 2. FAMILY.—Sappodillas (Sapotaceze). Trees or shrubs, often lactescent; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; inflorescence axillary ; flowers bisexual; calyx persistent, zstivation val- vate or imbricate; corolla monopetalous, deciduous, eestivation imbricate; stamens epipetalous ; ovary plurilocular; ovules as- cending ; style one ; stigma sometimes lobed ; fruit fleshy, mostly plurilocular ; cotyledons albuminous or exalbuminous, radiate, short. Natives of tropical India, Africa, and America. Many yield edible fruits, as the Sappodilla- plum, Star-apple, Marmalade, Surinam-Med- lar, &c.; Gutta Percha is afforded by [sonan- dra Gutta. 3. Famity.—Stackhousvads (Stackhousiaceze). Herbs MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 425 or shrubs ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers in spikes; calyx 5-cleft, with an inflated tube ; petals five; stamens episepalous ; ovary 3-5-celled; styles 3-5; stigmas simple ; fruit of from 3 to 5 indehiscent pieces; co- tyledons short, obtuse. A small Australian family. 4. Famity. — Spindle-trees (Celastraceze). Small trees or shrubs ; leaves mostly alternate, sti- pules small, deciduous ; flowers in axillary cymes, small, white, green, or purple, occa- sionally unisexual; sepals and petals 4-5; imbricate ; stamens alternate with pe- tals; ovary 2-5-celled; fruit 2-5-celled, capsular or drupaceous; radicle short; coty- ledons flat. Inhabit chiefly extratropical countries. Found in Europe, Asia, North and South America, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in New Holland. 5. Famity. — Hvppocrateads (Hippocrateacese). Shrubs, arborescent or climbing, almost al- ways smooth ; leaves opposite, stipules small, deciduous ; flowers in axillary racemes, small ; sepals five, very small; petals five ; zestivation imbricate ; stamens three, mona- delphous ; style one; stigma 1-3; fruit of three samaroid carpels, or berried. -Princi- pally a South American family, but a few occur in Africa, the Mauritius, and the Hast Indies. Some yield edible fruits. 6. Famity.— Chailletiads (Chailletiaceze). Trees 4.26 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. or shrubs; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers small, axillary, fasciculate or corym- bose; sepals and petals five; sestivation incurved, valvate; stamens five, alternate with petals; ovary 2-3-celled; styles 2-8 ; stigmas capitate or obscurely 2-lobed ; fruit drupaceous, rather dry, 1, 2, 3-celled; seeds pendulous. A small family, occurring in Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Timor, and Equi- noctial America. 7. Famity.—Buckthorns (Rhamnacee). Trees or shrubs, often spiny ; leaves mostly alternate ; stipules when present very minute; flowers small, generally green, axillary or termi- nal, rarely unisexual ; calyx 4-5-cleft, val- vate ; petals distinct, hooded, or convolute ; stamens opposite petals; ovary 2, 3, 4-celled ; fruit fleshy and indehiscent, or dry and se- parating into three parts; seeds erect. Found in most parts of the world. Among the spe- cies are the Common-Buckthorn, Black-Alder, the Jujube-plant, the “ Lotus” of the ancients, Christ’s-thorn, New-Jersey Tea, &c. 8. Famity.—) MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. A439 regions in both worlds. The roots are usually purgative. (Nyctagenacew, Lindley.) III. ORDER.—Sitewnats (Silenales). Flowers monodichlamydeous ; placentze free, cen- tral; carpels several, combined into a compound fruit ; embryo external, curved round a little mealy albumen. l. Famity.— Buckwheats (Polygonaceze). Herbs, rarely shrubs ; leaves alternate, mostly sti- pulate ; stipules ochreoid; flowers often unisexual, frequently racemose; perianth — divided, often coloured; estivation imbri- cated; stamens definite ; ovary unilocular, formed of three united carpels; styles and stigmas three; ovule orthotropal; fruit a nut, usually triangular. Distribution very general. Contain much oxalic acid, also nitric, malic, and tannic acids: comprise Sorrel, Buckwheat, and the various species of Rhubarb. 2. Famity.—Purslanes (Portulacaceze). Shrubs or herbs, succulent; leaves mostly alternate, exstipulate; flowers axillary or terminal, un- symmetrical, usually ephemeral ; sepals two ; petals five; stamens variable in number ; ovary formed of three united carpels, I-celled; style single or 0; stigmas several; ovules amphitropal ; fruit capsular, ]-celled, dehiscent, or J-seeded, and in- dehiscent. Inhabit dry places at the Cape 4 AQ MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. of Good Hope and in South America, also in Australia. 3. FamIty. — Knotworts (Paronychiaceze). Herbs or under-shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, stipules, when present, scarious; flowers minute, symmetrical, with eovioge bracts ; sepals 3-5; petals minute or 0; stamens generally opposite sepals; ovary usually l-celled ; styles 2-5; ovules amphitropal ; fruit small, dry, 1-,rarely 3-celled, indehiscent or opening by three valves. Principally found in Southern Europe and Northern Africa, also in Mexico and at the Cape of Good Hope. (lllecebracec, Lindley.) 4. Famity.—Pinks (Dianthacez). Mostly herba- ceous; stems tumid at the articulations; leaves opposite, exstipulate, often connate ; inflorescence usually cymose; flowers bi- sexual, symmetrical; sepals 4-5, persistent ; petals 4-5, unguiculate, or 0; stamens equal to, or double the number of, the petals ; ovary of two to five carpels; stigmas 2-5, sessile ; ovules amphitropal; fruit capsular, 2-5-valved, 1- or 2-5-celled. Occupy moun- tainous and waste regions in temperate and cold countries. (Caryophyllee, Juss.) IV. ORDER.—GeranIALs (Geraniales). Flowers monodichlamydeous, symmetrical ; calyx imbricated ; corolla twisted; stamens definite ; placentze axile ; embryo with little or no albumen. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. AAA 1, Famity.—Cranesbills (Geraniaces). Herbs or shrubs; stems tumid ; leaves opposite, or alter- nate and stipulate; flowers usually symmetri- cal, white, red, yellow, or purple; sepals five, persistent; petals five, unguiculate ; stamens monadelphous; ovary of five carpels round an elongated axis ; styles five, cohering round the axis; fruit of shells cohering round the torus, and separable from it. Many are found at the Cape of Good Hope, also in Northern Asia, Europe, North America, and Australia. Yield many favourite species for the florist. 2. Famity. — Balsams (Impatientacee). Herbs, succulent, usually annual; leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate; flowers axillary, irregular, unsymmetrical; sepals five, de- ciduous ; petals five, combined into two or three ; stamens five, alternate; ovary 5-celled ; stigma sessile; fruit capsular, 5-celled, 5- valved. Natives chiefly of the Hast Indies. Remarkable for the force with which the seed vessels open at maturity. (Balsaminee, Rich.) 3. Famity.— Wood-Sorrels (Oxalidaceze). Herbs, under-shrubs, or trees; leaves alternate, usually exstipulate; flowers symmetrical; se- pals five, persistent ; petals five, unguiculate, or 0; stamens ten, more or less monadelphous ; ovary 3-5-celled; carpels larger than the torus ; styles 3-5, filiform; stigmas capitate or slightly bifid ; fruit capsular, membranous or fleshy; albumen abundant. Occur in US 442 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. hot and temperate parts of the world, espe- cially in North America and at the Cape of Good Hope. 4. Famity.—Sarcolenads (Sarcoleenacez). Trees or shrubs; flowers fine, showy, usually red, unsymmetrical ; involucre 1-2-flowered, per- sistent; leaves alternate, stipulate; sepals three, small; petals five, convolute ; stamens monadelphous ; ovary trilocular; style one; stigma trifid ; fruit capsular, 3-celled, or by abortion l-celled; albumen abundant. Na- tives of Madagascar. (Chlenacec, Lindley.) 5. Famity.— faxes (Linacese). Herbs or small shrubs ; leaves alternate or opposite, exsti- pulate; flowers fugitive; sepals 3-4-5, persistent ; petals 3 - 4-5, fugitive; stamens equal to, and alternate with, petals ; anthers erect; ovary with as many cells and styles as the sepals; stigmas capitate; ovules pendulous, anatropal; fruit capsular, pluri- locular; albumen scanty or 0. Most abundant in Europe and Northern Africa, but occur also in America, India, New Zealand, and Australia. Valuable as being the source of the flax of commerce; yield also Linseed-oil, Linseed-meal, and oil-cake. V. ORDER.—Rvtats (Rutales). Flowers monodichlamydeous, symmetrical ; calyx and corolla imbricated ; stamens definite ; placentee axile ; albumen little or none. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. AAS 1. Famtty.—Podostemads (Podostemaceze). Herbs; no stomata nor spiral vessels; leaves capil- lary, linear, lacerated, or minute and imbri- cated ; flowers axillary or terminal, bisexual, naked, or with a more or less perfect perianth, bursting through an irregularly lacerated spathe; stamens definite or indefinite; ovary 2-3-celled ; styles or stigmas two or three ; fruit slightly pedicellate, capsular, 2-5-valved. Floating plants. Found on rocks, in rivers, and still waters, in South America, and some African Islands. | 2. Famity.— Water-peppers (Elatinaceze). Herbs, annual ; stems fistular, rooting ; leaves oppo- site, stipulate ; flowers polypetalous ; sepals 3-5; petals alternate with sepals; stamens equal to, or twice as many as, the petals ; ovary 3-5-celled ; styles 3-5; stigmas capitate ; fruit capsular, 3-5-celled, 3-5 valved. Marshy plants, generally distributed. 3. HamMILy. —Beancapers (Habaginacese). Herbs, shrubs, or trees; wood very hard; leaves opposite, stipulate ; flowers solitary, or in pairs, or threes, white, blue, red, or yellow, regular ; calyx 4-5-parted, sestivation con- volute ; petals alternate with segments of calyx ; ovary 4-5-celled ; style 4-5-furrowed ; stigma simple, or 4-5-lobed; fruit capsu- lar, rarely fleshy, few-seeded, sarcocarp not separable from the endocarp. Chiefly live in warm extra-tropical climes, in South- AAA, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. ern Europe, Africa, India, Australia, and America. (Zygophyllece, Brown.) 4, FAMILY.—Quassias (Simarubacese). Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers usually bisexual, whitish, green, or purple; calyx 4- 5-divided ; petals 4-5 - stamens double the number of the petals ; ovary 4-5- lobed, 4-5-celled ; style simple; stigma 4-5- lobed ; fruit of four or five drupes, arranged round a common receptacle, indehiscent ; seeds exalbuminous. Natives of tropical America, Africa, and Asia. Species of Quas- sia and Simaruba are employed in medicine. 5. Famity.—Coriariads (Coriariaceze). Shrubs; leaves opposite, entire ; flowers racemose, ter- minal and axillary, unisexual; calyx 5-par- tite, campanulate; petals five, small, alternate with calycine divisions ; stamens ten; ovary of five or six carpels; stigmas five, subulate; fruit of five crustaceous carpels, covered by the membranous sepals and fleshy petals, 1- seeded, indehiscent. A small family, inhabit- ing Southern Europe. 6. Famity.—Ochnads (Ochnaceze). Under-shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers racemose ; sepals five, persistent ; petals 5-10, deciduous; eestivation imbricate; stamens 5-10; torus prolonged, succulent; carpels equal in number to petals; styles united in one; fruit of as many pieces as there were -carpels, succulent, indehiscent. Natives of MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 4AD5 tropical India, Africa, and America ; also of the Cape of Good Hope. 7. Famity.—Prickly-A shes (Xanthoxyllaceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate or opposite, ex- stipulate, dotted ; flowers axillary or termi- nal, unisexual; sepals 3-4-5, cestivation imbricate ; petals 3-4-5, rarely 0, sestivation imbricate or convolute ; stamens as many as, or double the number of, the petals ; ovary usually of as many carpels as there are petals, more or less united; ovules sessile, pendu- lous; styles more or less combined ; fruit baccate or membranous, pericarp separable into distinct layers. Chiefly occur in Ame- rica, but also in Africa, India, China, and Australia. 8. Famity.—Rueworts (Rutaceze). Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate, dotted ; flowers axillary or ter- minal, bisexual ; calyx of 4-5 segments, zesti- vation imbricate ; petal equal to, and alter- nate with, calycine divisions, or combined below into a gamopetalous corolla, zestivation convolute or valvate ; stamens equal to pe- tals, or twice or thrice as many, placed round- a cup-shaped disk ; ovary sessile or stalked ; ovules sessile, pendulous; styles adherent above ; stigmas simple, dilated ; fruit of se- veral carpels, combined partially or com- pletely ; pericarp separable into two layers. Found in Southern Europe, the Cape of Good 446 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. Hope, Australia, and in America. Among the species are Rue (Ruta), Bucku (Barosma), also Galidea, which yields Cusparia or An- gostura-bark. 9. FamMIty.—Connarads (Omphalobiaceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate, not dotted ; flowers terminal and axillary, in ra- cemes or panicles, rarely unisexual; calyx 5-partite, persistent ; petals five; stamens ten ; ovary of one or more separate carpels ; ovules two, collateral, ascending, orthotropal ; styles terminal ; stigmas dilated ; fruit folli- cular, dehiscent. Zebra-wood is yielded by this family. (Connaracece, Brown.) 10. Swmachs (Anacardiacese). Trees or shrubs ; juice resinous, often caustic ; leaves alternate, not dotted ; flowers terminal or axillary, mostly unisexual; calyx usually 5-divided, small, persistent ; petals equal to divisions of calyx ; stamens generally equal to, and alter- nate with, petals; ovary single; ovule soli- tary, attached by a funiculus to the base of the cell ; styles or stigmas 1, 3, or 4; fruit indehiscent, usually drupaceous. Inhabit tropical parts of America, Africa, and India. Among the products, &, are Cashew-nuts, Pistachio-nuts, Chian-Turpentine, Mastic, Su- mach, Japan-Varnish, Mango, Hog’s-plums, &e. 11. Famity.—Margosa-plants (Meliaceee). Trees or — shrubs; leaves mostly alternate, exstipulate ; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 447 flowers usually in loose masses ; sepals 4-5, more or less united, estivation imbricate ; petals 4-5, connivent at base, zstivation val- vate or imbricate ; stamens mostly double the number of the petals, monadelphous ; disk often large and cup-shaped; ovary single, plurilocular ; ovules usually anatropal ; style one; stigmas distinct or combined ; fruit bac- cate, drupaceous or capsular; seeds few, wingless. Mostly tropical plants, especially in Asia and America. 12. Famity— Mahogany-trees (Cedrelaceze). Trees ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers in ter- minal panicles ; calyx 4-5-cleft ; petals 4-5 ; zestivation imbricated ; stamens 8-10, mona- delphous or free; ovary 4-5-celled ; ovules anatropal ; style simple; stigma peltate ; fruit capsular, consolidated ; seeds numerous, winged. Chiefly important as yielding Ma- hogany and Satin-wood. 13. Famity. — Prankincense-trees (Amyridacez). Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite or alternate, often stipulate and dotted; flowers axillary or terminal, racemose or panicled, occasion- ally unisexual; calyx 2-5-divided, persist- ent; petals 3-5, mostly valvate; stamens twice the number of the petals ; ovary 1-5- celled ; style solitary; stigmas 1-5; fruit © consolidated, dry, hard, indehiscent or val- vular. Inhabit tropical India, Africa, and America. A fragrant balsamic family yield- AAS MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. ing Elemi, Olibanum, Arabian-Frankincense, Myrrh, Balm of Mecca, Balm of Gilead, Bdellium, Incense-wood, &e. . . 14. Famity.—Orange-plants (Citracez). Trees or shrubs, with numerous receptacles for vo- latile oil; leaves alternate, articulated with a usually winged petiole, dotted; calyx 3-5- toothed, withering ; petals 3-5, imbricated ; stamens mostly equal to, or twice as many as, the petals, distinct or combined ; ovary free, many-celled ; style one; stigma slightly divided ; fruit pulpy, one or more celled, with a separable leathery or spongy rind, with numerous receptacles of volatile oil. Yield many edible and refrigerant fruits, as __ the Orange, Lemon, Lime, Citron, Bergamot, Shaddock, and Forbidden-fruit ; and among their other products, are Neroli-oil, Napha- water, &c. (Awranteacee, Corr.) VI. ORDER.— Ericats (Ericales). Flowers dichlamydeous, symmetrical in the ovary ; stamens definite ; placentze axile ; embryo enclosed in abundant, fleshy albumen. 1. Famity.— Heaths (Ericaceze). Shrubs, under- shrubs, or herbs ; leaves evergreen, verticil- late or opposite, exstipulate ; inflorescence variable ; calyx 4-5-cleft, persistent ; corolla monopetalous, 4-5-cleft ; eestivation imbri- cated ; stamens definite ; anthers 2-celled, de- hiscing by pores; ovary plurilocular, sur- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 449 rounded by a disk or scales ; style and stigma one ; fruit capsular or baccate, multilocular ; placentz central. Abound at the Cape of Good Hope, but occur also in Europe, North and South America, Asia, and in the High- lands of Java. Some afford an edible fruit, as the Bear-berry. Among the genera are Erica, Calluna, Menzresia, and Khododen- dron. | 2. Faminty.—Fir-Rapes (Monotropaceze). Parasitic on the roots of Pines and other trees ; stems brown or colourless, with scales instead of leaves ; flowers in terminal spikes or racemes ; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, or monopetalous ; stamens 8-10; anthers 2-celled, often dehis- emg longitudinally ; ovary 4-5-furrowed ; style short, cylindrical; stigma succulent, funnel-shaped ; fruit capsular, dry ;. seeds 0 0, loose-skinned or winged. Found in cool places in Europe, Asia, and North America. 3. Famity.—francoads (Francoaceze). Herbaceous, stemless ; leaves lobed or pinnate, exstipu- late ; inflorescence racemose ; calyx deeply 4-cleft; petals four, sub-persistent ; stamens free, four times as many as the petals, alter- nately rudimentary ; ovary 4-celled ; stigma sessile, 4-lobed ; fruit capsular, membranous, 4-valved. Natives of Chili. 4. FAMILY.— Winter-greens (Pyrolacese). Mostly herbaceous ; flowers terminal and racemose, or solitary ; sepals five, persistent; corolla A. 0 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. somewhat monopetalous, 4 - 5-parted, decidu- ous; estivation imbricated ; stamens twice the number of the corolline divisions, free, usually perfect ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing by pores; ovary 4-5-celled; style one; stigma slightly indusiate ; fruit capsular, 4-5- celled ; seeds 0 0, loose-skinned; embryo at the base of the albumen. Occur in Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. The leaves of Chimaphila umbellata are employed in medicine as actively diuretic. 5. FAMILY.—ipacrids (Epacridaceee). Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, exstipulate, sometimes half-amplexicaul at the base; flowers in spikes or terminal racemes, or soli- tary and axillary, usually white or purple; calyx mostly 5-partite, persistent ; corolla monopetalous, 5-divided, deciduous ; eestiva- tion imbricate or valvate ; stamens free, per- fect, equal to corolline divisions; anthers 1-celled, opening longitudinally ; ovary usual- ly several-celled ; style one; stigma simple; fruit drupaceous, baccate, or capsular ; seeds firm-skinned. Natives of Australasia and Polynesia, where they appear to represent the Heaths. 6. Famity.—Umiri-Balsams (Humiriaceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, or corymbs; calyx 5-divided ; petals alternate with calycine divisions; stamens generally MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. AD51 four times as many as the petals, monadel- phous; anthers 2-celled, with a long mem- branous connective; ovary 5-celled; style simple; stigma 5-lobed; fruit drupaccous, 5-celled ; seed with a membranous integu- ment. Natives of tropical America. VII. ORDER.—Berperats (Berberales). Flowers monodichlamydeous, unsymmetrical in the ovary; stamens definite ; placentze sutural, pa- rietal, or axile ; embryo enclosed in abundant, fleshy albumen. 1. Famity.—Cyrillads (Cyrillaceee). Shrubs ; leaves evergreen, exstipulate ; flowers usually race- mose ; calyx 4-5-partite ; petals five, distinct ; eestivation imbricated ; stamens 5-10; ovary 2-3-4-celled ; ovules pendulous ; placent axile; style short; stigmas with as many lobes as there are cells in the ovary ; fruit capsular and succulent, or drupaceous. Na- tives of North America. 2. Famity.—Placads (Olacaceze). Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers small, axillary, often fragrant ; calyx gamosepalous, zestivation imbricate ; petals 3-6, eestivation valvate ; stamens some fertile, some sterile, the former 3-10, alternate with the petals, the latter opposite the petals ; ovary 1-3-4- celled; ovules pendulous; placentz axile ; style filiform ; stigma simple; fruit drupa- ceous, indehiscent, often surrounded by the MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. enlarged calyx. Mostly confined to the Hast Indies, Australia, and Africa. 3. FAMILY.—Canella-Barks (Winteraniaceze). Shrub- by, aromatic ; leaves evergreen, alternate, ex- stipulate ; flowers purple, corymbose ; calyx leathery, sepals three, persistent, imbricate ; petals 5, zstivation twisted ; stamens defi- nite ; anthers 2-celled ; ovary 1-celled ; ovules anatropal ; stigma slightly emarginate ; fruit 3-celled(?) Comprises two genera, one of which is Brazilian, the other, Canella, from the West Indies is officinal. 3. Famity.—Pittosporads (Pittosporaceee). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers terminal or axillary; sepals and petals 4-5; eestivation imbricate ; stamens 5, alter- nate with the petals; ovary single, 2-5-celled ; style 1; stigmas 2-5; ovules ascending or horizontal ; placentee axile and parietal ; fruit capsular or baccate. Chiefly occur in Austra- lasia and Polynesia, also in Japan, China, Africa, and the Madeiras. 5. Famity.— Vines (Vitaceze). Shrubs, climbing ; wood with numerous dotted ducts ; abound with sap at certain seasons; lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, stipulate or exsti- pulate ; floral peduncles racemose; flowers small, green, in thyrses, umbels, or panicles ; calyx small ; petals 4-5 ; sestivation valvate ; stamens 4-5, opposite the petals; anthers versatile ; ovary 2-6-celled ; ovules anatro- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 453 pal ; placentze axile ; style one; stigma simple ; fruit round, pulpy. Inhabit the temperate and hotter parts of both hemispheres. Valu- able as yielding the Grape-Vine and its vari- ous products, as Grapes, Raisins, Currants, and Wine. (Vinifere, Juss. ; Ampelidec, Kunth.) 6. Famity.—Berberries (Berberidaceze). Shrubs or herbs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers in racemes or panicles ; sepals 3-4-6, decidu- ous ; petals equal to, or twice aS many as, sepals ; stamens equal and opposite to petals ; anther-valves recurved; carpel 1-celled ; ovules anatropal; placentz sutural; style sometimes lateral; stigma orbicular ; fruit baccate or capsular. Occur chiefly in moun- tainous districts of northern temperate re- gions, but also in South America. 7. Famity.—Fumitories (Fumariaceze). Herbaceous, with a watery juice ; leaves alternate, multi- fid ; flowers irregular, purple, white, or yel- low ; sepals two, deciduous ; petals four, cru- ciate very irregular ; stamens four, distinct, or six, diadelphous; ovary 1l-celled; ovules amphitropal; placente parietal; style fili- form; stigma with two or more points; fruit an acheenium, or capsular and 2-seeded, or a many-seeded pod. Occur principally in northern temperate climes. 8. Famity.—Sundews (Droseraceze). Herbaceous, delicate; leaves alternate, stipulate; verna- 454 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. tion circinnate ; sepals five, persistent ; petals five ; eestivation imbricate ; stamens equal to, and alternate with, the petals, or ten, or more; ovary single; styles 3-5; ovules ana- tropal; placentze parietal ;. fruit capsular, 3-5-valved. Inhabit marshy spots in North and South America, South Africa, Mada- gascar, India, China, Australia, and Europe. Some possess irritable hairs on the leaves, as Dioneea muscrvpula, called Venus’ Fly-trap, the opposite laminze of the leaves of which suddenly close when the hairs are touched, enclosing small insects or other rudeaggressors. VITI. ORDER.—Ranats (Ranales). Flowers monodichlamydeous; stamens indefinite; placentze sutural or axile; embryo minute, enclosed in abundant fleshy or horny albumen. 1. Famity. — Poppies (Papaveracese). Herbs or shrubs; often milky; leaves alternate, ex- stipulate; peduncles long, 1-flowered ; flowers dimerous or trimerous, never blue ; sepals 2-3, deciduous; petals usually four, cruciate; anthers dithecal; ovary 1-celled; placentze parietal; ovules anatropal; style short, or none; stigmas two or many ; fruit pod-shaped with two, or capsular with several parietal placente. Chiefly a European family, but occurring also in Siberia, China, Japan, Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, and tropical America. The most important MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 455 plant is Papaver somniferum, the concrete milky juice from the unripe capsules of which constitutes opium. 2. Famity.—American Pricher-planis (Sarraceni- aces). Herbaceous, perennial ; leaves radical ; petioles folded and coherent, forming hol- low tubes; scapes one or more flowered ; sepals and petals five, or perianth 4-6-leaved ; anthers dithecal; ovary 3-5-celled; ovules anatropal; placenta axile; style single ; stigma persistent ; fruit capsular, 2-5-celled. Occur in North American marshes, and also in Guiana. 3. Famity—Cephalotads (Cephalotacese). Herba- ceous ; stemless ; leaves radical, exstipulate ; scape with a compound, terminal spike; flowers small ; perianth coloured, 6-parted ; zestivation valvate; stamens twelve ; carpels six, distinct, l-seeded ; ovule erect ; fruit con- sisting of membranous acheenia. Contains a solitary Australian genus. 4. Famity. — Crowfoots (Ranunculacez). Herbs, rarely shrubs; leaves alternate or opposite, with dilated, sheathing petioles ; inflores- ence variable ; flowers usually conspicuous ; sepals 3-6, deciduous, zstivation mostly im- bricate ; petals 3-15, rarely abortive ; stamens very rarely definite ; carpels numerous, 1- celled, distinct, or united into a single many- cetled pistil; ovary one or more seeded ; ovules anatropal; styles simple; fruit dry MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. acheenia, or baccate, or follicular ; albumen horny ; seeds exarillate. Chiefly occur in Europe, but found also in North America, and sparingly in South America, Africa, In- dia, and New Holland. Most of the plants are more or less poisonous, as the species of Ranunculus, Aconite, Stavesacre, Black- Hellebore, &e. 5. FAMILY.—Dilleniads (Dilleniaceee). Trees, shrubs, or under-shrubs, rarely herbs ; leaves alter- nate, exstipulate ; flowers in terminal ra- cemes, or in panicles, often yellow ; sepals five, persistent ; petals five, imbricated ; sta- mens distinct or polyadelphous ; filaments dilated at-the base or apex ; ovaries definite, more or less distinct ; ovules anatropal ; style terminal ; stigma simple ; fruit of 2-5-capsular or baccate unilocular carpels, which are dis- tinct or coherent; albumen fleshy; seeds arillate. Inhabit Australasia, India, Central America, and also Equinoctial Africa. 6. Famity.—Custard-Apples (Anonacez). Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate; flowers axillary, solitary, or two or three together, green or brown ; sepals 3-4, persistent, often partially coherent; petals six; eestivation valvate; stamens packed closely together ; carpels usually numerous, separate or cohe- rent ; ovules anatropal ; styles short ; stigmas simple ; fruit succulent or dry, the carpels 1- or many-seeded, distinct or united; seeds MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 457 sometimes arillate ; albumen ruminate. In- habit tropical countries in both hemispheres. Some yield edible fruits, as the Custard-apples from species of Anona. Lance-wood is ob- tained in Guiana from Dugwetia quitarensis. 7. Famity—Magnoliads (Magnoliaceze). Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, stipules deciduous, convolute ; flowers solitary, often odoriferous ; sepals 2-6, deciduous ; petals 2-30, imbricate ; stamens distinct ; carpels numerous, 1-celled; ovules anatropal ; styles short ; fruit dry or succulent, of numerous carpels, which are dis- tinct or partially cohering ; albumen fleshy ; seeds frequently arillate. Principally inhabit North America, but also South America, the West Indies, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, China, and the -East Indies. The most im- portant product is “ Winter’s-Bark,” which is used medicinally. IX. ORDER.—Nympuats (Nymphales). Flowers dichlamydeous ; stamens indefinite ; pla- centz axile or sutural; embryo on the outside of abundant albumen, or if exalbuminous, the seeds have a large plumule. 1. Famity.—Sacred-Beans (Nelumbiacez). Herbs; leaves peltate, floating; trunk prostrate ; flowers showy; sepals 4-5; petals numer- ous ; stamens in several rows; filaments pe- taloid; torus large, fleshy, elevated, enclos- ing in hollows of its surface numerous 1- x 458 MANUAL OF NATURAI HISTORY. seeded carpels; style very short; stigma simple ; ovule anatropal ; nuts numerous, half buried in the hollows of the torus ; albu- men none. Found in quiet waters in tem- perate or tropical regions, especially in India. Said to have disappeared from Egypt, where it was formerly common. The flower of Nelumbium speciosium is supposed to have been the “ Lotus” of the ancient Egyptians and Indians, and its fruit to have been the “Heyptian Bean” of Pythagoras. 2. Famity.— Water-shrelds (Cabombaceze). Herba- ceous ; leaves floating, peltate ; flowers axil- lary, solitary, yellow or purple ; sepals 3-4; petals 3-4, alternate with the sepals ; stamens definite or indefinite ; torus inconspicuous ; carpels two, or more; ovules orthotropal; stig- mas simple; fruit indehiscent, tipped with the indurated styles; albumen abundant. American aquatic plants; but said to occur also on the coast of New-Holland. 3. Famity.— Water-lillies (Nympheeaceee). Herbs ; trunk prostrate; leaves fleshy, peltate or cordate ; flowers showy, often sweet-scented ; sepals usually four, persistent, sometimes con- founded with the petals; petals numerous, deciduous, often passing gradually into sta- mens; stamens numerous; filaments peta- loid; torus large, fleshy ; ovary many-celled ; ovules anatropal; placentz dissepimental ; stigmas radiating ; fruit many-celled, inde- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 459 hiscent; albumen farinaceous. Aquatic, floating plants. Common throughout the northern Hemisphere, but rare in the south- ern; in South America they are represented by the gigantic Victoria Regina. X. ORDER.—GurtTiFERALS (Guttiferales). Flowers monodichlamydeous ; calyx imbricated ; corolla imbricated or contorted ; stamens indefinite ; placentze axile ; albumen little or none. 1. Famity.— Reaumuriads (Reaumuriaceze). Shrub- by ; leaves alternate, exstipulate, scale-like, glandular; calyx 5-partite; petals five, un- equal-sided ; stamens definite or indefinite, monadelphous or polyadelphous ; anthers in- trorse ; carpels free, 2-4-5 ; ovules anatropal ; styles long, distinct ; fruit capsular, 2-5-valved, 2—5-celled ; seeds definite, shaggy. Occur on the coasts of the Mediterranean, and in salt plains in mild parts of Northern Asia. 2. Famity.—Tutsans (Hypericaceee). Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; juice resinous ; leaves usually oppo- site, exstipulate, dotted ; inflorescence vari- able; flowers yellow, red, or white; sepals 4-5, persistent, unequal ; petals 4-5, oblique, often with black dots ; zestivation contorted ; stamens usually polyadelphous ; carpels 2-5 ; ovules mostly anatropal ; styles long, usually distinct ; stigmas truncate or capitate ; fruit capsular, dry or fleshy, many-valved, many- x 2 460 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. celled ; seeds numerous, naked. Distribution general. 3. Famity.—Marcgraaviads (Marcgraaviaceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers in umbels, racemes, or terminal spikes, usually bracteate ; sepals 2-7, persistent ; co- rolla of five petals, or gamopetalous ; filaments dilated at the base ; anthers versatile ; ovary l- or many-celled; style single; stigmas simple ; fruit succulent, capsular, or coria~ ceous, dehiscent or indehiscent ; seeds numer- ous, minute. Natives of Equinoctial America ; a doubtful genus (Antholoma), is found in New Caledonia. 4, Famity.—Gamboges (Clusiaceee). Trees or shrubs ; juice resinous ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers axillary or terminal, articulated with the peduncle, occasionally unisexual, white, pink, or red; sepals 2-5-6-8, usually persis- tent, often unequal; petals equals to, or a multiple of, the sepals; stamens rarely defi- nite; anthers adnate, beakless ; ovary 1- or many-celled ; ovules orthotropal or anatropal ; style none or very short; stigmas sessile or nearly so, radiate ; fruit dry or fleshy, dehis- cent or indehiscent ; seeds definite. Natives of tropical countries, principally South Ame- rica. The principal products of this family are the various kinds of Gamboge, yielded by species of Hebradendron and Garcinia. (Gut- tifere, Juss.) MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 461 5. Famity. — Souare-vuts (Caryocaraceze). Large trees ; leaves opposite, exstipulate, digitate ; flowers large, racemose; sepals 5-6, more or less combined ; petals 5-8 ; zestivation imbri- cate; stamens slightly monadelphous; an- thers roundish; ovary 4-5-celled; ovules semi-anatropal ; stigmas sessile ; fruit of se- veral indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded nuts, with a thick double endocarp ; embryo with a very large radicle. Inhabit warm South American forests. Souari-nuts are produced by Caryocar butyrosum. 6. Famity.—Tea-plants (Ternstromiacese). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate, occa- sionally dotted ; peduncles axillary or termi- nal ; flowers usually white; sepals 5-7, deci- duous ; petals 5-6-9, often combined at the base; anthers versatile or adnate; ovary multilocular ; styles 2-7, more or less com- bined ; fruit capsular, 2—7-celled, opening by valves, or coriaceous and indehiscent ; seeds few, large. Abundant in North and South America, India, and China. The principal plant is that affording Tea, now in this coun- try, become quite a necessary of life. It is not quite settled whether the varieties of tea, namely, the green and the black, are the products of one or of different species. (The- acece, Mirbel.) 7. Famity.—Scrubby-Oaks (Lophiracez). Trees ; bark dry; leaves alternate; stipules very A462 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. small, deciduous; flowers axillary and ter- minal, panicled, yellow; peduncles bracteate ; sepals five, unequal ; petals five ; eestivation contorted; anthers adnate; ovary 1-celled ; ovules indefinite; stigmas two, very small, twisted ; nut coriaceous, 1-celled, consolidated with the enlarged calyx. Contains one tropical African genus. 8. Famity. — Borneo-Camphors (Dipterocarpacez). Large trees ; juice resinous; leaves alternate, vernation involute, stipules deciduous ; flowers large, racemes terminal and panicled, or axillary and solitary ; calyx tubular, 5- lobed, unequal, persistent; petals sessile, often combined at the base, sstivation twisted; anthers innate, subulate; ovary 3-celled; style and stigma simple; fruit coriaceous, 1-celled, 3-valved, or indehiscent. Natives of India and the Indian Archipelago. Among the products are Borneo-Camphor, Gum-Animi, Piney-Varnish, Wood-Oil, &c, (Dipteraceee, Lindley.) XI. ORDER.—Sapinpats (Sapindales). Flowers monodichlamydeous, unsymmetrical ; ca- lyx and corolla imbricate; stamens definite; pla- centze axile ; albumen little or none. 1. Famity.—Lrythroayls (Erythroxylaceze). Shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers small; peduncles axillary, solitary or clus- tered; sepals five, persistent; petals five, witha MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 463 small scale at the base; stamens ten, mona- delphous; ovary 3-celled; styles three, distinct or united; stigmas three, capitate; ovules sessile, pendulous; fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded ; embryo straight; albumen sometimes none. Natives of South America and the West Indies ; but occur sparingly also in the East Indies, the Isle of France, Madagascar, and in New Holland. 2. Famity.—Malpighiads (Malpighiacese). Trees or shrubs; leaves mostly opposite, stipulate ; hairs, when present, peltate ; inflorescence variable; flowers unisexual or bisexual, mostly red or yellow; calyx 5-partite, per- sistent, estivation usually quincuncial ; petals five, eestivation convolute; stamens generally ten, often monadelphous ; ovary of three carpels, more or less combined ; ovules with a long pendulous cord ; styles three, dis- tinct or united ; stigmas three, simple; fruit drupaceous, nut like, or samaroid ; embyro convolute. Tropical plants, mostly South American and West Indian, occur also in Africa, Arabia,India, China, and Polynesia. 3. Famity.— Maples (Aceraceze). Trees; leaves opposite, exstipulate; flowers often poly- gamous, axillary, corymbose or racemose ; calyx mostly 5-divided ; petals five, or 0; sta- mens generally eight ; ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled ; ovules amphitropal, pendulous; style one ; stigmas two; fruit samaroid ; seeds exarillate ; 464 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. embryo curved. Occur in Europe, temperate parts of Asia, and North America. Among the species are the Sugar-Maple, and the Sycamore, or Great-Maple. 4, Famity. — Guinea-hen Weeds (Petiveriaceze). Under-shrubsor herbs ; odour often alliaceous ; leaves alternate, stipulate, often dotted ; flowers racemose or panicled, apetalous; pe- rianth of several distinct leaves; stamens often indefinite; ovary 1-celled; ovule erect; style one; stigma lateral; fruit 1-celled, inde- hiscent, wingless or winged ; embryo usually straight. Natives of tropical America or the West Indies. 5. Famity. — Soap-Worts (Sapindacese). ‘Trees, twining shrubs, or rarely herbs ; leaves alter- nate, exstipulate, often dotted; flowers in racemes or racemose panicles, small, mostly white or pink; calyx 4-5-partite, or 4-5- leaved ; petals 4-5, naked, or with an appen- dage inside; stamens 8-10, sometimes 5-6-7, rarely 20; disk fleshy; ovary 3-celled; ovules anatropal; style undivided, or 2~-3-cleft ; fruit capsular, and 2—3-valved, or samaroid, or fleshy and indehiscent; seeds usually arillate ; embryo curved or twisted. Tropi- cal species ; chiefly found in India and South America. Contain many poisonous plants, but yield some edible fruits. Among the products are Soap-berries, Horse-chesnuts, Guarana, &e. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 465. 6. Famity.—Bladder-nuts (Staphyleaceze). Shrubs; leaves opposite, stipulate ; flowers racemose, terminal, stalked ; sepals five, coloured ; petals and stamens five, alternate ; disk large, urceo- late; ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules usually ascend- ing ; styles 2-3, coherent at the base ; fruit membranous or fleshy, indehiscent or opening internally ; albumen little or none. Distribu- tion irregular, in Kurope, North and South America, the West Indies, India, and Japan. 7. Famity.—Vochysiads (Vochysiaceze). Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, stipulate ; flowers in terminal panicles or racemes; sepals 4-5, unequal; petals 1-2-3-5, alternate, equal ; stamens 1-5, usually opposite, one having an ovate, fertile, 4-celled anther, and the others barren ; ovary 3-celled ; ovules amphitropal or anatropal; style and stigma 1 ; fruit cap- sular, triquetrous, 3-celled, 3-valved; embryo straight. Inhabit equinoctial America. (Vo- chyacece, Lindley.) 8. Famity.—Milk-Worts (Polygalaceze). Shrubs or herbs ; leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate ; flowers usually racemose ; pedicels with three bracts; sepals five, distinct, very irregular; pe- tals three or five, unequal ; stamens usually eight, monadelphous or diadelphous ; anthers 1-celled, dehiscence by pores; ovary mostly 2-celled ; ovules anatropal ; style and stigma simple ; fruit indehiscent, or with loculicidal dehiscence; seeds carunculate; albumen abun- xO 466 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. dant ; embryo straight. Distribution general. Among the products are Snake-root (Senega) and Rhatany-root (Krameria). (Kramerta- cece, Martius.) 9. Famity.—Pore-Worts (Tremandracez). Shrubs ; slender, heath-like ; leaves alternate or ver- ticillate, exstipulate ; pedicels 1-flowered ; se- pals 4-5, equal, deciduous, zstivation val- vate; petals 4-5 ; eestivationinvolute; stamens 8-10; anthers 2-4-celled, dehiscence porous ; ovary 2-celled ; ovules anatropal ; styles and stigmas 1-2; fruit capsular, 2-celled, 2-valved ; embryo cylindrical; albumen fleshy. An Australian family. XII. ORDER.—Matvats (Malvales). Flowers monodichlamydeous; calyx valvate ; corolla imbricated or twisted ; stamens definite or indefinite ; placentz axile ; albumen little or none. 1. Famity.—Linden-blooms (Tiliaceze). Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs ; leaves alternate, stipu- late ; sepals and petals 4-5 ; stamens gene- rally indefinite and distinct ; ovary of 2-10 carpels ; style one ; stigmas as many as the carpels ; ovules anatropal ; fruit dry or pulpy, often prickly ; embryo straight; albumen fleshy. Tropical plants. Russian mats are made from the inner bark of the Linden-tree. 2. Famity.—Mallows (Malvaceze). Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; hairs, if present, stellate ; peduncles usually axillary ; WANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 467 flowers showy ; sepals five, rarely three or four ; petals equal in number to the sepals; astiva- tion twisted; stamens 0 0, all perfect ; fila- ments monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled, dehis- cence transverse ; ovary of several carpels united round a common axis ; styles as many as carpels; stigmas variable; fruit capsular or baccate ; embryo curved ; albumen none. Abundant in tropical and in warmer tem- perate climes. Common-Mallow (Malva) and Marsh-Mallow (Althea) are used medicinally ; but by far the most important genus is (os- sypium, the source of the cotton of com- merce. 3. Famity.—Indian-Cresses (Tropeeolaceze). Her- haceous, smooth ; leaves alternate, exstipu- late ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered ; flowers showy ; sepals 3-5, the upper spurred ; petals 1-5, more or less unequal; stamens 6-10, distinct ; disk none ; ovary of 3 or 5 carpels ; style single; stigmas 8-5, acute; ovules erect or pendulous ; fruit indehiscent, usually of three pieces ; seeds exalbuminous ; embryo large. Natives of temperate parts of North and South America. 4, Famity.— Vivianiads (Vivianiacee). Herbaceous or sufiruticose; leaves opposite or verticillate exstipulate, often downy ; flowers in panicles or corymbs ; calyx 10-ribbed, 5-divided ; petals five ; persistent ; zestivation twisted ; stamens ten, distinct; disk none ; ovary 5- 468 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. celled ; stigmas three, sessile ; fruit capsular, 3-celled, 3-valved ; embryo curved ; albumen fleshy. Natives of Southern Brazil and of Chili. 5. Famity.—Cacao-plants (Byttneriaceze). Trees, shrubs, or under-shrubs; leaves alternate ; stipules deciduous or 0; flowers in clusters, spikes, or panicles; calyx 4—5-lobed ; petals 4—5, or 0; stamens equal to, or some mul- tiple of, the petals, more or less monadelph- ous, some sterile; anthers 2-celled, introrse ; ovary of 4-10 carpels; ovules anatropal ; styles terminal, as many as the carpels ; fruit capsular ; embryo straight or curved ; albu- men fleshy. Chiefly tropical or sub-tropical plants in Asia, Africa, America, and Austra- lasia. The principal plant is the Cacao-tree (Theobroma Cacao), yielding chocolate and cocoa. 6. Famity.—Silk-cotton Plants (Sterculiaceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, stipules decidu- ous ; inflorescence variable ; flowers occasion- ally unisexual; calyx naked or involucrate, sepals five; petals five or0; stamens indefinite, perfect, monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled, ex- trorse; pistil of five, rarely three, carpels, dis- tinct or cohering ; ovules orthotropal or ana- tropal ; fruit capsular, follicular, or succulent ; embryo straight or curved ; albumen oily or fleshy. Distribution tropical, extensive. This family boasts of one of the largest trees MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. A469 known, namely, the Baobab-tree of Senegal (Adansonia digitata). XIII. ORDER.—Cistats (Cistales). Flowers monodichlamydeous ; placentze parietal _ or sutural ; embryo curved or spiral ; albumen little or none. 1. Famity.—Caper-plants (Capparidaceze). Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves alternate, exstipu- late, or with spines at the base ; flowers soli- tary or racemose ; sepals four, often partial-_ ly coherent ; petals 4-8 or 0, usually un- equal; stamens 46 or 00, on an elon- gated hemispherical torus; ovary 1-celled ; placentze parietal; ovules amphitropal or campylotropal ; style 0, or filiform; stigma generally round ; fruit pod-shaped and de- hiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent; seeds exalbuminous ; embryo curved. Tropical genera widely distributed, but especially abundant in Africa. Mostly stimulant ; the flower-buds of Capparis spinosa constitute “ capers.” 2. Famity. — Mignonettes (Luteolacee). Herbs, rarely shrubs; leaves alternate, stipules minute, gland-like; flowers in racemes or spikes ; calyx many-parted ; petals 4-6, un- equal; torus glandular; stamens 10-24; ovary 3-lobed, 1-celled; placentz parietal ; ovules amphitropal or campulitropal ; stigmas three ; fruit dry and membranous, or succu- 470 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. lent, opening at the point ; seeds exalbumin- ous; embryo taper. Inhabit Europe and Western Asia, also Southern Africa and Cali- fornia. (hesedacew, De Cand.) 3. amity. — Cruciferous - plants (Brassicaceze). Herbs, rarely under-shrubs ; leaves alter- nate; flowers generally racemose, usually yellow or white ; sepals four, deciduous, val- vate or imbricate ; petals four, cruciate, alter- nate; stamens six, tetradynamous; torus glandular ; ovary 1-celled ; placentz parietal ; stigmas two ; fruit a silique or a silicule, 1- celled, usually dehiscing by two valves ; al- bumen none. Chiefly European, but found also more sparingly in most temperate and sub-tropical countries. Most are anti-scor- butic; comprise many well-known plants, as the Cabbage, Cauliflower, Turnip, Radish, Cress, Horse-radish, Mustard, Scurvy-grass, Woad, &. (Cruciferce, Juss.) 4. Famity.—Rock- Roses (Cistaceze). Shrubs or herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate, stipulate or exstipulate ; flowers racemose, white, yel- low, or red, very fugacious ; sepals 3—5, per- sistent, unequal; petals five, rarely three, caducous, twisted in an opposite way to that of the sepals ; stamens usually indefinite, dis- tinct ; ovary syncarpous, 1- or many-celled ; ovules orthotropal; style single; stigma sim- ple ; fruit capsular, 3-5-10-valved ; embryo inverted, spiral or curved ; albumen horny. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. A471 Chiefly inhabit Southern Europe and North- ern Africa. XIV. ORDER.—Viotats (Violales). Flowers monodichlamydeous ; placentze parietal or sutural ; embryo straight ; albumen little or none. 1. Famity.—Turnerads (Turneraceee). Herbaceous or shrubby; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers axillary ; calyx 5-lobed, equal, zestiva- tion imbricate ; petals five, mostly yellowish, — perigynous, equal, zestivation twisted ; sta- mens five, alternate; ovary l-celled; placentze parietal ; ovules 00, anatropal ; styles more or less coherent, or forked; stigmas multifid; fruit capsular, 1-celled, 3-valved ; albumen fleshy. Found in South America and the West-Indies. 2. Famity —House-leeks (Crassulaceze). Herbs or shrubs, often succulent ; leaves entire or pin- natifid, exstipulate; flowers in cymes; sepals 3-20; corolla gamopetalous, or petals 3-20 ; stamens equal to, or twice aS many as, petals; carpels same number as petals ; ovules 00, anatropal; styles several or combined ; stigmas pointed or 4-cornered ; fruit of se- veral follicles ; albumen fleshy. Distribution extended, occurring in very dry situations, as on rocks, walls, &c. 3. FAMILY.—Sauvagesiads (Sauvagesiacez). Shrubs or herbs ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers terminal, in panicles or racemes, lght-co- loured ; sepals, five, imbricated ; petals five ; 472 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. estivation convolute; stamens definite and fertile, or indefinite, partly fertile and partly petaloid ; anthers extrorse ; ovary 1-celled ; ovules anatropal; placentz: parietal; style terminal ; stigma simple; fruit capsular, 3- valved; albumen fleshy. Natives of South America and the West Indies. 4. Famity.—Tamarisks (Tamaricacese). Shrubs or herbs; leaves alternate, scale-like; flowers racemose or spiked ; calyx 4—5-partite ; petals 4.5 ; estivation imbricate ; stamens equal to, or twice as many as, the petals, distinct or monadelphous; anthers introrse; ovary I- celled ; styles three ; ovules anatropal ; fruit capsular, 3-valved, I-celled ; seeds numerous, comose; albumen none. Peculiar to the Kastern half of the Northern Hemisphere. Mount Sinai manna is obtained from Tama- rie manniferda. 5. Famity.—Prankeniads (Frankeniaces). Herbs or under-shrubs ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers sessile, terminal ; sepals 4-5, cohering into a furrowed tube; petals 4-5, alternate ; stamens usually equal to, and alternate with, petals ; anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled ; ovules anatropal; placentz parietal ; style filiform ; fruit capsular, 1-celled, 2-3-4-valved; seeds numerous ; albumen fleshy. Natives of Southern Europe and Northern Africa, also of the Cape of Good Hope and Australia. 6. Famity.— Violets (Violaceze). Herbs or shrubs ; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 473 leaves mostly alternate, stipulate ; vernation involute ; inflorescence various ; sepals five, persistent, equal; eestivation imbricated ; petals five, equal or unequal; estivation obliquely convolute ; stamens five, alternate ; anthers introrse ; filaments dilated; ovary 1-celled ; ovules anatropal ; placente parie- tal; style single; stigma oblique-hooded ; fruit capsular, 3-valved; albumen fleshy. The herbaceous species are more abundant in northern temperate countries, while those | which are shrubby inhabit South America and India. | 7. Famity.—Ben-nuts (Moringaceze). Trees; leaves 2—3-pinnate, stipulate ; flowers irregular, in loose panicles; calyx 5-partite ; petals five, unequal; stamens 8-10, perigynous ; fila- ments rather petaloid; anthers 1-celled ; ovary l-celled; placentz parietal; ovules ana- tropal; style filiform; stigma simple; fruit capsular, pod-like, 1-celled, 3-valved; seeds numerous; albumen none. Natives of Arabia and India. The seeds of Moringa ptery- gosperma are the “Ben-nuts” of authors ; they yield a fluid oil named “Oil of Ben.” 8. FaMIty.—Crown-worts (Malesherbiacez). Herbs or half-shrubs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers axillary or terminal, solitary ; calyx tubular, 5-lobed ; zestivation imbricate ; petals five, alternate, coronetted, persistent, eestiva- tion convolute ; stamens 5-10, perigynous ; ATA MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. anthers versatile; ovary l-celled; placentee parietal; ovules anatropal; styles three, very long, dorsal; stigmas clavate; fruit capsular, 1-celled, 3-valved ; seeds exarillate ; albumen abundant. Natives of Peru and Chil. 9. Famity—Passion-flowers (Passifloracese). Herbs or shrubs, generally climbing; leaves alter- nate, stipulate ; flowers axillary or terminal; sepals five; petals usually five, perigynous ; sestivation imbricate; stamens five, mona- delphous, surrounding the stalk of the ovary; anthers extrorse; ovary Il-celled; ovules anatropal ; placentze parietal; styles three, clavate; stigmas dilated; fruit stipitate, l-celled, often 3-valved; seeds arillate; al- bumen fleshy. Chiefly occur in South America and the West Indies; found also in North America, Africa, and the East Indies. 10. Famity. — Samyds (Samydacez). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, evergreen, stipulate, with linear, pellucid dots; peduncles axil- lary, solitary or numerous; perianth 4-5- divided, usually coloured inside; zestivation somewhat imbricate ; stamens arising from tube of perianth, two, three, or four times as many as its divisions, all fertile or the alter- nate ones sterile; filaments monadelphous at the base; anthers 2-celled ; ovary 1-celled ; ovules semi-anatropal; placentz parietal ; style filiform; stigma capitate or slightly lobed ; fruit coriaceous, capsular, 1-celled, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. AIT 5 3—5-valved ; seeds arillate ; albumen oily or fleshy. Principally from tropical America ; a few are African or Asiatic. 11. Famity.—Lacistemads (Lacistemaceze). Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, exstipulate (?) ; flowers amentaceous, polygamous ; perianth in several narrow divisions, covered by an enlarged bract; stamen one, unilateral ; anther 2-celled (2); ovary 1-celled; ovules anatropal; placentz parietal; stigmas 2-3, sessile or on a style; fruit capsular, 1-celled, — 2-3-valved; seed arillate; albumen fleshy. Natives of Equinoctial America. 12. Famity.—Bixads (Flacourtiacese). Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, exstipulate, often dotted ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered ; sepals 4-7; petals 4-7, alternate, or none ; sta- mens equal to, or some multiple of, the petals; ovary sessile or nearly so, l-or more-celled ; placentze parietal; style filiform or none; stigmas several; fruit 1-celled, fleshy and indehiscent, or capsular and 4:-5-valved ; albumen fleshy. Chiefly occur in hot parts of the East and West Indies and Africa, also at the Cape of Good Hope, and in New Zealand. “ Arnotto” is supplied by the reddish pulp surrounding the seeds of Biawa Orellana. Il. SUB-CLASS.—Dicurnovus-Exocens (Diclinez). Flowers unisexual, without any customary ten- dency to hermaphroditism. AT6 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. I. ORDER.—Papayats (Papayales). Flowers dichlamydeous; carpels superior, con- solidated; placentze parietal; embryo surrounded by abundant albumen. 1. Famity.—Pangiads (Pangiaceze). Trees; leaves alternate; flowers axillary; sepals and petals mostly five; scales equal to, and opposite, the petals; male stamens five or 00, sterile stamens equal to the petals; ovary 1-celled ; ovules indefinite ; fruit capsular, succulent, indehiscent, 1-celled ; seeds 00. Natives of hot parts of India. 2. Famity.—Papaws (Papayacez). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate ; flowers in axillary racemes or solitary ; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla mono- petalous, 5-lobed ; scales in throat of female flowers wanting; stamens definite; ovary l-celled ; stigma 3-—5-lobed; fruit succulent or dehiscent, 1-celled. Inhabit South Ame- rica, also temperate and tropical parts of the Old World. II. ORDER—Cucvrsrrats (Cucurbitales). Flowers monodichlamydeous ; fruit inferior ; pla- centz parietal ; embryo without albumen. 1, Famity. — Begoniads (Begoniaceze). Herbs or under-shrubs ; leaves alternate ; stipules large, scarious ; flowers cymose, pink ; peri- anth adherent, segments coloured, four in the male, and 4-8 in the female ; stamens inde- finite; anthers collected in a head; ovary MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 47 3-celled; ovules 00, anatropal; placentee axile; stigmas three, sessile; fruit capsular, mem- branous, triangular, winged ; seeds00. Na- tives of the East and West Indies, South America, and also Africa. 2. FamMILty. —Datiscads (Datiscacez). Herbs or trees ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers in axillary racemes, or terminal panicles ; male flowers, perianth 3—4-divided, stamens 3-7 ; anthers 2-celled ; female, perianth ad- herent, 3—4-toothed ; ovary 1-celled ; ovules 0 0, anatropal ; stigmas 3-4, opposite lobes of perianth; fruit capsular, l-celled; seeds strophiolate. Distribution scattered over North America, Siberia, Northern India, the Indian Archipelago, and South-Eastern Kurope. 3. FamiILy.—Gourds (Cucurbitacee). Herbaceous, climbing by tendrils formed of abortive stipules ; leaves alternate, usually palmate ; flowers unisexual, light-coloured; calyx 5- toothed ; corolla 5-parted ; stamens five, dis- tinct, or variously united; anthers 2-celled ; ovary adherent, l-celled; ovules solitary or 00 ; stigmas very thick ; fruit a pepo; seeds flat. Natives chiefly of sub-tropical and warm-temperate regions, especially India. Among the products are the melon, cucumber, gourd, pumpkin, vegetable-marrow, also colo- cynth and elaterium. 478 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. III. ORDER.—MEnIsPERMALS (Menispermales). Flowers monodichlamydeous; carpels superior, disunited; embryo surrounded by abundant. al- bumen. 1. Famity.—Moonseeds (Menispermaceze). Shrubs, sarmentaceous ; wood frequently arranged in wedges; leaves alternate, entire; flowers very small, racemose, often dicecious ; sepals and petals undistinguishable, in several rows, deciduous; stamens usually monadelphous ; anthers extrorse; carpels solitary or nu- merous; ovule amphitropal; fruit drupa- ceous, l-seeded, oblique or lunate; embryo large, curved or peripherical Common in tropical Asia and America, a few also in Africa. Yield Calumba-root, Pareira-brava, and Coculus-indicus. 2. Famity.—Kadsurads (Schizandraceee). ‘Shrubs, scrambling; leaves alternate, simple, exsti- pulate, often dotted ; flowers small, solitary or axillary; sepals 3-6; petals 3-9, hypo- gynous ; stamens 00, monadelphous or free ; anthers extrorse; carpels 00, free or adhe- rent, l-celled; ovules 2, pendulous; stigma sessile ; fruit numerous, berried, 1-2-seeded ; seeds pendulous ; embryo very small. Occur in India and the Indian islands, Japan, and hot parts of North America. 3. Famity. — Lardizabalads (Lardizabalacez). Shrubs, twining; leaves alternate, exstipu- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 479 late, compound ; flowers racemose, solitary or clustered ; sepals 3-6, in two rows ; petals six, in two rows, opposite, or 0; stamens six, opposite; anthers mostly extrorse; rudi- mentary ovaries in male flowers; female flowers larger, with six imperfect stamens ; carpels mostly 3, l-celled; ovules many; style short; stigma simple; fruit short- stalked, berried, usually many-seeded ; seeds parietal; embryo minute. Found in tem- perate parts of South America, and in China. 4. Famity.—Nutmegs (Myristicaceze). Trees ; leaves alternate, exstipulate, not dotted ; inflo- rescence axillary or terminal, in racemes, glomerules, or panicles; flowers very small, completely unisexual ; perianth trifid, rarely quadrifid, deciduous in the female; zstiva- tion valvate; stamens 3-12; filaments often united into a cylinder; anthers extrorse ; ovary of one or more carpels; ovule anatropal; style very short; stigma somewhat lobed ; fruit succulent, 1-celled, 2-valved ; albumen ruminate ; embryo small. Natives of tropical India and America. The chief species is Myristica officinalis, affording mace and nutmegs. 5. Famity. — Plumenutmegs (Atherospermacez). Trees ; leaves opposite, exstipulate; flowers axillary, racemose, rarely bisexual ; perianth tubular, divided at the top into segments, usually in two rows, the inner petaloid, and 480 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. in the females with scales; stamens 00, but fewer in the female; anthers 2-celled, with valvular dehiscence; ovaries usually 00; ovule erect ; style and stigmas simple ; fruit consisting of achzenia, enclosed within tube of perianth; seed erect; embryo minute. Natives of Australia and of Chili. 6. Famity.—Monimiads (Monimiaceze). Trees or shrubs, aromatic; leaves opposite, exstipu- late ; flowers axillary; perianth somewhat olobose, divided at the border ; stamens 0 0, perigynous; anthers with longitudinal de- hiscence ; ovaries several, I-celled; ovule anatropal ; fruit of several 1-seeded acheenia, enclosed within the enlarged perianth ; seed pendulous; embryo minute, external to the albumen. Mostly occur in South American forests, a few also in Madagascar, the Mau- ritius, Java, Australia, and New Zealand. IV. ORDER.—Garryats (Garryales). Flowers monochlamydeous, sometimes amenta- ceous; fruit inferior; embryo minute, in a large quantity of albumen. 1. Famity.—Helwingiads (Helwingiacese). Shrub- by; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers fasci- cled; perianth 3-4-partite, segments deciduous in the female; estivation valvate; stamens 3-4, alternate ; anthers introrse ; ovary 3-4-_ celled ; ovules anatropal ; style very short ; stigmas 3-4, subulate; fruit drupaceous, 3-4- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 481 celled ; seeds pendulous. A single Japanese genus, with but one known species. 2. Famity. — Garryads (Garryaces). Shrubs ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers in pen- dulous, amentaceous racemes ; wood without distinct zones; male perianth 4-partite ; fe- male perianth superior, 2-toothed ; stamens four, alternate with segments of perianth ; ovary 1-celled ; ovules two, pendulous ; styles two; fruit baccate, indehiscent ; seeds two. Natives of North America and the West Indies. V. ORDER.—QUERNALS (Quernales). Male flowers amentaceous, monochlamydeous ; fruit inferior ; embryo amygdaloid ; albumen none. 1. Famity.— Walnuts (Juglandaceze). Trees ; leaves alternate, not dotted, exstipulate; flowers her- baceous, inconspicuous ; male flowers amen- taceous; perianth membranous, irregularly lobed ; stamens 3 or 00; anthers erect, 2- celled ; female flowers in terminal clusters or loose racemes; perianth single or double, the outer 3-5-partite; ovary adherent, 1-celled ; ovule erect, orthotropal ; styles 1-2; stigmas 2-4, unequal; fruit drupaceous, sometimes with an adherent involucre. Chiefly North American, but a few inhabit Persia, and the East and West Indies. Afford the black and common walnuts, and hickory wood. 2. FamiLy.—Oaks (Corylacez), Trees or shrubs ; ¥ 482 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. leaves alternate, stipulate; male flowers amentaceous; perianth membranous, valvate; stamens 3-20; female flowers aggregate or amentaceous; ovary 2- or more celled, crowned by remains of the adherent perianth, seated within a coriaceous involucre ; ovules twin or solitary, peltate or pendulous ; stigmas seve- ral, distinct; fruit bony or membranous, 1- celled, more or less enclosed in the involucre. Inhabit forests in temperate parts of both hemispheres. A very valuable group, em- bracing the oak, beech, hazel-nut, Spanish- chesnut; and affording, besides excellent timber, cork, gall-nuts, Velonia, Quercitron, nuts, filberts, chesnuts, & (Quercinea, Juss. Cupulsfere, Rich.) VI. ORDER.—Evruorsiats (Euphorbiales). Flowers monodichlamydeous, scattered; carpels superior, consolidated ; placentze axile; embryo large, surrounded by abundant albumen. 1, Famity.—Prtcher-plants (Nepenthaceze). Herbs, or halfshrubs ; leaves alternate, slightly sheathing at the base, having a dilated, foli- aceous petiole, pitcher-shaped at the extre- mity, with a lid-like lamina; inflorescence racemose, terminal, dense ; flowers dicecious ; perianth 4-parted ; sestivation imbricate; sta- mens united into asolid column; anthers about — sixteen, extrorse ; ovary 4-cornered, 4-celled ; ovules 00; stigma sessile; fruit capsular, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 483 4-celled, 4-valved ; seeds 00, minute, with a loose testa; radicle inferior. Natives of swamps in the East Indies and China. 2. Famity.— Batids (Batidaceze). Shrubs; leaves _ opposite, exstipulate, succulent ; flowers in spikes; male flowers, scales of cone 1- flowered ; perianth a scale rolled up with its back next the axis, and the edges united ; female flowers absolutely naked (?), or com- posed of succulent scales arranged in a 4- rowed cone; stamens four; filamentsflattened ; — ovary 5-6-celled; ovules erect; stigma sessile ; fruit succulent. Comprises one genus abun- dant in West-Indian salt marshes. 3. Famity.— Crowberries (Empetraceze). Shrubs, heath-like ; leaves evergreen, alternate or partially verticillate, exstipulate ; perianth of persistent, imbricated scales, the inner often petaloid ; stamens equal to, and alter- nate with, scales in inner row; anthers 2- celled ; ovary seated on a fleshy disk, 3 -6 -9- celled ; ovules definite, ascending, anatropal ; style one ; stigma with as many radii as there are ovarian cells ; fruit a nuculanium, within the persistent perianth ; radicle inferior. A small group, inhabiting Europe, North Ame- rica, and the straits of Magellan. The fruit of Empetrum nigrum, the black crowberry, which is not unpleasantly acid, is frequently eaten in Northern Europe. 4, FamILy.— Star-worts (Callitrichaces). Herba- ¥ 2 484 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. ceous, small ; leaves opposite ; flowers axil- lary, very minute, moncecious, naked; stamen hypogynous ; filament filiform ; anther reni- form, I-celled, 2-valved ; ovary 4-cornered, 4-celled ; ovules definite, suspended, amphi- tropal ; styles two, subulate ; stigmas simple points ; fruit 4-celled, 4-seeded, indehiscent ; radicle superior. Inhabit still-waters in Kurope and North America. d. FAMILY. — Scepads (Scepacese). Trees; leaves alternate, stipules membranous ; flowers dice- cious; male flowers amentaceous ; perianth 4-5-leaved, imbricated ; stamens 2-5; fila- ments short, not elastic; anthers 2-celled ; female flowers in short axillary racemes ; perianth of six segments in two whorls; ovary 2-celled; style 0; stigma with two short emarginate lobes, or four equal fringed ones; ovules in pairs, pendulous, anatropal ; fruit 2-celled, 4-valved ; radicle superior. Forest trees in tropical India. 6. FAMILY.—G'yrostemonads (Gyrostemonaceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, stipulate ; male flowers, perianth 6—7-lobed ; stamens inde- finite, distinct ; female flowers, perianth cup- shaped, 6—7-lobed ; carpels 00, round a flat torus, 2-seeded ; ovules pendulous, campylo- tropal; fruit of several membranous cases arranged in a ring ; radicle inferior. Natives of New Holland. 7. Famity.— Spurges (Ricinaceee). Trees, shrubs, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. A485 or herbs, often with acrid milk ; leaves oppo- site or alternate, often stipulate; flowers axillary or terminal, variously arranged, sometimes within an involucre ; perianth in- ferior, with various glandular or petaloid, scaly, internal appendages, sometimes want- ing; stamens definite or 00, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled ; ovary ses- sile or stalked, 1-2-3, or many-celled ; ovules definite, suspended, anatropal; styles equal to the cells, distinct or combined ; stigma — compound, or single with several lobes ; fruit usually tricoccous ; radicle superior. A very extensive family, especially abundant in equinoctial America, but occurring also in India and Africa, North America, and Europe. Among the products are euphorbium, man- chineel, cascarilla, castor and croton oils, tapioca, cassava, bottle India-rubber, gum-lac, boxwood, African teak, turnsole, &c. (Hu- phorbiacee, Juss.) VII. ORDER.—Urerticats (Urticales). Flowers scattered, monochlamydeous ; carpels single, superior ; embryo large, in a small quantity of albumen. 1. Famity.—Plamnes (Platanaceze). Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, stipules sheathing, scarious, deciduous ; flowers in globose catkins, naked, the sexes in distinct catkins; stamen one, with scales ; anthers 2-celled ; ovary 1-celled ; 486 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. ovules solitary or in pairs, orthotropal ; style subulate ; fruit of compressed clavate nuts, terminated by a recurved style; radicle in- ferior ; plumule minute. Inhabit Barbary, the Levant, and North America. 2. Famity.—Bread-fruct trees (Artocarpaceze). Trees or shrubs ; lactescent; leaves alternate, sti- pules large, deciduous ; flowers in dense heads ; male flowers, perianth 2—4-parted, or 0; female flowers variously arranged over a fleshy receptacle, perianth tubular ; stamens opposite, and equal to divisions of perianth ; anthers 2-celled ; ovary 1-celled ; ovule erect and orthotropal, amphitropal and _ parietal, or pendulous and anatropal; style lateral or terminal, often bifid ; stigma sometimes radi- ating ; fruit variable, surrounded by a fleshy involucre, or composed of consolidated fleshy calyces, containing numerous nuts ; albumen abundant or scanty ; radicle superior. Tro- pical plants in both hemispheres. Among the members are the bread-fruit tree, the cow-tree of Demerara, and the upas-tree Antiaris toxicaria. 3. FamiIty.—Mulberries (Moracez). Trees or shrubs; lactescent ; leaves often rough; stipules large, often rolled up ; flowers inconspicuous, in heads, spikes, or catkins ; male flowers, perianth 3—4-parted, or 0; female flowers, perianth 3- 4- 5-divided, often in two rows; stamens 3-4, opposite ; anthers 2-celled ; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 487 ovary l-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous or amphitropal; style terminal, bifid; fruit a sorosis or syconus; embryo hooked, albu- minous ; radicle superior. Natives of tem- perate and tropical climes in both hemi- spheres. Comprise the fig, banyan, common and white mulberry ; and among their pro- ducts are contrayerva-root, fustic, and ca- outchouc, which latter is abundantly supplied by the Ficus elastica. (Sycoidee, Link.) 4. Famity.—Hemp-worts (Cannabinaceze). Herba- ceous ; juice watery ; leaves alternate, stipu- late ; flowers inconspicuous ; male flowers in racemes or panicles; perianth herbaceous, imbricated ; female flowers in spikes or cones; perianth single, enwrapping the ovary ; stamens few, opposite; anthers 2-celled ; ovary l1-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous, campylotropal; stigmas two, subulate, ses- sile; fruit indehiscent ; embryo hooked, ex- albuminous ; radicle superior. Occur in northern temperate regions in the eastern hemisphere. Afford hops, hemp, &c. Can- nabis Indica, now much used medicinally, yields various narcotic products, known as haschisch, bhang, gunjah, churrus, Wc. 5. Famtty.—Horn-worts (Ceratophyllaceze). Herbs, submersed ; leaves dichotomous, verticillate ; flowers moncecious ; perianth 10—16-parted ; stamens 12-20; anthers 2-celled; ovary 1- celled; ovule pendulous, orthotropal ; style 488 MANUAL OF NATURA HISTORY. filiform ; stigma simple; fruit a 1-celled in- dehiscent nut, terminated by the hardened style ; embryo exalbuminous ; plumule large, many-leaved ; radicle inferior. Live in ditches in Europe, North America, Northern Asia, India, Barbary, and Senegal. 6. Famtty. —Hlms (Ulmaceze). Trees or shrubs ; juice watery; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers in loose clusters, frequently unisexual ; perianth inferior, membranous, imbricated, irregular; stamens definite; filaments erect in zestivation ; ovary superior or 2-celled ; ovules pendulous, anatropal, or amphitropal ; stigmas two; fruit 1—2-celled, membranous or drupaceous ; albumen scanty or 0; coty- ledons foliaceous ; radicle superior. Inhabit northern and mountainous parts of Europe, Asia, and America. The principal genus is that of the elms. 7. Famity.—Wettles (Urticacese). Trees, shrubs, or herbs ; juice watery ; leaves alternate, sti- pulate, rough, often with stinging hairs ; flowers herbaceous, inconspicuous, scattered, or clustered, or in catkins, or close heads; perianth membranous, lobed; stamens defi- nite, distinct, opposite; filaments elastic, curved in estivation; ovary simple; ovule solitary, erect ; stigma simple ; fruit an in- dehiscent nut ; embryo straight, albuminous ; radicle superior. Widely distributed, many following in the footsteps of man. Remark- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. ~~ 489 able for the extreme causticity of their juice 8. Famity.—A ntidesmads (Stilaginaceee). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers minute, in axillary, scaly spikes ; perianth 2- 3- 5-partite ; stamens two or more, arising from aswollen receptacle; filaments capillary ; anthers 2-lobed, cells vertical, opening trans- versely ; ovary 1-2-celled; ovules two, pen- dulous, anatropal; stigma sessile, 3—5-toothed ; fruit drupaceous; embryo straight, albu- minous ; radicle superior. Natives of the Kast Indies and of Madagascar. VIII. ORDER.—Amentats (Amentales). Flowers in catkins, achlamydeous or monochla- mydeous ; carpels superior; embryo small; albumen little or none. 1. Famity. — Oleasters (Kleagnacez). Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate or opposite, exstipu- late ; flowers axillary, in catkins or panicles, rarely bisexual; male flowers amentaceous, with 2-4 leaves forming the perianth ; sta- mens 3- 4- 8; anthers introrse ; female and hermaphrodite flowers, perianth tubular ; ovary l-celled; ovule solitary, ascending, anatropal; styleshort; stigma subulate, glan+ dular ; fruit a crustaceous achzenium, enclosed within the enlarged succulent perianth ; ra- dicle inferior. Occur throughout the entire northern hemisphere. yo 490 MANUAL OF NATURAI, HISTORY. 2. Famity.—Bog-myrtles (Myricacese). Leafy shrubs or small trees, covered with resinous glands and dots ; leaves alternate, with or without stipules ; flowers amentaceous, achlamydeous ; stamens 2-8, in the axil of a scale; anthers 2—4-celled ; ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary, erect, orthotropal ; stigmas two, subulate or petaloid; fruit drupaceous, often with a waxy secretion ; seed solitary, erect ; radicle superior; inhabit temperate and _ tropical regions in North and South America, and India, and at the Cape of Good Hope; one species 18 Huropean. 3. Famity.— Willows (Salicacese). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, stipulate; flowers amenta- ceous, naked, or with a membranous cup- shaped perianth ; stamens distinct or mona- delphous; anthers 2-celled; ovary 1-celled ; ovules 00, erect, anatropal; style 1 or 0; stiomas 2-4; fruit coriaceous, I-celled, 2- valved; seeds 00, comose; embryo erect ; radicle inferior. Inhabit temperate and arctic regions. Comprise the Willow, the Sallow, and the Poplar. 4, Famity.—Aliingiads (Liquidambaracee). Tall trees, balsamic; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers with verticillate bracts or minute scales ; female catkins on longer stalks than the males; anthers numerous; ovary 2-celled ; ovules 00, amphitropal ; styles two; fruit of 2-celled capsules, united into a hard cone; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 49] seeds numerous, winged; radicle superior. Yield Liquid-Storax. (Altengiacece, Lind].) 5. Famity.—Birches (Betulaceze). Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, stipulate; flowers amenta- ceous, with bracts, which are at times verti- cillate; stamens distinct, opposite; anthers 2-celled; ovary 2-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropal; style single or 0; stigmas two ; fruit membranous, indehiscent, forming a kind of cone; seeds pendulous ; albumen none; radicle superior. Natives of temperate, arctic, and antarctic regions. Comprehend the species of Birch and of Alder. 6. Famity. — Beefwoods (Casuarinaceee). Trees, branching, weeping; leaves 0, replaced by membranous, toothed sheaths; flowers bracteate ; male flowers in spikes, female flowers in dense heads; stamen one; anther 2-celled; ovary I-celled; ovules one, ob- liquely-ascending, or two side by side ; styles two; fruit of winged acheenia, collected into a cone; seed erect; radicle superior. Natives of Australasia. | GYMNOGENS. Gymnogens, called also Gymnosperms, constitute a small Class, in many respects closely allied to the one last under consideration. Their seeds have two 492, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. cotyledons, and their stems are Exogenous, but they are distinguished by the vessels of the wood having large apparent perforations. Their chief peculiarity, however, consists in the naked, uncovered condition of the seed, and in the fertilization of their female organs taking place through the foramen of the ovule, without the aid of either style or stigma. In general appearance they bear a strong resemblance to some flowerless groups, as the Club-mosses and Ferns, so much so as to have been, by Linnzeus and others, classed with the latter. They contain the curious Joint-Firs, the melancholy Yews, the in- valuable Pines, and the feathery Cycads, comprising in all, thirty-seven genera, and upwards of two hundred species. IT. CLASS.—GYMNOGENS (Gymnogene). A cellular and a vascular system; stem with wood and true bark ; vessels of wood with large apparent perforations ; wood in concentric zones, augmented by growth from without ; embryo di- cotyledonous; ovules fertilized by direct contact, without the intervention of style or stigma; ger- mination exorhizal. 1. Famity.—Joint-Firs (Gnetaceze). Small trees very much branched, or sarmentose shrubs; juice watery; stems jointed; leaves opposite, — simple, net-veined; flowers in catkins or heads; male flowers with a perianth ; female flowers naked, or sheltered by a false peri- anth ; anthers 1—4-celled, opening. by pores ; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 493 ovary 0; ovule with a style-like process formed from the imner covering of the nucleus ; seed drupaceous ; embryo with a long, spirally twisted funiculus. Inhabit temperate parts of Hurope, Asia, and South America. 2. Famity.—Yews (Taxaceze). Trees or shrubs ; branches unarticulated ; stems continuous ; leaves alternate or distichous, evergreen, rigid, veinless or fork-veined ; flowers naked, but surrounded by imbricated bracts; sta-. mens several ; filaments monadelphous ; an- thers 2-celled, dehiscence longitudinal ; ovules naked, the outer skin becoming finally hard ; fruit somewhat drupaceous ; embryo straight. Common in mild climates generally, especially in Asia, also in elevated tropical districts ; often resinous. 3. FAMILY.—Pines (Pinaceze). Trees or shrubs, evergreen; resinous; trunk continuous, branched ; leaves simple, acerose or lanceo- late; flowers naked, male flowers monan- drous or monadelphous; female flowers in cones ; anthers 2- or many-lobed, dehiscence longitudinal ; ovary spread open, resembling a flat scale without style or stigma; ovules naked, in pairs or several; fruit of cones composed of hardened, scale-shaped ovaries ; embryo albuminous. Widely dispersed, but abound more in temperate climes. Among the members are the Fir, Pine, Larch, Cedar, 494 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. Cypress, and Juniper. Among the products are Turpentine, Tar, Burgundy-Pitch, Hun- garian Carpathian and Canada Balsams, EKssence of Spruce, Sandarach, Savin, &c. (Conifer, Juss.) 4, Famity.—Cycads (Cycadaceze). Trees or shrubs; trunks cylindrical, sometimes dichotomous ; leaves pinnate, parellel-veimed, vernation cir- cinnate ; flowers unisexual ; male flowers in terminal cones, the scales bearing on their lower sides 1-celled anthers ; female flowers consisting of naked ovules at the base of flat scales, beneath peltate ones, or on the margins of altered leaves; seeds hard, nut- like; embryos 1-2, suspended; albumen fleshy or mealy; cotyledons unequal. Occur in temperate and tropical parts of Asia and America, also at the Cape of Good Hope, and in Madagascar. Yield much starchy matter. DICTYOGENS. On examining the structure of some anomalous Monocotyledons, they were ascertained by Lindley to possess, In nearly equal proportions, characters of Endogens and of Exogens. He therefore separated them from the Endogens, with which they had been previously united, and established them as a tran- sition class, which he named “ Dictyogens,” on account of the reticulated appearance of the leaves. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. AQ5 The wood of the stem is Endogenous, the youngest parts being in the centre, while, on the other hand, the root exhibits concentric zones like an Hxogen, with a disposition to a radiated distribution of ves- sels, and in some with a central pith; the leaves, also, are net-veined, and usually disarticulate with the stem. Dictyogens are far from numerous, about seventeen genera being at present enumerated, con- taining upwards of two-hundred-and-sixty species. They may be divided into two Sub-classes, according to the unisexual or bisexual nature of the flower, | the two being united by the Smelacew, which con- tain both forms of structure. Some of the families are small, and imperfectly known, but two are of considerable consequence, the one affording the Yam, an important farinaceous article of diet in the Tropics, and the other yielding the Sarsaparilla plants, largely imported into England for medical use. IIl. CLASS.—DICTYOGENS (Dictyogene). Growth of stem endogenous ; root with the wood arranged in solid concentric circles; foliage broad, net-veined, deciduous ; cotyledon single. I. SUB-CLASS—Bisexvat-Dictyocens (Monanthie). Flowers perfect, each bearing male and female organs. 1. Famity. — Roxburgh-worts (Roxburghiaceee). Shrubs, twining; roots tuberous; leaves coriaceous; flowers large, showy, solitary, 496 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. foetid ; perianth with four petaloid divisions ; stamens four, hypogynous ; anthers adnate ; ovary superior, J-celled; placentz basal ; style none; ovules 00, anatropal; pericarp 1-celled, 2-valved, with two clusters of seeds at the base; embryo taper, albuminous. Natives of hot parts of India. 2. Famity.—Tvrilliads (Trilliaceee). | Herbaceous, simple-stemmed; leaves verticillate, mem- branous; flowers large, terminal, solitary ; perianth 6—8-divided, coloured or herbaceous; stamens 6-10; anthers linear; ovary free, 3—5-celled ; styles 3-5, distinct; ovules 00,. anatropal ; fruit succulent, 3—-5-celled ; seeds 00; embryo minute, albuminous. Inhabit temperate parts of Asia, Hurope, and North America. (Pariside, Burnett.) 3. Faminy. — Philesiads (Philesiaceee). Shrubs, twining or upright; leaves coriaceous ; flowers large, showy, solitary, 3—6-petaloid- eous ; stamens six; anthers linear; ovary free, I-celled ; placentze parietal; style long, club-shaped ; stigmas three; ovules 00, orthotropal; fruit succulent. Natives of Chili. 4. Famity.—Sarsaparillas (Smilaceze), Herbs or under-shrubs, often climbing ; stems scarcely woody; flowers bisexual or polygamous ; perianth petaloid, 6-partite ; stamens six, rarely hypogynous ; ovary 3-celled, cells uni-_ or multi-ovulate ; ovules orthotropal ; style MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. A497 usually trifid; stigmas three; fruit a glo- bular berry ; embryo very small, albuminous. Occur chiefly in temperate and tropical parts of Asia and America. This family yields the different kinds of Sarsaparilla, many of which are much employed in medical practice ; though possessed of valuable properties in their native places, they seem to be much impaired by exportation, and in Europe to have but feeble actions. Il. SUB-CLASS.—Untsexvat-Dictyocrns (Dianthie). Male and female organs on separate flowers. 1, Famity.—Yams (Dioscoreaceze). Shrubs, twin- ing, tuberous; leaves mostly alternate; flowers small, spiked, bracteated ; perianth 6-divided, adherent ; stamens six; anthers introrse ; ovary adherent, 3-celled; ovules anatropal ; style 2—3-fid ; stigmas undivided ; fruit cap- sular, compressed, trilocular ; seeds winged or wingless ; embryo small, albuminous. Mostly inhabitants of tropical countries. Chiefly valuable as affording yams, the tropical sub- stitute for the potato: in Europe, this family is represented by the Black Bryony (Tamus communis). 2. Famity.— Tacl-worts (Triuridaceze). Herbs, pe- rennial ; rhizome creeping ; leaves solitary ; flowers regular, with 1-flowered, bracteate stalks ; perianth free, corolline, 3—6-partite, permanent ; stamens 3-6 (?); anthers ex- 498 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. trorse ; ovaries 00, sessile ; ovules solitary (?) ; styles subulate, or thickened at the apex. Found in Brazilian woods. ENDOGENS. What is commonly known as the endogenous type of structure characterizes a large assemblage of flowering-plants, forming the class we are now to consider. In importance and extent it approaches the Exogens, and its geographical distribution is quite as varied and general. The most obvious dis- tinctive mark of this division is found in the struc- ture of the stem, new matter being developed in the interior, though, taken in a wide sense, this does not strictly apply. Ifa cross section be made of an endogenous stem, it will present an irregular, dotted surface, the dots being more numerous towards the circumference, where the wood is also hardest: if cut again vertically, numerous strings or bundles of woody fibres will be seen apparently springing from the centre, and proceeding in a curved direction to- wards the circumference. But the more accurate researches of Schleiden shew that all plants pos- sessing a stem are, to a certain extent, endogenous, and that the true and essential distinction between the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous classes, consists in the mode and degree of development of the woody or fibro-vascular bundles. In the latter, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 499 their growth is unlimited, terminating only with the death of the individual, while among the former it is limited, being arrested at a definite period by a cessation of generative power in the woody cells. Endogens are destitute of true pith, and their stems are seldom hollow, exceptional cases—such as in many of the grasses, being caused by the circum- ference growing more rapidly than the centre. The leaves are not reticulated, as among exogens, but are straight-veined, and the parts of the flower are usually arranged in series of threes; the embryo, too, is composed of but one cotyledon, whence they were, by De Candolle, termed monocotyledones. Their period of vitality, also, is more restricted than it is in the higher class, seldom extending beyond two or three hundred years, though occasional instances of more extended longevity occur, as in a dragon-tree, still existing at Teneriffe, which, more than 450 years ago, was regarded as very aged. The number of genera known at present is up- wards of 1,400, which include about 13,600 species. Among these are numerous plants of the greatest importance to man, as various members of the family of grasses, some yielding him abundant farinaceous aliment, while others afford nutriment for his flocks and his herds. The palms supply wine, sugar, edible fruits, and sago ; arrow-root is the produce of species of Maranta; the aromatic root of the Zin- gvber constitutes ginger; while turmeric, obtained from Curcuma longa, forms a valuable dye, and is the basis of some admired condiments. The number 500 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. of hurtful species is comparatively few, these being principally found among the Melanthiacec, and some of the Aracee. IV, CLASS.—ENDOGENS (Endogene). Wood of stem and of root, arranged in a confused manner, the youngest in the centre; leaves straight- veined, permanent ; organs of fructification ternary ; embryo monocotyledonous ; germination endorhizal. I. SUB-CLASS.—BIsexuat-Enpocens (Diphysez). Flowers hermaphrodite ; perianth present. I. TRIBE.—Hypoeynovus-Enpocens (Phylleleuthere). Flowers free from the ovary, rarely perigynous. TI, ORDER.—A.ismats (Alismales). Perianth 3-6-divided ; carpels separate ; albumen none. 1. Famity. — Arrow-grasses (Juncaginacese). Her- baceous ; leaves parallel-veined ; flowers in- conspicuous, scaly, white or green, in spikes or racemes ; sometimes perianth 0; stamens six; anthers extrorse ; carpels 3-4-6; ovules 1-2 ; placentee axile or basal ; fruit dry, 1-2- _ seeded; embryo slit on one side; plumule very large. Marshy and aquatic plants, in most parts of the world. 2. Famity. — Water-plantains (Alismacee). Her- baceous; leaves narrow or expanded ; flowers in umbels, racemes, or panicles, very rarely MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. a01 unisexual; perianth 6-divided, in two whorls, inner whorl petaloid; stamens definite or 00; anthers introrse ; ovaries several; ovules soli- tary or in pairs; placentze axile or basal; fruit dry, 1-2-seeded ; embryo curved or hooked. Floating or marsh plants, chiefly in northern temperate regions. 3. Famity.— Flowering-rushes (Butomaceze). Her- baceous ; often lactescent; leaves very cel- lular ; flowers umbellate or solitary, conspi- cuous ; perianth 6-divided, in two whorls, the outer herbaceous, the imner petaloid ; stamens definite or 00; ovaries 3-6, or more, united or distinct; ovules 00, anatropal or campylotropal ; placentze many-seeded, net- ted, and parietal ; fruit of several follicles, distinct and beaked, or united ; embryo often curved. Aquatic and swamp plants, mostly northern. Tl. ORDER.—Litt1ats (Liliales). Perianth 6-divided ; albumen copious. 1. Famity. Pontederiads (Pontederiaceze). Herba- ceous ; leaves sheathing, sometimes cordate or sagittate ; flowers solitary, or in spikes or umbels, spathaceous; perianth tubular, co- loured, circinnate when withering ; stamens 3-6; anthers introrse; ovary free, 3-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropal ; fruit capsular, 3-celled, 3-valved ; seeds 00; embryo straight ; albumen mealy. Aquatic species, inhabiting 502 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. North and South America, India, and tro- pical Africa. 2. Famity.—JLilies (Liliacese). Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; bulbous, tuberous, rhizomatous, or fibrous-rooted ; leaves rarely expanded ; flowers various, from large and showy to small and green ; perianth 6-divided, in two verticils, coloured, fiat when withering; sta- mens six; anthers introrse; ovary free, 3- celled ; ovules 00, anatropal or amphitropal ; fruit succulent, or dry and capsular, 3-celled; albumen fleshy. Distribution extended, but more abundant in temperate climates. Con- tain numerous important plants, and yield a variety of valuable products; among the ~ former are New Zealand flax (Phormiwm), African hemp (Sanseviera), onion, garlic, leek, eschallot, chives, asparagus, lily, tulip, hyacinth, &c.; and among the latter, true Dragon’s-blood from Dracena Draco, and Botany Bay gum from species of Xanthor- rhea. It also affords some active drugs, as aloes, the inspissated juice of various species of Aloé, and squills, the bulb of Squilla maritima. 3. Famity. — Meadow-saffrons (Melanthiacez). Herbs ; bulbous, tuberous, or fibrous-rooted ; leaves sheathing ; flowers sometimes poly- gamous ; -perianth 6-divided, petaloid, flat when withering; stamens six; anthers ex- trorse; ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 503 style 3-parted ; fruit capsular, 3-celled; al- bumen dense, fleshy. Distribution exten- sive, more abundant in northern temperate countries. A poisonous family, yielding col- chicum, white hellebore (Veratrum), and sabadilla. 4. Famity.— Gilliesiads (Gilliesiaceze). Herbs ; bulbs tunicated; leaves grass-like ; flowers umbellate, spathaceous; perianth 6-partite, in two rows, the outer herbaceous and pe- taloid, the inner smaller and more coloured ; stamens in two whorls, the outer sterile, scale- like, or forming an urceolate, 6-toothed body ; the inner of six stamens, being occasion- ally sterile ; ovary 3-celled ; style one; fruit capsular, 3-celled, 3-valved ; embryo curved ; albumen fleshy. Small Chilian plants. TIT. ORDER.—Juncats (Juncales). Flowers scaly or scarious ; albumen abundant. 1, Famity.—Sweet-flags (Orontiacez). Herbaceous; occasionally stemless, or aquatic ; flowers on a spathaceous spadix ; perianth scaly, or 0; stamens 4-5-6-8; anthers 2-celled; ovary 1-or more celled ; ovules erect or pendulous ; stigma sessile, or on a subultate style ; fruit a berry; embryo axile, with a lateral cleft. Natives of tropical and temperate countries. The rhizomes of Calla palustris are used as food in Lapland ; Sweet-flag (Acorus cala- mus) is employed in medicine. 504 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 2. FamiLty. — Rushes (Juncaceze). Herbs; roots fascicled or fibrous ; leaves fistular, grooved, or flat ; inflorescence often capitate ; flowers umbellate, racemose, spiked or panicled ; perianth 6-parted, glumaceous or cartila- ginous ; stamens 3-6; anthers introrse, 2- celled ; ovary 1-3-celled; ovules 1-3, or many in each cell; style one; stigmas J -3; fruit capsular, 3-valved; embryo minute, undivided. Inhabit principally colder climes, reaching as far north as Melville Island. Employed extensively in the manufacture of mats, chair-bottoms, candles, &c. IV. ORDER.— Xyripats (Xyridales). Perianth mostly 6-divided, the inner whorl peta- loidal ; albumen abundant. 1. Famtty. —- Mayacs (Mayacacez). Herbaceous, moss-like ; leaves very narrow, pellucid ; flowers small ; perianth 6-divided, the outer whorl herbaceous, short; stamens three ; anthers ]-celled; ovary of three carpels ; style filiform; placentz parietal; ovules sessile ; fruit capsular, membranous, 1-celled, 3-valved ; embryo very minute, on the out- side of fleshy albumen. Natives of American marshes. 2. Famity.—Spider-woris (Commelynaceze). Herbs; leaves flat, narrow, usually sheathing ; perianth in two whorls, the outer 3-partite, herbaceous, the inner 3-partite or 3-fid; stamens 3-6; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 505 anthers 2-celled, introrse; ovary 3-celled ; ovules few in each cell; style and stigma one; fruit capsular, 2-3-celled, 2 - 3-valved ; embryo pulley-shaped, half-immersed in fleshy albumen. Occur in the East and West Indies, Australia, Africa, and also in North America. 3. Famity.—Xyrids (Xyridacez). Herbs, sedge- like ; fibrous-rooted; leaves radical, sheath- ing, flowers in terminal, imbricated, scaly heads ; perianth 6-partite, in two whorls, the outer one glumaceous ; stamens six, 3-fertile ; anthers 2-celled, extrorse ; ovary single, 1- celled ; ovules 00; placentze parietal; style 3-fid ; fruit capsular, 1-celled, 3-valved ; em- bryo minute, on the outside of fleshy albu- men. Natives of tropical Asia, Africa, and America. 4, FAmILy. — Water-worts (Philydraceze). Herbs; root fascicled-fibrous; stems often woolly ; leaves equitant, partly-sheathing; inflores- cence in terminal spikes; flowers alternate, solitary, sessile, with a spathaceous, persistent bract ; perianth with the outer whorl abor- tive, inner 2-divided, petaloid; filaments three, united at the base; two lateral sta- mens petaloid and abortive ; ovary superior ; ovules 00; placentze parietal or axile; fruit capsular, 3-celled, 3-valved ; embryo axile, in fleshy albumen. Found in China, Cochin- China, and Australia. 506 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. IT. TRIBE.—Epicynous-Enpocens (Phyllosynapte). Flowers adherent to the ovary. I. ORDER.—Orcuipats (Orchidales). Stamens 1-3; albumen none. 1. Famity.—A postasiads (Apostasiaceze). Herbs, perennial; leaves firm, thin, sheathing ; flowers racemose, terminal ; perianth 6-divid- ed; anthers 2-3, sessile on a short column, erect, 2-celled ; style filiform, with a 3-lobed stigma as long as the anthers, and adherent with the filaments into a short column: ovary 3-celled ; placentz three, axile, poly- spermous; fruit capsular, 3-celled, 3-valved ; seeds 00. Occur in damp, hot Indian woods. 2. Famity.—Ovrchids (Orchidaceze). Herbs or shrubs; roots fibrous or tubercular; stem long and annual, perennial and woody, or none ; leaves often sheathing ; flowers solitary, clustered, spiked, racemose, or panicled, always sup- — ported by a solitary bract ; perianth herba- ceous or coloured, membranous or fleshy, 6-partite, the segments arranged in two rows, the outer, or calycine (but according to Lind- ley the corolla), of three parts; the imner, or corrolliform (petaloid stamens of Lindley), of three divisions, rarely one, the odd one being the labellum or lip; stamens three, the lateral ones usually sterile; anthers 1-2-4- celled ; ovary 1-celled, of six carpels, three MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 507 only bearing placentze; style incorporated with the column; fruit capsular, rarely fleshy, 3-6-valved, indehiscent; seeds 00. Distribution universal, except in the frozen zones, and in extremely dry regions. Chiefly terrestial, but numerous tropical species are epiphytic. The Orchidacec comprise nearly 400 genera, and about 3000 species. 3. Famity.—Burmanniads(Burmanniaceze). Herbs ; leaves radical or none; inflorescence ter- minal; perianth coloured, tubular, 6-cleft, the three inner being minute, and the three outer larger and often keeled at the back ; stamens three; anthers sessile, 2-celled ; _ovary 1-3-celled; ovules 00; style simple ; stigmas three; fruit capsular, 1-3-celled, 3-valved, crowned by the persistent perianth ; seeds 00. Occur in moist grassy spots in tropical countries. II, ORDER.—Amomats (Amomales). Flowers unsymmetrical ; stamens 1-6, some being abortive ; seeds albuminous. 1. Famity.— Arrow-roots (Marantacee). Herba- ceous, without aroma; rhizomes frequently tuberous ; leaves simple, sheathing ; inflores- cence spiked, racemose, or panicled, terminal or radical; perianth in two whorls, the outer 3-lobed, short, inner 3-partite, elongated ; stamens in two verticils, the outer 3-fid, petaloid, sterile, the inner three, petaloid, Z 2 508 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. one lateral being fertile; anther on the margin of the filament; ovary 1-3-celled ; ovules solitary or numerous; style petaloid or swollen; stigma either the naked apex of the style, or hollow, hooded, and incurved ; fruit capsular, 3-celled, or baccate and 1-celled ; embryo without a vitellus. Found in tropical America and Africa, and in India. The rhi- zomes abound in starch, occuring as “‘ Arrow- root” in species of Maranta, and as “Tous- les-mois” in Canna. (Cannacec, Agardh.) 2. Famity.—Gingers (Zingiberaceze). Herbaceous ; aromatic ; rhizome creeping; leaves simple, sheathing; inflorescence and flowers as in Marantacec ; stamens in two whorls, the outer 3-partite, sterile, petaloid, the inner of three, the central one being fertile ; anther 2-celled ; ovary 3-celled; ovules several ; style filiform ; stigma dilated, hollow; fruit capsular, 3-celled, occasionally berried ; em- bryo with a vitellus. Chiefly tropical plants. Afford Ginger (Zingiber), Cardamoms, from species of Amomum, Elettaria, and Reneal- mia, and Turmeric from Curcuma longa. (Drymyrhizee, Vent. Scitaminee, R. Brown.) 3. Famity.— Bananas (Musacese). Herbs; stemless or nearly so, with spurious stems of sheath- ing leaf-stalks, from subterranean root-stocks ; flowers spathaceous ; perianth 6-cleft, peta- loid, in two whorls; stamens six, some always abortive; anthers linear, 2-celled, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 509 introrse; ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous ; style single; stigma usually 3-lobed ; fruit capsular, 3-celled, or succulent and inde- hiscent. Natives of warm and_ tropical countries. Species of Musa yield the Banana and Plantain. ITT. ORDER.—Narcissats (Narcissales). Flowers symmetrical; stamens 3-6; seeds al- bumuinous. | 1, Famity.—Flags (Iridaceze). Herbs, rarely under- shrubs; roots tuberous or fibrous; leaves mostly equitant or distichous; inflorescence terminal, in spikes, corymbs, or panicles ; bracts spathaceous; perianth 6-parted, coloured, in two whorls; stamens three ; anthers extrorse, 2-celled; ovary 3-celled ; ovules numerous ; style one; stigmas three, often petaloid or bilabiate; fruit capsular, 3-celled, 3-valved ; seeds numerous. Found in warm and temperate regions, especially abundant at the Cape of Good Hope. Yield Saffron and Orris-root. 2. Famity. — Daffodils (Narcissacee). Herbs or shrubs; bulbous or fibrous-rooted ; stem at times woody and tall; leaves ensiform ; flowers spathaceous ; perianth regular, 6-cleft ; stamens six, sometimes partially coherent ; sometimes with additional sterile stamens ; anthers introrse ; ovary 3-celled ; ovules 00 ; style one; stigma 3-lobed; fruit capsular, —6©6§10 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY: 8-celled, and 3-valved, or baccate and 1-3- seeded. Principally Cape species, but occur also in Europe, the East and West Indies, South America, and Australia. Some possess poisonous qualities. Yield many garden- flowers, as the Narcissus, Daffodil, Snow- drop; the Agave or American Aloe, is also a member. (Amaryllidew, R. Brown.) 3. Famity. — Hypowids (Hypoxidaces). Herbs ; tuberous or fibrous-rooted ; leaves radical, plicate ; scapes simple or branched ; perianth petaloid, usually 6-partite; stamens six ; anthers introrse, 2-celled ; ovary 3-celled ; ovules 00; style simple; stigma 3-lobed ; fruit indehiscent, dry or berried, 1- 2- 3-celled. Natives of tropical and warm countries. 4, Famity. — Blood-roots (Heemodoracee). Herbs, fibrous-rooted ; leaves equitant, distichous ; perianth 6-cleft, petaloid, tubular, more or less woolly ; stamens three or six ; anthers introrse ; ovary 1-3-celled ; ovules one, two, or many ; style simple ; stigma undivided ; fruit capsu- lar, 3-valved or indehiscent ; radicle remote from the hilum, which is naked. Occur in North and South America, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in Australia. Named from the red colour of the roots. 5. Famity.—Taccads (Taccacez). Herbs, tuberous; leaves radical, stalked ; flowers on the top of a simple taper or angular furrowed scape, umbellate, involucrate ; perianth with a cy- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 511 lindrical ribbed tube ; stamens six ; filaments petaloid ; anthers 2-celled; ovary of three connate carpels; placentz three, parietal, polyspermous ; styles three, connate ; stigmas 2-lobed ; fruit baccate, indehiscent ; albumen fleshy. Inhabit woods, and damp maritime spots in tropical Africa, India, and Polynesia. 6. Famity.—Pine-apples (Bromeliaceze). Herbs or shrubs ; stemless or short-stemmed, often epi- phytic; leaves rigid, channeled, often spiny- edged ; flowers racemose or panicled; peri- anth 6-divided, in two whorls, outer persist-_ ent, inner petaloid, marcescent or deciduous, eestivation imbricate; stamens six; anthers introrse ; ovary 3-celled ; ovules 00; style simple ; stigma 3-lobed, or entire; fruit cap- sular or succulent, 3-celled ; albumen fleshy. All American species. The most important product is the Pine-apple or Ananas, yielded by Ananassa sativa. Il. SUL-CLASS.—Unisexvat-Enbocens (Monaphysez). Flowers unisexual ; with or without perianth. I, ORDER.—Hyprats (Hydrales). Flowers perfect or imperfect, not arranged on a spadix ; albumen none ; aquatic. 1. Famity. — Sea-wracks (Zosteraces). Sea-weed like ; leaves grassy, thin, sheathing ; flowers very minute, naked, or surrounded by three scales; stamens hypogynous; anthers de- 512 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. finite, sessile, 1-2-celled; pollen confervoid ; ovary free, l-celled ; ovule solitary ; stigmas 1-2; fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded ; seed pen- dulous. Marine plants, inhabiting the bottom of the ocean, principally in Northern parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. 2. Famity.—Pond-weeds (Naiadaceze). Leaves very cellular, stipulate; flowers inconspicuous, often in terminal spikes; perianth of 2-4- pieces, deciduous, sometimes 0; stamens de- finite, hypogynous ; pollen globose ; ovaries one or more, superior ; ovule solitary; stigma simple; fruit dry, I-celled, l-seeded; seed erect or pendulous. Natives of extra-tropical countries in fresh-water, or on the sea-shores. (Potamece, Juss.) 3. FamMiIty.—frog-bits (Hydrocharidacese). Herbs; Flowers perfect, on a branched, scaly spadix ; embryo minute, placed beneath the surface of horny or fleshy albumen ; unisexual or bisexual. - leaves sometimes spiny; flowers spathaceous, occasionally bisexual ; perianth with a 6-par- tite limb, the outer herbaceous, the inner petaloid; stamens definite or indefinite, epigynous; ovary adherent, 1- or many- celled; stigmas 3-6; ovules 00; fruit dry or succulent, indehiscent, 1- or many-celled. Fresh-water plants, inhabiting Europe, North America, and India. TIT. ORDER.—Patmats (Palmales). MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 513 1. SUL-ORDE R.— ATELESPATHEOUS-PALMS (Atelespathez). Spathes numerous and incomplete. 1. Famity.—Sago-Palms (Lepidocaryaceze). Trees; leaves pinnate or fan-shaped; inflorescence in amentiform racemes; perianth 6-divided ; stamens six, rarely 00, hypogynous or peri- gynous; pistil usually of three carpels, becoming connate, usually 3-locular ; ovules generally solitary, erect; fruit baccate, lori- eate, scales horny, spirally or verticillately © arranged, imbricated. To this family belong the Reed-Palms (Calamus), affording Rat- tans, and the Sagus farinifera, supplying Sago. (Calamine, Griff) 2. Famity.—Palmyra-Palms (Borassaceze). Trees ; leaves pinnate or flabelliform ; inflorescence in amentiform racemes; stamens hypogynous ; pistil usually of three connate carpels, which are 3-locular ; ovules solitary, ascending or horizontal ; fruit drupaceous and undivided, lobed and 3-seeded, or baccate and, by abor- tion, 1-seeded. Among the species are the Doum-palm of Upper Egypt (Hyphene coria- cea), the Fan-palm, Borassus flabelliformis, yielding a copious vinous sap, and Lodowceuw Seychellarum, or the double Coco-nut tree. 3. Famity. — Date-Palms (Coryphacee). Trees ; leaves clustered, terminal; inflorescence not in amentiform racemes; stamens hypo- gynous or perigynous, 6-9-12; pistil of three Z5 514 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. distinct carpels, becoming sometimes connate ; ovules solitary, erect, lateral or horizontal ; fruit baccate or drupaceous, threefold, deeply lobed, or, by abortion, double or single. Among the members of this division are the Ceylon Talipot-palm (Corypha umbra- culifera), and the Date-palm (Phenix dacty- lifera). | Il. SUB-ORDER.—TELESPATHEOUS-PALMs (Telespathee). Spathes occasionally absent, always complete when present. 4, Famity.—Betel-nut Palms (Arecaceze). Trees ; spadix scaly; spathe often wanting ; stamens hypogynous ; ovary mostly of three connate carpels, which are tri-locular ; ovules erect ; fruit baccate or semi-drupaceous, tri-locular, or deeply 3-lobed, 1-seeded. Yield the Betel- nut (Areca Catechw), which also supplies Colombo Catechu; the Cabbage-palm of the West Indies is A. oleracea; Saguerus Rumphi is one of the sources of the Sago of commerce. | 5, Famity.—Oul-yrelding Palms (Cocaceze). Usual- ly trees; stems sometimes spiny ; stamens six or more, hypogynous; filaments some- times conjoined at their base ; pistil of three united carpels, rarely 2- 4- 5- or 6; ovules solitary, erect or horizontal; fruit drupace- ous, 1-seeded, generally uni-locular ; endocarp thick, osseous, or stony ; putamen with its MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 515 cells, when fertile, perforated opposite the seat of the embryo, and, when abortive, indi- cated by ccecal foramina ; albumen cartala- ginous or amygdaloid, oleaginous. Among these are the Cocos nucifera, or Coco-nut palm, species of Hlais yielding Palm-oil, and Phytelephas macrocarpa, the source of Vegetable Ivory. III. ORDER.—Anrats (Arales). Petaloidal, or naked-flowered ; spadix simple, naked; embryo in the axis of mealy or fleshy albumen. 1. Famity.—Screw-pines (Pandanaceee). Trees or bushes, often sending down aerial roots ; leaves imbricated, amplexicaul, often spiny- edged, or pinnate or fan-shaped ; floral leaves smaller ; flowers often polygamous, naked or scaly, covering the whole of the spadix ; stamens numerous ; filaments with single an- thers, which are 2-4-celled ; ovaries in par- cels, 1-celled; ovules solitary or numerous ; stigmas sessile ; fruit fibrous-drupes collected into parcels, or baccate and many-seeded ; seeds loose ; embryo minute, solid. Tropical plants. 2. Famity.—Arads (Aracez). Herbaceous, with a fleshy corm, or shrubs; leaves sheathing ; spadix generally spathaceous ; flowers naked, on the surface of a spadix ; stamens definite 516 MANUAL OF NATURAI, HISTORY. or indefinite, hypogynous; anthers sessile, 1J- 2- or many-celled, extrorse ; ovary free, most- ly 1-celled ; stigma sessile ; fruit succulent ; seeds pulpy ; embryo slit, axile. Inhabitants principally of hot countries. Many are poi- sonous ; the corms of some abound in amyla- ceous matter. (Arordec, Juss.) 3. Famity.—Bulrushes (Typhaceze). Herbaceous ; stems nodeless; leaves rigid, ensiform ; flowers upon a spatheless spadix; perianth scaly or hairy ; stamens 3-6; anthers wedge-shaped, on long filaments, which are sometimes mona- delphous ; ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule solitary ; style short; stigma linear; fruit dry, 1-celled, 1-seeded ; seed adherent to its pericarp ; embryo slit. Occur in ditches and | marshes in northern countries. 4, Famity.—Duck-weeds (Pistiaceze). Herbaceous ; leaves very cellular ; flowers 2-3, enclosed in a spathe, without a spadix ; stamens definite, often monadelphous; ovary 1-celled ; style short ; stigma simple; ovules two or more, erect ; fruit membranous or capsular ; embryo slit. Found in ditches in temperate parts of the world. | Til. SUB-CLASS.—ScALE-FLOWERED ENDOGENS (Glumaleez). Flower glumaceous, 2. €, consisting of imbricated, colourless herbaceous scales or bracts. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 517 I. ORDER.—RwvsH-LIKE GLUMALS (Skoinoidez). Pistil simple ; ovules pendulous. 1, Famity. — Pipe-worts (Hriocaulacez). Herba- ceous; leaves cellular, spongy, sheathing ; flowers unisexual, capitate, bracteate, very minute; glumes two, unilateral, or three ; stamens 2-6-; anthers 2-celled; ovary supe- rior, 2 - 3-celled, surrounded by a 2 - 3-dentate or lobed membranous tube ; ovules solitary ; style very short; stigmas 2-3); fruit capsu- — lar ; seeds pilose ; embryo terminal. Abun- dant in tropical America and Australia, a few occur in North America, and one in Scot- land. 2. Famity. — Cord-rushes (Restiaceze). Herbs or under-shrubs ; leaves narrow or none; culms naked or sheathed ; flowers in spikes, usually unisexual; glumes 2-6, seldom wanting ; stamens 1-3; anthers generally 1-celled ; ovary 1 - 3-celled, cells monospermous ; styles and stigmas two or more; fruit capsular or nucamentous ; seeds not pilose ; embryo terminal. Inhabit woods and marshes in South America, South Africa, and Australia. 3. Famity.—Bristle-worts (Centrolepidacez). Her- baceous ; leaves setaceous, sheathing ; scapes filiform, naked ; flowers in a spathe ; glumes one in front, or two opposite each other ; paleze 0, or one or two tender scales parallel with the glumes; stamens 1-2; anther 1- 518 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. celled ; ovaries 1-18, 1-celled ; fruit 1-18, 1-seeded, utricles opening longitudinally. Natives of Polynesia and Australasia. (Des- vauaracee, Lindley.) II. ORDER.—Patm-tike Giumats (Phenikoidee). Pistil compound ; ovule erect or ascending. 1. Famtty.—NSedges (Cyperaceze). Herbaceous, grass- like; stems solid, often without joints ; leaves narrow, sheaths entire; flowers unisexual or bisexual, generally without a perianth ; each flower with a solitary bract; bracts imbri- cated on a common axis, the lowermost often empty ; stamens hypogynous, 1-12; anthers 2-celled ; ovary 1-seeded, often surrounded by hypogynous bristles; fruit a crustaceous or bony nut; embryo enclosed within the base of the albumen. Distribution almost universal. The “ Papyrus” of the ancients is the product of Papyrus antiquorum, which inhabits Syria and Egypt. 2. FAMILY.—G'rasses (Avenacese). Herbaceous, ever- green; stems sometimes of large size, cylin- drical, hollow, jointed ; leaves narrow, alter- nate, with a membranous expansion at the junction of the stalk and blade called a “ligule,” sheath split; flowers green, occa- sionally moncecious or polygamous, 1, 2, or more, on a common axis, forming locuste, which are spiked, racemose, or panicled ; the outer bracts, usually two, are named MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 519 glumes, the next, also two, palew or glu- mellow, and the innermost set, consisting of two or three scales, are styled squamule or glu- mellule ; stamens 1-6, hypogynous ; anthers versatile ; ovary 1-celled; styles 2-3, rarely combined ; stigmas feathery or hairy ; fruit a caryopsis ; seed incorporated with the peri- carp ; embryo lateral, naked ; albumen farina- ceous. Distribution universal; are very nu- merous in individuals, and constitute nearly one twenty-second part of known plants; in the ~ tropics theyare larger, bemg often arborescent. Divided into two sub-families, viz.: 1. Pani- cine, locusta of two flowers, the lower or outer uniformly imperfect, being either sta- miniferous or neuter, and then not unfre- quently reduced to a single valve; 2. Powne, locusta 1- 2- or many-flowered, the outer or lower floret always perfect. Among the species are Wheat (Triticum), Oats (Avena), Barley (Hordewm), Rye (Secale), Rice (Ory- za), Maize (Zea), and other cereals; also the grasses-proper, as Phlewm, Poa, Festuca, An- thoxzanthum, &c. Among remarkable foreign genera are Bamboo (Bambusa), Sugar (Sac- charum), and the Tussac-grass of the Falk- land Islands (Dactylis ccespitosa). One species, Loliwm temulentum, or Darnel-grass, is believed to be poisonous. (Graminacee, Lindley.) 520 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. RHIZOGENS. The anomalous plants which compose the class of Rhizogens or Rhizanths, constitute a singular tran- sition series between the two Sub-kingdoms of Vege- tables. Destitute of stems or of true leaves, they present an amorphous appearance, closely resem- bling various fungi; but being furnished with flowers containing undoubted organs of fructifica- tion, they are entitled to rank among Phamnero- gamia. Their mode of life is parasitic, being attached to the roots or stems of various plants; they are never green, but are generally brown or some dull colour, and they stain any fluid, in which they are immersed, red. The species have hardly any econo- mical importance ; some which contain an astringent principle have been employed as styptics. The most curious among them is the Brobdignagian Javanese parasite Rafflesva, named in honour of Sir Stamford Rafiles, the flower of which can hold about twelve pints of fluid. V. CLASS.—RHIZOGENS (Rhizogene). Leafless ; often stemless; never green ; flowers usually moncecious or dicecious; fructification spring- ing from a thallus. Parasitic. , 1. Famity.—Patma-worts (Rafflesiaceze). Stemless ; flowers sessile on the branches of trees, soli- tary ; perianth superior, 5-lobed, with calla in the throat ; anthers attached to a column, 2-celled, dehiscing by pores ; ovary 1-celled ; MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 521 styles conical ; ovules 00, attached to parietal placentze ; fruit an indehiscent pericarp, poly- spermous. Occur on the stems of Czss¢ in the East Indies, and in South America on leouminous branches. Among the species are the gigantic Rafilesiw of Java, the flowers being occasionally three feet in diameter. 2. Famity.—Cistus-rapes (Hydnoracez). Flowers bisexual or unisexual, in spikes at the end of a scaly stem, the males uppermost ; perianth 3-6-lobed ; anthers sessile on a column, 2- celled, dehiscing by slits; ovary inferior, 1- celled ; ovules 00, on parietal placentze ; fruit baccate, coriaceous, 1-celled, polyspermous. Found on roots of Crstus in Southern Europe, also on roots at the Cape of Good Hope. Hydnora Africana, smells like tainted roast beef. 3. Famity.—Cynomoriums (Balanophoracez). Fun- goid ; stems amorphous, horizontal; peduncles scaly; flowers moncecious, spiked; male flowers pedicellate, perianth 3-parted; sta- mens 1-3, epigynous ; anthers and filaments united ; ovary inferior, 1- 2-celled, 1 -2-seeded ; style one; stigma simple; ovule solitary, pendulous ; fruit 1-celled, i-seeded. Inhabit tropical Asia and America, also the Cape of Good Hope ; one species, Cynomorvum cocct- neum (Fungus Melitensis), is found in Gozo, near Malta. 522, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. FLOW ERLESS-PLANTS. Flowerless-plants, corresponding with the Crypto- gamea of Linnzeus, comprehend all the remaining forms of vegetable life, and are extremely numerous in individuals, and even in species, of which latter, above twelve thousand have been described, included in about twelve hundred genera. They are sepa- rated into two great classes, in one of which an ap- proach is made in general configuration, in struc- ture, and even in the mode of their fructification to the higher forms of vegetation, while the other de- scends to mere aggregations of vital cells. Their principal characteristics consist in the absence of true flowers, and of distinct sexual organs, such as are found in the more highly developed classes, repro- duction being effected by means of acotyledonous, reproductive bodies named spores, which are formed either in their interior, or on their surface, by the union of (at least in acrogens) two differently en- dowed cells. In size they vary from the lofty tree- Fern to the minute Lichen or microscopic fungus. In many leaves are quite wanting, and where a stem exists, it appears to be composed, unlike that of Endogens or Exogens, of a mere junction of the bases of leaves, the growth being Acrogenous, or on the summit. | In fossil- or Geo-phytology, Cryptogamic plants occupy an important position, as they appear to have been among the earliest forms of vegetables, their remains being very numerous in paleeozoic strata, MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 523 especially in the carboniferous series. Those most abundantly met with are Filices, Lquisetacee, and Lycopodiacec, the latter of gigantic dimensions ; also a few mosses and sea-weeds. In more recent formations, the proportional numbers of Cryptoga- mia are much lessened ; and in the later deposits, the various classes of fossil vegetables bear nearly the same ratio to each other as in the existing Flora. Il—Sus-Kinepom. FLOWERLESS-PLANTS (Cryptogamia). Flowers wanting; fructification by means of spores; sexes wanting or indistinct ; germination heterorhizal. ACROGENS. The more advanced cryptogamic plants, into the composition of which vascular tissue enters, and which, in many respects, approach some Phamero- gamia, have been separated, as a distinct class, under the name of Acrogens, or Cormogens. In them a stem and leaves can be distinguished ; flowers are absent, but they seem to be represented in some instances, by the mode in which the leaves are arranged round the spore-cases of Urn-mosses, or by the involucrate membrane surrounding the thece of some Liver-worts. Among their reproductive organs two forms are generally present, which many writers distinguish as male and female, under the names of 524 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. Antheridia, and Pistillidia or Archegonia; and, from late observations by Hofmeister, Suminski, and. others, the existence of sexuality among these plants is rendered highly probable. Acrogens comprehend first the Ferns, numbering more than two thousand species, in which the fronds seem to represent branches, and the ramenta true leaves; these are often diminutive and inconspi- cuous in northern regions, but in tropical and sub- tropical climes, they are frequently arborescent, raising, at times, their graceful forms to the height of thirty or forty feet ; next, the Club-mosses and Pepper-worts—small herbs, with a world-wide dis- tribution ; and lastly, the True-mosses, including the Liver-worts and Horse-tails, nearly equalling the Ferns in multiplicity of species, some of which are said to form the first appearance of vegetation on a new soil, and to be among the last occupants of exhausted lands or of an inappropriate clime. This class supplies man with but few useful plants. The roots of some Ferns are esculent ; and one species, Nephrodiwm (Aspidium) Filia-mas, 1s employed in medicine. The powdery contents of the spore-cases of some species of Lycopodium are highly inflammable, and, under the name of vege- table-sulphur, or witch-meal, are used in pyro- techny. J. CLASS.—ACROGENS (Acrogene). Stem and leaves eeshun eas ; surface fur- nished with stomata. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 525 I, ORDER.— Fiticats (Filicales). Vascular; spore-cases marginal or dorsal, 1-celled, usually surrounded by an elastic ring; spores of only one kind. 1, Famity.—Danca-worts (Danzaceze). Occasion- ally arboriform ; spore-cases exannulate, ap- pearing sunk within, or seated upon the back of the leaflets, conjoined more or less by their inner faces, opening irregularly by a central cleft. Tropical species in both hemispheres. 2. FaMILy.— Ferns (Polypodiaceze). Herbaceous, shrubby, or aborescent ; spore-cases on the back or edge of the fronds, pedicellate or ses- sile, distinct, annulate, bursting irregularly. Inhabit especially moist, insular situations, and are very abundant in tropical islands ; less numerous on continents. Some, as Ne- phrodium Filiz-mas, have been used in © medicine. 3. Famity. — Adder’s-tongues (Ophioglossacese). Herbaceous; spore-cases exannulate, distinct, 2-valved, collected into a spike formed out of the sides of an altered frond. Principally select tropical, insular situations, but occur also in temperate regions. II, ORDER.—Lycopropats (Lycopodales). Vascular; spore-cases axillary or radical, 1- or many-celled ; spores of two kinds. 1, Famity.—Pepper-worts (Marsileacez). Herba- 526 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. ceous ; stemless, creeping or floating ; leaves often stalked ; vernation circinnate ; repro- ductive organs enclosed in an involucre, and of two kinds—l, membranous sacs, clustered, stalked, or sessile, containing minute granules; 2, membranous sacs, containing cells, which divide into four, only one of which ger- minates. Inhabit ditches and wet - places, chiefly in temperate countries. (Rhizocarpe, Agardh.) 2. Famity.—Club-Mosses (Lycopodiaceze). Herba- ceous, moss-like ; stems creeping or corous ; leaves imbricated, sometimes subulate; spore- cases axillary, sessile, 1-3-celled, dehiscing by valves, or indehiscent ; at times of two kinds, the one enclosing minute, powdery matter, the other containing a cell, which produces four germinating bodies. Most abundant in warm, humid situations, especially in tropical islands ; but occur also in cold climates. III. ORDER.—Mvscats (Muscales). Cellular or vascular; spore-cases either plunged in the substance of the frond, or enclosed in a cap- like hood. | {. SUL-ORDER.—Opercutate-Mossss (Musci). Operculum present ; no elaters. 1. Famity.— Urn-Mosses (Bryaceze). Cellular; erect or creeping, terrestrial or aquatic ; leaves mi- nute, imbricated, entire or serrated; repro- MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 527 ductive organs of two kinds, viz., Antheridia and Archegonia ; spore-cases valveless. In- habit damp places all over the world, but are more common in temperate latitudes. 2. Famity.—Split-Mosses (Andreeaceze). Branching, reddish or brown ; leaves imbricated, ribbed or rib-less ; spore-case opening by four equal valves, whose summits are always bound to- gether by the persistent operculum. Found in temperate and cold countries, especially in bleak and rocky places. It. SUL-ORDER.—InovercutatTe-Mosses (Hepaticee). Operculum wanting ; usually furnished with elaters. 3. Famity.—AHorsetails (Equisetaceze). Stems sim- ple or branched ; fistular, jomted, siliceous ; branches in whorls, at the articulations of the stem; leaves represented by the green co- loured branches; stomata arranged longitu- dinally on the cuticle ; spore-cases peltate, opening inwards by a longitudinal fissure ; an elater to every spore. Widely distributed ; occur in lakes, ditches, and rivers. 4, Famity. — Scale-Mosses (Jungermanniacez). Creeping, moss-like ; leaves imbricated, very cellular, round a central axis, or with the leaves and axis fused into one common leafy expansion; spores opening by four equal valves, mixed with elaters. Distribution ex- 528 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. tended, but abound more in tropical, shady woods. 5, Famity.—Liver-worts (Marchantiaceze). Stem or axis leafless, but bordered by membranous expansions which sometimes unite at their margins, forming a broad lobed frond ; spore- cases in heads, stalked, opening by irregular fissures, or by separate teeth ; spores globose. Inhabit damp, shady places, everywhere. 6. Famity.—Crystal-worts (Ricciaceze). Submerged or floating plants, usually annual ; leaves and stems blended into a cellular frond ; spore- cases membranous, decaying so as to permit the spores to escape; elaters none. Most abundant in Kurope, but occur also in most parts of the world. THALLOGENS. With Thallogens we reach the extremes of another primary division of nature, those confines where the vegetable and animal forms of vitality appear to encroach upon each other, where cell-life in its most simple and primitive form puzzles alike the Phyto- logist and the Zoologist. In the great anxiety which has been evinced to come to a determination on this point, it has been alleged that there is an inter- mediate stage, by which the one kingdom passes into the other, and some have fancied that they MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 529 have actually traced this strange transformation, so that certain minute existences are, at one portion of their life animal, and at another, vegetable. Such no- vel speculations may, perhaps, be ascribed to the ac- knowledged difficulty of ascertaining what is the essential characteristic which distinguishes two, ap- parently similar, vivified globules, what it is that determines the one to be phytous and the other zoous. And yet that such a primary separation exists in reality, though not easily appreciable to our senses, can hardly be doubted, when we see their varied effects That many of the simpler orders should at different times be looked upon either as plants or as animals, is easily to be ac- counted for, according to the view of the observer, but that the two are connected by direct transition, seems not probable, as their vitality differs not only in degree, but also in kind. The one more sthenic, more intense, giving tone to the fibres, and irrita- bility te the nerves, capable of producing quicker and more marked effects, but sooner wearing itself out, and therefore less lasting,—the other more chronic, more deficient in positive strength, but, often more enduring, and adapted for supporting the more simply constructed members of the Vegetable World. The marks of animal life have already been al- luded to at page 2, so that it is merely requisite to say, in addition, that recent researches have shewn that starch granules form part of the contents of many cells, and when they can be detected, no doubt need be entertained of the vegetable nature . AA 530 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. of the object under investigation. But the present amount of our knowledge, while allowing us gradu- ally to approximate truth, does not enable us finally, as yet, to arrive at the settlement of this important question. In the lowest members of both kingdoms, sexual distinctions are either wanting or extremely obscure, and increase seems to be effected by a spon- taneous multiplication of cells. So far, therefore, both are alike, but here the resemblance ceases ; as we advance upwards in the Zoological series, we first find bemgs in whom the sexes are united, but afterwards male and female are completely sepa- rated, which is invariable in the higher animals. Among vegetables, again, the existence of the two sexes In distinct individuals is more general, rather low down in the scale, while hermaphroditism seems to be the normal condition of the most advanced plants. A difference in the sources of movements in these two elementary forms is highly probable, and may be further established by ana- logy with the more developed beings of either class. The one seems more the result of internal causes, originating, perhaps, in a kind of instinctive volition, while the other would appear to depend rather on external agents, and to be more allied to irritability. Among Thallogens are ranked, first, the Lichens, denizens of forest, of mountain, and of plain, ranging from the torrid zone to frozen climes ;—curious little plants, their gracefully twisted and often sil- very fronds at times giving a venerable appearance to the trees whose trunks they frequently clothe, or MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 531 covering with their stunted forms arctic rocks, and there, in his hour of need, often affording to man a scanty sustenance, enabling the polar traveller somewhat to mitigate the pangs of hunger. Next are the Fungals, often parasitic, or springing from dead or decaying matter, confined within no narrow bounds,—sometimes arranging themselves in circles, and popularly known as “Fairy-rings, —frequently springing up in a night, increasing in size, and arriving at a short-lived maturity ere noontide, and disappearing with declining day, so as to cause any rapid growth or sudden uprise to be denominated “fungoid,’ from its resemblance to these unstable and often noxious plants. Lastly, we have the Algals, mostly aquatic, filling ocean and sea, river and lake, with innumerable individuals, forming sub-marine forests at least equalling in extent those of dry land, or as more minute existences in ponds and still waters, rivalling the sands of the sea-shore in their countless myriads. The “ Brittle-worts,” the last division of the Algals, constitute a most perplexing family, whose relations are not easily comprehended, and whose position as vegetables is more influenced by strength of analogy than by positive right. Here it is that we arrive at the debateable land, the disputed territories,—a most perplexing question, fruitful in dispute, and until both sides are fully heard, and their respective titles accurately examined, only to be provisionally settled by arbitration between the belligerent naturalists who have ranged themselves with either party. AA 2 5o2 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. II. CLASS.—THALLOGENS (Thallogenee). Entirely cellular; stems and leaves undistin- guishable ; stomata none; reproduction by spores. I. ORDER.—Licuenats (Lichenales). Live in air; nourished through their whole surface by the medium in which they vegetate ; propagate by spores, which are usually enclosed im asci, and have always green gonidia in their thallus. 1. Famity. — Scutiform-Lichens (Parmeliaceze). Nucleus bearing asci; thallus heterogeneous, pulverulent, or cellular. Several yield dyes, as Cudbear, from species of Lecanora ; Litmus, from various occelle and Variolarie ; others afford nutritive matter, as Iceland- Moss (Cetraria Islandica), and some species of Sticta, also Cladoma rangiferina, or Reindeer-Moss. 2. FAMILY. — Glutinous-Lichens (Collemaceeze). Nucleus hearing asci; thallus homogeneous, gelatinous, or cartilaginous. : 3. FAMILY.—Graphic-Lichens (Graphidacese). Nu- cleus breaking up into naked spores; apothecia resembling Oriental characters. Some kinds supply a scanty nutriment, as species of Gyrophora, which, under the name of “Tripe de Roche,’ is occasionally the principal subsistence of northern hunters and Arctic travellers. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 533 Tl. ORDER.—Funeats (Fungales). Living mostly in air; nourished through their thallus ; reproduce by spores, which are sometimes enclosed in asci; green gonidia wanting. I. SUB-ORDER.—Srorirerous-Funcats (Sporiferi). Reproduction by spores attached externally, and oiten supported on sporophores. 1. Famity —Membranous-Fungi (Agaricacee). y- menium distinct, naked ; receptacle long or expanded, superior ; spores generally quater- nate, on distinct sporophores. To this family belong many edible species, chiefly Agarice and Boleti ; some, again, as Amanita, are poisonous ; Polyporus and Merulius are the chief agents of destruction in what is termed “dry-rot” in timber. (Hymenomycetes.) 2. Famity.—Ventricose-Fungt (Lycoperdonacez). Hymenium enclosed in a membrane (peri- dium); spores generally in sets of four, on distinct sporophores. The genera Phallus and Bovista, are remarkable for the extreme rapidity of their growth ; Lyswrus mokusin is applied by the Chinese to foul ulcers ; Ileodictyon is eaten in New Zealand. (Gas- teromycetes.) 3. Famity.—Blighting-Fungi (Uredinaceze). Spores single, often partitioned, on more or less dis- tinct sporophores ; flocci of the fruit obsolete or mere peduncles. Pucconia and Uredo 534 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. are popularly known as “smut” in corn. (Coniomycetes, Fries.) 4A. Famity.—Botrylloid-Fungi (Botryacese). Spores naked, often septate; thallus floccose. Bo- trytis is the cause of a disease in silk-worms > Penicillium appears on books in the form of blue mould. (C1yphomycetes.) Il. SUL-ORDER.—Sporivious-Funeats (Sporidiiferi). Reproduction by spores enclosed in asci (sporidia). 5. Famity. — Pollicular-Fungi (Helvellaceze). Hy- menium distinct, superior, margined ; recep- tacle urceolate or reflexed, inferior ; sporidia generally eight together. Several are escu- lent, as Helvella, Tuber, Morchetla ; Mylitta is eaten in Australia, and a Cyttarva supplies food to the inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego ; the species of Spheria grow principally upon caterpillars. (Ascomycetes, Berk.) 6 Famity.—Vesicular-Fungi (Mucoraceze). Spores surrounded by a vesicular veil or sporan- gium; thallus floccose. Species of Mucor enter into the composition of mildew. (Phy- somycetes, Berk.) Many fungi are not yet sufficiently understood to enable them to be classified, among which are Ergot of rye, Spermoédia clavus of Fries, or Hrgotetia abortifaciens of Queckett ; also Mycoderma, found in flour, yeast, &c., and the vegetable crusts appear- ing in some skin-diseases in man, as in Mentagra, and Tinea favosa. MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. dae Ill. ORDER.—A.xeats (Algales). Living in water or very damp places ; nourished through their whole surface by the medium in which they vegetate ; propagated by zoospores, coloured spores, or tetraspores. 1. Famity.—Stone-worts (Characeze). Aquatic, sub- mersed ; odour fetid; colour dull-creen ; a central stem or axis, often encrusted with carbonate of lime ; branches in regular whorls, symmetrical, tubular; organs of reproduction round brick-red globules, and axillary oval nucules, the latter containing starch-granules. Occur in salt-water, or in stagnant fresh-water in all parts of the world, but more abundantly in temperate climes. 2. Famity.—Rose-tangles (Ceramiaceze). Sea-weeds ; rose-coloured or purple; bodies cellular or tubular, unsymmetrical ; reproduction by tetraspores enclosed within a transparent pe- rispore, and collected in bodies of different forms. All marine plants, chiefly inhabiting from 35° to 48° N. lat., diminishing towards the equator and the pole; rare in the South- ern Hemisphere. Several gelatinous species are employed as food, as Chondrus crispus or Carrageen ; Rhodomenia palmata, or dulse ; and Laurentia pinnatifida, or pepper-dulse ; Plocaria tenax yields a matter used by the Chinese as glue and varnish. 3. FAMILY.—Sea-weeds (Fucacese). Bodies cellular 536 MANUAL OF NATURAT HISTORY. or tubular, unsymmetrical ; fronds of one or many cells, often united by gelatinous mat- ter ; reproduction by single spores, contained in superficial cells, which are scattered through the whole frond, or situated in particular parts of it. Distribution universal; marine or fresh-water. Some attain a considerable size, as Scytosiphon fllum of the North Sea, or Macrocystis pyrifera of the Pacific, the latter said to be occasionally upwards of 1000 feet in length ; Sargassum bacciferum, met with in large floating masses, is known as gulf- weed; “kelp,” employed in the manufacture of glass and soap, is composed of the ashes of Fucus vesiculosus, F. serratus, and £. no- dosus, the kind which is used for obtain- ing fodine and Bromine, is chiefly made from Laminaria digitata, Homanthaloa lorea, and Scytosiphon filum. 4. FAMILY. — Joint-worts (Confervaceze). Bodies vesicular, filamentary, or membranous ; co- lour usually green ; cells solitary or many, variously shaped and disposed ; reproduction by zoospores generated in the interior, at the expense of the green matter. Universally found, generally in fresh-, but occasionally in salt-water, also in mud, on rocks, or parasitic. Some occur in such numbers as to colour the waters they inhabit, as Trichodesmium ery- threum in the Red Sea, or Oscillatoria ceru- gescens, which gives a green tint to Glaslough MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 537 in Ireland ; the appearance described as “ Red Snow ” is caused by Protococcus nivalis ; some, as Ulma thermalis, live in hot springs. 5. Famity. — Bond-weeds (Desmidiaceze). Bodies cylindrical, bipartite; colour green; highly mucous, destitute of silex; multiply by spon- taneous separation ; reproduction by bodies analogous to zoospores. Usually found in cloudy masses near the bottom of permanent old boggy pools. The cells of Bond-weeds contain starch granules. 6. Famity. — Britile-worts (Diatomaceze). Bodies crystalline, angular, fragmentary, very brit- tle; contain much silex; composition not bimary ; colour dark brown; multiplication and reproduction as in the last family. In- habit still waters, and bogey places, chiefly in temperate and northern climes. AA J 538 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. PATE EE a ’ GEOLOGY. THE STRATA COMPOSING THE EARTH'S CRUST ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR RELATIVE POSITION. I. SECTION.—DESCcRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. THAT grand poem has not yet been written where- in the wonders of the changing epochs of the world’s early history shall be pourtrayed, as by the pen of some pre-adamite and gifted being, who, having passed unscathed through ali the revolutions of our planet, shall record the result of his kosmical expe- riences. J have watched, he might declare, “The proteus shape of nature as it slept,” and have seen the sullen ocean heaving waveless over the heated, new-formed crust, and heard no sound save the snap of armour-clad and buckler- headed fishes, as they caught strange floating mol- lusks swarming in the deeps, “ their dark nativity.” And, amid these fishes of surprising shapes—their bodies covered with enamelled plates—were others, shark-like, ravaging the waters of that wide ocean ; while among the fuci and branching zoophytes that MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, 539 clothed the heated rocks, were slug-like Nudibranchs, whose forms have now for ever perished. I have traced the habits and development of the curious erab-like Trilobites, and gazed upon the shoals of strange-formed Cephalopods that sported near the surface. I have seen, clothed with darkling vege- tation, islands clustered on the wide expanse, whose shores then teemed with Lily-Encrinites and pon- derous Madrepores. High-rising, in the carbon-laden atmosphere, were Club-mosses eighty feet in height, with leaves of similar proportions; here flourished also sombre pine-like trees ; Horse-tails, with succulent and jointed stems, surmounted by their scaly catkins, arborescent l’erns, marsh-loving Stigmarice, Mosses, Lichens, and gigantic Fungi. No flowers adorned the scene—no insect hordes en- livened the air—no gambolling of monkeys was seen among the trees, nor were heard hoarse notes of screaming, gaudy-tinted parrots. I have wit-~ nessed the burial of these vast primeval forests, and seen them turned to coal. In gloomy swamps I found the home of Archegosaurus—that monstrous form, half-toad, half-lzard—pursumg awkwardly ~ the insect tribes around it, and followed with a fearful eye those great and sauroid fishes that ravaged with a greedy voracity these ancient waters. Another epoch, and lo! the waters had subsided, and the flat and muddy shores were tenanted with reptile life. That giant Newt Labyrinthodon, ap- peared to my astonished sight, leaving, as he moved along, lasting imprints of his huge and hand-like feet. 540 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. “Tn contemplation of created things,” I have sat beneath the shade of crown-topped Cycads, and heard the oft-repeated plunge, and watched the gnome-like movements of those new- made Saurian forms, the Fish-Lizards, as they gambolled in the turbid waters, or basked along the reeking mud-fiats, while, as the day declined, Ptero- dactyles, bat-like Lizards, would flit among the trees above my head, snapping their bird-like jaws. Halfthid among the Horse-tails of the swamps, that “biggest born of earth,’ the reptile Mosasaurus, waited warily for prey; on the banks of mighty rivers I saw the colossal [guanodon, roaming harm- lessly, and browsing on the juicy herbage ; in the shadowy woods, that huge basalisk, Hylwosaurus, lurked and lived ; while long-jawed Crocodiles, and large web-footed Terrapins, usurped the marshes. I observed, too, marsupial mammals, like monstrous Kangaroos, hopping about vast arid plains, cropping the scanty herbage. Another epoch has elapsed, and another tribe of beings enter on the scene, thick-skinned and snouted, “enormous in their gait,” wallowing in estuaries, and seeking their food in jangle and savannah. I saw the Dinotheriwm tearing up the banks, or suspended by his tusks to the shores of inland lakes ; I watched the fur-clad Mammoth feeding in the arctic wilds ; and admired the proportions of the great Elephant of the Lena ; I gazed with wonder on the moving mass of the shielded Glyptodon ; and paused to watch the sloth- like Mylodon seated on its haunches, tearing the MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 541 bark from primeval forest-trees. On vast and soli- tary plains I have encountered the Megathervwm, “huge of bulk,” rooting up the herbage with his powerful, his devastating claws; and again, have watched the rapid paces of the Lpyornis as he strode along the grassy valleys, huge, powerful, and ostrich-like. Amidst these changes of organic life, I have wit- nessed, with awe, the throes of nature, as mountains were upheaved, craters belched forth liquid fire, and lava swept along the plains. I saw that mighty torrent. moving resistlessly forward, bearing in its course rock-masses, and destroying all those tribes of living forms whose bones are found in caverns at the present day; and noted, with amaze, the rest- ing-places of those mighty boulders borne by ice- bergs on the bosom of this fearful deluge. I have seen the retiring waters finally leave broad and solid tracks, soon to become verdant with ten thou- sand varied trees, redolent of life, ‘ nocturni : i G0 Acephalophora . : . 378 Aceracee ‘ : . 463 Achatinine , ., 114, 145 Acheta domestica . 209 Achetidee BAD: Achillea millefolia . 404 Achilleum : . 567 Achrocordus . ‘ piel Acid arsenious 9 O47 — merece . 620 »» carbonic . : », 019 »,. columbic . . 613 » _ hydrochloric «2 595, 621; | » .aydrocyanic . 480, 431 , ydrosulphuric . - 595 ,, molybdic : a OLE » . mouriatic . ; « B95 y. Mobic. . . 614 » . nitric ‘ ; » OLS » pelopic . ; . 614 ,,. phosphoric ; 2 OLG ». prussic . : . 430 3. Silicic ‘ : 2620 ,,. sulphuric . 621 ,, sulphurous . 621 mae —. . 614 Acid, tungstic » vanadic Acipenseridee Aconite Acontias Acontiidee — Acorus calamus Acotyledoneze Acotyledones Acramphibrya . erie Fee, » preserving Acrobrya — Acroceridee Acrocinus Acrogenz Acrogens Acrolepis Actzeon, fossil . Acteonidse Actinize Actiniidee Actinoceras Actinozoa Aculeata Acusidse Adansonia digitata Adapis . Adder’s- Tongues Adelarthrosomata Adelopneumona Adelopneumons Adephaga Aigeriide Aigiceratacese fElodon fEiquoreidee Aishna, liassina Aitheria . fithophyllum . Aithusa > Agamidee Agaricacee Agariciz Agariciidée Page _; Op . 616 93 - 456 63 ab, 508 _ 386 ab, - 385. 6, 366, 386, 380 524 386, 523, 524 . 555 566 140, 556 . 353 . B55 , 552 ere 227 . 129 . 469 574 525 . 278 . 143 ab. ; 176 . 237 . 414 . DOD . 338 . 562 . 114 , 001 . 395 | 533 65 oor , 90 696 Agastria Agate Agathidiidee Agave Agelenar Agonidze Agrionide Aiolobranchiata, Aiolobranchs Aiolopoda Ailopods s preserving Aiolopygia Aiolopygians Aizoons Akropygia Akropygians Alabaster Alangiaceze Alangiads Albatross Alcedinide Alcidee . Alcippidee Alcynoés Alcynoidee Alcyonians Alcyonidiide Alcyoniidee Alder . iplack Alepas minuta . » parasita Alepisauridee Aleyrodidee Algales Algals . Alkanet Alligatoridee Alligators Alismacese - Alismales Alismals Allophane Allotreta Allotretans’ Alluvial silt Almonds Aloé Aloe, American Aloes-Woods - INDEX. Page Page . 880} Alope . . 284 . 619 | Alopeciidee . oo . 181 | Alpheidee 284, 292 . 510} Althea . 467 . 270| Altingiacese 491 . 102} Altingiads 490 . 214] Alucitidee 240 . 141 | Alum, native . 610 . 7, | Aluminium, mineral compounds : . L6aeS7s of, . : 610 263, 265 378 | Alvis 566 . 667 | Amalgam, native 599 . 331 | Amanita 533 . 7b.| Amaranthaces . 437 . 435 | Amaranths : ee 0B, . 832 | Amaryllidee 3 510 ab. | Amber . ; . 622 603 | Amblyopside . 82, 109 402 | Amblypterus . 555 - 2b, | Amblyuride d51 34} Amblyurus. 562 38 | Ambulatoria (Isopoda) 296 51 gs (Orthoptera) 210 303, 804} Amentales . 4 489 339 | Amentals ; : ae 339 | American-Allspice 432 . 857 | Amethyst 619 3438, 347 | Amianthus 604 052, 357 | Amias ‘ } . 94 | . 491 | Amiidee . ‘ ae) 3 426 | Ammonia 600 303 | Ammoniac 2 hae . 394 2b. | Ammoniides . 600 99 | Ammonitidee 117, 552, 560, 562, 571 248 | Amoebidee ‘ . B10 535 | Amomales 507 4b, | Amomals : { + Be . 413 | Amomocarpums 579 . 71} Amomum . 508 56, 71 | Amorphozoa 6, 380 . 500 | Ampelidee 41 . 76.| Ampelides - A583 . %,\ Amphibia | 4, 15, 377 Aine Sola i of Linnezus . . tate . 871 | Amphibians 4,72, 75, 377 Solan anguiform . TT “hel hes eill- -less . « 4a . 430 i gill-lunged. .. 76 Bg 8 long-tailed . eer," SLO a tail-lesgs . Ch 5 ga aS ae . 426 sys fossil . 549,583, 584 _ Amphibians, preserving Amphibola ; Amphibolans Amphibolide . Amphibrya Amphigenz Amphinomes . Amphinomide . Amphioxidee Amphiperatide Amphipneurta. Amphipoda Amphipods Amphiporina Amphiporines . Amphisbeenia . Amphisbeenians Amphisbeenidz Amphisterea Amphistereans . Amphitherium Amphitrites Amphitritide . Amphiumas Amphiumide . Amphoridz Ampullaric Ampullariide . Amygdalacese . Amyridaceze Amyxodon : Anabas testudineus Anabates Anabatidee Anablepidz Anacanthidee Anacanthini ‘es apodes ss thoracici Anacardiacee . i Anacyclus + arotlrian Anadias , Anadiidee Ananas. Ananassa sativa, Ananchytes . Anarrhichadidz Anas, fossil Anatidz Anatiferidz Anatinellas INDEX. 697 Page Page . 646 | Anatinellidee : . 150 . 115 | Anchusa tinctoria ‘ 413 146} Ancient drift . 580 ab. | Ancylobrachiata » 162 385 | Ancyloceras 566, 571 386 | Ancylopoda 162 314 | Andira . 432 2b. | Andreeacese ; SYA 111 | Andreas Scheuchzer, Fossil ske- 132 leton.of 583 . 76} Andrenidee 2932 285, 295] Androctonus , Pare . 295| Andulusite 610 . 320 | Anemometer 691 . 2b,| Anentera 269 . V1] Anethum 395 538, 71 | Angel-Fishes 89 . wtb. | Angelica , 394 319 | Angostura-Bark 446 ab. Wy false 499 564 | Anhydrite 603 316 | Animal, definition of, 2 2b. » flowers , 355 77 » kingdom 1 ib. as classification of the, 4, Q74 282 » mosses . 342 114 | Animalcules, bell 370 133 eo boat 271 430 m box ab. 447 Ps breast ab. . DI8 ss capsule , 370 ‘83, 281 is disk ab. . 585 Wy globe 369 . 99 i hackle Bl 82, 107 as infusorial 367, 368 a vs loricated. bell 271 104 ” neck 1b. - 105 e parasitic 369 . 104 i, protean . 370 . 446 9 rolling . Eyal . 404 5 shield 2b. 59 e swan ab. ab. a thread 369 511 om wheel . 340 1b. wreath 370 yal Animals, acrite, 6, 363, 366, 380 97 » annulose, B, 168, 170, 378 583 by molluscous, 5, 11, 115, 38 aoe ry radiate, 5, 320, 323, 379 . 004 vertebrate, 4,6,:1, 38 _ 150 | Animaux apathiques 379, 380 698 INDEX. Page | Animi, gum . 462 | Anthracotherium Anise . | . 895 | Anthrakexides . Anisotomidee . 182 | Anthrakides Annelida 5, 318, 379 | Anthroceridz Annelids 5, 311. 318, 379 | Antiaris toxicaria 5 antennate . d14| Antidesmads f apodal . 3817 | Antimonial-silver » exantennate . . 315 | Antimony-glance 5 free. : -, oe 3 native a helminthoid . . d19 - red . molluscoid . 318 3 white P nemertoid . 2. | Antiopas " polypod . 813] Antipathide- . nf sedentary . 816 | Antlobrachiophora - uf suctorial . 817 | Ant-lions : : fossil . 548 | Ants, blind - preserving . GOS} i ~,,3° ‘sStingmg . Annellides Wr) go. trae Annulata . 8791 4, °velvet Annulida 5, 379) wey. eee Annulosa 5, lio, 378, 379 | Apatite » fossil 562 | Apes Anodonta 115, 569 | Aphaniptera Anomiidee . 159 | Aphides Anomopteris . 561 | Aphididee Anomoura . 289 | Aphodiidee Anonaceze . 456 | Aphroditidee Anopisthia . 370 | Aphrodite hispida Anopisthians ab, | Aphrophora Anoplognathidse 190 | Aphthitalite Anoplotherium 575 | Apiaceze Anoplura 268 | Apide . Anoura 75 | Apiocrinus Anser, fossil 585 |Apium . Anseres 50 | Aplacentalia Anteaters 12, 25 | Aploceras Antedon 321, 825 | Aplustride Antedonidee . 334] Aplysiide Antelopes 11, 28 | Apocynacese © Antelopine . . 23} Apoda . : Antennata (Annelida) . 314} ,, (amphibia) Anthemis nobilis 404} ,, ~ (annelida) Antheridia 524 - (holothuria) ~ Anthobranchiata 140 Apodide Anthobranchs . 2b. Aporobranchiata Antholoma 460 Anthophytz 385 Aporrhaides Anthoxanthum 519 | Apostasiacese Anthozoa 379 | Apostasiads ~ Anthribidee 201 | Appendicularians Anthracidee ~ 256 | Appendiculariidee (arachnida) INDEX. 699 Page Page Apples . . 430} Arions . ‘ is Sa Aprasias 62} Aristolochiacese . ook Aprasiidee . 2b.| Arks 4 LSD Aptera . . 318 » cockle 4 KG Apterygide . 48 }> » pearly pies 2? Apuses . 298, 555). ,, solen a BE Aracee. : . 515 | Armadillos 25, 582 Arachnida 5, 2738, 378 | Arnica montana . 404 = errantia . 275 | Arnotto . ATS " sedentaria . . 274) Aroidese . 516 Arachnidans 5, 269, 273, 378 | Arragonite 587, 603 ‘“ aporobranchiate . 279 | Arrow-grasses 500 xs pulmonary . 273 | Arrow-roots 507 ‘ tracheary . . 276 | Arsenic, native 617 " fossil . 555 | Arsenical-nickel 606 Arachnides . 878 | Arsenicides Gli Arachnodermata . 879 | Artamidee y h 37 Arachnoida . 378 | Artemisia Abrotanum . 404 Arads pip ee Absinthium . ib. Arales . . old a Moxa, i 46. Araliacez . 393 | Artichoke . 405 Araneidz . 274) Articulata ; 5, 318 Arca, fossil . 563 ” (polyzoa) pas Arcellide . 370 | Artocarpaceze . 486 Archeomys . 578 | Arvicolidee “iy ee Archzoniscus . 569 | Aquifoliacese . 423 Archangelica . 394 | Aquilariacese . 426 Archegonia . 524) Asaphus 547, 552 Archegosaurus . . 555 | Asarabaca , ool Architectonicidz 130 | Asarales . 4b. Arcide . 155 | Asarals.. olny Arctiide 238 | Asbestus . 604 Arctium Lappa. 405 | Ascarididee 349, 351 Ardeidee : 49 | Ascidia . . 318 Ardisiads 415 | Ascidians 164, 166 Areca Catechu . 514 » | compound . 166 > oleracea . ab. yy + Social ‘ 5 OR Arecacese ab.| Ascidian-polyps, 5, 342, 348, 379 Arenicolide 516 a alternate-celled, . 345 Argalias 59 ” bicellular . . 845 Argaliidz ab. $5 cellular 344, 346 Arges 548 5 chain-like . . 344 Argonautide 118 ss _club-celled . 345 Argonauts ib. ‘5 confervoid . 847 Argulide 307 crested , 348 Argyrexides 598 B fleshy . 347 Argyrides 598 $y -foliaceous . . 346 Argyroneta aquatica 271 i fresh-water . 348 Aricians 316 44 fringe-mouthed . 347 Ariciidee 316 9 honey-comb . 346 Arionide 144} . jointed . d44 HH3 "00 INDEX. Page Page Ascidian- -polyps, jointless . 845 | Atalants 124, 143 A ‘lip-mouthed . 344 | Atelecyclus : . 284 marine . . tb. | Atelespathese . ; . 513 3 maraa ))) 2 . 348 | Atherospermaceze . 479 be membranous . 3846 | Atlantidee : d . 148 e opposite-celled . 345} Atmosphericair ~- . . 618 ie pedicellate . 847 | Atolls . 589 ” ‘plumose . . 348 | Atropaceze i . 419 - round-mouthed . 346 | Atryapa . 567 io salicornian . 844| Attelabidee . 201 - sponge-like . 3847 | Attus . iia 2 27% " tentacular . 3845 | Aturia . , , . 552 x. tubular . . 846 | Atypa . “8, ‘ . 549 ‘i vesicular . . 847 | Auger-shells . i, Dee Ascidiidee é ; . 166} Auks : 34, 51 Asclepiadacez . . 418 | Aura : . 566 Ascomycetes . . 5384] Aurantiacese. . 448 Asellidee . 296 | Auricula . 416 Ash, common . : . 420 | Auriculidee 115, 145, 571 »» Howering . : . 2b.| Avena . . 519 Asilide . 251, 256 | Avenacoze ; , Sie Asparagus . 502|}Aves. es 35, 377 Asphalt 588, 622 | Aviculide 158, 549, 560, 562, 566 Asphaltides . 622 | Avocados . : . 433 Aspidiscidee . 871 | Awl-shells . 129 Aspidium Filix-mas 524, 525 | Axolotl : ‘ J fA Aspidocotylus . 10 , Aspidogasteride . %b.| BACTLLARIA . 578 Aspredinide . . 107 | Baculites ; ee Assafoetida . 394 | Baleena, fossil 574, 581 Astacidee 292, 566 | Baleenidee : : ; aS Astacus 283, 562 | Baleenodon BTA » gammarus : . 281] Balenopteron . 15S 1 Astares ° . : . 155 | Balanidee 302, 304 Astartidee , . 26.| Balaninus ; bars fe Astasians ~. . 369 | Balanophoracese } . 621 ‘. shelled . 370 | Balistidee : : ak Astasiidze : are . 369 | Balsam, Canada 494 Asteraceze : . 403 3 |) Carpathian” . ee, Asterias onD » dtutearian, of ae Asteriide 325, 233. 572| Balsaminee . . 441 Asterinide ° 325, 532 | Balsams . a Asterodermus . : _. 565 | Bamboo. : . 519 Asteroida . 857 | Bambusa : , ree Asterolepis’ . . 551) Bananas Se . 508 pos. . 557| Bandicoots.. , ae Astree . 567, 572 | Banxrings me Astrodermide . . 98 | Banyan . 487 Astrolepas levis 302 | Baobab-tree 469 Astropectinide 335 | Baphia . 432 Astrophyton 326 airhad oa: Cleéaabeneal 399. INDEX. 701 Page. Page. Barbets . : é 43 Beetles, broad-bodied rove ESS Barium, mineral compounds Fe burr owing ground a ff of, : . 602| 4, burrowing rove. iso * Barks” . 896| ,, burrowing shore . 195 Barley . Pototions.)* Ganrion *, . 182 Barnacles, burrowing . 304 =, +: clavicorn . 186 B coral arab .. Cclub-horned arate . 201 Bs proper 303 "ee-ceuckoo . . £93 3 ramphidian . 304 | « darkling. . 195 a whale 1305 |. Ss ei diving yo) Barometers . 690) os eerdune . . 188 Barosma . 446 » elongate bark . 183 Barringtoniacee ; oUF » elongate snout . 20k Barringtoniads P EAti0; | ere, Excrement eke Baryides . 602! ,,° false ground mr lLyare Barystrontianite . 608 » false snout . 199 Basalt . 543 » Habellicorn Ao Basellaceze . 435 » Hat bark . 184 Basellads ab. » flea BAUS Basilisk . Popes 2: » flower . 190 Batidaceze . 483; ,.* fungrvorous . 196 Batids beg a > gamden: . 0D Batrachia ORT | &57 0) Bae . 208 Batrachians (2| 5,” golden . 205 es palmate 75| 4, grain-eating snout / 201 Batrachidze Poe | oes, - hairy foneus . 183 Bats 9,14 » hard-skinned serricorn . 190 » fossil . 584} ,, herbivorous water Jekst », frugivorous 14 » bheteromerous 95 » insectivorous “96; » hooded wood-boring . 194 Bdellidze . 277 | ,4,° iwsectivorous flower . 193 Bdellium . 448 » kangaroo . 189 Beaches, raised. . 585| ,, lamellicorn . 187 Beadstones . 327| 4, large-eyed rove . . 185 Bean . 432) ,, leaf-rolling snout . 201 Beancapers . 443} ,, leaping bark , AO Bears Series 6, *) liby . 204 Bebeerine . 433} ,, long-horned flower . 208 Bee-eaters . 88} ,, long.legged herbivorous 204 Bee-parasites 249, 250 , longicorn . 202 Beech 462° 4,°. marsh Palys Beefwoods 491) ~*~. meal 7295 Bees, social sien) .,-.. mimic 87 », solitary 940. 4, -maimic flower . 198 Beet . . 487] ,, moss-loving rove . 186 Beetles . 174,176} -,,. mud-burrowing. . 180 » adephagous es: Po musk U208 » armadillo . 181] ,, narrow-winged flower . 197 , blistering . 198 », nocturnal wood . . 184 ,, bombardier 176 wary @alleen + mae 2 rol » bone .183| ',,° parasitic flower. . 198 702 INDEX. Page Page Beetles, parasitic wood. . 199| Bellerophon . 549, 552, 555 esp ‘ : . 187|Bell-flowers . . . 407 i. pond "ye . 180 | Belvisiaceze : i . 401 », predaceous eround . 176 | Bembecidee : : . 280 »» predaceous water . 179|Bembidiide : . 178 » pseudotetramerous . 200 | Ben-nuts : : . 473 5. »reed ' ’ . 192 | Ben, oil of : ' . lke » rhinoceros : . 189 | Benzoin : : . 424 » rove \ 4 . 184 | Berberales : : . 451 » Yypophagous . . 179 | Berberals : = lll % . Saered) 1! : . 188 | Berberidacese . : . 453 5. BAaLGIR i : . 193 | Berberries ; ; oy) ete Pain bate awa os : . 188 | Berenia : ‘ . 285 » . seavenger : . 182 | Bergamot : A . 448 oi) iRextOR : . 195 | Bergmehl : » 365, 368, 578 AOMSMArC : . 188 | Beroés . : 322, 336, 339 ro ehdeld |, JOG ie winged . se . 309 » short-legged herbivorous 204 Beroidee : : -. WD, SS a0 - 184) Beryl . : . . 611 » small- headed rove . 186 | Betulaceze ‘ . 491, 579 » smooth fungus . . 183|Bhang . , ; . 487 » social grass ; . 199 | Bibionidee ; : , oa , soft-skinned serricorn . 192] Bicellariide . ‘ . 345 ». soldier... . 198 | Bichirs . : : eee » Spinytortoise . . 205 | Bignoniacese. R . 409 » springing ; . 191|Bignoniales - 407 » stag . 188 | Bignonials : ; -, 4B », straight- horned snout . 200 Bilabiatee A . 404 » stenelytrous . . 196 | Bilberries : : . 397 | stream. : . 180 | Bindweeds : : . 417 5, sub-aquatic , . 178 Banches). 3 . 491 eh esate : ; . 190 | Birds 4, 3l, 35, 377 Lo taxicorn.. » TOON we. equate 50 » thick-legged flower . 197] ,, conirostral : . 41 » thick-legged ii . 204|) ,, dentirostral ; . 40 » . tortoise . . 205) 4,, fissirostral =. . 36 ». trachelidan , » LOC eee ny diurnal . 37 ». true carrion ‘ . 1827 ae 4 nocturnal . pe » true ground... . 177| —,, gallinaceous ; . 45 |. sue rove . 185) 4 eee : : ih ,, true wood- boring , 194) eae erchane | : . 86 Qf) Meier . 199 |) \,, rapacious . : . 95 |) CVaricorn, : - 186) ieee ra diurnal .. 4b. S eraher : » NOT i ae a nocturnal ; oe ». water-loving . ESO wales TUTTI : . 48 » wood-eating snout . 202| ,, scansorial . . 43 Begoniaceze ; : - , 476 ,, tennirostral 5 aa Si ee Begoniads ; ‘ ee wading) y. : — 48 Belemnites . 117,562) ,, footprints of : | 559 Belemnophora. . . 120| ,, fossil 568, 570, 578, 583, 584 Belemnophores. ‘ - 1.| » preserving . . 637 703 INDEX. Page. Page. Birgus . 280, 284 | Bonito . PD) Birtheworts . 391 | Bonnelliidee . 328 Bismuth-blende . 617 | Bonnet-shells . 183 Bismuth-glance . . 2b. | Bony-pikes 2398 Bismuth, native . 616 | Book-insects m4 55 Bismuth-nickel . . 606 | Bopyridee i798 Bismuth-ochre . . 617 | Boracite . 604 Bismuth-silver . . 598 | Borages . . 413 Bismuthides . 616 | Boraginaceze . 413 Bitter-sweet . 419 | Boraginanee - . 412 Bitumen : ‘ . 622 | Borassaceze : - 513 Bivalves ‘ 5, 147,148, 378 | Borassus flabelliformis . 7 5S " bismuscular . 148 | Borates . . 620 , unimuscular . + 158 | Borax 2 OOL $ fossil, 552; 562, 566, Borers . cg aa 569, 571, 577 } Borneo- camphors . 462 Bixa Orellana . 475 | Boronides . 620 Bixads . . 2b. | Bostrichidee . 194 Blackberry . 480 | Botanical apparatus . 671 Black-lead . 619 | Bothryocephalidee . 361 Blaculla . 566 | Botryaceze . 534 Bladder-nuts . 465 | Botryllide 2 166 Blapsidee 195, 566 | Botryllinee 164, 165, 167 Blatlina . . 555 | Botrytis . . 534 Blatla orientalis . 208 | Boulders ; 580 Blattide . 209 | Bovide . 23 Blennies : , 96 | Bovine . . 24 ' slender-rayed . 97 | Bovista . . 533 Bleniidz 96 | Bower-birds . 38d Blenny- -bullheads ab. | Bowerbankia . d42 Blenny, viviparous . 86} Box wood . 485 Blessed-thistle . . 405 | Brachelytra . 184 Blind-fishes . 109 | Brachinidee . 176 Blind-newts 77 | Brachionidee : . 842 Blind-snakes . 63} Brachiopoda 0d} 162) 378 Blood-roots . 510 | Brachiopods 5, 160, 162, 378 Bloodstone . 620 5 ancylobrachiate . 162 Boas- . 67 i, ancylopod . ab. Boatbills BZ 53 cryptobrachiate ab. Bog-iron . 588 is helictopod . 163 Bog-myrtles . 490 a sarcicobrachiate ib. Boidee PUGS i sclerobrachiate ib. Boleti . 633 iy Fossil549, 558, 563, 566 Bolina . 566 | Brachocera : . 254 Boltenia . 165 | Brachyphyllum O08 Bombycide . 238 | Brachypodide . eee Bombyliide 255 | Brachyura . 286 Bombyx mori 233 | Braconinee . 224 Bond-weeds 587 | Bradypodide . 24 Bones and skeletons, diteotisus Branchellionidee 318,318 for collecting 653 | Branchiopods « 298 704 INDEX. Page Branchiopoda . 298 | Bugs, long-necked Branchipi . 282| ,, painted Branchipidee . 299) ,, sand Brassicaceze ; . 470} ,, shielded Brayera anthelmintica . . 480] ,, soft-bodied. Brazil-nuts . 400] ,, water Brazil wood . 432 | Bulimi Bread-fruit trees . 486 | Buliminse i Breams . 82] Bullas, cylindric y . «sea . 100; 4,4, long-taiied Brenthidee . 201 | Bulleas. Brexiaceze . 427 | Bullheads Brexiads 6 OR » mailed Briareide . 358 | Bullia Brisa... . 566 | Bulrushes Bristle-worts . 517 | Bullides Brittle-worts . 5387 | Bumastus Bromeliaceze . 511 | Bunium Brominiides . 621 | Buprestidee Brontes. §48, 552 | Burdock : Broom . . 432 | Burgundy-pitch Brocm-rapes . 421 | Burmanniacee . Brosmiidee . 104} Burmanniads Brotulidee . 26.| Burnets. Bruchide . 201 | Bustards Brucia . . 422! Butcher-birds Bruniacese . 892 | Butomacese Bruniads . 2b.| Butterflies Brunoniacez . 412 ms clawless Brunoniads 2 OD: 4s eye-winged . Bryaceze . 526 Pe proper Bryony, black . 497 se simple-winged Bryozoa , . 5, 342, 379 si tooth-winged Bubble-bearers . . 837 | Butter-worts . ‘ Bubble-shells . 139 | Byrrhidee ‘ banded . 140 | Byttneriaceze Buccinidee 126, 549, 576 : Bucerontids ‘ . 438] CABBAGE : Buckler-echinite . 572 | Cabbage-tree bark ** Buckler-head” . 551} Cabereidse —. Buckthorns . 426 | Cabombacese Bucku . . 446 | Cacao-plants Buckwheats. . 4389 | Cactaceze Bufonidee . 75 | Cactales Bug, harvest . 273 | Cactals . Bugs 240-241 | Caddice-worms . eich ‘eiaark . 243 | Cadmiides » bed , . 2.| Ceecidee . » club-horned . 244 | Ceeciliidee » jumping . 242 | Ceesalpiniese » land ib. | Cairngorm-stone 115, 191, 175, INDEX. 705 Page Page Cajeput-oil . 400 | Cannacese . 508 Calamaries, hook-armed . 119 | Cantharididee 198 = long-armed. ib. | Caoutchouc 419, 423, 487 Calaminze . %b.| Caper-plants . 469 Calamine . 605 | Capitonide » 8 Calamites . 556 | Capitosaurus . 560 Calamus i « 513 | Capparidacese . 469 Calappide 283, 284, 288 | Capparis spinosa . Calcareous-spar . 587, 603 | Caprellidee 295 m tufa . . 4b. | Caprifoliacese . 895 Calceola . 552 | Caprimulgide . 37, 585 Calciides . 603 | Caprinee , 94 Calcium, mineral compounds . 2b. | Capsalidee . 310 Caligidee : . 307 | Capsicum . 420 Calla palustris . . 503 | Capsidee . 243, Callianiridee . 389 | Capulide » 133 Callionymide . . 96 | Carabidie uF Callithrix . 574 | Caraway . 395 Callitrichacee . . 483 | Carbon, minerals containing . 618 Calluna . 449 Carbonates . 619 Caltetepons . 58 | Carboniferous-group . 553 Calumba-root . 478 | Carcinus meenas . 283 Calycanthacez . 432 | Cardamoms . 008 Calyceracese ‘ . 405 | Cardiidse . 154 Calycers j é . %@b,| Cardinia - 562 Calycifloree . 390 | Cardiscarpa . 557 Calymene 548, 552 | Carditidee . 154 Calyptride 115. 132 | Cardium, fossil . 563 Cam-wood 432 | Carinarias 114, 124, 142 Cambrian-rocks : . 546 | Carnelian . 619 Camels . 10, 22, 581 | Carnivora le, 575, ors, 584, 587 Cameleopardalidee : . 23 | Carob-tree ; . 432 Camelide 22 | Carolina-pink . 422 Camoceras 552 | Carpinus . 579 Camphor, true 433 | Carps . 108 Campanales 403 | Carrageen’ . 585 Campanals ib. | Carriers : : Pu ies Campanulacee . 407 | Carrot . . 394 Campanulariide 354! Carthamus tinctorius . 405 Campontias . 815| Carum . Pe IS) Campontiide . ; . tb, | Caryocar butyrosum - 461 Campylosperme 394 | Caryocaracese . : L926. Cancellariide . 131 | Caryophyllee . . 440 Cancer pagurus , . 283 | Caryophylliz, fossil 567, 572 Canceridz 283, 285, 286 | Caryophyllide . . 362 Cane-wood . . 432 | Caryophyllide . . 356 Canella-barks . ; , 452 | Cascarilla . 485 Canidze 16 | Cashew-nuts . 446 Canna . 4 508 | Cassava . 485 Cannabinaceer . 487 | Cassia-bark . 483 Cannabis Indica ab. | Cassia-pulp | . 432 706 INDEX. Page Cassididee (Coleoptera) . . 204 | Cephalophora is (Gasteropoda) . 129 | Cephalotaceze Cassidinee : : . 282 | Cephalotads Cassipoureacee . . 421) Cephalopteride . Cassipoureads . ab. | Cerambicidee Cassiterite 614 | Ceramiaceze Cassythacese . 433] Ceraphrontine . Castor-oil . 485| Cerataspidee » Casuarinacese 491 | Ceratites : Cats. 9, 16 | Ceratophyllaceze . Catophracta . 69] Cercartide Catechu 396, 514| Cercopide Catellus . 571 | Cercosauride Catenicellidée 344 | Ceriides Catenipora 552, 556, 567 | Cerite Caterpillars, preserving . 666 | Cerithiidee Cathartes . 583 | Cerithiopsidee Catophragmus . . 302 | Cerium-ochre Cauliflower . 470 | Cermatiidee Cavies . 27 | Certhiidee Caviide. . 4b.| Cerusite . Cavolinide 122, 576 | Cervidee . Cebidee . 13] Cestoidea Cebrionide . 192} Cestracions Cecidomyide . 252 Cestraciontide . Cedar | . 493 | Cestum Veneris Cedrelaceze . 447 | Cetacea . : Celastraceze ~ 425 » herbivora Celery . . 394 » carnivora Celestine . 603 | Cetaceans Celleporide . 346 . carnivorous Cellulares . 386 ‘ herbivorous . Cellulariide . 3844 | Cetiosaurus Centaury . 420) Cetoniide Centipedes, earth . 267 | Cetopirus © sea, (annelids) . 314] Cetraria Islandica ts » (crustaceans) . 296} Cheropotamus . if shielded . 266 | Cheetodons “ stone . 1tb,| Cheetodontide . im true 2638, 266 | Cheetopteridee . Centriscidze . 97 | Chaffers, false . Centrolepidacese Be akg 5 true ’. Centroniz | . 379 | Chailletiacese Centronotide . 98] Chailletiads Centrotus . 245 | Chalcedony Cephalaspidide . . 551 | Chalcididee Cephalidee ; . 95] Chalcidinee Cephalopoda be 117, 377 | Chalicomys Cephalopods 5, 115, 117, 377 | Chalicotherium . se fossil 548, 552, 555, 562, Chalk 566, 567, 571. Chalk-proper Page BAT . 455 ab, . 86 . 208 . 535 . 226 . 293 . 560 . 487 . 362 . 247 60 . 618 «ftae. 135, 566, 576 . 130 . 618 . 266 «hha . 602 «fee . 361 ip 90, 562 322, 336 18 19 «eb. 12,18 18 LO . 568 « 190 . 302 . 532 . oT4 81, 101 » 101 . 316 290 k80 . 425 mri . 619 . 225 ee. . 578 wil 00. . 603 . 569 Chambered-shelis Chamelauciacess Chameleonide . Chamesauride . Chamas. Chameleons Chamidz Chamomile Chamostrea Chara, fossil fruits of, Characez Charadriide Chatterers Cheiracanthide Cheiracanthus . Cheirateuthide Cheirolepis Cheiroptera. Cherotherium . Chelichnus Cheliferidee Chelodina Chelodus Chelonia . Chelonians Cheloniide Chelostomata Chelydidee Chelysoma Chenendopora . Chenopodales Chenopodals Chenopodiacee Cherry . : Chesnut, Spanish Chesnuts, fossil Chetotyphla Chian-turpentine Chicory Chigoe . : Chili-nettles . Chiline Chilognatha Chilognaths Chilophorina Chilopoda Chilopods | Chimeras - Chimeride Chimaphila umbeliata . Cina shells INDEX. 54, 65 69, 560 Chinchillas Chinchillidee Chionids Chiretta . Chiridee Chirocoles Chironectidee Chironomid Chirotes Chirotidee Chitonidee Chitons Chives . at Chlamyderide . Chlamydotherium Chleenaceze Chleeniine Chloranthacez . Chloranths Chloriniides Chloroform Choerotherium . Chondracanthidee Chondrostei Chondrosteus Chondrus crispus Chonetes Christ’s-thorn Chrome ochre . Chromididse Chromiides . | Chrysexides Chrysides Chrysididee. Chrysobalanacese Chrysoberyl Chrysolite Chrysomelide . Churrus : Cicada plebeia . 5, septendecem Cicadidee Cichoracese Cichorium Endivia i Intybus Cicindelidee Ciconia . Cicuta . : Cidaride. . 321, 326, Ciliobrachiata . Ciliogradee 707 Page eed f ab. . AY . 420 97 60 1 28 . 253 72 a. : . 138 115, 125, 188 j . 502 «al ‘ . 582 . ~ 442 — : 278 . 436 Nae . 621 BCVA . 582 . 308 ra) 3 . 562 . 535 . 549 . 426 Hi OL0 . 106 3609 . 596 shied: 270 th . 432 puG ne . 605 } 205 . 487 . 245 . 246 . 247 . 404 . 405 of a (ETE - 578 ‘ mn 5) 332, 563, 572 ‘ ; 378 . 309 1 708 INDEX. Page Page Cimbicine . 222 | Closterians . 869 Cimex lectularius . 240 | Closteriide ab, Cimicidee . 243 | Clover 432 Cimoliornis . 568 | Cloves 400 Cinchonaceze . 396 | Club-mosses 526 Cinchonales . 3895 | Club-shells, false 1380 Cinchonals 1 Gb, ue fresh-water 135 Cinchoneze . 896 ms salt-water . 1b. Cinchonia . 7b. | Clubioninee | 274 Cinnabar . 599 | Clupeidee . 109 Cinnamon . 433 | Clusiacese . 460 Cionacineta . 384 | Clymenia . 552 Cirrhigrada . 3832 | Clypeaster 321, 325 Cirrhodermata . . 379 | Clypeus . 572 Cirrhopoda . 5, 308, 378 | Cnemidium 567, 573 Cirrhopods 5, 301, 303, 378 | Cnicus benedictus . 405 6s burrowing. ° . 804] Coalfish 84 : pedunculate . 803 | Coal-measures . 553 - sessile . 304 | Coal, mineral 619 ms preserving . . 667 | Cobalt-bloom 607 Cirrho-spinigrada . 331 | Cobaltiglance ab. Cirrhostomi : . 111 | Cobaltides 607 Cirrho-vermigrada . 329 | Cobitides 107 Cirrigrade - 338 | Cocaceze 514 Cirripeda . 878 | Coccidee 249 Cirripedes 5, 378 | Coccolepis 562 Cirrus 566, 571 | Cocconeis 578 Cistacese . 470 | Coccosteus 551 Cistales . 469 | Cocculus-Indicus 478 Cistals . . wb. | Coccus cacti 246 Cistelidee Oe » ceriferus ab. Cistus-rapes - 521 »» laces ab. Citracese . 448 5, maanniperus ab. Citron ab, » Polonicus ab. Civet Cats . 16| Coccyzus 585 Cladeiodon . 560 | Cockles . 147 Cladonia rangiferina : OR ees false 154 Cladopoda 5 ASS Felis heart a0. Cladopods . 2b, | Cockroaches 209 Clams 147, 158 | Coco-nut tree, double . 513 »»- water . 159 | Cocoa plums 432 Clathraria . 573 | Cocos, fossil . 579 Clathropteris . 563 | Cod fishes 81, 84, 104 Clausilia 114 % anguilliform . fle Clavellinidee 166 | Coelacanthide . » “ode tae Clavulariidee 358 | Colelmintha 5, 822, 350, 379 © Clay i 611 | Coelospermze ‘ . 3894 Clay-ironstone . 554 | Coenobitee . 280 Climbing Fishes 99 | Coenurus cerebralis . 360 Clionidee 123 | Coesalpinia . 482 Clios ab. | Coffee - 396 INDEX. 709 Page Page Coleia . . 562 | Copper, red rag? Colchicum . 503 | Coraciadides 37 Coleoptera . 176 | Coracines. 106 Colepidx . 871 | “ Coral-rag” 567 Colies 42 | Coral-reefs 589 Colide . 2b. | Coralliide 357 Collecting and preserving direc- Corallium rubrum 353 tions for, . 623 | Corallines ab. Collemacese . 582 | Corals, arragonite 358 Collyrite . 610 », brainstone 356 Colocynth . ATT » calcareous 357 Colpodidee . 371 » dendritic 356 Colubride 68 » eyed a6. Colubrina 67 » gilass-rope 358 Columbee 44 » horn-like 359 Columbide wi oes » whormy 358 Columbiides . 6138 » iIncrusting wb. Columbite . 614 » woushroom . 857 Columelliaceee . . 396 jy erga: .. 358 Columelliads ab. » . Starred . . 356 Colymbide . nL » umbellate 357 Colymbus, fossil . 585 preserving . 670 Comatula : . 334 Corbiculidee . 149 Combretacese . 403 | Corbis . + OWL Commelynacee . . 504 | Corbulas sy liane Composite . 405 | Corbulide 1538, 563, 577 Composites . 403 | Cord-rushes lly Comptonia . 579 | Cordiaceze 418 Conchifera, . 5,148, 378 | Cordyles 58 Conchocephalus ¢ . 548 | Coreidee 244 Conchophora . 378 | Coriander 395 Conchotrya . 303 | Coriandrum ab. Cones 131, 576 | Coriariacez 444 Confervaceze . 536 | Coriariads ab. Conidz . 131 | Coriocellas 129 Coniferee . 494! Cork 482 Conirostres . 41) Cormogene 386 Conium . 395 | Cormogens 523 Connaraceze . 446 | Cornacese 393 Connarads . 42b,| Cornstone 550 Conopidee . 259 | Cornulariidee 359 Conoplea . 302 | Corollifioree 390 Contrayerva-root . 487 | Coronellidee 68 Conulus F . 572 | Coronulide 305 Convolulacez . . 417 | Coronula denticulata 303 Copaiva, Balsam of, . 432 » testudinarius . 302 Copepoda . 800 | Cortusales . 414 Copepods . 4b, | Cortusals Hapa! Copper-glance . . 599 | Corundum . 610 Copper indigo and native ab. | Corvidee 41, 578 ss pyrites. ib. | Corydalus . 555 710 INDEX. Page Page Corylaceze . 481/ Crane . . 84 Corymbiferee . 404 | Cranesbills . 444 Corynidez . 354 | Crangonidee 282, 292 Corypha umbraculifera . 514 | Craniidee 161, 163 Coryphenide . 98 | Crassatellidee . vie Corystidee . 288); Crassatellas . ~ dsr Cossus ligniperda . 233 | Crassulacese . 471 Cottidee . 102 | Cray-fish +282 Cotton . . 467 | Creepers 33, 39 Cow-plant of Ceylon . 419 | Crenatula . 563 Cow-tree of Demerara . . 486 | Crescentiacer . 409 Cowitch 432 | Crescentiads 10. Cowries 125, 132, 576 | Cress 470) Cowslip ; . 416 | Cretaceous- group 569 Crabs, angular . . 288 | Creusia ? 302 ealline . 280, 285 | Crickets pala » china 285, 288 » noise of 212 » common . 283 | Cridites 555 +» crested . 283, 288 | Crinoideans, fixed 334 yy edible... . 283 ie free ab. » freshwater . 287 | Crioceridse 204 of HOR . 289 | Crioceras i i 5, false . 290 | Crisiidee Bay » globular . 288 | Cristatellidee 348, 348’ 5 « permit . 280, 283, 290 | Crithmum , . 394 » bhorseman 284, 287 | Crocodiles ; . S2ae Te oy. Kao 281, 300 » slender-nosed . 568 byt deo 287 Swanage : 5a » lobster . - 290 | Crocodilidae : ‘ 71, 565 » long-armed . 286 | Crossfish, common 325 > Mantis . 280, 294 a spiny ab. » painted. 284, 288 | Crotalidee ! 66 4 pea . 287 | Croton-oil 485 », porcellanous . 283 | Crowberries . 483 5 | Sailor . 282 | Crowfoots . 455 » sand . 287] Crows . 33, 41 5, Scorpion . 280 | Crown-worts aie » Shielded . 289 | Cruciferee 470 » Spectre . 293 | Cruciferous-plants ab. » Spider . 280, 288, 286 | Crustacea, Paes 285, 378 > - Spy 283, 286 | Crustaceans 5, 279, 285, 378 » sponge . . 289| ,, fossil 547, 552, BBD, 562, 566, 569 », stone 282, 289} ,, peduncle- eyed 885 » swimming 283, 284,287] ,, sessile-eyed . 294 », telescope-eyed . . 284] ,, preserving . 667 true 283, 286 | Cryptobrachiata . b62 Gedbronids . 230 | Cryptogamia 386, 523 Cracide i . 45] Cryptomonadidse . 369 Cranberries . 396 | Cryptoneura 6, 380 Cranchias . 119 | Cryptophyta . 886 Cranchiidee ab.| Crypturus . , d . 584 - INDEX. ou | Page | Page Crystal-worts . 528 | Cycloidians sical ae merNby. . 591] Cyclogangliata : Scone Cteniza . 271|Cycloneura . 3879, 380 Cteno-Labridze . 105 | Cyclopidee 285, 300 Ctenoidians . 81] Cyclopses . 300 Ctenostomata . . 347 | Cyclopteridee 1728 Cubebs . 437 | Cyclophoridee . 146 Cuckoos . 44) Cyclopthalmus . , 559 Cucujidee . 184 | Cyclopteris 556, 567 Cuculide . 44) Cyclosauria anant Cucullanide . 350} Cyclosaurians . ~ @. Cucumber . 477 | Cyclostomata (Gasteropoda) yilhe Cucurbitaceze sh Ms (Polyzoa) . 346 Cucurbitales . 476 | Cyclostomes . 125, 146 Cucurbitals . 2b.) Cyclostomi oh Cudbear . 532 | Cydippe . 3386 - Culex molestus . 173 | Cylichnide . . 140 », . Mosquito . 26.| Cylindrelle poliglass Culicidée ; . 253 | Cymbuliidee . 128 Cuma . 282 | Cymodoceas . 124 Cumin . . 395 | Cymodoceidee wi 00. Cuminum . .| Cymothoide 285, 297 Cunoniaceze . 428 | Cynara Scolymus . 405 Cunoniads ab. | Cynarocephale . . 404 Cuprella 282 | Cynomorium coccineum 521 Cupreous-Manganese 607 |Cynomoriums . & 0D: Cupressites 561 | Cynipidee » 223 Cupuliferz 482 | Cyperaceze pols Curassows 45 | Cypreeidee a. va Curculionids 2, 555 | Cyprella RD Curculioninz 202 | Cypress . 494 Curcuma longa 508 | Cyphaspis . 948 Curlew 33 | Cyphonidee . 192 Cursoria 209 | Cypricardia 549, 566 Currants (Grossulariaceze) 398 | Cypridee . 800 i (Vitacez) 453 | Cypridella . 555 Curtonotus 285 | Cyprididee GZ Cuscutaceze 417 | Cypridina . 555 Cusparia ‘ 446 | Cyprinas . 149 Custard-apples 456 | Cyprinidee (Conchifera) eb. Cuttles 120 , (Pisces) < 08 Cuvieria 322 | Cyprinodontes . ‘ 800. Cuvieriide 330 | Cyprises 281, 300, 569 Cyamide 295 | Cyrendidee d . 149 Cyathophyllum , 567 | Cyrenoids a: Cycadacez . ‘ . 494 | Cyrillacese . 451 Cycads - 494, 560, 563, 567 | Cyrillads uy clas , : . 569 | Cyrtoceras . 002 Cyclidiide 370 | Cystica . 361 Cyclica . 204 | Cysticercus tenuicollis . « 359 Cyclo-Labride . 105 | Cystiphyllum . 567 712 INDEX. Page Page Cytherea, fossil . 577 | Deposits, soil. p ) SOP Cyttaria . 5384| Dermestide - 184 Deroplatys - 208 DACTYLETHRIDA 75 | Derostomatidee . 319 Dactylis ceespitosa . 519 | Desmidiaceze 537 Daffodils . 509 | Desvauxiacese ~ 518 Damans . 21) Diacosaurus . 560 Daneea-worts . 525 | Diadema . 302 Dansacez . 2b,.| Diademninee . 167 Dandelion - 405 | Diamond ‘ 5 . S19 Dapedium . 562 | Diamond-fishes . ast 08 Daphnacese . 434] Dianthacese : . 440 Daphnales . 483 | Dianthize ’ . 497 Daphnals . 26,| Diapensiacese » 421 Daphniidee . 299 | Diapensiads dB. Darnel-grass . 519 | Diaperidee . 196 Dasypodidee 25 | Diapriinee ~ 225 Dasyures 29 | Diaspore . 610 Dasyuridee . tb.| Diatomacese . 537 Date-plum . 423 | Diazona - 165 Datiscaces . 477 | Diceras . 566 Datiscads . 4b. | Dichelestiide - 808 Daucus . 394 | Dichorgana . 885 Daw . 382] Diclinez d 390, 475 Day-flies . 214] Dicotyledones . 385, 389 Deal-fish i . 82} Dictyogense 385, 495 Death-watches . . 194 | Dictyogens 385, 494, 495 Decapoda (Cephalopoda) «bhs ” bisexual . 495 5 (Crustacea) , . 286 unisexual . . 497 Decapods (Cephalopods) a a Didelphidee vite é te HY (Crustaceans) . 286 | Didelphys Colchesteri . . 575 ' long-tailed . 290 | Didus ineptus . 583 ‘5 short-tailed . 286 | Didymiides . 613 #s varied-tailed . 289 Digitalis Ly) deere . 408 Deer .22)| Dill ‘ . 395 Delphax saccharivora . . 246 | Dilleniacese . . 456 Delphinidee . 19} Dilleniads pha Delphinula . 549 | Diluvial drift . 580 Deltas . . 586 | Dimera . 247 Dendroceela , 818 | Dinornis . 583 Dendrophidee . 68} Dinotherium ns Dendrophylliidse . 856 | Diodons 82, 576 Dendrosauria . 65 | Dionza muscipula . 454 Dendrosaurians . 42b.| Dioptase 999 Dentaliidze 138, 571 | Diorite . 604 Dentirostres ' , 40 | Dioscoreacese . 497 Deplerus . 555 | Diphyde . 339 Deposits, alluvial . 585 | Diphyds-proper ab, » estuary . 587 | Diphysee . 500 » lacustrine 4b. | Diplacanthus . 531 iiimmmeral . 4 ab. | Diplerix » 482. Diplodontide Diplogangliata . Diploneura Diploptera Diplopterus Diplostomide . Diplozoonidee Dipneumona Dipnoa Dipsacaceze Dipsadide Diptera Dipteraceze Dipterocarpacese Dipterus Discinide Discoidea Discorbide Disk shells Distachiata Distoma Dithyra F Ditrachyceratide Dittany, Kretan Divers Doclea . : Dodder-laurels . Dodders Dodo Dogbanes Dog- fishes, piked - spotted Dolichopide Doliide Dolomedes Dolomite Dolphins Sa a » star-scaled Donacide Donzelles Doracia Dorema Dorids » elubbed » false Dorididze Dories . Dorippide INDEX. 713 Page Page . 155| Dotonidee . 141 : 5, 878 | Dotos ; i abe . 5, 878,879 | Double-walkers een : . 231} Draccena Draco . 502 . 551} Draconidee iOS . 362 | Dragon . . 4 306, 309 | Dragonets 82, 96 . 274| Dragon-fiies . 214 Revir, hammer cheaded «AB . 405 Dragon’ s-blood . 432 2i68 Re true 502 . 251 | Drassi 279 . 462 | Dredges 656 . 2tb.| Dreissenidee 157 . 551 | Dremotherium 581 161, 163 | Dromiide 289 . 572 | Droseracese 453 . 373 | Drum-fish 83 . 163 | Drupaceze 431 . 333 | “ Dry rot” . 58 . 165 | Drymyrhizeze . 508 . 878 | Duck-bills 12, 31 . 363 | Duck-weeds . 516 . 412! Ducks . 34, 50 34, 51 | “ Dudley- locust” . 548 . 284] Dugongs 19 . 433 | Duguetia quitarensis 457 . 417 | Dulse 535 « 583] |5,) pepper 2b. . 422| Dusa. 561 90 | Dynastidee 189 . %b.| Dysderidee 270, 274 11,16 | Dyticide 174, 179 . 393 | HWAR-SHELLS 5s b25 . 258 by dwarf . 128 . 128 yy false . 187 5) 240 Me sea . abies 557, 604 | Earwigs 206,207 . 19) Karth-hogs ae 98 | Harth-nut . 894 1b. | Karthy-cobalt 607 150 | Ebenacese . 423 105 | Ebonies ab, 302 | Kcheneidee 97 394 | Kchiales 410 140 | Echials : ; 1b. ib. i symmetrical . 412 ab. as unsymmetrical 410 4b. | Echidnide : 12, 30 98 | Echimyidee 27 289 | Echinarachnius 326 V14 INDEX. Page Page Kchinide - 821, 325, 332, 563|Hmpetraces . é . 483 Echinocardium : . 325 | Empidee , : . 258 Kchinocyamus . i . 2@b,| Empusa : . 208 Kchinodermata,. . 5,328, 379 | Emydide eee 565, 569, 576 Echinoderms . 5, 321, 324, 328,379 | Emydosauria 70 is, slug-like . . 329 | Emydosaurians f oi beh A true ; . 831 | Enantiotreta. . : . 371 a worm-like . 328 | Enantiotretans . Jag a fossil 549, 560, 563, 571 | Encephalata . ’ Pa ch | 9 preserving . 668 | Enchelide : ; . 371 Kchinometra . ; . 825 | Encrinites ; 321, 327, 560 Kchinorhynchide . 860 | Encyrtinee ‘ : . 225 Echinostachys . : - 561 | Endive . : a . 405 Echinus esculentus . . 327 | Endogense : 2 18852500 s lividus : . 328 | Endogens : 385, 498, 500 Ectophthalmata . 146 * bisexual . . 500 Ectophthalmians ; ns 9 epigynous . . 506 Kdentata : : »\ BA 4 hypogynous . . 500 Edentates : 24, 582 H scale-flowered . O16 2 eed ; . 294 unisexual . oa Eels. : 81, 110 Wndorhizes : ; . 085. » @lectric . . 109 | Engidee ; . . 183 », sub-branchial . . 110 | Enterodela , 3 . 370 Kgeria . : ; . 284] Entomoidea : 5, 378 EKge-shells ; : . 132 | Entomostraca . : ~ 299 “ Kgyptian-bean” . 458 | Entomostracans i » 6b, Ehretiacee . 413] Entomozoa : . 378 Ehretiads . : . «ib. | Entozoa : 349, 379, 380 Elais . : A » OLD a cavitary ; » i Ler Elaphride : ‘ aes 2 parenchymatous Sa. Elasmotherium ; . 582| Eocene-group . : . 574 Elateridee i : . 191 | Kolididee 4 »° 124.742 Elaterium : ‘ . 477 | Epacridaceee. . 450 Elatinacez , : . 443 | Epacrids ; , nee. Elders . : { . 395| Epeira . , : . 270 Elecampane . ‘ . 404| Ephemeride . ; . 214 Electric-calamine ; . 605 | Epialtus ; ‘ . 284 Electrides ; , . 622 | Hpigynese ; . . 890, 391 Electrum ; : . 596| Epipyxidide . ; . 870 Elemi . 5 . 448 | Kpisinus ‘ ‘ . 290 Elephantide . . 20) Epitricha : ; . 370 Elephants : . 9,20,581) Epitrichans ; ey Elephas Ganesa q . 581| Epizoa . : . 5, 807,379 » primogenius . GB: :, preserving. . 667 Elettaria ‘ ; . 508 | Eproboscidea . : . 260 een . . 548 | Epsomite : ; . 604 Elms . . 488, 579 | Epyornis } ja . 583- Klysias . : } . 142 | Kquide . ‘ , . we Elysiide : : . %6.| Equisetaces . . 627, %5eF Emera!d : Q 610, 611 | Erbiides ‘ : . 612 Emery . : j . 610|Eremiaphila . : . 208: Ergasilidee Ergot of rye EKricacese Ericales Ericals . Ericthidee Erinaceidee Eriocaulacese Eriocheir Eristalis Narcissi Krotylide Errantia Erratics . Erycinide i Erythroxylacez Erythroxyls Escalloniaceze Escalloniads Eschallot Escharidze Esexuales Ksocidee Etheriidee Eucalypti Euchlanide Eucnemidz Eucratea, Eudoridee Eulimas Eulimidz Eulophinee Eumenids Eunices . Eunicidee Eunotia Euomphalus Eupelminze Euphorbiacee . Euphorbiales Euphorbials Euplexoptera Euplea . Euplotidse Eupoda . Euryalidz Euryarthra Euryodon Eurypodius Eurypteride Eurysternon Eurytomine 549, 552, 555 INDEX. 342, 3.46, 279 . 386 715 Page Page . 808 | Evaniide . mee 534 | Evasculares . 385 448 | Kvening-Primroses . 401 ao. | Exantennata . 315 ab. | Exogense _ 885, 390: 294 | Kxogens 385, 388, 390 15 » bisexual 390, 391 5G » diclinous Ate 285 » e&pigynous . 391 257 » hypogynous . 436 183 » perigynous . 407 als unisexual . 890 580 Explanaria DGIE ~ 290 462 | FABACES Sake ab. | Fabaginacese . 443 397 | Falconide 36 2b. | Falcons . Ds . 502 | Far cimenariide . d45 Fasciolariidse sO Fasciolidee 360, 362 . 108 | Favistella » bO2 . 157 | Favosites \ 549, 552 . 400} Felidz . 2 16 . 342 | Felspars . 610 . 191 | Fenestella . 552 . 843 | Fennel . . 394 . 888| Ferns . . 525 . 180} ,, fossil 556, 561, 563, 567, 579 . 120.| Feroniinse 178 . 225 | Ferro-tantalite . ‘ 614 . 231 | Ferula . . 394 . 314] Festuca . dlg 1b. | Feverfew . 404 . 578.| Ficoidales . 434 Ficoidals we vay . 225 | Fieula °. . 128 . 485 | Fi , . 487 . 482 | Fig-marigolds . » 435 . 1. | Fig-shells . 128 . 207 | Fig-worts 408. . 368 | Filariidee 349, 351 . 871 | Filberts » 482 . 204 | File-fishes 82, 95 . 334 | Filicales 4 Bor . 565 | Filicals . 2b. . 582 | Finches é vd . 284 | Fir ~ 492. . 548 | Fir-rapes . 449: . 569 | “ Fire-damp” . 596, . 225 | Fish-lizard , 568 716 INDEX. Page. Page Fishes . : 4, 78, 86, 377 Flies, cuckoo, sharp-tailed . 226 » . amphibian ‘ 91 » eproboscidean . . 260 f / ganoid,, ’, : wnG2 » fat-bodied . 258 f » cartalaginous ros » Hesh : f . 259 5 », osseous . Brie » gad ; . 260 »» pharyngeal : pO’ a wall d 293 Ps 3 soft-finned . 105 5, dhermet. . : . 256 * ys spiny . 105 »» -hovering . f . 259 » 8oft-finned : . 106 » bhumming-bird . . 255 i as abdominal . 0b, »» hypocerous ‘ . 260 FY . apodal . 109 » Ichneumon ‘ . 224 » soldered-jaw ; 3 GN es - thick-legged. 70. » Spine-less . LOR Was Jantern, —,. Ue Hs e apodal . . 105} ,, Jlarge-eyed . 256 1 thoracic . : . 104} 4, leaf-nosed : 2am pa) SILTY” 9-4 ; . 95! ,, Jeaping-harvest . BAe » suctorial 110 3) moamhis,, 5-4 a 2 iy », fringed- mouthed 111 ¥,. IMATSh wine A . 258 ” A round-mouthed 70. », Mmottled-winged . . 256 ,, . tufted-gill 8 . 94 », musical harvest . . Dae » Wwide-mouthed . owBbtl) (ee cmydag .. : . QE 4) vfoseil 550, 551, 555, 562; 5, parasitic bee : » B58 565, 569, 570, 576, 584] ,, phoridean : . 260 Fishing-frogs . 82,95! ,, predatory . 258 Fissirostres : ; . 36 »» proboscidean | 262 Fissure-shells. . 128| ,, ruby-tailed . 227 Fissurellide . . 115,238 f sand: : cowl Qe Fistulariide . , Oi) Ms. asa : . 222 Flabellaria 5317, 579| 4, scorpion , QE Flabellina VOR2 ,, Short-horned ; . 254 Flacourtiacese . : . 475| ,, slender-horned . . 252 Flags : ‘ . 509 emake . |, : . 218 Flat-fishes : ! 4 OE: bp BOUER | x, . 261 Flat-heads : . 102} ,, spur-legged . =a Flax, New Zealand F » 502 », thunder . ' . 215 Flaxes : : . 442) 4, tree : . 255 Fleas. . ‘ . 26h, 262') Uh mesicular % . 256 yy» water : . 282, 299 »» wasp ; . 250 a m beaked . . 299; ,, -water-loving . 258 (whale . : ~ 295 » Willow . ; . 215 Flies. ; «| 250» 251 5» wood , . 258 » aphis-eating ; VEO! |) Hii dee ; : . 619 » “auger ‘ ee . 223 | Flounders : : = » black : : . 253) Flosculariide . é . ddl B ublieht. . : . 248 | Flukes, diplostome : . 362 5) c boak ; : . 242 3) eared! | , ae _y, . breeze. ; . 255 2, » \ feinged:, 4 24D », chameleon : . 255 » polystome : . 363 », -crane ; ; . 254 » proboscidean . . 362 A ,, - false : ay | HB pbs PLOPEP a ab. » cuckoo , ; . 225 vatbadted: .. ab. INDEX. TAG Page Page Fluor-spar . 604} Fungi, ventricose read. Fluoriniides 621 5 vesicular . 5384 Flustride 342, 346, 579 | Fungie 572 Flute-mouths 97 | “Fungus Melitensis” S52. Fly-catchers 33, 40 | Fustic . - 487 Flying-fishes 1/83 Foeniculum . 394] GanIpz . 104 Fool’s-parsley . 395 | Gadiniidee . 138 Foraminifera . 6,365, 373, 380, 572 | Gadolinite 612, 613 Foraminifers 6, 372, 373, 380 | Gaillonella . 578 sa alternating . 373 | Galathea . 114 bs compound ab. | Galatheidee enon. ee imbricated 2b. | Galaxiatide . 108 = pelagic . 374 | Galaxies 2 60, = spiral 373 | Galbanum 394 straight ib. | Galeidee 88 Forbidden-fruit 448} Galena . . 602 Forficula macropyga 206 | Galeommas . 153 » parallela ib. | Galeommidee a Forficulidee 207 | Galeopithecide . 14 Forked-beards . 104 | Galeritide . 331 Formicide 228 | Galerucidee . 205 Fossil-copal 622 | Galgulide - - 242 Fossils, eine 687 | Galiaceze - 395 Fossores 229 | Galidea . . 446 Foxglove 408 | Gall-nuts 482 Francoaceze 449 | Gallinee » 45 Francoads ib. | Galt 569 Frankeniacee . 472 | Gamasidee mrad Frankeniads ab. | Gamasus telarius - 273 Frankincense-trees 447 | Gamboges . 460 French-chalk . 605 | Gammaridee 281, 295 Fringe-myrtles . . 402 | Ganoidei Vro2, Fringe-tails . 268 | Ganoidians SSL Fringillide 42, 578 | Gapers ; 148, 152 Frog-bits ihe pe “Arctic . SS Frogs 74, 75 ye pearly ab. Fucaceze G35 yn pod ab. Fuchsia . 402 | Garcinia 460 Fucoides 573 | Garlic 502 Fulgoridze 247 | Garnet . 610 Fumariaceze 453 | Garryacee 481 Fumitories ab. | Garryads ab. Fungales 533 | Garryales . 480 Fungals ib. | Garryals ab. » Sporidious 534 | Gasteracantha . . 270 » sporiferous 533 | Gasteromycetes 533 Fungi, blighting ib, | Gasteropoda i 128, 377 » botrylloid 534 | Gasteropods 5, 124, 126, 377 » follicular 1b. is heteropodous . 142 » membranous 533. - 148 5 pulmoniferous 718 INDEX. : Page ‘Gasteropods, fossil, 549, 552, 562 566, 51,016 Gasteropodophera : ph BTT ‘Gasterosteidse . i . 100 Gasterozoa ‘ : Sy Gastrocheenide . i ~ om Gavialide , : 70 Gavials . re : shai Gebix . : : . 285 Geese . Ht : . Be Gecarcinide . . 280 s28F Geissosauria . 4 >s6l Geissosaurians . : fh ede Gekkoes ; ‘ . 64 Gekkonidee u : 3) ae Gelasimi : . BOBS Gemellariide . : . 845 ‘Gentianacee . : . 420 Gentianales ; o QD) ‘Gentianals ‘ : 4a! Gentians p } yi BBE ‘Geocorisa 4 é . 242 Geodephaga . . 176 Geological specimens, collec- tions of, . : . 687 Geology ; j . 538 Geometride . : . 238 ‘Geophila ; ‘ . 148 Geophilide . : \ 267 Geosaurus ‘ : . 565 Geotrupide . - . 188 Geraniacese : : . 441 Geraniales : A . 440 ‘Geranials : : a Gervillia ' F ») Be Geryoniide . : . 398 Gesner-worts . , . 409 Gesneraces , «BD: Gilead, Balm of, A . 448 Gilliesiacese : A (03 Gilliesiads ‘ ; dies Gingers SORE Ne - 508 Girafts . : ; We cee Ginseng : : . 893 Glacial-eroup .. |.) . . 580 Glaphyride . : . 190 Glauber-salt ‘ 588, 600 Glauberite , h - . 600 Glauconomes . : . 149 Glauconomide . ! «igi Globe-fishes . ! . 95 | Page Glomeridee . 267 Glossidee . 154 Glossopteris 563, 567 Glossotherium , . 582 Glow-worms . 193 Glumaleze : 516 Glumals, palm- like . 518 » rush-like me 4 Glucinides 611 Glutinous-hags Pays | Glycimeride - LZ Glyptodon clavipes . 582 Glyptolepis . 551 Gnathosaurus . 565 Gnats, gall 252 » leaping . a6. 5) a moth. 254 » true 253 Gneiss-group 544 Gnetaceze 492 Goats 24 Goatsuckers 32, 37 Gobies . 96 Gobiidee : ab. Gold amalgam . 596 »» - graphic ab. oy Mahive) >. ab, » testing supposed ¢ ores of,. 597 Goldbeaters woe ie i | Gomphoceras . 552 Gonatopine . 226 Goniatites 552, 555 Goniodontes . 106 Goniopholis . 568 Goniopoda . 154 Goniopods OD Gonoplacidee . 288 Goodeniaceze . 406 Goodeniads 5 a Goose-foots . 437 Gooseberry . 398 Gordians . 319 Gordiidee 318, 319 Gorgoniide . . 358 Gorgon-heads . 326, 334 Gossypium... - 467 Gourds . ATT Grallee . 48 Graminacese . 519 Granite-basis 642 ‘i common . a, INDEX. Page Grantiidee . 376 | Gymnospermee Grapes . . 453| Gymnosperms . Graphidacez . 5382 | Gymnotidee Graphite . 619 | Gymnotus electricus Grapsidee 284, 288 | Gypida Graptolithus 549, 567 | Gypsum Grasses . . 518 | Gyratrices Grasshoppers . 211 | Gyratricide * noise of, . . 212 | Gyrinide Grebes . 84 Gyroceras Green-earth . 609 | Gyrogonites Greenockite . 606 | Gyrodactylide . Greenstone . 604 | Gyrophora Gregarinidz . 869 | Gyrostemonacese Grossales . 897 | Gyrostemonads Grossals ita. Ground-nut . 432 | HamacrymMa Grossulariacez . . 398 | Hematherma Grouse . : 46 | Hematite, brown » tringoid PMA. ‘ red Gryllide . 211 | Hematopodine . Gryllotalpa . 209 | Heemodoracese Grypheza . 562, 566, 571 | Hair-keels Guadeloupe, human remains at, 585 | Hakes . Guaiacaraceze . 423 | Halcyonellea Guarana . 464 | Halcyornis Guava-tree . 400 | Halicides Gueldres-rose . 896 | Halicoride Guinea-hen weeds . 464 | Haliotidee “ Gulf-weed” . 536 | Halloysite Gulls. 34, 51 | Haloragacese Gum-Arabic . 432 | Hamamelidacexe Gum, Botany Bay . 502 | Hamites Gum, Senegal . 432 | Hand-fishes Gunjah . 487 | Hangnests Gurnards , 83, 101{| Hares . a riband . 101 | Harpalide Gutta-percha . 424 | Harpalinee Guttiferze . 460 | Harpes Guttiferales . 459 | Harpyide Guttiferals . %b,\ Haschisch Gymnasteria . 825 | Hata Gymnema lactiferum . 419 | Hausmannite Gymnetride . 98} Haustellata Gymnica . 369 | Hazel-nut Gymnicans ib, | Heaths . Gymnodontide . 95 | Heavy-spar Gymnogenz - 9885, 495 | Hebradendron . Gymnogens . 385, 491, 492 | Hectocotylus Gymnophthalmide . 61 | Hedera. Gymnosomata . 123 | Hedgehogs 588, 603 137, 576 548, 552 720 . Helianthus tuberosus . Helicidee Helicinge Helicines Helicinidee Heliconiidee Helioceras Heliotropes Heliotropiaceze . Hellebore, black ‘i white Helmet shells . Helminthoida . Helminthoidea Helocera Helodermidse Helophoridee Helopide Helotidee Helvellacese Helwingiacese Helwingiads Hemerobiidee Hemicidaris Hemiptera Hemlock : Hemp, African . Hemp-worts Henbane : Henné or Henna Henricia Hensloviacese Hensloviads Hepaticee Hepatus Hepialide Hermeeas Hermeeidee Herons . } Herpetichnus Herpetodryadidee Herpidee Herrings Hesperiidee Heterobranches Heterobranchiata Heterocera Heteroceridse Heterodactylidee Heterogangliata Heterogyna INDEX. Page | 405 125, 144, 576 115, 144 . 146 Melee. , 235 . 566 . 413 . ab. . 456 , 503 . 129 5, 379 . 309 . 186 . 58 Jaga . 196 . 108 , 584 , 480 asia. , 219 . 572 , 241 . 895 . 502 . 487 , 419 _ 427 . 825 , 428 . a. . 527 . 284 238, 237 kal sped 84, 49 . 560 Wie 313, 318 84,109 . 236 . 164 878 , 236 80 . 60 5, oe . 228 Heteromera Heteronomea Heteropygii Heterorgana Hexapoda : Hickory-wood . Himanthalia lorea Hippasteria Hippidee : Hippoboscidee . Hippocampide . Hippocrateacese Hippocrateads Hippolyte Hippopodium Hippopotami Hippopotamidee Hippotherium . Hirudinidee Hirudo medicinalis » Officinalis Hirundinidee Hispidee Histeridee Hog-fishes Eber ei Hog’s plums Holaster Hollies Holocentride Holocephali Holopodidee Holoptychius Holostei Holothuriz Holothurians, apodal 3 pedate 2) proper m Sealy. ») vermiform Holothuriide Homaliacese Homaliads Homalonotus Homalopside Homari Hominidee Homogangliata . Homogens Homolidee Homonomea INDEX. 721 Page Page Homorgana . 386 | Hydrometride . . 248 Homoptera 245, 246 | Hydrophidee 67 . dimerous . 247 | Hydrophilide . 181 55 monomerous . 249 | Hydrophyllaceze 416 uJ trimerous . . 247 | Hygrometer 691 Honey-eaters 33, 39 | Hyleosaurus 568 Honeysuckles 395 Hylotominse . 222 Hoopoes . 388 | Hymenomycetes . 533 Hoplophorus . 582 | Hymenoptera . : 221 Hops . 487 Ht folded-wing 231 Hordeum Ay, a fossorial . 229 Horehound, white, . 412 Fe heterogynous . 228 Hornbills . 43 2 honey-gathering . 231 Hornblende . 604 ms parasitic . . 223 Horn-worts . 487 ‘ saw-bearing 222 _Horriide . 199 . stinging . 227 Horses . atk. 22, 584 : stingless . 222. Horse-chesnuts . . 464 “ tube-bearing 227 Horse-radish . 470 | Hyotherium 578 Horse-tails 527, 567 | Hypericaceze . 459 House-leeks . 471 | Hyperians 295 Humiriaceze . 450 | Hyperiidee : ab. Humming-birds 33, 39 | Hypersthenic granite . 543 Hyacinth . 502 | Hyphcene coriacea . 513 ee. . 612 | Hyphomycetes 534 Hyznodon . 575 | Hypocera 260 Hyalonemidze . 358 | Hypogene formations . . 42 Hybodus 550, 569 | Hypogynese 390, 436 Hybotide . 256 | Hypoxidaceee . 510 Hydatidee . 863 | Hypoxids Bees Hydatids ; 359, 363 | Hyppocrepia . 348 4 horned . 363 | Hyracidee ue Hydatinide . 841 | Hyracotherium - 515 Hydnoraceze . 521 | Hysterophyta . ‘ - 386 Hydrachnide 273, 278 | Hystricidee ; nisin Hydrales . 511 Hydrals . 4b.| Tact . 14 Hydrangeaces . . 428 | Ianthinidee 114, 124, 136 Hydrangeads . 1b.| Iceland-moss . 532 Hydradephaga . . 179 | Iceland-spar . 603 Hydrargyrides . . 598 | Ichneumonide . . 224 Hydride 092, 354} Ichneumonine . ab. Hydrina ; . 66)|Ichthydiide . . d41 Hydrocharidaceze . 512 | Ichthyosauride 55, 561, 560, 561 Hydrocorisa . . 241 | Idiochelys 565 Hydrogen, light carburetted 596 | Idoteidee 282, 296 . phosphuretted . 595 | Iguanas . 64 es pure&sulphuretted. 7b. | Iguanidee ba 20: Hydrogenexides . 4b. | Iguanodon 55, 568 Hydrogenides . 4b, | Ileodictyon . 533 Hydroida . 353 | licinese . 423 Fie INDEX. Page Page Illecebracee . . £40 | Isopods ; ; . 295 Illigeraceze : . 403 » ambulatory = . 296 Tlligerads ‘ f Tos » natatory f . 297 Tloenus ; : . 547 , sedentary . -. a, Ilmeniides : ‘ . 614} Isotelus gigas . : . BAT Impatientaceze . 3 . 441} Ivy-worts ‘ . 393 Inachidee : ; J 286 |) Tee : ' . 284 Inarticulata ; . 845 | Ixodidee : : Qa Incense-wood . d . 448 India rubber, bottle . . 485 | JACAMARS ; aga Indian cresses . . 467 | “ Jack-wi’-the-lantern” Jnoe Indian figs : : . 898|Jalap . t . 418 Indigo . ; : . 432 | Japan- Varnish . ; . 446 Infundibulata . 344} Jasminaces . : . 414 Infusoria 6, 379, 380, 572, 578| Jasper . : n . 619 nf collecting : . 670} Jelly-Fishes . ‘ . 335 Infusorial-animalcules 367, 368, 380 is pedunculate . 888 Infusorials, anenterous . 869 . proboscis . ene 5 enterodelous . 370 a proper 00} Inoceramus . : orl o root-mouthed a Insect-Feeders . : 5 BS . simple ; a)” Insecta , . Bb TBs AA tentacular . . BS Insectivora ; d 15, 575 | Jerboas 2 : . 26 Insects : 5, 170, 173, 878 | Jerboidee : ; ee . 'bitine . : . 173 | Jerusalem-Artichoke . . 404 » Clear-winged . 219, 221 | Jessamines ; : - 414 » het-winged . 218,214] Jigger . : é . 262 » roof-winged . 216,217 | Joint-firs : : » 492 » Scaly-winged . 232,234] Joint-worts . é . 5386 5, Siphon-mouthed 245,246|Juglandacee . . 481,579 » straight-winged 208,209] Jujube-plant . : . 426 5, suctorial . 232| Julide . 2 . 264, 268 i) Mosel... 5d5 , 562, 566, 569 | Juncaceze ; . le See preserving : . 663 | Juncaginacess . ; - 500 Inula Helenium : . 404 | Juncales , J . 503 Invertebrates . : . 4|Juneals. ‘ , oe, Todiniides . 622 | Jungermanniacece : . 527 Tonidee : ‘ . 298 | Juniper P ‘ . 494 Tpecacuan : . 896| Juniperites : . 579 Iphisas : : - 60) Jura-group ; , . 563 Tphisidee , 5 ab. Tridaceze : . 509} KapsuRADS ; . 478 Tridexides : : . 615 | Kaliides : : . 601 Tridiides : . %.|Kalotretans . eae Tridosmine : . 698,615} Kangaroos’. . 30, 559 Tron-wood : . 423 Kassiterides . . 614 Iron, chromate of ; 609 | “Kelp” : L . 5386. . \aekive’’ |. ‘ . 608 | Kermes mineral j . 617 Isis : z . 579 | Ketiper t ‘ . 559 Jsonandra Gutta : . 424| Kingfishers ‘ 38 Isopoda ‘ . 295' Kino. , : ‘ 400, 432 Ki-wis . Knot-worts Kousso Kraken Krameriaces Kuprides Kyanlte LABIATE Labiatiflorz Labyrinthici Labyrinthodon . Laburnum Lac, Gum Lace-wings Lacertidee Lachnus lanigerus Lacistemaceze Lacistemads Lactuca sativa . . WEOS . Lezmodipoda Leemodipods Lagomys Lagriide Lambri Lamellariide Lamellibranchiata Lamellicornes Lamiaceze Lamiance yf Laminaria digitata Lampshells Pe beaked Lampasidee Lampreys Lampyridze Lance-wood Lancelets Lancet-fishes Landslips Laniidee Lanistes Lamniide f Lantern-shells . Lanthaniides Lanthanite Lapis lazuli Larch : Lardizabalacece Lardizabalads . INDEX. 723 Page Page . 48] Laride . 51, 585 . 440 | Larride . 230 . 430| Laseas . 153 . 117] Laseidee ab. . 466 | Laternulide 152 . 599 | Lattice shells 131 . 610) Lauracese 433 Laurels ‘ 433 . 412} Laurentia pinnatifida 535 . 404} Laurinese . 438 . 100} Lavandula vera . 412 . 559 | Lavender ab. . 432 | Lawsonia inermis 427 432, 485 | Lead, native 602 . 219 | Leaf insects 210 58, 565 | Lecanora : : a . 245} Lecythidacee . : . 400 . 475 | Leeches, branchiferous para- wales sitic ols . 405 3 horse . . 812 10. bs medicinal ab. . 295 », simple parasitic 318 «1 403 ce ES : 317 . 575| Leek . 502 . 198 | Leguminose 432 . 284} Leiodon . 570 . 129] Lemon . 448 . 878 | Lemurs 14 >a} oes flying ab. . 411 | Lemuridee ab. . 410} Lentibulariacese 408 . 536 | Leodicea gigantea O12 . 162 | Leopards-bane . 404 . 163 | Lepadidee 3038 . %.| Lepas 378 . 111 | Lepetidee 138 . 193 | Lepidocaryacese 513 . 457 | Lepidodendron . . 556 82, 111 | Lepidolite OO . 97} Lepidoptera . 234 . 589 | Lepidotus . 069 . 41) Lepidosirenide 91 . 114} Lepidosirens 06. . 89) Lepidosomatidee LOL, . 152 | Lepidosternidee 71 . 615 | Lepidosternons ub, . 1b, | Lepidosteus 569 . 611 | Lepidostrombus . 956 . 493 | Lepidotidee 62, 566 . 478 | Lepismatidee . 268 ib. | Lepisosteidee 3 724 Leporidee Lepralia Leptidee (Arachnida) », (Diptera) Leptoconchus . Leptoena Leptoglossata Leptonide Leptoplanas Leptoplanide . Leptotherium Lepturidee Lerneide Lerneans, brachial 9) A proper Lerneida A Lerneopodide . Lettuce, common 9b wild Leucippe Leucosiidee Lialisidge Lias-group Libellulidge Liberida Lice, bat +) ound, % neh » plant »» proper » sugar : » tailed crab tail-less crab . Lichenales Lichenals Lichens, glutinous i graphic . » ° scutiform Liebigite Ligulidee Ligulifloree Lilac, common . Liliaceze Liliales . Lilials Lilies Lima Limacidze Limacinidee Limapontiide . hook-jawed. INDEX. Page Page . 28) Lime (fruit) . 448 . 843 | Lime 608 273, 278| Limestone 20. . 2571 Limniidee 180 . 126} Limnophila 145 . 563 | Limpets, blind . 138 57 a cup and saucer 125 153 e duck-billed 163 319 a false 138 ab. - grooved ab. 582 proper ab. “908 Temi 114, 145 . 809 | Limulidee 285, 300, 555 308 | Linacese : ; . 442 2b.| Linden-blooms , . 466 309 | Linguatulidee . 009 . 808 | Lingulidee 163, 549, 567 2b. | Linneea borealis . 896 405 | Linseed . 442 ib. | Linyphinee 27 0, 275 . 284} Liorhynchide . . 850 285, 288 | Liquidamberaceze . 490 . 62] Liquorice . 482 561 | Lithiides . 601 214 | Lithion mica Sab, 334 | Lithobiidee 264, 266 961 | Lithodendron . 556 969 | Lithodes . 282 297 | Lithosiidee . 288 948 | Lithornis . 76 . 269 | Lithotrya . 808 . 268 | Litiopidee . 185 998 | Litmus . . 5o2 2b, | Littorinidee « bee . 582 | Lituites - 548, 552, 567 4b. | Lituola : ) er2 2b, | Liver worts . 528 ib, | Lizard, green ‘ . 53 ab. » Of the Meuse, . . BO . 613 » Viviparous . ae S61 » Whale . 568 . 404} Lizards . ; 52 Poe 420 ,, African blind, . . 68 502 » anguine 61 501 ss waka 63 ab. » crested . 65 502 » tying 564 . 562 5° Proper. 58 144 » Ying-tailed 60 122, 123 » scaly-cheeked 62 . 142 » short-legged 59 Lizards, slender-tongued » snake » Spilnous : », thick-tongued . Lizard’s tails Loaches, double-eyed, . proper a _ thick bodied . Loasaceze Lobeliaceze Lobelias Lobster, common ni Norway > thorny . tree Lobsters, locust ss plaited ” scorpion # thorny oe true . Locustidee Locusts : 7 noise of, is sea Lodoicea Seychellarum. Loganiaceze Logwood Loliginidée Loligopsidee Lolium temulentum Lonchophorus , Lonchopteride . Lonchopteris Longicornes Lonicereze Loosestrifes Lophiidée Lophiodon Lophiraceze Lophobranchii . Lophocercide . Lophyropoda Lophyropods Loranthaceze Loricariidée “ Lotus” of the aecieda +. of the Egyptians Lucanidee Lucernarians Lucernariidze Lucinas INDEX. 725 Page Page . 57} Lucinas, false Pa 55, . 62] Lucinide » 155 .0f65-\ Lidia. . . 326 . 64] Lumbricide woe . 436 | Lupa 283, 284 . 107 | Lusciniidee . 40 . wb. | Luteolaceze . 469 . 2. | Lycoperdonacese . 533 . 899 | Lycopodales - 525 . 406 | Lycopodals stat . wb,| Lycopodiacee . 526, 556 281, 283 | Lycopodites . 556 . 283 | Lycosinee 2h5 281 | Lydinz . 222 . 280 | Lygeeidee . 244 . 291 | Lygiidee . 296 ab. Lymexylonide . . 194 ab. | Liynceidee : . 299 ab. | Lysurus Mokusin . 533 292 | Lythracese . 427 212 ab.|Maczr , . 479 ab. Macgillivrayias . . 136 283 | Macgillivrayiidee sited, 513 | Machairodus Bile 422 | Mackarels 80, 84, se . 432 * scaleless 99 120, 562 55 Spiny . sus 119 | Macrauchenia 51018 519 | Macrobiotidee . 342 582 | Macrocystis pyrifera . 536 258 | Macrophthalmus 284, 285 556 | Macropodidee 7 aU . 202 | Macroscelidide . re . 395 | Macrospondylus . 565 427 | Macroura i290 95 | Mactras poe DO ys mad ab. 461 | Mactride pea 94 | Madders . 395 139 | Madrepores O02, 809 299 | Madreporidee 355, 579 ab.) Magila . . 566 391 | Magilus i h26 106 | Magnesian limestone . 604 426 | Magnesian limestone group. 557 458 | Magnesiides ; . 604 . 188 | Magnesite sf (hes . 355 | Magnetic iron ore 2/609 ib. | Magnoliaceze . 457 155, 577 | Magnoliads a6. 726 INDEX. Page Page Mahogany trees . 447 | Maples . . 463 Maigres . 100 | Maranta . 508 Maiide . 283, 286 | Marantaceze . 507 Maize . 519] Marble . . 603 Malachite, blue . 599 | Marcgraaviacese . 460 “5 green . wb.| Maregraaviads , dy Malacoderma . 377 | Marchantiacese . . 528 Malacodermata . . 192 | Mare’s-tails . 402 Malacopteri : . 106 | Marginellidee . 128 Hi abdominales . 46, | Margosa plants . . 446 Bf apodes . 109 | Marine siit . 586 Malactinia 5, 3879 | Marjoram . 412 Malacozoa . 877 | Marmalade . 424 Malapterurus 107 | Marsileaceze . 625 Malaspineads 414 | Marrubium vulgare . 412 Malesherbiacese 473 | Marsh trefoil . 420 Mallows 466 | Marsipobranchii 111 Malpighiacese 463 | Marsupialia 28, 559, 564, 575 Malpighiads ib. | Marsupials 12 £28 Malvaceze 466 | Marsupites Nip Malvales ib. | Marvels of Peru . 438 Malvals . . 7b, | Mascagnine . 600 Mammalia . 4, 18, 3877| Mastic . 446 Mammals 4, 8, 18, 377 | Mastodons 574, 515, 581 :. aplacental . 28 | Mastodonsaurus . 560 e four-handed 13 | Matico . . 437 M placental 26. | Matuta . . 284 ” preserving 632 | Mayacacese . 504 a rapacious 16 | Mayacs . Be single-hoofed . _ 92,| Meadow saffrons . 502 Mammifera A, 377 | Meandrinidee 356, 572, 579 Mammoth . 581 | Mecca, balm of, . f . 448 Man . 13 | Medjidite . 613 Manatees 19, 581 | Medlar . 430 Manatidee . 19 | Medusidee 322, 336, 338, 567 Manchineel : 485 | Meerschaum . 605 Mandibulata, (Aiolopoda) 269 | Megalichthys . 555 i (Insecta) . 173 | Megalochelys . 583 Mandrake 419 | Megalodon . 552 Manganides . 607 | Megalosaurus 55, 565 Manganite ab. | Megalotrochidee . 341 Mango 3 446 | Megapodiide . . 4d Mangold wurzel 437 | Megatherium . 582 Mangroves 401) Megatrema - BOR: oy wee: 411 | Melandryide 197 Manna ? 4920 | Melaniidee 114, 135, 566 » Mount Sinai 472 | Melanthiaceze a Manon . . 573 | Melasomata . 195 Mantidee 209, 210 | Melastomacee . . 400 Mantises, sea, . 283 | Melastomads ab. Mantispidee 218 | Meleagridee 46 Meliaceze Meliphagidee Mellifera Melissa officinalis Mellite . Melolonthidee Melon Melyridz Membraces Membraniporidz Men q Meneethius Mendoles Menispermaceze Menispermales . Menispermals Menopomas Mentagra Mentha . Menziesia Mephitide Mercury, native Mericotherium . Merlucciide Meropids Merulius Mesembryanthemaceze Metallology Metaxytherium . Meteorology Metopias Mezereons Miargyrite Mica schist group Mice, elephant, . » sea Micraster Micropoda Micropods Microscope Micruride Mignonettes Milfoil . Miliolidee Milk tree of Deweees Milk weeds Milk worts Millepedes, false - true a tufted Z woodlouse . INDEX. Page . 446 | Millerite 39 | Mimoseze . 231 | Mineral oil : : . 412 | Mineralogical specimens, collec- . 622 tion of, , . 189 | Mineralogy . 477 | Minium. . 193} Mints. : . 245 | Miocene group . . 346 | Mirabilaceze .. 13 | Mistletoes . 284 | Mites ood », cheese . 478} ,, garden 2b. » true ad. i) water T0| OA “wood 534 | Mithrax . 412 | Mitres . 449 | Mitridee 17 | Mcenidee 598 | Mole-rats . 581 | Moles . 104 | Molgidee 38 | Molibdexides . 583 | Molibdides . 435 | Mollia . 590 | Mollusca F . 577 | Molluscoids, aquatic 689 * terrestrial . . 560 | Molluscous animals . 484 | Mollusks . 598 5 preserving . 544} Moloch horridus. 15 | Molossus _ 314| Molybdena . 571 | Molybdenides . . 158 | Molybdic-ochre . 2b. | Monadidee . 687 | Monads. , » 319 of shelled . 469 | Monanthize . 404 | Monaphyseze . 373 | Monazite . 423 | Monimiacese . 418 | Monimiads . 465 | Monitoridee . 268 | Monitors ab. | Monkeys, American _ 267 Monochlamydeee . 267 | Monoclinece F oun . be 115, B77 ert: | ab. 5, B77 Hh, Ls . 653 se 55 . 615 gs . 615 . 369 id. . id. . 495 . 511 . 613 . 480 id. 57 ib. ius . 390 390, 391 728 Monocotyledones Monomera Monomerosomata nS errantia suctoria 99 Monomyaria Monosterea Monostereans .. Monotremata Monotremes Monotrocha Monotrochians . Monotropaceze . Moonseeds Moracese Morchella Morchellidze Moringaceze Mormolyce Mormyride Mosandrite Mosgasaurus Mosquitoes Mosseg, inoperculate » operculate » scale S . split yi) | WEY Moths . » Burnet hawk , butterfly-hawk ,, clear-winged hawk » Clothes » ermine » geometric » hawk, proper », lackey » lappet » Jeaf-rolling » meal » plume i0) Tugtic » swift » tiger Motmots Mound-birds Mountain-cork . a leather sh limestone mf pirate a tallow INDEX. Page . 885 . 249 . 276 ab, Man poles Bt) ab. 30 Br): . d41 eo! . 449 . 478 . 486 . 534 174, 198 . 473 . 174 . 108 . 613 0 253 . 527 . 526 . 527 oh 00, . 526 . 236 led -. 4b, 30) HABE . 239 AOD: . 238 | Zar . 238 2 . 239 iD . 240 . 238 M237 . 238 a ae 34, 45 . 604 sii eB . 554 . 284 . 622 Mouse . Moxa Mucoraceze Mud-bores Mugilidee Mulberries Mullein, Great . Mullets, gray Mullidee Mureenidee Murchisonian-rocks Murex . Muricidee Muridee Muromontile Musaceze Muscales Muscals Muschelkalk Musci Muscicapidee Muscidee Musks . Musocarpum Musophagidee Mussels ; » fresh-water y. Nile pond Mustard : Mustards, Sacred. Mustelidee Mutelidee Mutillidee Mycetophagidee Mycetophilide . Mycetopidee Mycoderma Myctiridee Mydasidee : Myelencephala . Mygalidee Myide . Myletidee Myliobatidee Mylitta Mylodon robustum Mymarinee Myochama Myoporaceze Myriapoda 148, INDEX. 729 Page Page Myriapods . 5, 268, 266 | Nemertina eo dy | Myricacese : . 490 | Nemocera . 252 Myristicaceze . 479 | Nepenthaceze . 482 Myrmicide . 228 | Nephila : wage Myrmecobius . 564 | Nephrodium Filix-mas 524, 525 Myrmecophagide . 25) Nephrops . 283 Myrmeleonide . . 218 | Nepidee . 242 Myrobalans . 403 | Nereidee 312, 314 Myrrh . . 448 | Nerinea . 566 Myrsinacese . 415 | Nerites . Taal Myrtaceze . 400 | Neritidee 137,549, 552, 556 Myrtales ; . 2b, | Neroli-oil . 448 Myrials . 4b. | Nettles . . 488 Myrtle-blooms . . 4b. | Neuroptera . 214 Mysidee . 293 | Neuropteris. . 556 Mystriosaurus . . 565 | New-Red-Sandstone . 558 Mytilidee . 157 | Nickel-glance . 606 Myxinidee 82, 111 | Nickel-ochre 16. Nickelides zie} Namz2z . . 315 | Nightshades . 419 Naiadacez t OL2 ig deadly wiev@be Nanina . 115, 124 | Nillsonia ‘ ; . 563 Napha-water . 448 | Niobiides . 614 Naphtha . 622 | Niobite 2): Napoleon-worts . 401 | Nirmide 4209 Naranda . 566 | Nitidulide . 183 Narcissacez . 509 | Nitre ! . 601 Narcissales . %b.| Nitrogen, pure . . 618 Narcissals ; . 1b. | Nitrogenides 10D Naricacea . 133 | Noctuide . 238 Narthex . 394 | Nolanaceze . 413 Nassas . 125 | Nolanads a> G8 Natatoria 297 | Noriides i6U2 Naticide 125, 129, 552, 566 | Norna . . 566 Natrides . 600 | Nothosaurus . dom Natron . 601 | Notidanidee 90 Nautilide 115, 117, 121, 552, 562, 566 | Notocanthide £609 N autilograpsus . . 282 | Notonectide . 242 Navicula 368, 578 | Notornis . 583 Naxia . 285 | Notoxide 199 Nebalias 298, 555 | Nuculidee 156, 568, 577 Nebaliide . 298 | Nudibranchiata : . 140 Necrophaga . 182 | Nudibranchs Sa 0) Nectandra . 433 | Nullipora 519 Nectarine . 431 | Nutmegs . 479 Nelumbiaceze . 457 or) plame’ Jc abs Nematoidea . 5, 379 24. Brazilian . 433 Nematoneura . 5 . 4b.| Nyctaginacese . . 489 Nematopoda 378 | Nycteribiide . 261 Nemertide 320 | Nyctisauria 64 Nemertides 320 | Nyctisaurians . ab. 730 | INDEX. Page Page Nympheacee . : . 458 | Onchidoridide . : . 140 Nymphales : . 457 | Onchus . : . 547 Nymphalide . . 235 | Onion . : } . 502 Nymphals ; . 457 | Oniscidee : . 296 Nymphonide . . 279 | Onustidee . 132 Nyssa . . : . 403 Onychoteuthidee : Sv ERS Nyssonidz . : . 230; Onyx - : : . 619 Nyssus , : . 270 | Oolite-group. : . 568 Oozoa . : : 6, 380 Oaks . : : . 481 Opal. : : . 620 Oats . : . 519 | Ophidia : : « 66 Oceaniide : . 838 | Ophidiaster .. . 825 Ocellaria ; : . 572 | Ophidiidee : ~ 105 Ochnacez ‘ . 444 | Ophioglossacese . : . 525 Ochnads ; : . . | Ophiolepis : : . 324 Octobothride . . 310 | Ophiolite ‘ . 543 Octopoda : 118 | Ophiomoride . . 62 Octopodide . 116, 117, 118 | Ophiopholis ; . 324 Octopods ; 118 | Ophiostoma . : . 849 » pelagian 116, 118 | Ophiothrix : : . 324 Oculinidee ; : . 855 | Ophrydiide . 371 Ocypodidee 4 . 284, 287 | Ophiuride 321, 333, 549, 563, 572 Odontopleure . . 548 Opisthobranchiata ’ . Weg Odontopteris . . 556 | Opisophthalmata : . 146 (Ecistidee ; ‘ . 341 ee ee ‘ 2 POD: Cidemeride . : - 197; Opium . ’ . 455 Oeidia . ; : . 285 | Opoidia ; ° . 394 CEnanthe . : . 395 | Opoponax » Cae: (Eonia . ‘ - 548 | Opossums ; . 28 Ckstride hee oe . 260 | Opuntia cochinellifera . . 899 Ogygia . : : . 548 | Orange-plants . . 448 Oil-cake : : . 442] Orbiculinide . os (3 Oil-nuts ; . 392 | Orbitidee _ . ogee Olacaceze é - 451 | Orchidaceee ; . 506 Old Red Sandstone Dias - 550 | Orchidales ; : . 0. Olacaceze : - 420 | Orchidals ; : . 4b, Oleander : ! . 422 | Orchids , : ae Olefiant gas ‘ . 996 | Organ-fish aa. Olenus . : . 048 | Origanum . 412 Olibanum : : . 448 Ornithorynchide ‘ ety 2 Oligodontide . é . 68] Orobanchacee . ‘ . 421 Olives . ; . 125,127 | Orontiacese : : . 503 bs : : i . 420 | Orphnea P : . 566 Olividee ? : . 127 | Orpiment ; ’ . 618 Omalaxis : ain . 576 | Orris-root ; 7 . 509 Omaliide ; ; 85 | Orthis .. : . 549, 567 Ommastrephes . . . 116 | Orthoceras . 5490; samy 555, 567 © | Ommotolampes Eichwaldi .558|Orthocerata . . 200 a Omphalobiacez : . 446 | Orthoptera, : : . 209 Onagracez ' : . 401 e leaping. a Onchidiide . . 125, 144! Orthoptera, rapacious . . 210 731 Page Page Orthoptera, running . 209 | Paleeoniscidee 555, 558, 560 . walking . 210 | Paleeophilus . 584 Orthospermee . 394 | Paleeophis . 576 Orthostylus . 115 | Paleeornis . 568 Orycteropodide . 25) Paleeosaurus . 560 Oryza . 519 | Palecospalax we One Oscillatoria cerugescens . 5386 | Paleotherium . age 3) Osmeroides Mantellii . 570 | Paleoxyris . 561 Osmiides . 616 | Paleeozoic formations . 545 Ossiferous caves : . 584] Palinuridee 281, 291 Ossiferous sands and gravel . 580 | Palliobranchiata Ses Osteolepis . 551 | Palladiides nou Osteozoa : . 377 | Balm, Doum bbs Ostraceontide . 95,0806 | 6 5,5.) Pam : 0 Ostracoda -o00)) iy '. Ceylon Talipot ‘ . O14 Ostracods ' 3c OBS , » Cabbage). sitnediDs Ostreidee 159, 571, 577} coco-nut . GLb Ostriches ‘ . 48] Palmales . 512 Otinidee 128 | Palmals «kde Otidide 48 | Palmipes DME PAIS 455 Otis . 584 Palms, atelespatheous : ole Oxalidacese ; . 441 » betel nut . 514 Oxen 23, 581, 582 » date ; aint Ge Oxlip : . 416 » fossil eo, 561,579 Oxygenexides . 620 » oil yielding . d14 Oxygenides ab. 5 Palmyra 513 Oxyrhynchi 2838 ik ee ab Oxytelide | 185 9» sago : ahaa Oxytrichide. 371 telespatheous ; . 514 Ourari poison 422 Paludicellidee . 348 Ovinz 24 | Paludina . 569 Owls 32, 36 | Paludinacea . . 184 Oyster- catchers . 49 | Pampas et Oysters . 147, 159 | Pamphractus SOO Pe pearl . 148, 158} Panax .'. . 393 2 perforated . 159 | Pandanacese . OLD e river . 157 | Pandanocarpum 27 2 ss window 159 | Pandaridee . 307 Pandoras . 153 Pachycephala 308 | Pandoride rele Pachydermata . : . 20) Pangiacece . 476 | Pachyderms 10, 20, 574, 578, Pangiads Sek 3 581, 582, 584, 587 | Panicinse . 519 Pachyglossata . , . 64] Panorpide . 217 Pachypteris | . 567 | Papaveraceze . 454 Pachytherium . . 582 | Papaws a 6°.) ioe Paguride 2380, 290 | Papayaceze - : ae 1s Palamedidee | . 50} Papayales : ab. Paleobatrachus. . 584 | Papayals a ath Paleemonide . 283, 292, 566 | Paphians + 150 Palzomys ; . 578 | Paphiidee ib, INDEX. LI ee SS ee 732 INDEX. Page Page Papilionacess . . . 413 | Pectinibranchs, rostriferous . 130 Papilionidss . i . 234] Pectinide . . é . 159 Papilionine . . 235 | Pedaliacese . 410 Papyrus antiquorum . ,518 | Pedaliads -2> 2 (anee . 00. Paradoxides.. ; . 548 | Pedicellariidee . E 306, 310 Paraguay tea. ! . 423 | Pedicellinide . . 847 Parisidee : : . 496 | Pediculariide . ony DBZ Parisite ; : . 613 | Pediculide ~~. . 269 Parasites ‘ : . 268| Pedionomide . . . . 46 $9 star fishes. 130 | Pedipalpi ! . 276 ” cavitary 322, 348, 350, 379 | Pedipalps : . ob. By coral . . 182| Pedunculata.. : . 303 “ elytroid fish . 307 | Pegaside .. 83, 94 Le high... 5, 805, 307, 379 | Pelagosaurus . . 565 " proper ; . 307 | Pelicanidee ae Lae " fresh-water fish . 46.| Pelicans tay. Jape a jawed : . 269 | Pellitory of Spain : . 404 ». lernean fish . . 808 | Pelonaians q . SGS ase 5» parenchymatous 323, Peloniide . 167 359, 360, 380 | Pelopiides J ae . 614 ‘> pincer-bearing fish . 308] Pelopeus .. ; . 221 ‘, shield-headed fish . 307} Peltocephala_ . . 307 a suctorial _ . 269 | Penseaceze yy ae . 427 9 thick-headed fish . 3808 | Penseidee : , . 293 : tufted fish . . 2. | Penguins : : . d4 worm-like fish . 809 | Penicillium eS cy. . 5384 -Pareira brava . . 478, Pennatulide. . . 857 Parine . ; . 40} Pennyroyal ‘ . . 412 Parmeliacess . ‘ . 5382 | Pentacerotide . . 300 Parnide : ; . 180 | Pentacrinitidee 326, 334, 563, 572 Paronychiacee . : . 440| Pentactide . . =: . 325, 330 Parrots : . 43|Pentamerus . ‘ 549, 567 Parrot fishes. : . 105 | Peppers ae Parsley. ’ . 394 Pepper, betel. . 437 Parsnip. : , oye || ABE black f 0 80 Parthenopide . : + 286 | WED Vi Momeni : ~- Ob. Partula : . ADS | ee white . : w+: OB, Passeres ; : . 86] Pepper worts . : . §25 Passifloraceee . . 474| Peppermint. . 412 Passion flowers. NEA . 000: | Pevamelidges) 4 +48 ay, Pastinaca . 394 | Perches . . 103 Patellidee 114, 138, 549, 566, 576 » naked-headed . » | ad. Patma worts . : . 520 . seaandserpentiform . 7. Pausside ‘ : . 184 » Spiny-headed . . Ww. Peach... . .. ; 231 | Peteides a3, cee Ae a - . 480} Percophide . : . a, See ee ae . 431 | Pecicera ; th ae . 284 Pectens, fossil . 568, 571, at Periclase: «(jf 7a . 604 Pectinibranchiata . 126 | Peridiniidee : . . 870 Pectinibranchs . . 4b, | Perigynese ; . 890, 407 a " proboscidiferous . ib.\Peripatide . . + | “(ame INDEX. 733 Page Page Peripatiens . . 315 | Phoenix dactylifera, . 514 Periwinkles 125, 184] Pholadidee — . 148,151 Perlide . . 215 | Pholadomyide . 152, 563, 566 Permian group . 557 | Phoridze (Diptera) . 260 Perna 571 - ee ide) . 132 Peru, balsam of, 432 | Phormium : . 502 Peruvian barks. 396 | Phosphorides | . 618 Petalite 601 | Phosphorus, Salt of, . . 600 Petiveriacese 464| Phragmoceras . 548, 552, 567 Petrels 51 | Phryganeide ne eae Petricolide . 149 | Phrynide Nar ‘ Petrified mushroms” 572 | Phycidee . 104 Petroleum 622 | Phylleleuthere . . 500 Petromyzontide: 111 | Phyllidians . 142 Petroselinum 394 | Phyllidiide aa) 1 Peuce . 567 | Phyllinidee . 818 Phacops . 548} Phyllirrhoide . . 142 Phalangers . 29} Phylloblastze . 885 Phalangide . . 278 | Phyllopoda (Conchifera) . 148 Phalangistide . oy 29 (Crustacea) . 298 Phallus . 533 Phyllopods (Bivalves) . - 148 Phaneropneumona . 146 Ws (Crustaceans) 1/298 Phaneropneumons . b.| Phyllopteryx . 82 Phanerogamia . 385, 388 | Phyllosomatids . 293 Pharidee . 151 | Phyllosynaptee . . 506 Pharyngobranchii . 111] Physaliidee 322, 336, 337 Pharyngognathi . 105 | Physeteride. i 18, 581 i acanthopterygii 7b. | Physograde oe7 Fe malacopterygii 106} Physomycetes . . O84 Phascolomyids f . 80} Physophoride . . 307 Phascolomys . 28] Phytelephas macrocarpa . 515 Phascolotherium . 564] Phytolaccacese . . 438 -Phasianella . 549 | Phytolaccads imheDs Phasianide . 46] Phytological equipment sw Gl Phasmidee 208, 210 | Phytology é . 381 Pheasants . 46] Phytosaurus . 560 Philadelphacee . . 397 | Phytozoa 5, 379 Philesiaceze . 496| Picide . oe Philesiads . 1b. | Pierine. . 235 Philhydrideze . 180} Pigeons Se Philinidee 139 | Pikes, 1) LOS Philonexide 116, 118 sea - 100 Philydraceze 505| ,, small-mouthed 5.108 Phlebotomide . 254 | Pilchard -, 84 Phlebotomists . ib. | Pileolus . 076 Phleum 519 | Pimeliidee . 195 Phloxes 417 | Pimelodide TLC Phocidee 17 | Pimento f . £00 Pheenicites 579 | Pimpinella , . 395 Pheenicopterus . 578 | Pinaceze 493 Phenikoidez 518 » fossil 556, 561,563, 567, 579 734 Plants, collecting ing » flowering », Howerless » fossil Platanaceze Piatycarcinus Platycephalide . Platemys in Lien. Platinides Platinum-ore .. INDEX. Page Page Pine-apples . . 511 | Platygasterine.. . >. . 226 ' Pines . 493 | Platylepas My . 302 Piney-varnish . 462 | Platyonyx : : . 582 Pinite . . 610} Platypezidee .. : . 258 Pinks 440 | Plectognathi . : 94 Pinnas . 148, 158, 563 | Plesiosaurus es 55 561 Pinnidze . 158 | Plethodontide . s 17 Pinnigrada . . 384 | Pleuracanthus . : | 555 Pinnotheride . 287 | Pleurobranchidee : / 2389 Pipe-fishes . 94) Pleuronectide . : . 104 Pipe-worts . 517 | Pleurophyllidiaus : . 141 Piperaceze . 436 | Pleurophyllidiidee ‘ ioe Piperales 7b.| Pleurosaurus . . 565 Piperals 5 . 2b,| Pleurotomaria . 552, 562, 566, ne Pipers” ; . 826 | Pleurotomide . : . 128 Pipide . : . 75 | Pliocene-group . : . 578 Pipunculidee . 259 | Pliosaurus : ‘ . 565 Pisa 283, 284 | Plocaria tenax . : . 535 Pisces 4, 86, 377 | Plovers . : 33, 49 Pistachio-nuts . . 446 | Plover-quails. . 46 Pistiaceze OG | Pham .,.. : ; . 431 Pistillidia . 524 | Plumatellidee 343, 348 Pitch-blende . 613 | Plumbaginacee . ; . 416 Pitcher-plants . 482| Pneumodermonide . . 124 Me American . 455| Pneumoderms . ‘ ce. Pittosporacese . . 452 | Poa : : y . 519 . Pittosporads «#8. |) Pocilloperes.-. i . 855 Placads . 451 | Pocilloporidee . : «Vee Placenialia . 13) Pod-shells : : . 151 Placoidians » 81 | Podocarpus t TO Placunidee . 159 } Podophthalmata (Crustacea) . 285 Plagiostoma 563, 571 _ (Gasteropoda) 136 Plagiostomi . 86 | Podopsis eet Planariidee 313, 318 | Podosphenia . > . 578 Planaxidee . 134 | Podostemacez . ‘ . 443 Planes . : 485 | Podostemads Plantaginaceze . 416 | Poduride Plantain 509 | Poeciliidee Plantain-eaters . 42| Peecilopleuron . and preserv- ; . 670 385, 386, 388 386, 522, 523 556, 573 . 485 . 284 . 102 569, 576 . 616 \aOT 597,598 Pogonias Pogonopoda Pogonopods Poinze Poison-nuts “Poissons” of Lacepede Polemoniaceze . Pollicipedidee Polyclinine Polycotyla Polycrase Polydesmidee INDEX. 735 Page Page Polygalacez. . 469 | Porcupines - 10, 27 Polygastric-animaleules . . 6/ Pore-worts - 466 Polygastrica 6, 380 | Porifera 26; 375, 380 Polygonacez 439 | Porites . 355, 549, 567 Polynoes” - 314 | Poritide » 005 Polynoide . ab, | Porphyry . 543 Polyodontide 93 | Porpita . : » 836 Polyphemide 299 | Portland-stone . . 564 Polyphemuses . ib. | Portuguese men-of- war . 336, 337 Polyphractus 551 | Portulacaceze : 439 Polypifera 5, 323, 353, 379 | Portunidee : 4 285, 287 Polypoda (Annelida) . 313 | Posidonia 560, 563 > poss) . 121 | Post pliocene group. . 580 Polypodiacese . 525 | Potamese : » 512 Polypods . 121 | Potamohippus . . 582 Polyporus . 533 | Potassium,mineral compounds of 601 Polyps . 5, 351, 353, 379 | Potato . . 419 » asteroid . . 857 | Potato, sweet, 418 » bell-bearing . 304 | Prairies 587 », clavate fleshy ib. | Pranisians 297 » fistular ab. | Pranizidee ab, »» fresh-water s. 20.) Prawns . 288, 292 » hydroid . . 653 | Preservative preparations 624, 625 » plant-like . 354 | Priapulidee . 328 », zoanthoid , - Prickly-ashes . 445 fossil 549, 552, 572, 579 | Prickly-pear . 899 Polypteride: 93, 565 | Primary rocks . . 546 . Polyptychodon . . 570 | Primates ge ees Polystomatide . . 363 | Prionide 203, 566 Polytomes . 339 | Pristidee 88, 584 Polytomdee . tb, | Pristosaurus . 560 Polyxenide . 267 | Primroses . 415 Polyzoa. 5, 322, 343, 379, 572, 579 | Primulaceee 00GB. Pomaceze ° . 430 | Privet . . 420 Pomegranate . 400 | Proboscidea a4 Pomfrets 98 | Proboscidifera . . 126 Pompilidee 229 | Procellariide on Pond-weeds 512 | Proctonectide . 141 Poneridz 228 | Proctotrupide . 226 Pontederiacee . 501|Proctotrupine . ° . . 227 Pontederiads ab, | Productus 4 . 649) 558 Pontias . 300 | Promeropidee : sn5u Pontiide P . tb, | Prosobranchiata . 126 Poplars . : . 490, 579 | Prosobranchs ah O08 Poppies. . 454 | Proteaceze . 433 Porania. 325 | Proteans say 5 Porbeagles 89 | Proteidee 73, 76 Porcelain : . 611} Proteus. . 867 Porcellanide (Crustacea) . 290 | Protococcus nivalis 537 " (Gasteropoda) . 127 | Protogine 543 Porcupine Ant-eaters 30 | Protonopside tk 736 INDEX. Page Protophyta, . . 336 | Pulmonaria . Protopteri $1 | Pulmonea Protopterus 92 | Pulse Protosaurus . 557 | Pumpkin Protozoa 6, 380} Pupivora Pselaphidee . 186| Purple shells Pseudocarcinus . 284, 285| Purslanes ; Pseudocotyledones . 886| Pycnodontide . Pseudopoda . 870| Pycnogonide Pseudopods . b.| Pyctornis Pseudotetramera . 200} Pygopodes Psilomelane . 607 | Pygopodidee Psittacidee 43, 585 | Pyraceze Psocidee . 215 | Pyralidee : Psolide . . 3380 | Pyramid shells . Psolinus . 825! Pyramidellide . Psychodidee . 254| Pyrargyrite Pysllidee . 248) Pyrethrum parthenium Pterichthys . 551| Pyrgomatide Pterodactylus 55,564 | Pyrites, arsenical Pteromalinee eae »~'., ewhre Pteronotide 9 OT » magnetic Pterophyllum . . 567 yo he Pteropoda 4 . & LL /8r7 » white iron Pteropods 5, 121, 122, 377, 576 | Pyrgoma P naked . 123) Pyrochroidee ne shell bearing . 122 | Pyrolaceze al slipper shaped . 1238 | Pyrolusite e spiny . 122 | Pyromorphite . a spiral . 123 | Pyrosomes subulate . 4@b.| Pyrosomatide . Pterosomata . 143 | Pyxidiculum Pterosomes »p Pterotracheide . . 142] QUADRUMANA . Pterygia . 877 | Quadrupedes ovipari Pterygotus . 547 “9 Vivipari Ptilota . . 878 | Quassias Ptinidee : . 194) Quarternary formations Ptychacanthus . 551 | Quartz . Ptychoceras 571 | Quartzose conglomerates Puccinia 5383 | Quercinese - ; Puff birds 32 | Quercitron Pulex irritans 262 | Quernales 0 gigas ‘ ib. | Quernals Re Echidne . 2b. | Quina , Pulicidee : ab. » Brazilian Pulmonifera 143 | Quince . Pulmonifers, fresh- water 145 | Quoyias n marine ib, | Racheeosaurus . a terrestrial 143 | Radiata . Pulmonigrade . 337 » preserving 5, 328, 379, 380 . 668 "Page 28 eer . 432 ey | . 223 «RED . 489 . 560 . 279 . 576 61 «foe . 480 . 289 . 180 as 3 - 598 - 404 04 . 608 a5. .. 20, . 614 . 608 «, aoe . 198 . 449 . OF . 602 168, 167 . 166 ee 13, 574 oe ir ii WB. . 444 . 585 . 619 . 550 . 482 Jue: . 481 ~/ ab. . 396 . 420 . 430 . 184 . 565 INDEX. 737 Page Page Radiate animals 5, 320, 323, st : Rhatany-root . 466 Radish . Rhetinexides . 622 Rafilesiacese 520, os Rhinobatide «ii OB Raiide . . 87 | Rhinoceri 21, 574, et Raiine . . 86) Rhinocerotide . Rails . 33, 50 | Rhinocryptis ; é Raisins . . 453 | Rhinolophus . 584 Rallide . : 50 | Rhizocarpze . 526 haired 305 | Rhizogense 385, 520 Ranales . 454 | Rhizogens on, 20: Ranals . . 1b. | Rhizopboracee . . 401 Ranide . 74, 75 | Rhizostomatidee 322, 338 Raninide : 284, 289 | Rhizanthea . 885 Ranunculaceze . . 455} Rhizanths . 520 Raphidiidee . 218 | Rhodiides ‘ Se Raphiosaurus . 570 | Rhodium, oil of, . 418 Raptoria . 210 | Rhododendron . . 449 Raspberry . 430 | Rhodomenia palmata . 535 Rats. . 26} Rhodophyside . . 887 Rattle-snakes . 66) Rhopalocera . 234 Rays. 82, 86 | Rhopalodinide . 327, 329 » beaked . 88| Rhubarb . 439 » eagle 87 | Rhyncheenine . « 202 », horned 86 | Rhynchonella . . 571 », sting 87 | Rhynchonellides . 168 stingless . ab, | Rhyncophora . 200 Razor-fish 148, 151 | Rhynchosaurus . 560 Realgar . 618 | Rhyphidee . 254 Reamuriaceze . 459 | Rib-worts . 416 Reamuriads . 1%,| Riband fishes 31 128 Reckur . . 566 | Rice . 519 “Red snow” . 537 | Ricinacese . 484 Reduviide : . 243 | Ricciaces . 528 Reindeer-moss . 532 | Rissoas . . 134 Reptilia 4, 52, 56, 377 | Rissoellas . 185 Reptiles : F 4, 56, 377 | Rissoellidee . wb. » fossil 550,555, 564,568, 570, | Rissoidee . 134 575, 588, 587 | Roccellee » 532 » scaly . , . 56} Rock-borers . 149 » shielded . 69] Rock-crystal . 619 » preserving . 646 | Rock-shells . 126 Renealmia : . 508 | Rodentia : ' - 25 Resedaceze : . 470 | Rodents . 9, 25, 575, 578, 582 Restiacez . 517 | Rollers . ; ‘ oot Retinite . 622 | Rosaceze - 429 Retosz . . 885 | Rosales . a. Rhabdoccela . 819| Rosals . oj 2B, Rhamnaceze . 426 | Rose-tangles . 5385 Rhamnales . 423 | Rosewood . 432 Rhamnals ab. | Rosemary . 412 Rhamphastidide 43 | Roses, attar ‘of . 430 738 INDEX. Page Page Fiostrifera « . . . 130 | Sagriidee ee > . 204 Rostellaria 566, 571 |Saguerus Rumphii . . . 514 Rotatoria : : . 879 | Sagus farinifera mes a Rotella . : ; . 562 | St. Boniface’s pennies . . 327 Rotifera . 5, 341, 379 | St. Cuthbert’s beads. ee Rotiferidee : 342 | St. Ignatius’ beans .. . 422 Rotifers . 322, 340, 841, 379 | Sabammeniae 9 517 . 600. 39° . bristle |. . 341 | Salaginites 556 w crab 342 | Salamanders : 76 op» HEB a. te 341 = cross-toothed 17 », large-wheeled ab, hs smooth. 76 » pellucid ib. | Salamandride . ab, 99° proper . 342 | Salicacese . 490 » social 341 | Salicornariide . 343, 344 » tardigrade 342 | Sallow . 490 tortoise ab, | Salmonidee , 109 Rough- -tails 63 | Salmon, deep-bodied oho Roxburgh-worts 495 7 .— true . 81, 84, 109 Roxburghiaceze ab. » wide-mouthed . 106 Rubia 395 | Salpee a . 336 Rubiacese ab. | Salpians 164, 165, 167 Rue worts 445 | Salpidee . : On Ruminantia 22 | Salpingidee 199 Ruminants 26. | Salt, common 600 9 fossil 575, 581, 584, 587 | Saltatoria . all "A hollow-horned . 23 | Salticinee - 275 Rushes . 504 | Saltpetre 588 » flowering 501 | Salvadoraceze 414 Rutacee . 445 | Salvia 412 Rutales . 442 | Samarskite 614 Rutals . ib, | Sambucese 395 Rutelidz 189 | Samphire 394 Rutheniides 598 | Samydacee - 474 Rutile 614 | Samyds. ab, Rye: . 519 | Sand-ore ; 587 Renclineian 52 | Sandal-wood, red 432 Rypoghaga . 179 | Sandal-woods 392 Rytinidz 20 | Sandarach . 494 : Sandhoppers 281, 295 SABADILLA - 503 | Sanguisorbacese Sabellas 317 | Sanguisuga. . Sabellidee ab, | Sanseviera . Saccharum 519 | Santalaceee - Sacred beans 457 | Sapindaceses - Safflower 405 | Sapindales . Saffron . 509 | Sapindals Saga. 566 | Sapotaceee . Sagapenum 394 | Sapphire Sage . 412 | Sappodillas . Sagittidee 142 | Sapygidee Sago: 513, 514 | Sarcocols Sarcollenaces . Sarcolenads , Sarcopsylla penetrans . Sargassa-shells . Sargassum bacciferum . Sarsaparillas Sarraceniaces . Sassafras Satin-spar Satin-wood | Saturnia Atlas . Sauria Saurians Saururacese Saury pikes Sauvagesiacee . Sauvagesiads Savin . Saw fish Saxifragacese Saxifragales Saxifragals Saxifrages Scabbard-fishes . Scale-bearers Scale-insects . ie mea!ly-winged Scale-shells Scalidee Scallops Scammony Scansores Scaphidiide Scaphites Scarabeidee Scaride Scaritide Scatophaga Ceparum Scelidotherium . Scenopinide Scepacese Scepads Scheelite } Schizandracez . Sclizopteris Scieenidee Scincidee Scitaminez Sciuridz : Scleranthacer . Scleranths INDEX 739 Page Page . 442 | Scleroderma ele ib. | Sclerodus . 54T 262 | Scolecidee . 362 135 | Scoliide - . 229 536 | Scolopacidee 49, 578 496 | Scolopendride . 268, 266 455 | Scolytidee . 202 . 483 | Scomberesocidee . 106 603 | Scomberidee 4. OO . 447 | Scopelidee . 108 173, 233 | Scorpeenidee . 104 57 | Scorpionidee . 276 55 | Scorpions ; 5. 0. 436 he book . $e 106 bo false +) | 0. ~ 201 » | “water . . 242 ab, | Scorzonera . 405 494 | Screamers an OU 88 | Screw-shells . 1385 429 | Screw-pines . 515 427 | Scrobiculariidee «150 ab, | Scrophulariaceze . 408 429 | Scrubby-oaks . 46] 98 | Scrupariidee . 845 337 |Sculda . . 566 249 | Scurvy-grass . 470 248 | Scutelleridee . 244 153 | Scutellidee . odl . 129 | Scutibranchiata elias 148, 159 | Scutibranchs Pe oP . 418 P peduncle- eyed oi 1s 43 i sessile-eyed = Le 182 | Scydmeenidee S19 571 | Scyllaridee 253, 291 188 | Scyllidee 90 105 | Scymniidee “15 OP 177 | Scyphia . 573 251 | Scytosiphon filum . 536 582 | Sea-anemones 8538, 355 258 | Sea-arrows . 142 484 | Sea-blubbers . 0359 ab, | Sea-cactusses . 330 . 615 | Sea-cucumbers . ~ 00. 478 | Sea-fans . B08 . 556 | Sea-gourds . 829 100 | Sea-hares , ee 62 | Sea-horses =) en 508 %y winged 83, 94 26 | Sea-melons . 330 . 434 | Sea-nettles 5, 335, 8517, 379 ab, i ciliograde . 339 740 Sea-nettles, cirrigrade . a diphydian . 9 physograde. = pulmonigrade Sea-pens ‘ Sea-scorpions Sea-serpent Sea-snails Sea-snipes Sea-pinks Sea-stars Sea-urchins Sea-weeds Sea-wracks Seals Sebestens Secale : Secondary formations . Securifera : : Sedentaria (Arachnida) - (Crustacea) . Sedges . : : Selagids Selaginacee Seleniides Selenite : Selenium, native Seleniurets Semionotus Senega . Senna Sensitive plants Seps Sepidee . Seplide Sepiophora Sepiophores Serpentine Serpents crown ~ fluviatile ob forest . 3 harmless . proper vs salt-water . és short-headed . ds tree : Zi venomous ts water . gs wood . Serpulidze INDEX. Page Page . 338 | Serranide . 108 339 | Sertulariidee . 354 337 | Sersarmes . 284 ib. | Sessilia . 304 357 | Sexuales . 885 101 | Shaddock . 448 55| Sharks . 82, 83 129 |» *,, «false onde 82,9711, « fee 89 416 5 prey , . 90 324} , Greenland ‘ eS, ab, »» bammer-headed 82, 89 535 » - true a, . 511| Sheep . : : 12, 24 10, 12, 17 | Sheat-fishes, flat-headed he7 . 418 ‘, long-headed ab, . 529 > mailed 106 . 558 9 naked ab, . 222 " true 107 . 274 | Sheath-bills 47 . 297 | Shell-beds 589 . 518 | Shepardite ; 609 . 410 | Shrimps, clicking 292 . Seb. i glass . 294 , G21 0d horned 293 . 603 i opossum ab, . 621 3 penean ab. , Y eb. od pond . . 299 . 562 ae proper 282, 292 . 466 P skeleton . 295 . 482))9 28%, spiny . 282 ib, | Sialidee . : 219 63 | Siderides 608 . 1b, | Sigillarize 557 . 120 | Silenales 439 ab, | Silica : : . GLO . %@b.| Silicon, mineral compounds of, 619 . 548 | Silk-cotton plants 468 56, 66 | Silphidee . 68 | Siluridee 67 | Silver-glance 68 67 68 67 68 ab. 66 ab, . 968 311, 317 Silver, native Silver-trees Silurian group . Simarubacez Simiidee Simosaurus Simuliidee Sinter. . - Siphon shells Siphonariidse INDEX. 741 Page | Page Siphonia 567, 57 3 | Solibranchia , BTF Siphonostomata 379 | Solipedes Jee Siphostomes » B05 Solpugide tee Sipunculide 321, 329 | Sorotrochians . d41 Sirenidee . 16 | Sorotrocha wt Be Sirens . . tb.| Sorrel , 439 Sivatherium 574, 581 | Souari-nuts . 461 Skates 84, 87 | Southernwood . . 404 Skimmers . 52/ Spalacidee aia Skinks . : 53, 62 | Sparassus Th » gape-eyed . 61 | Sparidee : : . 100 Skippers 236 | Spatangidee . 321, 325, 331, 571 Skoinoideze 517 | Spathic-iron. ; . 609 Skull shelis 163 | Spearmint » 412 Skunks 17 | Specular-iron . 608 Sloths : 11, 12, 24, 582 | Spermoédia clavus . 534 Slugs, burrowing : . 144 | Spheria 14 00. - GbeaniC . . 142 Spherodermides . 566 a: sea . 1b.) Spheromatide . 282, 297 » true . 144 | Spzeromids a u2om » water-boring ib. | Sphegidee , 229 Smilaceze 496 | Sphenodon . 582 “Smut” in corn 534 | Spheridiidee . 181 Snipes . 33, 49 | Sphingidee es Snails 144 Sphyrenide . 100 » apple . 133 | Spider-worts . 504 » looping . 146 | Spiders . 273 »» oceanic ph)” 5, bipulmonary . 274 » pond ea ae bind: | 271, 274 ae river . 134 ee crab . 275 Snake-root .466| ,,. geometric Ldilh Os Snowdrop 5G ,, hunting . 274 Soap-berries SABLANE |. |. Jumping 271, 275 Soapstone AGHD.NV 5; parasitic sea wate Soap-worts . 464) Te aad) . 274 Moda . HSS (oily. 6 cred ; 2% Soda nitre ROOD 05, sea ewe: Sodium, mineral compounds of, 600] ,,. sedentary . 274 Soil, inorganic, . 590 |e 5,. sheph rd . 278 4 organic SDB LAT 55 spinning . 275 Solanaceze . 419) ,,. trap-door . 271 Solanales Pay |. ,,. true . 274 Solanals ok true sea , 278 “ Solarium ” Maou, . wandering . 275 Solaster one 5, . water . 271 Solenhofen, lithographic stone wolf . 275 of, . 563 Spinacide . Se Solenidze . 151 | Spinage . 437 Solenellide . 156 | Spindle-trees . 425 Solenomyidz . 152 | Spine-backs . eee Solens, river . 157'' Spinel . . Gia ee te ee si ) var : Hah | 742 INDEX. Page Page Spinicerebrata . : 4, 377 | Star-fishes, true . : . 332 Spinigrada . i . 333 | Starlings : f 33, 42 Spiny-rats " ying 5» corvine : . 4l Spirifer . 549, 558, 568, 567 | Stars, bird’s-foot sea. . 325 Spirobrachiophora : , BAS 454 OE EOELe: 2 . B24) See Spirulas ; ! PuZe » cushion . : . 325 Spirulide : : 6. | Se Weer, : . 384 Spodumene . GOR | Veer: ile . 827 Spondylide . . . 159} ,, membranous-sea. . 332 Spondylosaurus 565} ,, pedunculated lily . 334 Sponges 5 Gy BOL, 374, 375, 380] ,, porous sea ; . 333 bs caléareous : . 376 » sand er : . 825 » ofcommerce . . 374] 4, . sea proper ‘ . 333 ee . 567,572} ,, — sessile lilly 3 . 835 » grantian : . 376 tubercular sea. . 333 ; .norny . , . 375 | Star-worts ; ; . 483 » preserving : . 670 | Stavesacre : y . 456 >». proper. ; . 375 | Steatite. : : . 605 » siliceous p . 876 | Stegoptera : . 217 thethyan - . 2b. | Stellerines ‘ . 20 Spongia ‘ : . 380 | Stenelytra : . 196 Spongiidee ; . 875 | Steneo-fiber . 578 Spoonbill : . 84]Steneosaurus . ‘ . 565 Sporidiiferi : : . 534 | Stenidee ; ; . 185 Sporiferi ; : . 533 | Stenoceras : : . 552 Sporogense , . 385 | Steppes : : . 587 Spring-tails ; . £64,268] Sterelmintha 5, 323,359,860, 380 Spruce, essence of ‘ . 494} Sterculiaceze : . 468 Spurges ‘ : . 484 | Sternoxi ‘ . 190 Squalide : : . 89|Stickle-backs . ; . 100 Squaline ; : . 88] Stick-insects . : . 210 Squamata ; , .. 56|Sticta . : : . 582 Squatinidse ‘ ; . 89 | Stigmaria Z me Squids . d : . 120] Stilaginacee . i . 489 » false ‘ , . 119 | Stilbaceze ; ; . 421 Squillide : . 288, 294 | Stilbids ; ; | oa, Squills : . . 502 | Stimmiides . GET Squirrels : : 26 | Stinkstone ‘ ; . 603 Stackhousiacez . : , 494 Stomapoda ; , . 293 Stackhousiads ., ‘ .. 1b. | Stomapods ? 3 Staircase-sheils . : . 130] Stomatellide . y . 137 Stalactites : . 603 | Stomatopterophora . 317 Stalagmites ‘ P . 10, | Stone-worts ‘ Staphyleacez . : . 465 | Storax, liquid Staphylinide . : . 185 | Storax-worts Star-apple ‘ : . 424 | Stratiomide Star-fishes . , . 324 | Strawberry : i s distachian . . Sa21 Stream-gold, . .), : "a pinnate-armed . 334 | Strephonidee . os spinous : . 333 | Strepsiptera " tetrastachian . . ib, '!Streptospondylus Strigidee Strobilosauria . Strobilosaurians Stromateide Strombidee Strongylidz Strontianite Strontiides Struthiolaria Struthiones Struthionidx Strychnia 3 Strygocephalus . Sturgeons : = spoonbill Sturnidee : Stylasteridee Stylasters Style-worts Stylidiaceze Stylinidee Stylopidee Stypteriides Styracaceze Submarine accumulations a forests Succhosaurus Suckers ; Sucking-fishes . Suctoria (Aiolopoda) », (Annelida) Sulphur, native Sumachs Sun-birds Sun-dews Sun-fishes Surianacee Surianads Surinam-medlar Surmullets Swallows Swedish-earth . Sweet-flags Sword-fishes Sycamore Sycoideze Sycotypide Syenite Syepoorite Sylvine Symplocinese Synanchiidee Synaptidee Symbranchii . Synbranchide . Synechophyta . Synedra Syngamidee Syngnathidee Synorgana Synorhizze Syringas Syringopora Syrphidee Systolides TABANIDZ Taccacese . | Taccads Tachydromiide Tachyporidee Teeniidee Tail-worts Tale , Talegallides Talpidee Tamaricacese Tamarind Tamarisks Tamus communis Tanacetum vulgare Tanghin-poison Tansy . Tantalus Tapestry-weavers Tapioca Tapiridee Tapirs . Tar : Taraxacum Dene. leonis Tarentulas Taxacese Taxites Tea, New J ersey » plants Teak, African . » Hast Indian Teazels . Tectibranchiata Tectibranchs a . 385 . 578 743 Page ODE . 424 . 102 . 329 . 110 ab. 349, 351 744: INDEX. Page Page Tectona grandis : . 411] Thallogene. . . 9886, 532 Tecturide : : . 138 | Thallogens : 386, 528, 532 Tegenaria : : . 270°| Thallophyta. ¥ . 386 Teguexins : : 1°58 | "Vheacese/): =. é . 461 Teide . i oi . 2b.| Thecideide . : . 162 Teleophyta : ; . 385 | Thecidians : : onan Teleosaurus |. : . 568 | Thecodontosaurus : . 560 Telephoride . : - 198 | Thecosomata . : . 122 Telerpeton Elginense . . 550 | Theionides : : . 620 Telespathee . ; . 514| Thelodus i . 547 Tellens . : 150| Thelphuside . : . 287 Tellinidee 4 : 150, "577 | Theobroma Cacao : . 468 Telluriides ; . 616 | Therevide Tellurium, Graphic . . 0. | Theridioninee Mt native 4 . .} Thethyidee | Tenebrionide . : . 195 | Thethys fimbriata Tentaculites . A 548 | Thetis Tenthredinide . , . 222 | Theutyes Tenthredinine . 4 . 2b. | Thinocoride Tenuirostres . : . 88] Thomisine Terbiides ‘ ; . 612 | Thorn-apple Terebellas ; . 317 | Thripide Terebellidee (Annelida) 311, 317 | Thrushes (Gasteropoda) .131|Thuia . Terebrantia (Cirrhopoda) . 304 | Thunder flies (Hymenoptera) . 222 | Thuytes : Terebratulida 161, 162,549, 567 | Thylacotherium Terebridee : : . 129 | Thyme : . Terebrina . : . 2b,| Thymelacee . : Teredines : . . 148 | Thyonidee Termitidee ; ; . 215 | Thysanura Ternstromiaceze : . 461 | Ticks Tertiary-formations . . 573| ,, harvest Testacea A : 8TT | 1s, plant Testacellide . ; . 144 » true Testudinide . : . 69 » water Tetragnatha . : . 270 | Tilestone Tetragoniacee . ; . 435 | Tiliacese Tetragonolepis . : . 562 | Tin, native Tetraonidze . : . 46] Tin-ore . Tetrapneumona ; . 274 | Tinamidee Tetrarhynchide A . 362 | Tinamous Tetrastachiata . : . 333 | Tinea favosa Textulariide . . 9373, 572 | Tineidee Thalamifiore . : . 390 | Tingidee Thalamita 4 : . 284 | Tipulidee Thalassematidee : . 316 | Tit-mice Thalassemide . : . 328 | Titaniides ; Thalassico)lidée : . 374 | Titanium, native Thallassinide . : - 291| Toads . Thallassophila . : . 145 a cell-backed . INDEX. TAD Page Page Tobacco . 419 | Tricuspidariide . 861 Todies . ; . 82) Tridacnide md ist Tolu, balsam of, . 432 | Triglidee 101 Tomato . 419 | Trigoniidee 115, i 56, Hit Tonka-bean . 432 | Trigonocarpum pes ys We Tooth-shells . 138 | Trigonophes era m false . 1331 Trigonophidee 1b. Top-shells 125, 137 | Trilliacese 496 Topaz . 611 | Trilliads ab. Topes . - 89) Trilotes BAT Torpedinidee . 87)“ Trilobite, barr” ib. Torpedos 84, 87 | Trimera , 247 Torsks . . 54] Trinucleus . 548 Tortoises 54 | Trionycidee 70, 569 * land 69 | Triopidee . 140 z4 long- eooks : wb, | Trioptolomea . 432 be river ab. | “ Tripe de Roche” 532 Ms soft . 70 | Tripoli 578,589 Tortricide 239 | Tripteridee 123 Toucans 43 | Triticum 519 Tourmaline Tritonias 144 “« Tous-les-mois” 508 | Tritonidee 126 Toxoceras 571 | Triuridacese 497 Toxodon 582 | Trochidz 137, 549, 555, 566, 571, 576 Trachearia 276 | Trochilidee 39 Trrachearians, jointed . 278 | Trochotoma 566 a simple . 276 | Trogidee 188 Trachelides 197 | Trogonidee 27 Tracheliide 371 | Trogons 32, oT Trachelipoda 377 | Trogontherium DTP SIS Trachelocanthus 558 | Trombiidee 207 Trachelocercid 371] Trona 601 Trachinidee 102 | Tropzeolaceze 467 Trachyte : 543 | Tropiopoda 376 Tragacanth, gum 432 | Truncatellidee 146 Trap-rocks 543 | Trunk fishes 82, 95 Trapa natans 402 | Trumpet-fish : 82 Trapezize 283 | Trumpet-flowers . 409 Travertine 580 | Trygonidee 87 Tree-climber 82 | Tschewkinite 613 Tremandracee . 466 | Tube shells tt Trematoda 362 | Tuber 584 Trepangide . 330 | Tubicinella : 302 Trepangs 327, 330 | Tubicola | ee ee Tretosternon . 569 | Tubiporidee 358 Trias 558 | Tubulariidee 354 Trichina spiralis 360 | Tubulifera O27 Trichiuride 2 . 98) Tubulifiore 404 Trichocephalide = . 351 | Tubuliporide 343, 346 Trichodesmium erythreum . 536 | Tufa . 543, 587 Trichotropide . : . 132 | Tuff tn 587 NN 746 INDEX. Page Tulip. .. . 502 | Uranexides Tulip shells . 127 | Uraniidee Tun-shells . 128 | Uraniides Tungstenides 615 | Uranoscopus Tunicaries a, 164, 166, 378 | Urchins, cake Tunicata . 5, 166, 378 * ege . Tupaiide : apes bs heart . Turbellas ; 319 is helmet Turbinide 136, 549, 55D, 566, 571 ny pea . Turbinolia . ae eS shield Turbots 82 ~ sea, Turdide . 40 turban Turf . 588 Urda : Turkeys 4 46 Uredinacex ; >» Drush . . 45 | Urinite Turmeric . 508 | Uroceridee Turned shells . . 140 | Urodela Turneracese . 471 | Uropeltidee Turnerads . 4b.) Ureide . Turnip . . 470 | Urticaceze Turnsole . 485 | Urticales Turpentine . 494 | Urticals Turquois . 610 Turrilites : . 571 | VAccINIACEE Turritellidee 135, 549, 555, 566 | Vaginulidee Turritidee . 128} Valerianacez Turtles 54, 70 | Valerians Tussac grass . 519 |} Valvatidee Tutsans 459 | Valve-shells Typhacese 516 | Vanadiides Typhlinidee 63 | Vanadinite Typhlopidee ab. | Vanicoride Varicornes UDORA . : . 566 | Variolariz Ulma thermalis 537 | Varuna Ulmaceze 488 | Vasculares Uloborus 270 | Vegetable Ivory . Ulodendron . 556 | Vegetable kingdom, classifica- Ultramarine 611 tion of Umbellales . 392 | Vegetable-marrow Umbellals ib. | Velellidee Unmbelliferee 395 | Velia currens Umbellifers 393 | Velonia Umbellulariidee 357 | Velutinidee Umbrella shells . 139 | Velvet ears Unmiri balsams . . 450 | Venericardia Unionide : 115, 156, 569 | Veneridz Univalves 5 | Venus’ Fly-trap Unogata . 378 | Venuses Upas tree . 486 . fresh-weker Upupidee 38 | Ventriculites 322, 336, INDEX. Page Veratrum . 503 | Volutes, marsh . Verbenaceze am proper - Verde antico . 543 | Volutides Vermes 377, 378, 379 | Volvocides Vermetide 133, 571 | Vorticellidee Vermigrada . . 828 | Vorticide Vermilion, native . 599 | Vultures Vers cavitaires . . 348 | Vulturide + molasses . . 080 5, parenchymateaux . 849| Wad. » Yigidules . . 379 | Walnuts Vertebrata 4,7, 377 | Warblers ; Vertebrate animals 4,377 | Wasps, beaked sand Vertebrates ‘ ra Ree bee-like sand Vertébrés allantoidiens gi BE GW Bs dark-winged sand " anallantoidiens | ee ichneumon sand Vertumnus thethydicola . 800) | he parasitic Veronicella Peg dees predacious wood Vervains AAA! 3, social Vesiculariidz foAiely ys, solitary Vespertilionidee oe ee spine-tailed Vespidee . 231 true sand Vibrionidee . 869 Water 2 Victoria es . 459 | Water- chesnut . Vines . 452 | Water-hemlock . Viniferee . 453 | Water-leaves Violacese . 472 | Water-lillies Violales . 471 | Water-measurers Violals . ab. | Water-moths Vipers . 66 | Water-shields Viperide ab. | Water-peppers . Viperina ib. | Water-plantains Virginian Snake- root 391 | Water-worts Viscum album . 392 | Wealden-group . Vitaceze 452 | Weasels ; Vitrinine 145 | Wedge-shells Vitriol, blue 600 | Weevers » green 609 | Weevils » white . 605 | Wentle-traps Viverride 16 | Whales . Vivianaceze 467 » . baleen . Vivianads ‘ : ab. > sperm . Vivianite 609! Wheat . Viviparide 134 | Wheel-animalcules Vochyaceze 465 | Whelks Vochysiaceze ab. | Whin Vochysiads ab. | Whirlwigs Voles . 26 | White ears Voltzia . 561 | Whortleberries . Volucelle 251 | “ Will-wi-the-wisp” Volutes, false 127 ' Willows TA7 Page 145 125, 127 ees) . 869 . 370 . 819 35 ab. . 607 . 481 40 _ 230 gO ai 229 . 230 . 229 . 230 Zak facus ~ 229), cube . 595 A202. . 395 . 416 . 458 oS 216, 219 . 458 . 4438 . 500 . 505 . 568 Ve 150 ; 102 “202 . 129 9,12 1S Rone ~ 519 “pe . 126 . 432 . 179 Vitoe . 397 . 596 490, 579 748 Wine. . Wing-shells % false Winter-greens . Winteraniacese . Winter’s-bark Witch-hazels Witherite Woad . ; Wolckonskoite . Wolf-fishes Wolfram Wombats Woodlice-proper # sea. , fork-tailed Wood-oil Woodpeckers Wood-sorrels Wood-swallows . Woorali- poison . yee ate armec. tape » - bristle , » cestoid, » cotyloid 5 = Gee: , ” double . » earth » tork-nosed » fresh-water » Guinea. “ » hermaphrodite » hooded » * hook... » hook-tailed . 5 - | Jarval 5 > ob » long-mouthed » pedicellate » plaited. » proboscidean » red-blooded 5 * Totad . » - Bhore . », Short-tailed », Slender-headed » Splniferous » Spiny-headed ‘yy - Spoon , », Star-mouthed . » Strap: . ‘ met = Ps ah aA INDEX Page 125, . 453 131 . 131 . 449 . 452 . 457 312, oo suctorial » Syphon » bailed oy, > | aepe »» tongue. » tricuspid » true tape » tube vesicular Worn: shells Wormwood .- Wrasses, ctenoid 3 cycloid Wreath shells Wrynecks Wulfenite XANTHIDIUM- . Xantho Xanthorrheea Xanthoxyllacese Xenophoracea . Xiphiidee Xylophagide Xyphosura Xyridacese Xyridales Xyridals Xyrids . YAM .| Yews , Yponomeutidee Yttriides Yttrotantalite . Yuncinse ZAMIA . Zea, | Zebra-wood. Zeidese Zeolites Zeuglodon Zeugophyllum . Zinc-blende Zinc-ore, red Zincides Zingiberacese Ziphius . Ziphodon Zircon: . 563, 567 . olg . 446 ei . 610 . 574 . 557 . 605 ab. Beha | . 598 . 5T4 . ie ere" INDEX, 749 Page Page Zirconiides : . . 612 | Zoophyta é : 5, 379 Zoanthidee : ‘ . 355 | Zootoca vivipara : ne 56 Zoanthoida : ae . 354 | Zosteraceze ; : Aare: Zoarces viviparus f . 86 | Zosterites ; abt . 563 Zonuride : ‘ . 58 | Zygeenidee : , sie Zoological equipment . . 623 | Zygophyllee . : . 444 Zoology : : = 3 SeE ADDENDUM. While this work has been passing through the press, the following Sub-Order of Gasteropodous Pectinibranchs has been proposed by Dr. Gray to embrace the family of the Cones (Conide), and pos- sibly also the Fissure-shells (Turride). SUB-ORDER.—Toxirerous-PEctTINIBRANCHS (Toxifera). Head with a tubular expansion of the veil between the tentacles; proboscis retractile, furnished with a fleshy tube, having a bundle of subulate barbed teeth at the end, instead of the usual lingual riband. Carnivorous. - LONDON: PRINTED BY T. E. 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